REGINALD BOSWORTH SMITH, M.A.
Vice- President 190 US.
DORSET MTQRfiL HISTORY
FIELD 6MB,
EDITED BY
HERBERT PENTIN.
VOLUME XXIX.
Dorchester :
PRINTED AT THE "DORSET COUNTY CHRONICLE" OFFICE.
1908
984684
DA
670
CONTENTS.
PAGE
List of Officers of the Club since its inauguration . . . . v.
Rules of the Club . . . . . . . . . . vi.
List of Officers, Honorary Members, arid Members . . . . xi.
List of New Members elected since the publication of Vol. XXVIII. . . xxiv.
Publications of the Club ; Societies in correspondence with the Club . . xxvi.
THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE CLTTB during the Season 1908-1909
First Winter Meeting . . . . . . . . . xxvii.
Second Winter Meeting . . . . . . . . . xxxiv.
Annual General Meeting . . . . . . . . . xliv.
MEETING AT COBFE CASTLE AND STUDLAND . . . . . xlix.
Kempstone Stone Circle . . . . . . . liii.
Studland Church . . . . . . . . . Ivi.
The Business Meeting . . . . . . . Ivii.
MEETING AT CHEDDAR, WELLS, AND GLASTONBTJRY . . . lix.
Cheddar Caves .. .. .. . .. ,,
The Bishop's Palace, Wells . . . . . . Ixi.
The Cathedral . . . . . . . . Ixii.
The Vicars Choral . . . . . . . . Ixiii.
The Glastonbuiy Lake Village . . . . . . Ixv.
The Meare Lake Village . . . . . . Ixyi.
Glastonbury and its Abbey . . . . . . Ixix.
MEETING IN THE POBTESHAM AND BEIDEHEAD DISTRICT . Ixxiii.
A Fine Einged Barrow . . . . . . . Ixxiv.
The Helstone . . . . . . . . . Ixxv.
The Valley of Stones . . . . . . . Ixxviii.
'' The Grey Mare and her Colts " .. .. . Ixxix.
At Bridehead .. . .. .. . Ixxx.
Barrow Problems Orientation and Secondary Interment . Ixxxi.
MEETING AT MONTACTJTE, BRYMPTON, AND PRESTON . . . Ixxxii.
Montacute House .. .. .. .. . ,,
Montacute Church and Priory . . . . . . . Ixxxiv..
Stoke-sub-Hamdoii Church . . . . . . . Ixxxvi..
Brympton . . . . . . . . . ,,
Preston . . . . . . . . . . . Ixxxvii.
MEETING AT MATTMBTTRY RINGS, DORCHESTER . . . Ixxxix.
The Hon. Treasurer's Statement of the Club's Receipts and Expen-
diture . . . . . . . . . . xciii'.
The Hon. Secretary's Accounts . . . . . . . . xciv.
Anniversary Address of the President . . . . . . xcv.
In Memoriam The late Reginald Bosworth Smith, M.A., by the Rev.
J. H. Wilkinson, M.A. . . . . . . . . cxx.
The Architectural History of the Parish Church of S. Mary at Ceme,
by the Rev. C. W. H. Dicker . . . . . . 1
The Town Cellars at Poole, by W. K. Gill . . . . .. ' 8
Notes on the Dorset Flora, by the Rev. E. F. Liiiton, M.A. . . 14
Dorset Chantries, by E. A. Fry .. .. .. .. 30
Dorset Tokens of the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries, and
Medals of Various Periods, by Henry Symonds . . . . 80
Additions to and Amendments of the Dorset Section of Dr. Williamson's
Edition (1889) of W. Boyne's "Trade Tokens issued in the
Seventeenth Century," by Henry Symonds .. .. 97
Hilton Church, with illustrations by the Author, by the Rev. E. H.
H. Lee, M.A. .. .. .. .. .. Ill
The Distribution of Living Plants in relation to the Different Geological
Formations in Dorset, by Miss L. Towers . . . . 119
Catalogue of Sepulchral Pottery in the Dorset County Museum,
compiled by John E. Acland, M.A., Curator . . . . 126
Returns of Rainfall, &c., in Dorset in 1907, by H. Stilwell . . 143
The Burning Cliff and the Landslip at Lyme Regis, by A. J. Jukes-
Browne, F.G.S. .. .. .. .. 153
On New and Rare British Arachnida, by the Rev. O. Pickard-
Cambridge, M.A., F.R.S., &c. .. .. .. 161
The Cartulary of Cerne Abbey . . . . . . . . 195
The Cerne Cartulary, Translation by B. Fossett Lock, Barrister-at-
Law . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
The Ritual of Barrows and Circles, by H. Colley March, M.D., F.S.A. 225
Some Dorset Bridges, with illustrations by the Author, by R. G.
Brocklehurst . . . . . . . . . . 251
Interim Report on the Excavations at Maumbury Rings, Dorchester,
1908, by H. St. George Gray . . . . . . 256
IV.
The Ancient Memorial Brasses of Dorset, Part V., by W. de C. Prideaux 273
Report on First Appearances of Birds, Insects, ifcc., and the First
Flowering of Plants in Dorset during 1907, by Nelson M.
Richardson, B.A. . . . . . . . . 281
Some Recent and Forthcoming Books . . . . . . 293
Index to Vol. XXIX. 296
INDEX TO PLATES & ENGRAVINGS.
PAGE OE TO
FACE PAGE.
Frontispiece,
xli.
liv.
Reginald Bosworth Smith, M.A., Vice- President 1904-8
The Roman Incised Stone, Fordington St. George, Dorchester
The Rempstoue Stone Circle
Portesham and Bridehead District
The " Collapsed Dolmen " .. .. .. .. Ixxiv.
Helstone, Portesham, before and after restoration . . ^ XX X|-
1. " The Valley of Stones " and Stone Circle . . . . Ixxviii.
2. Stone Circle on Hampton Hill, near Portesham . .
The Long-Barrow, " The Grey Mare and her Colts," with the
megaliths at the east end . . . . . . Ixxix.
The Architectural History of the Parish Church of S. Mary at Cerne
Splay of East Window ; Windows in Clerestory and N. Aisle,
probably of 1626 ; Sill of East Window (originally a
transom) ; Smoke Gargoyle . . . . . 1
Cerne, Portion of 13th Century Chancel .. . 2
Cerne, Nave Arcade . . . . . . . -t
Ceine, Pulpit (1640\ Screen, and Modern Chancel Arch . 6
The Town Cellars at Poole . . . . . . . 8
Dorset Tokens and Medals
Plate I. .. .. .. .. .. 84
II. .. .. .. 89
III. .. .. .. .. .. 92
Dorset Trade Tokens
Seventeenth Century Tokens . . . . . . 96
Hilton Church .. .. .. .. .. Ill
16th Century Inscription on South Wall . . . . 113
17th Century Sun Dial . . . . . . . . 116
The Burning Cliff and the Landslip at Lyme Regis
Plate 1. Map of the Coast East of Lyme Regis, from the
Ordnance Map, on the Scale of Six Inches to a
Mile .. .. .. .. 153
,, 2. General View of the Cliffs and Terraces N.E. of
Lyme Regis with the "Burning Mound" in the
Foreground .. .. .. . 155
3. View of the Landslip below the " Burning Mound,"
North-East of Lyme Regis, on June 10th, 1908 . . 157
,, 4. View of the Burning Cliff at Hoi worth, Dorset, in
1827 .. .. .. .. .. 159
On New and Rare British Araclinidu
Plate A .. .. .. .. .. 160
Some Dorset Brides
Plate I. Bridge at Dorchester from the Tow Path ; Wool
Bridge and Manor House : Holme Bridge . . 252
,, II. South Bridge, Wareham ; Fifehead Neville ; Stur-
minster Newton . . . . . . 253
,, III. Blandford ; Spetisbury ; St. Julian's Bridge,
Wimbonie .. .. .. .. 254
IV. Bridge at Channouth ; Old Bridge, Preston .. 255
General View of Maumbury Rings, Dorchester, and the excavations
in progress there during Sept., 1908 .. .. 258
The Ancient Memorial lirasM-.s of Dorset
Anna Henvill, 1681 ; Ralph Henvill, 1644 . . . . 274
John Chapman Fyt&unODgtf, and Alicia his wife, 1471 ;
Alexander \Varnby, Msti; John and Thomas Newpton .. 275
William Napper, Killl .. .. .. .. 276
John and Elizabeth Russell, l.">05 ; James and Alys Russell, 1509 277
Sir Thomas Brook, 1419, and Joan his wife, 1 |:'>7 .. .. 278
V.
ZTbe Dorset
natural Ibistor^ anfc Hntiquarian jfielo Club,
INAUGUBATED MAECH 26TH, 1875.
Presidents :
1875-1902 J. C. Hansel- Pleydell, Esq., B.A., F.G.S., F.L.S.
1902-1904 Lord Eustace Cecil, F.R.G.S.
1904 * Nelson M. Richardson, Esq., B.A.
Vice-Presidents :
1875-1882 Rev. H. H. Wood, M.A., F.G.S.
1875-1884-Professor James Buckman, F.S.A., F.G.S., F.L.S.
1880-1900 Rev. Canon Sir Talbot Baker, Bart., M.A.
1880-1900 General Pitt-Rivers, F.R.S.
1880 * Rev. O. Pickard- Cambridge, M.A., F.R.S. , F.Z.S.
1885 * Hon. Morton G. Stuart-Gray, M.A., F.G.S.
1892-1904 Nelson M. Richardson, Esq., B.A.
1904~ 19 2 } * Lord Eustace Cecil, F.R.G.S.
1900 * W. H. Hudleston, Esq., M.A., F.R.S., F.G.S., F.L.S., Past Pres.
Geol. Soc.
1900-1904 Vaughan Cornish, Esq., D.Sc., F.C.S., F.R.G.S.
1900 * Captain G. R. Elwes, J.P.
1902 * H. Colley March, Esq., M.D., F.S.A.
1904 * Rev. Herbert Pentin, M.A., F.S.A., Ed.
1904 * Rev. W. Miles Barnes, B.A.
1904 * Rev. J. C. M. Mansel- Pleydell, M.A., R.D.
1904-1908 R. Bosworth Smith, Esq., M.A.
1908 * Henry Storks Eaton, Esq., Past Pres. Soy. Met. Soc.
Hon. Secretaries :
1875-1884 Professor James Buckman, F.S.A., F.G.S., F.L.S.
1885-1892-Hon. Morton G. Stuart-Gray, M.A., F.G.S.
1892-1902 Nelson M. Richardson, Esq., B.A.
1902-1904 H. Colley March, Esq., M.D., F.S.A.
1904 * Rev. Herbert Pentin, M.A., F.S.A.Ed.
Son. Treasurers :
1875-1882 Rev. H. H. Wood, M.A., F.G.S.
1882-1900 Rev. 0. Pickard -Cambridge, M.A., F.R.S., F.Z.S.
1901 * Captain G. R. Elwes, J.P.
Hon. Editors :
1875-1884 Professor James Buckman, F.S.A., F.G.S., F.L.S.
1885-1892 Hon. Morton G. Stuart-Gray, M.A., F.G.S.
1892-1901 Nelson M. Richardson, Esq., B.A.
1901-1906 Rev. W. Miles Barnes, B.A.
1906 * Rev. Herbert Pentin, M.A., F.S.A.Ed.
The asterisk indicates the present officials of the Club.
vi.
RULES
OP
THE DORSET NSTURJL HISTORY UNO ANTIQUflRIflN
FIELD CLUB,
OBJECT AND CONSTITUTION.
1. The Club shall be called The Dorset Natural History and Antiquarian
Field Club, and shall have for a short title The Dorset Field Club.
The object of the Club is to promote and encourage an interest in the study of
the Physical Sciences and Archaeology generally, especially the Natural History of
the County of Dorset and its Antiquities, Prehistoric records, and Ethnology. It
shall use its influence to prevent, as far as possible, the extirpation of rare plants
and animals, and to promote the preservation of the Antiquities of the County.
2. The Club shall consist of (i.) three Officers, President, Honorary Secretary,
and Honorary Treasurer, who shall be elected annually, and shall form the
Executive body for its management ; (ii.) Vice-Presidents, of whom the
Honorary Secretary and Treasurer shall be two, ex officio ; (iii.) The Honorary
Editor of the Annual Volume of Proceedings ; (iv.) Ordinary Members ; (v.)
Honorary Members. The President, Vice-Presidents, and Editor shall form a
Council to decide questions referred to them by the Executive and to elect
Honorary Members. The Editor shall be nominated by one of the incoming
Executive and elected at the Annual Meeting.
There may also be one or more Honorary Assistant Secretaries, who shall be
nominated by the Honorary Secretary, seconded by the President or Treasurer,
and elected by the Members at the Annual Meeting.
Members may be appointed by the remaining Officers to fill interim vacancies
in the Executive Body until the following Annual Meeting.
The number of the Club shall be limited to -100, power being reserved to the
Council to select from the list of candidates persons, whose membership they may
consider to be advantageous to the interests of the Club, to be additional
Members.
PRESIDENT AND VICE-PEESIDENTS.
3. The President shall take the chair at all Meetings, and have an original and
a casting vote on all questions before the Meeting. In addition to the two ex
officio Vice-Presidents, at least three others shall be, nominated by the President,
or. in his absence, by the Chairman, and elected at the Annual Meeting.
HON. SECRETARY.
4. The Secretary shall perform all the usual secretarial work ; cause a
programme of each Meeting to be sent to every Member seven days at least
before such Meeting ; make all preparations for carrying out Meetings and, with
or without the help of a paid Assistant Secretary or others, conduct all Field
Meetings. On any question arising between the Secretary (or Acting Secretary)
and a Member at a Field Meeting, the decision of the Secretary shall be final.
The Secretary shall receive from each Member his or her share of the day's
expenses, and thereout defray all incidental costs and charges of the Meeting,
rendering an account of the same before the Annual Meeting to the Treasurer ;
any surplus of such collection shall form part of the General Fund, and any
deficit be defrayed out of that Fund.
HON. TREASURES.
5. The Treasurer shall keep an account of Subscriptions and all other moneys
of the Club received and of all Disbursements, rendering at the Annual General
Meeting a balance sheet of the same, as well as a general statement of the Club's
finances. He shall send copies of the Annual Volume of Proceedings for each
year to Ordinary Members who have paid their subscriptions for that year (as
nearly as may be possible, in the order of such payment), to Honorary Members,
and to such Societies and individuals as the Club may, from time to time, appoint
to receive them. He shall also furnish a list at each Annual Meeting, containing
the names of all Members in arrear, with the amount of their indebtedness to the
Club. He shall also give notice of their election to all New Members.
ORDINARY MEMBERS.
6. Ordinary Members are entitled to be present and take part in the Club's
proceedings at all Meetings, and to receive the published "Proceedings" of the
Club, when issued, for the year for which their subscription has been paid.
7. Every candidate for admission shall be nominated in writing by one
Member and seconded by another, to both of whom he must be personally known.
He may be proposed at any Meeting, and his name shall appear in the programme
of the first following Meeting at which a Ballot is held, when he shall be elected
by ballot, one black ball in six to exclude. Twelve Members shall form a
quorum for the purpose of election. A Ballot shall be held at the Annual and
Winter Meetings, and may be held at any other Meeting, should the Executive
so decide, notice being given in the programme. In the event of the number of
vacancies being less than the number of candidates at four successive Meetings,
the names of any candidates proposed at the first of such Meetings who have not
been elected at one of them shall be withdrawn, and shall not be eligible to be
again proposed for election for at least a year after such withdrawal . Provided
that if at any Meeting there shall be no vacancies available, it shall not be counted
in estimating the above named four Meetings.
Vlll.
8. The Annual Subscription shall be 10s., which shall become due and
payable in advance on the 1st of January in each year. Subscriptions paid on
election after September in each year shall be considered as subscriptions for the
following year, unless otherwise agreed upon by such Member and the Treasurer.
Every Member shall pay immediately after his election the sum of ten shillings as
Entrance Fee, in addition to his first Annual Subscription.
9. No person elected a Member shall be entitled to exercise any privilege as
such until he has paid his Entrance Fee and first Subscription, and no Member
shall be entitled to receive a copy of the " Proceedings" for any year until his
Subscription for that year has been paid.
10. A registered letter shall be sent by the Hon. Treasurer to any Member
whose Subscription is in arrear at the date of any Annual Meeting, demanding
payment within 2S days, failing which he shall cease to be a Member of the Club,
but shall, nevertheless, be liable for the arrears then due.
11. Members desiring to leave the Club shall give notice of the same in
writing to the Treasurer (or Secretary), but, unless such notice is given before the
end of January in any year, they shall be liable to pay the Annual Subscription
due to the Club on and after January 1st in that year.
HONORAHY MEMBEES.
12. Honorary Members shall consist of persons eminent for scientific or
natural history attainments, and shall be elected by the Council. They pay no
subscription, and have all the privileges of Ordinary Members, except voting.
MEETINGS.
13. The Annual General Meeting shall be held as near the first week in May
as may be convenient ; to receive the outgoing President's Address (if any) and
the Treasurer's financial report ; to elect the Officers and Editor for the ensuing
year ; to determine the number (which shall usually be three or four), dates, ami
places of Field Meetings during the ensuing summer, and for general purposes.
14. Two Winter Meetings shall usually be held in or about the months of
December and February for the exhibition of Objects of Interest (to which not
more than one hour of the time before the reading of the Papers shall be
devoted), for the reading and discussion of Papers, and for general purposes.
The Dates and Places of the Winter and Annual Meetings shall be decided by
the Executive.
15. A Member may bring Friends to the Meetings subject to the following
restrictions : No person (except the husband, wife, or child of a Member), may
attend the Meeting unaccompanied by the Member introducing him, unless such
Member be prevented from attending by illness, and no Member may take with
him to a Fi<l<l Mutiinj more than one Friend, whose name and address must be
submitted to the Hon. Secretary and approved by him or the Executive.
IX.
The above restrictions do not apply to the Executive or to the Acting Secretary
at the Meeting.
16. Members must give due notice (with prepayment of expenses) to the Hon.
Secretary of their intention to be present, with or without a Friend, at any
Field Meeting, in return for which the Secretary shall send to the Member a card
of admission to the Meeting, to be produced when required. Any Member who,
having given such notice, fails to attend, will be liable only for any expenses
actually incurred on his account, and any balance will be returned to him on
application. The sum of Is., or such other amount as the Hon. Secretary may
consider necessary, shall be charged to each person attending a Field Meeting, for
Incidental Expenses.
17. The Executive may at any time call a Special General Meeting of the
Members upon their own initiative or upon a written requisition (signed by Eight
Members) being sent to the Honorary Secretary. Any proposition to be submitted
shall be stated in the Notice, which shall be sent to each Member of the Club not
later than seven days before the Meeting.
PAPERS.
18. Notice shall be given to the Secretary, a convenient time before each
Meeting, of any motion to be made or any Paper or communication desired to be
read, with its title and a short sketch of its scope or contents. The insertion of
these in the Programme is subject to the consent of the Executive.
19. The Publications of the Club shall be in the hands of the Executive, who
shall appoint annually Three or more Ordinary Members to form with them and
the Editor a Publication Committee for the purpose of deciding upon the contents
of the Annual Volume. These contents shall consist of original papers and
communications written for the Club, and either read, or accepted as read, at a
General Meeting ; also of the Secretary's Reports of Meetings, the Treasurer's
Financial Statement and Balance Sheet, a list to date of all Members of the Club,
and of those elected in the current or previous year, with the names of their
proposers and seconders. The Annual Volume shall be edited by the Editor
subject to the direction of the Publication Committee.
20. Twenty -five copies of his paper shall be presented to each author whose
communication shall appear in the volume as a separate article, on notice being
given by him to the Publisher to that effect.
THE AFFILIATION OF SOCIETIES AND LIBEAEIES TO THE CLUB.
'21. Any Natural History or Antiquarian Society in the County may be
affiliated to the Dorset Field Club on payment of an annual fee of Ten Shillings,
in return for which the annual volume of the Proceedings of the Field Club shall
be sent to such Society.
X.
Every affiliated Society shall send the programme of its Meetings to the Hon.
Secretary of the Field Club, and shall also report any discoveries of exceptional
interest. And the Field Club shall send its programme to the Hon. Secretary of
each affiliated Society.
The Members of the Field Club shall not be eligible, ipso facto, to attend any
Meetings of affiliated Societies, and the Members of any affiliated Society shall
not be eligible, ipso facto, to attend any Meetings of the Field Club. But any
Member of an affiliated Society shall be eligible to read a paper or make an
exhibit at the Winter Meetings of the Field Club at Dorchester.
Any Public Library, or Club or School or College Library, in F.ngland or
elsewhere, may be affiliated to the Dorset Field Club on payment of an annual
fee of Ten Shillings, in return for which the annual volume of the Proceedings of
the Field Club shall be sent to such Library.
SECTIONAL COMMITTEES.
22. Small Committees may be appointed at the Annual General Meeting to
report to the Club any interesting facts or discoveries relating to the various
sections which they represent ; and the Committee of each section may elect one
of their Members as a Corresponding Secretary.
ElTLES.
23. No alteration in or addition to these Eules shall be made except with the
consent of a majority of three -fourths of the Members present at the Annual
General Meeting, full notice of the proposed alteration or addition having been
given both in the current Programme and in that of the previous Meeting.
xi.
tTbe Dorset
IRatural Ibiston? anfc antiquarian tfielo Club.
INAUGURATED MARCH Nth, 1875.
President :
NELSON M. RICHARDSON, ESQ., B.A.
Vice-Presidenis :
THE LOED EUSTACE CECIL, F.R.G.S. fPast President}.
REV. HERBERT PENTIN, M.A., F.S.A. Ed. (Hon. Secretary and Editor).
CAPTAIN G. R. EL WES, J.P. (Ron. Treasurer j.
HENRY STORKS EATON, ESQ. (Past Pres. Roy. Met. Soc.)
W. H. HUDLESTON, ESQ., M.A., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.S. (Past Prcs. Geol. Soc.)
REV. J. C. M. MANSEL-PLEYDELL, M.A., R.D.
REV. W. MILES BARNES, B.A.
H. COLLEY MARCH, ESQ., M.D., F.S.A.
REV. O. PICKARD-CAMBRIDGE, M.A., F.R.S., F.Z.S.
HON. MORTON G. STUART-GRAY, M.A., F.S.A. Ed., F.G.S.
Hon. Editor :
Rev. HERBERT PENTIN, M.A., F.S.A. Ed., Milton Abbey Vicarage, Blaiidford.
Executive Body :
NELSON M. RICHARDSON, Esq., B.A. (President).
Rev. HERBERT PENTIN, M.A., F.S.A. Ed. (Hon. Secretary and Editor),
Milton Abbey Vicarage, Blandford.
Captain G. R. ELWBS, J.P. (Hon. Treasurer), Bossington, Bournemouth.
Publication Committee :
The EXECUTIVE, H. B. MIDDLETON, Esq., Dr. COLLEY MARCH,
and E. R. SYKES, Esq.
Honorary Members :
O.M. W. CARRUTHERS, Esq., Ph.D., F.R.S., F.G.S., F.L.S., British Museum
(Nat. Hist.), South Kensington.
1888 Rev. OSMOND FISHER, M.A., F.G.S., Graveley, Huntingdon.
1889 A. M. WALLIS, Esq., 29, Mallams, Portland.
1900 A. J. JUKES-BROWNE, Esq., F.G.S., Floriston, Torre, Torquay.
1900 R. LYDEKKER, Esq., F.R.S., The Lodge, Harpenden, Herts.
1900 CLEMENT REID, Esq., F.R.S., 28, Jermyn Street, London, S.W.
1900 A. SMITH WOODWARD, Esq., LL.D., F.R.S., F.G.S., British Museum (Nat.
Hist.), South Kensington, London.
1904 Sir WM. THISELTON DYER, K.C.M.G., C.I.E., F.R.S., The Ferns,
Witcombe, Gloucester.
1904 Sir FREDERICK TREVES, Bart., G.C.V.O., C.B., LL.D., Thatched House
Lodge, Richmond Park, Kingston- on -Thames.
1908 THOMAS HARDY, Esq., LL.D., Max Gate, Dorchester.
Ml.
LIST OF MEMBERS
porsef "glafurctC ^tsfor & Jlnftcjuaricm
Tear of
Election.
1903
1903
1902
1884
1903
1904
1890
1892
1889
1895
1903
1907
1907
1893
1892
1899
1892
1907
1900
(The initials "0.31." signify " Original Member." )
The Most Hon. the Marquis of
Salisbury The Manor House, Cranborne
The Most Hon. the Marchioness
of Salisbury
The Eight Hon. the Earl of
Shaftesbury
The Eight Hon. Lord Eustace
Cecil, F.E.G.S. ( Vice -President) Lytchett Heath, Poole
The Eight Hon. the Lady Eustace
Cecil
The Eight Eeverend the Lord
Bishop of Durham, D.D.
The Eight Eeverend the Lord
Bishop of Salisbury, D.D., LL.D. The Palace, Salisbury
The Eight Eeverend the Lord
Bishopof Worcester,D.D.,F.S.A. Hartlebury Castle, Kidderminster
The Manor House, Cranborne
St. Giles, Wimborne
Lytchett Heath, Poole
Auckland Castle, Bishop's Auckland
The Eight Hon. Lord Digby
The Eight Hon. Lord Walsing-
ham,F.E.S.
The Eight Hon. Lord Chelmsford
The Eight Hon. Lord Wynford
The Eight Hon. Lady Wyuford
Acland, Captain John E., M.A.
Acton, Eev. Edward, B.A.
Aldridge, Mrs. Selina
Allhusen, Wilton, Esq.
Allner, Mrs. George
Atkins, F. T., Esq., M.E.C.S.,
L.E.C.P. Ed.
Miuterne, Dorchester
Merton Hall, Thetford, Norfolk
Governor's House, Brisbane, Queens-
laud, Australia
Wynford Eagle, Dorset
Wynford Eagle, Dorset
Wollaston House, Dorchester
Iwerne Minster Vicarage, Blandford
Denewood, Alum Chine Eoad, Bourne-
mouth
Pinhay, Lyme Eegis
National Provincial Bank, Sturminster
Newton
Cathay, Alumhurst
mouth
Eoad, Bourne-
Xlll.
1907 Atkinson, George T., Esq., M.A.
1907 Badcoe, A. C., Esq., B.Sc.
1902 Baker, Sir E. Kandolf, Bart.
1887 Bankes, W. Albert, Esq.
1884 Bankes, Eustace Ralph, Esq.,
M.A., F.E.S.
1887 Bankes, Eev. Canon, M.A.
1906 Bankes, Mrs.
1902 Barkworth, Edmund, Esq.
1904 Barlow, Major C. M.
1894 Barnes, Mrs. John lies
1889 Barnes, Eev. W. M., B.A. (rice-
President)
1903 Barnes, F. J., Esq.
1903 Barnes, Mrs. F. J.
1884 Barrett, W. Bowles, Esq.
1906 Barrow, Richard, Esq.
1895 Baxtelot, Rev. R. Grosvenor, M.A.
1907 Bartelot, Mrs. R. Grosvenor
1886 Baskett, Rev. C. R.
1893 Baskett, S. R., Esq.
1904 Baskett, Mrs. S. R.
1889 Batten, H. B., Esq.
1888 Beckford, F. J., Esq.
1908 Bellhouse, Miss M.
1908 Benett- Stanford, Captain J.,
F.R.G.S., F.Z.S.
1907 Bevan, E. R., Esq., M.A.
1908 Blake, Colonel A. M., C.B.
O.M. Bond, N., Esq.
1903 Bond, Gerald Denis, Esq.
1906 Bond, Nigel de M., Esq., B.A.
1893 Bond, Wm. H., Esq.
1903 Bond, Wm. Ralph G., Esq.
1894 Bonsor, Geo., Esq.
1889 Bower, H. Syndercombe, Esq.
1900 Bower, Rev. Charles H. S., M.A.
1898 Brandreth, Rev. F. W., M.A.
1901 Brennand, John, Esq.
Durlston Court, Swanage
County Education Office, Dorchester
Ranston, Blandford
Wolfeton House, Dorchester
Norden House, Corfe Castle, Wareham
The Close, Salisbury
Kingston Lacy, Wimborue
South House, Piddletrenthide
Southcot, Charminster
Summerhayes, Blandford
Weymouth Avenue, Dorchester
Rodwell, Weymouth
Rod well, Weymouth
2, Belfield Terrace, Weymouth
Sorrento House, Sandecotes, Park-
stone
Fordington St. George Vicarage,
Dorchester
Fordington St. George Vicarage,
Dorchester
Monkton Rectory, Dorchester
Evershot
Evershot
Aldon, Yeovil
Witley, Parkstone
Clovelly, Rodwell, Weymouth
Hatch House, Tisbury, Wilts
Rempstone Hall, Corfe Castle
Warmwell House, Dorchester
Holme, Wareham
Holme, Wareham
83, Coleherne Court, London, S.W.
Tyneham, Wareham
Tyneham, Wareham
The Gables, Spetisbury
Fontmell Parva, Shilliugstone, Bland -
ford
Hiiitoii St. Mary, Sturminster Newton,
Dorset
Bucklaud Newton, Dorchester
Bebnout, Parkstone
XIV.
1885 Brennand, W. E., Esq.
1905 Bromley, Miss
1900 Brown, Miss
1891 Browning, Benjamin, Esq., M.D.,
D.P.H., Staff-Surgeon E.N.,
Fellow of the Sanitary Institute
of Great Britain
1S95 Brymer, Rev. J. G., M.A.
1907 Bulfin, Ignatius, Esq.
1900 Bullen, Colonel John Bullen
Symes
1894 Burt, Miss Emma
1907 Bury, Mrs. Henry
1897 Busk, W., Esq.. A.R.C.A.
1905 Busk, "W". G., Esq.
1905 Busk, Mrs. W. G.
1901 Bussell, Miss Katherine
1903 Butler-Bowden, Bruno, Esq.
1903 Butler-Bowden, Mrs. Bruno
1906 Butt, Rev. W., M.A.
1891 Carter, William, Esq.
1893 Chadwick, Mrs.
1905 Chadwyck-Healey. Esq., C. E. H.,
M.A., K.C., C.B., F.S.A.
1903 Champ, A., Esq.
1897 Chudleigh, Mrs.
1901 Chudleigh, Miss W. M.
1894 Church, Colonel Arthur
1904 Clapcott, Miss
1892 Clarence, Lovell Burchett, Esq.
1905 Clark, Mrs. E. S.
1895 Clarke, R. Stanley, Esq.
1883 Colfox, Miss A. L.
1878 Colfox, T. A., Esq.
1905 Collins, Stephen, Esq., M.P.
1907 Collins, Win. W., Esq., R.I.
1905 Colville, H. K., Esq.
1904 Coney, Major Wm. Bicknell
1902 Cornish, Rev. W. F., M.A.
1903 Cornish-Browne, C. J., Esq.
1891 Cother, Rev. P. L., M.A.
Blandford
Grange, Florence Road, Boscombe,
Bournemouth
Belle Vue, Shaftesbury
Bec-en-Hent, Sidmouth, Devon
Childe Okeford Rectory, Blandford
The Den, Knole Hill, Bournemouth
Catherston Leweston, near Charmouth
Purbeck House, Swanage
Mayfield House, Farnham, Surrey
West Walks, Dorchester
Wraxall Manor, Cattistock, Dorchester
Wraxall Manor, Cattistock, Dorchester
Thorneloe, Bridport
Upwey House, Upwey
Upwey House, Upwey
Kempsford Vicarage, Fairford,
Gloucester
The Hermitage, Parkstone
Westfield, Cornwall Road, Dorchester
110, Harley Street, London, W.
St. Katherine's, Bridport
West Parley Rectory, Wimborne
West Parley Rectory, Wimborne
St. Alban's, Rodwell, Weymouth
South Walks, Dorchester
Coaxden, Axminster
St. Aldhelm's, Wareham
Evershot, Dorchester
Westmead, Bridport
Coneygar, Bridport
Harborne, St. Ann's Hill, Wands-
worth, S.W.
Corfe Castle
Loders Court, Bridport
Martinstown, Dorchester
Steepleton Rectory, Dorchester
Came House, Dorchester
1, Clearmount, Weymouth
1900 Cc
1906 Cc
Cox, Henry, Esq., F.S.A.,
F.R.G.S., M.J.S.
1906 Cox, Miss Felicia
1901 Crallan, G. E. J., Esq., M.B.
1886 Crespi, A. J. H., Esq., B.A.,
M.E.C.P.
1884 Cross, Rev. James, M.A.
1890 Cull, James, Esq.
1885 Curme, Decimus, Esq., M.E.C.S.
1896 Curtis, C. H., Esq.
1897 Curtis, Wilfrid Parkinson, Esq.
1903 Dacombe, J. M. J., Esq.
1907 Daniell, G. H. S., Esq., M.B.
1907 Daniell, Miss Margaret
O.M. Darell, D., Esq., F.G.S., F.L.S.,
F.Z.S.
1904 Davies, Eev. Canon S. E., M.A.
1894 Davis, Geo., Esq.
1904 Deane, Mrs. A. M.
1907 de Vesian, J. S. E., Esq.,
M.Inst.C.E.
1904 Dicker, Rev. C. W. H., R.D.,
F.R.G.S.
1907 Dicker, Miss Eleanor H.
1903 Digby, Captain H. Montague
1906 Dixon, J. R. L., Esq., M.R.C.S.,
L.R.C.P. Ed.
1907 Drew, J. A., Esq.
1906 Dodd, Frank Win., Esq.,
M.Inst.C.E.
1908 Dodington, H. P. Marriott, Esq.,
1908 Tominy, G. H., Esq., M.R.C.S.,
L.R.C.P.
1904 Dugdale, J. B., Esq.
1901 Duke, Mrs. E. B.
1905 Duke, Henry, Esq.
1905 Duke, Mrs. Henry
1907 Duke. Miss M. Constance
1896 Dundas, Ven. Archdeacon, M.A.
XV.
Radipole Manor, near Weymouth
9, Royal Terrace, Weymouth
The Elms, Parkstone
Cooma, Poole Road, Wimborne
Baillie House, Sturminster Marshall,
Wimborne
47, Phillimore Gardens, Campden Hill,
London, W.
Childe Okeford, Blandford
Blandford
Aysgarth, Parkstone Road, Poole
27, Holdenhurst Road, Bournemouth
Dale House, Blandford
Dale House, Blandford
Hillfield House, Stoke Fleming, Dart-
mouth, Devon
Wyke Regis Rectory, Weymouth
Sunbeams, Icen Way, Dorchester
Clay Hill House, near Gillingham
Walpole Road, Surbiton, Surrey
Piddletrenthide Vicarage, Dorchester
Piddletrenthide Vicarage, Dorchester
Chalmington House, Cattistock, Dor-
chester
Sherbrook, Christchurch Road, Bourne-
mouth
Carruthers, Wareham
Connaught Road, Weymouth
Castle Gardens, Wareham
Milton Abbas, Blandford
Sandford, Wareham
Maen, Dorchester
Clandon, Dorchester
Clandon, Dorchester
The Limes, Dorchester
Charminster Vicarage, Dorchester
XVI.
1891 Eaton, Henry S., Esq. (V\M-
1'rcsidtnf)
1835 Elwes, Captain G. K. (Vice-
I'lvxldcnt and lion. Treasurer)
1905 Evans, Miss Annie Elizabeth
1886 Falkner, C. G., Esq., M.A.
1884 Farley, Rev. H., M.A.
1903 Fairer, Colonel Philip
1905 Feacey, Jem, Esq.
1900 Ferguson, Colonel C. J. O'Neill
1904 Ffooks, Mrs. E. Archdall
1904 Fielding, Thos., Esq., M.D.
1892 Filleul, Rev. S. E. V., M.A.
1889 Filliter, George Clavell, Esq.
1896 Filliter, Rev. W. D., M.A.
1901 Fisher, Mrs. J. F.
1907 Fisher, Miss Lorna S.
1906 Fisher, Harry, Esq.
1890 Fletcher, W. H. B., Esq.
O.H. Fletcher, W. J., Esq., F.R.I.B.A.
1906 Fletcher. Mrs. W. J.
1907 Fletcher, Rev. J. M. J., M.A.
1885 Floyer, G. W., Esq., B.A.
1S95 Forbes, Mrs.
1897 Forde, Henry, Esq.
1893 Forrester, Hugh Carl, Esq., B.A.
1893 Forrester, Mrs.
1903 Forster, Mrs. Percy
1878 Freame, R., Esq.
1895 Fry, Edward Alexander, Esq.
1903 Fry, George S., Esq.
1893 Fullaway, Mrs.
O.M. Fyler, Captain J. W. T.
O.Jt. Galpin, G., Esq.
1896 George, Mrs.
1905 Gildea, Miss M.
1906 Girdlestone, Mrs.
1890 Glyn, Captain Carr Stuart
1898 Glyn, Lieut. -General J. P. Carr
Pentlauds, Mill Road, Worthing,
Sussex
Bossington, Bournemouth
Clandon, Dorchester
Ireton Bank, Rusholme, Manchester
Lytchett Minster, Poole
Binnegar Hall, Wareham
Culliford Road, Dorchester
The Dinedors, Spa Road, Weymouth
Fermain House, Sherborne
Milton Abbas, Blaudford
All Saints' Rectory, Dorchester
St. Martin's House, Wareham
East Lulworth Vicarage, Wareham
Vines Close, Wimborne
West Walks, Dorchester
The Rosery, Florence Road, Boscombe,
Bournemouth
Aldwick Manor, Bognor, Sussex
The Chantry, Wimborne
The Chantry, Wirnborne
The Vicarage, Wimborne Minster
West Stafford, Dorchester
Shillingstone, Blandford
Luscombe, Parkstone
St. John's Cottage, Shaftesbury
Westport, Wareham
Russetts, Dorchester.
The Chantry, Gillingham
124, Chancery Lane, London. W.C.
11, The Hawthorns, Church End,
Finchley
Childe Okeford, Blandford
Hethfelton, Wareham
Clarendon Court, Clarendon Road,
Bournemouth
Fleet House, near Weymouth
Upwey Rectory, Dorchester.
The Corner House, Alum Hurst Road,
West Bournemouth
Wood Lcaze, Wimborne
North Leigh, Wimborue
Glyn, Sir K. G., Bart.
Godman, F. du Cane, Esq., F.E.S.
Gorringe, Rev. P. E., M.A.
Gorringe, Mrs. P. K.
Go wring, Mrs. B. W.
Greenwood, Arthur, Esq., L.M.S.,
L.S.A
Greves, Hyla, Esq., M.D.
Groves, Herbert J., Esq.
Groves, Miss
Gundry, Joseph, Esq.
1895 Haggard, Rev. H. A., M.A.
1908 Hall, Miss Maude
1903 Hambro, Sir Everard, K.C.V.O.
1905 Hambro, C. Eric, Esq.
1893 Hankey, Rev. Canon, M.A., R.D.
1S86 Hansford, Charles, Esq.
1890 Harrison, Rev. F. T., M.A.
1897 Harston, Comdr. F. A. (late R. N.)
1893 Hart-Dyke, Rev. Canon P., M.A.
1900 Hasluck, Rev. Ernest, M.A.
1893 Hassell, Miss
1891 Hawkins, W., Esq., M.R.C.S.
1903 Hawkins, Mrs. H.
1903 Hawkins, Miss Isabel
1908 Hawkins, Rev. H.
1893 Hayne, R., Esq.
1889 Head, J. Merrick, Esq., M.R.I.A.,
F.R.G.S., F.P.S.
1905 Heath, F. R., Esq.
1905 Heath, Sidney H. S., Esq.
1906 Heaton, Guy, Esq., M.A.
1899 Helming, Mrs.
1906 Higginbotham, J. C., Esq. (" Orme
Agnus ")
1901 Hill, R. E., Esq.
1902 Hine, R., Esq.
1902 Homer, Miss E. C. Wood
1907 Homer, Mrs. G. Wood
1897 Hudleston, W. H., Esq., M.A.,
F.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.S. (Vice-
President)
XVll.
Gaunts House, Wimborne
Lower Beeding, Horsham
Manston Rectory, Blandford
Manston Rectory, Blandford
49, High West Street, Dorchester
32, Dorchester Road, Weymouth
Rodney House, Bournemouth
Clifton, Weymouth
Thickthorne, Broadwey, Dorset
Wales House, Prince of Wales Road,
Dorchester
Molash Vicarage, Canterbury
King's Stagg, Sturminster Newton
Milton Abbey, Dorset
70, Prince's Gate, London, S.W.
Maiden Newton Rectory, Dorchester
Dorchester
Burton Bradstock Rectory, Bridport
Newlands, Glendinning Avenue, Wey-
mouth
Lullingstone, Wimborne
Handley Vicarage, Salisbury
Westfield Lodge, Parkstone
Broadwey, Dorchester
Rew House, Martinstown, Dorchester
Wyke, Sherborne
1, Westerhall, Weymouth
Fordington House, Dorchester
Pennsylvania Castle, Portland
The Woodlands, Weymouth
Upwey, Dorchester
St. David's, Bournemouth West
Frome, Dorchester
Northport House, Wareham
Long Lynch, Childe Okeford
Beaminster
Bardolf Manor, Puddletown
Bardolf Manor, Puddletown
West Holme, Wareham
XV111.
1905 Humphreys, Mrs. C. B.
1888 Huntley, H. E., Esq.
1906 Jameson, Mrs.
1903 Jeiikins, Rev. T. Leonard, M.A.
1S93 Kerr, E. W., Esq., M.D.
1895 Lafoutaiue, A. C. de, Esq., F.S.A.
1902 Langdon, Miss M.
1901 Langford, Rev. Canon, M.A.
1901 Lee, W. H. Markham, Esq.,
I.S.M.
1907 Lees, Captain Edgar, R.N.
1907 Lees, Mrs. Edgar
1900 Legge, Miss Jane
1899 Le Jeune, H., Esq.
1900 Leslie, Rev. E. C., M.A.
1902 Lewis, Rev. A., M.A.
1894 Linklater, Rev. Prebendary, D.D.
1890 Lister, Miss Gulielma
1905 Llewelliu, W., Esq., M.A.
1900 Lock, Mrs. A. H.
1892 Lock, B. Fossett, Esq.
1893 Lock, Miss Mary C.
1905 Lush, Mrs. W. Vawdrey
1901 Lys, F. D., Esq., M.R.C.S.,
L.R.C.P.
1838 Macdonald, P. W., Esq., M.D.
1902 Main waring, Lieut. -Col. F. (T. L.
1890 Manger, A. T., Esq.
1907 Mansel, Miss Susan
1894 Mansel-Pleydell, Mrs.
1899 Mansel-Pleydell, Rev. J. C. M.,
M.A., R.D. (Vice-rrexidenf)
1893 March, H. Colley, Esq., M.D.,
F.S.A., M.R.S.A.I., F.A.I.
(1'ice- President)
1883 Marriott, Sir W. Smith, Bart.
1904 Marsh, J. L., Esq.
1907 Mate, C. H., Esq.
1901 Maude, W., Esq., B.C.L.
1879 Maunsell, Rev. F. W., M.A.
Eagle House, Blaudford
Charlton House, Blandford
Keiimare, Prince of Wales Road,
Dorchester
Leigh Vicarage, Sherborue
South Street, Dorchester
Athelhamptou, Dorchester
Parrock's Lodge, Chard
Belle Vue, Higher Hooe, Plymouth
Wyke Regis, Weymouth
The Manor House, Upwey
The Manor House, Upwey
Allington Villa, Bridport
St. Ives, Upper Parkstone, Dorset
Came Rectory, Dorchester
Chardstock Vicarage, Chard
Stroud Green Vicarage, London, N.
High Cliffe, Lyme Regis
Upton House, Poole
53, High West Street, Dorchester
11, New Square, Lincoln's Inn, London
53, High West Street, Dorchester
Arnmore, Upper Lansdowue Road,
Bournemouth
Highclere, Rodwell, Weymouth
Herrison, Dorchester
Wabey House, Upwey
Stock Hill, Gilliugham
Top - o' -Town , Dorchester
Lougthoms, Blandford
Sturminster Newton Vicarage, Bland-
ford
Portesham, Dorchester
The Down House, Blandford
White Cliff Mill Street, Blandford
Elim, Surrey Road South, Bourne-
mouth
Brackenwood, Bournemouth
Syniondsbury Rectory, Bridport
O.M. Mayo, Kev. Canon, M.A., E.D.
1902 Mayo, Miss B.
1907 Michell, Theo. Esq.
O.M. Middleton, H. B., Esq.
1900 Middleton, Miss L. M.
1890 Milne, Kev. Percy H., M.A.
O.M. Moorhead, J., Esq., M.A., M.D.
1905 Morgan, Mrs.
1893 Morrice, G. G., Esq., M.A., M.D.
1897 Moullin, Arthur D., Esq.
1903 Nettleton, Spencer, Esq.
1905 Nicholson, Captain Hugh
1906 Oke, A. W., Esq.
1886 Okeden, Colonel U. E. Parry
1906 Okedeu, Edmund Parry, Esq.
1903 Oliver, Vere L., Esq.
1903 Oliver, Mrs. Vere L.
1904 Oliver, Weston, Esq., M.A.
1903 Ord, W. T., Esq., M.K.C.S.
L.R.C.P.
1905 Page, Thomas, Esq.
1905 Page, Mrs. T.
1905 Paget, Miss Adelaide
1905 Parkinson, Miss M. B.
1890 Patey, Miss
1908 Patterson, Mrs. Myles
1907 Paul, Edward Clifford, Esq., M.A.
1907 Paul, Mrs. Edward Clifford
1891 Payne, Miss Florence O.
1906 Pearce, Mrs. Thos. A.
1901 Peck, Gerald R., Esq.
1878 Penny, Rev. J., M.A.
1891 Penny-Snook, S., Esq., M.R.C.S.,
L.R.C.P.
1907 Penny-Snook, Mrs. S.
1901 Pentin, Rev. Herbert M.A.,
F.S.A.Ed. ( Viee-President, Hon.
Secretary, and Editor)
1894 Peto, Sir Henry, Bart.
1896 Phillips, Miss
Long Burton Vicarage, Sherborne
Friar Waddon, Dorchester
Trewirgie, Wellington Road, Bourne-
mouth
Bradford Peverell, Dorchester
Cliff Cabin, Worbarrow, Wareham
Hornblotton Rectory, Castle Gary
Bournemouth
Haselbury Bryan Rectory, Blandford
17, Royal Terrace, Weymouth
Fermain, Craubourne Road, Swanage
West Lulworth, Wareham
Nettlecombe, Melplash, R.S.O.
32, Denmark Villas, Hove, Sussex
Tuniworth, Blaudford
Moreton
Greenhill House, Weymouth
Greenhill House, Weymouth
Castle House, Weymouth
Greenstead, 14, Madeira Road, Bourne-
mouth
Trevissome, Parkstoiie Road, Poole
Trevissom^, Parkstone Road, Poole
Park Homer, Wimborne
Oaklaiids, Wimbome
Holmlea, Lincoln
Southover, Tolpuddle, Dorchester
Eastbrook House, Upwey
Eastbrook House, Upwey
Rydal, Wimborne
Ivythorpe, Dorchester
East Looe, Parkstone -on -Sea
Tarraut Rushtou Rectory, Blandford
Netherton House, Weymouth
Netherton House, Weymouth
Milton Abbey Vicarage, Blandford
Chediiigton Court. Misterton, Crew-
kerne
Okeford Fitzpaine Rectory, Shilling-
stone
XX.
1908 Phillips, Rev. C. A., M.A.
1893 Pickard-Cambndge, A. W., Esq.
M.A.
O.K. Pickard - Cambridge, Eev. O.,
M.A., F.R.S. (Vice-President)
1908 Pickard-Cambridge, Miss Ada
1903 Pickard-Cambridge, Miss
Catherine
1903 Pike, Leonard G., Esq.
1903 Pitt-Rivers, A. L. Fox, Esq.,
F.S.A.
1904 Plowman, Rev. L. S.
1896 Pond, S., Esq.
1894 Ponting, Chas. E., Esq., F.S.A.
1905 Poole, Rev. Sealey, M.A.
O.M. Pope, Alfred, Esq., F.S.A.
190G Pope, Alfred Rolph, Esq., M.A.
1906 Pope, Mrs. Alfred Rolph
1905 Pope, Miss Hilda
1900 Pope, George, Esq.
1896 Prideaux, C. S., Esq., L.D.S. .
1900 Prideaux, W. de C., Esq., L.D.S.
1905 Pringle, Henry T., Esq., M.D.
1905 Priugle, Mrs. Henry T.
1888 Pye, William, Esq.
1888 Radclyffe, Eustace, Esq.
1905 Ramsden, Mrs.
1906 Ransford, Colonel
O.M. Ravenhill, Rev. Canon, M.A.,
R.D.
1905 Raymond, F., Esq.
1906 Raymond, Mrs. F.
1899 Rendell, W. F., Esq.
1886 Reynolds, Mrs. Arthur
1904 Rhydderch, Rev. W.
1887 Richardson, N. M., Esq., B.A.
(President*)
1901 Ridley, Rev. J.
1890 Robinson, Sir Charles, F.S.A.
1886 Rodd, Edward Stanhope, Esq.
1907 Roe, Miss M. B.
Okeford Fitzpaine Rectory, Shilling-
stone
St. Catherine's, Headington Hill, Ox-
ford
Bloxworth Rectory, Wareham
Picardy, Rod well, Wey mouth
Picardy, Rodwell, Weymouth
Kingbarrow, Wareham
Hinton St. Mary, Blandford
Ibberton Rectory, Blandford
Blandford
Wye House, Marlborough
Chickerell Rectory, Weymouth
South Court, Dorchester
Culliford House, Dorchester
Culliford House, Dorchester
South Court, Dorchester
Weston Hall, Bournemouth
Ermington, Dorchester
12, Frederick Place, Weymouth
Ferndown, Wimborne
Ferndown, Wimborne
Dunmore, Rodwell, Weymouth
Hyde, Wareham
Great Bidlake, Bridestow, N. Devon
Talavera, Dorchester Road, Weymouth
Soutldea, Queen's Avenue, Dorchester
Garry o wen, Dorchester
Garryoweu, Dorchester
Hallow Dene, Parkstone
Wyndcroft, Bridport
Owermoigne Rectory, Dorchester
Montevideo, Chickerell, near Wey-
mouth
The Rectory, Pulham, Dorchester
Newton Manor, Swanage
Chardstock House, Chard
Sandford Orcas Rectory, Sherborne
1907 Roper, Freeman, Esq.
1889 Russell, Colonel C. J., R.E.
1906 Samson, Miss E. A.
1905 Sanderson -Wells, T. H., Esq.,
M.D.
1905 Saunt, Miss
1905 Saunt Miss B. V.
1889 Schuster, Rev. W. P., M.A.
1907 Scott, J. H., Esq., M.E.
1904 Seaman, Rev. C. E., M.A.
1883 Searle, Alan, Esq.
1906 Shepherd, Col. C. S., D.S.O.
1896 Shepheard, Thomas, Esq.,
F.R.M.S.
1903 Shepherd, Rev. C. S., F.C.S.
1906 Shepherd, Rev. F. J.
1903 Sheridan, Mrs. A. T. Brinsley
1884 Sherren, J. A., Esq., F.R. Hist. S.
1908 Shortt, Miss E. F.
1908 Shortt, Miss L. M.
1897 Simpson, Jas., Esq.
1895 Simpson, Miss E. F.
1906 Smith, Mrs. Alfred
1899 Smith, Howard Lyon, Esq.,
L.R.C.P.
1908 Smith, Mrs. Spencer
1888 Solly, Rev. H. Shaen, M.A.
1901 Sotheby, Rev. W. E. H., M.A.,
R.D.
1900 Stephens, "W. L., Esq.
1905 Stephens, J. Thompson, Esq.
1908 Stephens, A. N., Esq.
1903 Stilwell, H., Esq.
1900 Storer, Colonel, late R.E.
1900 Stopford, Admiral
1883 Stroud, Rev. J., M.A.
O.M. Stuart-Gray, Hon. M. G., M.A.,
F.S.A. Ed., F.G.S. (rice-
President)
1895 Sturdy, Leonard, Esq.
1896 Sturdy, Philip, Esq.
XXI.
Forde Abbey, Chard
Clavinia, Weymouth
Elwell Lea, Upwey
6, Royal Terrace, Weymouth
Buxton, Rodwell, Weymouth
Buxton, Rodwell, Weymouth
The Vicarage, West Lulworth, Ware-
ham
Ardrossan, Sedgley, Bournemouth
Stalbridge Rectory, Blandford
Ashton Lodge, Bassett, Southampton
Shorttake, Osmington, Weymouth
Kingsley, Bournemouth West
Church House, Worcester
Sherborne
Frampton Court, Dorchester
Helmsley, Weymouth
The Manor House, Martinstown
The Manor House, Martinstown
Minterne Grange, Parkstone
12, Greenhill, Weymouth
Newton House, Sturminster Newton
Buckland House, Buckland Newton,
Dorchester
Kingston Vicarage, Wareham
Southcote, Alexandra Road, Parkstone
Gillingham Vicarage, Dorset
Colomberie, West Bay, Bridport
Wanderwell, Bridport
Haddon House, West Bay, Bridport
Steepleton Manor, Dorchester
Keavil, Bournemouth
Shroton House, Blandford
Lillesden, Broadstone
Kinfauns Castle, Perth, N.B.
Trigon, Wareham
The Wick, Branksome, near Bourne-
mouth
XX11.
1902 Sturdy, Miss Violet
1907 Sturdy, Alan, Esq.
1905 Sturdy, E. T., Esq.
1898 Sturt, W. Neville, Esq.
1898 SuttQl, H.S.,Esq.
1905 Suttill, John, Esq.
1908 Swaffield, R. H. 0. Owen, Esq.
1896 Swift, B. Byle, Esq., M.A.
1893 Sykes, E. R., Esq., B.A., F.Z.S.
1889 Symes, G. P., Esq., M.A., B.C.L.,
M.V.O.
1904 Symonds, Arthur G., Esq.
1904 Symonds, Henry, Esq.
1901 Telfordsmith, Telford, Esq.,
M.A., M.D.
O.M. Thompson, Rev. G., M.A.
1906 Thomson, Chas. Bertram, Esq.,
F.R.C.S.
1907 Tims, E. M., Esq., R.N. (retired)
1907 Tims, Mrs. E. M.
1907 Towers, Miss
1898 Troy te -Bullock, Mrs.
1905 Truell, Mrs.
O.M. Udal, J. S., Esq., F.S.A.
1897 Usher, Rev. R., M.A., F.L.S.
1890 Usherwood, Rev. Canon T. E.,
M.A.
1907 Waite, Arthur H., Esq.
1887 Walker, Rev. S. A., M.A.
1905 Ward, Samuel, Esq.
O.M. Warre, Rev. Canon F., M.A.
1904 Warry, Mrs. King
1904 Warry, Wm., Esq.
1905 Watkins, Wm., Esq.
O.M. Watts, Rev. Canon, M.A.
1905 Watts, Miss
1893 Weaver,Rev.F.W.,M.A.,F.S.A.
The Wick, Branksome, near Bourne-
mouth
The Wick, Branksome, near Bourne-
mouth
Norburton, Burton Bradstock, Bridport
Baytree Farm, Great Horkesley, Col-
chester
Pymore, Bridport
24, West Street, Bridport
1 , Lansdowne Terrace, Weymouth
Holly Bank, Dorchester
Fairoaks, Addlestone, Surrey
Monksdene, Weymouth
South Street, Dorchester
30, Bolton Gardens, London, S.W.
Romansleigh, Wimborne
Highbury, Bodorgan Road, Bourne-
mouth
Romansleigh, Wimborne
Winfrith House, Winfrith
Winfrith House, Winfrith
Whicham, Porchester Road, Bourne-
mouth
Silton Lodge, Zeals, Bath
Onslow, Wimborne
Antigua, West Indies
Netherbury, Beaminster
179, St. James's Court, Buckingham
Gate, London, S.W.
Upwey Place, Upwey
Charlton Manor, Blandford
5, Greenhill, Weymouth
Bemerton, Salisbury
39, Filey Avenue, Clapton Common,
London, N.
Westrow, Hoi well, Sherborne
62, London Wall, B.C.
Bemerton, Salisbury
Bemerton, Salisbury
Milton Vicarage, Evercreech, Somerset
XX111.
1905 Webb, H. N., Esq.
1904 Westcott, Rev. Canon F. B., M.A.
1895 Whitby, Joseph, Esq.
1908 Whitby, Mrs. J.
1904 Wildman, W. B., Esq., M.A.
1900 Wilkinson, Rev. J. H., M.A.
1892 Williams, E. W., Esq., B.A.
1903 Williams, Captain Berkeley C. W.
1897 Williams, Miss F. L.
1884 Williams, Robert, Esq., M.P.
1884 Williams, Mrs. Robert
1908 Williams, Miss Rhoda
1906 Williams, Miss Meta
1903 Willis, Mrs. A. Ratcliffe
1905 Wills, A. W., Esq., M.P.
1906 Winwood, T. H. R., Esq., M.A.
1898 Woodhouso, Miss
1903 Woodhouse, Miss Ellen E.
1906 Woodhouse, Frank D., Esq.
1906 Woodhouse, Mrs. Frank D.
1898 Workman, J. Reece, Esq., C.E.
1902 Wright, Rev. Herbert L., B.A.
1904 Yates, Robert, Esq.
1896 Yeatman, Mrs.
1893 Young, E. W., Esq.
Bibury Cottage, Osborn Road, Brank-
some Park, Bournemouth
The School House, Sherborne
Preston, Yeovil
Preston, Yeovil
The Abbey House, Sherborne
Melcombe Bingham Rectory, Dor-
chester
Herringston, Dorchester
Herringston, Dorchester
Westleaze, Dorchester
Bridehead, Dorchester
Bridehead, Dorchester
Bridehead, Dorchester
South Walk, Dorchester
Oriel, Glendinning Avenue, Weymouth
3, Hyde Park Gate, London, S.W.
Moreton House, Dorchester
Chilmore, Ansty, Dorchester
Chilmore, Ansty, Dorchester
Old Ford House, Blandford St. Mary
Old Ford House, Blandford St. Mary
Inglenook, Winchester Road, Bassett,
Southampton
Church Knowle Rectory, Corfe Castle
Delcombe, Milton Abbas, Blandford
114, Denbigh Street, London, S.W.
Dorchester
The above list includes the New Members elected up to and including the
September meeting of the year 1908.
(Any omissions or errors should be notified to the Hon. Secretary.)
XXIV.
ELECTED SINCE THE PUBLICATION OF THE LIST CONTAINED
IN VOL. XXVIII.
PROPOSED ON SEPT. STH, 1907.
Member. Proposer.
Miss M. Gildea, of Upwey Rectory, Colonel Robert
Dorchester Williams
Arthur Greenwood, Esq., L.M.S., F. J. Barnes, Esq.
L.S.A., of 32, Dorchester Road,
Weymouth
Spencer Nettleton, Esq., of West The Rev. W. P.
Lul worth, Wareham Schuster
Vere L. Oliver, Esq., of Greenhill The President
House, Weymouth
Mrs. Vere L. Oliver, of Greenhill ,,
House
The Rev. C. A. Phillips, M.A., of The Hon. Secretary
Okeford Fitzpaine Rectory, Shil-
lingstone, Dorset
Miss Pickard- Cambridge, of Picardy , The President
Rodwell, Weymouth
Miss Catherine Pickard -Cambridge, ,,
of Picardy
The Rev. Sealy Poole, M.A., of
Chickerell Rectory, Weymouth
PROPOSED ON DEC. 3RD, 1907.
Member.
Miss M. Bellhouse, of Clovelly,
Rodwell, Weymouth
H. M. Dodington, Esq., of Castle
Gardens, Wareham
The Rev. H. Hawkins, of 1,
Westerhall, Weymouth
Mrs. Myles Patterson, of Southover,
Tolpuddle, Dorchester
Miss E. F. Shortt, of The Manor
House, Martinstown, Dorchester
Miss L. M. Shortt, of The Manor
House, Martinstown
L.
Proposer.
The Rev. P.
Cother
R. Barrow, Esq.
The President
The Rev. C. W. H.
Dicker
W. Albert Bankes,
Esq.
Seconder.
Captain J. E. Acland
Weston Oliver, Esq.
The Rev. W. D.
Filliter
The Rev. E. Acton
The Rev. J. C. M.
Mansel-Pleydell
Major Pickard-Cam-
bridge
The Hon. Secretary
Seconder.
Major Pickard-Cam-
bridge
L. G. Pike, Esq.
The Hon. Secretary.
W. Albert Bankes,
Esq.
The President
XXV.
PROPOSED ON FEBHUAKY 20iH, 1908.
Member. Proposer. Seconder.
Colonel A. M. Blake, C.B., J.P., H. Stilwell, Esq. Major Pickard-Cam-
D.L., of Warmwell House, bridge
Dorchester
The Rev. J. A. Bouquet, B.A., of C. E. Pouting, Esq. The Hon. Secretary
Wimborne St. Giles' Rectory,
Salisbury
Mrs. Bouquet, of Wimborne St. ,,
Giles' Rectory
G. H. Dominy, Esq., M.R.C.S., F. D. Lys, Esq. Dr. T. Fielding
L.R.C.P., of Milton Abbas,
Blandford
Mrs. Percy Forster, of Russetts, The Rev. S. E. V. The Hon. Treasurer
near Dorchester Filleul
W. T. Ord, Esq.. M.R.C.S., H. Le Jeune, Esq.
L.R.C.P., of Greeustead, 14,
Madeira Road, Bournemouth
PEOPOSED ON JUNK 25TH, 1908.
Member. Proposer. Seconder.
Captain J. Benett- Stanford, Albert Bankes, Esq. Sir Randolf Baker
F.R.G.S., F.Z.S., of Hatch
House, Tisbury, Wilts
Mrs. Spencer Smith, of Kingston Eustace R. Bankes, N. Bond, Esq.
Vicarage, Wareham Esq.
R. H. O. Owen-Swaffield, Esq., of Colonel A. G. H. The President
1 , Lansdowiie Terrace, Weymouth Church
PEOPOSED ON JULY 22ND, 1908.
Member. Proposer. Seconder.
A. N. Stephens, Esq., of Haddon J. T. Stephens, Esq. H. Symoiids, Esq.
House, West Bay
Mrs. Joseph Whitby, of Preston, J. Whitby, Esq. Miss Saunt
Yeovil
PEOPOSED ON AUG. 20iH, 1908.
Member. Proposer. Seconder.
Mrs. E. B. Duke, of Maen, Dor- Prebendary R. The Hon. Secretary
Chester Linklater
Miss Rhoda Williams, of Bridehead, Colonel R. Williams Lord Eustace Cecil
Dorchester
xxvi.
PUBLICATIONS.
Proceedings of the Dorset Natural History and Antiquarian
Field Club. Vols. I. XXVIII. Price 10s. 6d. each volume, post free.
General Index to the Proceedings. Vols. I. XXVI. Price Cd., by
post 7d.
The Church Bells of Dorset. By the Rev. Canon HAVEN, D.D.,F.S.A.
Price (in parts, as issued), 6s. Gd., post free.
Church Goods, Dorset, A.D. 1552. By the Rev. W. MILES BAHNES.
Price (as issued) 2s. 6d., post free.
By the late J. C. MANSEL-PLEYDELL, B.A., F.G.S., F.L.S.
The Flora of Dorset. 2nd Edition. Price 12s.
The Birds of Dorset. Price 5s.
The Mollusca of Dorset. Price 5s.
By the Rev. 0. PICKABD-CAMBBIDGE. M.A., F.K.S., F.Z.S.
Spiders of Dorset. 2 vols. Price 25s., post free.
The British Phalangidea, or Harvest Men. Price os., post free.
British Chernetidea, or False Scorpions. Price 3s., post free.
The Volumes of Proceedings can be obtained from Captain Elwes, Bossing-
ton, Bournemouth ; the Church Bells and Church Goods of Dorset, from the
Rev. W. Miles Barnes, Dorchester ; Mr. Mansel-Pley dell's works, from the
Curator of the Dorset County Museum, Dorchester ; the Rev. O. Pickard-
Cambridge's works, from the Author, Bloxworth Rectory, Wareham ; and the
General Index, from the Assistant- Secretary (Mr. H. Pouncy, Dorset Cotoity
Chronicle Office, Dorchester).
SOCIETIES IN CORRESPONDENCE WITH THE
FIELD CLUB.
British Museum.
British Museum of Natural History.
British Association.
Cambridge Philosophical Society.
Devon Association for the Advancement of Science.
Geological Society of London.
Hampshire Field Club.
Royal Society of Antiquaries, Ireland.
Society of Antiquaries, London.
Somerset Archaeological Society.
University Library, Cambridge.
Wiltshire Archaaological and Natural History Society.
OF THE
"gtafuraC ^isforp & JUtf iqvtavtcm
DURING THE SEASON 1907-1908.
WINTER SESSION, 1907-1908.
The FIRST MEETING of the Club for the Winter Session was
held in the Reading Room of the County Museum on Tuesday,
December 3rd, 1907, at 12.45. The President (Mr. Nelson M.
Richardson) took the chair, and about fifty Members were
present.
THE MEMBERSHIP. Six "persons were proposed for Member-
ship.
REPORT OF THE DELEGATE TO THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION.
The report of Mr. Alfred Pope, F.S.A., was then read :
Your delegate attended the Conference of Delegates of Corresponding Societies
of the British Association for the Advancement of Science at Leicester on the 2nd
of August last, when Mr. H. J. MacKinder, M.A., presided and gave an able
address on " The Advancement of Geographical Science by Local Scientific
Societies." He pointed out that there were local geographical societies in France
and Germany, but that in this country little interest was taken in local research,
and that it is now beginning to be realised that we know little of what lies at our
own doors. He advocated that the whole country should be divided into certain
areas, so that local facts might be gathered and presented to local societies, in
order that all that was of scientific interest in such localities might be made
known and preserved. The Rev. R. Ashington Bulleii submitted a paper, in
which he advocated the appointment of a committee for the photographic survey
of ancient remains in the British Islands. A discussion followed, several of the
delegates pointing out the necessity of photographing landmarks, the delegate for
the Dorset Natural History and Antiquarian Field Club remarking that the
society which he represented had already taken the initiative in that direction, as
a photographic survey of the whole county of Dorset had been taken under the
XXVlii. THE FIRST WINTER MEETING.
direction of the late Rev. T. Perkins and the Rev. "W. Miles Barnes (applause)
and that some 3,000 pictures of subjects of antiquarian, historic, and scientific
interest had already been deposited in the County Museum, and were at all
times open to inspection, and that the work was still being proceeded with.
Eventually the following resolution was agreed to: "That it is advisable to
obtain information as to the present state of things in Britain in connection with
photographic survey work ; to publish instructions or give advice for the
execution of scientific photographic survey ; and to endeavour to found or
promote a photographic work of the town and the district in which the British
Association holds its meetings annually." And it was agreed to send a copy of
such resolution to the Committee of Recommendations. It was reported that
applications had been received during the past year from six local societies
desirous of being brought into correspondence with the British Association.
The meeting at Leicester was an eminently successful one, the subjects
discussed by the respective sections being unusually interesting and instructive,
and the hospitality and attention accorded to the Association by the Mayor (Sir
Edward Wood) and Corporation and the Reception Committee being unlimited.
Amongst the antiquities inspected were two very fine Roman pavements in situ,
which for size, beauty of design and workmanship, and fine state of preservation,
are said to have no equals in the United Kingdom. The meeting lasted from
Wednesday, the 31st July, to Wednesday, the 7th August, and was under the
presidency of Sir David Gill, K.C.B.
Captain ACLAND mentioned that Mr. Charles Hansford was also
present at the Leicester meeting and brought back with him
some very interesting photographs, chiefly of the Roman pave-
ments. These Mr. Hansford had sent for inspection, and he
handed them round. Judging from them, continued Captain
Acland, he could not say that the pavements were superior in
beauty and interest to those which had been found at Dorchester,
but some were remarkably like them in many of the details.
He understood from Mr. Hansford that none of the pavements
at Leicester had been taken up, and relaid as had been those in
the Dorset County Museum. One of the photographs showed a
Roman milestone with a dedicatory inscription to the Emperor
Hadrian carved on it.
THE CONGRESS OF ARCH^OLOGICAL SOCIETIES. FOLK-
LORE. The HON. SECRETARY mentioned briefly the i8th
Congress of Archaeological Societies in union with the
Society of Antiquaries of London, which was held at
THE FIRST WINTER MEETING. Xxix.
Burlington House, on July 3rd, under the presidency of Lord
Avebury, and was attended by Messrs. E. A. Fry and Nigel
Bond as Delegates of the Dorset Field Club. Copies of the
reports of the Congress and of the various sections had been
sent to each member of the Club. Especial attention was called
to the subject of folk-lore, and the Congress asked its component
societies to assist the Folk-lore Society in the collection of all
that was in print on the subject in reference to their respective
counties. The Dorset Field Club had never regarded folk-lore
as being outside its ken, and its Proceedings contained several
interesting papers on the subject, notably those from the pen of
Mr. Udal, who was an enthusiastic student of the subject. Mr.
Thomas Hardy, too, had done a great deal in this direction,
preserving many curious beliefs and customs and superstitions in
his books; and probably in their respective parishes many of
them were still recording such things. Captain ELWES expressed
the opinion that not enough attention was given to recording the
minutiae of old superstitious beliefs, and he observed that one
difficulty in the way of collecting folk-lore was the reticence of
the peasant class. One did not always succeed in putting men
and women so completely at their ease that they would confide
to them their curious ideas.
COPYING TOMBSTONE INSCRIPTIONS. The HON. SECRETARY
continued that it was suggested by the Congress that some
members of the Club who were not actively engaged in other
branches of archaeological work might do useful service in the
copying of churchyard inscriptions, there being a movement to
make a complete record of those extant, as they usually give
much more information than parish registers.
THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. At the suggestion
of Captain Acland, it was decided that the Dorset Field Club
should exchange publications with the Geological Society of
London.
BRITISH WATER BEETLES. A communication was read from
Mr. Balfour Browne, of the Ulster Fisheries and Biology
Association, who stated that he was working at the distribution
XXX. THE FIRST WINTER MEETING.
of British water beetles, and asked for any information available
about those in Dorset. The President was asked to deal with
the communication.
DONATION TO THE COUNTY MUSEUM. The HON. TREASURER
observed that the Club had long been indebted to the Dorset
County Museum for the use of the reading-room for their indoor
meetings, and he proposed, with the approval of the meeting, to
ask the Council of the Museum to accept a donation of ^3 33.
in recognition of their hospitality towards the Club. He looked
forward to the time when the Club might have a home of its
own ; but until that day came he trusted that they might continue
to avail themselves of the hospitable roof of the Museum. The
PRESIDENT seconded the proposition, which was carried unani-
mously. Captain ACLAND, on behalf of the Council of the
Museum, returned his grateful thanks to the Club. The funds
of the Museum were not in so flourishing a state as those of the
Field Club, and therefore he knew that the Council would gladly
accept the kind contribution. He hoped that the close friendship
which had in the past subsisted between the Club and the
Museum, to the mutual advantage of each, would long continue.
The Museum reaped much benefit from the Field Club meeting
there, because, in addition to the many members from all parts
of the county who attended the meetings, and thus became
interested in the Museum, various gifts, books, and other
publications were made to the Museum and Library by the Club.
EXHIBITS, &c.
EXHIBITS BY THE PRESIDENT. The PRESIDENT exhibited a
Scalariform variety of the common snail (Helix aspersa) found at
Dorchester, on which he read the following note :
The term " scalariform," if strictly used, would imply that all the whorls of a
shell were separate from each other (like the beautiful and formerly very rare
Scalar ia pretiosa, which I exhibit, from which the term is derived), but it is often
loosely used to include individuals which nearly approach that condition, as in
the present case.
THE FIRST WINTER MEETING.
XXXI.
In this specimen, which is mature, the spire is very much, though quite
regularly, elongated, and presents a very different appearance from the common
form ; this is well shewn by the striking difference in the dimensions of the
variety as compared with those of the typical specimens which I exhibit for
comparison as follows :
Extreme
Length.
Breadth.
Width of
Mouth.
Variety
ljm.
fin.
2 in.
Larger typical specimen
Hin.
L&in.
I fa.
Smaller typical specimen
14 in.
I 3 %in.
f in.
The substance of the shell is of about the average thickness. The largest
whorl is strongly marked with the ordinary markings, but there is very little
trace of them on the other four whorls.
This specimen was found in September, 1907, in the garden of Kev. S. E. V.
Filleul, who very kindly presented it to me for my collection. His gardener has
not before seen one like it, which would suggest that its variation is the result of
accident, and not inherited, though I should mention that I see no trace of
damage on the shell ; it might, however, have occurred to the inhabitant when
young.
Mr. E. R. Sykes (late President of the Malacological Society) writes to me as
follows :
" An unusually prolonged spire has been noticed again and again in various
shells. They are always interesting and I am not clear to what they are due.
Sometimes a careful examination will shew a break or injury
which caused the animal to diverge from the normal There used
to be some people in France who bred freaks of this kind in Helix aspersa and
pomatia ; they had dodges, I believe, of putting bits of shell and wax and such-
like things to induce the animal to diverge. Put shortly something it may be
accidental injury to animal or shell, or natural peculiarity, caused this to coil in a
more attenuated form than the normal. Helix pomatia has been seen as flat as a
Planorbis.
The PRESIDENT also exhibited a rare plant (Malva borealis]
new to Dorset from Chickerell. It was a low-growing mallow
with very small pink flowers, and grew in profusion over a
considerable area in two fields adjoining his garden. He
gave it to Captain Acland for inclusion in the Museum
herbarium.
XXxil. THE FIRST WINTER MEETING.
THE AMPHORA OF FECUNDITY. Dr. H. COLLEY MARCH read
a short paper illustrated by excellent diagrams on a pagan-
Christian overlap of the " Amphora of Fecundity " from a
sculpture in the cloister at Elne Cathedral in the Department
Pyre'ne'es Orientales, in the South of France.
STATUETTE OF AN ATHLETE. The Rev. S. E. V. FILLEUL
exhibited a little battered statuette of metal which was dug up by
a working man named Hodge in Wareham about twelve years
ago and had been in his keeping, almost unknown and
unappreciated, ever since. He turned it up when removing the
roots of a tree at a depth of two or three feet beneath the surface.
It was in one of the gardens at the north-east corner of the
town, close to what is known as the " bowling green." Nothing
else of interest was found, though the ground in the neighbour-
hood was not searched. It is the figure of a negro athlete in the
act of running, wearing the suitable costume of belt and drawers.
The metal of which it is made seems to be of a very composite
character, bronze in nature, as signs of copper are quite evident
and, perhaps, iron, while there is a solid vein of silver in the left
arm. The lips are stained with vermilion, which, he had been
told, was usual in Greek statues, and perhaps in Roman also.
Mr. A. S. Drew, of Wareham, could guarantee the genuineness of
the find, as he saw the statuette directly after it was unearthed.
It was sent up to the British Museum for inspection at the time.
Mr. Chas. H. Read, of the British Museum, wrote back on May
1 3th, 1896, that he had just discovered that there was in the
Museum a little figure apparently of the same mould, but of lead,
and with the details much clearer. It came from Perugia in
1895. Mr. Murray, keeper of the Greek and Roman antiquities,
considered that both specimens might be genuine.
PAPERS.
The following papers were read :
(i.) "The Town Cellars, Poole," by Mr. W. K. Gill.
(Printed.)
THE FIRST WINTER MEETING.
XXX111.
(ii.) " S. Mary's Church at Cerne," by the Rev. C. W. H.
Dicker. (Printed.)
(iii.) " Dorset Brasses," by Mr. W. de C. Prideaux.
(Printed.)
(iv.) "Some Dorset Church Towers," by Mr. R. G.
Brocklehurst. (Printed.)
(v.) " Dorset Chantries," by Mr. E. A. Fry. (Printed.)
XXXIV.
WINTER SESSION.
THE SECOND MEETING of the Winter Session was held at the
Dorset County Museum on Thursday, February 2oth, 1908, at
12.30. The President was in the chair, and about sixty members
were present.
THE MEMBERSHIP. For the first time in the history of the
Club there were more candidates for membership than there
were vacant places. The membership of the Club is limited to
400, and the number of members on the roll on the day of
meeting was 393. For the seven vacancies there were fifteen
candidates, and seven were selected by voting (by paper). Six
new candidates were also nominated.
OLD PLUSH CHURCH. The PRESIDENT announced the
receipt of a letter from Canon Ravenhill, formerly of Buckland
Newton and Plush, expressing regret at not being able to attend
the meeting, and calling attention to a water-colour drawing of
old Plush Church by the late Mrs. T. Colfox, of Bridport, and
now in the County Museum Reading Room. The church was
pulled down in the forties.
THE PHOTOGRAPHIC SURVEY OF DORSET. Captain ACLAND
rose to speak of the present position of the Photographic Survey
of Dorset. The survey was originated many years ago by the
late Rev. Thos. Perkins, Rector of- Turn worth, and was carried on
most efficiently by the Rev. W. Miles Barnes, by whom, he
believed, all the practical work was done. The ten volumes of
photographs in the Reading Room of the County Museum
showed how well the work had been done. They all regretted
very much the loss of Mr. Perkins, and Mr. Barnes told him that
his eyesight was not good enough now to admit of his carrying
on the work. But were they going to let so good a work drop or
slacken ? His predecessor in the curatorship of the Museum,
Mr. Henry Moule, spoke highly of it, and said that it was a most
valuable work, or rather invaluable ; and he hoped that it would
THE SECOND WINTER MEETING. XXXV.
be taken up again and carried on with renewed activity. He
therefore proposed :
That steps be taken to promote the work of the Photographic Survey of the
County, originated and most efficiently carried on for many years by the Rev. W.
Miles Barnes and the late Eev. T. Perkins, and that for this purpose a Director
be appointed and a committee selected, the members of which should be repre-
sentative of different parts of the county.
The PRESIDENT seconded the motion, and it was carried unani-
mously ; but the selection of a Director was deferred till the next
meeting of the Club.
POLLUTION OF RIVERS. The HON. SECRETARY announced
that he had received a letter from Sir Alexander Pedlar, Hon.
Secretary of the British Science Guild, asking the Club to pass a
resolution in favour of certain proposals for legislation in the
matter of the prevention of pollution of rivers. He proposed
that the Club cordially support the action of the Guild. The
Rev. S. E. V. FILLEUL, in seconding the proposition, said he
thought that no legislative intervention was necessary in Dorset,
where he believed that the rivers were very pure. The proposi-
tion was carried nem. con.
THE MANSEL-PLEYDELL AND CECIL MEDALS. Lord EUSTACE
CECIL said that when he had the honour to be President of the
Club he always thought the one great object was to enlarge its
scope as much as possible, and he did his best to start one or
two new branches, so as to make the organisation as complete as
possible. He received the support of all the old Members and
of the Club generally. He was disappointed that last year there
was no competition at all for the Mansel-Pleydell Medal and
Prize, and he hoped that that would never be the case again.
The Cecil Medal and Prize was not confined to the Club, but
open to the county generally, and he hoped that for both medals
and prizes there would this year be considerable competition,
and that the papers sent in would be creditable alike to the Club
and to the competitors.
XXXVI. THE SECOND WINTER MEETING.
EXHIBITS, &c.
EXHIBITS BY MR. DIGBY, OF SHERBORNE CASTLE. The
following notes on the exhibits made by F. J. B. Wingfield
Digby, Esq., were prepared by Mr. E. A. Rawlence, of Salis-
bury :
1. A mould for casting Roman coins. This is half a stone mould showing the
head of the Emperor. The stone is apparently of the lias formation, an 1 ! is
prepared for casting six coins at a time. There are two sets for three coins in a
line with small ducts to convey the molten metal from one die to the other. One
set is for a coin about the size of a half -penny, and the other for one of the size
of a farthing. There are evidences on the edge of the stone showing that a
kindred stone with the reverse dies was bound tightly with it. The mould is
probably the work of forgers, who nourished about the end of the Roman
occupation. It was found about 1900, by a young man among the nettles in the
fosse of the old Castle ruins. How it came there is a mystery, unless it was
thrown in when the Castle was demolished by the Parliamentarians. If so, it
would seem to suggest that other archffiological relics may have shared the same
fate.
2. A gold rose noble of Edward III., a half noble of the same King, and a
half noble of Henry VIII. The coins are in excellent preservation, and have at
intervals been picked up in a water course in the old Park by men stopping
rabbit earths along its banks. This would seem to indicate that they are part of
a hoard hidden there, and are thrown out by the rabbits in the process of their
burrowing. The noble is a coin of some rarity and value.
3. In August, 1906, I discovered a large number of documents at the bottom
of an old oak chest in the attics of the central portion of Sherborne Castle,
which was the original portion built by Raleigh. They embrace 43 parch-
ment rolls of the presentments at the Court of the Hundred of Sherborne,
and numerous other papers mostly relating to the Manors of Sherborne and
Yetminster. The Hundred Rolls date from 7th of Henry IV., to William and
Mary, 1696, thus covering the pre-Refonnation, Reformation, Commonwealth,
and Restoration periods, and should afford some interesting information.
Amongst these papers were three Deeds relating particularly to Sir Walter
Raleigh. () A short deed dated 20th January in the fortieth year of Elizabeth
signed " W. Raleigh," and sealed with his seal, conveying the fishing rights in
a certain meadow called Broadmead, to Thomas and Lawrauce Swetnam.
(ft) An Indenture made the 1st day of August in the 41st year of Elizabeth,
" Betweene the Honourable Sr Walter Ralegh Knight Captaine of her Majesties
Gard and co- warden of the Stanries in the Counties of Devon and Cornwall of
the one party And Sir George Carew Knight, and Thomas Heriott, gent, of
the other party. Witnesseth that the sd Sr George Carew and Thomas Heriott
THE SECOND WINTER MEETING. XXXV11.
for diverse good causes and in consideration. . . . and especially for per-
formance of the trusts imposed upon them have demised graunted, assigned and
sett over. . . All that the Castle Manors Lordships, Lands, Tenements and
hereditaments. . . advowsons patronage ffranchises, liberties, royalties,
situate within the Hundreds of Sherborne and Yetminster in the County of
Dorset. To have and to hold all and singular the Premises with their
appurtenances unto the sd Sir Walter Ralegh his executors and assigns for all the
tyme and tearme yett to come and unexpired which sometyme was graunted by
John Couldwell late Byshoppe of Salisbury unto the Queen's most excellent
majestie." The Deed is signed, "George Carew, and Thomas Herriote" and
sealed with their respective seals. This Deed is interesting as it states in
Encyclopaedia Britanuica, infra "Raleigh," as follows: "In 1591 Raleigh
obtained through the Queen's intervention, a lease for 99 years of the Manor of
Sherborne from the Bishop of Salisbury. In 1593 the See was vacant. Aspirants
to the Mitre were informed that only by converting the Lease into a perpetual
Estate in Raleigh's favour could the object of their wishes be obtained. On
these terms Dr. Cotton became Bishop of Salisbury, and Raleigh possessor of
Sherborne in full ownership."
(c) A Deed dated the 14th June in the 12th year of James I. signed and
sealed, "W. Ralegh." This deed is an extremely interesting one as, when Sir
Walter was attainted, he made over all his Estates to his son in the hope of
saving them, but the King compelled him before his execution to sign this deed
nullifying the one in favour of his son. It was when Lady Raleigh was plead-
ing with the King not to insist on this, that he replied, " I maun ha' it for Carr."
The Deed was probably passed on with the re -grant of the Estates as a pro-
tection against any claim by the descendants of Raleigh under the original Deed.
The Deed is extremely pathetic. He describes himself as " late of Sherborne,
and then Knight," and recites that whereas by a Deed made in the 45th year of
Elizabeth, he limited the Estate and Manors of Sherborne, Newland, Castle-
towne, Wootton, Whitfi?ld, Yetminster, and Caundle Bishop, and a moiety of the
Manor of Pinford, and of Prymsley, also Primsley, and proceeds, " Knowe yee
that the said Walter Raleigh doe att this time intend and am fully minded and
willingly to revoke, adnull, frustrate and make voide all and every those
use and uses estate and estates in and by the said indenture limited or appointed
of and in the said Castle Manors lands tenements and hereditaments and every
or any of them and of and in every or any part or parts of them or any of them
which lye or consist in my power to revoke, adnull, &c., &c.
4. Recently in quarrying stone in a field above the Almshouse Copse, which
lies under Honeycombe Wood on the north side of the road between Thornford
and Sherborne, the workmen came across some human remains obviously of
considerable antiquity. The first skeleton was the most perfect. It was at a
depth of about three feet, lying east and west, and had slabs of the local rock
lying over it. The other remains were in a rough trench running north and
south at right angles to the first body. These remains were very much decayed,
XXXVlii. THE SECOND WINTER MEETING.
and they appeared to have been thrown into the trench indiscriminately.
Altogether three or four bodies could be accounted for. The remains as indicated
by the teeth were those of men in the prime of life. The under jaws were very
heavy with very square chins. Although the quarrymen were instructed to
watch caref ully for any pottery, flints, or weapons, none were found.
In uncovering another section of stone, a hole, about two feet deep, was found
full of black humus with remains of very old pottery of the character of the
barrow urns, but the vessel had almost entirely perished, and no charred bones
or flints were observed with it. It was probably a cremated interment, but in my
opinion of much greater age than the skeletons.
From the fact that one skeleton was interred east and west with more care than
the others, it would seem to indicate that it was a Christian burial ; and probably
at this point, which is one of considerable strategic advantage, commanding the
valley of the Yeo, some skirmish took place during the Civil Wars, which
resulted in the death of an officer and three or four of his men, who were
stripped, and the officer buried by himself, whilst his men were thrown into a
trench beside him. Some of the quarrymen who had done a lot of planting in
Honeycombe Wood near by, about three years before, when digging the holes for
the trees, stated that they came across a good many flat horseshoes with small
centres, and also one broken sword, but unfortunately these were not reported at
the time. Careful search has since been made for some of these remains,
especially for the sword, in the hope of obtaining some indication of the date, but
unfortunately without success. Evidently a considerable action took place
round this centre at some distant period.
5. As to the section of wooden water pipe. This was cut through in digging
a trench to connect the drainage of Newell House with the public sewer, which
follows the line of the watercourse from the Coombe Valley into the Yeo, and is
probably the pipe which conveyed the water from the Newell spring to " the
Conduit " when it stood in the Abbey Cloisters. The wood is a species of Poplar,
and was bored by means of a hot iron rod, and evidently two holes were burnt
side by side, the segments of which intersect. The wood is as sound and fresh as
the day it was put in. It is difficult to suggest a date, but it is obvious that iron
pipes would have perished many times over, as the soil of Sherborne has a very
deleterious effect on iron.
6. As to the section of buried oak found at Picket Farm in the parish of
South Perrot. In draining a bog on the .slope of the greensand hill, the
workmen came across a log of wood running at right augles to the drain at a
depth of about four feet. As this was unaccountable, excavations were made to
clear up the mystery, and an interesting prehistoric record was laid bare. The
log was half of a very large oak which had evidently been split oT by some
westerly hurricane. It had come down with a tremendous crash, falling due
east, and many of the minor branches were found driven perpendicularly into
the ground and much splintered. The log was about 2o feet long, of which the
lower end of about ten feet was a section torn off from the butt of the tree, and
THE SECOND WINTER MEETING. XXXIX.
the remainder a large limb. The western end was about six feet under ground
and the eastern end about four feet. It lay almost horizontally, and the
steepness of the hill accounts for the difference in the cover.
The wood is quite sound and almost as black as Irish bog oak, and it has since
been planked out and dried. The original tree must have contained considerably
more than 100 cubic feet of timber and have been of great age.
7. - Specimens of Palaeolithic and Neolithic flints. These embrace some good
specimens of skin scrapers, knives, &c., from Dorset, Wilts, Somerset, and
Northamptonshire.
The PRESIDENT proposed a hearty vote of thanks to Mr.
Digby for kindly sending the articles, and to Mr. Rawlence for
bringing them and explaining them to the meeting. The HON.
SECRETARY, in seconding the vote, took the opportunity to
mention the variety of styles in which at different times in his
life the name of "the ever- renowned knight, Sir Walter," was
spelt, e.g., Rawley, Rawleigh or Rawlegh, Raleigh, and finally
Ralegh.
OTHER EXHIBITS. The Rev. S. E. V. Filleul showed objects
of interest to ornithologists and to antiquaries, namely, a wing of
the grey lag goose, one of a pair killed at Wareham this winter.
He pointed out how the knob at the head of the wing assisted
the bird in fighting. In the spurwing goose this knob takes the
form of a spur, half an inch long. He exhibited also a specimen
of the wing of the spurwing plover, showing the spur.
Another exhibit made by Mr. Filleul was an iron 2lb. shot
found recently in the shingle at " Dancing Ledge," Langton
Matravers. It had evidently been fired, from the dent observable
on it, and might, he suggested, be a relic of the Armada fight.
Mr. Robert Hayne, sent for exhibition a chasse of champleve
enamel, Limoges work, of late ijth century or early i4th
century. Limoges chasses of this period, he noted, generally
have keyhole-shaped perforations on the ridge. He also sent
with it a ciborium of champleve enamel, probably of the i4th
century.
DISCOVERY OF HUMAN BURIAL AT BLASHENWELL. Captain
ACLAND exhibited photographs of the grave at Blashenwell and
the skull found there in January. He reminded the members of
xl. THE SECOND WINTER MEETING.
the Club that the tufaceous deposits at Blashenwell, i| miles S.
by W. of Corfe Castle, had been twice described in the Proceed-
ings, in Vol. VII. by the late Mr. Mansel-Pleydell, who said he
considered the beds to belong to the period of human occupation,
as they contained fractured bones, fragments of burnt wood, and
flint flakes; and in Vol. XVIII. by Mr. Clement Reid, who
described his work and discoveries in the year 1884, undertaken
for the Geological Survey. He considered the place a Neolithic
kitchen midden, and stated that in addition to broken pottery,
bones, and flint flakes, he found, cut 4ft. down in the tufa, a
grave lined with slabs of stone, containing a skeleton of a youth
in a contracted position. On January 28th last, continued
Captain Acland, the Rev. S. C. Spencer-Smith informed him
that a labourer had just found a skull in the bank, and that
there were more bones still undisturbed further in. Flat stones
at the sides formed the grave. At his suggestion Mr. Le Jeune,
of Upper Parkstone, kindly examined the spot on January 3 1 st,
and, with friends, obtained the photographs, which he now
showed. He considered this a different burial from the one
noticed by Mr. Reid in 1894, as it was in the soil above the tufa.
He thought also that there were other graves in the bank. Mr.
Le Jeune drew attention to a curious piece of wall, roughly
built of large unshaped stones in a sort of herring-bone without
mortar. Much of it had fallen down since he last visited the
spot, but some still remained and was shown in the photograph.
There are a large number of objects from Blashenwell in the
County Museum. Captain Acland added that he received
information of another burial, near Worbarrow, enclosed in large
slabs of Kimmeridge shale. In each case he was asked if he
would house the remains in the County Museum ; but he took
upon himself the responsibility of answering that he thought it
far better that these remains of their ancestors of remote ages
should be either left where they were or placed in a churchyard.
IMPORTANT DISCOVERY AT FORDINGTON. A ROMAN INCISED
STONE. The Rev. R. GROSVENOR BARTELOT, Vicar of
Fordington St. George Church, produced photographs of what
THE ROMAN INCISED STONE,
FORDINGTON ST. GEORGE, DORCHESTER.
THE SECOND WINTER MEETING. xli.
he called par excellence " the Fordington Stone " a large slab of
Purbeck marble, 2ft. i lin. by 2ft. 4^in., and 6in. thick. It was
discovered on February 5th, face downward, beneath St. George's
Church, where it formed the foundation stone of the south-east
corner of the porch, having evidently been laid there in Norman
days. The partially effaced inscription may read when restored
as follows :
G(AIO) ARI(S)T(O.)
CTVT. (E)OM.
AN(NIS) L
RVFINVS ET
(M)AKINA ET
AVIIA FILI EIVS
E(T) (R)OMANA VXO(E).
This may possibly be translated :
To Gaius Aristus, a Eoman citizen, aged 50 years, Rufinus and Marina and
Avea, his children, and Romana his wife (or his Roman wife), (set up this stone).
Mr. Bartelot said that his impression was that when the Norman
builders of St. George's put in the tympanum they removed some
old Roman stones which had formed the lintel over a narrower
Saxon doorway, and when they found that the tympanum needed
the protection of a porch they simply used this Roman slab as
a foundation stone, turning it face downward. Unfortunately,
it was broken right across the middle by the weight of the porch.
The absence of any heathen superscription and the extremely
large size of the O in the second line, which apparently encircled
a cross, led him to believe it to be a Christian memorial. The
stone was at present in the Vicarage. The experts at the British
Museum had expressed the opinion that the stone was of the
first century. The Rev. S. E. V. FILLEUL remarked that it
was the first inscribed Roman stone ever found in Dorchester.
ON THE ORTHOGRAPHY OF PYDELTRENTHIDE. The Rev.
C. W. H. DICKER read the following paper on this subject :
The name appears in the following forms : (Domesday, Pidrie.}.
A.D. 1298. Richard de Puddletrenthyde was presented to the Hospital of St,
Leonard atRuston.
Xlii. THE SECOND WINTER MEETING.
1487. Inscription on the Church Tower : Pydeltrenth.
1549. Chantries Survey : Pijdle Trcnthcd, Pydcll Trcnthed.
1552. Church Goods Inventory : Piidcltrcnched.
Maps. 1607, Piddlcrenckede ; 1610, 1660, Piedelrcnched : 1645, 1646, fidcl-
rcnchcd; 1675, Phische ; 1695, 1753, Pidcnched.
The above-quoted instance of 1293 is the earliest mention of " Trenthide "
that I have as yet found.
PIDDLE. From the spellings here given it is evident that, in modern English,
the normal pronunciation is "Piddle." Throughout the Middle Ages, the short
i sound is frequently represented in writing by y or ti. In a charter of Alfred's
we find (modern) Plush spelt Plysshe. " Satin of Bruges " is written in the
Church Goods Inventory of 1552 as Briges, Brydgeii, Bryges, Bridges, Brydge ;
no doubt spoken by English lips as we pronounce bridges, nowadays.
I believe that this prevalent use of the short t sound is traceable to the common
difficulty of producing the original Continental il. Some of you may have observed
that, in learning French, English pupils often say ti instead of tu. Thus to-day
we have mill as an equivalent to the A.S. mylen, Germ. Miihle, Milborne
appears in a Charter of JEthelstan as Muleborne.
A similar transition appears to have taken place in the case of the short v
in Greek, which in time became changed into the Latin y, and eventually was
superseded by the short i, as in modern Italian e.g. , crv/jtQwvia symphonia.
sinfonia.
It is noteworthy, however, that in the Western Wessex, where the tide of
English Conquest flowed so strongly in the 8th Century, the old u is still retained
in the folk-speech.
Professor Skeat has been kind enough to send me the following valuable notes
on the subject:
" The A.S. pudd, a trench, is sounded just like pudding, if you will kindly drop
the ing. The derived diminutive was, first of all, pydcl, a little trench, small
stream. Now this A.S. y is precisely the German dotted ti or the French in
venu. It is the short vowel corresponding to the long vowel in Fr. lime or
German griin.
"This sound went out of favour with the English in the twelfth century, and
they did not quite know what to do with it. Some turned it into short i (as in
pit) ; some into short u (as in put), and this later went into the u in puddle ; and
so some of the scribes wrote Pidelc, and some wrote Pttdcle for the older Pydele.
In Kent this same sound became the e in pet.
"The Latin pnteus, a well, was borrowed in early A.S., and was pronounced
as pyt (i.e., put). Then in the twelfth century we find pyt, pit, and put, all
three. These forms would now give the modern English pit or modern English
put (if pronounced so as to rhyme with cut). In Kent it is pet even to this
day. Standard English generally takes i (as in pit) for such words ; thus,
A.S, liyll became Mid-English hull, hill, Kentish hell. The modern English is
hilL
THE SECOND WINTER MEETING. xliii.
" I think this will make it clear. It shows why Puddle is a possible variant
and is, in fact, in use ; but the real standard form is Piddle."
"With regard to "Trenthide" Professor Skeat writes : In the charters pub-
lished by Kemble Fidele occurs four times ; not a word about Trenthide,
" Still there is evidence of the ' 30 hides ' ; and if you like to assume that the
name of ' Trente hide,' meaning 30 hides, was devised by some Norman after
the Conquest, that is reasonable. Domesday Book shows that Trenthide, as a
name, was quite unknown in 1080.
" Briefly, the old name was simply Pidele, pure and simple, of which Pidrie is a
stupid Norman travesty. Obviously the place was named from the river."
With reference to 2Elfgifu, JEthelred's bride (who is said to have bestowed the
manor upon the New Minster at Winchester), the Professor says " it is incon-
ceivable that "thirty "could have been expressed by " trente " before 1052,
when she died."
In the absence, therefore, of any eleventh century authority, I suppose we
must not press our claim for the antiquity of the name the parish now bears. It
certainly did seem to me a likely thing that so ardent a supporter of matters
Norman, as ^Ifgifu was, would have bestowed such an appropriate designation
in her native tongue (for which a parallel occurs in the neighbouring "Fife-
heads ") ; but there is no evidence to support this theory. I feel that, as a Club,
we are deeply indebted to Professor Skeat for the light he has thrown upon
this interesting point.
PAPERS.
The following papers were also read :
(i.) "British Arachnida," by the Rev. O. Pickard-
Cambridge, F.R.S. (Printed.)
(ii.) "Dorset Tokens of the i8th and ipth Centuries, and
Medals relating to the County," by Mr. Henry
Symonds. (Printed.)
(iii.) "Hilton Church," by the Rev. E. H. H. Lee,
(Printed.)
xliv. THE ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING.
THE ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING.
THE ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING of the Club was held on
Tuesday, May i2th, in the County Museum, Dorchester. The
President took the chair at 12.30, and about 50 Members were
present.
THE MEMBERSHIP. There were fourteen candidates for
Membership, eight of whom were elected. Three other candi-
dates were nominated.
MR. THOMAS HARDY ELECTED AN HONORARY MEMBER.
The PRESIDENT announced that the Council had decided to
elect as an Honorary Member of the Club Mr. Thomas Hardy.
Mr. Hardy was known all over the world as one of the most
distinguished Dorset men living, and his election would, he was
sure, give general satisfaction to the Club. He might add that
Mr. Hardy was proposed by himself and seconded by Lord
Eustace Cecil.
PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. The PRESIDENT then read his
Address, on the conclusion of which Captain ELWES asked to be
allowed in the name of the Club to express their thanks to the
President for his excellent and deeply interesting address. Mr.
Richardson had started a practice which he hoped that he might
long live to continue that of making the Presidential Address a
survey of what had been done in the world of science during the
prior twelve months. Canon RAVENHILL said that he should be
glad, as an original Member of the Club, to second the vote of
thanks to Mr. Richardson for his admirable address. The vote
was carried with acclamation.
THE TRANSPORTATION OF FISH. Arising out of the Presi-
dential Address Mr. F. J. BARNES mentioned the interesting
experiments in the transportation of fish which had been made
by the Marine Biological Association. On the extensive sandy
shallows on the coast of Holland there had been for a consider-
able time what they considered to be an overcrowding of plaice
the young plaice that came in from the North Sea in the winter
THE ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING. xlv.
and spring to feed upon these shallow sandy flats. They had
transported some of them to the Doggerbank, and it had been
found that the average growth of those so transported had been
about twice what it would have been had the fish been allowed
to remain in the shallows. The President had told them that the
age of flat fish could now be told by the rings on the ear bones.
The old method of measuring was from nose to tail ; but the
experiments which he had mentioned had shown that if fish,
like human beings, were given a fair chance of developing, they
would take advantage of it, and size therefore was not a reliable
criterion of age.
THE HON. SECRETARY'S ANNUAL REPORT. The HON.
SECRETARY then read his Report as follows :
The last volume of the Club's Proceedings contains such an exhaustive account
of the year's work that there is very little left for the Hon. Secretary to
report. The Membership of the Club has now reached the maximum number
400 and there seems at present little likelihood of any abatement in the com-
petition for occasional vacancies. The summer meetings were so well attended
last year that, after paying all the expenses thereof, I find myself with the
embarrassingly large balance in hand of over 20. That the Members of the
Club should at once benefit by this balance seems only right and fitting, and it is,
therefore, proposed to reduce the "incidental expenses" charged on the cards
of admission to the summer meetings this year from 2s. to Is. 6d. This will
probably be the means of bringing the balance in hand on the summer meetings'
account down to a working level next year. The accounts for the past year have
been duly audited, and the vouchers pertaining thereto lie upon the table.
THE HON. EDITOR'S REPORT. Mr. PENTIN also read his
report as Honorary Editor as follows :
The following are to be the first five items in the new volume : " The
Architectural History of St. Mary's Church at Cerne," by the Eev. C. W. H.
Dicker ; " The Old Building on Poole Quay, known as the Town Cellars," by
Mr. W. K. Gill ; " Notes on the Dorset Flora," by the Eev. E. F. Linton ; the
first portion of another contribution on " Dorset Chantries," by Mr. E. A. Fry ;
and " Dorset Tokens of the IFth and 19th Centuries, and Medals relating to the
County," by Mr. Henry Symonds. The Eev. O. Pickard- Cambridge has
prepared another paper on " British Arachnida," and Mr. W. de C. Prideaux on
" Dorset Brasses ;" Mr. Sidney Heath has promised to contribute another paper
on " The Cross-legged Effigies of Dorset," and Mr. B. Fossett Lock will con-
clude " The Cartulary of Cerne Abbey." The President's Anniversary
xlvi. THE ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING.
Address and the Mansel-Pleydell Prize Essay by Miss L. Towers on " The
Distribution of Living Plants in relation to the different Geological Formations in
Dorset," and papers by Captain Acland on " Sepulchral Pottery in the Dorset
County Museum from the Dorset Barrows," the Eev. E. H. H. Lee on " Hilton
Church," and Mr. K. G. Brocklehurst on " The Old Stone Bridges of Dorset,"
will also be printed. As usual there will be some shorter papers, the official
account of the Club's Meetings, the Rainfall Returns, and the report on the
First Appearances of Birds, Insects, &c.
THE CLUB'S FINANCE. The HON. TREASURER presented his
Statement of Accounts, which will be found printed on a
succeeding page.
PRESENTATION OF THE MANSEL-PLEYDELL MEDAL. The
next item was the presentation of the Mansel-Pleydell Medal
and Prize to Miss L. Towers, of Whicham, Bournemouth, the
writer of the prize essay for 1907 on the subject of "The
Distribution of Living Plants in Relation to the Different
Geological Formations in Dorset." The PRESIDENT said that
he had been anxious that either Lord Eustace Cecil or the
Rev. J. C. M. Mansel-Pleydell should have been there to present
the medal ; but, unfortunately, neither of them was able to
attend. Therefore it had devolved upon himself to perform the
duty, and he did so with much pleasure. He hoped that the
winning of this medal and prize by a lady would encourage
ladies of the Club to do more in a scientific way for the Club
than they had done hitherto. Another essay, which also had
great merit, was sent in by a lady member, Miss Ellen
Woodhouse; but unfortunately there was only one medal and
prize.
MEDAL COMPETITIONS FOR 1908. The Mansel-Pleydell
Medal and Prize will be awarded for the best original paper on
" The Sequence of Architectural Styles as Exemplified in the
Buildings, either Ecclesiastical or Domestic, of any Neighbour-
hood in Dorset." This competition is open to all Members of
the Dorset Field Club without regard to age, including all those
elected in 1908, but not afterwards.
The Cecil Medal and Prize will be awarded for the best
Paper on " The Discovery of Radium : its Probable Origin,
THE ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING. xlvii.
Present Development, and Possible Future Use." The Competi-
tion will be open to any person who was between the ages
of 1 8 and 30 on May izth, 1908 (that being the date of the
last Annual Meeting of the Club), and who either was born in
Dorset or had on May i2th, 1908, resided in the County for the
previous twelve months. A statement giving particulars of
qualification should accompany each paper sent in.
Papers for both medals must be clearly written, and may be
illustrated by drawings or photographs, provided that these are
the personal work of the candidate. The committee will attach
great importance to original observation. Papers should be
sent in by March ist, 1909, to the President of the Club.
ALTERATIONS OF RULES. On the motion of the PRESIDENT,
acting after consultation with his official colleagues, Rule 7 was
amended to read as follows :
Every candidate for admission shall be nominated in writing by one Member
and seconded by another, to both of whom he must be personally known. He
may be proposed at any meeting, and his name shall appear in the programme of
the first following meeting at which a ballot is held, when he shall be elected by
ballot, one b'ack ball in six to exclude.
To this rule the following addition was made :
In the event of the number of vacancies being less than the number of
candidates at four successive meetings, the names of any candidates proposed at
the first of such four meetings who have not been elected at one of them shall
be withdrawn, and shall not be eligible to be again proposed for election for at
least a year after such withdrawal ; provided that, if at any meeting there shall
be no vacancies available, it shall not be counted in estimating the above-named
four meetings.
Mr. VERE OLIVER suggested that, now that the Membership of
the Club had reached so large a number, it would be a good
thing in the future, and would save much time and bother, if
they left the election of new Members to the Executive, as was
done in other Clubs. Mr. ALFRED POPE agreed that it would
greatly facilitate matters if the new Members were elected by the
Executive.
xlviii. THE ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING.
THE CAMBRIDGE PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY. At the sugges-
tion of the HON. SECRETARY, it was decided that the Club
should exchange publications with the Cambridge Philosophical
Society.
ELECTION OF OFFICERS. The President, Vice- Presidents,
Hon. Secretary and Editor, and Hon. Treasurer were re-elected ;
and the HON. SECRETARY re-nominated Mr. H. Pouncy as
Assistant Secretary.
The PRESIDENT added to the list of Vice- Presidents the name
of Mr. H. Storks Eaton, Past President of the Royal Meteor-
ological Society. Mr. Eaton had been a very helpful and
generous Member of the Club ; but his nomination as a Vice-
President was intended as a recognition of his scientific
distinction.
Mr. C. J. Cornish Browne, of Came House, was elected
Director of the Dorset County Photographic Survey.
Mr. Nigel Bond and Mr. Alfred Pope, F.S.A., were nominated
as Delegates to represent the Club at the Congress of Archae-
ological Societies in union with the Society of Antiquaries of
London.
THE SUMMER MEETINGS. The next business was the choice
of the places of meetings to be held during the ensuing summer,
with the result that (i) Corfe Castle and Studland, (2) Wells,
Cheddar, and Glastonbury, (3) the Portesham and Bridehead
district, and (4) Montacute, were selected.
PAPERS. Mr. W. de C. PRIDEAUX read a short paper, illus-
strated with artistic designs, upon a small mediaeval armorial
shield, enamelled on copper, used as a horse-trapping, belonging
to the President, found near Weymouth ; and he exhibited a
similar one of interest lent by the Somerset Archaeological
Society.
Mr. R. BOSWORTH SMITH read two short but interesting papers
on the Jay and the Cornish Chough.
CORFE CASTLE AND STUDLAND. xlix.
FIRST SUMMER MEETING.
CORFE CASTLE AND STUDLAND.
THE FIRST SUMMER MEETING was held on Thursday, June
25th. The party numbered about 80. The meeting place was
at Corfe Castle.
Under the guidance of the Rev. R. Grosvenor Bartelot, Vicar
of Fordington S. George, the Members made their way to the
Square and across the ancient stone bridge with its four arches
of irregular span, and so forth into the Outer Bailey of the
Castle. Mr. BARTELOT referred first to the murder of King
Edward the Martyr at Corfes Geat in the year 979, as recorded
in the Saxon Chronicle, the earliest documentary mention of
Corfe ; and, in deviation from the familiar tradition, he expressed
the opinion that the domus Elfrida, the home of Edward's cruel
and treacherous stepmother, was not upon the castle hill, but
probably on or near the site of the old house of the Syferwast
and Uvedale families, hereditary warreners of Royal Purbeck. It
was significant that no mention of Corfe was made in Domesday
Book, and it went to show that there was no Saxon Castle at
Corfe. Had there been a castle it would surely have been
mentioned. King Edred, uncle of Edward the Martyr, in
948 gave the site of the present castle to the Abbey of Shaftes-
bury, and, as part of the Manor of Kingston, it remained the
property of the Abbey until about 1075 ; but it was expressly
noted in Domesday that one hide of land out of the Manor of
Kingston had been given by the Abbess of Shaftesbury to
William the Conqueror in exchange for the Church of
Gillingham; and the Testa de Neville a few years later stated
that the advowson of Gillingham was given to the King in
exchange for the land on which the Castle by Wareham (i.e.,
obviously Corfe Castle), was built. Stone-masons and marblers
came to build the castle at a penny a day wages, as the
inhabitants of Corfe were still never tired of telling ; and, as the
1. CORFE CASTLE AND STUDLAND.
castle, of course, was not built in a day, they built houses for
themselves close by, and so arose the town of Corfe, whose
stone-cutters and marblers in the Middle Ages sent Purbeck
marble, to all parts of England, and even abroad. The castle
was built for a two-fold purpose first, to uphold the King's
rights in that part of the country, which was a royal warren, well
stocked with deer and other game ; and, secondly, as a state
prison. Mr. Bartelot mentioned the many notable prisoners who
have been confined in close custody in the castle, from the
days of the unhappy Robert, Duke of Normandy, downward.
Speaking of the periods at which various portions of the castle
were built, he attributed the King's Tower, or great keep, with
its wide courses of roughish, thickly-jointed burr, to the
Conqueror, and the inner gateway, called King Edward's gate-
way, with its beautiful closely-jointed ashlar, to Edward I., by
whom also it is supposed that the mural towers and curtain walls
of the first ward were built. The herringbone work on the west
spur of the castle hill Mr. Bartelot described as the earliest
masonry within the walls, and undoubtedly Saxon work. Why,
he asked, did the Normans build a wall outside it and preserve it
so carefully ? He concluded that it was because of their religious
feeling, their respect for the wall of what they believed was an
ancient sacred building. And there was ample evidence that,
according to William of Malmesbury, St. Aldhelm soon after the
year 690 built a church at Corfe. There was evidence from the
windows that there never was an upper storey to this herring-
bone building, and in size it corresponded with the usual Saxon
churches of that date.
The ASSISTANT SECRETARY contended that there was no
evidence, either intrinsic or extrinsic, to support the theory that
this ancient herringbone masonry was the remains of a church
built by St. Aldhelm. Herringbone masonry was by no means
confined to the Saxon period, but continued to be used well
down into Norman times. That was not the only instance of
herringbone masonry in the ruins, for there was another small
piece .on the summit of the hill, which it had never been
CORFE CASTLE AND STUDLAND. li.
suggested was Saxon. As to the documentary evidence, the
passage from William of Malmesbury's " Gesta Pontificum
Anglorum" to which Mr. Bartelot had referred described how
St. Aldhelm, before his appointment to the see of Sherborne,
and while still Abbot of Malmesbury, set out, on his way to
Rome, for his estates in the county of Dorset. There, awaiting
a favourable wind (felicem auram), he built a church (ecclesiam
fecit}, in which, while his companions were occupied in making
the necessary preparations (for the voyage) he himself might
commend to God his journey and his return. But what kind of
church could St. Aldhelm possibly have built in so short a space
of time, and to serve so passing a purpose ? Could it have
been anything but a small, perishable shelter of wattle-and-daub
or of scars dry-built ? Was it to be believed for a moment that
on that occasion St. Aldhelm, even with the assistance of his
companions (albeit they were expressly stated to be otherwise
engaged), could possibly have erected that considerable expanse
of herringbone masonry ? And the extreme unlikelihood was
increased by the indefiniteness of the historian about the site of
St. Aldhelm's ecclesia in Purbeck. It had to be remembered that
William of Malmesbury was writing over 400 years after the
event which he was narrating, and his conceptions of the
geography of Purbeck appear to have been somewhat hazy.
The passage ran : " Locus est in Dorsatensi pago, duobus
milibus a mari disparatus juxta Werham, ubi et Corf Castellum
pelago prominet." This he ventured to translate : " The place
is in the county of Dorset, two miles distant from the sea, near
Wareham, where also Corfe Castle juts out into the sea." Now
this was vexatiously ambiguous, and it was hardly surprising that
this familiar locus classicus had been quoted in support of asser-
tions that three different buildings in Purbeck were each the
church built by St. Aldhelm ! Because William of Malmesbury
said " near Wareham " it had been claimed that St. Martin's
Church in that town was the work of St. Aldhelm. Secondly,
the mention of Corfe Castle had been quoted, as that day, in
favour of the claim of this old herringbone masonry ; but Corfe
lii. CORFE CASTLE AND STUDLAND.
Castle did not "jut out into the sea," and that phrase evidently
referred to the whole peninsula of Purbeck of which in William
of Malmesbury's days Corfe Castle was the dominating centre.
Thirdly, the words " two miles from the sea " had been referred
to Worth Matravers, where was a church containing undoubted
Saxon work, and probably the most ancient church in Purbeck.
Of the three claims, most could, he thought, be said in favour of
Worth Matravers ; but it was surely making a great draft on
one's credulity to ask one to believe that the little frail building,
which could on such an occasion alone have been built by
St. Aldhelm, could, whatever its exact position, have survived the
wrack of over 1,200 years. Competent members of the British
Archaeological Association, when visiting the Castle in July last,
expressed the opinion that the herringbone masonry was probably
the oldest part of the Norman Castle, and possibly the original
castle hall.
In regard to the distance from the sea, it was suggested by
more than one Member that parts of Poole Harbour now lay
within two miles of Corfe Castle, and were very possibly much
nearer in former times.
Mr. BARTELOT said that he was glad to hear the contrary
opinion fully and clearly argued. He next called attention to
the remains of the Butavant, the octagonal tower so named from
its position on the crest of the west spur of the castle hill, and
described by Ralph Creswell, in his drawing of the castle as the
" dungeon towre." Undoubtedly the lowest of the three storeys
of this tower was an oubliette ; and how many a prisoner whom it
was sought to dispose of had there been placed and forgotten !
In a storm on February nth, 1866, a part of this tower fell
down, and Canon Bankes used to tell him how the old man who
lived at West Mills, down below the hill, when his little boy
rushed in, saying " Granfer, the castle is a comen down," simply
answered " Come inside lad, and shut the door " so confident
was he that his door was solid enough to defy the rolling debris
of the castle ruins ! (Laughter.) The tower facing north in the
second ward Hutchins called the prison chapel ; but its
CORFE CASTLE AND STUDLAND. liii.
dimensions would not admit of this interpretation. It was a pity
that it had been modernised by three rectangular windows and a
fireplace, which, tradition said, was done by a former rector of
Corfe named I'Anson. The King's Tower, or keep, although it
had been badly battered, was still a noble example of the
durability of Norman masonry and mortar. It had been much
Tudorised, evidently by Sir Christopher Hatton, after his
purchase of the castle from Queen Elizabeth. He called attention
to the remains of the Tudor windows, mantelpieces, and chim-
neys, and also the alterations in the height of the roofs and
floors, for originally there was but one storey in the keep above
the ground floor. Mr. Bartelot next drew attention to 'the traces
of delicate and beautiful Early English work in the Queen's
Tower, especially the two pointed doorways. Some had thought
that the room on the right was a chapel ; but this idea was dis-
countenanced by the stone bench seats on each side within the
splays of the windows. But the adjoining apartment on the left
he thought might well have been the Queen's private oratory.
Mr. Bartelot finally gave an account of the siege of Corfe Castle
and its gallant defence by " Brave Dame Mary."
The party then dispersed to examine features of the ruins more
closely. Some also rambled out to inspect some of the curious
old buildings in the most interesting village of Corfe, among
them the Tudor cottage with the portcullis badge of the
Beauforts, the quaint Georgian Town Hall, the headquarters of
the Ancient Company of Purbeck Marblers and Stone Cutters,
the old Council Chamber overlooking the square, now used as
the Parish Room, the Manor House of the Dacombes, the
Greyhound Hotel with its projecting porch, and the ancient
house of the Uvedales, the broad, many mullioned windows of
which cannot fail to catch the eye of the antiquary.
'
REMPSTONE STONE CIRCLE.
The party then set out for Rempstone to inspect an interesting
find made a few years ago, but still not generally known the
liv. CORFE CASTLE AND STUDLAND.
remains of an ancient stone circle in a wood by the side of the
road.
The PRESIDENT explained that the credit of the discovery was
due to an old friend of his, the Rev. C. V. Goddard, formerly
Vicar of Shrewton, Wilts, and now Rector of Baverstock,
Salisbury, who in 1 900 wrote him the following letter :
I have a communication of some little interest to make to you. Being at
Corfe Castle lately, my wife took me into a wood just beyond Rempstone, on
the road to Studland, and we at once found ourselves in what I have no doubt
is the remaining segment of a stone circle or rude stone monument, of which, as
I understand, Dorset has not hitherto deemed itself the possessor. I have shown
my notes to the Rev. O. Pickard- Cambridge and Mr. Eustace Baukes, who has
visited the place and confirms my description. Mr. Moule kindly hunted in the
Dorset County Museum library for me, and found that " Eempstone" is sup-
posed to refer to a megalithic monument formerly there (Hutchins and Warue) ;
but no author has seen or heard of any existing remains. I incline to believe that
what I have found is (or was connected with) the " Eempstone." I believe the
local pronunciation is "Rampson." Could that be "Roundstone:"' I enclose
some notes and communications.
These " notes and communications " Mr. Richardson read out as
follows :
In a copse on the south side of the road to Studland, where it enters a wood
about a quarter of a mile east of Rempstone, a wicket gives entrance ; and
immediately on entering are seen several blocks of stone standing about 10 paces
from the road. The blocks are of several sizes, the four tallest about 3ft. 6in. out
of the ground and 2ft. thick, of the bulk of a wheelbarrow, the others smaller.
They are all chocolate-coloured iron gritstone, and flattish in section. Nine are
set round in just about (the northern) half of a circle or a little more, and measure
24 paces from the south-east one to the tall north-west one. A ditch runs
across about the middle, and two of the stones are on the southern bank, a small
one (or a portion only visible) nearly buried in the bank, opposite to the last
standing stone on the west, that on the east being a good hump about 2ft. Gin.
high. Between these extremities the ground has apparently been excavated
(possibly for pipeclay), and there are hollows, pools of water, and ditches; but
no stones of the south half of the circle. Eight or nine stones lie irregularly
about 30 paces from the circle eastward, which may have occupied the south half
of the circle, which would require eight or nine stones to complete it. All the
stones are moss-grown, and look ancient. They are not marked on the Ordnance
Survey or tithe map. Warne's map gives an indication of some antiquity in this
locality, and in "Ancient Dorset" he says : "Stones of the monolith class still
THE REMPSTONE STONE CIRCLE.
[Photos by C. H. Mate and H. S. Suttill.
CORFE CASTLE AND STUDLAND. Iv.
remaining in Dorset are few. . . . They are these, 1st, the Hel stone, near
Longbredy Hut ; 2nd, the Broad-stone, in part of Winterborne Abbas ; 3rd, the
Harpstone in the Isle of Purbeck ; and a fourth is believed to have been standing
formerly at Rempstone."
The HON. SECRETARY observed that they were bound to speak
with hesitation on the subject of megalithic remains. Popularly
they were all regarded as being the work of the Druids, but without
doubt some of these small stone circles were earlier than the
time of the Celts and belonged to pre-historic days. They ought
to be very glad that they had come there that day ; for there
were only five of these stone circles in Dorset ; and it was well
that the Club should have been there to give publicity to so
important a find, and to create more interest in the subject
generally. In answer to Mr. FORDE, Mr. PENTIN added that, if
only the circle was complete, it would be much larger than that
at Pokeswell.
The Rev. C. W. H. DICKER said that he had examined a large
number of these circles in Cornwall, and the position and shape
of these stones at Rempstone was very similar indeed, except
that the Cornish circles were always for the most part smaller.
In regard to date, those circles in Cornwall, especially on the
Bodmin moors, appeared to have extended over a very long
period indeed. There were traces of some circles impinging
upon and actually cutting through and destroying others ; and he
thought that anybody who inspected the Bodmin moors on the
western or northern slope of Brown Willy, and noticed the
enormous number of circles intersected by avenues of stone,
would say that he was looking upon a gigantic cemetery. When
found complete the circles always had an entrance composed of
two rather larger stones set at right angles to the circumference ;
but, of course, one could not look for them in an incomplete
circle like that. Except for its large size this circle or the half
of it that remained was precisely of the same type as the
Cornish circles.
The PRESIDENT mentioned that Sir Norman Lockyer, having
gone into the matter scientifically and with much thoroughness,
Ivi. CORFE CASTLE AND STUDLAND.
had come to the conclusion that, instead of these stone circles
being places of sepulture or worship, they were almanacs for
astronomical purposes, being orientated towards certain rising
stars.
The HON. TREASURER added, on the subject of date, that
dolmen building extended over a very long period indeed.
STUDLAND CHURCH.
The party next set out for Studland, visiting en route the
Agglestone, or "Devil's Night Cap," an object of many grim
and humorous legends, but in reality "an isolated weathered
remnant of Lower Bagshot sands, which remains from the fact of
its being locally hardened by a ferruginous cement."
At Studland Church the RECTOR (the Rev. F. S. Algeo) read
the following paper :
The church, which is dedicated to S. Nicholas, the patron saint of sailors, is
generally considered to be a singularly perfect and unaltered specimen of the
Norman style of architecture, and ranks with the well-known churches of Iffley
and Stewkley. The date is somewhat earlier than Iffley, probably about 1180,
though the nave may date from an earlier period. When they were restoring the
porch some years ago an ancient stone was found which is considered to have
been the doorstep of an earlier building, probably of Saxon origin. The plan of
the church, as at Iffley and Stewkley, is a nave, central tower, and chancel, both
tower and chancel with stone-groyned roof. The chancel consists of one square
of groyning. The east window is an insertion of three lights of late date,
perhaps Jacobean ; but above is the original window between the two roofs.
There are original north and south windows, each a narrow light with good
exterior mouldings. On the north side of the altar is an altar tomb of Purbeck
marble, perhaps used as an Easter sepulchre before the Reformation, when it
was customary to bury the consecrated elements from Good Friday to Easter
Day. The groyning in the tower is of the same character as in the chancel. The
north window is original, but the south modern. The tower has never been
finished ; but is carried only half way up the jambs of the belfry windows, where
it is finished off with a gable roof. Owing to the settlement a buttress has been
added to the north and south faces. There are four bells, one of which professes
to be of great antiquity. It bears a date 1005 (a mistake for 1G65 or 1765), with
the inscription " Drawe neare to God," and what may be considered the trade
mark of the founder, namely, the initials C. P., with the figure of a bell
CORFE CASTLE AND STUDLAND. Ivii.
between them. The other bells bear date 1736, with the founder's name,
William Knight. The roof of the nave is a modern erection (1848). On the
exterior there is a "corbel table." The west window is a modern insertion, as
are the two south windows. The inner doorway, with semi-circular arch, is
original. The north doorway is of similar character ; the two north windows are
both original. The original stone font remains. It is evident from various
signs, and from the crudeness of the original walls, that the building was
originally a heathen place of worship and that the Christian missioners
adapted this building to their use, and that it was reconstructed during
Norman times, and to a great extent it remains to-day as it was of old.
The church presents an interesting example of what is called the Twist,
namely, a divergence in the line of the choir from that of the nave, intended,
it is supposed, to convey to the spectator or worshipper an impression
of the inclination of our Lord's head on the Cross, but some think that it was
designed to improve the perspective. During the excavations which took place
at the restoration of the church in 1881 by Mr. W. M. Hardy, builder, of
Swanage, blunders of the early builders came to light sufficient to account for
the sinking of the fabric which caused the cracks in the arches of the tower. The
mortar of the ashlar work, piers, and arches consisted chiefly of lime and grit in
equal quantities, like that in the work at Corfe Castle ; but the mortar of the
south-west buttress, which may be assigned to the 14th century, was the best,
the mortar being as hard as cement.
Conducting the party round the outside of the church, Mr.
Algeo pointed out a small doorway in the north wall of the
chancel, leading into a chamber in the tower. As there was no
rectory house, it is supposed, he said, that a travelling priest,
coming probably from Wareham, did duty here, and occupied
this priest's chamber. He then went on from Studland to
Worth. A consecration cross was observed carved on the north-
east angle of the chancel about five feet high above the plinth,
and another on the capital of the column in the interior on the
same level. More crosses are observable at different angles in
the chancel.
THE BUSINESS MEETING.
After tea at the Bankes' Arms Hotel a short Business Meeting
was held. There were nine candidates for Membership of the
Club, three of whom were elected.
Iviii. CORFE CASTLE AND STUDLAND.
The HON. SECRETARY read a letter which he had received
from Mr. Thomas Hardy :
The Athenaeum, Pall Mall, S.W., 16th May, 1908. Dear Mr. Pentin,
Your information that I have been elected an Honorary Member of the Dorset
Field Club is highly gratifying, and I hope I shall be able to show my sense of
the distinction the Club has conferred on me by attending some of its delightful
Meetings. Sincerely yours, THOMAS HARDY.
The PRESIDENT added that he had also received a very
appreciative letter from Mr. Henry Storks Eaton, Past President
of the Royal Meteorological Society, who at the Annual Meeting
of the Club was elected a Vice- President.
The HON. SECRETARY read the following letter from Captain
Benett-Stanford, the Honorary Treasurer of the Shaftesbury
Abbey Excavation Fund :
Hatch House, Tisbury, Wilts. Dear Sir, I am wondering whether your
Club would give anything towards the final excavations at Shaftesbury Abbey.
I enclose you the circular that I have sent round to most names in Dorset and
Wiltshire. Mr. Doran Webb personally guaranteed the overdraft at the bank,
and it therefore behoves all people who have any interest in Dorset archaeology
to clear him of this generous but onerous responsibility.
" The work of excavating the site of Shaftesbury Abbey, which was com-
menced in 1902, is now approaching completion. This year we propose to lay
down in turf the ground outside the foundations of the wall and to build a couple
of rooms (with the rough stone found on the site) to hold the numerous objects
of interest which have been brought to light during the progress of the excava-
tions. To accomplish this and to repay the overdraft at the bank a sum of 200
is necessary, and I venture to appeal to you, and feel sure it will not be in vain,
to help me to raise this amount. I cannot do better to conclude this, my last
appeal, than by quoting the words of the Rev. Douglas Macleanein the Guardian
of October llth, 1905 : ' Not only the county of Dorset and Diocese of Salisbury,
but all Englishmen, should feel concerned in the recovery from its uuhonoured
grave of the stately Benedictine foundation of the Saxon-Hero-King." Yours
very faithfully, JOHN BENETT-STANFORD.
On the motion of the HON. TREASURER the sum of two
guineas was voted to the fund.
A pleasant drive through Ulwell Gap brought the Members to
Swanage in time to catch their trains.
lix.
SECOND SUMMER MEETING.
CHEDDAR, WELLS, AND GLASTONBUEY.
THE SECOND SUMMER MEETING was held on Wednesday and
Thursday, July 22nd and 23rd.
CHEDDAR CAVES.
The party, about 35 in number, first visited Cox's Stalactite
Cavern at Cheddar, containing a wonderful variety of most
beautiful and delicate forms of stalactite and stalagmite, tinged
with various shades of pink and brown, and lit up with acetylene
gas. Some of the most striking are in the shape of basins,
which were formed on bases of clay constituting part of the
original floor, now washed away. The basins are therefore
suspended or partially so, and being kept full of water, add
greatly by their reflections to the fairy-like character of the
scene.
Mr. Balch, of Wells, a noted cave-explorer and authority on
the subject, who kindly acted as guide to the party, pointed out
how the main lines of action of the carboniferous and metalli-
ferous infiltrations have been along the joints of the limestone,
for these were the points first open to attack. The rainfall
soaking down from the top of the hill above first passed down
quite insignificant lines of joint and, charged with carbonic acid
from the atmosphere and from the plants through which it came,
attacked the carbonate of lime and dissolved it ; and no sooner
had it done that than it began to deposit it upon the walls in the
form of crystalline carbonate of lime. There had been much
difference of opinion as to why these two and contrary processes
should go on at the same time why, while the water was eating
out the carbonate of lime from the rock itself, it should also be
precipitating it in that manner. Some alleged that it was a
matter of evaporation ; but after studying the question closely
Ix. CHEDDAR, WELLS, AND GLASTONBURY.
for many years, and observing the processes in every cavern
which he knew, he had come to the conclusion that it was mainly
a matter of temperature. The rainfall above had a certain degree
of warmth which it lost immediately it passed below the surface
of the earth, and that lowering of temperature prevented the
water from holding up so much carbonate of lime in solution ;
and thus it was precipitated in this crystalline form to which the
caverns owed their beauty and fantastic adornment. Where on
the other hand evaporation had taken place they got a pulpy
tufa, and not a crystalline carbonate of lime.
Mr. ALFRED POPE enquired if the water had any petrifying
power, that is, whether if the dead body of any animal was placed
beneath a dripping stalactite, it would in process of time be
converted into a strong resemblance of itself, as was the case
with the petrifying wells at Royat-les-Bains, near Vichy, and
other places on the Continent.
Mr. BALCH answered that, although the water might have the
same chemical nature, yet the rate of deposit made considerable
difference. With a rapid deposit, as at the wells on these
Continent, one had precipitation ; but here crystallisation. An
animal body would not, therefore, be petrified.
Having seen the stalactites the party were, before leaving,
given proof alike of their strength and of the musical sound
which they are capable of producing. On being struck with a
crowbar two stalactites uttered deep, resonant bell-like notes,
but of different tones.
From Cox's Cave the party walked the short distance up the
village to the much larger caves owned by Messrs. Gough. At
the entrance they saw the human skull, which was found in
December, 1903, in what was called the New Cave, probably
Palaeolithic, between two thick stalagmite floors in company with
flint tools. The Members also inspected the animal remains
bones of the rhinoceros, hyaena, bear, &c., and the coins and
other objects found in the mouth of the cavern.
Leaving the caves, the party traversed a good part of the
Gorge, surveying the precipitous limestone cliffs.
CHEDDAR, WELLS, AND GLASTONBURY. Ixi.
Driving back to the station, they then returned by train to
Wells, and repaired first to the small museum, containing many
interesting objects, chiefly of local origin, which is located in
what appears to have been the Domus Conversorum, over the west
cloister.
THE BISHOP'S PALACE, WELLS.
After tea at the Swan Hotel the party entered the grounds of
the Bishop's Palace, passing over the bridge and through the
embattled gatehouse with its square turrets, and noticing in
passing the grooves of the original portcullis, which has been
removed, and the chains of the drawbridge. The grounds, in
which grow many rare trees, are surrounded by an embattled
wall and a wide moat filled with water.
The Palace was originally built by Bishop Joceline in the early
part of the Early English period, from 1205 to 1222, and it is
justly considered to be one of the most perfect and interesting
specimens of a dwellinghouse of the Middle Ages still inhabited.
The most modern part of the Palace is the addition made by
Bishop Bekinton in the middle of the 1 5th Century. The guide
led the way to the roofless and partially ruinous walls of the great
Banqueting Hall built by Bishop Burnell, 1275 to 1293, and
stated that it was in this hall that the last Abbot of Glastonbury,
Richard Whiting, underwent a mock trial, on a trumped-up
charge, before being dragged on a hurdle to Glastonbury Tor
for execution. The guide led them next to Bishop Ken's grotto
and walk, where he is said to have composed his hymns. The
walk lies along the inside of the battlemented wall which was
built, with the licence of Edward III., by Bishop Ralph of Shrews-
bury. He pointed out how, along the course of the wall, crossed
arrow slits alternate with embrasures for the primitive cannon of
Edwardian days. A little later he showed the window of the
room in which Bishop Kidder, successor to Bishop Ken, and his
wife as they lay in their bed were killed one boisterous night in
1703 by a stack of chimneys which fell from the Virgin Tower
right through the roof of the bedroom. Dorchester Members
Ixii. CHEDDAR, WELLS, AND GLASTONBURY.
could not help recalling to mind the fact that precisely the same
fate befel Mr. Richman, a Rector of St. Peter's, and his wife,
early in the 1 9th Century.
By the courtesy of the Bishop of Bath and Wells, the party
were admitted to the Palace. In the hall they were shown the
gorgeous cope presented to the Bishop for his use at the
Coronation. They next proceeded into the Early English
undercroft, above which are the drawing-room and library. Dr.
Kennion's predecessor, Lord Arthur Hervey, converted this
undercroft into a beautiful and unique dining hall ; thence into
the Bishop's Chapel, a lofty and elegant building in the
Decorated style. The vaulted roof is supported by clustered
columns which rise between the three beautiful geometrical
windows on each side. The reredos and sedilia have rich
canopies. The chapel, originally erected by Bishop Joceline,
was rebuilt by Bishop Burnell and judiciously restored by Bishop
Law. Going upstairs the party next entered the picture gallery,
the walls of Avhich are hung with an interesting collection of
portraits of many of the Bishops of the See.
THE CATHEDRAL.
At 5.45 the party were met at the imposing west front of the
cathedral by the Dean, who, in the course of a short sketch of
the history of the cathedral, stated that probably at Wells, as at
Glastonbury, the first beginning was a wooden church roofed
either with hides or with thatch. Then came the building of a
very small Saxon church and then of a larger Saxon or Norman
church. One relic of the very old times could be seen in the
south corner of the church a late Saxon font, very simple and
too small ever to have been intended for any cathedral a quarter
of the size of Wells. They would also find a little dog-tooth-
ornament here and there, and stones dressed with a Norman axe.
The cathedral in the main was consecrated in 1182. In the
year 1300 there was nothing of the church east of the present
site of the pulpit; but early in the i4th century Dean Godley
CHEDDAR, WELLS, AND GLASTONfctJRY. Ixiii.
made enormous extensions eastward. Dean Jex-Blake indicated
the point from which he said he thought that the most effective
view of the cathedral could be obtained, showing the inter-
columnar structure of the Lady Chapel, the building at the
extreme east, then the ambulatory or processional path and the
retro-choir and altar. He also invited the visitors to admire the
superb east window, a Jesse window glowing still with the
subdued richness of the original glass of the i4th century. The
inverted arches at the transepts, forming with the arches below
St. Andrew crosses, could not be admired for their beauty ; but
they were ingenious structural devices to strengthen the walls to
withstand the downward thrust of the enormous weight of the
tower. In the west front there were no less than 300 statues
all in due order, at the top our Lord enthroned, with the
Madonna on one side and St. John on the other, and beneath
them, not angels, but the Apostles, who had had actual earthly
contact with Him. Below the apostles were set angels, and
below the angels men and women starting from their sepulchres
at the Last Judgment, some in shame and fear, and others in
faith and confidence.
The Dean then pointed out the tomb of Bishop Bekinton,
who died in 1465, on which traces of the original vermilion and
gold could still be seen ; and the tomb of Ralph of Shrewsbury,
who first started the Vicars Choral as a college. He next led
them to the undercroft of the Chapter House, built about 1280,
and upstairs into the Library, where amongst other treasures he
showed a MS. of the Vulgate in small writing probably of the
1 3th century, and a copy of Aristotle which belonged to Erasmus,
containing his autograph. Next the party mounted the stone
staircase to the lovely Chapter House, with its artistic geometrical
windows and roof, and the double doorway.
THE VICARS CHORAL.
They then passed out of the precincts of the Dean and Chapter
into those of the Vicars Choral, and were met by the principal
Ixiv. CHEDDAR, WELLS, AND GLASTONBURY.
Priest, the Rev. J. W. Plaxton. He showed them the ancient
hall of the Vicars Choral with its quaint pulpit or reading desk
tor lections during repasts. From the hall the party descended
the steps into the Close of the Vicars Choral, a secluded alley
of houses, 21 on each side, each consisting of two rooms and
providing accommodation for 42 vicars. The Vicars Choral were
really, the Dean explained, substitutes for the country clergy, who
found it difficult, living miles away, to travel long distances to
the cathedral over very bad roads, and so were obliged to have
vicarii chorales to sing the services for them. About the year
1 340 Ralph of Shrewsbury gathered them into a college so that
they might be housed comfortably and kept from unprofitable
and harmful intercourse with the outer world. The dainty little
chapel and the little library built over it were also visited.
The Dean then led the visitors through his garden to the
Deanery, a fine old i4th Century house, rebuilt by Dean
Gunthorpe, 1472-98, standing in the Close, but quite complete
in itself, with its own gatehouse and wall of defence. The Dean
very kindly showed them over his house, and then, by the
courtesy of the Principal of the Theological College, they were
allowed to go through his garden to see the wells from which the
city takes its name.
DINNER.
' Shortly before eight o'clock the company sat down to dinner
at the Swan Hotel. The PRESIDENT, having submitted the
loyal toasts, proposed the health of the Dean and also of the
other visitors, Mr. H. St. George Gray and Mr. Sheldon.
THE MEMBERSHIP. Six new Members were elected and two
candidates for Membership nominated.
MAUMBURY RINGS.
The proposed investigation of Maumbury Rings, Dorchester,
was discussed ; Mr. Gray, who had undertaken to carry out the
CHEDDAR, WELLS, AND GLASTONBURY. Ixv.
work, stating that ^50 or 60 would be required. He did not
expect to find many relics ; but what he wanted to prove was
whether or not it was a Roman amphitheatre, and whether there
were any tiers of seats for spectators. Some authorities con-
sidered it to be of earlier origin.
THE GLASTONBURY LAKE VILLAGE.
Mr. ST. GEORGE GRAY shortly afterwards gave an able, lucid,
and instructive lecture on the Lake Village at Glastonbury and
the discoveries which have been made there during the past
sixteen years by Mr. Arthur Bulleid, F.S.A., of Midsomer Norton,
and himself. Glastonbury, noted for the ruins of its superb
abbey, had of late years had its fame considerably enhanced by
the discovery and excavation of the lake village in its immediate
vicinity. It had directed enquiries to Glastonbury from all parts
of the world, these lacustrine habitations marking the cultural
epoch known as the pre-historic Iron Age, concerning which
comparatively little had been known before. Mr. Bulleid, who
was the discoverer of the village, and himself were preparing a
thick quarto book on the subject, embodying all their discoveries.
By means of a fine series of 70 photographic slides, shown by
Mr. Sheldon with the limelight, Mr. Gray gave his attentive
audience a vivid impression of the lake village, the clay hearths
superimposed one upon the other, as in turn they gradually sank
into the peaty soil, the stakes of the surrounding palisades, the
stones before the doorways, and the great variety of articles of
domestic use. He assigned the lake village to the period from
B.C. 200 to A.D. 70. It might be the work of the Belgae, and it
was striking that Camden, in his map of Somerset dated 1580,
indicated that " The Belgae " inhabited that lake district. The
relics found, not considering pottery, numbered about 4,000, and
included bobbins, weaving-combs, loom-weights, spindle-whorls,
parts of looms, affording clues to the weaving industry of the
inhabitants. The relics were found for the most part on the
floors of the houses. Mr. Bulleid and he had not discovered the
Ixvi. CHEDDAR, WELLS, AND GLASTONBURY.
the burial-places of the inhabitants, which were probably on
higher ground beyond the marsh. Of the Bronze Age the remains
found in various parts of the country were remains of burial
places, and not of habitable areas, as was the case at the lake
village ; and that was why the discoveries made at the lake
village were so very interesting.
Mr. ALFRED POPE asked whether the Swiss lake dwellings
were before or after this lake village at Glastonbury.
Mr. GRAY answered that for the most part they covered an
earlier period. They were known in the Stone Age and also in
the Bronze Age, and again in the Iron Age, but the Bronze Age
sites were the most numerous. He had, he thought, said enough
to convince the club that mid-Somerset had produced one of the
best specimens, if not the very best, of Late-Celtic civilisation in
England, if not in the whole world.
THE MEARE LAKE VILLAGE.
On Thursday morning the party drove off in brakes to Meare,
where excavations had just been begun on the site of another
lake village, much larger than the one at Glastonbury. Having
alighted from their vehicles the party walked about a hundred
yards across the flat meadow land, between two rhines or dykes,
and there found two men at work in a trench which had been cut
straight through one of the hut-floors or " batches," as the
countryfolk call them.
Mr. ST. GEORGE GRAY said that this lake village at Meare was
not by any means a recent discovery. It had been known about
twelve years ; but for obvious reasons it had been kept quiet. It
took Mr. Bulleid many years to discover the village at
Glastonbury. Having studied the subject he was led to expect a
place of the sort on those moorland levels ; and after four years
search at odd times he alighted upon the Glastonbury lake
village. The work at Glastonbury was begun in 1892. Then
Mr. Bulleid, having had some relics of lake village type brought
to him by a Meare fanner, extended his search, and found in
CHEDDAR, WELLS, AND GLASTONBURY. Ixvii.
1895 this lake village, probably larger and far more important.
These trial excavations were going on only for ten days this
year, to make sure that they were really on the site of a lake
village. The property belonged to several owners, most of whom
had given their consent for the operations to be carried out. As
to the extent of this new village at Meare, judging from
superficial observations, it appeared to be divided into two
parts, and was much larger than the Glastonbury village, which
occupied an area of 3^ acres ; this one might cover nine or
ten acres. At Glastonbury the village measured 400 feet north
and south by 300 east and west. Roughly the dimensions of the
Meare village were 250 feet from north to south and 1,500 feet
from east to west. They saw dwelling-mounds around them in
all directions. The dwellings had not yet been counted. In the
Glastonbury village they numbered 81 ; but here they would
greatly exceed that number. They could not always trace these
dwellings on the surface, for gradual subsidence in the peaty soil
often caused the clay to sink to the level of the field. If the
excavation went on at the same pace as that at Glastonbury, they
might estimate that it would cover a great many years. It was
hoped that the Meare relics would go to the Somerset County
Museum at Taunton. Turning attention to the work actually in
progress before the eyes of the visitors, who had fortunately
come on one of the few days that the work would be in progress
that year, Mr. Gray said that that was the only cutting which had
yet been made a section four feet wide cut through the middle
of one of these mounds or hut-sites. If they examined the
section carefully they would notice, by the layers of clay with
thin intervening layers of mould, that several clay floors and
hearths had been cut through. The reason was that, as they
became worn out, others were laid down on the top of them.
Originally that mound would have been two or three feet higher ;
but owing to weight of the clay which they saw along the
section it had been gradually sinking into the peat below. The
excavations had not gone far enough to show the actual outskirts
of the dwelling, but they expected to find piles which should
Ixviii. CHEDDAR, WELLS, AND GLASTONBURY.
encircle the hut. Small bones of sheep had just been found,
and they would notice how black they became stained by the
peat excellently preserved. The relics from the clay were not
nearly so well preserved as those from the peat. Nearly all the
material passed through the hands of the men, who broke up the
lumps in the hope of finding something, and they saw them
picking out things constantly. He learnt from Mr. Bulleid that
the finds already found included four weaving-combs, two bronze
spiral finger-rings, a spindle-whorl, and ornamented pottery a
fairly good result from a cutting of that size. By degrees the
whole of that mound Avould be uncovered, to expose the different
floors of clay in the hut. All the clay had been brought to the
sites of the huts from clay-pits some little distance away. The
floors always sloped in all directions from the centre of the
hut, but not generally so much as in the dwelling then under
observation.
The PRESIDENT said that the Club were fortunate in having
come to the village at the time when the excavation was in
progress. He repeated their gratitude to Mr. GRAY for his
kindness, and for the valuable and interesting information which
he had given them.
Mr. GRAY, before* the party left, showed a weaving-comb found
that morning the fifth discovered on that spot and showing that
the people inhabiting that dwelling were accustomed to weaving.
It was used for pressing the horizontal threads or weft down,
through the vertical threads or woof. In the Wilton carpet
factory, Salisbury, one could see iron combs of the same type
being used at the present day.
Returning to the village of Meare the party visited the parish
church, where Mr. ALFRED POPE, author of "The Old Stone
Crosses of Dorset," said a few words about the i6th Century
cross which has been removed to the churchyard and restored.
Then, by the courtesy of the tenant, they went over the old
house close by, which is said to have been the country house of
the Abbot of Glastonbury, a carved stone figure of whom, in full
canonicals, appears as a finial over the porch. The windows in
CHEDDAR, WELLS, AND GLASTONBURY. IxiX.
the solar, in the private chapel, and the large barn adjoining,
are of much beauty and of that interesting period when the
Early English style was merging into the Decorated. Then the
party walked across the field to the " Fish House," a now roofless
building of a later period.
GLASTONBURY AND ITS ABBEY.
On arriving in Glastonbury, the party first visited the Museum
to inspect its various treasures, and especially to see the
pre-historic boat and numerous other relics unearthed from the
peaty soil of the Lake Village. After luncheon at the Old
George Hotel it was resolved that a guinea be given to the
purchase fund of Glastonbury Abbey from the Club's funds.
The party then adjourned to the Abbey, where Mr. Bligh
Bond kindly gave some account of the ruins and of the
interesting and valuable discoveries which he had so lately made
in connection with them. He said that they were now standing
on the site of St. Mary's Chapel, or, as it had been called for a
great many years, St. Joseph's Chapel, which occupied the site of
the original British wattled church which was supposed to have
been erected in the first century. As they saw, the present
chapel was in the Transition style between the Norman and the
Early English. The date of its erection was just prior to 1186,
and it was consecrated in that year. It was a most beautiful
example of the style, perhaps the most beautiful example that we
have. The work well repaid careful study, because the detail
was so beautifully wrought, especially when they came to the
actual carved ornaments, which possessed a character that they
would look for in vain in most of the work of that date. He
called their attention particularly to some of the corbel heads,
which he declared to be equal almost to the best Italian
Renaissance work, and to the most elaborate north door and the
delicate shafting of Purbeck marble. The crypt was constructed
by the monks in the fifteenth century for the benefit of the
pilgrims. They underpinned the walls of the chapel to put in
1XX. CHEDDAR, WELLS, AND GLASTONBURY.
the crypt, and had to raise the floor of the chapel, which
necessitated covering up the bases of the pillars and the bench
tables. Mr. Bond then led the way through the site of the
galilee, of which little is left, to the nave of the great Benedictine
Abbey Church. It was, he said, begun in 1189 and dedicated in
1303, having taken all that time in building. It was one of the
largest churches in Britain, and, with what they had now
discovered at the further end, they might claim that it was the
longest church in Britain, the total length, including St. Mary's
or St. Joseph's at that end and the retro-chapel just found at the
east end, being little short of 600 feet. The style of the church
was very interesting, because it was of that delightful Transitional
period between the Romanesque and the Early English. The
detail was at once bold and delicate, being a later variation of the
Norman hatchet or chevron moulding, beautifully carved and
undercut. The foliated caps were extremely good. The west
end was rather later in style, more advanced Early English ; but,
unfortunately, little of it was left. However, from what little was
left they thought that it must have been something like the west
end at Wells Cathedral, and probably it had a triple lancet window.
Unfortunately, all that was left of the nave was a little bit of the
south aisle. Coming to the transepts, the two eastern piers were
standing of the four which once supported the central tower. In
Wells and other cathedrals they found the arcade, triforium, and
clerestory three distinctly separate features of the building ; but
here at Glastonbury the arcade and triforium were incorporated
in one by the massive and beautifully-moulded arch which was
carried up over the heads of the triforium openings, and which
bound the whole into unity of design. Each of the great
transepts was furnished with two chapels. Unfortunately, they
had only one chapel preserved on the northern side ; but there
was a fellow-chapel in line with it, all of which, however, was
now gone. The choir was at first of four bays ; but Abbot
Monington about the year 1 340 enlarged it by adding two bays.
Behind the extended choir lay the ambulatory, with a series of
five chapels in a line. Professor Willis, whose book entitled
CHEDDAR, WELLS, AND GLASTONBURY. Ixxi.
" The Architectural History of Glastonbury Abbey " was the
standard work upon the abbey, was of opinion that there were
five chapels in a row at the east end, and he based his opinion
upon the fact that there was evidence of internal screen walls
dividing the chapels from one another. Mr. Bligh Bond then
told the party what led him to make his extremely interesting
excavations. He had for some time past had a strong
impression that the chapel, which was the work of the two last
Abbots (Beere and Whiting), must have been a work of con-
siderable magnitude ; and this impression was confirmed by his
interpretation of an Inventory made in the time of Queen
Elizabeth, which gave the length of the different parts of the
Abbey in series, making the whole 594 feet. But the man who
made this Inventory had fallen into a curious error, and put
everyone off the track by calling this chapel the " Chapter
House."
Mr. Bond, however, felt certain that it implied that there
was a retro-chapel of St. Edgar right at the east end, and
that it was a much larger chapel than anybody would sup-
pose. He began by cutting a trench, and ran it out 7ft. 6in.
from the east wall, and now they had the west wall and
two return walls running eastward. They were massive walls,
and they contained land-drains for carrying off the water which
collected on the clay. The run of the two walls which
connected this chapel with the choir was clearly ascertainable
from the cutting, for they found the position of the various
buttresses which divided the wall into five bays. He pointed to
the south-east corner of the chapel and substantial remains of the
buttresses coming out eastward and southward close to the angle.
They had also the return wall running northward, forming the
east wall of the chapel and giving it a total length of something
like 52 feet by about 25. It was impossible to say exactly what
were the dimensions of the chapel, because all that they had
found was a footing wall. There was no above walling at all, no
ashlar or dressed stone left. They inferred that the height of
the floor of that chapel above the choir was very considerable.
Ixxii. CHEDDAR, WELLS, AND GLASTONBURY.
It must have been raised nine or ten feet. For 200 years that
unfortunate abbey had been a quarry for the whole neighbour-
hood. It was the regular custom to take away the foundations
and use them for road metal or farm buildings, and it had been
said that there was not a house in Glastonbury which had not a
stone from the abbey built into it. Indeed, the abbey was called
" The Quarry." They saw the scaffolding up around the transept
walls. It was the intention to remove all ivy and to grout the
walls in with cement to preserve them. During the last few
days, in making excavations in the nave near the base of the
western chancel arch, they had come upon what appeared to be
the foundations of an earlier church, possibly of the Norman
abbey burnt down in 1 1 84.
In the course of the research work this very day of the Club's
visit some fine specimens of complete coloured mosaic tiles were
turned up near the west chancel arch ; but the chief find was a
medallion engraved on one side with a hand outstretched in
blessing, with two stars underneath and the letters or numerals
MCV. The work on the reverse side is almost obliterated. It
is conjectured that the medallion may have been struck to com-
memorate the work of Abbot Herlewin, who ruled Glastonbury
Abbey from not to 1120, and who was the first abbot to begin
building on a pretentious architectural scale. Abbot Herlewin, as
a monk, lived at Caen, in Normandy, and there acquired a taste
for architecture. Unfortunately, much of his work was destroyed
in the great fire which nearly swept away the abbey in 1 1 84.
The Club also visited the Abbot's Kitchen a fine and
undamaged piece of 1 5th Century work and then proceeded to
the railway station to return home.
Ixxiii.
THIRD SUMMER MEETING.
POETESHAM AND BRIDEHEAD DISTRICT.
THE THIRD SUMMER MEETING was held on Thursday, August
2oth. The party numbered about 70.
Dr. H. Colley March, F.S.A., a Vice- President and ex-Secretary
of the Club, acted as conductor during the day, and prepared the
following " Notes " as an outline of the programme.
All among the Barrows. Who would not be there ! Nevertheless, at this
time of the year the path often lies through nettles and thistles.
The highway from Dorchester is left by the cemetery, and the route passes
then, between Maiden Castle and the large tumulus on Hog Hill, and ascends
towards Upwey as far as four cross-roads. Here, in the north-east angle, is a
very fine example of a ringed or dished barrow. The diameter of the tumulus
itself is about 72 feet, and of the entire structure about 234 feet. It should be
noticed that the ground on which it rests has a very decided slope towards the
north.
The route is now along the summit of the ridge, towards Blackdown, and for
more than half the distance runs on the short grass of the chalk, between
barrows on either hand, twenty in number, with near views of multitudes more,
including two rows of seven and four, respectively, at right angles to the ridge.
It should be noticed that close to one of the adjacent tumuli is its correlative
pit, the place from which its component earth was excavated ; and that not far
from the seventeenth tumulus is a simple grave, its mound extending north and
south.
On leaving the twentieth barrow, one soon leaves the chalk, and for nearly
half-a-mile no other barrow is passed until well on upon the Tertiary gravel, the
so-called Bagshot Beds, with its characteristic vegetation of gorse and heather.
The first barrow reached is bell -shaped and encircled by a mound, but its contour
is greatly obscured by surface growth. That it has been opened is sufficiently
obvious. From this point to Hardy's Monument the route runs by eleven more
barrows, but the gorse hides the smaller ones. On the right hand of the road
should be noticed a fence of slabs of Bagshot sand-stone, which are beautifully
ripple -marked.
When the Monument is reached, at an altitude of 790 feet [that of Pillesdon
Pen is 909 feet] the carriages are left, and a foot-path is followed to the
Helstone and a neighbouring barrow, from which was removed a fine urn now in
the County Museum. Charles Warne, in his " Ancient Dorset," gives a sketch of
the cromlech before it was restored, and a tracing of it is shown, which can be
compared with a photograph of a " collapsed dolmen " to be visited later. And
Ixxiv. PORTESHAM AND BRIDEHEAD DISTRICT.
here, mention will be made of the geological nature of the megaliths that from
this point will everywhere he met with.
But the fate of " Jeffery and Joan, and their little dog Denty, with Eddy
alone," is a sad one. Warne says that they have been built into an adjacent
wall : but a man who was present at the ceremony stated that, by the spot where
they once stood, a hole was made for them, and they were decently interred. The
place where they are said to lie can be pointed out, as well as a wall which
contains four large stones.
Hence, footsteps will be bent towards Hampton Barn, where the carriages will
assemble, and a stone circle, a quarter of a mile further, will be visited, and then
the " collapsed dolmen." Beyond this, a good point of view will be taken for a
sight of the Valley of Stones, with its nearly complete circle.
"The Grey Mare and her Colts" will next be approached, and the thorns of
life will be encountered. It is a " long" barrow, and at its east end two
megaliths stand up as if to mark the entrance. Afterwards comes the Gorwell
Stone Circle. Why are its constituent stones so small ? Here mention will be
made of the subject of " Orientation" in general, and of the orientation of stone
circles in particular, and their relation to * olar worship.
On Tennant's Hill, a quarter of a mile farther, is a fine barrow, gloriously
situated. The spirits of the dead, who here revisit the glimpses of the moon, can
rejoice in one of the widest and most pleasing views in Dorset. For our part, we
shall see Blackdown, Abbotsbury Rings, Puncknowle, Shipton, Pillesdon, and
Lewesdon, Long Bredy, and Litton Cheney ; while the abandoned Kingston
Russell House, the birthplace of Nelson's Hardy, will lie, as it were, at our feet.
The carriages, waiting at Gorwell Farm, will be reached by a footpath, and
will proceed to a spot on the Bridport Road, nine miles from Dorchester, where
are the tablestone of a cromlech, some barrows and earthworks, and, perhaps the
most interesting object of all, a perfect earth circle.
Then homewards, passing on the left a large monolith that stands in the middle
of a low-lying field, and up to the top of Martin's Down, by a road that leads
straight to Bridehead. What is the long, divided, earthmound that shuts off from
the west a crowd of tumuli of all kinds 5* To suggest that it is a double barrow,
the two portions placed end to end, is to suppose that a whole army of men must
lie buried there. Or can it have served some ritual purpose as regards the
tumular interments beyond ? As we pass on, some of the barrows, and especially
a fine long barrow, will be worth crossing on foot.
On the way from Bridehead to Dorchester time may remain to visit an earth
circle called the Saucer barrow, and the " Nine Ladies," who stand by the
roadside.
A FINE RINGED BARROW.
On reaching the cross-roads the ringed or dished barrow was
pointed out.
THE "COLLAPSED DOLMEN.'
PORTESHAM AND BRIDEHEAD DISTRICT. l.XXV.
Dr. COLLEY MARCH said he did not know of a finer example
of a ringed barrow than this, except one close to Eggardon that
measured 192 feet from ridge to ridge, and that people passed
constantly without seeing. Of course, it had a ritual meaning,
but upon that subject he would reserve his remarks until later in
the day. All these barrows were burial places. They were of
different ages, and roughly divided into long barrows and
round barrows. The long barrows were often galleried. The
orientation was east and west, and the entrance at the east end.
Of course, it was difficult to say that there was any orientation in
the round barrow ; but if the barrow was opened there would be
some evidence of orientation, because the body would be found
placed in an oriented position. The round barrows were, as a
rule, later than the long barrows ; but not necessarily so, and
they were of different sizes and shapes. Some were bell-shaped,
of deeply hollowed contour. Some had rings close to them,
some at a distance from them, as in this case ; and some were
surrounded by a circle of stones. Some again were simply small
rings with no tumulus, but an interment in the centre.
The ASSISTANT SECRETARY asked Dr. March if he admitted
the substantial accuracy of Dr. Thurnam's generalisation " Long
barrows, long heads ; round barrows, round heads " ? Did the
shape of the barrow afford any reliable indication of the nature
and age of the interment ?
Dr. COLLEY MARCH answered that Dr. Thurnam's axiom was
a useful aide-memoire ; but it was not always to be relied upon.
One found long heads in round barrows ; but not vice versa,
round heads in long barrows.
THE HELSTONE.
Dr. COLLEY MARCH, addressing the party gathered round the
rude stone structure, remarked that three names were applied to
these stones, "Grey Wethers," Druid stones, and Sarsen stones.
The term " Grey Wethers," of course, explained itself, for at a
Ixxvi. PORTESHAM AND BRIDEHEAD DISTRICT.
distance the stones did look like sheep on the hillside. Again,
"Sarsen " was a simple term, a corruption of the word " Saracen,"
which at one time was employed to designate anything that was
foreign. Geologists used the word " foreign stones " as country
people used the word " Saracen," both meaning pretty much the
same thing. But they were not all Druid stones. One would
use the word "Druid" when it was a Saracen stone or Sarsen
stone that had been employed by early man for any funerary
purpose. Then what was the nature of Sarsen stones ? If they
looked at the hill under Hardy's Monument, they would see two
or three gravel pits. The gravel was all as loose as they pleased.
It could be got out with the tap of a pick-axe. It consisted of
pebbles intercalated with sand. That gravel once spread all over
the chalk in that region, and in places the gravel became
cemented with a silicious cement. They would observe that all
the pieces of flint in a sarsen stone were rounded by the
action of water, and they now and then saw other stones ;
for instance, quartz. After the covering over of the chalk
downs with this Tertiary gravel and sand, the chalk under-
neath it began to wear away through the infiltration of rain,
and the surface became very uneven ; and so at Blagdon
they could see how the gravel dipped and followed inclines
down the sides of the hills ; and in doing that, however
cemented it may have been, it was bound to break up into these
great blocks, which remained scattered all over the face of the
country. Many of them had been built into walls and broken
up in various ways. And Neolithic men, whom people some-
times called "Druids," whenever they wanted to construct
anything, used these great blocks or megaliths. The Ordnance
Geological Survey map called these gravels Reading Beds ; but
geologists like Mr. Clement Reid and Mr. Aubrey Strahan, the
author of the Geological Memoir of Weymouth, 1898, considered
that they were rather Bagshot Beds. To turn to the Helstone
itself, it was sometimes called a cromlech and sometimes a
dolmen. Throughout England they were generally called
cromlechs ; but in Cornwall and Brittany dolmens. He himself
HELSTONE, PORTESHAM.
Before and after Restoration.
PORTESHAM AND BRIDEHEAD DISTRICT. Ixxvii.
preferred the word " dolmen," which meant " table stone or cap-
stone." Charles Warne, in his "Ancient Dorset," published in
1872, speaking of the Helstone before its restoration, said (page
135) : " This cromlech stands on a gently-elevated mound. The
supports of the capstone have sunk on the south-west side, and
are virtually buried by it, its great weight being now chiefly
sustained by a single prop on the north side, so that it rests in a
greatly-inclined position. It measures more than ten feet in
length, about seven feet in breadth, and has an average thickness
of at least two feet and a-half. Originally it must have rested
upon eight or ten supports. No doubt it was devoted to
sepulchral purposes, and in its original state was probably
covered with a mound of earth." It was generally believed,
continued Dr. Colley March, that most of these dolmens were
originally covered with a mound of earth, and so resembled
tumuli. If so, of course the almost entire disappearance of the
mound showed the great antiquity of the dolmen. But all
dolmens were not covered with mounds of earth. He had seen
some in Brittany, on the top of little conical hills, which could
not by any possible human agency have ever been covered with a
mound; and those that were not covered with earth had some
connection with the custom of dual interment. In his preface
(page ii.) Mr. Warne said : "An attempt has been made to
restore its ideal construction. Incredible as it may appear, the
parties concerned seem to have thought it a meritorious act, for
we find their names recorded in a note attached to a photograph
of their great achievement :
"We, the undersigned, a happy and obliged company, on the llth June, 1866,
desire to record our thanks and best wishes to Mr. and Mrs. Manfield, on
occasion of the initiatory restoration of the Helstone, Portesham. (Signed)
MAETIN F. TUPPER, J. V. W. VANDELOUR, JOHN NICHOLS, H. DE BEAUVOIR
TUPPEE, ROBERT GAMBLER SWEETING, JOHN BULL, and W. K. TUPPEE."
[As for the signatories to this curious and not unamusing
record, Martin F. Tupper appears to be no other than the author
of the " Proverbial Philosophy." He showed some interest in
Ixxviii. PORTI-SH\M AXD BRIDEHEAD DISTRICT.
the relics of antiquity in Dorset, and in 1873 wrote some lines
upon the " Union of Hearts " Roman tesselated floor unearthed
on the site of Dorchester Prison.] Mr. \Varne evidently did not
like this " restoration; " but for himself, proceeded Dr. March, he
was not sure that it was not a good thing to attempt to restore
one such dolmen to a perfect condition in a district where there
were so many imperfect.
The HON. TREASURER enquired whether Dr. Colley March
thought that perhaps " Helstone " was a name applied to the
group from one- menhir standing some way off, and forming the
gnomon of an imaginary sundial, like the " Friar's Heel " at
Stonehenge.
Dr. COLLEY MARCH answered that he thought that the circle
was called Helstone from the flat covering stone. " Hel " or
"heel" still meant a covering. There was an expression
" heeling potatoes," meaning to cover them in. In Devon, the
covering slabs of a grave are called hellan-stones. As for the
" Friar's Heel," that was the only stone at Stonehenge which had
not been touched by tools and many careful observers thought
that it had been placed there since the building of Stonehenge,
and that it had a memorial intention.
THE VALLEY OF STONES.
After visiting a typical stone circle, in which 13 stones still
remained, while three lay on the other side of a hedge close by,
and a brief inspection of a collapsed dolmen, the drive was
continued to a point from which the party obtained a splendid
view of the Valley of Stones, with its nearly complete circle, and
they observed the clear markings of the ancient rectangular
enclosures with which the steep sides of the valley are covered
evidence of habitation and use by a considerable pastoral
population in dimly-remote times, perhaps prehistoric, though it
is hard to define any period, even approximately, for this most
interesting occupation.
1 ' THE VALLEY OF STONES," AND STONE CIRCLE.
2. STONE CIRCLE ON HAMPTON HILL, NEAR PORTESHAM.
THE LONG-BARROW, " THE GREY MARE AND HER COLTS,"
WITH THE MEGALITHS AT THE EAST END.
PORTESHAM AND BRIDEHEAD DISTRICT. Ixxix.
Dr. COLLEY MARCH pointed out to the party how admirably
this valley illustrates the tendency of the sarsen stones to travel
down the steeper slopes and to congregate in the chalk valleys.
The bottom of the Valley of Stones is dotted with them so
thickly that it is possible to step from one to another for a long
distance ; and in the street of Portesham there are upwards of 60
great blocks within a distance of less than 200 yards. Here in
this valley, where they saw hedges for partition, the stones had
been spared and left alone by man, instead of being broken up
and built into the walls, as in other parts ; but even within the
memory of some men still living many of the valleys in the
district contained similar drifts of stones. Many of these valleys,
too, through which streams once flowed were now dry ; but in
some places they saw little patches of sand which marked vents
out of which the streams gushed after heavy rains. These
valleys, when well watered, were much frequented by ancient
" small holders." As to the stone circle, it was a subject of
great inteiest in regard to interment, ritual, and orientation.
"THE GREY MARE AND HER COLTS."
Dr. COLLEY MARCH described it as the remains of a fine long
barrow. The two megaliths standing up at the east end for the
barrow was oriented east and west were probably crossed by a
third, constituting a trilithon, which was at the entrance
into the gallery- that ran along the middle to an interment at that
end. There were other long barrows in the neighbourhood ; but
none with so fine an example of the entrance. Probably the
mound was originally much higher than now, and the stones
which formed the gallery collapsed and let the earth in.
The Members next walked to the Gorwell circle. It was, said
their conductor, a very fine stone circle above 78 feet in diameter.
He had been asked why the stones were so small ; and his
answer was that it was a matter of using stones that came nearest
to hand. He explained how the cuplike cavities in some of the
stones were formed by natural agencies, such as rain and wind.
Ixxx. PORTESHAM AND BRIDEHEAD DISTRICT.
AT BRIDEHEAD.
The party then proceeded to Bridehead, where they were
welcomed and entertained at tea by Colonel Robert
Williams, M.P., and Mrs. Williams. After tea a short business
meeting was conducted. In the absence of the President, for
which regret was expressed, Lord Eustace Cecil, Past President,
was voted to the chair. Two Members were elected, and two
candidates nominated.
Lord EUSTACE CECIL then expressed the Club's gratitude to
Colonel and Mrs. Williams for the kind welcome which they had
given them, and which had been much appreciated.
Colonel WILLIAMS, in acknowledgment, assured the Club how
great a pleasure it had been to Mrs. Williams and himself to
receive them at Bridehead. It was, he believed, almost 14 years
to a day since the Club was there last ; and the numbers were
then comparatively so small that they were able to lunch in
comfort. He hoped that it would not be 14 years before they
found some other excuse for coming to Bridehead.
THE MAUMBURY RINGS EXCAVATIONS.
The HON. SECRETARY took the opportunity of referring to the
proposed investigation of the nature and origin of Maumbury
Rings, Dorchester, reputed to be the amphitheatre of Roman
Durnovaria, to be begun during the autumn. This important
undertaking, from which results of the utmost value may not
unreasonably be expected, is being promoted by a joint committee
of the Dorset Field Club and the British Archaeological Associ-
ation, with Dr. Colley March, F.S.A., as chairman. The work
was to be carried out under the supervision of Mr. H. St. George
Gray, of Taunton Castle, formerly chief assistant to the late
General Pitt-Rivers in his important field work. The Hon.
Secretary's chief object in mentioning the matter was to call
attention to the all-important appeal for the necessary funds.
Donations should be sent to Captain Acland, of the County
Museum, Dorchester.
PORTESHAM AND BRIDEHEAD DISTRICT. Ixxxi.
BARROW PROBLEMS ORIENTATION AND SECONDARY
INTERMENT.
Dr. COLLEY MARCH then gave an address, which appears as a
paper in the present volume.
On the motion of Lord EUSTACE CECIL, a hearty vote of
thanks was passed to Dr. Colley March for his address and for
all his labours and valuable services in connection with the day's
excursion.
On the drive back to Dorchester the brakes were stopped near
Bridehead lodge for a short space to enable the party to
notice the stone circle called the " Devil's Nine Stones," and
also, more euphemistically, the " Nine Ladies."
Ixxxii.
FOURTH SUMMER MEETING.
MONTACUTE, BRYMPTON, AND PRESTON.
THE FOURTH SUMMER MEETING was held on Tuesday,
September i5th. The party, numbering about 120, met at
Yeovil, and drove first to Preston Plucknett and viewed the
Manor House, of Perpendicular date, and the 1 5th century barn.
Though the house is known as "The Abbey," the buildings are
probably not monastic.
MONTACUTE HOUSE.
On arriving at Montacute, the Members were welcomed by the
owner, Mr. W. R. Phelips ; and the following paper on the
house was read in the hall by Mr. EDWARD PHELIPS :
Though there have been Phelipses at Montacute since the year 1480, it is
impossible to say when the site of this house first came into the family. We find
towards the end of the 16th Century that Thomas Phelips, escheator for
Somerset and Dorset, was a large landowner in both counties. He died in 1598,
and was buried with his wife in the church at Montacute. Of his four sons, the
youngest, Edward, seems, from his letters, to have been his favourite. He was sent
to the Bar, and rose high in the favour of Queen Elizabeth and James I. Even at
the time of his father's death he found himself rich enough to buy Montacute from
his eldest brother John, who preferred to live on the Dorset estates at Corfe
Mullen. Subsequently we find him Master of the Bolls, Speaker of the House of
Commons, and Chancellor to Henry, Prince of Wales. His picture hangs in the
dining-room. He it was who built this house. Tradition would have us believe
that the architect was John of Padua ; but of this there is no proof, and it
seems more likely that, as at Longleat Sir John Thynne was his own architect, so
here Sir Edward did his own designing. However that may be, we are able more
or less to date the house. You will notice in the dining-room the date 1599 over
the mantelpiece. Sir Edward died in 1614. Neither Sir Edward's son, Sir
Robert, nor his grandson, Colonel Edward, could have had the time or the money
to do any building. The former, although at first in favour at Court he
attended Buckingham and Prince Charles in Spain soon fell into disfavour by
his outspokenness in Parliament and his attacks on Buckingham, and he was
finally confined in the Tower. In his portrait by Vandyke, which is in the
dining-room, he is shown holding notes for the attack on Lord Bacon which he
MONTACUTE, BRYMPTON, AND PRESTON. Ixxxiii.
led. He died in 1638. His son, Colonel Edward, whose portrait in armour
hangs at one end of the hall, so far from adding to the house, in 1642 sold some
hangings and. tapestries, and rode off to join the King. He was in the sieges of
Bristol and Exeter, and at the end of the war his estates were sequestrated, and he
died in 1679. It seems clear, therefore, that the house must have been built
between the years 1593 and 1614. This argument is also borne out by the fact
that there is very little internal decoration. There is only one decorated ceiling,
and only the chief rooms have any attempt at ornamental mantelpieces or
friezes. Taking the rooms in the order in which you will view them, I would call
your attention to the screen in this hall, which is entirely stone, although a later
taste has painted and plastered it. The style of ornamentation was introduced
into England from Holland in the year 1 580. The interest of the room centres
in the plaster work at the north end, representing the old custom of
"Riding the Stang," or "Skimmity Riding." The story represents the master
of the house helping himself to beer with one hand, while with the other he
nurses the baby. His wife an early example of the Suffragettes (laughter) is
just about to chastise him with her shoe, while an interested neighbour is
watching the proceedings from the background. The sequel is also shown,
when the poor man is paraded round the village, exposed to public ridicule for his
inability to keep his wife in order. The heraldic glass is also of the period, and
displays intermarriages of the Phelips with the Spekes, the Comptons, and the
Pigotts. Proceeding to the billiard -room, formerly the dining-room, the
panelling round the room is contemporary with the house. The curious frieze of
animals, alternating with the Phelips' coat of arms, is also, doubtless, the work of
the same period. The Jacobean mantelpiece, half stone and half plaster, has a
Georgian head in the centre, said to be that of the Edward Phelips who between
1766 and 1790 carried out considerable alterations in the house, The drawing-
room contains pictures by Sir Joshua and Gainsborough, as well as some
Louis XV. furniture. The great chamber, now used as a library, has a fine
mantelpiece, frieze, and ceiling. The great feature is, however, the heraldic
glass in the windows, contemporary with the house, displaying the arms of
intermarriages of the family and the more prominent courtiers of the reigns of
Elizabeth and James I. The Long Gallery on the top floor extends the whole
length of the house 180 feet and terminates at each end in a fine bayed
window. The present ceiling was put in about 1830, when the main beams of the
house were removed by John Phelips in order to make it suitable for a dining-
room, his ideas of hospitality being on a lavish scale. In consequence of this
the walls began to bulge, and the stone tiles had to be removed and replaced by
slate. Last we come to the dining-room, formerly known as the Common
Parlour, which was constructed as late as 1787 by the Edward Phelips of the day,
with materials taken from Clifton Maybank. The panelling is of contemporary
date with the house, and you will notice that the mantelpiece is a fine bit of
plaster work. May I also call your attention to the pictures of James I. and his
daughter, Elizabeth of Bohemia,
Ixxxiv. MONTACUTE, BRYMPTON, AND PRESTON.
Let us now turn to the exterior of the house. The ground plan is that of two
capital "E's" placed back to back. The centre in each case is a porch opening
behind the screen of the hall. The east or garden side is the original front of the
house. It is adorned with three lines of beautifully balanced windows. Under
the lowest or ground floor row are pairs of semi -circular seats let into the walls,
while under the first floor windows are circles in couples said by some architects
to have been intended for busts. Between the windows of the top or gallery floor
are the statues of the " Nine Worthies of the World," described by Dryden as :
Nine worthies were they hight of different rites,
Three Jews, three Heathen, and three Christian Knights.
Last, dominating, but not overbalancing the whole, are the chimneys, so often a
feature of English Renaissance work, and here most prominently brought into
the scheme. The architect attempted little decoration on the other three sides.
At either end of the house only the bay of the gallery breaks the stern simplicity.
On the west or present front, at a later time, the present screen, which, as you
will notice, is early Tudor work, was added. In the diary of Edward Phelips,
under the year 1786, he writes " 2nd May. My wife and self attended the sale
of the materials of Clifton House, then pulling down. We bought the porch,
arms, pillars, and all the ornamental stone, to be transferred to the intended
west front of Montacute ; " and in 1787 he wrote " 31st March. Returned from
Catstock Lodge to Montacute. On my return I proceeded briskly with my
building of the west front, and on the 1 6th June I was enabled to pull down the
scaffolding, and began the inside, particularly the new common parlour " (now
the dining-room). On the llth of August he writes "My common parlour was
finished and painted." At Clifton May bank the screen must have been twice as
long as it now is, and consequently we cannot but feel that as it now appears it is
rather over decorated, but in itself it is a very fine example of Tudor work.
The Members were then conducted over the house, whose
architectural features, furniture, and pictures were much admired.
MONTACUTE CHURCH AND PRIORY.
The Club next proceeded to the church, where they were met
by the VICAR (the Rev. C. F. Powys), who pointed out the chief
features of the interior, notably the very fine Norman chancel
arch (with modern capitals) and the richly-carved supports of the
priest's chamber. The proportions of the tower, he said, were
particularly good. On the south side the string-course running
round the exterior had been cut away in two different places for
MONTACUTE, BRYMPTON, AND PRESTON. IxXXV.
the purpose of playing " fives " up against the tower, which they
used to do in old days as soon as afternoon service was over. In
order to put a stop to this use of the tower wall, the old cross
which originally stood in the middle of the road opposite the
publichouse was brought into the churchyard and placed in such
a position that the players found some difficulty in continuing
their game.
The Rev. F. W. WEAVER, F.S.A., Hon. Secretary of the Somerset
Archaeological Society, then, at the invitation of Mr. Powys, gave
some account of the Cluniac Priory of Montacute.
He said he wished to impress upon the Club that the
parish church of Montacute had nothing to do with the
Priory church and buildings, which were in a large field near
by. The Cluniacs would not be likely to have anything to
do with the parish church, except to present to it. The
Cluniac monasteries were very interesting. This was the only
one in the county of Somerset, and it had four cells, one
of which was at East Holme in the county of Dorset. The
Cluniacs, who were a branch of the Benedictines, were strictly a
foreign Order, and never became popular in England. All the
priors up to the year 1407 were Frenchmen ; and it was only
from that date to the Dissolution that English priors ruled over
the Cluniac houses in England. In those early days there was no
entente cordiale ; Edward III. was continually at war with France,
and the Cluniac monasteries in England were often seized,
because the idea was not relished of English tithes going to
support French monks. There were 33 'Cluniac monasteries in
England 20 houses and 13 cells. In 1399 the advowson of this
Priory was handed over by the Crown to William de Montacute.
Earl of Salisbury, and thence to the Dissolution Montacute
remained a distinctly English house. Mr. Weaver then led the
party to the Priory Gateway, a handsome building which, he
said, was possibly the Prior's lodging and built by Thomas
Chard, Bishop of Salubria, Thrace, about 1490. This Thomas
Chard was not the same man as his contemporary namesake, the
Abbot of Ford.
IXXXVI. MOXTACUTE, BRYMPTON, AND PRESTON.
STOKE-SUB-HAMDON CHURCH.
Stoke Church was next visited, under the guidance of the
Vicar (the Rev. R. E. W. Cosens) and the Rev. F. W. Weaver. It
embodies a variety of architectural styles Norman, Early
English, Decorated, and Perpendicular and many structural
peculiarities. Among the chief features pointed out were the
Norman chancel arch, the beautiful north transept Perpendicular
screen, which has been removed from its original position, the
parvise chamber over the porch, now used as a vestry, and the
tympanum, with 'its symbolical carving of Sagittarius (as a
Centaur) aiming at a lion ; while near by is the arbor viltc with
three birds upon it and an Agnus Dei.
BRYMPTON.
By the kind invitation of Sir Spencer Ponsonby-Fane the Club
were able to view the beautiful old Tudor house of Brympton
and the puzzling building near, known variously as the Priest's
House, the Church House, the Chantry House, the Old
Rectory, &c. Sir Spencer regretted his unavoidable absence
from home, but the Club were received by his son, Mr. John
-Ponsonby, the Hon. Mrs. de Grey, and other members of
the family, who showed the Members over the house and
gave information about the various objects of interest which it
contains, and especially the fine collection of family portraits,
among other masters, by Vandyck, Reynolds, Lawrence, and
Romney.
Brympton Church was next visited, and the RECTOR (the Rev.
C. H. J. Glossop) drew particular attention to its effigies and
monuments, the Perpendicular stone chancel screen with stone
benches, and the Elizabethan Communion-plate ; and a paper on
Brympton Church and Manor was read by the Rev, F. W.
WEAVER.
MONTACUTE, BRYMPTON, AND PRESTON. IxXXVli.
PRESTON.
On leaving Brympton, the Members drove to Preston,
where they were entertained at tea by Mr. and Mrs. Joseph
Whitby.
A Business Meeting followed, under the presidency of Captain
Elwes, in the regretted absence of the President (Mr. Nelson
M. Richardson).
THE MEMBERSHIP. Two Members were elected, and two
candidates for membership nominated.
THE HEMSWORTH ROMAN PAVEMENT. Mr. H. LE JEUNE
gave a few particulars about the very interesting work which has
lately been done at Hemsworth, near Wimborne, in uncovering
anew a fine space of richly-decorative Roman mosaic in a field
belonging to Lord Alington. The tesselation was found and
partially uncovered 77 years ago, and then happily covered up
again, and so preserved. The excavating on this occasion has
been much more extensive, and has revealed detail of rare
interest and beauty. One of the main subjects, Mr. Le Jeune
stated, was Venus rising out of the Sea (recalling the Greek myth
of the origin of Aphrodite, so named from AQpts, foam). Around
the goddess appear dolphins, delineated with a marvellous life,
grace, and spirit which make them immeasurably superior in
artistic merit to those appearing in the Fifehead Neville pave-
ment, good though they are. A special effort, he thought, ought
to be made to have this exceptionally fine example of Roman
tesselation preserved to posterity in some place such as the
Dorset County Museum. The Curator (Captain Acland) visited
Hemsworth with him and inspected the pavement a few days
ago. If not lifted and relaid, it ought certainly, if left in situ, to
be covered carefully to save it from the disintegrating influence
of the frosts, and also to be fenced round to shield it from
damage from above, as it is quite shallow, and perilously near
the edge of the ploughshare. He wished it to be known that
Mr. Scott Orr and Mr. H. Linklater, of Hemsworth, had done
all the excavations with exemplary care and thoroughness.
Ixxxviii. MONTACUTE, BRYMPTON, AND PRESTON.
Before the Members dispersed Captain ELWES expressed the
thanks of the Club to all who had contributed towards making
the excursion that day so successful and pleasant to Mr. W. R.
Phelips, Mr. Edward Phelips, Sir Spencer Ponsonby-Fane, the
Revs. F. W. Weaver, C. F. Powys, R. E. W. Cosens, and C. H. J.
Glossop, and last, but not least, to Mr. and Mrs. Whitby.
The Members then drove to Yeovil to catch their trains.
Ixxxix.
FIFTH SUMMER MEETING.
MAUMBURY RINGS, DORCHESTER.
A SPECIAL MEETING was held at Maumbury Rings, on Wed-
nesday, September 23rd, to view the excavations so far completed,
and to hear an address thereon by Mr. H. St. George Gray, who
had conducted and recorded the work. The party numbered
about 80.
Captain ELWES said that, in the absence of the President, it
devolved upon him, as the senior Vice- President present, to
preside. After expressing regret at the very wet weather which
had driven them to the Museum for shelter, he referred to the
finances of the excavations. Those who would like to have the
official report of the work when it was published would be
entitled to receive a copy on subscribing not less than five
shillings to the fund ; and smaller contributions would also be
welcomed. He called upon Mr. Gray to give his address.
Mr. ST. GEORGE GRAY said he regretted that the unfortunate
weather had not only greatly hampered their excavations, but
also, he feared, given the gathering a rather bad impression of
them in general. Antiquaries had been divided in opinion as to
whether Maumbury Rings was a Roman Amphitheatre or a Solar
Temple of pre-historic origin ; but only a small proportion of
those competent to judge had favoured the latter view. It had
been ascertained that the sun could never be seen from the
middle of the arena to rise in line with the opening, and that a
line drawn along this axis had not exactly the same orientation
as the well-known axis at Stonehenge. After reviewing all
that has hitherto been known about Maumbury, Mr. Gray gave
particulars of the dimensions of the Rings, which were elliptical in
form ; the long axis inside measured 2 1 3 feet, and the short 1 62,
and the outer dimensions were 345 and 333 feet. The maximum
height of the banks was 29' i feet on the west and the minimum
2i - 6 on the east. This was undoubtedly the most important and
xr. MAUMHURY RINGS, DORCHESTER.
the largest structure of the kind in Great Britain. It was, moreover,
one of the rarest types of ancient monuments remaining in our
country. The excavations had already presented many puzzles,
wherein the interest of such work largely lay, and, bearing in
mind the importance of the site, the extent of the area, the
solution of the problems presented, the interest that had been
aroused in the archaeological world, and the many items of
structural importance yet to be revealed, he would point out to
the Excavation Committee and the Dorset Field Club that it
would be most desirable that a second series of excavations
should be conducted with the utmost precision at some con-
venient future period. In the meantime he would not recommend
that a full illustrated report of the present work be published during
the coming winter, but merely a comparatively short interim report
giving a concise account of the 1908 excavations. It would not.
be wise to hurry a report of such difficult work. As Maumbury
Rings had generally been regarded as an amphitheatre Mr. Gray
proceeded to give an interesting account of amphitheatres
generally, with special reference to the places in Great Britain
bearing close resemblance to amphitheatres abroad. He then
minutely described the excavations that had been made. It was
surprising, he added, that the rings had remained so long
untouched by the spade of the field-archaeologist. The cuttings
in the arena had proved that the solid chalk floor, found at depths
varying from about two to seven feet below the surface, was
absolutely level, and it was sprinkled with fine grit or shingle, for
filling up uneven patches and to prevent slipping. Near the
entrance to the arena a row of six post-holes was revealed, placed
in a solid chalk trench and packed in with rammed chalk. In
some of the holes iron was found, and carbonized remains of
stakes which once filled the holes. Near by was found a rough
pile of slabs of Purbcck limestone ; but the significance of this
mutilated group was not yet fully understood. On this floor more
Roman potter)' than elsewhere was found, including more than
the usual proportion of red Samian ware, and close to one of
the post-holes a second brass coin of Claudius I. (A,D, 41-54).
MAUMBURY RINGS, DORCHESTER. XC1.
Pushing their excavations further that morning they had come
upon an almost vertical wall of chalk, dividing the floor of the arena
from the bank, and at the foot of this barrier other post-holes
were revealing themselves. Mr. Gray went on to say that another
cutting had just been begun through the bank on the N.N.W.,
in the endeavour of finding seats for spectators. Plans and
sections of the excavations had been plotted to scale, and on
these every find of importance had been accurately marked. It
would be unfair that he should yet attempt to make any definite
statement with regard to the date of the construction of
Maumbury Rings as a whole ; but there could be little doubt of
the Roman origin of the arena ; and although the earliest date of
the formation of the encircling bank had not yet been proved, it
was only fair to say that at the present stage of the excavations
a pre-historic origin for the embankment and for other parts of
the area also was not regarded as an impossibility.
A vote of thanks to Mr. Gray was carried with acclamation.
The excavations at Maumbury Rings were continued for
several days after the Field Club Meeting.
On reaching the bottom of the cutting for the investigation of
the inner side of the N.N.W. bank, the workmen struck a large
pit, which was found to penetrate the undisturbed chalk, and to
contain at various depths to the bottom a quantity of pre-historic
remains. The solid chalk floor of the arena, overlaid with
mould, extended to the S.S.E. edge of this pit.
The cutting over the bank revealed no evidence of tiers of
seats, and its date of construction was not settled. It was proved
however, that the terrace, in the part in which the digging took
place, was of late date, probably XVII. Century.
The excavation of the pre-historic pit was a difficult and
laborious work, and not without danger. The depth beneath
the surface of the turf was found to be 30 feet, which with the
exception of one or two of the deepest shafts of the ancient
flint-workings at Grime's Graves, and Cissbury was probably the
Xcii. MAUMRURY RINGS, DORCHESTER.
deepest archaeological excavation on record in Britain. Red-
deer antler picks were first found at a depth of 1 6 Jft., and then
at various depths right down to the bottom. Some of the
antlers were obviously not shed naturally, but were those of slain
deer. Flint flakes, cores, hammer-stones, and burnt flints, were
found at various depths. One of nine antler picks recovered
from the pit was found actually resting on the solid chalk bottom,
and worked flint was found within a few feet of the bottom. The
deer-horn picks exactly resemble those which Mr. St. George
Gray found on the bottom of the great fosse at Avebury last May.
Roman deposits and remains were found in the upper parts
down to the level of the solid chalk floor of the arena, but not
below that level in the pit proper.
The excavations will be renewed, it is hoped, about the end of
August, 1909.
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NELSON M. RICHARDSON, B.A,
( Read Man Uth, 190S.)
OBITUARY.
I JT HOUGH I regret to have to begin my Address, as
usual, Avith an allusion to the sad list of those
who have passed from amongst us during the last
twelve months, it is a matter of satisfaction that
in it are to be found none of our original
Members, who still number 18. The oldest
Member whose loss we have this year to deplore
is Mr. G. R. Crickmay, elected in 1879, a
distinguished architect, whose name in that capacity is familiar
to all of us. Mr. T. M. Pike, who joined the Club in 1886, was
an excellent ornithologist, and his information is often acknow-
ledged by our late President in his book on the Birds of
Dorsetshire. Mr. C. E. A. George and Mr. Van Raalte will
both be remembered as hospitable entertainers of the Club at
their houses, when they contributed to our " Proceedings " much
XCV1. PRESIDENT S ADDRESS.
interesting information about their districts. The former also at
a recent meeting of the Club read a paper upon the Fleet and its
peculiar tides and other phenomena, and will be greatly missed
in the neighbourhood in which I live. Mr. W. E. Pearson was a
frequent attendant at our meetings, and took an intelligent
interest in many of the subjects with which we have to do, besides
his special one of painting. Though seriously handicapped by
his delicate health, he spared neither time nor trouble in doing
what he could to help and improve others, and is greatly regretted
by all who knew him. The latter may also be said of Miss Eileen
Martin, who used occasionally to be with us. Colonel Bramble
did not live in the county, but was a distinguished archaeologist,
and will be remembered for his gift in 1893, to the Dorset
Museum, of a valuable collection of antiquities from the neigh-
bourhood of Weymouth. We have lost one of our oldest and
most distinguished honorary Members in the person of Professor
Alfred Newton, F.R.S., of Cambridge. Though not a frequent
visitor to Dorset of late years, he was formerly much interested
in the county, and used to study its natural history in connection
with our V.-P. and former Treasurer (the Rev. O. P. Cambridge),
and other friends. He is, however, best known for his ornitho-
logical writings, eggs being perhaps the branch in which he was
most interested. The extinct birds, such as the dodo and great
auk, were some of his favourites, and the Museum of Zoology at
Cambridge owes its development very greatly to his knowledge
and energy. He was a prominent feature of the University, and
leaves a gap hard to fill. He was elected an honorary member
in 1878. I do not generally allude to any who have not been
connected with our Club, but I cannot pass over in silence the
death of one of the greatest scientific men that the world has
known, Lord Kelvin. It is impossible here to enter into any
details of what he accomplished, but he has been the acknow-
ledged head of mathematical and physical science for many
years, and his versatility and energy have been proverbial.
I now proceed to review some of the more important scientific
developments since my address a year ago.
PRESIDENT S ADDRESS. XCV11.
ZOOLOGY.
Experiments and discoveries continue to be made with regard
to the minute organisms which are associated with sleeping
sickness and other similar diseases, in some cases, such as Malta
fever, with great success. The use of atoxyl, an arsenical drug,
on which at one time great hopes were built, has had, in
experiments, the curious result of developing a race of trypano-
somes which are not affected by it. This appears to take place
by natural selection, the more weakly ones perishing in enormous
multitudes, whilst the few survivors give rise to the atoxyl-resisting
race of parasites. It is hoped, however, that in conjunction with
other drugs, atoxyl may still be of value. Another minute so-
called latent form of this trypanosome has also been discovered,
but whether there are sexual forms or not remains uncertain.
The report by Professor Herdman on the Ceylon Pearl Fisheries
has lately been published, and adds greatly to our knowledge of
this subject ; the best pearls are formed round the bodies of a
small parasitic worm, though grains of sand and other foreign
substances alSo produce them. His investigations in those seas
have made known no less than 575 new species of various marine
animals. From investigations into the breeding of the common
housefly, at times such a pest, it has been found that its full
period of development varies from 10 days to five weeks accord-
ing to temperature, the places in which it breeds being pits of
stable manure (and doubtless ordinary manure-heaps), ashpits,
&c., so that, where such places can be cleared weekly, no flies
will be produced. Fowls are recommended, as they scratch up
and devour large numbers of larvae. The solitary Imperial
Entomologist of India appointed to deal with the insect pests
affecting that vast empire has lately brought out a report on the
subject, containing much valuable information ; but it is to be
hoped that the staff may be increased, as the pests in different
parts of India would probably be quite different, and far beyond
the reach of one individual. A paper published in the Smith-
sonian Collections, Vol. 50, deals with the arrangement which
XCV111. PRESIDENT S ADDRESS.
locks together the wings of hymenoptera (bees, wasps, tS:c.)
when in flight, and states that the flying powers are strongest in
those species in which this is most developed. This may be so,
but it is certainly not the case in lepidoptera (butterflies and
moths), with which I am more familiar, in which a structure (the
frenulum) having the same object is usually found, as some of
those in which it is wanting, such as the swifts and butterflies,
are very strong fliers, and the powers of flight of others certainly
bear no proportion to the development of the frenulum in the
different species.
Further researches in regard to eels, whose life history is now
comparatively well known, show that after they have acquired
scales, which is about two years after they reach fresh water,
their age may be known by the number of concentric rings in
their scales, of which one is added annually. Males assume the
silvery breeding dress and descend the rivers at from 4^ to y
years, and females from 6 to 8J years after they first enter fresh
water. The age of plaice and perhaps other fish can also be
determined by the number of rings on the otolith or ear-stone.
I will begin my notes on birds with a record, for which my
authority is the Dorset County Chronicle of February 6th last, of
the death, by an accident, of a goose belonging to Mr. J. F.
Hocking, of St. Cleer, at the age of 53, which had brought up a
family the year before. It is stated that a careful record had
been kept of its age. Parrots and doubtless some other birds are
I believe very long lived. The haunts of the California!! condor
(Gymnogyps calif ornianus) have been visited and interesting
details, with photographs, obtained. One egg only is laid in a
season and the young develop very slowly. The old birds
allowed a near approach without alarm. A golden eagle has
been killed in Dorset. The ruff has been observed to breed in
Norfolk after the lapse of 18 years, and a specimen of the
Sardinian warbler (Sylvia melanocephala\ a new species to the
British list, has been killed at Hastings. Much has lately been
written about luminous owls, and it is believed that the luminosity
is derived from phosphorescent decaying wood sticking to their
PRESIDENT S ADDRESS. XC1X.
feathers, which would be probable on account of their nesting in
hollow trees.
In an address to the Scottish Natural History Society,
Professor Schafer has developed the theory that the object
of the migration of birds from south to north is that they
may have during the breeding season a longer period of
daylight in which to hunt for food. The habit has been
developed by natural selection. This appears to be a possible
solution of this obscure subject, but his reasons cannot here be
considered.
In Africa a living specimen of the okapi, a young colt, has
been seen by a European, and photographs were exhibited at the
last British Association meeting ; whilst in America an attempt is
being made to establish the bison in the Wichita reservation in
Kansas, where it once roamed in countless numbers, from the
herd confined injhe Zoological Park in New York. The wild
existence of this animal seems to be practically at an end.
Another vanishing species is the Californian sea-elephant, of
which two fine specimens have just been set up in the British
Museum of Natural History. A suggestion as to the origin of
the common domestic striped tabby cat is given by the fact that
this is the form assumed by a litter of kittens bred from a male
wild cat (Felis sylvestrh} and a female Egyptian wild cat (Felis
ocreata) in the Zoological Gardens.
A method has been proposed by Galton for classifying portraits
by defining in each six cardinal points, so that they can be
lexiconised for reference. Thus it can easily be ascertained by
the police whether a portrait agreeing with that of a fresh
prisoner is contained in their collection, and a long and difficult
investigation avoided. He states that on one day 27 officers
searched for 27 prisoners in their books of photographs and
made seven identifications, the whole time occupied being 57^
hours. This could have been done by his system in as many
minutes. The subject of nomenclature has always been a most
troublesome one, owing to the perpetual alteration, on one
pretence or another, of the names of plants and animals ; it is,
c. PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS.
therefore, satisfactory that the committee at the seventh Inter-
national Zoological Congress lately held at Boston stated that
they had unanimously agreed on rules which would cover 90 per
cent, of the difficulties. In regard to British moths, a group
with the names of which I have been acquainted for many years,
probably at least half of those in use 30 years ago, have been
altered under the laws of priority, so that a list of to-day would
be unintelligible to a collector of 1878, and vice versa. The
great point seems to me to be to arrive at some permanent
decision, and if this committee can do this it will render a great
sendee to science and save immense waste of time.
BOTANY.
I may fitly begin my notes on the botany % of the last twelve
months by referring to the great event which was celebrated with
due honour at Upsala at the end of May, 1907, the bi-centenary
of Linnaeus, when our oldest Hon. Member, Mr. Carruthers, was
one of the four Englishmen who had the distinction of Honorary
Doctor of Philosophy conferred upon him by the Swedish
University, and was crowned at the ceremony with a crown of
bay leaves from a tree planted by Linnaeus himself. The goose-
berry mildew, a disease imported from America, which has been
committing ravages in this country for several years, and has
spread considerably, has now been the subject of an order of the
Board of Agriculture under the Destructive Insects and Pests
Bill lately passed, by which the importation of gooseberry and
currant bushes is prohibited and other powers are given. It is
to be regretted that this order is rendered comparatively useless
by permission being given to prune, instead of burning, the
affected bushes. Should the disease become general, as it
probably will, the results will be very serious. Another danger-
ous and recently imported disease not yet legislated for causes
black, warty excrescences on potatoes, and is spreading fast.
The British Association at the Corresponding Societies' meeting
PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS. ci.
last year urged that Field Clubs should study the fungi of their
counties, which are usually much neglected. A fungus foray
would be a desirable addition to one of our summer meetings if
a leader could be found amongst our botanists, but as to a
subsequent fungus feast, though, perhaps, acceptable to our
waiting candidates, it would be well to be cautious ! I do not
think that the Dorset fungi have as yet received much attention.
They form an interesting group, though the life of individuals is
rather transient, and they are difficult to preserve. I would
mention two botanical expeditions ; one in Damaraland (German
S.W. Africa) to the Welwitschia Desert, where the annual rainfall
varies from nil to about ijin. Salt often covers the soil, and
only about a dozen species of flowering plants are found. The
youngest specimen of that extraordinary plant, the Welwitschia,
seen was computed to be at least 40 years old, seasons suitable
for germination of seeds occurring but rarely.
The other expedition was made into the central part of the
province Fokien, in China, and, being new botanical ground,
produced over 40 new species of plants.
It was pointed out by a German delegate at the British
Association that in his country many areas of primitive marsh
and water, heath and woodland, often containing rare and
characteristic species of animals and plants, have been preserved
in their original condition by the intervention of a State depart-
ment, an example which might be followed in England. Where,
in a small way, can be found anything like the Che&il Beach,
especially the parts covered with vegetation between the Ferry
Bridge and Portland, and also the Portland undercliff ? Neither
is of any use for agriculture, and both are likely for that reason
to remain undisturbed, as regards their plants and insects, except
for quarrying and military operations. It is fortunate, from a
scientific point of view, that some of the most unique spots, such
as these, are not of much value to ordinary mortals. In regard
to the origin of species from mutations in plants, our Hon.
Member, Sir W. T. Thiselton-Dyer, calls attention to the fact
that such mutations or spontaneous variations arise chiefly
cii. PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS.
amongst garden plants and are rarely if ever permanent except
under cultivation. The variable colours of a species of plant,
such as wallflowers or chrysanthemums, are found to be due
to the different proportions of the same pigments which occur
in different specimens. In this county, in which there are
large stores of peat, the information contained in a recent book
may be interesting that gas of better quality may be produced
from some peat than from coal, and in greater quantity, and that
peat can be used with advantage for many other purposes, which
are, I think, not generally known, but which space will not
permit me to detail.
GEOLOGY.
The centenary of the Geological Society was celebrated at the
end of last September by meetings in London and excursions in
various parts of the kingdom, including one in Dorset. This
great Society holds one of the foremost places amongst its
compeers, and we are proud to number one of the past presidents
amongst our own vice-presidents. I can also feel a special
personal interest in it as my father was one of its members for
many years. At the British Association meeting the president of
the geological section dealt with many theories and some facts
bearing on the formation and character of the earth's interior,
discarding the familiar nebular hypothesis in favour of the
planetismal, which assigns its origin to the condensation ot a
spirally formed group of minute planetary bodies. The results
of an expedition to Fiji tend to show that it at one time formed
part of a great Austral -Papuan continent. At Professor Milne's
suggestion a seismograph has been established at Cardiff, which
will form a triangle with those at Birmingham and the Isle of
Wight. The deepest boring in Britain has just been completed
in Fifeshire, where a depth of 4,534 feet was reached before
arriving at the mountain limestone. An extensive landslip has
occurred at Mount Bringuez, in France, where a whole slope of
the mountain estimated to contain 400,000 cubic metres, has moved
PRESIDENT S ADDRESS. Clll.
i, 200 feet. Combustions of the shale have occasionally taken
place on the Dorset Coast, as in the case of the Burning Cliff at
Holworth : one of these is now in progress a short distance to
the East of Lyme, and a considerable landslip has also occurred
in the same locality. A paper on these phenomena will be
found in the present volume. Another cause of serious damage
to land at the Cape has been erosion by storm water on a large
scale, which is being combated. The age of Niagara Falls has
been estimated at 39,000 years. The Canada geological survey
reports the existence of enormous quantities of coal in the Yukon
region, so that when the supply of our own country is exhausted
we shall no doubt have to look to our colony. The supply of
petrol, the demand for which has more than doubled in three
years, will have to be considered, or some other similar fuel
adopted in the near future in its place. Luminosity has not infre-
quently been observed on hills during great earthquakes, and also
at other times on the face of quarries of chalk or clay slate. It
would appear from experiments that these may be of an electric
nature. A most interesting account of earthquakes was given by
Professor Milne on March 2oth, at the Royal Institution, in which
he describes experiments showing that certain valleys become
wider by day and close up somewhat at night. He considers that
these extraordinary movements are caused by the greater amount
of water which reaches the bottom of the valley at night owing
to the decreased evaporation. This, by its weight, depresses the
bottom of the valley. Amongst other curious effects of earth-
quakes he gives an amusing quotation from a New England paper
of 1727, which states that "a considerable town in this province
has been so far awakened by the awful providence in the earth-
quake that the women have generally laid aside their hooped
petticoats." Ot the 674 tons of gold produced in 1906, one
third is stated to have come from South Atrica, one-fifth from
Australasia, and a quarter from the United States and Alaska.
In the latter country it has been found that the gold deposits are
produced from long- continued concentration from rocks which
contained only very minute quantities, and not from the wearing
CIV. PRESIDENT S ADDRESS.
down of rich veins. Much has lately been written in the attempt
to show the origin of the Kimberley diamonds, which occur in
vertical volcanic pipes with dykes radiating from them and
associated with numerous other minerals, with granite at a con-
siderable depth ; but there appears to be much variety of opinion
on the subject. The Cullinan diamond, by far the largest yet
found, weighing i^ylb., which was not cut up for sale purposes,
as at one time reported, has very suitably been presented to the
King, and though it will when cut be considerably reduced in
size, it will, let us hope, be much enhanced in brilliancy. The
recent Geological Survey publication on the Land's End district
by our Hon. Member, Mr. Clement Reid, F.R.S., contains much
information about mines as well as the geology generally. The
minerals occur chiefly in the belts of rocks altered by contact
with the granite, when it was first thrust up through them in a
molten condition. Another of our Hon. Members, Mr. Jukes-
Browne, has lately written a small book on " The Hills and
Valleys of Torquay," which would interest any geologist or even
excursionist visiting that neighbourhood. Those who wish
for information on the soils of Dorset should obtain Dr.
Luxmore's final report on the analysis of 100 soils from the
county. The soils have been taken from typical localities situated
on all the formations, from the Bagshot sands to the Lower Lias.
Besides the analysis the report contains also other information on
the subject. It is issued by the University College of Reading.
Belemnites being known to us only as fossils, I must place here,
and not under zoology, the recent theories propounded about
their life history and that of their allies. It had always been
supposed that a Belemnite shot through the water like a modern
cuttle-fish, darkening it with its ink on the approach of an
enemy. The new hypothesis is that the pointed rostrum acted
like a pile to fix the animal in the ground, for which its weight
and solidity would be well fitted. It is also suggested that
Orlhoceras, a less popularly known fossil member of the
cephalopoda, was even more permanently fixed to one spot than
the Belemnites. This theory is " made in Germany," and has
PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS. cv.
not, I believe, anything to support it amongst existing allied
species. Visitors to the British Museum will be interested in an
enlarged wax model of Eurypterus fischeri, an arachnid of
Silurian times ; and I will conclude my geological notes by refer-
ence to two fossil insects and a mammoth find. The first is a
wasp of the genus Paraliphia, from Colorado Miocene strata,
characterised by the absence of a portion of a normal nervure in
the wing. This apparent deformity has persisted to the present
day, and characterises the numerous species of this genus of
wasps, which occur in North America. The other insect, from
the same Miocene bed, is either a tsetse fly or extremely closely
allied to that genus (Glossina), and it is suggested that its
presence may possibly have had something to do with the
extinction of some of the Tertiary mammalia of America.
Against this rather startling theory stands however, it seems to
me, the fact that in Africa the tsetse fly does not injuriously affect
wild animals. The mammoth remains were found preserved in
ice in North-east Siberia, and an expedition has been despatched
by the Russian Government to secure them for the St. Petersburg
Museum.
ASTRONOMY.
I have always felt in obtaining the very little knowledge that I
have of astronomy that it was a most confusing science, and one
which required a remarkably clear head, and the power of
realising the result when one was told that the heavenly bodies
were all moving with different velocities and in all sorts of
different directions at any given moment. There are some
people so constituted that, if you were to ask them to screw in a
screw they would not realise that it was necessary to turn it
round in the right way ; but, even if one can do that, one could
hardly expect to be equally successful if there were a hundred
screws, all of which required different arrangements. The
inaugural address of the President of the British Association
on the science of measurement brings this feeling forcibly to my
cvi. PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS.
mind, especially when he comes to speak of the parallaxes and
proper motions of stars.
The parallax, or the angle which the radius of the earth's orbit
subtends at the star, is in most cases too minute for practical
measurement, and in all exceedingly small. Many of the stars
have perceptible motions of their own, and it has been shown,
and recently independently confirmed, that at least for extensive
parts of space there are a nearly equal number of stars moving in
exactly opposite directions. By other methods we find the sun's
motion in space to be about 1 9 kilometres per second, and it follows
that, instead of the already immense base line of the diameter of
the earth's orbit, we can utilise a base line of still more unlimited
length by observing the positions of the stars after any interval
of time, allowing a length of 19 kilometres for each second. In
consequence of the proper motions of the stars, this method
cannot be applied to any particular star alone, but by taking a
small group of perhaps 20 or more, of the same magnitude and
proper motion, the average parallax obtained appears to be
approximately correct, the motions of the stars composing the
group being in different directions and neutralising each other
for the purpose of this calculation. Further developments as to
the distribution in space of stars of different magnitude and
others follow from these results, but into these I must not
attempt to tread. The result of the photographs of the asteroid
Eros in 1900-1, lately communicated, gives the sun's parallax
within 2 i,oooths of a second of arc of the accepted amount. In
1931 Eros will be much more favourably situated for this purpose,
and it is thought that the sun's parallax should then be estimated
within i io,oooth of its actual value. At the recent transit of
Mercury many observers noticed the nebulous ring surrounding
the planet, which has suggested the presence of an atmosphere.
At Bourges the bright spot on the disc was also noticed. Of
this, if a real phenomenon, I believe no satisfactory explanation
has yet been given. During the opposition of Mars in 1907,
when he appeared so brilliant to the naked eye, a long series of
photographs was taken at the Lowell Observatory, and also by
PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS. cvii.
an expedition sent thence to the Andes, showing with an extra-
ordinary amount of definition the markings on the planet,
especially the snowcaps at the poles and the so-called canals
and oases as they went through their different phases of gradual
formation and decrease. The canals had been thus shown
less clearly in 1905, but the present photographs prove the
correctness of observations made with the eye by showing certain
canals double. Professor Lowell considers that the planet is at
present the abode of intelligent constructive life, and that no
other supposition is consonant with all the facts observed. The
construction of the canals by intelligent beings is disputed,
amongst others, by Dr. A. R. Wallace, who propounds as an
alternative cause a highly complicated meteoritic theory. He
has also endeavoured to prove that the probabilities are enor-
mously against any other planet in the universe than our earth
being inhabited. Hitherto spectroscopic observation has failed
to show the existence of water in Mars, but this seems now to
have been proved to be present, thus overcoming one objection
to its habitability. It had been suggested that the so-called
snowcaps might represent some other substance. On October
3rd last the earth passed through the plane of Saturn's rings, so
that they were rendered invisible ; that is to say, they were seen
exactly edgewise, and the thin edge they presented was too
narrow to be visible in a telescope. Numerous observations of
the rings have been made when near this condition, including
one of a supposed new external ring, but its existence requires
confirmation. Three asteroids discovered close to Jupiter
suggest possibilities of a group connected with the larger planet,
but it remains a question for the future to determine. One of
these or a similar body, discovered in January last, is probably an
eighth satellite to Jupiter, but further observations are necessary
to make this interesting probability a certainty. The enormous
forces at work in the sun are well illustrated by a solar
prominence which was observed on November i5th last to
shoot up a distance of 140,000 miles in 14 minutes, or 167 miles
in a second. We have nothing on the earth to compare to it,
cviii. PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS.
the rate of meteors coming into our atmosphere, perhaps 30
miles a second, being the nearest that occurs to me. From
observations during several years of the altitudes of meteor trains,
it would appear that the layer of the air at a height of from 50 to
60 miles is especially favourable to their production. Daniel's
comet, which appeared last year in its greatest brightness in
August, was, I hope, seen by all our members, though it rose at
the somewhat inconvenient hour of about 4.0 a.m. Many photo-
graphs were taken of it showing tails up to 17 degrees in length
(Juvisy, France) and 20 in number (Greenwich). In Spain the
tail was traced for 25 degrees in length. I saw it well, more
than once, with the naked eye and through a telescope, but
though an interesting object, it did not display to me tails either
in this number or magnitude.
METEOROLOGY.
The earliest meteorological records kept in this country are
contained in a MS. in the Bodleian Library, and extend from
1337 to 13+4 A.D. The most noteworthy advance in the past year
is the daily report in the newspapers by the Manchester Univer-
sity of observations, taken with kites or captive balloons, of the
temperature, humidity, and the velocity and direction of the wind,
at various heights from 1,000 to 5,oooft. These should add much
to our knowledge of the upper strata of the atmosphere. On
July 22nd 27th last 25 balloons were sent up from various places
in the United Kingdom, the instruments from 14 of which were
found after their descent. One reached an altitude of 1 2\ miles,
the average height being 7^ miles, above which the temperature
remained almost unaltered. The temperature gradient varies
with the direction and velocity of the wind and also with the
amount of clouds, being greatest for a N.W. wind and on clear
and fine days. It is also found that the direction of the wind
alters at high levels, rotating from south towards west and so on.
Up to an average height of 35,oooft. the temperature slowly
decreases ; but at about that height the decrease usually suddenly
PRESIDENT S ADDRESS. cix.
ceases, and the air sometimes gets a little wanner for a time, or
loses its heat at a much slower rate. The cause of this isothermal
layer has not yet been satisfactorily explained. The rainfall of
the United Kingdom for 1907 was very near the average, the
most striking feature in Dorset being the large fall in October,
when my rain gauge recorded over nine inches in 28 days, or
nearly a third of the year's rainfall ; but this was considerably
exceeded elsewhere in the county, where the average rainfall is
greater. September 6th 3oth was an almost dry period. An
unparalleled downfall of rain occurred on August 8th 9th, 1906,
in Fiji, when in a thunderstorm about 41 inches of rain fell in
1 3 hours. How any vegetation or soil remained on the island I
cannot imagine ! A hailstorm with hailstones up to about
i|in. in diameter occurred at Cairo on October 2ist, a rare
phenomenon there. The snowstorm in the early morning of
April 25th, 1908, was almost unprecedented, and though not so
bad in Dorset, in Hampshire it fell to the depth of 2ft., blocking
the railways and making roads impassable. It was emphasised
by the extraordinary rise in temperature on May ist, when
summer seemed to come upon us suddenly after a long cold
spring. The mean temperature for 1907 in London was close to
the average ; but a cold summer, with the beginning of Septem-
ber about 30 degrees colder than in 1906, produced the impression
of a very cold year. Eighty degrees was the highest temperature
recorded ; but the number of hours of sunshine was much above
the average, and the London death rate was the lowest on record.
The sunshine for 1907 at Weymouth was only 2\ hours below its
very high average of 1786*6 hours. A curious observation has
lately been published in Japan of the tilting of the land under the
influence of a cyclone on two occasions, in 1904 and 1906, the
tilting amounting to 3^ degrees and 2^87 degrees respectively.
The general influence of the moon on the weather I am not bold
enough to discuss, but from observations at Potsdam extending
over six years, it has been decided that the full moon has no
effect in dispersing clouds. I must confess that it has often
seemed to me to do this ; but this is explained by a statement
CX. PRESlbENT S AfcDRESS.
that cirrus and cirro-stratus clouds begin to dissolve at sunset,
and th6 rising moon makes them visible again and that they
merely continue to decrease as they would have done had there
been no moon.
ELECTRICITY.
I have very few notes on electricity this year, but amongst them
is the record of a step which will always stand out prominently
in its annals the sending of the first message across the Atlantic
by the Marconi wireless system on October lyth, 1907, which
has been followed by a regular and successful interchange, on a
business footing. The French Academy of Sciences is consider-
ing a proposal that a wireless signal shall be made regularly at
midnight from the Eiffel Tower, which would have a range of
2,000 kilometres. The distance could probably be doubled by
increased power. This signal would be of great use in navigation.
It is also suggested that from the top of the peak of Teneriffe
signals could probably be detected over the whole globe. In the
last few years we have heard much of the electron theory, in
which the atoms of all substances were supposed to consist of
vast numbers of still more minute particles of electricity or
electrons, revolving at great speed in various ways. A serious
blow has been dealt to this theory by the discovery that the
number of electrons was of the same order as the weight of the
atom in the terms of that of hydrogen as unity. It remains to be
seen whether the electron theory will be merely modified or
discarded ; but there is a strong inclination at the present day to
endeavour to simplify chemistry by showing that all substances
have a common foundation or origin.
CHEMISTRY.
The exact origin of radium seems to be still a matter of
uncertainty considering the different substances which have been
assigned as those from which it is developed, and it is now found
"PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS. cxi.
that radium is not developed direct from actinium but from a
new element, ionium, which is found mixed with actinium and
has recently been separated from it. It is also shown that the
life of radium is much shorter than had been thought hitherto
about 236 instead of r,ioo years. It has also been discovered
that helium, neon or argon, is formed from radium emanation,
according as it is dry, dissolved in water, or dissolved in a strong
solution of a copper salt. A French publication gives the
curious history of the so-called N-rays, which M. Blondlot con-
sidered, a few years ago, that he had discovered. No less than
176 papers were written by different scientists on these rays, but
great doubt was always thrown upon their existence, and finally,
after the discoverer had declined a test which would probably
have been conclusive, it is found that the rays are entirely
imaginary, and that the supposed results were due to illusion.
In time we may hope to get to the bottom of the facts about this
illusive element, which has been chosen as the subject for the
Cecil Medal for this year. The solidification of helium, lately
announced, seems also to be an illusion, the solidification of a
little hydrogen mixed with the gaseous helium being mistaken for
the solidification of the helium itself. It must be exceedingly
hard to be always accurate in these most difficult and delicate
experiments. A great sensation was caused by the statement that
diamonds had been made by a chemical process, of considerable
size, and strong evidence of its truth was produced, but the case
savoured of that of the alchemists who were always on the point
of owning fabulous riches, and it seems doubtful if we have yet
any artificial diamonds except the minute ones made by various
unremunerative processes. The President of the Chemical
Section at the British Association delivered an address on the
subject of Flame, and insisted much on the little recognised fact
that many substances, such as sulphur, arsenic, alcohol, ether,
paraffin, and a whole host of other compounds become phosphor-
escent as they approach their flame temperature, in exactly the
same way as phosphorus. The application of the X-rays to
ascertain the presence of pearls in the oyster without opening it
cxii. PRESIDENTS ADDRESS.
has been known for several years, and is now practically carried
out, those containing no pearls being returned to the water.
Though instantaneous photographs have not yet been taken with
these rays, the time of exposure has been greatly reduced, and it
is hoped that before long the action of the heart and other
organs may be shown by the cinematograph. The single plates
from which a photograph can be taken in its natural colours, by
one process, form the most prominent feature of the year's
photographic advances. The plate is viewed as a coloured
transparency, and cannot be used to print from in colours. The
successful manufacture of crucibles and other vessels out of
iridium, rhodium, and fused silica is a great boon to chemists
in dealing with refractory substances which melt at very high
temperatures. The two metals have hitherto been unworkable
through impurities, but are now produced in such a pure state as
to be malleable. Their melting point is very high, and they are
unaffected by acids. Silica also melts only at a very high
temperature, and is fashioned when viscid into the forms
required. My last note under Chemistry seems to upset our
ideas of the spectra of substances, inasmuch as it has been
shown that caesium, rubidium, and potassium have two inde-
pendent spectra totally different from each other, the new spectra
being produced by powerful condenser discharges, instead of
the electric arc. In this direction we can only await further
developments.
ENGINEERING.
Though the aeroplane cannot yet be said to be anything more
than a dangerous toy, it has yet been successful in covering a
kilometre, including a complete turn at half the distance, in a
French public competition. Also at Issy les Moulineaux on
March nth last, an aeroplane traversed 10 kilometres in 9^
minutes round a marked circuit. In private it has doubtless
done somewhat more. Airships propelled by motors are more
satisfactory, but not very reliable. A sensational achievement of
PRESIDENT S ADDRESS. CX111.
the past year was the journey from Pekin to Paris in a motor car
through countless difficulties, which shows the wonderful develop-
ment of these machines in the past few years. The journey was
made in 62 days at a rate of about 121 miles a day. The
Chinese magic mirror, when a beam of sunlight is reflected from
it on to a sheet or other light-coloured surface, shows in the
white patch of light the pattern raised on the back of the mirror
in casting it. That this is due to a slight deformation of the
reflecting surface is confirmed by an accidental observation that,
when a pane of glass was held by a pneumatic india-rubber
holder and a film of silver deposited on it, the reflected image
similarly showed rings where it was bent in a very minute
degree by the suction of the holder. I have never had anything
personally to do with boreholes, but have always felt that it must
be an exceedingly difficult matter to keep them vertical. It was,
therefore, with interest that I read the results of measurement
in 22 boreholes in the Rand in South Africa. The average
horizontal displacement amounted to no less than 440 feet in a
depth of 2,000 feet, the greatest being 2,370 feet in a borehole
4,200 feet deep, and the least 160 feet in a borehole of 2,000 feet.
In the first case the bottom of the hole, so far from being exactly
below the top, would be in a direction making more than
45 degrees with the vertical, and the actual depth below the
surface of the earth would be, I presume, not more than
2,000 feet, instead of 4,200, the nominal depth. The thickness
of strata calculated from this borehole would thus have to be
reduced by more than half. It reminds one of the enormously
exaggerated depths which were formerly recorded in soundings,
from the line being dragged far from the vertical position by
currents during its descent. In a German publication attention
is called to an Arabic book of the 1 3th century, where a compass
is described, made by rubbing a steel needle on a natural
lodestone and fixing it on a wooden fish. This, when floated on
water, always points to the north, and is the earliest known
reference to the compass, though it is not treated as a new
discovery. A movement has been set on foot to provide
cxiv. PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS.
scientific works in embossed type for the blind, to some of
whom they would doubtless be a boon. The Institute of Mining
and Metallurgy desires, amongst others, to adopt a weight of a
ton containing 2,ooolb., instead of, as at present, 2,240. It
seems to me that, putting aside the question of a complete
revolution in our weights and measures by adopting the decimal
system generally, nothing but confusion can result from these
scattered alterations, without a corresponding benefit.
GEOGRAPHY.
The address of the President of the Geographical Section of the
British Association consisted of an explanation of a dynamical
theory of the earth with regard to the distribution of continents
and oceans. The theory chiefly rests on the supposition that the
centre of gravity of the earth does not coincide with the
geometrical centre owing to irregularities of compression or
density ; it also considers modifications of form due to the earth's
rotation and former effects of the attraction of the moon. By
abstruse mathematical calculations, it produces a figure which
indicates in a somewhat vague manner the general lie of the
land, and thus gives to itself some locus stand i ; but so many
minor causes must have operated on the distribution of land and
water (even if we leave out the sensational theory that Australia
was a huge meteorite which fell into the sea and formed a new
continent !) that it would be impossible for any theory of their
origin to determine their present arrangement accurately. To
come to facts in this country there are several societies which aim
at the preservation of tracts of land containing special features
of interest, such as special plants and animals or ancient build-
ings ; one of the societies which has been brought more than
others into contact with our Club, and whose secretary is one of
our members, is the " National Trust for the Preservation of
Places of Historic Interest and Natural Beauty." I have already
alluded to this work in Germany, which is there carried out by
PRESIDENT S ADDRESS. CXV.
the State. Whether a similar plan would be desirable in England
is perhaps doubtful, and is not likely to be adopted whilst these
societies flourish. It is wished to rescue a part of Marlborough
downs containing Sarsen stones, something like our Valley of
Stones near Bridehead, as they are being broken up. Fortunately
our example is quite safe so long as it remains in the hands of
its present owner. The New Zealand Government proposes to
set apart the small island of Kapiti for preserving, in their natural
state, the rarer animals and plants of that unique country, as it
has in the past other suitable islands, as well as immense tracts
containing fine scenery or other special features. In this con-
nection I might allude to the Photographic Survey which it was
urged at the British Association that Field Clubs should under-
take. Several clubs appeared, from the report of the discussion,
to have done something towards this object ; but the one which
had distinctly done the most in the matter, according to its
worthy representative, Mr. Alfred Pope, who by no means
exaggerated the facts in what he said, was, I am pleased to say,
the Dorset Field Club. The Survey Committee has now been
reorganised, and no doubt many useful photographs might be
procured by our Members at the summer meetings as well as
in their own localities. It is intended at the forthcoming Inter-
national Geographical Congress at Geneva to bring forward the
subject of geographical names in the hope that some Inter-
national agreement may be arrived at in their spelling. It appears
to me, in the first place, that each country has a right to spell its
name as it pleases, and London, for instance, should be so spelt
in France, and not called Londres. As to African and similar
names, they present a serious difficulty which it is to be hoped
that the Congress will surmount.
ARCHAEOLOGY AND ANTHROPOLOGY.
My notes on this subject may fitly begin with a congratulation
to Mr. C. S. Prideaux on his valuable work in preserving so
cxvi. PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS.
much of the history of the extensive ancient cemetery on the
property of Mr. F. J. Barnes at Portland. The slightly raised
barrow covered a large surface of ground destined for quarrying.
It was surrounded by a ditch, and contained a large number,
probably 100 to 200, of urn burials. I look forward to having a
paper on the subject next winter from Mr. Prideaux. In the
same part of Portland a dene hole was uncovered, which it was
suggested should be removed bodily and preserved for the
museum ; but a difficulty having arisen about space, it is hoped
that it may still be preserved in private hands, as the exigencies
of quarrying would not permit of its preservation in situ. The
visible portion of this dene hole was only about 4ft. 6in. high,
and 4ft. Sin. in diameter at the bottom internally, the top being
about i sin. below the surface; but it appeared as if it were
partly filled with earth. It was beehive-shaped, exactly like the
illustration in Damon's " Geology." At Woolwich some dene
holes have lately been found of far larger dimensions situated
at a depth of 50 feet. An archaeological survey of Wales is
projected, and such fresh ground should yield many interesting
results. Explorations in Turkestan have discovered cities buried
in the 3rd century of our era, and brought to light inscriptions of
that date on frescoes, silk, and wooden tablets with clay seals,
mostly from Graeco-Roman intagli. A German expedition to
Java has met with implements and other traces of early man, but
has not succeeded in finding any remains of the monkey- like
man, or man- like monkey, Pithecanthropus^ bones of which were
discovered in that region some years ago. The Americans have
been energetic in investigating the ethnology of the Philippines,
but little is known of the aborigines, who were destroyed by the
Spaniards, except from their pottery and stone carvings, which
indicate considerable culture. Rough implements of stone and
bone have also been found in Ceylon, made by the Veddahs,
apparently of Palaeolithic date. An important discovery has
been made in the Portel cave, of more than 40 paintings of
Palaeolithic date on the walls, done in black or red, in line and
flat wash. Amongst these are two men in profile. Others
PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS. cxvii.
represent bison and reindeer, and a good many are of horses. A
book of 1769 (Newbery's compendious history of the world) is
quoted as containing one of the earliest specific descriptions of a
Neolithic implement, a stone axe, found in this country. I
should have thought that there were earlier ones. Perhaps some
of our Members can refer me to one. In Egypt, that land of
unending archaeological discovery, it has been decided to make
an extensive dam at Assouan, which will increase the water
supply, but will submerge the temple of Philae and many other
important monuments of antiquity. It is proposed, therefore,
first to make a careful archaeological survey, and to do such
repairs and strengthening to buildings as may ensure their safety
before the dam is constructed. Two interesting tombs recently
brought to light are said to be those of two Queens, Tii and
Ta-Usert, though considerable doubt appears to attach to the
identification of the former. Queen Tii was the daughter of
Yuaa and Tuaa, whose tomb, found some time ago, contained
such remarkable treasures. In the present case the mummy of
the celebrated Queen had, it is supposed, been removed under a
subsequent dynasty from the place of her original burial about
1400 B.C. ; and the sepulchral furniture, as well as the mummy,
had suffered much from the disturbance. In the second case,
that of the tomb of Queen Ta-Usert, a quantity of beautiful gold
and silver jewellery was found in the tomb. An ancient die used
for coinage, of a date about 400 B.C., was some time ago placed
in the Athens Museum, and is an object of the greatest rarity. It
is made of very hard bronze. To turn to our own country, some
pigmy flint implements have been found at Bungay in Suffolk,
associated with a polished stone axe, which defines them as
Neolithic, and an interesting chariot burial has also been met
with at Hunmanby in Yorkshire. At the bottom of the grave
was a wooden shield covered with thin bronze plates. Portions
of the chariot, a bronze bit, and two teeth of a horse were
recovered. At the Pre-historic Congress held in France last
August, the orientation of megaliths for a set purpose was
generally accepted, and the work lately done in England in that
CXV111. PRESIDENT S ADDRESS.
connection was discussed. It is suggested that cromlechs were
not, as has been supposed, originally made for burial places, but
for habitation. This seems not improbable from their structure.
A MS. has recently been discovered in the Bibliotheque Nationale
of France which is supposed to be a portion of the Opus tertium
of Roger Bacon, and indicates a clear knowledge of the compo-
sition and explosive power of gunpowder before the middle of
the i 3th century.
GENERAL.
I hardly know in what section to mention the phenological
results of the year, as meteorology, zoology, and botany all have
claims on them. Fortunately, there is a refuge under " General."
In regard to phenology, or first appearances of birds, insects,
and flowers as regards the Biitish Isles, the swallow, cuckoo, and
nightingale were all late in arriving in 1907, and wild flowers
behind their average dates in appearing. Potatoes, apples,
pears, and strawberries were deficient, but most crops good.
Proposals to improve and simplify the calendar by making one
day in each year and a second day in leap year dies non, and by
other re-arrangements, have been brought forward, but for many
reasons it is to be hoped that they will continue to receive as
little support as they appear to have already done.
A sign of the growth of interest in the subjects dealt with by
our Club is the extension of the British Museum buildings, the
greater part of the money being provided by the nation, the
foundation stone having been laid by the King last June. On
the other hand, it is to be regretted that the number of visitors
to the Museum has decreased. The opposite is, however,
fortunately the case with our Dorset Museum, thanks to the
excellent management of the Curator and the attractions of the
exhibits. Lastly, I would offer my congratulations to all the
Members of our Club on the fact that it has attained a roll of
membership probably never dreamt of by its founders in 1875.
1 can only hope that, now it has reached the limit which has
PRESIDENT S ADDRESS. CX1X.
been placed upon its numbers, it will be the aim of each Member
to improve its intellectual quality by carefully selecting the best
amongst the candidates proposed, and still more by doing all he
or she can personally to raise its position in the scientific
world.
THE LATE REGINALD BOSWORTH SMITH, M.B.
The Dorset Field Club has, in common with the whole
County, suffered a grievous loss in the death of Reginald
Bosworth Smith. A just appreciation of his life and character
is a task which only one of his own generation, one whose
knowledge of him had been close and intimate throughout life,
could adequately perform. Yet to have known him as my
nearest neighbour and ever warm-hearted friend for ten years
past, may justify me in acceding to the Editor's suggestion, that
I should write a brief sketch of his remarkable and attractive
personality.
It is, perhaps, hardly necessary to remind the readers of these
Proceedings that he was a son of Canon Reginald Smith, and was
born (June 28th, 1839), at West Stafford Rectory, the Old
Thatched Rectory as it will henceforth be known to all readers
of his delightful book on birds. In 1849 he went to Milton
Abbas Grammar School, of which the Rev. James Penny, who
still survives him, was headmaster. On the first occasion on
which I ever met him at Bingham's Melcombe, this venerable
preceptor was there too, and very touching it was to note the
pride of the old man in his brilliant and successful pupil,
and the close ties of affection and happy memories which
still united them. From Blandford he passed to Marlborough,
THE LATE REGINALD BOSWORTH SMITH, M.A. CXX1.
and from Maryborough to Corpus, as a Scholar, and later (1863),
to Trinity College, Oxford, as a Fellow. His old school at
Marlborough was very proud of him, and, as a Governor, he had
no small influence in the appointment of the present Head-
master. Indeed, it was largely though, doubtless, he himself
was quite unconscious of the fact through his own reputation
as a loyal Churchman and successful schoolmaster, who had in
his own person demonstrated that a layman may have just as
deep and real a religious influence on his pupils as a clergyman,
that in this last appointment to the Headmastership of Marl-
borough the tradition that the Head should be in holy orders
was, for the first time, set aside.
After holding his Fellowship for two years he married, having
accepted an appointment as a master at Harrow School under
Dr. Butler, now Master of Trinity College, Cambridge. Here
he remained for 37 years, and during that period enshrined
himself in the hearts and affections of a multitude of Harrow
boys, now scattered all over the world. His house at Bing-
ham's Melcombe is a veritable museum of curiosities from all
parts of the globe, many of them sent as tributes of affection
and respect by old boys. Of this period of his life, however, I
do not possess any knowledge at first hand, but I have been
permitted to read many of the hundreds of affectionate letters
from old Harrovians which his death called forth. These show
that he left behind him a monumenltim cere perennius in the hearts
and affections of his old pupils. Let me (by kind permission)
quote almost at random phrases like the following: "Everybody
loved Mr. Bosworth Smith, and I never heard anybody say
anything that was not good of him." "When I had caught
something of his enthusiasm for Nature, I learned to love birds
and flowers far more than before." " He drew out all that was
best in me. His character was such a wonderful combination of
strength and tenderness that those who knew him could not help
loving him."
" During all the years that he was at Harrow," observes the
writer of the full and sympathetic notice of his life in the Dorset
CXXli. THE LATE REGINALD fcOSWORTH SMITH, M.A.
Count v Chronicle for October 22nd, 1908, "he was wise enough
not to allow his school work and the oversight of his house to
absorb all his attention. He always had many wide outside
interests. These years were years of great literary activity ; and,
when one contemplates the number of the books, pamphlets,
occasional articles, and letters to the public Press upon current
topics that issued from his pen, one cannot but wonder how so
busy a man found time to produce so much, and of such quality,
and one recalls the paradoxical observation that ' the busy man
has the time 'or makes it."
One of his old pupils writes that he might be called " one of
the greatest of modern historians. His works, ' Mohammed and
Mohammedanism,' 'Carthage and the Carthaginians,' and 'The
Life of Lord Lawrence,' are classics."
A few years before leaving Harrow he purchased the romantic
old house in which he ended his days, Bingham's Melcombe.
Here in "the rambling old Plantagenet and Tudor building, with
its lovely oriel in mellow Hani Hill stone, its ancient bowling
green with the immemorial yew hedges and culver," he made a
new home for himself and his family a home that with the
passage of every year became dearer. How great was his
delight in Bingham's Melcombe those can judge who have read
that charming chapter of " Bird Life and Bird Lore," entitled
" The Old Manor House."
This book on birds was one of the principal fruits of his
retirement, and the writing of it afforded him the keenest interest
and enjoyment. It was the result of most careful and minute
observation, and was, like all his literary work, clothed in that
rhythmical and euphonious language which gives his style such a
unique and striking character. His intense pleasure in watching
the flight of birds was vividly brought home to me in a walk to
Bagber Wood, a copse which lies between Bingham's Melcombe
and Milborne S. Andrew, in which thousands of starlings were
wont at that time of year to settle for the night. This walk bore
fruit in his admirable description of the graceful evolutions of
these homing birds. And his account of how he took his first
THE LATE REGINALD BOSWORTH SMITH, M.A. CXXlll.
raven's eggs from a nest in the fir-trees on the well-known local
landmark of Badbury Rings " may prove, in time to come,
comparable in historic interest with Gilbert White's description
of the nesting of the honey-buzzard in the Selborne Woods."
In 1902 he was elected a member of the Dorset Field Club
and shortly afterwards a Vice-President, and it was in this, the
later period of his life, that most of the members of the Club,
like myself, became acquainted with him, and enjoyed his friend-
ship. And what a privilege it is to be able to look back on such
a friendship ! A very old friend observes of him : "Few men
have had so wide a circle of attached friends, for not many have
the same gifts which so endeared him to all who knew him."
Another lifelong friend recalls the " walks and talks and
communings which make up the best of one's life." What,
then, were those " gifts which so endeared him to all who knew
him " ? To those who only knew him slightly, perhaps, the
most attractive feature in his personality was his unfailing
courtesy and kindness of manner ; to those who knew him
more intimately it was that which underlay the courtesy, viz., his
warm affectionate heart. And a special place in that heart
was doubtless reserved for Dorset and everything connected
with Dorset. " He had that wonderful gift which won all
hearts." if I may quote from a memorial sermon, "of putting
himself in touch with each one of us, and making even the
humblest feel that he loved them. The labourer, for instance,
felt as he talked with him that he was not separated from him by
that indefinable barrier which too often, alas ! separates class
from class. It was simply a brother man who entered so
sympathetically into their lives."
To show that this unique sympathy was felt and appreciated
far even beyond the bounds of Christendom, I make another
quotation from a letter just received by Mrs. Bosworth Smith,
bearing the signatures of three distinguished negro gentlemen in
West Africa :
" Representing the Muslim community of Sierra Leone, the
undersigned beg most respectfully to convey to you on its behalf
CXX1V. THE LATE REGINALD ROSWORTH SMITH, M.A.
the deep feeling of sorrow with which it has learned of the death
of your beloved husband who has laboured so much and so
successfully in the cause of the religion they profess. May God
accept him and cool his resting place ! They had hoped that
such a worker as your husband would have lived almost for ever
in this world, but it has not so pleased God, and He has taken
him just as he was entering old age."
Again, from a distinguished Christian negro gentleman, Dr.
Blyden :
" A void has been left in the ranks of lovers of humanity that
will not be filled in this generation."
His great ability both as a speaker and a writer, which gave
such force and lucidity, such charm and persuasiveness to all he
wrote or said, so that he always, as it has been truly said, rivetted
the attention of his hearers, might conceivably have excited
admiration without awakening any deeper emotions. But there
was something winning in the very sight of his loveable face.
And a closer acquaintance with him deepened this impression.
The secret was, as many have pointed out, that with all his
intellectual power he combined the simple heart of a child.
On several occasions he read papers on birds to the members
of the Dorset Field Club, as e.g., last spring a paper on the
" Cornish Chough and the Magpie." These papers, so charm-
ingly written, and so full of accurate and sympathetic observation,
of racy and humorous stories, and of apt quotations, reveal the
student but without a trace of the pedant.
The loss of such an enthusiast for the study of natural history
leaves a sad blank in the ranks of our members, but it is to be
hoped that others have caught something of that enthusiasm,
and that these will continue to uphold the worthy traditions
handed down to them by such ardent lovers of Nature as he in
whose memory these lines are written.
J. H. WILKINSON.
J^rcBtfccfvtrctC
of g>.
of tfye
at erne.
By the Rev. C. W. H. DICKER.
3rd Dec., 1907.)
^ERNE, anciently Cernel, enjoys a legendary reputation
dating from a traditional visit of S. Augustine to
Wessex in A.D. 603. Its authentic history, how-
ever, begins with the building and endowment
of a monastery here by Ailmer in the reign of
King Edgar (957-975), from which period the
religious community then founded seems to have
had an existence of continuous prosperity until its
suppression in 1536. Frequently recorded grants
of land and other gifts and privileges bestowed upon "the
Church of S. Peter at Cerne " prove its claim to be reckoned as
one of the great abbeys of England.
The Book of Cerne in the Cambridge University Library has
long been known to antiquaries, and contains a number of
Charters which throws valuable light upon English monasticism.
From the Domesday Survey we learn that in Edward the
Confessor's time the village was large and flourishing. Whether
the settlement originally sprung up around the monastery, or the
2 ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY OF S. MARY AT CERNE.
monks found a village and church there in the i oth century, we
have no means of deciding. All that we can say is that from the
1 3th century onward a separate parish church of S. Mary has
supplied the villagers of Cerne with a spiritual home ; and this
we are able to read from the fragments of history told us in the
old walls of brown stone described in the following pages.
Early English Work. It would seem probable that at Cerne,
as was commonly the case in England, there was for the first 300
or 400 years one Church, used in common by both monks and
people. As time went on many cases are recorded in which a
certain part of the building became a monastic quire, and
another part was reserved for the use of the parishioners as in
the case of the neighbouring Church at Sherborne. But some-
times it was considered desirable to build a separate Church, to
which the monks (or the secular congregation, as the case might
be) should migrate and permanently attach themselves.
Such an occasion evidently arose at Cerne, most likely in the
1 3th Century a period marked by many new departures in
conventual building ; the era of the erection of the great
Church of New Sarum. A lofty chancel i9ft. wide, and still
possessing a pair of large lancet windows of well-marked E. E.
character at S. Mary's, belongs to this period.
Thenceforward, for some 200 years, no traces survive of any
further building upon the parish church. Abbots who were
lords of manors had plenty to do with their money in meeting
the demands made upon them for military service, according to
the terms of their feudal tenure. During Richard I.'s time, and
again in 1277, 1282, and 1297, Cerne was called upon to provide
soldiers and munitions of war. This leaves a peaceful interval
in the " Inglorious Reign " of Henry III. when sundry wants,
perhaps long felt, might begin to find material fulfilment in the
shape of new buildings. We may safely then suggest the years
1250 1277 as including the date of the new departure at Cerne,
and the founding of its parish church. From this time it may
be assumed that the two branches of service were entirely
separated, the Monastic Offices and Liturgy being performed in
CERNE. PORTION OF 13TH CENTURY CHANCEL.
ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY OF S. MARY AT CERXE. 3
the Abbey Church, of which no trace *now survives ; and the
people's devotions maintained at S. Mary's. The Abbot would
still be responsible, as Rector of the parish, for the appointment
of vicars and (possibly) the care of the building.
Perpendicular Work. As it now stands, S. Mary's looks like a
1 5th Century Church. It is goft. long ; tower, nave, aisles,
window tracery, stone screen internally, no trace appears of any
earlier structure. On further examination, however, it becomes
evident that the fabric is of a composite character, and belongs
(in addition to the E. E. work already described) to at least four
different classes or periods :
1. Original work in the aisles.
2. The tower, completed somewhat later.
3. Work imported from other buildings.
4. The rebuilt nave, part of north aisle, and south porch.
In various parts of England, the latter portion of the i5th
Century was signalised by the great development of the wool-
growing industry. The old common-field system of farming was
generally falling into decay, and up-to-date landowners strained
their powers to the utmost to turning the ancient " acres " into
pasture, in many cases to great financial advantage. There was,
to use a modern expression, a "boom " in wool, and some of the
monasteries, as well as many private lords of manors, became by
this means exceedingly wealthy. It is probable that this fact
had a considerable bearing upon the development of the fashion
for building and endowing chantries, which became universal at
the termination of the Wars of the Roses. In the neighbourhood
in which we are writing it is not easy to name any Church which
failed to gain an aisle or a chapel at this period. Sometimes the
old nave was left standing, as at Charminster and Bere Regis ;
often it was replaced by a new structure. In Dorset, the
Norman chancels disappeared ; a few Early English ones, as
here and at Buckland Newton, were allowed to remain. Every-
where, Perpendicular aisles were built.
4 ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY OF S. MARY AT CERNE.
The north aisle at Cefne retains its original west front, level
with that of the tower * and some 40 feet of old work at its
eastern end, the intervening work being perhaps mainly of the
i yth century. It is flanked on the north side by a doorway of a
w
somewhat earlier type than the doorway in the same position on
the south, which has traceried panel-work in jambs and soffit.
The south aisle has also its original front and much of the old
masonry, together with a porch, which seems to have been rebuilt
with ancient materials in 1626, according to an inscribed tablet
over the doorway. These aisles have no buttresses beyond the
polygonal ones at their western ends, which are decorated with
grotesque gargoyles heads whose mouths are being held open
by small figures perched upon their shoulders.
The tower may have been begun at the same time as the aisles,
but on the whole its aspect suggests a somewhat later date. Its
octagonal turret-buttresses and broad band of quatrefoil orna-
ment recall the Magdalen Tower, built between 1492 and 1505.
It has an effectively-designed doorway opening upon the street,
with semi -circular steps, and a fine niche at the first storey
containing a statue of the Virgin and Sacred Child. Curious
pinnacles are bracketed out in front of the belfry windows.
The arches supporting the tower on the inside are decorated
with panelling, the tracery in which differs from that of the
neighbouring church of Pydeltrenthide in having the " ogee "
character.
The Nave. It is not without some trepidation that I venture
to express my firm conviction that in the nave of Cerne Church
we have a most interesting example of iyth century Gothic. All
the guide-books quote it as typical " Perpendicular " building ;
even such an authority as Bloxam takes it so without question.
And yet a careful examination of the work shows (i) an
unskilfulness in design and execution that separates it by a wide
gulf from all genuine work of the Perpendicular period in the
* This ground plan (with a flat front) is unique in the district, and here it was,
no doubt, prompted by the exigencies of the site.
CERNE. NAVE ARCADE.
(Probably tf.ntp. Charles I. )
ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY OF S. MARY AT CERXE. 5
church and district ; (2) a number of points of contact with work
unquestionably of Charles I.'s time.
As regards the former, it is observable that the builders of this
nave arcade can never have learnt to set up a true arch on any
large scale. They certainly did not share that magnificent
adroitness which characterised the builders of the i5th century
work in this neighbourhood ; the work is evidently that of
inexperienced hands. Every one of these arches is unsym-
metrical to a marked degree ; in alignment, vertically, and
workmanship generally there is a faultiness which (however
ready we may be to forgive it) contrasts strongly with the work
of the Tudor masons. The same hands, again, are traceable in
the Debased windows of the clerestory, and two in the north
aisle, which may safely be assigned to the Stuart period.
In 1611 the manor, vill, and lands of Cerne were granted to
Henry, Prince of Wales, from whom they passed to Sir Francis
Bacon. In 1617, however, they were once more a Royal
possession in the hands of Charles, Prince of Wales, who held
them until the fourth year of his reign as King. The date 1626
inscribed upon the south doorway indicates a revival of church
building fostered, perhaps, in this case by Royal favour and
munificence.
As to the design of the nave arcade it may have been an
attempt to reproduce previous Perpendicular work perhaps
destroyed by fire, seeing that no other buildings of Tudor date
survive on that side of the street, whilst on the opposite side
apparently contemporary houses are still standing. Or it may
have replaced an older nave, in a style suggested by that at
Pydeltrenthide or other neighbouring churches. In one
particular the detail of the piers differs from these the hollow
moulding taken out at the angles is carried up directly into the
arch, without any break at the capitals. (This is also found at
Piddletown and other places in the county in conjunction with
foliated capitals.) The capitals here are roughly rounded.
A handsome screen of Ham Hill stone forms a striking feature
of the interior breaking the bay westward of the chancel. Its
6 ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY OF S. MARY AT CT.RXK.
style and workmanship have obviously no affinity to those of
the nave it is thoroughgoing, accurate, Perpendicular work.
Previously to the year 1870, a blank wall or partition rested on
this screen, reaching to the ceiling. Old parishioners tell us
that this wall, which bore painted upon it the Royal Anns and
the Ten Commandments, consisted mainly of lath and plaster,
and that the present cresting was placed upon it when the wall
was taken down. There are in this neighbourhood two similar
screens one at Batcombe, which has a crest of much the same
pattern, and one at Bradford Abbas, which is finished at the top
with a moulding.
It is difficult to form any opinion as to how this screen got
here. It may have been in the original nave, previous to its
reconstruction by the builders of 1626 ; or it may have been
brought from some other building perhaps the old Abbey.
This idea is suggested by the fact that the great east window
appears to have been the upper part of a larger window, its
present sill being apparently a transom, through which the
principal mullions pass and become visible on the lower side.
Inside, the splay and soffit are panelled, and on one of the
panels is carved the date 1639. Does this mark a stage in the
demolition of the Abbey Church and the removal hither of half
its east window ? At that time the manor had recently been
purchased by Sir Thomas Freke, to whose family it belonged
until it came into the hands of the Pitts. What is more likely
than that Sir Thomas followed the example of his illustrious
predecessor, and lavished some of his wealth upon the church
of his new home ? Two later gifts deserve mention, for which
Cerne may be also indebted to him a finely-carved pulpit, with
a sounding-board, upon the back-piece of which is a good thistle
and rose design having the date 1640 ; and a handsome brass
candelabra of the pattern seen in some of our cathedrals.
The church has an old (disused) Font-bowl resembling that
of Pydeltrenthide probably of the ijth Century. There is a
good piscina of Perpendicular date in the chancel, also two fine
oak chairs of Tudor workmanship.
CERNE. PULPIT (164O), SCREEN, AND MODERN
CHANCEL ARCH.
ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY OF S. MARY AT CERNE. J
Inserted in the south wall west of the Caroline porch is a
quaint stone face, said to have been the orifice of a chimney, the
smoke of which would issue from mouth, eyes, and ears.
The belfry contains five bells, the tenor being cracked and
bearing an iron plate riveted on it. Nos. i, 2, and 3 were cast
in 1762 by Thomas Bilbie. No. 4 is dated 1747, and the tenor
has the inscription " Come when I call to serve God all."
The story of our old churches is the story of the English
people. In their walls and arches can be found the best
materials of history, for with all its missing chapters, its puzzles,
and its pitfalls the true story of man is the record of work he has
done in earnest and which he did at his best. " Si monumcntum
requiris, circumspice."
at "gfoote.
By W. K. GILL.
( Read 3rd December, 1907. )
one
can
JTCHE long low stone building which stands a little
back from Poolc Quay, between the Harbour
Office and the Custom House, and is
commonly known as the Town Cellars, has
always been a puzzle to the local antiquary.
"Quo molem hanc statuere ? Quis auctor?"
are the questions that naturally arise as one
considers the situation and peculiarities of this
( ancient edifice. Turning to the History of
Poole written by a competent authority, and
too, familiar with all the printed or written evidence that
be brought to bear as yet, we find the following :
" The large building on the Quay, known as the Town Cellars, and
which has been used for centuries as a place for the temporary deposit
of goods brought to the town, is of considerable antiquity, but so
mutilated by time, violence, and alterations that it is difficult to trace in
the structure it-c'i thr characters of its original use. It has been
conjectured that the general architectural features bear indications that
the building was formerly devoted to ecclesiastical purposes, but no
THE TOWN CELLARS AT POOLE. 9
sufficient evidence can be adduced in support of this supposition, and it
is more probable that the edifice was raised by the ancient lords of the
manor as a hall for their accommodation when visiting this burgh of
Poole, or as a storehouse for the deposit of goods imported here on their
account, and of the com and other merchandise taken by them as toll."
This appears to the present writer a moderate and reasonable
view of the matter, which is strengthened by further consider-
ations. The building has quite recently been sold by Lord
Wimborne, the Lord of the Manor, but up to that time appears
to have always been manor property. The writer appealed to his
lordship some ten or a dozen years since to know if there was
any information on the subject to be obtained from the Canford
archives, and Lord Wimborne courteously wrote a line himself to
say that there was none. The earliest mention of the place by
name is in the early years of Henry VIII., when the dues of
" the woolhouse " are granted in the fourth year of that King to
one John Hunt for life. It should be noted that the names by
which the building was known in the past are the Woolhouse,
the King's Hall, and the Town Cellars. The town was made a
port of the staple by Henry VI., and the special name of the
\Voolhouse would be likely to date from then, the building being
then something like a bonded warehouse. The name seems to
be well established in 1513, and, as the property of the
monasteries was not then confiscated, this appears to tell
against the theory that the building is a portion of an ancient
monastery. The appearance of the place is also somewhat in
accordance with Sydenham's views. Before the mutilation of
which he speaks viz., the cutting of a street right through it
the building measured about i2zft. by 3oft. The plan is oblong
and quite regular. All the doorways open on the Quay side.
The small two-light windows are on the north and south and
west; there is no east window. The style is late i4th century.
The outside roof has been considerably altered from time to
time, as various illustrations testify. At the east end of the
south face a large corbel may have carried an arch over the
street. The Custom House opposite has been rebuilt. The
10 . THE TOWN CELLARS AT POOLE.
comparatively modern stone building abutting on the north side
took the place of a small prison called the Salisbury, and the
stocks were kept here down to the memory of persons living. If
the building was a hall of the lords of the manor and cases were
ever tried here, the prison would be aptly placed, and hence the
stocks being here (which they were within a century and less)
would be, as it were, traditional, otherwise one would have
looked for them in Fish Street, where was the old gaol.
The ecclesiastical appearance of the building is hardly ground
enough to go upon, as, to quote Edward Freeman, " In all ages
of good art men built their religious, their civil, and their military
buildings in the same style " (Norman Conquest, Vol. V.,
page 599). Of course, positive evidence would upset Syden-
ham's theory, but no one has produced any. In fact, the
absence of any hint of the existence of monastic property in
the annals of Poole is the greatest objection to the theory
advanced in a paper printed in the Proceedings of this Club for
1888. In the various papers given in Sydenham we have all
sorts of references, lists of property belonging to the Guild of St.
George, and so on, but no hint of monastic property. The
Taxalio Ecchsiastica of Pope Nicholas (1291), a list of church
property, on all of which the King was entitled to levy one-
tenth for six years for an expedition to the Holy Land a list
drawn up by the orders of Edward I. and likely to be very
complete does not mention Poole at all, because, says Syden-
ham, it was doubtless "included in the entries for Canford."
Had there been so considerable a monastery as the above-
mentioned paper suggests, it is likely that there would have
been a special entry. Another famous list of church, or rather
in this case monastic property, is the Valor Ecchsiaslicus of
Henry VIII., in which is the entry, " Bradenstoke Prior)- Canford
and Poole in the County of Dorset. The rent of assize to the
same 22 13*. 4d. Without deductions." Poole was a
dependency of Canford, and both had been granted by the
Lord of the Manor to his priory of Bradenstoke. It will be
noted, however, that the Woolhouse is distinctly specified as
THE TOWN CELLARS AT POOLE. I I
such before the date (1534) of the Valor Ecdesiasticus of
Henry VIII. At one time the present writer thought that
perhaps the old building might have been used as a hall for the
Guild of St. George, which held some property in Poole, but this
property was taken by Edward VI. and afterwards bought for the
Corporation ; and there is no mention of the Woolhouse as part
of the properties conveyed, nor was the Woolhouse ever in the
possession of the Corporation as freehold, which it would have
been had it formed part of the property of the Guild. The idea
of a monastery here certainly arose at one time from a misunder-
standing of the transfer of the Guild property, as may be seen
from Abbot Gasquet's note in the list of monasteries at the end
of Volume I. of his Henry VIII. and the English Monasteries.
The entry runs thus :
Poole. "A friar}-." No friary : the grant 3rd Edward VI.
seems to have been of gild-property.
There can hardly be a greater authority than Abbot Gasquet on
such a matter.
It is of importance, too, to see what Leland has to say.
Leland, first and last King's antiquary, travelled through
England by the royal instructions with special reference to all
antiquities relating to the monasteries and their relics, and in the
course of his tour he came to Poole. He noted what antiquities
there were the town wall and so on gave such account as he
could obtain of the town, noted " a fair town-house of stone on
the Kay," but has no whisper of any monastery. Would there
not have been something at least of tradition to lead him to
examine a building so noteworthy had it really been monastic ?
Leland's silence is almost conclusive to the present writer. The
paper referred to, however, tries to evade the difficulty by
supposing a monastery, founded by the Countess Ela, mother of
the famous Longsword the Second, who granted Poole its charter.
The writer suggests that she gave up her position of Abbess of
Lacock Abbey, which she had founded, and retired to Poole.
12 THE TOWN CELLARS AT POOLE.
He was unaware of the entry in the book of Lacock that " she
rested in the Lord and was honourably buried in the choir of the
monastery." There is no idea of her having left the monastery
and as to founding one in Poole ; as we have the mention of the
two she did found viz., Lacock and Hinton, in Somerset
would not the third be also mentioned ? This supposed
monastery is got rid of by the device of imagining that the
Black Death killed off the brethren, and it then fell into decay.
The style of the Town Cellars is later than the time of the Black
Death, so presumably it was rebuilt, but how did church property
pass into lay hands ? The Church had a peculiar interest in
such foundations, and was most unlikely to relax its grip, and we
have already noted that before the Dissolution the Town Cellars
were in lay hands.
There is still the suggestion that the place might have belonged
to an alien priory, that Henry V. might have seized it with other
such property in 1414 and granted it to the manor (as his son
granted the land and revenues of S. Giles' Hospital of Pont
Audemer in Sturminster Marshall to his Royal College of Eton),
but this is, of course, pure conjecture with nothing to support it.
Some record or some tradition would have survived at least to
Leland's time, and one only mentions this possibility to show
that it has not been overlooked.
One or two points in the paper already mentioned must be
stated. There is an old inn, called the St. Clement's Inn, very
near the Town Cellars and an embattled gateway at the back of
the yard, generally supposed to be a portion of the wall built by
Richard III. The gateway seems to have been for a water-gate,
as the seaweed was found right against the wall in some exca-
vations recently made. The writer of the paper suggests that
this was really a portion of the wall of the monastery he imagines
to have existed here and to have been continuous with, but at
right angles to, the Town Cellars. Further, there was an old
inn, The Ship, formerly called The Paradise Cellar, abutting on
the east end of the Town Cellars, but quite disconnected, and,
on pulling this down to make stores some twenty years ago, some
THE TOWN CELLARS AT POOLE. 13
of the hammer beams had carved heads, which are figured in the
Proceedings (1888). This building, again, he considers to have
been a chapter house or a refectory, and that the Town Cellars
were the church proper. The arrangement of these buildings
is, however, somewhat out of keeping with this notion. For
example, the refectory would then have been right against the
east end of the church, and, as the doors are all on the south or
open side, the brethren must have gone out somehow from
behind and come round outside their church to get into it at all,
and then under two low-arched doors. Nothing in the nature of
a processional service was possible under these conditions. And
all this on an open and very much exposed Quay, and in an age
when no seaport was safe from foreign foes, for it was during the
Hundred Years War with France.
Taking the whole matter into consideration, the theory of
Sydenham seems to fit in with all that is certainly known, and
with the arrangement of the building itself. The name of St.
Clement's may be only a survival from other days like the St.
Crispin's at Christchurch, and the carved heads are not of
necessity ecclesiastical any more than the pointed doorways and
the cusped windows on the Town Cellars.
One word may be said as to a picture on which some stress is
laid in the oft-referred-to paper. This picture existed most
probably only in the fertile brain of the engineer who spoke of
it. The accurate details reported by him are, to say the least of
it, highly suspicious. Probably he saw a picture with some of
the features mentioned and localised it with a few additional
touches. The date 1612 and the full details so clear after
40 years do not give one an impression of critical veracity.
As at present advised, then, the problem of the Town Cellars
remains unsolved. When the Field Club made its all too short
visit to Poole, two years since, the present writer proposed it to
the members of the Club, and he still hopes that some far more
competent enquirer will give us the solution.
"glofcs on fe porsef
By the Rev. E. F. LINTON, M.A.
(Read Feb. 20th, 190S. )
JTCHE corner of Dorset to which this paper chiefly
refers, of which Cranborne is the principal
village, has not yet been worked out, nor its
flowering plants fully recorded. In my
paper of three years ago on Dorset Plants
(Vol. XXVI., p. 75), some of the less
common species from the neighbourhood
were included ; but many more seem to be
worth reporting or commenting on. The
parish of Edmondsham alone, seldom mentioned in the Flora of
Dorset, supplies a good number, two or three of which have not
hitherto been recorded for the county ; consisting of a large area
of heath land and mixed soils and a good expanse of chalk,
divided by a belt of London Clay, its varied geological character
ensures a varied and interesting Flora.
The names of the plants here mentioned follow the nomen-
clature and sequence of the ninth edition of the London
Catalogue as being in general use. The well-known districts
(lettered A to G) of the Flora of Dorset are carefully observed ;
only, as most of the localities are in District F, that letter may be
NOTES ON THE DORSET FLORA. 15
assumed as the rule where no other letter occurs to mark the
exceptions. I have drawn attention below, under Rhamnus
Frangula, to the correct spelling of the name of my friend, the
late Mr. F. T. Richards, who is not always recognisable on the
pages of the second edition of the County Flora.
Thalictrum flavum, L., Edmondsham. Adonis autumnalis, L.,
has been reported to me as having been found by Mrs. Head
near Cranborne. Ranunculus Lingua, L., near High Hall,
Canon E. R. Bernard. R. sardous, Crantz, Goatham, and
Rumford, two outlying districts of Edmondsham. Aconitum
Napellus, L., in the borders of a field near the Deer Park, St.
Giles', well established, but doubtfully native. A woman I was
visiting near Poole once told me that her name for the Monks-
hood was "Old woman in her bed," adding, as she pulled
the covering petals off, " with her shoes on," the feet being
represented by the deformed anthers.
Berberis vulgaris, L., occurs in a hedge near a cottage,
Edmondsham. Papaver Rhceas, L., var. sirigosum (Boenn.)
occurs here. I have also seen var. Pryoni, Druce, in a garden
in Parkstone, a form with the peduncle densely hispid with
reddish bristles. The ordinary type and intermediate forms were
also present. P. hybridum, L., Kingsdown, near Badbury Rings.
Glaucium flavum, Crantz. G. Chapman's Pool and on chalk
cliffs in Swanage Bay. Corydalis lutea, DC., a weed in
Edmondsham Rectory garden at the foot of walls. Fumaria
Boraei, Jord., Shapwick. D. Wareham. Several of the localities
in the Flora for F. confusa, Jord., need to be revised and placed
under F. Boraei. F. densiflora, DC., Goatham. F. parviflora,
Lam. Cultivated field near Badbury Rings, Rev. R. P. Murray.
Nasturtium officinale, R. Br., var. microphyllum (Reichb.),
perhaps no more than a state induced by drier situation,
Edmondsham. N. palustre, DC., var. pinnatifidum, Tausch.,
shallow pond, Edmondsham. Erophila vulgaris, DC., east of
Aimer. D. Wareham. Var. stenocatpa, Jord., down, N.E. of
Handley. E. praecox, DC., a form, on gravel and on a dry
bank, Edmondsham Rectory garden. Cochlearia Armoracia, L.,
1 6 NOTES ON THE DORSET FLORA.
escape, Edmondsham. Erysimum cheiranthoides, L., very scarce,
Edmondsham. Coronopus didymiis, Sm., alien, Edmondsham.
Lepidium ruderale, L., introduced, possibly as I have found
elsewhere with chicken's food, Mount Pleasant, Horton. Iberis
amara, L., diminutive specimens, said to have been found wild
near Edmondsham. Raphanus maritimus, Sm. A. Charmouth.
This record for the county has been questioned, but I obtained a
root from the locality and grew it, proving it correct. The plant
grew very strong in my garden for one season, but was exter-
minated by the turnip fly.
Helianthemum Chamcectstus, Mill., is said in the Flora to be
common and generally distributed. This is true on the chalk,
but on the extensive heath land of East Dorset it is absent. Viola
hirta, L., var. calcarea, Bab. ( V. cakarea, Gregory), occurred on the
west side of Stubhampton Bottom, Cranborne Chase, in some
quantity over a very limited area, with bright mauve-pink flowers,
and has proved constant in the garden. It has also been sent
me with violet flowers from near Swanage (G) by Mr. Bolton
King. V. lactea, Sm., Verwood Heath. V. ericetonim x lactea,
Broadstone ; between Talbot and Ensbury. Polygala serpyllacea,
Weihe, Goatham and Edmondsham. P. cakarea, F. Schultz,
Harley Down and Bottlebrush Down, near St. Giles'.
Saponaria officinalis, L., Edmondsham. Silene Cucubuh>s,
Wibel, b. puberula, Syme, near St. Giles' ; Shillingstone.
Cerastium quaternellum, Fenzl. {Mcenchia\ Talbot to Kinson ; in
two or three spots near Edmondsham. D. Hamworthy.
Stellaria media, Cyr., var. Bonmana (Jord.), N. and S. of Park-
stone. G. Studland. 5. umbrosa, Opiz., Edmondsham. .V.
uliginosa, Murr., not so very common, rare on heath land ;
Edmondsham ; Corfe Mullen ; West Moors ; Verwood. D.
Morden Decoy. G. Arne ; Studland, Rev. W. M. Rogers.
JMalva moschata, L., PIdmondsham, also with white flowers.
M. roiundi folia, L., Cranborne, very scarce. M. pusilla, Sm.,
was well established for some years on waste ground, Edmond-
sham, but a deposit of soil and rubbish has threatened its
continuance. Geranium pratense, L., under Hod Hill,
NOTES ON THE DORSET FLORA. 1J
G. columbinum, L., Blagdon Farm, Cranborne ; Edmondsham.
G. hicidnm, L., in Edmondsham ; only one locality discovered.
Rhamnns cathariicus, L., hedges near St. Giles' and near
Pentridge ; near Cashmoor Inn. R. Frangula, L., Goatham ;
Venvood. A. Near Monkton Weald, the late F. T. Richards.
The name of Mr. Richards, who was a Fellow of Trinity Coll.,
Oxford, appears in the Flora under various disguises Richard,
Rickards, Rickard, and sometimes a wrong initial misprints
which the author attributed to a handwriting he could not always
decipher.
Genista anglica, L., Goatham. Ottonis spinosa, L., Edmond-
sham, rare. Melilotus alba, Desr., abundant in a brickyard by
Verwood Station ; also in Edmondsham. Trifolium subterraneum,
L., Castle Hill, Cranborne. T. medium, L., Edmondsham, very
local. T. siriatum, L., Castle Hill, Cranborne. T. glomeraium,
L., near Edmondsham, very rare. T. fragiferum, L., Edmond-
sham, rare inland. Anthyllis Vulneraria, L., near Blagdon Farm,
Cranborne ; Edmondsham ; Harley Down and Sovell Down,
near the Gussages. Hippocrepis comosa, L., Harley Down.
Onobrychis vicicefolia, Scop. (O. saliva, L.), near Blagdon Farm,
Cranborne, apparently native. Lathyrus monianus, Bernh., var.
tenuifolius, Reich, fil., near Edmondsham, but rare compared with
the type.
Spircza Filipendula, L., Harley Down and on a down just east
of Handley ; Thickthorn Down ; Stourpaine Furze.
Rubus. The notes on the Brambles will not be of general
interest, but it is desirable to place the localities, which are
additional to the Dorset Flora, on record as a contribution
towards a future edition of that work. R. plicatus, W. and N.
Edmondsham ; Lilliput, Parkstone. D. Hamworthy ; f m. east
of Wareham Station. R. integribasis, P. J. Muell, about Broad-
stone, Kinson, and Verwood. R. affinis, W. and N. Lilliput ;
between Bailey Gate and Foxholes Wood. R. Lindleianus, Lees,
Newtown ; Heatherlands ; Kinson ; Longfleet ; Edmondsham.
R. rhamnifolius, W. and N., Heatherlands ; Lilliput ; Foxholes
Wood. R, nemoralis, P. J. Muell., to which may belong some
1 8 NOTES ON THE DORSET FLORA.
stations recorded under JR. umbrosus in the Flora ; about
Parkstone ; Branksome Park ; Heatherlands ; Longfleet ;
Edmondsham ; Verwood. R. vil/icault's, var. Selmeri (Lindeb.),
abundant between Talbot Village and Kinson ; Heatherlands ;
Broadstone ; Verwood. R. leucandrus, Focke, Parkstone ;
Newtown ; Kinson ; Heatherlands. G. Creech. R. Queslierii,
Lefv. and Muell., Foxholes Wood, in some plenty ; very rare
elsewhere. R. mucronatus, Blox., var. nudicaulis, Rogers,
Lilliput ; Kinson ; Broadstone ; Corfe Mullen ; Foxholes Wood ;
Martin Wood, near Cranborne. To this variety all the localities in
the Flora of Dorset may be assigned ; the type is a Midland plant
as a rule. R. anglosaxonicus, Gelert, Corfe Mullen ; Foxholes
Wood ; south of Hartgrove. R. radula, Weihe, var. anglicanns,
Rogers. To this variety probably should be assigned all the
localities for R. radula in the Flora. I add Kinson ; Newtown ;
near Poole Cemetery. G. Creech. R. melanodermis, Rogers,
near Coy Pond, Bournemouth, on both sides of the county
boundary. G. Creech. R. Lejeum'i, W. and N., var. ericetorum,
Lefv., in Alderholt, not far from Fordingbridge Station ; not in
the Flora and scarce in Dorset. R. Hloxamh', Lees, well
distributed in the east of the county ; Kinson ; Newtown ;
Foxholes Wood ; Corfe Mullen ; abundant near Verwood Station
and on the eastern side of Edmondsham. R. Kcehleri, Weihe.
E. Piddle Wood; possibly the same spot as Mr. Rogers' "near
Sturminster Newton." Besides these Edmondsham can show a
few of the commonest brambles R. idveits, L., R. pulcherrimus,
Neuman, R. ruslicanus, Merc., R. macrophyllus, W. and N., R.
leucosfachys, Schleich., R, dumetorum, W. and N., and R. ccesius,
L. but it can boast of very few of the rarer species compar-
atively.
Geum rivale x urbanum (G. intermedium, Ehrhart), occurs
on the verge of moist woodland in two places at Edmondsham
half-a-mile apart, where both the species grow near together.
There are only three localities for this hybrid in the Flora.
Potenlilla reptans x silveslris, by the side of the railway more
than half-a-mile north of Verwood Station, and also near the
NOTES ON THE DORSET FLORA. 19
field path from the station to Edmondsham ; not in the Flora.
P. silvestris, Neck., is the Common Tormentil. P. argentea, L.,
Castle Hill, Cranborne. Agrimom'a odoraia, Mill., in two or three
spots in Edmondsham. Poterium polygamum, Waldst. and Kit.,
Edmondsham, occasionally as a relic of cultivation.
Rosa tomentosa, Sm., R. rubiginosa, L., R. micraniha, Sm., R.
oliusifolia, Desv., R. iomentella, Leman, R. dumalis, Bechst., R.
luleliana, Leman, R. urbica, Leman, and R. systyla, Bast., all
occur in Edmondsham, and the last also' at Kinson, Longfleet,
and Verwood. R. spinosissima, L. D. Trigon to Wareham.
R. dumetorum, Thuill. D. A little north of the railway near
Wareham. Pyrns Aria, Ehrh., rather scarce, near Cranborne.
P. Mains, L., both varieties, Edmondsham.
Riles rubrum, L., and R. nigrum, L., by the rivulet, Edmond-
sham, possibly from garden seed carried down by the stream, or
else by birds. The var.^W/ceww, Sm., of the former occurs about
Corfe Mullen. Tilliea muscosa, L., Parkstone to Longfleet,
abundant in sandy tracks, also north of Longfleet. D. Sandy
hill north of Wareham Station ; perhaps the same place put in
District G in the Flora. G. Studland. Sedum Telephium, L.,
Kinson ; Edmondsham. S. album, L., on a cottage roof,
Edmondsham. 6". dasyphyllum, L., had spread in 1906 over
cottage roofs near my original locality in Blandford, and looked
very flourishing. Callitriche stagnalis, Scop., C. hamulaia, Kuetz.,
Peplis Puitula, L., occur in Edmondsham. Epilobium hirsutum,
L., with white flowers was sent me by Miss Inglis from (C) east
of Dorchester last year. E. lanceolalum, Seb. and Maur., was
flourishing as a garden weed in Seldown, Poole, a few years
ago.
Apium inundatum, Reich, fil., Goatham. Carum segetum,
Benth. and Hook, fil., seen on one hedgebank in Edmondsham,
and therefore probably occurring on other banks of chalky fields.
It is not easy to see in summer on account of its very slender
stem and branches ; but its neat rosettes of graceful leaves
may be detected in February or March before other herbage
overgrows them. With 7-10 pairs of neatly serrate leaflets it
20 NOTES ON THE DORSET FLORA.
may easily be recognised, and should not be confused with Sison
An'omum, L. (Edmondsham, Horton, &c.), whose leaves have
only 3 or 4 pairs of more coarsely serrate leaflets. (Enanthe
pimpindloideSy L., Edmondsham ; Woodlands ; locally abundant
in the county, but not generally distributed, absent, e.g., from
all heath land. (E. silaifolia, Bieberstein, still wants ascer-
taining, I believe, for Dorset. The Rev. R. P. Murray and
I have independently searched the meadows on both sides of
the Stour near Shapwick and Sturminster Marshall without
discovering it. (E. pimpinelloides is plentiful , in some of the
meadows, which, if judged by the root leaves only, is very
deceptive. The roots need digging up for a safe character.
(E. Lachenalii, C. Gmel., Parkstone, at or near Lilliput ; near
Edmondsham. G. Stoborough meadows ; by the Corfe River.
Silausflavescens, Bernh., a troublesome weed in pastures,
Edmondsham, deep rooting and not easily got rid of. Caucalis
a)~vensis, Huds., occurs in chalky fields, Edmondsham, now and
again.
Adoxa Moschatellina, L., grows on suitable hedgebanks here
and there in Edmondsham, and in more profusion near Cran-
borne. Galium Cruciata, Scop., frequent in most parts of Dorset,
except on the heath land, is strangely scarce, if not absent, in
the Cranborne neighbourhood, though it abounds in suitable
ground. G. uliginosum, L., near Edmondsham in the valley of
the River Cran towards Holwell, and, strange to say, in a large
field, known as Hiles, on the top of a ridge, where there
is no water and only one or two slightly moist places.
The plant usually occurs in marshy places. G. tricorne,
Stokes, abundant and very fine in the summer of 1907 in a
chalky field near Barnfield, Edmondsham. G. Cornfield
between Worth Matravers and St. Alban's Head. Asperula
odorata, L., very plentiful in woods and hedgerows in
Edmondsham. G. Creech Grange. A. cynanchica, L., Stour-
paine Furze Down ; Knowlton ; Harley Down ; downs near
Cranborne and Pentridgc. Valeriana Mikanii, Syme, woodland,
Edmondsham and Cranborne. V. sambucifolia> Willd., common
NOTES ON THE DORSET FLORA. 1
on moist low ground, and known in Edmondsham as " Kiss
me quick." V. dioica, L., meadows, Edmondsham, Cranborne,
and Venvood. Valerianella dentata, Poll., in several cornfields,
Edmondsham. The Common Lamb's Lettuce seems to be
absent. Scabiosa Columbaria, L., here and there on the
chalk.
Solidago Virgaurea, L., remarkably abundant in some of the
woods on the clay ; the wood just south of Castle Hill is full of
it. Filago minima, Fr., Parkstone ; on the eastern borders of
Edmondsham. D. Near Wareham, a little north of the railway,
and about Morden Decoy. Gnaphalium sylvaticum, L., West
Moors ; by the Peat Moors River, near Verwood. In both cases
this rare Dorset plant occurred in fields that had been left fallow,
and would be in danger of suffering extinction under the plough.
Pulicaria vulgaris, Gaertn., was two years ago threatened with
destruction, the ground being already then marked out for
building purposes ; the locality was very restricted. Anihemis
arvensis, L., Parkstone ; Edmondsham ; Blagdon Farm,
Cranborne. Chrysanthemum Parthenium, Pers., Rumford. D.
X.W. of Wareham Station. Malricaria iuodora, L., var. salina,
Bab., shore of Poole Harbour, Lilliput to the Sandbanks.
Tanacetumvulgare, L., Edmondsham. Petasites vulgaris, Mosnch.,
St. Giles'. D. South of Bere Regis with huge leaves, 4ft. high
and 4ft. broad some of them. Carh'na vulgaris, L., "Everlasting
Thistle " locally, Edmondsham ; downs near Cranborne.
Cichorium Intybus, L., Edmondsham. D. East Morden. Picris
hieracioides, L., Chettle ; Cranborne. P. echioides, L., borders of
Edmondsham and St. Giles'. C. Osmingtcm. G. Chapman's
Pool. Crepis taraxacifolia, Thuill., Edmondsham ; gradually
spreading in the county. Hieracium rigidum, Hartm., var.
trichocaulon, Dahlst., on banks about Goatham. Taraxacum
iidum, Jord., Kingston Lacy. D. Lytchett Minster, on the side
towards Wareham. G. East of Corfe Castle. This is one of the
two marsh forms of Dandelion. Tragopogon porrifolium, L., by
the side of the railway on the Parkstone side of the Poole
Station ; an escape.
22 NOTES ON THE DORSET FLORA.
Jasfone montana, L., Goatham. Var. liltoralis, Fr., on the
sandbanks near the mouth of Poole Harbour, a very dwarf
procumbent form with small heads. Wahlenbergia hederacea,
Reichb., on peat banks both sides of the railway, West Moors.
Campanula glomeraia, L., Gussage St. Michael ; Thickthorn
Down. C, Rapunculus, L., given as C.patula in the Flora, but
corrected by the Rev. R. P. Murray, who rediscovered the
plant at Corfe Mullen. Specularia hybrida, A. DC., Cranborne
Farm.
Vaccinium Myrtillus, L., Sutton Holmes ; scarce in the district.
G. Arne ; Studland, near the Coastguard Station. Hypopitys
Monolropa, Crantz, in a copse by the way from Verwood Station
to Edmondsham. G. Edges of woodland on the way from
Kingston to Encombe.
Limonium binervosum, C. E. Salmon (Slalice auricula folia,
Vahl. C. This is the plant which is recorded for Arish Mill (a
fine form !), Lul worth, and one part of Portland, where it still
survives. But the plant which has passed under the name of S.
Dodartit, Gir., is shown to be not that species, but a new one, by
Mr. C. E. Salmon, who has named it Limonium recurvum (Journ.
Bot., 1903, 67, where he has described and figured it). Mr.
J. W. White, who has collected it in recent years, reported that
in 1902 he found the locality, which was a mile or more away
from the L. binervosum locality, had been broken up by quarrying
and that the plant had disappeared. It is to be hoped that it
may be discovered again in some other part of the rocks, as Mr.
Salmon in 1903 believed it was an endemic form, for which he
knew no other statfon.
Primula acatilis x vert's (Common Oxlip), here and there in
Edmondsham. Lysimachia vulgaris, Linn., Anagallis cccrulea,
Schreb. (cottage garden), Centunculus minimus, L., all occur in
Edmondsham. Blackstonia perfoliata, Huds. ( Chlora perfoliata],
not uncommon in Edmondsham, in one field very fine and
abundant ; Horton. Gent tana Pnetimonanihe, L., heaths near
Broadstone ; Goatham, and still more abundant on moist heath
about two miles further east, towards Somerley. G.Amarella, L.,
NOTES ON THE DORSET FLORA. 23
Edmondsham ; Cashmoor Inn. The Compton Abbas locality
in the Flora under C is near Shaftesbury and in District E. G.
campesiris, L., occurs within a few miles at Breamore, but I do
not find it within the county.
Pulmonaria angiisiifolia, L., has been brought to me from
woods about Sutton (Woodlands). P. officinalis, L., survives as a
relic of cottage gardens which have disappeared on the borders
of Edmondsham and Cranborne, and is known locally as "Joseph
and Mary." Borago officinalis, L., Parkstone. G. Arne.
Myosoiis repens, G. Don, M. palustris, Relh., i\f. collina, Hoffm.,
M. versicolor, Reichb., all in Edmondsham. D. The last also,
frequent, half-a-mile N.W. of Wareham. Lithospermum offictnale,
L., Edmondsham ; south end of the Hamildon Hill. Z, arveme,
L., was found flowering in Edmondsham as early as April,
1905.
Cuscuta Epithymum, Murr., frequent between Wallis Down and
Branksome ; Kinson ; Lilliput ; Broadstone; Goatham. C.
Trifolii, Bab., Holwell, near Cranborne. The entries of C.
europaa, L., "on vetches" and "on clover" look suspiciously
like this species. Mr. Arthur Bennett has remarked not long
ago that he never knew of C. europaa occurring on clover.
Datura Stramonium, L., Parkstone ; Edmondsham.
Verbascum nigrum, L., Boveridge ; Chettle. Linaria Cymba-
laria, Mill., Blandford; Wimbornc; Edmondsham. C. Wareham;
Osmington. G. Corfe Castle. L. spuria, Mill., Edmondsham.
L. Elatina, Mill., Corfe Mullen; Longfleet ; Edmondsham.
L. viscida, Moench., Edmondsham. G. Norden Farm.
Antirrhinum Orontium, L., near Edmondsham. D. East Morden.
Veronica montana, L., frequent by the Edmondsham stream.
V. scutellata, L., Goatham. Euphrasia nemorosa, H. Mart.,
Holwell ; Mount Pleasant, Horton. E. curia, Fries. G. N. of
Woolgarston. Var. glalresceus, Wettst., Verwood to Horton ;
Hilly Rimes, Edmondsham. E. Irevipila, Burnat and Gremli.
G. Woolgarston; cliff near Swanage, A. B. Jackson. E.
occidentals, Wettst., Hemsworth Down, N. of Badbury. G.
Littlesea. Barlsla Odontiies, Huds., var. divergens, Balb., along
24 NOTES ON THE DORSET FLORA.
the Wimborne Road between Edmondsham and St. Giles'.
Rhinanthus major, Ehrh., in a cultivated field, Westworth Farm,
Edmondsham. Only one specimen was found, while in the
adjoining meadows R. Crista-galli was the common plant.
Having met with a similar case at Shapwick, Somerset, it
naturally occurs to one to consider whether the common species
can be stimulated by cultivation into simulating, or being, the
much rarer species we call R. major. The Continental plant is
usually much more marked than any British plants of R. major I
have seen. R. stenophyllus, Schur., on chalky turf, Knowlton.
E. -Melbury Hill, near Shaftesbury. Melampyrum pratense, L.,
Edmondsham, and in one wood the var. latifolium, Bab., occurs,
which I have also seen at Witchampton ; in Westley Wood ; and
(D) at East Morden.
Orobanche major, L., Edmondsham, where only one specimen
was found and brought me gathered. D. Strong clumps in a
hollow on the heath between Hamworthy Junction and Lytchett
Minster; between Morden and Lytchett Matravers. C. minor,
Sm., usually on clover, Edmondsham ; Longfleet ; but not
unfrequently on Crepis virens, as near Shapwick and Badbury.
C. On Crepis on a wall-top, Osmington. O. ameihystea, Thuill.,
was in great form at Seacombe when I saw it about five years
ago ; also in smaller quantity at Dancing Ledge. C. Mr. J. W.
White reported it from Chesil Beach, on Eryngium on blown
sand near Weymouth (Journ. Bot., 1896, p. 432). Pinguicula
lusitanica, L., Goatham. Verbena ojfia'na/t's, L., Horton ; Gussage
All Saints ; near Cranborne ; between Hod and Hamilton Hills.
D. East Morden.
Mentha longifolia, Huds. (M. sylveslris, L.), between Woodland
and Manaton, on a bit of rough waste by a track. M. piper it a,
L., var. rulgaris, Sole. G. On weedy allotment ground,
Stoborough ; the same variety as the Tarrant Monkton plant in
the Flora. M. genlilis, L., roadside, Edmondsham. Calamintha
arvensis Lam., very local in the county ; in the Flora noted for two
districts. This, however, is under the mark. F. Talbot Village ;
Edmondsham ; Blagdon Farm, Cranborne. C. Steepleton,
S'OTES ON' THE DORSET FLORA. 25
near Dorchester, L. V. Lester Garland, Esq. D. Between
Wareham and Lytchett Minster. G. Seacombe. C. officinalis,
Moench, Edmondsham ; Bailey Gate. D. East Morden.
Nepeta Cataria, L., very fine, fieldside, Edmondsham. Melittis
Melissophyllum, L., was brought me by one of my Flower Class
from Sutton or Woodlands. Marrubium vulgare, L. Newtown ;
Edmondsham ; not native in either. G. Corfe Castle ; down
between Ulwell and Studland ; native in both. Galeopsis
Ladanum, L., Wallis Down, where it was doubtfully native.
This species, sensu slriclo, is known for three or four localities
in Britain. All the localities in the Flora may safely be
referred to the following segregate species. G. angustifolia,
Ehrh., is fairly frequent, chiefly on chalk or limestone soils ;
Edmondsham ; Cranborne Farm. G. Norden Farm. Lamium
amplexicaule, L., has been seen in Edmondsham, but seems very
scarce in the whole neighbourhood. D. Lytchett Minster. G.
Swanage. L. hylridum x pnrpureum, which may be the same
as L. decipiens, Sender., -occurred a few years back on cultivated
ground by the railway one mile N. of Bailey Gate Station, and
may be expected to occur in that neighbourhood wherever the
two parents are close neighbours. Ballot a rttderah's, Swartz,
often placed under B. ntgra, L., has been reported for G
(Studland) by J. C. Melvill (Journ. Bot., 1903, 217).
Littorella /uncea, Berg., in one of the two large shallow
depressions, which form pools in wet weather, on the W. side
of the Salisbury line a little way N. of West Moors Station ; also
in a similar hollow on the other side of the line at Three Cross.
It has been noted, too, in Verwood by the Rev. W. Moyle
Rogers. There is only one antiquated record for the whole of
District F in the Flora.
Chenopodium polyspcrmum, L., Edmondsham. C. ficifolium,
Sm. C. Re-discovered by Messrs. D. Fry and J. W. White at
Mr. G. S. Gibson's Weymouth locality in 1906. C. murale, L.,
Longfleet ; Sturminster Marshall. Atriphx littoralis, L., var.
serrata, Moq., reported to me by the Rev. W. M. Rogers from
the salt-marsh, Parkstone. D. Growing near the type, near the
26 NOTES ON THE DORSET FLORA.
disused Hamworthy Station. Mr. Lester Garland reports it from
the mouth of Lytchett Bay. Alriplex pa tula, L., and var.
attgusfifolicr, Sm., and A. hastala, L., Edmondsham. Salicornia
herbacea, L., var. stricta, Dum., Parkstone. G. Mouth of Corfe
River. Var. procrimbenx, Moq., Parkstone. D. Marsh near
Hamworthy (disused) Station ; Lytchett Bay. 6". appressa, Dum.
D. Shore of Poole Harbour, W. of Lytchett Bay. 6". radicals,
Sm. (for which S. frulicosa, Linn., stands in the Flora, by a slip
of the pen, I suppose). G. Is the locality " shore near Ouse,"
also a slip ? possibly for Arne, or more likely for Owre. Between
these two I found it by the mouth of the Corfe River in 1897.
Polygonum Bistorta, L., growing in nice quantity in a moist
meadow, Edmondsham. Fagopyrum escnlentum, Moench, casual,
Branksome ; relic of cultivation (for pheasant food), Goatham.
Rumex pulcher, L., waste ground at the back of the stables,
Edmondsham House ; Blandford towards Pimperne. G.
Kingston to Chapman's Pool. R. crisptis, L., var. triganulalus, a
form with three more or less equal tubercles on the sepals ;
Parkstone, on the shore by Poole Park. R. crispus x oblusifolius
(R, acu/us, L.), near Broadstone.
Daphne Mezereum, L. All the records but one in the Flora are
old notices of Pulteney. The Badbury plant which Mr. Bell
reported to me (Flora of Bournemouth, p. 191), proved to be
something else. Does this species survive in Dorset outside
gardens ? D. Lanreola, L., hedgerows and Creech Hill
Copse, near Cranborne. Viscum album, L., very fine and
abundant in the grounds of Edmondsham Rectory on
apple, thorn, lime, and Black Poplar, and of Edmondsham
House on lime ; in plenty between St. Giles' House
and St. Giles' Church ; on Black Poplars along the
road from Cranborne to Handley. These localities may be
included in Cranborne Chase of the Flora, which was more
extensive in former days. E. The only spot where I saw
mistletoe in the restricted Cranborne Chase of the present day
was in Stubhampton Bottom on a large maple tree on the stem
and branches of which the epiphyte had spread by suckers,
ON THE t-ORSET FLORA. 2?
producing scores of separate plants. This mode of reproduction
is well-known to botanists, but is, I think, not often seen on any
but a small scale. Thesium kumifusum, DC., Hemsworth Down
and King's Down, near Badbury ; Bottlebrush Down, near
Cranborne.
Euphorbia platyphyllos, L., in a brickyard near Verwood
Station. The Edmondsham locality, reported in my previous
paper is on a farm in Goatham, where the species was in
profusion in the summer of 1906. G. Cornfield between Worth
Matravers and St. Aldhelm's Head ; this would be a confirmation
in recent years of W. Borrer's former record. E. exigua, L.,
near the Lighthouse, Durlston Head, and at Seacombe, a curious
prostrate form, proving that the plant may have been native
before it became a weed of cultivation. Mercurialis annua,
L., Handley. Var. ambigita, L. G. In weedy allotments,
Stoborough.
Cannabis saliva, L., Hemp, an alien, Longfleet. Parietaria
officinalis, L., Horton ; Cranborne. C. Preston ; Osmington. It
is interesting to watch the action of the stamens on maturing
with a low power. Before exploding the filaments are strongly
bent inwards, and the anthers are crowded together ; as each
matures, the filament flies outward with elastic force to its full
stretch, and simultaneously the anther explodes, and a cloud of
pollen is puffed out. This remarkable process, Avhich serves to
bring about the fertilisation of the pistilliferous flowers, should
be looked for under full sunshine; in the shade the filaments
remain folded. Carpinus Betuhis, L., Edmondsham, one tree
(planted no doubt) in the Park ; St. Giles' Park, a few trees
toward the N.E. corner. Castanea saliva, L., Edmondsham, in
the Park and plantations.
Salix iriandra, L., Bailey Gate ; Witchampton ; Peat Moors
River ; Verwood ; Holwell. C. Dorchester. D. Lytchett
Minster. G. Corfe Castle. 6". decipiens, Hoffm., Parkstone, two
bushy trees, which the making of a new road endangered, when
I last saw them. S. alba x fragiHs (S, viridis, Fr.), two trees of
some age by the rivulet, Edmondsham. This is new to the
28 NOTES ON THE DORSET FLORA.
county Flora. S. pur pur ea, L., said to be common in the Flora.
I think records are wanted. I know it for Shapwick ; Edmond-
sham. D. Near Wareham and towards Trigon. G. Stoborough
meadows. 5. rubra, Huds., "frequent," Flora of Dorset. I have
seen the usual form once, near Edmondsham, and var. Forbyana,
Sm.. by the R. Stour, Tarrant Crawford. D. Wareham to
Trigon. S. auriia, L., Hampreston ; Corfe Mullen ; Uddens ;
West Moors ; Edmondsham. D. East Morden ; Sherford
Brook. G. Littlesea ; Swanage to Corfe ; Creech. Populus
alba, L., by the railway, Poole Park ; Wimborne ; Crichel. P.
canescens, Sm., by the Lodge, Edmondsham, one large tree,
planted. P. Iremula, L., var. glabra, Syme, Kinson ; Parkstone ;
Corfe Mullen ; Foxholes Wood ; Bailey Gate ; Blandford ; West
Moors ; Edmondsham. D. Lytchett Minster. G. Studland.
Var. villosa, Lange, W. of Wimborne ; Lower Barnsley. E.
Shillingston. P. nigra, L. I have several notes of this, but
cannot say now whether they should be referred to P. nigta
or to P. canadensis, L., which is very like it, and occurs at
P^dmondsham. The latter tree is a more recent introduction, but
during the last 50 years has been so freely planted that it is now
perhaps the commoner species.
Jutriperus communis, L., St. Giles' Park, dotted about the turf
in what seems to be a native station ; downs near Cranborne,
toward Handley and toward Pentridge.
My Notes on the Dorset Flora are in danger of running to the
length of tediousness, and I avail myself of the permission of the
Hon. Editor to bring the present paper to a close at the end of
the Dicotyledon*!) which makes a convenient break. The notes
that have been accumulated on the Monocotyledon es, which
include such interesting Orders as the Orchidece, Iridece, and
Lih'acece, beside the Rushes, Sedges and Grasses, and the
Vascular Cryptogams, which consist chiefly of Ferns, will with
what may be observed during the season of 1908 provide
material for a further paper in continuation of the subject. Any
members who meet with flowers that arc new to a district in the
county, and are willing to contribute to these Notes, are invited to
NOTES ON THE DORSET FLORA. 29
communicate particulars to the writer at Edmondsham Rectory,
and, in the case of plants about whose name there is a possibility
of doubt or .suspicion, to dry specimens and send them in to him
at the close of the season, with the locality attached.
It remains only to mention that of the hamlets referred to
above Goatham, Rumford, and Westworth are in Edmondsham,
and Holwell is in Cranborne parish.
(To be continued,)
Dorset (SBcmtries.
By E. A. FRY.
Read February 20th, 1908.
PREFACE.
N former Volumes of the Proceedings, viz., Vol.
XXVII., p. 214-233, and Vol. XXVIII., p. 12-29,
I gave a verbatim transcript of the Chantry Roll
for the County, and though the information
there given is very interesting, stating as it does
what were the incomes of the Chantries, the
value and amount ot the Plate and Vestments
and the names of incumbents or priests and the
pensions allowed them at the Dissolution, yet there is no mention
made of the founders or whence the incomes were derived or
to whom the Chantry lands were sold.
I must first mention that none of the Chantries, obits, &c.,
included in the Chantry Roll belonged to the larger or lesser
Abbeys or Monasteries in the county ; those were, no doubt, sold
and disposed of to the purchasers of the Abbeys or Monasteries
in Henry VIII. 's time. These now under consideration were the
smallest of the ecclesiastical establishments supporting only one,
or at most two or three chaplains, and were founded (where any
foundations are on record) by individuals for the repose of their
souls or other pious uses. They were for the most part Chantries in
DORSET CHANTRIES. 31
parish churches, or in some cases in separate buildings. It is
quite possible that priests from a neighbouring Monastery per-
formed the religious services in these Chantries, but they had
their stipend from the income of the Chantry in which they
officiated.
It is not, however, till the Chantries were sold that one gets to
know from whence their incomes were derived, and I venture to
think that the details given in these sales will prove very
interesting and will throw considerable light on a subject that
has not hitherto been much investigated, at all events as far as
Dorset is concerned.
Hutchins made use of the Chantry Rolls and inserted under
each parish where there was a Chantry, &c., some of the inform-
ation contained in the roll, and he further in many instances
seems to have had the Patent Rolls searched to ascertain to
whom they were sold, but there he seems to have stopped, as no
doubt the detail involved was too great, and it is left to the
present day to record here the details whence the income was
derived.
This and other information is contained in four volumes of Sales
of Chantries, Vols. 67 and 68 of the Miscellaneous Books in the
Exchequer, Augmentation Office, and Vols. 258 and 259 of the
Miscellaneous Books of the Treasury of Receipt, Exchequer, and
from the Files of Particulars for Grants also in the Augmentation
Office*
The four volumes before mentioned, though in different
departments of the Exchequer, are all in the same handwriting,
and do not overlap, and it is difficult to understand why they
should not have been kept in one department. They were
probably made up from the documents on the files as they came
into the office and in no particular order, either county or
chronological. The files have now been sorted under the names
* The Indexes to Vols. 67 and 68 are in the Round Room at the Public Record
Office, and Vol. 260 is the Index to Vols. 25S and 259. These latter have to be
applied for.
32 DORSET CHANTRIES.
of the purchasers and fastened together, which is a great
convenience.
It happens sometimes that words or names or figures are not
clear in the books, whilst in the files they are, and besides this
some particulars on the files are not given in the books, so it has
been advisable to go through both sets and check one against
another. A further process of checking was resorted to by
examining some of the Patent Rolls, for all these grants were
recorded there also. These rolls, however, do not give so much
detail as the particulars for grants and files.
At the end of each grant, which is signed by one of the
commissioners or surveyors appointed by the Act of 2 Edward
VI., and who in the case of Dorset was "John Hannam, deputy
for Robert Metcalf, supervisor," the following conditions of sale
are written, viz. :
To be paid all in hand (or, as we should say now, cash
down). Occasionally some days' grace were allowed.
The King's Majesty to discharge the premises of all
incumbrances except leases and the covenants of the
same.
The tenure to be socage (or in the case of town proper-
ties free burgage).
The purchasers to have the issues (or incomes) from
Easter (or some other quarter day) last.
The lead and bells and woods, if any, to be excepted.
I have arranged these sales in the same order as in the
Chantry Roll, so that they can be followed more easily with
reference to number of book and its folio, file, and the
volume and page of the third edition of Hutchins' History of
Dorset. The information in the Patent Rolls is much condensed,
and those I have examined give no further details.
Under the head of " Foreign " I have put such Chantries, &c.,
as were not really Dorset ones, but had lands or tenements in the
county. I cannot quite see for what reason these Chantries were
included in the Dorset Chantry Roll, as some of them, such as
DORSET CHANTRIES. 33
St. Stephen's College, Westminster, had possessions in many
parts of the kingdom besides Dorset, and it would involve a
tremendous search to gather together all the different properties
belonging to each one of these Foreign Chantries.
As will be observed, some of those here given are not mentioned
in the Dorset Chantry Roll. I do not pretend, however, to have
made an exhaustive search for all those Foreign Chantries
holding Dorset properties, but have noted those only I came
across in the various documents I went through down to the end
of Elizabeth's reign.
Early in her reign a survey of chantry and monastic lands was
taken, which is now in portfolio 22 No. 67 of Rental and Surveys.
It is dated 8 Elizabeth and would appear to be a list of those not
disposed of in Edward VI. and Mary's reigns. Most, if not all,
are included in the foregoing Particulars for sales, and, though
an interesting document, need not be printed here. It may here
be noticed that in Elizabeth's reign the properties were leased,
not granted outright.
As regards the discrepancies between the totals of the Chantry
Rolls for obits, lights, &c., and those accounted for by the sales
or grants, there can be little doubt that the lands were never
sold, except in the instances recorded and owners of other
contiguous property quietly appropriating them. Some few were
"discovered" in Elizabeth's reign as concealed land given for
superstitious uses, but the vast majority being only small parcels
of land, were either ignored by the Commissioners or appro-
priated without anything being said about them.
Though many of the larger Chantries and Free Chapels
appear in the Valor Ecclesiasticus, Vol. I., Diocese of Bristol, I
have not encumbered these pages with the values there given,
since, beyond affording a comparison between the Valor and the
Chantry Roll, no useful purpose would be served, no details of
property being recorded in the Valor.
In many instances the purchasers of the Chantries sold the
lands almost immediately after buying them to other people, and
often no doubt they merely acted the part of go-betweens.
34 DORSET CHANTRIES.
Having now concluded the Chantry Roll which gave the totals
of the incomes of the Chantries and also the Particulars for
Grants showing whence the incomes were derived and the
purchasers' names of these Dorset Chantry lands, there now
remains, to complete the history of the Chantries, to ascertain
their Founders and what lands were given at the time of their
foundation or added subsequently.
Chronologically this enquiry should have preceded the
Chantry Roll and the Particulars for Grants, but I am not
sure if the work will not be somewhat easier by knowing at
the outset what the properties were with which the Chantries
were endowed at the time of their dissolution.
Hutchins in very many instances gives the Founders' names
and dates, but it will be both useful and instructive to read the
donor's Charter in full and to know who he was and any other
interesting facts connected with the subject.
Whether I shall find time to take up this enquiry and focus
the results in a subsequent paper remains to be seen. I shall be
very glad in the meantime to hear from anyone who may already
have made investigations into the foundations of Dorset
Chantries with the view to their publication.
CONTENTS.*
A Chantries in the order of The Chantry Roll.
B Obits, lights, &c., a specially mentioned on Chantry Roll.
* n * M i > > >
D Kino and Sheep.
E Items in Chantry Roll about which further information has not been
found.
F Chantries not mentioned in the Chantry Roll.
G Foreign Chantries.
H Foundations of Schools.
* The larger portion of Section A is printed in this Volume. The remain-
ing portion of this first Section, together with Sections B and C, will appear in
Volume XXX., and the concluding Sections (D, E, F, G, and H), in Volume
XXXI. of the Proceedings. EDITOB.
DORSET CHANTRIES. 35
DORSET CHANTRIES.
Section A.
Details of the properties formerly belonging to the various
Chantries, Free Chapels, Colleges, Hospitals, Guilds, &c., at the
time of their suppression in the reign of Edward VI., showing
their incomes, and to whom they were granted, in the order in
which they appear on the Chantry Roll.
Vols. 67 and 68 are in the Augmentation Office, Miscellaneous
Books.
Vols. 258 and 259 are in the Exchequer, Treasury of Receipt,
Miscellaneous Books.
Files 1583, &c., are in the Augmentation Office, Particulars for
Grants.
Words within square brackets [ ] appear on the Files, which
are sometimes fuller.
DEANERY OF DORCHESTER.
Chantry of The Blessed Mary in Holy Trinity Church,
Dorchester.
Chantry Roll No. i (82) Income 6 15 2
less rents resolute i 3
Nett 6 13 ii
Grant to The Burgesses of Dorchester, i June 2 Edward VI. 1548.
Vol 68. 55 and File 1583.
Cantar. bte Marie infra ecclesiam St. Trinitatis de Dorchester,
valt. in
Firm, unius Burgage ibm in tenur. Johnis
Barrye als Flecher p. Ind. reddend.
inde p. ann. 12 o
Firm, alterius Burgag. ibm. dimiss. Johnis
Feryat [Feriatte] p. Ind. red. inde
p. ann. 10 o
Firm, cujusdam hospicii [cum cariia
(camera) sive mansione dte cantiste]
ibm. voc. Newe Inn cu 1 1 ac. terr.
eidem pertinen. in tenur. Agnet.
Norrys p. Inden. pro termino certor.
annor. redd, inde p. ann. 400
36 DORSET CHANTRIES.
Firm, unius Burgag. ibm. in tenur. Rici
Predie [Predye] p. Ind. (reddend.)
inde p. ann.
Firm, alterius Burgag. cu una Shopa ibm
in tenur. Rici Wagland p. Ind. p. ann.
660
Decayed tents at 10 yeres purchas ^63 3 o
Firm, unius claus pastur.
dimiss. Rogero Andrewes
p. Ind. p. annum 2 6
At 24 yeres purchas ^300 686
Repris.
Reddit. resolut. Ballivis Vill de Dorchester
ut p'cell feod. firm, ejusdem ville p.
ann. i 3
6 7 3
Md. There is no other lands nor tents.
belonging to the said Chauntry other
than is above declared.
The clere yearlye value of the pmisses 6 7 3
which rated at the severall yeares
pchases as above said amounteth to ,66 o o
Hutchins, Vol. II. 390, refers to this Chantry, but he seems to
have added together the totals of the 2 chantries that the
Burgesses bought and applied them to this one. It seems .to
have been founded by direction of John Syward i Henry IV.
The Free Chapel of St. John's in Dorchester.
Chantry Roll 2 (84) Income 913 2
Less rents resolute 228
Nett Income *] 10 6
Grant to John Churchill of Dorchester, draper, and
William Samwissh 9 Feb. 3 Edward VI. 1549
Vol 67, 588. File 1500
DORSET CHANTRIES. 37
Lib. Capell. Sci Johannis in Dorchester, valt in
Redd, domus dicti capelle in tenur. Thome
Shimne [Chimney] p. ann 6 8
Reddit. unius Burgag. cum Stabul. et
gardino eisdem ptin. in tenur. Johnis
Churchell p. ann. 26 8
Reddit. alterius Burgag. ibm cum gardin.
et Stabulo eidem ptin. in tenur. Henr.
Howe p. ann. 33 4
Reddit. alterius Burgag. ibm modo in
tenur. Pauli Roberts r[eddend] p.
ann. 5 o
Reddit. unius Burgag. ibm modo in tenur.
Johannis Weye r[eddend] p. ann. 8 o
Reddit. unius alterius Burgag. ibm modo
in tenur. Thome Belton p. ann. 2 o
Reddit. alterius Burgag. ibm. modo in
tenur. Rici Pridye p. ann. 5 o
Reddit. alterius Burgag. ibm. modo in
tenur Rogeri Andrewes p. ann. 5 o
Reddit. unius pvi. gardin. ibm. in tenur.
Willim. Hallett p. ann. o 6
Reddit. trm. pec. terr. sup. quo tres domus
construct, fuerunt et modo p. ignem
combust, fuerunt p. ann. 1 2
\ 13
At 10 yeres purchas ^46 n 8
Firm, unius campi voc. Lowdes ac cert.
terr. [3 fields and pastures, in Pat.
Roll] in Farthington p. ann. 60
Firm, unius pastur. voc. Duddell in
Puddeltowne p. ann. 40
At 24 yeres purchas ,120 o o
Reprisas
Reddit. resolut Vic. Com. [Dorset] pro
terr. voc. Lowdefield p. ann. 22 o
Et in reddit. resolut. ad Turn. Vic. p. ann. 4
Et in reddit. resolut. ad cur. dni Principi
maner. de Farthington p. sect. cur. p.
ann. 6s. 8d. Rex exonerat
38 DORSET CHANTRIES.
Et in reddit. resolut. Ball. Ville de
Dorchester ut peel feoda firm. Ville
de Dorchester p. ann. 6 8
Et in reddit. resolut. Dno. Regi ad maner.
sui de Frampton in jure nuper
Collegio Sci Stephan. Westm. p.
ann. 53. Extingat
Et in redd, resolut. Vic. Com. predict, pro
terr. in Dorchester p. ann. 2 o
i ii o
At 20 years purchase 31 o o
The yearly value of the pmises 9 13 2
less reprises i 1 1 o
The clere yearly value of the pmises 822
Which rated at the several rates above men-
cyoned amounteth to [less reprises] 135 n 8
Memo, that the said free chapell w th all and singular
the premises to the same belonging is given to Edward
Weldon by the Kings Ltres patent * bearing date the
third day of August anno 32 nuper Reg. Hen. VIII.
during his natural life as in the said Lres patent
playnely appereth and that ther is no other lands
belonging to the said Chapell than is above specified
And also it doth apar by the presentment that thre of
tents, above said have been destroyed by fire and yet
remayneth in decaye And that ther is no wood
growing uppon the pmises.
This free chapel, or hospital, of St. John in Dorchester is
referred to in Hutchins II., 415 and 416. It was founded by
William Marischall, or Marshall, in 17 Edward II., 1323.
The Fraternity of our Lady in St. Peter's, Dorchester.
Chantry Roll 3 (87) Income 9 3 c
Less rents resolute 6 6
16 6
Pat. Eoll 132 Hen. VIII. pt. 2 m. 3.
DORSET CHAXTRIES. 39
(i) Grant to The Burgesses of Dorchester.
Vol 68, 54 and File 1583
Redd, trm Burgag. scituat. in villa de
Dorchester dimiss. John Willms p.
Ind. [reddend.] inde p. ann. 5 8
* Redd. duor. Burgag. ibm in tenur.
Johnis Churchill p. ann. 403.
f Redd, unius Burgag. in tenur. Willm.
Savage p. ann. 26 8
Redd, unius Burgag. ibm in tenur. Thome
Winter p. ann. 16 o
Redd, alterius Burgag. in tenur. Stephani
Edmonds p. ann. 8 o
Redd, unius Burgag. ibm. in tenur. Rici.
Quintes p. ann. 8 o
Redd, unius Burgag. ibm. in tenur.
Johnis Holvers [Holvars] p. ann. 4 4
Redd, unius Burgag. in tenur. Nichi Car-
penter p. ann. 5 4
Redd, unius Burgag. ibm in tenur.
Fabriani Canys p. ann. 6 8
Redd, unius Burgag. ibm in tenur. Rici
Fresw. (?) [Rogi Fryswyth] p.
ann. 10 o
Redd, unius Burgag. ibm. in tenur. Robti
Snelyns, p. ann. 13 4
Redd, unius Burgag. ibm. in tenur. Rici
Pain [Paine] p. ann. 4 o
Redd, unius Burgag. ibm. in tenur. Henrici
Kingman p. ann. 6 8
Redd, unius Burgag. ibm. in tenur. Nichi
Smyth p. ann. 4 o
Redd, unius Burgag. ibm. in tenur. Willmi
Stone p. ann. 8 o
Reddit. unius alterius Burgag. in tenur.
ejusdem Willmi Paine p. ann. 3 4
Redd, unius Burgag. ibm in tenur. Thome
Lochar [Locher] p. ann. 5 4
Redd, unius Burgag. ibm in tenur. Johnis
Martin p. ann. 8 o
Redd, unius Burgag. ibm in tenur.
Nicholai Over p. ann. 8 o
* This entry is crossed out ; it was granted to Rich Randall see (2).
t Md. That this Eurgage is in decaye.
40 DORSET CHANTRIES.
Redd, unius Burgag. ibm in tenur. Robt.
Hunte p. ann. 12 o
Redd, unius Burgag. ibm in tenur.
laborer p. ann. 8 o
Redd, unius gardini ibm in tenur. Johnis
Chinke [Shyncker] p. ann. 4
Redd, unius gardini ibm in tenur. Rogeri
Andrew p. ann. 4
Redd, unius gardini ibm in tenur. Fabiani
fi
Sanyce [Canyce] p. ann. 4
(The real total of this is % I2S. 4d.,
but both Book and File give) 813 8
Reprises
Redd, resolut Balliis ville de Dorchester
ut pcell. feod. firm. ss. p. ann. 6 6
The Clere yearly value of the pmisses % 7 2
Which rated at 10 years pchas amounteth
to ^83. ii. 8
Memor. that there is no other lands or Tents, belonging to the
said Fra'ntie other then is above expressed.
A note at side reads : All decayed tents, and the towne poer.
(2) Grant to Richard Randall of London, gent.
Vol. 67. 589 File 1896.
Pcella Fraternitate Bte Marie de Dorchester valt. in
Reddit. duor. Burgag. ibm in tenur. sive
occupac. Johanne Churchill p. ann. z o o
which rated at 10 yeres purchas amount to ,20 o o
The income as detailed above amounts to ( i ) 8 7 2
(2) 2 o o
10 7 2
as against the Chantry Roll ^8 16 6
Hutchins has a few remarks as to this Fraternity in Vol. II.
387 and 388.
DORSET CHAXTRIES. 41
The Free Chapel of Little Mayne.
Chantry Roll 4 (85) Nett income i 10 o
Granted to Thomas Boxley and Robert Reves.
Vol. 68, iojd. File 1436.
Libra Capella de Lytell Mayne in com Dors. valt. in
Redd, unius acr. terr. arrab. cum decmo.
tarn maior quam minor unius firme
sive capitlis messuag. in Littell
Mayne predict, in tenur. Robi Beste
et Willmi Best fil. ss. pro termio
quinq. annorum et sic duran. vita
Willmi Baker, capellan. incumbent
ibm prout p. Ind. dat 20 die Januar.
anno 30" nup. Regis Henr. VIII.
plenius cont. 2 agn. and 3 1 o
Repris.
Et in denar. solut. prebend, de Preston in
Ecclia Cath. Sar. cum 2 agn. an u
solut. eidem prebend 12
Et rem. ultra 30 o
At 24 yeares pchas ^36 o o
Memo, that this is all the possessiones belonging to the Free
chappell abovesaid.
Additional on File 1436.
Memo, that the Wooddes growing upon the Landes pteyning
or belonging to the foresaid free chappell will not suffice to
make the fences and hedges of the prmysses.
Hutchins gives a few particulars respecting this Free Chapel,
Vol. II. 503.
The Free Chapel of Alrington OP Alfrington, near
Copfe.
Chantry Roll 5 (86) Net Income i 48
There does not appear to be any grant made of this chapel or
its income until it was leased for 21 years to Robert Penruddock
in i and 2 Philip and Mary as recorded in following lease;
though an earlier lease is mentioned.
File 32 No. 60. 25 June i and 2 Ph. and Mary 1569.
42 DORSET CHANTRIES.
Pcell terrar. and possess, in manibus Dne Regnc virtute actus
Pliamcnt p. dissol. Colleg. Cant, et alii h'modi.
Decima in Alringten ptin nuper Libe. Capell. ibm valt. in
Firm. omni. illar. duar. ptm omni and ommodo
decimar. ant 1 et de tempe in tempus
crescend. et proveniend. de et in tota
ilia firma cu ptin in Alrington in com.
Dors. nup. in tenur. sive occupacon.
Thorn. Hardie nup. libe capelle de
Alrington nup. dissolut. dudum spectan.
sic dimiss. Robto. Penruddocke ar. p.
Itras paten, d'inor. nuper R s Phi. et Regine
Marie dat apud Westm. 15 Decemb.
Anno regnor. primo et scdo. ad termin.
21 annor. reddend inde p. ann. i 4 8
A fine of 4 years rent.
Make a lease upon surrender of the old lease to John Burges
for 21 years.
Guild or Fraternity of St. George in Weymouth.
Chantry Roll 6 (88) 6 14 10
Grant to John Bellow, of Grymsby, co. Lincoln & Edward
Streitbury, of London, gent. 12 Jan. 2 Edw. VI
Vol 68. 108. File 1420.
Guilde sive Fra'nitas in Weymouth in poch de Bere * Regis in
com. p'dict (Dorset) valet in
Reddit. unius Tent, cum ptin. in Knoll ac
quaedam anualm. red. in eodem
dimiss. Robto Gregorye p. ann. 1 8 o
Redd, unius Tent, cum ptin. scituat in
occiden. vico de Waymouth pd. voc.
Pytts Howse cum 4 claus eidem ptin.
ac quadam Terr. voc. Bassingboarns
lands et mess, eidem ptinen. nuper in
tenur. Robti Busshoppe in 3 Tething-
lands ac quibusdam alt. Terr, et
Tent, in Wike ac Northover dimiss.
p. Ind. Thomo Samwise pro termo
annor. 40 o
* Mistake for Wyke.
DORSET CHANTRIES. 4.$
Redd, messuag. Terr, et Tenti. cum ptin.
nup. in tenura Roger! Payne in Wike
et Northover predic. voc. Paynes
Place cum omnibz terr. eidem ptin.
dimiss. p. Ind. Johni Symmes p.
termino annor. 13 4
Redd, duorum messuag. Terr, et Tent, ac
ptin. in Knighton dimiss. p Ind.
Thome Valens pro termino annor. 8 6
Reddit. unius messuag. cm. ptin. in Black-
more in tenur. Henrici Michell p.
ann. 40 o
Reddit. unius tent, cm ptin. in tenur.
Johanne Harvest p. ann. 13 4
Reddit. unius Cotag. cm ptin. in tenur.
Johannis Tomlyn de Corfehull i 8
6 14 10
Memo. The Inhabts. of Weymouth above said saieth that the
said towne of Weymouth is distante from the Parishe Church in
Wike a myle and more and that ther is nowe other chapell in the
church of the said Towne of Weymouth but onely the said
Chapell of St. George and that the said Towne of W 7 eymouth is
a Haven Towne and liethe veray daungerous for enemyes to
envade the same so that if the said chapell or living of the priest
to serve in the same shold be denied and that the Inhabitants
sholde be enforced to go so farre to ther parish church in Wyke
enemies in thabsence of the Inhabitants in Weymouth might
invade the same to the greate losse and hinderaunce as in the
certificat exhibited to the Kings Commissioners emongst other it
doth apar' and that ther is no other lands belonging to the said
guild or fraternitie then is above mencioned and that there is no
wood growing upon the p'misses.
John Hannam, deput.
Robt. Metcalf, pticlerem, supvis. ibm.
Sir Frauncis Russell Knte. by his father the L. prevye Scale
hath obteyned the preferment of the premises of my L. Grace
and yet he gentillie offereth to let the Chapell remayne to thuse
of the Towne hereof. I thaughte to make you prevye
W. Cicell.
The clier yearly value of the premises 6 14 10
which rated at 24 years p'chase amounteth to 161 16 o
The chapel of St. George in Weymouth beforesaid to be
reserved from the purchaser to the Kings use.
44 DORSET CHANTRlfcS.
Hutchins II. 445 states that this Guild was founded in 33
Henry VI. (1454) by Henry Russell, who endowed it with lands
in Weymouth, Knighton (i.e. West Knighton see II. 449), Wyke
Regis and Wotton Glanvile (Blackmore mentioned in the above
particular is in Wotton Glanvile).
The Chantry of St, Martin in Winterborne St. Martin.
Chantry Roll 7 (83) Nett income $34-
(i) Grant to Sir John Perient & Thomas Reve.
i Dec. 3 Edw. VI.
Vol 259. 247. File 1866 ;3 6 8
Pcell Canter. Sti Martin in Winborne M'tin. val in
Firm. un. ten. [jacen] in Wintborne cm. ort.
pomer. et gardino eiden ptin [modo
vel nup.] in tenur. Johnis Stephens
ad volunt. (reddend. inde p. ann.] 340
At 10 yeres purchas ^32 o o
Firm. di. acr. pastur. jac. in Charmist.
[modo vel nup.] in tenur. Robti
Stephens p. Ind. [p. term, annor.
reddend. inde p. ann.] 2 8
At 22 yeres purchas z 18 8 .368
(2) Grant to Edmund Clerke, Nicholas Vaux and
Thomas Grendon. 15 May 3 Edw. VI
File 1506 only 6 8
Pcell Cantie Sci. Martin in Wyntborn Martin
in ecclie poch. ibm valt. in
Redd, unius tenti cu ptinen. ibm dimiss.
Johi White p. Indent, p. timo vite
reddend. inde p. ann. 6 8
at 22 yeres purchas .768
(3) Grant to John Churchill of Dorchester, Draper
and William Samwisshe. 9 Feb. 3 Edw. VI
File 1501 only 3 8
DORSET CHANTRIES. 45
Pcell possession. Cantie Sci. Martin in ecclie
pochial de Wyntborne Martyne
Dom. mancois. die. Cantie val. in
Reddit. domus mancois. die. Cantie cu
gardino et pomario eidem ptin. p.
ann. 3 g
at 10 yeres purchas i 13 4
Memor, that there is no other lands in Wyntborne Merten
belonginge to the sayd Chauntrye then is above specified and
that the residue of the sayd lands being of the yerely value of
loos, lyethe in other manors called Aysshton and Charmyster.
The above grants do not account for the whole income as
given on the Chantry roll.
Hutchins Vol. II. 578 mentions its foundation.
Free Chapel of St. Thomas a Becket on the Green,
Sherborne.
Chantry Roll 8 (92) Nett Income $ 2 o
Grant to John Dodington & William Ward, of
London, gentlemen. 24 Dec. 3 Edw, VI.
Vol 67. 1 8 & File 1582.
Libra Capell. Thomce Becket de Laye Green infra Vill de
Sherborne valet in
* Firm. Capelle ibm cu pvo cimitor.
continen. in longitud 52 ped. & in
latitud 1 6 ped. q. valt p. ann. 1 3 8
Firm, unius Tent, sive Burgag ibm cum
gardino eidem ptin in tenur. Robt.
Winchell p. ann.
at 1 6 years purchase % o o
* This is crossed out in File 1582.
46 DORSET CHANTRIES.
Firm, certar. p'cell terr. jacen. in coibus
campis de Shirborne in tenur. Rogeri
Smithe p. ann. 7 4
At 24 ycares purchase 8 1 6 o
Firm, unius Burgag. cum gardino eidem
ptin. in tenur. Margaret Blewe p. ann. 4 o
Reddit. unius Burgag. scituat. in Shirborne
cum gardino adjacens in tenur. Robti
Genyns [Jennyns] de anno in annum
ad voluntat Dni [redd.] p. ann. 6 o
Firm, unius Burgag. cum gardino eidem
ptin in tenur. Robti Talor [Taylor]
p. ann. 4 o
Firm, unius orrei scituat in [Villa de]
Shirborne in tenur. Rogeri Smith ad
vol. p. ann. 10 o
Firm, unius Burgag. ibm in tenur. Johnis
Webb p. ann. 6 o
At 1 6 yeares purchas 24. o o
Total 2 7 4
Memorand. that there is no other londes appteyning to the
presaid free chaple nor to the mayntenance of Jhus masse *
then is above mencioned and that the tents, belonging to the said
free chaple are ruinouse and in decay for lack of reparcon.
The income of this Chapel is not quite accounted for
The Chantry roll gives 320
And the Particulars of grants amount to 274
Leaving unaccounted for 14 8
Unless the Chapel rents 133. 8d. were included in the total
in which case the total is 5 is. od.
Hutchins mentions this Free Chapel in Vol. IV. 257.
9 ( ) Diverse Obits, lamps, &c., in Deanery of Dorchester.
See later on.
* There is no further mention of this masse.
DORSET CHANTRIES. 47
10 ( ) College of St. Stephens at Westminster.
See later on.
1 1 ( ) Stocks of money, cattle, &c.
See later on.
DEANERY OF SHASTON.
12 (98) Free chapel of Thornton in Marnhull.
To Free School in Sherborne
see later on under Foundations of Schools
Chantry of St. Katherine in Marnhull.
Chantry Roll 13 (93) gross income 9 17 4
less Rents resolute 288
nett income ^7 8 8
The lands and tenements belonging to this chantry seem to
have been granted in the first instance to John Cheek and
Walter Moyle, see Vol. 68.19 but the Particulars for Grants, File
1438, gives them to William Breton of London, gent, and
Humphrey Luce, of London, leather seller, and a Patent Roll 3
Edw. VI. pt 4. m. 2 confirms the sale to the latter. As the
wording in the Vol. 68.19 and File 1438 differ a good deal, both
are here given ; there was probably a revaluation made for the
sale to Breton and Luce, which agrees much more nearly to the
Chantry Roll incomes.
Vol. 68.19 (To Cheek and Moyle.)
Terr, et possession, cantar. Ste Katherine infra eccliam ed
Marnhull specans
Villa de Marnhull val. in
Reddit. domus mancois dci capellan ibm
cu tribus pvis gardin. et pom. p. ann. 10 o
Firm, trm tentor. cu ptin. ibm dimiss.
Thome Sowthe p. Indentur. p. ann. 46 8
Reddit. unius tent, cu ptin. et un. claus.
ibm dimiss. Willmo Joyes p. cop. 13 4
DORSET CHANTRIES.
Reddit. unius tent, cu ptin in Kenelsworth
in poch. de Marnhull predict, dimiss.
Thome Forde p. cop. 28 4
Reddit. unius acr. prat, cu 5 acr. terr.
arab. ibm dimiss. Johne Harman p.
ind. 6 o
Reddit. unius claus pastur. ibm cum 4 acr.
terr. sic dimiss. Edwardo Foxe p.
inden. p. ann. 8 4
Firm, unius al. cl. prat. voc. Longmede
cum tribus acr. terr. arab. ibm dimiss.
Johne Comage p. inden. p. ann. 18 4
Reddit. unius cl. pastur. cu 3 acr. terr.
arab. ibm dimiss. Rico Lymmynge
p. Inden. p. ann. 6 o
Reddit. unius pecu terr. voc. Flexhay et
pomar. voc. Flexeors gard. cu 3 acr.
terr. arab. ibm dimiss. Agneto Keynell
vidue p. inden. p. ann. 4 4
Reddit. unius cotagii cum uno pvo. claus
ibm dimiss. Xpofero Joyes p. inden. 3 4
Reddit. unius Shope in Shaston dimiss.
Rogero Yateman p. inden. 6 o
Reddit. unius pvi Shoppe et un. solar cu
duobus cam's ibm dimiss. Johni
Fowler (? Fewell) p. inden. p. ann, 10 o
Reddit. unius shope ibm cu 4 acr. terr.
arab. in Marnhull dimiss. Nicho.
Caylewey p. inden. p. ann. 10 o
Ville de Barwike in com Wilts, val. in
Reddit. unius tenti cu ptin. in Barwick St.
Jacobi in com. Wilts dimiss. Waltero
Curtis p. inden. p. ann. i 6 8
Repris.
Reddus resolut. Dno. Reg. p. terr. in
Safton 2". Extingat
Denar. solut. R'cori de Toddebere virtute
fundar. die. can tar 46^. Sd. Rx. exonat.
Et reman, ultra 9 17 4
Which rated at 24 years purchas amounteth
to ^236 1 6s. od.
DORSET CHANTRIES. 49
From File 1438. (To Breton and Luce.)
Cantar. de Marnehull infra pochiam de Marnhull.
Finn, domus mancois die. cantie cu 3 pvis
gardin. et pomerio ibm p. ann. 10 o
Firm, unius tenti, 6 (?) acr. terr. arrabili
in campo de Marnehull and ac.
terr. in Brodemore, i claus voc.
Hacsbrode haye annex, terr. Willmo
Camell, poke (sic} pasturi vocat
Edwardshaye in tenur. Thomi Forde
p. copiam cur. p. tmio vite s. reddendo
inde p. ann. 28 4
Firm, unius tenti cu. uno le Tenyscourte,
uno ort. et uno claus voc. Worthres
cu ptin in tenur. Willi. Joyce p. tmio
vite s. p. copiam cur. p. ann. 13 4
Firm, unius acr. pti. jacen. in Brodemore
& 4 acr. terr. arrabil. jacen. in austral!
campo ibm & i acr. terr. arrabil.
jacen. in Whitwey nup. in tenur.
Johnis Branker & modo in tenur.
Johnis Hannan, Alicie ux. ejus et
Thome fil. s. reddend. inde p. ann. 6 o
Firm, unius claus pastur. vocat Wood-
crofte continen. 3 acr. in sepali ac
3 acr. terr. arrabil. in campo de
Marnehull in tenur. Edwardi Foxe
p. copiam cur. p. tmio vite s. p.
ann. 8 o
Firm, tocius unius pti voc. Longmeade
jacen. in poch. de Marnehull inter
rivolu. vocat Glower & Shortewood
& 3 acr. terr. arrabil. jacen. in magno
campo de Marnehull pd. cu omlbz s.
ptin. in tenur. Nichi Comage &
Xpoferi Comage p. indentur. p. tmio
vite eor. reddend. inde p. ann. 1 8 4
Firm, unius claus pastur. cu 3 acr. terr.
arrabil. ibm in tenur. Rici Lymynge
p. indentur. p. ann. 6 o
Firm, unius pcell. terr. voc Flexehaye
cu orreo vocat Flexehay orcharde
& 4 acr. terr. arrabil. cu. eor. ptin.
in tenur. Agnetis Kaynell, vidue,
Edmundi Kaynell & Gilbti Kaynell
p. tmio vite eor. reddend. inde p.
ann. 4 4
50 DORSET CHANTRIES.
Firm, unius cotagii adjacen. Cantie ibm
ex boriale pte ac gardino & un. pcell.
terr. eidem ptin. cont. p. estimac. |-
acr. terr. jacen. ppe. gardin. Willmi
Joyce in tenur. Xpoferi Joyce fil.
Willmi Joyce, Johnis Clement junior
& Gertrud Clement p. indent, p.
tmio vite eor. reddend. inde p.
ann. 3 4
Firm, unius tenti cu una virgat. & di. terr.
dco. tent, ptinen. ac omibz s. ptin. in
Barwyke Sci Jacobi in com. Wiltes in
tenur. Walti Curtes et Edith ux.
suis p. tio. vite s. p. ann. 26 8
Firm, unius shope in Shaston in tenur.
Rogeri Yetman p. indentur. p. ann. 6 o
Firm, unius cellar 2 cannrs (? cam's) & un
pu shope in vill de Shaston pdict in
tenur. Johnis Fewell p. ann. 10 o
Firm, unius Shope scituat. in Shaston
nup. in tenur. Willmi Kaylwey & 4
acr. terr. arrabil. jacen. in magno
campo de Marnhull ppe eccliam ibm
in tenur. Nichi Kaylwey p. indentur.
p. ann. 9 4
Firm. 3 tent, cu ptin. in Marnehull dimiss.
Thome Sowthe p. indent, p. ann. 46 8
9 16 4
Repris.
Reddu. resolut. dno. Regi p. terr. in
Shaston annual. zs. extingat
Denar. solut. Rtori de Todbeare virtute fundat. dco.
Cantie in augment, sustentac. s. ac p. dius.
dimmis. officiis celebrand. p. aniabus fundat.
ut pps diet, fundat. 268
Et valet clare p. ann 798
At 22 ye res purchas ,164 12 8
Memor. that ther was pticulars made of the pmisses to William
Fylotte by [virtue] of a warrant dated 5 May 1548.
The Woods and trees growing upon the prmysses wil but suffice
to repayer the howses and matayn hedges and fences of the same,
therefore not valued.
Hutchins briefly mentions this Chantry, Vol. IV. p. 322.
DORSET CHANTRIES. SI
Chantry of St. Katherine in Gillingham.
Chantry Roll 14 (94)
Granted to Free School in Sherborne.
See later on under " Foundation of Schools."
Hospital OP Priory of St. John Baptist in Shaftesbupy.
Chantry Roll 15 (100) Nett Income 4 o o
Grant to Randoll Burgh & Robert Beverley, gentlemen.
Vol 68. 403d. & File 1457. 3 July 2 Edw. VI. 1548
Hospitle sive P'orat Sci Johnis Bapti in Shaston val. in
Firma sive reddit hospitlis pdca cu omibz
domibz et edificiis tre. ten. prat.
[pasc.] pastur. redd, rention. et smo.
ac omibus ali pficuis comoditas et
emolum. qbuscuq. diet, hospitli ptinen
sive aliq modo spectan. jacen. et
existen. in Shaftesbury, Motcome et
Gillinghm in com. pdco dimiss.
Robto Fooke p. indentur. dat in
festo Sci Johnis Bapte anno 36 Rx.
H. VIII p. tmino 21 annor. et redd.
p. ann. ,\ o o
rated at 24 yeres purchas ^96 o o
Memo their have been no pore peple releved by the said
hospitall w'in the remembrance of man but a master or a prior
only.
On File 1457 is the following regarding the woods : M. the
woods growynge in and upon the p'misse be not sufficient for the
repacions of the same.
Hutchins mentions this Hospital Vol. III. p. 38.
The Free Chapel of Milton on Stowep in Gillingham.
Chantry Roll 16 (99) Nett Income 2 6
Grant to Sir Thorns Bell, of the City of Gloucester, Knight, and
Richard Duke, of London, Esq.
Voi 68.33 & File H^- 5 J ul y 2 Edw - VI -
52 DORSET CHANTRIES.
Liba Capella de Milton subter Stowere in poch. de Gillingham in
com Dors. val. in
Firm, sive reddit. diet. libe. capelle cum
tribus claus. 13 acr. terr. arrabil &
omibz decimis ac oblacoibus except
quinq. inh'itant diudum dimiss. p.
nomen libe capelle de Milton subtus
Stowere Johne Mathey (sic) p. tmio
annor. ut p. indenturam dat 1 6 die
Marcij anno 35 nup. R. Henrici VIII
reddend. inde p. ann. 2 6 8
which rated at 24 yeares purchase ^56 10 o
On File 1419 is the following
The Free chapel of Mylton under Stower w th certein landes
ther in the pishe of Gyllingham now in the tenure of John
Mathew (sic)
There be growing aboute the scituaton of the same and in
divers closses thereto appteigning 42 oks by estimacon of 60 and
80 yeres grow wich will but suffice to repayre the hedge of the
same therefore not valued.
Hutchins gives a list of the rectors of this Free Chapel, Vol.
III. 627.
The Chantry of St. Katherine within the Monastery
of Shaftesbury.
Chantry Roll 17 (97) Nett income 6 13 4
As stated at No. 97. The sayd chauntrye hath no lands nor
tents thereto belongynge but receavyth yerely his pencon by
thands of the kyngs Receuor of the sayd late Mon. of Shaston.
Vol 258. i. File 1998. 12 April 3 Edw. VI.
Cantar. Sci Kat'ine in ecclesia nup. Monast. de Shaston, val. in
Firma domus sive mansio. die. Cantar.
cum uno pvo. gardino eidem ptin. in
tenur. Marie Creswell reddend. inde
p. ann 3 4
at 14 yers purchas z 4 8
Memo that there is no other londes apperteyning to the said
chauntrie then is above specified forasmuch as the said chauntrie
was founded w th n the church of the late monastery of Shaston
TJORSET CHANTRIES. S3
and received theire pencons yerelie at the Recevor of the Kings
revenues of the Courte of the Augmentac. sens (since) the
dissolucon of the said late Monastery of Shaston and that the
mansion house apperteyning to the said chauntrie is very ruynous
and in decay bi reason that after the death of thincumbents it
remayned in the Kings hands.
Chantry of St. John the Baptist within the Monastery
of Shaftesbury.
Chantry roll 1 8 (96) Nett income ;s 6 8
(i) Grant to John Cokke of Brokkesbout (? Brox-
bourne) co. Herts, Esq. 2 Edw. VI. 1 548
Vol. 67, 724, and File 1528
Pcell revent. Cant, sti Johnis Bapte. fund, infra
eccliam nuper Mon. de Shafton in com Dors,
pcd.
Cert. terr. et tent, scituat et jacen. in
Chesgrove infra poch. de Tysbury
in com. Wiltes ptinen. sive spectans
nuper Cantie Sci Johnis Bapte
supdict. valt in
Firm. om. illar. terrar. et tentor. prat,
et. past, cu oibz aliis pfionis et comod.
quibuscuq. de terre et tent, aliquo
modo ptin sive spectans scituat jac.
et existen. in Chesgrove infra
parochiam de Tisbury in com. Wiltes
modo in tenur. sive occupacio.
Thome Mompesson p. inden.
Willo Wassape nup. incum. cant,
pdict. dat. in festo Sci Michis Archi.
anno regni nup. Rx. Henrici VIII.
26 to H'end et tenend. onia pd. terr.
et tenta et als. premiss, cum oibz et
singlis ss. ptinen. prefato Thome
Mompesson et assig. suis a festo Sci
Michis Archi. pd usq. fine, et termin.
40 annor. extunc px. sequent, et
plenar. complend. et finit. reddend.
inde p. -anno, ad terminos ibm
usual 40 o
54 bORSET CkANTRlfeS.
Firm, certe terr. arr. cont. p. estim. 8 acr.
jacen. infra parochiam pd modo in
tenur. Johnis Lushe reddend. inde
p. ann. 10
2 10
At 2 1 yeres purchas ^55 o o
(2) Grant to William Place and Nicholas Spakeman 3 Edw. VI.
Vol. 259, 295, and File 1883 i 13 o
Pcell Cant. Sti Johnis Baptist, in Shaston vocat Wassopes
Chauntrie * val in
Firm. duor. tentor. jacen. in poch. Seta
Trinitatis infra villa de Shaston prcd.
cum quoedam pcell terr. arr. jacen.
in Can continen. p. estimac 8 ac.
modo vel nup. in tenur. Thome
Combe et Johnis James [reddend
inde] p. ann. 8 8
Firm, unius tent, jacen. in pocha Scti
Jacobi in Shaston pd. cu quedam
peel ter. jacen. in eadem parochia in
tenura Johnis Sawyer [Senyor] [red-
dend. inde] p. ann. 6 o
14 8
Firm, unius tenti jacen. in pochia. Scti
Jacobi pd. cu quoedam peel prat,
jacen. apud Holmendevell in parochia
predict, in tenura Rici Henburye p.
ann. 5 o
Firm, cujusdam past, jacen. apud
Wittingbridge in ejusdm pochia Scti
Jacobi in Shaston predict, in tenura
Johnis Foyle [Foyell] reddendo inde
p. ann. 1 3 4
i '3 o
At 22 yercs pchas -$6 6 o
* William Walsop or Walloppo was the incumbent or priest serving this
Chantry.
DORSET CHANTRIES. 55
There be no other landes belonging to any of the premisses
the[n] is above expressed. There is no woodes upon the
premisses.
(3) Grant to Silvester Taverner 12 Apl. 3 Edw. VI.
Vol. 158, i, and File 1228 28
Cantar. Sti Johnis Bapt. in ecclia nuper Monat. de Shaston, val. in
Firma domus mansionis dee Cantar. cum
stabulo eidem ptin. jacen. in orient,
parte cimiterii Sainte Trinitatis in
villa de Shaston pdca modo in tenur.
Johannis Cocke [Coke] reddend.
inde p. ann. 28
At 14 ye res purchas i 17 4
The "Memo" appended to the Chantry of St. Katherine 17 (97) applies to
this Chantry also.
Chantry of St. Anne de la Gore in St. James Shaftesbury.
Chantry roll 19 (95) Gross income 14 7 o
Rents resolute 5 6
Nett Income 14 i 6
Granted to Thomas Boxley & Robert Reves
Vol 68. io6d. File 1436 12 June 2 Edw. VI.
Terr, et possessiones Cantarie Ste Anne de la Gore in Shaston
ptin sive spectan,
Cert. terr. et tents in Shaston, Launceston, Todbere & Marnhull
valt. in
Reddit. domus sive mansionis ibm scituat.
in Cemiterio Sti Trinitat. de Shafton
p, ann. 5 o
rated at 14 years pchas ^3 10 o
Redd, unius pastur. voc. Grete Gore in
poch. St Jacobi in Shaston in tenur.
Nichi. Nicholas p. Ind. dat 4 die
Octobris anno 35 nup. R. Henr. VIII.
-pro termino vite ss. p. ann.
56 DORSET CHANTRlfcS.
Redd, unius pastur. voc. Northgore in tenur.
Willmi Colles p. Ind. pro termino
certor. annor [reddend.] inde p. ann. 200
Redd, pastur voc Ruddock [Rudcoks]
Gore in tenur. Willmi May ho p. ind.
[reddend.] inde p. ann. 200
Reddit. pastur. voc Piggs Hays dimiss.
Johne Speicer [Spencer] p. ind. p.
ann. 1 3 4
8 13 4
Ratedat24yearespchase^2o8 o o
Reddit. unius Burgagii sive tenti. jacen.
in poch. de Sci Petri in tenur. Johnis
Barter p. ind. [reddend.] inde p. ann. i 6 8
Reddit. alterius Burgag. cum gardino et
stabulo in poch. Sci Petri in tenur.
Hugonis Jones p. ind. [reddend.]
inde p. ann. i 6 8
Reddit. unius Shamell (Shambles) ibm in
tenur. Johnis Yatman [reddend.] inde
p. ann. 12 o
Reddit. unius tent, cum gardino jacen. in
poch. Sci Martini in tenur. Thome
Dier p. ann. 6 8
3 i 2 o
At 14 years purchase ^50 8 o
Reddit. unius Tofte terr. jacen. in poch.
St. Martini in Shafton in tenur.
Hugonis Jones p. ann. 2 8
Reddit. cert. terr. jacen. in Terrant Laun-
ceston in tenur. Willmi Harvye p. ann. 6 8
Redd, unius pastur. sive p'tis jacen. in
poch. Sci Jacobi in Shafton in tenur.
pd. Hugonis Jones p. ann. 5 o
Reddit. duar. acr. prat, in Marnhull dimiss.
Johne Clements clico p. ind. p. ann. 2 o
16 4
At 24yeares purchas .19 12 o
DORSfcT CHANTRlfeS.
Quodam annual, redd. res. de Johni
Pound pro uno clo. pastur. jacens
apud Castell Hill in poch. Sci Jacobi
in Shaston
Annual red. res. de Thoma Atwaters pro
cert. terr. apud Todbare p. ann.
Annual redd. res. de Robto Eu'ard
[Everyarde] de Woodfield pro cert,
terr. in Todbare p. ann.
At 20 yeares purchas
57
12
18
18
In Donyate Marye & Bradford, co. Wilts.
Reddit. unius tent, cum ptin. in Charlton
in poch, de Donyate Marye in Com.
Wiltes dimiss. Willmo. King p. Ind.
p. ann.
Reddit. unius tenti [cu. ptin.] in Bradford
in tenur. (blank] Griffythe p. ann.
At 14 yeares pchas i i 8 8
13 4
3 o
16 4
Total .14 7 o
pro
dom.
Repris.
Redd, resolut Dno. Reg.
mancio'. ann. 43. Extingat
Ball. Burg, ville de Shafton i \\
et Ball. nup. Monaster. de Shafton pd. 6s. Rex exonate
In toto
At 20 years purchas 193. 2d.
Rem. ultra ,\\
4*
Hutchins gives an account of this Chantry in Vol. Ill pp. 36 & 79.
20 Certain lands for obits, lamps, &e., see later on.
5 8 DORSET CHANTRlfiS.
200 Stocks Of Cattle, &C M see later on.
21 Is a Hampshire Chantry, and although given in the Dorset
Chantry Roll, really has no business there, though the lands
happen to be in Dorset.
Chantry in Langton long Blandford called Guldens
Chantry.
Chantry roll 22 (114) nett Income j o o
Granted to Thomas Boxley and Robert Reves.
Vol. 68, 34, and File 1436 12 June 2 Edw. VI. 1548
Cantar. de Langeton als Lang Blandford voc. Gilden [Gylden]
chantrie in eccl. poch. de Langton, val. in
Firma domus mancion. cum gardino" et
pomar. eidem ptin. p. ann. 6 8
Firm. terr. d'mcalm videlt in terr. arrabil.
30 acr. prat. 2 acr. di. cum coim pastur.
p. 60 ovibus, 4 bovus et uno equo [in
Langblanford, Lyttelton, Caundell
Mshe and Withy] dimiss. Johni Ryve
p. Indr. [reddend.] inde p. ann. 40 o
Firm, unius pastur. in Candelmsh voc.
Wither [Whyther] in tenur. Robti
Shiphurd p. Inden. pro termino 44
ann. 53 4
Annual Reddit suis exeun. de duobz.
messuag. uno carucat terr. 7 acr.
prat. 12 acr. pastur. in Blanford
Martill p.ann. [quondam pcell terr.
et possession. Stephi Derby milit.
et Avicie uxis. ejus. put in fundacoe
ejusdem Cantie apparet] 40 o
7
[Memo, that this is all the possessions belonging to the
Chauntry above said and that there ys noe woods growing upon
the same other then for necessary repa'cons]
DORSET CHANTRIES. 59
The clier yearlie value of the premises ^700
Which rated at 26 years pchas mounteth to 182 o o
The foundation of this Chantry is given in Hutchins Vol. I.,
289, and it is evidently a mistake in the Chantry Roll to call it
Gibbon's Chantry. There is, however, a Gibbon's Chantry at
Litchet Matravers, No. 35 (76) on the Chantry Roll.
The Free chapel of West Hemsworth (in Shapwick).
Chantry Roll 23 (115) Nett Income 2 *3 4
Granted to Silvester Taverner
Vol 258. 3 File 1998. 12 Apl 3 Edw. VI. 1549
Liba. Capell de Hemesworth als West Hemesworth val. in
Redd. 8 ac. di. terr. arrabil jacen. in
Hemesworth & io mar agn. Ian. ac
gran, in Hemesworth pd. modo vel
nup. in tenur. Rici Skovyn r. inde p.
ann. 2 13 4
at 22 yeres pchas ^58 13 4
Memo, there is no other lands apperteyning to the same
Free chapell then is above expressed.
This chantry is mentioned by Hutchins, Vol. III. 168.
Wimborne Minster.
The Collegiate Church or Royal Free Chapel of Wimborne with
its office of Sacristan and its 4 Prebends or Stalls and including
also The Great Chantry, otherwise the chantry founded by Thomas
de Brembre, Dean of Wimborn, 24 35 Edw III. (1350 1361)
was all dissolved by the Chantry Act of i Edward VI., and though
I cannot find any precise statement to that effect I presume its
properties, which consisted principally of tithes (see the Valor
Ecclesiasticus of 26 Henry VIII. 1535), went towards the endow-
ment of the existing church of Wimborne Minster.
There was, however, evidently other property belonging to the
Collegiate Church, forming the subject matter of the 12 grants
given below.
60 bORSfeT CHANTRIES.
The Charter incorporating the Grammar School at Wimborn
is set out in extenso in Hutchins III. 274
College or Free Chapel of Wimborne Minster
Chantry Roll 24 (no) Gross Income 51 5 6
Less rents resolute 613 4
44 12 2
Less fees 668
Nett Income ^38 5 6
(i) Grant to Thomas Reve, John Johnson & Henry Herdson.
Vol 259. 281. File 1904. i Feb. 4 Edw. VI. 1550
Pcell. possession, nup. Collegii sive Libi. Capelle de Wymborn
aliorm. vocat Wymborne Mynster.
Cert. terr. et past, in parochia de Wymborne predict, val. in
Finn. om. et singlor. terr. et pastur. cm.
ptinen. vocat " The Deanes Leases "
continen. 70 acs.
Ac etiam unius prati vocat The Deanes
mede continen. 30 acr.
Duo claus. prati eidem adjacen. unde un.
vocat " Barne close " cu. orreo et
stabulo eandem continen. 10 acr. terr.
et altior. vocat " The Ponde Close "
continen. 5 ac.
Necnon un. acr. terr. vocat. " Catborough
[Cutboro] acre" cu pertinen. in
paroch. de Wymborne sic dimiss.
Willmo. Wynce [ ? Wynne] et Rndo
Walker p. Indent, dat. 16 die
Februarie anno 32 nup. R. H. VIII
pro termino 2 1 annor. reddend. inde
p. ann. ^"i i 1 1 4
at 22 yearespchase ^254 9 4
Memo that there is no wodds upon the pmiss sufficient for the
reparacons thereof.
(2) Grant to James & John Bysse.
File No 1466 15 May 7 Edw. VI. 1553
DORSET CHANTRIES. 6 1
Pcell. nuper. Colleg. sive Libe Capelle regie in Wymborne
predca val. in
Reddu. cert tr. jacen. ppe. Canforde
bridge in tenur. Johnis Watman. p.
ann. 6
Reddu. unius pvi claus. pastur. in Westrete
modo vel nup. in tenur. Robti
Towneley p. ann. 2 o
^ 6
at 23 yeres pchas 2 17 6
Memo that this be the first pticlers that I have made of the
premisses. There are no wooddes trees or underwooddes growing
in or upon the premises or anie pte or pcell thereof other than
maye suffice for kepinge and fencing of the same and therefore
here valued at nill.
(3) Grant to Thomas Reve.
File 1898. 7 June 7 Edw. VI.
Pell Decim. pertin. nup. Decano Colleg.
de Wymborn, valt. in
Firm, omi decim. in Bradford Briand in
pochia de Wymborne pdict. dimiss.
Johni Godard p. Indentur. dat. 4* die
Novembris anno regni nup. Rs.
Henrici VIII. 2o mo p. tmio 41 annor.
reddend. inde p. ann. 2 3 8
At 22 yrs pchas ^48 o 8
Memo that the pmisses is not pcell of any of the Kings mat ies
manors nor lieth nere any of his graces forests parks or chases
nor any of his Hghnes howses resved by a kp. by the distaunce
of 4 myles.
(4) Grant to Lord Clinton.
File 1515 27 May 6 Edw. VI.
Pcell possess, collegii sive Libe Capelle
de Wymborne alias Wymborne
Mynster
Firm, domus mancon. colleg. sive libe
capell. Regie de Wymborne als
Wymborne Mynster valt in
62 DORSET CHANTRIES.
Firm, domus mano. collegii sive libe
capelle pdict cum domibus stabulis
edificiis structur. gardin. ort. pomar.
eidm mane, ptinen. sive spectan.
modo in occupacone Willmi Wynne
reddend. inde p. ann. \
(No valuation figures.)
(5) Grant to Thomas Reve & George Cotton.
File 1901. 20 Feb. 7 Edw. VI.
- Pcell. possession nup. Collegii de Wymborne in com, Dors.
West Preston als diet. Litle Preston infra pochiam de
Wymborne, valt. in
Firm, unius tenti cu ptinen in West
Preston als diet. Litle Preston infra
pochiam de Wymborne pdict. in
tenur. Georgii Lovell reddendo inde
p. ann. 8 o
at 25 yeares pchase 10 o o
Memo that the pmysses abovesaid ar not pcell of eny of the
Kings mat ies manors nor lyeth w th in eny of his Highnes honours
and lieth from eny of his Highnes houses kept by a kep. forestes
pkes or chaces the distaunce of 4 myles.
(6) Grant to Thomas Reve & George Cotton.
File 1902 7 May 7 Edw. VI 1553
Pcell. possession, nup. Colleg. sive Libe. Capelle Regie de
Wymborne Mynster in com. Dorset.
Wymborne Mynster, valt. in
Redd, unius horrei apud Colhille cu cert.
terr. in tenur. Isabelle Jerarde vidue
nup. ux. Rici Jerarde p. ann. 5 i
Redd. cert. terr. vocat " Fynchecombe "
m vel nup. in tenur. Robti Towneley
p. ann. 3 4
Redd, unius pvi claus. contin. una acr.
pastur. p. estimac. nup. in tenur.
Thome Nele et modo in tenura
Johnis Hannam armig. p. ann. i 8
Redd. cert. terr. arrabil. p. estimac. 12
acr. modo vel nup. in tenur. Agnet.
Oringe vidue p. ann. 24
DORSET CHANTRIES. 63
Redd, sepalis. piscar. aque ibm m vel
nuper in tenur. Jacobi Wurseley p.
ann. 3 4
Redd, unius claus apud Est broke contin.
p. estimac. una. acram modo vel nup.
in tenur. Radd. Wurseley p. ann. 2 o
Redd, unius pcell. terr. contin. p. est.
dimid. acr. pastur. modo vel nup. in
in tenur. Richi. Allen p. ann. i o
At 25 yeres pchase ^51 7 i
Memor. that this be the first pticulares that I have made of
this premises.
HENR. LEKE.
There is growing in and upon the pre-
misses 20 okes of 40 to 60 yeres
growth valued at 6d the pece and all
the residue of the woods growing
upon the same premisses not here
valued will barely suffice to repaire
and maintaine the same 10 o
(7) Grant to Roger Bury
File 2131 5 May, 2 Mary 1554
Pcell. Collegii sive Libe Capelle Regie de Wymborne Mynster
valt. in
Redd. cert. terr. in Ligh in pochia de
Wymborne modo vel nup. in tenur.
Robti Rugyons p. ann. 14 8
Redd, unius pcell. terr. in Wymborne in
tenur. Jacobi Wever reddend. inde
p. ann. i o
Redd, unius claus in Wymborn in
tenur. Robti Towneley reddend. inde
p. ann. zs
15 8
At 23 yeres pchase 21 10 4
64 DORSET CHANTRIES.
(8) Grant To Thomas Reve & Giles Isham
File 2222 15 July 2 Mary 1554.
Cert. Pcell. terre jacen. infra pochiam de Wymborne Mynster
pcell. possession, nuper Colleg. sive Libe Capell. Regie ibm.
fundat, valt. in
Redd. cert. terr. vocat. Milhms jacen. et
existen. infra, poch. de Wymborne
pd. in ten. Jacobi Worseley p.
ann. 3 4
Redd. cert. terr. ibm. in tenur. Edmundi
Rugions. p. ann. i 4
Redd. cert. tr. ibm in tenur. Johnis Psons
p. ann. 4 o
Redd. cert. terr. ibm in tenur. Alexandri
Seniscall p. ann. i o
Redd. cert. tr. ibm in ten. Thome Russell
p. ann. 2 4
Redd, unius curtil. sive cli. pastur. in
Westrete cont. i acr. ; un. claus. past,
voc. " Giles Croste " cont. 2 rods ;
cert, puteor. pastur. ex pte occiden.
regie vie ducen. vss. Gillian Bridge
cont. di. acr..et un sepal, gurgit. in
aqua dne Regine ibm sup a Gillian
Bridge, ac un claus pastur. in
Rugsmyth lane jux. pt. Johnis
Hannam modo vel nup. in tenura
Johis Foster p. ann. 2 i
Redd, unius pecii terr. voc. " a Howe " in
tenur. Michi Dennys p. ann. 8
14 9
at 23 yeres pchas ^1619 3
(9) Grant to Robert Davy & Henry Dynne
File 2329 10 Mch. 2 Eliz. 1560
Pcell. terr. spualm in man. Dne Regine existen. racone actus (*)
pliament edit, in anno pmo regn s. ac antea pcell
possessions, nup. Collegii sive Libe Capelle in Wimborne
Minster.
* 1 Eliz. cap. 24.
DORSET CHANTRIES. 65
Porcio Decimo in Hampreston, valt in
Firma porcone sm decimar. in Ham-
preston pd. sic dimiss. Thome Kinge
p. Inden. dat. pmo die Octobr. anno
33 nup. Rx. H. VIII p. tmio 24
annor. reddend. inde p. ann. 2 o
At 26 years purchas $2 o o
I knowe not of any thing to be certified to you touching the
said portion of tithe
Thos. Hambery.
(10) Grant to Edmund Downing and William Badbye.
File 2336. March 4 Eliz. 1561.
Collegm. de Wymborne Mynster.
Pore. x mar . in pochia de Kerchell, valt. in
Redd, porconie x mar . in pochia de Kerchell
in tenur. Dm. Johnis S l . John solvend.
inde p. ann. i o o
At 32 yeres purchas ^32 o o
The auditor knoweth no speciall matter to be advertysed to
y r honors touching the porcyon of tythe.
(11) Lease to William Goble for 21 years.
File 31, 15. 25 July 16 Eliz. 1574.
Pcella possession nup. Collegii ide Wimborne val. in
Firma fonim. terr. et p'tor. onerat. ut
pcella terr. scdm consuetudinem
manerii de Leigh pcella Collegii pd.
nup. in tenur. sive occupacone
Decennar. de Wimborne p. ann. i o o
At 4 yeres rent.
( 1 2) Lease to Theodore Sadler for 2 1 years
File 33, 41. 1 6 May 27 Eliz. 1585
It is not stated to what College or Chantry the following lease
of lands belongs, but from inspection it could be seen to refer to
the College of Wimborne.
Pcell terr. cantar. in manibz Dne Regin. virtute Actus Pliament
edit, pro dissolue Colleg. etc.
66 DORSET CHANTRIES.
Cert. terr. et tent, in Wymborne and Leigh in co Dors. valt. in
Firm. omn. illar. terr. et prat, cu ptin.
jacen. et existen, in Leigh in poch.
de Wymborne Minster pd. in ten.
Willi. Welsted, ann. redd. 20 o
(Firm.) unius cotag. ibm et un. cli. pastur.
vocat. "Le Backside" cont. acr.;
un. di. pastur. vocat. "Fursie House"
cont. i ac. et di. ; un. cli. subbosci voc.
"Copice Close" cont. acr. ; et 2 acr.
terr. arr. jac. in coibz campis nup. in
ten. Johanne Moncke ann. redd. 2 6
(Firm.) unius pci. terr. ibm voc. " Gravell
Pitts " nup. in tenur. Waited Mel-
mouth ann. redd. 6
(Firm.) unius al. cotag. ibm ac un. cli.
pastur. voc. " Le Backside " et 2 acr.
terr. arr. jac. in coibz campis nup. in
ten. Johis Morris ann. redd. 6 8
(Firm.) unius acr. et di. terr. jac. in le
Heath ibm nup. in ten. Edi Vike
ann. redd. 4
(Firm.) unius Cotag. in Wymborne
Minster pd. et unius pcelle terr. cont.
di. acr. in ten. Willi Welsted ann. redd. 5 o
(Firm.) unius tenti ibm cu ptin ann. redd, 6 8
ac 4 acr. terr. arr. jacen in Cud-
borough feilde ann. redd. 8 4
nuper in ten. Johis Foster
(Firm.) 4 acr. terr. jacen. in Redcotts nup.
in ten. Willi Grey ann. redd. 8 o
(Finn.) 1 1 acr. terr. arr. et 2 hamas pti
jac. in coibz campis ibm nup. in ten.
Johis Weylonde ann. redd. i 5 4
(Firm.) 3 acr. terr. jacen. in coibz campis
ibm. nup. in ten. Johis Barnes ann.
redd. 5 o
(Firm.) 2 acr. terr. arr. ibm in tenur. Johis
(sic) Salter vid. ann. redd. 5 o
(Firm.) acr. prati jacen. in Broadmeade in
ten. Willi. Grey ann. redd. 3 4
(Firm.) i cotag. jacen. in Leigh pd. ac
i cli. pastur. voc. "le Backside" ; i cli.
bruer. voc. " le Howe " cont. 2 ac. 3 acr.
terr. arr. jac. in coibz campis ibm et
i cli. pastur. voc. " le Pock " cu ptin.
in ten. Thome Samborne ann. redd. 5 o
DORSET CHANTRIES. 67
(Firm.) 2 acr. tcrr. jac. in Redcotts et
unius acr. prati jac. in Brodmeade
ann. redd. 7 4
Ac 4 acr. terr. arr. jac. in Redcotts in
ten. Willi Grey, ann. redd. 6 8
(Firm.) unius tenti ppe ecclie deWymborne
cu gardino et al. ss. ptin. in ten.
Burgis ann. redd. i o
(Firm.) unius horr. et 4 acr. terr. arr. in
Leigh Feilde ppe " le Hermitage "
et 3 acr. terr. arr. in Little Rowlands
in ten. Jacobi Macham ann. redd. 7 o
(Firm.) unius tofti terr. cu. ptin in Pava
Pston [Little Preston] nup. in ten.
Thome Townelie ann. redd. 4 o
(Firm.) 8 gardin. in Wimborne pd. in ten.
Thome Brayne ann. redd. i o
(Firm.) unius pcelle terr. in Leigh pd. in
ten. Henr. Macham ann. redd. 8
(Firm.) unius Houe prope Longlane ibm
cont. p. estimac. 3 acr. in ten. Johis
Mackrell ann. redd. 4
(Firm.) unius Houe in Leigh pd. jac.
apud Manswell in ten. Willi. Welsted
ann. redd. 8
(Firm.) unius Houe voc. " Black Howe "
ann. redd. 6
(Firm.) unius al. Houe apud Colhill cu
ptin. in ten. Cicillie Hardinge^nn.
redd. 4
(Firm.) unius al. acr. terr. apud Colhill in
tenur. Thome Willis ann. redd. 6
(Firm.) unius acr. terr. ibm in ten. Willi
Mayke ann. redd. 6
(Firm.) 2 gardin. in Wymborne pd un.
jac. in West Streete et al. in Pillory
Street, ann. redd. 2 o
Ac (Firm.) unius gardin. ibm in ten. Willi
Welsted ann. redd. 6
6 14 8
Total on File is 6 14 o
Fine is 2 years rent ,13 8 o
Compare Hutchins Vol III. 184.
68 DORSET CHANTRIES.
Office of the Sacristan (Sextyne) in the College of
Wimborne.
Chantry Roll 25 (108) gross income % 17 2
Rents resolute 3 14 10
Net income ^5 2 4
1 i ) Grant to Giles Kelway and William Leonard.
Vol. 258, 103. File 1731. 7 March 3 Edw. VI. 1549
Domus mans, offic. Sacrist, [cu ptin] infra Collegium de
Wimborne, val. in
Firm, domus mans, cum gard. et pvo
pomer. eidm ptinen p. ann. 68
At 10 yeres pchas ^3 6 8
(2) Grant to James & John Bysse, gents.
File 1466. 15 May 7 Edw. VI. 1553
Cert. terr. in Wymborne Mynster pcell offic. Sacriste infra Colleg.
sive Libam Capell Regia ibm, val. in
Reddu. cert, terr [i acr.] in Lighe infra
poch. de Wymborne pdca m vel nup.
in tenur. Arthuri Colles p. ann. i o
at 23 yeres pchas l 3
Memo to the effect that there are no woods on the premises.
(3) Grant to Roger Bury.
File 2131 5 May i Mary 1553.
Pcella offic. Sacriste infra Collegm de Wymborne Mynster
fundat. val. in
Redd, unius et di. terr. acr. in Wymborne
pd. in tenura Johnis Hannam, armig.
p. ann. i 6
Redd. 2 acr. pati in p a to ibm voc. The
Deanes Meade in tenura Jacobi
Fesaunte p. ann. 6 8
At 23 yeres pchas ^9 7 10
DORSET CHANTRIES. 69
Memo that the pmisses are not pcell of any manner nor
lieth nere any of the Kings (sic) Mat ies Pk s forests or chases or
any hous resued by a Kep. for thaccess of his Highnes by the
distaunce of 4 myles ; and that thes be the first (survey ?) I have
made of the premises.
The auditor.
(4) Another grant to Roger Bury, on same File 2131.
Pcell officii Sacriste in dco Collegio de Wymborne, valt. in
. Redd, unius tenement! cu ptinen. in Ligh
in tenur. Jacobi Wever redend. inde
p. ann. 50
at 23 yeres pchas ^5 15 o
(5) Another grant to Roger Bury, on same File 2131.
Pcell omcii Sacriste in dco Collegio de Wymborne.
Decim. garb, feni in Preston als voc " Lytyll
Preston " ptinen. offic. Sacrist, pd. valt. in
Firma pore. omn. decimar. garb. & feni
quadm. terr. decan. de Wymborne
ptin jac. in Preston als voc. " Lytyll
Pston " modo in tenur. Thome
Harvye reddend. inde p. ann.
at 22 ye res pchas 4. 8 o
(6) Lease to William Goble for 21 years.
File 31. 15. 25 July 16 Eliz. 1574
Pcella terr. et possession, nuper Collegii de Wimborne.
Pcell. possess, nup. ptin. omcio Sacriste Collegii pd. valt. in
Firm, omn decimar. omn pastur. et terr.
dmcal. nup. decanat. de Wimb. ptin
et nup. in omcio Sacriste ibm onat.
nup. in ten. Jacobi Fesaunte p. ann. 13 4
Chantry called Radeottes chauntry.
Chantry Roll 26 (107) Nett income $ 12
& 112 i 9
70 DORSET CHANTRIES.
This Chantry is now merged in St. Margaret's Hospital, which
is still in existence. An account is to be found in Hutchins III.
248 of the Hospital, and there are scattered references to
Radcottes chauntry, all which will be treated of if the " Founda-
tions of the Chantries of Dorset " are ever taken in hand.
In the Charity Commissioners Reports, 1836, Vol. 30, further
interesting particulars are given.
The great Chantry called Brembres Chauntry in
Wimborn Minster.
Chantry Roll No. 27 (109)
s. d. s. d.
No. 27 Gross Income 34 7 5 No. 109 34 7 5
rents resolute 1024 12 i
20
(i) Grant to Giles Keylway and William Leonard.
Vol. 258, 103. File 1731. 7 Mch. 3 Edw. VI.
Un. Columbar cum pvo gard. eidm ptin pcell Magna Cantar. in
Coll. de Wimborne, val. in
Firm, unius columbar. cum pvo gard.
eidem ptin jacen. infra scit.. mans,
pdic. [t.e. Domus mans, offic.
Sacrisi.J in tenur. Simonis Benyson
p. ann. 3 10
At 10 ye res pchas. i 18 4
(2) Grant to James Bysse aud John Bysse, gents.
File 1466 only. 15 May 7 Edw. VI.
Pcell. Magna Cant, in Wymborne pd. voc.
Brcmbrisshe Chauntrye, val. in
Redd, unius pvi. peccii terr. voc. a howe
m. vel. nup. in tcnur. Walti Gcnyns
p. ann. 4
At 23 ycres pchas o 7 8
DORSET CHANTRIES. 7!
Memo attached as to the Woods.
One little pece of land in Wymborne a howe in the tenure of
Walter Jenings pcell of the possessions of the late Great
Chauntrie there called Branbrishe chauntrie.
There are no woodes trees or undenvooddes growinge in and
upon the premises or anie pte or pcell thereof other than maye
suffice for kepinge and fencing of the same and therefore here
valued at nill.
(3) Grant to Richard Were & Bartholomew Gibbs.
File 2066 only. 28 Feb. 3 Edw. VI.
Pcell Cantie voc. Brensbry's chauntrye infra Collegium de
Wymborne Minster, valt. in.
Firm, domus mancione dee. Cantie cu.
gardino & pomar. eidem ptin. modo
vel nup. in tenur. sive occupacion.
Johis Ace, Walti Mathewe & Johis
Stone * p. ann. i o o
at 10 yeres purchas 10 o o
(4) Grant to William Morgan & Jerome Halley, gents.
File 2199 only. 8 June i Mary 1554.
Pcell Magna Cantie in Wymborne' vocat Brembrish Chauntry
val. in
Firm, unius pastur. jacen. infra pochiam
de Wymborne pdict vocat Est
Walford dimiss. Rico. Goby p.
indentur. reddend. inde p. ann. cu 6 d
p. un. copic. ibm. 47 2
at 23 yeres ^56 12 o
Memor. that the premisses are not letten to any pson or p'sons
in fee tayle for term of lif or lyves or during the Quenes pleasure
to thauditors knowledge and that the same is not pcell of any of
her Highness Honors, Castles, p'ks, forests or chaces nor of the
lands de antiqua corona Regis Anglic nor of the Duchies of
Lane, or Cornewall or therledom of Chester ne do adjoyne to
any of her Mat ies houses castells manors palacies or mancions
res'ued for thacesse of her Highness.
* These were the 3 Chantry priests meiitioiied in the Chantry Roll.
72 DORSET CHANTRIES.
(5) Lease to Robert Best.
File 31. No 8. 7 June 7 Eliz. 1565.
Pcell Cant, vocat. Brembrid's Chauntry, val. in
Firm, trm. quart, ffri juxta ratam io d le
bushell anu* exeun. extra R'coriam de
Shapeweke modo vel nup. in tenur.
Thome Claughton clic. et quondm
pcell voc. Brembridys chauntry in
Wimborne Minster pd. \ o o
Lease for 21 years
(6) Lease to John Hannam, &c
File 32. N 15. 2 July 24 Eliz. 1582
Parcell. possess, in manu Dne Regine virtute Actus P'liament.
&c.
Parcell Cantarie vocat Brembre Chauntrie in Wimborne Minster,
valt. in
Firma tocius illius medietatis sive
halfendeele, tocius illius firme sive
soli de West Walford in pochia de
Wimborne Minster jacen. inter terr.
Roberti Laristoke tenen. can tar. de
Brembre predica in occidentli parte
et regiam viam in orientli in tali
modo prout ab antique dimiss. sunt.
cum prat pasc. pastur. copic. bosc. et
omibus eor. ptinen. tarn infra copia
ibm qm extra ac cum omibz profic. et
comoditatibz eardm copie et eisdm
spectan. Sic dimiss. Johni Orenge et
Agnet. uxor. ejus ad teniom et pro
tmio 70 annor. per indent. Thome
Erocte Sacrist, col leg. de Wymborne
Minster predica, Walter , Thome
Thorpe et Johne Ase cantarist.
cantar. Thome Brembre predica dat
24 die Martii anno 25 to nup. Rx.
H. VIII et predcus. Johne Orenge et
Agnie et eor. asssign. non succident.
aliquid maer'em super terr. predict,
nisi pro cdificoe et repar. domor.
posthac ibm edificand sine licens
predict Sacrist et cantarist predic. vel
eor. success, cum claus distrin et
reintras. pro non soluere reddit.
DORSET CHANTRIES. 73
infra spacm. sex septiman. post
aliquod fest. solus ejusdm reddend.
inde p. ann. $ 1 1 8
The fine rated at 2 yeres
Make a lease of the premisses to John Hannam, Thomas
Hannam and Amye Hannam sons and daughter of Thomas
Hannam the elder for their lives.
(7) Lease to Troylius Turberville.
File 33 No 49 4 March 39 Eliz. 1596-7
Pcell possess. Magna Cantar. in nuper Colleg. de Wymborne
vocat Brembris Chauntry,
Rectoria et ecclesia de Shapwick val. in
All the tithes there (no lands) ^15 15 4
These are all the grants, &c., relating to this " Great Chantry "
the remainder no doubt forms part of the revenue of the existing
church of Wimborne Minster.
The Chantry of Margaret Countess of Richmond and
Derby in Wimborn Minster.
Chantry Roll No. 28 (106), gross income n 17 4
less rents resolute 15 3
nett income i i 2 of
As stated by Hutchins Vol. III. 191 and 271 this chantry was
formed into a Free School and later on into a Grammar School
and exists to the present time.
The following grant approximating very closely to the amount
in the Chantry 7 Roll (the reprises being the same in both) would
seem to be the property whence the income is derived.
Grant to Anthony Mauxell.
File 2434. 2 Feb. 2 Eliz. 1560
Cant, in Wimborne Minster fundat p. Margaret nup. Comtiss.
Richmond et Derbye valt. in
Redd, cert terr. in Curyryvall in com.
Som. in tenur. Rici Claweye p. ann. 310 o
Redd, unius tent, cu ptin ibm in tenur.
Robti Nurse p. ann. 1 2 o
74 DORSET CHANTRIES.
Redd, unius pec. terr. ibm in tenur.
Marmaduci Jennyngs p. ann. 6
Redd. cert. terr. ibm. in tenur. Thome
Clarke p. ann. 10 o
Redd. cert. terr. ibm in tenur. Thome
Fortie p. ann. i 6
Redd, unius tent, cum ptin ibm in tenur.
Jhnis Woodde p. ann. i o o
Redd, unius tenti. ibm in tennr. Willi.
More, p. ann. 15 6
Redd, unius tenti. ibm in tenur. Isabelle
Robyns, p. ann. 6 8
Redd, unius tenti cu ptin. in Barworthe
als Bageworth in tenur. Edith
Weston p. ann. 19 y
Redd. cert. terr. ibm in tenur. Phi. Sayi p.
ann. 2 i y
Redd. cert. terr. ibm in tenur. Alic Kinge
p. ann. i 6 o
Redd. cert. terr. ibm in tenur. Willmi
Saye p. ann. i o
Redd. cert. terr. ibm in tenur. Johnis
Lyninge p. ann. i o
Redd, unius tent, ibm in tenur. Thome
Hardwell p. ann. 8 o
Redd. cert. terr. ibm in tenur. Johnis
Grove p. ann. 7
ii 14 o
Repris in redd, resolut p. ann. 1 5 3
Et reman, clare p. ann. ^10 18
@ 24 years pchas ^262 o o
First Prebend or Stall.
Chantry Roll 29 (no) Nett income 8 10 o
Grant to Thomas Reve and Geo. Cotton.
File 1901. 20 Feb. 7 Edw. VI.
Pccll. possession. Prima Prebend, infra Collcgm. de Wymborn in
com. Dors, fundat.
bORSET CHANTRIES. 75
West Preston als diet. " Little Preston " infra poch. de Wimborn,
valt. in
Firm, unius tofti terr. cu ptinen. in West Preston als
diet. ' Litle " Preston infra poch. de
Wymborn pdict. in tenur. Thome
Lacye reddend. inde p. ann. 4 o
At 25 yeres pchase 500
Second Prebend or Stall.
Chantry Roll 29 (no) Nett income j 15 2
Grant to Roger Bury.
File 2131. 5 May i Mary 1553
Pcell Scd. P'bend in Collegio de Wymborne vocat " The Second
Stawle "
Decim. garb, feni in Preston als voc. " Lytyell Preston " ptin.
Pbend pdict. valt in
Firm. omn. decimor. garbar. et feni in
Pston als voc. " Lytyll P'ston ptinen.
p'bend pdic. modo in tenur. Rogi
Frampton reddend. inde p. ann. 6 4
pat 22 yeres pchas .619 4
Third Prebend or Stall.
Chantry Roll 29 (no) Nett income 12 15 2
In Vol. 259.202, which is a grant with no name of purchaser,
the lands of this Prebend are detailed in 6 lots. The Index
says the purchaser was John Dodington but no portion of the
Prebends property is to be found on File 1582 where the other
purchases by John Dodington are enumerated.
At the foot of the entry in Vol. 259. 202 the rate of purchase
is given as 20 years ; apparently by waiting the sellers got a
76 DORSET CHANTRIES.
better price as the sales to the eventual buyers were at 23, 24,
and 25 years' purchase.
Details given in Vol. 259, 202 (? John Dodington).
Pcell poss. liba capella regie sive nup. Collegii de Wimborne
als Wimborne Mynster in com. pdc.
Pcell terr. Pbend in Collegio pdco voc. The Third Stall, val. in
* Redd, un orrei cum 2 acr. pastur. eidm
ptin, in Leigh p. ann. 10 o
1 i ) Redd, vestur. unius prat, in Leigh voc.
Russheleigh p. ann. 8 o
(2) Redd, unius pcell terr. in Russhel, in
tenur. Bull p. ann. 5 o
* Redd, unius pcell terr. in Leigh in
tenur. Peter Macham p. ann. 8
(3) Redd. un. acr. terr. in campo de
Wimborne pd. voc. Cudborowefeld
p. ann. 2 o
(3) Redd, vestur. unius prat, in Prest-
meade in Wimborne pd. p. ann. i 6
( i ) Grant to Thomas Reve & Giles Isham.
File 2222 15 July 2 Mary
Pcell Tercie Pbend infra Colleg. de Wymborne supd. fundat.
voc. The Third Staulle, valt, in
Redd, vestur. unius prati in Leigh vocat
Russheleigh infra parochia de Wymborne
Mynster predict, modo vel nuper in
tenura Johannis Abrey per annum 8 o
at 24 yeres pchas % 1 2 o
(2) Grant to Thomas Reve & George Cotton.
File 1901. 20 Feb. 7 Edw. VI
Pcell possession Tercie Prebend infra Collegm de Wymborne
pdict. in com. pdict. fundat.
* These two apparently disposed of.
DORSET CHANTRIES. 77
West Preston als diet. Litle Preston infra pochiam de Wymborne,
valt in
Firm, unius pcell cu ptinen. in West
Preston als diet. Litle Preston infra
pochiam de Wymborne pdict. in
tenur. Thome Bull reddend. inde p.
ann. 5 o
at 25 yeres pchas 6 5 o
(3) Grant to Roger Bury.
File 2131 5 May i Mary 1553
Pcell. Tercie Prebend, voc. The Thirde Stawle infra Colleg. pd.
fundat, val. in
Redd, unius acr. terr. arrabil. in
Cudborough feld in Wymborne pd.
in tenur. Johnis Haman (sic}, Armig.
p. ann. 2 o
Redd, primie vestur. unius acr. sive. 'le
hime ' p"ti in Prestemede nup. in
tenur. Petri Macham et modo in
tenur. Johnis Abrey p. ann. i 6
3_6
at 23 yeres purchas ^4 o 6
Memo that the pmisses are not pcell of any manner nor lieth
nere any of the Kings (sic) Mat' es Pks forests or chases or any
hous res'ued by a Kep. for thaccess of his Highnes by the
distaunce of 4 myles ; and that thes be the first (survey ?) I have
made of the premises.
The Auditor.
The Fourth Prebend or Stall.
Chantry Roll 29 (in) Nett Income j i i
I have not come across any grants relating to this stall.
78 DORSET CHANTRIES.
Chantry of St. James in Holte in Kingston Lacy.
Chantry roll 3 oa (113) net income ,568
As explained at 113 in the chantry roll, there were no lands
attached to this chapel, and the income was paid out of the
possessions of the Monastery of Christchurch, Hants.
See Hutchins, Vol. III., p. 247.
The Fraternity of St. George in Poole.
Chantry roll 30$ Nett income i 7
Granted to John Churchill, of Dorchester, draper & William
Samwisshe. 9 Feb. 3 Edw. VI,
Vol 258. 34. File 1501.
Fraternitate Sancti Georgii in Poole val. in
Reddit. unius gardin. jacen. infra vill de
Poole pdict. p. ann, 3 4
Redd, unius mess, sive tent, ibm jacen. in
quodam vico voc. Westreete p. ann. 4 o
Redd, unius gardini voc. The Myll post p.
ann. 2 o
Redd, altius gard. ibm in tenur. Jacobi
Redhedd p. ann. 16
10 8
at 1 5 yeres purchas S o o
Redd, unius pec. terr. ibm voc. Hungry
Hill p. ann. 5
at 24 yeres purchas 6 o o
Redd. duor. tent, ibm in tenur. Adam
Haryvill (or Harybill) & Hugonis
Cocke p. ann. 6 8
Redd, unius gardini ibm jacen. in alto
vie. continen. p. estimac. una acr.
p. ann 5 o
Redd, unius gard. jac. apud Pidwins p.
ann. 12
Redd, unius gard. jacen. in West
Streete p. ann. 26 15
At 15 yeres pchas 11 76 i 10 10
DORSET CHANTRIES. 79
Repris
In redd, resolut. Edwardo Duci Somset
p. capitli redd, exeun. de terr. pidct
p. ann. 3 8
At 20 yeres pchas ,313 4
Et valet clere p. ann. 1 7
Memo there is no other lands ptaining to the said fratin. and
there is no woods growing upon the pmisses.
Clere yerelie value of the premises. i 7 2
Which rated at the several rates above
23 7 6
less reprises 3 13 4
Nett 21 14 2
Some interesting details of this Fraternity are given by
Hutchins Vol. I. 58-60.
31 Obit Lands, see further on.
32 Stocks Of Cattle, &c., see further on.
(To be continued.}
cm6
to&ens of fe
and "gltnefeenf^ genfurtes,
arious
By HENRY SYMONDS.
PROPOSE in the following notes to continue the
history of the token coinage of the county from the
point reached by Mr. J. S. Udal in his paper on the
seventeenth century issues {Proceedings, Vol. IX.,
p. 41), in which he gave us an exhaustive survey of
that series. I then propose to touch briefly upon
certain commemorative medals, and to exhibit, as
far as I am able, some specimens of each class to
illustrate the subject under consideration.
From the year 1672 (when Charles II. forbade by proclamation
the uttering of private halfpence or farthings) until about 1787 the
country was more or less inadequately supplied with copper
money by the Royal Mint, and these shortcomings, due perhaps
to the strain of the wars, resulted in the producton of numberless
counterfeits of the minor national currency. In the last named
year the Government of George III. had so far neglected their
duties in this respect that copper tokens began once more to find
their way into circulation, and were freely accepted by the public
DORSET TOKENS AND MEDALS. 8 1
as being preferable to the spurious imitations of the King's
money that flooded all the centres of trade. For a space of
nearly thirty years these local remedies, although of course never
legal tender, were tacitly permitted by the authorities, and it was
not until 1817 that an Act of Parliament prohibited the making
or circulating of tokens of copper or mixed metals after the
ist January, 1818. A period of grace was, however, allowed for
the withdrawal of the pieces issued by the Overseers of Sheffield
and Birmingham, on account of the hardships that a summary
suppression would have caused, and the Act also preserved the
rights of the holders to present these promises to pay to the
original issuers.
These tokens of the eighteenth century differed from the
earlier examples of the Restoration period in that they approx-
imated in size and weight to the regal copper money of the day ;
indeed, many of them were intrinsically worth their face values,
while their design and execution were frequently of high merit.
The traders of Dorset confined themselves to halfpence and
farthings, of which the best known varieties are recorded in the
following list, mules * being omitted. All were struck in copper,
and sometimes bear inscriptions upon the edges.
BLANDFORD.
i. obv : " W. Sanger. Tea-dealer." A pair of scales above a tea
chest or counter, on which are sugar loaves and
canisters ; on the latter the figures 5 and 4.
rev : " Blanford. Halfpenny. 1798." "Pro bono publico,"
encircled by palm branches. (Plate I.)
edge : Milled ; also plain. Struck by P. Skidmore.
The Rector of Blandford was unable to find any information
as to this issuer, but the surname occurs in the town and
neighbourhood from 1700 onwards.
* "Mules" = the name given to concoctions produced by the use of two odd
dies.
82 DORSET TOKENS AND MEDALS.
POOLE.
2. obv : " R. Allen, ironmonger. Poole. 1797." Within a
dotted circle the badge of the Prince of Wales ;
" 75 " below, in an oval.
rev : " Poole halfpenny payable in Dorsetshire and Devon.
1797," in six lines.
edge: Engrailed.
3. obv : As No. 2.
rev : " Halfpenny payable in Dorsetshire." Within a circle
of leaves "R A" in cipher characters. "1797."
(Plate I.)
edge : As No. 2.
4. obv : As No. 2.
ry : An Anchor in a sunk oval within a border of rope
pattern.
Nos. 2 to 4 are by P. Skidmore.
In 1798 Richard Allen was Lieutenant of the Artillery
Volunteers, a corps then recently formed in Poole. In 1784
Elizabeth Allen and Son traded as anchor smiths, which suggests
the origin of the reverse of No. 4.
5. obv : A female figure holding an anchor and cable, and an
oval shield inscribed ". Ja". Bayly, draper, Poole,"
in 4 lines.
rev : "Prosperity to the Town of Poole, 1795." On a
carved shield the Arms of the borough. (Plate I.,
rev : only.)
edge : " I promise to pay on demand one half penny."
The edge is sometimes milled. (See note as to the Arms on
No. 16.)
6. obv : and rev : as No. 5, but much smaller, for a farthing.
edge : milled, sometimes plain. (Plate I., obv : only.)
Nos. 5 and 6 were engraved by Arnold and struck by W.
Lutwyche, J. Bayly was in Poole before 1790, and voted as
a freeholder at the election of 1807.
DORSET TOKENS AND MEDALS. 83
SHERBORNE.
7. obv : "A Sherborne halfpenny, 1793." An eagle displayed,
with two heads.
rev : " P. P. & W." in cipher characters, beneath a hive and
bees.
edge : " payable at the Bank in Sherborne + Dorset." +
8. obv : " Sherborne token value one halfpenny. 1796. P. W.
& S." in cipher characters.
rev : " Stet fortuna domus." An eagle displayed, with two
heads.
edge : plain.
9. obv: "Sherborne halfpenny." The front of the "Bank,"
above it an eagle as before and a riband inscribed
"Stet fortuna domus."
rev: " Preter Pew & Whitty bankers Sherborne Dorset
1796." In six lines. (Plate I.)
edge : " payable at the Bank in Sherborne + Dorset + ."
Nos. 7 to 9 are by J. Westwood.
Simon Pretor, the founder of the firm who issued the fore-
going three tokens, was born at Lyme Regis in 1727. The
house shown on token No. 9 was on the south side of Long
Street, and was perhaps used also as the post office, as S. Pretor
was postmaster in 1790, being followed by Samuel Whitty in
1809. An obituary notice in the Gentleman's Magazine of
September, 1804, records the death of Simon Pretor in his 77th
year, and adds that " The Sherborne and Dorsetshire Bank
originally established by him was, it is believed, the first of the
kind in that county." In 1784 the firm was S. Pretor and Son,
then Pretor, Pew and Whitty, whose descendants continued the
banking house until it became merged in the National Provincial
Bank. In 1831 Samuel Pretor held a cornetcy in the Dorset
Yeomanry. Samuel Whitty * was a native of Axminster, and son
* See "The brothers . . . Pretor and Thomas Whitty," by John Bullar,
1821,
84 DORSET TOKENS AND MEDALS.
of the inventor of the carpets bearing the name of that town ; he
died in 1833, aged 73.
The partner named Pew was probably a relative of Dr. Richard
Pew (if not the doctor himself), who was then living in Sherborne,
and who was the author of sundry pamphlets on medical topics.
NINETEENTH CENTURY TOKENS.
These pieces were struck in silver only, as far as this county is
concerned, and were confined to shillings and sixpences, with the
single exception to be presently mentioned.
The condition of the national silver currency at the beginning
of that century was admittedly a scandal, and was constantly
referred to in Parliament ; such English coins as were in circula-
tion being so worn by use as to be generally illegible. This lack
of necessary change moved the Bank of England to issue within
a space of about twelve months nearly two millions sterling in
silver tokens, made from Spanish dollars, which were in effect
sanctioned by the Privy Council.
From Bank of England tokens to private tokens was a very
short step, and one that traders speedily took. In all parts of
the country individuals and associations put forth the silver pieces
that were needed for carrying out the minor transactions of
everyday life, and very creditable productions many of them
were.
These tokens, however, had but a brief life of some three
years. The great majority appeared in 1811, and a smaller
number in 1812 ; in July of the latter year Parliament enacted
that no gold or silver tokens, other than those issued by the
Bank of England, should be circulated after 25th March, 1813.
Much alarm was caused by this prohibition, and the Government,
owing to their continued failure to supply legal currency, were
under the humiliating necessity of extending on two separate
occasions the time limit originally fixed for the suppression of
the local issues.
PLATK I.
D6RSET TOKENS AND MEDALS. 85
Those tokens that relate to Dorset are as follows :
BLANDFORD.
10. obv: "Payable by H. Ward, Blandford." Within a garter,
three lions passant guardant.
rev: "One shilling token. For public accommodation,
1811."
11. obv : "Blandford, 1811." Within a shield, Arms similar to
No. 10, but with a label of three points, in chief.
rev: "One shilling token. H. Ward. For public
accommodation." (Plate I.)
The Arms shown on Nos. 10 and n are derived from those of
the Duchy of Lancaster which at one time owned the Manor,
but no grant was made to the borough by the College of Arms.
Henry Ward was a well-known clock maker 1775 to 1820. The
Society of Arts awarded to him in 1814 a silver medal and a
money prize for equation mechanism for clocks, to indicate the
difference between true and mean solar time. (cf. Britten's
" Old Clocks and Watches.")
DORCHESTER.
1 2. obv : A robed and mitred figure of S. Dunstan with pastoral
staff in the right hand. In the left are tongs
which hold the devil, who is seen over the
Bishop's shoulder. Above, " Know thyself."
Below, branches of olive. I. D. near left foot.
rev : " Cox Merle & Pattison. Dorchester Bank one
shilling token Pure silver." In six lines,
surrounded by scrolls. (Plate I.)
Robert Albion Cox, William Merle, and Robert Pattison issued
about 1811 this fine example of the die engraver's art. The two
first named had established before 1790 a banking house in
Cox's Court, Little Britain, where the family of Cox * had carried
on the business of gold refining as early as 1760.
* They were of Dorset extraction, being connected with Piddletrenthide,
Gillingham, and Fifehead Magdalen.
86 DORSET TOKENS AND MEDALS.
R. Pattison, who was the only banker in Dorchester in 1790,
afterwards joined hands with the London firm, and their lineal
representative to-day is the Wilts and Dorset Bank. Mr.
Pattison died at Stratton in 1845, aged 83.
The central device on the obverse of this token was doubtless
borrowed from the Goldsmiths, of which Company S. Dunstan
was the Patron Saint. In 1811 W. Merle was Prime Warden of
the Goldsmiths, and had been chosen in the preceding year to
give evidence before a Parliamentary Committee on matters
concerning his calling.
In 1818 R. A. Cox was Prime Warden of the same Company,
having previously filled the office of Sheriff of the City in 1801.
The fable of Dunstan has been illustrated on only one other
coin, viz., a farthing issued about 1660 at the "Devil and
Dunstan" (a famous tavern near Temple Bar), a specimen of
which accompanies the Dorchester shilling.
The words "Know thyself" are possibly of Masonic signifi-
cance, as their Greek equivalents appear on the medal of a
French Lodge.
POOLE.
13. obv: "One shilling silver token. Poole." Commerce,
with attributes, seated on a bale ; a ship under
sail ; K.S. on the ground near a discarded sword,
rev: "One Pound note for 20 tokens. 1812." Within a
garter, " Payable by W. B. Best."
14. obv: Similar to No. 13, but smaller. "Sixpence."
rev. Similar, but "40 tokens." (Plate I., obv. only). By
Kempson & Son.
William Brewer Best was a linen draper in High Street. The
Gentleman's Magazine records his death at Poole on May 5th,
1836.
15. olv: "Town and county of Poole token 1811." Arms of
the borough on a carved shield within olive
branches.
DORSET TOKENS AND MEDALS. 87
rev : "James Ferris. Silversmith. Poole. value one shilling."
Olive branches as ornaments. (Plate I.)
1 6. obv : As No. 1 5.
rev : Similar to No. 15, but " Poole " is straight, instead of
curved, and there are other minor differences.
Two varieties of No. 16 differ in the details of the branches
and berries. James Ferris lived on the Quay. A trader of the
same name appears in the directory of 1790.
The field of the Town Arms on Nos. 15 and 16, viz., Barry of
six sable and vert, differs from the field shown on No, 5, which
is Gules, three bars wavy, or ; the latter rendering appears to be
the correct one.
SHAFTESBURY.
17. obv : " Shaftesbury bank. Licensed 14 March 1811." Arms
of the borough on a carved shield between
branches of olive.
rev : " Dorsetshire Wiltshire and Shaftesbury Bank Token
value (in script} one shilling," A Staffordshire
knot.
There is a variety of this shilling differing in minor details.
1 8. obv : and rev: Similar to No, 17, but struck in copper as a
proof or trial piece. The knot on the reverse is
omitted.
19. obv: similar to No. 17.
rev: "Dorsetshire Wiltshire and Shaftesbury Bank Token
value one shilling." "For the accommodation
of the public." (Plate I.)
20. obv : " Dorsetshire Wiltshire and Shaftesbury Bank
Token." Arms on shield as before, but without
the branches.
rev : " One shilling at Shaftesbury or S. Lloyds Bucklersbury
London." " For the accommodation of the
public. 1811." (Plate L, rev, only,)
S. Lloyd of 6 Barge yard, Bucklersbury, was an iron merchant
who also carried on a clearing house for the exchange of tokens.
88 DORSET TOKENS AND MEDALS,
21. obv : "Shaftesbury Bank, licensed 14 March 1811," Arms
as before, but without the branches.
rev : " Dorsetshire Wiltshire and Shaftesbury Bank Token
value (in scripf) sixpence."
A variety of this sixpence differs only in the size of " 14" on
the obverse.
22. obv: Similar to No. 21, adding "For the accommodation
of the public " round the shield.
rev : Similar to No. 21, but "value" in Roman letters, and
" Wiltshire " is curved instead of straight.
The issuers of the foregoing six tokens have not hitherto been
identified, but I think it is quite clear that Bowles Ogden and
Wyndham, who circulated in 1810 the one pound note now ex-
hibited, were also responsible for the silver pieces. A banking
house in Shaftesbury was founded by Edmund Ogden before
1790, and afterwards the firm extended the business to Salisbury.
In 1 8 10- 1 1 the partners were William Bowles, Thomas Ogden,
George Wyndham, and James Barrow ; subsequently the Bank
passed into the hands of William Storey, who continued it for
some years. He was mayor of the borough tn 1820, and pay-
master of the Dorset Yeomanry in 1831.
23. obv: "Shaftesbury Bank Token. Henderson and Co."
Arms of the borough on a carved shield. (Plate
I., obv. only.)
rev: "XII." in Roman figures within a circular wreath of
olive.
24. obv : " Henderson & Co. Shaston Bank Token."
rev : " 3 " within a circular wreath of olive. (Plate I.)
This threepence was the only silver token issued in England
for so small a sum. Very few could have been struck, as it is
now of the greatest rarity.
Enquiries at Shaftesbury in several directions have failed to
elicit any information as to Henderson & Co. The name, how-
ever, appears at Poole in 1823 in the person of the stamp
distributor, an office formerly associated with banking at Shaston.
Apparently the firm existed for a short period only. The Arms
PLATE II.
5/6THS OF ACTUAL SIZE.
DORSET TOKENS AND MEDALS. 89
shewn on Nos. 17 to 23 are those engraved upon a Corporation
seal dated 1570, so that Shaftesbury may claim a title to them by
use for more than three centuries, although no grant or confirma-
tion is recorded at Herald's College.
MEDALS COMMEMORATING PERSONS AND EVENTS
CONNECTED WITH DORSET AND ITS HISTORY.
John Evelyn, who wrote " Numismata : A Discourse of
Medals" in 1697, engraves in his pages, and comments upon
with approval, four of the examples to be mentioned in these
notes, viz., those of Strangways, Shaftesbury, and Monmouth's
Rebellion. His testimony as a contemporary critic and man of
taste is useful as showing the estimation in which these medals
were held at a time when they had just left the presses, and their
reputation is not less to-day. Evelyn suggests some names of
distinguished men who were " worthy the honour of medals,"
and among them are Sydenham and Boyle. The author's desire
was fulfilled many years after his death by the issue of medals in
memory of these two worthies, but their posthumous honours
were not in either case, alas ! conferred upon them by their own
countrymen.
25. obv : Portrait to the right, in Roman dress. " ^Egidius
Strangways de Melbury in com : Dorcestr :
armiger." (Ian. R.F.) (Plate II., obv. only.)
rev : The White Tower of London ; above, the sun.
" Decusque adversa dederunt." In ex : " Incar-
ceratus Sept. 1645. Liberatus, Apr. 1648."
In silver ; a few in gold ; size, 2*401. Engraved by John
Roettier, a native of Antwerp, who was employed at our Mint.
Colonel Sir Giles Strangways was born in 1615, and was buried
at Melbury in 1675. This medal, struck after the Restoration,
refers to the imprisonment he underwent for his devotion to
Charles I. He was M.P. for Bridport until deprived of his seat
by Parliament, and was afterwards Knight of the Shire under
Charles II.
96 DORSET TOKENS AND MEDALS.
26. obv : Portrait to the right. "Antonio Comiti de Shaftes-
bury." (G B. F). (Plate II., obv. only.)
rev: View of London and the Tower from South wark.
Above, the sun. " Laetamur. 24 Nov 1681."
Silver; size, i.6in. By Geo Bower, an engraver at the Mint.
Anthony Ashley Cooper, first Earl of Shaftesbury, was born
1621. He held several offices of State, and was appointed
Lord Chancellor in 1672. The medal celebrates his acquittal on
a charge of treason in advocating Monmouth's claims to succeed
the then reigning monarch, Charles II.
Dryden satirized this memento in some well-known verses.
27. obv : Profile portrait to the left. "Thomas Sydenham."
(Moltedo. F.) (Plate II., obv. only.)
rev: "Natus Westimenstri. in Anglia. An. MDCXXIV.
Obiit An. MDCLXXXIX." (MDCCCXXVI
Durand. edidit.)
Copper; size, i"j'm. Issued in Paris among an international
series.
The statement that Sydenham was born at Westminster is
incorrect, and may be due to the fact that the medal was
engraved in France nearly 140 years after the great physician's
death. He was born at Wynford Eagle, the home of his
forefathers, in the year mentioned, and in his early life served
\vith distinction in the Parliamentary army. Afterwards he
studied medicine at Oxford, was married at his birthplace in
1655, and then settled down to practise in Pall Mall. A
memorial tablet in S. James' Parish Church describes him as
" Medicus in omne aevum nobilis," a fitting tribute by the
College of Physicians.
28. obv: Portrait to the right. " Robertas Boylaeus. 1690."
rev : An incuse inscription. " Ingens Angliae Decor," &c.
Bronze ; size, 2'4in. A medallion cast from an ivory carving,
1729.
Robert Boyle, philosopher and man of science, was a son of
Richard, Earl of Cork, and was born in 1627. He owned and
lived at the Manor of Stalbridge, his house there being assessed
DORSET TOKENS AND MEDALS. 9!
in 1664 for thirty hearths, almost a palace in those days. After a
life devoted to physical science and theology he died in 1691,
having by Will provided for the establishment of a free school at
Yetminster, where a portrait of the founder was, and perhaps still
is, to be seen in the school-house.
29. obv : Portrait to the right " Jacobus Dux Monumet : fid :
et libert : defensor." (Plate III., obv. only.)
rev : A Roman soldier trying to open a lion's jaws. " Parum
successit, Feci sedulo. MDCLXXXV."
Silver and pewter : size, i-9in. By J. Smeltzing of Leyden.
30. obv: Bust of James II. upon an altar on which four
sceptres lie. In front, the Royal Arms crowned.
" Aras et sceptra tuemur. 1685," Around are the
king's titles. In the distance are ships and
Neptune. (R. A. Fee.)
rev : Justice, on a pedestal inscribed " Ambitio malesuada
ruit," weighs three crowns against the emblems of
rebellion. At her feet, the headless bodies of
Monmouth and Argyle. " Jacobus de Mont-
mout " etc. upon two blocks. Troops fleeing
from Sedgmoor. Two heads on pikes above a
fortress. (Plate II.)
Silver : size, 2-4in. By R. Arondeaux, a talented French
artist.
Nos. 29 and 30 illustrate the closing of one of the saddest
chapters of Dorset history. The former medal was obviously
struck by those who sympathised with Monmouth, the latter by
the supporters of the status quo. There are four other medals
referring to the events of 1685 which are set out in Messrs.
Franks and Grueber's " Medallic Illustrations," to whose work I
am indebted for some particulars.
31. obv : Portrait, three quarters face. " Johan. Churc. Dux
Marlb." (J. D)
rev : Victory standing amidst arms and flags. " Ubi aderat
ibi Victoria." In ex : " ob. 27. Jun. 1722. nat.
ann. 74."
$2 DORSET TOKENS AND MEDALS.
Silver and copper ; size, r65in. By John Dassier, a Swiss.
Marlborough's age is inaccurately stated, He was born in his
mother's home at Ashe in 1650, and therefore died in his yznd
year.
John Churchill, the first Duke, was the second son of Sir
Winston Churchill, whose family were seated at Wootton Glanville
and Great Minterne.
32. obv: Profile portrait in robes, to the right. "Guilielmus
Wake Arch. Cant." (Plate II., obv. only.)
rev: Dedicatory inscription by J. Dassier. " Illustrium
virorum, etc." silver and copper. Size i-7in.
William Wake, born at Blandford in 1657, was the son of
William Wake, of Shapwick, and the grandson of a Rector of
Holy Trinity, Wareham. The future Archbishop was educated
in his native town, and subsequently at Christchurch, Oxford.
In 1690 he preached a sermon at St. Mary le Bow to his fellow
countrymen of Dorset who were then living in London. In
1705 Wake became Bishop of Lincoln, and was translated to
Canterbury in 1715. He died at Lambeth in 1727.
33. obv: Portrait of Coram, three quarters face to left. "In.
memory, of. the. foundling's, friend. 1805."
(J. Porter)
rev :" Foundling hospital instituted i7th October 1739.
Thomas Coram founder," in five lines. Above,
three serpents interlaced. CPlate III.)
Silver and copper, the latter sometimes gilt ; size, I'sin.
Captain Coram, of Lyme Regis, sailor and philanthropist, was
born there in 1668. An interesting paper on his life and work
by Mr. Morton Stuart is printed in Proceed ings, Vol. XIII., p. 144;
the writer does not, however, mention this medal, which was
engraved from the portrait by Hogarth, referred to on p. 148.
Coram died in 1751, and was buried in the chapel of the hospital
he loved so well.
34. obv : Portrait of Sacheverell, three quarters to the right.
" H : Sach. D : D."
rev : A mitre. " Is : firm : to : thee : " (Plate III., obv. only.)
PLATE 111.
DORSET TOKENS AND MEDALS. 93
Silver; size, i '3 sin. Cast in 1710.
This divine was a member of the Dorset family of Cheverel, or
Sacheverel, of Chantmarle and East Stoke, of which latter place
John Sacheverell was rector in 1615. Dr. Henry Sacheverell
was impeached in 1710 for delivering two sermons (one at
Derby, the other at S. Paul's) which aroused the hostility of the
Commons. Suspension from preaching for three years followed
this prosecution, to which we owe the medal. Sacheverell is
here represented as the friend of the English episcopacy;
another medal, with the same obverse, substitutes the head of
Innocent XI. for the mitre on the reverse.
35. obv : Profile portrait to the left. "John Wesley, M.A.,
born 1703, died 1791." "The world is my
parish."
rev: Portrait, three quarters to the left. "Charles
Wesley, M. A- born 1708, died 1788." "Centenary
of Wesleyan Methodism 1839." (Plate III., rev.
only.)
Silver : size, i-sin.
The two brothers who founded the religious movement that
bears their name, were closely connected with this county by
family ties. Their father was born at Winterborne Whitchurch
and educated at Dorchester Grammar School, while the registers
of Lyme Regis and Charmouth contains many references to
their kinsfolk. Cf, an article by Canon Mayo in S. and D. N,
and Q. Vol. X., p. 271.
36. obv: Portrait in naval uniform. "A. A. Hood Lord
Bridport Admiral of the White " (P.K.) (Plate
II., obv. only.)
rev : Victory holding a naval crown and French flags. Ships
of war in the background. In three semi-circles, " Off Port
L'Orient," etc. In ex : " 23 June 1795."
Copper, size 1*9 in. By P. Kempson and J. G. Hancock.
The double " A " in the obverse legend appears to be an error.
Alexander, first Viscount Bridport, was born in 1726 of a clerical
and yeoman family in the Western part of the county. In 1 664
94 DORSET TOKENS AND MEDALS.
Alexander Hood, of Little Winsor tithing, was taxed there for
two hearths, and from him are descended the admirals and sea
captains of that name, whose deeds are written on the pages of
our naval history.
There are also two small copper medals of Lord Bridport and
his brother Admiral Lord Hood, which bear their respective
portraits on the obverses, with a crown or anchor on the reverses,
and the inscription " Promissory naval farthing."
37. obv : Portrait to the left, in wig and robes. "John Earl of
Eldon Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain 1827."
rev: Inscription in twelve lines; "Born 4 June 1751," etc.
Silver and copper, size 1.9 in. By Carl F. Voight. (Plate II.,
obv. only.) There is a variety of this medal, in silver, showing
a wreath of oak on the reverse, without any inscription.
John Scott, first Earl of Eldon, took his second title from his
Dorset home at Encombe in the Isle of Purbeck, which he had
acquired in the early years of the last century, and where he
spent the autumn of his life.
38. obv : Portrait, three quarters face. " R. B. Sheridan Esq.
rev : " Resistless wit," &c., in six lines, within branches of
palm and olive.
In tin, by W. Lutwyche ; size, i'35in. (Plate III., obv.
only.)
R. B. Sheridan, statesman, orator, and dramatist, was the
grandfather of the 'Squire of Frampton, who bore the same
names ; the latter was High Sheriff in 1838 and M.P. successively
for Shaftesbury and Dorchester.
39. obv : " Swanage Friendly Society 1785 " in four lines.
rev : " Value two pence " in three lines.
In copper; size, i'2$'m.
This society, founded 3oth December, 1785, must have been
one of the earliest organisations in the county for the encourage-
ment of thrift and mutual help. Lewis Cockram was the first
treasurer, with Geo. Bonfield and Jos. Cover as stewards. In
1794 their rules were exhibited at Bridport Quarter Sessions in
accordance with the Act passed in the previous year.
DORSET TOKENS AND MEDALS. 95
40. obv : Profile portrait to the right. " Georgius III Dei
Gratia." (C.I)
rev. : " Visited Weymouth June. 30 : 1789 " in four lines.
In copper; size, '75. Probably by Chas. James.
This little medal commemorates the first of those visits by
Geo. III. that laid the foundation of the town's success as a
watering-place.
41. obv : " Cerne Society. 1805." Countermarked with a horse's
head.
rev : The same. Countermarked " R.B " and " 83."
In copper; size, i'ioin. (Plate III., rev. only, before counter-
marking. )
This Society was established on 6th June, 1785, at the Nag's
Head Inn, Cerne Abbas, the initials being those of Richard
Barnwell. The first President was John Cockeram, and the
members were limited to 401. In 1819, when their rules were
taken to Quarter Sessions, Sir John W. Smith and R. A. Cox
were acting as treasurers. There is another copper medal or
token issued by the " Cerne Union Friendly Society" in 1817.
42. obv : Profile portrait to the right. " Pitt Rivers." ("David,
1834.") Bronze: cast; size, 6'3in.
This medallion, the work of the celebrated French sculptor
P. J. David, represents George, fourth Baron Rivers, who
commanded the Dorset Yeomanry from 1856, until his death ten
years later.
. I might here mention, in passing, the medal struck by the late
General Pitt Rivers, and placed in the chief excavations made by
him after 1880. The design is by Sir John Evans.
43. obv: Profile portrait of Q. Victoria, to the left. "Born
May 24th, 1819. Ascended the throne aoth
June, 1837."
rev: "Jubilee of her Majesty's reign 1887." "Borough
of Dorchester, A. Pope, mayor." "In cordibus
populi imperium."
The Anns of the Town upon a mounted and draped shield,
In silver and copper: size, i-4in. ByJ. Pinches.
96 DORSET TOKENS AND MEDALS.
44. obv : Portraits of the King and Queen, to the right.
"Edward VII. Alexandra. Crowned 1902.
June 26."
rev : " Borough of Bridport." The Arms of the Town
upon a square-topped shield. (Piate III., rev.
only.)
Copper ; size, i-25in.
Before bringing these notes to a close, I would add a reference
to some colonial brass coins that are associated with the name
and memory of Sir George Somers, of Lyme Regis. In 1609,
Somers landed on those islands in the West Indies, that after-
wards bore his name, and where he established a settlement or
colony. (Now the Bermudas.) About 1615, the Virginia
Company, who were colonizing the islands under a charter from
James I., issued the two coins now described :
45. obv: "Sommer Islands." A wild boar beneath the
numerals "XII,"
rev : A ship under sail ; St. George's cross at each mast
head.
Brass ; to pass for a shilling.
46. The sixpence is similar but smaller, and reads " VI."
There are also two little pieces for 3d. and ad. without any
inscription on the obverse ; the smaller denominations are so
rare as to be practically unobtainable.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATE.
The accompanying page of photographs illustrates some of these small "hand-
maids of history," which have been chosen to represent as far as possible all
parts of the county. The numbers within brackets are those of Boyne's work
referred to in the previous pages.
1. Samuell Miller in Abbots Burey. (B. 2)
Although the surname of Miller occurs in the parish about 1650-70, I have
been unable to identify Samuel the issuer.
2. Lancelot Cox of Beaminster, 1667. (B. 5)
He was taxed for 2 hearths in 1664.
3. Daniel Shepheard in Blandford. (B. 24)
See note under No. 24 ante
4. Ben : Devenish of Bridport. (B. 40)
His name cannot be found in the register, but Thomas Devenish was a
householder in 1642.
5. Alice Jones at Broadwinsor. 1667. (B. 44)
In 1664 she was taxed for 7 hearths.
6. Henry Castell in Cranborne. 1666.
See previous note under this town.
7. John Roy in Dorchester. 1660. (B. 76)
As a resident of Fordington he was taxed in 1664 for 4 hearths, his house
being then " voyd." See also S. and D. N. and Q., Vol. III., p. 271.
In lo8S John Boy marriel Margaret Stallingtou in Fordington church.
8. R. B. in Maide Newton (B. 100)
See note under No. 100 ante.
9. Eli/.abeth Milledge in Poole. 1668. (B. 116A)
See note under No. 116 ante.
10. George Ollive in Poole. 1665. (B. 120)
In a subsidy roll of 1661 Geo Ollive, or occupier, is taxed 3s. 5d. for a
tenement in Church Street valued at 3.
11. Edward Burd of Shaston. (B. 136A)
See note under No. 136 ante
12. John Bushrod of Sherburne. 1668. (B. 158)
13. Gustavus Home in Sherborue. 1667. (B. 162)
In 1697 administration was granted in P.C.C. to Richard Wright, the
guardian of Gustavus, son of Gustavus Home, deceased.
14. Theophilua Collins of Stalbridge. 1669.
See previous note under this town.
15. Henry Harbin in Warham. 1657. (B. 192)
In 1664 "Mr. Henry Harbyn " was taxed for 7 hearths, and was
apparently a defendant in an Exchequer suit dated 1653 concerning the
tithes of the adjoining parish of East Stoke.
16. Francis Reed in Waymouth. (B. 202)
See note under No. 202 ante
17. Thomas Flory in Winburne. 1670. (B. 222)
IS. Mil: Webster in Wooll. (B. 224)
This trader is not mentioned in the register of Wool, or in any of the more
accessible records. The surname of Webster, however, occurs frequently
in the neighbourhood of Poole during the period 1650 to 1700, and as there
is no other parish of Wool, or any bearing a similar name, we may, I
think, safely regard this as a Dorset token.
SEVENTEENTH CENTURY TOKENS.
fo cm6
porset |>ecfion of pr.
(1889) of
of
issxte6 in
By HENRY SYMONDS.
JTJWENTY years have passed since our member, Mr.
J. S. Udal, contributed the chapter relating
to Dorset in the above-named work, during
which period some new Tokens have come
to light and many varieties of those already
known have been noted. During recent
years a largely increased interest has been
shewn, both locally and in other counties,
in this branch of archaeology, with the result
that many more specimens have been available for examination
or comparison, and that Boyne's list has been extended in some
directions and curtailed in others, as will be seen in the follow-
ing notes based upon examples in the cabinet of the writer.
Some biographical details have been inserted where such are
wanting in the original pages.
98 DORSET TRADE TOKENS.
My acknowledgments are due to the clergy of many parishes
who have so kindly furnished me with information from their
registers as to the issuers, or " tokeners," who lived in the
Commonwealth and Restoration periods.
The marginal numbers are those of the 1889 edition of
Boyne's work, Vol. I., pp. 163 to 199.
The abbreviation O. is for "obverse" and R. for "reverse,"
while the sign " = " implies that what follows is shewn in the
field or central portion of the token.
BEAMINSTER.
3. O. Henry Brayne = The Mercers' Arms.
R. Of Bemester. 1657. = H.B
Henry Braine of Beaminster was assessed for 2 hearths in a
hearth tax return for 1664, now among the Rawlinson MSS. in
the Bodleian library. This return is very full, and covers the
whole county with the exception of Poole.
BLANDFORD.
10. O. Thomas Bridle = The Mercers' Arms.
T>
R. In Blandford. 1659. ~, , ,
The town name should read ' Blanford."
In 1664, 3 hearths.
E
11. O. Richard Eabris = A crown. ^ ~
R. In Blanford. 1666. His half peny.
The surname should read " Embris."
In 1664, 2 hearths.
Administration was granted in the Archdeaconry Court at
Blandford 1692 and 1706; the later grant referring, perhaps, to
a son of the issuer who bore the same name.
12. O. Henry Forrest = St. George and the dragon.
R. In Blandford. 1663. = H.F.
DORSET TRADE TOKENS. 99
1 2 A. A variety is struck in brass upon a larger blank.
In 1664, 12 hearths. Perhaps this was the chief Inn.
13. O. John Gould at the == A crown.
R. Crowne in Blandford = I.G.
The town name should read " Blandfor d ."
14. O. Thomas Gould = A lion rampant.
R. In Blandford. 1664 = T.R.G. conjoined.
I4A. A variety in brass from a different obverse die, in
which the letters are smaller and the lion is larger.
Administration was granted in the Archdeaconry Court at
Blandford 1674.
24. O. Daniel Shepheard = The Haberdashers' Arms.
R. In Blandford = D S M
24A. A variety from another reverse die in which the inner
circle is smaller and the legend differently spaced.
(Plate 3.)
29. O. Will Wolfe reyes. = The Grocers' Arms.
R. In Blandford = W.W.
29A. A variety in which the surname reads " Wolferyes,"
and the reverse legend ends with two stars instead
of one.
In 1664, 2 hearths.
BRIDPORT.
30. O. Rich d Bagg. merce' = R. B. between two stars of
five points.
R. Of Bridport. 1657 = A stocking between two stars
of five points.
3OA. A variety in which the letters of the obverse legend
are larger and the stars, or mullets, differ.
In 1664, 2 hearths.
The original register book of the Bridport Meeting of the
Society of Friends, now deposited at Somerset House, contains
the following entry: "Richard Bagg dyed the 2. 10, 1676 and
was buried in the burying place of Friends, the 5th of the same
100 DORSET TRADE TOKENS.
month." This register also mentions (i), Thomas, a son of the
above named Richard Bagg, whose Bridport token is No. 32, and
(2) Daniel Taylor of the same town, a son-in-law of Richard
Bagg, whose token is No. 43.
33. 0, Rob : Bishopp = The Apothecaries' Arms.
R. of Bridport = R.B.
3 3 A. A variety of the reverse die. showing the legend
differently spaced, and cinquefoils in the place of
dots ; the ornaments in the field are also varied.
In 1664, 3 hearths.
39. O. Thomas Dassell = A bull passant.
R. of Bridport, 1669 = T.D.
The town name should read " Bridporte."
In 1664, 13 hearths. Dassell is described in another con-
temporary document as " innholder."
CORFE CASTLE.
50. O. Richard Painter = A man holding a wool comb.
jR. Of Crofe Castle. 1666 P P C
K.o.
In 1664, 6 hearths. On 31 Dec 1698 the Prerogative Court of
Canterbury granted administration of his estate : Susan his
widow is mentioned.
CRANBORNE.
51. O. Robert Alner in = The Drapers' Arms.
R. Cranborne. 1669 = R.A. two cloves.
5 1 A. A variety of the obverse in which the shield is larger
and the spacing of the legend differs.
O. Henry Castell = A castle of one tower.
R. In Cranborne. 1666 = H.C between two mullets.
This token was unknown to the Editor of Boyne in 1889, but
is described in Somerset and Dorset Notes and Queries Vol. III.,
p. 154. (Plate 6.)
DORSET TRADE TOKENS. lot
DORCHESTER.
53-7. The meaning of the initials H.D upon the Dor-
chester town farthings was unexplained until the
Rev. J. H. Ward, writing in S. & D. N & Q.
Vol. III., p. 104, suggested that " Hospital of
Dorchester" was the true interpretation. This
solution seems satisfactory. "Thomas Clench
at ye hospital " was taxed for 5 hearths in
1663.
60. O. Thomas Applegat at y e = A crown.
A
R. Crown in Dorchester. 69 = His halfe peny. p
This token should, I think, be transferred to Dorchester in
Oxfordshire. It was first assigned to the county town of Dorset
in the second edition si Hut chins (1796), but there is apparently
no affirmative evidence in favour of our historian's attribution.
On the other hand, the name Applegate, with variants, occurs in
the parish register of Dorchester, Oxon., from 1650 to 1700, and
the Crown Inn still survives there. A search among Oxfordshire
wills confirms the register, and a tax roll of that county for 17
Charles II. yields the name of "Thomas Applegath " as an
inhabitant of the village on the Thame.
61. O. William Brock = The Grocers' Arms.
R. Of Dorchester = W.B.
This item must also be surrendered to the Oxfordshire parish.
Hutchins was the first to annex it in 1796, but the register of
Dorchester, Oxon., proves that Brock was a name well known
there before 1700. The subsidy rolls point to the same con-
clusion, which is further supported by a grant of administration
of the estate of Wm. Brock, mercer, in 1686 by the Peculiar
Court of Dorchester, Oxon , to Ann his widow.
64. O. Richard Cheney = The Grocers' Arms.
R. In Dorchester 1666 = R.C.
64_\. A variety in which the letters of the legends, and the
inner circles, are smaller.
102 DORSET TRADE TOKENS.
" Mr. Richard Cheney" 2 hearths in 1664. He was Constable
of St. Peter's parish in 1663.
66 & 7. O. Dorchester. 1 667 = Simon Eyre.
R. Three quatrefoil leaves and a boot, filling the field.
67A. A variety shows an obverse from another die ;
Dorchester. 1667 = S.E divided by an intertwined
ornament ending in two cinquefoils.
The register of Wool records that " Simon Eyre, of
" Osmington, and Mary Woollfryes, of Winterburne Kyngston,
"within the parish of Bere Regis, by vertue of a licence were
" marryed at Wooll, Feb. 13, Ano Dm, 1642."
68. O. Rich : Fellows in = three sugar loaves.
p
R. Dorchester. 1666 = o
Here again the author of our county history appears to have
assumed in 1796 that the Dorchester mentioned on the token
was in his county. The registers of the Oxfordshire parish,
however, go to disprove this, and to show that the family of
Fellowe, or Fellows, were resident there at the period in question,
although Richard cannot be identified. A search among Oxon.
wills establishes the fact that at least two Richard Fellowes were
living not very far from Dorchester about 1680. In the absence,
therefore, of any evidence in favour of the allocation to the
Dorset borough, I think that this token must join Nos. 60 and 61,
and be restored with them to their true place of origin.
77. O. lasper Samways . 1668 = The Grocers' Arms.
R. In Dorchester . grocer = His half peny. I.S con-
joined.
77A. A variety from another die reads " penny " on the
reverse ; the letters on both sides are smaller.
" Mr. Jasper Samwayes," 4 hearths in 1664.
8 1. O. Phillip Stansbie = The Sailers' Arms.
R. of Dorchester. 68 = P. S. conjoined.
8 1 A. A variety from another reverse die shows a large
cinquefoil on each side of the monogram.
J^'Mr. Phillip Stansbie" 7 hearths in 1664.
DORSET TRADE TOKENS. loj
EVERSHOT.
88. O. John Ffisher, 1658 = The Mercers' Arms.
R. of Evershot. mercer = I.E.
This member of an old Evershot family was assessed in
respect of land there in 16 Charles I., and in 1664 his hearths
were stated to be four in number.
FRAMPTON.
89. O. John Maynard, mercer = His halfe peny.
R. of Frampton. 1667. = I.M. with a flower between
the letters.
I venture to think that the editor of Boyne was wrong in
assigning this token to Frampton in Dorset, where the surname
is not to be found in any records whether parochial, testamentary,
or exchequer. The register of- Frampton on Severn, Gloucester,
contains the baptism of a John Maynard in 1634 and his burial
in 1671 ; the same person was married in 1659, at the neigh-
bouring church of Cam, to Anna Trotman, who was buried at
Frampton on Severn a few months after her husband. I fear,
therefore, that we must part company with John Maynard as a
Dorset tokener.
HALSTOCK.
90. 0. William Clarke in A packhorse saddled.
rj
R. Halstocke. Dorsetshir = T y /-,
William Clark sen: was buried at Halstock 18 Sept 1700, and
Grace Clark sen : on 13 Dec 1715. A William Clarke was taxed
for 3 hearths in 1664.
LVME REGIS.
96. O. AMVELL Hart A heart.
R. of Lyme. 1655 = A pot of lilies or roses.
104 DORSET TRADE TOKENS.
96A. A variety of the obverse die in which the heart is
larger and the legend differently spaced ; a mullet
takes the place of a cinquefoil.
It would appear that the tokens of Amiel Hart (N os 96-7-8)
were not issued by the same person but by father and son.
Amiel the elder was responsible for those dated 1655; he was
buried at Lyme on 3 Oct.,, 1667, and his will is registered in
P.C.C. 19 Hene. Amiel, the younger, issued those of 1668, and
his will may be found in P.C.C. 33 Bok.
In 1664 the father was taxed for 6, the son for 4 hearths.
MAIDEN NEWTON.
100. O. Draper in .= R.B.
R. Maide Newton = R.B.
IOOA. A variety of the reverse die in which the legend
reads " Newtoon " only, with other minor differ-
ences.
The identity of R.B. is somewhat a matter of doubt. The only
individual who corresponds satisfactorily with these initials is
one Richard Bishop, who was a substantial householder at
Maiden Newton during the currency of the tokens, and who was
buried there in 1680. If he could be shown to have been a
" draper " the probability might become a certainty. (Plate 8.)
MELCOMBE REGIS.
101. O. Thomas Hide in = A ship.
R. Mely. Regis. Waymouth = T.H.
Tliis should read " Waymouth. Mely Regis" on the reverse.
IOIA. A variety differs in the details of the ship and in the
size of the letters of the obverse legend.
104. O. John. Swetnam. of \
R. Mclconb. draper = 1
DORSET TRADE TOKENS. 105
I04A. A variety reads as follows, the token being of poor
workmanship.
g
O. John Swetnam = T A
g
R. of Melton, draper =j .
MILTON ABBEY.
1 06. O. George Cleeve in = The Drapers' Arms.
R. Millton Abby. 1669 -= G.C.
George Cleeves contributed zd. to a church rate for Milton
Abbey parish in 1670. He was apparently a stranger by birth,
but was elected as churchwarden in 1679. His name occurs
several times in the parish accounts, and the register records his
burial on i9th June 1712.
107. O. Zanchy Harvyn of = The Grocers' Arms.
R. Abby Milton. 1651 = Z.H.
Harvyn, or Harbin, is an old Milton name. In 1637 "Sonkey
Harbyn " paid 45. 6d. towards the reparation of the Abbey, of
which church he became warden in 1653-5.
He was buried at Milton on 1 6 June, 1 664.
POOLE.
1 1 6. O. Elizabeth Milledge = A hart passant.
R. In Poole. 1666. = E.M.
i i6A. A variety is dated 1668 and differs in minor details of
the reverse. The metal is brass, whereas No. 1 1 6
is copper. (Plate. 9.)
In a subsidy roll of 1661-2, Mrs. Melledge, widow, is taxed
135. 6d. for the " Antholip Inne " and another tenement which
were assessed at 12, and 6s. gd. for her wine licence valued
at 6.
Therefore, for ' hart ' read ' antelope.'
122. O. Richard Olliver = The Grocers' Arms.
R. of Poole. 1650. = R.O
106 DORSET TRADE TOKENS.
I22A. A variety is dated 1655.
I22B. A second variety is dated 1656.
It is at least doubtful whether No. 122, dated 1650, exists in
fact. The description is apparently derived from Hutchins'
plate of 1796, which needs verification in many instances, and,
perhaps, in this one.
123* O. George Phillips = A dolphin.
R, Of Pool . 1653 = G P A
The first word of the reverse legend should be " in," not " of."
In a subsidy roll of 1661-2 the "widow of Mr. Geo Phillips"
was taxed 2s. 6d. for her new built tenement in Market Street,
which was valued at .3. 53. -8d. per annum.
128. O. Edward Tizard . 1671 = His Token.
R. Chandler of Poole = A man making candles.
The obverse should read "|D."
130. O. Edward Tizard = A man making candles.
R. In Poole . 1665 = E T E
This occurs in brass as well as in copper, the latter being the
type.
SHAFTESBURY.
1 34. O. Thomas Bricksey his = A hat and feathers.
p
R. Halfpenny of Shaston = -p
The variety No. 135, in the British Museum, said to read
" Bricksie," is, in fact, identical with the type. 135 should
therefore be omitted from the list.
136. O. Edward Burd = A lion rampant.
T>
R. Of Shaston = j? T\T
I36A. A variety in which both obverse and reverse are from
other dies, the details showing many variations
from 136.
(Plate n.) In 1664, 4 hearths.
DORSET TRADE TOKENS. 1 67
Administration of the estate of Edward Burd was granted in
the Archdeaconry Court at Blandfordin 1679. It may be a mere
coincidence that a token of Colyton issued in 1657 bears the
name of Edward Burd, and that the initial of his wife's name was
also M.
137. 0. Joseph Byles = A variety of the Tallowchandlers'
Arms.
R. In Shaston = T c
I37A. A variety showing a larger shield on the obverse, and
a larger inner circle on the reverse. The arrange-
ment of the legends and the stops also differs.
In 1664, 2 hearths.
150. O. William Mathew = A sheep.
R. In Shaston. 1667 = W.M.
The animal on the observe is a horse with a pack or saddle,
the initials on the reverse should be ,/- -, r
In 1689 administration was granted in P.C.C. of the estate of
William Mathews, of Shaftesbury, who had died in London.
154. O. Alexander Weekes at y e = Rose and crown.
R. In Shaston. his half penny = A.W
I54A. A variety reads " hapenny " on the reverse. Possibly
this is the correct reading of 154, as the editor of
Boyne had not seen the token reported to him as
reading " half penny."
" Mr. Alexander Wykes " was taxed for 8 hearths in 1 664.
SHERBORNE.
1 80. O. John Whetcombe = The Anns of the W T hetcombe
family ; paly, three eagles displayed.
R. In Sherburne. 1657 = ^-^
i8oA. A variety in which the shield is smaller and the
obverse legend differently placed, the mullet being
omitted.
io8 DORSET TRAD2 TOKENS.
In 1664, John Whetcombe, sen. and jun., were taxed for 9 and
6 hearths respectively.
In 1701, administration was granted in P.C.C to Sexia, the
relict of John Whetcombe, deceased.
1 8 1. O. Isack Williams = A mortar and pestle.
R. At Sherborne. 1664. = I.W.
The town name should be " Sheerborne."
182. This token of 1658, by the last named issuer, reads
" Sherborne " as printed, but is varied slightly
from No. 181 in the details of the reverse.
183. This token of 1666, also by the issuer of No. 181,
should be " Sheerborne," and differs from the two
former specimens in the shape of the mortar and
in the details of the reverse.
STALBRIDGE.
O. Theophilus Collins = Three cloves.
rj
R. of Stalbridge. 1669 = , ,
This farthing token has not hitherto been recorded, save by
the writer in 5. & D. N. & Q., Vol. XL, p. 37. The register
of Stalbridge throws no light upon the issuer, probably owing to
the fact that it dates only from 1 690. The transcripts at Salisbury
have not yet been examined. A tablet in the nave of Stalbridge
church, mentioned by Hutchins, records the death of Temperance
Collins in 1666. (Plate 14.)
STOWHOROUGH.
1 86. O. Nicholas Northover = N.N.
R. In Stoborry = 1657.
At Stowborough in 1664 he was taxed for 2 hearths. He is
also mentioned in Harl. MSS 788.
DORSET TRADE TOKENS. 109
STURMINSTER NEWTON.
1 88. O. Robert Porter = The Mercers' Arms.
p
R. In Sturmister Newton = D p
The final N in the town name should be omitted.
In a subsidy roll of 16 Charles I., Robert Porter was taxed 6s.
on lands of the annual value of 403.
WEYMOUTH.
202. O. Francis Reed = The Grocers' Arms.
7^. In Waymouth= F.R
202A. A variety of obverse and reverse in which the cloves
upon the shield are eight instead of nine in
number, and the letters of the legends are larger
throughout. The ornaments and stops also differ.
(Plate 1 6.)
207. O. Thomas Tunstall = A ship.
T
R. of Waymouth = -p A
208. This token by the last named issuer, in addition to
reading "in Waymouth 1667," is further varied
from N 207 by the omission of the inner circle on
the obverse, by a different rendering of the ship,
and by other minor changes.
WIMBORNE.
220. O. Roberte Ekins of = Arms within a shield; a bend
fusilly between two daggers erect.
R. Wimburne. 1670. = -n T and an interlaced flower.
220A. A variety omits the last E in the Christian name on
the obverse, and the E at the end of the town
name on the reverse.
110 DORSET TRADE TOKENS.
221. 0. John Farre of = A glove.
R. Winborne. glover = I.F.
The town name should be " Wimborne."
A curious little item of rough workmanship, struck in lead or
pewter, reads as follows :
P.W. 69. 2 d . Dorset.
The reverse is blank. See S. & D. N. & Q. Vol. X., p. 31.
HILTON CHURCH.
WITH ILLUSTRATIONS BY THE AUTHOR.
By the Rev. E. H. H. LEE, M.A.
(Read 20th February, 190S.)
HEN I have to inform you that the name of Hilton
is derived from the Saxon " Hell," and that the
larger of the two streams which rise in the parish
is called " the Devil," it might perhaps be con-
cluded that there is something foreboding about
the neighbourhood. On the contrary the people
are a quiet and homely folk, living in one of the
most lovely spots in a beautiful county, which, fortunately, can
still lay claim to be an old-world place. In the character of its
inhabitants " Helton " has probably not changed much since the
time when the parish was given by King Canute to Ore, his house
earle, who, with Dame Thole, his wife, gave it to " ye Church of
S. Peter at Abbotsbury."
The parish stretches from Milton Park, close by the Abbey,
over the ridge of hill, culminating in Bulbarrow, then drops down
into Blackmore Vale, and reaches on its westward side as far as
112 HILTON CHURCH.
the churchyard of Bingham's Melcombe, its object of chief
antiquarian interest being the Celtic encampment known as
Rawlsbury Rings. The parish consists of three villages, Higher
and Lower Ansty and Hilton, at the latter of which is the church,
an interesting and fine example of late Perpendicular architec-
ture. There are traces, however, of earlier workmanship, namely,
a Norman font bowl, an Early English arcade between the nave
and the south aisle, and a window of the Decorated period in the
south-western angle of this aisle, besides fragments of stones
(placed beneath the tower) of Norman and Early English work-
manship. Two of the window arches in the north aisle suggest
Transition Norman work, and internally they bear traces of
colouring.
The Church of All Saints consists of a chancel, 24-ft. by i6ft. ;
a nave, 35ft. by 21 ft. ; north and south aisles, each soft, by loft. ;
and a western tower, i2ft. by lift. ; there is also a small vestry,
about 1 3ft. by pft. 6in., at the north side of the tower. A
remarkable feature of the Church is its width, the nave and the
aisles together measuring 41 feet across, whilst in length the
nave is only 35 feet.
The side aisles are divided from the nave by arcades, each
consisting of three bays; both sides, however, differ in detail,
that on the south being undoubtedly of older date than the other.
The aisles have a common feature which is very unusual, for on
both sides they are continued beyond the extent of the nave,
without an archway, and are connected with the choir of the
chancel by arches similar in detail to those in the nave. The
piers of the south arcade are very slight, owing to the wall on
this side of the church being very thin, only measuring ift. 8in.,
in comparison with the 2ft. 2in. wall on the north side.
The lean-to roofs of the aisles are of open timber work
constructed of oak, and the ribs which support the panelling are
very elaborately moulded ; the roof of the south aisle having this
curious feature, that the ribs of each square run alternately north
and south, and east and west. The east end of this aisle was
perhaps formerly used as a chapel, and has a priest's door with
ea
16TH CENTURY INSCRIPTION ON SOUTH WALL.
HILTON CHURCH, 113
several interesting details, and near it on the outside, and plinth
high, is a large slab of stone supposed to have been used as a
"Dole Table."
Two leaden plates which were formerly on the roofs of the
aisles are now affixed to the walls of the vestry. They bear the
I W MA
initials S F and I D.
1722 1741
The south porch, which projects into the Church in a very
unusual manner, has a beautiful groined Perpendicular roof of
Ham Hill stone, in the fan-tracery of which are the arms of the
Abbeys of Milton and Abbotsbury. The present position of the
porch may probably thus be accounted for : The aisle at some
time has been widened since the porch was built, for at the time
of the restoration of the Church in 1892 a short length of the
moulding of the parapet was discovered which had been left
inside the walls of the aisle at the west side of the porch. This
moulding in every way corresponded with that on the outside,
and had evidently at one time been outside the wall, and the
point where the moulding stopped against the former wall could
plainly be seen when the plaster was removed. The effect
produced by this projection of the porch into the church is very
peculiar. I think it not improbable that the widening of this
aisle took place in the year 1569, as high up on the outside of
the wall are three sets of initials W F, H W, T I, to the latter
two of which this date is attached. If this is so, it is an inter-
esting fact, as very little church building was done during the
reign of Queen Elizabeth. Hutchins thinks the initials H. W
are those of Henry Williams, who was lessee of the manor in the
time of Elizabeth. From the peculiar position of the porch it
has been suggested that at some time it may have been a chantry,
but this is untenable from the fact that it has wide doorway
openings, both of which evidently exist as originally built, except
that the outside opening was not intended to have any door ; and
the double-moulded jambs and arch show that the porch was
originally an open one. A niche and the pedestal and part of
114 HILTON CHURCH.
the base of the bowl of the holy water stoup still remain in the
north-east angle of the porch. The niche in its exterior face is
of the 1 4th century.
The pier on the south side of the chancel arch contains the
steps which formerly led to the rood loft. Before the restoration
of the Church the original openings at the bottom and top of the
staircase were walled up (this was probably done at the time of
the Reformation), and two more doorway openings formed one
on the south side of the pier leading from the south transept and
one on the west side, the sill of which is about 3ft. 6in. from the
floor. This opening probably gave access to the pulpit. All
four openings three at the bottom and one at the top of the
pier are now left open to tell their own story.
The tower is a remarkably fine one and is in three stages
finished with battlements and pinnacles and turret staircase. It
is connected with the nave by a very handsome arch. Mr. W.
J. Fletcher writes, "The panelled jambs and soffit of this arch
bear a strong resemblance to the work at Sherborne Abbey and
are very suggestive of the same designing hand." The belfry
contains four bells varying in weight from 6 to 14 cwt. with the
following inscriptions :
i. Won nobis, Bomine, non nobis.
2. N.H: C.W: T.P. Anno Domini 1684.
3. R, ^ P. 1637. Anno Domini.
4. O singe prayse vnto God. 1626. I.D. R.T.
On the north and south walls of the tower, where it is open to
the interior of the Church, are twelve curious panel paintings of
Apostles with their insignia, eight feet high, the names of each on
a scroll over their heads. The oak on which they are painted has
been smoothed with the adze, pointing to the fact that they were
painted prior to the invention of the plane, so that their date
would probably not be later than the early part of the fifteenth
century. Hutchins says " that the painting is not ill done, and
in tollerable preservation. "
HILTON CHURCH. 115
The six on the north side (from left to right) are :
1. Scus Matheus. 4. Scus Symon.
2. Scus Philyp. 5. Scus Mathias.
3. Scus Thomas. 6. Scus Petrus.
The six in the south side are :
1 . Scus Judas Tadeus. 4. Scus Johanes euagelist.
2. Scus Jacobs Minor. 5. Scus Andreas.
3. Scus Paulus. 6. Scus Jacobs.
Quoting again from Hutchins, " S. Peter is fine, Sancta Maria
(one of those which are missing) that is also fine. In the
former there is much expression of countenance," but not more
than is found in some of the others to which he has given no
distinguishing epithet. The others, also wanting, are S. Martin,
S. Benedict, S. Bartholomew, S. Nicholas, and S. Sampson.
Hutchins gives as the possible reason for these being laid aside,
that except S. Bartholomew they were not Apostles, and that S.
Paul was given preference to him. A closer examination of the
paintings I think suggests a different conclusion. The panel
representing S. Peter is made up of two figures : the upper half
belongs to the original S. Peter, but the lower part to one of
the missing six; besides several of the panels remaining have
defective parts made up presumably from portions of the missing
panels. From this, I believe, the conclusion may fairly be drawn
that at some time or another the missing six were used to repair
those that remain. These paintings originally belonged to Milton
Abbey; and were removed at first to the chancel of Hilton
Church some time after the year 1774 probably at Wyatt's
restoration of the Abbey in 1789.
On the west wall of the north aisle there is a piece of inserted
Perpendicular stonework like a parapet of five intersecting
diamonds moulded in quatrefoils, at the centres of which are
these arms, according to Hutchins: "(i) A cross engrailed
between four lilies, Cerne Abbey ; (2) A cross tau, on which is (?)
a bird-bolt; (3) A lion rampant in a bordure bezantd, Earl of
Il6 HILTON CHURCH.
Cornwall'' As to No. 2, 1 am inclined to think this is a symbolic
coat, with the tau and a nail with the sacred heart super-imposed.
In the east wall of the north aisle a coat of arms is inserted
(owner unidentified). In the vestry there is an oak chest (with
three locks) with the inscription " M. H. Anno Domini 1638 "
the initials of Martin Hewet, vicar, who died or resigned in
1639. There are also two old oak coffin stools.
Externally the Church has several features worthy of note.
Besides the " Dole Table " already mentioned there is a sun-dial
with the date 1690 at the south-east corner of the south aisle.
In the angle between the exterior of the tower and the south
aisle is a curious broken piece of masonry, which is difficult to
account for. On the north aisle are some remarkable gargoyles,
one representing a man blowing the bagpipes, of which I am
told there is only one other instance in England, I believe, at
Hereford Cathedral. The central gargoyle on the east side
of the tower represents the devil flying out of a child after
baptism.
There was formerly much stained glass in the Church which
was "destroyed by some idle persons about 1730." A very
beautiful east window has recently been placed in the Church
through the generosity of two of the parishioners.
The list of vicars dates back to Hugh or Walter de Pankeston,
March 6th, 1313, and the Living has always been in the gift of the
Bishop of Salisbury. The registers commence in 1604, and there
are two interesting entries about the time of the Commonwealth.
One " Will Snoke " was the intruder, and he seems to have had
trouble with the parishioners, for we find during 1649 the
following note :
" AT MY FIEST COMING TO THIS FLACK.
About this time ther wer som maried, that livid in the parish, others buried,
and especially more that had their children Baptised, partly out of contempt, or
by reason of ignorance or willfulness against me Refusing to be Examined of the
poorer sort. Whereof som ar living others are dead, the which they should live
they would be made uncapable of any earthly inheritance this I note for
satisfaction of any that do. Will Snoke. And so I left it in the clark's liberty."
17TH CENTURY SUN DIAL.
HILTON CHURCH. 117
Then in 1660 the returning Vicar entered a memorandum as
follows :
" Memorand : Yt in ye time of Civill warre in England when King Charles
ye first was murthered by his subjects I John Antram Vicar of Helton was by
ye power of ye sword then prvaileing violently kept out of my f oresd livinge from
the yeare 1646 inJanuarie of tht yeare untillye cominge in of Charles ye Second
or gracious sovereine web. was in ye yeare 1660 being the 12th yeare of his
reigne rtly about Michaelmas of yt yeare I was by law restored for yt in ye
rumpasse of the times this register has been kept very imperfect."
On first reading this memorandum I thought John Antram
must have put the date 1646 by mistake for 1649, but on
examination of the registers for the year 1646 I found that on
January 3ist, 1646, they begin to be kept in a new handwriting,
though not in that of Will Snoke. Thus a very interesting point
arises, as it would appear that three years before the death of
Charles I. this part of the country was so completely in the
hands of the Parliamentary party that it could expel the rightful
vicar and intrude its own minister.
Lionel Gardner, who succeeded Will Snoke, was apparently
desirous but with ill effect to impress his knowledge of Latin on
any who might inspect the registers, as in 1659 this entry
appears :
" Hugh Pysing, the son of Hugh Pysing and Avis his wife, Natus ffuit ye 24th
December ett Baptizatis fuit ye 25th."
When the parents of a child objected to its being baptised,
this is the way the entry was made : " Margarett the Anabaptist
daughter of Richard Chacutt, Jan. 28, 1702-3." And then in
the entry of the burial of poor little John Chacutt, who was born
February 28, 1704-5: "John, the Anabaptist son of Richard
Chacutt, was put into earth Aprill 6, 1705."
There are in all old Registers some rather remarkable entries.
Robert Parsons, the parish clerk, who kept the registers from
1765 to 1804, in one instance signs himself as 'Rober' Parsons.
Here are a few other instances of mis-spelling. For Amelia, we
have Meliar, Melyar, Melyear, Meliah ; Peneloper (Penelope) ;
II&
Persilla (Priscilla) ; Miria, Meoria (Maria) ; Haiot (Harriet) ;
Keria of Daile ; Lettechea. Among curious names in 1624, a
boy was christened ' Bruen ' ; and an unfortunate girl had to bear
through life the title of Agnes Darkey Blagrave. In the time of
my predecessor a man described himself as ' a proprietor of
donkies ' ; and I should imagine that ' deceased ' is a record for
the description of the rank or profession of a bridegroom.
I need only add, as one who had nothing to do with it, that it
is a matter of much thankfulness that such a beautiful Church
was restored by such capable hands. It was a real restoration
and not a mutilation.
TSfye pisfriBttfion of
in Deration fo fe pifferent
^formations in porsef.*
{Being the Mansel-Pleydell Prize Essay for iqoj?)
By Miss L. TOWERS.
JHHE subject before us must appeal to any lover of
Dorset since it calls for the expression of that
deep interest which Nature awakens in the mind,
when she displays the wonders of her vegetable
and mineral kingdom so profusely as they are
to be found in this favoured county.
When one gazes on the wooded heights in the
full glory of sunlight, or, in the gloaming, feels the
mystery of her winding vales, who can but realise
that Nature has many secrets to disclose to those who will woo
her with earnestness and humility ?
In searching for reasons for the great profusion and variety
of plant-life in the county, our attention is drawn to the
* The writer wishes to acknowledge her indebtedness to Mr. Mansel-Pley dell's
invaluable work on The Flora of Dorset, which contains two maps, one of the
geology of the county and the other of the divisions of the county for the
purposes of the Flora.
120 THE DISTRIBUTION OF LIVING PLANTS.
remarkable number of geological formations'; these lead one
to expect distinct differences of flora even in districts of
the closest proximity ; but although the character of plants is
largely influenced by the mineral constituents of the rocks in
their immediate vicinity, yet the majority of plants is to be
found on the alluvial soils composed of the debris of many other
strata. As, when endeavouring to form a garden where every
variety of bloom may please the eye and charm the senses, it is
necessary to provide the soil in which each plant may find the
environment best suited to its requirements, so Nature, revers-
ing this process for each combination of earths, provides the
appropriate plant, often of striking beauty and always possessed of
the indescribable charm of appropriateness and perfect harmony
with its surroundings, which places it on a different plane from
the denizens of an ordinary garden. In thus assorting her plants
to their proper habitats, Nature indicates the close relation between
the mineral and vegetable provinces of her kingdom, so that the
instructed eye will discern through the vegetation the character
of the underlying rock, and with equal certainty will predict, from
a knowledge of the base rock, what flowers may be expected there
in their seasons.
In Dorset, with its manifold strata and its ample provision of
rivers and tributary streams, we find every condition realised for
encouraging the growth not only of the more generally known
wild flowers, but also of some species rare in many other parts
of England.
Carrying our thoughts to the wide tract of chalk which stretches
across the county from the extreme north-east to within a few
miles of the south-west coast line, we find high downland with
but scanty vegetation, except in the hollows where better soil
has collected from the wastage of the hills. Turning next to the
extreme south, we follow the chalk in a narrow tract visible along
the coast at Ringstead Bay and Lulworth, from which point it
strikes nearly due east till it forms the picturesque cliff's of
Ballard Head. In the hollows and hanging woods of this
area may be found all the ordinary Spring flowers, also the
THE DISTRIBUTION OF LIVING PLANTS. 121
later blooming Hare-bell {Campanula rotundifoh'a), and the
rare Helleborine (Cephalanthera ensifotia), with its pure
white blossoms and long narrow leaves, and round about
Evershot the even rarer Great Bell-flower (Campanula latifolia],
Among the plants of larger growth may here be mentioned the
Wild Service tree (Pyrus torminalis] near the boundaries of
Cranborne Chase ; and on the extreme south-west and south
slopes of the central Dorset range will be seen the Musk Orchis
(Herminium Monorchis] rearing its slender spike of yellowish green
flowers. The Bee Orchis (Ophrys apifera) is commonly found at
the base of the chalk downs in Purbeck, and many other species
of Orchid may often be met with on the calcareous soil of the
district under consideration. The Dwarf Gentian finds a
suitable habitat in the short grass of the downs, as also the rare
Chalk Milkwort (Polygala calcarea}. Curtis' Mouse-ear Chick-
weed (Cerastium pumilum\ though very rare, may be found on
the chalk downs. Common Centaury grows in open spots,
whilst different species of Crane's-bill keep chiefly to hedge-
banks, road- sides, and the borders of woods and meadows.
Traveller's Joy (Clematis vilalba\ though chiefly located on chalk,
is also found on oolite, as in the Weares, Portland ; but not
on the Tertiary bed in the south-east of the county, nor usually
on the heavy clays of the west and south. The Wayfaring Tree,
or Mealy Viburnum ( Viburnum lantana\ which gets its name
from the soft mealy down covering its young shoots and
leaves, occurs principally on chalk or limestone, whilst the
common Guelder Rose may be found frequently on most soils
other than the sandy beds. The Common Flax (Linum
usitatissimuni} is somewhat rare, but has been found between
Evershot and Cattistock, and also in the south-western Lias
district around Bridport.
There is, perhaps, no occasion to mention more than a few
other plants, whose growth depends chiefly on the calcareous
soil of this part of Dorset, such as : The Musk Mallow
(Malva moschata) with its crowded head of large rose-coloured
and sometimes white flowers, the Milk Vetch (Astragalus
122 THE DISTRIBUTION OF LIVING PLANTS.
glycyphyllus), a species more commonly found in the eastern
parts of England, and distributing itself over the greater part of
Europe, and into the far east of Russian Asia ; Common Sainfoin
(Onobrychis saliva), Salad Burnet (Poierium Sanguisorba\ Wild
Carrot (Daucus Carofa], some species of Bedstraw, such as the
Slender Bedstraw (Galium sylvestre), and the Marsh Bedstraw
(Galium palusire), the Glabrous Oatgrass (Avena pratensis\ and
the Field Fleawort (Senea'o campestris), which grows very luxuri-
antly on Ashmoor Down.
In close local contact with the chalk comes the other member
of the cretaceous group, known as the Wealden Beds, which
causes the deep indentation of Swanage Bay, and extends thence
westwards to Lulworth. ' These beds are not without some
interesting plants, such as the Saw-wort, which may be found
in plenty near Corfe Castle.
Passing now to the east and south-east of the county, we find
the district of Tertiary formation represented chiefly by the
Eocenes, and forming high heath-lands and long low stretches
of bogland the latter area being the most productive of plant
life. Here the Bog-Asphodel (Narthecium ossifraguni) charms
the solitudes with its slender stem of bright yellow flowerets, and
the air is scented with wild Thyme (Thymui Serpylluni) and Bog
Myrtle {Myrica Gale], The Lesser Sundew (Drosera intermedia']
grows here in turfy bogs and shallow water, and the Common
Butterwort (Pinguicula vulgaris}, another insectivorous plant,
though somewhat rare, may be found near Poole and in Purbeck.
The Bog- Pimpernel (Anagallis tenelld) is common not only in
this south-east district, but will be met with in most other boggy
places of the county. On the drier margins of the bogs will
be found the Bog Gentian (Gentiana Pneumonanthe), and some
species of Orchis. The Marsh Helleborine (Epipaclis paluslris)
is uncommon, but has been found in such places as the boggy
ground between Morden and Bloxworth. Wild Mignonette
(Reseda luted), frequents the more cultivated ground, as also do
White Campion (Lychnis vesperlina), and St. John's Wort
(Plypericum telraplenitii). On the higher ground will be found
THE DISTRIBUTION OF LIVING PLANTS. 123
some species of Poppy, also some members of the Fumariaceae
family, such as Fiunaria confusa. Smith's Dog Violet ( Viola
laded], the Common Allseed, and the soft-knotted Trefoil
(Trijolium striatuni}, with many others, make this part of Dorset
a source of much interest. Erica ciliaris and E. ciliaris x
Tetralix deserve notice, as especially characterising this district ;
the latter has been found in comparative plenty in the neigh-
bourhood of Parkstone. That rare plant, Simethis bicolor, has
been observed in Branksome Wood.
Taking now the extreme west of the county, we find a
district (forming almost a square bounded by lines drawn from
Chardstock to Mosterton, from Mosterton to Bridport, from
Bridport to Lyme Regis, and from Lyme Regis to Chardstock)
given up entirely to beds of Lias and Midford Sands, with the
exception of a few elevated caps of cretaceous beds such as
occur at Stonebarrow and Weald Warren and Eype and
Blackdown Hill near Thorncombe. Among the rarer plants of
the district may be mentioned Whitlow Grass (Draba muralis),
Purple Spurge (Euphorbia Peplis], Spring Snow-flake (Leucojum
vernum], the Hay-scented Fern (Lastrcca (cmula], and the Heart-
leaved Tway-blade (List era cordatd].
The coast of this part of Dorset offers much to rouse our
interest in the beauty and variety of the flowers which Nature has
attracted there by providing for their special requirements. Here
the Yellow Horned Poppy (Glaucium flavum\ the Purple Sea
Rocket (Cakile maritimd] and Sea Kale (Crambe maritimd] find a
home. A few other plants, rather rare on this shore, but found
also in sandy and gravelly places on or near other parts of the
coast, are the Sea-Stork's-Bill (Erodium maritimum\ the Sea
Pea (Lathyrus maritimus] with its spike of bluish purple flowers
and hairy pods; and, on the cliffs between Lyme Regis and
Charmouth, the sweet-scented white blooms of the Butterfly
Orchis (Habenaria bifolid] may be met with. Among the shore-
loving plants frequently found may be mentioned the Sea Pink
(Armeria maritimd], Sea-Milkwort (Glaux maritimd], and Sea
Beet (Beta maritimd). A few other more or less scarce plants
124 T HE DISTRIBUTION 6tf LIVING PLANTS.
growing in the cornfields, hedges and woods of. this district are
the Corn-Crow-foot, Green Hellebore, Common Barberry, Penny
Cress, and the Blue Fleabane (Erigeron acre).
The heath districts of this corner of Dorset may be taken, in
conjunction with the other heath lands of the county, as of
necessity producing similar vegetation, though the geological
position of the sandy beds on the west differs widely from those
on the east. We find the Sneeze-wort Yarrow (Achilltza Ptarmica),
Common Chamomile (Anthemis nobilis), the Small-flowered
Sweetbriar (Rosa micrantha), and many others almost equally
frequent in these parts. Whin, or Furze, is found in abundant
profusion.
It is interesting to mention here a few of the plants that have
been naturalised from other countries, such as (i) the Yellow
Mimulus, whose home was on the banks of rivers in North-West
America, but which has long been cultivated in our gardens and
is now naturalised in many boggy places, as at Bourton and
Houghton ; it has been found growing on the banks of the Wey
and by the river side at Bradford Peverell (2) the Water
Thyme (Anacharis Alsinastruni) which floats entirely under
water and was probably introduced from North America (3) the
Pheasants' Eye (Adonis autumnalis] at home in the cornfields of
Central and Southern Europe and Western Asia, and (4) the
Tea plant (Lyctum barbaruni) for some time naturalised on our
coasts and in some of the Eastern counties.
We need not enter upon the interesting subject of the lower
forms of vegetation, stlch as the mosses, lichens, and
parasitical plants common to the county, but, before closing this
paper, attention may be drawn to the chemical connection
between the vegetable and mineral provinces of Nature's king-
dom, and the existence of an ascending scale in plant life thus,
lichens and mosses decomposing the rock surface and extracting
from it their means of sustenance, by their death afford the
necessary provender for grasses, and these, in their turn, make
way for plants of a higher order, and so we must recognise the
economic value of many vegetable organisms that have in
THE DISTRIBUTION OF LIVING PLANTS. 125
themselves little beauty or apparent use. Taking another step
in the ascending scale, we see animate beings feeding on the
herbage ; and they, by their death and dissolution, complete the
circuit by giving back to the soil those intangible particles of silex,
lime, iron, &c., with other constituent substances ; and Nature,
in her invisible laboratory, will work up these materials into
new forms of usefulness and beauty ; and so the endless chain
of destruction and re-construction works on, without noise or
respite, and though many of its links are out of sight, it may
be hoped that even on these, further investigation may shed fresh
and ever increasing light. As Nature awakens in our minds
a constantly deepening desire to look into her mysteries, so
shall we be the more imbued with a sense of the exceeding
beauty and excellence of her handiwork.
of
in
Compiled by JOHN . ACLAND, M.A., Curator.
JHHE Dorset County Museum is unusually rich in
specimens of sepulchral pottery found in barrows
within the county, and, although they have been
referred to occasionally in papers read before
the Field Club, I trust that the list which I
have prepared a complete list of all that we
now possess may be useful for reference and as
an interesting county record.
So much has been written on pre-historic burial customs that
I need do no more as an introduction to this catalogue than
make a few general remarks as an assistance to those who have
not been able to study the subject for themselves.
The pottery found in barrows is usually classified under four
heads ; (i) Drinking Cups, now sometimes called " Beakers " ;
(2) Food Vessels ; (3) Cinerary Urns ; (4) Incense Cups.
Drinking cups and food vessels are found deposited with unburnt
bodies ; cinerary urns, as the name implies, form receptacles for
the ashes of the dead; and incense cups are also associated
SEPULCHRAL POTTERY. 127
with deposits of burnt bones ; but their use is still a matter of
conjecture, and the name is merely conventional.
The drinking cups, or beakers, are considered to be the earliest,
and are on the whole the most graceful of the various types.
The food vessels vary greatly in shape, but are never very large,
while cinerary urns exhibit the utmost variety of construction,
size, and design ; there are several distinct types, the height
varying from 5 or 6 inches to 24 inches, or even more.
The Dorset barrows have yielded very few specimens of
drinking cups, and as a result our collection contains only two
or three examples, Nos. 93, in ; but we are fortunate in having a
considerable number of food vessels, such as Nos. 52, 64, 101,
1 14, and 115. Incense cups are represented by a few interesting
specimens, but all more or less injured, Nos. 25, 71, 90, and 125 ;
and out of the large number of cinerary urns it will be sufficient
to refer to a few typical examples of the different varieties.
( i ) Those with overhanging or moulded rims, which may be said
to consist of three members, an upper rim, a neck, and the bod} 7 ;
Nos. 2, 22, 37, 38, 78, and no. (2) Those which may be
described as consisting of two truncated cones joined at their
bases, barrel shape, and provided with loop handles or knobs ;
Nos. 34, 87. (3) Those with straight sides, cylindrical, or
nearly so, Nos. 4, 5, 46, 75, 79, and 112 ; and (4) globular, such
as Nos. 8, 9, 1 1, 42, 43, and 49.
Although simple burial of the body in a contracted position
appears to have preceded the custom of cremation, Mr. Bateman,
in his book " Antiquities of Derbyshire," gives a table presenting
the characteristic features of both kinds of sepulture, practised at
the same period ; and to show how difficult it would be to draw
reliable conclusions as to the relative dates of Dorset barrows
merely from the character of the burial, I will refer to an excava-
tion made by Mr. Warne at Dewlish. The barrow contained
evidence of at least seven distinct interments, five of which were
cremations, and two of unburnt bodies. The earliest, i.e., the
lowest, burial was in a cinerary urn, elegantly shaped and of
compact texture, "the most beautiful specimen," says Mr. Warne,
128 SEPULCHRAL POTTERY.
" of all the fictile productions of the ancients it has been my lot
to excavate, the mould and chalk around being entirely free from
any admixture of ashes or bones." Above this primary burial
was a child's skeleton, with a drinking cup. Still higher up was
found an urn containing calcined bones, quite plain and rudely
manipulated. In the upper portion of the barrow were three
cinerary urns inverted, two close together, and the other at some
distance, but all containing bones and ashes, while a skeleton
unburnt was discovered in the highest stratum, at the same
depth, but at a distance from one of the cinerary urns. Three
of the urns from the barrow are in the Museum, numbered i,
3, and 31. Mr. Warne concludes his account of the excavation
by saying that the urn of the latest interment was the rudest,
both in material and construction, whilst the primary deposit
exhibits the most graceful and tasteful embellishment.
Again, at Rimbury, near Chalbury Camp, on the southern slope
of the Ridgeway heights, a very remarkable series of burials was
discovered. Numbers of urns filled with cinerary remains, also a
number of cists containing unburnt bones. The different kinds
of burials were interspersed without any apparent order or
system, skeletons in their integrity being found lying beneath
the urns. In the Museum there are several specimens from this
great cemetery, Nos. 15, 16, 17, 19, 36, 39, 40.
The investigation of the Deverel Barrow, near Milborne S.
Andrew, produced somewhat different results. It was opened by
Mr. Miles in the year 1825, and is fully described in the book he
published in the following year. He states that every method of
interment had been folloAved, after cremation had been used ; and,
although each corpse had been consumed by fire, the ashes were
variously deposited ; some of the remains were merely placed on
the ground, some were in cists cut in the chalk ; some of the
urns which contained ashes were in specially prepared cists under
large stones, while others were enclosed by rude arches made of
flints. There is only one urn, No. 79, in the Museum from this
important burial place, described by Sir Richard Colt Hoare as
" a family or general deposit, which must have been frequently
SEPULCHRAL POTTERY. 129
re-opened to receive fresh burials," and he pronounces the urns
found there to be of the earliest British manufacture. Thirty-
three distinct interments were discovered by Mr. Miles, and there
were probably others, previously disturbed.
These instances prove that if any explanation can be found for
the diversity of the burial customs connected with the Dorset
Barrows, it must be looked for quite apart from the actual date of
the burials. It is more probable that the social position or rank
of the deceased person was the deciding factor in each case, and
the regard with which he was held by his surviving friends. The
shape of barrows, and the character of objects found in connection
with the burial, are the chief factors in determining the period.
Round barrows may generally be referred to the Bronze age, and
long shaped barrows to the earlier Neolithic period. There are
two records, in the Museum, of Roman coins being found in
barrows, one at Frome Whitwell, near Dorchester, and the other
at Chesilborne ; but, though unusual, it may be accounted for
on the supposition that Roman residents made excavations into
the burial mounds.
It has been debated at different times whether these burial urns
were ever intended for any other use, whether in fact they were
originally made for domestic purposes. But the balance of
evidence leads to the conclusion that they were specially con-
structed for the funeral ceremonies. The shape, the coarse
material with which (for the most part) they were made, and even
the ornamentation seem to prove that they were ill adapted for
everyday use ; and, moreover, vessels of sepulchral design are
never discovered in connection with dwelling places, and possess
little in common with the potter)' which is found there.
They are all hand made, showing no sign of being fashioned
on a potter's wheel, and it is also safe to affirm that they were
baked at an open fire, the larger vessels frequently having a tinge
of black on the upper parts, caused by smoke from the burning
wood, possibly only exposed to the heat of the funeral flames.
The texture of the clay, as well as the colour, varies greatly, the
larger vessels (especially the cinerary urns) having a considerable
130 SEPULCHRAL POTTERY.
amount of broken stone mixed with the clay, or sometimes
pounded shells, while the finer vessels, such as drinking cups are
made of clay tempered by the admixture of grit or sand, and some
of these which are often of a red colour, must have been more
carefully baked, possibly in a rudely made kiln of piled up
stones.
The ornamentation of the urns and other vessels is so varied
that it is quite out of the question to attempt any detailed descrip-
tion here ; moreover it will be far more satisfactory for those who
are interested in the subject to study it for themselves. It has
been produced in different ways ; the rudest designs are made by
simple indentations of a finger or thumb nail ; this is fairly
common in the Dorset specimens. Another method was to use a
pointed stick, or bone, and equally common is the ornament
produced by the impression of a twisted cord, or thong. We
have in the Museum two or three bone implements notched at the
end, leaving six or seven teeth which exactly correspond with
certain bands of ornament seen on some of the urns. If these
bone combs had been drawn steadily round the soft clay the
result must have been to produce the lines we now see.. There
are two examples, in the Museum, of urns having holes through
the sides, with the object apparently of mending them ; the
texture of the clay is so rough that cracks must often have
appeared during manufacture or in the drying, and a simple tie
would no doubt have preserved the urn for its allotted purpose.
(Nos. 42, 53). The different shapes and sizes of the handles
should be noticed. Some urns have four large semi-circular
projections, others have knobs or bosses, either pierced or not
pierced, and others again have mere excrescences just sufficient
to hold a cord or thong from slipping, if it was intended to carry
the vessel by that means.
There is one shape of urn which is more common in Dorset
than elsewhere. It has straight sides, the mouth being rather
larger than the base. Dr. Thurnam describes it as " flower pot "
shape. When the Deverel Barrow was opened, several of this
description were found, and Sir R. C. Hoare stated that although
SEPULCHRAL POTTERY. 131
he had excavated hundreds of barrows in Wilts, he had only
discovered one of this upright form. It is certainly remarkable
that there should be such variation of design in two adjacent
counties. The Hon. J. Abercromby has published in Vol. 4.1,
" Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland," an
important article on " The Relative Chronology of Cinerary Urn
Types," and he gives the name " Deverel-Rimbury " to one
division of his classified list, Type III., but it includes urns of
two very different shapes, one globular, the other cylindrical,
or assuming the form of a narrow bucket; and he states that
they are found both in the East and West of England, south of
the Thames.
The geographical distribution of barrows is well shown in Mr.
Warne's map of Dorset, dealing with the Vestiges of Antiquities
(1865), where it is at once noticed that they are spread over the
whole county with the exception of a strip to the north-west.
They are, perhaps, most numerous along the south of the county,
where the hills practically follow the line of sea coast, but we
may be sure that the tribes occupied also the slopes bordering the
Frome, the Puddle, and the Stour, for the central and eastern
districts are well provided with these relics of the past ; and,
although burial sites are found frequently in the open country
and the moorland, they seem to have been invariably placed on
the high ground if such a position were obtainable.
The specimens of barrow pottery in the Museum were found
in considerable numbers in the central part of the county, but by
far the largest proportion are from the Ridgeway, and its out-
lying spurs. This is not to be wondered at when we remember
how Stukeley writes of that long and lofty range of open downs.
" For sight of barrows," says he, " I believe it is not to be
equalled in all the world."
132 SEPULCHRAL POTTERY.
LIST OF SEPULCHRAL POTTERY IN THE DORSET
COUNTY MUSEUM FROM THE BARROWS OF
DORSET. A.D. 1908.
The details in this list are entered as far as possible in the
following order : (i) Classification of specimen under one
of four heads, viz. Cinerary Urn, Incense Cup, Drinking Cup,
or Food Vessel. (2) Locality of the find. (3) Size ist, height ;
2nd, breadth at top, outside measure. (4) Description of shape
and ornament. (5) Name of donor.
The numbers in this list correspond with numbers affixed to
the specimens.
1. CINERARY URN. Lord's Down, Dewlish. zyin. by 12 Jin.
Zig-zag ornament, one handle pierced, from a barrow
containing six burials. Nos. 3 and 31 are from same
barrow. This urn was found inverted in the second
layer from the top. (Celtic Tumuli, p. 49.) Warne
Collection.
2. CIN. URN. Bincombe. i6|in. by i2in. Overhanging rim
covered with ornament. (Celtic Tumuli, p. 52.) Warne
Collection.
3. CIN. URN. Lord's Down, Dewlish. i6in. by i3|in., from
same barrow as Nos. i and 31, being the uppermost of
six burials. Two flat semi-circular handles. (Celtic
Tumuli, p. 47.) Warne Collection.
4. CIN. URN. Winterbourne Whitchurch. 2ofin. by i6|in.
Flower pot shape. The only ornament a line of dents,
probably made with a bone tool. Shipp Collection.
5. CIN. URN. Winterbourne Clenston. 21 Jin. by i4fin.
Flower pot shape. Four small bosses ; a fillet with a
row of oval indentations. Mrs. Michel.
6. CIN. URN, Worgrets, Wareham. iSjin. by i5in. Frag-
ments restored in cement, overhanging rim, two flat
handles remaining out of four. Mr. Cunnington.
SEPULCHRAL POTTERY. 133
7. CIN. URN. Pokeswell. A fragment, 8in. by jin. It has
pierced knobs, the holes iin. diam. (Celtic Tumuli,
Plate III., 8.) Warne Collection.
8. From Whitchurch South Farm, Nr. Blandford. 8jin. by
6 Jin. One out of three handles remains. (Celtic
Tumuli, Plate VI.) Warne Collection.
9. CIN. URN. Pokeswell Down. 6in. high. A mere
suggestion of knobs. (Celtic Tumuli, p. 34.) Warne
Collection.
10. CIN. URN. Pokeswell Down. lojin. by 7 Jin. (Celtic
Tumuli, Plate III., 6.) One line of dents. Warne
Collection.
11. From Whitchurch, Nr. Blandford. nin. by Sin. Two
small pierced bosses remain ; 15 rows of moulding.
(Celtic Tumuli, Plate VI.) Warne Collection.
12. CIN. URN. Bincombe. lojin. by 8in. Quite plain.
(Celtic Tumuli, Plate I., p. 51.) Warne Collection.
13. A rim of urn. Sturminster Marshall. Warne Collection.
14. CIN. URN. Bincombe. 7iin. by 6 Jin. One handle
remains, having a vertical hole, which is unusual.
(Celtic Tumuli, Plate I., p. 17.) Warne Collection.
15. CIN. URN. Rimbury. lojin. by 7 Jin. Rough make;
ornamented on the rim. Warne Collection,
Rimbury was an extensive burial place a little south of
Chalbury Camp, near Weymouth. It was investigated by
Messrs. Warne, Hall, and Medhurst, when nearly 100 urns
were exhumed, a large number having been previously
destroyed by workmen. There were also many unburnt
remains. No bronze or other metallic objects were found.
See Celtic Tumuli, p. 63.
1 6. Rimbury. 8fin.by7in. One row of thumb-nail impression,
Warne Collection.
17. Rimbury. 4in. by 4iin. Four rows of dents. Warne
Collection.
1 8. CIN. URN. Pokeswell. 5 Jin. by 6in. No ornamention ;
burnt bones within. Warne Collection.
134 SEPULCHRAL POTTERY.
19. CIN. URN. Rimbury. sin. by 5in. One row of small
dents. (Celtic Tumuli, Plate V.) Warne Collection.
20. CIN. URN. Bincombe. 6in. by sin. A rough plain
vessel. Warne Collection.
21. CIN. URN. Size, 5 fin. by 6in. Flower pot shape; three
small knobs. Warne Collection.
22. CIN. URN. Sutton Poyntz. sin. by 4in. Ornamented
with cord-pattern and rows of small dents. Warne
Collection.
23. A fragment from Lord's Down, Dewlish.
24. FOOD VESSEL. Barrow near Maiden Castle. 4fin. by
4f in. Covered with a variety of ornamentation, zig-zags,
lines, and irregular patches of indentations. Found by
R. Maclean in 1839. Warne Collection.
25. INCENSE CUP. From Dewlish, near the old turnpike gate.
iin. by 2in. It has 46 holes and lines of fine cord-
pattern. It is figured as the frontispiece of Warne's
Celtic Tumuli. Warne Collection.
26. Pokeswell Down. 2fin. by 2jin. No ornamentation and
of rough make. Warne Collection.
27. CIN. URN. Bincombe. 4&in. by sin. Found inverted
under a flat stone; burnt bones within. Warne
Collection.
28. A Fragment. Pokeswell Down. Wavy bands of parallel
lines and one pierced knob. (Celtic Tumuli, p. 34.)
Warne Collection.
29. A fragment. Lines of moulding and small punctures.
30. Fragments. Woodsford. The pieces of pottery contain a
mass of fine ashes mixed with roots of plants. The
ornament consists of parallel lines of grooves. Warne
Collection.
31. CIN. URN. Lord's Down, Dewlish. io|in. by zojin.
Same barrow as Nos. i and 3, being in the second layer
from the top. The rim and hollow moulding are care-
fully worked. (Celtic Tumuli, p. 49.) Warne Collection.
32. CIN. URN. i3in. by 9in. Quite plain. Warne Collection.
SEPULCHRAL POTTERY. 135
33. CIN. URN. Sutton Down. i4in. by 8|in. Two well-
formed handles pierced horizontally. Warne Col-
lection.
34. CIN. URN. Fordington Field. 9in. by gin. Quite plain,
with semi-circular handles. (Celtic Tumuli, Part III.,
p. 49.) Warne Collection.
35. CIN. URN. Roke Down, Bere Regis. i3in. by nin. At
the widest part there is a slight ridge worked into four
bold handles. (Celtic Tumuli, Part II., p. 2.) Warne
Collection.
36. CIN. URN. Rimbury. i6in. by loin. Nearly plain.
(Celtic Tumuli, p. 58.)
37. CIN. URN. Bincombe. nin. by Sin. Cord-pattern
ornament, both circular and herring-bone. (Celtic
Tumuli, p. 52.) Warne Collection.
38. CIN. URN. Sturminster Marshall. i2in. by 8in. Orna-
mented with small dents ; urn much broken. Warne
Collection.
39. CIN. URN. Rimbury. izin. by yin. A row of diagonal
short dents and three knobs. Warne Collection.
40. CIN. URN. Rimbury. nin. by 901. With this urn and
No. 39 is a slab of rag stone, which had served as a
cover. A well-made notched rim. {Celtic Tumuli,
p. 62.) Warne Collection.
41. A fragment. Bagber, Milton Abbas. Mr. Mansel-
Pleydell.
42. CIN. URN. Bagber, Milton Abbas. 9in. by Sin. Orna-
mented with shallow grooves and four remarkably small
pierced bosses. This urn, like No. 53, was evidently
cracked when first made, and mended by two ties, the
holes for which remain. Mr. Mansel-Pleydell.
43. Bagber, Milton Abbas. siin. by siin. Five shallow
grooves, the top one marked as if with a finger nail.
One pierced boss remains. Mr. Mansel-Pleydell.
44. CIN. URN. Chesilborne. Sin. by Sin. One boss remains.
Rev. C. W. Bingham.
136 SfcPULCttRAL POTTlRV.
45. CIN. URN. Chesilborne. Sin. by 7|in. Contains bones.
It was found with Nos. 44 and 58. Some Roman coins
were also found with them. It has shallow grooves and
knobs. Rev. C. W. Bingham.
46. CIN. URN. Found near Dorchester, pin. by 8in., and the
same diameter throughout ; two bosses and a row of
indentations. Mr. C. Henning.
47. A fragment from same barrow as 61. Owermoigne. Mr.
Cree.
48. A fragment found near Weymouth. Medhurst Col-
lection.
49. CIN. URN. Ridgeway. pin. by 7^in. Contains bones. Near
the base is a carefully-made oval hole. Dr. Pridham.
50. Fragments in a mass of ashes and root fibre. Corfe Castle
Collection.
51, Fragment. Half the rim of a large urn. Corfe Castle
Collection.
52. Food vessel. Bagber, Milton Abbas. 3in. by sin. The
handle is uncommon, being placed diagonally. Mr.
Mansel-Pleydell.
53. A fragment. Bagber, Milton Abbas. Breadth 6fin. This
urn, like No. 42, has been cracked and mended, one
pair of holes for the tie remaining ; ornamented with
three sets of shallow grooves and two wavy or zig-zag
bands between. Mr. Mansel-Pleydell.
54. Bagber, Milton Abbas. 4^in. by 4|in. From a group of
burials. It seems to have had five little bosses ; finger
nail indentations. Mr. Mansel-Pleydell.
55. Bagber, Milton Abbas. 3fin. by4in. Contains ashes ; four
small bosses. Mr. Mansel-Pleydell.
56. CIN. URN. Rain-barrow, Puddletown. 6in. by 4|in.
Contains bones ; roughly made. One handle remains.
Mr. Porcher.
57. CIN. URN. Rain-barrow, Puddletown. Sin. by 5in.
Contains bones ; an irregular circle of indentations.
Mr. Porcher.
SEPULCHRAL POTTfcRY. 1 37
58. CIN. URN. Chesilborne. 3iin. by 4.in. Contains ashes ;
has four bosses and a circle of indentations. The Rev.
C. W. Bingham. See No. 45.
59. Found near Dorchester. yin. by 6 Jin. A rough circle of
indentations. Mr. C. Henning.
60. Found near Dorchester. 6fin. by 6fin. Full of earth,
roots, and ashes. Mr. C. Henning.
61. Fragments restored. Owermoigne. 4|in. by 4in. Mr.
Cree.
62. Fragment. 4^in. diam. Four small bosses remaining.
63. Milborne S. Andrew. 5 Jin. by 5 Jin. Circular, and rows of
upright cord-pattern and indentations ; an amulet and
bodkin found with it. Mrs. Michel.
64 and 65. Food vessels, Wynford Eagle. 6in. by 6in. and
4in. by 4in., found together in a cist in the chalk with
bones, which crumbled into dust on contact with the
air. (Celtic Tumuli, p. 36, and Gentleman's Magazine,
1827.) Miss Davidson.
64 is a plain upright vessel, with a well-formed open
handle.
66. Found near Weymouth. 5^in. by 4^ in. Five small bosses.
Colonel Bramble.
67. CIN. URN. Found near Weymouth. ufin. by loin. Has
had three bosses ; no ornament. Colonel Bramble.
68. Probably a food vessel. Castle Hill, Cranborne. 3^in. and
4^in. No ornament. Dr. Smart.
69. Rim of Cin. Urn. Culliford Tree. 7in. Mr. Cunning-
ton.
70. Incense Cup (probably). Culliford Tree. ifin. by 2fin.
Elaborate ornamentation, but without the holes char-
acteristic of incense cups. Mr. Cunnington.
71. Two fragments of incense cup. Moreton. Size probably
2in. by 2|in. Part of rim, and base with holes pierced.
Mrs. Frampton.
72. Steeple, ijin. by 2in. Found with some Kimmeridge
shale dishes. Rev. J. Bond.
138 SEPULCHRAL POTTERY.
73. A COVER. Chesilborne. 4|in. diam. Mentioned by
Canon Greemveld and in Archceologia, Vol. 43, by Dr.
Thurnam. Rev. C. W. Bingham.
74. CIN. URN. Milborne S. Andrew, afin. by 3in. Four
knobs ; contained fine ashes. The Rev. W. W. Gresley.
74A. Victoria Park, Dorchester, 1900. 4|in. Oval rim, 5in. by
3|in.
75. CIN. URN. Barrow near "The Five Maries," Chaldon
Herring. i4^in. by 9|in. Flower pot shape, five small
bosses ; contained burnt bones.
76. Horton Heath. A fragment, apparently about i8in. by
i Sin. The ornamentation is somewhat elaborate, but
the vessel is most noteworthy, because it has been
brought roughly to a polygonal plan. The surface has
been flattened into vertical flat faces two to three inches
wide. It is considered one of the most remarkable
pieces of pottery in the Museum. Dr. Smart.
77. CIN. URN. Winterbourne Whitchurch. 9|in. by 6in. Two
bosses remain. Shipp Collection.
78. CIN. URN. Winterbourne Abbas. i6in. by iain. A fine
typical urn with overhanging rim, ornamented with cord-
pattern three rows of slanting lines ; contains a quantity
of bones. Mr. Manfield.
79. CIN. URN. Deverel Barrow, Milborne S. Andrew. 9|in.
by 7in. Flower pot shape, plain except for one line
round it of small dents. The barrow contained 24 inter-
ments. (See introductory remarks, also Miles' account
of excavation and Warne's Celtic Tumuli, p. 9.) A stone
cover adjoins. Mr. Mansel-Pleydell.
80. A fragment from Laurence Barrow, Dorchester, destroyed
in 1885, when two bronze daggers and many worked
flints were found. Miss Davidson.
8 1. CIN. URN. From near the Cromlech, Portesham. n|in.
by 8in. This barrow was opened August, 1894. Wavy
lines made with a four-toothed tool and three shallow
grooves below. Mr. Manfield.
SEPULCHRAL POTTERY. *39
82. CIN. URN. Lewell. 13^111. by rojin. Five small bosses.
Barrow opened 1890; contains burnt bones. Mr.
Cunnington.
83. CIN URN. Milborne S. Andrew, nin. by Sin. Circles of
small punctures and rough Vandyke ornament made with
a sharp-pointed instrument.
84. CIN. URN. Found near Weymouth. 9|in. by 7^in. It
has a slight moulding ornamented with cross cuts ;
contains ashes. Mr. Cunnington.
85. CIN. URN. Mr. C. Mayo's Farm, Little Puddle. 8|in. by
yin. Roughly ornamented, and has two knobs ; contains
some bones. Mr. Cunnington.
Nos. 85, 86, 87, and 88 were found in the same barrow.
86. CIN. URN. Little Puddle. 9in. by yf in. Plain flower pot
shape. It has a suggestion of a pierced knob ; contains
bones. Mr. Cunnington.
87. CIN. URN. Little Puddle, xofin. by 6Jin. Has four
well-formed handles, neatly pierced ; contains bones.
Mr. Cunnington.
88. CIN. URN. Little Puddle, sin. by sin. Has four small
knobs ; contains bones. Mr. Cunnington.
89. CIN. URN. Clandon Barrow, Martinstown. 8in. by 7|in.
Much broken and imperfectly mended. In the same
barrow were the incense cup No. 90, the jet knob, gold
plate, amber cup, and imperfect bronze dagger, which
are in Case XIX. Mr. Cunnington.
90. Incense cup. Clandon Barrow. See No. 89. The cup is
in fragments set up on a block of wood ; it is well
ornamented and has pierced vertical openings. Mr.
Cunnington.
91. CIN. URN. Little Puddle. 8|in. by 6in. Reddish ware;
rude zig-zag ornament cut with a four-tooth tool. Mr.
Cunnington.
92. DRINKING CUP. Frome Whitwell. Much broken, but
arranged on a block ; was much ornamented. Mr.
Cunnington,
140 SEPULCHRAL POTTERY.
93. DRINKING CUP. Small Clandon Barrow. Much broken
and badly mended, fragments of another cup having
been inserted. Mr. Cunnington.
94. FOOD VESSEL. Bradford Peverell. 5^in. by 4111. Quite
plain. Mr. Cunnington.
95. From a large barrow zj miles West of Dorchester, on
Bridport Road. Fragments restored in cement. Mr.
Cunnington.
96. CIN. URN. Plush. Sin. by yin. Seven shallow grooves
and three out of four bosses, not pierced, found under a
large cairn. Mr. Cunnington.
97. CIN. URN. Chaldon Down, rojin. yfin. Four bosses ;
flower pot shape. Mr. Cunnington.
98. CIN. URN. Near Wool. njin. by 9in. No ornament,
some small bosses. Mr. Cunnington.
99. CIN. URN. Duddle, Puddletown Heath, nin. by 7 Jin.
This is one of twelve found in a round barrow, now
destroyed. Dented with the end of a stick, and has
four bosses. Mr. Cunnington.
100. CIN. URN. Duddle, Puddletown Heath. loin, by 9 Jin.
Like No. 99. Mr. Cunnington.
10 1. FOOD VESSEL. Frome Whitwell, near Dorchester. 5in.
by 6in. A noteworthy specimen of porringer shape,
having one handle of good size. It is well covered
with ornamentation. A piece of Samian ware, figured,
was found also. Mr. Cunnington.
102. CIN. URN. Came Barrow, being the eastern one of two
barrows on the edge of Fordington Field. 6in. by 6in.
With it were found under a stone weighing nearly three
tons, the six beautiful flint arrow heads in a frame in
Case XXII. Mr. Cunnington,
103. FOOD VESSEL. Friar's Waddon. 6|in. by 6Jin. Found
close to a skull. There was a double burial ; two
bosses. Mr. Cunnington.
104. Cix. URN. -Friar's Waddon. 15111. by 14111. Four
mouldings. Mr. Cunnington.
SEPULCHRAL POTTERY. 141
105 and 1 06. From a cist in the natural chalk under a barrow
on Ridgeway near Friar's Waddon. Another cist
adjoining quite perfect, but empty ; round the two cists
a ring of stones. No. 105, 3fin. by sin.; No. 106, 5 Jin.
by 4|in. Mr. Cunnington.
107. CIN. URN. Near Ridgeway. sin. by 4in. Ornamented
with cord-pattern ; four well-developed bosses. Mr.
Cunnington.
1 08. FOOD VESSEL. Friar's Waddon. 5 Jin. by 5 fin. Quite
plain, Mr. Cunnington.
109. FOOD VESSEL. Friar's Waddon. 4jin. by 5 Jin. Mr.
Cunnington.
no. CIN. URN. Hill south of Martinstown. i4in. by 13 Jin.
Barrow opened 1903. There were also two burials
by inhumation. See Proc. Dorset Field Club, Vol.
XXVI., p. 30. Mr. Prideaux.
in. DRINKING CUP. Site of Masonic Hall, Alington
Street and Prince's Street, Dorchester, yjin. by sJin.
Well covered with bands of ornament made with a
toothed implement. Found A.D. 1902 in a cist which
had been under a barrow, in the arm of the skeleton.
This is believed to be the only known instance of a
Bronze age burial in ground afterwards occupied as
the Roman Durnovaria.
112. CIN. URN. South of Came Wood. iijin. by 9in.
Found 1905. Flower pot shape; no ornament, four
bosses. Mr. Foot and Mr. Prideaux.
113. CIN. URN. Quarry at Weston, Portland, xoin. by yin.
Found 1907. Flower pot shape; one row of finger
indentations. Mr. Prideaux.
114. FOOD VESSEL. Hill south of Martinstown. 4fin. by
7 Jin. Found in 1903. It lay between the skull and
knees, the body being greatly contracted. The stumps
remain of the one original handle. Similar to Nos,
52 and 101. See Proc. Dorset Field Club, Vol. XXVI.
Mr. Prideaux.
142 SEPULCHRAL POTTERY.
115. FOOD VESSEL. Same as No. 114. 3 Jin. by 3 Jin. It lay
with the remains of three infants on a slight ledge close
to the primary interment.
116. CIN, URN. Weston, Portland. Same time as No. 113.
gin. by 6im No ornament ; two small knobs. Mr.
Prideaux.
117. CIN. URN. Rimbury. 8f in. by 6jin. One row of thumb
indentations ; slight traces of knobs. Loan, Messrs.
Hall and Warne.
1 1 8. Ridgeway Hill. February, 1837. 7Jin. by 7in. Deep
pointed indentations divided by angular lines. There
is a well-marked foot. Loan, Mr. Hall.
119. CIN. URN. Melcombe Horsey. i2in. by gin. Flower
pot shape ; one row of thumb indentations. Loan, Mr.
Hall.
120. 5 Jin. by 6in. Two rows of clearly marked indentations
made with a sharp point ; three pierced bosses. Loan,
Mr. Hall.
121. CIN. URN. Ridgeway, February, 1837. ^fin. by 6Jin.
Ornamented with parallel lines, some straight, some
wavy made with an implement of six teeth. Four
knobs. Loan, Mr, Hall.
122. Rimbury. 3fin. by 4Jin. Quite plain; three knobs.
Loan, Messrs. Hall and Warne.
123. Food vessel. 301. by 5in. One side broken. Loan, Mr.
Hall.
124. Fragment. Diam. 6in. Loan, Mr. Hall.
125. INCENSE CUP, fragment. Near Martinstown. Original
diameter about 2fin; ornamented on base, as well as
on side. See Dorset Field Club Proc., Vol. XXVI., p. 16.
Mr. Chas. Prideaux.
Returns of "glcurtfaCC, &c., in
in 1907.
By H. STILWELL.
JTCHE mean amount of rainfall for the year 1907, as
computed from the returns of the 55 stations in
Dorset comprised in the following tables, is
33*231 in. The fifty-year previous average
was 33*632 in. The amount of rain for 1907
is, therefore, less than | in. (0*401 in.) short
of the yearly average.
The predominant feature of the year was the
very unusual amount of rain in October, the
mean of the 55 stations being 9*44 ins. for that
month. The heaviest fall occurred on the 1 6th, upwards of i in.
having been recorded on that day at 38 stations. Falls of over
i in. happened also on 8th October at four stations, on the loth
at eleven stations, on the i8th at seven stations, and on the 29th
at twelve stations. This heavy rainfall was no doubt much
wanted, the mean rainfall for September having been only 0*74,
and that of the two previous months, July and August, only 1*28
and 1*72 respectively.
Although the summer of 1907 was regarded as a very cold and
wet season, these tables show that during the first nine months of
the year the rainfall was very much below the average. The
records for April show a mean of 4*25 in. ; but no other month
received half that amount.
The total rainfall from ist January to 3oth September nine
months was 1 5*64 in. ; but that of the three following months
amounted to 17*59 in., the wet weather of October continuing
during November and December, but to a modified extent.
144 RAINFALL IN DORSET.
Very few thunderstorms occurred during the year, or any heavy
rain during the first nine months, but upwards of i in. was
registered on i2th April at one station, and on April 2oth at three
stations, also on i yth August at five stations.
The heaviest rainfall recorded on one day was that on i6th
October, which happened at East Lulworth, the amount being
1*70 in.
At four stations it will be observed that no fall of i in. occurred
on any day during the year.
The following tables contain returns from 56 stations. Thanks
to the courtesy of Dr. Mill, the Editor of " British Rainfall," five
new stations have been added to the number. They are situated
at St. Giles, Wimborne (Stoneham), Broadstone, Bourne Valley,
and Weymouth (Greenhill).
Full returns for the year appear also for the first time from
Chardstock Vicarage, Leigh Vicarage, and Evershot ; and partial
returns from Warmwell House and Milton Abbey ; but the follow-
ing have dropped out, viz., Winterbourne Houghton, Stoborough,
Worth Matravers, Portland Bill, Melbury Bubb, and Chetnole.
Thanks are given to all who kindly send returns to be included
in this work. At the same time it is as well to point out that great
care is necessary in keeping the daily record, especially in the
necessity of an almost daily inspection of the gauge. In Table II.
it will be noticed that some observers record from 30 to 40 days
on which only *oi in. fell, whereas others have recorded less than
ten such days. The probability is that if these people had more
often examined their gauges they would have found that a small
amount of rain had fallen, although they had not been aware of it.
In connection with this subject it may be as well to quote here
the rule issued by the British Rainfall Organisation with regard
to " Small Amounts." It is as follows : " If the gauge contains
less than one-hundredth ( - oi) of an inch, but more than half that
amount, it should be entered as *oi, while if there is less than
half that amount the few drops may be thrown away, and the day
entered as if no rain had fallen." Some observers mark such
days with an asterisk (*).
RAINFALL IN DORSET. 145
The use of the 3rd decimal point should be avoided, as when
only occasionally introduced it is very likely to cause mistakes in
totalling the column.
For the same reason in all cases the second point should be
added, and ten or twenty hundredths should not be entered as i
or '2, but as "10 or '20, &c.
It is very desirable that there should be strict uniformity in the
manner in which records are kept.
OBSERVERS' NOTES ON METEOROLOGICAL
PHENOMENA, &c.
SHAFTESBURY. 9th February, Aurora Borealis, exceptionally
fine between 8 and 9 p.m.
BUCKHORN WESTON. The rainfall of the last three months
i n this year has been heavier than in any three months 'since
1894, when I first began to take the rain.
The want of sun during the whole year has been very
distressing. Fruit has not ripened, potatoes are tasteless and
under grown, the hay crop abundant, but wanting all the
properties of good hay.
Very little thunder all through the year.
STURMINSTER NEWTON (MR. A. R. HALLETT). On January
4th I saw about 2.15 p.m. a large halo round the sun, with two
very bright spots on either side, in which you could see the
colour of the rainbow faintly. It was visible for over an hour.
Sky quite clear, beyond the usual mist round the horizon.
O Sun.
Bright spots were at A A.
At B it was difficult to trace complete circle.
146 RAINFALL IN DORSET.
SHROTON. The driest January for 12 years. The wettest
April for 12 years. The fall in September, 1906 and 1907, was
exactly the same. The October fall was the heaviest monthly
fall for 12 years. 6th December, very heavy squall with rain
at 12.45. Wind, hurricane force.
EAST LULWORTH. February gth, brilliant northern lights.
July 22nd, heavy thunder and vivid lightning in morning; '2iin
rain in i| hours. October i6th, ryoin. rain, heaviest fall for
several years.
WEYMOUTH, WESTHAM. Climatological returns f6r 1907:
Barometer means, 29*992^.
Extremes, 30*714 on January ijth, 28.960 on October
1 7th.
Thermometer, means, 9 a.m., 51*2
/ Max. . . 56.4
Means ] Min. 44' 8
' Range . . ir6
Extremes Max. 78 on July 16, Min. 22 on Jan. 25.
Relative humidity, 97 per cent.
Bright sunshine, 1784.1 hours, sunless days, 62.
CHICKERELL. Thunder noted on April nth, June gth, July
ist and 22nd (rather bad), October 8th, and November 27th
(sharp). Amount of rain is recorded by an * on days on which
less than half a hundredth fell. When it is over this, and less
than one hundredth, it is marked * *oi, and the day is counted
as a day on which that amount fell. It will be noticed that the
days on which the fall lies between o and '005 are very much
more numerous than those with a fall of between "005 and oiin.
(The numbers are respectively 17 and i).
UPWEY. 1907 was wetter than the average by 2*72^. The
first 9 months were very dry, followed by an exceptionally wet
autumn. October, with lo^Sin., is the wettest month on record
in this district, 1*58 on the :6th being beaten by the 29th with
i'62in. No rain fell from 8th to 3oth September inclusive a
period of 23 days. Dew ( - oi) was registered, however, on the
zoth and 23rd.
RAINFALL IN DORSET. 147
BEAMINSTER, FLEET STREET.
THEBMOMETEBS, MEANS.
Max. iu
shade. Min.
January 43'2 34'4
February .. .. 43'0 30'1
March 51-8 34-6
April 53-5 33-1
May 61-0 44'8
June .. . 63-0 48-7
Max. in
shade. Min.
July 67-2 48-1
August 67-1 50-2
September .. .. 66'0 4S'0
October 56-3 42'9
November .. .. 50-3 38-6
December . 46-2 37 '0
Means for year: Max., S5'8; Min., 41*3.
Mean temp, for year, 48*5 ; daily range, i4'5.
Snow fell on 10 days to a total of o'62in.
There was a total drought of 23 days, Sept. yth to 29th, and 22
consecutive days of rain, October 8th to 29th.
Although we had the largest number of " rain days " of the
past 10 years, yet the rainfall was 2in. below the average. In the
wet year 1903 we had i3^in. more rain than this year, but falling
on 6 less days.
CHEDINGTON COURT. Our average for the past 10 years is
now 36'34ins. A very mild autumn, not sufficient frost to check
the growth of vegetation until December 2yth.
DORCHESTER, WOLLASTON HOUSE. The 24 days, yth 3oth
September, without any rain were followed by 28 days in
October, in which 10*50 ins. were measured, the average fall for
October in Dorchester being 3.90 ins.
It is also remarkable that in the three months October,
November, and December exactly 20 ins. of rain fell here,
the average fall for the whole year being 34*20 ins.
BLOXWORTH RECTORY. The chief characteristics of the year
1907 in this district were its general coldness and ungeniality.
Fruit and flowers all late, and the former wanting in flavour. The
excess of rain in April, October, November, and December was
remarkable ; also the absence of thunderstorms, only two at all
noticeable (on July 22nd and August i5th), and these not
severe.
148
RAINFALL IN DORSET.
a
w
p
t r: i :o r: ~ c-i-M-i-i-iaoascs'ttfScousci t~ c^i 01 C5 OS co
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RAINFALL IN DORSET.
149
OG'MCOl':'30iC2t~r-l--*OOr-ll>lCOCOCCOS> OJ OOOO
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RAINFALL IN DORSET.
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RAINFALL IN DORSET.
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RAINFALL IN DORSET.
TABLE III. STATISTICS OF THE TEMPERATURE OF THE AIR
AND OF THE HUMIDITY AND AMOUNT OF CLOUD
AT WlNTERBOURNE STEEPLETON MANOR AT
9 A.M., KEPT BY MR. H. STILWELL.
Temperature of the Air.
In Stevenson's Screen.
On Grass.
*
o
1907.
s"
d"
Average of
Extremes.
1
!
S-a
2 eS
i
^j
2 'ie
S j;
a
I
S ~
B
i
dj
.
4!
o
&
asd
I
1
fe
1
>
1
1
3
05
H
3
Q
3
1
>
January
43-4
33-5
38-6
50-2
16-0
31-2
12-0
90
7-4
February
43-5
30-0
36-8
50-8
18-3
27-2
14-4
87
6-1
March
52-7
32-8
42-5
62-8
20-0
30-4
17-0
86
4-1
April
52-8
37-3
44-7
69-0
28-5
34-9
25-0
87
7-2
May ..
58'6
42-8
50-2
66-8
29-0
40-5
24-8
82
8-1
June
60-1
48-1
53-7
65-2
40-5
46'6
35-5
87
7-9
July . .
647
49-5
56-6
76'8
39-0
46-7
35-2
83
5-5
August
65-0
50-4
57-3
70-8
38-8
47-6
35-0
86
8-3
September
66-8
46-2
56-0
797
31-6
427
27'6
90
7-3
October
56'6
44-1
50-2
62-0
30-2
40-8
26'9
93
61
November
51-3
38-1
44-7
57-9
26'8
35'6
21-8
95
8-2
December
46'5
37-9
42-4
54-4
29-3
36'0
24-0
93
8-1
Year..
55-2
40-9
47-8
797
16'0
38-4
12-0
88
7-0
on 9th
on 25th
on 25th
Sept.
Jan.
Jan.
S&^
" t.jf ""' 1 ' -'"''
WrwwfRjLiiir*!
", v >M-i
Ifi
.'. JnJIt^S^ NflNln-luii'TK ( 'luirc'lr ro
f-tiw&ffov
mm^'-^f
li,;,*a L-dq f .'.
'tuJ,i,r ,
.^\\ V '^'.i-';.-^-
MAP OF THE COAST EAST OF LYME REGIS, FROM
THE ORDNANCE MAP, ON THE SCALE OF Six
INCHES TO A MILE.
Plate 1.
urning @Ciff an6 te <4cm6st:p
at
By A. J. JUKES-BROWNE, F.G.S.
(Head July 22nd, 1908.)
"HEWSPAPER reports of certain natural phenomena
which have occurred at Lyme Regis have aroused
popular interest ; but, unfortunately, most of these
reports are more or less inaccurate. That given
in the Western Morning News of June iath, 1908,
is, however, fairly correct, because it was based
upon information given by Mr. A. C. G. Cameron,
a retired officer of the Geological Survey, now resident at
Uplyme.
Thinking it would interest the members of our Club to have a
more complete and connected explanation of what did take
place, I have drawn up the following account, in preparing
which I am also indebted to Mr. Cameron for some additional
facts and for obtaining the photographs which illustrate this
paper.
This explanation will fall naturally under three heads :
(i.) The Structure of the Cliff Affected.
(2.) The so-called "Burning Cliff" or Burning Mound.
(3.) The Landslip of June loth.
154 TI *E I'.TRXIXG CLIFF AT LYME REGIS.
It should at once be remarked that the burning mound is a
small affair, and has no connection with the landslip beyond the
fact that the two are in close proximity.
i. THE CLIFF AND ITS STRUCTURE.
In the first place the exact locality of these occurrences
must be indicated. This is a part of the cliff between Lyme
Regis and Black Yen, commencing about a-quarter of a mile
N.E. of Lyme Church. The site of the landslip is near
one end of this tract, and the burning mound is on the
surface of a small plateau or terrace near the other end. The
position of each is indicated on the accompanying map.
(Plate i.)
At the place where the slip has occurred the actual seaward
cliff is not much over 100 feet high, but behind it are two
terraces of varying width, each backed by a steep cliff-like
slope, and the second of these rises to about 250 feet above the
sea.
These cliffs and slopes consist of a certain portion of the
Lower Lias, and include the following series of beds in descend-
ing order :
FT.
f Dark marly shales with much iron pyrites 30
Dark shales with large cement stones - 10
The Black
Dark shaly marls (small Ammonites) - 34
' Two bands of cement-stones with shaly
marls and limestones between - 1 7
A Ml
! Shaly clays with Ammonites Brooke i - 35
Firestone-nodules ; a band of large
cement- stones with Ammonites liirchi
(chambers filled with calc-spar) - ij
oltllSUS. -11-1 c i
Dark shales with thin layers of limestone 25
^Dark shales with iron pyrites - - 50
CN
*-
J
flL
fcl '
O Q
. fc
w &
w 5
E- 1 H
s
w ^
> w
O
THE BURNING CLIFF AT LYME REGIS. 155
FT.
(Hard grey marl and shales - 19
Blue Lias.-, Shales with 9 beds of limestone - 24
^Beds of limestone and shale, seen for - 7
About 252
The Blue Lias and the overlying 50 feet of nearly black shale
form the first tier of cliffs. The band of ferruginous cement-
stones containing Am. Birchi is locally known as the " firestone
nodules," and it can be seen in the lower part of the second tier
of cliffs, the top of which is from 170 to 180 feet. The rest of
the Black Marl beds compose the upper slope and cliff. Still
higher and nearer to Black Ven there is a fourth cliff rising to
300 feet, above which the Lias is surmounted by the Cretaceous
Beds, consisting of sandy clays (Gault) and soft yellow sands
(Upper Greensand). These beds throw out springs where they
rest on the Lias.
2. THE BURNING MOUND.
This is merely a mound or pile of debris which has slipped
from the second tier of cliff on to the plateau below, which is
here about 100 feet wide (as seen in the illustration, Plate 2).
The materials composing it are shales, iron pyrites, and cement-
stones, and they have come from the beds which include the
" firestone nodules." This slip and the consequent formation
of the mound took place early in January, 1908, and the mound
began to smoke about January i9th, soon after which date
reports of a volcano at Lyme Regis began to circulate in the
newspapers.
Needless to say, no volcanic action is concerned in the matter,
and the burning of the mound (as was the case at Holworth
Cliff in April, 1827) is merely a case of spontaneous combustion
due to the decomposition of iron-pyrites, or more accurately to
*56 THE BURNING CLIFF AT LYME REGlS.
the combination of the sulphide of iron with oxygen from the air
to form sulphates, some oxide of iron and sulphurous acid gas
being also formed. It is a well-known chemical fact that heat is
always developed when oxidation occurs, and that when the pro-
cess is rapid, the temperature sometimes rises high enough to
produce actual combustion.
In this particular case it is clear that circumstances were
specially favourable to combustion. Iron-pyrites is abundant in
the shales from which the mound came ; the whole mass was
loose and saturated with the winter rains which helped the
decomposition of the pyrites. Again, the dark colour of the
shales indicates the presence of much organic matter, and Mr.
Cameron informs me that some of them are sufficiently bitu-
minous to ignite after pieces have been thoroughly dried in a
kitchen oven. It is not surprising, therefore, that spontaneous
combustion should have taken place in a heap of such
materials.
When smoke began to issue from this mound, it must have
presented some resemblance to a volcano, and the combustion
continued more or less vigorously from January to June, without
any other change taking place. Mr. Cameron relates that on
the morning of June zoth, he and the Vicar of Lyme Regis
were on the ground close to the burning-mound, which was
smoking as usual ; but about half- past one on that day he was
told that " the volcano had burst," and on going down he found
that a landslip had taken place, and that the mound had been
split in two by a fissure, so that its interior was exposed, looking
like the inside of a brick-kiln, from the baked appearance of the
shale and stone.
3. THE LANDSLIP.
The landslip took place about 1.15 p.m. on June icth. As
above stated, Mr. Cameron was on the cliffs about an hour before
it happened, and he did not notice any signs of an impending
change. No new fissures had appeared, and no movement was
THE BURNING CLIFF AT LYME REGIS. 157
taking place, while boats were busy as usual taking stone from
the limestone beds at the foot of the cliff.
Eye witnesses stated that three minutes after the last stone-
boat had left, a portion of the cliff suddenly gave way, and the
large mass, weighing many thousand tons, fell forward on to the
beach with a loud rustling and rumbling noise, which was plainly
heard in the town, while a cloud of sulphurous smoke issued
from the burning mound. Other slips and falls occurred either
simultaneously or very soon afterwards, and when Mr. Cameron
arrived on the spot he found that several changes had taken
place.
The movements were not all at one spot, but had occurred at
several places along a tract which was about 500 yards in length.
The main mass of cliff which had fallen onto the shore was not
more than 230 yards long, and this now forms a long slope of
debris which at high water projects into the sea and forms a
promontory (see map). The terrace, or plateau, north-west of
this fall was much fissured, and a large mass of black shale had
fallen from the slope above and behind, forming a long ridge
near the burning mound, which was itself split by a fissure.
A little later on the same day large falls took place from the
cliffs on the seaward side of this plateau, and one of these
included the seaward part or peak of the split burning mound
(see Plate 3). About 50 yards east of the mound, and rather
lower down, a mass of clay and shale, from 50 to 60 yards long,
moved forward over the more solid limestone beds, but did not
fall onto the beach. No other extensive slip has yet occurred,
though the whole cliff between this point and Lyme church is in
an unstable condition.
The causes which have specially conduced to the landslip and
the falls from this portion of the cliff appear to be two, the
abstraction of limestone from the shore below, and the soakage
of water into the cracks which form on the slopes.
Although there is no actual quarrying on the cliff itself, yet the
beds of limestone, or ledges (as the workmen call them) which
crop out on the shore below are quarried with pick and bar, and
158 THE BURNING CLIFF AT LYME REGIS.
the stone thus obtained is taken away to the cement works in boat
loads. These ledges are followed up to the foot of the cliffs, and
the removal of the stone must weaken the foundation of the cliff,
and must also enable the waves at high water to break with
greater force against it, for the tide here comes up to the base of
the cliffs.
This harmful practice of getting stone from the shore ought to
have been forbidden long ago. Stone was formerly taken from
below the Church cliffs ; but this has been disallowed for many
years, and the Lyme Regis people will do well to put a stop to it
everywhere.
The second contributing cause is the land water flowing off the
slopes above. This partly issues from springs a little above the
contour of 300 feet, and partly runs as surface water after heavy
rain. Above the tiers of cliff and the broken ground which lies
below the road to Charmouth, Timber Hill rises to a height of
about 530 feet above the sea. After rain much water flows off the
slopes of this hill, and Mr. Cameron informs me that there two
lines of water-flow on its southern side.
One of these watercourses comes down through the fields a
little east of the house called Fairfield, and the water which runs
along it in wet weather cascades over the cliff by the old
Gasworks. Another waterway runs in a parallel line about 330
yards to the eastward and loses itself in cracks and fissures on the
Lias cliff above the very place where the great fall has taken
place.
There can be no doubt that the soakage of water into these
cracks and fissures, and its percolation downward along the
joints and divisional planes of the Lias, would loosen the cohesion
of the parts near the border of the cliffs. Again, when a period
of wet weather is followed by a spell of dry and sunny weather
the water lying in the fissures is gradually evaporated, and much
moisture is drawn out of the Lias clays and shales, resulting in
the contraction of the tracts below or between such fissures, with
a consequent tendency to move in the direction of least resist-
ance. This is, of course, seawards, just as a roofing-slate placed
o
~
THE BURNING CLIFF AT LYME REGIS. 159
on a gentle slope will gradually move down it in consequence of
alternating contraction and expansion caused by differences of
temperature.
There must come a time when the tension is strong enough to
overcome the cohesion of some fissured mass to the rock at the
back of it, and then a fall of cliff or a landslip takes place. The
movement of one slip is likely to loosen other unstable masses,
and even the vibration caused by a slip or fall is enough to start
adjoining masses on a downward journey ; so that one fall is often
followed, sooner or later, by other falls.
It is possible, moreover, that in some cases a terrestrial tremor
or small seismic wave may be the final and immediate cause of
the severance of cohesion. Such earth-tremors are of very
frequent occurrence, but most of them are ot such small intensity
that they are only perceived by the sensitive instrumentality of a
seismograph. There is, however, ever}' gradation between such
feeble tremors and one which might be called a slight shock of
earthquake. As the cliff-fall at Lyme seemed to have happened
very suddenly and without any warning symptoms, the possibility
of its having been started by an earth-tremor occurred to Mr.
Cameron, and on his suggestion, I wrote to Mr. J. Milne. He
informs me, however, that his instruments did not record any
earthquake movement on the xoth of June, and consequently
the precise moment of the landslip cannot have been determined
in this way.
It is important to remember that this landslip took place
during dry weather. April had been a wet month, but the latter
part of May and the beginning of June were dry and sunny, so
that I think we may infer that the final cause of detachment was
contraction, owing to evaporation of moisture and drying of the
material which forms the cliffs.
It should also be pointed out that the geological conditions on
the east side of Lyme Regis are very different from those
existing between Lyme and Axmouth, where masses of Greensand
and Chalk rest on Lias clays or Triassic marls. There the base
of the Greensand descends to a lower level, so that there is a
l6o THE BURNING CLIFF AT LYME REGIS.
greater weight above it and more water flows through it over the
surface of the Lias. Hence on the west side of Lyme, landslips
have generally occurred during periods of heavy rainfall, and
have been due to the sliding of the Greensand and the super-
incumbent Chalk over the surface of the clays below. East of
Lyme the slips take place in the Lias itself: and if records of
former slips had been kept, it would probably be found that most
of them occurred during spells of dry weather.
A view of the burning cliff at Hoi worth (Plate 4), from a
contemporary print, has been inserted for comparison with that
of Lyme Regis (Plate 3). Holworth is on the cost of Ringstead
Bay, near Osmington, and the cliff there consists of Kimmeridge
Clay. An account of the phenomena is given in Damon's
Geology of Weymouth (edition of 1884, p. 57).
Similar combustion is also said to have occurred in the Lias
cliffs near Charmouth in 1751 (Op. cit, p. 58).
EXPLANATION OF PLATE A.
Fig. 1. Ischnothyreiis velox, Jackson. Upper side of male without legs or
palpi. 2. Profile. 3. Eyes of male from above and behind.
4. Underside of abdomen of male. 5. Left palpus, male.
6. Underside of fore -part of abdomen, female, showing genital
aperture.
7. Diblemma Donisthorpii, sp. n. Upper side of male without legs or
palpi. 8. Eyes from above and behind. 9. Under side of
abdomen, male. 10. Ditto of female. 11. Left palpus of male.
12. Fore-part of digital joint, right palpus, male, shewing palpal
organ processes. 13. Underside (female) showing genital aperture.
Leptyphantes anyulata, Cambr. Genital aperture and process, female.
15. Ditto in profile.
Hilaira pervicax, Hull. Profile of cephalothorax, male. 17. Right
palpus, male in profile. 18. Left palpus in front. 19. Genital
aperture, female.
Cetitromerm probabilis, sp. n. Profile of cephalothorax, female.
21. Eyes from above and behind. 22. Genital aperture and
process. 23. Ditto in profile.
,, 24. Gongylidiwn paganum, Sim. Genital aperture, female.
,, 25. Typhocreslus digitatiis, Cambr. Genital aperture, female.
,, 26. Maro minutus, Cambr. Eyes from in front. 27 and 28. Left palpus
in two positions.
29. Maro Falconerii, Jackson. Cephalothorax. 30. Eyes of male from in
front. 31. Right palpus of ditto from rather behind. 32. Left
falci. 33. Genital aperture, female.
,, 34. Oxyptila Blacku-allii, Sim. Genital aperture, female.
,, 35. Oxyptila niynta, Thor. Sternum, female. 36. Genital aperture,
ditto.
37. Epiblemum affinitatum, Cambr. Genital aperture, female. 38. Left
palpus, male from above and behind. 39. Ditto on outer side.
PLATE A.
Proc.Dorset.N.H &A.F. Club, Vol. XXIX, 1908.
NEW AND RARE BRITISH SPIDERS.
>n
an6 "glare
NOTED AND OBSERVED IN 1907.
By Rev. 0. PICKARD-CAMBRIDGE, M.A., F.R.S., &c., &c.
PLATE A.
FAIR number of rare spiders, comprising two new to
science and two* new to Great Britain, have come
under my notice during the past year (1907).
Others also, both new to science and before
unrecorded in Great Britain, have been recorded
and described by Dr. A. R. Jackson and the
Rev. J. E. Hull, and are included in the following
list. For these results I am greatly indebted to
the friends mentioned below, my own work having been
principally directed to the identification of new or rare species,
the correction of synonyms, made possible by the obtaining of
fresh examples, and by the more exhaustive examination of
others of which some species had been either wrongly or
* One of these, Erigone spinosa, Cambr., was received while the preseut paper
was iiiipress, May, 1908.
1 62 ON NEW AXD RARE BRITISH ARACHNIDA.
tentatively determined in time past. One subject of great
interest contained in the present communication is afforded by
the list subjoined of a number of species of the Order Acaridea
(or, as popularly known, Mites). The species alluded to are all
of one family Oribatida, or Beetle-mites. They are very small,
many of them quite microscopic, living among moss, dead leaves,
decayed and decaying rubbish, and under dead bark of trees,
decaying wood and boards, stones, &c., and often looking like
minute globular shining black or brown morsels. They are
for the most part dull and sluggish in their movements, and are
easily collected, having a more or less hardened coriaceous
epidermis, and can be preserved well in diluted methylated
spirit like spiders, though for a completely satisfactory working
out of their structure, which is often very curious, some further
manipulation is necessary ; and the objects also require prepara-
tion in some other fluid besides, or in lieu of, spirit. I have
myself never been able to find time for specially working (along
with others of the Arachnida) at this group (nor indeed at any
other group of the Acaridea), though I have at times collected
many species. It requires someone who could give up the whole
of much spare time to it, and it is a work greatly needed to be
done, as, excepting two or three of its isolated groups, there is
no British naturalist, so far as I know, who has attacked or who
is working at the whole Order of Acarids. To recur, however,
for a moment to the subjoined List of Oribaiida:, this consists of
fifty-two species, forty-nine of which were found in September
last by my old friend, Mr. Cecil Warburton (M.A. Christ's
College, Cambridge, and " Zoologist to the Royal Agricultural
Society of England "), in the course of a few minutes gathering
of moss in an old fir plantation (Morden Park, near Bloxworth).
No attempt at separating and collecting these little mites
individually on the spot is necessary. The moss is placed in a
tin box, and the contents can be shaken out and examined
indoors at leisure. Mr. Warburton has a mechanical method of
sifting out these little creatures from the moss, by which the
whole contents are revealed almost at once, thus saving a long
ON NEW AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNIDA. 163
and often wearisome search among the moss itself. I cannot
explain exactly this method, as indeed I hardly yet understand it
myself; but, if any member of our Field Club were enthusiastic
enough to take up the subject, I would gladly get instructions for
him from Mr. Warburton, who, I know, would be most glad to
give them.
Some interest also attaches to the occurrences (noted in the
subjoined List of Arachnida) of several, no doubt imported,
exotic Arachnids in greenhouses and hothouses at the Royal
Gardens at Kew and elsewhere. From such importations we
may possibly in course of time obtain by acclimatisation additions
to our indigenous (or rather pseudo-indigenous) Arachnids. We
have already two of such in the British list, Pholcus phalangioides,
Fuess, a great pest in my own house and premises, and Theridion
tepidariorum, C. L. Koch, an abundant spider in most green-
houses in England, and now and then found among adjoining
shrubs and in verandahs, &c.
My best thanks are due to all those friends who have kindly
sent me Arachnids during the past year. Among them I would
especially mention Dr. A. Randell Jackson, of Chester ; Mr. W.
Falconer, of Slaithwaite, near Huddersfield ; Mr. Horace
Donisthorpe, 58, Kensington Mansions, London ; Mr. Denis R.
Pack-Beresford, Fenagh House, Bagenalstown, Ireland ; the
Rev. J. E. Hull, Ninebanks Vicarage, Northumberland ; Mr. W.
Ruskin Butterfield, Hastings, Sussex ; Mr. Robert Godfrey,
Edinburgh ; Mr. F. P. Smith, 15, Cloudesley Place, Islington;
Mr. T. Stainforth, The Municipal Museum, Hull ; and Mr. G. A.
Dunlop, Stockton Heath, Cheshire.
For further information connected with the Arachnida in the
following list I would refer to " Spiders of Dorset," 1879-81, and
subsequent papers published by the Dorset Field Club in its
annual "Proceedings," 1882-1908, also to the "List of British
and Irish Spiders," published by Sime and Co., 1900, as also to
" Monographs on the British Phaiangidea or Harvest Men,"
1890, and the British Chernetidea or "False Scorpions,"
published in the Dorset Field Club, " Proceedings." Dr. A. R,
164 ON NEW AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNIDA.
Jackson has also published illustrated papers on Arachnida in
the " Proceedings " (Chester Soc. Nat. Sc., Literature, and Art),
1907, and Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. of Northumberland, Durham,
and Ne\vcastle-on-Tyne, n.s., Vol. III., Part I., 1908. Two
illustrated papers by Mr. F. P. Smith may also be mentioned
(published in 1907 in the Journal of the Quekett Microscopical
Club) " On British Spiders of the Genus Lycosa " and ' Some
British Spiders taken in 1907. Also a recent paper by the
Rev. J. E. Hull (Transactions of the Natural History Society
of Northumberland, Durham, and Ne\vcastle-on-Tyne," n.s.,
Vol. III., Part I.), on " Allendale Spiders."
For reference to a work on the Oribatidce, see " British
Oribatidae," by Albert D. Michael, F.L.S., &c., &c., 2 vols. Ray
Society, 1888.
LIST OF NEW AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNIDA.
ORDER ARANEIDEA.
Family THERAPHOSIOffi.
Sub.-fam. ATYPIN^E.
Atypus affinis, Eichwald.
Two adult males of this spider ; the sole British repre-
sentative of the family, were sent to me by Mr. H.
Donisthorpe, from Woking, in October, 1907. The spider is
found usually in colonies of greater or less extent in their
tubular nests ; running down into the earth among the stems
of dwarf plants and grass. The female probably never
leaves the nest ; but the males, when adult, are usually, or at
all events often, met with as wanderers. Though not a rare
species, it is certainly a very local one, and one of the most
striking in appearance of our British spiders.
ON NEW AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNIDA. 165
Family DYSDERIOE.
Sub-fam. OONOPIN^.
Isehnothyreus velox. PI. A, Figs, i 6.
Ischnothyreus velox, Jackson, Trans. Nat. Hist.
Society of Northumberland, Durham, and New-
castle-on-Tyne, n.s., Vol. III., Part I., p. 5,. PI. iv.,
fi g- 9-i3-
Adults of both sexes were found by Dr. A. R. Jackson in
warm greenhouses in the Nursery Gardens at Chester, in
November, 1907; others had been met with shortly before
in a plant hot-house at Alnwick, Northumberland, by Mr.
Bagnall ; it has also been recently found in a similar
situation in the Kew Gardens, and sent to me thence
by Mr. H. Donisthorpe. M. Simon, who has examined
some of the examples, has decided them to be of an
undescribed species, allied to Ischnothyreus aculeatus, Sim.
(from the Philippine Islands). There can be but little
doubt that the English examples of this and of the follow-
ing species have been imported originally with plants or
packing materials from exotic regions ; but, as I understand,
there is no clue as to whence either of the species may have
come. A Ceylon species, /. lymphaseus, Sim., is known to
to have come to the green-houses of the Natural History
Museum, Paris, and in all probability were imported with
plants from Ceylon. (See Bull, du Museum d' Histoire
Naturelle, 1896, No. i.) The importation of Arachnids from
abroad in packages of plants, fruit, or packing materials,
appears to be of increasing frequency ; especially in con-
signments of bananas, which afford just the kind of
protection for soft-bodied creatures (like most spiders),
required to bring them without injury. Entomologists
should therefore be on the alert at markets, or in ware-
houses, to await the unpacking of such consignments, and
secure the immigrants, noting as accurately as possible the
country whence they come.
1 66 ON NEW AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNIDA.
DIBLEMMA, gen. nov.
Diblemma Donisthorpii, sp. n. PI. A, Figs. 713.
Examples of both sexes received from Mr. Horace
Donisthorpe, by whom they were found in the Royal
Gardens at Kew. (For description sec postea p. 188.)
Family DRASSID^.
Drassus minusculus, L. Koch.
A female of this species was received October 1907, from
Mr. W. R. Buttcrfield, by whom it was found near St.
Leonard's-on-Sea, and also an adult male in May, 1907,
from Rye Sandhills.
Drassus lapidosus, Walck.
Drassus Idpuiicolens, Walck. -Bl., Spid. G.B.I., p. 116;
Cambr., Spid. Dors, and Proc. Dors. F. Club,
Vol. XVI., p. 99, 1895.
Drassus ctipreus, Bl., Spid. G.B.I., p. 114; Cambr.,
Spid. Dors., p. 461, and Proc. Dors. F. Club,
Vol. XVI., p. 100, 1895.
Drassus macer, Thor.-Cambr., Proc. Dors. F. Club,
Vol. XVI., p. 100, 1895, and Vol. XVIII., p. in,
1897.
An examination of a considerable series of examples, com-
prising the three forms included in the foregoing synonyms
has led me to believe them to be only variations of
one species. There is at times considerable variation
in the development of the fakes, and in their dentition, as
well as in the absolute length of the palpi of the male, and
their different joints and structure but all endeavour to find
any reliable rule for the separation of species from these
variations seems to fail when brought to bear on a
lengthened series of examples ; nor does their colour-
variation seem sufficiently constant to help in their
separation. The variation in size of examples of the above
ON NEW AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNIDA. 167
three forms is also very great, but affords no reliable clue to
the separation of species. Continental araneologists have
never, I believe, considered the three forms to comprise
more than the one species D. lapidosus Walck ; though
Drassus macer, Thorell, has perhaps most claim to be con-
sidered distinct. I confess that I have, myself, only recently
and reluctantly arrived at the conclusion that all three are
identical.
Prosthesima electa, C. L. Koch.
An adult and immature examples of this spider were
received from Mr. W. Ruskin Butterfield, by whom they
were found on the Camber Sandhills, Rye, Sussex.
Prosthesima lutetiana, L. Koch.
An adult female of this species was sent to me by Mr.
G. A. Dunlop, by whom it was found under a stone at Port
Erin, in the Isle of Man, in 1907,
Agroeca inopina, Cambr.
Several immature examples were received from Beer,
Devon, where they were found in June, 1907, by Dr. A.
Randell Jackson,
Agroeea eelans, Blackw.
Two immature females found at St. Leonard's-on-Sea
were sent to me by Mr. W. R. Butterfield in June, 1907,
Micariosoma festivum, C. L. Koch.
Agroeca cekr, Cambr., Brit, and Ir. Spid., p. 13.
After careful re-examination of all the recorded examples
constituting this species (A. celer, Cambr.), and much
consideration of their relation to Micariosoma festiiittn, C. L,
Koch, I have reluctantly come to the conclusion that they
are very pale immature examples of this last. An example
recorded from Warwickshire in 1903 more nearly approached
maturity than any others I have seen. (See Proc. Dors.
F. Club, 1903, p. 151., PI. A, Fig. i.)
l68 ON XK\V AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNIDA.
Clubiona negleeta, Cambr.
Both sexes from Camber Sandhills, Rye, Mr. W. R. Butter-
field, June, 1907. Though widely dispersed, this still
appears to be a rare species.
Family DICTYNIDJE.
Dictyna variabilis, C. L. Koch.
Adults of both sexes were found rather freely on the south
coast near Sidmouth by Dr. A. R. Jackson in June, 1907.
Hitherto this little spider has been of rare occurrence. I
have received it abundantly from Guernsey.
Protadia subnigra, Cambr.
I found an adult male of this spider on the wall of
the Rectory House, Bloxworth, in June 1907. It appears
to be still a local and rather rare species.
Protadia patula, Sim,
A female of this rare species was received in October
1907, from Mr. W. R. Butterfield, by whom it was found at
Rye Harbour, Sussex, among flood refuse.
Family AGELENID/E.
Coelotes terrestris, Wid.
At p. 124, Vol. XXXVIII., Proc. Dors. N.H. and A.F.
Club. An example was recorded as having been found in
Northumberland by Dr A. R. Jackson. It should have been
"in Surrey by Mr. Bennett."
Teg-enaria Hiberniea, Cambr,
Adult males from Ireland, Mr. D. R. P. Beresford,
November, 1907. This fine species appears to be still
confined to Ireland ; and, so far as I am aware, to Dublin.
ON NEW AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNIDA. 169
Family HAHNIID^S.
Hahnia Candida, Sim.
An adult female was received from Portland in June 1907,
where it was found by Dr. A. R. Jackson. No other record
of this minute species has been made in England since its
first discovery as a British spider at Portland by myself, in
or about the year 1854. I have, however, received it once
since, from Scotland.
Hahnia pusilla, L. Koch.
I have received from Dr. A. R. Jackson an adult male
of this species from Delamere Forest, Cheshire.
Family THERIDIIDJE.
Theridion aulieum, Lucas.
Adults of both sexes were found, and sent to me from
the coast near Sidmouth, by Dr. A. R. Jackson, in June,
1907. It is a very distinct species, and must be reckoned
as yet among the rarest spiders of this genus found in
Britain.
Theridion impressum, L. Koch,
Dr. A. R. Jackson met with both sexes of this spider in
some abundance at Delamere, Cheshire, in 1907.
Theridion riparium, Bl.
An adult female was sent to me from Woking, where it
was found by Mr. H. Donisthorpe in a nest of an ant
(Formica sanguined j in May, 1907.
Theridion Blaekwallii, Cambr.
A female of this spider was found in Surrey (probably
Richmond Park) by Mr. Bennett, and sent to me by Dr. A.
R. Jackson in October, 1907. Adult males were also
received from Mr. D. R. P. Beresford, by whom they were
found at Belling, Northamptonshire.
iyo OX NEW AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNIDA.
Theridion varians, Hahn.
Theridion honorum, Cambr., Proc. Dors. N.H. and A.F.
Club., Vol. XIV., p. 151, Fig 4.
There is no doubt but that T. hononnn Cambr., I.e., is an
unusually dark form of the very variable, and, in some
localities, abundant species. T. varians, Hahn.
Crustulina sticta, Camb.
I met with an adult female of this very local spider,
running on the lawn railings at Bloxworth Rectory in May
1907. An unusual spot for this species. Eleven examples
(males immature, females adult) were sent to me from
Rye harbour by Mr. W. R. Butterfield, in March, 1907. All
these examples were of the black variety ; as also was an
adult female taken at Hastings by Mr. Bennett, and sent to
me by Dr. Jackson, in October, 1907.
Laseola jueunda, Cambr.
Adults of both sexes were sent to me from near
Pennsylvania, Portland, where they were found under
stones and pieces of rock, by Dr. A. R. Jackson, in June,
1907.
Laseola inornata, Cambr.
Laseola dissimilis, Cambr. (female, non male.)
Both sexes found abundantly near Pennsylvania, Portland,
by Dr. Jackson, in company with L.jucumla.
The female of inornata had hitherto been confused with
that of L. dissimilis, as well as with that of L.jticitnda,
Laseola erythropus, Simon.
Laseola erythropus, Sim., Arachnidcs de France,
Vol. V., 1881, p. 141.
Laseola proximo, Cambr., Proc. Dors. Field Club,
XVI., 1895. p. 102, PI. A., E. 3/7, 3*.
I have lately identified an adult male of Laseola received from
Guernsey, with L.proxima, Cambr. M. Simon now identifies
ON NEAV AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNIDA. \Jl
the Guernsey example with L. erythropus, Sim. (I.e. supra),
a species hitherto only known from a single specimen found
in South France. There seems to be no doubt about the
identity of the two spiders. The English example has also
been examined by M. Simon, and its name proximo, thus
gives way to the one previously given by him,
Euryopis flavomaeulata, C. L. Koch.
An adult male was received from Mr. W. R. Butterfield,
by whom it was found at St. Leonards-on-Sea, Sussex, in
June 1907 ; and an adult female from Mr. Horace
Donisthorpe, Newton Moss, Penrith, North Britain, in
July, 1907.
Enoplog-natha thoraeiea, Harm.
Enopkgnatha hispida, Camb., Brit, and Ir. Spid. p. 24.
An examination and comparison of numerous examples,
both English and from the Island of Guernsey, appear to
show that E. hispida is a variety only of E. ihoracica, Hahn.
An adult female was received from St. Leonards-on-Sea,
from Mr. \V. R. Butterfield, in 1907.
Robertus negleetus, Cambr.
An adult male from Ireland, Mr. D. R. P. Beresford,
November, 1907; also one from the Hull district
from Mr. T. Stainforth.
Leptyphantes Blaekwallii, Kulcz.
Leptyphantes accepfus, Cambr., Proc. Dors. N.H. and
A.F. Club, Vol. XXIV., p. 153 and 163 1903. pi.
A., Fig. 4.
From an examination and comparison of examples of this
species from various localities I have come to the conclusion
that L. acceptus is a variety, in which the chief and most
obvious differential characters are the absence of any lateral
pale spots or broken stripes on the abdomen, and the
172 ON NEW AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNIDA.
indistinctness of the angular lines, or chevrons, on the hinder
part of its upper side. There is considerable variation in
the depth and distinctness of the normal abdominal pattern
in individuals captured at different times of the year; as well
as in the actual size of specimens.
Leptyphantes Meng-ii, Kulcz.
Adult males received from Ireland ; Mr. D. R. P. Beresford,
1907.
Leptyphantes ericaea, Blackw.
Leptyphantes inconspicua, Cambr., Brit, and I. Spid., p.
20, and Spid. Dors., p. 213.
Having compared the type of L. mconspicua, with numerous
undoubted examples of L. ericcca, I feel but little doubt of
the identity of the two spiders. When the former was
described many years ago as distinct, I had not the advantage
I now have ot any good microscopical aid beyond that of an
ordinary pocket lens.
Leptyphantes angulata, Cambr. PI. A., Figs. 14-15.
An adult male received from Rev. J. E. Hull, by whom it
was found in Northumberland early in 1907. I have also since
received both sexes from Mr. Hull. The female is new to
science. Of the male I had only seen one previously (the
type of the species) from the Cheviot Hills (Spid. Dors ,
p. 521 c.f. Rev. J. E. Hull's Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. North-
umberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne., N.S., Vol.
III., part L, p. 7., PI. 5., Figs. 5-9).
Porrhomma egeria, Sim.
An adult female, found in a mole's nest at Blakenham,
Suffolk, in March, 1907, was sent to me by Mr. H.
Donisthorpe.
Porrhomma meadii, F. O. P.-C.
An adult female, Ireland, Mr. D. R. P. Beresford, 1907.
OX NEW AND RARE BRITISH ARACHXIDA. 173
Hilaira pervicax, J. E. Hull. PI. A., Figs. 16-19.
Hilaira pervicax, J. E. Hull, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc.
Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-on-Tyne,
1908, N.S., Vol. III., part i, p. 5, PI. V., Fig.
1-2, 2tf.
This distinct, and new species, is nearly allied to the
already known British forms, H. uncata, Cambr., and H.
excisa, Cambr., but, in the male at least, it may easily be
distinguished by the form of the cephalothorax and palpi.
The female, however, appears to be almost indistinguishable
from that of H. excisa, Cambr.
A single male and numerous females were found among
moss in a pine wood at Whitfield, in Northumberland, at an
elevation of 1400 feet, in February, 1908, by the Rev. J. E.
Hull.
Gen. CENTROMERUS.
Tmeticus, Mengi. -Cambr., ad part em.
Centpomerus fortunatus, Cambr.
Tmeticus fortunatus, Cambr. Proc. Dors. F. Club,
Vol. XVI., p. 123, PI. A., Fig. 6.
An adult male was taken on the lawn railings at Warmwell
Rector) 7 in December, 1907, by the Rev. R. J. Pickard-
Cambridge, and a female by myself at Bloxworth Rectory in
June previously.
Centromerus eoncinnus, Thorell.
Tmeticus eoncinnus ; Thor., Cambr., Brit, and I. Spid.,
P- 34-
An adult male ; taken on the lawn railings at Bloxworth
Rectory by the Rev. R. J. Pickard- Cambridge October 24th,
1907. I have also received both sexes from Hull (Yorkshire)
from Mr. T. Stainforth, and from other localities. Whether
the differences of structure between this species and
174 ON NEW AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNIDA.
C. bicolor, Blackw., are sufficiently reliable to justify their
separation as species it is very difficult to decide ; at present,
however, I am still inclined to keep them separate.
Centromerus probabilis, sp. n. PI. A., Figs. 20-23.
An adult female sent to me from Northumberland in
January. 1907, by the Rev. J. E. Hull, appears to me worth
recording as a new species. In several respects it indicates
a form yet undescribed. I know of none of which it might
possibly be the female (not yet met with). Its leading
character (the formation of the genital aperture) is of a
very distinct and remarkable kind for a more detailed
description. (See post. p. 190).
Centromerus firmus, Cambr.
Tmeticus firmus, Cambr., Pro. Dors. F. Club. XXVI.,
p. 59, PI. A., Figs. i3a-i3c.
An adult female received from the Rev. J. E. Hull, by
whom it was found in Northumberland, in 1906.
Maro minutus, Cambr., PL A., Figs. 26-28.
Maro minutus, Cambr., A. R. Jackson, I.e. infra,
p. 14. PL I.V., Figs. 21-25.
Several more examples of this exceedingly minute spider,
including the male, have been found near Huddersfield, by
Mr. W. Falconer, and an example of the latter sex has
bejen kindly sent to me by him (1908). The sexes are much
alike in general colour and appearance.
Maro Falconerii, Jackson, PI. A., Figs. 29-33.
Maro falconerii, Jackson, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. of
Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-on-Tyne,
Vol. III., Part I., p. 15, PL IV., Figs. 16-20.
Adults of each sex of this species were found at
Delamere, Cheshire, by Dr. A. R. Jackson, in 1907. It is
nearly allied to J\I. minutus, and is quite as small, but the
male may easily be distinguished by the prominent tooth in
ON NEW AXD RARE BRITISH ARACHNIDA. 175
front of the falces, and the female by the form of the genital
aperture. The two sexes are much alike in general colour
and appearance.
Mieroneta beata, Cambr.
An adult male, found on the lawn railings at Bloxworth
Rectory, by the Rev. R. J. Pickard-Cambridge, in October,
1907. This is the first record of this species for Dorset-
shire.
Syedra pholeommbides, Cambr.
An adult female on the lawn railings, Bloxworth Rectory,
October 24th, 1907, by the Rev. R. J. Pickard-Cambridge.
Gongylidiellum paganum, Sim., PI. A., Fig. 24.
Gongylidiellutti paganum, Sim. -Cambr., Proc. Dors.
N. H. and A. F. Club, Vol. XXII., 1903, p. 155,
PI. A., Fig. 7.
An adult male and females, sent to me from County
Carlow, Ireland, by Mr. D. R. P. Beresford. This is, I believe,
only the second record of the species as British.
Erig-one spinosa, Cambr.
Erigone spinosa, Cambr., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872,
p. 292, PI. XIII., Fig. 12.
,, vagans, Sim. (Non E. vagans Audouin in
Savigny.) Les Arachnides de
France, torn. V., p. 530, Figs. 330-
331, 1881.
It was a great surprise to me to find among other spiders
received (May, 1908) from Mr. Stainforth, and taken near
Hull, both sexes of the very remarkable form of Erigone
E. spinosa, Cambr. This little species is easily distinguish-
able from all others of the forms yet known ; it was first
found by myself at Cairo in Egypt, afterwards in Palestine,
subsequently at Rome, and finally sent to me from Paris by
M. Eugene Simon. Since that I have not seen nor heard of
176 OX NEW AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNIDA.
it until now. M. Simon (Arachn. de France, supra cit.)
includes it as a synonym of Argus pagans, Savigny, described
and figured in Savigny's great work on Egypt. (Vide Expli-
cation des Planches, Vol. I. part 4 plate I. of that work ; by V.
Audouin date about A. n., 1826.) This description is very
indefinite and might quite well apply to several other species
of the genus, while the figures (PI. i) could not possibly
apply to E. spinosa, Cambr., the critical portions of the palpi
being totally distinct. Baron Walckenaer (Ins. Apt. II.,
p. 345, 1837) appears to have taken it for granted that the
spider he records there as E. pagans Aud.-Sav. (and which
Audouin says has been again found by Savigny in the
environs of Paris on the barriers of the little park of
Versailles) was identical with Savigny's species, but this
appears quite untenable in the face of Savigny's figures.
What Savigny's spider may have been it is probably
impossible to say ; the figures look most like E. longipalpis,
Sund. E. spinosa, Cambr., agrees exactly with the French
examples sent to me by M. Simon, and which were of a species,
according to him, found in numerous localities in France. It
is probably identical with En'gone pagans, Kulczynski, and, if
so, this latter author would also appear to have, equally with
M. Simon, overlooked the evidence of the strikingly different
form of Savigny's E. pagans, furnished by Savigny's figures
(I.e. supra). The figure given by Kulczynski of the female is
different from that which I found in Egypt ; while the
Yorkshire examples resemble it. The female described by
Walckenaer (I.e.) is evidently that of another group of spiders
altogether; he says : " Le palpe defemelle termini par un onght
pectine" which is certainly not true of an Erigone.
On every account this addition to our List of British
Spiders is of great interest.
Epigone longipalpis, Sund.
Adult males sent to me in 1906 from Kirkby (Lancashire)
and from Weston-super-Mare by the Rev. J. H. Bloom; and
ON NEW AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNIDA. 177
both sexes in some abundance were received from Hull in
September and October, 1907, from Mr. T. Stainforth, of the
Municipal Museum, Hull. The specimens from Kirkby were
the largest and best developed I have yet seen.
Epigone arctiea, White-Cambr.
Both sexes, found apparently in abundance, were received
from Mr. D. R. P. Beresford, Ireland, 1907, also an adult
male from Cheshire, found by Dr. A. R. Jackson.
Lophomma laudatum, Cambr.
An adult male received from Mr. W. R. Butterfield, by
whom it was found at St. Leonards-on-Sea in June, 1907,
and another of the same sex from Northampton from Mr. D.
R. P. Beresford.
Lophomma stativum, Simon.
Lophomma stativum, Sim.. Cambr., Proc., Dors. N. H.
and A. F. Club, 1905, Vol. XXVI., p.p. 50-64, PI.
A, Figs. 19-21.
An adult male was sent to me in October, 1907, from
Ireland, by Mr. D. R. P. Beresford. This, so far as I know,
is only its second record in Great Britain and Ireland.
Typhoerestus dig-itatus, Cambr., PI. A, Fig. 25.
Erigone digitata, Cambr., P.Z.S., 1872, p. 758, PI. 66,
Fig. 14.
,, dorsuosa, Cambr., P.Z.S., 1875, p. 196, PL 27,
Fig. 6.
lyphocrestus digitatus, Cambr., Proc., Dors., N.H. and
A.F. Club 1894, p. 112.
Annals Scottish Nat. Hist.,
January, 1894, p. 19.
Typhoerestus dorsuosus, Cambr., Proc., Dors., N.H.
and A.F. Club 1899, p. 8.
,, Brit, and Ir., Spid., 1900,
p. 41.
178 ON NEW AND RARE BRITISH ARACHMDA.
Typhocrestus digi/atus, Cambr., Simon Araneides de
France, Vol. v., p. 584, sed
not T. dorsuosus, Sim.
Owing . to the temporary loss of the type of Erigone
digilata, Cambr., I had no opportunity to compare it with
the spider which I described three years later as a distinct
species under the name Erigone dorsuosa, Cambr. Subse-
quently examples found in England and Scotland were
relegated, some to one, some to the other, of these two
supposed species ; but more recently, having again found
the lost type of E. digitata, a careful comparison of it with
that of E. dorsitosits convinced me of their identity. A slight
variation in the form and convexity of the caput mainly led
at first to their separation.
Typhocrestus dorsuosus, Sim., Araneides de France, Vol. v.,
p. 586, is quite a different species. M. Simon most
probably had two species mixed when he sent me the
example which I described as E. dorsuosus, and which, as
the type of the species, I still possess. At any rate the
spider he describes and figures I.e. is evidently totally
different from mine, and quite unknown to me.
Although I have long possessed the females of
Typhocrestus digilatus, it has only recently been figured by
Dr. Jackson, see Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. in Northumberland
as before quoted. For figure of this sex see PI. A.,
Fig. 25.
The female described by M. Simon, I.e. is not, I think,
that of this species. An example of this sex received
from Nuremberg (Dr. L. Koch) is identical with my British
specimens. An example of the female found by Dr. A. R.
Jackson at Portland in June, 1907, is its first record as a
Dorset spider.
Entelecara Jaeksonii, Cambr.
An adult male received from Dr. A. R. Jackson, by whom
it was found at Delamere in 1907.
ON NEW AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNIDA. 179
Lophoearenum Mengii, Simon.
An adult male from Ireland, Nov., 1907, sent to me by Mr.
D. R. P. Beresford.
Thyeosthenius biovatus, Cambr.
An adult male from the nest of Formica rufa, Weybridge,
May, 1907 ; Mr. H. Donisthorpe.
Araeoneus erassieeps, Westr.
An adult male sent to me from Ireland by Mr. D. R. P.
Beresford, July, 1907, and another of the same sex from
Newton Moss, Penrith, Dr. Jackson.
Styloctetor inuneans, Simon.
Cambr., Proc. Dors. N.H. and A.F. Club, Vol. XXIII.,
p. 25, 1902.
Adult males from Rye Sandhills, Mr. W. R. Butterfield.
This is only the second British locality whence this very
distinct species has as yet been received.
Styloctetop penieillatus, Westr.
On tree trunks, among lichens, on Rectory Lawn,
Bloxworth, in May, 1907, and also on iron railings.
Troxoehpus eiprifrons, Cambr.
An adult male from County Carlow, Ireland, Mr. D. R. P.
Beresford, July, 1907.
Cnephaloeotes interjeetus, Cambr.
Adults of both sexes, rather abundant, Rye Harbour, Mr.
W. R. Butterfield, October, 1907, among flood refuse.
Tapinoeyba insecta, L. Koch.
Both sexes adult from Ireland, Mr. D. R. P. Beresford.
This is only the second record in Gt. Brit, and Irld. See
Proc. Dors. N.H. and A.F. Club. Vol. XXVI., 1905, pp. 52-
68, PI. B., Fig. 20-23.
l8o ON NEW AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNIDA.
Tapinocyba prsecox, Cambr.
Adult females sent to me by Mr. D. R. P. Beresford,
Ireland, January and July, 1907.
Panamomops bieuspis, Cambr.
An adult male, sent to me from Hull, by Mr. T.
Stainforth, 1907.
Wideria melanocephala, Cambr.
A male and female adult, Ireland, Mr. D. R. P. Beresford,
October, 1907.
Prosopotheea monoeeros, Wid.
Wideria snhita, Cambr., Proc. Dors. N. H. and A. F.
Club, Vol. XXIII, 1902, p. 26, Fig. 10, a, b, c, d,
and XXVI., 1905, p. 53.
Having recently been able to compare, the type of
W. sulila with females of P. monoeeros, there seems no
doubt of their identity. Prosopotheea monoeeros is a widely
dispersed, but rare spider. An adult of each sex was sent to
me from Rye Harbour in October, 1907, by Mr. W. R.
Butterfield.
Ceratinella seabrosa. Cambr.
An adult male was found by myself on the Rector}' Wall,
Bloxworth, in June, 1907, and both sexes were received
from Mr. D. R. P. Beresford, Ireland, in 1907.
Fam. EPEIRID^I.
Sub -fam. TETRAGNATHINJE.
Meta Menardi, Latr.
A female of this spider, received from Portland, where it
was found by Dr. A. R. Jackson, at Pennsylvania, in June,
1907. This is its first record in Dorsetshire,
o^r NEW AND RAR BRITISH ARACHNIDA. 18!
Family THOMISID!.
Xysticus Koehii, Thor.
Adult females from Rye Sandhills, Mr. \V. R. Butterfield,
May and June, 1907.
Oxyptila flexa, Cambr.
Adults of both sexes from Ireland, Mr. D. R. P. Beresford,
October, 1907
Oxyptila nigrita, Thor. PI. A, Fig. 35-36.
Xysticus nigri/us, Thorell., Tijdr., Pint. XVIII.,
1875, p. 24.
Oxyptila nigrita., Thor.-Sim., Arachn., de Fr., II., p.
238.
Adult female, length i| lines.
This little spider is of the ordinary general form and
appearance, and bears much resemblance at first sight to
O. Blackwallii, Sim. The pattern, however, on the
cephalothorax and abdomen differs when closely examined,
and the form of the genital process is very distinct. (See
figs. 34-36.) Like O. Blackivallii, Sim. O. scabricula, Westr.,
and other allied species, the present one is also furnished
with strong clavate hairs on the abdomen and other parts.
An adult female was received from Mr. H. Donisthorpe, by
whom it was found at Deal in 1907, an immature female
having been received from near Dover, from the Rev. J. H.
Bloom, in 1906. It is new to the British List.
The spider now recorded seems to me to be identical
with the female of Oxyptila Slackivallii Bosenberg, not,
however, with the male. (See Die Spinnen Deutschlands \V.
Bosenberg, Stuttgart, 1903, p. 359, PL 33, Fig. 529 A.)
Oxyptila seabrieula, Westr.
Oxyptila seabrieula, Westr., Cambr., Proc. Dors.
Field Club xxviii., 1907, p. 145, PI. B, Figs. 57-63.
Adult males and an adult female were sent to me lately by
Mr. H. Donisthorpe from sandpits at Chobham, and on the
- 1 82 ON NEW AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNID A.
same day I received adult males from Mr. J. C. Champion
by whom they were found in a sandpit at Woking.
Philodromus lineatipes, Cambr.
An immature female found by Mr. Bennett, near Newstead,
received from Dr. A. R. Jackson, 1907.
Thanatus striatus, C. L. Koch.
Adult males on the Lawn Railings, Bloxworth, May, 1907.
Family LYCOStD^.
Pirata knorrii, Scop.
Pirata knorrii, Scop. Cambr. Spid. Dors., p. 543.
This spider was included in the British List many years
ago on the authority of Dr. Ludwig Koch, who reported to
me that he had received it from the Isle of Arran. Subse-
quent investigation and correspondence, however, with Dr.
Koch has made it certain that the first report of its
occurrence was based on misapprehension. The Arran
Spider he had received was without doubt Pirala piraticus
Clk. Pirata knorrii therefore disappears from the List of
British Spiders.
Tarentula miniata, C. L. Koch.
An adult female, Rye, Camber Sandhills, Mr. \V. R. Butter-
field 1907.
Lycosa Farrenii, Cambr.
Both sexes received from Wicken Fen, Cambridge, from
Mr. C. Warburton in July, 1907.
Owing to a confusion of names and specimens /.. Farrenii
was stated (Proc. Dors. N.H. and A.F. Club, Vol. XXIV.,
p. 1 60) to be identical with L. ferruginca t L. Koch. This
however is, I think, certainly not the case.
ON N\V AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNIDA. 183
Family SALTICID!.
Epiblemum affinitatum, Cambr., PI. A, Figs. 37-39.
An adult male and female, received from Dr. A. R.
Jackson, were found under old bark on trees in Richmond
Park in 1907 by Mr. Bennett. This species is very closely
allied to E. mutabile, .Lucas-Simon, and its type specimen
has been doubtfully referred to that species by Mons. Simon.
I still, however, believe them to be distinct. Professor
Kulczynski, who has examined the Richmond Park examples,
thinks that it is Epiblemum (Callidhera) zebraneum, C. L.
Koch. A comparison, however, with typical specimens
of E. zebraneum kindly sent to me by Dr. L. Koch, shows it
to be quite distinct. The Richmond Park examples are only
the second recorded occurrence of E. affinitatum, Cambr.,
the first specimen having been found by myself on Bloxworth
Heath in 1860.
Hyctia Nivoyi, Lucas.
Adults of both sexes, found apparently in some abundance
on the Rye Camber sandhills by Mr. W. R. Butterfield in
May, 1907, and an adult male by Mr. H. Donisthorpe at
Deal, September, 1907.
Gen. BIANOR, Peckham.
Proc. Wise. Acad. Nat. Sc., 1885, p. 384, E. Simon;
Hist. Nat. des Araignees II., p. 641.
This genus is closely allied to JBallus, C. L. Koch.
Bianor aeneseens, Simon.
Uallus ccnescens, Simon, Arachn. de France, Vol. III.,
p. 206.
Bianor ocnescens, Sim., A. R. Jackson, Trans. Nat. His.
Soc., Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-
upon-Tyne, n.s. III., Part I., p. 13, PI. IV., Fig. i,
2, 3, and 30.
184 ON NEW AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNIDA.
An adult female of this spider, new to Great Britain, was
found near Hedley, in Surrey, by Mr. Bennett, and received
from Dr. A. R. Jackson in 1907. It may easily be dis-
tinguished from Ballus depressus, Blackw., by its much darker
colour, and the almost entire absence of pattern on the
abdomen, which is of a uniform blackish hue, covered with
grey pubescens.
Neon reticulatus, Blackw.
Neon /ei'is, Simon-Cambr., Proc. Dors. N.H. and A.F.
Club, XII., 1891, p. 96, and ibid, XIV., 1893,
p. 162.
The adults of Neon levis, which I had hoped to find where
the immature types occurred (I.e. supra), have never,
unfortunately, turned up ; numerous examples, however, of
N. reticulatus, Bl. at different ages have been found there,
and in the neighbourhood, and after much consideration I
have come to the conclusion that the types referred to are
immature varieties of that species.
Euophrys sequipes, Cambr.
An adult male, of a nearly black variety, received from Dr.
A. R. Jackson. It was found at Richmond Park, Surrey, by
Mr. Bennett.
Attus saltator, Sim.
An adult female from the Rye Camber Sandhills, sent to
me in May, 1907, by Mr. W. R. Butterfield.
ORDER PHALANGIDEA.
Anelasmocephalus Cambridgii, Westwood.
The example of this curious arachnid, recorded in Proc.
Dors. N. H. and A. F. Club, XXVIII., p. 135, was inadver-
tently stated to have been found near Chester. It was
captured by Mr. Bennett near Hastings.
ON NEW AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNIDA. 185
ORDER CHERNETIDEA.
Chelifer eanepoides, Linn.
Received from Mr. R. Godfrey, September, 1907, from
Glasgow, where it occurred in some abundance in stables.
Also from Mr. G. A. Whyte (see "Zoologist," October, 1907,
Ser. 4, Vol. XL, p. 388), and several from Edminton, found
in a corn store by Mr. H. Donisthorpe in November, 1905.
Thirteen examples of this species were also received from the
late Mr. A. J. Chitty, by whom they were found in London
in the Holborn Granary.
ORDER THELYPHONIDEA.
SUB-ORDER THELYPHONIDES.
Fam. TARTARID^E.
Gen. TRITHYREUS, Kraepelin.
Trithyreus Bagnallii, Jackson.
Trithyreus BagnaUii, Jackson. Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc.
Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-
Tyne, 1907, n.s. Vol. III., Part L, p.p. 28-30.
A curious little arachnid belonging to a group of an exotic
Order, about which little is really known. A few species
only have been met with of this group. The first recorded
species was of the Gen. nov. Nyctalops (Cambr.), of which I
received many years ago examples from Ceylon, recording
them as two species, Nyctalops crassicauda, and N. tenuicorda,
and as forming a new family, Tartarides, of the Order Thely-
phonidea Ann. and Mag. N.H. s. 4. Vol. 10, p. i, PI. XXIL,
1878. These, however, proved subsequently to be the two sexes
of the same species. The group has since been studied by the
late Dr. Thorell, also by Professor H. J. Hansen, of Copen-
hagen, and others. The present species is nearly allied to
Nyctalops, but differs in having eyes, whereas Nyctalops has
none. It was found in a hothouse in the Kew Gardens by
1 86 ON NEW AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNlDA.
Mr. Bagnall, and subsequently by Mr. H. Donisthorpe, from
whom I have received several examples. It is, of course, an
importation at some time or other from exotic regions like
the other arachnids before recorded from Ke\v, and other
localities, in a similar habitat.
ORDER ACARIDEA.
Family ORIBATID^.
Excepting those otherwise noted all the species in the
subjoined list were found by Mr. Cecil Warburton in
September, 1907, in Morden Park, near Bloxworth, among
moss and heather.
Pelops aeromios, Herm., found by O. P. Cambridge in
Bloxworth District, as well as in Morden
Park by Mr. Warburton.
Oribata ovalis, C. L. Koch = O. punctala. Found also by O.
P. Cambridge in the Bloxworth District.
teeta, Michael.
gracilis, Mich.
avenifera, Mich.
mollicoma, C. L. Koch.
cuspidata, Mich.
fusigera, Mich.
globula, Nic., also found by O. P. Cambridge in the
Bloxworth District.
setosa, C. L. Koch.
,, lapidaria, Lucas, also by O. P. Cambridge in the
Bloxworth District.
quadrieornuta, O. P. Cambridge, Bloxworth District.
Hermannia seabra, C. L. Koch.
bistriata, Nic.
,, nana, Nic.
arrecta, Nic.
OX NEW AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNIDA. 1 87
Cepheus teg-eoeranus, Herm.
bifidatus, Nic.
,, latUS, Nic., also by O. P. Cambridge in Bloxworth
District.
Teg;eoeranus latus, C. L. Koch.
,, relatus, Mich.
,, dentatus, Mich.
Cirrabodes coriaeetus, C. L. Koch.
marginatus, Mich.
elongatus, Mich.
,, femoralis, Nic.
Notaspis tibialis, Nic.
long-ilamellata, Mich.
,, bipilis, O. P. Cambridge, Bloxworth District.
tPigona, Mich.
splendens. C. L. Koch.
peetinata, Mich.
quadricarinata, Mich.
oblonga, C. L. Koch.
similis, Mich.
lanceolata, Mich.
clavipectinata, Mich.
SCUlptilis, Warburton and Pearce.
exilis, Nic.
DamseilS genieulatUS, C. L. Koch ; also by O. P. Cambridge,
Bloxworth District.
clavipes, Herm.
verticillipes, Nic.
Neoliodes theleproetUS, Herm ; also by O. P. Cambridge,
Bloxworth Rectory.
Nothrus monodaetylus, Mich.
spiniger, Bloxworth District (O. P. Cambridge).
,, Segnis, Herm.
sylvestris, Nic.
palustris, C. L. Koch.
1 88 OX NKW AXD RARE BRITISH ARACHNIDA.
Nothrus biearinatus, C. L. Koch.
Hypoethonius rufulus, C. L. Koch.
Hyploderma (Hophlophora) magnum, Nic. ; also Blox-
worth district (O. P. Cambridge).
dasypus, Duges.
NOTES AND DESCRIPTIONS OF Two OF THE
FOREGOING ARACHNIDA.
ARANEIDEA.
Diblemma, gen. nov.
Allied to Opopcca, Sim., which it resembles in general form and
appearance; but differs from it (as well as from all other known
genera of the Oonopida) in having only two eyes. These are
placed at the fore extremity of the caput, near together in a
transverse line, and very close to the lower margin of the clypeus.
The legs are destitute of spines, being furnished with hairs only.
The abdomen has both dorsal and ventral chitinous plates or
scuta. These extend, in some examples, quite to the spinners, in
others not quite reaching them ; in some examples these plates
are of equal length, in others of slightly different lengths. On
each side of the sternum (which is oval, obtusely pointed behind)
are three converging narrow indentations running inwards nearly
half-way to the middle. They begin respectively from between
the basal joints of the first and second, the second and third, and
the third and fourth pairs of legs. Possibly they may only be of
specific importance.
Diblemma Donisthorpii, sp. n.
Adult male, length i-i6th of an inch.
Cephalolhorax, oval, obtusely pointed before, slightly hollow-
truncate behind ; of uniform moderate convexity, and very slightly
impressed on the lateral margins at the caput. The profile line
ON NEW AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNIDA. 189
is very slightly curved, and inclines a little upwards from the eyes
to the beginning of the hinder slope, which is abrupt and slightly
hollow. The surface of the cephalothorax is shining and (under a
lens) slightly rugose on the sides. On each side of the median
line, from the eyes to the hinder slope, is a somewhat curved
longitudinal line of minute tubercles, each bearing a short slender
bristle directed inwards. The colour of the cephalothorax is a
dull yellowish brown, rather darkest towards and on the lateral
margins.
Eyes two ; in a transverse oval line, rather obliquely placed, of
moderate size, rather diaphanous, whitish, and separated by a
small but distinct interval. The height of the clypeus is less
than an eye's diameter.
Fakes moderately strong, considerably convex towards their
base in front (where there are a few prominent bristles), and in
colour like the cephalothorax.
Sternum pale yellow ; its surface is thinly covered with minute
tubercles, each bearing a fine bristle, and marked with six con-
verging indentations (see generic characters antea).
Legs tolerably strong, of moderate and sub-equal length. The
femora and coxae are especially strong. They are of a pale yellow-
brown hue, clothed with fine and inconspicuous hairs only ; and
the tarsi end with a small supernumerary claw-joint.
Palpi short, the cubital and radial joints are about equal in
length and strength ; the digital joint is very large, oval. Beneath
its anterior extremity is the palpal bulb, which is small and
scarcely defined. From this issue two long, strong, spiny processes
diverging at their anterior extremities. One of these processes is
sharp-pointed and both are yellow-brown, becoming blackish at
their anterior extremities. Figures alone, however, can give any
correct idea of their exact form.
Abdomen, elongate-oval, connected with the cephalothorax by a
short chitinous pedicle. The dorsal scutum covers the whole or
nearly so of the upper side, and is rounded at its hinder
extremity. The ventral scutum reaches more or less nearly to the
spinners, and is also rounded there. A narrow chitinous collar
190 ON NEW AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNIDA.
encircles the spinners on the under side ; the ventral scutum also
includes the spiracular plates and extends to the fore-extremity
of the abdomen, where it ends in a short rugulose collar receiving
the connecting pedicle. The colour of both the dorsal and
ventral scutum is like that of the cephalothorax, those parts
not covered by the scuta being dull whitish ; the whole is
furnished thinly with fine hairs.
The female resembles the male in size, colour, and general
appearance. The genital aperture appears to consist simply in
a transverse slit marked by a dark yellow-brown marginal line, at
the middle of which there is a very slight, narrow, transverse
opening.
Both sexes of this very interesting little spider were found and
kindly sent to me from a hothouse in the Kew Gardens on the
1 3th of February, 1908, by Mr. Horace Donisthorpe. Their
domicile is among cinders, underneath flower pots on the floor.
In company with the spiders were examples of a small West-
Indian Ant (Wasmannia auropunctata, Roger), of nearly similar
length and colouring, and remarkably like the spider in general
appearance. Whether the ant had been imported along with
the spider, or whether the habitation of the one beneath the
flower pot had taken place before the arrival of the other, are
conjectural facts on which we have no evidence. If found
together in a natural state one would conclude that a protective
resemblance was pointed to by their similar appearance ; but
whichever might be the one benefitted by this resemblance, it
can hardly have been arrived at during their sojourn in a Kew
hothouse. Perhaps some entomologist, if there be one,
acquainted with the ant in its native country, might know of
facts bearing on the point.
Centromerus probabilis, sp. n. PL A., Figs. 20-23.
Adult female, length 2^ lines.
The general form and aspect of this spider is of the ordinary
kind.
OX NEW AND RARE BRITISH ARACHXIDA. 19 1
The colour of the cephalothorax and fakes is yellow, tinged
with brown, that of the legs and palpi of a clearer yellow, and
the abdomen dull yellow-brown.
The eyes of the hinder row are of equal size, and are equidistant
from each other, the intervals being an eye's diameter. The
two rows form a transverse oval, the front row rather the shortest.
Its central pair of eyes are separated by half a diameter, and each
is a diameter's distance from the fore-lateral eye on its side.
The four centrals form a trapezoid a little longer than broad, and
narrowest in front. The height of the clypeus a little exceeds
half that of the facial space.
Legs, 4, 1,2, 3, the difference in length not being great. They
are furnished with hairs, bristles, and not very strong spines, the
latter chiefly on the tibiae of the second, third, and fourth pairs.
The palpi have a few longish spines on the digital, radial, and
cubital joints.
Thefatces are tolerably long, nearly cylindrical, slightly diver-
gent and furnished with a short row of 3 4 strongish teeth
towards their extremities on the inner side.
The sternum, which is heart-shaped, has it posterior extremity
drawn out between the coxae of the fourth pair of legs, joining in
with the connecting pedicle without any apparent break in its
continuity. This character may possibly prove to be of specific
importance.
The abdomen is thinly covered with hairs, and the genital
process is of very characteristic form.
A single adult female received from the Rev. J. E. Hull from
Northumberland.
LIST OF ARACHNIDA
(In the foregoing pages ivith references to page and Plate A).
Order ARANEIDEA.
Atypus affinis, Eichw. p. 164.
Ischnothyreus velox, Jackson p. 165. figs. 1-6.
192 ON NEW AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNIDA.
Diblcmma Donisthorpii, sp. n. p. 166. p. 188. figs. 7-13.
Drassus minusculus, L. Koch p. 1 66.
lapidosus, Walck. p. 166.
Prosthesima electa, C. L. Koch p. 167.
lutetiana, L. Koch p. 167.
Micariosoma festivum, C. L. Koch p. 167.
Agroeca inopina, Cambr. p. 167.
celans, Blackw. p. 167.
Clubiona neglecta, Cambr. p. 168.
Dictyna variabilis, C. L. Koch. p. 168.
Protadia subnigra, Cambr. p. 168.
patula Simon p. 168.
Coelotes terrestris, Wid. p. 168.
Tegenaria Hibernica, Cambr. p. 168.
Hahnia Candida, Simon p. 169.
pusilla, L. Koch p. 169.
Theridion aulicum, Lucas p. 169.
,, impressum, L. Koch p. 169.
riparium, Blackw. p. 169.
Blackwallii, Cambr. p. 169.
varians, Hahn. p. 170.
Crustulina sticta, Cambr. p. 1 70.
Laseola jucunda, Cambr. p. 170.
,, inornata, Cambr. p. 170.
erythropus, Simon p. 170.
Euryopis flavomaculata, C. L. Koch p. 171.
Enoplognatha thoracica, Hahn. p. 171.
Robertas neglectus, Cambr. p. 171.
Leptyphantes Blackwallii, Kulcz p. 171.
,, Mengii, Kulcz p. 172.
,, ericaea, Blackw. p. 172.
angulata, Cambr. p. 172. figs. 14-15.
Porrhomma cgeria, Sim. p. 172.
mcadii, F. O. P. C. p. 172.
Hilaira pervicax, J. E. Hull p. 173. figs. 16-19.
Centromerus, fortunatus, Cambr. p. 173.
ON NEW AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNIDA. 193
Centromerus concinnus, Thorell p. 173.
probabilis, sp. n. p. 174. p. 190. figs. 20-23.
firmus, Cambr. p. 174.
Maro minutus, Cambr. p. 174. figs. 26-28.
falconcrii, Jackson p. 174. figs. 29-33.
Microneta beata, Cambr. p. 175.
Syedra pholcommoides, Cambr. p. 175.
Gongylidiellum paganum, Sim. p. 175. fig. 24.
Erigone spinosa, Cambr. p. 175.
,, longipalpis, Sund. p. 176.
arctica, White-Cambr. p. 177,
Lophomma laudatum, Cambr. p. 177.
stativum, Sim. p. 177.
Typhocrestus digitatus, Cambr. p. 177. fig. 25.
Entelecara Jacksonii, Cambr. p. 178.
Lophocarenum Mengii, Sim. p. 179.
Thyreosthenius biovatus, Cambr. p. 179.
Araeoncus crassiceps, Westr. p. 179.
Styloctetor inuncans, Sim. p. 179.
pcnicillatus, Westr. p. 179.
Troxochrus cirrifrons, Cambr. p. 179.
Cnephalocotes interjectus, Cambr. p. 179.
Tapinocyba insecta, L. Koch p. 179.
praecox, Cambr. p. 180.
Panamomops bicuspis, Cambr. p. 1 80.
Wideria melanocephala, Cambr. p. 1 80.
Presopotheca monoceros, Wid. p. 180.
Ceratinella scabrosa, Cambr. p. 180.
Meta Menardi, Latr. p. 180.
Xysticus Kochii, Thor. p. 181.
Oxyptila flexa, Cambr. p. 1 8 1 .
nigrita, Thor. p. 181. figs. 35-36.
,, scabricula, Westr. p. 181.
Philodromus lineatipes, Cambr. p. 182.
Thanatus striatus, C. L. Koch p. 182.
Pirata Knorrii, Scop. p. 182,
194 ON NEW AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNIDA.
Tarentula miniata, C. L. Koch p. 182.
Lycosa Farrenii, Cambr. p. 182.
Epiblemum affinitatum, Cambr. p. 183.
Hyctia Nivoyi, Lucas. p. 183.
Bianor aenescens, Sim. p. 183.
Neon reticulatus, Blackw. p. 1 84.
Euophrys sequipes, Cambr. p. 1 84.
Attus saltator, Sim. p. 1 84.
Order PHALANGIDEA.
Anelasmocephalus Cambridgii,
Westw. p. 184.
Order CHERNETIDEA.
Chelifer cancroides, Linn. p. 185.
Order THELYPHONIDEA.
Trithyreus Bagnallii, Jackson. p. 185.
Order ACARIDEA.
See list of Oribatidae p. 186.
gavfuCarj) of erne
Contained in the Liturgical MS. commonly
known as
THE BOOK OF CERNE,
IN THE CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY.
(Class-mark LI, 1-10.J
PART II.
(Continued from Vol. XXVIII., pp. 65-95.)
[Ff . Qb to 15a contain copies of the Great Charter and the Charter of the
Forest, which have been fully printed and translated elsewhere, and are
omitted here.]
Hec est perambulatio facta in comitatu Dorsetie coram H. de Neouile
et Briano de Insula et magistro H. de Cernel. et W. de Moreuile
et Johanne de Lanceleueie justiciariis per istos milites iuratos.
Scilicet Henricum Tuneire, Walterum de la Graue, Robertum de
port. Henricum de Stokes. Willelmum Cusin. Willelmum
rllium Henrici. Alexandrum de Laverkestoke. Lucam Russel.
Johannem Pulein. Walterum de Melebire. Walterum de
Wike. Robertum de Blokeswrde. Rogerum de sancto
Eadwardo. Robertum de Wearmwlle.
In primis dicuut quod Alarms de Xeouile afforestauit omma montana m Dorsete
post pnmam coronationem Henrici Regis aui domini Henrici Regis que non debent
esse foreste Et in hiis montanis habet dominus Rex in dominico medietatem
Boscorum pertineutium ad Bere Scilicet illam medietatem quam Rex. J.
escambiauit de Galfrido de Neouile Et hoc est in uoluntate domini Regis. Habet
196 THE CARTULARY OF CERNE ABBEY.
etiam in dominico Boscum de Porstoke similiter et eodem modo per escambium de
Roberto de Nouo Burgo. Item Johannes Rex afforestauit totam Purbike que non
debet esse Foresta nisi tantum warenna ad Lepores pertiiiens ad castrum de Corf.
Hec sunt mete perambulationis que debent esse foreste. Parco de Gillingeham
cum pertinentiis videlicet Huntingeford. Et sic semper iuxta aquam Cuntremunt
usque ad marches Dorsetie et Wiltesire. Et sic procedendo sicut marche tendit
inter dictos duos comitatus vsque a la Leghe. De la Leghe semper per diuisas
comitatus vsque Pinperleghe. De pinperleghe vsque la Hore Apeldure semper
Cuntreval. De la Hore Apeldure inter Boscum de Mere et Boscum de Gillingeham
f. 16a. ygque ad capud fosse de Kurhigge. De Kurhigge uero Cuntremunt inter
Motcumbe et Seghulle semper per diuisas comitatus usque Frengore. De Frengore
usque ad Soulescumbe semper per diuisas comitatus inter dominum Regem et
Abbatissam de Wiltune. De Soulescumbe usque ad Kaingessetle semper per
diuisas comitatus inter dominum Regem et Abbatissam de Wiltune. De
Kiugessetle vsque ad sursum Wearmewlle semper per diuisas comitatus inter
dominum Regem et Abbatissam de Sancto Eauuardo. De Weannewlle per diuisas
comitatus vsque ad vroggemere. De vroggemere vsque koggesmannestone
cuntreval De Koggesmannestune semper cuntreval vsque Radewlle. De Radewlle
vsque a la Bitene semper per diuisas inter dominum Regem et Abbatem de Alcestre
et Abbatem de Bee. De la Bitene cuntremunt semper per diuisas domini Regis
usque ad diuisas abbatisse de Preaws usque ad Dunkweie semper cuntremunt.
De Dunkweie semper per diuisas domini Regis vsque ad Boscum Willelmi Cusin
scilicet de Stures quod est de feudo Abbatisse de sancto Eaduuardo. De Bosco
Willelmi Cusin cuntreval vsque a la Blakeuenne. De la Blakeuenne semper
cuntreval Sete vsque ad diuisas inter dominum Regem et Priorem de Monte Acuto.
Deinde semper per uam l paruam fossam cuutremunt vsque ad altum iter quod
vemt de Sotingestoke. De illo uero itinere usque ad Pontem de petra. De ponte
de petra usque ad Kingesbrigge. De Kiugesbrigge cuntremunt aquam usque
Huntingeford. Infra uero predict os fines habet dominus Rex venationem suam
sine regardo faciendo nisi in Bosco suo dominico de Gillingeham. Salua pastura
communa illorum qui rectum habent in ilia vsque ad fossatum de parco. Omiies
alios Boscos afforestauit Alanus de Nevuile post primam coronationem H. Regis
Aui Domini H. Regis.
f . 16i. Hec sunt mete de Foresta de Blakemore. A capite de Rocumbe ex occidental!
parte versus Boream inter Crockeresrewe et Boscum Et Holenhurste et
Boscum Et sic Levre de Bosco ex orientali parte de Holenhurste usque
Deoulepole iuxta aquam Et de Deoulepole usque Querneford Et de Quenieford
iuxta predictam aquam usque Bradeford sub molendino de Candel. De
BradeforJ per diuisas de Holewale vsque ad magnum iter quod uenit de la
Wdebrigge Et de itinere illo semper per diuisas de Holewale usque ad truncum
qui stat in tribus diuisis Et de trunco illo usque ad aquam de taleford Et de
taleford usque ad domum Waremanni in levre de Bosco Et a domo Waremanni
i CO Uuam.
THE CARTULARY OF CERNE ABBEY. K)J
usque ad Grangias monachorum de Binnedune Et a grangiis usque ad ecclesiam
de Pulham semper in Levre de Bosco uersus austrum Et de ecclesia de Pulham
usque ad Saudhulle Et totuin Boscum de Sandhulle Et de Sandhulle per diuisas
inter Pulham et Duiiethis usque Timberhurste Et de Timberhurste usque ad
caput alneti quod uocatur Netelbede versus Boream Et inde usque Bissupes-
bngge et de Bissupesbrigge per aquam usque ad molendinam de Heortleghe.
Et de molendiuo illo usque la Rode Et de la Rode per magnum iter usque
Staweius jwinde Et de Staweius jwinde uersus occidentem in Levre de Bosco
usque ad caput de liocumbe ubi mete iucipiunt. Infra has uero predictas metas
debet dominus Rex habere veiiatioiiem suam. Saluis tamen Boscis proborum
hominum et communa et herbagio eoruni qui ius habeut Et hoc sine uisu
forestariorum et sine regardo facieiido nisi tameu in dominicis Boscis domini Regi
Littere domiui Regis de Cartis et Libertatibus tenendis per totam Angliam Et
de Perambulatione in Forestis et Boscis facta et tenenda.
H. dei gratia Rex Anglic Dominus Hybernie Dux Normannie et Aquitannie
comes Audegauie vicecomiti Dorsert' salutem, Precipimus tibi quod per totam
Balliam tuam publice clamari et firmiter obseruari facias omnibus probis
hoininibus Bailie tue Omnes Libertates quas eis concessimus contentas in
maiori Carta nostra de Libertatibus. Clamari etiam facias publice et firmiter
obseruari per totam Balliam tuam oniiies Libertates contentas in minori Carta
uostra de Libertatibus Foreste secuudum perambulationem factam in Ballia tu
per preceptum nostrum inter partes illas que Foreste remanebunt Et eas que
deforestabuntur Et illud idem de perambulatiouibus non dum factis ex quo
facte fuerint clamari facias et firmiter obseruari. Ita quod similiter publice clam-
etur et omnibus communiter et districte precipiatur in fide qua nobis tenentur
quod si qui 2 libertates predictas eis libere concessimus et precipimus et uolumus
observari. Ita uniuersi et singuli omma iura nostra et omnes h'bertates nostras
illesas couserueut per omnia tarn in forestis quam in aliis. Teste meipso apud
Westmonasterium, xii. die maii.
Aluredus de Nichole pro duabus partibus j Mil'
Johannes Russel pro v. parte vna virgata minus
Willelmus de Hwitefeld pro. v. parte
Robertus de Staford pro. xxv. parte
Robertus de Palitfi pro. x. parte
Walterus de Ringstede pro. x. parte
Simon Kigelnot pro. xx. parte
Johannes de dageuil'. pro. xx. parte
Terricus de Wirdesford pro. iiij a parte
Walterus de Muleburn pro. v. parte
Rog' de Ver pro. v. parte quinte partis
- (':*) Quas.
198 THE CARTULARY OF CERNE ABBEY.
Hog' de dune pro. v. parte
Walterus Ver pro. xl. parte
Magister Henricus pro. xx. parte
Henricus Marie pro. xxx. parte
Auicia vel 3 Reinni pro. x. parte
Bartholomeus de Man pro. x. parte
f. lib. H. dei gratia etc. Sciatis quod conueuit in Curia nostra apud luelcestr' coram
dilecto et fideli nostro Willelmo de Haley et sociis suis justiciaries ad hoc assig-
natis inter abbatem de Gem' querentem et abbatem de abbedesbyr' deforc' de
libero teiiemento Ipsius abbatis de Cerii' in Hauekx vnde ass' nou' diss summonita
fuit inter eos in eadem curia. Scilicet quod predictus abbas de abbedesbyr'
cognouit diss' de predicto tenemento et illud tenementum Iteddidit predicto abbati
de Cern' per sic quod de Communa pastura in eodem tenemento et de vnius Garra
de qua contentio fuit inter eos staret vterque eorum arbitrio quatuor milit' de
communi assensu eorum electorum vnde predictus abbas de Gem' queritur quod
predictus de abbed' non tenet ei concordiam illam et Ideo tibi precipimus quod
sine dilatione concordiam illam inter eos teneri facias secundum f ormam predictam
Ita quod si quis eorum contra earn uenerit tune distringas eum quod sine dilatione
earn teneat. Ne amplius inde clam' aud' pro defectu tui. teste meipso apud
Wodestok xiiij die Nouembris anno regni nostri xx.
Anno gratie M CC xxx v in festo sancti andree contentio mota inter abbates
et conueutus abbedesbir' et Cernel' super quadam pastura et toto wasto de finel'
et Hauekx amicabili compositione conquieuit in hac forma videlicet quod predicti
abbas et conuentus abbed' concesserunt predictis abbati et conuentui cernel' quod
ipsi et eorum homines et tenentes de Hauekx habeant communam pasturam per
totum wastum de fineleya et de Hauekx ad omne genus aueriorum suorum sine
impedimento pro una libra cere annuatim soluenda deo et ecclesie Beati Petri de
abbed' in festo apostolorum Petri et Pauli Ita etiam quod predicti abbas et couuen-
tus abbod' et eorum homines et tenentes de fineleya habebunt communam pasturam
per totum wastum abbatis et conuentus Cernel' in Hauekx ad omne genus
aueriorum suorum extra bladum et pratum crescentia et non asportata. Conuenit
etiam inter dictos abbates et eorum conuentus quod licebit eis et hominibus et
tenentibus suis de Hauekx et de finel' libere et absque ullo impedimento tarn
terras quam wastum suum assartare colere fossare et claudere quamdiu bladum ibi
fuerit cum voluerunt et sibi uiderint expedire ita quod post bladum asportatum
habebunt communem pasture ut prius saluis utrisque abbatibus et conuentibus et
f. 18ff. eorum hominibus et tenentibus libero ingressu et egressu in ilium partem p;istnre
et wasti que culta non fuerit et inbladata. Ad hanc autem amacabilem
compositionem f uturis et perpetuis temporibussineomni dolo et fraude obseruandam
astrincserunt se prefati abbates suo et conucntuum suorum nomine iuramentis
- Cr) Rel'.
THE CARTULARY OF CERNE ABBEY. 199
corporaliter ex utraque parte prestitis. Ad maiorem etiam securitatem redacta
est presens compositio in duas cartas ad modum cirographi conf ectas quarum vna
residet penes monasterium de Abbedesbir' sigillis abbatis et conventus Cernel'
consignata altera uero penes monasterium Cernel' signis abbatis et conuentus
abbedesb' signata. Hiis testibus.
[The rest of f. ISa. is blank]
Si frumentum fuerit uenditum pro sex solidis tune debet panis vendi bonus et f . 18i.
albus de quadrente et debet poiiderare sexdecim solidos et panis de toto viginti
quatuor sol'. Et tune uendi debent galoiies duo de bona ceruisia pro vno denario.
Si frumentum venditum fuerit pro quiuque solidis et vj denariis albus panis
debet ponderare viginti solidos. Et panis de toto viginti octo sol' et tres galones
de bona ceruisia pro vno denario.
Si frumentum uenditum fuerit pro v. solidis albus panis debet ponderare viginti
quatuor solidos et panis de toto triginta duos sol' et tres galones de bona ceruisia
pro vno denario.
Si frumentum uenditum fuerit pro quatuor solidis et vj. denariis albus panis
debet ponderare triginta solidos. Et panis de toto quadraginta solidos. Et
quatuor galones de bona ceruisia pro vno denario.
Si frumentum venditum fuerit pro quatuor solidis albus panis debet ponderare
triginta sex solidos et panis de toto xl. vj sol' et quinque galones de bona ceruisia
pro vno denario.
Si frumentum venditum fuerit pro tribus solidis et vj. denariis albus panis
debet ponderare xlij. solidos Et panis de toto lij. sol' et vj galones de bona
ceruisia pro vno denario.
Si frumentum uenditum fuerit pro duobus solidis et vj denariis albus panis
debet ponderare liiij solidos et panis de toto Ixxxij sol' et octo galones de bona
ceruisia pro vno denario.
Si frumentum venditum fuerit pro duobus solidis albus panis debet
[end of f . 18J.]
[ff. 19a-23<*. contain a prayer of S. Augustine which is not copied here.]
Anno Regni Regis Henrici filii Regis Johannis tricesimo tercio die martis f. 2Sb.
proxima ante festum sancte margarete venerunt Justiciarii domini Regis
Itinerantes apud Syreburn' videlicet dominus Rog' de Turkeby Gilebertus de
Preston' et Johannes de Cobbeham et ibidem sederunt usque ad dominicam
proximam post festum sancte marie Magdalene coram quibus motum fuit
placitum ibidem inter Johannem de Cauz Priorem sancti Swithini Wynthon'
petentem et dominum Ricardum de Siwell Abbatem de Cernelio defendentem de
vna carucata terre cum pertinentiis in Melecumb' et dictus Abbas posuit se super
magnam assisam et transiuit magna assisa pro dicto Abbate ibidem apud Syreburn'
coram prefatis Justiciary's et adiudicata fuit dicta terra cum pertinenciis suis
dicto Abbati et successoribus suis in perpetuum. Nomina autem militum qui
200 THE CARTULARY OF CERNE AHMKY.
f uerunt in dicta assisa sunt hec dominus Adam Schirard' Galfridus de WermewelP
Regiualdus de lullewrd. Willelmus de Boys. Ph' Germein' Willelmus de
salebires' Lanrentius filius Roberti Adam de Wudeton' Robertus Chantemerle
Bobertus de Godmannston' Willelmus de Parisius Eicardus de Langeford'.
Insuper coram prefatis Justiciariis apud Syreburu' eodem tempore motum fuit
placitum inter memoratum Abbatem de Cernelio peteutem et Willelmum de
stokes defeudentem de xii. acris terre cum pertiiientiis in Garston' que est prope
Wynterburu' eiusdem Willelmi. Tandem petita licentia concordandi a dictis
Justiciariis et optenta conuenit inter memoratum Abbatem et dictum W. quod
dictus W. et heredes sui retineant dictam terram in perpetuum et propter hoc
dedit dictus W. dicto Abbati nomine concordie centum solidos sterlingorum.
f . 2 la. Reuerendo domino H. dei gratia illustri Regi Anglic Domino Hibemie Duci
Normaunie et Aquitanie Comiti Andegauie humilis et deuotus couuentus Cernel'
Salutem et orationes in christo ihesu cum omni ueneratione et reuerentia.
Nouerit excellentia uestra quod pater et pastor iioster. D. graui Laboraus
iufirmitate cure pastorali renuntiauit et in maiius domini Sar' episcopi abbatiam
resiguauit. Quapropter ne in dispendium tarn temporalium quam spiritualium
domus nostre nobis diutius desit cura pastoralis Regiam excellentiam prostratis
genibus suppliciter exoramus vt nobis liberam eligendi pastorem liccutiam regia
magnificentia concedere dignetur. Conseruet magestatem uestram per tempora
multa ille per quern reges regnant.
[A similar form in case of the death of an Abbot follows, the only variation
being " quod pater et pastor noster D. uiam uniuerse carnis ingressus nos gregem
suum non mediocriter desolates dereliquit."]
Reuerendo patri et domino Pandulfo dei gratia Norwicen' electo domini pape
camerario apostolice sedis legato humiles et deuoti filii prior et conuentus
Cernelien' Salutem et cum omni subiectione et reuerentia orationes in christo
ihesu. Quoniam domino disponente vobis ecclesie Anglicane sollicitudo commissa
est ad cuius libertates conseruandas uestra efficaciter intendit magniflcentia ad
pedes uestre excellentie quasi ad siugulare refugium confugimus pastoris solatio
destituti supplicantes fusis lacrimis prostrate corpore quatinus desolationi nostre
paterno affectu compatieutes ita tempestiue per uestram diligentiam nobis libertas
eligendi pastorem a domini regis prestetur consilio ne per dilationem morosam
bona domus nostre de quibus uiuere debemus et sustentari et hospitibus necessaria
miuistrari distrahantur uel dilapidentur. Nisi uero uestra patemitas cicius malo
imminenti prudenter occurrat proculdubio et religioni et hospitalitati graue
imminebit dispendium et iutollerabile. Quapropter placeat sancte paternitati
f. Hb. ues fr e talc t tarn maturum consilium quod bona domus distractioui uou pateant
et quod ecclesie uostre libertas seruetur illesa. Valeat paternitas uestra in
domino.
THE CARTULARY OF CERNE ABBEY. 2Oi
Reuerendo domino et patri Pandulfo del gratia Norwicen' electo domini pape
camerario apostolice sedis legato humiles et deuoti filii prior et conuentus Cernelii
Salutem et cum omni subiectione et reuerentia oratioiies in christo ihesu. Pater
et pastor noster uiani uniuerse carriis ingressus nos gregem suum non mediocriter
desolates reliquit cuius solatio destituti attendentes certissime quod nobis tarn in
temporalibus quam spiritualibus irremediabile immineat dispendium si nobis
diutius pastoris desit subsidium mittimus ad pedes sanctitatis uestre de gremio
ecclesie nostre monachos. N.N.N. et fratres nostros uiros probate religionis et
iutegre opinionis ilium appellatione remota et sine contradictione in patrem et
pastorem recepturi quern ipsi duxerint in presentia uestra nominandum.
Quapropter sanctam paternitatem uestram fusis lacrimis prostrate corpore
suppliciter exoramus quatinus mediante discretione uestra cui anglicane ecclesie
sollicitudo commissa est et que ecclesiarum uacantium indempnitati tenetur
prospicere uigilanter ita nobis per dictos fratres in quos uota nostra contulimus
in pastore prouideatur quod ex dilatione prouisionis periculum quod imroinet
lion incurramus. Valeat sanctitas patemitas uestra in domino.
Dors'. Prior sancti Swithuni Winton' per attornatum suum petit uersus
Abbatem de Cernelio vnam carucatam terre cum pertinenciis in Melecumb' ut
jus Ecclesie sue Winton' etc. et iude quidam Prior Johannes nomine predecessor
suus fuit seysitus in domiiiico suo ut de feudo et jure ecclesie sue Wiutoii'
tempore H. regis aui domini regis cap inde explet' ad valeutiam dimid' marc'
etc. et quod tale sit jus suum et quod ita predictus Johannes predecessor suus
fuit seysitus offert etc. Et abbas venit et defendit jus ecclesie sue quando etc. seys'
et totum etc. et ponit se in magnam assisam domini regis et petit ret' fieri vtrum
ipse et ecclesia sua de cernelio maius jus habeaiit in predicta terra an predictus
Prior et ecclesia sua Vinton' et offert domino regi dimidiam marcam pro habenda
mentione de tempore H. regis in Breui etc. et recipitur etc.
Omnibus sancte matris ecclesie filiis ad quos presens scriptura peruenerit f. Ida.
Humilis Conuentus Cerneliensis salutem in domino. Quoniam propter diuersas
electionum formas quas quidam adinuenire conantur et multa impedimenta
proueniunt et magna pericula iminent ecclesiis uiduatis Nos ecclesie nostre
pastorali cura destitute secundum formam sacri concilii prouidere cupientes
iiiuocata spiritus sancti gratia omnibus in capitulo presentibus et ad hoc rite
uocatis vnanimiter vota nostra super eligendo nobis pastore contulimus in dilectos
fratres nostros scilicet. N. N. N. viros utique sicut credimus integre opinionis et
commendabilis religionis eis plenam et absolutam coucedentes eligendi potestatem.
Ita tameu quod nullus eorum per hoc a commodo electionis excludatur. Ilium
autem de gremio ecclesie nostre quern dicti tres uel saltern duo illorum eligendo
iiominabunt nos omnes appellatione remota et sine dilatione et contradictione in
patrem recipiemus et pastorem. Et ne aliquo tempore contra hanc copromissionem
nostram et electiouem ab hiis tribus uel saltern a duobus ipsorum faciendam
ueuire possimus hanc cartam sigillo capituli fecimus consignari. Valete in
domino.
202
THE CARTULARY OF CERNE ABBEY.
f. lob.
Hoc est de
tempore
Kicardi
Abbatis.
Hoc est de
tempore
Willelmi
abbatis.
Sciendum quod Prior sancti swithuni Winton' exigebat hanc terram apud
Redpole quo est infra has buiidas subscriptas quando traxit in placitum Abbatem
Kic' Dionisium per breue de Recto videlicet per fossatum quod est inter Blake -
manneston et seudun' usque ad fossatum iuxta ffemduii' et sic per fossatum illud
usque ad Loddemore et inde per Loddemore usque ad Ellenestub et inde per
ripam maris usque ad Weymue. Iterum uero traxit in placitum Abbatem
Willelmum primo per Breve de diuisis rationabilibus postea per Breve quod
dicitur precipe et accreuit demandam suam ad estimationem lx' acrarum videlicet
per has Bundas subscriptas de fossato quod appellatur Mersdich usque ad
fossatum de Blakemanneslond et iude usque in Loddemore et sic per Loddemore
usque ad Ellenestub et inde per Ripam maris usque ad Wymue et hanc terram
predictam appellauit in Brevi suo imam carucatam terre cum pertinenciis in
Melecumbe.
Anno iiij. Regis Henrici filii Johannis.
De termino sancti Michaelis anno quarto et incipiente quinto.
Dies datus est Priori sancti Swithuui per atturuatum suum pet et abbatem
de Cernelio tenent' de placea terre in oct' sancti hylarii prece partium.
De termino pasche sexto.
Magna assisa inter priorem sancti Swithuni petentem et abbatem de Cernelio
tenentem de vna carrucata terre cum pertinenciis in wika ponitnr in respectum
usque a die sancte trinitatis in. xv. dies pro defectum 4 recognitorum quia
tantum Jord' ohueri uenit etc. et duo se ess' et alii attachiantur.
De termino sancto Michaelis sexto incipiente septimo.
Magna assisa inter priorem sancti Swithuni petentem et abbatem de Cernelio
tenentem de vua carrucata terre cum pertinenciis in wica. ponitur in respectum
usque a die sancti hylarii in vnum mensem prece partium pro defectu recog-
nitorum quia tantum decem uenerunt quibus etc. et vicecomes habeat corpora
aliorum etc. Et prior ponit in loco suo Ricardum de Kusseburn' vel henricum
loliot etc.
Prior Winton' qui arainiauit magnam assisam uersus abbatem de Cernelio de
manerio de Wica uenit per lie' Justic' recedit de B'n' 5 suo et Ideo abbas de
Cernelio inde quietus.
Com' Dorset' In vigilia sancti Tiburtii et Valeriani anno Regni Regis H. xxj
ad Comitatum istum uenit primo Breve domini Regis de rationabilibus diuisis
faciendis et preceptum fuit Simoni Balliuo de Tolreford quod predictus abbas
summoneretur.
Ad alium comitatum scilicet die lime proxima post festum sancti Johannis [ad]
portam latinam uenerunt Ada de Cernelio et J. Walens' dicentes se ess abbatem
de Cenielio uersus priorem sancti Swithuni Wiiit' et audito ess' Oliuerus
Senescallus dicti prioris protulit Breve domini Regis de attornato recip loco
prioris scilicet Johannem de Basing'.
(';) Defectu.
(?) Breve.
1HE CARTULARY OF CERNE ABBEY. 203
Ad tercium Comitatum scilicet die lune proxima post festum Sancti Barnabe
apostoli venit J. de Basing' attornatus prioris et optulit se uersus dictum abbatem
Ceni' comparantem 6 et dicentem se non esse summonitum cui Balliuus
perhibuit testimonium et ideo Ballinus in misericordia. Et prouisum fuit quod
abbas summonitus esset apud Redpol' per Balliuum de Sutton' quod ueniret super
placeam de qua contentio fuit scilicet die dominica proxima ante Comitatum ad
ilium diem uenit atturnatus prioris super placeam et abbas non uenit vnde
atturnatus prioris calumpniauit eius defaltam et vicecomes ponit ei diem ad
proximum comitatum.
Ad quartum Comitatum scilicet die lune proxima post translationem beati
thome martiris venit J. de Basing' atturnatus prioris sancti swithuni wint' et
optulit se uersus predictum abbatem apparentem et narrauit uersus ipsum abbatem
et petiit iudicium super defalta et inde super afnic.
Ad Quintum Comitatum scilicet in festo sancti Laurentii optulit se J, de
Basinges atturnatus prioris uersus abbatem apparentem petens recordum et
judicium suum et maxime super defalta et quia Comitatus nesciuit quid actum
fuit super placeam noluit hide facere recordum et tune dictum est a Johanne
de Baioc' sic quia abbas su non uenit super placeam distringatur uenire
ibidem et tune exequatur mandatum domini Regis de rationabilibus diuisis
faciendis et vicecomes cepit in manum distringere abbatem et datus est dies super
placeam scilicet die beati Bartholomei, ad diem ilium uenerunt ambe partes et
audito brevi domini Regis milites qui interf uerunt perrexerunt diuisas contra quos
reclamauit atturnatus prioris dicens quod non ponit se super illos de diuisis
faciendis. Tandem coram vicecomite monstrauit terram quam exigebat et per
quas Bundas et narrauit uersus abbatem apparentem de iure suo et abbas defendit
quando ubi et sicut debuit et proposuit duas exceptiones dicens quod prior non
iuterfuit nee habuit sufficientem attumatum quia etc. et dicit quod mandatum
domiui Regis executum fuit de diuisis faciendis et ideo ut uidetur ei non tenetur f . 265.
respondere et si necesse f uerit dicet aliud.
Comitatus sextus vigilia Natiuitatis beate Marie ess se J. aturnatus prioris
uersus abbatem per Robertum de Smalemue et hugonem cole et abbas comparuit
et monstrauit quod mandatum domini Regis executum fuit.
Ad Comitatum vi j . scilicet die lune proxima post festum sancti Michaelis abbas
Cern' fecit se ess' uersus dictum priorem per Johannem Marescallum et Rad'
Giffard et J. aturnatus prioris optulit se.
Ad Octauum Comitatum scilicet die lune in crastino omnium sanctorum optulit
se J. de Basinges aturnatus prioris querens ut supra abbate comparente et dicente
quod datum brevis illius per quod facit se at fuit aiitequam plac' motum fuit in
comitatu inter ipsum et priorem vnde tali at ut videtur ei non respoudere
tenetur. Et si tenetur respondere dicet aliud et ponit se super Comitatu si
debeat respondere uel non. Judicium super afforc' Item dicit quod de cetero
non debet calumpuiare defaltam et quod ess' interueneruut ex utraque parte.
" (r) Comparentem.
i04 THE CARTULARY OF CERNE ABBEY.
Ad Xonum Comitatum scilicet die lune in crastino sancti Nicholai misit
dominus Hex Breue suum de aturnato domiiii abbatis recipieudo in loquela mota
inter ipsum abbatem et priorem sancti Swithuni in Comitatu scilicet J. Girard.
Idem Johannes eodem die post se ess' Eodem die aturnatus prioris comparuit.
Ad Decimum Comitatum scilicet die lune proxima ante Epiphaniam uenit prior
per J. de Basinges atturnatum et optulit se uersus abbatem Cernel' apparentum
per atnrnatum suum et exigit record' et Judicium suum et protulit Breve
domini Regis de recordo et judicio suo habendo et aliud Breve de atornatis
recip' scilicet J. de Balinges 7 et thomam de Winton clericum. Requisitus
utrum uoluerit tenere ad pritnum Breve de atornato uel ad ultimum dicit quod ad
utrumque Item requisitus utrum uoluerit tenere ad capitale plac' uel ad defaltam
dicit quod postquam recordum factum fuerit eliget et non citius et atuniatus
abbatis de Cernelio posuit se super iudicium de prima.
(The Cartulary ends here.)
('0 Basiuges.
Translation by B. FOSSETT LOCK, Barrister-at-Law.
PART II.
[ff. 9 b 15 inclusive contain copies of the Great Charter and the Charter
of the Forest as re-issued in 9 Hen III., and geLerally in the form afterwards
confirmed by the Coufirmatio Charterum in 25 Ed. I. These have been
frequently printed and translated elsewhere.]
JRHIS is the perambulation made in the County of
Dorset before Henry de Nevile and Brian de
1'Isle and Master Henry of Cerne and
William de Morevile and John de Lan-
celeveie, Justices, by the following sworn
Knights namely Henry Tuneire Walter de
la Grave Robert de Port Henry de Stokes
William Cusin William the son of Henry
Alexander of Laverkestoke Luke Russel John
Pulein Walter of Melbury Walter of Wike Robert of Blokesworthe
Roger de St. Edward Robert of Wearmewelle.
In the first place they say that Alan de Neville afforested all the
hilly parts in Dorset after the first coronation of King Henry the
grandfather of our Lord King Henry and that these ought not be
forests. And in these hilly parts the Lord King has in his
206 THE CERNE CARTULARY.
demesne a moiety of the woods belonging to Bere to wit that
moiety which King John exchanged with Geoffrey de Nevile : and
this is at the will of the Lord King. He has also in his
demesne the wood of Porstoke in like manner by an exchange
with Robert de Newburgh. Also King John afforested the whole
of Purbeck which ought not to be forest, except only a warren
for hares belonging to the Castle of Corfe.
These are the metes of the perambulation of the parts which
ought to be forests.* From the park of Gillingham with its
appurtenances ; to wit, Huntingford, and so always alongside the
stream along the hill to the marches of Dorset and Wiltshire.
And so proceeding as the march between the said two counties
stretches as far as Legh : from Legh always by the boundaries
of the counties as far as Pimperlegh : from Pimperlegh as far
as Horr Apeldure always along the valley. From Hore
Apeldure between Mere wood and Gillingham wood as far as
f. 16. the head of the ditch of Kurhiggc. But from Kurhigge along the
hill between Motcombe and Seghull always by the boundaries
of the counties as far as Frengore. From Frengore as far as
Soulescumbe always by the boundaries of the counties between
[the lands of] the Lord King and [those of] the Abbess of
Wilton. From Soulescumbe as far as Kaingessettle always by
the boundaries of the counties between the [lands of] of the
Lord King and [those of] the Abbess of Wilton. From Kings-
settle as far as Upper Wearmewelle always by the boundaries
of the counties between [the lands of] the Lord King and [those
of] the Abbess of Saint Edward. From Wearmewelle by the
boundaries of the counties as far as Vroggemere. From Vrogge-
mcare as far as Koggesmannestone along the valley. From Kog-
gesmanestone always along the valley as far as Radewelle. From
Radewelle to the Bitene always by the division between [the
lands of] the Lord King and [those of] the Abbot of Alcester
and the abbot of Bee. From the Bitene along the hill ahvays by
* Some words seem to be omitted here, showing that the bounds of the Forest
of Gillingham are being given..
THE CERNE CARTULARY. 2Oy
the boundaries of the [lands of the] Lord King as far as the
boundaries of the [lands of the] Abbess of Preaws as far
as Dunkweie always along the hill. From Dunkweie always
by the boundaries of the lands of the Lord King to
the wood of William Cusin to wit, of Stures, which belongs
to the fee of the Abbess of Saint Edward. From
the wood of William Cusin along the valley as far as
Blakevenne. From Blakevenne always along the valley of
Sete as far as the boundary between the [lands of the] Lord
King and [those of] the Prior of Montacute. Thence always by a
small ditch up the hill as far as the high road which comes from
Sotingestoke. And from that road as far as the stone bridge.
From the stone bridge as far as Kingsbridge. From Kingsbridge
up the stream as far as Huntingford. Now within the aforesaid
bounds the Lord King has his hunting without making a regard
except in his demesne wood of Gillingham. Saving the common
pasture of those who have the right there as far as the boundary
ditch of the park. All other woods were afforested by Alan de
Nevile after the first coronation of King Henry the grandfather
of the Lord King Henry.
These are the metes of the Forest of Blakemore. From the
head of Rocumbe on the western side towards the north between
Crockeresrewe and its wood and Holenhurst and its wood. And
so by the edge of the wood of Holenhurst on the eastern side as
far as Deoulepole alongside the water. And from Deoulepole as
far as Querneford, and from Querneford alongside the aforesaid
water as far as Bradeford by the mill of Candel. From Brade-
ford by the boundary of Holewale as far as the high road which
comes from Woodebridge and from that high road always along
the boundary of Holewale as far as the post which stands at the
meeting of three boundaries. And from that post as far as the
water of Taleford. And from Taleford as far as the house of
Wareman on the edge of the wood. And from the house of
Wareman as far as the granges of the monks of Binnedune.
And from the granges as far as the Church of Pulham always on
the edge of the wood towards the south And from the church
208 THE CERNE CARTULARY.
of Pulham as far as Sandhulle and all the wood of Sandhulle.
And from Sandhulle along the boundary between Pulham and
Dunethis as far as Timberhurste. And from Timberhurste as far
as the head of the thicket which is called Nettlebed towards the
north. And thence as far as Bishopsbridge and from Bishops-
bridge along the stream as far as the mill of Heortleghe. And
from that mill as far as the Rode and from the Rode along the
high road as far as Staweiusjwinde and from Staweiusjwinde
towards the west on the edge of the wood as far as the head of
Rocumbe where the metes begin. Now within these aforesaid
metes the Lord King ought to have his hunting. Saving never-
theless the woods of approved men and the rights of common and
herbage for those entitled thereto : and this without a view of
the foresters and without making any regard except in the
demesne woods of the Lord King.
t. \la. Letters of the Lord King concerning the charters and liberties
to be observed throughout all England and concerning the
perambulation in the Forests and Woods made and yet to be
held. Henry by the grace of God King of England Lord of
Ireland Duke of Normandy and Aquitaine Count of Anjou to the
Sheriffs of Dorset, Greeting. We command you that you cause
to be publicly proclaimed throughout the whole of your bailiwick
and firmly observed by all good men of your bailiwick all the
liberties which we have granted to them as contained in our
greater Charter of Liberties. Also that you cause to be publicly
proclaimed and firmly observed throughout the whole of your
bailiwick all the Liberties contained in our lesser charter of the
Liberties of the Forest according to a perambulation made by
our order in your bailiwick as between those parts which are to
remain forest and those which are to be disafforested. And the
like matter you shall cause to be proclaimed and firmly observed
with regard to perambulations not yet made from the time that
they shall be made. So that it may be in like manner publicly
proclaimed and generally and specially enjoined upon all by the
fealty by which they are bound to us that we ordain and desire
THE CERNE CARTULARY. 209
to be observed whatever liberties aforesaid we have freely
granted to them. So may all and each preserve all our laws and
all our liberties undiminished in all things as well concerning the
forests as other matters. Witness myself at Westminster the
1 2th day of May.
* Alured of Lincoln for two parts of i Knight's fee.
John Russell for i-5th part less i rod.
William of Hwitefeld for i-5th part.
Robert of Stafford for i-25th part.
Robert of Paliton for i-ioth part.
Walter of Ringstede for i - 1 oth part.
Simon Kigelnot for i-2oth part.
John of Dagevil for i-2oth part.
Terry of Wirdesford for i-4th part.
Walter of Muleburn for i-sth part.
Roger de Vere for i-sth part of a fifth part.
Roger de Dune for i-5th part.
Walter Vere for i -4oth part.
Master Henry for i-2oth part.
Henry [son of ?] Mary for i-3Oth part.
Avice widow of Rennie for i-ioth part.
Bartholomew de Mari for i-ioth part.
Henry, by the Grace of God, &c., know that in our court at f. 173.
Ilchester before our beloved and faithful William de Raley and
his fellow justices assigned for this purpose a settlement was made
between the Abbot of Cerne claimant and the Abbot of Abbots-
bury deforciant concerning a free tenement of the same abbot of
Cerne in Hawkchurch for which an assise of novel disseision
* This table appears to refer to the apportionment among the tenants of the
Abbey of the contributions payable to the Exchequer in respect of 2 Knight's fees
out of ten such fees held of the Abbey. (See part 1. pp. 7980 and 8790.)
The above fractions added together make about 2|. Possibly the Abbey charged
a commission ; but this explanation of the table is altogether conjectural, and
there is nothing to show the basis of the apportionment.
210 THE CERNE CARTULARY.
was summoned between them in the same court. To wit, that
the aforesaid abbot of Abbotsbury admitted his disseisin of the
aforesaid tenement and restored that tenement to the aforesaid
Abbot of Cerne on these terms that each of them should abide by
the arbitrament of four knights selected with their common assent
concerning the common of pasture in the same tenement and a
strip of land concerning which there was a dispute between them.
With regard to which the aforesaid abbot of Ccrne complains
that the aforesaid abbot of Abbotsbury does not abide by that
agreement. And therefore we command you that without delay
you cause that agreement to be observed between them according
to the aforesaid terms, so that if either of them shall go counter
to it you shall distrain him to observe it without delay. And let
there be no more dispute about it through your default. Witness
myself at Woodstock the 4th day of November in the 2oth year
of our reign.
In the year of grace 1235 on the feast of S. Andrew the
litigation raised between the abbots and convents of Abbotsbury
and Cerne about certain pasture and the whole waste of Fineley
and Hawkchurch was settled by a friendly compromise on these
terms namely that the aforesaid abbot and convent of Abbots-
bury granted to the aforesaid abbot and convent of Cerne that
they and their men and tenants of Hawkchurch should have
common of pasture throughout the whole waste of Fineley and
Hawkchurch for every kind of their beasts of the plough without
hindrance in consideration of one pound of wax to be paid
yearly to God and the church of S. Peter of Abbotsbury on the
feast of the apostles Peter and Paul : but upon the terms that the
aforesaid abbot and convent of Abbotsbury and their men and
tenants of Fineleye shall have common of pasture throughout the
whole waste of the abbot and convent of Cerne in Hawkchurch
for every kind of their beasts of the plough except where corn
and grass are growing and are not carried. It was also agreed
between the said abbots and their convents that it should be lawful
for them and their men and tenants of Hawkchurch and Fineley,
THE CERNE CARTULARY. 211
whenever they might wish and see fit so to do, to dung dig and
trench as well their lands as their waste and to enclose the same
as long as crops should be there, provided that after the carrying
of the crops they should have their common of pasture as before
saving to both abbots and convents and their men and tenants
free ingress and egress over that portion of the pasture or waste
which should not be cultivated and sown. Moreover to the
maintenance of this friendly compromise for all future time the
aforesaid abbots bound themselves in their own name and that of
their convents by corporal oaths on either side. Also for greater
security the present compromise was reduced into duplicate
charters made up after the fashion of a chirograph of which one
sealed with the seals of the abbot and convent of Cerne is
deposited in the monastery of Abbotsbury and the other sealed
with the seals of the abbot and convent of Abbotsbury is
deposited in the monastery of Cerne. The following being
witnesses.
[The rest of f 18. a. is a blank.]
If wheat shall be sold for six shillings [the quarter] then good
white bread should be sold at a farthing and ought to weigh 16
shillingsweight * and wholemeal bread 24 shillingsweight. And
then two gallons of good beer ought to be sold for one penny.
If wheat shall be sold for 53. 6d., white bread should weigh
2os., and wholemeal bread 285., and three gallons of good beer
be sold for id.
If wheat shall be sold for 55., white bread ought to weigh 243.,
and wholemeal bread 323., and three gallons of good beer for id.
If wheat shall be sold for 43. 6d., white bread ought to weigh
303., and wholemeal bread 403. And four gallons of good beer
for id.
If wheat shall be sold for 43., white bread ought to weigh 363.,
and wholemeal bread 463. And five gallons of good beer for id.
* A shillingsweight = 12 pennyweights = 3-oths of the ounce ; indicated, like
the shilling, by s.
212 THE CERNE CARTULARY.
If corn shall be sold for 35. 6d., white bread ought to weigh
425., and wholemeal bread 523. And six gallons of good beer for
id.
If corn shall be sold for 2s. 6d., white bread ought to weigh
545., and wholemeal bread 725. And eight gallons of good beer
for id.
If corn shall be sold for 2S. white bread ought . . . .
[end of f. 1 8*.]
[ff 19a 23a contain a prayer of S. Augustine, of which no copy has been
taken.].
f. 23*. In the 33rd year of the reign of King Henry, son of King John
on the Tuesday next before the feast of Saint Margaret the
itinerant justices of our Lord the King came to Sherborne,
namely, Lord Roger de Turkeley, Gilbert de Preston, and John
Cobham, and there sat till the Sunday next after the feast of S.
Mary Magdalene. And before them there a plea was moved
between John of Caux Prior of St. Swithin of Winchester
plaintiff and Lord Richard de Siwell Abbot of Cerne defendant
concerning a carucate of land with its appurtenances in
Melcombe and the said Abbot put himself upon the great assise
and the great assise passed in favour of the said Abbot there at
Sherborne in the presence of the aforesaid justices, and the said
land with its appurtenances was adjudged to the said abbot and
his successors for ever. Now the names of the knights who
were in the said assise were as follows. Adam Gerard, Geoffrey
of Wermwelle, William de Boys, Philip Germain, William of
Salisbury, Laurence the son of Robert, Adam of Wootton,
Robert Chantmerle, Robert of Godmanstone, William of Paris (?),
Richard of Langford. Moreover at the same time before the
aforesaid justices at Sherborne a plea was moved between the
aforesaid abbot of Cerne as plaintiff and William de Stokes
defendant concerning 1 2 acres of land with the appurtenances in
Garston which is near Winterbourne of the same William. At
last leave to settle was sought and obtained from the justices and
THE CERNE CARTULARY. 213
an agreement was made between the said abbot and the said
William that the said William and his heirs should retain the
said land for ever and for this the said William gave to the said
abbot on account of the settlement i oo shillings sterling.
To the reverend Lord Henry by the grace of God illustrious f. 24a.
King of England Lord of Ireland Duke of Normandy and
Aquitaine Count of Anjou the humble and devoted convent of
Cerne Greeting and prayers in Christ Jesus with all veneration
and reverence. Know your excellency that our father and pastor
D, suffering from grievous sickness has renounced his pastoral
charge and has resigned the abbacy into the hands of the Lord
Bishop of Sarum. \Vherefore, that we may not long lack the
charge of a pastor to the detriment of as well the temporalities as
the spiritualities of our house we suppliantly beseech your Royal
excellence on bended knees that your royal magnificence may
deign to grant to us free licence to elect a pastor. May he by
whom Kings reign preserve your Majesty for many seasons.
[A similar form in case of death of the Abbot, the only
variation being]
" That our father and pastor D. having gone the way of all flesh
has left us his flock in no small desolation."
To the reverend Father and Lord Pandulf by the grace of
God bishop elect of Norwich chamberlain of our Lord the Pope,
Legate of the Apostolic See, his humble and devoted sons the
prior and convent of Cerne Greeting and prayers in Christ Jesus
with all subjection and reverence. Since by the disposition of
our Lord the care of the Anglican church is committed to you
for the preservation of whose liberties your magnificence
effectively strives, we flee to the feet of your excellency as to
a singular refuge, being deprived of the solace of our pastor
and with shedding of tears and prostration of body we entreat
you as in your fatherly affection sympathising with our desolation
that by your diligence there may be granted to us by the counsel
214 THE CERNE CARTULARY.
of our lord the king the liberty of electing our pastor in such
good time that the property of our house on which we have to
live and sustain ourselves and minister to the necessities of
strangers may not be dissipated and destroyed by any vexatious
delay. But unless your Fatherliness should speedily and
providently grapple with impending misfortune there is no doubt
that a serious and intolerable loss will hang over our religious
observances and our hospitality. Wherefore may it please your holy
fatherliness to take such prompt counsel that the property of our
f . 24J. house may not be exposed to dissipation and that the liberty of
our church may be preserved uninjured. May your Fatherliness
fare well in the Lord.
To our reverend lord and father Pandulf, by the grace of God,
bishop elect of Norwich, chamberlain of our lord the Pope, legate
of the apostolic see your humble and devoted sons the prior and
convent of Cerne greeting and prayers in Christ Jesus with all
subjection and reverence. Our father and pastor having gone the
way of all flesh has left us his flock in no small state of desolation ;
and deprived of the comfort of his presence we most assuredly
expect that irremmediable damage threatens us as well in our
temporalities as in our spiritualities, if we shall long be without
the support of a pastor ; and we send to the feet of your holiness
from the bosom of our church the monks our brethren N. N. N.
men of approved religion and sound opinions, we being ready to
accept as our father and pastor, without appeal or opposition,
him whom they shall determine to be nominated in your presence.
Wherefore we suppliantly beseech your holy fatherliness with
shedding of tears and prostration of body that by the mediation
of your discretion to which is entrusted the care of the Anglican
church and which is bound to take thought for the indemnity of
vacant churches, such provision may be made for us in the matter
of a pastor by means of the said brethren to whom we have
confided our votes that we may not through delay in arrangements
fall into the peril which threatens us. May your holiness and
fatherliness fare well in the Lord.
THE CERNE CARTULAR.V. 215
[f. 24^. is continued below, where a new subject is commenced.]
To all the sons of holy mother church to whom the present f. 25a.
writing shall come, the humble convent of Cerne Greeting in
the Lord. Whereas by reason of diverse forms of elections
which certain persons attempt to introduce, many hindrances
affect and many perils threaten vacant churches, we desiring to
provide according to the form of the sacred council for our
church deprived of its pastoral charge and having invoked the
favour of the holy spirit and all having been duly summoned for
the purpose and being present in the chapter have unanimously
conferred our votes for the election of a pastor for us upon our
beloved brethren N. N. N., men as we believe of sound opinions
and praiseworthy religion, giving to them full and absolute
authority of election, but so that none of them be for this
reason excluded from the advantage of election. Moreover
that one of the body of our church whom the said three or at
least two of them shall nominate for election we all without
appeal or delay or opposition will accept as our father and
pastor. And that we may not at any time be able to go against
this our joint promise and the election to be made by these
three or any two of them we have caused this deed to be sealed
with the seal of the chapter. Farewell in the Lord,
[continued from above], f, 24i.
Dorset. The Prior of Saint Swithin of Winchester by his
attorney claims against the abbot of Cerne one carucate of land
in Melcombe with the appurtenances as the right of his church
of Winchester and of which his predecessor a certain Prior by
name John was seised in his demesne as of fee and in the right
of his church of Winchester in the time of King Henry the
grandfather of our lord the King, taking thence profits of the value
of half a mark, &c., and that such is his right and that the
aforesaid John his predecessor was so seised he offers, &c. And
the abbot comes and denies the right of his church when &c.
the seisin and all &c. and puts himself upon the great assize of
2l6 THE CERNE CARTULARY.
our lord the King and claims a return whether he and his church
of Cerne or the aforesaid Prior and his church of Winchester
have the greater right on the aforesaid land, and he offers to the
lord King half a mark to have mention in the writ of the time of
King Henry &c. and he is received &c.
f. 2oa. continued.
Be it known that the Prior of St. Swithin of Winchester when
he engaged in his suit with the Abbot Richard Dionisius by a
writ of right claimed the land at Radipole which lies within the
underwritten bounds, namely along the dyke which is between
Blackmanstone and Seudown * as far as the dyke near Ferndown
and so by that dyke as far as Lodmore and thence by Lodmore
to Ellenstub and thence by the shore of the sea to Weymouth.
But a second time he engaged in another suit against the abbot
William first by a writ of reasonable partition and afterwards by
a writ which is called a praecipe and he increased his demand to
the extent of about 60 acres namely along these underwritten
bounds : from the dyke which is called Mersditch to the dyke
of Blackmanstone and thence as far as Lodmore and thence
along Lodmore to Ellenstub and thence by the shore of the sea
to Weymouth, and this aforesaid land he described in his writ as
one carucate of land with the appurtenances in Melcombe.
f. 25*. In the 4th year of King Henry the son of John,
the time I n Michaelmas Term in the 4th year and beginning of the
A. f bbo t S 1 * 1 - A day was given to the Prior of S. Swithin claimant by his
Richard, attorney and to the Abbot of Cerne tenant concerning a parcel
of land on the octave of St. Hilary at the request of the parties.
In Easter Term in the 6th year.
The great assize between the Prior of S. Swithin claimant and
the Abbot of Cerne tenant concerning one carucate of land with
the appurtenances in Wyke is respited until 1 5 days after the day
of the Holy Trinity for default of recognitors because only
* ('0 Southdown.
THE CERNE CARTULARY. 217
Jordan [the son of ?] Oliver came, &c., and two essoined them-
selves and others were attached.
In Michaelmas Term in the 6th year and the beginning of the
yth year.
The great assize between the Prior of S. Swithin claimant
and the abbot of Cerne tenant concerning one carucate of land
with the appurtenances in Wyke is respited until one month after
the day of St. Hilary at the request of the parties for default of
recognitors because only 10 came to whom &c. And let the
Sheriff have the bodies of the others, &c. And the Prior puts
in his place Richard of Kusseburn or Henry Foliot &c.
The Prior of Winchester who arraigned the great assize against
the Abbot of Cerne concerning the Manor of Wyke comes and
by leave of the Justices withdraws from his writ. And therefore
the Abbot of Cerne is quit of it.
The County of Dorset. On the eve of SS. Tiburtius and This is in
Valerian in the 2ist year of the reign of King Henry there first O f \bbot
comes to that county court the writ of our Lord the King con- William,
cerning the making of a reasonable partition and direction was
given to Simon the bailiff of Tolreford that the aforesaid abbot
should be summoned.
At another county court, to wit, on the Monday next after the
feast of St. John at the Latin Gate, came Adam of Cerne and
John Walens saying that they would essoin the abbot of Cerne
against the prior of S. Swithin of Winchester, and after hearing f. 26i.
the essoin Oliver the steward of the said prior produced the writ
of the Lord King concerning the reception of an attorney in the
place of the Prior, to wit, John of Basing.
At a third county court, to wit, on the Monday next after the
feast of S. Barnabas the apostle came John of Basing the
attorney of the Prior and offered himself against the said Abbot
of Cerne who appeared and said that he had not been sum-
moned, for whom the bailiff gave evidence, therefore the bailiff is
in mercy. And it was provided that the abbot should be sum-
moned at Radipole by the bailiff of Sutton to come upon the
place concerning which the dispute arose, to wit, on the Sunday
21 8 THE CERNE CARTULARY.
next before the County Court. At that day came the attorney
of the Prior upon the place, and the abbot did not come,
Whereupon the attorney of the Prior challenged his default and
the sheriff appointed a day for him at the next county court.
At a fourth county court, to wit, on Monday next after the
translation of the blessed Thomas the Martyr came John of
Basing the attorney of the prior of St. Swithin of Winchester and
offered himself against the aforesaid abbot and demanded judg-
ment on the default and then on the afforcement.
At a fifth county court, to wit, on the feast of S. Laurence
John of Basing the attorney of the prior offered himself against
the abbot (who appeared) and claimed the record and his
judgment and principally on the ground of default. And because
the county did not know what had been done at the place it
declined to make a record concerning it. And then it was thus
said by John of Baioc (?) ' Because the abbot when summoned
did not appear at the place, let him be distrained to come to the
same place and there execute the mandate of our lord the King
concerning the making of a reasonable partition.' And the sheriff
undertook to distrain the abbot and a day was given at the place,
to wit, the day of the blessed Bartholomew. At that day came
both parties : and after hearing the writ of our lord the King the
knights who were present marked out the boundaries. Against
whom the attorney of the prior protested saying that he did not
put himself upon them to make the boundaries. Afterwards
before the sheriff he pointed out the land which he claimed and
by what bounds and pleaded against the Abbot, who appeared,
concerning his right and the Abbot denied it, when where and as
he ought : and he put forward two exceptions saying ( i ) that the
prior was not before the court not having a sufficient attorney
because &c. and (2) that the mandate of our lord the King for the
26$ making of the boundaries was executed and accordingly, as it
seems, he is not bound to answer as to that ; but if it shall be
necessary, he will say something further.
A sixth county court on the vigil of the Nativity of the blessed
Mary, John the attorney of the prior essoined himself against
THE CERXE CARTULARY. ilC)
the abbot by Robert of Smalemue * and Hugh Cole and the
abbot appeared and showed that the mandate of our Lord the
King was executed.
At a yth county court, to wit, on Monday next after the feast of
S. Michael, the Abbot of Cerne caused himself to be essoined
against the said prior by John Marshall and Ralph Giffard, and
John the attorney of the prior offered himself.
At an eighth county court to wit on Monday the morrow of
All Souls, John of Basing the attorney of the Prior offered himself
and stated his plaint as above. And the Abbot appeared and
said that the date of the writ by which he (John) was appointed
attorney was before the suit between himself and the prior was
commenced in the county, wherefore he was not bound, as it
seemed, to answer to such an attorney ; and if he was bound, he
would say something further ; and he put himself upon the
county whether he was bound to answer or not. And as to the
judgment on the afforcement, he also said that moreover the
prior ought not to challenge his default and that essoins were
admitted 6n either side.
At a ninth county court, to wit, on Monday the morrow of
S. Nicholas our Lord the King sent his writ concerning the
reception of an attorney of the Lord abbot in the argument
raised in the county between the same abbot and the prior of St.
Swithin, to wit, John Gerard. The same John later on the same
day essoined himself. On the same day the attorney of the prior
appeared.
At a tenth county court, to wit, on Monday next before the
Epiphany came the Prior by John of Basing his attorney and
offered himself against the Abbot of Cerne, who appeared by his
attorney, and he claimed the record and his judgment and pro-
duced a writ of our Lord the King as to having the record and
his judgment, and another writ as to the reception of his attorneys
to wit John of Basing and Thomas of Winchester, clerk.
* (?) Smallmouth.
iiO THE CERNE CARTULARY.
Questioned whether he would wish to rely on the first writ of
attorney or the last, he says that he relies on either one or the
other. Questioned also whether he would wish to rely on the
principal plea or on the default, he says that he will elect after
the record is made and not earlier. And the attorney of the
abbot of Cerne put himself upon judgment concerning the first.
(This is the end of the Cartulary.)
NOTE ON THE CERNE CARTULARY,
BY THE TRANSLATOR.
This cartulary, which was bound up with the Liturgical MS.
known as the Book of Cerne, itself consists of five documents
put together at some time, possibly when they were bound into
the Book. The catalogue of MSS. in the University Library at
Cambridge describes them as in the handwriting of the early
1 2th to the late i4th century. I am no expert in handwriting :
and I have only had the opportunity of looking at the original
MSS. for half-an-hour at Cambridge. The few comments I have
to make are from internal evidence apart from handwriting.
The transcript has been furnished by Mr. Rogers, of the
University Library, who has carefully revised it from time to
time.
The documents are respectively marked A B C D and E. A
contains ff. i and 2 : B contains ff. 3 and 4 : C contains ff. 5 to
8 : D contains ff. 9-18 : and E contains ff. 19-26. They are not
in chronological order, and not always even in the order of the
events which they respectively chronicle.
B for instance appears to be the latest, containing (i) a copy
of the record of a lawsuit in 21 Edward III., and (2) a list of
the Kings of England from William the Conqueror to Elizabeth.
If B be transferred to the end, the latter half of A and the
first half of C appear to be consecutive. For ff. 2 (in A) and
5, 6 (in C) all deal with the same question viz., a dispute as to
the amount of taxation of the Abbot's lands held on military
service which was settled in 54 Henry III. : and all the previous
entries appear to be notes of earlier charters and records support-
ing the then case of the Abbot. The earliest of these is of
2 Henry II. (the earliest date expressly mentioned in the
cartulary) : but I infer that all the entries were made at or after
the decision of the question at the end of Henry III.'s reign.
The rest of C deals partly with events of the following reign,
222 THE CERNE CARTULARY.
D is wholly occupied with events of Henry III.'s reign :
mainly with those of a general character not specially affecting
Cerne, but on ff. 17 and 18 are entries relating to litigation
berween the Abbots of Cerne and Abbotsbury. The undated
assise of bread and beer on f. 1 8 may be later : it is not the
statutory assise : and it is in a different handwriting from the rest
of D.
E appears to have been compiled chronologically backwards.
On f. 23$ we find a copy of a final judgment between the Abbot of
Cerne and the Prior of S. Swithin of Winchester in 33 Henry III. :
on f. 24.$ comes an undated note of the plea commencing the
action : then on f. 250 a note of an alleged inconsistency between
the present claim of the Prior and his claim in some previous
litigation: and lastly on ff. z$b-2(>b notes of the proceedings in
such earlier litigation (i) in the King's Courts in 4 to 7
Henry III. and (2) in the County Court of Dorset in 21 and 22
Henry III. Interspersed promiscuously with these are common
forms of petitions for a conge (feltre on the resignation or death of
an Abbot, and powers of attorney for the election, &c. It seems
that the compiler of E may have been either a person interested
in antiquarian research like ourselves : or a lawyer taking notes
for further litigation : and in either case jotting down any
interesting documents coming to his notice in the course of his
research ; and using for the purpose of it the blank leaves of a
document which already contained a copy of a long prayer of
S. Augustine. All this, except perhaps the prayer, cannot be
earlier than late in Henry III.'s reign.
If these inferences be correct the only part of the cartulary
which can be earlier than Henry III. is A f. ib. But out of
7 entries on this, 4 are of events in the i4th century, the dates
being given 1311, 1318 and 1396. There remain the 3 first
entries relating to " T." Archbishop of Canterbury and Jocelyn
Bishop of Salisbury. Now Jocelyn was Bishop of Salisbury in
1141-1184; a period covering Theobald (1139-1161) and Thomas
(1162-1170) Archbishops of Canterbury. If the undated first
entry is of the early i2th century it must apparently relate to
THE CERNE CARTULARY. 223
Theobald and not to Thomas; it cannot be earlier than 1139.
As A also contains entries of i4th century events, there is (apart
from evidence of handwriting, which I must leave to others)
nothing to show that any part of the cartulary, as we have it, was
written before the i4th century, and the Elizabethan entry must
be late i6th, at the earliest.
There is a fairly accurate summary of the cartulary in Hutchins :
and in the last edition, the perambulations of the forests of
Gillingham and Blackmore in Latin are added in a note to
Gillingham. These are of considerable interest, as they are
earlier in date than any others. With regard to these I should
observe that I have translated the expressions " cuntremunt "
and " cuntreval " into " along the hill " and " along the valley "
as the most neutral expression. Without following the per-
ambulation over the ground it is not possible to say whether in
any particular spot the direction is "up" or "down" or
" across " the hill or valley.
Perhaps the most important document here is the record of
the lawsuit in the Exchequer, 2 1 Ed. III., in B : for the reason
that the original record in the P.R.O. is or was missing or
mislaid. I arranged for a collation of the copy with the original,
but it could not be found.
The proceedings in the County Court in E are also of
exceptional interest : records of these are comparatively rare and
have not yet been systematically dealt with. The dilatoriness
and technicality of the proceedings as here revealed are a
sufficient reason for the neglect and disappearance of the old
County Courts before the reform of the last century.
B. FOSSETT LOCK.
22 4
THE CERNE CARTULARY.
CORRECTIONS TO PART I.
Page.
Line.
65
For the Title
86
20
Insert [f. 4b
frnm Wil
88
20
1 1 ' n n vv 11
Insert in mar]
66
14
For xxiij u
,,
41
r> xiij
71
7
ct
75
17
te
23
,, an imam
77
1
,, Thomas
79
5
Nicholas
80
26
,. ports
87
7
, , fees
,,
Nichole
28
Pla
89
1
,, council
n
36
as
91
15
,, notice
92
2
,, occount
91
16
del. ;
For the Title to Part I. substitute the Title to Part II.
Insert [f. 4b contains a list of the Kings of England
from William the Conqueror to Elizabeth.]
pn, f. 6.
read xxiiij*'.
xiiij .
et.
et.
,, an imam.
Theobald (probably).
,, Lincoln.
parts.
,, fee.
,, Lincoln.
,, gallows (probably).
,, convent.
us -
,, virtue,
account.
of
cm6
By H. COLLEY MARCH, M.D., F.S.A.
(Read Wth August, 1908.)
'T is strictly in accordance with the etymology of the
term to say that a building is " oriented " when it
faces the sunrise, at whatever part of the horizon
this may be, between midsummer and midwinter.
It is usual to extend this meaning, and to say of
a building, mainly quadrangular, that it is oriented
when it faces due south, so that its four sides are
opposite the four cardinal points ; or when it faces
south-east, so that its angles are opposite the
cardinal points.
But it is altogether wrong to use the term orientation to denote
mere direction, apart from sunrise and from the cardinal points.
Either an orientation, or some other specific direction, was in
the earliest times always given to sacred buildings.
All the very ancient sacred edifices of the Romans were
trapezoidal in form ; they were four-sided, but not rectangular ;
and their acute angle was directed, not towards the east, but
towards the Palatine Hill. Even the terramare villages on both
226 THE RITUAL OF BARROWS AND CIRCLES.
sides of the Apennines had the same shape and the same specific
direction, for their sharp angle always pointed to the nearest
hillside, as if in veneration of some long-vanished temple on
high.
A similar recognition was given by the synagogues of Palestine ;
they were so constructed that the worshippers, when they entered
and as they prayed, looked towards Jerusalem.
In like manner at the present time Mohammedan mosques are
erected with an intention, not always accomplished, to look in
the direction of Mecca.
It is remarkable, however, that the Birs Nimroud, of Mesopo-
tamia the traditional Tower of Babel, the Kaaba of Mecca, the
Temple of Jerusalem, the Parthenon and Stonehenge all face to
the north of east, to the summer sunrise.
In the days of the Empire, all Roman buildings, secular as
well as consecrated, were rectangular, and were oriented in the
secondary sense, south and north. But in earlier times as
regards sacred buildings, the correct official rules were well
summarised by Marcus Vitruvius Pollio, Caesar's military engineer,
who wrote 20 years before Christ.
" If there is nothing to prevent it " he says, " and the use of
" the edifice allow it, the temples of the immortal gods should
" have such an aspect that the statue in the cello, [the sanctuary]
" may look towards the west, so that those who enter to sacrifice
" or to make offerings, may have their faces to the east, as well
" as to the statue in the temple. Thus suppliants and those
" performing their vows seem to have the temple, the east, and
" the deity looking at them, as it were, at the same moment.
" Hence all the altars of the gods should be placed towards
" the east. But if the nature of the site do not permit this, the
" temple is to be placed so that the greater part of the city may
" be seen from it.
" Moreover, if temples be built on the bank of a river, as
" those in Egypt on the Nile, they should face the river.
" [Speaking generally the Nile runs north and south.] So, also,
" if temples of the gods be erected on the road side, they should
THE RITUAL OF BARROWS AND CIRCLES. 227
" be placed in such a manner that those passing by may look
" towards them and make their obeisance." *
The Chaldaeans were the first astronomers. Four thousand
years ago they raised towers for the study of the heavens. They
made a map of the stars, and differentiated the planets. They
conceived the signs of the zodiac. They recognised the annual
displacement of the equinoctial point upon the ecliptic. They
determined the mean daily movements of the moon and foretold
her eclipses. But was this pursuit undertaken solely from a love
of science ? By no means. Cicero remarked that the
astronomic learning of the Chaldaeans was acquired that they
might be " able to predict what would happen to each individual,
and with what destiny each person was born " ; f and they
claimed ability to assign for him, before he undertook any
important work, the hour in which his star would be in the best
quarter of the sky, and in the most propitious relation with other
stellar movements.
All the buildings of these men, these Chaldaeans and Assyrians,
whose desire was to " hitch their wagon to the stars," were
oriented. Always rectangular, or even square on plan,, it was
sometimes the faces, but more often the angles, of their buildings
that were turned to the four cardinal points, one corner in the
latter case being directed to the north. Modern astronomical
observatories face the true south.
Far different from the wide and elevated plains of Chaldaea
was the narrow land of Egypt, following the course of the Nile,
and often walled in by cliffs. But the desire of the Egyptians
was less to obtain from the stars a successful career in this life,
than to link the destiny of their dead to the course of the sun,
who sank every evening behind the Libyan chain. All the
Egyptian cemeteries were placed, when practicable, on the left
bank of the Nile, and all the known pyramids were built in the
west. The mourners who followed a funeral procession
* Lib. IV. c. 5.
t DeDivinat. I. 1-2.
223 THE RITUAL OF BARROWS AND CIRCLES.
exclaimed: "To the West, to the West, O praiseworthy one,
to the excellent West."
But the sun rises in the east, and to the east was turned the
door of the tomb ; and in Memphis there is not a single stela
that does not face the orient.
Osiris was the god of the West, and Lord of Amenti, the
Underworld. It was of supreme importance that the spirits of
the dead should go down with the setting sun, should be
permitted to embark on the solar ship that navigated the waters
of Amenti. Here or there they might be left behind in one or
other of the twelve regions of the night, where only for a single
hour in the twenty-four could they enjoy the solar radiance. But
they were provided with pass-words and magic formulae; they
had learned from their priests what to say and how to behave as
each obstacle was encountered. And as Osiris was the god of
the West, so his only son Horus ruled the East. By him
assuredly the Gates of the Orient would some day be opened for
those who had followed his father and were possessed of the
" Word of Truth ; " Horus himself would take them by the hand
and lead them into the Light.
Do not our own sacred books help us to understand this
longing ? " Behold, the glory of the God of Israel came from
"the way of the east, and the earth shined with his glory."*
" For as the lightning cometh out of the east, and shineth even
" unto the west, so also shall the coming of the Son of Man
" be." f
" Osiris est la divinite" meme, ' le seigneur au-dessus de tout,'
" ' 1'Unique,' dont la manifestation mate'rielle est le soleil, et
" dont la manifestation morale est le Bien. Le soleil meurt, mais
" il renait sous la forme d' Horus, fils d' Osiris ; le Bien succombe
" sous les coups du Mai, mais il renait sous la forme d' Horus, fils
" et vengeur d' Osiris. En effet, de meme qu' Osiris est le type
" de toute mort, Horus, fils et successeur d' Osiris, est le type de
* Ezekiel xliii. 2.
t Matt. xxiv. 27.
THE RITUAL OF BARROWS AND CIRCLES. 22p
" toute renaissance, et c'est sous son nom que le soleil reparait a
" 1' horizon oriental du ciel, puisqu' on 1' appelle 1' Horus de 1"
" Horizon, Har-em-Khou" *
Among the Hindus the heavens were divided into four quarters.
The south belonged to ancestral spirits, the north to men, and
the west to snakes ; while the gods approached mankind from the
east.
Among the Buddhists, Stupas are solid-built domes. They are
of any size up to that at Peshawar, which is 400 feet in height.
Their ringed enclosure possesses four entrances, which correspond
with the cardinal points ; and within each of them is a pedestal
for one or other of the four Buddhas. That opposite the eastern
entrance represents the first mortal Buddha, and contains a
Reliquary. A little way within the enclosure is a railing which
limits the processional path. Round this the worshipper walks
" sunwise," repeating sacred sentences. The apparent path of
the sun round the earth is from east, south, west ; the right hand,
as it were, being always turned towards the centre, towards the
earth. The " praying wheel " must be revolved sunwise, or dire
misfortune will follow.
A worn path is found encircling many of the holy-wells in
Ireland. Those who tread it go sunwise. The solar disc,
representing a supreme moral and material energy, encourages
and sustains them. At Chapel Uny, in Cornwall, children
afflicted with diseases were first dipped in the holy- well, and then
dragged three times round its margin, on the grass, against the
sun, whereby the influence adverse to evil was augmented, f
In cathedrals which possess an ambulatory, the procession of
clergy and choir passes round the altar sunwise ; and when a
grave-yard is consecrated, the Bishop follows the sun's path.
The English Pontifical, now at Rouen, directs that in the dedi-
cation of churches the procession go round the edifice three
times before it enters.
* Paul Pierret.
t W. C. Borlase, The Age of the Saints, p. 99.
23 THE RITUAL OP BARROWS AND CIRCLES.
The specific account of Daniel Rock * declares that the
procession, singing all the while, first went out of the presbytery
[that part of the church which contains the altar] through
its north door, then turned to the right, to the region of
warmth, light, and brightness, so that it might follow the
sun's seeming path in the heavens. For like reasons, on
occasions of woe or sadness, the usage was to turn to the
left, to walk the wrong way, the side of gloom and cold and
darkness, to go, not along with but against the sun. And
reference is made to the aggrieved monks of Winchester f
who " processionem nudis pedibus contra soils cursum et morem
ecclesiasticum fecerunt."
When Penitential processions are made against the sun, the
influence adverse to evil is perhaps increased. The Penitents
would more easily tread down Satan under their feet.
In fine, circumambulation is a ritual practice which can be
traced in almost all the religious systems of the world.
It is necessary to consider what early authors have said about
the Druids. If Diodorus the Sicilian be included, who, though
he wrote in Greek, lived for many years in Rome, there are ten
Roman writers who mention the Druids of Gaul, but only two of
them refer to the Druids of Britain The observations of Pliny,
of Diogenes- Laertius, of Suetonius, and of Marcellinus, though
interesting, may be omitted from the present inquiry. Tacitus
states that both Gaul and Britain have the same religious rites
and the same superstition ; and that Suetonius, in his conquest of
Anglesea, cut down the religious groves of the Druids, dedicated
to barbarous rites. In those recesses the natives imbrued their
altars with the blood of their prisoners, and in the entrails of men
explored the will of the gods. J
Suetonius himself describes the Druidic religion among the
Gauls as one of terrible cruelty.
* Ch. of our Fathers, 18f>0, III. ii. pp. 181, 1S2.
t Amial., Eccl. Winton, A.D., 1122.
1 An. XTV. 30.
THE RITUAL OF BARROWS AND CIRCLES. 23!
Strabo declares that the Gauls augur from human victims and
never sacrifice without the Druids.
And Caesar says that the Druids offer human sacrifices because
of a belief that the immortal gods can be appeased only by the
life of man. But he adds that criminals are a more acceptable
offering than the innocent.
In view of such statements as these, it is well to recall the
charges laid against the Jews by Roman and mediaeval writers of
killing Christian children on every Easter Day. Matthew Paris,
who lived at the time of the incident, relates that a Christian
child, eight years of age, was stolen and crucified by the Jews of
Lincoln in 1250, and that Semitic deputies came from all parts of
England to be present at the ceremony. And it appears that for
this asserted crime eighteen persons were hanged. Surely such
misconceptions must have been engendered by racial, religious,
and other antipathies. But, in addition, Suetonius and Caesar
were waging war against the Druids, and the extent to which evil
deeds can be provoked by armed hostility we know by the career
of Napoleon, who poisoned his own soldiers who lay wounded in
his own hospital rather than be burdened with their care.
It must be considered, too, that the Gauls and Britons had no
gaols or penal settlements, and that the only punishment for the
worst offenders when fines were inadequate, and the only way of
dealing with prisoners of war, was by mutilation or death. And
it is not unlikely that in the fury of a nation unjustly invaded the
haruspices took advantage of such executions for the purposes of
augur) 7 .
But even their traducers speak well of the Druids. Caesar
observes that the judicial institution of the Gauls, by which an
assembly met once a year in a consecrated spot to settle disputes,
was thought to have been introduced from Britain, and that those
who wished to become better acquainted with it generally repaired
thither for the purpose.* The Druids' knowledge of the motions
of the heavens and the stars is attested by both Caesar and
* De Bel. Gal. vi. cc. 13 et seq.
2j2 THE RITUAL OF BARROWS AND CIRCLES.
Pomponius, who, together with Strabo, speak of the Druids'
belief in the immortality of the soul ; while Pomponius relates
that the Gauls along with their dead burn and then bury things
which belonged to them when living, because they believe that
there is another life after death. *
And Cicero, who, on the whole, justified divination and
declared that nearly everyone had recourse to the entrails of
animals " extis enim omnes fere utuntur " f observed that
" the Druids in Gaul are diviners, among whom I myself have
been acquainted with Divitiacus ^Eduus, your own host and
panegyrist " hospitem tuum, laudatoremque cognovit qui et
naturae rationem, quam physiologiam Graeci appellant, notam esse
sibi profitebatur, et partim auguriis, partim conjectura quae essent
futura dicebat. J
A Druid who was the companion and fellow-guest of Cicero,
in the house of Cicero's friend, can have been no dabbler in
human blood.
It was hard for early races to believe that a gallant and
sagacious chieftain perished at the moment of his death. They
sorely missed him by day, and at night he appeared to them in
dreams.
The Cult of the Dead was the beginning of the hope of a life
to come. But inseparable from this hope was the persuasion that
by all means, at whatever cost, some portion of the dead body
must be preserved from utter decay ; and, it may be that not yet
are the minds of men free from the subconscious influence of
similar opinions.
We must possess relics of our saints. Have we lost a child,
then it is the face of a little one that we remember ; or a mother,
then we long to see again the lineaments of a woman perhaps
well stricken in years. It does not cheer a sorrowful heart to be
told about forms of energy ; it is not encouraging to learn that a
* De Situ Orbis, III, '2.
t De Divin. I. 10.
I Ibid. I., 41.
THE RITUAL OF BARROWS ANt) CIRCLES. 233
spirit, escaped from a fleshly incarceration may appear as a
luminous, pulsatory, rapidly revolving system of electrons. That
would be less alluring than hands, and lips, and eyes. We could
not caress a rapidly revolving sphere, how tender soever the
thoughts it might express by etherial undulations.
And so, like those of long ago, we visit the sepulchre with our
flowers and our prayers ; and we treasure at home a priceless
reliquary. The Parentalia and the Feralia are repeated on All
Souls' Day.
The method of rendering a portion of the body incorruptible
by incineration is so simple and satisfactory that it is strange it
was not earlier conceived and more widely practised. The wealth
and resources of the Egyptian led on the contrary to embalmment,
entombment, and the triply coffined mummy. Elsewhere and for
the most part it was thought sufficient to preserve the skeleton
from which putrescible matter had, in various ways, been
removed. This led to what has been called " dual interment,"
but the more comprehensive term, dual disposal of the dead body,
is to be preferred.
Among the Patagonians the flesh was stripped from the
bones, which were then hung up on trees to dry and
whiten in the sun. At the end of a year, they were carried off and
interred in the ancestral burial ground, and sometimes a cairn of
stones was raised over the grave.
Among the Iroquois the bodies of the dead were fastened to a
scaffolding or to trees, and when only the bones remained these
were removed either to the former abode of the defunct or to a
small adjacent house specially prepared. After the lapse of a
number of years it was customary to collect such skeletons from the
whole community and consign them to a common resting-place.
Among the Correguajes the dead body was carried to the
woods, and was left there until the flesh had been removed by
beasts of prey. The bones that remained were then taken home,
the next of kin carrying the skull.
Among the Society Islanders, dead bodies were placed on a
platform, railed in with bamboo. When the flesh had vanished,
234 TIlE RITUAL OF BARROWS AND CIRCLES.
the bones were buried, sometimes within a pyramidal stone
structure not unlike a long barrow.
In Guiana the dead body, secured in a net, was lowered into
the river, where the flesh was removed by fish. The skeleton
was then dried, painted red, and set up inside the dwelling-
place.
Among the New Zealanders, the dead were either buried in a
contracted posture or exposed for a while on platforms. In
either case, when the flesh had decayed away, the bones were
washed and enclosed in a small box, which was generally raised
on a pole, in or near the village.
As regards the Esthonians, whose lands bordered the Baltic, it
is related by Paulus Orosius, who wrote in 417, that when a man
is dead he lies in his house unburnt for one or two months, and,
if he be a man of high rank, for half a year before he is burned.
From this it would appear that after cremation had been intro-
duced the practice of " dual disposal " was not abandoned.
And even when incineration had become the primary method, a
secondary burning was followed, so strong had the tradition
become. For among the modern rearers of megaliths, the
Khasis of Bengal, the final disposal does not take place till long
after the body has been reduced to ashes on the pyre. These
are then placed in a vase within a small stone cist, which, at the
end of a year is opened, and the contents subjected to a
secondary, slight, ceremonial incineration, and after which they
are finally inurned with the ashes of the ancestors ; and in some
places, in former times, vessels for offerings of food were laid
upon the lid of the receptacle.
It is related by Giles Fletcher, who wrote as the envoy of
Queen Elizabeth, that in Russia, " during the winter when all is
covered with snow, so many as die are piled up in a suburban
hovel, like billets on a woodstack, till the spring-tide, when every
man takes and inters his dead friend." And it appears that
among the Chinese, at the present day, dead bodies are stored in
open mortuaries for years, awaiting interment with their
ancestors.
THE RITUAL Of BARROWS AND CIRCLES. ^35
A Parsi cemetery, "the tower of silence," is a circular area,
enclosed by a high wall of brick or mud, within which dead bodies
are exposed until their flesh has been removed by birds of prey.
Indeed, on our own Continent, the ancient practices of dual
disposal are still followed. In some of the isles of Greece,
primary receptacles, built of brick, are occupied by an endless
succession of bodies, and are cleared out at stated seasons, when
a grand funeral takes place, accompanied with much processional,
ceremony.
In some parts of Italy, more particularly at Naples and
Casamicciola of which I speak from personal observation in
1889, a dual disposal of the dead is thoroughly carried out. Just
beyond the Neapolitan walls are three Campi Santi. One of
them is occupied by a number of private mortuary chapels,
belonging to aristocratic or rich families. These buildings are
not oriented. Within each of them, opposite the entrance, is an
altar. A flight of stone steps leads to a crypt which is much
larger than the chapel above. The floor of the crypt is covered,
to a considerable depth, with pozzolana, a volcanic dust which has
the property of absorbing flesh from bones. The surface of the
pozzolana is marked out into oblongs and a dead person is
buried in one of these divisions, and a little stick is pushed in
which bears, on a label, the initials of the name of the defunct.
All round the crypt, against the wall, are small metal receptacles
which rest on shelves, presenting the appearance of a colum-
barium. At the primary disposal after the usual service at the
church, the body is borne in a shell on which are spread the
dead person's garments, which sometimes clothe his effigy.
Until recently it was the custom to carry the body on a bier,
exposed to the gaze of all ; but this was forbidden by law. At
the end of an indeterminate time, but usually of two years, it is
the duty of the next of kin, after mass has been said at the altar
of the chapel, to exhume the body, to take up the now bare
bones with his hand, and to deposit them in one of the metal
receptacles, to which is attached a suitable title and description.
This is the secondary disposal.
236 THfc RITUAL OF BARROWS AND CIRCLES.
A large number of the people belong to Burial Societies each
of which has a chapel of its own, and all the funeral rites are
performed by the officials of the guild.
Besides this, there is, for other persons, a vast area, and to the
walls that encompass it are fixed shelves and depositories for the
bones of the deceased, whose primary interment takes place in
the ordinary earth of the -enclosure. This is marked out into a
number of gardens, as it were, in which are planted flowers. It
resembles, on a very large scale, the grave-plots in a cloister.
Last of all, for the unhappy poor, is a smaller cemetery in
which are caverns, 366 in number, each covered with a -huge
stone slab. Every day one of them, in rotation, is opened and
closed. Each contains the bodies of those paupers who have
died on .the day it was opened, thrown in one over the other ;
and the bodies that have been "removed, and that have rotted
there for one year, are cast through an orifice, perhaps four feet
square. Its sides are stained and smeared with corruption.
This orifice, which is closed by a stone door, leads straight down
into an unfathomable gulf, perhaps the galleries of an abandoned
tufaceous quarry.
How great must be the force of habit and heredity when men
are driven, in the face of the twentieth century, to continue such
arduous and revolting practices.
Some very ancient customs persist in Brittany. There are
cemeteries in which the horizontal stone that covers the grave
has a little cup hollowed in it, like those on many a prehistoric
megalith, and into this is poured once a year milk or rice.
Many of the churchyards in Brittany contain well-built
ossuaries. That at St. The"gonnec is so large and handsome that
it has been converted into a chapel. After the dead have been
interred for some years, relatives, who still care for the deceased,
dig up the skeleton and place it in the ossuary, the long
bones arranged together with those of ancestors, but the skull
enclosed in a special wooden case with an aperture or window,
through which its contents can be seen, and with a memorial
inscription, such as "Chef de Mile Jne Maree, 1867;" "Ci git
THE RITUAL OF BARROWS AND CIRCLES. 237
le chef de Jo ph Gousard." A similar custom is followed in some
of the Swiss cantons.
Apart from such unsubstantial traditions as a royal " lying-in-
state," or as the persistent visitation and decoration of graves, is
there any evidence that a dual disposal of the dead was ever
practised in the British Isles ?
As regards the Channel Islands, Mr. Lukis has pointed out*
that "the quantity of human bones found within the chamber
[of the dolmen L'ancresse] was great, and corresponded with
the number of vessels of all sizes discovered with them. The
bones were, from their position, brought to their final resting-
place after the flesh had been removed by burning, or by some
other means." " It was easy to perceive that the various heaps
of human remains which lay scattered on the floor of the dolmen
had been deposited there at different times."
Mr. Arthur Evans recalls that " by a succession of archaeo-
logical explorers it has been shown how the galleried chambers
of the oldest barrows in England present phenomena recon-
cileable only with the hypothesis that the bones had lost their
fleshly covering and become partially detached from their
ligaments previous to interment. In other words these chambers
of the dead are ossuaries."
Of the round barrows of Yorkshire Canon Greenwell mentions
one 7oft. in diameter and ijft. high. After noting later burials
in the same mound, he says, of the original interment, " it was
the skeleton of a strongly made man in the middle period of life,
laid on the left side, with the head to S. E. The hands were up
to the face. The sacrum was close to the left scapula, and
there were no vertebrae between the cervical and the lumbar
region of the backbone. A well-chipped flint knife was found
in association, but no metal. It would seem that the body had
been interred in some other place, and had afterwards been
removed to this barrow." f
* Arch. Jour. I. 149.
t British Barrows, p. 225-6.
238 THE RITUAL OF BARROWS AND CIRCLES.
Of a large round barrow, looft. in diameter and gft. high,
Canon Greenwell,* after mentioning late burials, writes, "the
original interment was that of a child, scarcely a year old, on its
left side. Close to this were some of the bones of a young
woman, possibly the child's mother. The head was on its left
side, but without its lower jaw. There was no left femur, and
none of the bones of the arms except the left humerus. The
portions of the skeleton that remained were sound as to show
that those which were wanting could not have perished by
decay."
Of a barrow 56ft. in diameter and 6ft. high which contained
pottery and flint implements, but no metal, the same writer says,
" The number of interments here discovered was large. Some
bones of the skeletons were wanting, and others were displaced.
There was no reason for supposing that these evidences of
disturbance had originated in any opening made, whether from
curiosity or other motives, in modern times. The appearances
may be accounted for on the supposition that the barrow was an
ossuary." "Similar conditions with regard to the bones have
been met with in other barrows." f
Mr. W. C. BorlaseJ after remarking that "the remains of as
many as five bodies, all of them being in a disjointed condition,
have been found upon the central area of long barrows in
Yorkshire," adds that "this phenomenon is not confined to
barrows of the ruder sort, but is observable also in the elaborate
chambered tumuli of Gloucestershire, Wiltshire, and Somerset."
The peculiar crouched position of the skeleton, with the knees
drawn up to the chin, is to be found both in long barrows, and
in the circular tumuli of the Bronze Age ; and not in Britain
only, but in all quarters of the globe. It is the position in which
Greenlanders sleep : in which, perhaps they die. But the fact
that barrows contain crouched skeletons, lying on the left side,
* Ib. p. 26.
t Ib. p. 221.
Dolmens of Ireland, p. 454.
THE RITUAL OF BARROWS AND CIRCLES. 239
does not preclude the possibility of a previous disposal of the
body.
Mr. Cyrus Thomas, in his report on Mound Explorations in
North America * says : " From personal examination, I conclude
that some, if not most of the 'folded' [contracted] skeletons
found in mounds were buried after the flesh had been removed,
as the folding, to the extent noticed, could not have been done
with the flesh on ; and the positions in most cases, with the
knees brought up against the breast, and the heels against the
pelvis, were such as could not possibly have been assumed as a
result of the decay of the flesh, or of the settling of the mound.
In other cases, the partial calcining of the bones, in vaults [cists]
and under layers of clay, where the evidence shows that fire was
applied to the outside of the vault, or above the clay layers, can
be accounted for only on the supposition that the flesh had been
removed before burial."
Some archaeologists have adopted the view that the primary
disposal of the dead was by way of cannibal feasts. That before
burying their chieftain his followers devoured his flesh, and the
flesh of slaughtered members of his family. And that this was
done, partly from a relish for the food, and partly from a notion
that the admirable qualities of a defunct person are acquired by
those who eat him.
And reliance is placed, by these archaeologists, on the words
of Diodorus the Sicilian, who had travelled in parts of Europe
and Asia, and wrote his history eight years before the Christian
era. And these words are: "The Gauls that live towards the
north, and bordering upon Scythia, are so exceeding fierce and
cruel that, as report goes, they eat men like the Britons that
inhabit Iris [Ireland]." It is certain that Diodorus never went
to Ireland, and he wrote these words, as he admits, merely from
rumour. But as regards the inhabitants of Britannia itself, he
says " They are of much sincerity and integrity, far from the craft
and knavery of men among us ; contented with plain and homely
* Bureau of Eth. 1890-1. p. 674.
240 THE RITUAL OF BARROWS AND CIRCLES.
fare, strangers to the excess and luxury of rich men. The
Island is very populous, but of a cold climate, subject to frosts,
being under the [constellation of the] Bear." *
Strabo, too, speaking of Ireland, says " the inhabitants of lerna
" are more savage than the Britons, feeding on human flesh,
" being enormous eaters, and deeming it commendable to devour
" their deceased fathers." f
And here also, Strabo, who had never visited Ireland, expressly
excludes the Britons from his charge of cannibalism.
Of the existence of this practice, there is however one
decisive test the presence of human bones that have been
split, to get out their marrow which (together with the thumbs
of children) is considered to be the most delicious part of the
body.
Such split bones have been found on the shores of the Baltic,
and I have seen them in the island of Gotland, in circumstances
that make it certain that such feasting prevailed until after the
birth of Christ. But no split human bones have been discovered
in the barrows of England.
Something must be said about a statement by St. Jerome, or
Hieronymus, who was born in Pannonia, travelled in Gaul, and,
whilst living at Bethlehem, wrote his violent tract against
Jovinian in the year 400. " Quid loquar," he says, " de caeteris
rationibus, quum ipse adolescentulus in Gallia viderim Atticottos,
gentem Britannicam, humanis vesci carnibus." J
These men, the Atticotti, whom St. Jerome saw devouring
human flesh, are said by Ammianus Marcellinus, the historian,
who visited Gaul in 355, to have " harassed Britain in conjunction
with the Scots and Picts." They left their split bones on the
shores of the Baltic, they effected a lodgment in the extreme
north of Scotland, and invaded Ireland in A.D. 56. But these
men were not the builders of our barrows.
V. ii. 21.
t IV. v. 4.
J Adv. Jovin, lib. ii.
THE RITUAL OF BARROWS AND CIRCLES. 241
Many archaeologists, like Dr. Thurnam, have dwelt upon the
fact that interments often contain cleft skulls, and have main-
tained that it points to the immolation of victims at the burial of
a chieftain. It is well to remember that the bones of aged
persons are hardly ever discovered in tumuli. Men, in those
days, did not die of old age, but met a soldier's death. What
were stone axes for, or weapons of bronze, if not to cleave the
heads of the foe. During a midnight raid, a whole family might
be butchered as they lay, before the invaders could be driven off.
It has been amply proved that a dual disposal of the dead was
practised throughout western Europe, and in this country and
that in many places the custom is continued. But there must
have been in early days, some safe and easy method of carrying
out the primary disposal, during which the flesh was removed
from the bones : some secure places where bodies could be
exposed. The surface-dolmen was one of these means. In the
case of some of the earliest long-barrows, besides the under-
ground galleried chamber, there exists, on the summit, an
uncovered dolmen. The West Kennet barrow, and others in the
neighbourhood of Avebury, as shown by Stukeley, are examples.
On the summit of round-barrows " sometimes of elevated
outline, and often with concentric circles on their slopes,
dolmens are of frequent occurrence." * And other dolmens are
to be seen, notably in Brittany, on the top of conical but natural
hillocks, that could never have been covered by earth. Doubtless
such erections were used for the required exposure. But surface
dolmens are rare and dual disposal was almost universal. There
must have been other secure enclosures for the primary treatment
of the dead. What are the characters by which such structures
can be recognised ? They should be found in the neighbour-
hood of barrows and places of interment. They might well be
circular in form and strong enough to keep out beasts of prey
such as the wolf, the fox, and the bear, f They should display
* A. J. Evans, megalithic monuments, &c.
f Cf, Ecgbert's Penitentials,
242 THE RITUAL OF BARROWS AND CIRCLES.
some obvious relation to a Cult of the Dead and to a growing
belief in a life to come. They might show signs of orientation,
to correspond with the fact that barrows for the most part are
oriented either by their construction or by the attitude of the
buried bodies that they contain. And they might possess some
indication of ritual uses; of assemblies, processions, and
circumambulation.
" Stone circles," it would seem, supply all these requirements.
Apart from the significant fact that the majority of circles
present some indication of an entrance, it is the case that in a
large proportion of those that are met with on moorland, the
remains of a continuous wall, of the circular vallum that once
enclosed and united the discontinuous megaliths, actually exist. *
It can be traced, for example, at the " Nine Ladies " in
Derbyshire, a circle with a central mound, and at two circles in
Cornwall, without central mounds, one near Kenidjak and one
near Mulfra Quoit. The same thing was observed by Anderson
who wrote in 1777 when many antiquities existed that have since
disappeared. He gave the following account of what he had
seen " in some hundreds of places." " The circle is about
forty-six feet in diameter. The stones that compose it are
usually ten or twelve feet high. The area within is smooth and
somewhat lower than the ground around it, and a smooth bank
carried quite round between the stones is still a little higher than
the ground about it." f
Sometimes the ring-fence was made of megaliths placed in
actual contiguity, as at the Circle of Tredinek, thirty feet in
diameter, figured by Borlase in 1754. J
Zennor Circle, which is seventy-two feet in diameter, con-
sisted of a close ring of stones, some larger and the rest " small
* This, and other passages are quoted from a Paper by the present writer,
read in 1887, called a " New Theory of Stone Circles." A copy of it is in the
Dorset Museum Library.
f Arch. v. 246.
| Plate XIII. fig. 1.
$ Plate XIII. fig. 4.
THE RITUAL OF BARROWS AND CIRCLES. 243
stones thrown loosely together in a circular ridge ; at the entrance
one large stone " remained standing. Borlase also described
and figured * an oval enclosure at Kerris, made of a continuous
ridge of stones of all sizes, which contained an area of fifty-two
paces by thirty-four. In South Brittany the circles are composed,
not of rude blocks like the stones of the alignments, but of thin
slabs which, says Mr. Lukis, f " are designedly contiguous, as
though to make a perfect enclosure impervious from the outside,
and only accessible from some point where they are in contact
with the head-stones of the avenue lines."
Sometimes the circle is composed, to all outward appearance,
of a rampart of earth only; as the Giants' Ring near Belfast.
Here, the wall, probably not less than twenty feet high, is
eighty feet thick at the base, and encloses an area of ten
acres, where stand an uncovered dolmen and a few remaining
monoliths.
And there are multitudes of earth-circles, all over Britain, the
remains, no doubt, of substantial enclosures. They are often
marked "camps" on the ordnance maps, but for such a purpose
they are too small.
Lastly, there are the stone circles that are themselves ringed in
by vallum and fosse. Examples can be seen at Arbor Low in
Derbyshire, at Avebury in Wilts, at Blisland in Cornwall, where
the ditch is eleven feet and the wall ten feet wide ; at Stennis in
the Orkneys, where the wall is three feet high ; and at the
neighbouring Ring of Brogar where the ditch remains but the
wall, which may have been only a stockade, has vanished. In
by far the greater number of such cases, the fosse is on the
inside of the vallum, and it is obvious that such a work had no
military intention. But an inside ditch would be good against
the predatory wolf. For if the wolf scaled the wall, pushed
through the frieze of thorns, crossed the ditch and seized his
prey, in the ditch he would have to leave it on his retreat, and in
* Plate XV. fig. 2.
f Chambered Barrows, &c., of S. Brittany, p. 35.
244 THE RITUAL OF BARROWS AND CIRCLES.
the ditch it might presently be found by those whose duty it
would be to visit the spot.
It is needless to insist upon the fact that where round-barrows
abound, there also may be seen circles of earth and of stones.
But owing to the great and constant destruction of megaliths in
this country, it may be well to point out, more particularly, the
association of circles with lines, alignments, or avenues of stone.
The remains of such circles and such alignments are to be seen
near Shap, in Westmoreland, where the rows of megaliths are
more than a mile in length and where " the whole aspect of the
country is that of a district used as a burying-place."* There are
avenues on Dartmoor, and one of them, which is 600 yards long f
" bends round the brow of a hill, so that neither of the ends can
be seen from the other, nor indeed from the centre," and there
are indications that it was terminated by a circle.
Mr. Fergusson remarks that this avenue is only three feet wide,
and therefore was "not a procession path," forgetting that a
procession might circumambulate the whole.
It is in Brittany, however, that the relation of avenues to circles
can best be studied, because there, large stones have always been
abundant and agriculture has not yet devastated pre-historic
monuments. There, " the alignments are narrower at the eastern
ends, and the dimensions of the stones are greater at the western
ends, where is found the terminating circle. The lines were
erected according to a plan which is nearly uniform and with an
orientation which corresponds in some measure with that of the
dolmens." J " The lines of Kerlescant are thirteen in number, and
form twelve avenues which are about a thousand feet long." At
Kermario the lines, ten in number, are about four thousand feet
long, but the terminating circle has vanished. At Menec the
lines, eleven in number, measure 33y6ft. in length, and the
terminating circle is jooft. in diameter.
* Fergusson's Rnde Stone Monuments, p. 131.
t Ibid p. 56.
J Chambered Barrows, &c., pp. 17, 3f>.
RITUAL OF BARROWS AND CIRCLES. ^45
And James Milne,* after observing that the orientation of the
alignments varies from east to E.S.E., says that at " the head
[the western end] of the alignments of Menec and Kerlescant,
large menhirs form a cromlech " [stone circle].
Other uses have been assigned to stone circles. It has been
thought that they were employed for astronomical observations.
But the orientation that they possess is too variable to support this
view. The case of Stoneherige is unique and would require to be
dealt with at length. It is oriented to the summer sunrise and if
the central line of the earthen avenue that stretches in that
direction, and passes down hill till it is out of sight, corresponds
to the point where the sun rose at the date of the construction of
this monument, Sir Norman Lockyer would give B.C. 1680 as
the year of its birth. But according to Prof. Petrie the avenue's
point of departure is not exactly opposite the middle trilithon.
And it cannot now be decided what part of the solar disc
constituted an effective sunrise the first glimmer of its edge, its
centre, or the appearance of the complete orb.
Professor Petrie himself prefers the Heelstone, as a gnomon, to
the Avenue, and considers the true date of construction to be
A.D. 730. But, unfortunately, "he overlooked the fact that the
change of the ecliptic is taking place in the wrong direction, and
that the sun now rises farther south than it has done for the last
10,000 years. He applied the correction with the wrong sign." f
Again, speaking of the Heel-stone, Mr. Lukis regards it " as
belonging to a later date than Stonehenge." In his opinion " it
was erected as a sepulchral monolith upon consecrated ground,
perhaps long after the purpose for which the circles were
designed had been discontinued. All the sarsen stones com-
posing the monument, without exception, have been shaped with
a tool, whereas no tool has touched the Friar's-heel. It is a very
ugly and rugged block, and it is in its native condition." J
* Researches in Brittany, pp. 92, 95.
t Arthur K. Hiiiks, Camb. Observatory.
J Proc. Soc. Antiq. 1881, p. 148.
246 THE RITUAL OF BARROWS AND CIRCLES.
The large horizontal blocks that are often found in stone-
circles have, with much satisfaction, been called altars. " On
this stage the priest officiated " ; " hereon were victims
immolated " ; " here offerings were burnt." What Prof. Petrie
has said about the so-called Altar at Stonehenge may be applied
to most, if not to all other cases. " Its sacrificial intention is
strongly contradicted by the absence of all traces of fire or
calcination, and by its very low position, almost flush with the
ground." * Indeed, the history of the slaughter-stone theory does
not inspire confidence. M. Troude, the learned author of a
Breton Dictionary (1876), says that the cap-stones of dolmens
"paraissent avoir servi d' autels aux Druides. Us y faisaient
des sacrifices humains ou autres, ainsi que semblent 1'attester les
petites haches et les coins [axes and celts] trouve"s sous ces
monuments, ainsi que les rigoles tracers sur les pierres horizon-
tales pour 1* e"coulement du sang."
In 1 845 Dr. Henry Earth visited portions of North Africa, and
on the elevated plateau of Tarhuna, a hundred miles south of
Tripoli, discovered a number of trilithons. Two of his figures
were reproduced by Fergusson in 1872.
In 1885 Mr. Arthur Evans spoke of "the great trilithic
monuments of Tripoli, with altar blocks before them." f
On the 5th Dec. 1895, Mr. Swainson Cowper, who had care-
fully examined these " megalithic temples," read an account of
them to the Society of Antiquaries. He said that " the remains
consisted of a large number of rectangular enclosures which
were surrounded by high walls of dressed stone. Within the
enclosures, and generally close to the boundary wall, were large
trilithons, two upright pillars and a lintel ; and in front of each,
lying on the ground, two large stone altars, with grooves
forming a channel round the edge of the slab, with a spout
leading outwards. There were indications that the Romans not
only countenanced the religious practices for the performance of
* Stonehenge, p. 31.
t Trans. Lauc. and Ches. Antiq. Soc. III. p. 9.
HE RITUAL OF BARROWS AND CIRCLES. 247
which these structures. were erected, but actually in some cases,
restored the buildings. He was of opinion that the worship was
akin to that of Baal or Moloch."
In 1897, Mr. Arthur Evans and Mr. Myers visited these
" Senams," as the trilithons are- called, and came to certain con-
clusions which were expounded by the latter to the Society of
Antiquaries, on loth January, 1899. He said "the Tripolitan
Senams, with the channelled and morticed stones which accom-
pany them are oil presses of a type which may have been intro-
duced in pre-Roman times, but which cannot be shown to have
developed anywhere earlier than the fourth or third century B.C."*
Perhaps reference should be made to the prostrate block at
Stonehenge, which lies between the Friar's-heel and the circles.
Mr. Lukis says, this, which " has received the preposterous
appellation of ' the slaughtering stone ' is a dressed sarsen, and
consequently belongs to the monument. It is 22ft. in length and
resembles, in form and dimensions the uprights of the outer circle,
but it does not possess tenons on its squared end. That it originally
stood erect has been proved by the discovery of the excavation
which it occupied, and then it must have entirely concealed the
Friar's-heel from persons standing in front of the central trilithon."f
And now, in conclusion it may be suggested that horizontal
stones in other circles were depositories on which was laid the
dead body, perhaps loosely fastened in a case of wicker-work, to
await the disappearance of the flesh ; that circles in general,
whether of earth or of stone, were secure enclosures for a
primary disposal of the dead, by exposure or by a shallow
inhumation ; and that if Stonehenge, and other structures, were
used for astrological divination, at any rate one purpose was the
discovery of auspicious seasons for the secondary disposal, which
was accompanied with imposing and prolonged processional
ceremonies, when clans gathered and priests administered,
inspired by the hope of a life that was to come.
* Proc. Soc. Antiq. XVII. 293.
t Proc. Soc. Antiq. IX. 14S,
248 THE RITUAL OF BARROWS AND CIRCLES.
APPENDIX.
TABLE OF APPBOXIMATE DIAMETKES IN FEET.
When a circle is not concentric, the two chief diameters are given, joined by
a hyphen. When a circle is double, the two diameters are given, joined by the
plus sign.
Vallum. Circle.
I. Stone circles surrounded by a vallum and fosse
() The fosse outside the vallum
Stonehenge, Wilts - - 300 106
(b) The fosse inside the vallum
Abury, Wilts - - 1170-1260 i. 288
ii. 288
Blisland, Cornwall - 152 148
Arbor Low, Derbyshire - - 167 115
Ring of Stennis, Orkney 198 104
(c) A fosse only, at present
Ring of Brogar, Orkney 366 340
Ring of Bukan, Orkney (No monoliths) 136
(The trench is 44 ft. wide and 6ft. deep.)
(rf) A fosse with a ramp on each side
Near Arbor Low, Derbyshire - - 243-156
II. The stones of the circle placed in actual contiguity
Wendron, Cornwall ... 50
Tredinek, Cornwall - 30
Trescaw, Scilly Isles - 36
(Many circles in Brittany.)
III. Circular ramp of earth or stone
Giants' Ring, Belfast - 580
(Contains surface dolmen and monoliths.)
Furness, Lancashire, not concentric 315-350
(Contains nine radiate compartments and
annular centre.)
Kerris, Cornwall 102-156
Kirby Moor, Furness ... 75
May burgh, Cumberland 287
Little Salkeld, Cumberland 300
Baildon Moor, Yorks ... i. 50
ii. 50
iii. 50
Wadsworth Moor, Yorks i. 39
ii. 120
THE RITUAL OF BARROWS AND CIRCLES. 249
Rombald's Moor, Yorks
(All examined for interments, but none found.)
IV. Megalithic Circles with Remains of a Wall still
existing between the Stones
Zennor, Cornwall ... 72
Nine Ladies, Derbyshire
(Contains a central mound).
Fiddes Hill, Scotland - 46
"In some hundreds of places in Scotland
are circles like the above."
V. Circles containing an Elevated Natural Rock in
their Centre
Trescaw, Scilly 36
Karnmenelez, Cornwall - - 35'5
VI. Double Concentric Circles of Megaliths
Furness, Lancashire - - - 90 + 30
Gunnerskeld, Westmoreland - - 105 + 52
Crosby Eavensworth, Westmoreland - 60 + 30
VII. Megalithic Circles
Stanton Drew, Somerset - i. 129
ii. 96
not concentric iii. 345-378
Guidebest, Caithness ... 170
( i. 60
Callernish, Lewis - - - j .. lftft
Tormor, Arran ... 60
Penmaenmawr, Wales - 80
Hawksworth Moor, Yorks - 43
Brackenbyr, Westmoreland - - 400
" Standing Stones," Westmoreland - 25
Bampton-Pooley, Westmoreland - 100
Long Meg, Cumberland - - 360-305
Keswick, Cumberland - 107-97
Eskdale, Cumberland - 103-15
Swinside, Cumberland - 92
Hakpen Hill, Wilts - 120
Winterbourne Bassett, Wilts - i. 90
ii. 90
Wet Withens, Derbyshire 90
Duloe, nr. Liskeard, Cornwall - 36
Stripple Stones, Hawk's Tor, Cornwall - 148
250 TttE RITUAL OF BARROWS AND CIRCLES.
Circle.
Fernacre, Cornwall ... 140
Tregaseale, Cornwall - - - i. 66
ii. 78
Rosemoddress, Cornwall - - 75'8
Boskednan, Cornwall ... 69'4
Boscawen Un, Cornwall - 68-2
Wendron, Cornwall ... 50
VIH. Dorset Circles.
Gorwell Stone Circle - 90-79
(Thirteen megaliths above surface of
ground, all prostrate. Bench
mark attitude 627'2 feet.)
Circle in " Valley of Stones " - 77
(Many of the stones in this circle are
still contiguous.)
Stone circle on Hampton Hill - 46'5-36'5
, , at Rempstone, near Corf e Castle 87
at Pokeswell - 14
Earth -circle near Askerswell - 83
Bridehead 93
,, ,, Dorchester to Bridport
Road, opposite the
turning to Compton
Valence - 66
(Contains a U-shaped mound, not central.)
Earth -circle enclosing barrow by the four
cross roads on Upwey ridge - 234
enclosing barrow near Eggardun 192
WITH ILLUSTRATIONS BY THE AUTHOR.
By R. G. BROCKLEHURST.
(Read 10th December t 1908. )
I HOUGH bridges are most necessary and useful, few
people give a thought to their architectural
features. The modern ideas of bridge con-
struction do not tend towards beauty and grace in
design, or picturesque effect, as traffic now-a-days
requires steel bridges to be safely supported.
However, in Dorset we still have some fine old
imposing stone bridges in an excellent state of preservation ;
and in this paper I propose to illustrate some of those which
span the rivers Frome and Stour, and also a few others.
" Grey's Bridge " over the Frome at the Fordington side of
Dorchester is a plain structure dating from the middle of the
eighteenth century, and is of a Renaissance style and character.
It has three semi-circular arches, the central one being larger
than the others. There are small arch stones and a moulded
hood around. Above is a plinth and then a bold plain parapet.
This bridge is best seen from the meadows and towpaths, with
Fordington Church tower in the distance.
252 SOME DORSET BRIDGES.
At Wool the same river is crossed by the Elizabethan " Wool-
bridge " (as it is called), which, standing as it does in the open,
with the Turberville Manor at the side, is very prominent. The
Frome here is wide and fast, and the bridge large in proportion.
Five arches span the river, semi-circular in shape, and strongly
ribbed underneath. Dividing each arcade is a triangular buttress,
forming at the road level a recess for foot passengers, and the
walls at the sides run well up on the banks. There is a good
looking bridge, known as " Holmebridge," midway between
Wool and Wareham. It spans the river on the road leading to
Lulworth, but though it is situated near the main road, few people
notice it. It is similar in design and construction to that at
Wool, and has semi-circular arches. These are six in number,
and are built in two planes. The stones are alternately brown
and white, giving a pleasing appearance, age having mellowed
the tints, whilst the spandrils of the arches are similarly built. On
the Wool side of the bridge, there are five triangular-shaped
buttresses, forming recesses to the road above, but on the down-
stream side there are only two. The parapet above the road
level is built of bricks and finished with plain coping. The
river here is not wide, but the marshy land necessitates the
bridge being carried well on to the banks at each side. This
bridge is famous as being the scene of an exciting episode
during the Civil War, when a small body of Royalists held at
bay a large force of Roundheads for a considerable time, ulti-
mately beating off their opponents when assistance arrived.
At Wareham the Frome, which flows by the south side of the
town, is crossed by a five-arched bridge, the road having a steep
gradient to the centre, giving it a rather humped appearance.
And as the remains of a quay are to be seen alongside this bridge,
the arches were probably built high, so as to allow barges and
other craft to pass under. They vary in size from the central one,
the arch stones being prominent, and the key stones projecting
from the face. To each side of the central arch are buttresses of
semi-octagonal shape, forming recesses at the road level. These
buttresses have a plain plinth a few feet above the river level, and
Plate
"
' 3fl
Plate II.
.
'
SOME DORSET BRIDGES. 253
below this they are constructed in triangular shape. The other
arches are divided by triangular buttresses, crowned about the
level of keystones of the arches with plain cornices, and splayed
water tabling. For centuries a bridge must have occupied this spot
(as the river is too deep to ford, and the " walls " are stopped),
forming one of the four original entrances into old Wareham.
The other bridge at the north of the town is smaller, and spans
the river Piddle. The Wareham bridges are the last over the
Frome and the Piddle, as from here the two rivers run almost
side by side into Wareham Channel, a branch of Poole Harbour,
and thence to the sea.
Over the river Stour, which runs through the north-east
portions of the county, and into Hampshire, there are also some
interesting bridges.
At Fifehead Neville, a small village two miles south-east of
Sturminster, is a very quaint foot-bridge spanning a stream which
crosses a lane. This bridge is supposed to be of Roman origin ;
and in the field alongside, important remains of Roman habitation
have been discovered. The bridge is strong, of two arches,
triangular in shape, and of flat stone slabs, and the central pier
is strengthened with a heavy triangular buttress. The footway
winds over, and at the sides are wooden rails. The bridge is not
likely to be of later date than the 1 3th century, and the core of
it may be Roman.
At the other side of Fifehead Neville there is a comparatively
modern bridge, interesting as having been erected in memory of
one Selkerk, of Indian Mutiny fame.
The bridge at Sturminster Newton is situated immediately at
the junction of the Blandford and Sherborne road with the one
from Sturminster, and is consequently well known. It has six
equilateral pointed arches, ribbed underneath, and has large
buttresses to the upstream side, with recesses at the road level,
but only one large buttress to the other side. The buttress is
small, and triangular in shape, at the base, and is corbelled out
just below the road level to form a recess to the road. A hand-
some cornice runs along above the heads of the arches, deeply
254 SOME DORSET BRIDGES.
undercut, and the whole is crowned by a moulded coping.
Between the side arches are small triangular pilasters, finished
above the cornice, and under the coping, similar in shape, but
smaller in size. The road, running as it does at right angles to
the bridge-road, gives one an excellent opportunity of studying
this bridge without the necessity of standing in meadows; and
the roadway down to the water, the trees, and distant country all
make a good setting.
At Blandford the Stour is crossed by a good bridge of six
arches, plain and high. The arches are semi-circular with slightly
projecting key stones, and at the base there are small buttresses
only a few feet above highest water mark. The position of this
bridge is relatively the same as at Sturminster Newton, and a fine
belt of trees runs along the sweep of one bank.
The bridge at Spetisbury, known as " Crawford Bridge," is of
very strong construction, being long and narrow, giving it a low
appearance. It has nine arches of grey stone to carry it. On
the upstream side there are strong and particularly heavy
triangular buttresses, each alternate one forming a recess to the
road level, and the others finishing with splayed water tabling,
under the coping of the parapet. The other side of the bridge
is quite plain, having no buttresses whatsoever. The main
Blandford road runs parallel with the river at this point, and some
fine views are obtained of this bridge from the higher ground.
In the year 1500 it was in a ruinous condition, but through public
contributions it was renovated.
St. Julian's Bridge at Wimborne is handsome and large. The
river is wider here, and eight slightly depressed pointed arches
span it. These arches are carefully worked underneath, and the
spandrils are of stone. A moulded cornice runs along over the
heads of the arches, and the parapet above is of bricks with
bonding stones at certain intervals, and at the angles, made by
projecting buttresses. These buttresses are three in number to
each side, triangular, and carried on circular moulded corbels
of four courses each. The cornice is continued round the
buttresses, and the parapet has a plain stone coping. The
Plate III.
2nm iia WK *F^. i% f awTi *
SOME DORSET BRIDGES. 255
central buttress has two stone slabs fixed to the exterior, the date
1636 being on one and 1844 on the other. These dates seem to
indicate the probable time of erection, and the time when
considerable renovations were made.
There are other bridges on the Rivers Frome and Stour, but
the afore-mentioned are perhaps the best worth illustrating.
The rivers in West Dorset are quite small, and the bridges
generally are not worth much attention ; but the two small ones
at Charmouth may be mentioned. The larger is single arched
and simple, with plain cornice and parapet, but with panelled
an^ moulded piers at each end. The other bridge (which is
illustrated) is very similar to the former, and is nearly overgrown
with ivy and shrubs.
In South Dorset the small foot-bridge at Preston, near Wey-
mouth, deserves mention. It is usually described as " Roman,"
but it is more likely of mediaeval date.
"gtepovf on t$e
at
Porcfiesfer, 1908.
Committee :
H. Colley March, M.D., F.S.A., Chairman.
J. G. N. Chft
It. H. Forster
C. E. Keyser, F.S.A.
B. E. Leader
N. M. Richardson
H. Pentin
G. E. Elwes
H. Pouncy
Representing the
British Archaeological
Association.
Representing t/te
Dorset Field Club.
John E. Acland, Hon. Sec.
W. Miles Barnes
H. B. Middleton
Alfred Pope, F.S.A.
C. S. Prideaux
W. de C. Prideaux
HE report which follows has been prepared by
Mr. H. St. George Gray, who conducted the
investigation, and to whom the Committee are
greatly indebted for the care and skill with
which he superintended the work, lasting from
the 1 5th to 29th September, 1908.
It will be seen that several important
discoveries were made and much valuable
knowledge acquired, but until further excava-
tions have been completed it would be unwise
to attempt a definite solution of the problems of this much
debated site. It is felt, however, that an interim report should
be issued at once for the benefit of the Members of the Dorset
Field Club and of other subscribers to the fund, in order that
they may learn what has already been accomplished,
EXCAVATIONS AT MAUMBURY RINGS. 257
Interest in the work as it proceeded was very general, and
indeed at times was somewhat embarrassing, and means should
be adopted when the excavations are resumed to ensure more
privacy, and avoid the incessant interruptions of visitors.
Financial support has been sufficient for the present, but
further contributions will be necessary to meet the cost of
another period of digging and for the preparation of the final
report with plans and illustrations.
The thanks of the Committee and subscribers are due specially
to Mr. C. S. Prideaux, who devoted himself with the greatest
assiduity to the work, both in the preliminary and concluding
stages, and for the valuable assistance he rendered to Mr. St.
George Gray. Mr. Prideaux also gave the use of tents, and
made the arrangements for camping on the ground, thus to a
considerable extent relieving the funds. In the same category
mention must be made of Mr. Foot, Mr. Slade, and others, for
the loan of appliances needed during the work, and to the
Dorchester Town Council for the use of hurdles. The plan and
sections of the earthwork made for the Committee by Mr. Feacey
previously to the excavation were carefully executed, and deserve
special recognition.
The excellent photographs taken by Mr. St. George Gray,
illustrating the progress of the work, have been mounted and
described by him for the Committee, and will prove a valuable
record of what was done. They are now in the hands of the
Hon. Sec. at the Dorset County Museum, who will also retain the
objects of antiquarian interest found during the investigation,
pending the decision of the Duchy of Cornwall as to their final
disposal.
The whole of the cuttings have been filled in, and the turf
relaid, care having been taken to conform exactly to the original
contours of the ground.
Signed on behalf of the Committee,
HY. COLLEY MARCH,
Chairman.
258 EXCAVATIONS AT MAUMBURY RINGS.
SHORT REPORT ON
THE EXCAVATIONS OF 1908.
By H. ST. GEORGE GRAY.
In considering the area of Maumbury and the height of the
encircling bank, it is undoubtedly the largest and most important
structure of its kind in Great Britain. It is, moreover, one of the
rarest types of ancient monuments remaining in our country, and
I feel it a privilege to have had the direction of these excavations
placed in my hands by the Excavation Committee. The prefa-
tory note to this interim report has already acknowledged the
great assistance rendered by Mr. C. S. Prideaux, to which I wish
to add my personal thanks. The Excavation Committee, too, are
to be congratulated in having such an enthusiastic Hon.
Secretary as Captain Acland has proved to be. On the
selection of a suitable staff much of the success of an investi-
gation of this kind depends. The amount of interest taken in
these excavations, not only by antiquaries, but also by the general
public, was remarkable, and it is evident to every close observer
that archaeological field-work is not only steadily on the increase,
but is gradually being regarded as a serious science for the
further upbuilding of the annals and history of the world.
Until now nothing was known of the inner structure and origin
of Maumbury, but it has been regarded as a Roman amphitheatre
by the great majority of those competent to judge. Somewhat
similar ancient sites in Britain have also been sometimes recorded
as " amphitheatres." I refer, among others, to circular or oval
depressions, generally surrounded by a bank, at Caerleon,
Caervvent, St. Alban's, Colchester, Circncester, Silchester,
Wroxeter, London, Richborough, Borcovicus, Castel (Anglesey),
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EXCAVATIONS AT MAUMBURY RINGS. 259
Aldborough, Leicester, Charterhouse-on-Mendip, Uffington
("The Manger"), Woodcuts ("Church Barrow"), &c. Very
few of these have even been partly examined, a fact which the
late Mr. Thos. Morgan, F.S.A., bewailed when he wrote : " It
would be well if more attention were paid to the investigation of
traces of amphitheatres in Britain." It is indeed surprising that
Maumbury has for so long escaped the spade of the antiquary,
but the year in which the immense Stadium at the Franco-British
Exhibition sees its birth marks also the time in which the first
series of extensive excavations have been conducted in Britain
on the site of a so-called Roman amphitheatre.
What is more likely than that the Rings should have been
regarded by most people as a Roman amphitheatre ? Here the
site is a quarter of a mile from the walls of a Roman town, and
close by the turnpike road to Weymouth, which is said to be
formed on the causeway of a Roman vicinal way given off by the
Via Iceniana, as it passed through Durnovaria, and is continued
straight over the Ridgeway Hill to the shore at Radipole.
But Maumbury has also been regarded by a comparatively few
scientists as a solar temple of pre-historic origin. The authors of
" Neolithic Dew-Ponds," among others, regard this site as a sun
temple. They say that " the opening in the embankment allows
the rays of the rising sun to pass along the long axis of the
structure, and to strike upon the rising floor at the opposite end."
Careful observations recently taken prove this suggestion to be
incorrect ; but of course this fact does not invalidate the hypo-
thesis of the possible pre-historic origin of the great embankment.
Formerly a large stone existed on the surface on the western
side of the entrance, and by some it has been regarded as a
sighting- stone in connection with the observation of sun, moon,
and stars. This stone, which appears to have been of consider-
able dimensions, is stated to have been buried quite near the
surface early in the nineteenth century. In 1 846, still being an
obstruction to agriculture, it is recorded that its position was
lowered to a depth of 3ft.; but digging carried out in 1879 to
recover it was not attended with success.
260 EXCAVATIONS AT MAUMBURY RINGS.
Before turning to the excavations it will be necessary to make
a few general observations on the site. We are indebted to
Sir Christopher Wren for first noticing Maumbury with an
archaeological eye, when on his frequent journeys to Portland
about 1674 for the selection of stone for St. Paul's Cathedral.
Stukeley writes at some length on the Rings, and other observa-
tions were made by Hutchins and Warne ; but it was overlooked
by Leland and Camden.
Mr. Feacey's plan (with 5ft. contours) shows the grass-clad
arena on the long axis from N.N.E. to S.S.W. to be from 213 to
22oft., and the transverse axis i62ft., which compares favourably
with certain Roman arenas abroad ; the length of the entrance
way, 58ft. ; width, 4oft. The outside dimensions of the earthwork
are 345ft. on the long axis and 333ft. transversely. The maximum
height of the bank (above the centre of the arena) is 29'iyft. on
the W., and the minimum 2i'6ft. on the E.
The Rings have passed through various vicissitudes, none more
alarming than its proposed demolition by the London and South-
western Railway Company ; but that company had to relent, as
did the Great Western Railway Company when permitted only to
tunnel under Poundbury Camp.
Mr. A. J. Jukes-Browne, F.G.S., informs me that Maumbury
Rings belongs to the highest zone of the Chalk Formation in
Dorset, the zone of Belemnitella mucronata, and there are probably
900 feet of Upper Chalk below it before reaching the Chalk
Rock.
Culling I. was made across the middle of the entrance,
42ft. by yft., at right angles to the long axis of the arena, from
N.N.W. to S.S.E. At the extreme E. and W. ends the solid
chalk was reached at a depth of o*8ft. (a length of lo'sft. in all).
The remaining length, 3i*5ft., in the middle, was found to extend
much deeper, the solid chalk by which it was bounded being
followed downwards at a gradual slope ; in the middle the chalk
floor was reached at a depth of 6' 8ft. from the surface. On the
E., at a depth of 4'ift., a level ledge was met with, 4'3ft. wide ;
then there was a second drop to the 6'8ft. level, Along the
EXCAVATIONS AT MAUMBURY RINGS. 261
chalk floor a shallow and irregular trench or gutter was observed
(slightly curved and oblique to the border of the cutting), varying
in depth from 2in. to 6in.
Modern shards were plentiful in the first foot of material
removed, including a Victorian half-penny, 1861 (depth ift.).
The finding of mediaeval and later shards soon ceased, except on
the site of the ledge on the E., where they extended to a depth
of 4ft. Here it was observed that the material was of a different
character from that found elsewhere, and the faces of the cutting
revealed the outline of a secondary trench, 4'ift. deep, lo'sft.
wide, at top and 5*3ft. at bottom. Of the latter width 4'3ft. was
represented by the solid ledge, the remaining foot (on the W.
margin) consisting of a thin layer of rammed chalk resting on the
silting of the deeper part of the cutting. In the secondary
trench the silting formed what is geologically termed a synclinal
bend, showing that the material had fallen in from both sides. It
is doubtless a continuation of the trench, or trackway, re-exca-
vated in late years in the same line in several other places
towards the town. Although the ledge forming a bottom for
the later trench is regarded by some, and, perhaps, rightly
so, as a part of the original construction of the entrance and
of contemporary date, there are certain points which militate
against such a conclusion, which must be reserved for the
present.
It is a question if the entrance was so wide originally as now.
In 1723, a writer says "the plough encroaches on the verge of
the entrance every year." It is quite probable that the banks
extended inwards up to the margin of the deep excavation,
which would make the original entrance 26ft. wide at the present
turf level, and 22ft. wide on the chalk floor. If this is the
solution of the problem, then the ledge would obviously be of
much later date than the deeper part. However, whether the
constructors of the recent trench (presumably of the Civil Wars
period), excavated the solid chalk to form a ledge, or whether
they found the ledge already made, it is evident that they did not
find it quite wide enough for their purpose.
262 EXCAVATIONS AT MAUMHURY RINGS.
In the deeper excavation in the middle, the sequence of the
soils was puzzling, and will be described hereafter. The most
important " finds " at depths below 3'sft. were : Two pieces of
red Samian and four other pieces of Roman pottery, one on the
chalk floor. At a depth of 3ft. were found coins of (i) Carausius,
A.D. 287-293, and (2) Constantine I., A.D. 307-337, of a type not
often found, with horizontal inscription on the reverse only.
Culling IX. was slightly to the S. of Cutting I., measuring i3ft.
E. and W., and 4ft. N. and S. It revealed the " modern " trench
in more attenuated proportions, width at top about 9'3ft., depth
2'7ft. (against 4*ift. in Cutting I.). The width of the bottom of
the trench (minimum 4' 7ft.) extended on the W. just to the
margin of the deeper excavation, the bottom of which was 7ft.
from the surface. These dimensions showed the trench to be
getting smaller and shallower as it approached the arena, in
which direction we now dug. At 4ft. to the S. the ledge was
found at 2'ift. from the surface, diminishing to i'25ft. at loft, to
the S., where all traces of it disappeared. The sloping chalk
wall of the trench on the E. also gradually tapered out. In this
area several fragments of glazed earthenware, of a kind common
in the seventeenth century, were collected. If this ledge has an
early origin, it would be expected to present a worn and slightly
concave surface, but, as a matter of fact, it was flat throughout,
which certainly does not indicate prolonged use. The ledge and
the trench above it, therefore, can only reasonably be supposed
to have served a temporary purpose possibly during the Civil
Wars of Charles I. On the other hand, the fact that the ledge
runs in a straight line on the edge of the deeper area towards the
so-called pathway and " ramp " on the top of the arena-wall (see
description of Cutting II.) must not be lost sight of.
Arena Cuttings III. to VI., each zoft. by 4ft., with an interval
of i oft. between them, were situated on the line of the long axis
of the arena between the entrance and the central picket. Their
object was chiefly to ascertain whether the level chalk floor found
in Cuttings I., II., VII., and VIII. was continuous across the
arena. It was found that the floor was actually level, and that a
EXCAVATIONS AT MAUMBCRtf klNGS. 263
large accumulation of mould, &c., had become deposited since
the floor was exposed to the air. In these cuttings the floor
was stained a uniform light reddish-brown colour, which may
probably have been caused by continuous exposure to sun and
rain, although at first it was suggested that it might possibly be
the result of spilt blood.
Perhaps the most interesting feature about the arena floor was
the fact that in most places it was covered with a gravelly
substance, or " shingle," which no doubt took the place of the
sand, &c., used by the Romans to dress the floors of their amphi-
theatres, to fill up uneven patches, to prevent the slipping of
gladiators, and probably to absorb the blood of combatants.
Mr. Jukes-Browne has kindly examined this material, and
although his full report is reserved, it must be stated that the
chief constituents are chalk-fragments, quartz, flint, hornstone,
and land-shells including Helicella virgata, Hygromia hispida and
Vallonia pulchella. Among other places given for its probable
origin is in a combe crossed by the road to Bradford Peverell,
about a mile W.N.W. of Dorchester, and as this is regarded as
an ancient way and is called " Roman Road " on the ordnance
maps, it is very likely that the Romans knew of the tract of
valley gravel and chalk-wash which occurs there. Dr. Colley
March informs me that by the river near Bradford Peverell is a
bank containing a conglomerate of small pebbles and chalk
somewhat resembling the material found scattered on the arena-
floor.
The shards of pottery and other objects of Roman and later
date were found to be very much mixed up, not only within
reach of the plough near the surface, but also for 2ft. or 3ft.
down. It appears probable that the greater part of the mould
now covering the arena-floor was brought there. Only thirteen
years ago about a hundred loads of soil were hauled to the
middle of Maumbury from Cedar Park, Dorchester a place
known to teem with Roman shards and other relics. So that it
is seen that these surface " finds " are of no dateable value in the
interpretation of the results of our researches at Maumbury.
264 EXCAVATIONS AT MAUMRtfRY RtNGS.
Arena Cutting XL, izft. square, was made round the central
picket of the arena. It revealed no objects of importance,
and the chalk floor was found at a depth of r8ft. Many scars
existed in the surface of the ground here until soil was brought
from Cedar Park.
Cuttings VII. and VIII. were situated in the inner half of the
entrance-way and on the line of the long axis. No. VII.
measured 7ft. by 4ft. and No. VIII. 6ft. by 4ft., with an interval
between them of 5ft. The deposits here resembled those in
Cutting I. ; they will be described hereafter. The chalk floor,
as was expected, was reached at an average depth of 6'6ft. In
Cutting VIII. little was found, except a piece of rim of a red
Samian vessel, depth 2'5ft., and a Nuremberg counter of
the sixteenth century by Hans Krauwinckel, depth ift. ; in
Cutting VII. a piece of red Samian, depth aft., and a fragment
of New Forest ware, depth 2 '8ft. On the chalk floor the
following briefly were found : Part of an iron spearhead, tang
and base of blade of an iron knife, several pieces of Roman and
Romano-British pottery, and an iron nail. Animal remains were
also found, identified by Mr. E. T. Newton, F.R.S., as repre-
senting the pig, small dog, and raven.
Cutting II. and Extension to the East, This was firstly a
cutting like the other arena-cuttings, measuring loft, by 4ft., the
middle of its N. margin being looft. N.N.E. of the central picket.
The chalk floor was reached at an average depth of 6*2ft. A
fragment of red Samian and other pieces of pottery of the
Roman period were found at a depth of 4*sft. and below ; also
an iron washer, depth 5'6ft. (of which two others were subse-
quently collected), and a disc-shaped polisher of Portland stone,
depth 4'sft. A hole (No. V.) at the S. end was found to penetrate
the chalk floor to the extent of "pft. ; dimensions, i'4ft. by rift.,
lined with nodules of flint. Along the E. side of the cutting
slabs of Purbeck limestone were met with ; their position
determined me to enlarge the digging to the E., the extended
area ultimately measuring 28ft. from E. to W. and 2oft. from N.
toS.
EXCAVATIONS At MAUMBURY RINGS. 265
Dealing with the W. half first, it was found that the chalk floor
was practically level, but at Hole IV. there was a sudden drop in
the floor of about - 6ft. towards the S., the reason for which was
unaccountable. In working in proximity to the limestone before
mentioned a group of stones was found to exist, consisting of twelve
large slabs measuring from Sin. to 2oin. long and averaging 3m.
thick. In plan they occupied an almost circular area, 2'6ft. in
diameter. A broad oval depression, 2ft. by i'8ft. and 'yft. deep,
in the chalk was found in a central position beneath the group.
With the slabs and below them were found four iron nails,
chippings of red tile, six flint chippings, a piece of ferruginous
sandstone, &c. The significance of this mutilated group of
stones is not yet understood. To the N.N.E. two small holes in
the chalk floor were uncovered, No. IV. being basin-shaped and
shallow, and No. III. of a flattened oval outline, similar to
Hole V.
Still further to the E., a line of six post-holes was revealed,
practically in a straight line from N.N.E. to S.S.W., and covering
a distance of i8ft., the intervening spaces varying from 2'6ft. to
3'4ft. There were clear indications that a trench, 1*5 ft. wide and
i 'aft. deep, had been dug into the chalk floor for the reception of
the posts, which were packed round with rammed chalk.
Measurements of all the holes have been preserved. The S. stake-
hole was placed in the filling of a circular pit possibly of earlier
date. This hollow was in the shape of an inverted cone, diameter
3ft. at the mouth, and 3' 3ft. below the chalk floor. The pit
proper contained chalk rubble only, but in the post-hole were
found traces of charred oak (identified by Mr. Clement Reid,
F.R.S., and probably the remains of the stake which once filled
the hole), and twelve iron nails and fragments, some having
distinct traces of wood attached to them. The presence of iron
has an important bearing on the age of the wooden barrier or
palisade which existed here. Traces of rough wooden piles
supported in a chalk trench by nodules of flint, were found in
Wor Barrow (long-barrow), Handley, Dorset. Post-holes re-
sembling those at Maumbury, and of about the same diameter,
266 EXCAVATIONS AT MAUMBTJRY RINGS.
have recently been found at Castleshaw, near Delph, where the
smaller Roman fort was built entirely of wood. The plan of the
Roman fort at Ardoch, in Scotland, was traced by locating lines
of post-holes.
Near these post-holes were found several fragments of Roman
pottery, including two pieces of red Samian, one piece of New
Forest ware, and a large part of a Roman tegula or tile. The
pottery included twenty-nine fragments of a pot of Roman ware.
But the most important " find " was a dupondius or " second
brass" coin of Claudius I., A.D. 41-54, found close against
Post-hole III. at a depth of 6.1 ft. Pallas is seen on the reverse
brandishing a spear and holding a buckler.
The shaped solid chalk uncovered in the E. section of this
excavation provided much food for reflection. A high barrier, or
wall, of chalk was discovered, on the top of which a ridge, or
" ramp," was found to extend, serving apparently as a boundary
to a slightly hollowed pathway running up the chalk towards the
S.S.E. (possibly a track by means of which spectators might take
their places on the E. bank). The little ridge was found to be
almost straight and about i4'sft. long. It was found that the
arena floor in proximity to the line of post-holes was bounded on
the E. by a solid chalk wall, almost vertical in its lower parts.
Its height averaged 4'6ft. above the chalk floor. Little signs, if
any, of weathering were observable in the lower two-thirds of the
wall, and little flint was seen in its face. It was evident that it
must have been protected from the ravages of climatic changes,
the means of protection being evident when we discovered
post-holes in the line of a trench at the foot of the wall. From
the N.W. to the S.E. the wall presented a rounded face, not an
angle, into which two semi-circular recesses had been cut. On
the floor in these parts was a confusion of recesses, hollows, and
trenches. The seven post-holes were found 3ft. apart, covering
a length of i8ft. The stakes no doubt carried a palisading of
fine hurdle-work or other substance to protect the wall, and it
must have been kept in constant repair to be effective. One
post-hole, No. X., at the rounded corner of the wall, was the
EXCAVATIONS AT MAUMBURY RINGS. 267
deepest found, being 2'8ft. deep below the floor ; it was clean
cut as though the post had just been removed. Small traces of
the stake were found.
At this end of the excavation few relics were found, besides a
" third brass " coin of Carausius, and at a depth of 5'8ft. two iron
nails, including a yin. spike-nail, bent almost at a right angle as
if by clenching. Nothing undoubtedly pre- Roman was found in
any part of this large excavation, and no object of post-Roman
date below the surface deposits. The coin of Claudius I. and
much of the Roman pottery must have become deposited upon
the arena-floor before it became covered, firstly from natural
causes, followed by the surface deposition of soil previously
referred to.
Cutting X. over the Embankment on the N.N. W. and Dis-
coveries at the Foot of the Interior Slope. The chief object in
beginning this cutting was to ascertain if any tiers of seats for
spectators were traceable under the turf of the encircling
embankment. Here the bank was 2oft. above the turf-level at
the foot of the inner slope. From the crest down the slope to
the terrace we excavated to a depth of about 3ft. along the S.W.
face, the cutting being 6ft. wide. At the N. margin of the
terrace the digging, carried to a depth of 3' 5ft., revealed the
highest point of the undisturbed chalk at about the same level
as its natural level on the sides of Cutting I. Under the
embankment a seam of dark mould was traced, almost horizontal
for a distance of 4ft., which may be found hereafter to represent
the old surface line on which the great embankment was thrown
up. No relics were found here, and there were no indications
whatever of tiers of seats or of ledges for seats of any description.
Of course, the banks may have been fitted up with some wooden
structure, but as yet we have not the slightest evidence that such
was the case ; and the banks are very steep for such a purpose.
According to Valerius Maximus, it was forbidden by a decree of
the Senate, under the influence of Scipio Nasica, for any person
in or near a town to place benches, to witness games in a sitting
posture, since it was the recognized manly habit of the Romans
268 EXCAVATIONS AT MAUMBURY RINGS.
to take even their rest on their legs. Scipio incurred popular
dislike because he assigned separate places to the Senate
and the common people, when it had been the custom
during hundreds of years for all classes to witness the games
promiscuously.
The formation of the terrace proved to be of great interest. It
soon became evident that it had been added to the earlier
structure, the old turf-line of the latter following the general
slope of the embankment, and then turning at an obtuse angle
towards the arena. Much glazed pottery of late date, including
pieces which can be ascribed to the seventeenth century, was
found in the material forming the terrace at depths varying from
8ft. to 5ft., most of it on the surface of the turf of the old
embankment.
Digging at the foot of the terrace-bank we expected, if not to
find the chalk wall of the arena, to reach the arena-floor at the
usual level, for which purpose the cutting was extended towards
the S.S.E. In this extension we found the solid floor at a depth
of 4ft. below the turf. It ceased abruptly, however, but we
traced it further towards the bank as a thin layer of rammed
chalk. On penetrating this artificial floor, it was found that
soft material extended downwards for a considerable distance,
revealing relics of pre-Roman date only. We then fully realised
the fact that those responsible for forming the level arena-floor
had in the course of their work met with the upper deposits of a
deep hollow. The large amount of mould which had accumu-
lated over the arena-floor must have done so during Roman
times, and from then till the building of the terrace, and in it
several Roman objects were found mostly resting on the rammed
chalk floor or just above it. They include iron shears, an
iron javelin-head, and a large bronze fibula. The brooch is
about 3|in. long, the pin (now deficient) and axis being of
iron ; it shows evidence of prolonged use, and is precisely
similar to one found in the Romano-British Village of Woodcuts.
The javelin-head and shears are similar to others found in the
S.W. counties. Romano-British pottery was i'nirly plentiful, and
EXCAVATIONS AT MAUMBURY RINGS. 269
a piece of red Roman tegula was found on the rammed chalk
floor.
Pre-historic Pit. Having removed the Roman deposits, we were
confronted with some deep digging, which at once disclosed
indications of a period long anterior to the Roman age. Firstly,
we met with a marly soil or rainwash, derived from the subaerial
detrition of the Chalk. In it a quantity of flint flakes and
chippings were found, the remains apparently of a flint workshop
of Neolithic times. Flint flakes ranging in size from fin. to 4m.
long, were very plentiful ; nodules of flint, cores, hammerstones
bearing evidence of much use, and balls of flint probably selected
for hammers, were collected ; also specimens of Belemnitella
mucronata and Echinocorys scutatus, fossils common in the Upper
Chalk. With the flints at depths down to nft., were found a few
quartz and hornstone pebbles, which Mr. Jukes-Browne says were
originally derived from the Eocene gravels ; also pieces of a
reddish-grey sandstone, which Mr. H. B. Woodward, F.G.S.,
believes to have come from the Wealden beds of South
Dorset. Only six of the flakes bear any signs of secondary
chipping.
On the embankment side the gradual slope of the solid chalk
face at the top of the shaft was at an inclination of 37, after
which it became suddenly steeper (inclination 74). At a depth
of i7'sft., a narrow ledge on the N.N.W. side was met with, and
it was at this level we found the solid chalk on the N.E. and
S.W. sides also. On the N.E. face the chalk revealed itself in
the form of a wide ledge. At about 12* 5ft. deep, the filling was
not so fine, but began to assume the general character of chalk
rubble, and it varied but slightly from here to the bottom.
From a depth of i7'sft. to 23'5ft., the size of the shaft
lessened from a maximum diameter of 6' 5ft. to 3 '8ft. It was
then thought that the bottom could not be far off; but the N.
face began to fall back, and at a depth of 25-5^;., the diameter
increased to 4'ift. From here to the bottom at 3oft., the N. face
proved to be almost vertical, while the S. face sloped in more
considerably than elsewhere, The bottom was basin- shaped,
2 JO EXCAVATIONS AT MAUMBURY RINGS.
measuring 1*5 ft. by rzft. The sides were smoother in the lower
than in the higher parts of the pit. When a depth of 24ft. had
been reached, the work of re-excavation was considered to be
safe no longer, so that the sides had to be shored up and a
wooden tripod erected over the shaft to haul the remainder of the
filling to the surface by means of pulley, rope, and bucket. It
was noticed that the lowest 6ft. of filling was much damper than
above, which suggested the mere possibility that prehistoric man
had endeavoured to find water here. This theory, however, has
little or nothing to support it, seeing that the wells of the
immediate neighbourhood are very deep, and that water was
obtainable from the river within half a mile.
Below 13 or i4ft. worked flint was not found plentifully.
Between i4'5ft. and 2ift. the following were recorded: Ten
flint flakes, two burnt flints bearing marked evidence of calcina-
tion, a hammerstone, three cores, and traces of charcoal. Other
evidence of fire was recognised in the charred handles of two
antler picks, and other fragments of burnt antler.
Antler Picks. Portions of two red-deer antlers, one having a
worked tine, were found at from i2ft. to isft. deep; and below
that, from i6'2ft. to the bottom, no less than nine picks, more or
less complete, were discovered. Some of them were much
broken before discovery ; others fractured in removal owing to
their frail condition. Since then, however, they have been
carefully restored by Mrs. St. G. Gray. Some of the antlers are
extremely massive, one having a circumference just above the
burr of 8 Jin. Only two could be identified as being taken from
the heads of slain deer, the great majority having been shed.
The brow-tine was generally utilized for digging purposes, but
when set at a very obtuse angle with the beam it was removed,
and the bez-tine was used instead. In two cases the handle was
found to be polished and partly charred features noticed in
examples from elsewhere including Avebury and Grime's
Graves. Most of the Maumbury picks bear clear indications of
prolonged use, the burr-ends having been considerably battered
by hammering, the tines and shafts showing various scratches
EXCAVATIONS AT MAUMBURY RINGS. 27 1
and scorings. In all cases the trez-tine has been reduced to a
stump.
Beyond the antlers, animal remains were not plentiful ; but at a
depth of nft. part of the skeleton of a small ox (Bos longifrons)
was found. Pig or wild boar (Sus scrofa) was found from 1 8ft.
to 26ft. deep. From depths of i4'sft. and 2i'5ft. respectively
Mr. E. T. Newton identifies the field-vole (Microius agrestis) and
the water-vole (Microlus amphibius).
Among the land-shells found in the. shaft, Mr. Jukes-Browne
identifies, Helix aspersa, Helix nemoralis, Helicella itala, Vitrea
cellaria and Hygromia hispida.
Here, then, in this pre-historic shaft, we uncovered, layer by
layer, evidence of one of the chief industries of Neolithic man
flint-mining and flint-chipping. Here we found at the lower
levels the very picks of antler with which the shaft was dug.
Here we obtained further evidence of the methods adopted
by pre-historic man some 4,000 years ago for extracting from the
bowels of the earth materials suitable for his needs. (In
considering this, however, it must be remembered that flints
are much scarcer in the zone of Belemnitella mucronata than
in the underlying zone.) Elsewhere shafts have been found
to be sunk in close proximity to each other, and it is possible
that other similar workings exist at Maumbury. In regarding
the pit from this point of view we naturally recall to memory the
well-known flint- workings at Cissbury and at Grime's Graves ;
and when considering the excellent preservation and the
massiveness of the picks, we recollect the seventy-nine specimens
from Grime's Graves, those from Cissbury, and those which the
writer had the pleasure of uncovering in the great fosse of
Avebury last May.
The whole appearance of the Maumbury shaft favours the
opinion that it had become gradually filled in in the upper half.
The finer work of chipping, judging from the heaps of small
splinters discovered, must have taken place when the pit had
been filled up very considerably. Probably flints were worked in
this hollow, advantage being taken of the sheltered position.
272 EXCAVATIONS AT MAUMBURY RINGS.
There are reasons for thinking that the lower half of the shaft
became filled up much more rapidly, in the process of which the
picks became deposited and covered up.
It is just possible that the hole may originally have been a
natural " pipe " in the chalk, formed by solution beneath a tree
or some other conductor of acidulated water. Early man might
have been attracted by such a natural pit and dug out its original
contents in order to get at the chalk on its sides in search of
fresh flints, in which way it would become considerably enlarged,
with a probability of irregularity. The original intention of the
shaft, whatever it was, does not alter the fact that the lower parts
were rapidly filled up, and that the upper part was used as a flint
workshop. When the Romans came upon the scene they found
the soft filling, or silting, and rammed chalk on its surface to
continue their arena-floor.
This is undoubtedly one of the deepest archaeological excava-
tions on record in Great Britain ; but one of the shafts at the
Grime's Graves, Norfolk, was 39ft. deep and 28ft. in diameter.
A fuller report of the 1908 work will be published in conjunction with future
work, together with a number of illustrations. This report contains compar-
atively brief accounts of the various cuttings made, and the opinions expressed
may require some modification as the work proceeds. Personally, the writer
would for some reasons have preferred to withhold a report at this stage of the
operations ; but such a course would naturally not meet with the approval of the
majority of the subscribers, and would be detrimental in acquiring further
subscriptions a necessity on which the success of the future explorations mainly
depends.
Jlnctent
rasses of
By W. de C. PRIDEAUX, L.D.S. Eng., F.R.S.M.
^eac? 3rd Dec., 1907.)
PART V.
LITTON CHENEY, PUNCKNOWLE, SWYRE,
THORNCOMBE, OWERMOIGNE, AND CORFE MULLEN.
LITTON CHENEY, ST. MARY.
HAINES mentions no brasses in his list of 1847.
There are four inscribed brasses, three of
which, formerly on the floor, are now affixed
to south wall, and a palimpsest,* having, very
unusually, three inscriptions to its credit. This
latter is not fixed, but is taken great care of by
the Rector.
Inscriptions .
"1bere l$etb tbe boo$ of IRicbaro 1bem>il of
Xoofee, oent, son of IRalpb, wbo l^etb on tbe left,
ano brotber of IRalpb, IRobart, anna, wbo l^etb at
tbe beao, wbo oeparteo & ute Sept se 14, 1691, in
tbe seare of bis age 79,"
* These appropriated and converted brasses are popularly called " palimpsests,"
but "retroscripts" would describe them more accurately. EDITOE.
274 ANCIENT MEMORIAL BRASSES OF DORSET.
II.
" Ibearc lyetb tbe body of Bnna Ifoenvill daugbter
of IRicbard t>env>ill of Sloofee in tbis County, (3ent
and /IDargaret bis wife, wbo ejcbanged tbis life for
a better tbe 8 day of Scptemb. Bnno Bom. 1081.
3n tbe 25tb yeare of ber age."
44 36eneatb tbis stone in a darfee dusty bed,
lamented mucb a virgin rests ber bead ;
End sucb an one wbo (dying) batb bereft
tbe world of tbat wortb as scarce in it is left
f a sweet face, but of a sweeter minoe,
and a sweet fame (d^ino) sbee left bebinde.
Smitten b deatb even in ber bloomino aoe,
and beiobt of beauty, sbee went off w stage
Of tbis frail world ; tbis witb grief wee see
tbat sucb rare creatures seldome aged bee,
dfor wbp, tbe Bngels want sucb company
to jo$ne witb tbem in beav>enl$ melody,
Mitb wbom in 1foeav>en sbe dotb now possess
tbe fruit of vertue's lasting bappiness."
in.
<4 1bere lyetb tbe 36odie of IRalpb Ibenvill of
3Loofte (BeTit wbo deceased tbe ninetb of December
Hnno H)omini 1644 baveing issue Sije Sonnes &
Ubree Baugbters. /iDcmento fa skuiij mori."
IV.
"Ibere lies tbe body of Ubomas pope, /l&.H.,
and sometime IRector of tbis jparisb, nat. 1664,
ob. 1726,"
d f '
t?4 lfcir)
0f L
,rU hil
bcfifr.rf^t.
K*h a v* "!
^ l<j ,-:c--. qt
-j h
^ ^ut- cf
4 ' ! I - 1 rof't^auH S^mohfo^]/
i>r rUth . ;-W mrf K
>irc CiVuhirc-! c av
-or JP.^V ^K ftwfc "-i'"* Sncj^ ^'i-rrc
\V, n hrctuf tt il;a cfctb ttctp
r br f rtut ^fWrW$ ia|nt^ } xippfftei
ANNA HENVILL, LITTON CHENEY. 1681.
ANCIENT MEMORIAL BRASSES OF DORSET. 275
Those on the palimpsest are as follows :
" ffotc jace't 3obes Cbapman ff^scbmoger et aiicia
nr.or eius qni qniom Sobes obiit Septimana pascbe
anno oni /llWCCCoXI'iS qnor' a"iab3 ppicietnr
^ens amen."
"1bic 3acet aier.anfcriam Warnb qui obiit iiiio oie
mes m'ci * anno 61 /nyCCCGX|*pM cui' ale
ppiciet oeus."
" rate p aiab3 5obis IRewpton et TTbonte neupto.
qo' alar' pptctet' &'s."
PUXCKNOWLE, ST. MARY.
" W ra Napper, Esq., brother of Sir Robt. Napper, in armour,
by his wife Anne, dau. of W m Shelton, Esq., of Ongar Park, he
had 6 Sons. Engraved c. 1600, before his death, mural, south
aisle. Haines.
' The brasses are upon a freestone monument, having an arch at
the top.
Size. Effigy, roin. by pin.; heraldic shields over, the lower
7in. by 6in., the higher 3in. by 3m. The inscription below is
i7fin. by 4-in.
Description W m Napper, dressed in Elizabethan armour, very
similar to Nicholas Martyn, of Piddletown, kneels before a
prayer desk. His sword on right hip has elaborate guarded
hilt, and his cuirass is of the pointed paunce type. His ruff is
large and carefully drawn, being nearly as large as that of
Nicholas Martyn's wife, Margaret.
There are two heraldic shields above.
* Month of March ; the former word has the old 6, the latter is spelt as given,
but apparently has a second i, or perhaps a ? See Mr. Mill Stephenson, F.S.A.,
on Palimpsests, Trans. Monumental Brass Society, Vol. IV., p. 319 "A curious
plate altogether."
276 ANCIENT MEMORIAL BRASSES OF DORSET.
The inscription below in old English type is as follows :
" Tbere %\?etb William IWapper, Brotber unto Sr
TCobert IRapper Ikn^abt wbo after jvn^ears travell in
forapne lances marieo Hnne Sbelton tbe Bancjbter
of William Sbelton of ncjer parftc in Esses
Esquier, bs wbom be bao vi Sonnes, ano nowe
bis sonle be^n^e witb <3oo, bis booie bere restetb
in 3esu Gbrist be^noe of tbe age of - - $eres.
2>eceaseo tbe &a$e of - anno 2>omini
16 - -"
William Napper died in 1616 some years after his brass was cut.
Heraldry. On the shield immediately above the effigy are the
arms of Napper, ah. Napier. Argent ', a saltaire between four roses
gules (the saltaire should be engrailed], with a crest above, a lap-
wing. The crest otherwise given for Napier is, a dexter arm coupcd
at the elbow, vested gules, turned up argent, grasping a crescent proper,
The arms above, on a small escutcheon, are a little puzzling,
but plain enough if read as being a shield belonging to a
monument to William Napper's grandfather and grandmother:
they are, Napper, impaling, Argent, a lion rampant gules, on a chief
sable 3 escallops of the first, Russell of Berwick, and no doubt were
engraved for James Napier, Esq., Avho settled at Swyre temp.
Henry VII. (son of Sir Alec. Napier, Kt., of Merchiston,
Scotland, by a sister of Robert Stewart, Duke of Athol), and
married Anne, daughter of John Russell of Berwick, Esq., and
his wife, Elizabeth, nee Frocksmer (see Swyre brass).
The brother mentioned on the brass was Sir Robert Napper,
als. Napier, of Middlemarsh Hall, Dorset, Knt., Lord Chief
Baron of the Exchequer in Ireland 1593, High Sheriff of Dorset
1606, died 1615, and buried at Minteme, who by his will
endowed and founded the Dorchester Almshouses, known by his
desire as " Napper's Mite," 2oth August, 1615, "tending only to
the glory of God and to the relief of the poor."
ANCIENT MEMORIAL BRASSES OF DORSET. 277
SWYRE, HOLY TRINITY.
Haines makes no mention of any brasses here.
On grey marble slabs, within, on each side of the north door
are two plain inscriptions in old English characters with separate
shields of arms over, each 5in. by 6in., inscriptions, i8in. by 3oin.
respectively, to John and James Russell and their wives.
Inscriptions.
I.
" fbere X^etb 3obit IRussell JEsquier ano )li3a=*
betb bis w^fe oauobter of 3obn ffrocfesmer Bsquier
wbicb oecess^o tbe u Kte of Iking Ifoenrs se vii HO
1505."
ii.
"1bere %$etb James IRussell Bsquier ano Hl\?s
w\>fe oaugbter of 3obn Mise iBsquier wbo
tbe first ^ere of Ikino 1benr^ tbe viii HO
Heraldry. Over John Russell : Argent, a lion rampant, gules, on
a chief sable, three escallops of the first, Russell, impaling, Sable, a
griffin segreant between three crosslets fitchee argent, Frocksmer.
Over James Russell : Russell as before, impaling, Sable, three
chevronels ermine, a crescent for difference, or. Wise.
John Russell of Berwick, K.G., created Baron Russell of
Cheneys, Bucks, 1538-9, son of the above James Russell, was
born at Kingston Russell. In his younger days he resided some
time in Spain, and when Philip, Archduke of Austria, and Joan,
dau. of Ferdinand and Isabella, King and Queen of Castile and
Arragon, were driven into Weymouth by stress of weather in
their passage from Flanders to Spain, acted as interpreter for
these guests when entertained by Sir Thomas Trenchard (see
indent from his despoiled altar tomb at CHARMINSTER) at Wolfeton,
and subsequently accompanied them to London to the Court of
Henry VII.
278 ANCIENT MEMORIAL BRASSES OF DORSET.
III.
George Gollop of Berwick, tenth son of Thomas Gollop of
Strode, Dorset; brass, c. 1787. Long inscription only to many
of this family.
THORNCOMBE, ST. MARY
(formerly in Devon) ; Haines speaks of this under Devonshire as
follows: " Sir Thos. Brook [1417-8] not in armour, and wife
Joan, dau. of Simon Hanape, of Glouc., and widow of Robt.
Cheddar, of Bristoll [1436-7], both with SS. collar, marg. inscr.
nearly all gone, loose, large." Knights were almost invariably
engraved as in armour; this brass is one of the two exceptions, of
this period.
The effigies are two of the most distinguished to be found
remaining of that period. Sir Thomas is clad in a long gown,
with deep dependent sleeves, guarded with fur around the skirt
and collar, and pulled in at the waist by a belt studded with
roses within the gown a second garment appears, with four
rows of fur around the skirt. His hair is polled and his feet rest
on a greyhound couchant, collared. Lady Joan wears a long
robe fastened across the breast by a cordon with tassel, over a
plain gown. Her hair is dressed in semi-mitre shape, and
confined by a richly jewelled net, over which is placed the cover-
chief, edged with embroider}', and dependent to the shoulders.
At her feet is a little lap dog collared and belled. Both wear the
collar of SS., their arms are in tightly-fitting sleeves, and the
hands are raised in prayer.
The inscription has been partly restored ; the shields are bare,
but should show, Gules on a chevron^ argent, a lion rampant sable.
Brook.
" 1bcrc l^tb Sir ftbomas Broofe finite tbc wbicbe
o\?co tbc yjiii oa\? of Sanuar. tbe \?crc of cure
loroc /IDCCCC & l|* ano tbc fiftc ^crc of 1kgn0e
tw li'im sic olunnas tfrnnk Rnmtf. tur whirtir Dnrti tlir
SIR THOMAS BROOK, 1419, AND JOAN His WIFE, 1437. THORNCOMBE.
ANCIENT MEMORIAL BRASSES OF DORSET. 279
tbe ID. Hlso bere ltb oame Jobait Broofe
tbe wsfe of tbe sasoe ftbomas tbe wbicbe oieo
tbe oas of HprpU. Ube sere of our loroe
/IDCCGC & Y>ij ano tbe r.x> sere of Iksnoe Ibarrs
tbe \>i : on wbo Soules goo bav>e meres & pite
tbat for us oseo on tbe 1Rooe tree. Bine."
Sir Thomas Brook, of Holditch, Knt., is included by Pole
among "the men of best worth in Devon," during the reigns of
Rich. II., Henry IV., Henry V. (1377-1413.) In him we reach
the most important member of the family ivhile resident in the
West (see COBHAM for their glories elsewhere), owing in large
measure to his marriage with the wealthy widow of Robert
Cheddar, which gave him considerable influence in the counties
of Somerset and Devon. He was sheriff of Somerset, 1389, and
of Devon, 1394, Kt. of the Shire for Somerset, 10, n, 15, 20, and
21, Rich. II. He appears to have had two sons by Joan:
Thomas and Michell. The former having married Joan, only
surviving child and sole heiress of Joan de la Pole, Lady of
Cobham, moved to baronial Cobham, where his name and
posterity, enobled and otherwise greatly honoured, flourished for
several generations.
OWERMOIGNE, ST. MlCHAEL.
Haines mentions no brasses here.
One inscribed brass remains, 4in. by 23in., to John Sturton,
Esq., and is unusual of the period, inasmuch as it states that the
deceased caused " this wyndowe to be made."
"ibere Ipetb 5obn Sturton, esquier, tbe wbicb
oecesspo tbe jiit oas of 3anuan?, tbe pere of our
OLorb /IIMW3 ; tbe wbicb -Jobn causeo tbis
WK?noowe to be maoe tbe \?ere aforesaio. n
wbose soul Jesus bave meres."
2&0 ANCIENT MEMORIAL BRASSES OF DORSET.
This brass is now loose, but is, I am informed, shortly to be
refixed. There was, Hutchins states, a loose brass, but now lost,
to the memory of a Cheverel, as follows :
" 1bcre Isetb tbe boose of IRicbolas Cbeverel, esq.
ano 3ane bis wife, tbe wbicb 3ane oecessgo tbss
lffe tbe Y>iii oase of IRovember, in tbe gere of
our Xoro (Boo /nMl)c|*%D333, ano tbe sato IRicbolas
oeceaseo tbe second oape of January, in tbat same
Eere. n wbose souls map ailemiabtg $esus bat>e
mercy?. Bmen."
He was the son of John Cheverel (ob. 2 Henry VII.), of
Chantmarle, and grandson of Christian, daughter of John
Russell, of Berwick (see Swyre, ante), and he died without issue.
His brother Roger is commemorated by a brass still left to us
in Piddletown Church, and if this latter brass is in its original
position, which is doubtful, Nicholas (above] had a much finer
monument than his brother, for Hutchins speaks of "a large
carved altar-tomb of Purbeck marble which once stood in the
middle of the chancel, but was many years ago taken down, and
now forms part of the pavement."
CORFE MULLEN.
Haincs mentions no brass here.
On a small slab is a figure probably of a civilian, bareheaded,
in a loose gown with large sleeves, it is very much worn ; below is
a small rectangular brass having a portion missing and bearing
the following inscription :
"1foic jacct TCtcarous Birt Blicia uyor cjus,
qui TRicarous obiit P> oie jfebruarfi BO oni
quor . . .
on i$e gii
of 5ir6;s, gnsecfe, &c., cm6
grCowermg of
IN DORSET DURING 1907.
By NELSON M. RICHARDSON, B.A.
i\ JTTHE names of those who have this year sent in
7 * returns are as follows ; they are denoted in
the Report by initials :
(N. M. R.) Nelson M. Richardson, Monte-
video, near Weymouth.
(E. R. B.) Eustace R. Bankes, Norden,
Corfe Castle.
(E. S. R.) E. S. Rodd, Chardstock House,
Chard.
(W. H. D.) Rev. W. Hughes D'Aeth, Buckhorn Weston
Rector}', Wincanton.
(J. R.) Rev. J. Ridley, Pulham Rectory.
(G. R. P.) Gerald R. Peck, Darenth, Parkstone.
(S. E. V. F.) Rev. S. E. V. Filleul, All Saints' Rectory, Dor-
chester.
282 FIRST APPEARANCES OF BIRDS, INSECTS, ETC.
(E. F. L.) Rev. E. F. Linton, Edmondsham Rector}-,
Salisbury.
(J. M. J. F.) Rev. J. M. J. Fletcher, The Vicarage, Wimborne
Minster.
Several other contributors send notes, and the Rev. James
Cross contributes the continuation of the list giving particulars
of the cultivation of barley and wheat published last year
(" Proc.," XXVIII., 270-5).
The accession to our small list of observers of such an
excellent botanist and general observer as the Rev. E. F. Linton
is a subject for congratulation, especially as there was no one
representing his part of Dorset, in the neighbourhood of
Cranborne. The Rev. J. M. J. Fletcher has also sent in a very
full Botanical list. I hope that all observers will read carefully
Mr. Linton's note on the Spotted Orchis.
NOTES ON RARE AND OTHER BIRDS IN 1907.
No new bird to the county of Dorset is recorded, the most
interesting being the confirmation of the occurrence of BUFFON'S
SKUA, which had hitherto rested on one specimen seen by Mr.
G. R. Peck in the summer of 1905 near the breakwater on
S. Haven Point, Studland Bay (" Proc.," XXVII., 261).
PIED FLYCATCHER (Afuscicapa atricaptlla, L.) On April 25,
1907, I had the pleasure of watching for some time at very close
quarters a beautiful male specimen at Norden, Corfe Castle. In
the course of my life I have seen four other individuals of this
species at Corfe Castle, but it has been rarely observed in Dorset,
and, so far as I know, only when on its spring migration north-
wards. (E. R. B.)
GOLDEN ORIOLE (Oriolus galbula, L.). An immature specimen
was seen at Corfe Castle by Mr. J. Neale and Miss Neale, of
Bournemouth, on September 28, 1906. (E. R. B.)
DIPPER (Cinclus aquaticus, Bechs.). Colonel F. W. Main-
waring describes a nest, in which young were hatched in June,
placed in the wall of a long tunnel through which the river runs
FIRST APPEARANCES OF BIRDS, INSECTS, ETC. 283
at Upwey, about 3 feet above the water and 15 feet from the
entrance. (N. M. R.)
DARTFORD WARBLER (Melizophilus undatus, Bodd.). A pair
seen on the Sandbanks, Poole Harbour, first on March 28 and
subsequently. (G. R. P.)
HAWFINCH (Coccothraustes vulgaris, Pallas). One seen
February 24 at Pulham. (]. R.)
ROOK (Corvus frugilegus, L.). Twice in one week I watched
a Heron (Ardea cinerea, L.), worried by a couple of Rooks. The
bird screamed with fright at ever) 7 attack. That drew my
attention first. (J. R.)
SWALLOW (Hirundo rustica, L.), AND SWIFT (Cypselus aptts,
L.). In spite of a strong gale (N.E., veering gradually to E.S.E.),
that raged throughout May 5, an immense immigration of
Swallows and Swifts was in progress all day long at Corfe Castle.
They were all coming from the south ; that is from the direction
of the English Channel, which lies about four miles away, and
heading northwards, mostly at a low elevation, past my house,
which was in the direct line of flight. Large numbers of
Swallows and moderate numbers of Swifts, together with a
single House-martin, were observed, but all merely passed by,
intent on their journey, without showing any inclination to loiter
on the way. It is quite likely that other House-martins were
among the immigrants, though whilst I was watching them only
one came near enough for certain recognition. (E. R. B.)
LESSER SPOTTED WOODPECKER (Dendrocopus minor, L.).
Seen March 4, at Pulham. This bird seems to breed here every
year now. (J. R.)
PARTRIDGE (Pcrdix dnerea, Latham). Very scarce in Sep-
tember at Chard, the wet cold summer having drowned and
killed many of the young birds. (E. S. R.)
WHIMBREL (A"nmeniits phaopus. L.) Parkstone, April 29.
(G. R. P.)
GLAUCOUS GULL (Larus glaucus, Fab.). A specimen was
seen and watched for a considerable time at the distance of
only a few yards, near Portland Breakwater, by Lieut. C. E.
284 FIRST APPEARANCES OF BlRDS, INSECTS, ETC.
Hammond, R.N., whilst on board H.M.S. Griffon, on February
26, 1907, and was recorded by him in " The Field " of
March 2, 1907 (p. 355). (E. R. B.)
BUFFON'S SKUA (Lestris Buffonii, Boie). Three were seen
flying low over the water towards the S.S.W., \ mile S.E. of
Poole bar buoy, on August 29, 1907. (G. R. P.)
SPOONBILL (Plaialea leucorodia, L.). Three specimens, which
proved on dissection to be two males and one female, were shot
in Poole Harbour, by a Poole gunner, on October 27, 1906.
The bird-stuffer who preserved them, believes that one male and
the female were mature birds, and that the second male was
immature. Mr. W. Parkinson Curtis examined them, and kindly
supplied me with this information. (E. R. B.)
GENERAL ZOOLOGICAL NOTES.
LIZARDS. It was so warm the first fortnight of January 1907,
that lizards were out sunning themselves on the heath near
Wareham, on January 1 1. (S. E. V. F.)
SMALL RED VIPER (Vipera rubra, Leighton). On June 10,
1907, Mrs. Eustace R. Bankes killed at Norden, Corfe Castle, a
remarkably small pale reddish viper. Believing it to be the true
small red viper (Vipera rubra, Leighton), I forwarded it to Pro-
fessor Gerald R. Leighton, M.D., who informed me that it was
undoubtedly a male example of this species. Of this interesting
and scarce reptile, the only other Purbeck specimen that I have
ever seen occurred at Corfe Castle, on May 18, 1905. (Pro-
ceedings XXVII., 262). (E. R. B.)
SMOOTH SNAKE (Coronella Anstriaca}. In June, 1907, on the
heath near Norden, Corfe Castle, I came across a recently killed
specimen of the smooth snake. This species appears to be rare
in this district, and I only know of two other individuals having
been met with in Purbeck, viz., one at Norden and the other at
Holme. (E. R. B.)
ABUNDANCE OF QUEEN WASPS. Queen Wasps were recorded
by Mr. T. Alexander as being in extraordinary numbers in
FIRST APPEARANCES OF BIRDS, INSECTS, ETC. 285
early May, but in the cooler climate of Norden they were later
in leaving their winter quarters, not beginning to appear
commonly until towards the end of May, and continuing plentiful
throughout June. The individuals that were netted and killed
belonged to the three species Vespa rufa, V. germam'ca, and V.
vulgaris, the first-named being more numerous than either of the
others. I left home on August 28, up to which date, doubtless
owing to the abnormally cold, moist, and sunless apology for a
summer, wasps had been only conspicuous by their apparently
complete absence ever since the disappearance of the queens
about two months previously, and I was informed that they were
very scarce during the autumn. (E. R. B.)
PLAGUE OF GOOSEBERRY SAWFLY (A T ematus grossularuB).
Notwithstanding the fact that countless multitudes of the Goose-
berry Sawfly in its earlier stages have been gathered on my
gooseberry and currant bushes in each of the three preceding
years and destroyed, this irrepressible pest again reappeared on
them in as great abundance as ever, and enormous numbers of
its eggs and larvae were collected by hand from the beginning of
April, when the earliest larvae hatched out, until the end of July.
(E. R. B.)
Plusia on'chalcea, F. Mr. A. Morgan records the capture of
a specimen of this moth at light at Puddletown on Aug. i.
(X. M. R.)
NOTES ON LEPIDOPTERA. Great press of indoor entomo-
logical work, combined with the persistently wet, cold, and
ungenial weather throughout the spring and summer, resulted
in my doing comparatively little collecting in Dorset. My
experience, however, was quite sufficient to show that it was an
extremely backward, and, on the whole, a remarkably bad season
for both Macro and Micro-Lepidoptera. But, even in the most
disappointing years, some species, however few, will always
appear in unwonted numbers, and 1907 formed no exception to
this rule, in proof of which it may be mentioned that some
friends, who " sugared " energetically in East Dorset during June
and July, found Agrotis lunigera, Stph., in the utmost profusion,
286 FIRST APPEARANCES OF BIRDS, INSECTS, ETC.
and Triphccna orbona, Hfn. (subssqiia, Hb.\ in plenty. I had the
pleasure of meeting with various species, both large and small, in
new localities, besides adding Monopis weaverella, Scott, to the
Dorset List and securing a specimen of Pancalia latrcilh-lla, Curt.,
of which only a single individual had previously been taken in
the county. (E. R. B.)
A bad year for blights and insect pests at Pulham. (J. R.)
SHELLED SLUG (Testacella mangei}. Mr. C. A. Morgan, of
Puddletown, records this species from that locality. It has also
occurred at Weymouth and Corfe Castle (" Proc.," V., 136).
The other species (T. haliotidca] has been found at Blandford,
Stalbridge, and Chickerell, and one of the species at Charminster.
(See " Proc.," XXVI., xxvi.). (N. M. R.)
PLAGUE OF SNAILS. As was the case in 1904, we suffered in
1907 at Norden from a perfect plague of the common large Snail
(Helix aspersa], which abounded everywhere in my garden, and
particularly amongst the ivy growing on the house, and in the
fruit trees on the garden walls. In this latter situation, to my
surprise and annoyance, they did considerable damage to the
plums, even when quite hard and unripe, gradually devouring
some almost entirely, and ruining others by gnawing into their
flesh here and there. Large numbers of these snails were
collected and consigned to destruction. (E. R. B.)
BOTANICAL NOTES.
SPOTTED ORCHIS. March 24, April 20, and May 27 are
given as the earliest dates for the first appearance of the spotted
orchis in the Dorset Table for 1905. (Proc. XXVII. , 267).
There are two species (or sub-species) of spotted orchis ; viz., O.
maculata, L., and a segregate which I published in 1900, which
occurs chiefly on moist ground on heaths and moors, O. ericetorum,
Linton. The latter flowers first, towards the end of May and
through June in the S. of England. The older species O,
maculata rarely begins to flower before the loth of June, and is
rather a July than a June species. Some error has, therefore,
FIRST APPEARANCES OF BIRDS, INSECTS, ETC. 287
occurred with the two earlier dates of 1905. Two or three
other British orchises have spotted leaves, notably the " Early
purple orchis " (O. mascula], which is probably what was observed
on March 24 and possibly on April 20, though the latter might
have been (O. mono}. (E. F. L.)
I hesitate to question the statement of so good an authority as
the Rev. E. F. Linton, and have little doubt that mistakes as to
the identity of Orchis maculaia have, as he suggests, occurred in
several years, including 1905. May it not, however, be irregular
in its dates, like many other plants, and earlier in some localities ?
Mr. Mansel-Pleydell, in "Flora of Dorsetshire," 1895, p. 257,
gives April-June, and his records in our volumes of " Proceed-
ings" support this April 19, 1893 ; April 20, 1901 ; June i, 1899;
&c. I would ask observers to be careful to make no record unless
they are quite certain of its correctness, and especially to avoid
recording Orchis mascula and O. morio for O. maculata. (N. M. R.)
FLOWERING TREES, &c. There was a wonderful profusion
of blossom in Purbeck on the apple, pear, plum, blackthorn,
hawthorn, and other wild and cultivated trees, but the grand
promise of garden and orchard fruit was very poorly fulfilled,
plums alone being plentiful, and even apples being in general
decidedly scarce. Gorse bloom was irregular in the time of its
appearance and poor as a rule, the bushes having been appar-
ently injured by the intense frosts of the previous winter.
(E. R. B.)
The autumnal tints were as rich and beautiful in colouring as
I ever remember them, and lasted till towards the end of
November. (E. S. R.) (Chard.)
The oaks have been in full leaf for some time, but the ashes
still only just show the least sign of leaves at the tips of their
branches. Chickerell, May 27, 1907. (N. M. R.)
NOTES ON WEATHER, &c.
The weather in January and February has been very various.
Frost and snow in abundance, with 20 of frost on some nights.
288 FIRST APPEARANCES OF BIRDS, INSECTS, ETC.
On the night of February 9 a beautiful Aurora was observed here
and generally all over these islands, the atmosphere being highly
charged with electricity, as usual, during the time of observation.
March was dry and fine, perfect weather for tilling and sowing
farm and garden. The weather before and after Easter was
lovely, bright and warm for many days.
June and July remarkably wet and cold.
A very fine warm dry September. A drought generally and a
great shortage of water in wells, springs, and ponds, for, although
the summer has been a wet and cold one, yet there has been no
bulk or flood of rain for a long time, and the springs everywhere
are very low.
October was one of the wettest months for a long time, with
heavy rainstorms.
December was a very wet month, and we had floods every-
where. The year closed with severe cold weather, frost and
deep snow. A late year all through. (E. S. R.). (Chard.)
THUNDER, &c., AT PULHAM. April 14, with very heavy rain.
April 1 6, two peals of very heavy thunder. June 29, very heavy
in distance. July 21 and 22, long storm in distance; very hot.
August 15, slight. October 8, lightning in evening. Nov. 27,
storm in early morning. December 3, lightning in evening.
The year has been marked by extremes. A long drought of
26 days in September, late frosts in May, very mild days about
Christmas. I gathered a large bunch of roses on Christmas eve
of several varieties. Within a few days the thermometer had
sunk to 12 above zero. A few days after, it rose 27 in less than
24 hours. There has been little thunder. One flash of lightning
split an oak tree into shreds not far from here. (J. R.)
J. M. J
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FIRST APPEARANCES OF BIRDS, INSECTS, ETC. 289
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E C
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Dixon. With 23 illustrations. (T. Werner Laurie, Clifford's Inn. 6s. net.)
YEAR-BOOK OF THE SCIENTIFIC AND LEARNED SOCIETIES of
Great Britain and Ireland. A record of the work done in Science, Liter-
ature, and Art during the session 1906-7 by numerous Societies, Field Clubs,
&c. (Charles Griffin and Co., Exeter Street, Strand, W.C. 7s. 6d.). 1908.
NOTES AND QUERIES FOR SOMERSET AND DORSET. Edited by the
Rev. F. W. Weaver, Milton Vicarage, Evercreech, and Canon Mayo, Long
Burton Vicarage, Sherborne. Issued quarterly to subscribers only : the
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the editors.
THE ANTIQUARY. An illustrated Magazine devoted to the study of the Past.
(62, Paternoster Row, London. Gd. monthly.)
INDEX TO VOL. XXIX.
By E. W. YOUNG.
Acland, Captain, xxviii., xxx., xxxiv.,
xxxix., xl., Ixxxvii., 126, 25S
Agglestone, Ivi.
Algeo, Rev. F. S., Ivi.
Alington, Lord, Ixxxvii.
Amphitheatres, 258
" Amphora of Fecundity," xxxii.
Arachnida, New and Rare British, xliii.,
161
List of, 164, 191
Notes on, 188
Archaeological Societies, Congress of,
xxviii.
Athlete, Statuette of, xxxii.
Balch, Mr., lix., Ix.
Bankes, Eustace R., liv., 281
Barley and Wheat, Dorset, 292
Barne*, F. J., xliv.
Rev. W. Miles (Vice-Presi-
dent), xxviii., xxxiv.
Barrows and Circles, The Ritual of, 225
Cannibalism, 239
Circumambulation, 229,
242
Cult of the Dead, 232, 242
Druidical Rites, 230
Dual Disposal of Bodies,
235, 237, 241
Incineration, 233
Orientation, 225, 242
Relics, 232
Stone Avenues, 244
Circles, 242
Surface Dolmen, 229
Trilithons, 246
Ringed, Ixxiv.
Bartelot, Rev. R. G., xl., xlix., Hi., 293
Beetles, British Water, xxix.
Benett- Stanford, Captain, Iviii.
Birds, First Appearance of, &c., 281
Buffon's Skua, 284
Dartford Warbler, 283
Dipper, 282
Glaucus Gull, 283
Golden Oriole, 282
Hawfinch, 283
Partridge, 283
Pied Flycatcher, 252
Rook, 2*3
Spoonbill, 284
Birds, First Appearances of continued.
Swallow, 283
Table, 290
Whimbrel, 283
Woodpecker, Lesser Spotted,
283
Blandford, Tokens, 81, 85,98
Blashenwell, Burial at, xxxix.
Bond, F. Bligh, Ixix.
Nigel, xxix.
Books, Recent and Forthcoming, 293
Botanical Notes, 286
Orchis Spotted, 28fi
Trees, Flowering, &c., 287
Boyne's "Trade Tokens, '^97
Bramble, Colonel, xcvi.
Brasses, Memorial, of Dorset, xxxiii.,
280
Bridehead, Ixxiii., Ixxx.
Bridges, Dorset, xxxiii., 251
Blandford, 254
Charmouth, 255
Fifehead Neville, 253
Grey's (Dorchester), 251
Holme, 252
Preston, 255
St. Julian's (Wimborne), 254
Spetisbury, 254
Sturminster Newton, 253
Wareham. 252
Wool, 252
British Association, xxvii.
Broadley, A. M., 293, 294
Brocklehurst, R. G., xxxiii., 251
Browne, Balfour, xxix.
C. J. Cornish, xlviii.
Brympton Church, Ixxxvi.
House, Ixxxvi.
Bulleid, Arthur, Ixv., Ixvi.
Burning Cliff, The, Lyme Regis, 153
Cambridge, Rev. O. P. (Vice-President),
xliii., liv., xcvi., 161
Philosophical Society, xlviii.
Cameron, A. C. G., 153
Cecil, Lord E. (Vice -President), xxxv.,
Ixxx.
Cerne, Abbey, The Cartulary of, 195
Translation of, 205
Note on, 221
St. Mary's Church, xxxiii., 1
297
Chantries, Dorset, xxxiii., 30
Alrington (or Alfrington), 41
Dorchester (Holy Trinity), Blessed
Mary, 35
St. John's, 36
Dorchester (St. Peter's), Our Lady,
38
Gillingham, Milton on Stower, 51
St. Katherine, 51
Kingston Lacy, St. James in Holte,
78
Langton Long, Guldens, 58
Little Mayne, 41
Marnhull, St. Katherine, 47
Poole, St. George, 78
Shaftesbury (St. James), St. Anne
de la Gore, 55
St. John the Baptist,
51 53
St. Katherine, 52
Shapwick, West Hemsworth, 59
Sherborne, St. Thomas a Beckett
on the Green, 45
Weymouth, St. George, 42
Wimborne Minster, 59
Brembres, 70
Margaret, Countess of
Richmond and
Derby, 73
Prebends or Stalls, 74,
75, 77
Radcottes, 69
Sacristan, Office of, 68
Winterborne St. Martin, 44
Cheddar, Caves, lix.
Chough, Cornish, The, xlviii.
Coins, Roman, Mould for Casting,
xxx vi.
Colfox, Mrs. T. (the late), xxxiv.
Corfe Castle, xlix.
Cosens, Rev. R. E. W., Ixxxvi.
Crickmay, G. R., xcv.
Cross, Rev. J., 282
D'Aeth, Rev. W. H., 281
Dicker, Rev. C. W. H., xxxiii., xli.,
lv., 1.
Digby, F. J. B. W., xxxvi.
Dorchester, Tokens, 85, 95, 101
Dorset County Museum, xxx., cxviii.,
126
Eaton, H. Storks (Vice -President),
xlviii., Iviii.
Elwes, Captain (Hon. Treasurer), xxix.,
xxx., xliv., xlv., Ivi., Ixxviii.,
Ixxxvii., Ixxxviii., Ixxxix.
Filleul, Rev. S. E. V., xxxii., xxxv.,
xxxix., xli., 281
Financial Statements, xciii., xciv.
Fish, Transportation of, xliv.
Fletcher, Rev. J. M. J., 282
Flints, Palaeolithic and Neolithic, xxxix.
Flora, Dorset, Notes on, ] 4
Folklore Society, xxix.
Fordington, Roman Incised Stone,
Found at, xl.
Fry, E. A., xxix., xxxiii., 30
Geological Society of London, xxix.
George, C. E. A., xcv.
Gill, W. K., xxxii., 8
Glastonbury, Abbey, Ixix.
Lake Village, Ixy., Ixvi.
Glossop, Rev. C. H. J., Ixxxvi.
Goddard, Rev. C. V., liv.
Goose, Grey Lag, xxxix.
Gorwell Circle, Ixxix.
Gray, H. St. George, Ixiv., Ixv., Ixvi.,
Ixxxix., 256, 258
Grey Mare and her Colts, The, Ixxiv.,
Ixxix.
Hansford, Charles, xxyiii.
Hardy, Thomas, xxix., xliv., Iviii.,
294
Hayne, R., xxxix.
Helix Aspersa, xxx.
Helstone, The, Portesham. Ixxiii. , Ixxv.
Hemsworth, Roman Pavement, Ixxxvii.
Hilton, Church, xliii., Ill
Incised Stone, Roman (Fordington), xl.
Insects, First Appearances of, in
Dorset (1907), 291
Jay, The, xlviii.
Jex-Blake, Dean, Ixii.
Joceline, Bishop, Ixi.
Jukes-Browne, A. J., civ., 153. 260,
263
Kelvin, Lord, xcvi.
Landslip and Burning Cliff at Lyme
Regis, The, 153, 156
Lee, Rev. E. H. H., xliii., Ill
Le Jeune, H., xl., Ixxxvii.
Lepidoptera, Notes on, 285
Limoges Enamel, xxxix.
Linton, Rev. E. F., 14, 282
Lock, B. Fossett, 205
Lockyer, Sir Norman, lv.
Malva Borealis, xxxi.
Mansel-Pleydell, J. C. (the late), xl.,
119
March, Dr. H. Colley (Vice-President),
xxxii., Ixxiii., Ixxv., Ixxix., Ixxxi.,
225, 256
Martin, Miss E., xcvi.
Maumbury Rings, Excavations at, Ixiv,,
Ixxx., Ixxxix, 256
Meare, Lake Village, Ixvi.
Medals, Mansel-Pleydell and Cecil,
xxxv., xlvi., 119
Dorset, 89
29s
Meetings, Annual, xhv.
Summer, xlviii., xlix., lix.,
Ixxiii., Ixxxii., Ixxxix.
Winter, xxvii., xxxiv.
Members, Honorary, xi.
List of, xii.
New, xxiv.
Memorial Brasses of Dorset (Part V.)
Corfe Mullen
Birt, 280
Litton Cheney
Chapman, 275
Henvill, 273
Newpton, 275
Pope, 274
Warnby, 275
Owermoigne
Cheverel, 280
Sturton, 279
Puncknowle
Napper, 275, 276
Swyre
Gollop, 278
Russell, 277
Thorncombe
Brook, 278
Montacute, Church, Ixxxiv.
Cluniac Priory, Ixxxv.
House, Ixxxii.
Moule, Henry (the late), xxxiv.
Museum, Dorset County, xxx., cxviii.,
126
Newton, Prof., xcvi.
Oak, Buried (Picket Farm), xxxviii.
Officers of the Club, xi., xlviii.
Oliver, Vere, xlvii.
Orientation, 225, 242
Pearson, W. E., xcvi.
Peck, G. R., 281
Pentin, Rev. H. (Hon. Editor and
Secretary), xxviii., xxix., xxxv.,
xxxix., xlv., lv., Iviii., Ixxx.
Perkins, Rev. T. (the late), xxviii.,
xxxiv.
Phelips, Edward, Ixxxii.
W. R., Ixxxii.
Photographic Surveys, xxvii., xxxiv.,
xlviii.
Pike, T. M., xcv.
Plants, Living, in relation to Geological
Formations in Dorset, 119
Earliest Dorset Records (1907),
289
Plush, Church, xxxiv.
Ponsonby-Fane, Sir S., Ixxxvi.
Poole, Tokens, 82, 86, 105
Town Cellars, xxxii., 8.
Pope, Alfred, xxvii., xlvii., Ixviii., cxv.
Portesham, Barrows, Ixxiii .
Pouncy, H. (Assistant Secretary),
xlviii., 1., Ixxv.
Powys, Rev. C. S., Ixxxiv.
Presidential Address, xliv., xcv.
Archaeology and Anthro-
pology, cxv.
Astronomy, cv.
Botany, c.
Chemistry, ex.
Electricity, ex.
Engineenng, cxii.
General, cxviii.
Geography, cxiv.
Geology, cii.
Meteorology, cviii.
Obituary, xcv.
Zoology, xcvii.
Prideaux, C. S., cxv., 257, 258
W. de C., xxxiii., xlviii.,
273
Publications of the Club, xxvi., 293
Pydeltrenthide, Orthography of, xli.
Rainfall, &c., in Dorset (1907), 143
Observers' Notes, 145
Steepleton Manor, tempera-
ture, &c., 152
Tables, 148151
Raleigh, Sir W., xxxvi., xxxvii., xxxix.
Ravenhill, Canon, xxxiv., xliv.
Rawlence, E. A., xxxvi.
Reid, Clement, xl., civ.
Rempstone, Stone Circle, liii.
Reports, Hon. Editor's, xlv.
Hon. Secretary's, xlv., xciv.
Hon. Treasurer's, xlvi., xciii.
Richardson, N. M. (President), xxvii.,
xxx., xxxiv., xxxv., xxxix., xliv.,
xlvi., liv., lv., Ixviii., Ixxxvii., xcv.,
281
Ridley, Rev. J., 281
Rivers, Pollution of, xxxv.
Rodd. E. S., 281
Rose Nobles (Edward III.), xxxvi.
Rules of the Club, vi.
Alteration of, xlvii.
Sepidchral Pottery in Dorset County
Museum, 126
Cinerary Urns, 126, 132
142
Drinking Cups, 126, 139,
110, 141
Food Vessels, 126, 134, 136,
137, 140142
Incense Cups, 126, 134, 137,
139, 142
Shaftesbury, Abbey Excavation Fund,
Iviii.
Tokens, 87, 106
Sherborne, Castle, xxxvi.
Flints, found at, xxxix.
Human Remains, found at,
xxxviii.
Tokens, 83
Smith, R. Bosworth, xlviii. , cxx.
299
Spencer- Smith, Her. S. C., xl.
Stilwell, H., 143
Stoke-sub-Hamdon Church, Ixxxvi.
Stone Circles, 242
Cornish, Iv.
Dorset, 250
Gorwell, Ixxix.
Rempstone, liii.
Stuart-Gray, Hon. M. (Vice -President),
92
Studland, xlix.
Church, Ivi.
Sykes, E. R., xxxi.
Symonds, Henry, xliii., 80, 97
Tokens, Dorset, xliii., 80
Commemorative Medals, 89
Boyle, Robert, 90
Bndport, Admiral Lord, 93
Cerne Society, 95
Corain, Captain, 92
Coronation (Bridport) (1901),
96
Eldon, Earl of, 94
George III. (Weymouth), 95
Jubilee (Dorchester) (1887),
95
Marlborough, Duke of, 91
Monmouth Rebellion, 91
Rivers, Baron (1834), 95
Sacheverell, Dr. H., 93
Shaftesbury, Earl of (1681),
90 '
Sheridan, R. B., 94
Somers, Sir G., 96
Strangways, Sir Giles (1648),
89
Swanage Friendly Society, 94
Sydenham, Thomas, 90
Wake, William, 92
Wesley, Charles, 93
John, 93
Trade, Beaminster, 93
Blandford, 81, 85, 93
Bridport, 99
Corfe Castle, 100
Cranborne, 100
Tokens, Trade continued.
Dorchester, 85, 101
Evershot, 103
Frampton, 103
Halstock, 103
Lynie Regis, 103
Maiden Newton, 104
Melcombe Regis, 104
Milton Abbey, 105
Poole, 82, 86, 105
Shaftesbury, 87, 106
Sherborne, 83, 107
Stalbridge, 108
Stowborough, 108
Sturmkister Newton,
109
Weymouth, 109
Wimborne, 109
Tombstones, Inscriptions on, xxiz.
Towers, Dorset Church, xxxiii.
Miss L., xlvi., 119
Tupper, Martin, Ixxvii.
Udal, Hon. J. S., xxix., 80, 97
Valley of Stones, The, Ixxviii.
Van Raalte, C., xcv.
Weather, Notes on, &c., 287, 288
Weaver, Rev. F. W., Ixxxv., Ixxxvi.
Wells, Bishop's Palace, Ixi.
Cathedral, Ixii.
Vicars Choral, Ixiii.
Whitby, Joseph, Ixxxvii.
Wilkinson, Rev. J. H., cxxiv.
Williams, Colonel R., M.P., Ixxx.
Woodhouse, Miss Ellen, xlvi.
Worbarrow, Burial at, xl.
Zoological Notes, 284
Lizards, 284
Sawfly, Gooseberry, 285
Slug, Shelled, 286
Snails, Plague of, 286
Snake, Smooth, 284
Viper, Red, 284
Wasps, Queen, 284
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