I,
-
DORSET MTU MIi HISTORY
FIELD GM1B.
EDITED BY
C. W. H. DICKER.
VOLUME XXX.
DC
PRINTED AT THH IK HIM T COVM V CHRONICLK OFKIl'E.
Mi
DA
ry
984726
CONTENTS.
PAGK
List of Officers of the Club since its inauguration . . . . v.
Rules of the Club . . . . . . . . . . vi.
List of Officers, Honorary Members, and Members . . . . xi.
List of New Members elected since the publication of Vol. XXIX. . . xxiv.
Publications of the Club ; Societies in correspondence with the Club . . xxvi.
THB PROCEEDINGS OP THE CLUB during the Season 1908-1909
First Winter Meeting . . . . . . . . xxvii.
Second Winter Meeting . . . . . . . . xxxvii.
Annual General Meeting . . . . . . . . xxxi.
MEETING AT GAME AND OWEEMOIGNE . . . . . . xli-
Came House .. .. .. .. .. ,,
Came Church . . . . . . . . . xlii.
Whitcpmbe Church . . . . . . . . . xliv.
The Littlemayne Sarsens . . . . . . . xlv.
Poxwell House and Circle . . . . . . . X ^V
Owermoigrie Court . . . . . . . . . xlviii.
Came Rectory . . . . . . . . . xlix.
MEETING IN THE TAEEANT VALLEY . . . . . H.
Crawford Castle . . . . . . . . . ,,
Tarrant Crawford : Its Church and Abbey . . . . ,,
Tarrant Keynston Church . . . . . . . . lii.
Tarrant Rushton .. .. .. . . .. ,,
The Rushton Rectory Museum. Business Meeting . . . . liv.
County Deeds. Valuable Gift by Mr. E. A. Fry . . . .
Tarrant Rawston . . '. . . . . . . . Ivi.
Tairant Monkton .. .. .. .. ,,
Tarrant Hinton . . . . . . . . . . Ivii.
Tarrant Gunville and Eastbury . . . . . . ,,
MEETING AT TAUNTON AND DTJNSTEE . . . . . . lix.
Cleeve Abbey . . . . . . . . . . , ,
Taunton Castle and Museum . . . . . . . . Ixi.
The Avebury Excavations . . . . . . . Ixiv.
Magdalene Church and Priory " Barn " . . . . Ixvi.
Dunster Castle .. .. .. .. .. ,,
Dunster Priory Church . . . . . . . . Ixviii.
MEETING AT ST. ^-ELDHELM'S HEAD . . . . . . . . Ixx-
Blashenwell and Its " Finds " . . . . . . Ixxiii-
Kingston and Its Churches . . . . . . . . ,,
Worth Matravers Church . . . . . . . . Ixxv.
St. ^Idhelm's Chapel . . . . . . . . Ixxvi.
The Geology of the District . . . . . . . . Ixxvii.
The Hon. Treasurer's Statement of the Club's Receipts and Expen-
diture . . . . . . . . . . Ixxxi.
The Hon. Secretary's Accounts . . . . . . . . Ixxxii.
Anniversary Address of the President . . . . . . Ixxxiii.
In Memoriam Mr. Wilfrid Hudleston Hudleston, M. A., F.R.S. .. civ.
In Memoriam Henry Storks Eaton, M.A., by N. M. Richardson . . cvi.
The Roman Villa at Hemsworth,by the Rev. G. H. Engleheart, M.A.,
F.S.A. .. .. .. .. .. 1
Dorset Chantries, by E. A. Fry . . . . . . . . 13
Some British and Romano -B'ritish Coins found in Dorset, by Henry
Symonds . . . . . . . . . . 58
The Status of Peasantry in Portland, by Mrs. King Warry . . 71
Some Ancient Customs of the Manors of Strattoii and Grimston, Co.
Dorset, by Alfred Pope, F.S.A., F.M.S. . . . . 83
On British Arachnida, noted and observed in 1908, by Rev. O.
Pickard- Cam bridge, M.A., F.R.S., &c. .. .. 97
Notes on the Dorset Flora, by the Rev. E. F. Liuton, M.A. . . 11(3
The Mediaeval Floor Tiles of St. George's Church, Fordington, by the
Rev. R. Grosvenor Bartelot, M.A. . . . . . . 133
Note on a Chelonian Skull from the Pui'l>eck Beds of Swanage, by
A. Smith Woodward, LL.D., F.R.S. .. .. .. 143
Returns of Rainfall, &c., in Dorset in 190S, by H. Stilwell . . 145
Tarrant Gunville, by E. A. Fry . . . . . . . . 159
The Sequence and Evolution of Architectural Styles in the Church of
Fordington St. George, Dorchester, by Jem Feacey . . 164
Registrum Abbathifc de Middeltone in scaccario 197
A Register of the Abbey of Milton in the Exchequer, Translation by
B. Fossett Lock, Barrister-at-Law . . . . . . 203
Interim Report on the Excavations at Maumbury Rings, Dorchester,
1909, by H. St. George Gray . . . . . . 215
Notes on some Relics of King Charles I., now in the Possession of
Major J. Benett-Stanford, of Hatch House, Tisbury . . 236
Report on the First Appearances of Birds, Insects, &c., and First
Flowering of Plants in Dorset during 1908, by Nelson M.
Richardson, B.A. . . . . . . . . 238
Congress of Archaeological Societies . . . . . . . . 250
Some Recent and Forthcoming Books, &c. . . . . . . 252
Index to Vol. XXX. . . . . . . . . 255
INDEX TO PLATES & ENGRAVINGS.
PAGE OB TO
FACE PAGE.
" Mock Suns," as seen from Waterson Ridge, Feb. 15, 1909 . . xxxiv.
Came and Owermoigne
Plan of Stone Circle at Rempstone . . . . . . xlv.
Plan of Farm at Little Mayne, Dorset . . . . . . xlvi.
Tarrant Crawford Church . . . . . . . . li.
Tympanum, Tarrant Rushton . . . . . . . . liii.
Part of an Ancient Building at Scoles Farm . . . . Ixx.
St. JEldhelm's Chapel . . . . . . . . Ixxvi.
Geological Section across the Isle of Purbeck . . . . Ixxviii.
The late Henry Storks Eaton, Esq. . . . . . . cvi.
The Roman Villa at Hems worth . . . . . . 1
Pavement with Head of Uncertain Attribution ; Venus Pave-
ment ; Hypocaust adjoining Bathroom ; Mosaic Floor of
Water-bath .. .. .. .. .. 12
British and Romano -British Coins . . . . . . 58
The Old Manor House, Stratton, Dorset . . . . . . 83
Survey of the Manor of Stratton, 1649 . . . . . . 87
Old Oak Overmantel in Stratton M anor House . . . . 89
A View of Frank -pledge ; Presentments of Court Baron ; The
Manor of Stratton, 1838 . . . . . . 96
British Arachnida, Plate A . . . . . . . . 97
The Mediaeval Floor Tiles of St. George's Church, Fordington
The Arms of the Family of Redvers Earls of Devon and also of
the Daccombes of Dorset ; The St. Catherine Wheel ; The
Quarterfoil Cross Pattern ; The Doves and Cross Pattern ;
The De Redvers or Daccombe Arms ; Period I., Period II.,
Period III. . . . . . . . . . . 136
Chelonian Skull from Purbeck Beds, Swanage . . . . 143
The Sequence and Evolution of Architectural Stylesiin the Church
of Fordington St. George, Dorchester-
Plan of the Church of Fordington St. George, Dorchester,
A.D 1906 .. .. .. 164
Plate No. 10 .... 166
,, No. 7 .. .. .. .. 177
Tympanum over South Entrance Doorway 178
Plate No. 3 .. .. .. 179
No. 8 181
1*o. 2 .. .. .. .. 182
No. 9 .. .. .. .. 183
No. 4 .. .. .. .. .. 184
Xo - 6 .. .. .. .. .. 190
Excavations at Maumbury Rings
Plate I. .... .. 217
Figs. 1 and 2 . . 995
Plate II. .. ;; 227
Objects found at MaumTmry Rmps, 1909 . . . . 29
Cast of the Face of King Charles I. now in the possession of
Major Benett-Stanford . . . . 236
Gloves worn on the Scaffold by King Charles I. 237
Autograph Letter of King Charles to Prince Rupert
Letter to Prince Rupert . . 237
Dorset
IRatural UMstors ano antiquarian ffielo Club.
INAUGURATED MAECH 26TH, 1875.
Presidents :
1875-1902 J. C. Mansel-Pleydell, Esq., B.A., F.G.S., F.L.S.
1902-1904 The Lord Eustace Cecil, F.R.G-.S.
1904 * Nelson M. Richardson, Esq., B.A.
Vice -Presidents :
1875-1882 Rev. H. H. Wood, M.A., F.G.S.
1875-1884 Professor James Buckman, F.S.A., F.G.S., F.L.S.
1880-1900 Rev. Canon Sir Talbot Baker, Bart., M.A.
1880-1900 General Pitt-Rivers, F.R.S.
1880 * Rev. O. Pickard-Cambridge, M.A., F.R.S. , F.Z.S.
1885 * The Right Hon. the Earl of Moray, M.A., F.S.A. Ed., F.G.S.
892-1904 Nelson M. Richardson, Esq., B.A.
1904" 19 2 ( * T 116 Lord Eustace Cecil, F.R.G.S.
1900-1909 W. H. Hudleston, Esq., M.A., F.R.S., F.G.S., F.L.S., Past Pres.
Geol. Soc.
1900-1904 Vaughan Cornish, Esq., D.Sc., F.C.S., F.R.G.S.
1900 * Captain G. R. Elwes, J.P.
1902 * H. Colley March, Esq., M.D., F.S.A.
1904 * Rev. Herbert Pentin, M.A.
1904 * Rev. W. Miles Barnes, B.A.
1904 * Rev. J. C. M. Mansel-Pleydell, M.A., R.D.
1904-190S R. Bosworth Smith, Esq., M.A.
1908-1909 Henry Storks Eaton, Esq., M.A., Fast Pres. Roy. Met. Soc.
1909 * Rev. Canon C. H. Mayo, M.A., Dorset Editor of " Somerset and
Dorset Notes and Queries."
1909 * E. R. Sykes, Esq., B.A., F.Z.S., Past Pres. Halacological Soc.
Hon. Secretaries :
1875-1884 Professor James Buckman, F.S.A., F.G.S., F.L.S.
1885-1892 The Right Hon. the Earl of Moray, M.A., F.S.A. Ed., F.G.S.
1892-1902 Nelson M. Richardson, Esq., B.A.
1902-1904 H. Colley March, Esq., M.D., F.S.A.
1904 * Rev. Herbert Pentin, M.A.
Hon. Treasurers :
1875-1882 Rev. H. H. Wood, M.A., F.G.S.
1882-1900 Rev. O. Pickard-Cambridge, M.A., F.R.S., F.Z.S.
1901 * Captain G. R. Elwes, J.P.
Hon. Editors :
1875-1884 Professor James Buckman, F.S.A., F.G.S., F.L.S.
1885-1892 The Right Hon. the Earl of Moray, M.A., F.S.A. Ed., F.G.S.
1S92- 1901 Nelson M. Richardson, Esq., B.A.
1901-1906 Rev. W. Miles Barnes, B.A.
190G- 1909 Rev. Herbert Peutin, M.A.
1909 * Rev. C. W. H. Dicker.
The asterisk indicates the present officials of the Club.
VI.
-RULES
THE DORSET NATURAL HISTORY AND ANTIQUARIAN
FIELD CLUB.
OBJECT AND CONSTITUTION.
1. The Club shall be called The Dorset Natural History and Antiquarian
Field Club, and shall have for a short title The Dorset Field Club.
The object of the Club is to promote and encourage an interest in the study of
the Physical Sciences and Archaeology generally, especially the Natural History of
the County of Dorset and its Antiquities, Prehistoric records, and Ethnology. It
shall use its influence to prevent, as far as possible, the extirpation of rare plants
and animals, and to promote the preservation of the Antiquities of the County.
1. The Club shall consist of (i.) three Officers, President, Honorary Secretary,
and Honorary Treasurer, who shall be elected annually, and shall form the
Executive body for its management ; (ii.) Vice -Presidents, of whom the
Honorary Secretary and Treasurer shall be two, ex officio ; (iii.) The Honorary
Editor of the Annual Volume of Proceedings ; (iv.) Ordinary Members ; (v.)
Honorary Members. The President, Vice -Presidents, and Editor shall form a
Council to decide questions referred to them by the Executive and to elect
Honorary Members. The Editor shall be nominated by one of the incoming
Executive and elected at the Annual Meeting.
There may also be one or more Honorary Assistant Secretaries, who shall be
nominated by the Honorary Secretary, seconded by the President or Treasurer,
and elected by the Members at the Annual Meeting.
Members may be appointed by the remaining Officers to fill interim vacancies
in the Executive Body until the following Annual Meeting.
The number of the Club shall be limited to 400, power being reserved to the
Council to select from the list of candidates persons, whose membership they may
consider to be advantageous to the interests of the Club, to be additional
Members.
PRESIDENT AND VICE-PRESIDENTS.
3. The President shall take the chair at all Meetings, and have an original and
a casting vote on all questions before the Meeting. In addition to the two ex
officio Vice-Presidents, at least three others shall be nominated by the President,
or, in his absence, by the Chairman, and elected at the Annual Meeting.
VI 1.
HON. SECEETAET.
4. The Secretary shall perform all the usual secretarial work ; cause a
programme of each Meeting to be sent to every Member seven days at least
before such Meeting ; make all preparations for carrying out Meetings and, with
or without the help of a paid Assistant Secretary or others, conduct all Field
Meetings. On any question arising between the Secretary (or Acting Secretary)
and a Member at a Field Meeting, the decision of the Secretary shall be final.
The Secretary shall receive from each Member his or her share of the day's
expenses, and thereout defray all incidental costs and charges of the Meeting,
rendering an account of the same before the Annual Meeting to the Treasurer ;
any surplus of such collection shall form part of the General Fund, and any
deficit be defrayed out of that Fund.
Hox. TBEASTJBEB.
5. The Treasurer shall keep an account of Subscriptions and all other moneys
of the Club received and of all Disbursements, rendering at the Annual General
Meeting a balance sheet of the same, as well as a general statement of the Club's
finances. He shall send copies of the Annual Volume of Proceedings for each
year to Ordinary Members who have paid their subscriptions for that year (as
nearly as may be possible, in the order of such payment), to Honorary Members,
and to such Societies and individuals as the Club may, from time to time, appoint
to receive them. He shall also furnish a list at each Annual Meeting, containing
the names of all Members in arrear, with the amount of their indebtedness to the
Club. He shall also give notice of their election to all Xew Members.
OEDINAEY MESIBEES.
6. Ordinary Members are entitled to be present and take part in the Club's
proceedings at all Meetings, and to receive the published "Proceedings" of the
Club, when issued, for the year for which their subscription has been paid.
7. Every candidate for admission shall be nominated in writing by one
Member and seconded by another, to both of whom he must be personally known.
He may be proposed at any Meeting, and his name shall appear in the programme
of the first following Meeting at which a Ballot is held, when he shall be elected
by ballot, one black ball in six to exclude. Twelve Members shall form a
quorum for the purpose of election. A Ballot shall be held at the Annual and
Winter Meetings, and may be held at any other Meeting, should the Executive
so decide, notice being given in the programme. In the event of the number of
vacancies being less than the munber of candidates at four successive Meetings,
the names of any candidates proposed at the first of such Meetings who have not
been elected at one of them shall be withdrawn, and shall not be eligible to be
again proposed for election for at least a year after such withdrawal. Provided
that if at any Meeting there shall be no vacancies available, it shall not be counted
in estimating the above named four Meetings.
8.- The Annual Subscription shall be 10s., which shall become due and
payable in advance on the 1st of January in each year. Subscriptions paid on
election after September in each year shall be considered as subscriptions for the
following year, unless otherwise agreed upon by such Member and the Treasurer.
Every Member shall pay immediately after his election the sum of ten shillings as
Entrance Fee, in addition to his first Annual Subscription.
9.-No person elected a Member shall be entitled to exercise any privilege as
such until he has paid his Entrance Fee and first Subscription, and no Member
shall be entitled to receive a copy of the " Proceedings" for any year until his
Subscription for that year has been paid.
10.-A registered tetter shall be sent by the Hon. Treasurer to any Member
whose Subscription is in arrear at the date of any Annual Meeting, demanding
payment within 28 days, failing which he shall cease to be a Member of the Club,
but shall, nevertheless, be liable for the arrears then due.
11. Members desiring to leave the Club shall give notice of the same in
writing to the Treasurer (or Secretary), but, unless such notice is given before the
end of January in any year, they shall be liable to pay the Annual Subscription
due to the Club on and after January 1st in that year.
HONOEAEY MEMBERS.
12. Honorary Members shall consist of persons eminent for scientific or
natural history attainments, and shall be elected by the Council. They pay no
subscription, and have all the privileges of Ordinary Members, except voting.
MEETINGS.
13. The Annual General Meeting shall be held as near the first week in May
as may be convenient ; to receive the outgoing President's Address (if any) and
the Treasurer's financial report ; to elect the Officers and Editor for the ensuing
year ; to determine the number (which shall usually be three or four), dates, and
places of Field Meetings during the ensuing summer, and for general purposes.
14. Two Winter Meetings shall usually be held in or about the months of
December and February for the exhibition of Objects of Interest (to which not
more than one hour of the time before the reading of the Papers shall be
devoted), for the reading and discussion of Papers, and for general purposes.
The Dates and Places of the Winter and Annual Meetings shall be decided by
the Executive.
15. A Member may bring Friends to the Meetings subject to the following
restrictions : No person (except the husband, wife, or child of a Member), may
attend the Meeting unaccompanied by the Member introducing him, unless such
Member be prevented from attending by illness, and no Member may take with
him to a Field Meeting more than one Friend, whose name and address must be
submitted to the Hon. Secretary and approved by him or the Executive.
IX.
The above restrictions do not apply to the Executive or to the Acting Secretary
at the Meeting.
16. Members must give due notice (with prepayment of expenses) to the Hon.
Secretary of their intention to be present, with or without a Friend, at any
Field Meeting, in return for which the Secretary shall send to the Member a card
of admission to the Meeting, to be produced when required. Any Member who,
having given such notice, fails to attend, will be liable only for any expenses
actually incurred on his account, and any balance will be returned to him on
application. The sum of Is., or such other amount as the Hon. Secretary may
consider necessary, shall be charged to each person attending a Field Meeting, for
Incidental Expenses.
17. The Executive may at any time call a Special General Meeting of the
Members upon their own initiative or upon a written requisition (signed by Eight
Members) being sent to the Honorary Secretary. Any proposition to be submitted
shall be stated in the Notice, which shall be sent to each Member of the Club not
later than seven days before the Meeting.
PAPERS.
18. Notice shall be given to the Secretary, a convenient time before each
Meeting, of any motion to be made or any Paper or communication desired to be
read, with its title and a short sketch of its scope or contents. The insertion of
these in the Programme is subject to the consent of the Executive.
19. The Publications of the Club shall be in the hands of the Executive, who
shall appoint annually Three or more Ordinary Members to form with them and
the Editor a Publication Committee for the purpose of deciding upon the contents
of the Annual Volume. These contents shall consist of original papers and
communications written for the Club, and either read, or accepted as read, at a
General Meeting ; also of the Secretary's Eeports of Meetings, the Treasurer's
Financial Statement and Balance Sheet, a list to date of all Members of the Club,
and of those elected in the current or previous year, with the names of their
proposers and seconders. The Annual Volume shall be edited by the Editor
subject to the direction of the Publication Committee.
20. Twenty -five copies of his paper shall be presented to each author whose
communication shall appear in the volume as a separate article, on notice being
given by him to the Publisher to that effect.
THE AFFILIATION OF SOCIETIES AND LIBBARIES TO THE CLUB.
21. Any Natural History or Antiquarian Society in the County may be
affiliated to the Dorset Field Club on payment of an annual fee of Ten Shillings,
in return for which the annual volume of the Proceedings of the Field Club shall
be sent to such Society.
X.
Every affiliated Society shall send the programme of its Meetings to the Hon.
Secretary of the Field Club, and shall also report any discoveries of exceptional
interest. And the Field Club shall send its programme to the Hon. Secretary of
each affiliated Society.
The Members of the Field Club shall not be eligible, ipso facto, to attend any
Meetings of affiliated Societies, and the Members of any affiliated Society shall
not be eligible, ipso facto, to attend any Meetings of the Field Club. But any
Member of an affiliated Society shall be eligible to read a paper or make an
exhibit at the Winter Meetings of the Field Club at Dorchester.
Any Public Library, or Club or School or College Library, in England or
elsewhere, may be affiliated to the Dorset Field Club on payment of an annual
fee of Ten Shillings, in return for which the annual volume of the Proceedings of
the Field Club shall be sent to such Library.
SECTIONAL COMMITTEES.
22. Small Committees may be appointed at the Annual General Meeting to
report to the Club any interesting facts or discoveries relating to the various
sections which they represent ; and the Committee of each section may elect one
of their Members as a Corresponding Secretary.
NEW RULES.
23. No alteration in or addition to these Eules shall be made except with the
consent of a majority of three-fourths of the Members present at the Annual
General Meeting, full notice of the proposed alteration or addition having been
given both in the current Programme and in that of the previous Meeting.
XI.
Dorset
Natural fbistors anfc Hntiquarian tfielfc Club.
INAUGURATED MARCH IGth, 1875.
President :
XELSOX M. EICHAEDSOX, ESQ., B.A.
Vice-Presidenls :
THE LOED EUSTACE CECIL, F.E.G.S. (Past President).
EEV. HEEBEET PEXTIX, M.A. (Hon. Secretary).
CAPTAIN G. E. EL WES, J.P. fHon. Treasurer).
EEV. J. C. M. MAXSEL-PLEYDELL, M.A., E.D.
H. COLLEY MAECH, ESQ., M.D., F.S.A.
EEV. CANON MAYO, M.A., Dorset Editor of " Somerset and Dorset Notes
and Queries."
EEV. W. MILES BAEXES, B.A.
EEV. 0. PICKAED-CAMBEIDGE, M.A., F.E.S., F.Z.S.
THE EIGHT HON. THE EARL OF MOEAY, M.A., F.S.A. Ed., F.G.S.
E. E. SYKES, Esq., B.A., F.Z.S. (Past frcs. Malacological Society).
Hon. Editor :
Bev. C. W. H. DICKER, Pydeltrenthide Vicarage, Dorchester.
Executive Body :
XELSON M. EICHARDSON, Esq., B.A. (President).
Eev. HERBERT PENTIN, M.A. (Hun. Keeretaryj , Milton Abbey Vicarage,
Blaudford.
Captain G. E. ELWBS, J.P. (Hon. Treasurer), Bossington, Bournemouth.
Publication Committee :
The EXECUTIVE, The HON. EDITOR, H. B. MIDDLETON, Esq.,
Dr. COLLEY MARCH, and E. E. SYKES, Esq.
Honorary Members:
O.M. W. CARRUTHERS, Esq., Ph.D., F.E.S., F.G.S., F.L.S., British Museum
(Xat. Hist.), South Kensington.
1888 Eev. OSMOND FISHER, M.A., F.G.S., Graveley, Huntingdon.
1889 A. M. WALLIS, Esq., 29, Mallams, Portland.
1900 A. J. JUKES-BROWNE, Esq., B.A., F.E.S., F.G.S., Floriston, Torre,
Torquay.
1900 E. LYDEKKER, Esq., F.E.S., The Lodge, Harpenden, Herts.
1900 CLEMENT EEID, Esq., F.E.S., 28, Jermyii Street, London, S.W.
1900 A. SMITH WOODWARD, Esq., LL.D., F.E.S., F.G.S., British Museum (Xat.
Hist.), South Kensington, London.
1904 Sir WM. THISELTON DYER, K.C.M.G., C.I.E., F.E.S., The Fenis,
Witcombe, Gloucester.
1904 Sir FREDERICK TREVES, Bart., G.C.V.O., C.B., LL.D., Thatched House
Lodge, Eichmond Park, Kingston-on-Thames.
1905 THOMAS HARDY, Esq., LL.D., Max Gate, Dorchester.
1909 ALFRED EUSSEL WALLACE, Esq., LL.D., D.C.L., F.E.S., Broadstoue.
Xll.
LIST OF MEMBERS
OF THB
porset ^laturaC Jbisfor^ & Antiquarian
@Cu6.
Tear of
Election.
(The initials " 0.J/." signify " Original Member.")
1903 The Most Hon. the Marquis of
Salisbury
1903 The Most Hon. the Marchioness
of Salisbury
O.M. The Eight Hon. the Earl of
Moray, M.A., F.S.A. Ed.,
F.G.S. ( Vice- President)
1902 The Right Hon. the Earl of
Shaftesbury
1884 The Eight Hon. Lord Eustace
Cecil, Y.'R.Gr.?,. (Vice-President)
1903 The Eight Hon. the Lady Eustace
Cecil
1904 The Eight Eeverend the Lord
Bishop of Durham, D.D.
1890 The Eight Eeverend the Lord
Bishop of Salisbury, D.D., LL.D.
1892 The Eight Eeverend the Lord
Bishop of Worcester,D.D., F.S.A
1889 The Eight Hon. Lord Digby
1895 The Eight Hon. Lord Walsing-
ham, F.E.S.
1903 The Eight Hon. Lord Chelmsford
1907 The Eight Hon. Lord Wynford
1907 The Eight Hon. Lady Wynford
1893 Acland, Captain John E., M.A.
1892 Acton, Eev. Edward, B.A.
1899 Aldridge, Mrs. Selina
1892 Allhusen, Wilton, Esq.
1907 Allner, Mrs. George
1908 Almack, Eev. A. C., M.A.
The Manor House, Cranborne
The Manor House, Cranborne
Kinfauns Castle, Perth, N.B.
St. Giles, Wimborne
Lytchett Heath, Poole
Lytchett Heath, Poole
Auckland Castle, Bishop's Auckland
The Palace, Salisbury
. Hartlebury Castle, Kidderminster
Minterne, Dorchester
Merton Hall, Thetford, Norfolk
Governor's House, Brisbane, Queens-
land, Australia
Wynford Eagle, Dorset
Wynford Eagle, Dorset
Wollaston House, Dorchester
Iwerne Minster Vicarage, Blandford
Denewood, Alum Chine Eoad, Bourne-
mouth
Pinhay, Lyme Eegis
National Provincial Bank, Sturminster
Newton
The Eectory, Blandford St. Mary
xiii.
1906 Atkins, F. T., Esq., M.R.C.S.,
L.E.C.P. Ed.
1907 Atkinson, George T., Esq., M.A.
1907 Badcoe, A. C., Esq., B.Sc.
1902 Baker, Sir E. Eaudolf, Bart.
1887 Bankes, W. Albert, Esq.
1884 Baukes, Eustace Ealph, Esq.,
M.A., F.E.S.
1887 Baukes, Eev. Canon, M.A.
1906 Bankes, Mrs.
1902 Barkworth, Edmund, Esq.
1904 Barlow, Major C. M.
1894 Barnes, Mrs. John lies
1889 Barnes, Eev. W. M., B.A. (Vice-
f resident)
1903 Barnes, F. J., Esq.
1903 Barnes, Mrs. F. J.
1884 Barrett, W. Bowles, Esq.
1906 Barrow, Eichard, Esq.
1895 Bartelot, Eev. E. Grosvenor, M.A.
1886 Baskett, Eev. C. E.
1893 Baskett, S. E., Esq.
1904 Baskett, Mrs. S. E.
1909 Batten, Col. J. Mount, C.B.,
Lord-Lieutenant of Dorset
1889 Batten, H. B., Esq.
1888 Beckford, F. J., Esq.
1903 Bellhouse, Miss M.
1908 Benett- Stanford, Major J.,
F.E.G.S., F.Z.S.
1908 Blake, Colonel A. M., C.B.
O.M. Bond, N., Esq.
1903 Bond, Gerald Denis, Esq.
1906 Bond, Nigel de M., Esq., M.A.
1898 Bond, Wm. H., Esq.
1903 Bond, Wm. Ealph G., Esq.
1894 Bonsor, Geo., Esq.
1889 Bower, H. Syudercombe, Esq.
1900 Bower, Eev. Charles H. S., M.A.
1893 Brandreth, Eev. F. W., M.A.
1901 Breunand, John, Esq.
1885 Brenuand, W. E., Esq.
Cathay, AlumhurstEoad, Bournemouth
Durlstou Court, Swanage
County Education Office, Dorchester
Eanston, Blandford
Wolfeton House, Dorchester
Norden House, Corfe Castle, Wareham
The Close, Salisbury
Kingston Lacy, Wimbonie
South House, Piddletrenthide
Southcot, Charmiuster
Summerhayes, Blandford
Weymouth Avenue, Dorchester
Eodwell, Weymouth
Bod well, Weymouth
2, Belfield Terrace, Weymouth
Sorrento House, Sandecotes, Parkstone
Fordington St. George Vicarage,
Dorchester
Monkton Eectory, Dorchester
Evershot
Evershot
Mornington Lodge, West Kensington
Aldon, Yeovil
Witley, Parkstone
Clovelly, Eodwell, Weymouth
Hatch House, Tisbury, Wilts
Warmwell House, Dorchester
Hokne, Wareham
Holme, Wareham
83, Coleherne Court, London, S.W.
Tyneham, Wareham
Tyueham, Wareham
The Gables, Spetisbury
Fontmell Parva, Shillingstone, Bland -
ford
Childe Okeford, Shillingstone, Dorset
Buckland Xewton, Dorchester
Belmont, Parkstone
Blaudford
XIV.
1905 Bromley, Miss
1900 Brown, Miss
1891 Browning, Benjamin, Esq., M.D.,
D.P.H., Staff-Surgeon R.N.,
Fellow of the Sanitary Institute
of Great Britain
1895 Brymer, Rev. J. G., M.A.
1907 Bulfin, Ignatius, Esq.
1900 Bullen, Colonel John Bullen
Symes
1894 Burt, Miss Emma
1907 Bury, Mrs. Henry
1897 Busk, W., Esq.. A.R.C.A.
1905 Busk, W. G., Esq.
1905 Busk, Mrs. W. G.
1901 Bussell, Miss Katherine
1903 Butler-Bowden, Mrs. Bruno
1906 Butt, Rev. Walter, M.A.
1891 Carter, William, Esq.
1893 Chadwick, Mrs.
1905 Chadwyck-Healey, C. E. H., Esq.,
M.A., K.C.. C.B., F.S.A.
1903 Champ, A., Esq.
1897 Chudleigh, Mrs.
1894 Church, Colonel Arthur
1904 Clapcott, Miss
1892 Clarence, Lovell Burchett,
Esq.
1905 Clark, Mrs. E. S.
1895 Clarke, R. Stanley, Esq.
1883 Colfox, Miss A. L.
1878 Colfox, T. A., Esq.
1905 Collins, Stephen, Esq., M.P.
1907 Collins, Wm. W., Esq., R.I.
1905 Colville, H. K., Esq.
1904 Coney, Major Wm. Bicknell
1902 Cornish, Rev. W. F., M.A.
1903 Cornish -Browne, C. J., Esq.
LS91 Cother, Rev. P. L., M.A.
1900 Cox, Henry, Esq., F.S.A.,
F.R.G.S., M.J.S.
1901 Crallau, G. E. J., Esq., M.B.
Grange, Florence Road, Boscombe,
Bournemouth
Belle Vue, Shaftesbury
Bec-en-Hent, Sidmouth, Devon
Ilsington House, Puddletown
The Den, Knole Hill, Bournemouth
Catherston Leweston, near Charmouth
Purbeck House, Swanage
May field House, Farnham, Surrey
West Walks, Dorchester
Wraxall Manor, Cattistock, Dorchester
Wraxall Manor, Cattistock, Dorchester
Thorneloe, Bridport
Upwey House, Upwey
Oak wood, Chepstow
The Hermitage, Parkstone
Westfield, Cornwall Road, Dorchester
Wyphurst, Craiileigh, Surrey
St. Katherine's, Bridport
West Parley Rectory, Wimborne
St. Alban's, Rodwell, Weymouth
South Walks, Dorchester
Coaxden, Axminster
St. Aldhelm's, Wareham
Evershot, Dorchester
Westmead, Bridport
Coneygar, Bridport
Harborne, St. Ann's Hill, Wands-
worth, S.W.
Corfe Castle
Loders Court, Bridport
Martinstown, Dorchester
Steepleton Rectory, Dorchester
Came House, Dorchester
1, Cleannount, Weymouth
Radipole Manor, near Weymouth
The Elms, Park&tone
1886 Crespi, A. J. H., Esq., B.A.,
M.E.C.P.
1909 Crickmay, Harry W., Esq.
188-i Cross, Rev. James, M.A.
1890 Cull, James, Esq.
1885 Curme, Decimus, Esq., M.R.C.S.
1896 Curtis, C. H., Esq.
1897 Curtis, Wilfrid Parkinson, Esq.
1903 Dacombe, J. M. J., Esq.
1907 Daniell, G. H. S., Esq., M.B.
1907 Dauiell, Miss Margaret
O.M. Darell, D., Esq., F.G.S., F.L.S.,
F.Z.S.
1904 Davies, Rev. Canon S. E., M.A.
1894 Davis, Geo., Esq.
1909 Day, Cyril D., Esq.
1904 Deane, Mrs. A. M.
1904 Dicker, Rev. C. W. H., R.D.,
F.R.G.S. (Hon. Editor)
1907 Dicker, Miss Eleanor H.
1903 Digby, Captain H. Montague
1906 Dixon, J. R. L., Esq., M.R.C.S.,
L.R.C.P. Ed.
1906 Dodd, Frank Wm., Esq.,
M.Inst.C.E.
1908 Dodington, H. P. Marriott, Esq.,
1908 Tominy, G. H., Esq., M.R.C.S.,
L.R.C.P.
1904 Dugdale, J. B., Esq.
1901 Duke, Mrs. E. B.
1905 Duke, Henry, Esq.
1905 Duke, Mrs. Henry
1907 Duke. Miss M. Constance
1908 Duke, Mrs. E. Barnaby
1896 Dundas, Yen. Archdeacon, M.A.
1885 Elwcs, Captain G. R. (Vice-
President and Hon. Treasurer)
1905 Evans, Miss Annie Elizabeth
Cooma, Poole Road, Wimborne
Maybury, 12, Greenhill Gardens,
Weymouth
Baillie House, Stumainster Marshall,
Wimborne
47, Phillimore Gardens, Campden Hill,
London, W.
Childe Okeforcl, Blandford
Blandford
Aysgarth, Parkstone Road, Poole
2", Holdenhurst Road, Bournemouth
Dale House, Blandford
Dale House, Blandford
Hillfield House, Stoke Fleming, Dart-
mouth, Devon
Wyke Regis Rectory, Weymouth
Sunbeams, Icon Way, Dorchester
Downing College, Cambridge
Clay Hill House, near Gillingham
Piddletreuthide Vicarage, Dorchester
Piddletrenthide Vicarage, Dorchester
Chalmington House, Cattistock, Dor-
chester
Sherbrook, Christchurch Road, Bourne-
mouth
Connaught Road, Weymouth
Castle Gardens, Wareham
Milton Abbas, Blandford
Sandford, Wareham
Maen, Dorchester
Clandon, Dorchester
Clandon, Dorchester
The Limes, Dorchester
Maen, Dorchester
Charminster Vicarage, Dorchester
Bossington, Bournemouth
Claudon, Dorchester
1886 Falkner, C. G., Esq., M.A.
1884 Farley, Eev. H., M.A.
1903 Fairer, Colonel Philip
1905 Feacey, Jem, Esq.
1904 Ffooks, Mrs. E. Archdall
1904 Fielding, Thos., Esq., M.D.
1892 Filleul, Kev. S. E. V., M.A.
1889 Filliter, George Clavell, Esq.
1898 Filliter, Rev. W. D., M.A.
1901 Fisher, Mrs. J. F.
1907 Fisher, Miss Lorna S.
1906 Fisher, Harry, Esq.
1S90 Fletcher, W. H. B., Esq.
O.M. Fletcher, W. J., Esq., F.R.I.B.A.
1906 Fletcher. Mrs. W. J.
1907 Fletcher, Rev. J. M. J., M.A.
1885 Floyer, G. W., Esq., B.A.
1895 Forbes, Mrs.
1897 Forde, Henry, Esq.
1893 Forrester, Hugh Carl, Esq., B.A.
1893 Forrester, Mrs. James
1908 Forster, Mrs. Percy
1878 Freame, R., Esq.
1895 Fry, Edward Alexander, Esq.
1903 Fry, George S., Esq.
1893 Fullaway, Mrs.
O.M. Galpin, G., Esq.
1893 George, Mrs.
1908 Gildea, Miss M.
1906 Girdlestone, Mrs.
1890 Glyn, Captain Carr Stuart
189S Glyn, Lieut. -General J. P. Carr
O.M. Glyn, Sir R. G., Bart.
1895 Godman, F. du Cane, Esq., F.R.S.
1883 Gorringe, Rev. P. R., M.A.
1903 Gorringe, Mrs. P. R.
1906 Gowring, Mrs. B. W.
1908 Greenwood, Arthur, Esq. , L.M. S. ,
L.S.A
1838 Greves, Hyk, Esq., M.D.
Ireton Bank, Rusholme, Manchester
Lytchett Minster, Poole
Binnegar Hall, Wareham
Culliford Road, Dorchester
Fennain House, Sherborne
Milton Abbas, Blandford
All Saints' Rectory, Dorchester
St. Martin's House, Wareham
East Lulworth Vicarage, Wareham
Vines Close, Wimborne
West Walks, Dorchester
The Rosery, Florence Road, Boscombe,
Bournemouth
Aldwick Manor, Bognor, Sussex
The Chantry, Wimborne
The Chantry, Wimbonie
The Vicarage, Wimborne Minster
West Stafford, Dorchester
Shillingstone, Blandford
Luscombe, Parkstone
St. John's Cottage, Shaftesbury
Westport, Wareham
Russetts, Dorchester.
The Chantry, Gilliiigham
124, Chancery Lane, London, W.C.
11, The Hawthorns, Church End,
Finchley
Childe Okeford, Blandford
Clarendon Court, Clarendon Road,
Bournemouth
Fleet House, near Weymouth
Upwey Rectory, Dorchester.
The Comer House, Alum Hurst Road
West Bournemouth
Wood Leaze, Wimbonie
North Leigh, Wimborne
Gaunts House, Wimborne
Lower Beeding, Horsham
Mauston Rectorj-, Blandford
Manston Rectory, Blandford
49, High West Street, Dorchester
32, Dorchester Road, Weymouth
Rodney House, Bournemouth
XV11.
1904 Groves, Herbert J., Esq.
1906 Groves, Miss
1906 Gundry, Joseph, Esq.
1895 Haggard, Kev. H. A., M.A.
1906 Hall, Miss Maude
1903 Hambro, Sir Everard, K.C.V.O.
1905 Hambro, C. Eric, Esq.
1893 Haiikey, Rev. Canon, M.A., R.D.
1890 Harrison, Rev. F. T., M.A.
1897 Harston, Comdr. F. A. (late R. N.)
1896 Hart-Dyke, Rev. Canon P., M.A.
1900 Hasluck, Rev. Ernest, M.A.
1893 Hassell, Miss
1894 Hawkins, W., Esq., M.R.C.S.
1903 Hawkins, Mrs. H.
1903 Hawkins, Miss Isabel
1908 Hawkins, Rev. H.
1893 Hayne, R., Esq.
1889 Head, J. Merrick, Esq., M.R.I.A.,
F.R.G.S., F.P.S.
1905 Heath, F. R., Esq.
1905 Heath, Sidney H. S., Esq.
1899 Henning, Mrs.
1906 Higginbotham, J. C., Esq. (" Orme
Agnus ")
1901 Hill, R. E., Esq.
1902 Hine, R., Esq.
1902 Homer, Miss E. C. Wood
1907 Homer, Mrs. G. Wood
1888 Huntley, H. E., Esq.
1906 Jameson, Mrs.
1903 Jenkins, Rev. T. Leonard, M.A.
1893 Kerr, E. W., Esq., M.D.
1395 Lafoutaine, A. C. de, Esq., F.S.A.
1902 Langdon, Miss M.
1876 Langford, Rev. Canon, M.A.
1901 Lee, W. H. Markham, Esq.,
I.S.M.
1907 Lees, Captain Edgar, R.X.
1907 Lees, Mrs. Edgar
1900 Legge, Miss Jane
Clifton, Weymouth
Thickthorne, Broadwey, Dorset
Wales House, Prince of Wales Road,
Dorchester
Molash Vicarage, Canterbury
King's Stagg, Sturminster Newton
Milton Abbey, Dorset
70, Prince's Gate, London, S.W.
Maiden Xewtou Rectory, Dorchester
Burton Bradstock Rectory, Bridport
Kewlands, Glendinning Avenue, Wey-
mouth
Lullingstone, Wimborne
Handley Vicarage, Salisbury
Westfield Lodge, Parkstone
Broadwey, Dorchester
Rew House, Martinstown, Dorchester
Wyke, Sherborne
1, Westerhall, Weymouth
Fordington House, Dorchester
Pennsylvania Castle, Portland
The Woodlands, Weymouth
Upwey, Dorchester
Frome, Dorchester
Northport House, Wareham
Long Lynch, Childe Okeford
Beammster
Bardolf Manor, Puddletown
Bardolf Manor, Puddletown
Charlton House, Blandford
Keiimare, Prince of Wales Road,
Dorchester
Leigh Vicarage, Sherborne
South Street, Dorchester
Athelhampton, Dorchester
Parrock's Lodge, Chard
Belle Vue, Higher Hooe, Plymouth
Wyke Regis, Weymouth
The Manor House, Upwey
The Manor House, Upwey
Allington Villa, Bridport
XV111.
1899 Le Jeune, H M Esq.
1900 Leslie, Rev. E. C., M.A.
1902 Lewis, Eev. A., M.A.
1894 Lhiklater, Rev. Prebendary, D.D.
1890 Lister, Miss Gulielma
1905 Llewelliu, W., Esq., M.A.
1900 Lock, Mrs. A. H.
1892 Lock, B. Fossett, Esq.
1893 Lock, Miss Mary C.
1905 Lush, Mrs. W. Vawdrey
1901 Lys, F. D., Esq., M.R.C.S.,
L.R.C.P.
1888 Macdonald, P. W., Esq., M.D.
1902 Mainwaring, Lieut. -Col. F. (Jr. L.
1890 Manger, A. T., Esq.
1907 Mansel, Miss Susan
1894 Mansel -Pleydell, Mrs.
1899 Mansel-Pleydell, Rev. J. C. M.,
M.A., R.D. (rice-President)
1893 March, H. Colley, Esq., M.D.,
F.S.A., M.R.S.A.I., F.A.I.
( J'ice-Presidftit)
1883 Marriott, Sir W. Smith, Bart.
1904 Marsh, J. L., Esq.
1907 Mate, C. H., Esq.
1879 Maunsell, Rev. F. W., M.A.
O.M. Mayo, Rev. Canon, M.A., R.D.
( Vice- President)
1902 Mayo, Miss B.
1907 Michell, Theo. Esq.
O.M. Middleton, H. B., Esq.
1909 Middleton, Miss A.
1900 Middleton, Miss L. M.
1890 Milne, Rev. Percy H., M.A.
O.M. Moorhead, J., Esq., M.A., M.D.
1905 Morgan, Mrs.
1893 Morrice, G. G., Esq., M.A., M.D.
1897 Moulliii, Arthur D., Esq.
1908 Nettleton, Spencer, Esq.
1909 Newnham, H. S., Esq.
St. Ives, Upper Parkstone, Dorset
Came Rectory, Dorchester
Chardstock Vicarage, Chard
Stroud Green Vicarage, London, N.
High Cliffe, Lyme Regis
Upton House, Poole
53, High West Street, Dorchester
11, New Square, Lincoln's Inn, London
53, High West Street, Dorchester
Arnmore, Upper Laiisdowne Road,
Bournemouth
Highclere, Rodwell, Weymouth
Herrison, Dorchester
Wabey House, Upwey
Stock Hill, Gillingham
Top-o'-Town, Dorchester
Longthorns, Blandford
Sturminster Newton Vicarage, Bland -
ford
Portesham, Dorchester
The Down House, Blandford
White Cliff Mill Street, Blandford
Elim, Surrey Road South, Bourne-
mouth
Symondsbury Rectory, Bndport
Long Burton Vicarage, Sherborne
Friar Waddon, Dorchester
Trewirgie, Wellington Road, Bourne-
mouth
Bradford Peverell, Dorchester
Bradford Peverell, Dorchester
Cliff Cabin, Worbarrow, Wareham
Horublotton Rectory, Castle Gary
Bournemouth
Haselbury Bryan Rectory, Blandford
17, Royal Terrace, Weymouth
Fermain, Cranbourue Road, Swauage
West Lul worth, Wareham
Wilts and Dorset Bank, Dorchester
XIX.
1905 Nicholson, Captain Hugh
1906 Oke, A. W., Esq.
1886 Okeden, Colonel U. E. Parry
1903 Okeden, Edmund Parry, Esq.
1908 Oliver, Vere L., Esq.
1908 Oliver, Mrs. Vere L.
1904 Oliver, Weston, Esq., M.A.
1905 Ord, W. T., Esq., M.E.C.S.
L.E.C.P.
1905 Page, Thomas, Esq.
1905 Page, Mrs. T.
1905 Paget, Miss Adelaide
1905 Parkinson, Miss M. B.
1890 Patey, Miss
1908 Patterson, Mrs. Myles
1907 Paul, Edward Clifford, Esq., M.A.
1907 Paul, Mrs. Edward Clifford
1894 Payne, Miss Florence O.
1906 Pearce, Mrs. Thos. A.
1901 Peck, Gerald E., Esq.
1878 Penny, Eev. J., M.A.
1894 Penny-Snook, S., Esq., M.E.C.S.,
L.E.C.P.
1907 Penny-Snook, Mrs. S.
1901 Pentin, Eev. Herbert, M.A. ( rice-
President and Hon. Secretary)
1894 Peto, Sir Henry, Bart.
1896 Phillips, Miss
1903 Phillips, Eev. C. A., M.A.
1393 Pickard-Cambrulge, A. W., Esq.
M.A.
O.M. Pickard - Cambridge, Eev. 0.,
M. A., F.E.S. ( rice-President)
1908 Pickard-Cambridge, Miss Ada
1903 Pickard-Cambridge, Miss
Catherine
1903 Pike, Leonard G., Esq.
1933 Pitt-Eivers, A. L. Fox, Esq.,
F.S.A.
Nettlecombe, Melplash, E.S.O.
32, Denmark Villas, Hove, Sussex
Turnworth, Blandford
Turnworth, Blandford
Greenhill House, Weymouth
Greenhill House, Weymouth
Castle House, Weymouth
Greenstead, 14, Madeira Eoad, Bourne-
mouth
Trevissome, Parkstone Eoad, Poole
Trevissome, Parkstone Eoad, Poole
Park Homer, Wimborne
Oaklands, Wimbome
Holmlea, Lincoln
Southover, Tolpuddle, Dorchester
Eastbrook House, Upwey
Eastbrook House, Upwey
Eydal, Wimborne
Ivythorpe, Dorchester
East Looe, Parkstone -on -Sea
Tarrant Eushton Rectory, Blandford
Xetherton House, Weymouth
Netherton House, Weymouth
Milton Abbey Vicarage, Blandford
Chediiigton Court, Misterton, S.O.,
Somerset
Okeford Fitzpaine Eectory, Shilling-
stoiie
Okeford Fitzpaine Eectory, Shilling-
stone
St. Catherine's, Headington Hill, Ox-
ford
Bloxworth Eectory, Wareham
Picardy, Eodwell, Weymouth
Picardy, Eodwell, Weymouth
Kingbarrow, Wareham
Hiiiton St. Mary, Blandford
1904 Plowman, Eev. L. S.
1896 Pond, S., Esq.
1894 Pouting, Chas. E., Esq., F.S.A.
1903 Poole, Rev. Sealey, M.A.
O.M. Pope, Alfred, Esq., F.S.A.
1906 Pope, Alfred Eolph, Esq., M.A.
1906 Pope, Mrs. Alfred Rolph
1905 Pope, Miss Hilda
1900 Pope, George, Esq.
1909 Pope, Francis S., I.C.S.
1909 Pownall, Rev. B. C., M.A.
1909 Pratt, Colonel, R.A.
1896 Prideaux, C. S., Esq., L.D.S.
1900 Prideaux, W. de C., Esq.. L.D.S.
1905 Priugle, Henry T., Esq., M.D.
1905 Pringle, Mrs. Henry T.
1888 Pye, William, Esq.
1888 Radclyffe, Eustace, Esq.
1905 Ramsden, Mrs.
1906 Ransford, Colonel
O.M. Ravenhill, Eev. Canon, M.A.
1905 Raymond, F., Esq.
1906 Raymond, Mrs. F.
1899 Rendell, W. F., Esq.
1886 Reynolds, Mrs. Arthur
1904 Rhydderch, Rev. W.
1887 Richardson, N. M., Esq., B.A.
(President)
1901 Ridley, Rev. J.
1890 Robinson, Sir Charles, C.B., F.S.A,
1886 Rodd, Edward Stanhope, Esq.
1907 Roe, Miss M. M. E.
1909 Roe, Rev. Wilfrid T., M.A.
1907 Roper, Freeman, Esq.
1909 Rowston, Robert, Esq.
1889 Russell, Colonel C. J., R.E.
1906 Samson, Miss E. A.
1905 Sanderson-Wells, T. H., Esq.,
M.D.
1905 Saunt, Miss
1905 Saunt Miss B. V.
18S9 Schuster, Rev. W. P., M.A.
Ibberton Rectory, Blandford
Blandford
Wye House, Marlborough
Chickerell Rectory, Weymouth
South Court. Dorchester
Culliford House, Dorchester
Culliford House, Dorchester
South Court, Dorchester
Weston Hall, Bournemouth
17, Holland Road, London, W.
12, Grange Road, Weymouth
The Ferns, Charmiiister
Ermiugton, Dorchester
12, Frederick Place, Weymouth
Ferndown, Wimborne
Ferndowu, Wimborne
Dunmore, Rodwell, Weymouth
Hyde, Wareham
Great Bidlake, Bridestow, N. Devon
Talavera, Dorchester Road, Weymouth
Southlea, Queen's Avenue, Dorchester
Garryowen, Dorchester
Garry o wen, Dorchester
Hallow Dene, Parkstone
Wyndcroft, Bridport
Owermoigne Rectory, Dorchester
Montevideo, Chickerell, near Wey-
mouth
The Rectory, Pulham, Dorchester
Xewton Manor, Swanage
Chardstock House, Chard
Sandford Orcas Rectory, Sherbonie
Sandford Orcas Rectory, Sherbonie
Forde Abbey, Chard
Casterbridge, Dorchester
Clavinia, Weymouth
Elwell Lea, Upwey
16, Victoria Terrace, Weymouth
Buxton, Rodwell, Weymouth
Buxton, Rodwell, Weymouth
The Vicarage, West Lulworth, Ware-
ham
XXI.
1907 Scott, J. H., Esq., M.E.
1904 Seaman, Rev. C. E., M.A.
1883 Searle, Alan, Esq.
1906 Shephard, Col. C. S., D.S.O.
1896 Shepheard, Thomas, Esq.,
F.B.M.S.
1906 Shepherd, Rev. F. J.
1903 Sheridan, Mrs. A. T. Brinsley
18S4 Sherren, J. A., Esq., F.E. Hist. S.
1908 Shortt, Miss E. F.
1908 Shortt, Miss L. M.
1897 Simpson, Jas., Esq.
1895 Simpson, Miss
1906 Smith, Mrs. Alfred
1899 Smith, Howard Lyon, Esq.,
L.B.C.P.
1909 Smith, Nowell C., Esq., M.A.
1908 Smith, Mrs. Spencer
1888 Solly, Rev. H. Shaen, M.A.
1901 Sotheby, Rev. W. E. H., M.A.,
R.D.
1909 South, H. E. , Esq. , Fleet Surgeon
R.N. retired
1900 Stephens, W. L., Esq.
1905 Stephens, J. Thompson, Esq.
1908 Stephens, A. N., Esq.
1903 Stilwell, H., Esq.
1900 Storer, Colonel, late R.E.
1900 Stopford, Admiral
1895 Sturdy, Leonard, Esq.
1896 Sturdy, Philip, Esq.
1902 Sturdy, Miss Violet
1907 Sturdy, Alan, Esq.
1905 Sturdy, E. T., Esq.
1898 Sturt, W. Neville, Esq.
1893 Suttill, H. S., Esq.
1905 Suttill, John, Esq.
Ardrossan, Sedgley, Bournemouth
Stalbridge Rectory, Blandford
Ashton Lodge, Bassett, Southampton
Shorttake, Osmington, Weymouth
Kingsley, Bournemouth West
Dorchester
Frampton Court, Dorchester
Helmsley, Weymouth
The Manor House, Martinstown
The Manor House, Martinstown
Minterne Grange, Parkstone
12, Greenhill, Weymouth
Newton House, Sturminster Newton
Buckland House, Buckland Newton,
Dorchester
School House, Sherborne
Kingston Vicarage, Wareham
Southcote, Alexandra Road, Park-
stone
Gillingham Vicarage, Dorset
Manor House, Moreton
Thornleigh, St. Andrew's Road,
Bridport
Wanderwell, Bridport
Haddon House, West Bay, Bridport
Steepleton Manor, Dorchester
Keavil, Bournemouth
Shroton House, Blandford
Trigon, Wareham
The Wick, Branksome, near Bourne-
mouth
The Wick, Branksome, near Bourne-
mouth
The Wick, Branksome, near Bourne-
mouth
Norburton, Burton Bradstock, Bridport
Baytree Farm, Great Horkesley, Col-
chester
Pymore, Bridport
24, West Street, Bridport
XXII.
1909 Swaffield, A. Owen, Esq.
1908 Swaffield, B. H. 0. Owen, Esq.
1893 Sykes, E. B., Esq., B.A., F.Z.S.
( Vice -President)
18S9 Symes, G. P., Esq., M.A., B.C.L.,
M.V.O.
1904 Symoncls, Arthur G., Esq.
1904 Symonds, Henry, Esq.
1901 Telfordsmith, Telford, Esq.,
M.A., M.D.
O.M. Thompson, Rev. G., M.A.
1906 Thomson, Chas. Bertram, Esq.,
F.R.C.S.
1907 Tims, E. M., Esq., R.N. (retired)
1907 Tims, Mrs. E. M.
1907 Towers, Miss
1898 Troyte -Bullock, Mrs.
1905 Truell, Mrs.
O.M. Udal, J. S., Esq., F.S.A.
1908 Udal, N. R., Esq., B.A.
1897 Usher, Rev. R., M.A., F.L.S.
1890 Usherwood, Rev. Canon T. E.,
M.A.
1907 Waite, Arthur H., Esq.
1887 Walker, Rev. S. A., M.A.
1905 Ward, Samuel, Esq.
O.M. Warre, Rev. Canon F., M.A.
1904 Warry, Mrs. King
1904 Warry, Wm., Esq.
1905 Watkins, Wm., Esq.
O.M. Watts, Rev. Canon, M.A.
1905 Watts, Miss
1893 Weaver, Rev. F. W., M.A., F.S.A.
1905 Webb, H. N., Esq.
1904 Westcott, Rev. Canon F. B., M.A.
1909 Whistler, Rev. C. W., M.R.C.S.
1895 Whitby, Joseph, Esq.
1908 Whitby, Mrs. J.
1904 Wildman, W. B., Esq., M.A.
5, Lansdowne Square, Rodwell, Wey-
mouth
1 , Lansdowne Terrace, Weymouth
Fairoaks, Addlestone, Surrey
Monksdene, Weymouth
10, South Street, Dorchester
Roundham, Bridport
Romansleigh, Wimborne
Highbury, Bodorgan Road, Bourne-
mouth
Romansleigh, Wimborne
Winfrith House, Winfrith
Winfrith House, Winfrith
Whicham, Porchester Road, Bourne-
mouth
Silton Lodge, Zeals, Bath
Onslow, Wimborne
Symondsbury, near Bridport
Gordon College, Khartoum
Netherbury, Beaminster
Parkstone
Upwey Place, Upwey
Charlton Manor, Blandford
Ingleton, Greenhill, Weymouth
Bemerton, Salisbury
39, Filey Avenue, Upper Clapton,
London, N.
Westrow, Holwell, Sherborne
62, London Wall, E.G.
Bemerton, Salisbury
Bemerton, Salisbury
Milton Vicarage, Evercreech, Somerset
Bibury Cottage, Osborn Road, Brank-
some Park, Bournemouth
St. Aldhelm's, Paignton, Devon
Chesilbome Rectory, Dorchester
Preston, Yeovil
Preston, Yeovil
The Abbey House, Sherborne
XX111.
1892 Williams, E. W., Esq., B.A.
1903 Williams, Captain Berkeley C. W.
1897 Williams, Miss F. L.
1884 Williams, Col. Robert, M.P.
1884 Williams, Mrs. Robert
1908 Williams, Miss Rhoda
1906 Williams, Miss Meta
1903 Willis, Mrs. A. Ratcliffe
1905 Wills, A. W., Esq., M.P.
1906 Winwood, T. H. R., Esq., M.A.
1898 Woodhouse, Miss
1903 Woodhouse, Miss Ellen E.
1906 Woodhouse, Frank D., Esq.
1906 Woodhouse, Mrs. Frank D.
1902 Wright, Rev. Herbert L.. B.A.
1904 Yates, Robert, Esq.
1893 Young, E. W., Esq.
Herringston, Dorchester
Herringston, Dorchester
Westleaze, Dorchester
Bridehead, Dorchester
Bridehead, Dorchester
Bridehead, Dorchester
South Walk, Dorchester
Bendemeer, Parkstone
3, Hyde Park Gate, London, S.W.
High Littleton House, High Littleton,
Bristol
Chilmore, Ansty, Dorchester
Chilmore, Ansty, Dorchester
Old Ford House, Blandford St. Mary
Old Ford House, Blandford St. Mary
Church Knowle Rectory, Corfe Castle
Delcombe, Milton Abbas, Blandford
Dorchester
The above list includes the New Members elected up to and including the
August meeting of the year 1909.
(Any omissions or errors should be notified to the Hon. Secretary.)
xxv.
ELECTED SINCE THE PUBLICATION OF THE LIST CONTAINED
IN VOL. XXIX.
Seconder.
The Rev. P.
Gorringe
R.
PEOPOSED ON SEPT. 15TH, 1908.
Nominee. Proposer.
The Rev. A. C. Almack, M.A., of The Rev. J. Cross
The Rectory, Blandford St. Mary
N. R. Udal, Esq., B.A., of Gordon The Hou. J. S. The Hon. Secretary
College, Khartoum Udal
PROPOSED ON DEC. lOra, 1908.
Nominee. Proposer. Seconder.
The Rev. N. W. Gresley, M.A., of The Rev. R. Gros- Captain J. E. Acland
Gresford, Dorchester venor Bartelot
Miss A. Middletou, of Bradford H. B. Middleton, The Hon. Secretary
Peverell, Dorchester Esq.
Fiancis J. Pope, Esq., I.C.S., of Alfred Pope, Esq. Henry Symonds, Esq.
17, Holland Road, London, W.
Nominee.
Colonel J. Mount Batten (Lord-
Lieutenant of Dorset), of Morn-
ington Lodge, West Kensington
Harry W. Crickmay, Esq., of
May bury, 12, Greenhill Gardens,
Weymouth
The Rev. B. C. Pownall, M.A., of
12, Grange Road, Weymouth
Colonel Pratt, R.A., of The Ferns,
Charminster
The Rev. Wilfrid T. Roe, M.A., of
Sandford Orcas Rectory, Sher-
borne
R. Rowston, Esq., of Casterbridge,
Dorchester
The Rev. C. W. Whistler, M.R.C.S.,
of Chesilborne Rectory, Dor-
chester
PEOPOSED ON FEB. 18TH, 1909.
Proposer.
The President
Seconder.
The Hon. Treasurer
Lord Eustace Cecil Alfred Pope, Esq.
S. Ward, Esq.
Albert Bankes, Esq.
Canon C. H. Mayo
Captain J. E. Ac-
land
Miss E. Simpson
Captain J. E. Acland
Miss M. M. E. Roe
The Rev. S. E. V.
Filleul
C. S. Pndeaux, Esq.
XXV.
PROPOSED ON MAY 4-ra, 1909.
Nominee. Proposer. Seconder.
Cyril D. Day, Esq., of Downing Captain J. E. Ac- VV. Busk, Esq.
College, Cambridge land
H. S. Newnham, Esq., of the Wilts ,, C. S. Prideaux, Esq.
and Dorset Bank, Dorchester
H. E. South, Esq., Fleet-Surgeon The Rev. W.Rhyd- E. M. Tims, Esq.
R.N. (retired), of the Manor derch
House, Moreton
PROPOSED ON JULY 22ND, 1909.
Nominee. Proposer. Seconder.
A. Owen Swaffield, Esq., of 5, Colonel Ransford The Rev. P. L.
Lansdowne Square, Rodwell, Cother
Weymouth
PEOPOSED ON JULY 27TH, 1909.
Nominee. Proposer. Seconder.
Xowell C. Smith, Esq.,M.A., of the W. B. Wildinaii, The Hon. Secretary
School House, Sherborue Esq.
XXVI.
PUBLICATIONS.
Proceedings of the Dorset Natural History and Antiquarian
Field Club. Vols. I. XXX. Price 10s. 6d. each volume, post free.
General Index to the Proceedings. Vols. I. XXVI. Price 6d., by
post 7d.
The Church Bells of Dorset. By the Rev. Canon HAVEN, D.D.,F.S.A.
Price (in parts, as issued), 6s. 6d., post free.
Church Goods, Dorset, A.D. 1552. By the Eev. W. MILES BABNES.
Price (as issued) 2s. 6d., post free.
By the late J. C. HANSEL -PLETDELL, B.A., F.G.S., F.L.S.
The Flora of Dorset. 2nd Edition. Price 12s.
The Birds of Dorset. Price 5s.
The Mollusca of Dorset. Price 5s.
By the Eev. 0. PICKABD-CAMBBIDGE, M.A., F.E.S., F.Z.S.
Spiders of Dorset. 2 vols. Price 25s., post free.
The British Phalangidea, or Harvest Men. Price 5s., post free.
British Chernetidea, or False Scorpions. Price 3s., post free.
The Volumes of Proceedings can be obtained from Captain Elwes, Bossing-
ton, Bournemouth; the Church Bells and Church Goods of Dorset, from the
Eev. W. Miles Barnes, Dorchester ; Mr. Mansel-Pley dell's works, from the
Curator of the Dorset County Museum, Dorchester ; the Eev. O. Pickard-
Cambridge's works, from the Author, Bloxworth Eectory, Wareham ; and the
General Index, from the Assistant- Secretary (Mr. H. Pouncy, Dorset County
Chronicle Office, Dorchester).
SOCIETIES IN CORRESPONDENCE WITH THE
FIELD CLUB.
British Museum, London.
British Museum of Natural History, London.
British Association, Burlington House, London.
Cambridge Philosophical Society, Cambridge.
Devon Association for the Advancement of Science.
Geological Society of London, Jermyn Street, London.
Hampshire Field Club, Southampton.
Royal Society of Antiquaries, Dublin, Ireland.
Society of Antiquaries, London.
Somerset Archaeological Society, Taunton.
University Library, Cambridge.
Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Society,
Salisbury.
OF THE
porset ^lafuraC ^isforj? & Jlnfiquaricm
DURING THE SEASON 1908-1909.
WINTER SESSION.
THE OPENING MEETING was held in the Reading Room of the
County Museum on Thursday, December loth. The President
(Mr. Nelson M. Richardson) occupied the chair, and fifty-five
Members were present.
Two new Members were elected, and three further nominations
were received.
EXHIBITS.
By the Rev. R. GBOSVENOB BAETELOT :
A conical- shaped piece of Kimmendge shale, once the chuck-end castaway of
a prehistoric lathe. It was, he said, dug up by his great-grandfather, who was
Lord of the Manor of Stoborough, in King Barrow, in that parish. Captain
ACLAND, as curator of the Museum, produced for the meeting's inspection some
of the little disc-like cores of Kimmeridge shale, each having a little square
mortice-like hole on one side, into which the chuck of the lathe was no doubt
inserted. Mr. BAETELOT said he believed that the collection of Kimmeridge coal
money in the Dorset County Museum was the best in the world, and he should
have pleasure in adding this specimen to the collection. Captain ACLAXD
thanked Mr. Bartelot warmly.
xxviii. THE FIRST WINTER MEETING.
By Sir CHABLES ROBINSON (of Newton Manor, Swanage) :
A sand-cast and flint and what was thought to be the head of a Purbeck
turtle. It certainly looked like a turtle's head, and if it really was so it was
unique, since Mr. Lydekker said that no turtle's head had ever yet been found
in that district. (See p. xxxiv., post.)
By the Rev. C. W. H. DICKEE :
A collection of worked flints, all surface finds, found by him and his son mostly
at Piddletrenthide. The most important specimen was a long and beautifully
fabricated implement, and there were also a few axe heads and a round stone
probably used for pounding grain.
Mr. ENGLEHEAKT observed that the flints appeared mostly to date from an
early period of the Neolothic Age.
By the Rev. Canon RAVENHILL :
A paper knife made of the oak cut from a pile of the old Roman bridge,
Pons CElii, at Newcastle-on-Tyne. The bridge was opened A.D. 110, and there-
fore the tree from which the wood was cut must have been growing when Jesus
Christ was on earth.
THE EXCAVATIONS AT MAUMBURY. In the unavoidable
absence of Mr. H. St. George Gray, Captain ACLAND read his
interim report on the excavations conducted by him at Maum-
bury Rings, Dorchester, last September. It was prefaced by a
short introduction written by Dr. H. Colley March, F.S.A.,
Chairman of the joint committee representing the British
Archaeological Association and the Dorset Field Club, by whom
the investigation was conducted. The report will be found
printed at length in the volume of " Proceedings," 1908, p. 256.
At the PRESIDENT'S invitation Mr. C. S, PRIDEAUX, as Mr.
Gray's collaborator in the work, added a few remarks. Mr.
ENGLEHEART, who is a recognised authority on Roman
antiquities, was also invited to speak, and observed that, judging
by the size of the red-deer antlers, there must in prehistoric
times have been red-deer in this island of great bulk and with
THE FIRST WINTER MEETING. xxix.
very fine heads, for no deer now killed in the British Isles had
horns that approached these in size. In Scotland deer's horn
was often to be seen used by the crofters and cottagers as picks.
Mr. SOLLY said it would have been interesting if at least a
portion of the level chalk floor of the arena could have been left
uncovered, instead of it all being covered up again. Captain
ACLAND said that, if the committee approved, he would, in the
event of further excavations being done next year, ask leave to
keep a section of the chalk floor uncovered and railed around.
It could be done without any harm, and would be most inter-
esting.
THE ROMAN VILLA AT HEMSWORTH. PAPER BY MR.
ENGLEHEART. The Rev. G. H. ENGLEHEART, F.S.A., who
superintended the excavation of the Roman villa at Hemsworth,
near Wimborne, and the raising of the two beautiful tesselated
pavements, read an able and very interesting paper on the
subject, illustrated with excellent coloured drawings by Mr.
Brumell. (Present Volume, p. i.)
THE LATE MR. BOSWORTH SMITH. The PRESIDENT made
a suitable reference to the great loss which the Club had suffered
by the death of Mr. R. Bosworth Smith, of Bingham's Melcombe,
one of their most distinguished Vice-Presidents, and he proposed
that the Hon. Sec. be asked to write to Mrs. Bosworth Smith
and the family conveying a vote of condolence. An obituary
notice, together with a portrait, would be published in the forth-
coming volume of " Proceedings." The HON. TREASURER, who
said he had the pleasure and privilege of knowing Mr. Bosworth
Smith as a boy, seconded the vote, and it was duly carried.
(Vol. XXIX., p. cxx.)
THE BURNING CLIFF AND LANDSLIP AT LYME REGIS. A
paper on this subject by Mr. A. Jukes-Browne, F.G.S., the
eminent geological Member of the Club, was read by the PRESI-
DENT, who reminded the gathering that the author was an invalid
and could not be present. (Vol. XXIX., p. 153.)
xxx. HE FIRST WINTER MEETING.
FORDINGTON ST. GEORGE FLOOR TILES. The Rev. R.
GROSVENOR BARTELOT, Vicar of St. George Church, read an
interesting paper on " The Mediaeval Floor Tiles of Fordington
St. George Church." (Present Volume, p. 133.)
SOME DORSET BRIDGES. A paper by Mr. R. G. Brocklehurst.
(Vol. XXIX., p. 251.)
XXXI.
WINTER SESSION.
THE SECOND WINTER MEETING was held on February i8th.
The President was in the chair, supported by four of the Vice-
Presidents. A fairly representative gathering of Members
attended the meeting.
THE Loss OF DISTINGUISHED MEMBERS. The PRESIDENT,
before the business of the meeting was begun, referred with deep
regret to the great loss which the Club had suffered since their
last meeting by the death of two of their most distinguished and
valued Vice-Presidents, Mr. Wilfrid H. Hudleston, past President
of the Geological Society, and Mr. Henry Storks Eaton, past
President of the Royal Meteorological Society. They had read
obituaries of both of them in the Press, and he hoped that a
notice of each would appear in the next volume of the Club's
" Proceedings." They also regretted the death of Mr. Charles
Hansford, an old and valued Member of the Club and a Vice-
President of the County Museum. He proposed that, on behalf
of the Club, votes of sympathy should be passed and forwarded
to Mrs. Hudleston, Mr. Alfred Eaton (Mr. Eaton's brother), and
the Rev. F. W. Galpin (nephew of Mr. Hansford).
THE MEMBERSHIP. Three new Members were elected, and
eight new nominations were announced.
CONGRESS OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETIES. The HON. SEC.
read a short digest which he had prepared of the matters of most
interest to Dorset people occurring in the report of the igth
Congress of Archaeological Societies held in London on July 8th.
The Dorset Field Club was represented at the Congress by Mr.
Nigel Bond, M.A. (Secretary of the National Trust for the
Preservation of Places of Beauty and Historic Interest). Details
were given of the commissions already granted for scheduling
and preserving the ancient monuments of Scotland and Wales,
and of the petition sent to the Prime Minister praying that a
similar commission might be appointed for England. Mr. A. G.
Chater, the ne\vly-elected Secretary to the Earthworks Com-
mittee, stated in his report that the important fortress of Maiden
XX.xii. THE SECOND WINTER MEETING.
Castle had, under the Ancient Monuments Act, been transferred
to the guardianship of the Commissioners of Works. Mr. C. S.
Prideaux's satisfactory investigation of a large barrow or
extensive burial place at Portland in 1907 was mentioned with
approval.
EXHIBITS.
A series of relics of King Charles I., sent by Major Benett-Stanford, of
Tisbury. The first was a plaster cast of the face of the king, taken from the
original cast taken from the king's face immediately after his execution, and one
of a small number given to his intimate personal friends. This one was given to
Mildmay, Earl of Westmoreland, who was present at the king's burial at
Windsor. Then there were shown in two glass cases the pair of gloves carried to
the scaffold by the king and handed to Bishop Juxon a few seconds before the
execution. Some letters of the king were also exhibited.
The PRESIDENT said he was sorry that Major Benett-Stanford could not be
there that day, but he had kindly sent those exhibits, for which they were very
grateful to him. The Rev. S. E. V. Filleul had brought a copy of the warrant
signed for the death of Charles I. and also a picture of the execution and a copy
of the " Eikou Basilike " containing a very fine picture of King Charles. Mr.
VEEE OLIVER said that Thomas Benett, of Pyt House, was military secretary to
Prince Rupert, and carried on a great deal of correspondence with prominent
Royalists at the time. Some years ago his uncle, the late Mr. Vere Benett-
Stanford, found a large number of letters, over a thousand, in an old box. He
began tearing some of them up until, catching sight of the signature " Charles
Rex" at the bottom of one of them, he stopped and saved the rest. Tb.3
PRESIDENT said they ought to pass a special vote of thanks to Major Benett-
Stanford for sending those valuable exhibits.
A RARE WILD GLADIOLUS. The botanists present were much interested in a
beautiful specimen of the wild gladiolus of the New Forest (Gladiolus illyricus),
brought by Dr. Dixon, of Bournemouth. It was not found in Dorset, and was
indeed found only in the New Forest, and there for the first time in 1857 by ths
Rev. W. H. Lucas. So rare was this flower that the Linnseau Society in London
had not a specimen in their herbarium. He also showed a beautiful photograph
of the gladiolus growing among the bracken, which is its favourite habitat.
"THE LAST OF THE MARTYNS " AT ATHELHAMPTON. Mr. HENRY SYMONDS,
of Rouudham, Bridport, exhibited two deeds, beautiful specimens of late 16th
century caligraphy, relating to the last of the Martyns of Athelhampton, and
read the following note thereon :
The earlier document, dated 15 June, 12 Elizabeth (1570), bears the signatures
of Nicholas Martyii, of Athelhamptou, and Margaret his wife, the latter being a
THE SECOND WINTER MEETING. XXX111.
sister of Nicholas Wadham, who founded the college which bears his name.
Nicholas Martyn was Sheriff of Dorset in 1581 and died in 1595; his "brass" in
Puddletown Church has been illustrated by Mr. W. de C. Prideaux in the Club's
"Proceedings " (Vol. XXIII.), andin Vol. XX. Mr. A. C. de Lafontaine, the present
owner of Athelhampton, has described the old home of the family. Tradition
has associated this Elizabethan 'squire with an epitaph said to have been on his
tomb, but which cannot now be found, as I am informed by the Rev. A. L.
Helps, vicar of Puddletown. It ran : "Nicholas ye first, Martyn ye last, Good-
night, Nicholas," and has been quoted by many writers. Who was the author
of this epigrammatic inscription which is so strangely at variance with the facts
of the family history? The Christian name of "Nicholas" recurs frequently
among his forefathers, while it is quite clear that this Martyn was, happily, far
from being the last of the race in the male line, inasmuch as the grandsons of his
brother Thomas duly established their pedigree at the Visitation of 1623. The
latter deed, dated 23 October, 11 James I. (1613), is signed in the fine hand-
writing of Anne Floyer, of St. Gabriel's, who was the youngest surviving
daughter of Nicholas Martyn and the widow of Anthony Floyer, who had died in
1608. This lady grants by the deed a lease of one-fourth of the lands in the
Manor of Wanstrow, which her father had granted by the earlier instrument of
1570 ; this fourth part she had inherited under his will, together with one-quarter
of Athelhampton House.
A EELIC OF THE WALBONDS. Mr. STMONDS next exhibited a piece of oak
panelling bearing the arms of the Devonshire family of Walrond, impaling those
perhaps of Pole in the same county. (The crescent of cadency on the dexter side
showed that the bearer of the coat was a second son or the descendant of a
second son.) The panel was obtained at Lyrae, but nothing could be learnt
about its history. It had been dated approximately at the South Kensington
Museum as belonging to the first half of the 18th Century. The Walronds,
whose name was originally spelt " Walerand," were also connected with Dorset.
Two members of the family, Roger and Humphrey, were escheators for this
county in the reigns of Philip and Mary and Elizabeth. At about the same
period Roger and Humphrey Walrond owned the Manor of Swanage, and
possibly lived there during their terms of office under the Crown.
Captain ACLAND said he knew the family of Walrond intimately. Round the
fine Elizabethan dining-room of the main house of the family at Bradford, near
Tiverton, there stretched heraldic panels illustrating the history of the family for
hundreds of years, and every panel was of the same description as that exhibited.
Captain ELWES stated that the original Walrond was huntsman to William the
Conqueror, and in Domesday was described as " Waleranus Venator." He
suggested that the name might originally have been a corruption of Valerianus.
A TRILINGUAL PSALTER. Canon RAVENHILL exhibited a beautifully bound
and exquisitely printed copy of " Psalterium Trilingue," the three tongues being
Hebrew, Greek, and Latin. It was printed at Basle in 1548. The Psalter was
much admired, especially as a fine specimen of the 16th century typography.
XXxiv. THE SECOND WINTER MEETING.
MOCK SUNS. INTERESTING PHENOMENON. The PRESIDENT read a letter from
the Rev. C. \V. H. Dicker, vicar of Piddletrenthide, who unfortunately could not
attend the meeting, sending a rough sketch of an interesting phenomenon which
he saw from Waterson Ridge as he was driving home on Monday, February
loth apparently a pair of " mock suns." They appeared in a bank of grey mist.
The discs were reddish, but sent out white rays. The apparition lasted, he
thought, from five o'clock to 5. 15.
Mr. MIDDLETON recalled seeing a somewhat similar phenomenon many years
ago at Henley Regatta. The real sun in the middle, with a mock sun on either
side of it, had also a third mock sun immediately over it, and the three mock
suns were connected with the real orb by arching rays of light. Dr. FIELDING
said that such a sight was not uncommon on the Norwegian coast, where the
sailors and fishermen regarded it as a premonition of foul weather.
The Rev. J. C. M. MAXSEL-PLEYDELL exhibited a small cross, apparently of
polished flint, which was recently found in a vault in Sturminster Newton
churchyard.
A FOSSIL TURTLE'S HEAD. Captain ACIAND reproduced the rare fossil which
he exhibited at the last meeting, and which had been sent to the Museum by Sir
Charles Robinson, of Newton Manor, Swanage. It was then thought to be the
fossilised head of a Purbeck turtle. In order to obtain verification of this
supposition he sent the fossil to Dr. Smith Woodward at the British Museum,
who identified it as a Chelonian skull from the Purbeck Beds of Swanage.
Although remains of the shells of turtles were very common in the Purbeck Beds
of Swanage, yet only one skull appeared to have been met with hitherto. The
recent discovery of a second skull was, therefore, of much interest, and worthy of
a brief notice (which Dr. Woodward had kindly contributed). This skull
was exactly such as might be expected to belong to Pleitrosternum. Captain
Acland added that it would, he thought, be taken as a type specimen.
THE VENUS PAVKMENT FROM HKMSWORTH. Captain ACLAND said that the
members would remember the interesting excavations carried out last summer on
the site of the Roman villa at Hemsworth, near Wimborne. Mr. H. Le Jeune,
who so actively promoted and assisted in the work, had that day brought down a
beautiful coloured drawing of the Venus pavement, made from measurements and
from photographs taken on the spot by Mr. G. Brumell, A.R.I.B.A., who had
kindly presented the drawing to the Museum. The pavement had, he was sorry
to say, been removed to the British Museum. He wished to express the thanks
of the Council of the Museum not only to Mr. Brumell, but also to Mr. Le Jeune,
for all that he did in regard to the excavation of the villa and for having
procured that beautiful drawing for the Museum.
HERALDIC BADGE. The PRESIDENT read a letter from Mr. W. de C, Prideaux,
of Weymouth, who expressed regret that he was confined to his bed by a cold,
and who had sent three small shields used as pendant badges, one belonging to
the President and two to Sir Charles Robinson. A circular one he identified as
that of Sir William Arundell, K.G., whose plaque was in St. George's Chapel at
u oi
O m
* <
THE SECOND WINTER MEETING. XXXV.
Windsor. Sir Charles bought it of a Spanish priest. A heater- shaped shield
bore the arms of Arragon impaling France ancient, with a label of four points
the arms of a Queen of Arragon of French lineage circa 1300-30.
PAPERS.
BRITISH ARACHNIDA. The PRESIDENT read a short intro-
duction to a paper by the Club's distinguished araneologist, the
Rev. O. Pickard-Cambridge, who confessed that he had no
records just now for 1908 of any group of arachnids except that
of the true spiders. Mr. Richardson said he wished that they
had some more spider-collectors in the Club to help Mr.
Cambridge in the collection of Dorset spiders.
THE MANORS OF STRATTON AND GRIMSTON. SOME
ANCIENT CUSTOMS. Mr. ALFRED POPE, F.S.A., read a long
and carefully compiled paper on some ancient customs of the
Manors of Stratton and Grimston, the court rolls of which came
into his possession on the purchase of the manors in 1895 (p. 28).
The paper was illustrated with photos of the old Manor House
and of ancient deeds and maps. The PRESIDENT expressed the
sincere thanks of the meeting to Mr. Pope for his interesting and
valuable paper.
It being past two o'clock, the Club then adjourned for
luncheon, and re-assembled at 2.45.
NOTES ON DORSET FLORA. The HON. SEC. announced the
receipt from the Rev. E. F. Linton of the second portion of his
" Notes on Dorset Flora." The first portion was printed in the
last volume of the " Proceedings." Mr. Linton proposed to
write a third and concluding portion, the subject of which would
be " Fungi."
BRITISH AND ROMANO-BRITISH COINS FROM DORSET.
Mr. H. SYMONDS exhibited two cases of coins of the British and
Romano-British periods found in Dorset, most of them finely
preserved specimens, and read a long and valuable paper on the
subject, (p. 58.) The PRESIDENT expressed the sincere thanks
of the meeting to Mr. Symonds for his paper. Captain ACLAND,
XXXvi. THE SECOND WINTER MEETING.
as Curator of the County Museum, mentioned how greatly he
was indebted to Mr. Symonds for his valuable help in the re-
arrangement of the coins.
THE STATUS OF PEASANTRY IN PORTLAND. The HON. SEC.
read a paper written by Mrs. King Warry, who unfortunately
could not be present, on " The Status of Peasantry in Portland."
(p. 73.) Mr. F. J. BARNES, of Portland, said that time out of
mind women in Portland had been allowed to hold and deal with
property in their own right centuries before the Married
Women's Property Act came into force outside Portland. Such
property descended from father or mother to daughter ; and,
although a woman might have a husband living, her property
was held by her independently of him. She received her rents,
and subsequently demised her property. He was glad to find
that in later years England adopted the same principle which
had so long been in force in Portland.
THE ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING. XXXV11.
THE ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING.
THE ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING of the Club was held on
Tuesday, May 4th, in the Reading Room at the County Museum.
The President took the chair at 12.30. Between forty and fifty
Members were present.
THE MEMBERSHIP. Seven new Members were elected, and
three further candidates were 'nominated.
THE PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS was then read, and was followed
by a short discussion on questions arising from the various
matters dealt with by the President. Captain ACLAND proposed a
vote of thanks to Mr. Richardson for his extremely able and
interesting Address ; the motion was seconded by Mr. ALFRED
POPE, and carried amidst general applause.
THE HON. SECRETARY'S REPORT. The HON. SECRETARY
presented his Annual Report :
The membership of the club has now again nearly reached its maximum
number 400 but there are a few vacancies for new members. The summer
meetings last year were well attended, but the reduction of the levy on the
admission cards from 2s. to Is. Cd. has reduced the balance in hand on the
Secretary's account from '20 os. to 9 4s. 7d. I think that for the coming year
we may continue the Is. 6d. per diem levy for " incidental expenses," which will
still further reduce the balance in hand, but at the members' benefit. The
accounts for the past year have been duly audited, and the vouchers retaining
thereto lie upon the table.
THE HON. EDITOR'S REPORT was also read by Mr. PENTIN as
follows :
The following are to be the first five papers in the new volume : " The
Roman Villa at Hemsworth," by the Eev. G. H. Engleheart ; the second portion
of a contribution on "Dorset Chantries," by Mr. E. A. Fry ; "Coins of the
British and Romano -British periods found in Dorset," by Mr. Henry Symonds ;
"The Status of Peasantry in Portland," by Mrs. King Warry ; and "Some
Ancient Customs of the Manors of Strattoii and Grimstone," by Mr. Alfred
Pope. The Rev. O. Pickard-Cambridge has prepared another paper on "British
Arachnida," and the Rev. E. F. Linton on " Dorset Flora." Mr. B. Fossett
Lock has translated the Cartulary of Milton Abbey, which will be printed as a
XXXVlii. THE ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING.
companion paper to those previously contributed on Cerne Abbey. The Kev. B.
Grosvenor Bartelot has written an article on the ancient floor tiles of St. George's
Church, Fordingtoii ; and it is hoped that Mr. W. de C. Prideaux will contribute
another paper to his series of papers on "Dorset Memorial Brasses." The
President's address, and the Mansel-Pleydell Prize Essay by Mr. Feacey on
"The Sequence of architectural styles as exemplified in the buildings, either
Ecclesiastical or Domestic, of any neighbourhood in Dorset," the official account
of the club's meetings, the rainfall returns, and the report on the first appearances
of birds, insects, &c., will also be printed.
At our annual meeting last year I asked the club to relieve me of the office of
Editor, as I found the two offices of Secretary and Editor too burdensome, but as
no one was then willing to take the Editorship I consented to hold it for another
year. Now, however, I must ask to be relieved, although I shall be glad to help
my successor in any way in my power.
FINANCE* The HON. TREASURER then presented his state-
ment of the Club Accounts, which will be found printed in the
following pages. In reply to Mr. BARNES, Captain ELWES stated
that the Club now had 450 invested in Consols.
THE PHOTOGRAPHIC SURVEY. In the absence of Mr. C. J.
Cornish Browne, of Came House, honorary director of the
Dorset Photographic Survey, the HON. SEC., at the PRESIDENT'S
request, read the Director's Report. It was as follows :
" I regret that I am unable to report more progress in connection with the
work of the survey. I have put myself into communication with those who were
likely to assist me in my search for helpers in the towns and districts of
Dorchester, Weymouth, Poole, Sherborne, Wimborne, Blandford, Shaftesbury,
Bridport, Swanage, and Lyme Regis. I find that there is in only one of these
towns, namely, Weymouth, a Photographic Club, but none of its members have
through their secretary offered assistance. I have enlisted the sympathies of a
few good amateurs, and to these I am very grateful ; but I am sure there must
be many skilful photographers in the county with whom I have unfortunately
not come in contact. If members of the Field Club could bring the survey before
the notice of such, and persuade them to send in their names as helpers, there
would be but little difficulty in getting together a large collection of photographs.
The expense is trifling and the work of great interest. Should the club ask me to
continue the directorship for another year I shall bo pleased to do so, or should it
entrust the work to another I will gladly help my successor."
LORD EUSTACE CECIL PRESENTS THE MEDALS. Lord
EUSTACE CECIL, vice-president and past president, who was
received with loud applause, said that the President had entrusted
THE ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING. XXXIX.
to him a most agreeable task to present to the successful com-
petitors the " Mansel-Pleydell " and " Cecil " medals and prizes
of $ each in value. The " Mansel-Pleydell" silver medal and
prize had been awarded to Mr. Jem Feacey, of Culliford Road,
Dorchester, for an essay on " The Sequence of Architectural
Styles as exemplified in the Buildings, either Ecclesiastical or
Domestic, of any Neighbourhood in Dorset," and the " Cecil "
Medal and Prize to Mr. Cyril Douglas Day, of Downing College,
Cambridge (son of Dr. E. J. Day, of Dorchester), for an essay on
" The Discovery of Radium ; its probable origin, its present
development, and possible future use." He was the more
pleased to perform this duty in that the competition had been
contested keenly, and the prizes hard-won.
THE LIMITATION OF THE CLUB MEMBERSHIP. A somewhat
lengthy discussion arose upon a proposal, brought forward by
Mr. C. S. PRIDEAUX, that the recently-enacted rule limiting the
number of Members to 400 should be rescinded. On a division
the Meeting rejected the motion by a large majority.
EXHIBITS.
By Mr. W. DE C. PRIDEAUX :
A coffin chalice and paten, now the property of Mary, Countess of Ilchester,
who had kindly lent them for exhibition. They were found early in 1906, in
association with an ancient interment, during the digging of a grave on the
south side of Abbotsbury Church. In February Mr. Prideaux took the articles
up for exhibition before the Society of Antiquaries in London, and there they
received much attention, and were considered to be early 14th century.
The HON. SECKETAEY mentioned that in the volume of the " Proceedings " for
1905 he reproduced a photograph of a burial chalice and paten from Milton of
about the same date. The PRESIDENT expressed the thanks of the Club to Mr.
Prideaux, and asked him also to convey them to Lady Ilchester.
ELECTION OF OFFICERS. The President, Hon. Secretary and
Hon. Assistant-Secretary, and Hon. Treasurer were re-elected to
their respective offices ; the Rev. C. W. H. Dicker was elected to
be Hon. Editor, Mr. Cornish Browne again accepting the
directorship of the Photographic Survey. The Vice- Presidents
xl. THE ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING.
were re-nominated by the PRESIDENT, and two of the vacancies
were filled up by the nomination of Canon C. H. Mayo, of Long-
burton, a well-known antiquarian authority and writer, and Mr.
E. R. Sykes, founder and past President of the Malacological
Society, London. Mr. Alfred Pope, F.S.A., was appointed again
to represent the Club at the meeting to be held in London in the
autumn of the corresponding societies of the British Association,
whose meetings are to be held at Winnipeg. Messrs. Alfred
Pope and Nigel Bond were re-appointed to represent the Club at
the Congress of Archaeological Societies in union with the
Society of Antiquaries, London.
THE SUMMER MEETINGS. It was decided to hold a two-days'
meeting in the neighbourhood of Dunster (or, failing that, at
Salisbury and Stonehenge), and three single-day meetings. On
one the Club proposed to drive from Dorchester to Owermoigne,
calling en route at Came House by invitation of Mr. Cornish
Browne. On the other two days excursions will be made to St.
Aldhelm's Head and up the Tarrant Valley.
CAME AND OWERMOIGNE. xli.
FIRST SUMMER MEETING.
CAME AND OWEKMOIGNE.
THE FIRST SUMMER MEETING was held on Tuesday, June
22nd. With the exception of a few slight showers, the weather
during the day was bright and pleasant. About 70 members and
friends assembled at the South-Western station for the start at
10.15.
CAME HOUSE.
Mr. CORNISH BROWNE, after bidding the Club a cordial
welcome to Came House for the first time, gave a short sketch
of the history of Winterborne Came, a name which is supposed
to be a corruption of Caen, Came having been given by the
Conqueror to the Abbey of St. Stephen's, Caen. It pertained to
the friary of Frampton, and at the dissolution of the alien
priories was given to the College of St. Stephen's, Westminster,
in whose possession it continued until the general dissolution,
when it was granted by Edward VI. to William, Earl of
Pembroke.
From him it came to one Meller, who was remarkable chiefly for his habit of
depopulating most of the land he bought. For this reason there was no village
round about the house. During the Civil War the Mellers fell upon evil times,
and soon after left Dorset to live in Buckinghamshire. About the year 1700 the
estate passed by purchase to the Darner family, and in 1756 the present house,
which had all the characteristics of the Georgian period, was built by Mr. George
Darner. The present front door and conservatory were added early in the
19th century, and these, while somewhat disturbing the balance of the building,
added much to the comfort and convenience of the house. Mr. Cornish Browne
went on to mention illustrious guests who have been entertained at the house.
Here in 180-t came, as the guest of Lionel Darner, then Colonel of the Dorset
Volunteer Bangers, after a review of the regiment iu Fordington Field,
George III. and his Queen and the Princesses and Dukes of Gloucester and
Cambridge. Here nearly 40 years later came Prince Louis Napoleon, who was
shortly afterwards elected President of the French and four years later Emperor.
Mr. Cornish Browne then conducted the club over the house in convenient
parties. As the members passed through the suite of elegant apartments they
admired the beautifuHy- moulded plaster ceilings, the carved chimney-pieces,
Xlii. CAME AND OWERMOIGNfi.
choice furniture, the tapestries, and the interesting collection of pictures by old
and modern masters hanging on the walls. A pastel of a girl wearing a hat, by
John Eussell, one of the great pastellists of the 18th century, was much
admired ; and among the many pictures observed with special interest were a
portrait of George IV. while Prince of Wales, by Sir Joshua Eeynolds ; a piece
cherubs with flowers and fruit, by Paul Eubens, similar to pictures of the same
genre at Kingston Lacy and Wilton House ; a reputed Cuyp, portraits of Mr. and
Mrs. Taylor by Gainsborough, a head of Colonel Darner by Gambadella, and one
of the Duke of Richmond, who was bitten by a mad fox and died of hydrophobia.
A pretty picture of a girl and a spinet, Mr. Cornish Browne said, was given by
George IV. to Mrs. Fitzherbert, the girl being Miss Seymour, her ward. But
the most notable pictures in the house, to Dorset people, were the series of eleven
portraits of the officers of the Dorset Rangers, painted soon after the enrolment
of the regiment, the artist being Thomas Beach, a native of Milton Abbas, pupil
of Sir Joshua, and a fashionable portrait painter much sought after in his day.
The portraits, which are all sound work and spirited likenesses, are of Lord
Milton, the first colonel, R. E. D. Grosvenor (Charborough), James Frampton
(Moreton) brother of Mary Frainpton, who wrote the charming Journal ; John
W. Smith (Sydling), Richard Travers (Uploders), William Churchill (Henbury),
William Clavell (Smedmore), Thomas Weld (Lulworth Castle), T. Bowyer
Bower (Iwerne), Francis John Brown (Frampton), and T. Meggs (Piddlehinton) .
Mr. Cornish Browne mentioned the fact that Thomas Weld never had his
commission signed, because he was a Roman Catholic, and for a Catholic the
King at that time could not sign a commission. Thomas Weld later became a
priest in the Roman Church and then cardinal, and he was afterwards a
candidate for the Papal throne. Captain Bowyer Bower was the grandfather of
Mr. Syndercombe Bower, and the Rev. J. C. M. Mansel-Pleydell claimed an
ancestor in Captain Clavell, of Smedmore. In the library, too, the club
examined with interest the Communion plate of Came Church a silver chalice
with cover, used as a paten, of the Commonwealth period, and plain, as one
would expect. The fine tapestries in the drawiug-room, representing memorable
scenes in the life of Diogenes the Cynic, are probably from the looms of
Mortlake, and most likely early 18th century. Mr. Cornish Browne informed
the party that for years these tapestries had been covered with brocaded satin,
and that they were brought to light by accident.
CAME CHURCH.
From the house the party proceeded to the church, pausing on
the way by the grave of William Barnes, marked by a handsome
Celtic cross erected to the poet's memory by his children and
grandchildren. The members having seated themselves inside
the church,
CAME AND O\VERMOIGN*E. xliii.
The RECTOR (the Rev. E. C. Leslie) said : The little church, consisting of nave
and chancel, is dedicated to St. Peter. The original church must have been
erected in the 13th century, as parts of the walls, the window arch, and inner
splay of the east window, the base and pedestal of the font, are of that period.
Of the 14th century work there still remain the north and south doorways ; but
the latter, which might have led to the priest's cell, is built up. The original
north chancel window was also 14th century work. Of the loth century is the
east window, with the exception of the inner splay and window arch. There are
good Perpendicular windows of three lights with cinquefoil heads in the tower,
and also in the north and south sides of the nave. Two of the latter are
exceptionally good specimens of square -headed windows of the period. The
tower is late Perpendicular. The original roof of the church was waggon-
headed and plastered, and the chancel ceiling was divided into four compartments
by moulded oak ribs. The present roof took its place at the restoration of the
church in 1883. There is some excellent woodwork, notably the pulpit, on
which is inscribed the date 1624 and the initials "I. M.," standing for John
Meller, the Jacobean altar rails, and, most noticeable of all, the loth century
rood screen. The rood loft was probably dismantled in 1561 . The text " Let us
hear the conclusion of all things. Fear God and keep His Commandments, for
these toucheth all men, for God judgeth all things," is probably contemporary,
being a quotation from the Bishop's Bible. On the north side of the church are
the foundations of what might have been the rood loft staircase. The grave of
the poet Barnes, who was rector of this parish from 1862 to 1886, is close to the
south-west window. In the churchyard there is also the family vault of the
Dawson-Damers. The remarkable double-headed cross over the vault of the
Williams's, of Herringston, is said to be an exact copy of a cardinal's silver
pectoral cross, with the exception of the central crucifix. The old register has
been unfortunately lost. The first entry we have is in 1695. In the marriage
register there is the signature of Napoleon Louis Bonaparte as witness to the
nuptials on March llth, 1847, of Hugh Fortescue, Viscount Ebrington, and
Georgiana Augusta Caroline Dawson -Darner. In the Deanery* of Dorchester
there are but six mediaeval bells, of which two hang in this belfry. The largest
bell bears the inscription "Maria," the smaller a beautiful initial cross and
" Sane ta Maria." The hatchments appertain to the Dawson-Damers and Lady
Caroline Darner, and that in the tower to the last Lord Dorchester. Mr. Leslie
then gave particulars of the stained glass windows and of the monuments in
which the church is so rich. Over the fine tomb of Sir John Meller and Anne,
his wife, with its two recumbent effigies, still hangs Sir John's helmet.
Mr. Leslie produced the registers and showed the autograph
of Louis Napoleon. After the party had thoroughly inspected
the church and the churchyard, they proceeded to
* i.e., Dorchester portion.
xliv. CAME AND oWERMoiGNE.
WHITCOMBE CHURCH
or " Widecomb," as the ancient spelling has it. The visitors,
especially those who had never seen it before, were delighted at
the picturesque ivy-mantled tower and the whole appearance of
church and churchyard William Barnes's first charge and
confessed that it seemed just the church to have a poet for its
cure. Here again Mr. Leslie gave a short address.
Until the passing of the recent Benefices Act Whitcombe was one of the four
donative livings in this diocese. It is said that King Athelstan gave Whitcombe
to the Abbey of Milton. At any rate the rectory was from the first appropriated
to the monastery of Milton, which served the cure by a stipendiary priest or one
of their own monks, for no institutions occur in the Sarum registers. Later on
this rectory and chapel belonged to the rectory of Milton. In this way it has
passed from hand to hand until the present day. I think that most people who
travel this road must be struck by the beautiful proportions of the embattled
tower, which is of the loth century. The grilles in the windows are remarkably
good. On that of the south side can be read the initials " M.A." (possibly those
of the abbey) and the date 1500. The plan of the church, long and narrow, is
Norman. The south and north doorways belong to that period, but the latter is
built up. Of 13th century work there is the south porch arch and the east
window, terribly spoilt from inside by the depressed ceiling and the inartistic
reredos, but well worthy of examination from outside, where can be seen the
original hood-moulding in good preservation. The other windows are of the
loth century. In the head of the north chancel window are two pieces of loth
century glass. The font, a very large one of Purbeck marble, is of the 12th
century, with the exception of its smaller pillars, which are later. There was
formerly a rood beam, probably removed in 1561. In the churchyard is the step
with socket and the portion of the shaft of a 13th century cross. Perhaps the
head is buried below. The weathering of the 15th century roof, which has gone,
can still be seen. The church plate consists of an Elizabethan chalice and lid,
with the date 1573 engraved on the lid, and a George II. flagon and dish, " The
gift of Mrs. Lora Pitt to the Church of Whitcombe in Dorsetshire, 1739." There
are two bells, one inscribed "Hope well, I.W., 1610," and the other " Love God,
I.W., 1610." One is missing, probably the teuor. The most noticeable grave in
the churchyard is an enormous table stone, on which is the laconic inscription
" Spratt."
The PRESIDENT thanked Mr. Leslie heartily for the excellent
accounts which he had given the party of the churches of Came
and Whitcombe. The party then made the tour of the little
CAME AND OAVERMOIGNE. xlv.
building, which has not yet (perhaps we ought to say happily)
come under the hands of the restorer. The low plaster ceiling,
we should say, might go without any lamentation, but it is to be
hoped that, when the postponed but inevitable "restoration"
does at last come, it will take the form of preservation. It is
delightful to notice how this little church, indissolubly associated
with the memory of one of Dorset's best and most celebrated
sons, epitomises most of the styles of English architecture,
besides Perpendicular and Norman, Transitional, Early English,
all three of which are scarce in Dorset certainly in comparison
with the all dominating Perpendicular. The Rev. C. R. BASKETT
called attention to the pewter alms-dish, the sides of which are
ornamented with sets of four small perforated holes. Whitcombe,
we may add, is somewhat off the beaten track of antiquarian
show churches in Dorset, and has hitherto suffered undeserved
neglect ; but it will before long " come to its own " and be
recognised as one of the most architecturally interesting, as it is
admittedly one of the most beautiful, of the small parish churches
of Dorset.
THE LlTTLEMAYNE SARSENS.
The party next alighted from their vehicles at Littlemayne to
inspect what had been put down in the programme as the
remains of a stone circle ; but indeed the sarsen stones, many of
them almost entirely sunk under the surface of the soil, are so
scattered about the fields on both sides of the road, and in such
chaotic disarray, that on the spot the unaided eye could discern
little or no sign of cosmic design. And the problem is com-
plicated by the appearance of ancient earthworks in association
with the stones. Later in the day, at the request of the officers,
Mr. H. Le Jeune, of Parkstone, the member who re-discovered
the Hemsworth villa and last year made a plan of the Rempston
half-circle, kindly undertook, on behalf of the club, to survey the
ground and plot the stones on a large-scale map, and in this work
he obtained the promise of assistance from Mr. R. Dawes, a
young local antiquary of refreshing keenness. At Littlemayne
xlvi. CAME AND OWERMOIGNE.
the party were met and greeted by the Rev. G. W. Butler, rector
of Broadmayne, whom the Hon. Sec. invited to tell the Club the
local traditions about the stones.
The Rev. G. W. BUTLER confessed that, being no antiquary,
although he had lived at Broadmayne 29 years, he had never,
until receiving Mr. Pentin's letter, actually walked round to locate
and inspect all the stones. They were called locally the Little-
mayne Rocks. An old lady, who used as a girl to come out and
play among them, told him that one large stone was called " The
giant without a head."
Dr. H. COLLEY MARCH, a recognised authority on the subject,
and the author of " The Ritual of Barrows and Stone Circles,"
here gave, in a spot sheltered from the wind, a long and learned
address on the subject.
He reminded the club that when last year, in the course of the ' ' Barrows and
Bridehead " meeting, they visited the Gorwell stone circle, he asked the question
" Why are its constituent stones so small when there are much larger stones
lying all round about ? " The answer was that in all these cases the men of old
who made the circles used the stones they found on the spot. He produced a box
of worked flint implements and flakes illustrating his point. They were of
Portland chert, Tertiary pebbles, and chalk flint. Thus in the Isle of Portland,
where there was no native flint, they used the local chert ; on Blagdon, which is
covered with Tertiary pebbles, they used them, and close by Maiden Castle chalk
flint. The stones here at Littlemayne were sarsens (i.e., " saracens" or
strangers), belonging to the Tertiary formation, with which the country was at
one time covered, either as gravel, or the stones cemented together by silica.
Pointing to a thick cluster of stones close to the hedge on the south side of the
road, Dr. March said that they looked to him more like a collapsed dolmen than
stones of a stone circle. He proceeded to expound, in elucidation of the subject,
the " law of parcimoiiy " formulated by Sir Wm. Hamilton.
The HON. SEC., as Vicar of Milton Abbey, recalled the fact
that Littlemayne Farm was given by Abbot William Middleton
for the founding of the Grammar School of Milton Abbas in
1521, and it had remained in the possession of the Governors
ever since. In the endowment deed there was mention of the
"free chapel of Littlemayne," and he enquired of Mr. Butler if
he knew of any remains of this pre- Reformation chapel or of
traditions concerning it.
CAME AND OWERMOIGNE. xlvii.
Mr. BUTLER answered that there were said to be some founda-
tions, and there was a field bordering the road and called
Cemetery Field ; and, being regarded as sacred, it still remained
unbroken by the ploughshare.
POXWELL HOUSE AND ClRCLE.
Driving to Poxwell, the party had a peep at the front of the
picturesque manor house, with the charming feature of the
porter's tiny gatehouse, bearing the date 1634.
The ASSISTANT SECRETARY reminded the club of the literary
associations of the house, this being, under the name " Oxwell
Hall," the home of Squire Derriman in "The Trumpet Major."
Climbing the windy hill, commanding a glorious view of the
Channel and of the full length of the Isle of Portland, the party
next inspected the reputed stone circle.
The PRESIDENT said it was understood to be one of the
smallest stone circles known, and
Dr. COLLEY MARCH pointed out that the constituent stones
were not sarsens, as at Littlemayne, but a cherty kind of Lower
Purbeck which happened to crop up just at this spot. The
stones corresponded no doubt to a burial place a small circle
inside a larger one. The stones may have had some ritual
meaning or purpose, and may have served at the outset as a
place for the primary disposal of interments.
Mr. ALBANY MAJOR, as a London antiquary of some celebrity,
on being invited to speak, admitted that it was possible that they
had not seen any stone circle that day.
The so-called Littlemayne circle might be a collection of sarsens. With the
eye that day no design could be made out ; and they could not say whether there
was a circle or not until they had surveyed the site, plotted out the position of
all the stones, and seen whether or not they had any coherent connection with
one another. The circle on the top of that hill at Poxwell was certainly a circle
of stones ; but whether it was a stone circle was a question. Mr. Whistler
suggested that the mound on which the circle stood looked uncommonly like a
grave mound. It may have been one, with a circle of stones around it ; but the
question could be decided only by digging. They were in danger of error in
xlviii. CAME AND OWERMOIGNE.
trying to fit all the stone circles into the same theory, and imagining that they
were all to be accounted for in the same way as Stonehenge and Avebury. The
great advantage of having a club like theirs was that they could go and see such
places as they had visited that day and could then set to work to try to determine
the problems raised ; and that could only be by surveying and digging.
The HON. SEC. mentioned the popular tradition concerning
the derivation of the word " Poxwell " that it means the well of
Puck, and he defended it in an ingenious and interesting
manner. Mr. MAJOR and Mr. WHISTLER agreed with him in
believing the pretty and popular tradition to be correct.
OWERMOIGNE COURT.
At Owermoigne the party were cordially welcomed at the
Court by Mr. G. Cecil Cree and Mrs. Cree. On the lawn,
Mr. CREE said :
The name Owermoigne, according to Hutchins, is derived from the old name
of the place, " Ogres," and from the family of Le Moigne, who held it very early
after the Norman Conquest. Thus we get Ogres Le Moigne, which has become
Owermoigne. In the reign of Edward I. Kalph Moigne heJd the manor of Owers
by service of sargeiity in the King's kitchen. In Richard II. 's reign Sir William
Stourton (who received his name from Stourton, in Wiltshire) married the
daughter of Sir John Moigne. John, his son, the first Baron Stourton, held the
manor of Ore amongst others. This manor remained in the Stourton family
until 1703, when W'illiam Wake, D.D., afterwards Archbishop of Canterbury,
purchased it with the advowson from Edward, Lord Stourton. He conveyed
them to Sir Theodore Jansen. In Hutchins's time the place belonged to
Williamza, daughter and heiress of William Jansen, who afterwards became the
wife of the Honourable Lionel Darner, youngest son of the Earl of Dorchester.
At Mrs. Darner's decease in 1827 the manor was sold to John Cree. A great deal
of Owermoigne was cultivated on the common field system ; but this was altered,
and divided into farms by Act of Parliament in 1829. The old map shows you
something of the common field system. My late father and Mr. Cumiington, of
Dorchester, opened two barrows here one on the downs and one on the heath.
These both contained urns of clay, filled with ashes. They are now in the
Dorset Museum. Part of an old British entrenchment remains in Heathfield
Plantation, about a mile and a-half north of the village. Traces show it was
originally 100 yards long by 50 yards wide, oval in shape. In Browiijolm's
Plantation is a large barrow, and one side of an entrenchment 120 yards long.
A hundred years ago Owermoigne was a great haunt of smugglers ; in fact, all
the community smuggled. From what I have heard, the church tower was one
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1. CAME AND OWERMOIGNE.
much enjoyed, and shortly before five o'clock the vehicles drew
up at Came Rectory, the most picturesque thatched house which
for nearly a quarter of a century was the abode of the Dorset
Poet. The Rev. E. C. and Mrs. Leslie had most hospitably
invited the club to tea, which was served both in the house and
on the lawn. After tea the members gathered in one of the
rooms for the business meeting, at which the President took the
chair.
The following three gentlemen, proposed on May 4th as
members of the club, were balloted for and duly elected : Mr.
Cyril D. Day, of Downing College, Cambridge ; Mr. H. S.
Newnham, of the Wilts and Dorset Bank, Dorchester ; and Dr.
H. E. South, Fleet-Surgeon R.N. (retired), of the Manor House,
Moreton.
The PRESIDENT mentioned that Mr. Alfred Russel Wallace,
the eminent scientist, whose name is associated with that of
Charles Darwin in his great discoveries, had done the club the
honour to accept the position of honorary member.
A donation of five guineas was voted towards the fund for the
second series of excavations to be undertaken at Maumbury
Rings in August. The HON. SEC. mentioned that this official
donation would no doubt be considerably augmented by the
individual subscriptions of members, who gave liberally towards
the Avork last autumn.
Before the club left Came Rectory for Dorchester Mr. and
Mrs. Leslie were warmly thanked for their kindness and welcome
entertainment.
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TARRANT VALLEY.
li.
SECOND SUMMER MEETING.
VISIT TO THE TARRANT VALLEY, JULY 27iH.
THE SECOND SUMMER MEEING of 1909 will be remembered
in the history of the Club as having been held on one of the
wettest days on record. Nevertheless, a- party numbering nearly
70 assembled at Blandford for the journey along the valley of
the Tarrant, a little tributary of the Stour. The itinerary
included "Crawford Castle " and seven "Tarrant" villages.
CRAWFORD CASTLE,
or Spettisbury Rings, was first visited. As it was pointed out
by the ASSISTANT SECRETARY, this earthwork belongs to the
" promontory-fort " class. At the time when the railway was
carried through the camp some 80 skeletons were dug up, several
having broken skulls.
TARRANT CRAWFORD : ITS CHURCH AND ABBEY.
At Tarrant Crawford Church the
party was met by the RECTOR (the
Rev. P. B. Wingate), who read a
paper on the history of the Cister-
cian nunnery founded at this place
in the reign of Henry I. by Ralph
de Kohaynes, lord of the neigh-
bouring manor of Keynston. This
house was an abbey,* and two other
Cistercian communities existed in
Dorset for monks the abbeys of
Bindon and Forde.
la a very dry season foundations could
still be traced near the river, but nothing
* Dom Gasquet is evidently wrong in calling it a Priory in his list of Religious
Houses. [Ed.]
Hi. TARRANT VALLEY.
could be determined of the plan of the whole group of buildings, nor of the site
of the chapel in which were buried the bodies of Ralph and William de Kohaynes,
Queen Joan of Scotland, and Bishop Richard Poore, the rebuilder of the abbey.
The church as it now stands dates from the periodof Edward I., and contains a
.Norman font and piscina.
The Rev. C. R. BASKETT recalled the fact that when he was a
boy the stone foundations of the conventual buildings were
uncovered, but unfortunately used by the late Mr. Drax as
material for the building of his park wall. Coffins and encaustic
tiles had also been dug up.
The HON. SECRETARY, in answer to a question relating to an
ancient brass commemorating one of the priory chaplains,
elicited the statement that it had been at one time deposited in
the British Museum, and subsequently returned at the request
of the late Rector; but that it had disappeared before Mr.
Wingate's arrival.
The old Tithe Barn was then visited. Attention was called to
the date 1518 upon a part of the fine hammer-beam roof. Under
the guidance of Mr. Drake some ancient rooms in the adjoining
farmhouse were also inspected. On leaving the place, the
PRESIDENT expressed the thanks of the Members to the Rector
and Mr. Drake for their kind reception of the party, and assured
them of their appreciation of the zeal they had shown in the
preservation of the interesting remains.
TARRANT KEYNSTON CHURCH.
This was rebuilt in 1853 from the design of T. H. Wyatt,
diocesan architect at the time.
TARRANT RUSHTON.
The next stopping place was Tarrant Rushton Church, where
the party were greeted by the venerable RECTOR (the Rev.
James Penny), who is remembered as having been for some
TARRANT VALLEY.
liii.
20 years the Head-Master of the historic Grammar School of
Milton Abbas, and who numbered among his old boys men of
the distinction of General Lord Grenfell, Bishop Smythies, and
Mr. Bosworth Smith.
Addressing the Members present, Mr. Penny described the many interesting
features of this remarkable church the Eomanesque chancel arch, the north
transept with its Early English windows, and the rest of the church of the
Decorated period, the three hagioscopes in excellent preservation, the mutilated
lintel over the south door with what appears to be a lamb, a cross, a fish issuing
from the mouth of the lamb, and two figures of men sitting. The party made a
close inspection of the church, and much speculation was rife as to the real
object of the two jars or vases in niches above the chancel arch, and supposed by
some to have been placed there for enriching the voice of the preacher. Mr.
Penny reminded the Club how the ancient Greeks and Romans placed hollow
vessels in their public buildings for this purpose. He also pointed out in the west
wall of the north transept, close to the long, low, lancet-headed window, a plain
low door of the same date, which the older inhabitants of that remote village
used, within living memory, to call "the lepers' gate." In corroboration of this
there was documentary evidence, supported by the actual foundations, of the
existence within a few yards of the west wall, and bordering on the running
water of the Tarrant, of a leper hospital dedicated to St. Leonard.
The HON. SECRETARY expressed the opinion that what the
Rector suggested to be an Easter sepulchre on the north side of
the east wall of the church was a niche for the statue of the
patron saint.
li v> TARRANT VALLEY.
THE RUSHTON RECTORY MUSEUM. BUSINESS MEETING.
From the church, at the Rector's kind invitation, the party
walked to the Rectory and inspected the most interesting
collections in his geological and natural history museum. The
coleoptera and lepidoptera are especially noticeable.
Here a short Business Meeting was held. The one candidate
for the membership of the Club was duly elected. The work of
Messrs. H. Le Jeune and R. Dawes at the Little Mayne stone
circle was duly reported, exactly 50 stones having been found
and plotted on the 2 5 -inch map, and a vote of thanks was passed
to them. Captain J. E. Acland, curator of the Dorset County
Museum, has called attention to important documentary evidence
which, if correct, effectually dissipates the idea of some that the
so-called stone circle at Little Mayne is not a circle at all, but
only a fortuitous concourse of sarsens. Roger Gale, writing in
1710, mentions that the circle had lately been destroyed, and
that it formerly had two avenues, one approaching it from the
south and one from the east. Thus Chas. Warne may have been
right when, in his "Ancient Dorset," he described the Little
Mayne circle and avenues as "the finest Druidical temple in the
county."
COUNTY DEEDS. VALUABLE GIFT BY MR. E. A. FRY.
The HON. SECRETARY read the following letter :
"June 19th, 1909. Thornhill, Kenley, Surrey. Dear Mr. Pentin, I have a
large number of deeds referring to Dorset, which I bought from the executors of
the late Mr. James Coleinan, who, as you know, had a vast collection of deeds,
&c., which have now been sorted into counties, and are on sale in county lots or
in parish lots in those cases where the counties have been sorted into parishes. I
should like to present these Dorset deeds to the Dorset Field Club, as the
principal county Archaeological Society, but I am confronted by the fact that the
Club has no ' habitat ' where the deeds could be stored or inspected by those
interested, or where they could be opened out from time to time for the
purpose of airing them. The Club has, I believe, its meetings at the Museum in
TARRANT VALLEY. Iv.
Dorchester, but has no ' rights ' or room of its own therein. Can you suggest
any plan by which these deeds, while being the Club's property, could be
available to anyone for inspection or copying, if the Museum authorities will
house and be responsible for them? The number of deeds is about 1,200, and
they fill a box measuring 6ft. by 3ft. by 3ft., done up as they are now in bundles.
I have prepared a card catalogue of them arranged under parishes, of which I
enclose a few specimens ; but to be of general use they want further calendaring
with more details of field names, tenants' names, signatures, &c. My object in
presenting this collection to the Club is to form a nucleus around which may
gather other gifts of similar deeds and documents relating to the county. Many
land and property owners, no doubt, have quantities of deeds, &c., put away as
lumber which are of great interest historically, and, if it were known that our
Club had already a collection to which they could add them, I feel sure many
gentlemen would be glad to send their old deeds and get rid of them usefully.
This collection does not pretend to include many very old deeds, charters, or
Court or Manor Rolls, but I know there is plenty of information to be found in
them which can be found nowhere else. The only condition I should like to
make in offering them to the Dorset Field Club is that some competent person be
employed in making a really detailed calendar of them, which in course of time
might be printed, the sale of which would probably cover the cost (if any) of
such calendaring. I enclose a rough list of names of parishes. The deeds
themselves are arranged under their parishes in chronological order. There is
also a small collection of local Acts of Parliament. Yours very truly, EDW.
ALEX. FEY."
Mr. Pentin added that when he received this letter he sub-
mitted it to the Executive of the Field Club, and they said that
they would be very pleased to accept Mr. Fry's generous gift,
and also to pay for the calendaring of the deeds if necessary.
Then the Council of the County Museum were willing to house the
deeds given to the Club. The PRESIDENT said that they ought
to be most grateful to Mr. Fry, since that was the first gift of the
kind that the Club had received, and he hoped that it would
form a nucleus around which other deeds would be gathered.
(Hear, hear.) The Rev. F. W. WEAVER, in seconding the vote
of thanks, said that not less had they to thank Mr. Fry for the
very interesting and valuable abstracts of the Inquisitiones post
mortem, upon making which he had spent much time and money.
These deeds were very valuable, and, if they could be calendared
and printed in the Club's " Proceedings," it would be a great
work for Dorset people to refer to. Mr. FRY, in responding to
Ivi. TARRANT VALLEY.
the vote of thanks, said that there was much more in these deeds
than many would think, and he hoped that landowners would
add to the collection. Air. Fry then read a paper on the descent
of the manor of Tarrant Gunville. Before leaving the Rectory
the party were invited to partake of coffee and light refreshments,
including strawberries and cream very welcome after the drive.
TARRANT RAWSTON.
The party drove on to the neighbouring church of Tarrant
Rawston, with its ivy-mantled tower and pyramidal roof. Here
they were received courteously by Mr. JOHN COSSINS, of the
Manor House, who read a short paper on Tarrant Rawston
Manor, also called Tarrant Antioch, and its church, which
belonged originally to Shaftesbury Abbey. The PRESIDENT
expressed the thanks of the club to Mr. Cossins. The HON.
SEC. said they were glad to have been able to visit this church
because it had so pleasing an exterior. Mr. Weaver and he
thought that the encaustic tiles placed around the font might
originally have belonged to Tarrant Abbey.
TARRANT MONKTON.
Time did not admit of the party entering the church of
Tarrant Monkton or Monachorum, although the Vicar (the Rev.
.W. F. Adye) was present to show it. The whole church has
been rebuilt, with the exception of the tower, which is inter-
esting. In Tarrant Monkton, or rather in the adjoining hamlet
of Tarrant Launceston, which is really a part of it, was anciently
a fraternity, for in a schedule of legacies of Wm. Lovel, of
" Tarent Rawson," who died 33 Henry VIII., is included the
bequest of two heifers to " the brotherhood of Our Lady at
Tarent Monkton." Both brotherhood and house have quite
disappeared.
TARRANT VALLEY. Mi.
TARRANT HINTON.
At Tarrant Hinton Church the RECTOR, the Rev. E. J. Heriz
Smith, received the party and pointed out the chief features of
the building, which is of the Perpendicular style.
Of an earlier structure there remain fragments of Norman zigzag moulding,
built into the wall over the south door, and a fine Norman font of dark -brown
ironstone, with square bowl supported by a central stem and four slender shafts,
and its sides adorned with a shallowly -carved arcading. There is the piscina of
a side altar, a hagioscope, and altar rails, the undoubted work of Grinling
Gibbons, as they came from Pembroke College Chapel, which he was employed
to adorn with his carving. Of the three bells, said the Rector, one is of the date
1450, as could be proved by the marks it bears of the Shaftesbury bell founders.
One of the most noticeable features of the church is the richly-carved Easter
sepulchre, of Renaissance feeling, built in 1520 by the then Rector, Thomas
Trotwell or Weaver.
TARRANT GUNVILLE AND EASTBURY.
The party drove on to Tarrant Gunville, the furthest point of
the day's trip. Here they had almost an embarras de richesse in
the matter of hospitality, for, while Mr. and Mrs. H. F. W.
Farquharson had invited the Club to tea at Eastbury House, an
equally kind invitation had been received from Mr. and Mrs.
Hughes-Gibb, of the Manor House. The party had the pleasure
of visiting both houses, some taking tea at one and some at the
other ; and the cordiality and comfort which they found under
the roofs of their kind hosts and hostesses made ample amends
for all the hardships of the way and the buffeting of wind and
rain.
Eastbuiy House is noted as the remaining wing of the imposing mansion here
reared, in this picturesque and richl}- -timbered parkland, by the famous Geo. Bubb
Dodington, who, although only the son of a Weymouth apothecary, yet by his
natural ability and shrewdness, and especially by his adroitness in electioneering
in that borough, got himself raised to the perage in 1761 as Lord Melcombe.
This remarkable man was at one time envoy extraordinary to the Court of Spain
and plenipoteniary there, and he was also Member of Parliament for Bridgwater,
Weymouth, and Melcombe Regis. The house, which cost 140,000, was
Iviii. TARRANT VALLEY 1 .
described by Cumberland in 17/56 as "magnificent, massy, and stretching to
a great extent in front, with an enormous portico of Doric columns." Yet
the greater part of the structure, despite its massiness and magnificence, was
pulled down within a few years, leaving only the wing which now forms Mr.
Farquharson's residence. Most of the party climbed the staircase to the tower-
top to take a glimpse of the extensive view, which can only be enjoyed properly
on a fine day. The rooms were also inspected, some of them of much interest
for example, the haunted chamber ; the small room adjoining, beautifully
panelled from floor to ceiling in oak ; the apartment called the Greenroom, next
to the drawing room, elegantly adorned by Josiah Wedgwood himself, who was
for a time the owner of Eastbury. Among the pictures the visitors noticed
particularly the fine equestrian portrait of Mr. James John Farquharsoii and his
famous huntsman, Jim Treadwell. This portrait, by Francis Grant, was
presented to Mr. Farquharson by the friends of his hunt in 1857 as a proof of
their regard and esteem, and in recognition of the kind and liberal manner in
which he hunted the county of Dorset at his sole expense for half a century.
After the PRESIDENT had expressed the hearty thanks of the
Club to Mr. and Mrs. Farquharson the party proceeded to the
Manor House. This house, set in beautifully-kept grounds and
gardens, contains a variety of things of beauty and interest.
Time is inexorable, and, though the visitors would fain have
stayed longer, they had soon to remount their carriages and
return to Blandford to catch their trains. On driving away from
the Manor House, after bidding Mr. and Mrs. Hughes-Gibb and
their family adieu, they had a good view of Tarrant Gunville
Church, which was entirely re-built in 1845, and the rector of
which (the Rev. J. L. Rhye) joined the party at Eastbury. The
drive to Blandford through " the fine champaign country " would
have been much enjoyed but for the incessant rain. Thus ended
the " Torrent " Valley meeting of vivid memory !
TAUNTON AND DUNSTER. Hx.
THIRD SUMMER MEETING.
TAUNTON AXD DUNSTER.
THE THIRD SUMMER MEETING of the Club took place on
Wednesday and Thursday, August 25th and 26th. The attend-
ance of Members was rather disappointing, although the weather
was fine.
The party arrived at Taunton by train at 12.35, and repaired
to the Castle Hotel, which had been chosen as headquarters.
CLEEVE ABBEY.
At 1.45 a start was made from Taunton for Wash ford Station,
whence a short walk brought the visitors to the somewhat
extensive remains of the Cistercian Abbey of Cleeve. Upon
their arrival the Rev. F. W. WEAVER (who kindly acted as guide)
gave the following account of the Abbey and its past history :
Cleeve Abbey was founded between 1186 and 1191 by William de Eomara, and
is thus of somewhat later foundation than the two great Cistercian Abbeys of
Dorset Ford founded in 1140 and Bindon in 1172. Cleeve was the only
Cistercian house in Somerset. All Cistercian houses were given the status of
abbeys, and all dedicated to the Blessed Virgin. The last Abbot of Ford was
made by the authorities at Citeaux visitor of all the monasteries in the south-
west of England ; and, therefore, he conceived that he was right in saying that
Ford was looked upon as the mother of them all. He called attention to the
only remaining portion of the cloisters, that on the west side, and pointed to the
entrance which was used by the conversl, or lay brethren, whom the Cistercians,
who were great fanners and wool growers, were in the habit of associating to
themselves for the sake of the assistance which they gave them in agricultural
work in the tilling of the fields and the tending of their flocks and herds.
These eonrersi, although engaged in agricultural work, were at first monks to all
intents and purposes, subject to the rule of the Order ; but in later times this
strictness was relaxed, and they were allowed to live in the village and to marry.
In the north wall he pointed out a seat which was, perhaps, occupied by the
claustral prior, who kept order in the cloisters. Of the magnificent church of the
abbey only the foundations remained, overgrown with moss and grass. At the
end of each of the transepts were two square chapels, still traceable by their
foundations. But, though the demolition of the church was to be regretted
i x> TAtfNTON AND DtfNSTER.
deeply, it was gratifying that, thanks to Mr. Luttrell, the domestic buildings had
been preserved almost intact. He pointed out, on the east side of the garth, the
sacristy, or vestry, next to it the entrance to the library, the beautiful entrance to
the chapter house, and then the stone stairs leading up to the dormitory, which
extended beyond the refectory right along over the chapter house, chequer, and
sacristy. On the south side of the garth was the refectory of the late loth or
early 16th century. Usually the refectory was at right angles to the cloisters,
and a few years ago the site of the old refectory was discovered at right angles
to the new one, with a magnificent floor of encaustic tiles. He pointed out on
the south side of the cloister garth the lavatory where the monks used to wash
their hands before meals.
Under Mr. Weaver's guidance the party then went over the buildings,
examining first the foundations of the church, and then passing on to the
sacristy, with a fine round 13th century window of a diameter of no less than
seven feet and a-half, and to the chapter -house, its roof with a quadripartite
vaulting in two spans. In the surviving portion of the dormitory Mr. Weaver
said he supposed that it was the largest and finest monastic dormitory remaining
in the British Isles. It used to extend right over the day room or calefactory, so
called because it was warmed in the winter time, when it was used as a
laboratory, study, and workshop. When Mr. Luttrell bought the property it
was in a deplorable state, occupied by cows and pigs. After showing the slype
or narrow way leading to the monks' cemetery, he led the party to inspect the
beautiful heraldic tiles forming the floor of the old refectory, and thence they
proceeded to mount the stone stairs of the fine new refectory (" new " being, of
course, used comparative^ ; certainly not absolutely.) It is a Perpendicular
hall built over an Early English substructure. On the east side the transoms
of the Perpendicular windows are enriched with bands pierced with quatrefoils.
Attention was called to a recess, which may mark the site of the pulpit, from
which the lector read to the brethren during meal-time. Close by it is a large
Tudor fireplace, probably inserted when, after the Dissolution, the premises were
put to other uses. The roof, of Spanish chestnut, as far as one could judge, is a
beautiful feature, richly panelled, and the hammer-beams carved to represent
angels and other figures. Mr. Weaver observed that that beautiful refectory
had been attributed to Abbot Dovel or Dowell ; but that Abbot did not begin to
reign until 1510, and he himself assumed that the room was begun about the
year 1470, when the wool trade in Somerset was very flourishing and money
plentiful. At the east end of the hall can still be discerned traces of a painted
Rood in distemper. Mr. Weaver took the opportunity of here saying something
about that appendage to Cleeve, the Chapel of St. Mary by the Sea, a famous
place of pilgrimage.
On leaving Cleeve, the visitors inspected the gatehouse, the
latest portion of the buildings, and its date determined,
approximately at any rate, not only by the architecture, but also
TAUNtON AND Dt'NSTER. Ixi.
by the name of Abbot Dovell carved on the face of the inner
wall, the abbatial staff impaling the letter " V " and turning it
practically into a " W." Over the entrance is carved the distych
" Porta patens esto
Xulli claudaris honesto."
Captain ELWES offered the luminous suggestion that the
word "honesto" was not without a subtle and half-humorous
reference, in the spirit of the age, to the Abbot's own name
" Do- well." Under the shadow of this ever-open door, shutting
to no "honest" persons, the ACTING PRESIDENT voiced the
hearty thanks of the Club to Mr. Weaver for so kindly and so
ably acting as guide, and for the learned address which he had
given them. Mr. WEAVER, in a few words of acknowledgment,
observed that the chief part of the work which he had done in
connection with Cleeve had been not on the masonry of the
Abbey, but on the documents relating to it.
TAUNTON CASTLE AND MUSEUM.
On regaining Taunton, the party refreshed themselves with tea
at the hotel, after which, precisely at six o'clock, they presented
themselves at the Castle gates, where Mr. St. George Gray was
kindly in attendance by appointment to show them over the
Castle and the fine Museum of the Somerset Archaeological and
Natural History Society which is now lodged within the ancient
walls. After greetings had been exchanged Mr. GRAY warned
the visitors that some of the neighbouring buildings were only
castellated copies, less than a hundred years old, of the Castle
itself. But the two arches of the gateway, upon which the
modern superstructure was erected, were the original arches of
the outer eastern gateway. He pointed out the Old Grammar
School of Taunton, of the date 1544, and the original situation
of the Castle moat adjoining the River Tone. The inner
gateway of the Castle was built in 1196 by Bishop Langton, of
Winchester, for the Bishops of Winchester owned the Castle of
jxii. TAUNTON AND DUNSTER.
Taunton for 800 years, using it as a western residence down from
Saxon times. Now nothing was left to them but certain water
rights. After reading the inscriptions upon the gateway, " Vive
le Roi Henri" and " Laus tibi Xpe," the party entered the
ancient building now occupied by Mr. and Mrs. Gray and
decorated and furnished in admirable taste. The largest room
was a schoolroom, and amongst the old boys who had obtained
celebrity was Sir Robert Hart, of China, who spent a year and
a-half there.
From his house he led the way to the supposed site of the Saxon and Norman
Castle. (The Saxon Castle was associated with the name of Ilia, King of the
West Saxons.) The great hall of the Castle, 120 feet long and 31 wide, is now
the principal part of the Museum. The assizes for the county were held in it up
to the year 1855 or 1856, and here in 1685 Judge Jeffreys sat to hold the Bloody
Assize. He pointed out one of the latest acquisitions of the Museum the state
coach in which the Sheriff of the county brought the judges of assize to the
court. The earliest part of the castle was of the date 1136, with typical Norman
buttresses, and walls of a thickness of no less than 13 feet.
Entering the Museum and Library, the party proceeded to inspect its treasures,
all of which are arranged and described in a manner that reflects great credit on
the Curator. Mr. Gray mentioned that the society have a library of 20,000
books. Among the miscellaneous objects on view inside the door is a reliquary,
supposed to contain the blood of Thomas a'Becket, and an ancient jug with a
pewter lid, bearing, it is said, one of the only five signatures of William
Shakespere known to exist, with the date of 1602. In Roman tesselated floors
the Somerset Museum is not so rich as the Dorset ; but one fine specimen of
Roman mosaic depicts with wonderful life and modernity of feeling two hunters
bringing home a stag killed in the chase. The stag is slung by the legs on a pole
borne on their shoulders. Each hunter has a spear in his hand, and the
indispensable dog is also in the picture. As Mr. Gray observed, the designs of
these mosaics are usually geometrical patterns, and a scene of the chase like this
is of far greater interest. The party proceeded to inspect the implements of the
Bronze Age in which, Mr. Gray remarked, the Museum is rich, and which
includes fine bronze swords, six palstaves, or axes, and a broken spearhead found
in the laying of a drain between Wilton Church and Sherford, and the founder's
hoard of bronze implements discovered in Wick Park, near Stogursey, in 1870,
and deposited on loan by Sir Alexander Acland Hood. In the same case the
visitors had the good fortune to see the latest and perhaps the greatest treasure
of all the much-talked-of British gold tore, or torque, found recently at
Hendford Hill, near Yeovil. The tore, which looks as fresh and bright as if it
had just come straight from the hands of the goldsmith, weighs oozs. and
7'5 dwts., and its bullion value is 24. The party next looked at the good
tAUNTON AND DUNSTER. Ixiii.
collection of encaustic tiles, the fine range of Somerset coins and tokens, the series
of Saxon silver coins, beginning with that famous mint-founder, King Athelstan,
being especially markworthy. Entering the large hall, formerly the Court of
Assize, the party were struck by its dignified dimensions, and the noble timber
roof which was revealed to sight when the low plastered ceiling was demolished.
It cost 850 to restore the roof and the rest of the hall before it was fit for the
reception of the Museum collections, which are here so effectively set out. In
view of the Clab's visits to the Belgic lake villages of Glastonbury and Meare, and
the lecture on the excavations given to the Club by Mr. Gray at Wells last year,
attention was immediately arrested by the fine case of relics from the Glastonbury
lake village. Most interesting and instructive was it to see, alongside the old
bone weaving combs, the specimen of weaving in three colours done by Mrs.
Whistler, of Chesilborne, showing the way in which the weft was worked in by
means of wooden imitations of the perforated meta-tarsal bones of sheep found
in the Glastonbury Lake Village. Next year, remarked Mr. Gray, they were
going to begin work on the Meare Lake Village, which is twice as large
as the Glastonbury Lake Village, which has been excavated ; and, if they
proceeded at the same rate, it would take 20 years to complete the task ! Xear
by the Lake Village case was one which caught up the thoughts of the visitors,
and took them back to Dorset some of the duplicate finds made at Maumbury
Rings last year, especially the picks of red-deer antler found in the prehistoric
pit or shaft which is, with one exception, the deepest archaeological excavation
ever made in the country. Another case of much interest is that containing the
finds, of the Bronze Age, from Wick Barrow, popularly called " Pixies'
Mound," Stoke Courcy, excavated in 190", especially the skulls, the three
beakers found with the secondary interment, a fine flint knife or dagger, and a
human tibia of the platycnemic or " sharp-shinned " type. Other exhibits of
note are the fine collection of Elton ware from Clevedon ; the assortment of old
club brasses, pole-heads, and emblems ; Mr. John Marshall's collection of British
" Albino " birds, the finest British collection, and including (ornithological
paradox) specimens of the white blackbird ! There is, said Mr. Gray, no finer
collection in the kingdom than that in the Taunton Museum of the bones of the
extinct mammalia found in the Mendip Caves ; and as the party gazed at the
complete skeleton of the hyaena, and the remains of other big game, long
extinct, he mentioned that natural science experts from London frequently come
down to make drawings of these bones for comparative purposes. The party
next inspected a beautiful case of 17th and ISth century Somerset pottery, made
at Wincanton, Ilminster, Bristol, and Watchet, which last pottery is now
extremely rare. The finest specimen of Somerset and Bristol pottery is a fine
dish, dated of the same year as Sedgemoor 16S5. There are also on view
specimens of the curious and tricksy old fuddling cup or " jolly boy."
After dinner at the Castle Hotel a short Business Meeting was
held.
l x lv. TAUNTON AND
The HON. SECRETARY took the opportunity to state that the
1200 deeds relating to the county of Dorset which had been
presented to the Club by Mr. E. A. Fry, of London, were now in
the County Museum, and the Club were inviting offers of help
from Members in the matter of making abstracts of these deeds
in order that they may be printed. Mr. H. Symonds, of Bridport,
and Mr. W. B. Wildman, the Sherborne historian, had volun-
teered their assistance, and they were well qualified for the work ;
but it was too big a job for only two pairs of hands, and the Club
would be glad to have further offers of help.
THE AVEBURY EXCAVATIONS.
Mr. H. ST. GEORGE GRAY delivered an able lecture on " The
Avebury Excavations of 1908 and 1909," which were carried out
under his direction. The lecture was marked with all Mr.
Gray's characteristic clearness, fulness, and precision of state-
ment, and its interest was much enhanced by the exhibition of a
series of lantern slides made from photographs taken by Mr.
Gray himself, some of them being of marked beauty as well as of
scientific interest.
The excavations were carried out the first year under the auspices of the
British Association, and this year the fund was supplemented by donations from
the Society of Antiquaries and other learned bodies and individuals. The return
in actual relics was trifling when compared with the cost of obtaining them. Mr.
Gray observed (and this observation is relevant to the digging of Maumbury
Rings now proceeding) that the success or non-success of archaeological investiga-
tions was to be gauged, not by the number and excellence of the relics found,
but by the extension of archaeological knowledge. The lecturer gave a vivid idea
of the impressively majestic sight which Avebury must have presented when it
was perfect, with its two inner circles of megaliths on an area of land 1,400 feet
in diameter within the huge encircling vallum, whereas the corresponding
diameter of Stonehenge measures but 300 feet ; and with the dignified approach
to it through the Kennet Avenue, which, although there are now but eleven
stones left in alignment, formerly comprised 300 stones. Avebury in its glory,
with the Kennet Avenue, consisted of no less than 650 stones, but at present
only about 45 remained. The relationship, if any, which Avebury has to its
great neighbour, Silbury Hill the largest artificial mound in Britain has yet to
be determined. Mr. Gray gave a detailed description of the excavation of the
TAUNTON AND DUNSTER.
Ixv.
great ditch, in which, as the workmen dug down, they recovered relics of modern,
mediaeval, and Roman times, and then of the prehistoric Iron, Bronze, and Stone
Ages. Eed-deer antler picks were found resting on the hard chalk bottom of
the ditch, together with the shoulder blades of oxen, which were used as spades !
The great foss at Avebury was the largest ancient ditch ever excavated iii
England. As to the result of the excavations, they had practically proved
Avebury to date back to the late Stone Age, whereas they knew that Stonehenge
was of the Early Bronze Age. It had always been supposed that Avebury was
somewhat earlier than Stonehenge, because the stones were not dressed as they
were at Stonehenge.
A short discussion followed the lecture.
The ACTING PRESIDENT, in expressing appreciation of Mr.
Gray's most interesting lecture, said that the stones themselves
were mysterious masses of sand cemented together by some
cohesive element, while the uncemented sand had been washed
away, until these megaliths had come down to rest on the
geologically far earlier chalk beds.
Canon LANGFORD asked Mr. Gray if he could suggest the
purpose for which a place like Avebury was constructed. Was
it sepulchral, religious, or political ?
Mr. GRAY answered that in England no circle had been proved
to be sepulchral, although in Scotland the majority had been
found to be so, interments having been found in most of them.
It was easier to prove the date of these places than their actual
purpose. He added that his report for this year had gone to the
Winnipeg meeting of the British Association. With the third
season's work they would probably complete their investigation
of Avebury.
The HON. SECRETARY proposed a hearty vote of thanks to
Mr. Gray for his lecture. Canon LANGFORD said that, as the
oldest Member of the Club attending the meeting, he should be
glad to second it, and the vote was carried with applause.
Lxvi. TAUNTON AND DUNSTER.
THURSDAY.
MAGDALENE CHURCH AND PRIORY "BARN."
After breakfast a visit was paid to the Church of St. Mary
Magdalene, which was oiiginally built in 1308, and the vicarage
endowed by the neighbouring priory. Of the original church
little remains beyond a portion of the north aisle. The main
part of the present spacious and handsome church, with that
unusual feature a double aisle on either side was erected in
1508. Shortly after 1860 the fine old tower, one of the loftiest
and most beautiful towers of Somerset, was found to be in a
dangerous state, and was taken down. The present tower, an
exact reproduction of it, was built in 1862. " Marlen '' church
and tower for so Magdalene is rendered in broad Somerset
dialect is declared to be the pride of the natives of Taunton
Deane for miles around. The Vicar, the Ven. Archdeacon
Askwith, was unfortunately away, and so not able to receive the
Club, to whom he had given a cordial invitation to visit the
church.
A few Members of the Club found their way with some
difficulty to the so-called Priory Barn, situated at the further end
of St. James's Street, and a building which, although now used
partly as a barn and partly as a stable, certainly had a more
reputable ancestry. In the gable end nearest the road are two
good Early Decorated windows, one above the other, each
consisting of two lancet-headed lights with chamfers, and with a
graceful cinquefoil in the apex, the whole surmounted by a hood
mould. This is a building to which obviously the antiquaries of
Somerset ought to give more heed and take means for its
preservation.
DUNSTER CASTLE.
At 10.35 the party left^ Taunton Station for Dunster. The
picturesque village street, with its quaintly-designed "Yarn-
Market" and many remains of Tudor domestic architecture,
TAUNTON AND DUNSTER. Ixvii.
nestling under the Castle hill, is a most striking and delightful
survival of feudal days.
Between Dunster and Dorset, there is more than one connecting link. For
instance, the Dorset family of de Mohun (afterward abbreviated to the less
distinguished and less euphonious form " Moon,") of Fleet (" Moon Fleet ") and
Hammoon, are direct descendants of the Norman family of the Mohuns, or
Moions, who built the Castle, and from whom it passed by purchase to the
present owners. To be precise, after the death in 1376 of John de Mohun, his
widow, Lady Joan, sold the reversion to Lady Elizabeth Luttrell. second cousin
of the Black Prince, and in the possession of her descendants it remained to the
present day. When in Dunster Priory Church, later in the day, the Club
observed the incised grave slab of this same Lady Elizabeth Luttrell, with an
inscription in Old English characters recording her death in 1400 (MCCCC).
Another tie with Dorset is that Colonel Francis Luttrell, of Duuster, in 1680
married Mary, the beautiful daughter and heiress of John Tregonwell, of Milton
Abbey. They had one son ; but he died young, and thereupon the Dorset
property went back to Mary Tregonwell, who afterwards married Sir Jacob
Baiicks.
Mr. Luttrell, before leading the way over the Castle and
pointing out the principal apartments and the many objects of
interest, value, and beauty which they contain, characterised the
building tersely as an Elizabethan front put on to the older
fortified structure of the reign of Henry III.
The grand staircase furnishes a good example of the costly wood- work
executed in this country by Italian workers in the reign of Charles II., who is
said to have visited the Castle himself. The bedroom he occupied is still shown,
with the narrow secret passage, or room, with a seat at the end of it, constructed
in the thickness of the wall at the back of the bedstead head, and a place of
refuge in case of sudden alarm. Another spacious apartment, commanding a
landscape and seascape of surpassing beauty, was occupied as a bedroom by our
present King when, as Prince of Wales, he visited the Castle. It was, before
that visit, the drawing-room, and has a fine plaster ceiling. In Prince Charles's
room is an interesting plaster chimney piece, moulded with figures representing
Plenty and Poverty and other subjects, and said to be the work of local workmen
in 1620, which year appears on it in Arabic numerals. In another fine apartment
the attention of the party was arrested by some beautiful examples of painted
leather of Spanish workmanship, of the 17th century, suggestive of tapestry, but
bolder and more brilliant. Scenes from the story of Antony and Cleopatra are
vigorously represented by the artist.
In the great hall one notices a modern fireplace of Tudor style, carved with a
facsimile of the entry in Domesday recording that in the time of Edward the
Ixviii. TAUNTON AND DUNSTER.
Confessor Al uric held " Torre," as Dunster was then called (cj. the Dartmoor
" tors " and the latin " turris "), and there had his castcllitm, so that there was a
Saxon as well as Norman and Early English Castle at Dunster. In the same
hall is to be seen in a glass case the fine collection of original deeds of the
Luttrell family, with the seals attached to them. When in 1650 Prynne incurred
the displeasure of Oliver Cromwell he was sent for detention to Dunster Castle,
upon which the Parliament's order for " slighting," had happily not been
executed, and there he amused himself by arranging the family muniments. One
of the most interesting is an acknowledgment of the Lady Joan Mohun to Lady
Elizabeth Luttrell for 5,000 marks paid for the Castle of Dunster.
Had time only permitted, the visitors would have been glad, on bidding adieu
to Mr. and Mrs. Luttrell, to linger in the lovely gardens, where thriving exotics
bear witness to the exceptional mildness of the climate. Besides sturdy palms
one notices particularly a lemon tree, loaded with lemons of full size ripening in
the open air.
DUNSTER PRIORY CHURCH.
On the way to the church the lofty-timbered house known as
the " Nunnery " was passed, never apparently, notwithstanding
its name, used for conventual purposes an exceedingly pictur-
esque half-timber building of considerable size. The Vicar of the
Priory Church, Prebendary Hancock, F.S.A., was unfortunately
unable to return from a journey in time to receive the party, and
in his absence the Club were once more indebted to the good
offices of the Rev. F. W. Weaver.
The monks of Dunster were Benedictines ; Dunster was a cell of Bath Abbey.
The Bishop of Bath and Wells was titular Abbot, and the Prior of Dunster was
always appointed from the monks of Bath. At Dunster the monks and the
parishioners divided the Church between them ; the monastic quire being situated
east of the tower.* In the people's portion of the building, the visitors'
attention was called to the beautiful screen, the carving of which was much
admired. Another screen formerly stood under the eastern arch of the tower,
* As the result of a dispute in 149^, the space within the tower and two
transepts was adjudged to be neutral ground. The people's Altar was placed
under the western tower arch, where it remained until the last century, when
as Freeman observes in speaking of Dunster" < restoration ' had its usual effect
of wiping out history." A portion of the old monks' screen may now be seen,
utilised as a parclose in the south choir aisle. [Ed.]
TAUNTON AND DUXSTER.
Ixix.
fencing off the Monks' Church. The Church has a fine timber roof, and some
interesting fragments of old glass remain in the Lady Chapel ; several windows
are filled with good modern glass, chiefly by Clayton and Bell.
Canon Langford led the way into the old-world vicarage
garden, and invited the Members to admire the view from this
favourable standpoint and to see the ancient pigeon-house,
which contains still, as is the case at Athelhampton, the original
revolving ladder.
At a short Business Meeting held at Dunster one candidate
was duly elected a Member of the Club. After luncheon at the
Luttrell Arms the party took train at 2.36 on the return journey,
well satisfied with the successful two days' meeting.
Ixx. ST. .ELDHELM'S HEAD.
LAST SUMMER MEETING.
ST. ^LDHELM'S HEAD.
THE SEASON'S EXCURSIONS were brought to a close by a visit
to the district contiguous to St. jEldhelm's Head on Thursday,
September 1 6th. The weather was all that could be desired, and
over 80 Members were in attendance, including Lord Eustace
Cecil, the Lord- Lieutenant, Dr. Colley March, the Hon. Editor,
and the Assistant Secretary.
The party assembled at Corfe railway station at 11.20 and
drove to Lynch, whence a short walk brought them to Scoles, an
interesting example of the small i yth century manor house.
The oldest and most interesting part of the buildings is an
outhouse at the back, forming one side of the dairy yard. On
the yard side is a very substantial buttress with two set-offs and
an elegant window, now walled up, of two lancet-headed lights,
with a hood-mould following the curves of the heads of the
lights. This window appears to be i3th or early 14-th
century in date ; and the fact that the building orientates
strengthens the likelihood that Hutchins is right in suggesting
that this was formerly the chapel. It had in his time, about
1780, been turned into a barn, and as such it is still used.
Lord EUSTACE CECIL expressed the Club's regret at the
absence of the President and his own pleasure at being able to
meet the Club once more, if only for a short time, and to find
that it was in so flourishing a condition and maintaining its
former prestige. He then called upon Mr. Le Jeune.
Mr. LE JEUNE said that his attention was first called to the problematical old
building by Mr. Best, formerly postmaster at Wareham. After inviting
admiration of the quiet, simple beauty of the blocked-up window, mutely
eloquent of a past usage different from and superior to the present, he called
attention especially to the puzzling recesses in the west gable end of the building,
six of them on the ground level and two constructed in the thickness of the wall
a few feet above. (All were evidently constructed designedly when the wall was
built, for there is a relieving or discharging arch built over each recess, though in
such a way that here and there the arches do not relieve or discharge the
CJU
OQ
ST. .^LDHELM'S HEAD. Ixxi.
superincumbent weight of the stonework, but let it press, partially at any rate,
upon the stone lintels of the recesses.) These recesses, continued Mr. Le Jeune,
led him to suggest a few years ago that this small building was a lazar-house, or
leper hospital, and that the recesses were intended for the reception of the
charitable gifts of the inhabitants of the neighbourhood the two upper ones foi
the reception of food, which would there be out of the reach of dogs or other
marauding animals, and the six lower ones for the reception of fuel, garments,
and other things not likely to be touched by animals. When the charitable had
brought their gifts and deposited them in the recesses they withdrew, and there-
upon the lepers, who were forbidden to associate with the healthy for fear of
communicating the contagion, came out and took the welcome goods.
Mr. Le Jeune added a few words about the probable derivation of the word
" Scoles." As part originally of the Manor of Kingston, which belonged to the
Abbey of Shaftesbury, it is said to have been granted by tie Abbess to the
Scoville family, in which case "Scoles" would most likely be a contraction of
" Scovilles." But Mr. Le Jeune now suggested a new idea. In Scotland the
word " scowl " denotes a hut, and he suggested that the lepers may have lived in
huts, and that thus the name came to be applied to the place.
The Eev. R. Grosvenor Bartelot, Vicar of Fordington St. George, who while
Curate of Corfe Castle was a diligent student of the antiquities of the neighbour-
hood, had promised to give some particulars about Robert Dackombe, of Scowles,
by whom the present house is generally supposed to have been built. He was
unable to be present owing to having to conduct a funeral, but had sent the
following short paper, which was read :
"I fear that I must use this opportunity to rebut strongly two of the oft-
reiterated inexactitudes of which Robert Dackombe, of Scoles, has been the
subject. I am indebted to Mr. J. Dacombe, of Bournemouth, for valuable notes
on the family. First, I am certain that he was not the builder of this miniature
Jacobean mansion, as has been so often stated. Secondly, I am convinced that
not only did he not die in the year 1651, as is stated in Hutchins, the Purbeck
Society's papers, and elsewhere, but that he was alive at least a dozen years later,
and did not die till after the Restoration of Charles II. Let me then describe
Robert Dackombe, so far as I have been able to unearth anything about him, as
having been one of those ' son and heirs ' of a distinguished father, who live and
die without leaving any mark on the generation in which they live. He certainly
lived through a stirring historic period. From his windows here he must have
seen the sieges of Corfe Castle and heard the cannons roar. But while his
brother Bruen Dackombe, of Corfe Manor House, lived the life of a roystering
Cavalier, paying dearly for his loyalty by donations and fines, which almost
ruined the ancestral estates, Robert lived here in his homely bower, looked after
the farming of his little estate, superintended the brewing of his nut-brown ale,
and saw to the racking of his ' blue vinney ' cheese. He cared nothing for
politics. He might easily have asserted his hereditary right to represent this
pocket borough in Parliament, or have occupied the mayoral chair, as his father
Ixxii. ST. ^LDHELM'S HEAD.
and maternal grandfather had done before him. But he does not seem even to
have stood for churchwarden, sidesman, or overseer. I have no doubt that the
Chancery suit of May 21st, 1683, describes him correctly when it says : ' Robert's
father had directed him, in default of any issue of his own, to leave Scoles to his
brother Bruen ; but Robert, being a weake man, was prevailed upon to make
some conveyance of the lands to his sister Mary, who had married Thomas
Morton, gent.' "Who then was the builder of this early Jacobean house which
to-day commands our attention ': The answer is that Robert's father was its
projector. Edward Dackombe, Esq., was indeed a man of action and resource.
A diligent and popular magistrate, a member for Corfe Castle in nearly all the
Parliaments of the first two Stuart Sovereigns, Mayor of his native borough at
least four times, this Purbeck worthy deserves to be credited with the authorship
of this really fine piece of domestic architecture. In 1628 died Thomas Bondfield,
'marbler,' of Corfe Castle. Some time before that date Edward Dackombe
purchased from Bondfield the quarry ' next to his farm of Scoles.' I have no
doubt that a little investigation by the geologists of this Club will determine the
locality from which the ashlar with which Scoles House was built was quarried.
I feel sure that Edward Dackombe, as a practical man, wished to save himself the
expenses of lengthy hill haulage and vexatious royalties, so he purchased the
nearest quarry to the spot he had chosen for his house. The quarry he specially
mentions in his will dated November 23rd, 1635, bequeathing it to his son
Robert. I do not say that Edward did not build Scoles purposely for his son
Robert to live in. That this was the case is strengthened by the fact that on
October 4th, 1631, the latter was married at Turnworth to Barbara, daughter of
George Twynihoe, Esq. May we not picture him then as a handsome bridegroom
of 23 summers transporting his happy bride on a pillion behind him, clinging to
his belt buckle as he rides up the shady avenue and lifts her across the threshold
of this their future home, still fresh and white from the hammers and chisels of
the Purbeck marbler masons."
Mr. Bartelot had added to his paper the full inventory, dated May 12th, 1G63,
"taken of all the goods and chatties, moveable and unmoveable, of the late
deceased Robert Dackombe, Gent., of Scoles, m the parishe of Corfe Castle," in
the hall, the hell-chamber, the parlor chamber, and the buttery chamber. Space
will admit of our mentioning only a few of the articles of furniture, to wit : In
the hall, "one table board and frame and forme, one livery cupbord with a
cushion and cubercloth, 1 ; one pair of andires, a pair of iron dogges, and a pot
hungrell, 8s. ; one muskett furnished and a pocket pistoll, 1. In the parlor
chamber were, among other things, one standing bedsteed, a trucklebedsteed,
curtaynes, and valens, 2 5s. " That Robert was not a teetotaler we gather from
the fact that in the buttery chamber were "five beere barrells and a tunning
dish." That he was a devout man is equally to be inferred from the presence in
the hell chamber of " three Bibles and one common praier booke," besides 13 old
books (whether of theology or not is not said), the lot valued at a pound sterling.
The total value of all the "goods and chatties " was 35 15s. Id.
ST. ALDHELM'S HEAD. Ixxiii.
BLASHENWELL AND ITS " FINDS."
It had been intended also to visit Blashenwell, which lies in
the fields on the right side of the road as one goes from Corfe to
Kingston ; but time did not admit of this. Hutchins gives the
derivation of the name as from the Anglo-Saxon " Blek," a space
or interruption, the spring which now rises close to the house,
flowing only during very wet seasons, like the Winterbournes and
others near Chalk hills. It was in the tufa deposited by this
stream in times long gone by that Mr. Clement Reid, when
surveying this part about 15 years ago, found a skeleton in a
stone-lined grave, which he said was Neolithic. Mr. Le Jeune
recently gave Captain Acland, for the Dorset County Museum, a
photo of what remains of the grave. Almost adjoining the grave
there is a kistvaen, from which the skull was taken in January
last year, and which was eventually buried in the churchyard.
Mr. Bulfin and Mr. Moullin took some photos of it, which are
now in the Museum. The kist-vaen is still in situ, and there are
evidences of others close by. Mr. Le Jeune exhibited photos of
the interment and stones.
KINGSTON AND ITS CHURCHES.
On climbing the steep hill into Kingston, the party repaired
first to the handsome and costly new church built by Lord
Eldon, and were here received courteously by the Vicar (the
Rev. S. C. Spencer Smith). When the visitors were seated in the
church
The Rev. S. C. SPENCER SMITH gave a short account of the two churches. He
said t v at the first Lord Eldon, the great Chancellor, bought the property there
from Mr. Wm. Morton Pitt, and then built the old parish church of St. James.
The architect was George Stanley Repton, who, he believed, made a runaway
marriage with Lady Elizabeth Scott, daughter of the first Lord Eldon, just as he
before had run away with his bride, Miss Elizabeth Surtees. The church was
built on the site of an ancient chapel, which was said to have possessed no
features of interest. The voussoirs of a Norman arch, incised with shallow ens-
cross oruameutatiou, are now to be seen built into the outer west wall of the old
IXXIV. ST. JELDHELM'S HEAD.
parish church, aud these probably represent all that remains of the previous
chapel. The oldest inhabitants of the viUage 30 years ago told him that there
was a staircase outside that old chapel which led to a west gallery for the
accommodation of a church baud, and the baud performed for a time after the
new church had been built on the spot. The band was superseded by a barrel or
grind organ. When he came into the Isle of Purbeck 30 years ago there were
five barrel organs in Purbeck ; and when a person wrote to the Guardian asking
if any were still in existence in England, he was able to say that there were five
in Purbeck alone at Kingston, Steeple, Tyneham, Creech Grange, and Bushey
(a little place not far from Corfe Castle). At the foot of the mural tablet to the
first Lord Eldon was a fine medallion profile by Chantrey of the great Chancellor.
The new church, opened about 30 years ago, was built by Lord Eldon from the
designs of George Edmund Street, and is a most beautiful and costly example of
that great architect's work and favourite style. All the stone and marble came
from close by, except the steps at the altar rails, which were of Dublin marble,
which was also composed of shells. The bed of Purbeck marble ran all down
this valley, from Swanage to Tyneham. All the Purbeck marble in England,
wherever one saw it in the Temple Church and most of the cathedrals came
from this valley. In geologic time it was an estuary of the sea ; the shells of
which the marble was composed were deposited and eventually pressed into
marble. The outside staircase turret, which was introduced by Mr. Street at
Lord Eldon's request, was a copy of that at Christchurch Prioiy. All the glass
windows were put in by Messrs. Clayton and Bell. Mr. Street was very
particular about the windows. The best artists were employed, and therefore
the drawing was good and the colouring fine. The figures in the south aisle were
all Christian saints and in the north aisle Old Testament saints. The organ, by
Young aud Oldknow, was very flue, although it became rather easily affected by
damp. There was also in the tower a very fine peal of eight bells, by Taylor, of
Loughborough, the tenor weighing about SOcwt., and their ringing, for a village,
was good.
The ACTING PRESIDENT having expressed the hearty thanks of
the Club to the Vicar, the party made an inspection of the
church and then walked on to the old church, at which a few
glances sufficed. The Norman arch is the most interesting
thing here, and the most beautiful the exquisite medallion by
Chantrey if we except the extensive and glorious view from a
particular point in the churchyard, close to the burial vault of the
Eldon family. The frowning towers of Corfe Castle, flanked by
swelling hills, form the central feature, framed in an expanse of
brown heath, fringes of shaggy wood, and stretches of the
shimmering water of Poole Harbour.
ST. JELDHELM'S HEAD. Ixxv.
WORTH MATRAVERS CHURCH.
Re-entering their carriages, the party drove to Afflington Barn
and then turned off to the old-world, out-of-the-way village of
Worth Matravers. At the church
The VICAR (the Rev J. Edwardes) gave the visitors a warm
welcome and made a short statement about the church.
Standing in an isolated district, it was almost unique and one of the oldest
churches in England, supposed to have been built late in the 7th century by St.
Aldhelm himself. He pointed to the door in the south wall of the nave with a
pointed arch of the " two flagstone " type, generally thought to be the original
Saxon door. (We should like to call attention to the great age of the arch. One
of the stones on the outside is much weathered the most weathered stone in the
church.) This doorway was supposed to give access to a side chapel, with which
a hagioscope also communicated. The chapel was pulled down in 1741. He
called attention to the Norman arch of the south entrance, with a tympanum,
the carving of which is said to have been mutilated at the time of the Civil War,
so that it is impossible now to make out the subject, although a figure,
apparently of au angel with outstretched arms, is to be discerned on either side.
The fine Norman arch of three orders is a notable feature of the church. The
chancel window is Decorated and the small lancet windows 13th century. In
the middle of the loth century the ancient font was sophisticated with Perpen-
dicular work. As for the Communion plate, there was a chalice, with a cover,
dated 1574.
The ASSISTANT SECRETARY supplemented the Vicar's observa-
tions by observing that to his mind the great fascination of
Worth Church lay, not so much in the antiquity and beauty of
the building, great though they were, as in its association with
one of those venerable traditions so precious to Church people.
William of Malmesbury recorded that when St. Aldhelm was still Abbot of
Malmesbury, before he had been appointed by King Ina to the see of Sherborne,
he came into this district with the intention of crossing over to the Continent to
visit the Pope and, while waiting for a favourable wind (aiiram fdicein) built a
church (fecit ecdcniain), in which, while his companions were occupied with the
necessary preparations, he might commend to God his journey and return. In
the historian's time, the early part of the l'2th century, that church was said to
be a roofless ruin, with miraculous properties, since, however wet the weather,
no rain ever fell within it, and the shepherds of the district there used to drive
and fold their sheep! Each of four sacred buildings in Purbeck had been
Ixxvi. ST. ^ELDHELM'S HEAD.
claimed as St. Aklhelm's foundation ; but probably Worth had the best claim,
approximating nearest to the description " two miles from the sea." He called
attention to a number of curious architectural features and also to certain
resemblances between this church and that of Studland, both dedicated to St.
Nicholas of Myra, the patron saint of fishermen, and each being now mainly of
Norman work.
Outside the church the Club observed the numerous stone
corbels under the eaves curiously and sometimes grotesquely
carved, as at Studland, and they were also amused by the tomb-
stone of Benjamin Jesty, of Downshay, the pioneer of vaccination,
who " was the first to introduce the cowpox by inoculation and,
from his great strength of mind, made the experiment upon his
wife and two sons ! "
ST. ALDHELM'S CHAPEL.
When the ACTING PRESIDENT had expressed the thanks of the
Club to the Vicar, the drive was resumed.
Alighting at Renscombe Farm, the visitors proceeded to St.
yEldhelm's Head and entered the Norman building known as the
chapel.
The ASSISTANT SECRETAKY, speaking at the Vicar's request, reminded the party
of the various legends purporting to account for the building of the chapel. The
present building, dating from about the middle of the 12th century, was square
on plan, with a stone roof of rib and panel vaulting, the ribs springing from one
stout pier in the centre. Both the shape of the building and the fact that the
orientation was not, as in the case of Christian churches generally, east and west,
had led some to assert that it was not built originally for a sacred purpose, but
rather as a primitive lighthouse or beaconhouse to warn mariners off that
dangerous head. The presence of a cross surmounting the roof should not
mislead them, since that cross was put up in 1873, when, the place having long
ceased to be used for worship and having fallen into disrepair, and been used in
turn as a storehouse and a stable, it was restored by Lord Eldon. The circular
projection on top of the roof, now occupied by the cross, is said to have been
originally used for the support of a beacon. But over against this affirmation of
a secular purpose should be put evidence of the use of the building as a chapel
centuries ago. In "The Deserted Village " the curate was "passing rich on forty
pounds a year"; but that record was beaten by the chaplain of St. Aldhelm's
Chapel, who was "passing rich" on fifty shillings a year. According to the
Pipe Rolls this chapel and also that of St. Mary iii the Castle of Corfe were
x
U
ST. ^LDHELM'S HEAD. Ixxvii.
served by two Royal chaplains, who received their stipends direct from the
Crown, the High Sheriff being the paymaster. The entrance door, of two orders
and a hood mould, and also the one small deeply -splayed window, were
interesting and beautiful features. There was a superstition that, if one stuck a
pin in the central pillar and wished a wish, that wish would be fulfilled.
THE GEOLOGY OF THE DISTRICT.
Leaving the chapel, the Club assembled at a convenient spot
on the edge of the beetling cliff, from which a fine panoramic
view of the coastline could be obtained, reaching away to
Portland Bill " serried ranks of cliffs and headlands," as Mr.
C. G. Harper says, " notched and crannied with bays and coves."
Dr. W. T. ORD, the well-known Bournemouth geologist, here
gave a short address on the geology of the district traversed by
the Club that day. His remarks were elucidated and enforced
by the exhibition of a large coloured sectional map.
He began by recalling the fact that 17 years ago on September 7th, 1892 the
Dorset Field Club last held a meeting in that district, and that on that occasion
their late lamented President, Mr. J. C. Mansel-Pleydell, who gave an account
of the geology of the district, was accompanied by the late Mr. W. H.
Hudleston, then President of the Geological Society. It was with some diffidence
that he followed two such geological giants, and he could not begin without
honourable mention of the names of these great men now gone to their rest.
When in the train going from Wareham to Corfe they were passing over the
Lower Bagshot Beds of the Eocene Age, the beds which formed the great part of
all the heath land of Dorsetshire and the greater part of Bournemouth Bay.
Wherever they saw this peculiar vegetation of heather, gorse, pine trees, and
rhododendrons, which they got in this part of the country, and also in the north
of Hampshire and at Woking, they knew that they were on the Bagshot Beds.
The reason for this peculiar vegetation was that the beds were free from lime.
As they approached Corfe Castle they passed over an ai - ea of London Clay and a
short section of the Woolwich and Reading Beds. When they got to Corfe
Castle and looked out of the train they saw a total change in the appearance of
the district. Hills with rounded tops and covered with turf showed them that
they were on the chalk, and they saw the chalk here and there, discoloured
by weathering. Corfe Castle was built on the top of a portion of an anticlinal
of chalk, the strata of which were tilted nearly up on end. When the Club
began their drive, almost before they left the town of Corfe, they passed
over a small section of the Lower and Upper Greeiisaiid and Gault, tilted
up on eud in the same extraordinary way. Xext they came to the Wealden
Ixxviii.
ST. JELDHELM'S HEAD.
tfl
formation. They recognised that because the tops
of these beds, being of very soft Weald clay, were
easily denuded by the weather, which in the course
of ages cut it in a sort of trough, lying between
Corfe Castle on the north and these southern
Purbeck hills on which they were standing now.
On top of the Wealden Beds was the interesting
deposit of tufa at Blashenwell, which unfortunately
they had not time to visit that day. Next to the
Wealden they came to the most interesting beds in
that part of the country, especially associated with
their excursion that day the Purbeck Beds, so
named from the Isle of 1'urbeck, in which they
were developed to a greater extent than in any
other part of England. Of the stone from these
Purbeck Beds they had interesting specimens in the
churches which they had visited, notably the
columns of Purbeck shell-marble. These Purbeck
Beds were first seen between Peverel Point and
Durlston Head, where there was the finest exposure
of the Purbeck Beds in the world, of great value on
account of the limestone which they produced, and
of still greater interest to geologists, because in
them had been found remains of the earliest
mammals tiny little mammals about the size of
rats. They were now standing 011 St. Aldhelm's
Head on a thin cap of the Lower Purbeck Beds,
which were at one time continuous, stretching
right over the head and away to sea for miles and
miles. And no doubt, if they could follow those
beds, they would find them lying beneath the
waters of the English Channel. The Purbeck cap
lay upon the Portland stone, which was also of
great commercial value as well as of geological
interest. The Portland stone lay upon a similar
thickness of Portland sand, and that again upon the
Kimmeridge clay soft black tenacious clay which
was of no value commercially, although it ought to
be of great value, because in certain parts it was
saturated with animal oils derived from the remains
of saurians, which existed in countless myriads when
these strata were being laid down at the bottom
of the sea. Consequently it made excellent manure.
Again, before American petroleum was introduced,
ST. .TLDHELM'S HEAD. ixxix.
it was also used for lighting purposes ; but, unfortunately, the smell of the oil was
so offensive that the use of it was given up. And, until some chemist was clever
enough to discover some way of deodorising it, it would remain useless. Thus this
great headland was built up of these three strata Kimmeridge clay, Portland
sand, and Portland stone to a height of 354 feet. They saw that from the top of
the cliff the Portland stone broke away in great solid masses and fell down to the
bottom of the cliff, which was protected from the assaults of the sea by a huge
landslip and a mass of debris. This fall of rock was caused by the waves
washing away the soft Kimmeridge clay at the base of the cliff, and thus
undermining the foundations of the harder rocks, which had consequently fallen
down and formed this wild picturesque undercliff. A little further to the north
was Emmets Hill, 400 feet high. The highest point of the coast was Swyre
Head, 554 feet high, surmounted by two humps, one of which was a tumulus.
How, Dr. Ord went on to ask, pointing to this sectional map (the section almost
due north and south), did the strata become inclined and forced up in this
remarkable way, and how had this land upon which they were standing, and
which was once deposited under the sea, been raised up to the great height that
they found it at present ? The explanation was due to what geologists called an
anticlinal, a buckling up of the earth's surface, just as when an orange dries the
surface of the rind contracts and wrinkled. As the earth cooled down it
contracted and so formed the hills and valleys. It was the great Brixton
anticlinal, beginning at Brixton, in the Isle of Wight, and extending 50 miles
long. It was a hummock-shaped mass which formed the hills of the Isle of
Wight. When they came to the Needles they found that they had been broken
away by the action of the sea ; but at one time they were continuous with this
anticlinal of the Isle of Purbeck, the great chalk ridge of the Purbeck Hills
which they passed through that day at Corfe the gate cut (as the word " Corfe "
denoted) by the denuding action of streams in geological times. This anticlinal
had upheaved not only the chalk, but also all the beds underlying it. These
hills, on the edge of which they were standing, formed an old watershed dividing
the northern part of Purbeck from the southern. The sea had cut away the
southern half of this anticlinal and shown them how enormous were the forces of
denudation in past ages. The point upon which they were now standing had
been submerged beneath the sea seven or eight times, and had other strata
deposited upon it. All our rivers are now cutting away the land and taking the
material off, possibly to puzzle the antiquaries of future ages.
The ACTING PRESIDENT expressed the thanks of the Club to
Dr. Ord for his learned and lucid exposition. (Applause.) He
took that opportunity of adding that the excavations at Maumbury
Rings were being continued that week an extra week and that
Members of the Field Club who were interested in the work
should visit the Rings and inspect the cavities before they were
JXXX. St. -ELDtiELM's HEA5.
filled in. Various curious and interesting features had been
discovered. As the work had this year been expensive, the Hon.
Treasurer (Captain J. E. Acland) would be glad to receive
donations, which might be sent to him at the Dorset County
Museum.
From the Head the party then walked back to their carriages
and returned to Corfe Castle, where they arrived at 4.30 and took
tea at the Bankes Arms before the departure of the train at 5.8.
Ixxxi.
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NELSON M. RICHARDSON, B.A.
( Read May 4th, 1909.)
OBITUARY.
Y'ESTERDAY (May 3rd), seven years ago, our Club
was thrown into mourning by the loss which it
sustained in the death of one who had been its
Father and President for 27 years, and to whom it
owed, and still owes, more than to any other
individual. Since then it has lost by death no
officer or vice-president, though many valuable
Members. And now I have, with deep regret, to
record the removal from us of three of our vice-
residents Mr. Wilfrid H. Hudleston, the great geologist ; Mr.
Henry Storks Eaton, the great meteorologist ; and Mr. Reginald
Bosworth Smith, whose literary talents and bird-lore were so well
known. Mr. Hudleston was a Fellow of the Royal Society and
a Past-President of the Geological Society, and during the years
he has resided in Dorset has taken the greatest interest in our
Club, being always ready to help at our meetings with his
geological and other knowledge and contributing many valuable
Ixxxiv. PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS,
papers to our " Proceedings." Everyone will remember his
hospitality only two years ago in inviting the Club to join in an
excursion by steamer along the coast, and his untiring energy
and eloquent discourses on geology on this, as well as on many
other occasions. When we lose a man like this our feeling is
that we can never replace him. Mr. Eaton was also one to
whom we owed much, both on account of his scientific work and
his generosity. Probably the first meteorologist in the Kingdom
and a Past-President of the Royal Meteorological Society, he
devoted his energies for many years chiefly to the study of
Dorset rainfall, and published the results in our " Proceedings "
until ill-health compelled him to seek a successor. Mr.
Bosworth Smith has not been amongst us so long, but has more
than once delighted us by his chapters from bird-life and bird-
lore, which he has read to us at our meetings. Accounts of
these gentlemen will appear separately in our " Proceedings," so
I will not enter further into all that I might say about them.
Three other Members and two former Members have also passed
away from us, all of whom have distinguished themselves in one
way or another, and will be missed by those who survive them.
Mr. Arthur Lister, F.R.S., one of that distinguished family of
scientists to whom the world owes so much in the person of
Lord Lister, his brother, was well known for his researches on
the Mycetozoa, low forms of animal life, on which he read a paper
to our Club, published in Vol. XIII. of our " Proceedings."
Mr. Charles Hansford was a familiar figure at our meetings, was
always deeply interested in whatever was under discussion, and
more than once represented us at the British Association. He
will be remembered for his kindly disposition and his public-
spirited liberality to Dorchester, and specially by us for his
magnificent gift to the Dorset Museum, of which he was a Vice-
President, of the galleries which enable the contents to be
properly displayed. Mr. Thomas Steadman Aldis, second
wrangler and Smith's prizeman in 1866, was one of our scientific
Members specially interested in geology, and was, I think, only
prevented by a quiet and retiring disposition from giving us
PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS. Ixxxv.
more of the results of his studies. The Rev. Richard Paget
Murray and Mr. Benjamin A. Hogg were both formerly Members
of the Club, and will be remembered by many amongst us. Mr.
Murray, the Vicar of Shapwick, near Blandford, was first in the
First-class in the Natural Science Tripos, 1867. He was an
excellent botanist, and contributed, amongst others, a paper on
that most puzzling group, the Rubi, or brambles, on which he was
an authority, to our " Proceedings " (Vol. XII.) He was also, like
myself, fond of entomology. Ill-health caused him to have to
spend much of his time at such places as Teneriffe, where he has
often described to me the delights and dangers of botanising.
Mr. Hogg was well known as a collector of antiquities, many of
his finds being now in the Dorset Museum. He used often to
attend our meetings.
ZOOLOGY.
In the year 1908 was celebrated by the Linnaean Society the
Darwin-Wallace Jubilee, it being 50 years since the joint papers
of Darwin and Wallace on the origin of species from natural
selection were read before the Royal Society, and formed a new
departure for scientific thought and theory in the realm of
natural history. Charles Darwin has passed away ; but Alfred
Russel Wallace was present and gave an account of the scene of
half a century ago. Beginning with the lowest forms of life, it is
possible that a new field for investigation may be opened out
through the discovery of a Trypanosome in the Malpighian
tubules of a common fly (Drosophila confusd). These minute
creatures, so destructive in sleeping sickness and many other
diseases, have hitherto never been found except in the blood of
a vertebrate animal or the digestive tract of a blood-sucking
invertebrate, such as a fly or tick. London may congratulate
itself on the fact that not a single typhoid bacillus has been
found, though more than 7,000 samples of water taken straight
from the Thames, Lee, and New River have been examined in
the course of twelve months. War has been successfully
waged in Cuba against the mosquito (Stegomyia], which conveys
Ixxxvi. PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS.
yellow fever, with a very marked decrease in that terrible
scourge. The address of the President of the Zoological
Section of the British Association dealt with the Polyzoa, a group
of small, but not microscopic, aquatic animals living in colonies
in cells something like coral, and often found covering stones,
&c., below high water mark. He especially considers their
avicularia, which are beak-like organs of varied form, used, he
believes, for purposes of defence of the colony. Though
discoveries of new species in any group in this country are
necessarily rare, yet in less worked parts there is still much
remaining unknown, as in the case of 107 species of Annelid
worms from the West Coast of North America, where 47 were
new to science. Experiments in Iceland waters show that plaice
travel along the coasts direct to the warmer Atlantic waters towards
the S.W., where they spawn in winter and spring, the eggs and
fry being carried by easterly currents in spring and summer to
the west, north, and east coasts successively. Immature cod did
not migrate, but remained stationary for one or two years. A
large number of very small Barbadoes fresh water fish called
" Millions " (Girardinus poecilloides) have been given to the
Zoological Gardens. They are believed to prevent malaria by
destroying gnat larvae, and are to be tried in other countries. A
valuable contribution to the knowledge of the useful and harmful
qualities of birds has been published by the Board of Agriculture,
being founded on the observations of the contents of the
stomachs of a large number of birds of different species, thus
avoiding the speculation which generally forms the greater part
of the foundation for such opinions and giving reliable data.
The majority are shown to be useful, the damage done being
slight compared to the destruction of noxious insects and weeds,
whilst there are a very few for which their beauty or their song is
their only recommendation. An interesting note on 24 out of
300 chickens killed by crows shows that a far larger proportion
of the self-coloured than of the pencilled ones suffered, probably
owing to the protective quality of the markings. A specimen of
Eversmann's Warbler (Phylloscoptu borcalis], a species new to
PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS. Ixxxvii.
Britain, was captured on Fair Isle last September. It is
migratory, and found in North Russia and Siberia in summer
and in Burmah and China in winter. Investigation of the eye of
the golden moles of South Africa has shown that it is sunk into
the dermis or true skin and surrounded by hair roots, its muscles
have disappeared, and it is very degenerate and probably
incapable of even appreciating light. They appear to be even
worse off in this respect than our English species. It is to be
regretted that much destruction of seals in North European seas
is carried on, in consequence of the damage done by them to
the salmon and cod fisheries ; an interesting international report
has lately been published on this and other fishery matters.
The Zoological Gardens has been enriched by a number of
Australian and New Zealand animals specially collected and
brought over last June, which will make its collection of the
larger fauna of those countries the finest in Europe. New
Zealand continues to reserve large areas for the preservation of
the fauna and flora in a wild state, and has now about 134,000
acres devoted to this purpose. Australia is also taking some
steps with a view to protecting its birds from wholesale destruc-
tion for ornamental purposes.
BOTANY.
From the fact that the President of the British Association in
1908 was a distinguished botanist, Mr. Francis Darwin, one
might hope for much to record in that branch of science during
the year, but I have but few notes beyond his address, which was
on "The Power of Movement in Plants," and had for its text the
words of his father " It is impossible not to be struck with the
resemblance between the foregoing movements of plants and
many of the actions performed unconsciously by the lower
animals." The grounds on which he bases the probable
existence of the faint powers of memory and consciousness in
plants I cannot enter upon here, but would refer those who may
be interested to the learned and elaborate reasoning contained
Ixxxviii. PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS.
in the address, which is easily accessible. I may remind our
Members that, as one of its corresponding societies, we receive
annually a copy of the British Association report in return for
our " Proceedings." Experiments show that comparatively few
seeds outside those of leguminous plants retain their vitality for a
long period, those allied to mallows and myrtles being the
principal. The long-lived ones are mostly encased in a hard,
impermeable coat, which may be softened by steeping in
sulphuric acid for a few hours to obtain quick germination. I
do not know whether these experiments considered the deep
burial of seeds in the ground, which appears sometimes to keep
them alive for long periods. The wild progenitor of our
potatoes was quite unknown, and has only lately been discovered
after many years' experiments by Mr. Sutton in the species
named Solanum etuberosum, from which, at last, potatoes indis-
tinguishable from the ordinary cultivated form have been
developed. Whilst on this subject I should like to correct a
statement set forth by high authority that the first figure of our
potato was published by a Frenchman, Clusius or L'ecluse, in
1602. I have lately become the possessor of a copy of the first
edition of Gerard's Herbal, dated 1597, which contains an
excellent figure of this plant under the name of " Potatoes of
Virginia," which, he states, he has growing well in his garden
(in Holbourne), and, as I am not aware of an earlier figure, we
may claim that honour for an Englishman. At Woburn and
other places experiments have been made in regard to the best
method of planting trees, and it has been found that, contrary- to
our preconceived ideas, the most successful plan is to make a
small hole just large enough to take in the roots gathered up
together, throw some earth in, and ram it down as hard as
possible. I hope to try the effect of this process, which is much
less trouble than the usual one followed by careful gardeners. A
difficulty in the introduction of foreign strains of the cotton plant
into India is caused by the cotton moth (Sylepta deroga/a), which
attacks them most destructively, while the Indian varieties,
strange to say, are comparatively uninjured.
PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS. Ixxxix*
GEOLOGY.
The meeting of the British Association being held in Dublin,
Irish geology played a prominent part in the programme, and
various districts were dealt with. The results of the exploration
of the cave of Castlepook, near Doneraile, tend to show that the
cave is of pre-glacial age, and that Ireland and England have
not been joined together in glacial or post-glacial times. It has
been attempted by many different methods to reckon the lengths
of geological periods, but, though very positive statements are
sometimes made, it would seem that the question is still very far
from being solved. The Falls of Niagara have been used by
various observers for this purpose, the last estimate of their age
being calculated at 39,000 years, of the accuracy of which
amount the observer seems very confident. Nevertheless, the
first estimate, made in 1835 by Lyell, was 35,000 years, and
more modern observers have put the amount as low as 7,000, or
possibly considerably less. These immense discrepancies
illustrate the extreme unreliability of such calculations. At
the same time the actual history of the Falls, as worked out from
a study of their surroundings, is very interesting. One of the
most disastrous European earthquakes of recent times took place
on December 28th last, completely destroying Messina and other
neighbouring places and causing immense loss of life. It was
followed by a great sea wave, which did further damage, and
the levels of the ground in parts have been altered both by
subsidence and the contrary. An earthquake of probably equal
violence took place in Persia on January 23rd, affecting fifty
villages and causing the loss of many lives, but, fortunately, no
large town like Messina existed in the area of its greatest
violence. At home, in Dorset, the chief phenomenon which can
be placed under the present heading is the landslip which took
place on June xoth last about half-a-mile east of Lyme Regis in
the vicinity of the burning cliff, which first manifested itself in
January, 1908, and which I alluded to in my last address. This
subject has been ably treated in a paper by our Hon. Member,
fcc. PRESIDENT S ADDRESS.
Mr. A. Jukes-Browne, which appears in our last volume of
" Proceedings." An investigation of the extraordinary crater at
Canyon Diablo, in Arizona, was lately made, which tends to
show that it was not caused by a volcano, all the observed
phenomena being of a superficial nature. The rocks to a depth
of 800 feet have been shattered, and indicate the presence of
great heat. At the same time no trace has been found of the
gigantic meteorite which is supposed by its fall to have caused
the crater, but it is thought that it may have been dissipated by
the intense heat caused by the blow. The price of tin is much
higher than formerly, and it is, therefore, satisfactory that the
output of this useful metal in West Africa promises to be
considerable. To German East Africa a German expedition is
to be sent to investigate further the huge animal remains recently
found there in considerable numbers, resembling the finds in
North America. All the bones hitherto brought back belong to
a large herbivorous Dinosaur, nearly 50 feet in length, but no
skull has yet been found. The animal is something like the
Diplodocus, the huge saurian of whose skeleton there is a cast in
the Natural History Museum, and has been named Giganlosaunts.
The ends of the bones frequently appear above the soil, and
many lie in their natural positions with regard to each other.
The attitude of the Diplodoct/s as represented in the Natural
History Museum has been questioned, and it is suggested that it
may have crawled and swum like a crocodile and fed upon
water plants. An interesting note on the size of the mammoth
mentions three species, with heights as follows \-Elephas
primigenius, the commonest, found in North America, Siberia,
and Europe, height about pft. 6in. ; E. Colombi, uft. ; and
E. itnperafor, i3ft. 6in., the tallest of any known species of
elephant. These two last are from America. The average
height of the living Indian elephant is about pft., though it
sometimes reaches considerably more. The American mastodon
was about the same height. The greater part of the skeleton of
a mammoth was lately found in Sussex below high-water mark in
a bed of black clay, from which the shingle had been swept by
PRESIDENT S ADDRESS. XC1.
gales. Complete skeletons are rare, though small portions of
them are much more often met with.
ASTRONOMY.
The astronomical subject which has come most prominently
forward in the past twelve months is, doubtless, the comet
discovered by Professor Morehouse on September ist, and this
not on account of its brightness, for, though it has been stated
to be visible to the naked eye, I think that most people
have only seen it through a telescope. The chief feature
has been the extraordinary character of its tail, which
varied perpetually in shape, and was sometimes marked by
a series of bright nebulous masses travelling along its length
away from the nucleus ; sometimes it was undulating in shape
and generally consisted of several streamers, either straight or
occasionally curved. These appearances were much less obvious
to the eye than in photographs, one of which shows a tail
27,000,000 miles in length. Most of the lines in the spectrum
of this comet belong to a gas, which presents a system of bands
not identified with any known spectrum. On February 22nd, at
7.30 p.m., a meteor of exceptional brightness was seen all over
the south of England, the most extraordinary feature being the
trail which it left in the sky, which took the form of an irregular
band of light moving slowly and altering in shape and forming a
most striking object across the heavens. This band did not
entirely fade away for about two hours, and was certainly quite
bright for more than half-an-hour after the meteor had fallen. It
then, as I saw it, stretched from near the constellation Perseus,
through Gemini to near Pleiades, where it curved round and
.came straight below Orion to Sirius. It gradually drifted north-
ward. I, unfortunately, did not see the meteor itself. The
latest theory of sunspots is that they are fields of magnetic force,
but little appears to be really known about them. The expedition
from the Lick Observatory to Flint Island to observe the
eclipse of January 3rd, 1908, amongst other investigations, took
xcii. PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS.
photographs during totality with a view to finding an intra-
Mercurial planet. Three hundred star images down to the ninth
magnitude were recorded, but were all identified with known stars,
so that it is considered proved that if any such planet exists it is
far too small to account for the perturbations observed in Mer-
cury, which must, therefore, be due to some other cause. Four
hundred and thirty-six canals and 186 oases are now known on
Mars, the canals varying in width from three to twenty miles and
in length from 250 miles to 3,450 miles, so that if they are really
of an artificial nature they represent an enormous amount of
work, and suggest that the dwellers in Mars are either very
numerous or very large, or have forces at their disposal at present
unknown to us. It has not been possible yet to determine
exactly the orbit of the eighth satellite of Jupiter discovered last
year, but it has probably a retrograde motion, a period of two
years, and an inclination of 31 degrees to the ecliptic. An
almost incredible delicacy of instruments is involved in the
measurement of the temperature of stars, that of Arcturus being
equal to the heat of a candle at the distance of six miles if there
were no absorption by the atmosphere, and of Vega half the
amount. These measurements were carried out at the Yerkes
Observatory.
METEOROLOGY.
Meteorologists and others will be interested in a lecture on
" The Dawn of Meteorology," delivered before the Royal
Meteorological Society and published in their quarterly journal,
which shows from what early times the subject was studied, more
often in connection with omens and signs than in the matter-of-
fact methods of the present day. However, in the first century,
A.D., observations on rainfall were made in Palestine, which are
still preserved, and from which we find that the amount of
rainfall considered necessary for a good crop was much the same
as at the present day, and that the climate is, therefore, probably
much the same as it was 1,900 years ago. The Commonwealth
Bureau of Meteorology of Australia has just issued its first
PRESIDENT S ADDRESS. XC111.
bulletin with valuable information about the climate. But much
seems to have been known before about the rainfall, as it has
been calculated that 22 sheep can in Australia be grazed per
square mile for every inch of rain above nine inches, together
with other similar deductions about wheat, &c. Perhaps I ought
not to quote here the address of the President of the Anthropo-
logical section of the British Association, but it deals very fully
with the effect of climate on the races of man and animals,
especially horses, and is to my mind one of the most suggestive
and instructive lectures in that section that I have met with.
The temperatures of the year 1908 seem to have been about
average ones, that at the beginning of October, however, going
up to 80 degrees in parts of the Midlands. The rainfall was
somewhat deficient, and for 32 days at Chickerell, between
July iyth and August i9th, there was absolutely no rain,
except a few drops on July 2 1 st. Under the new regulations
these would, I believe, be neither counted nor entered, so that
statements of this sort from most stations would be untrust-
worthy. The investigation of the upper atmosphere continues,
and on certain days appointed by an International Committee
balloons and kites are sent up from about 30 stations in different
parts of the world. A German expedition sent to Central Africa
has made many valuable experiments with balloons and kites,
chiefly from Lake Nyanza. The highest point registered was
65,000 feet with a temperature of minus 119 degrees Fah., which
is lower than has ever been recorded at this or a greater height
over Europe. Experiments have been made to determine the
wind pressure upon various sized plates of wind travelling at
different speeds, which show that the rate of pressure on plates
increases with their size up to 10 square feet ; thus the pressure
on two plates of 5 square feet each would be less than on one of
i o square feet, but for larger surfaces the pressure is in propor-
tion to the surface. Attempts have been lately made in New-
Zealand, in accordance with a common belief, to induce rain by
firing heavy charges in guns ; but, so far as could be judged, the
explosions had no effect. Brilliant sky glows of different colours
xciv. PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS.
were observed in England and many parts of Central Europe
on June 3oth and July ist and 2nd. These were generally
considered to be auroral in their nature, but the absence of any
aurora spectrum and the steady nature of the glows point to
their being caused by sunlight reflected either on clouds at great
heights or on some substance in the form of fine dust in a similar
position.
ELECTRICITY.
Wireless telegraphy (or radio-telegraphy, as it should now, I
suppose, be called, though it seems an inconvenient name for a
thing unconnected with radium, when that substance is so much
before the public,) and its developments continue to occupy the
chief place in the section, and the first regular wireless station,
belonging to the Post-office, to be used for communication with
ships, was opened at Bolt Head, Devon, on December nth. It
has a range of 250 miles. The advantages of this method of
communication between ships at sea were strikingly illustrated in
a recent collision between the Republic and the Florida, the
former ship having a wireless telegraphic apparatus and being
able to summon other ships to her aid. From experiments
successfully carried out at Dieppe it would appear that the
difficulty of sending the radio-telegraphic message in one
direction only has been overcome, but the plan does not seem to
be yet generally adopted. The transmission of photographs by
telegraphy continues to make progress, and two or three new
methods have lately been invented by which the time of trans-
mission is shortened. The Carnegie Institution is building for
purposes of magnetic research in different parts of the world a
ship, of which every portion is to be non-magnetic, with one or
two small exceptions, which have to be of iron, the hull being
of wood, and bronze being largely used. A destructive hailstorm
in France was observed to follow the course of a high tension
line for 14 kilometres, doing serious damage in its immediate
neighbourhood and spreading for 800 to 1,000 metres on either
side. Where the storm commenced three large balls of fire were
PRESIDENT S ADDRESS. XCV.
seen, double the size of a man's head, on the explosion of which
the hail came down. Experiments have been lately made in
growing electrified wheat by a system of wires stretched across
the field on poles, the result being an improvement in quality
and an increased yield of 29 to 40 per cent, in the crop. In
October last an International conference on electrical units and
standards was held in London, and important resolutions were
carried, which will, it is hoped, remove many of the difficulties
which have arisen owing to the rapid development of this branch
of science.
CHEMISTRY.
I am glad to say that the subject of radium set for the Cecil
Medal last year has produced a better competition than we have
yet had. I hope that it shows the growth of a more general and
stronger interest in scientific subjects amongst Dorset men, and
also a better appreciation of the liberal efforts of the founder of
the medal. Some good essays have also been sent in for the
Mansel-Pleydell Medal. A Radium Institute, with which our
Hon. Member, Sir Frederick Treves, is prominently associated,
has been founded, and will shortly come into active work, both
for the purpose of research and also as a curative establishment
by means of radium, which has been proved in certain diseases
to be a more powerful means of cure than the X-rays. A method
has been devised of counting the particles emitted by radium,
the results of which agree well with those derived from the
observation of their scintillations on a screen. Helium has been
liquefied and kept in the liquid state for some hours. Aluminium
is coming more into use, and can now be rolled into sheets even
thinner than tinfoil, which it will probably to a great extent
replace for many purposes. The experiments which caused the
belief that lithium was, under the action of radium emanation,
produced from copper, have been repeated, with negative results,
so that this statement must be taken to require confirmation.
Alloys of silicon with iron, and also with other metals, are found
to resist the effect of acids in a remarkable degree, and arc,
XCV1. PRESIDENT S ADDRESS.
therefore, valuable for chemical purposes, their brittleness being
the chief objection. The very hard substance, carborundum,
now manufactured commercially for whetstones, is a compound
of silicon and carbon, produced by intense heat in an electric
furnace, and is converted by a further application of heat, which
volatises the silica, into a very pure graphite, useful for electrodes,
for lubrication, and for other purposes. Calcium chloride is
suggested as a means of preventing coal dust in mines, which is
so fruitful a source of explosions. It has also been used to keep
roads free from dust. The art of making perfumes synthetically
has been greatly developed of late years, and a number of
different ones are now produced at a much smaller cost than
that of the natural article distilled from flowers. With these,
however, the artificial scents, though much cheaper, are not to be
compared in other respects. The latest development of photo-
graphy is the production of animated photographs in natural
colours, the film consisting of pictures alternately taken through
a red and green screen and similarly exhibited in the cinemato-
graph. The result is said to be very successful.
ENGINEERING.
The subject of aeronautics continues to occupy a foremost
position in the public mind, and the lately-formed British Aerial
League proposes to establish a National Aeronautical College to
forward the progress of invention and education in this subject,
with a view to ensuring to this country the supremacy of the air
as well as that of the sea. It still remains to be seen, however,
to what extent any such supremacy can be said to exist, as I am
glad to say that there does not as yet seem any immediate
prospect of balloons and aeroplanes, in spite of the wonderful
performances of the latter, being brought sufficiently under
control to be really useful for fighting purposes. If unmanned
balloons directed by wireless electricity should become practical
machines, they might exercise much influence in this respect. An
International Road Congress, having in view the improvement
PRESIDENT S ADDRESS. XCV11.
of roads and regulation of traffic, was lately held at Paris,
and was attended by delegates from 29 countries. The chief
decision, arrived at almost unanimously, was that the proper use
of tar for holding together the materials used in making the
road produced an almost dustless and waterproof road with a
great diminution in the annual cost for repairs, and caused none
of the unpleasant effects which had occurred when quantities of
crude tar had been applied on the surface only. It is proposed
to erect works near Dublin for producing gas from peat, which is
to be used for making electricity for power purposes, and as
there will be valuable by-products, it is thought that the plan
will be successful. It is curious to read, when one has seen
defunct windmills in various parts of the country, that the
demand for these machines was never so great as it is at present,
but such appears to be the fact. A new tunnel under the
Thames has been successfully finished, and another is being
made in Canada by the somewhat novel method of sinking side
by side in a huge trench dredged across the river two immense
steel cylinders, each 262 feet long, and embedding them in
concrete, thus making a double tunnel in which the trains will
run. The deepest boring in Britain has lately been made to the
depth of 4,534^ feet, the temperature increasing on the average
one degree Fah. in every 87 feet. As it is improbable that this
bore is really vertical, any more than those in South Africa, of
which I spoke at some length in my address last year, and of
which careful measurements were taken, showing that in some
instances the real depth of the bottom of the borehole below the
surface was only half the length of the bore, owing to deviations
of direction these temperature results must be received with
reservation. In Egypt the Esneh dam on the Nile has been
completed, and will more than double the crops on about
250,000 acres. The dam is composed of stone piers and arches,
containing flood gates and resting on concrete and iron piles.
Finally, I come to a matter which will, I am sure, give much
gratification to some of our lady Members, or at all events to
their servants, who will in future have scientific authority for the
XCV111. PRESIDENT S ADDRESS.
practice of standing up a poker in front of a fire to draw it up.
A scientist has made experiments, measuring the velocity of the
air at various points, with and without the presence of the poker,
and has come to the conclusion, like the servants, that it exerts
a remarkable and beneficial influence on the draught. Science,
however, I believe, still denies the action of the sun in putting
out a fire, and says that it is merely an optical delusion. Here
are fields for careful experiments at our very hearths.
GEOGRAPHY.
At an International Geographical Congress held at Geneva
last July a great many papers were read on a variety of subjects,
the scope of geography being extensive, and, like geology,
dipping into many other branches of science. The inscriptions
on two scarabs appeared to confirm the account given by
Herodotus of the circumnavigation of Africa under Necho II.
about 600 B.C., the journey lasting three or four years, but
there still seems a little uncertainty about this feat having been
accomplished at this early date. A committee was appointed
to negotiate with the various Governments for the employment
of a uniform system of symbols and signs on maps, especially
that of the world on the scale of one-millionth, which is being
gradually prepared. In Africa a chain of triangles is being
surveyed along the 3oth meridian of longitude from North to
South, which passes through German territory below the
Northern 1,700 miles, which are now finished. The Germans
are therefore continuing this important work. The parts of
the earth which suffer from extreme heat and cold are still the
least known, and most research expeditions tend to the poles or
the equator. Thus we have a French arctic expedition started
and a Danish Greenland expedition returned in the last year,
as well as one organised to explore the interior of New Guinea,
which is likely to produce much of interest in Natural History.
But the great event of the year is the journey to within 1 1 1 miles
PRESIDENT S ADDRESS. XC1X.
of the South Pole of Lieut. Shackleton, which is by far the
nearest point attained. Many valuable observations have been
made which will add to our knowledge of those regions. Two
more Antarctic expeditions are now in course of preparation.
Dr. Sven Hedin has returned from Tibet and Dr. Stein from
Central Asia, the first with much geological and geographical
information, the latter with many documents of the third to
the eighth century, besides improvements in the map. The
manuscripts are in Indian, Chinese, and Tibetan languages.
The account of explorations in Guatemala by Mr. Maler, with
photographs of sculptured figures and inscriptions, has lately
been published by the Peabody Museum of American Arch-
aeology, and adds much to our knowledge of this little known
region.
ARCHEOLOGY AND ANTHROPOLOGY.
The chief archaeological work which has this year been carried
out in Dorset has been the excavation of Maumbury Rings,
otherwise known as the Amphitheatre, by Mr. St. George Gray,
with the assistance of Mr. Charles Prideaux. The result, so far
for it is proposed to continue the excavations this year appears
fully to justify the belief that this was used as an amphitheatre in
the time of the Romans. But the spot had been occupied by
Neolithic people in much earlier times, as was shown by the
discovery of a deep pit containing picks made of deer's antlers
and other implements. Another excavation, carried out by the
Rev. G. H. Engleheart and Mr. Le Jeune at Hemsworth, near
Wimborne, on the site of a Roman villa, has brought to light
some beautiful and interesting pavements. Maiden Castle has
been put under the care of the Commissioners of Works, so that
this, our finest earthwork, will, let us hope, be safe from inter-
ference. It is much to be regretted that, in spite of protests
from the Society of Antiquaries and others, a projected railway
on Dartmoor is to pass close to some of the most interesting
C. PRESIDENT S ADDRESS.
stones in that wonderful locality for prehistoric stone monuments,
where their numbers are only equalled by their variety. Quite
recently some of these have been taken for road-making. The
Royal Commissioners on Ancient Monuments for England and
Wales, lately appointed, will, doubtless, do much towards
safeguarding them generally. Another most creditable piece of
work, which we inspected last summer, is the discovery, by the
intelligent study of various small points connected with its
history, of an important addition to the splendid Abbey of
Glastonbury by Mr. Bligh Bond, who is well known to us, as he
has kindly acted as our guide more than once at our meetings.
An interesting paper on stone circles was read to the British
Association, in which the author says that the genuine stone
circle apparently occurs only in the British Isles, and that most,
if not all, of the circles found in other countries are merely
retaining walls, left after the tumulus, which they retained, had
been removed. I have read descriptions of stone circles
in Brittany, 300 feet across, which could hardly be the
walls of a former tumulus ; but I have not seen them.
(Barrows of S. Brittany, Lukis, p. 17 and elsewhere.) In
Aberdeenshire, in the midst of numerous stone circles, are found
remains of men of a very unique type short, with broad heads
who are, it is suggested, Akkadians or Hittites, who migrated by
sea to these islands about 2000 B.C., as they seem to correspond
to them in structure better than any others. It is also suggested
that these were the founders of stone circles. In a cave at
Niaux, in France, have been found Palaeolithic drawings of
animals transfixed by arrows, showing conclusively (as it is stated)
the use of the bow at that early period, also even the footprints
of the artists on the floor, together with pictures of fish, &c.,
engraved on the ground. No doubt, the drawings are more
distinctly arrows, and not spears, in some cases ; but in the
illustration I have seen they look more like spears, the shafts
being quite plain, and I am not aware that a bow occurs amongst
the drawings to give authority to the statement about its use. In
a cave in the Dordogne Valley an early human fossil has been
PRESIDENT S ADDRESS. Cl.
found, the skull being of the Neanderthal type. Some inter-
esting things have been found in kitchen-middens, in New
Zealand, especially fish hooks made of bone or greenstone. In
the Soudan have been found some ancient querns used for
grinding the quartz before the gold was washed out of it.
Measurements of 575 of the skulls below Hythe Church, Kent,
show that they are brachicephalic, the average length of the
males being iy'9 centimetres. Their date is probably 1200
1500 A.D. A pigmentation survey of school children in Scotland
has been successfully carried out, details of more than 500,000
children being given. An excess of dark hair characterises
Galloway, Glasgow, and the Highlands, there being most jet
black hair in the latter, whilst Orkney, Shetland, and other parts
are fair. Red hair occurs in excess only to the north of the
Grampians and east of the Caledonian Canal, where Tacitus also
locates it. In Glasgow and Dundee the men are mostly dark
and the women fair-haired. Experiments carried out in
Germany seem to show that the other senses are not increased
in delicacy in the blind a conclusion which is by no means in
accordance with our general belief. It is suggested, however,
that their blindness causes them to pay more attention to what
they perceive by other means.
GENERAL.
Amongst other subjects discussed at the meeting of the
Corresponding Societies' delegates at the British Association
at Dublin were the educational opportunities of such societies as
our own. Specialists in all branches of science are becoming so
technical that it is difficult for them to understand what is going
on in other branches than their own, and comparatively hopeless
for the amateur who is unacquainted with the terms used. Field
Clubs bring together people interested in the same things, and
in that way disseminate knowledge. Probably most of our
Members carry away some new scientific ideas from our meet-
ings, even those who are only superficially interested in our
cii. PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS.
subjects, and in this way I think our Club is educational.
Other subjects dealt with were sanctuaries for our fauna and
flora, which seem to be on the increase, also the re-stocking of
localities with species that have formerly inhabited them, but
become extinct. This practice cannot be defended on scientific
grounds, as it is most improbable that the introduced specimens
will have the identical qualities of the extinct ones, for
there is as a rule some difference, though possibly slight,
between groups of the same species in different places. In
many cases this difference is very striking. One department of
the Franco-British Exhibition was that of science, in which a
fine collection of historic and other apparatus and documents in
the different branches was shown, as well as many illustrative
specimens. Important new buildings, chiefly for scientific
purposes, have been opened at the Leeds University, and very
large donations have been made for the furtherance of science in
India. An account of the cruises of the Valhalla, made partly
with a view to the interests of science, has been lately published,
which gives much general information, chiefly zoological and
botanical, and describes no less than eleven new species of birds.
A recent report of the Royal Commission on afforestation and
other matters states that 9,000,000 acres in the United Kingdom
might probably with advantage be planted with trees so as to
produce a profit, and it is hoped that steps may be taken towards
this result. It is, however, much to be desired that this should
be carried out with discretion, for though semi-wild woods are
picturesque and interesting, one would hardly like to see every
piece of suitable land not of much use for any other purpose
taken up by neatly-arranged plantations. A protest against the
extreme application of the law of priority in scientific names has
been influentially signed by British zoologists, and it is certainly
time that something was done to prevent the confusion and
trouble arising from what would appear to be undesirable changes.
I do not mention the Daylight Saving Bill as a Scientific subject,
but to echo the hope expressed by most, if not all, scientists that
we shall not have to submit to it. The one bright spot in it for
PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS.
cm.
us is that it may solve the lunch question at our annual meeting,
by causing us to disperse at what is really one o'clock, and by
the beginning of May our appetites will not have had time to get
used to the change and imagine that it is two !
In conclusion I wish success to all those amongst us who are
doing something, however little, to raise the scientific position of
the club, and hope that the results of this year may not only
equal, but excel those of its predecessors.
MR. WILFRID HUDLESTON HUDLESTON, M.I., F.R.S.
Through the death of Mr. Hudleston, which took place, at the
age of 80, on January 2gih, 1909, our society and the learned
world at large has been bereaved of a leader as widely respected
for his many-sided and well-digested knowledge as beloved for
his delightful and generous personality. He was the eldest son
of Dr. John Simpson, of Knaresborough, and in 1867 assumed
the family name of his mother, who was heiress of the Cumber-
land Hudlestons. Young Simpson was educated at St. Peter's
School, York, and Uppingham, whence he entered at St. John's
College, Cambridge, taking his B.A. in 1850 and subsequently
proceeding to the M.A. On leaving Cambridge he devoted
some time to the study of law, and was called to the bar in 1853,
but he never practised professionally. Several years were spent
in foreign travel, during which his attention was chiefly attracted
towards ornithology, and in 1858 he became one of the three
founders of the British Ornithological Society. A wider course
of scientific study was then entered upon at Edinburgh, under
Playfair and Macadam, and then in London at the Royal College
of Chemistry. Eventually, in a large measure through the
influence of Prof. John Morris, Mr. Hudleston was led to make
the science of geology the principal pursuit of his life.
From an interesting and comprehensive review of his life,
published in the Dorse/ County Chronicle on February 4th last, we
learn that he was elected a Fellow of the Geological Society in
1867. From 1874 to 1877 he served the office of secretary to
\VILFRID HUDLfcSTON fcUDtESTON, k.A., F.R.S. CV.
the Geologists' Association, of which he became President in
1 88 1. In 1886 Mr. Hudleston succeeded Prof. Morris as one of
the editors of the " Geological Magazine," and the same year he
took office as one of the secretaries of the Geological Society.
Following Sir Archibald Geikie, he was in 1892 elected
President, and in 1897 was awarded the society's highest mark
of distinction, the Wollaston Gold Medal.
Amongst other evidences of the high esteem in which Mr.
Hudleston was held in the scientific world we note that he was
at one time on the Council of the Royal Geographical Society ;
in 1898 President of the Geological Section of the British
Association at Bristol ; and was also elected President of the
Devonshire Association, of the Yorkshire Naturalists' Union,
and of the Malton Field Naturalists' Society. Only a week or so
before his death he received the gold medal of the British
Ornithological Society.
After many years of early and middle life spent in Yorkshire
and London, Mr. Hudleston became a Dorset landed proprietor
in 1897, purchasing the West Holme estate, near Wareham, but
still keeping his London residence in Stanhope Gardens, South
Kensington. He was married in 1890 to Miss Rose Benson,
second daughter of Mr. W. H. Benson, of Littlethorpe, near
Ripon. To Mrs. Hudleston the Members of the Dorset Field
Club unite in tendering their sincerest sympathy in her sudden
bereavement.
Late as it was in his life when Mr. Hudleston joined our
society, he enthusiastically identified himself with its interests
and threw himself with his characteristic genial activity into its
undertakings. On the score of his advanced age he declined
the offer of the presidency of the Club, made to him on the
retirement of Lord Eustace Cecil ; but his leadership in
geological excursions notably the coasting trip given on his
personal invitation in July, 1907 and his constant readiness to
give to all enquirers the benefit of his immense knowledge will
ever be remembered with admiration and gratitude by all who
can claim the privilege of having accompanied him.
HENRY STORKS EATON, M.A.
(Past President of the Royal Meteorological Soc., V.P. Dorset
Field Club).
Through the lamented death of Mr. Henry Storks Eaton the
Club has lost a Vice-President and one of its most valued
Members. The hobby of his life was meteorology, more
especially rainfall, and in his knowledge of that branch of
science he was probably unequalled.
He joined the Club in 1891, and though, having no settled
residence, he was not himself an observer, he took the keenest
interest in all that related to Dorset rainfall, and in 1895, at the
request of the writer of this notice, succeeded him in being
responsible for the annual Rainfall Report published in the
" Proceedings " of the Club. To this Mr. Eaton devoted much
time and energy, continuing his duties long after his health
began to fail him, until he was at last compelled in 1904, after
ten years' work, to resign his post to the present holder, Mr. H.
Stilwell. But Mr. Eaton did not confine himself to writing the
report. He visited the various rain gauges in the county at
intervals, and saw for himself that they were in good condition
and suitably placed, and, if he suspected an error in any return
(and it is an unfortunate fact that they were by no means
infrequent), he never rested until he had discovered both the
error and its cause. Unless he was successful in this quest and
could correct it to his satisfaction, the return was excluded from
THE LATE HENRY STORKS EATON, ESQ.
HENRY STORKS EATON, M.A. CV11.
the report ; and, though this strictness sometimes lost him an
observer, he preferred the loss to any uncertainty. In ordinary
editing he was most particular, and, as he had an extraordinary
faculty for detecting mistakes or omissions, it would be difficult
to find even a small fault in any printing which had passed
through his hands. During these ten years, in addition to the
annual reports, he published in the Club's " Proceedings "
"Dorset Annual Rainfall, 1848-92," with two maps (Vol. XVI.,
p. 17), " Dorset Monthly Rainfall, 1856-95 " (Vol. XVIII., p. 153),
and " Rainfall Constants at 1 04 stations in Dorset, deduced from
Observations taken between 1848 and 1897" (Vol. XX., p. 94),
all papers based on most elaborate and extensive calculations
from the records during those periods, which took him years to
work out. Large copies of the maps, showing the average
rainfall during 44 years for 75 Dorset stations, together with
other details, were presented by him, amongst numerous other
gifts, to the Dorset County Museum, of which he was a Member
of the Council. He was most generous to the Club, and always
himself bore the expense of printing his papers and maps.
Whilst his health permitted he was a frequent attendant at the
Club's meetings.
For most of the following information the writer is indebted
to the Rev. Alfred E. Eaton and, in a less degree, to the notice
in the journal of the R. Meteorological Society :
Henry Storks Eaton was born at Little Bridy, Dorset, on the 30th of October,
1834, and went to school at Somerton and afterwards Dorchester Grammar
School. Matriculating at Trinity College, Cambridge, in October, 1854, he took
his B.A. degree in 1857 and M.A. in 1860.
From childhood he displayed keen interest in meteorological events, and almost
to the end of his life he could recall to mind in rather full detail the changes of
weather on particular dates fifty or sixty years gone by. Entries of barometrical
readings figure in a diary kept by him in the summer of 1852, but his readings of
the thermometer range from January, 1841, onwards.
The autumn of 1852 was exceedingly wet. He notes in November the outburst
of springs in the Winterbourne and Bridy valleys after an interval of drought (in
some cases) of 25 years. One of these broke out at Higher Kingston, and the
stream from it, running along the turnpike road to Winterboume Abbas, was
judged to be equal in volume at Well Bottom Plantation to the Frorne at Gray's
CV111.
HENRY STORKS EATON, M.A.
Bridge. From the Winterbourne Lodge (near the Winterbourne "Wherry ") to
Winterbounie, on November 27th, the turnpike road was covered with water
running in a rapid stream to the depth of five or six inches and in some places two
or three feet. Springs rose underneath the houses in this village until only two
remained dry, and the water flooding the road was a foot deeper than it was in
1841. Another of the springs rose in the meadow between Bridehead and Little
Bridy Farm. The water flowed down through the grounds into Bridehead Pond,
joined by the outflow of a spring that broke out by the walnut trees in the
paddock, and formed a pool in front of Bridehead front door ; there was also a
spring in the cellar. Another spring started in the grounds below the rockery,
traversed the lawns, and ran down to the stream below the waterfall. Another
spring burst up in the cellar of Long Bridy Kectory, and "they broke the fire
engine in pumping the water out."
During the last few days in November, 1852, readings of the thermometer
begin to be entered in the diary with vague indications of the time of the day,
such as " 28th. Thermometer this evening 41. 29th. This morning it is much
colder; thermometer 35, with a brisk wind from N. by E." The entry for
December 1st ends, " began my weather table for this month; one wonders what
was its form." Another item may be cited, dated December 9th : " Ordered a
self -registering night thermometer at Saunders' ; " this arrived on Christmas
Eve. But, alas! next day comes the record: "I burst my thermometer in
trying to repair it, as it had got out of order in its carriage here. Another
thermometer of the same pattern ordered on the 1st January, 1853, arrived on
the 13th."
From December, 1849, until the 2Sth of January, 1851, results obtained by
observations during some of the vacations are tabulated in this form, e.g. :
1852 and 1853.
No. of Days
Mean
Mean Atmos-
Week ending
Rain,
Snow.
Temperature.
pheric Pressure.
Hail.
December 24th
6
46-429
29-674
,, 31st
/
47-100
29-466
January 7th
1
47-256
29-456
14th
6
45-359
29-354
21st
4i
i
42-726
29-364
,, 28th
1
2
36-285
'J9-599
31J
2J
44-193
29-4855
Another opening gives " low temperatures that I have recorded at this place "
(Little Bridy) " at various times " and " high temperatures." The entries range
in time from January, 1841, to August 30th, 1854, with a footnote: "Unfor-
tunately no record was kept of the frost in 183S, which was far the most severe
of any that have occurred since the beginning of this century." The highest
HENRY STORKS EATON, M.A.
C1X.
reading was 90 on the 6th of July, 1852, at 2.30 p.m. ; the lowest 12 F. on
14th March, 1845.
Another gives hourly readings of the dry and wet-bulb thermometers on
August 1st, 1856, from 6 a.m. till 10 p.m. and on the 2nd from 5 a.m. till 10 p.m.
(with readings at 4.40 a.m. of the minimum thermometer and barometer), and on
the 3rd August from 4 a.m. till 1 p.m. To the right of these figures are noted
the forms of clouds interspersed with barometrical readings and the direction of
the wind. Similar hourly observations of a single thermometer extend from
3 a.m. till 11.30 p.m, on the 24th July, 1854, 3.30, 4.30, and 6 a.m. till 11 p.m.
on the 25th, and from 2 a.m. till 1 p.m., and then 1.15, 1.45, 2.30, and 3 p.m.
until 9 p.m. on the 26th July, 1854, on which days were thunderstorms.
The first appearance of cloud nomenclature in the diary is at the close of the
entry of the 4th of July, 1852 : " There are one or two clouds creeping up from
the S.E. that seem to indicate thunder; they are of the cirro-cumulus formation."
On the 6th of July, describing a thunderstorm, he notes : " The lightning
towards the E. and S.E. was peculiarly brilliant, and the forked lightning at
9 p.m. was very distinctly delineated. ... It was of six colours yellow,
red, blue, white, green, and pink the white and blue predominating."
Whilst at Cambridge he rowed in the 2nd Trinity Eight. He dabbled a little
in chemistry, attended courses of science lectures on Geology by Prof. Adam
Sedgwick and on Botany by Prof. George Henslow. Finding a rare species of
garlic (Allium ampeloprasum, var. Habingtonii,) at East Bexington Farm, Abbots-
bury, where it gave trouble to the dairyman, he sent some heads of it in a packet
to Dr. Arnott, then Regius Professor of Botany at the University of Glasgow. A
letter of thanks was returned, but, the nature of the parcel being betrayed by the
smell, the Professor was promptly fined four shillings by the Post Office officials
for having vegetables forwarded to him by mail contrary to the regulations.
From 1861-63 he was assistant to Mr. Nathaniel Beardmore, a celebrated
hydraulic engineer, and collected a large number of statistics on rainfall and
evaporation, which formed Part iv. of Beardmore's Manual of Hydrology, 1862.
For many years from 1864 he was librarian to the Institution of Civil
Engineers, Westminster, and Editor of their Transactions and conductor of
parties of their students visiting eHgineering works, &c. This post he resigned
on reaching the age of 60, finding the weight of years beginning to tell upon him,
and the Council conferred on him a retiring pension, creating a precedent. He
hesitated to accept it. "It is not a question of your needing a pension," said
the President, " but of what we ought to do."
Mr. Eaton was elected a Member of the British (now the
Royal) Meteorological Society in 1857, and from the first took a
great interest in its welfare, and was a regular attendant at its
meetings. He became Hon. Librarian in 1860 and printed two
catalogues of their books. He was elected a member of the
CX. HENRY STORKS EATON, M.A.
Council in 1865, was three times Vice-President, and became
President in 1876-7. He was largely instrumental in providing
an office for the Society and active in its behalf in many other
ways. During his presidency he entertained with his usual
hospitality the Permanent Committee of the International
Meteorological Conference, which met that year in London ; in
the same year also ladies were first admitted as Fellows of the
Society. His principal compilations were on the average height
of the barometer in London for 100 years and on the mean
temperature of the air at Greenwich from 1811 to 1856.
Whilst living at Croydon he belonged to the Croydon Micro-
scopical and Natural History Club, of which he was President in
1888-9, and prepared an elaborate report on the temperature and
rainfall of the district for the years 1881-5, as we ^ as taking
a prominent part in the superintendence of the daily rainfall
returns.
After leaving Croydon he spent much of his time in Dorset,
and did much work for the Dorset Field Club, as above described.
He suffered greatly in his latter years from rheumatism and
partial paralysis, and died at Ilfracombe on February 7th, 1909.
He married in 1864 Grace A. C. Beardmore, the daughter of the
above-mentioned Mr. Nathaniel Beardmore, an old family friend.
She was an invalid for many years, and died in 1882, leaving no
children.
He was of a most kind and amiable disposition, very hospit-
able, most industrious, and accurate. He possessed a good deal
of general information on other branches besides rainfall, but
from his devotion to this he never swerved, remaining faithful to
it from his earliest youth to the end of his career.
N. M. RICHARDSON.
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By the Rev. G. H. ENGLEHEART, M.A., F.S.A.
(Bead 10th December, 1908. )
WILTSHIREMAN must stand in this meeting
somewhat guiltily, as a poacher taken flagrante
delicto, and not for the first time, in Dorset
preserves. Happily I am able to lay the blame
on your Secretary, for it was he who invited me
into the covert. So, too, the merit of whatever
has been accomplished is not mine, but belongs
first of all to Mr. H. Le Jeune, to whose research and energy the
rediscovery of the Hemsworth site is entirely due. He started
the exploration, and by Lord Alington's consent and at his
expense, and by the keen interest of his agent, Mr. C. B. Hill,*
the area, or as much of it as could be marked off for this season,
was fairly well searched, considering the late date, September,
at which work was begun.
* Valuable service was also rendered by Mr. Linklater, of E. Hemsworth,
and by his friend, Mr. Scott- Orr, in first tracing out and protecting the
remains.
2 THE ROMAN VILLA AT HEMSWORTH.
On the Map of Ancient Dorset, &c., prefixed to the 3rd Vol.
of General Pitt-Rivers' "Excavations," the site will be found,
marked as a Roman villa, just N. of Badbury Rings, within the
angle formed by the junction of two Roman roads the main
road from Dorchester to Salisbury and its branch from Badbury
to Winklebury Camp and Shaftesbury. General Pitt-Rivers,
no doubt, followed Hutchins, who says in his history of the
county :
"At Hemsworth Farm, on the Eweleaze, are extensive irregu-
larities on the surface which betoken ancient location. About a
quarter of a mile distant some workmen came upon several
buried skeletons ; and in an adjoining field were found the
remains of a Roman villa, consisting of foundations and six
pavements, three of which were tesselated."
And in Vol. XL, p. 19, of the Proceedings of the Dorset Field
Club, Dr. Wake Smart writes :
"On Hemsworth Farm in 1831 were discovered the founda-
tions of several rooms, in one of which I saw a beautiful
representation of a dolphin, surrounded with a fine ornamental
border, all in mosaic work."
The site appears to have been immemorially known at
Hemsworth as "Walls Field," a name which stands sadly as an
indication both of the house and of its destruction. It has been
evident in the course of the excavation that lengths of the walls,
as from time to time they impeded the plough, have been
followed up and grubbed out, usually to their very footings, so
that it is almost impossible to trace their lines and obtain a
satisfactory plan. For this reason much of the labour has been
concentrated on securing the two good pavements before winter.
Hemsworth, to measure in bee lines, stands five miles N.W. of
Wimborne and the same distance due E. of Blandford, in a
neighbourhood rich in antiquities. Bradford Down, with its
imposing long and round barrows, is one mile S.E., Badbury
Rings two miles S. Half-a-dozen miles northwards take us into
Cranborne Chase and the " Pitt-Rivers' Country." Eight miles
easterly of north, on the main Roman road, is Woodyates, which
THE ROMAN VILLA AT HEMSWORTH. 3
from its, position, and possibly by etymology, may reasonably be
identified with the station Vindogladia.* From four to five miles
N.N.W., in the parish of Tarrant Hinton, is a villa imperfectly
explored in 1846, which would probably repay a thorough
investigation. According to information recorded by Morgan
(Rom. Brit. Mosaic Pavements, pp. 201, 214), the remains
extend over nearly 20 acres. The lately re-excavated villa at
Fifehead Neville lies a dozen miles \V.
As noticed by Hutchins, there is a large stretch of pasture,
running almost up to the walls of the Hemsworth villa, which
bears the usual surface-signs of a large Romano-British village,
and it is not unlikely that it sheltered many of the dependants of
the house and its estate. I have in the case of villas elsewhere,
e.g., at Thruxton, Hants, observed the proximity of a village
settlement, especially where, as there and at Hemsworth, the
house seems to have had no considerable servants' wing. But
outlying extensions of the Hemsworth building may still await
discovery. The situation was, as usual, well chosen a level
area on a gently rising knoll which dominates all the immediate
country side. The house, so far as at present unearthed, has for
its longer axis a chain of rooms and passages lying E.N.E. and
W.S.W. for about 250 feet, but may have extended further in the
former direction, where a double cottage stands on the ground,
and, according to tradition, on tesselated floors. The width of
this long block averages about 50 feet, but had projections and
recesses which cannot be accurately planned in the destroyed
foundations. At the W.S.W. end a shorter and broader wing,
roughly 100 feet long by 60 feet wide, returned southwards.
There was also a shorter return S. at the opposite end of the
house, which thus seems to have stood partly round three sides
* Vindogladia would have its first letter transitioually sounded as B or W, and
the modern and probably the ancient Italian sound of gl is ly. This would give
the form Windolyad, with 11 tending to drop out before d, which approaches
Woodyates and also Woodcutts, an adjacent place-name. This, however, must
stand as a guess only.
4 THE ROMAN VILLA AT HEMSWORTH.
of an open courtyard, somewhat after the plan of the Spoonley
Wood, Gloucestershire, villa (Archaologia, Vol. 52, Pt. 2).
This form of a long-fronted house with two much shorter
wings does not seem at all common in villas hitherto found in
England.
The building material, so far as it shows in the wall foundations
and debris, was of flint. Rounded dents in some of the floors
look as if made by capitals or other worked stone falling from a
height when the house was destroyed, but every scrap of stone
other than flint has been removed. The quality of the masonry
is best shown in the great hypocaust structure at the S.W. end.
This has been stripped of all its bridging-tiles and other portable
material of the suspensura, but still shows very excellent and
thorough workmanship in the depth, solidity and finish of the
flue-passages. The house was roofed with the usual large,
lozenge-shaped stone roof-tiles, but very few out of thousands
have been left on the site.
The tesselated floors, could they have been preserved to us,
would no doubt have been an exceptionally valuable series in
number, variety, and quality. Most unfortunately the covering
of soil, as commonly happens in a chalk district, is so shallow as
to give little defence against the plough and other destructive
agencies, and out of some fourteen or fifteen tesselated rooms,
lobbies, and corridors, two only have survived except as fragments.
It is well that these two are remarkable, and in their subjects
perhaps unique in England. I will not try to improve upon
the accurate description of a contributor to the Dorset County
Chronicle, who writes thus :
" Of the series of tesselated floors and fragments, two stand
out for special notice, by reason not only of their fairly perfect
state of preservation but also of their exceptionally elaborate
designs, the high degree of artistic feeling displayed in them,
and the excellence and fineness of the Avorkmanship. The first
pavement, 13 feet square, is occupied by a series of concentric
bands, all enriched with beautiful ornament. In a round panel
in the centre appears a vigorous and perfect head, apparently of
THE ROMAN VILLA AT HEMS WORTH. 5
Jupiter Tonans, with six forks of lightning issuing from the curl-
enriched head. Of the concentric circular bands enclosing the
central panel, the first is occupied by chevrons, a motif repeating
the impression of the forked lightning, the second by scroll work,
the third by the three-plait cable, the fourth by foliated scroll
work, and the fifth by the two-plait cable. This mosaic is of
black, white, red, grey, and pale blue tesserae. A few paces from
this floor was found a hypocaust, with the pila in position."
It is, however, doubtful whether this head is of Jupiter. Wide
enquiries have failed to find any similar representation on pave-
ments, on coins, or in sculpture. The general character of the
head seems scarcely designed to present the majesty of the
hominum pater aique deorum. The head has been rather hastily
assigned to Jupiter because of the three crooked red spikes or
rays issuing from it on either side, which may seem to fall in
with Virgil's description of the thunderbolt :
Tres imbris torti radios, tres nubis aquosae
Addiderant, rutili tres ignis. . . .
But there would seem to be no known instance of the flashes
issuing from the head. The bolt was always depicted as grasped
in the hand of the deity or in the talons of his eagle, or as winged
and separate. A flash-crowned head as an intentional innovation
is not probable, for the artists in mosaic were conservative in
their adherence to the traditional mythological formulae.
The authorities in the Greek and Roman department of the
British Museum are somewhat inclined to support my guess that
this may be a head of the Sun-God. Instances are known of a
bearded Apollo, but the reference would be rather to Mithras,
whose cult, we know, had taken a strong hold in the fourth
century. The sun had a place in the not very exclusive Pantheon
of Constantino the Great. A second brass of his, found at
Hemsworth, bears on the reverse a figure of the sun with radiated
head and the legend SOLI INVICTO COMITI. But it must
be acknowledged that the rays of the Sun-God's head are usually
straight, not rulili or iorii, and that bearded representations, if
6 THE ROMAN VILLA AT HEMSWORTH.
authenticated, are very rare. In brief, the attribution of this
head must be considered a still open question.
The Venus pavement, too, is one of great interest. I quote
again from the same note in the Dorset County Chronicle :
" The next noteworthy floor is of peculiar shape, on plan like a
slightly-stilted semi-circle, or an apsidal end, i6ft. long and i2ft.
yin. broad. The central panel, of the same shape as the whole
floor, is occupied by an artistic representation of Venus rising
from the waves, and screened at the back by an enormous,
beautifully-fluted and delicately-coloured shell, the rays radiating
from the point where the goddess's feet meet. Unfortunately
the head and body were found to have been destroyed, obviously
by deliberate intent, as the remainder of this floor is nearly
perfect ; but the legs remain from the hips downwards. The
decorated borders enclosing this panel are varied and beautiful.
Besides the cable ornament of two and three strands the guilloche
appears, and other elaborate geometrical designs delicately
foliated. But the broad and main outer band is the most
remarkable, for it is occupied by five dolphins delineated with
marvellous life and spirit, and with small fish and scallop shells
in between. The colours in this pavement are more various
than in the first-mentioned, for, in addition to those colours,
there appear yellows and browns. Pale blue tessera worked into
the lower parts of the dolphins' bodies give an effective impres-
sion of the gleam of the creatures emerging from the water."
It may be added that the procession of dolphins was continued
along the chord of the semi-circle, which has been destroyed.
Fragments of tesselation mark the position of a square or oblong
floor, of which the Venus semi-circle formed the apse. One
room at least of this form has commonly been found in these
Roman houses, sometimes with indications that piers with folding
doors or curtains screened off the apse, which may have served
as the sacrariiun of the house.
To the best of my knowledge this is the only Venus pavement
recorded in England. The dolphin border is not uncommon ;
it occurs, for instance, at Fifehead Neville, where it surrounds a
THE ROMAN VILLA AT HEMSWORTH. 7
simple cantharus very ineffectively a bathos in mosaic. We
see in this instance, and in many others, that the mosaic artists
supplied what may be called " interchangeable parts " of designs.
It would seem to denote greater wealth in the Hemsworth
householder that he could indulge in the entire marine suite.
Or possibly he exercised economy elsewhere in order to have
one or two very fine rooms, for two others are curiously paved
with plain bluish pebbles, from local gravel pits or the clay cap
on the downs close at hand, where they abound. The remnant
of the central figure of Venus indicates the posture of the Medici
statue, and traces of her drapery show that it fell and floated
from her shoulders somewhat as in the Naiad figures of the great
pavement at Woodchester, Gloucestershire. There is in the
British Museum a fine and perfect pavement from Halicarnassus,
which is evidently in the same line of traditional marine design.
This measures 4oft. by i2ft, an oblong terminating in an
apsidal group of Amphitrite and Tritons, with dolphins and
shells. The borders are of ivy or smilax, and it is curious
that two single smilax leaves are worked into the field of the
Venus lunette at Hemsworth, as though the artist reckoned them
a traditional and necessary accessor)'.
I do not myself think that the head and body of the Venus
were intentionally destroyed. In lifting this pavement unmis-
takable evidences appeared of the action of fire penetrating to
some depth, and disintegrating the tesserae and their bedding in
patches. The break in the figure shows as a red patch, which
owes its colour to fire, not to the common Roman pink mortar,
for the pavement is laid wholly in white or yellowish mortar.
Pieces of burning ceiling or roof timbers must have fallen on the
pavement, and the burnt and loosened tesserae were probably
picked or shovelled off during the excavation in 1831.
This pavement has been presented by Lord Alington to the
British Museum ; the other will be laid in his house at Crichel.
A note may be of interest on the vertical structure of the
Hemsworth pavements. Great care and accurate judgment of
local soil conditions were always shown in laying the bed for a
8 THE ROMAN VILLA AT HEMSWORTH.
pavement. At Wroxeter the foundations were found to be
built up in at least four strata, the lowest being 18 inches of
broken stone, with a foot of concrete above it to receive a third
layer of fine mortar, on which the tesserae were laid in a thin film
of hard white plaster or cement. At Hemsworth the rough
lower strata were omitted and the tesserae set in the same fine
white medium, above 3 to 3^ inches of buff-coloured mortar
resting on 2 inches of fine chalk or lime rubble, the entire bed
measuring 6 inches at most in depth, against some 40 inches at
Wroxeter. Yet the pavements remain perfectly level and firm
after some 16 centuries. Their builders knew that no deeper
foundation was necessary on a chalk sub-soil. The white plaster
in which the tesserae were fitted together was still so hard as to
resist the chisel.
Besides the two pebble pavements there is a curiosity at
Hemsworth in the shape of a large floor of alternate yj inch
squares of hard grey limestone and black Kimmeridge shale.
I believe one of our English cathedrals contains some paving of
Cannell coal.
An account of the many other pavements which have survived
only in fragments or traces could be given and followed only in
relation to a detailed plan of the rooms, which, it is hoped, may
yet be made. The great hypocaust at the S.W. end supported
one of the largest floors, for thousands of tesserae, in plaster flakes
or single, lay in the deep flues where they had fallen on the
demolition of the bridging masonry. A considerable proportion
of these were of bright yellow. In this quarter of the house
much wall plaster was found in light and dark shades of most
brilliant blue, besides several other colours. One large flake
preserved a drawing of a column with its capital, part of a wall
landscape containing a temple or portico. Several fragments of
flooring indicate a refined taste in black and white, very sparingly
picked out with colour. The wide border of one pavement near
the great hypocaust must have been bold and effective, consisting
of large leaf-shaped ovals, 1 8 inches long, of concentric bands of
white, black, blue, and red, inclined to one another in pairs at an
THE ROMAN VILLA AT HEMSWORTH. 9
angle of 45 degrees and meeting at the points. A very perfect
water bath, nearly 6ft. square by 30 inches deep, has a mosaic
floor of the axe pattern in black and white. An exactly similar
bath, but paved with tiles, was found at Hartlip, Kent, and is
figured in Wright's Celt, Roman, and Saxon.
Some of the spaces of plain mortar or rammed chalk must
have had boarded floors above them, for traces were found of
sleeper walls to take timber joists. Wooden floors were probably
common in these houses. In the small villa at Clanville, Hants,
I noticed three coins lying in a perfectly straight line across a
mortar floor showing a brown film of decayed wood. The room
had sleeper walls, and the coins, no doubt, had fallen through
the space between two badly fitting boards. The large hoard of
Roman pewter vessels found by myself at Appleshaw, Hants,
was buried in a pit sunk through a hard mortar floor. Such a
disturbance would certainly have drawn the attention of raiders,
unless boards had been lifted and replaced over the spot.
Vastly more valuable than the recovery of coloured pavements,
or objects however interesting or curious, are any clues that may
lead us to a clearer historical view of these houses and the
persons who built and lived in them. How much more should we
know if every Roman site in England, or even in one county, had
been examined" with the methodical pains of your great Dorset
example, General Pitt- Rivers ! The unavoidably partial explor-
ation of the Hemsworth building has not, so far, added much to
our knowledge. As to its individual history, we may think it
was built and stood during a longer or shorter possibly only a
short period of the first three-quarters of the fourth century.
The unusually few and poor coins range from Constantine the
Great, who succeeded in 306, to Gratian, who died in 383. A
solitary coin of Tetricus, 267-272, is much worn, and most of the
coins may well have been in circulation many years before the
house was built. It is, of course, possible that earlier or later
coins may have been or will be found on the site. There are
some slight tokens that the house was comparatively new when
destroyed. None of the pavements look worn by treading, and
10 THE ROMAN VILLA AT HEMSWORTH.
the two pebble pavements have a singularly fresh appearance.
In these the mortar was laid so as to nearly cover the crowns of
the pebbles, and must have been rubbed away from them if
trodden for any length of time. But wherever debris has
protected it from later ill usage it shows no signs of wear.
The quarter-round skirting moulding between the floors and the
walls has the same curiously sharp surface, particularly in the
water bath. The flues do not show the ordinary effects of many
years' heat and smoke and cleaning out.
It is said that most of our greater English mansions have been
burned at least once. The Villa, largely timber-built and heated
by several furnaces, must have been still more endangered. It
was probably for this reason that the bath-house was sometimes
isolated at a considerable distance from the main building, as at
Appleshaw, Hants. A reconstruction upon burnt floors, as at
Clanville, may be reckoned evidence of an accidental fire. At
Hemsworth we find no such reconstruction, and may think that
the house was plundered and fired. But there are possible
indications of a somewhat leisurely plundering before the firing.
It is a fact singular in my experience of villas that no fragment of
window glass has been found over the whole large area. Glass
shivered by fire or falling was not worth taking away, and lies
imperishable and visible on the hard floors. I see no
explanation but that the windows were carefully taken out entire
in their leaden or wooden frames. My friend Colonel Hawley,
F.S.A., an acute investigator of Romano-British village sites, has
commented on the occurrence in them of personal ornaments
and other material of a quality much superior to what would be
looked for in the huts of peasants or slaves. He suggests that
when invaders had attacked a villa, seized the more valuable and
portable plunder, and passed on to another house, the villagers
would afterwards complete the pillaging.* I have myself found
much window glass on a rude village site near villa remains in
* It is recorded that after the sack of Basing House by the Parliamentarians the
cottages of that neighbourhood were for a long time full of its various furniture.
THE ROMAN VILLA AT HEMSWORTH. II
N.W. Hampshire. The water bath in the Hemsworth house
shows that there was at least time for the removal of metal
fittings before it was burned. Charred timber and roof tiles had
filled the bath flush with the floor in which it is sunk, so as to
effectually conceal it for fifteen centuries. But on clearing it out
it was seen that the tap of its waste pipe had been wrenched off
before the burning roof had fallen in.
The after-history of the villa can be more certainly pictured.
After such double plundering the local population, which had
been largely supported by the " great house," would ebb away,
and the removal of anything still worth taking would be
continued by occasional passers, by. The nearness of the
Hemsworth site to main roads goes far to explain its remarkable
bareness. The hypocausts were early broken up for their useful
tiles, and as being likely repositories of hidden valuables. The
first church builders cleared off the heavier building stuff,
exhaustively in stoneless districts. Such quarrying would
disclose nearly all hoards and would complete the clearance.
Matthew Paris gives a graphic and probably typical account of
the excavations at Verulamium, early in the eleventh century, by
the Abbots Ealdred and Eadmar, seeking material for their great
new church. Vessels of fine pottery and glass, bronzes, statues,
and apparently even book-rolls were disclosed in the hunt for
stone, and all promptly destroyed as idolatrous. Almost the one
thing irremovable and useless to pillagers was the pavement of
small tesserae, and of the pavements we have what centuries of
ploughing, digging, and tree-grubbing have left us.
The precise status of the builders of the villas is still a puzzle.
Government officials they cannot have been, except one here and
there. Such houses stand quite too near together in many parts
of England.* And, because of their frequency and size, no
* The latest writer on the subject, Mr. A. Hadrian Allcroft (Earthwork of
Britain, p. 3.V-5), strangely refuses to consider them thick upon the ground,
though he himself instances a dozen quite close to Somertoii in Somerset, and
13 or 14 within a radius of five or six miles round Bath. To make a comparison,
as he does, with modern population, is out of place.
12 THE ROMAN VILLA AT HEMSWORTH.
large proportion can represent land grants taken up by veteran
soldiers, most of whom, moreover, were natives of better
climates and would not choose to end their days in penitus toio
divisos orbe Britannos. Why then, in the fourth century, when
the general prosperity of the Empire was falling rather than
rising, did these large and opulent houses appear over a large
part of England ? They suggest some newly-found source of
local affluence, probably agricultural, for they were not mere
pleasure retreats, but the homesteads of permanent country
estates, in a word large farmhouses.
From the time of Pytheas downwards many notices can be
found of the production of corn in Britain as considerable.
There is in Gibbon a well-known account of how the Emperor
Julian staved off a great famine in Gaul by building on the
Rhine 600 ships and bringing corn from Britain. The passage
reads as if Britain was then a recognised granary. It is possible
that the necessity of the constantly ravaged Continent during the
fourth century was the opportunity of British farmers. Most of
the villas stand on land good for corn-growing and near roads
good for transport. Many of them seem to have had large
outbuildings suitable for storage of grain. These have usually
received small attention from excavators ; closer examination
might tell us something of their probable use.
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(CONTINUED FROM VOL. XXIX., p. 79.)
By E. A. FRY,
Section A continued.
DEANERY OF WHITCHURCH.
Chantry of Our Lady in Wotton Glanvyle.
Chantry Roll No. 33 (74) Nett Income 6 18 o
Grant to Richard Randall of London, gent.
Vol. 68 403d File 1896 8 July 2 Edward VI 1548
Cantia bte Marie infra Eccliam de Vtton Glanfyle val in.
Redd, domus mansione diet. Cantie cu.
pomar. eidem ptinen p. ann. 5 o
Reddit. unius domus cu gardin. eidem
ptin. scituat. in Wotton Glanfeld in
tenura Henrici Randale p. ann. 6 8
n 8
At 14 yeres purchas ^834
Redd, sive firma terr. dmcal. diet. Cantie
cu omibus et singlis suis ptin; jacen.
in Forston (Fossardeston als Forston
in Pat. Roll) infra pochiem de
Charmyster in tenura Robti Condene
(Comdene) p. indentur. p. ann.
Redd. trm. tenti. ibm cu ptin. in tenur.
pdic. Robt. Comdene p. indent, p.
tmio vite p. ann.
14 DORSET CHANTRIES.
Redd, altius (unius) tent, ibm cu suis
ptin. in tenura Thome Miche p. cop.
cur. p. ann. 12
Redd, unius (alterius) tent, cu ptinen in
tenura Johnis Sherynge p. copiam
cur. p. ann. 9
Redd, altius (unius) tent, ibm cu ptinen.
in tenura Henrici Hunte p. copiam
cur. p. ann. 7
6 6 8
At 24 yeres purchas ^152 o o
The clere yerly value of the pmisses 6 18 4
which rated at the seval yeres rates
amounteth to l & 3 4
Hutchins gives a short account of this Chantry, which was
founded in Edward Ill's reign, in Vol. III. p. 748.
Chapel in the Manor of Canford.
Chantry 7 Roll 34(75) Nett income 10 o o
There does not seem to be any grant of this Chapel nor any
document shewing the source of its revenues. No. 75 of the
Chantry Roll explains that the Manor of Canford " is my Lord
Protectors Graces and the parsonage is the King's out of which
parsonage the pension of 10 is paid," It must be remembered
that Canford was a Royal Peculiar and no doubt exemption was
made on that account.
Hutchins mentions in Vol. III. 300 a Chapel in the mansion
house.
Gybbons Chantry in Lytchet Matravers.
Chantry Roll 35 (76)
Grant to Sherborne Free School.
See further on under " Foundation of Schools."
Hutchins Vol. III. 333 mentions this Chantry, but does not
state when it was founded.
DORSET CHANTRIES.
Repris. viz in
Redd, resolut. dm. Regi de et ex terr.
pdict. annuatim
Redd, resolut. dco. dno Regi p. sect.
cur. p. ann.
Redd, resolut. dco dno Regi ut de p's
dimid. quart, frument. p. ann.
Et reman, ultra p. ann.
1 8
Chantry in Lytehett Matravers.
Chantry Roll 36 (77) Nett Income iS 6 7
Grant to John Fowler and John Phillpot.
22 April 6 Edward VI. 1552
On File 1621 only.
Terr, et possession. Cantar. de Lychett Matravers.
Manm. de Matravers in Chilrey in com. Berks
val. in
Redd, libor. tenen. ibm p. ann. 4 3
Redd, custumar. tenent. ibm p. ann. 13 66
Firm. scit. maner. pdict. cu omibus
edifiis terr. dmical prat, pasture et
pastur, comodit. et pficuis pdict.
mania ptinen. sic dimiss. Alexandro
Fetyplace p. indentur. dat. 6to die
Decemb, anno R. nuper Henrici
VIII 311110 hend. a festo Sci. Michis.
Archi. px. futur. post dat. diet,
indentur. usq. ad finem et terrain.
50 annor. extunc px. sequen et
plenar. complend. reddend. inde p.
ann. ^4 ad festum Annunc. Bte.
Marie et Sci Mich. Arch, p, equalae
porconae p'ut in diet, indentur.
plenius cont. 400
Firm duar. virgat. terr. cu. ptinen. ibm sic
dimiss. pdict. Alexandr. Fetyplace p.
indent, reddend. inde p. ann. 120
Pquis. Cur. ibm coibz annis
o o o
18 12 9
6 7
Memd. that the said manor wth all other the pmysses were
never surveid and are to be annswered to the Kings Maties use
for thre yeres and a half ended at Michelmas anno quinto dno
Rx. nunc Edward Sixt. Also ther be no pfetts of Courts charged
1 6 DORSET CHANTRIES.
aboue because their doth none appere in the Certificat made by
Henry Leake Auditor to the Kings Majestic in the Countie of
Dors. Also all the custumary tennts of the said manor do hold
their copieholds for term of lyfe or lyves and customably do paye
fynes at evy allienacon according to the customs of the manor
their which ys unknown as yet to me for lake of the Surveie.
Yt is thought that the fynes when they shall happen wolbe in
value thyrtie or fortie pounns at the leaste. John Pykarell,
Auditor.
Hutchins gives some particulars as to this Chantrie in Vol. III.
333-
37 ( ) Obit Lands in this Deanery see further on.
38 ( ) Stocks of Cattle see further on.
DEANERY OF BRIDPORT.
Chantry in Beaminster.
Chantry Roll 39 (56) 6 3 4
The following documents refer to this Chantry
File 32 Nos 17, 51, 54b and File 33 No 33.
Vol 258 losd. File 1731
Lease to E. Machell (elsewhere Mitchell)
File 33 No 33. 4 May 1564
Pcell. terr. in manu Dne Regine existens
virtute Actus Pliament edit. p. disso-
lucone Cant. &c.
Cant, fundat, p. Walter Grey arm. infra
eccliam poch. de Beaminster valt. in
Firm. cert, pcell terr. et prat, cu uno
claus vocat. Estewood House dimiss.
Johni Purchase p. indent, p. termio
21 annorum cujus dat. est 22 die
Marcii anno regni Rx. H. VIII 36
reddend. inde p. ami. 394
Firm, unius clausi pastur. cu ptin, voc.
Kyte Crofte jacen. in Bemester pd.
quondm in tenur. Johis Hallet et
Willmi Cheke vel assig. suor. annualis
redd. i 4 o
DORSET CHANTRIES. 17
Firm, unius cottagii cu prat, eidem
adjacen. cu ptin. in Bemister prcd.
quondm in tenur. Johnis Purchase
vel assig. suis annualis redd. 13 4
Firm, unius prati cu ptin. in Bemister
prcd quondm in tenur. incumbens
Cantar. pd. annualis redd. 1 3 4
600
The fine is 4 yeres rent.
Before this lease, however, were two, of which one is in
File 32, No 51, dated 9 June, 1562, to Henry Odyngselses for
21 years, and the other in File 32, No. 546, dated 20 April, 1563,
to George Pawlet also for 2 1 years, but for the last three items of
the property only, amounting to 2 IDS. 8d.
On 31 Oct., 1583, in File 32, No. 17, these three items were
again leased to Launcelot Seborne and William Seborne, sons
of Francis Seborne, and to Cudborowe Nyell, daughter of
Andrew Nyell, for their lives.
In connection with this Chantry, or some other now lost sight
of, are three leases of lands called " the Chauntry grounde," as
given below. The amount of rent happens to be the same
(3 9 s - 4d.)as the first item in the lease to E. Machell (File 33,
No. 33), but the details do not correspond to those described
there, so presumably the following leases do not refer to the
same Chantry.
Lease to Thomas Hart, Joan his wief and John
Hart their sonne.
File 32. No. 22. 17 June 1586.
Pcell. terr. et possess, in manibus Dne
Regin. exist, virtute actus Pliam.
Cert. terr. in poch. de Beamystre voc. ' le
Chauntrie ground' valt. in
Firm, tocius illius pastur. jacen. et existen.
in poch. de Beamyster cont. p.
estimac. viginti acr. ; ac unius More
diet, pastur. adjacen. ; ac unius prati
cont. p. estimac. un. acr. et dimid. ;
unius claus. terr. arr. cont. p.
estimacon un. acr. et dimid. ; ac
totius illius claus. terr. pastur. cont.
p. est. octo acr. ; Necnon unius prati
cont. quatuor acr. ; que omia pmissi
supius specificat. modo sunt vel nuper
fuerunt voc. ' le Chauntrie ground' de
Bemystre pd. cu cor ptin. universis
I 8 DORSET CHANTRIES.
sic dimiss. Hugoni. Isack, Johne
Isack et Elizabeth Cowp. p. Iras
paten dne Elizabeth Rne dat. apud
West. 14 die July anno regni s.
septimo p. tmio vite eor. successive
et post decessu. sursmredd. cujuslibt
dcor. Hugonis. Johanne et Elizabeth
deceden. tenen. tune reddend. et
solvend. dee. dne. Regine hered. et
successor, ss. optim. averus noie
heriott, repacon pmissor. ad omnis
dcor. firm, fiend, reddend. inde p.
ann. ^394
The fine is 3 years rent.
File 32 No. 30 7 February 1593
Lease to William Hall, Joan his wife, late wife of
Thomas Harte, and Hugh Harte sonne of
Thomas Harte, for term of their lives, of same
lands, at same rent $ 9 4
The fine is 2 years' rents.
File 32 No. 33 16 June 1596
Lease to William Hall, Joan his wife and Elizabeth
Hart, daughter of the said Joan, for three
lives of same lands at same rent of .394
Grant to Giles Kaylway of Strowde in parish of
Netherbury, Dorset and William Leonard of
Taunton, co. Somerset, merchant
Vol. 258, losd. File 1731 7 March 3 Edw. VI. 1549
Domus mansionis Cantarie de Beamistre,
valet in
Reddit. domus mansionis cum gardino et
pomerio ibm reddend. inde p. ann. ^,34
At i o ye res pchas i 13 4
Hutchins Vol. II. 138 and 139 states that this Chantry was
founded by Robert Grey of Bemystre 8 Henry IV. and gives
some particulars.
DORSET CHANTRIES. 1 9
Chantry in Netherbury Founded by Thomas Powlet.
Chantry Roll 40(57)
Granted to the Free School at Netherbury
See further on under "Foundations of Schools."
Hutchins refers to this School in Vol. III. 1 17 & 146.
Free Chapel of St. James in Kingston Russell.
Chantry Roll, 41 (63) Gross income 10 6 8
Rents resolute 215 4
Nett Income 7 n 4
Grant to Giles Kehvay of Strowde co. Dorset Gent,
and William Leonard of Taunton, co. Somerset,
Merchant
Vol. 258, 105. File 1731. 7 March 3 Edw. VI. 1549.
Libra Capella de Kingston (Russell) valet in
Firm, unius ten. cum 30 ac. terr. arr.
et pastur. in ten. Willi M'ten p.
ann. 40 o
Firm, altius ten. in Kingston cum 22 ac.
terr. arr. pt. et past, eidem ptin. in ten.
pd. Willmi M'ten p. ann. 33 4
Firm, unius cli. pastur. ibm. conten. p.
estimac. 30. ac. in tenur. Ric. Gilbert
capellani p. ann. 40 o
Firm. un. ten. ibm. cum 1 6 acr. terr. eidm
ptin. in tenur. pd. Win. M'ten p.
ann. 26 8
Firm alt. ten. ibm cum 12 acr. terr. arr. 4
acr. past, et 3 acr. prat, in tenur.
Ricardi Gilbert p. ann. 26 8
Firm. uni. io ma et oblac. diet. libe. Capell
ptin. in tenur. pd. Ric. Gilbert et
Willi Marten p. ann. 40 o
10 6 8
Repris.
Redd, resolut dno Regi r'one dissol. nup.
Monast. de Cerne p. ann 53 4 extingat
DORSET CHANTRIES.
Redd, resolut de R'cori de Whitchurch
pporcone io as in Kingston p. ann.
Et valet clare p. ann. 10 4 8
At 22 yeres purchas ^225 2 8
Mm that theare be not sufficient woods and trees growinge
uppon the pmysses to repayer the howses and mantayne the
hedges and fences of the same. P. me Galfrid Gate.
Hutchins gives some details as to this Chapel Vol. II. 192.
The Free Chapel of St. Luke's Sterthill in Burton
Bradstoek.
Chantry Roll 42 (65) Nett Income 4. o o
Grant to William Fountain and Richard Mayne.
Vol. 259, 179. File 1620. 3 Edw. VI. 1549
Liba. Capella de Sterthill, val. in
Reddit. unius cli. voc. St. Lukes close et
alt. cli. voc. La Fursey close in
Nethersterthill, ac vestur. 2 acr. pt.
in Berwicke meade p. ami. 13 4
At 22 yeres purchas ,14 13 4
Memor, that the said chapell is scituate in a close called St.
Lukes close wh. is above rated among other at 135 4d by the
yere, and that there is no other lands apteining to the said Free
chapel then is above specified.
In File 1620 the above particulars are given rather more fully,
as follows,
Dom. mancionis cu. duobz pvis claus. ac vestura 2 acrs pti pcell
possession. Libe Capelle de Sterthill val. in
Firm, domus mancionis dee Libe Capelle
cu pvo orto ordin. ptinen. ac cu duobus
pvis claus. vocat. Seynt Lukes close et
Furseyclose in Nethersterthill et vestur. 2
acrae pti. in Berwick meade in tenura
Henrici Browne reddend. inde p. ann. 13 4
At 22 years' purchas 14. 13 4
DORSET CHANTRIES.
21
Memo, that there is no other lands apptenynge unto the sayd
Free Chappell of Sterthill then is above specyfyed except 535 4d
wch ryseth yerly in tythes and that ther is no woods nor under-
woods grewyng upon the premisses.
Liba Capella de Sterthill val. in
Redd, porcon. quarusdem io mor . pven.
de cert. terr. in tenur. Johnis Smythe
in Sterthill pdict. p. ann. 5 o
Redd, pporc. ut de 3m pte io mor . pven.
de manor, de Berwik p. ann. 1 1 o
Redd, quardm icm. feni in Berwike
Meade comunibus annis 2 6
Redd, porcois quardm lorn. pven. de
quadam firm. voc. Bredy fermor
(Fearme) p. ann. 20 o
Redd, quardm loin. pven. de quadm (una)
past, voc Nethersterthill in tenur.
Robti Derbie Et de uno prat, coibuz
annis 5 o
Redd, ut p. lorn, agnorum et lane pven.
de firm. voc. Greveston p. ann. 15 o
Redd. p. lorn. garb, et feni ejusd. firme p.
ann. 8 o
(Should be)
but called
At 20 yers purchas 66 13 4
Totals
["he following entry is crossed out
Cant. Capella de Sterthill valt. in
Lapid. et mearu. dci Capell. infra poch.
de Bredy
3 6 6
3 6 8
13 4
3 6 8
4 o o
22
Hutchins vol. II. 286 col. I. gives an account of this Free
Chapel ; but it is rather badly expressed, and would have been
better if after " Graveston " the words " in this parish " had been
inserted, and all that follows down to ' Trent co. Somerset ' had
been deleted, since the Bridport Chantries and the lands in
Worcester, Wilts, Devon and Somerset dp not belong to the
22 DORSET CHANTRIES.
Free Chapel of Sterthill, though it is quite true that all these
properties were granted to Fountain and Mayne.
I have in my possession an Inspeximus of these Chantry
lands made the 29 May 40 Eliz. (1598) which agrees exactly
with the above grant, total 4. o o, and a lease for 1 2 years from
Nicholas Darby of Sturthill, yeoman to John Hodder of
Chideock, gent, of the tythes, dated 22 August 1598.
Free Chapel of St. Ellen in Chillfrome.
Chantry Roll 43 (66) Nett income 6 7 o
Grant to Giles Keylway and William Leonard.
File 1731 only, not in Vols. 67, 68, 258, or 259.
7 March 3 Edw. VI 1 549
Liba Capell. Ste Elene de Childfrome, valt. in
Reddit. dom. mansion cu um clo. pastur.
jac. jux. capell. pd. in tenur. Walti
Fawne ad voluntad. reddend. inde p.
ann. 10 o
Redd. 2 claus. pastur. et Le more cont.
14 acr. in tenur. Rici. Synge ad
voluntatem reddend. inde p. ann 20 o
Redd. I cli. voc. Goldhay jacen. in
Occident, pte. de Slowlane cont.
2 acr. ; 2 claus. pti. voc. le
Brodecloses cont. 5 acr. ; 3 rods
terr. jac. apud Slowlane ; I ac. jac.
exoppos. Goldhaistyle ; 2 acr. jac. in
borial. pte de Longslade ; 2 acr. jac.
in borial. pte. de Woodhaishedg ;
I claus. pastur. jacen. jux. coiam ibm
voc. Tollercomon et vocat. Catley
cont. 5 ac. ; 2 acr. terr. jac. sup.
Frogmanshill ; I acr. terr. silit ibm ;
1 acr. dd. in tribus pcell. subtus.
Frogmanshill ; 3 pcell terr. apud
Shepebrydge Furlong cont. I acr. ;
2 pcell terr. jac. apud Marks Style
Furlong cont. dium. acr. q. omia. jac.
in camp, occiden ; I acr. terr. apud
Swoloclyff ; I acr. terr. jac. apud
Wysestyche ; I di. acr. terr. jac.
bORSET CHANTRIES.
apud le Hadd de Swalowclyff ; I di.
acr. jac. in orien. pte de Swalowclyff ;
I acr. terr. jac. ibm. ; di. acr. terr.
apud Bekerley ; I acr. di. apud
Marlepytt ; 3 rod terr. jac. in austral,
pte. de Marlepytt ; I acr. terr. jac. in
austral, pte. ; I prt. voc. Androwes
meade et voc. Furse acr. ; I pcell.
terr. jac. apud Wanebroke cont. di.
acr. p. estimac. ; I pcell. prt. voc.
Petishm ubi 2 cumulos feni ptin.
tenen. et I ptin. tenen. Thome More
cont. p. estimac I acr. ; 2 pcell.
pti. apud Holyrysegate cont. di. rod
pti et I pcell. pti. jac. apud
Taddepole cont. di. rod dimiss. Rico.
Hoskyns p. indent, p. timo vit.
reddend. inde p. ami.
Repris.
Redd, resolut. Dno. Reg. ducat, s.
Lancastrie p. ann. 1 2d.
Valet clare p. ann. 2 1 6 8
At 22 yeres purchas 62 6 8
Mm. that theare be not suffycient woodds and trees growinge
uppon the pmysses to repayer the howses and mantayne the
hedges and fencs of the same. p. me Galfrid Gate.
This grant does not account for the whole of the income.
Hutchins Vol. II. 642 describes this Chantry and its
Foundation.
The building of the Chapel itself was valued at 403., but it is
not very clear to whom it was sold. In Vol. 258, 93 it is stated
to be sold to Thomas Gravesend and Thomas Sayle amongst
other lands, but it does not appear on the Patent Roll or on the
Files of Particulars in their names.
Vol. 258. 93.
Capella Saint Helena de Chilfrome.
De lapidibus construct, ac cum tegulis
coopt. quequidm. capcll. val. ad
vendend. 40 o
24 DORSET CHANTRIES.
Free chapel of Corton in Portesham*
Chantry Roll 44 (67) Nett income ^400
Grant to John Doddington and William Warde of
London, gents.
Vol. 67, 13 File, 1582 24 Dec. 3 Edw. VI. 1549
Liba. Capella de Corton val. in
Reddit. unius cli. pastur. contin. p.
estimac. dimid. acr. cum omibus.
decimis oblacoibus &cetis pficuis
eidem pertin. sic dimiss. Johne Baylie
pro timo 21 annor. p. ident. dat.
primo die Februar. anno regni Dni
Rx. nunc Edwardi Sexti primo redd,
inde p. ann. 4. o o
Which rated at 22 yeres 96 o o
Hutchins mentions this Chapel in Vol II. 762.
Chantry called Clapton's in Abbotsbury.
Chantry Roll, No. 45 (64) Income ^584
Grant to Nicholas and Roger Prideaux.
File 1890 only. 12 April 3 Edw. VI. 1549
Pcell. Cantie de Abbury voc. Clapton's Chauntrie
valt. in
Redd, domus mansionis cu uno pvo.
gardino ibm p. Ann. i 8
At 10 yeres purchas 16 8
Memo that there is no other lands appteyning to the Chauntrye
called Clapton's Chauntrye but the sayd Manor house with the
garden above specyfed.
Hutchins Vol. II. 720 states that this Chantry was founded by
Sir Walter Clopton.
The Chantry Roll No. 64 explains that the stipend to the
incumbent was paid by the King out of the possessions of the
late Monastery of Abbotsbury because it was founded within
(Hutchins by mistake has ' without') the Monastery.
DORSET CftANTRlES. 25
The Free Chapel of Wytherston.
Chantry Roll 46 (68) Nett income z 13 4
It will be seen by reference to No. 68 in the Chantry Roll that
William Mone (or Moyne) alleged that this was a parsonage and
not a Free Chapel, and it is to be supposed that his contention
was upheld, as there appears to be no sale of the property, and
the list of rectors is continuous to this day. See Hutchins,
Vol. II., 199.
The Chapel of Wambrook.
Chantry Roll No. 47 (69) Nett income 7 4 4
This chapel is stated by Henry Stapull in the Chantry Roll
No. 69 to be a parsonage and not a chapel, and apparently it was
allowed to be one, as there is no sale recorded, and the rectors
are continuous to the present time (see Hutchins, Vol. II., 152),
though, curiously enough, Henry Stapull's name does not appear
among them.
Chantry of St. Michael called Mondayne's Chantry in
Bridport.
Chantry roll 48 (59)
Gross income 12 14 9
5 3
Nett income 12 9 6
(i) Grant to William Fountayne and Richard
Mayne.
Vol. 259. 179. File 1620. 3 Edw. VI, 1549
Capella Sci. Mi. voc. Moundens Chantry val. in
Lapid. et mearem die. capell. infra
pochiam de Birtport i o o
Pcell. Cantar. Sci. Ms. voc. in Moundayns in
Birtporte val. in
Redd. un. burgagii ibm ptinen. dimiss.
Thome Charde voc. Girtoppes p.
ind. p. ami.
26 t>6RSET CHANTRIES.
Repris.
Redd, resolut. ballivior. burg, de Britport
ut pcell. feod. firm ejusdem ville p.
ann.
15 9
At 10 yeres pchas j 17 9
Memor. ther is no other land apptening to the burgage
aforsaid then is above specified (and there is no woods upon
the premysses)
(2) Grant to Nicholas Prideaux and Roger Prideaux.
File 1890 only 12 April 3 Edw. VI 1549
Pcell. Cantie Sci. Michis. voc. Mondaynes Chauntry val. in
Firm, domus mansionis, pomar. cu. ptin.
in Bryttporte cu. domo ruinos.
reddend. inde p. ann. 3 o
At 10 yeres pchas \ 10 o
(3) Grant to William Morice and Edward Isaack.
Vol. 259, 292. File 1 80 1 10 June 4 Edw. VI 1550
Pcell. Cant, de Mondayne in Birport pdic. val. in
Reddit. unius burgag. ibm cum ptin.
dimiss. Thome Chard p. ind. p. ann. 16 o
Repris. in
Reddit. resolut. ballivior. ville de Birport
ut pcell. (feod) firm, ejusdem ville
(exeund. de tent, pdc.) p. ann. 4
At 10 yeres pchase 7 16 8
Pcell. Cant. voc. Mondayns Chantry in Birport val. in
Redd, unius burgag. ibm dimiss. Willmo
Charde p. inden. (p. termio annor. p.
ann.) 13 4
Firm. un. burgag. ibm dimiss. Rico.
Furlock p. inden. (p. termino annor.
p. ann.) 20 o
At 10 yeres pchas 16 13 4
bORSET CHANTRIES.
Pcell. Cant. Sci. Michis in Mondaynes in Bretport val. in
Redd, unius ten. cum ptin. in Waldiche
dimiss. Thome Noster p. indent (p.
termio. annor. reddendo inde p. ann.)
Redd. duor. ten. cum ptin. in Bradpole
dimiss. Willmo Tanner p. ind.
(reddend. inde p. ann.)
*7
12
12
Repris.
Redd, resolut. Due Thorn. Howard mil.
filie Ducis Norf. pdict. terr. in
Bradpole (annuati.)
i 4 o at 10 yeres pchas 12 o o
Repris. 2.0 at 20 ,,200
Rem. 10 o o
4 o
2 O
2 O
Redd. 2 acr. terr. arr. in Burton (reddend.
inde p. ann.)
At 22 yeres pchas - 18 4
icd
(4) Grant to John Wright and Thomas Holmes.
File 2102 only. 17 March 7 Edw. VI 1553
Pcell. Cantie Sci. Michis vocat. Mundens Chauntrie
in Byrtport infra eccliam poch. ibm fundat.
val. in
Firm, unius burgagii cum tribus acr. terr.
arrab. ac curtillag. et gardino eidem
burgag. adjacen. cu. oibz et singlis
ptinen. scituat. in occidental, vico
vill. de Birtport pd. inter burgag.
cant, de Mountforts ex pte orientli et
venellam voc. Wyks lane ex pte
occiden. sic dimiss. Robto Balston p.
indentur. dat. 20 die Decemb.
Anno Regni nup. R. Henricii VIII
26. p. timino 40 annor. reddend.
inde p. ann. 15 o
At 23 yeres pchas
28 DORSET CHANTRIES.
Memor. that the premisses is not pcell of any manner nor
lieth nere any his Graces pks forests or chases or nere any hous
resued (i.e. reserved) by a keeper for the accesse of his Highness
by the distaunce of 8 miles, nor that there is no land belonging
to the said tenement.
(5) Lease to Robert Pytfold.
File 31, 7 only 10 Dec 7 Eliz. 1564
Pcell terr. in manu Dne Regine existen. racone
Actus Pliament edit. p. dissol. Colleg. Cant. &c.
Pcell. Cant. Sci Michis. vocat. Mundayns Chauntry
infra eccl. de Birtport val. in
Redd, et firm, unius tent. cu. s. ptin.
jacen. in Athelyngton modo vel
nuper in tenur. Margaret Peryan p.
ind. p. ann. 12 o
Redd, et firm, unius al. tent, in
Athelyngton pdi cu s. ptin. modo
vel nup. in tenur. Willmi Howncell
p. ind. p. ann. 8 o
Lease to Robert Pytfold for 2 1 yeres. Fyne at 4 yeres rent.
(6) Lease to John Cleves
tile 32, 4 only 22 Jan. 7 Eliz. 1564 65
Pcell. terr. in manu Dne Reg. existens virtute
Actus Pliament edit. p. dissoluc. Cant. &c.
Pcell. Cant. voc. Mundens Chauntrie infra villam
de Bridporte, val. in
Redd, unius Burgag. ac un. garden,
adjac. cont. un. rod. cu ptin. in
Bridport dimiss. Henr. Carrington
als Meriante, Jacobo fri. s. et
Johanne uxi. s. p. cop. cur. dat.
24 die Aprilis anno R. E. VI 5to p.
tmio vite eor. sucessive sub fine 2
reddend. inde p. ann. 6 o
Firm. un. acr. terr. jacen. in venell. voc.
" Michells lane" et 2 pec. terr. cont.
p. est. di. acr. jacen. in borial. et
austra. ppe. ibm cum eor. ptin.
in Bridporte dimiss. Johi Baker et
assign, s. p. inden. dat. 9 die Dec. ao
R. Henr. VIII 37 p. tmio 40 annor.
reddend. inde p. ann. 7 o
DORSET CHANTRIES. 29
Firm, unius Burgag. in Bridport et un.
gardin. eidem adjacen. cont. p. est.
di. acr. cum ptin. sic dimiss. dco Johi
Baker et assig. s. p. inden. dat. ultm.
Julij anno reg. Rx Henr. VIII 330 p.
tm. 40 annor. sub fine 2 reddend.
inde p. ann. 6 8
19 8
.ease to John Cleves for 2 1 years. The fine at 4 yeres rent.
(7) Lease to Christopher Symmes for 21 years.
File 31, 38, only. 17 March 17 Eliz. 1575
Terr, et possession, in manu Dne. Reg. existen.
virtute Actus Pliament, &c.
Pcell. Cant. voc. Mundens Chauntry in Burporte et
St. Katherines ibm val. in
Redd, unius burgag. in Burporte modo
vel nup. in tenur. Walti Fourde p. ann 7 o
Redd, altius burgag. ibm nup. in tenur.
Jois Style p. ann. 5 o
Redd, altius burgag. ibm in tenur. Robti
Tryptre, p, ann. 6 o
Redd, altius burgag. ibm in tenur. Joanne
Deverell p. ann. i 8
Redd, altius burgag. ibm in tenur. Xpoferi
Bettescombe p. ann. 3 4
Redd, altius burgag. ibm in tenur Xpoferi
Collens p. ann. 6 8
Redd, altius burgag. ibm in ten Rici
Collyns p. ann. 5 o
Redd, altius burgag. ibm in Athlington in
tenur. Johis Peria. p. ann. 12 o
Redd, altius burgag. ibm in tenur. Johis
Jellet p. ann. 6 o
Redd, altius burgag. ibm in tenur. Roberti
Pacie p. ann. 8 o
Redd, altius burgag. ibm in tenur. Nichi
Egardon p. ann. 7 o
3 7
(8) Grant to Lord Cheney.
File 2312 only. 14 Nov. 18 Eliz. 1576
Pcella terr. in manibus Dne Regine racone Actus
Pliamenti edct. p. dissolucone Cantar. et al.
humodi in dco com. (Dors.)
30 DORSET CHANTRIES.
Pcell. Cantar. voc. Mundeynes in villa de Bidporte,
val. in
Redd, et firm, unius burgagii et unius
gardini adjacen. cont. di. rod. in
Bridporte pd. sic nup. concess.
Henrico Boies et Andreo filio ss. p.
cop. cur. dat. 17 die Sept. anno Rx.
E. VI quarto reddend. p. ann.
Redd, unius Burgag. cu. gardino cont. di.
rod. cu. ptin. in Bridporte pd. sic.
nup. dimiss. Thome Charde, Alic. ux.
ejus et Alic. Hallett p. cop. cur. dat.
scdo. die Julii anno Rx. E. VI 710 ad
termin. vite eor. reddend. inde p.
ann.
4 8
Rate of purchas not stated.
On the last membrane of this File is a list (including above)
of lands delivered by Her Majesty in recompense of the lands
receyved of the said Lord Cheney.
(9) Lease to Christopher Symmes.
File 31, 37, only. 20 Dec. 20 Eliz. 1577
This is a lease for 50 years and is exactly the same as
File 31, 38, with the addition of
Redd, omni burgag. ibm (Burport) nup.
in ten. Tho. Charde p. ann. 19 8
Which with the others already enumerated 3 7 8
Make a total of \ 7 4
At the foot is the following memorandum :
Md. the premisses lye in the Borough of Burporte and have
no lands belonging unto them, and are nowe in greate decaye
and no tymber ther for theyre mayntenaunce of ther repayre,
neverthelesse this bearer will content sufficiently to repaire them
to have a lease with consideration of yeres.
(10) Lease to John Ford, Hugh Ford & William
Ford, for term of their three lives.
File 32, 14. only. 8 Feb. 22 Eliz. 1579-80
Pcell. terr. et poss. in manibus Dne. Regine
existen. racone Actus Pliament. &c.
DORSET CHANTRIES.
Pcell. Cantar. voc. Mundaynes Chauntry in
Birteporte val. in
Firm, unius tent, cu suis pten. scituat. et
existen. in Athelington in dco. com.
(Dorset) nup. pcell. Cantar. Sci
Michel, vocat. Mundaynes Chauntry
infra villam sive burg, de Birport als
Britteport et modo vel nup. in tenur.
sive occupacone Willmi Charde vel
assign, suor. p. inden. pro termio
anno, reddend. inde p. ann.
1
The premisses are not entered in chardge before me, yet
neuertheless I fynde uppon searche the same (not, omitted ?) to
be certified in the Booke of Survey of the Chaunteries in the
seu. Countie and for what cause omitted in the Record I know
not
Willm Neale, Auditor.
Rated at 4 yeres rent 6 4 o
(n) Lease to Andrew Pytfold, Bastian Pitfold
and John Pitfold for term of their lives
successively.
File 32, 13 only 16 May 22 Eliz. 1580
Pcell. terr. et. poss. in man. Due Reg. nunc
existens virtute Actus &c.
Pcell. Cantar. Sci Michis. voc Mundaynes Chauntrie
in Bridport val in
Firm, unius cotagii cu ptin. in Athlington
in co. Dors, quondam in tenur. Johne.
Dier vid. sic dimiss. Wm. Hounsell
(mort.) et Alic. uxor. ejus (mort.) ac
Rogero (mort.) et Andree filius eor.
p. scriptu. indent. Jacobi Kipas et
Johis Yewyn quondam capellan.
Cantar. Sci Michis. de Mundens in
Bridport pd. dat. 4 Maii anno regni
nup. Rx. Hen. VIII 10 hendum
statim cu post mortem sursumredd.
aut fores, pd. Johnne Dier accidere
contigerit pfat. Willo. Alicie. Andree
et Rogero pro termio vite eor. et
unius eor. vivent. reddend. inde p.
ann. 8 o
The fine rated at 3 yeres rent.
32 DORSET CHANTRIES.
Resume" of rents of Mondaynes Chantry.
100 Stones and Wood
1 5 8 Regrant of part of No i
ant JN
O. I
i
15
9
2
3
3
3
i 13
4
3
I 2
3
IO
4
15
o
5
I O
o
6
19
8
7
3 7
8
8
4
8
9
19
8
9
10
i ii
1 1
8
o
378 Regrant of part of No. 7
13
This total is larger than that given in the Chantry Roll, No. 48
(59) viz. 12 9 6, perhaps some of the items had improved in
value by the time they were granted or leased.
Hospital of St. John the Baptist in Bridport.
Chantry Roll 49 (61
Nett Income
1 9 8
Granted to Nicholas Prideaux and Roger Prideaux.
12 April 3 Edw. VI. 1549
Vol. 68, 272. (Only the first item* is given at this reference
and no purchaser's name.)
File 1890.
Hospit. St. John Bapte in Brytporte
*Domus mansionis predict, hospital sive
Cantar. val. in
Firm, domus mansionis predict,
hospital, sive Cantar. cum uno
parvo gardino et pomar. ac
uno parvo claus. eidem adjac.
capell. in tenur. Robti Chard
nup. incumben. ibm p. aim. 6 8
In Vol 68. 262 is the following, " M. that this was graunted by
My L(ord) P(rotector) where for it is to stand till the charge be
determined."
DORSET CHANTRIES.
33
Firm, unius domus voc. a Rope-
house in tenur. Thome Warde
p. ann.
Firm, unius domus in australi vico
in ville de Birtport in tenur.
Johis Miller als. Hellier p.
ann.
Firm, altius domus in australi vico
pdco. in tenur. Marg. Mynson
p. ann.
Firm, unius molend. aquatic, ibm
valde ruin, et in decas. nup. in
tenur. Henrici Waye p. ann.
At 10 yeres purchas $2 16 8
Firm, unius claus. et unius acr. di.
pti. jacen. in Porte Meade
infra poch. de Symesboroughe
p. ann. 6 8
Firm, unius gardini in Birtporte
pd. in tenur. Thome Buckerell
p. ann. i o
Firm, unius tenti. cu. gardin eidem
ptin. jacen. in occidentli vico
de Birtporte pd. in tenur.
Willmi Charde p. ann. i 8
Firm, unius gardin. jacen. in vico
pcdo. in tenur. Willmi Helyar
p. ann. i o
At 20 yeres purchas 10 6 8
Firm, unius pvi. pcelle terr. jacen.
in poch. de Waldysh in tenur.
Willmi Nocytor p. ann. 3
Firm, unius pcell. terr. jacen. in
poch. de Bradypolle jux.
pontem orient, de Byrporte in
tenur. Willmi Norys p. ann. i o
Firm, unius tent. cu. s. ptin. in
Shepton cont. p. estimac.
3 acr. pastur. et 6 acr. terr.
arrabil. in tenur. Thome
Hodge p. ann. 6 8
8 o
4 o
400
5 5 8
10 4
34 DORSET CHANTRIES.
Firm, unius pcell. terr. arrabil.
jacen. in poch. de Burton
cont. p. estim. 4 acr. in tenur.
Bernardi Graffe p. aim. 4 o
Firm. 2 acr. terr. jacen. in magno
claus. jux. Porteman feld in
tenur. Robti Newton p. ann. i o
Firm 8 acr. terr. arrabil. cu. uno
pvo. claus. in poch. de
Waldyche in tenur. Nichi.
Blumpyng p. ann. 6 8
At 20 yeres purchas ig n 8 19 7
6 15 7
Repris. in
Reddit. resolut. Ball, ville de
Britport ut pcella feod. firm,
ejusdm ville 6 8
Et Dno. Regi ex molend. pet. in
jure nup. Mon. de Christ-
churche in com. South. 10 o
At 10 yeres purchas 8 6 8 16 8
Reman, clare ultra repris. p. ann. ^"5 1 8 1 1
Memor. that ther ar no power people in this Hospitall for
thimcumbent therof yerely receyved the pfitts towards his own
fyndyng, and that the Mylne is all decayed, and the tenements
in Brydporte have no lands apptenyng to them and also that ther
is no other lands apptaynyng to the said hospitall then is above
menconed And that there is no woodds nor underwoods growing
upon the pmysses nor any pcell therof
Hutchins in Vol. II. 19-21 gives a long and interesting
account of this Hospital, and quotes deeds of gift to it.
Fraternity of the Blessed Mary within the Parish
Church of Bridport.
Chantry Roll No. 50 (60) Net income (?) ^"540
Grant to William Moryce and Edward Isaacke
Vol. 259. 292. File 1801 10 June 4 Edw. VI 1550
Fraternit Bte Marie infra eccliam poch. de Birtport
in com Dors. valt. in
Redd. un. tenem. ibm in tenur. Johnne
Hallet vid. p. ann 8 o
DORSET CHANTRIES. 35
Redd. un. ten. ibm in tenur. Johne Dally
(vidue reddend. inde p. ann.) 10 o
Redd. un. ten. ibm (cu. ptinen) in tenur.
Rici Bishoppe (reddend. inde p. ann). 10 o
Redd, unius ten. cum ptinen. ibm (modo
vel nup.) in tenur. Johnis Pinpon
(reddend. inde) p. ann. 13 4
Repris.
In redd, resolut. divers, pson. exeun. de
ten. pdict. viz. Johne Hallet 3d. ;
Johne Dally 3d. ; Rici Bisshop 3d. :
John Pinpon 4|d.
At io yeres purchas 20 2 10 (sic)
Although the Chantry Roll at No. 60 distinctly says that there
were no lands attached to this Chantry, but only a little house
with a garden, value 35. 4d., the Commissioners seemed to have
found at all events houses to the value of 2 os. 2^d. per annum
which they sold. The income of $ 43. as given by the
Chantry Roll is thus only partially accounted for.
Hutchins Vol. II. 29, mentions this Fraternity and gives date
of foundation and other particulars gathered from the archives of
Bridport, which that town is most fortunate in possessing.
Hospital fop Lepers called Mary Magdalen in
Athling-ton near Bridport.
Chantry Roll 51 (62) Nett Income 684
Grant to Giles Railway and William Leonard.
Vol. 258 io5d. File 1731. 7 March 3 Edw. VI. 1549
Domus hospitalis Leprosor. Bte Marie
Magdalene in Actlington ppe. vill. de
Birport, val. in
Firm, unius mansionis ejusdem
dom. in qua capellan. ibm
inhit. p. ann. 2 o
At 10 yeres pchas \ o o
Firm, unius pvi. cli. in occiden.
pte dee domus lepros. in ten.
Rici. Hacker p. ann
36 DORSET CHANTRIES.
Firm, unius mess. voc. " The
Mawdelen ferme " cum cert.
terr. eidem ptin. in tenur.
Thome Charde p. ind. p. arm. 40 o
Firm, unius cli. pastur. cont. 33
acr. terr. in poch. de Britport
in ten. pcdt. Thome Charde
p. ann. 38 8
Firm, unius pec. pastur. in
Acthlington in tenur. Willmi
Welborne p. ind. p. ann. 16 4
Firm, unius cli. ibm cont. p ; estm.
1 8 acr. terr. in tenur. Willmi.
Charde p. ann. 26 8 66
At 22 yeres pchas ,138 19 4 6 8 4
Memor. that there is no other lands apptenning to the said
Hospitall then is above specified. This Hospital was ordeyned
for the relief of lepars and lazar men and one prest to shrive
them, the pfights wherof the prest hath and receyveth for his
salary and the poore men lyveth by almes of the towne and
other.
Note as to the Woods on File 1731.
Certen lands and tenemts in Acthlington and neare Burporte
in the sev'al tenures of Richard Hacker, Thomas Charde, Wyllm
Welbourne, and Wyllm Charde pcell of the late Leper Howse of
our blyssed Ladye in Athlington. Mem. that there be not
suffycient woods and trees growinge uponn the pmysses to
repayer the howses and mantayne the hedges and fencs of the
same.
The following is from a Parliamentary Survey taken in the
Commonwealth period :
DORSET No. 2.
A certeine Messuage and Lands called
THE CHAUNTRY OF MAGDALEN IN ATHLINGTON
IN DORSETT.
Rec d the 3i th of May 1653 Transmitted to the S r veyo r G'rall the
same day
Dorsett Chantry Lands in Athlington with the apptences
A Survey of a Certaine Messuage and Lands with the apptences
comonly called Magdalens Chantry Scituat lyeing and being in
DORSET CHANTRIES. 37
Ashlington nigh Bridport in the Countye of Dorsett Late pcell
of the possessions of Charles Stuart late King of England made
and taken by us whose names are hereunto subscribed by vertue
of a Comission graunted to us by the Hono ble the Trustees
appointed by Act of the Comons assembled in Parliament for
sale of the Hono s Manno rs and Landes heretofore belonging unto
the late King Queene and Prince under theire hands and scales
All that Messuage or Tenement with the Apptenances scituate
lying and being in Ashlington abovesaid in the Countye of
I Dorsett consisting of five Roomes belowe stayers and five
Chambers above stayers, with a Barne Stable and other necessarie
out houses with yards Gardens and Orchards there to adioyneing
conteyneing by estimation two acres more or less all which we
value to be worth ,p ann 02 : o : o x' :
All that close of arable grownde called or knowne by the name
of the Home close or the five acres lyeing and being in
Athlington aforesaid abutted on the East by the lands of Robert
Pittfold of Sharston, on the South by the Orchard, Reeke-barton
and Gardens above mencioned, towards the West by the Lands
of Mr. Eaton parson of the Pish of Bridport abovesaid. And on
I the North by the Lands of the said Robert Pittfold Conteyneing
by Estimacon five acres and a halfe more or less which we value
to be worth p. ann. 05 : 2 : oo vij u : v s : viij d
All that other close of arable ground called or known by the
name of the five acres under the hill lyeing and being in
Athlington aforesaid Abutted on the East by the Lands of the
aforesaid Robert Pittfold and the arable close before abutted on
the South by the Lands of the said Mr. Eaton on the West by
the lands of Sebastian Pittfold. And on the North by the lands
I of Richard Symes conteyneing by Estimacon five acres more or
less which we value to be worth p anno. 05 : o : oo v 11
All that peece or p'cell of Meadow and arable grownde called
or knowne by the name of the West Meade, at it is severed and
devided in fowre severall lyeing and being in Athlington abutted
on the East by Athlington hill in the possession of Richard
Symes and the lands of Sebastian Pittfold on the South by the
Highway leading from Bridport towards Excester, on the West
the lands of Mr. Hardy of Symsburie And on the North by the
lands of Robert Pittfold and the lands of John Bayliff conteyneing
by estimaccon twelve acres more or less which we value to be
worth p ann 12:0:00 xij 1 '
All those two Closes of Meadowe grownd called or knowne by
the name of Magdalens Meads lyeing and being in Athlington
aftbresaid abutted on the East by the Meadowe grounds belong-
ing to one Mr. Gibbs on the South by the lands belonging to
38 CORSET CHANTRIES.
the Lady Bewchamp on the West by the Meadowe grownds in
the possession of John Hallett And on the North by the Highway
leading from Bridport to Exon afforesaid conteyneing by .
estimacon eight acres more or less which wee value to be worth
p ann. 08 : o : oo xvj u
All those two Closes of Arable grownde called or known by
the name of the North meld lyeing and being in Athlington
afforesaid abutted on the East by the Lands of Richard Symes
on the South by the Highway leading from Athlington towards
Dotters Chappell on the West by the lands of Thomas Paine and
on the north by the lands of the Widd Trivett and the lands of
Sebastian Pittfold conteyneing by estimacon twelve acres more
or less which we value to be worth p ann 12. o. o. viii 1 '
All that Close of Arable Grownde called or knowne by name
of the fower acres lyeing and being in Athlington afforesaid
Abutted on the East by the Lands of the Widdow Trivett before
mencioned on the South by the Lands of Mr. Richard Waden on
the West by the Lands of Richard Symes And on the North
by the lands of the said Richard Symes and M Brodripp
conteyneing by estimacon foure acres and a half more or less
which we value to be worth p ann. 0.4 : 2 : oo ( >// '0
All those two Closes of Arable and pasture called or knowne
by the name of the Dower ffeilds lyeing and being in Athlington
afforesaid abutted on the East and South by the Lands of
Elizabeth Waye widdowe on the West by the Lands of John
Bayliff before named and on the North by the lands of the
afforemencioned Richard Symes conteyneing by estimacon
fourteene acres more or less which wee value to be worth p ann
14 : o : oo xj u vij s (?) vj d ?
And all wayes passages Liberties privileges Easmentes
Imunities Jurisdiction pfitts Emoluments Comodities Advantages
and Apptences whatsoever to the said Messuage and severall
pcells of Land belonging or in anywise appteyneing or which
have been heretofore used occupied and enioyed as pte or pcell
of them or any of them.
Memorandum we find the said Messuage and severall pcells of
Land thereto belonging with the appcences in the tenure and
occupacon of Richard Paine whoe holds the same by Lease for
Lives from one Mr. Roger Gallop of Southampton But what
Right or title the said Mr. Gallop hath in the pmisses whe
knowe not, for as much as no Evidence was p'duced to us
though Somoned there unto we return the same in possession
valued as above.
Memoranda the p r sent possessor Acknowledged unto us that
he hath payd about one and thirtie shillings rent p ann for the
5ORSET CHANTRIES.
premisses unto the Audito r of the said County which we conceive
to be the Rent given us in Charge. Total of acres 63. o. oo.
Total of Impved value p ami. Ixxij. 1 ' xviij. 8 ij d
Joh' Haddocke, Francis Barnes, John ffiske
Samuell Cottman
This Survey was pfected the
23 th of May 1653 by us.
In Hutchins, Vol. II., 206, will be found an account of this
hospital.
Chantry of St. Katherine, Bridport.
Chantry Roll 52 (58).
Income
18 4
There does not appear to be any account of the disposal of
the property belonging to this Chantry, so we are unable to say
of what it consisted beyond the house referred to in the following
grant.
Grant to Thomas Watson and William Adys.
Vol. 258, 39. File 2056. 23 Feb. 3 Edw. VI 1549
Domus mansionis Cantar. Sci Katherine in ecclesia
poch. de Birtporte val in
Reddit. domus mansionis cum pvo. gardino
ibm reddend. inde p. ann. 3 4
At 12 yeres purchas 2 o o
Hutchins gives some interesting particulars concerning it in
Vol. II. 28.
Lands in Chardstock.
Chantry Roll 53 (72).
I find no further mention of these lands than is given in the
Chantry Roll at above reference.
Stocks of Kine, &c.
Chantry Roll 54 ( ).
See further on.
Obit Lands.
Chantry Roll 55 ( ).
See further on.
DORSET CHANTRIES.
It would be desirable to insert the figures given below on the
pages indicated in Vol. XXVII. for 1906, to serve as cross
references :
On page 228 after 56 insert (39)
229
230
232
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
7
72
(40)
(52)
(48)
(So)
(49)
(50
(40
(45)
(42)
(43)
(44)
(46)
(47)
(53)
Section B.
A. OBITS, LIGHTS, &c., WHICH ARE SPECIALLY
MENTIONED ON THE CHANTRY ROLL.
Obit of Robert Garnett in Lytton.
Chantry Roll No. 70
Income
45 8d
Grant to Giles Kehvay of Strowde, co Dorset,
gent, and William Leonard of Taunton, co.
Som. merchant.
File 1731 only. 7 March 3 Edw. VI 1549
Pochia de Lytton in co. Dorset val. in
Firm, unius mess, cum curtillag. ac
quinque acr. di. terr. arrab. et dimid.
acr. prat, vocat. Mayden Meade cum
omibus ss. ptin. scituat. et jacen. in
DORSET CHANTRIES. 4*
West Baglake in pochia de Lang
Bready in com. Dors, dimiss.
Gardian. de Lytton p. indentur. Robti
Garnett, clici. quondam Rectoris
ecclie pochial de Ludeton dat. 10
die Decembris anno 12 nup. Rx.
Henrici VIII (1520) ad intencon.
sequen. videlt. qd. diet. Gardian.
celebravent missam in ecclia de
Ludeton annuatim tercio die Marcii
cu. exequiis in eadm ecclia p. alabus
Alexandri Whernely et Thome pris
ejus et Robti Garnet et Willi pris
ejus ac p. ambus omi. defunct, et
invenir 2 luminar. arden. duran.
exequiis. et miss, annuatim in diebus
pd. Ac distribuend. Rect. ejusdm
ecclie p. celebracoe. miss, cu
exequiis. 8d. p. pochiam ibm tempe
diet, exequiar. in pane et siucia (i.e.
cervisia) 45. Hendum et tenend. mess.
cu. terr. predict, p. terio cert, annor.
immediate post mortem predict.
Robti Garnet ut p. diet, indenturam
plenius appar. Quiquidm Robtus
Garnett supius noiat. diem suum
clausit extremm 1 5 die Octrs
MDXXVII.
Intoto p. ann. 43 8d
Repris.
Redd, resolut. Magro Kyme Dno de
West Baglake p. capitli reddu. ibm
p. ann. yd allo.
Remanet ultra clare (sic) 33 8d
At 22 yeres purchas 4. o 8
Memo. This land was geven for a masse and dirydge ycrlye
to be said in the pisshe churche for the sowles of diuse psonnes
for certen yeres above menconed. The remayndre after the
expyracon of the said yeres of the within named Sir Robte
Garnett.
Mm. That theare be not suffycient woodds and trees growinge
uppon the pmysses to repayer the howses and mantaync the
hedges and fences of the same", p. me Galfrid Gate.
42 DORSET CHANTRIES.
Service of the B. Mary in Lyme Regis.
Chantry roll 71 Income \ 18 n
The following grant appears to be a part at least of above. It
is the only grant specially referring to Lyme Regis.
Grant to Giles Kelway and William Leonard.
File 1731. 7 March 3 Edw. VI 1549
Pochia de Lyme Rs. valt. in
Firm, unius mess, et 8 acr. terr. cu. ptin.
In Lyme in tenura Thome Elston,
quoquidm tent. cu. terr. pdicd. dat.
fuer. p. Willm Dare capellam et Ade
le Mercer de Lyme pdict. Vicar.
ecclie de Lyme in auxilm sustent.
cujusdm. capellan. diuina servic.
(cert.) diebus in ecclia de Lyme p.
animabus Robti le M'cer et Matilde
et Cristie uxori ejus et omni fidelm.
defunct, et qd. mess, et terr. pdict.
tenent. de Dno. Rege in capite p.
sviem 155. io^d. p. ann. p. man. Ball.
ville de Lyme omi. svicio p'ut in Iris.
paten. Edwardi nup. R. Anglic
(tercio) dat. quinto die Maj anno
regni s. t'cio et in quadm exemplificat.
dat. Iras paten, anno regni die. nup.
Rs. 40 plenius apparet p. ann. 25 10^
Repris. in
Redd, resolut. Ball, ville de Lyme ut pcell
feod. firm, ejusdm vill. p. ann. 15 io|
Et valt clare p. ann. 10 o
At 22 yeres purchas 11 o o
Mm. that theare be not suffycient woodds and trees growinge
uppon the pmysses to repayer the howses and mantayne the
hedges and fcncs of the same. p. me Galfri. Gate.
Referring to Hutchins Vol. II 74 this service was apparently
founded by the Carmelite Friars in Edward II's reign. There is
an Inquisition ad quod damnum taken 19 Edward II. (See Hutchins
IV. Ixxviii) and from the particulars above an Exemplification
thereof taken 40 Edward III. Another Inquisition ad quod
damnum apparently referring to the same matter was taken
DORSET CHANTRIES.
43
2 Edward III No. 136 2nd Nos. All these documents should be
examined when dealing with the Foundations of The Chantries.
It will be observed that the amount of income does not tally
with the Chantry Roll.
Stipend to John Kilbury in the Church of Stoekland.
Chantry Roll 73. 2 16 o
Grant to Hugh Edwards, mercer, of London and
William Knight, mercer, of London.
Vol. 259, 229, Patent Roll No. 823 3 Edw. VI (1549)
pt. 9 memb. 8.
Servic. unius psbiti. in ecclia de Stoekland val. in
Firm. un. domus cum pomar. et gard. ac
5 ac. terr. in tenur. Walteri Mondaie
p. ami. 20 o
Firm. 5 ac. terr. in tenur. Ric. Parys
reddend. inde p. aim. 20 o
Firm. 6 ac. terr. in tenur. Johis Turner
redd, inde p. ami.
16
2 16
At 22 yeres purchas 61 12 o
Hutchins Vol. II. 252 gives an account of this property and
brings it down to the present time.
Free Chapel of Frome Whitfield.
Chantry Roll No. 78 Nett Income 10 o o
It would appear from what Hutchins says in Vol.11. 417 that
the Church of Frome Whitfield is sometimes called a Rectory,
sometimes a Free Chapel and Chantry. Evidently it was not
considered a Chantry in Edward VTs reign as there is no record
of its being granted to anyone. It was annexed to Holy Trinity
Rectory and parish in Dorchester 7 James I.
Obits fop Certain Persons.
Chantry Roll No. 79.
No further information is to be found.
44 DORSET CHANTRIES.
A Light in Wareham.
Chantry Roll No. 80.
No further information is to be found.
Brotherhood in Wareham.
Chantry Roll No. 81.
No further information is to be found.
Lepers House in Dorchester.
Chantry Roll No. 89.
No further information is to be found.
Lands in Swanwieh.
Chantry Roll No. 90.
See under " Foundations of Schools " further on.
Hospital of Lepers of St. John Evangelist in Sherborne.
Chantry Roll No. 91. Nett income 31 50
This Hospital is still in existence, see Hutchins, Vol. IV., 294.
Mass to B.V. Mary in Sherborne.
Chantry Roll No. 101. Income i6s. 4d.
Granted to John Dodington and William Ward.
Vol. 67, 1 8, File 1582. 24 Dec. 3 Edw. VI. 1549
Duo tent, scituat. in Sherborne in poch. de Sher-
borne que dat. fuerunt ad susten. misse N'oie
Jesu (sic) in ecclia poch. de Sherborne pcd.
(presbiteri celebratur in ecclia de Shirborne,
in Patent Roll) valet in
Firm, unius tent. cu. gardino eidem pertin.
in tenur. Johanis Shepman (Chep-
man) p. indentur. reddend. inde p.
ann. 1 2 o
DORSET CHANTRIES.
alterius tent, cum pvo. gardino
adjacen. in tenure Thome Camyll
pro tmio. ann. (reddend.) val. p. aim.
At 1 6 yeares purchase ^13 i 4
Memorand. that there is no other londes appteyning to the
mayntenance of Jhus masse in Shirborne then is above
mencioned.
Hutchins does not mention this Mass.
Fraternity of Jesus in Gillingham.
Chantry Roll No. 102
Nett income ^4 10 o
Granted to Christopher Dismars.
File 2148 only 29 May 4 & 5 Philip & Mary 1558
Pcell. terr. et possession, nuper ptin. Fratintat.
Jhus in Gyllingham in co. Dorset
Dius terr. et tent, in Busshoppston et Hemyngton
in co. Wilts val. in
Firm sive redd, unius mess, in Throupe
infra pochia de Busshpston cum
omibz. domibz. edificiis ort. pomiis
gardin. terr. arr. prat, pascuis et
pastur ac cum omib. et singlis ss.
ptin. dimiss. Phi. Newman als Broke,
Xpiane uxi. ss. ac Willmo filio eor. p.
indentur. dat. 14 die Julii Ao.
33 Rx. H. VIII p. tmo. vite eor. et.
redd, inde p. ann. 40 o
Firm, sive redd. I claus. prat, in Throupe
pd. cont. p. est. I acr. di. dimiss.
Johi. Ragland p. indentur. dat. 6 die
Feb. Ao. 20 Rx. H. VIII hbend pfat.
Johi. et assig. ss. a fest. Sci. Michis
Archi. ante dat. dct. indentur. usq. ad
finem et term. 40 ann. px. sequen. et
redd, inde p. ann. 10 o
Firm, sive redd. 8 mess, in Hemyngton
voc. Cosyns Ferme cu. omibz.
domibz. edificiis gardin. pommiis.
46 DORSET CHANTRIES.
terr. arr. prat, pascuis pastur. coibz.
et pise. cu. omibz. et singlis ss. ptin.
dimiss. Willo. Birte p. indent, dat.
29 die Septembris Ao. 20 Rx. H. VIII
hbend. et tenend. omia et singlis
pmis. cu ptin pfct Willo Birte et
assig. ss. a die dat. dct. inden. usq.
ad finem et tmin. 40 annor. et redd.
p. ann. 40 o
At 28 yeres purchas ,126 o o
Mem. The pmisses are united unto the Crown by Acte of
Pliament for the Dissolution of Chauntries, Fratinties and others.
Also the pmisses were never pcell of the Duchie of Lancaster or
Cornewall or of the auncient inheritaunce of the Crowne. Also
ther are nether leade, Belles, mynes nor pks upon the pmisses.
Neither lye they nere to anye of the Queenes Maties houses of
accesse. The woods are to be answered by the officer of the
Woods.
Hutchins mentions this Fraternity in Vol. III. 643 col. 2.
Fraternity in Gilling-ham.
This is probably part of the Fraternity of Jesus, No. \oz of the
Chantry Roll, although the income there given has already been
accounted for.
Granted to Silvester Taverner.
Vol. 258, 1 60. File 1998. 12 April 3 Edw. VI. 1549
Cert, cotag. jacen. in Motcombe infra pochiam de
Gillingham ptin. Fritate (Fratintat.) de
Gillingham valt. in
Firm, unius cotagii in Motcombe in tenur.
Oliveri White p. ann. 10 o
Firm, alter, cot. ibm. cum gardin. eidem
ptin. in tenur. Johis Wiks p. ann. 10 o
Firm. alt. cotag. ibm in tenur. Rico
Bedell p. ann. 4 o
Firm, alter, cotag. ibm in tenur. Thome
Gainescliff p. ann. 4 o
Firm, altcrius cotag. ibm in tenur.
Johannis Brayton p. ann. 3 4
DORSET CHANTRIES. 47
Firm, alterius cotag. in tenur. Georgii
Birte p. ann. 3 4
1 H 8
At 12 yeres pchas 20 16 o
Memo, that there is no other lands belonging to the said
Fratintie then is above specified.
Obit of Thomas Andrews in St. James, Shaftesbury.
Chantry Roll No. 103
Income - 6
Granted to Silvester Taverner.
Vol. 258, 160 File 1998 12 April 3 Ed\v. VI 1549
Duo burg, sive ten. in poch. Sci Jacobi in vill. de
Shaston dat. p. Thorn. Andrew p. susten. unius
obit, in eidem ecclia val. in
Firm. duor. tentor. sive burg. scit. et jac.
in pochia Sci. Jacobi in vill. de
Shaston in tenu. Nichi Orchard
(Orcherde) et Willmi Hooper p. ann. 6 8
At 12 yeres purchas ^4 o o
Hutchins mentions this Obit in Vol. III. 57.
Obit of Ellen Mathewe in St. Peters, Shaston.
Chantry Roll No. 104
Income - 3
Granted to Sir Thomas Bell, Knt. and Richard Duke.
Vol. 68, 372. File 1419. 5 July 2 Edw. VI 1548
(The Chantry Roll says " A Mass called Aurora.")
Obitus Elene Mathewe ml. uxis Johnis Mathewe
defunct, fundat. in ecclia poch. Sci. Petri infra
villam de Shaston val. in
Quodam annual! reddit. annual solut.
cxeund. de uno tento. Willi. Mathewe
scituat. et jacen. in pochia Sci. Petri
infra villam de Shaston modo in
occupacon. Willi Gawtrell p. ann. 1 3 4
48 DORSET CHANTRIES.
Repris.
Dener. annuatim distribut. paupibz infra
villam de Shaston p. ann. 7 8
Remanet ultra p. ann. 5 8
Memo, the said annuall rente of 133 4d going out of the tent,
abovesaid was given by the said Elyn Mathewe for an obite to
be kepte yerely w'in the Church of Seynt Peters in Shaston
abovesaid during the tme (terme) of 20 yeres as in the certificate
of the churchwardens of the said pishe it wyll appere, wiche
seid Elyn Mathewe died in the yere of our Lord God MDXL as
by a will or testament of the said Elyn Mathewe yt wyll appere.
The said lease ys solde to the said William Mathewe for the sum
of 403.
This Mass is mentioned by Hutchins in Vol. III. 46.
Obits of William Kettelton, John Browne, John Mercer
als Pottyearie and John Kilpeeke.
Chantry Roll No. 105. Total income i 9 i
Granted to William Place and Nicholas Spakeman.
Vol. 259, 295 and File 1883 4 Edw. VI 1550
Obit Willmi Kettelton val. in
Firm. duor. tent, cum suis ptin. commutes
voc. the " Lambe " scituat. et jacen.
infra pochie. Sci. Peter in vill.
Shaston modo in tenur. Edwardi
Williams p. ann. 5 5
At 22 yeres pchas ^519 2
Obit Johnis Browne val. in
Firm, unius tent, scituat. in poch, Sci.
Jacobi in Shaston predic. ac un.
pomar. eidem. ptinen. modo in tenur.
Hugonis Harvey ac unius gard.
jacen. in pochia Sci Trinitatem in
Shaston predic. in tenure Hugonis
Lewys p. ann.
At 22 yeres pchas 4. 8 o
DORSET CHANTRIES. 49
Obit Johis M'cer als Pottycarie val. in
Firm, totius illius tenti voc. Kilpeckes
Place cum suis ptinen. jacen. in
Melburye et Can modo vel nup. in
tenur. Edmundi Lushe reddend. inde
p. ann.
At 22 yeres pchas. ;8 16 o
The following appears to belong to the Obit property of John
Mercer als Pottycary, although the name is not quite the same.
This item is not on the Chantry Roll.
Granted to Sir John Perient and Thomas Reve.
Vol. 259, 247. File 1866. i Dec. 3 Ed\v. VI 1549
Pochia. de Sci. Petri in Shaston val. in
Quodam ann. redd, exeund. de cert. terr.
et ten. Johannis Marshall (sic) als
Poticary quondam de Shaston pd.
jac. in Melbury et Cane (modo vel
nup.) in tenur. Edmundi Lusshe p.
ann. 4d
At 20 yeres pchas 6 8
Obit Johis Kylpeke val. in
Firm, unius tenti. adjacen. eccli Sci. Petri
in Shaston predict, modo vel. nuper
in tenur. sive occup. Johnis Clement
p. ann.
At 20 yeres pchas i 1 1 8
There be no other landes belonging to anye of the premises
then is above expressed. There is no woodes upon the
premisses.
The Chantry Roll mentions the Obits of John Mathew and
William Conye, but these were not apparently disposed of in the
reign of Edward VI. , and I have not discovered them later on.
Hutchins in Vol. III. 46, mentions all these Obits, but not
quite correctly.
50 DORSET CHANTRIES.
Section C.
B. OBITS, LIGHTS, &c., WHICH ARE NOT SPECIALLY
MENTIONED ON THE CHANTRY ROLL,
ARRANGED IN THEIR DEANERIES.
DEANERY OF DORCHESTER.
Chantry Roll No. 9 Gross Income ^234
1 7
2 i 9
Corfe Castle.
Grant to Thomas Cocks and Humphrey Cocks.
File 1526 only. 12 March 7 Echv. VI 1553
(These particulars are taken from File 1731, which is more
detailed. The lands had originally been sold to Giles Kehvay
and William Leonard, but the entry is struck out of their
account.)
Pochia de CorfFe Castell valt. in
Firm, unius pcell. terr. jacen. in Corffe
Castell in poch. de Corff modo vel
nuperintenur.Willmi Hardy, qquidm.
pcell. terr. dat. fuit ad inveniend.
quoddm. luminar. infra eccliam. de
Corff pd. p. ann. 6d
At 22 ye res purchas 1 1 6
Note as to Woods. There be no woods nor trees growinge in
and upon the premisses, therefor no value.
Worth.
Grant to William Place and Nicholas Spakeman.
Vol. 259, 295. File 1866. 4 Edw. VI 1550
Firm, unius tent, in villa de Worth dat. ad
sustentac. unius lamped, arden. in
ecclia de Worth pcd. modo vel nup.
in tenur. Johnis Squyer reddend.
inde p. ann. 4 o
DORSET CHANTRIES.
DEANERY OF SHAFTESBURY.
Chantry Roll No. 20 Gross Income
Rents resolute
Nett
5 1
6 13 ii
13 4
;a o 7
Broadwinsor.
Grant to Sir John Perient and Thomas Reve.
Vol. 259, 247 File 1866. i Dec. 3 Edw. VI 1549
Brodwinsor poch. in com. pcd. val. in
Firm, unius ten. cum gard. eidem ptin. in
tenur. Willmi Norice dat. p. susten.
cujusdm. lampad. ibm reddend. p. ami. 3 o
At 10 yeres pchas i 10 o
Child Okeford.
Grant to William Pery and John Kyte.
Vol. 258, 133 File 1871 25 Feb. 3 Edw. VI 1549
Cert. terr. dat. p. sustent. obit, infra poch. de Child
Ockeforde valt. in
Reddu. 7 acr. terr. cu. suis ptin. in poch.
de Childe Ockeforde modo vel nup.
in tenur. gardian. ecclie ibm p. ann. 6 8
Reddu. di. acr. pti. ibm modo vel nup. in
tenur. gardian. ecclie ibm. p. ann. i 4
At 24 yeres pchas 9 12 o
Memo, that there is no woodes growing upon the premisses.
In Elizabeth's reign, among " concealed lands," are some
particulars concerning a lamp in Child Okeford ; whether it is
the same as above, which is an Obit, it is difficult now to say,
but the acreage is the same as one portion.
Particulars for Leases, Elizabeth.
File 33, No. 12. 29 June 1566.
Grant to John Freeke for 21 years.
Redd. 7 acr. pastur. et prati jacen. in
Childe Okeforde quiquidem 7 acr. dat.
fucrunt ad sustcntac. unius lampad. ac
modo vel nup. in tenur. sive occupac.
Michaclis Cawlc reddend. indc p. ann. 3 6
52 DORSET CHANTRIES.
Ewerne Courtney.
Grant to John Scott.
File 2233 17 Nov. 4 & 5 Philip and Mary 1557
Pcell. terr. Cantiar. infra Decanat. de Shafton,
Iwerne Courtney als Srowton valt. in
Redd. trm. acr. terr. jacen. infra pooh, de
Iwarne Courtney pcdo dat. et
concess. ex antiquo tempe p. pulsat.
campan. voc. " The Curfewe
ryngyng " p. ann. 4 o
At 28 yeres pchas $ 12 o
This property had originally been included in a sale to Thomas
and Humphrey Cocks,
File 1526. 12 March 7 Edvv. VI. 1553
but is crossed out there ; however, as it gives a little additional
information, it is added here also :
Terr. dat. et concess. p. pulsacone Campan. vocat
"The Curfull (sic) ringinge " infra eccliam
pochial in Iwerne Courtney val in
Redd. trm. acr. terr. p. estimac. ibm modo
vel nuper in tenur. Robti Goodchyn
p. ann. 4 o
Iwerne Minster,
Lease to John Freeke.
File 31 No 12 29 June 8 Eliz. 1566
Terre concelat. in co. Dorset
Terr. dat. ad sustentac. lampidam in com. pd. val.
in
Redd. 4 acr. terr. arrab. jacen. in Iwerne
Minster in coibus campis ibm unde
2 acr. in australi pte vie vocat.
" White wave " et alie 2 acr. in
boriali pte vie predict, que quidem
4 acr. dat. fuerunt ad sustentac. unius
lampad. ac modo vel nup. fuerunt in
tenur. sive occupac. Wulstoni West
p. ann. i 4
t>ORSET CHANTRIES.
Nether Compton.
53
Grant to Silvester Taverner.
Vol. 258. 1 60 File 1998 12 April 3 Edw. VI 1549
Firm. di. acr. terr. arr. jac. in campas de
Nethercompton in tenur. Willmi
Lampe (sic) et dat. fuit p. sust. unius
Lampad. ardend. in ecclia poch. ibm
p. ann. 4^-
At 24 yeres pchas ^80
Stalbridge.
Grant to Silvester Taverner.
Vol. 258, 160. File 1998
Stalberge val. in
Firm. trm. acr. ter. jacen. in campis de
Stalbridge dat. p. susten. unius
lampad. arden. in ecclia. de Stalbridge
predict, p. ann.
At 24 yeres pchas 3 4 o
12 April 3 Edw. VI 1549
Sturminster Newton.
Grant to Sir John Perient and Thomas Reve.
Vol. 259, 247, File 1866 i Dec. 3 Edw. VI 1549
(Pcell.) Tent, in Sturminster Newton dat. ad inst.
obit Rogi Chipman in ecclia ibm valt. in
Firm. un. pcell cujusd. ten. jac. in Stur-
minster Newton adjac. terr. Dni.
Principis ex pte austral, et terr. Rici.
Bailben ex pte boriali cont. in lat.
34 pedes et long, a pte boriali usq.
occiden. 114 (64) pedes et a occiden.
pte usq. austr. 15 pedes (in tenur.
Thome Yonge reddend. inde) p. ann. 6 8
At 10 yeres pchas ^368
54 DORSET CHANTRIES.
DEANERY OF PIMPERNE.
Chantry Roll No. 3 1 Gross income i i o
rents resolute 4 4
Nett income 16 8 o
Wimborne Minster.
Grant to Thomas Reve and George Cotton.
File 1902 only 7 May 7 Edw. VI 1553
Terr. dat. et concess. pro susten. unius lampad. in
ecclia pochiali ibm arden. in Wymborne
Mynstre valt. in
Redd, unius orrei cu. pvo gardino annexat.
modo vel nuper in tenur. Thome
Crosse p. ann. 3 4
At 23 yeres pchas ^316 8
Redd, unius acr. terr. in Radcott modo
vel nup. in tenur Willmi Aley (or
Allen) p. ann. i 4
Redd, unius Claus in Kingston Lacie
contin. p. estimac. tres acr. nup. in
ten. Willmi Golde et nuric in tenur.
Xpoferi Redhous p. ann. 3 4
Redd, unius acr. terr. in Kingston Lacie
pd. modo vel nuper in tenur.
Henrici Ryckemay p. ann. 6
8 6
The last three at 23 yeres pchas ^5 18 10
Memor. ther is no other lands or tents geven to the use
aforesaid and that this be the first pticulers that I have made of
the premisses. Henr. Leke, Audit.
DEANERY OF WHITCHURCH.
Chantry Roll No. 37 Nett Income i 17 4
Blandford St. Mary.
Grant to Thomas Cocks and Humphrey Cocks.
File 1526 only 12 March 7 Edw. VI 1553
Terr. dat. p. susten. unius lampad. in ecclia poch.
de Blandford Mare (sic) ibm arden.
Redd. cert, pcell. terr. jacen. in comibus
campis ibm conten. p. estim. una acr.
et di. terr. arrabilis in tenura Thome
Boxley p. ann. :
At 23 yeres pchas i 3 o
There be no woods nor trees growinge in and upon the
premisses, therefore no value.
Mappowder.
rant to John Coker.
File 33. 7 only. 17 Feb. 5 Elizabeth 1562
Cert. terr. et tent, in Mappowder in com Dorset
val. in
Firma duar. clausur. prati et pastur. videlt.
un. clausum prati et pastur. vocat
" Milhams " continen. p. estimac. 22
acr. et alterum clausum prati et
pastur. vocat. " Swettersham
continen. p. estimacoem 4 acr. jacen.
et existen. in Mapowder pcd. in com.
pcd. que Dna Poncherton ad
pulsacoem unius. compane et ad
sustentacoem unius lampadis et
4 lumini voc. tapers in pcda ecclia
de Mapowder pcd. olim dedit et
concessit Rectori de Mapowder pcd.
continuacoem h'ere imppur. p. ann. 6 18 8
Memor. by inquisicon taken at Bucklande in the countie
aforesaid primo die Septembr. anno 4to Dne Regine nunc
Elizabeth before Robt. Penruddock Esquier and others by vertue
of the Quenes Maties Comisson out of her Highnes Courte of
Exchequer to them directed, amongst other things it is found
that the said Ladye Poncharton to the ryngng of one bell and
sustentation of one lamp and four lights called tapers sometime
did gyve and graunt unto the said pson of Mapowder the said
2 closes of meadow and pasture leiing in Mapowder aforesaid
being of the yearlie valewe above menconed, And the pson of
the said psonage alwaies from the tyme of the saicl gift had the
same lande meadowe and pasture to his owne use and hathe byn
chardgcd to the valewe of los by the ycarc for the ringing of the
56 DORSET CHANTRIES.
said bell and susteyning of the said lights burning in the pyshe
churche of Mapowder afforesaid in forme as followthe, that is to
say, in the evening the said bell was ronge half an hower and
continuallie at the cessang of the said bell the foresaid lampe
was lighted and soe burnt all the night untill the morning and
then in the morning weare put out and the foresaid bell was
ronge agayne untill daylight And further that the said pson of
the said churche was chardged yearlie to the valewe of 55 to the
sustentacon of the saide lights called tapers in the said churche
that is to say two on the highe Alter theare and two before the
Image of Saint Peter and Paul &c. As by the same Inquisicon
remayning in the custody of the Threasaurers Remembrancer in
the Exchequer amongst other things it doeth and may appeare.
Signed PETER OSBORNE.
Hutchins in Vol. III. 729, gives an account of some lands
given to the Church for superstitious uses, now annexed to the
Rectory, which appear to be identical with above.
Sturminster Marshall.
Grant to Sir John Perient and Thomas Reve.
Vol. 259, 247. File 1866 i Dec. 3 Edw. VI 1549
Pochia de Sturmist. Marshall val. in
Firm. z\ acr. terr. arr. jac. infra poch. pd.
(modo) in ten. Thome Skovell dat.
ad sust. cujusdm. lampad. arden. in
ecclia de Sturminster (pdict. p. ann.) i o
At 22 yeres pchas i 20
This may perhaps be the " Lampeland " mentioned in the
codicil to the will of Richard Phelip dated 24 Jan. 1556. See
Hutchins III. 368.
DEANERY OF BRIDPORT.
Chantry Roll No. 55 Gross income 5 7 10
less rents resolute 6 8
Nett income ^5 i 2
DORSET CHANTRIES.
Charmouth.
Grant to Silvester Taverner
Vol. 258, 1 60 File 1998 12 April 3 Ed\v. VI 1549
Firm, unius pcell terr. cont. dimid. acr.
jac. in Charmouth dat. p. sustentar.
unius luminis in ecclia ibm p. ami. 6
At 24 yeres pchas 12 o
Memo, that there is no woods growing upon any of these
pmises.
Wotton Fitzpaine.
Grant to Silvester Taverner.
Vol. 258, 160 File 1998. 12 April 3 Edw. VI 1549
Firm, unius acr. terr. jac. in Wotton
Fitzpaine in tenur. R'coris ecclie ibm
dat. ad sust. duor. lumin. in ecclie
ibm p. ann. i 4
At 24 yeres pchas i 12 o
Memo, that there is no woods growing upon any of these
^remises
StOCkland (formerly in this Deanery).
In the grant to Silvester Taverner, Vol. 258, 160 File 1998, is
an item intended to be sold to him, but crossed out. I have not
come across it again in the sale to anyone else, so put it here to
record it.
Firm, unius pcell terr. vocat. Gilston
continen. unam acram di. jacen. in
Stokeland pdict. dat. p. sustentac.
unius lumin. arden. in ecclia. ibm. p.
ann.
( End of Section C.J
B cm6 <
gouts foun6 in porsef.
By HENRY SYMONDS.
(Read ISth Feb., 1909.)
AUTHORITIES. Evans' " Coins of the Ancient Britons." 1864 and '90.
"Mouumenta Historica Britannica." 1848.
Cohen's " Mudailles Imperiales," 2nd Ed.
Akerman's " Coins of the Romans relating to Britain." 1844.
earliest history of the circulating medium
used by the ancient Britons in the tract of
country now known as Dorset is still veiled
in considerable obscurity, and for the greater
part of such information as is available we
are indebted to the untiring industry of the
late Sir John Evans, who made the subject
particularly his own.
It is at all events established, as far as
place of discovery can do so, that the Durotriges had a monetary
system expressed in silver, bronze, and gold coins, which are
without inscriptions on either side, and which are found almost
exclusively within the confines of their territory. So purely local
arc these pieces that they are described as the South-Wcstern or
BRITISH AND ROMANO-BRITISH COINS.
BRITISH AND ROMANO-BRITISH COINS. 59
Dorset and Wilts type in Sir John's classification of the general
series.
We learn from Julius Caesar that the inhabitants of this island
before the first Roman invasion used gold and brass money, but
the early British coinage was derived from Greece rather than
from Rome, and it is noticeable that the majority of the silver
coins of this district are thick and slightly concave on one side,
thus resembling in fabric their Greek prototypes.
The native engravers of the dies for this uninscribed currency
borrowed the design from their Gallic contemporaries, who had
in turn copied from imitations of a gold coin of Philip II. of
Macedon ; hence it is that successive engravers, departing
further and further from the original type, produced what is
little better than an unmeaning and barbarous medley of lines,
dots, and crescents, which do duty for the laureate head and the
horses of the Macedonian stater. Indeed, were it not for the
existence of intermediate and less degraded types found
elsewhere it would be difficult to establish any connection
between the two ends of the numismatic chain. The specimens
that I am able to exhibit are of silver and bronze only, and were
discovered chiefly at or near Hod Hill ; one of silver was dug up
in Dorchester, another of bronze near Bridport. The weights
of the four silver pieces vary from 80 to 46 grains troy, and they
contain an appreciable quantity of some alloy. [Plate No. i.]
Coins of the local type in gold occur but very rarely ; the only
examples that I have seen were in the late Mr. Durden's cabinet,
and were found in East Dorset.
Sir J. Evans suggested B.C. 200 to 150 as the approximate
date when this coinage was introduced, the Dorset type being
one of the latest issues. The date of withdrawal is equally
uncertain, but these rude pieces continued in circulation after
the second Roman invasion, as I am aware of one instance in
which early British silver was found in conjunction with the brass
of Nero; accordingly it may be assumed that the unlettered
coinage of the Durotriges survived here until at least A.D. 50-60,
and perhaps a little later.
60 BRITISH AND ROMANO-BRITISH COINS.
We may now pass without a break in time, and possibly
without regret, to the monetary system imposed by Rome upon
this country for three centuries and a-half, a system which
produced the wonderful array of portraits and historical data
which have been unequalled in any other age, and to which the
words " Show us the coinage of a nation and we will write its
history " seem especially applicable.
Before entering upon the details of the second portion of
these notes I would point out, in explanation of the limited
number of specimens upon the table, that the British section of
the Roman coinage, attractive though it is in interest, is a small
one numerically, and represents only a fractional part of the
Imperial series. The opportunities of studying the subject on
the spot are many; in 1672 Rich. Blome, when describing
Dorchester, mentions the " great quantities of Roman coyns
there often digged up," and more than 200 years later the soil
is still yielding an apparently undiminished supply.
That section of the Imperial coinage which is directly
connected with our island may be placed in three classes :
A. Those coins on which the reverse types and legends
commemorate successes of the Roman arms in Britain, but
which were probably struck in Rome. 1 The issue of these
historical devices, often of great beauty, unfortunately ceased
after the death of Caracalla in A.D. 217.
B. Those bearing letters in the exergue (such as PLN, &c.),
which indicate that the coin was struck at one or other of the
mints set up by the conquerors in their British province. The
reigns of Constantine I., the members of his family, and their
colleagues furnish the bulk of this class.
C. Those that were undoubtedly issued in Britain, but
without British devices or mint letters in the exergue, such as
the unmarked coinage of Carausius and Allectus. To these may
1 A smaller school of numismatists hold that some of these commemorative
coins of the earlier emperors were produced in Britain, but the contrary opinion
generally obtains.
BRITISH AND ROMANO-BRITISH COINS. 6 1
perhaps be added the coins of Cl. Albinus when governor of the
province, and after he had been raised by Severus to the dignity
of Csesar and had usurped the title of Imperator in the island.
The expedition of Julius in B.C. 55 was too ineffective to leave
any traces on the currency, and nearly a hundred years elapsed
before the Romans made another and more sustained effort to
occupy the country. The result of this second invasion is shown
by the issue of the first of the coins to which I would draw
attention.
[By the courtesy of Captain Acland I have been enabled to
include descriptions of some additional types of Romano-British
coins found in the district and now in the Dorset County
Museum; these items are marked with the initials D.C.M. in the
following list.]
CLAUDIUS, A.D. 41 TO 54.
Denarius, A.D. 46.
i. O. TI. CLAVD. CAESAR. AVG. P.M. TR.P. VI.
IMP.XI. Laureate head to the right.
R. DE. BRITANN upon an arch surmounted by an
equestrian statue between two trophies.
This coin was struck by Claudius on the occasion of his return
from Britain after a not too arduous campaign of sixteen days in
A.D. 43. Dion Cassius tells us that the Senate ordered, among
other honours, the erection of a triumphal arch in Rome, and
conferred for the first time the name of Britannicus upon the
Emperor and his ill-starred young son.
The foundations of this arch have been discovered in the Via
Flaminia, and the denarius, with its sister coin the aureus, provide
contemporary representations of the structure. A peculiar
interest attaches to this reverse, in that it refers to the only
recorded instance of a triumph and an arch being voted to a
wearer of the purple who had subdued the Britons. A denarius
of this uncommon type was shown to me some twelve years ago
by a friend to whom it had been sent for examination by the
62 BRITISH AND ROMANO-BRITISH COINS.
finder near Weymouth. 2 Its present resting place is unknown to
me, but fortunately I made a note of the inscriptions. The
type is so rare in Dorset that I have ventured, in the absence of
the rightful coin, to interpose for inspection a foreign-found
example, which differs mainly in being of the tenth year of
tribunitian power, viz., A.D. 50. [Plate No. 2.]
Of the immediate successors of Claudius there are no coins
(except one bearing his son's name) which make allusions to
Britain, although we might expect that Vespasian, after he was
proclaimed Augustus, would have thus commemorated his
previous military exploits in the southern portion of this island,
seeing that Titus recorded the capture of Jerusalem ten years
after the event. On the other hand, the prosperous reign of
Hadrian the travelled gave us half-a-dozen varieties in brass of
British types, but I cannot point to even one as having been
found within our borders ; a regrettable void, as this Emperor's
period may be said to show the high-water mark of the Roman
engraver's skill in portraiture, the designs being also of much
historical interest.
ANTONINUS Pius, A.D. 138 TO 161.
Second-brass, or As., A.D. 155.
2. O. ANTONINVS. AVG. PIVS. P.P. TR. P. XVIII.
Laureate head to right.
R. BRITANNIA. COS IIII. In ex: SC. A woman
seated ; on the left are a shield and standard. [Plate
No. 3.]
The figure on the reverse is regarded as a personification of
the Province ; a mourning Britannia seated upon the inhospitable
rocks of her native land, with Roman emblems alongside as a
confession of defeat. This specimen (found at Clyde Path Hill,
Dorchester), belongs to a type which the excavator-antiquary
2 From this neighbourhood Mr. C. Warne obtained, as did Mr. Hall, many fine
specimens of Boman money.
BRITISH AND ROMANO-BRITISH COINS. 63
brings to light more frequently than any of those in Class A, but
very rarely does this type present itself in good condition, being
as a rule poorly executed. These two facts are urged in support
of the contention that the coin Avas struck in Britain, the dies
having been engraved in Italy. Mr. Roach Smith mentions in
Collectanea Antiqua a find of 327 of these "Britannia" pieces (all
much worn) at Procolitia on the wall of Hadrian and Severus,
and infers that they were used for the pay of the Northern
legonaries. The D.C.M. possesses two specimens, not from the
same dies.
COMMODUS, A.D. l8o TO 192.
First-brass, or Sestertius, A.D. 184.
O. M. COMMODVS. ANTON. AVG. PIVS. BRIT.
Laureate head to right.
R. P.M. TR.P. VIIII. IMP. VII. COS IIII. P.P. In ex :
VICT. BRIT. In field SC. A winged Victory
seated on shields, holding palm branch in right hand
and supporting a shield with left. [Plate No. 4.]
It is believed that this Emperor never set foot in Britain ; he
may have preferred to air his vanity on the Palatine Hill, leaving
to others the care of the outposts of his empire. Nevertheless,
Commodus did not neglect to acquire the name Britannicus from
the Senate, and that body was responsible for the charming
figure on the reverse of this sestertius, which alludes to the
success of Ulpius against the Caledonians and to the saluting of
his master as Emperor for the seventh time.
SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS, A.D. 193 TO 211.
Second-brass, or As., A.D. 211.
O. SEVERVS. PIVS. AVG. BRIT. Laureate head to
right.
R. VICT. BRIT. P.M. TR. P. XIX. COS III. P.P. In
field SC. A winged Victory to right holding a
standard ; two captives seated at her feet.
64 BRITISH AND ROMANO-BRITISH COINS.
Denarius, A.D. 210.
5. O. SEVERVS. PI VS. AVG. BRIT. Laureate head to
right.
R. VICTORLE. BRIT. Victory seated on shields, to
left ; supporting a shield with right hand, the left
holds a palm branch. [Plate No. 5.]
There is a stern reality about the association of Severus with
Britain ; a death struggle with Albinus, then Governor of the
island and an aspirant for the Principate, marked the opening of
a strenuous reign. When already past middle life the Emperor,
accompanied by his sons Geta and Caracalla, crossed over from
Gaul to put down a rising rebellion, and for three long years
waged successful war against the barbarians of North Britain.
Spartian, writing at the end of the third century, says that the
title of Britannicus was granted to the old war-lord in respect of
the great wall, which was then rebuilt and strengthened, and
which still stands astride the neck of Northumbria. Severus
died at York in A.D. 211, leaving his empire to " my Antonines,"
as he pathetically styles his two sons.
The second brass coin came to Mr. Burden from one of the
finds near Blandford ; the denarius hails from Fordington, and
shows the debased silver which was introduced during this reign.
CARACALLA, A.D. 211 TO 217.
First-brass, or Sestertius, A.D. 211.
6. 0. M. AVREL. ANTONINVS. PIVS. AVG. BRIT.
Laureate head to right.
R. VICT. BRIT. TR. P. XIIII. COS III. In ex : SC.
Victory erecting a trophy, her left foot upon a
helmet ; a female captive standing, another seated
on the ground. (The standing figure may represent
Britain.) Nineteenth century deep draining revealed
this expressive example of third century art. [Plate
No. 6.]
BRITISH AND ROMANO-BRITISH COINS.
Denarius, A.D. 210-13.
7. O. ANTONINVS. PIVS. AVG. BRIT. Laureate head to
right,
R. VICTORIA. BRIT. Victory walking to right and
carrying a standard.
This Emperor, on the death of his father Severus, brought the
war in Britain to a close and forthwith returned to Rome. The
above two coins were probably struck during his father's lifetime,
as Caracalla had received Augustan honours as early as A.D. 198.
It will be observed that the word " Caracalla " (merely a nick-
name) does not appear upon his currency, the legends of which
read "Antoninus Pius," &c. ; care is therefore necessary, if
the portraits are not clear, in distinguishing the coins of this
unworthy holder of an honoured title from those of his namesake
of seventy years earlier. 3
There is now a long and troubled interval, giving us no British
types until
MAXIMIAN HERCULES, A.D. 286 TO 310.
Third-brass, A.D. 286.
8. O. IMP. MAXIMIANVS. AVG. Radiate bust to right
with paludamentum and cuirass.
R. SALVS. AVGG. In ex : C. Hygeia holding a serpent,
which feeds from a patera in her left hand. [Plate
No. 7.]
The plural ending of the word AVGG ( - Augustorum) makes
allusion to the fact that Maximian shared the empire with
Diocletian, who ruled the East. We have here an instance of
Class B, showing in the exergue the first letter of Camulodunum,
now Colchester, a town of much importance during the Roman
occupation.
At this point it should be borne in mind that the splendid
series of first-brass coins, which had been declining in interest
3 It may be useful to add that the legends of Antonine, the adopted son of
Hadrian, read " AVG. PIVS" ; those of Caracalla "PIVS. AVG."
66 BRITISH AND ROMANO-BRITISH COINS.
and in weight since the days of Caracalla, came to an end under
Gallienus, A.D. 253, and that thenceforward the yellow metal
known as orichalcum was no longer used at the mint. The
second and third-brass, still so called for convenience, were
struck in copper as before, but with smaller diameters, while the
silver denarius had further degenerated into a piece of copper
washed over with a solution of tin ; in a word, general confusion
prevailed as the empire waned. The familiar S.C., the sign
of Senatorial approval, disappears under Aurelian, and after
Diocletian's period we also miss the chronological details as to
honours, which alone enabled us to fix the dates of many of the
earlier coins ; it is, however, fair to state that the last-named
Emperor made efforts to restore the fineness of the higher metals
used in his coinage.
CARAUSIUS, A.D. 287 TO 293.
Third-brass.
9. O. IMP. CARAVSIVS. P.F. AVG. Radiate bust to right,
wearing paludamentum and cuirass.
R. COMES. AVG. Victory standing to left; wreath in
right hand and palm branch in left.
This reverse may be intended to suggest a friendship with
Diocletian.
10. O. IMP. C. CARAVSIVS. P.F. AVG. Radiate bust as last.
R. LAELTITIA] AVG. In field S.C. Female figure
holding anchor and wreath. (D.C.M.)
n. O. IMP. CARAVSIVS. P.F. AVG. Radiate bust as last.
R. LE [G. II. AVG] In ex ML. Capricorn, or sea goat,
to left. (D.C.M.) ML = Moneta Londinii.
A very uncommon type ; the Capricorn was the badge of the
second legion, at that time quartered in the island. Doubtless it
was politic thus to honour them.
12. O. IMP. CARAVSIVS. P.F. AVG. Radiate bust as last.
R. MONE[TA. A]VG. In ex : C. Juno, the divinity of
the mint, with balance and cornucopia. C =
Colchester. (D.C.M.)
BRITISH AND ROMANO-BRITISH COINS. 67
O. IMP. C. CARAVSIVS. P.F. AVG. Radiate bust to
right, with paludamentum.
R. PAX. AVG. In ex : MLXXI. In field S.P. Peace
standing, with olive branch and hasta.
ML = London mint. The numerals, also in the exergue,
denote a ratio of value, viz., twenty of these coins to one
denarius. The D.C.M. has a similar specimen, but reading ML
without the numerals.
14. O. IMP. C. CARAVSIVS. (P.F] AVG. Radiate bust as
last.
R. PAX. AVGGG. In ex : C. In field S.P. Peace
standing, with olive branch, and the hasta held
transversely.
Colchester mint. The triple G in the reverse legend intimates
that the issuer claimed to be on terms of equality with the
two Emperors then ruling on the Continent. The letters
that often appear in the field of coins of this period are rather
obscure, and their interpretation has not yet been definitely
settled.
The last mentioned seven specimens are of the coarse fabric
and rough execution which characterise the money of the
intruder who struck them. Carausius, usurper as he was and
pirate as he may have been, affords an early object lesson as to
the value of sea power. Appointed to the command of a Roman
fleet at Boulogne, he took the ships across to Britain and, with
the consent of the garrison, declared himself as Emperor.
For six years he defied the efforts of the legitimate Augusti,
Diocletian and Maximian, to dislodge him. During those years
his mints in the island were extraordinarily active, more than
four hundred varieties of type being known.
ALLECTUS, A.D. 293 TO 296.
Third-brass.
15. O. IMP. C. ALLECTVS P.F. AVG. Radiate bust to
right, with cuirass.
68 BRITISH AND ROMANO-BRITISH COINS.
R. JOVI. CONSERVATORI. In ex : ML. In field
SA. Jupiter standing, with spear and thunder-
bolt.
London mint. (D.C.M.)
1 6. O. As last. Radiate bust to right.
R. PAX. AVG. In ex : ML. In field S.P. Peace holding
the hasta transversely.
London mint. (D.C.M.)
1 7. O. As last. Radiate bust to right, with cuirass.
R. PROVIDENTIA. AVG. In ex : CL. In field S.P.
Female figure with wand touching globe on the
ground, cornucopia in left hand.
Colchester mint. (D.C.M.)
1 8. O. As last. Bust as last.
R. SALVS. AVG. In ex: ML. In field SA. Hygeia
holding serpent, which feeds from patera. (D.C.M.)
London mint.
19. O. As last. Radiate bust to right, with paludamentum.
R. VIRTVS. AVG. In ex : ML. In field S.A. A trophy,
with two captives seated on the ground.
London mint ; a rare variety, being unknown to the compilers
of Mon : Hist: Brit: and to Cohen, and not in the British
Museum.
20. O. As last. Bust as last, but with cuirass.
R. VIRTVS. AVG. In ex : QL. Galley with five oars,
rudder, mast, and shrouds. [Plate No. 8.]
Struck at London, of the fourth (Quarta) mintage. A common
type, but worth attention as showing one of the war galleys by
means of which the two usurpers maintained their power. The
coin is of small size. Allectus, having removed Carausius by
the method all too common among those who sought a Roman
throne, succeeded to the position of "tyrant" in Britain, and
held his ground until fate, in the person of Constantius Chlorus,
brought about his fall. Britain was thus reunited to the empire
after a separation of nine years. The mint at Colchester was
closed after the death of Allectus.
ROMANO-BRITISH COINS. 69
LlCINIUS I., A.D. 307 tO 324.
Third-brass.
21. O. IMP. LICINIVS. P.P. AVG. Laureate bust to right,
with cuirass.
R. GENIO. POP. ROM. In ex: PLN. In field S.F.
Genius with cornucopia and patera.
The letters PLN and the lengthened form PLON are now
definitely accepted as the marks of the Roman mint in London,
and may be interpreted as Pecunia Londiniensis or Percussa
Londinii. Licinius the elder, on succeeding to the highest
honours of the state, became the colleague of Galerius
Maximianus in the control of the Empire. He afterwards married
the sister of Constantine the Great, and later on the East and
West were separately governed by the two brothers-in-law.
CONSTANTINE I., A.D. 311 to 337.
Second-brass.
22. 0. CONSTANTINVS. P.F. AVG. Laureat bust to right,
with cuirass.
R. ADVENTVS. AVG. In ex: PLN. In field a star.
Equestrian figure of the Emperor to left, in front of
him a captive seated on ground.
Another and a finer specimen of this scarce reverse is in the
D.C.M. The entry of Constantine into Rome in the year 312,
alter the overthrow of all rivals, is here commemorated.
Third-brass.
23. 0. CONSTANTINVS. AVG. Laureate bust to right,
with sceptre.
R. BEAT. TRANQLITAS. In ex: PLON. Altar
inscribed VOTIS XX., above which are a globe and
three stars. (A.D. 320-24). (D.C.M.)
London mint. These votive coins were originally struck to
mark the public vows made by the Emperors every ten years in
return for a renewed grant of power by the Senate. At this date
yo BRITISH AND ROMANO-BRITISH COINS.
the vows had become the mere shadow of a form, and the coins
were issued irregularly. This one purports to mark the second
decennial period.
Second-brass.
24. O. IMP. CONSTANTINVS. P.F. AVG. Laureate bust
to right, with cuirass.
R. GENIO. POP. ROM. In ex : PLN. Genius holding
cornucopia and patera. [Plate No. 9.]
25. O. As last. Similar bust.
R. MARTI. PATRI. PROPVG. In ex: PLN. Mars
charging with shield and spear. London Mint.
Third-brass.
26. O. CONSTANTINVS. AG. Laureate head to right.
R. SARMATIA DEVICTA. In ex: PLON. Victory
with standard and palm branch ; a captive seated
on ground. [Plate No. 10.]
This coin can be approximately dated, as the Sarmatians were
conquered in A.D. 322.
27. O. IMP. CONSTANTINVS. P. AVG. Laureate bust to
right, with cuirass.
R. SOLI. INVICTO. COMITI. In ex : PLN. In field
T.F. The Sun carrying a globe and raising right
hand. (A.D. 314.)
The D.C.M. has two similar pieces, one in which a star is
substituted for T.F. in the field; the other reads MLN in the
exergue (Moneta Londiniensis).
28. O. IMP. CONSTANTINVS. MAX. AVG. Helmeted
bust to right, with cuirass.
R. VICTORIAE. LAETAE. PRINC. PERP. Two
Victories placing shield upon an altar ; on the
shield VOTIS. P.R. (A.D. 317-20.) (D.C.M.)
The foregoing nine coins of Constantine the Great are fairly
representative of the large number that are still being unearthed
in Dorchester and its environs. The smallest of the brass pieces
are probably the " King Dorn's pence," of which Camden speaks
in his History, 1610 edition. The second and third-brass of
BRITISH AND ROMANO-BRITISH COINS.
this period vary so much in relative size that it is often merely a
matter of opinion to which denomination an item belongs. 4
CRISPUS, A.D, 317 TO 326.
Third-brass.
29. O. CRISPVS. NOBIL. C. Helmeted bust to left, with
cuirass.
R. BEAT. TRANQLITAS. In ex : PLON. Altar
inscribed VOTIS XX, above which are a globe
and three stars. (A.D. 320-24.)
See a note under Constantine I., No. 23.
30. O. CRISPVS. NOB. CAES. Helmeted bust to right,
with cuirass.
R. VIRTVS. EXERCIT. In ex : PLN. A Standard
inscribed VOT. XX. ; two captives seated on
ground. (A.D. 317-20.)
This son of Constantine the Great did not attain the Sovereign
power ; consequently his coins always read " Caesar," not
" Augustus," the former title being borne by the prospective heir
to the throne.
CONSTANTINE II., A.D. 335 TO 340.
Third-brass.
31. 0. CONSTANTINVS. IVN. N.C. Radiate bust to left,
with cuirass.
R. BEATA. TRANQVILLITAS. In ex : PLON. In
field P.A. Altar inscribed VOTIS. XX ; above are
a globe and three stars. (A.D. 320-24.) [Plate
No. ii.]
4 It is remarkable that no aurei or solid! of any reign appear in the D.C.M.
collection, nor have I heard of any in other quarters ; as these gold coins are not
so rare as their absence would suggest, it is possible that the intrinsic value of the
metal , or doubts as to the law of treasure trove, may have prevented their being
offered to local antiquaries.
72 BRITISH AND ROMANO-BRITISH COINS.
Found near the S.W.R. Station in Dorchester, together with a
first-brass of Titus showing Domitilla joining the hands of
Vespasian and Titus.
After this reign it is believed that the mints in Britain ceased
to work, or at all events to issue mint-marked coins, with the
exception of a temporary revival under the usurper Magnus
Maximus (383-7). Some coins of this Emperor bearing the
letters AVG are now attributed to London, which at that date
(teste Marcellinus) was known as Augusta. As yet no coins of
Magnus bearing that mark appear to have been found locally.
The suppression of the mint of Londinium Augusta is
significant of greater changes that were soon to follow. In truth
the time had come \vhen enemies were closing in upon the
Roman world, Avhen the pulse of life from Rome grew feeble and
her grip relaxed. The final scenes are briefly mentioned by the
historians ; Zosimus, almost a contemporary writer, says that in
410 the Emperor Honorius, "having written letters to the cities
in Britain urging them to look to their own safety
indulged in all indolence." The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle tells us
that in 409 Rome ceased to rule in Britain, and that in 418 the
Imperial treasure was removed, some being buried in the earth.
Bede in his Eccl : Hist : adds that in 416 the troops which had
been sent to help the islanders said farewell and did not return.
From this time onward it would appear that the Romanized
Britons and the colonists of Roman birth ceased to be under
the protection of the legions, and were left to withstand as best
they could the Saxon deluge.
of
n
By Mrs. KING WARRY.
C Read ISth Feb., 1909.)
CONSIDERABLE interest is attached to the old-time
Portland belief in the non-existence of peasantry
amongst the islanders, coupled with the claims of
superiority of descent as regards freedom, &c.
We are not here immediately concerned with the
accuracy or inaccuracy of this belief, but merely
enquiring into its origin, as being a subject which
may, perhaps, bear investigation, though a certain
amount of complication is inevitable in considering these early
periods. By studying Professor Vinogradoffs "Growth of the
Manor," we may, however, justify this statement in part, if not
wholly.
We will first consider a few points with regard to Celtic
landholding, the manner of which seems well known, set forth
by the " comparative " method of enquiry, the Welsh surveys
also helping considerably to elucidate the past. It must be
remembered there is evidence to show that as late as the time of
Alfred the Great even Somerset, Dorset, and Wiltshire formed
part of West Wales, thus conclusively proving the strength of
74 THE STATUS OF PEASANTRY IN PORTLAND.
the Celtic element in those counties at that date. This is but
too often overlooked or ignored altogether, perhaps because of
the preponderance of Celtic blood in Devon and Cornwall ; but
there is much to justify the belief that this element was, and
probably is, still strong in the first mentioned counties, and a
certain allowance must be made for this in considering old
customs of land tenure, or in an attempt, however feeble, to
re-create any condition of Ancient Society. Though the Irish
Celt (Goidet) was most likely as well represented in the south-
west as the Welsh Celt (JBrython}, it is rather to the latter we
must look for what is known of Celtic institutions on British
soil, though doubtless various modifications would prevail in
certain localities, according to the commercial intercourse of the
time and the influx of strangers, either for peaceful trading
purposes or bent upon warlike expeditions. We will, therefore,
enumerate a few of the chief points, as interpreted principally by
a study of Ancient Welsh known customs, which approximate
closely in general to those of Ireland, Scotland, and Brittany.
According to Bede, the rule of so-called Pictish succession
prevailed in Scotland; this rule gave precedence to the claims
of maternal kin, and in Irish legends and Gaelic inscriptions
there are many little things which point to the same system.
Though later on these maternal claims became subsidiary to the
paternal, it no doubt shows that woman was held in high esteem,
and may help to form the basis of a later mentioned fact.
There were two ways of managing property, both of which
were communalistic. By the one every man of full age had an
equal share in the land occupied by the village irrespectively of
his genealogical position ; by the other the succession was
according to the laws of " gavelkind." As the village became
too crowded, it will easily be seen that fresh settlements had to
be made and new land reclaimed, thus clearly indicating the
origin of the scattered hamlets and farms which prevailed in
Celtic localities. The pursuits of the people in times of peace
were almost entirely pastoral ; inter-commoning of herds within
the division of land accorded to each tribe, sept, or clan was
THE STATUS OF PEASANTRY IN PORTLAND. 75
1, and the strips in the field were all cultivated in common.
The tariff of compositions was all fixed in cows.
The aboriginal Iberian population appears to have remained
settled on the land as serfs, but not as slaves ; i.e., they held the
lowest place in the social organisation, but were not subordinated
to the free, being merely subjected into tributaries as regarded
their clans and chief, and compelled to serve as hatchet men
only in the erection of camps, unlike the Celtic free, who had
their military obligations graduated according to personal status.
It will thus be seen that germs of the later manorial system
were contained in the comparatively simpler Celtic arrange-
ments, germs which would account for the system taking strong
and speedy root in those places where the Celtic element made
up a considerable portion of the population, and will easily
elucidate reasons why in an isolated part this system should for
long defy the changing hand of time, being disguised only by a
thin veil of modernism.
It is now generally conceded that the power of Rome was
never so great in the west, and that the Roman occupation of
Britain partook more of a military than of a civil character, in
spite of many isolated cases of Roman villa remains and traces of
Roman culture. There is ample evidence to prove that the
Celtic land system stubbornly held its own, though opposed to
the Roman city, and that the Celtic people, as a rule, merely
came to the town (or port ?) for legal or commercial purposes,
and that Celtic customs and institutions were never uprooted in
the south-west of Britain. One great proof of this is, that the
emigrants from Britain to Brittany during Saxon incursions, were
so strongly Celtic as to stamp out the Latin of Brittany and
supplant it by their own dialects, which constitute certain
peculiarities of Breton speech and dialect even to-day.
The Old English social and land systems present many
contradictory evidences, easily explainable when we consider
the diversities of the tribes who amalgamated eventually with
the older inhabitants of Britain. The number of petty kingdoms
j6 THE STATUS OF PEASANTRY IN PORTLAND.
in these early days must have accentuated these differences, but in
spite of this some general system must have prevailed, the clue
to which is first clearly obtained from the laws of ^Ethelbert,
king of Jutish Kent, which show us the division of people into
three classes, namely, earls, ceorls, and lats. Later the enact-
ments of Ine and Alfred show a similar division in Wessex, but
the l&ts there give place to the wealhs. These ivealhs, as well as
ceorls, appear to have been able to attain to the rank of king's
thane, but it has been suggested that the thane of Welsh
extraction (wealK) was only appraised at half the value of the
English thane ; in fact that the twelvehyndman with his were of
i, zoos, was the English thane, and the sixhyndman with the were
of 6oos. the Welsh thane. The ceorl seems to have originally
come from free stock, though he afterwards fell into dependency
in many parts, owing to later influences.
When we come to the Danish and Scandinavian invasions, we
find a special distinction claimed for the Northman, betraying
his pride, independence, and love of freedom. This is, that even
as late as Alfred's treaty with Guthrum, every Northman is placed
on the same footing with the Englishman of high rank (the
thane) with the were of 1,2003., meaning that every professional
Danish and Scandinavian soldier, no matter of what status in his
own country, claims equality with the Englishman of rank. His
value as a warrior may have been a factor in the case, but it
shows the haughty claims of superiority advanced by the Viking.
These northern invaders appear to have shown special favour
occasionally to Jutish settlements. This is easily explainable on
the hypothesis that the Jutes and Goths were originally identical,
having come from Gothland, in Sweden. If this be correct, with
the strong claims of kindred among these northern nations (the
Norse family claims were recognised to the sixth cousin, i.e., to
the ninth generation), the fact of the Jutes obtaining a special
meed of favour is easily explained by ties of affinity. The
settlement of the various tribes in Britain had been largely
affected by kindred, land being evidently allotted according to
families. This was not without influence later.
STATUS OF PEASANTRY IN PORTLAND.
77
The Old English methods of land ownership and cultivation
approximated in many cases to the Celtic. Particularly would
this be the case where the Romano-British population remained
in any strength. Probably in such parts it was little more at first
than the substitution of Teutonic for Celtic masters, but at this
late date it is impossible to say in what proportion an admixture
of the population might occur. In Jutish Kent the custom of
gavelkind (the original mode of succession of free folk ?)
prevailed, and as wherever the Jutes settled, their allies the
Frisians appear to crop up also, the likeness to Celtic
inheritance is strengthened, for certain tribes of the Frisians had
the clan system fully developed. Thus as regards gavelkind and
the claims of the family, Celts and Jutes might approximate so
closely as to fall easily into line, and where there is strong
presumptive evidence of the population having been originally
Romano-British and Jute-Frisian, the system of gavelkind would
be likely to be established so firmly that it would need very
strong outside influence to upset it ; and it is to a population of
this class that we should look for the survival of such a system,
both Old English and Celtic methods having been based
probably upon some common and more primitive arrangements,
diversities growing out of environment and temperamental
differences.
The hide, the chief standard measure in land holding, is now
clearly demonstrated to have meant a share, and not a fixed
measure, as it varied very much in different districts. The
Domesday hide was merely a geld hide ; i.e., a certain measure
of land to be taxed at so much, and these hides were smaller in
the south-western counties than in most other parts, though the
land was assessed in much smaller units in Kent, Thanet, Wight,
Ely, and part of Sussex. It seems natural to suppose that in the
more fertile localities the hide would be a smaller unit than in
sparsely peopled districts, where there was much waste land, but
there seems to have been another factor in this case. With
the exception of Ely, it is just such places as these we should
look to at this period (as in Portland) for superior commercial
78 THE STATUS OF PEASANTRY IN PORTLAND.
intercourse, and it is perhaps more than a coincidence that (still
with the possible exception of Ely) these are all places claimed
as centres of Jutish colonisation. If this, indeed, be more than
coincidence, it shows that amongst the Jutes, or what might be
perhaps more correctly termed the Jute- Frisians, the lowest
class of owners must have been very small holders, and that
the land must have been divided into smaller sections than
elsewhere. Are we to deduce from these smaller holdings
greater individual rights of the people with regard to proprietary
interests in the land, or does it denote here superior fertility
of the soil, there trading facilities, or even a possible combination
of both ?
The Old English land system was mainly communal, in spite of
certain private rights. The arable land was cultivated in strips,
separated from neighbouring acres by thin fringes of unploughed
turf called balks. These strips were sometimes hereditary,
sometimes allotted. After the crops were gathered the fields
became common pasture land, and individual rights were lost for
the time. Up to the passing of the Tithes' Commutation Act in
1836 this Old English system remained partly in force in
Portland Isle, the fields having what were termed "open" and
" closed " years. During the " closed " period the owners
planted and gathered their crops in the usual way, but the
following or "open" year the fields were treated in "common "
and opened to all cattle of the island, irrespective of ownership.
With regard to meadows, always a valuable asset in village life,
it was usual to put them under prohibition until Lammas Day,
when the grass was cut and made according to certain rules,
after which the land became the undivided pasture of the com-
munity.
According to present-day legal opinion the constitution of the
Court Baron proves that there must have been free tenants to
constitute a manor. The Court Leet represented arrangements
that were in full force in Saxon times, but were fitted into the
Feudal system later. This Court Leet is still summoned twice a
year at Portland under the same old methods of procedure, and
THE STATUS OF PEASANTRY IN PORTLAND. 79
the various officers still comprise the steward, bailiff, reeve, chief
constable, affeerors, and haywards. Also the rights of pasturage
appear to be the same as in Saxon times ; and the old methods
of land disposal, namely, by Church-gift, by Surrender in Court,
or by last will or testament, are still favoured by the inhabitants,
though Surrender in Court has well-nigh died out.
\Yhen we get to the Norman period we find that the position
of a man is determined wholly by his services, rural sen-ices
being most damaging, as these were considered base. The
Norman commissioners seem to attempt to put villains, bordarii
and cotters (i.e., people engaged in rural sendees), on one side,
and those entirely free from these occupations on the other.
The Kentish peasantry at the time of the survey was included in
the rank of villainage, though later we find Kent is considered
free from this taint, and the population there not only claim a
superior position, but it is accorded to them still they were
villains and bordarii in the sense of being peasant-shareholders.
On the whole the villains and bordarii of Domesday are taken to
be those who not only live themselves by rural work, but support
others (i.e., the overlords) by the same, so that the status of this
class at the time of Domesday appears to depend really on
whether they are merely self-supporting or have to render certain
services to others.
The bordarii seem to have been the holders of a smaller unit
than the villains, and the term villani is used in Domesday to
mark off a large group of free tenants whose holdings are of a
certain size and quality, this term not corresponding to the
villain class of later Feudal records. Vinogradoff states
positively that the terminology of Domesday refers to the size
and character of tenements, and does not refer to legal distinction
between classes of persons as in preceding and subsequent
times ; i.e., in Old English and Feudal classification. He also
thinks that the upper stratum of tenantry did not obtain the same
recognition of its better position at the hands' of the western
commissioners and jurymen. Later on, when the Feudal System
was at its strongest, the villani were, roughly speaking, peasants,
8o THE STATUS OF PEASANTRY IN PORTLAND.
and the freemen knights or rent-paying tenants. Holding in
villainage was not so much a personal disqualification as posses-
sion of land by base agricultural services.
Gavelkind stood in closer relation to tribal division than to
Feudal practices, and this, together with socage tenure, was laid
great stress upon with regard to claims of superiority in Kent.
Also Kent lay upon an important trade route and throve by its
privileged position. It was evidently not to the interest of the
Norman kings to oppose the early emancipation of Kent ; they
gained too much from the commercial pursuits of their subjects
to reduce them to strict rule.
The farming of the king's taxes was both important and
lucrative, especially in a commercial centre, and we find it on
record that the ancient Portland family of Pearce (still well
represented in the island in point of numbers, though much of
their landed possessions have passed away), were accorded this
privilege in 1341.
The privileges of Ancient Demesne were exceedingly valuable
and peculiar. Only those manors which had belonged to the
king in pre-Conquest days, and which again became the property
of the Crown after the Conquest, are Ancient Demesne. When,
in addition to this, the tenants of a manor claimed to have been
freeholders from time immemorial (i.e., to have obtained their
position and name by tradition of free stock), such privileges
were of the utmost value, difficult to guage at this distance of
time and under such greatly altered circumstances.
The Rev. R. W. Eyton states, in reference to Portland Isle at
the Domesday Survey, that the island with its vills and demesnes
paid highly, and that it was not assessed according to the hide.
He therefore inferred that it must have been both prosperous
and populous, either from quarrying, fishing, petty trading, or
commerce. One villain is mentioned with five serfs and ninety
bordarii.
To sum up as briefly as possible, the Romano-British land
system in some of its features bore a sufficient resemblance to
the Old English for the one to be easily grafted on the other,
THE STATUS OF PEASANTRY IN PORTLAND. 8 1
md in a place where a considerable section of the original
population had remained and become slowly merged into one
with the Teutonic colony, almost free from Norman admixture,
such a system would be likely to remain in full force until a late
date (though Vinogradoff gives us to understand it is unprofit-
able work looking after survivals).
The rule of succession amongst certain Celts shows us the
high regard in which woman was held, the Anglo-Saxon tribes
as a rule also holding woman in high esteem.
The Jute-Frisian colonies, judging from Kent, appear to have
been on the whole favoured during the later Danish invasions,
explainable on the ground of having sprung from common stock.
These colonies were most likely free settlers, and were perhaps
on the same footing as the Danes with regard to wergeld.
William the Conqueror might perhaps have shown certain favour
to these places on the like ground of common descent, the
Norman duchy having been founded by Rollo, the Scandinavian
rover ; but more likely it would be the fact of such places having
easy communication with the Continent and engaging in
commercial undertakings profitable to the king.
When the holdings were small, and yet the people were highly
taxed, it seems safe to infer that they were free from base
agricultural service, and that the overlord must have derived his
profits from the more highly appraised trading pursuits, from all
of which we venture to deduce that (a) Portland was an outlying
port of consequence, its inhabitants being almost, if not quite,
free from base agricultural service, its single villain and ninety
bordarii being merely representative terms for owners of ground
of a certain size (these owners having a right even to the herbage
in some parts where the soil belonged to the Lord or Lady of
the Manor) ; (V} that, as there is the strongest evidence of a
Jutish or Jute-Frisian settlement, the inhabitants may have been
placed on an equal footing with the Danes as regards wergeld ;
and (c] that William the Norman must have shown marked
favour to the island retaining it as a royal manor, perhaps from
the descent of this Scandinavian colony having been the same or
82 THE STATUS OF PEASANTRY IN PORTLAND.
of near kin to his own ancestor, Rollo the Northman, or, what is
more likely, because it was a valuable trading possession within
easy access of his own Channel Islands. Be that as it may, the
manorial inhabitants had been fused seemingly into what to all
intents and purposes must have been considered an Anglo-
Saxon colony, and Saxon it remained, keeping its old traditions,
privileges, institutions, and land system with its Celtic substratum
until well on in the nineteenth century, almost free from traces
of Norman influence, save for certain Feudal terms and the
remains of one or two important Norman buildings.
Stowe comments upon the Portland women having the freedom
of the isle as well as the men, thereby showing the estimation
in which the sex had been held.
Therefore, we think it likely that, though the island must
necessarily have contained some peasantry according to the
social system of the times, yet the inhabitants were placed on so
favourable a footing as to justify somewhat the old traditionary
belief in superior social status to those of the same classification
on the mainland.
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By ALFRED POPE, F.S.A., F.M.S.
.ftcatf ISf/t February, 1909.
EFORE referring to the customs of the Manors of
Stratton and Grimston in this county, the
Court Rolls of which came into my possession
on the purchase of the Manors in the year
1895, it might be found interesting if a short
history were given of the origin of " The
Manor" and copyhold or customary tenure of
land as it existed in this country in the Middle
Ages ; and, in so doing, I would state that I am
relying principally on the information gathered
from the standard work on copyholds by the late Mr. Sergeant
Scriven and on an admirable little treatise, entitled " The Manor
and Manorial Records," recently published by Mr. Nathaniel
Hone, who has made a study of this most interesting subject.
Sir Edward Coke was of opinion that the term "Manor" was
derived from the French word mcsner, signifying to govern or
guide, because the Lord of the Manor had the guiding and
directing of all his tenants within the limits of his jurisdiction.
84 MANORS OF STRATTON AND GRIMSTON.
Bracton and others, on the other hand, have derived the term
from the French manoir, a manor, according to them, denoting
the principal residence of the owner of his land. But the more
generally accepted definition of the term manor seems to be that
it comprehends messuages, lands, tenements, &c., and is the
district or compass of ground granted anciently by the kings of
this realm to their vassals, lords, or barons, with liberty to parcel
out the land to sub-vassals, and with power to hold a Court or
Courts possessing civil and also criminal jurisdiction ; and where
the greater vassals made their sub-grants the sub-grantees
became inferior lords, and the seignory of the superior lord,
called the lord paramount, was termed an "honour." These
mesne or middle lords, following the example of those above
them, granted out lesser estates until the superior lords began to
realise that they were losing their profits in respect of wardships,
marriages, escheats, &c. ; and in the i8th year of King Edward
the First the Statute Quia Emptores was passed, which enacted
that in all sales and enfeoffments of lands the feoffee should
hold the same, not of the immediate feoffer, but of the chief lord
of the fee, and the multiplication of manors by act of parties was
by such Statute forbidden.
A manor usually consisted of and comprised the following
particulars :
i. The Manor House with the demesne lands occupied
therewith.
2. The freehold tenements holden of the manor.
3. The copyhold tenements holden of the manor.
4. The commons and waste lands of the manor with the soil
thereof and the mines and minerals therein and thereunder.
5. The services which were to be rendered by the tenants of
the manor together, with the fines, fees, and heriots incident
thereto, the Court Baron or Customary Court with the view of
Frank-pledge or Court Leet, and not infrequently, an advowson
appendent to the manor.
We will consider each of these interests separately and in
order.
MANORS OF STRATTON AND GRIMSTON. 85
The term demesne lands, properly signifies the lands of a
manor which the lord either has, or potentially may have, in his
own hands, and a certain restriction was formerly put on the sale
of such lands away from the manor, for by the Great Charter of
9 Henry III., it was provided " That no man should either grant
or sell land without reserving sufficient to answer the demands of
his superior lord," but of later years this provision seems to have
been ignored, for the demesne lands of a manor could by con-
veyance, be treated as a distinct property, when they ceased to
form part of the manor, although the rents and dues may remain,
and where that has happened, the manor becomes a manor or
seignory " in gross."
The services to be rendered by the tenants of the manor have
now mostly been commuted for a monetary payment, and the
Courts Baron or Customary Courts have to a great extent fallen
into disuse and have ceased to be holden, so that it seems all
important that the records of proceedings or court rolls of these
ancient courts should be preserved, and that the ancient customs
of such manors as (by having less than three customary tenants
remaining or by all the services attached thereto becoming
extinct) have ceased to be manors, and have become manors by
reputation only or "reputed manors," should not be lost sight of.
As to the value of these documents to the workers in middle
class genealogy, Mr. Hone remarks :
" Beginning long before the establishment of parish registers,
they form a mine of information concerning the descent of the
yeoman class which has been well called the backbone of the
country ; the surrenders and admittances to the yard-lands of
the manor often show descent from father to son for many
generations."
As we have seen, the manor was originally granted direct from
the kings of this realm to their vassals, lords, or barons, with
liberty for these latter to parcel out the lands to sub-vassals, and
by these sub-grants to form minor manors. We thus get the
superior lord, or lord paramount, and the inferior lord, or lord
farmer, who as a rule resided in the manor house, farmed the
86 MANORS OF STRATTON AND GRIMSTON.
demesne lands, presided at the Court Baron, either personally or
by his deputy, the steAvard of the manor.
Next to him we get the freehold tenant, who held his land in
fee subject to a fee farm rent and to his performing certain
services for the lord, but did not hold at the will of the lord.
Then we have the customary or copyhold tenant Avhose lands
were holden by copy of Court Roll ; that is, the muniments of
title to such lands were copies of the roll or book in which an
account was kept of the proceedings of the Courts of the Manor
to which the lands belonged, for " all copyhold lands are said to
belong to and to be parcel of some manor," and subject also to
an annual rental, and to a heriot and fine on death or renewal
and " by all other burthens, customs, and services due and of
right accustomed," according to the custom of the manor of
which they were holden, for "custom is the life of copyholds."
Now let us consider the constitution of these manorial Courts.
First we have the Court Baron or Customary Court, which was
holden either with or without the Court Leet or View of Frank-
pledge ; over this Court the lord or his steward presided, the
freeholders and the customary tenants or copyholders being the
suitors or homage. At this Court the deaths of tenants were
presented, estates surrendered and regranted by copy of Court
Roll, and the interests generally of the lord of the manor were
protected.
The View of Frank-pledge or Court Leet usually followed
(though it may be seen from the Court Rolls of Stratton that a
special Court Baron was sometimes separately held for the
purpose of surrenders and admissions). At this Court offenders
were brought up, and, if adjudged guilty, were declared at the
mercy of the lord, fines were assessed, presentments relating to
matters within the manor were made, and the interest both of
the lord and his customary or copyhold tenants were protected.
This Court was composed of the several officers of the manor,
viz., the constable, the tithing-man, or head borough, the
hayward, the viewers of fields and the tellers of cattle, and the
jury and the homage.
SURVEY OF THE MANOR OF STRATTON. 1649.
MANORS OF STRATTON AND GRIMSTOX. 87
Having premised thus far, I purpose to bring before you some
of the ancient customs of the manors of Stratton and Grimston,
two typical Dorset Manors, as disclosed by the court rolls of
"The view of Frank-pledge or Court Leet, with the Court
Baron of George Pitt, Esquire, and Lorah or Lora, his wife,
lords farmers of the liberties and manors aforesaid, holden the
loth day of October, 1728, before James Syndercombe, steward
of the said manors."
There is evidence that the manors of Stratton and Grimston
were originally granted to the prebends of the Cathedral Church
of the Blessed Mary of Sarum, and have been held by them
certainly since the year 1329, for in a return of Ministers'
accounts by the keeper of the possessions of Aliens, II. Edward
III., now in the British Museum, an inventory is given of the
possessions of Bernard de Cukiaco, " prebend of Stratton," a
copy of which return and inventory is in my possession. The
next evidence we have of the ownership of these manors is that
of a survey and valuation made in August, 1649, by virtue of " A
commission grounded upon an Act of the Commons of
England assembled in Parliament for the abolishing of Deans,
Deanes and Chapters, Cannons, prebends, and other Offices
of and belonging to any Cathedral!, Collegiate Church or
Chappell within England and Wales, and under the hands
and seals of five or more of the Trustees in the said Act
named and appointed," * wherein the Manor of Stratton,
together with the Farm of Wrackleford, is referred to as having
been demised by indenture of lease, dated the i4th day of
December, 12 Elizabeth, by John Collshell, Clerke, prebendary
of the prebend of Stratton in the County of Dorset unto Robert
Bond, of Stalbridge in the said county of Dorset, Gentleman, to
hold for the term of 90 years, under the yearly rent of ,36, one
of the conditions bein; that he should build a sufficient and
* This Act was revoked or ignored as not having had the assent of the King
and the House of Lords by Charles II. 's first Parliament, 1661, when the Church
was replaced iu possession of all her property.
88 MANORS OF STRATTON AND GRIMSTON.
convenient mansion house and other necessary houses upon the
aforesaid farm of Wrackleford, and also find " sufficient lodging,
man's-meat, horse-meat and litter for the Lessor or his successors,
arid his servants and horses, once a year, if he or they do happen
to come upon the said farm, provided they exceed not the number
of 6 persons and remain not above 3 nights." Attached to such
survey and valuation is a memorandum of the Courts and
customs of the said Manor of Stratton as follows :
" There is a Court Baron belonging to the sayd Manor, kept
at the Will of the Lord."
" A Court Leet, also kept at the usual times."
" The Tenants of the sayd Manor are to performe their Suit
and service to the Lord at the Courts aforesayd."
" The tennants of the sayd Manor are customary tennants and
hold by Custome, and not by Coppy of Court Roll." *
" The ffines of the severall Coppyholders within the sayd
Manor are arbitrary as the Lord and Tennants can agree."
" The Lord ffarmer of the sayd Manner or Lessee before-
named and his assignes for the time being, may by Virtue of
his Lease at any time during his terme graunt and fill up all
Estates in the sayd Customary Lands according to the Customs
of the said Manner."
" The Custome of the said Manner is that the Lord Farmer
or Lessee thereof for the tyme being may graunt two Lives
and no more, according to the Custome of the sayd Manner,
in the severall Customary Lands and Tenements of the sayd
Manner, and that the Widdowes of the Customary Tennants
there ought to have and enjoy theire Widdowes Estate, according
to the Custom of the same Manner."
It will thus be seen that the lessee or lord farmer of the manor
could grant an estate to his copyhold or customary tenants greater
in extent than he himself possessed, any grants made during his
lordship, in accordance with the above customs, being binding on
* Later these customary tenants held by copy of Court Roll, and were called
copyholders.
OLD OAK OVERMANTEL IN STRATTON MANOR HOUSE.
MANORS OF StRATTON AND GRIMSTON. 89
his superior lord even after the expiration of his lease of the
Manor.
In 1570, one Angel Smith, who was buried at Stratton in 1626,
and is said to have been lord farmer of the manors of Stratton and
Grimston for 58 years, held the manor as lessee under the
prebendary of Sarum, and subsequently it was held by George
Grey, who married his daughter and co-heiress.
In 1728, George Pitt, in right of his wife, Mrs. Lora Pitt,
daughter and sole heiress of the said George Grey, held the
manor. Mrs. Lora Pitt resided for some years in the old i6th
century manor house below the Church, where is a fine old oak
chimney piece and overmantel, with some Arms carved upon it,
possibly those of the Grey family.
From the Pitt family the leasehold interest in the manors passed
by purchase and regrant in or about the year 1820 to Robert
Pattison, whose only daughter and heiress married the Honble.
Henry Ashley, a younger brother of the great Earl of Shaftes-
bury ; at her death the manors, subject to existing grants, fell
into the hands of the Ecclesiastical Commissioners for England
as representing the superior lord the prebendary of Stratton, of
whom they were purchased by the present owner.
The Manor of Stratton consisted of the demesne or manor
farm, with the manor house, commonable meadows along the
River Frome, open common fields, described as East Field,
Middle Field, and West Field, stretching up the slopes of a hill
inclining towards the south, with common sheep downs beyond.
These common fields were of arable land, and were divided into
long strips, varying from one to two acres and sometimes less in
extent, which were held in severally by different owners, the
only division between them being narrow steps of grass known
as walls or lanchetts. The fields were cultivated by a rotation of
crops determined by the rules of the View of Frank-pledge or
Court Leet, which were founded on immemorial custom.
The tenants held their farms and tenements for two lives and
a widowhood or widowhoods according to the above-mentioned
custom.
90 MANORS OF STRATTON AND GRIMSTON.
The holdings were "livings" or "half-livings"; a whole
living had about 10 acres of land in the common field, not
together, but dotted about in strips of from one to two acres, in
different parts of the field, proportionate shares in the common
meadows, with common rights for two horses, two cows, and
forty sheep. Above the arable land, between it and the common
sheep downs beyond, were small enclosed pasture fields called
" Doles " of from one to two acres each, similar in shape and in
distribution to the strips of land in the common fields. These
had been taken out of the downs, and each copyhold tenant had
a " Dole " in size proportionate to his holding. The meadows
were commonable after the hay had been cut, each tenant being
entitled to take his foreshear or first cut of hay, which had to be
removed before the loth of July in each year.
Most of the strips into which the .meadows were divided were
definitely attached to certain holdings, but some were inter-
changeable and belonged in rotation to 2, 4, 6, or eight different
tenants in successive years.
The lower parts of the arable lands called the hatching ground,
which were both more fertile and nearer the village than the
remaining arable lands, after successive crops of wheat, barley,
&c., were sown with clover or hay, which was fed off by the
combined flocks of sheep belonging to the whole manor, under
the charge of the common shepherd.
The Manor of Grimston was divided up much in the same
way and the customary tenants were governed by similar customs
with those prevailing in the Manor of Stratton.
At each annual Court Baron held with the Court Leet, the
following officers were appointed :
i .The constable, whose duty it was to arrest vagabonds and
night-walkers, distrain on the goods of defaulters, and generally
to preserve the king's peace within the manor.
2. The tything-man or head-borough who summoned the
jurors, served notices, &c.
3. The hay ward, who was responsible for the fences and
hedges, and answerable for stray cattle, &c., which it was his
MANORS OF STRATTOX AND GRIMSTON. 9!
duty to impound, being paid a fee of four pence per head for so
doing.
4. The viewers of fields and tellers of cattle, which appears
to have been a joint appointment, their duties being to see to the
proper rotation of crops, to procure the common bull, and to see
that the number of commonable cattle was not exceeded by any
tenant ; they also had to see that each tenant took his turn in the
repair of the two common bridges, viz., Lacy's bridge and
Hardy's bridge, and that the interchanges of the meadow lands
were properly made.
5. Later there were viewers of chimneys, whose duty it was
periodically to inspect the chimneys of the tenants to see that
they were kept swept and thus lessen the danger of fire which
was so disastrous in a village where all the houses were thatched
and built close together. Thus the interests of both the lord of
the manor and of the village community were duly guarded.
I select the following as being of interest from the numerous
presentments which were from time to time made between the
years 1728 and 1751, when George Pitt and Lora, his wife, were
the lords farmers of the Manor of Stratton, by the jury and
homage at the view of Frank-pledge with the Court Baron of the
said manor :
MANOR OF STRATTON.
IOTH OCTOBER, 1728. Before JAMES SYNDERCOMBE,
Steward.
We present William Churchill of Colliton in or near the parish
of Holy Trinity in Dorchester, in the County of Dorset, Esquire,
as a freehold tenant of this Manor for his land lying in Colliton
aforesaid by the yearly rent of 135 4d and suit of Court, and we
further present that the said William Churchill hath been three
times called in this Court to appear, do his suit and pay his rent
and that he did not appear for which default we amerce him
as 6d.
92 MANORS OF STRATTON AND GRIMST6N.
Same Court. We further present John Bull of Bridport a
freehold tenant of this Manor, for lands at Ozehill in the Parish
of Glanville Wootton, for nonpayment of 203 rent and suit of
Court, and he is amerced 35 6d.
Same Court. We present the right of the Lord of this Manor
at the decease of a Tenant to a Heriot of the best Beast or best
good as due to the Lord of this Manor.
In the adjoining Manor of Bradford Peverell, the lord's right to
a heriot seems to have been presented in much more compre-
hensive terms as follows :
OCTOBER 9x11, XLIL ELIZ. " We do present that uppon the
death of ever)' tenante in possession there is due to the Lorde a
herriotte or herriottes according to theire copies of theire best
quick and living cattell, if they have not cattell then of theire
best goodes to be taken and praised by the homage for the
Lorde, soe that the goodes and cattell soe taken for the
herriottes be the proper goodes of the tenante deceased."
It must have been under some such custom as this the " Pitt "
diamond which had been pledged to a pawnbroker in London
who had a small copyhold tenement in Westmoreland liable to
heriot, was said to have been seized upon his death for the
benefit of the Lord of the Manor.
4-TH OCTOBER, 1733. We present that the ground lying
between Mr. Meech's ground at Bradford Gate, as now enclosed
by Mr. Meech, is an encroachment on this Manor, and that Mr.
Meech for such enclosure, hath usually kept a Bull for the use of
the tenants of the Manor.
3OTH SEPTEMBER, 1734. That David Cashire, a tenant of
this Manor hath depastured upon the commons and wastes
thereof 14 sheep more than he hath a right to common for.
IQTH OCTOBER, 1738. We present and order that the
several tenants of this Manor do appear on the ist day of
November next by 2 o'clock in the afternoon at the pound, to
repair together to view the Bound stones, and strike Land shires
on the penalty of 6s 8d to be forfeited by each person neglecting
to do the same.
MANORS OF STRATTON AND GRIMSTON. 93
Same Court. We present the right of the tenants to cut down
any tree or timber to use about any repairing of Housing and doo
allow to set two trees in the room of the same.
24-TH OCTOBER, 1748. That no tenant shall keep or depas-
ture on the Common or Commonable places of this Manor,
more than 2 rother beasts for every whole place tenement, and
more than 4 rother beasts for every whole place tenement, under
a fine of 203 to the Lady of the Manor.
Same Court. That no person shall keep more than 80 sheep in
a whole place tenement, and 40 sheep in a half place tenement,
on a penalty of 2os to be paid by every defaulter.
I4TH OCTOBER, 1729. We present that the backwater
between Frampton and Grimston is the bounds of each Manor.
27TH OCTOBER, 1749. We present Lacy's bridge to be
made fast by Charles Willis before the 5th November next on the
penalty of 35 4d if he shall neglect to do the same.
2 IST OCTOBER, 1756. We present that the several tenants of
this Manor do cut their Meadow Gaass in the common Meads of
this Manor, by the loth day of July next, and they continue to do
so yearly for 10 years now next coming, under the penalty of 205
for every neglect.
26TH OCTOBER, 1758. That the tenants of this Manor have
a right to as much of the water of the common river leading to
Stratton Mill as will run through 9 holes of an inch diameter
each, bored into the hatches or floodgates now erected or to be
hereafter erected at or near the head of the said Mill, called the
back-hatch.
MANOR OF GRIMSTON.
The presentments of the Jury and Homage made at the
Courts Leet and Courts Baron of this Manor were somewhat
different to those made at the Stratton Manor Courts. I select
a few from the Court Rolls which may be of interest.
IOTH OCTOBER, 1728. We present James Fisher, is a tenant
of this Manor, and owes suit and service to this Court, and
94 MANORS OF STRATTON AND GRIMSTON.
ought to have been here to have done the same, but have made
default, for which default we amerce him 2s 6d.
We present that we may cut timber for sull bote and house
bote, cut one and plant two.
We present that quietly soe, quietly reape and mo we.
We present that Margaret Slowe hath a right to drive Sheep
and Cattle to and from Grimston Common to a close of Meadow
called Smithhams, over the currant called Muckleford Lake,
into Robert Wood's Meadow called Westhams, and from thence
into John Sabins Meadow called also Westhams, and so into the
said Smithams and from thence back again, and that the said
John Sabbin and Robert Wood and others the inhabitants of
Muckleford, have deprived the said Margarett Slowe of
the way by enlarging the said Currant about two foot wider
than it antiently was which was done by cutting Grimston
Common.
IQTH OCTOBER, 1753. We present that the tenants of this
Manor shall go out on the 6th day of March next, and shall dig
and drain the Meadows, for carrying off the water under a
penalty of 6s 8d for every one neglecting.
3RD OCTOBER, 1761. We present that no ducks or geese
shall be kept in the Commons or Commonable places of this
Manor under the penalty of as 6d for each offence.
I2TH OCTOBER, 1781. We present that no pigs run about
the streets or other Commonable places of the said Liberty and
Manor under the penalty of 55.
9TH OCTOBER, 1789. It is agreed that the several tenants of
this Manor do meet in the West Field within this Manor on the
1 4th inst., between 9 and 10 o'clock in the morning, to bound
out the several Lands. And after the same shall be so bounded
out it is ordered that each Tenant leave a Lanchett of a furrow
between his and the adjoining land, under a penalty of 2os for
making default.
The following surnames taken from the earlier Court Rolls of
these Manors may be of interest :
MANORS OF STRATTOX AND GRIMSTOX. 95
Fever or Feaver, Furber, Willis, Groze, Davenish or Devenishe,
Harbin, Billett, Browne, Bagwell, Cosens or Cozens, Green,
Cashire, Churchill, Stroude, Fisher, Hayne, Hardye, Davis,
Bridle, Brett, Chapman, Woolfreys, Tapp, Curme, Gould,
Frampton, Sabine, Pyle or Pye, and Ingram.
The following names of fields mentioned in the various grants
may also be interesting :
Hoggards, Thornhams, Bridghams, and Millhams, Abbot's
Ham, Upper Slight and Lower Slight, Oat Close, Stony Close,
Oxleaze, Lawyer's Ground, Smith's Close, Lord's Mead, Plex
Plot, Wolfehays, East Field, Middle Field and West Field,
Brewers' Ash, Rick Field, Bush Bottom, Hoghill, The Park, the
Quilletts, and Well-Henge Green.
The foregoing is a short description of copyhold tenure as it
existed in this country in the middle ages, with the customs
prevailing in the customary courts of the Manors of Stratton
and Grimston of a later date, and these I think may be taken as
a fair example of the customs obtaining generally in copyhold
manors in this county.
It will be seen that the rise of the copyholder from a state of
uncertainty of tenure to comparative certainty has been very
gradual. In the reign of Edward I. he was a mere "vellein"
attached to the soil and passing with it on sale or alienation
holding his land at the will of the lord by villein service " to
improve for the advantage of the lord." In the reign of Edward
III. his position had become more secure, as the Lord could not
at that time eject his tenant without just cause, as " that he did
not do his services " ; and later on, a certainty of tenure was
given to the copyholder by the judges allowing him an action of
trespass on ejectment by his lord without just cause. Sir
Edward Coke (afterwards Lord Coke), writing in the early part
of the xyth century, says :
" The copy holder now stands upon a sure ground ; now he
weighs not his lord's displeasure, he shakes not at ever}' sudden
blast of wind ; he eats, drinks, and sleeps securely, only having
96 MANORS OF STRATTON AND GRIMSTON.
a special care of the main chance, viz., to perform carefully what
duties and services soever his tenure doth exact and custom doth
require, then let lord frown, the copyholder cares not, knowing
himself safe."
The copyholder, therefore, has now as good a title as the
freeholder, in some respects better, for all transactions relating
to the conveyance of copyhold lands and tenements are entered
in the Court Rolls of the Manor to which they belong, and thus
a record is preserved of the titles of all the tenants.
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PRESENTMENTS OF COURT BARON.
THE MANOR OF STRATTOX. 1838.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE A.
Fig. 1. Trieeris stenaapis, Sim. 2. Eyes from above and behind. 3. Underside
of fore-part of abdomen.
,, 4. Hilaira pervicax, J. E. Hull. Genital aperture.
5. Erigone spinosa, Cambr. Full figure, upper side. 6. Profile of cephalo-
thorax and falces, 7. One of the palpi ; e, characteristic spine
beneath the cubital joint. 8. Palpus of Erigone atra, Bl. ; d,
characteristic spine beneath cubital joint, showing difference from
Fig. 7 e. 9. Profile of female falx. 10. Genital aperture,
female.
,. 11. Cornicularia valida, Jackson. Eyes from above and behind. 12. Profile
of cephalothorax. 13. Genital aperture. 14. Underside of
hinder -part of abdomen.
,, 15. Epeira dromedaria, Walck. Female. 16. Genital process. 17. Ditto
in profile.
,, 18. Epeira agalena, Bl. Male, palpus shewing structure of palpal organs ;
a, b, the two characteristic processes. 19. These two processes
from another point of view. 20 and 21. The same from other
points. 22. Genital process (female).
23. Epeira trigtittata, Jaekson-Kulcz-B6s. Part of male palpus, showing
palpal organs ; a, b, c, the three characteristic processes.
24. Genital process, female. 25. Variety of male. 26. Part of
male palpus, showing the three characteristic processes of the
palpal organs from another point of view.
, , 27. Tarentula miniata, C. L. Koch. Right palpus of male from outer side.
28. Genital aperture, female.
,, 29. Tarentula meridiana, Hahn. Eight palpus of male from outer side.
30. Genital aperture, female.
N.B. The short lines indicate the natural length of the spiders.
PLATE A.
Proc.Dorset,N.H.&AF. Club, Vol.XXK.
6.
27.
g)n
NOTED AND OBSERVED IN 1908.
By Rev. 0. PICKARD-CAMBRIDGE, M.A., F.R.S., &c.
PLATE A.
of our
HAVE no records just now for 1908 on any group of
Arachnids, excepting that of the true spiders
(Order Araneidea) ; but, having had the continued
kind assistance of correspondents, I am able to
note several additions of indigenous species to
our British list and to record the discovery of
another interesting exotic spider inhabiting hot-
houses in Ireland, and allied to those of the
Sub-family Onopincc, recorded in 1908, Vol. XXIX.
Proceedings."
Of the species now added to our list of British spiders the two
most showy and striking in appearance are Epeira dromedaria,
Walckenaer, and Tarantula meridiana, Hahn. The former was
found by Dr. A. R. Jackson, of Chester, at Burnham Beeches,
and is of so very distinct and showy an appearance that one
wonders how it has happened never to have turned up before.
9 8 ON BRITISH ARACHNIDA.
It gives some reason, I think, to conclude that there may be yet
many such additions still to be made by careful collecting, and
more eyes and fingers engaged in the pursuit. The spider under
consideration is a widely distributed and abundant form in
France ; I have received both sexes of it from Guernsey, and the
female from Lisbon. The other species mentioned (Tarentula
meridiana, Hahn) is a good sized representation of the well-
known group of "Wolf- Spiders," of which we see so many
running about upon footpaths, and in woods, pastures, and wastes
in hot sunshine during spring and summer. It is, when its real
colours and markings are seen through spirit of wine (or other
fluid), a variegated and often rather gaily marked spider ; but
when running about it would be almost white from its covering
of short hoary-white hairs, hence one of its synonyms Tarentula
nivalis. This spider was found quite recently near Bexhill in
Sussex, in a woody waste, by Mr. Frank P. Smith, of Islington.
Another addition to our British list arises from the discovery, by
Dr. Jackson, that we have two nearly allied species mixed up
under one name in our collections Epeira triguttata Fabr.-
Cambr. {Epeira agalena, Blackwall). I have come to the
conclusion that the additional species must for the present be
called Epeira triguttata Jackson-Kulcz-Bosenberg ; but the
difficulty in coming to any certain conclusion, owing to the
vague, imperfect, and confused records and descriptions of many
authors extending back from the present time to the days of
Fabricius the latter part of the eighteenth century may be
guessed from the few words of detail appended (postea) to the
record of the spider in the subjoined list, and the note on
Epeira agalena, Blackw. This part of the subject, however, will
probably be of interest to the specialist alone. I will only now
add to these few general observations that the occurrence
mentioned of another exotic spider (Tritcris stenaspis, Sim.)
domiciled in a Dublin hothouse so far bears out the expecta-
tion held out in my communication in Vol. XXIX., p. 163, as
to the continued coming to us of such immigrants in foreign
consignments of plants and fruit, &c. Indeed, within these few
ON BRITISH ARACHXIDA. 99
days past I have received, from a Yorkshire correspondent,
Dr. G. H. Oliver, of Bradford, an adult female of a fine
species of spider Zoropsis maculosa, Cambr., imported among
bananas from the Canary Islands. Of this species I had
received, from another correspondent about three years ago,
several young examples from the same locality, and also in a
package of bananas.
Further information about the Spiders noted in the following
List may be found in "Spiders of Dorset" 1879-81 and in
papers published almost annually since then in the " Proceed-
ings " of our Field Club ; also in " List of Brit, and Irish
Spiders, 1900." I would mention also that an illustrated paper
on some British Spiders (by Dr. A. R. Jackson) has been
recently published (1908) ; and another (by Mr. Frank P. Smith)
in the journal of the Quekett Microscopical Club, November,
1908, Vol. 10, pp. 311-33 4, PI. 25. Dr. Jackson has also more
recently still published a paper on spiders found in 1908, in
" Trans. Nat. His. Soc. Northumberland, Durham, and New-
castle-upon-Tyne," N.S., Vol. III., Part 2.
My best thanks are due to the many friends who have assisted
me in the past year, and at other times, especially to the
following : Dr. A. Randell Jackson, of Chester ; Mr. W. Falconer,
of Linthwaite, near Huddersfield ; Mr. Denis R. Pack-Beresford,
Fenagh House, Bagenalstown, Ireland ; Mr. Horace Donisthorpe,
58, Kensington Mansions, London ; the Rev. J. E. Hull, Nine-
banks Vicarage, Northumberland ; Mr. Frank P. Smith,
15, Cloudesley Place, Islington; Mr. Ruskin Butter field,
Hastings, Sussex ; Mr. T. Stainforth, the Municipal Museum,
Hull ; Mr. G. A. Dunlop, Stockton Heath, Cheshire ; Mr. A. G.
Burton, Goole ; Mr. W. P. Winter, Shipley, Yorkshire ; Dr.
G. H. Oliver, Bradford, Yorkshire ; Mr. Edward Saunders,
F.R.S., Woking; Mr. H. C. Drake, Hull; Mr. George B. Welsh,
Middlesbrough, Yorkshire ; and Dr. Grierson, M.D., Dudley
Street, Grimsby.
100 ON BRITISH ARACHNIDA.
LIST OF
NEW AND RARE BRITISH ARANEIDEA.
Family DYSDERIOE.
Sub.-fam. OONOPIIME.
Gen. TRLERIS, Sim.
Tpiaepis stenaspis, Sim., Pi. A (Figs, i, 2, 3).
Triceris stenaspis, Sim., Hist. Naturelle des Araigne"es,
Vol. I., p. 561, 1892.
Id. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1891,
p. 561.
Jackson, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc.,
Northumberland, Durham, and
Newcastle - upon - Tyne. New
Ser., Vol. III., Part 2, p. 4.
PI. x., Figs. 12, i2a, 12$,
Examples of this species were found in hothouses in
Dublin during the past year (1908) by Mr. Bagnall and
Mr. Denis R. P. Beresford. Up to that time it had not
been noted in the British Islands. It was most probably
introduced among plants or baggage of some kind, and
would thus be a further instance of species of this group
almost certainly brought in this manner into Europe from
exotic regions. (See " List of British Arachnida," Proc.
Dors. N.H. and A.F. Club, Vol. XXIX., p. 165.) This
spider has been recorded from the Island of St. Vincent,
also from Venezuela and the Antilles. It may easily be
distinguished from other species of this group not only by
che position and number of the eyes (Diblemma Donisthorpii,
Cambr.), but by differences in the dorsal and ventral scutae
(Jschnoihyreus velox, Jackson).
ON BRITISH ARACHNIDA. 10 1
Fam. DRASSID^.
Drassus minuseulus, L. Koch.
A male of this very local species was kindly sent to me
from the Camber Rye Sandhills by Mr. Edward Saunders,
F.R.S., in October, 1908.
Prosthesima eleeta, C. L. Koch.
An adult female, found on Saltend Common, near Hull,
was sent to me in May, 1908, by Mr. T. Stainforth. It is a
very local and rare species.
Prosthesima longipes, C. L. Koch.
,, A. R. Jackson, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc.,
Northumberland, Durham, and New-
castle-upon-Tyne. New Ser., Vol.
III., Part 2, p. 1 6.
An adult female, found by Dr. A. R. Jackson at Studland
in June, 1908.
Prosthesima latitans, L. Koch.
A. R. Jackson, I.e. supra, p. 4, PI. x.,
Figs. 1 1, i ia.
Both sexes of this rare species, the males only adult, were
found by Dr. A. R. Jackson at West Wickham, near Bromley,
Kent.
Prosthesima nigrita, Fabr.
An adult female, found by Dr. A. R. Jackson at Richmond
in June, 1908. Though widely distributed, this seems to be
a rare spider.
Clubiona neg-leeta, Cambr.
A widely distributed but rare spider; an adult male
received from Hornsea from Mr. T. Stainforth in June,
1908.
IO2 ON BRITISH ARACHNIDA.
Fam. DICTYNID,E.
Dietyna variabilis, C. L. Koch.
An adult female sent to me from the Isle of Wight in
July, 1908, by Mr. Edward Saunders, F.R.S. ; a very
distinct little spider, and, especially the female, quite
unmistakable. The abdomen yellowish white with a large
central pink spot on the upper side. It would probably be
found much more frequently along our South and South-
western Sea Coast, if worked for.
Protadia subnigra, Cambr.
An adult female from Spurnpoint, on the Eastern Coast,
sent to me by Mr. T. Stainforth.
Fam. AGELENID^E.
Coelotes atropos, Walck.
An adult female, Isle of Man, W. Falconer, September,
1908.
Coelotes teprestris, Wider.
An adult female taken near Scarborough, from Mr. T.
Stainforth, in 1908.
Fam. THERIDIID^E.
Theridiosoma argenteolum, Cambr.
This curious little spider has been met with during the
past year (June, 1908), by Dr. A. R. Jackson, in the New
Forest (in the same spot where I found it rather abundantly
some years ago), along with its snare ; this is of an
imperfect orbicular form, shewing its near relationship to
the Epeiridse.
Robertus negleetus, Cambr.
An adult male received from Mr. T. Stainforth, found in
Yorkshire, in May, 1908.
ON BRITISH ARACHNIDA. 103
Hilaira exeisa, Cambr.
Adults of both sexes received from Ireland; found by
Mr. D. R. Pack-Beresford, in 1908.
Hilaira pervieax, J. E. Hull (Fig. 4).
The females, supposed to be those of Hilaira pervieax,
J. E. Hull (Proc. Dors. F. Club, XXIX., p. 173), turn out
on further research to be those of H. exeisa, Cambr. Rev.
J. E. Hull has lately sent me others which appear to be,
without doubt, those of H. pervieax, and may readily be
distinguished from H. exeisa, by structural peculiarities.
Gen. TMETICUS, Menge.
This genus has long been a kind of refuge for many
spiders, offering obscure and doubtful characters in respect
to their generic allocation. It has been trenched in upon
by various authors, but so far without much certain advance
towards a readily tangible sub-division into true genera : pro-
bably nothing will effect this until much more material is in
hand, embracing both sexes, and a good series of individuals
from the same locality, and also trom many other localities
than those whence examples of the groups have already
come. At any rate this much may be, I think, considered
certain, that there is only one spider as yet known that can
be considered a true type of the genus, and that is the one
noted below as Tmeticus affinis, Blackw. Of those of the
general group, Tmeticus, Auctt., I have at times gathered
some together under some of the genera proposed for them
by Kulczynski, Dahl, and other authors, but, excepting most
of those retained or placed in Dahl's Genus, Centromerus,
my allocations have, I confess, been made more from a
certain practical convenience in breaking up a heterogeneous
group, than from feeling any certainty as to their real
scientific propriety.
104 ON BRITISH ARACHNIDA.
Tmeticus affinis, Blackw.
Neriene affinis, Blackw., Spid. Great Brit, and Ireland,
p. 259, PI. xviii., Fig. 175 (1864).
Tmeticus leptocaulis, Menge, Preuss. Spinnen, p. 185,
PI. 35, Tab. 85, 1866.
Examples of this species were received from Hornsea,
sent to me by Mr. T. Stainforth in June, 1908. It is widely
distributed, but has as yet turned up very sparingly where
found.
Gen. MENGEA, F. O. P.-Cambridge (for
Pedina, Menge, pre-occupied) = Tmeticus,
Cambr., ad partem.
Mengea Warburtonii, Cambr.
This species has been recently met with in East Yorkshire
by Mr. W. Falconer.
Gen. OREONETA, Kulcz = Tmeticus, Cambr.,
ad partem.
Oreoneta fortunatus, Cambr.
A rare and very distinct species (see lists in several past
vols. of Proc. Dors. N.H. and A.F. Club), confined, as at
present known, to S. Dorset. It will hardly retain its
position in the genus Oreoneta when its characters have been
more closely studied. An adult male and female were
found at Bloxworth on iron railings in October, 1908, and
adult females running on the ground on June loth, and
22nd on walls at Bloxworth Rectory.
Gen. CENTROMERUS, Dahl. = Tmeticus,
Cambr., ad partem.
Centromerus rivalis, Cambr.
Adults of both sexes were received from the Rev. J. E.
Hull, Northumberland, in May, 1908.
ON BRITISH ARACHNIDA. 105
Centromerus areanus, Cambr.
Adults of both sexes received in May, 1908, from Mr. W.
Falconer from near Huddersfield.
Centromerus prudens, Cambr.
Received from Snowdon and from Snaefell (Cumberland)
in 1908 from Dr. A. R. Jackson.
Mieroneta saxatilis, Blackw.
Microneta passiva, Cambr., female (non male), Proc.
Dors. N.H. and A.F. Club, XXVII., pp. 77, 89.
The female, described I.e. supra and supposed to be that
of M. passiva, Cambr., turns out to be that of M. saxatilis,
Blackw.
Microneta viaria, Bl.
Microneta Nicholsonii, Cambr., Bull. Roy. Bot. Gardens,
Kew. Additional Series V., 1906, p. 58.
Comparison with a long series of females of Micronela
viaria, Bl., has convinced me that M. Nicholsonii, Cambr.
(from Kew Gardens), is an unusually developed female of
the former species, which is an abundant and generally
distributed form.
Gongylidiellum vivum, Cambr.
An adult female received in July, 1908, from Mr. D. R. P.
Beresford, by whom it was found in Ireland.
Gongylidiellum mureidum, Sim.
Dr. A. R. Jackson met with adult males in my original
locality in the New Forest, in June, 1908. One British record
only existed, previously to my meeting with both sexes in
the Forest in June, 1895, of an adult male, Wicken Fen,
Cambridgeshire, some years previously. The occurrence of
the female also, in the Forest in June, 1895, was accident-
ally omitted in my note in Proc. Dors. N.H. and F. Club,
1895, p. 125. Probably a little assiduous collecting would
Io6 ON BRITISH ARACHNIDA.
turn it up in fair abundance in the swampy situations
mentioned, and, perhaps, in others of a similar kind.
Epigone spinosa, Cambr., PL A. (Figs. 5, 6, 7, 9, 10).
Erigone spinosa, Cambr., " Naturalist," October,
1908, p. 378, Figs. A., B., C., D.
This very characteristic species has again been met with
in the neighbourhood of Hull since my notice of it (Proc.
Dors. N.H. and A.F. Club XXIX., p. 175). I now add
figures of both sexes. The female, not before described, is
less brightly coloured than the male ; there is a row of small
spiniform tubercles along the outer side of the falces, but
these are inconspicuous compared with their great develop-
ment in the male. The genital aperture is of a very distinct
form from all the rest of the British species, though of
somewhat obscure structure.
Epigone aretica, White-Cambr.
Adults of both sexes occurred near Sunderland, where
they were found and sent to me by the Rev. J. E. Hull ; I
have also received it from Ireland, from Mr. D. R. P.
Beresford.
Styloetetop inuneans, Sim.
An adult male of this rare species was found by Mr.
Edward Saunders, on the Rye Sandhills, and kindly sent to
me by him in October, 1908.
Lophoeapenum stpamineum, Menge.
An adult male received from Ireland from Mr. D. R. P.
Beresford (see Dors. F. Club Proc. XVIII. , p. 131).
Cnephaloeotes incupvatus, Cambr.
Tapinocyla incurvata, Cambr., Brit, and Irish Spid.,
p. 48, 1900.
An adult male was sent to me from near Sunderland, in
the autumn of 1908, by the Rev. J. E. Hull. Although this
is a strikingly distinct species, the difficulty of allotting it to
ON BRITISH ARACHNIDA. 107
its right position, genetically speaking, is very considerable.
The above is only the second record of this rare spider.
Cornieularia valida, A. R. Jackson (Figs, u, 12, 13, 14).
Cornicularia valida, A. R. Jackson, Trans. Nat. Hist.
Soc., Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-
upon-Tyne, New Ser., Vol. III., Part 2., p. 7,
PI. x., Fig. 10.
A species new to science, allied to Cornicularia umcorms,
Cambr., but much longer, and its caput more strongly
granulose on the thorax and sternum. The cephalothorax
is black-brown, caput smooth, and the sides of the thorax
coarsely granulose and rugulose. The abdomen is jet
black, the legs bright rich orange-red, and with the palpi
are furnished with hairs only. The eyes of the hind-
central pair are closer together than each is to the hind-
lateral on its side. Underneath the abdomen at some little
distance from the spinners is a transverse slightly curved slit,
probably leading to spiracular organs. The genital aperture,
though bearing some resemblance to that of C. tinicorm's, is
distinctly narrower at its posterior extremity than in that
species.
The example above described was kindly sent to me by
Dr. A. R. Jackson, by whom it was found near Chester
in 1908.
Panamomops bicuspis, Cambr.
An adult male taken at Scarborough by Mr. Henry C.
Drake, of Hull, was sent to me in May, 1908, by Mr. T.
Stainforth.
Fam. EPEIRID.ffi.
Eugnatha striata, L. Koch.
An immature male received from Mr. D. R. P. Beresford,
found in Ireland (at Ballysadare, County Sligo), some years
ago. The only previous records of this species are Ware-
ham, Dorset, 1894, and Sutton Broad, Norfolk, 1906.
Io8 ON BRITISH ARACHNIDA.
r
Sing-a sang-uinea, C. L. Koch.
Adult females were found by Dr. A. R. Jackson in the
New Forest in June, 1908.
Epeira ang-ulata, Clk,
An adult male of this fine species was found and kindly
sent to me by Mr. Eustace Bankes from near Corfe Castle,
Dorset, in July, 1907. It is found also, though rarely, in
old fir plantations between Bloxworth and Wareham, but is
fairly numerous in the New Forest, between Brockenhurst
and Lyndhurst, on low trees and stunted bushes.
Epeira agalena, Bl. (Figs. 18, 19, 20, 21, 22).
Epeira agalena, Bl., Spid. G.B. and Ir., p. 334, PI.
XXIV., Figs. 242, a, b, c, d, e, f.
tnguttata, Fabr.-Cambr., List of Spiders of
G.B. and Ir., p. 57.
Araneus Slurmii, Jackson-Kulcz.-Bosenberg. Trans.
Nat. Hist. Soc., Northumberland,
Durham, and Newcastle-upon-
Tyne. New Ser., Vol. III., Part
2, p. ii, PL x, Fig. 7-7d.
Dr. A. R. Jackson has discovered that we have two species
mixed up in our collections under the name of Epeira
agalena, Bl. (E. triguttata, Fabr.-Cambr.). In accordance
with the opinion of M. Simon, obtained many years ago, I
concluded (in my " List of Spiders of Great Britain and
Ireland, 1900 ") Mr. Blackwall's species to be the Epeira
triguttata of Fabricius, but this has now, in the presence of
two species (which we certainly appear to possess), to
be reconsidered. There is no doubt whatever but that
Mr. Blackwall was acquainted with only one form. I
have the type specimens from which his figures and des-
criptions were drawn and described. In the form which
Mr. Blackwall describes he says of the male that " the
" palpal organs have a bilobed process on the under side ;
" one of these lobes is directed outwards, and is terminated
ON BRITISH ARACHNIDA. 109
" by three pointed spines of unequal length ; the other lobe
" is contiguous to the inferior margin of the joint, and is
" terminated by a prominent slightly-curved pointed spine."
With this the figure in his plate of those organs exactly
agrees. In the other form, which we now conclude to be
a distinct species, the " bilobed process " described by
Mr. Blackwall is present, and near to it is another con-
spicuous and prominent, but less in size and terminating in
a curved pointed spine. The two forms are strikingly
similar in general colour and pattern, though both exhibit
variations, and hitherto I have myself found all attempts
to differentiate them satisfactorily by mere colours and
markings out of the question. So far as respects the males.
With regard to the females, we also find mixed up with this
sex in our collections two fairly differentiated forms. Mr.
Blackwall gives no figure of the critical point of structure
in that sex, but describes it in terms which apply well to his
type, which type agrees also with the female of E. Sturmii,
Jackson-Kul.-B6s. It would be not only satisfactory, but
most interesting, to find out which of the two forms I have
mentioned was probably that described as E. triguttata by
Fabricius, but this is, I think, out of the question, owing to
the brevity and vagueness of his description and to the
non-existence of any type of his species ; and, although
M. Simon describes two forms in his "Araneides de
France," one of which he considers to be that of Fabricius,
he gives no certain differentiation of the palpal organs of
the respective males. One of his forms he calls E. triguttata,
Fabr., the other E. Sttirmii, Hahn. Of all the other Con-
tinental authors I have been able to consult none give us
any real assistance, excepting two quite recent arachnolo-
gists, Prof. Lladislas Kulczynski and Herr Bosenberg.
These authors figure the palpal organs of their two forms
of the male and of the genital aperture and its process
(epigyne) of the respective females, but on what grounds
they have thus allocated the sexes of the two forms we are
110 ON BRITISH ARACHNIDA.
not told, though doubtless they are right ; and it may be
remarked that the figures given (Araneides de France,
PI. II., Vol. I., Figs. 1,2) by M. Simon correspond respec-
tively with those of the epigyne in each as figured by
Kulczynski and Bosenberg. The second form figured and
recorded by Kulczynski and Bosenberg is called by them
Epeira triguttata, Fabr., and appears to agree with the other
form which we now conclude to be hitherto unrecorded in
Britain as a separate species. Whether it is the true
E. triguttata, Fabr., or not it seems impossible, as I have
above observed, as yet to decide with certainty ; or whether
the other species those authors figure is Epeira Slurtnii,
Hahn., or not is equally, or even, it seems to me, more
doubtful. All that is certain is that one of our British forms
is Epeira agalena, Bl. Perhaps the best course to adopt at
present is to record the one we have found to be mixed
up in England with E. agalena as Epeira trigutlala, Jackson-
Kulcz. -Bosenberg. All of the authors I have consulted,
excepting the two specially mentioned above and M. Simon,
include Epeira Sturmii, Hahn., as a synonym of E. triguttata,
Fabr., or of E. agalena, Bl., or of both.
Epeira triguttata, Jackson-Kulcz-Bosenberg (Figs. 23, 24,
25, 26).
Araneus Iriguttatus, Jackson-Kul-Bos., Trans. Nat.
Hist. Soc., Northumberland,
Durham, and Newcastle-upon-
Tyne. New Sen, Vol. III.,
Part 2, PI. x., Figs. 6, 6a, b, c, d.
To what has been said in respect to the preceding
species, E. agelena, BL, it need only be added here that
the two fofms appear to be about equally abundant in
Dorset and widely distributed, though, perhaps, rather
local. Among examples of the newly-recorded form I have
some males marked on the upper side at the fore extremity
with three large well defined white spots in the form of a
ON BRITISH ARACHXIDA. Ill
triangle. This variety, I have before noted (Proc. Dors.
X.H. and A.F. Club, 1905, Vol. XXVI., p. 54), as most
probably identical with Epeira signata, Bl.
Epeira dromedapia, Walck (Figs. 15, 16, 17).
Epfira dromedaria, Walck., Simon, Les Arachn. de
France I., p. 62, 1871.
Araneus dromedarius, Walck., A. R. Jackson, I.e. supra,
p. 9, PI. x., Fi^s. 8, 8a.
Adult females of this fine species were found at Burnham
Beeches, in June, 1908, by Dr. A. R. Jackson, and had been
up to that time unrecorded as British. I have received both
sexes from Guernsey from Mr. E. W. Marquand, and the
female from Lisbon ; it is also said to be abundant and
widely distributed in France. It may, perhaps, be a local
spider in Great Britain, but possibly a little careful work in
the locality mentioned would turn it up in fair numbers.
It can hardly be mistaken for any other known British
species, both its form and markings being so very distinct
and characteristic.
Fam.
Xysticus luetuosus, Black\v.
Adult females were received in July, 1908, from Dr.
Grierson, by whom they were found near Grimsby, Lincoln-
shire.
Philodpomus emarginatus. Schrank.
Philodromus limatipes, Cambr., Spid. Dors., pp. 334
and 538 ; Proc. Dors. F.
Club, XIV., p. 1 6 1.
It has been long known to me that these two species
were identical, but the record of this identity has been until
now inadvertently omitted in past records of British spiders.
It is a very distinct and widely distributed spider, having
been found both in Scotland and in Hampshire and Dorset
on the lower branches of Scotch firs.
112 ON BRITISH ARACHNIDA.
Fam. LYCOSID^S.
Dolomedes fimbriatus, Walck.
Adults of both sexes of this large and showy spider were
found abundantly in a ditch on the borders ol a swamp at
Hyde, near Bloxworth, in June, 1908, by Dr. A. R. Jackson.
Tarentula miniata, C. L. Koch (Figs. 27, 28).
An adult male received from Mr. G. A. Dunlop, by whom
it was found at Highton, Lancashire ; also adult females in
October, 1908, from Mr. Edward Saunders, from the
Camber Rye Sandhills, Sussex.
Tarentula meridiana, Hahn (Thorell Syn., Europ. Spid.,
p. 274). (Figs. 29, 30.)
Tarentula nemoralis, Westr., Araneae Suecica, p. 472.
F. P. Smith, Journ., Quekett
Microscopical Club, 1907, p.
185, and 1908, p. 320.
,, nivalis, C. L. Koch., Die Arachn., xiv., p.
119, pi. xiv.,, fig. 1409-1410.
Both sexes of this interesting addition to our List of
British Spiders were received in 1908 from Mr. F. P. Smith,
who found them in a wood and on wastes near Bexhill,
Sussex.
The species is very closely allied to T, miniata, C. L.
Koch, but it is usually less distinct and bright in its
markings, and appears to frequent a different habitat, the
latter being, so far as my experience goes, found on dry,
bare, and sandy spots, while T. meridiana appears to inhabit
more commonly woodland and \vaste regions. Dr. Thorell
gives it as identical with Tarentula niralis, C. L. Koch,
a species I met with frequently in Alpine regions on the
Continent, on wooded slopes and banks and wastes by
streams and rivers. The examples received from Sussex
agree structurally, as well as in other respects, with the
ON BRITISH ARACHNIDA. 113
examples I met with in those localities, and also with
German types of T. ntvah's, C. L. Koch, received many years
ago from Dr. Ludwig Koch.
Lycosa Purbeckensis, F. O. P.-Cambr.
An adult male was received from near Hull, from Mr. T.
Stainforth in May, 1908.
Fam. SALTICID^.
Hyetia Nivoyi, Lucas.
Adults of both sexes were received from Saltend
Common, near Hull, from Mr. T. Stainforth, in May, 1908,
and from the Camber Rye Sandhills, where they were found
by Mr. Edward Saunders. Mr. W. Falconer tells me he has
also met with it in East Yorkshire in 1908.
Saltieus fopmicarius, Walck.
Immature examples were sent to me from Sandown, in
the Isle of Wight, by Mr. H. Donisthorpe in September,
1908, and Mr. F. P. Smith records it also from the Isle of
Wight (Journ. of the Quekett Microscopical Club, 1907, p.
181, and 1908, p, 319).
LIST OF ARACHNIDA
(In the foregoing pages with references to page and Plate A],
'riaeris stenaspis, Simon p. 100. PL A. Figs, i, 2, 3.
Drassus minusculus, L. Koch p. 101.
^rosthesima electa, C. L. Koch p. 101.
,, longipes, C. L. Koch p. 101.
latitans, L. Koch p. 101.
,, nigrita, Fab. p. 101.
lubiona neglecta, Cambr. p. 101.
114 ON BRITISH ARACHNIDA.
Dictyna variabilis, C. L. Koch p. 102.
Protadia subnigra, Cambr. p. 102.
Coelotes atropos, Walck. p. 102.
terrrestris, Wider. p. 102.
Theridiosoma argenteolum, Cambr. p. 102.
Robertus neglectus. Cambr. p. 102.
Hilaira excisa, Cambr. p. 103.
pervicax, J. E. Hull p. 103. PI. A. Fig. 4.
Tmeticus affinis, Blackw. p. 104.
Mengea Warburtonii, Cambr. p. 1 04.
Oreoneta fortunatus, Cambr. p. 104.
Centromerus rivalis, Cambr. p. 104.
,, arcanus, Cambr. p. 105.
prudens, Cambr. p. 105.
Microneta saxatilis, Blackw. p. 105.
passiva, Cambr. p. 105.
,, viaria, Blackw. p. 105.
,, Nicholsonii, Cambr. p. 105.
Gongylidiellum vivum, Cambr. p. 105.
murcidum, Simon p. 105.
Erigone spinosa, Cambr. p. 106.
,, arctica, White-Cambr. p. 106.
Styloctetor inuncans, Simon p. 106.
Lophocarenum stramineum, Menge p. 106.
Cnephalocotes incurvatus, Cambr. p. 106.
Cornicularia valida, A. R. Jackson,
sp. n. p. 107. PI. A. Figs. 11-14.
Panamomops bicuspis, Cambr. p. icy.
Eugnatha striata, L. Koch p. 107.
Singa sanguinea, C. L. Koch p. 108.
Epeira angulata, Clerck. p. 108.
agalena, Blackw. p. 108. PI. A. Figs. 18-22.
triguttata, Jackson-Kulcz-
Bosenberg p. no. PI. A. Figs. 23-26.
dromedaria, Walck. p. in. PI. A. Figs. 15-17.
Xysticus luctuosus, Blackw. p. in.
ON BRITISH ARACHNIDA. 115
Philodromus lineatipes, Cambr. p. in.
,, emarginatus, Schrank. p. in.
Dolomedes fimbriatus, Walck. p. 112.
Tarentula miniata, C. L. Koch. p. 112. PI. A. Figs. 27-28.
meridiana, Hahn. p. 112. PI. A. Figs. 29-30.
Lycosa Purbeckensis, F. O. P.-
Cambr. p. 113.
Hyctia Nivoyi, Luc. p. 113.
Salticus formicarius, Walck. p. 113.
on tlpe porsef
By the Rev. E. F. LINTON, M.A.
(Read Feb. ISth, 1909. )
II.
HIS paper forms a continuation of that in the
preceding Volume (Vol. XXIX., p. 14), and deals
with the Monocotyledones and the Vascular
Cryptogams. For the sake of uniformity the
nomenclature is still taken from the ninth edition
of the London Ca/atogue, though a tenth edition
has since appeared, with (unfortunately for
students in botany who long for finality) many more changes
in familiar names. The districts of the county are lettered as
before, in conformity with the Dorse/ Flora, and the collector's
name is added after the locality, where it is other than that of
the present writer.
Neottia Nidus-avis, Rich. F. Woodland, Bonslea Chase,
Okeford Hill. Kingston Lacy Park, in the belt of woodland
skirting the northern side ; frequent in the belt of woodland to
the east and N.E. of St. Giles' Park ; " Hyles' " on the southern
borders of Edmondsham. Lis/era ovata, R. Br. D. Lytchett
Matravers ; near Sherford Bridge, F. Shapwick ; abundant and
NOTES ON THE DORSET FLORA. liy
very fine in the belt round Kingston Lacy Park ; Westley Wood ;
High Wood ; by Crichel Pond. G. Langton Wood, Rev. W. M.
Rogers. Creech Grange ; Kingston-; Rempstone ; Woolgarston.
Spiranthes atitumnalis, Rich. F. Talbot Churchyard ; field
near the gamekeeper's cottage, Edmondsham, and in a field
between Edmondsham and Venvood ; also near Mount Pleasant,
Woodlands. G. Near Corfe Castle, both west and east.
Cephalanthera ensifolia, Rich. F. I have looked for this in
flower in vain in the Creech Hill plantation, but have seen two
or three plants in leaf at one spot, which I take to be this
species ; the wood abounds in C. pa/lens, Rich. (White Helle-
borine), which grows here to a great size ; the latter also occurs
in small quantity at the base of Hod Hill. Epipactis latifoh'a,
All. F. At the same spot below Hod Hill ; plantation on the
borders of Edmondsham, and also by a shady roadside near
Westworth Farm. E. palusiris, Crantz. F. In a wet meadow
by the Cran near Edmondsham. This is some miles north of
the only other record for this district, an old and very vague one
by Pulteney. It is stated by Wise (quoted in the Flora of Hants]
to be plentiful near Fordingbridge, but I have not succeeded in
finding the locality, which might quite possibly be in Dorset.
Orchis pyramidalis, L. F. Near Castle Hill, and plentiful
along the margins of the lane from Edmondsham to St. Giles
and of the Wimborne to Cranborne road near where it crosses
the lane ; by a chalk-pit between Shapwick and Kingston Lacy.
G. Dancing Ledge. 0. ustulala, L. Blagdon Down, near
Cranborne. O. Morio, L. D. Wareham. F. Plentiful in several
fields about Edmondsham, and remarkable for the great variety
of colour from deep purple to pure white, and of the markings
on the lower lip, in a field of rather light soil near Westworth
Farm. G. Stoborough. 0. incarnaia, L. F. Near Wareham
and E. of Wareham Station. F. Half-a-mile S. of Broadstone ;
Witchampton ; Edmondsham; by the R. Cran, S.E. of Cran-
borne. G. Bushey ; Godlingston Heath. O. lat/folia, L. D.
Wareham ; East Morden, Sherford Brook. E. Shillingston. F.
Heath near Wallis Down ; Broadstone ; Cow Grove, Wimborne ;
Il8 NOTES ON TriE DORSET FLORA.
High Hall ; Shapwick ; Woolbridge, and along the Peat Moors
River ; Edmondsham. G. Swanage ; Corfe Castle ; Wool-
garston ; Arne. This species is commoner than the Flora of
Dorset leads one to suppose.
O. maculata, L., and O. ericeiorum, Linton, have in the past
been united under the former name as the Spotted Orchis, but
are now placed in the new edition of the London Catalogue as
separate species. O. maculafa, L., has generally rather broader
leaves and an ovate-cylindrical spike ; the lip is divided in three
subequal deltoid lobes, of which the middle lobe is slightly the
longest. Its habitat is in open woods, waysides, and banks,
chalk downs, &c. No localities are given in the Flora, and I
have few notes of this segregate, which is probably well
distributed and fairly common, except in the heath districts. D.
Morden. E. Compton Abbas. F. Badbury Rings ; Shapwick ;
W. M. Rogers. Westley Wood ; Hemsworth Down ; Crichel ;
Verwood ; Sutton Holms ; Edmondsham ; near Stourpaine and
Bonslea Chase. G. Swanage and near Langton Wood, W. M.
Rogers. Woolgarston ; Corfe Castle. O. ericetonim, Linton.
This begins flowering two or three weeks before the last species,
soon after the middle of May in an average season. Its leaves
are rather narrow and often recurved in the upper part ; the lip
of the flower is broadly expansive and unequally divided ; the
side lobes are broad, crenate, seldom pointed ; the mid-lobe is
small, triangular, scarcely as long as the prominent side lobes,
and, being usually more or less recurved, looks shorter than it
really is. This species occurs freely in the moister parts of
heaths and in boggy meadows, and avoids the chalk and all stiff
soil. Several localities were given in a former paper. I add F.
Moist meadows, Edmondsham ; moist pasture of a fibrous soil
near Sutton Holms, but in St. Giles Parish. O. ericetorum x
latifolia. F. Two wet meadows near the R. Cran, Edmondsham,
where both species grow together.
Ophrys api'Jera, Huds., Bee Orchis. F. By a chalk-pit near
Holwell, Cranborne, and in a rough pasture near Castle Hill, in
Edmondsham. G. Near Chapman's Pool ; near Norden Farm,
NOTES ON TlHE DORSET FLORA. 119
Corfe Castle ; Ulwell. Habenaria conopsea, Benth. F. Witch-
ampton ; rough pasture between Edmondsham and Woodlands.
G. Rempstone ; Godlingstone Heath. H. bifoh'a, R. Br. F.
Moist side of railway, Goatham. H. chloroleuca, Ridley. F.
Woods in Edmondsham and St. Giles ; copse near Boveridge ;
Sutton Holms ; High Wood ; Dairy Wood. G. Woolgarston.
Iris fxlidissima, L. Frequent on calcareous soils, absent from
the heathland. C. Preston. F. Shapwick ; abundant in the
belt around Kingston Lacy Park ; High Wood ; Hemsworth ;
Mange Wood ; Queen's Copse ; Edmondsham ; Cranborne. G.
Studland ; Creech Grange ; Woolgarston ; Kingston ; Encombe.
Narcissus Pseudo-narcissus, L., Common Daffodil. D. Lytchett
Matravers, abundant in woods and pastures. F. Copse S. of
Wimborne ; woodland and pasture, Edmondsham. G. Wyck,
L. V. Lester-Garland, Esq. Galanthus nivalis, L., Snowdrop.
F. Bushy field border, Edmondsham, where it may be native.
Leucojum ccstivum, L., Snowflake. Wet coppice, Shapwick,
where it was pointed out by the late Rev. R. P. Murray.
Tamus communis, L. Local rather than " generally dis-
tributed." I never saw it on the heathland. D. Aimer to East
Mordcn ; Sherford Brook ; Lytchett Minster. F. Hampreston ;
near White Mills ; Bailey Gate ; Kingston Lacy ; Hemsworth ;
Dairy Wood ; West Moors and Cross Keys ; Holt; Woolbridge ;
P'dmondsham. G. Studland ; Swanage, W. M. Rogers. Near
Corfe Castle ; Woolgarston.
Ruscus aculeaiits, L. Butcher's Broom. F. Hemsworth ; West
Moors ; Woodlands ; Edmondsham ; Cranborne and Boveridge.
In the latter neighbourhood berries arc very infrequent, though
the female plant abounds ; infertile perhaps from the absence of
the staminiferous plant, which has not yet been detected.
Asparagus officitialis, L. F. Miss K. G. Firbank reported this
plant in plenty on Poole Harbour sandbanks; recorded in 1799
by Pultcney. All him rincale, L. In its common form var.
compacluin. D. Lytchett Minster churchyard. F. Railway banks
N. of Bailey Gate ; King's Down ; Edmondsham, hedge banks
on the side towards St. Giles'. G. Scotland Farm, near Corfe
120 NOTES ON THE DORSET FLORA.
Castle ; both sides of Ballard Down. Var. bulbiferurn, Syme,
bearing some flowers as well as bulbils. F. Grassy bank near
the shore of the harbour, Tattenham, Longfleet. - A. arsinum, L.
Plentiful in some districts, but local ; absent from the heath
country ? F. In a copse near Bradford Farm, abundant ;
Edmondsham, frequent ; Horton. G. Rempstone ; Knowle
Hill. Ornithogalum umbellatum, L. D. N. to N.E. of Wareham.
F. Pasture near Longfleet Church. Tulipa sylvestris, L. In a
field at Melbury Osmunde, where some old inhabitants said
" it always grew there." Miss K. E. Weatherley. Narthecium
Osst/ragum, Huds. D. Heaths N.W. and E. of Wareham;
Lytchett Minster. F. Boggy drain, Talbot Heath to Newtown,
abundant ; near the railway, Wimborne to Broadstone, and West
Moors to Verwood, frequent ; Goatham. G. Corfe Castle.
Juncus squarrosus, L. D. N.W. and E. of Wareham ; Lytchett
Minster ; Morden Decoy. F. Talbot Heath, near Bournemouth ;
Upton ; West Moors ; Woolbridge ; Goatham. G. Corfe Castle
and near the Corfe river ; Rempstone. J '. Gerardi, Loisel.
D. Hamworthy ; Lytchett Minster ; Wareham, by the harbour,
and Keysworth. J. effusus x glaucus (J. diffusns, Hoppe). F.
Bailey Gate ; meadow between Shapwick and Spetisbury ; by the
Peat Moors River; rough wet pasture, Edmondsham. G. Near
Scotland Farm, Corfe Castle. /. maritimus, Lam. D. Marshes
from Hamworthy Junction to Lytchett Minster. J. supinus,
Mcench, var. Kochii, Bab. F. Boggy stream feeding the Coy
Pond, Talbot Heath. G. Corfe to Wareham. J. obtusiflorus,
P'hrh. F. Wet meadow by R. Cran, on the borders of Edmond-
sham. J, acutiflorus x lamprocarpus. G. Littlesea. Luzula ver-
nah's, DC. D. Lytchett Matravers ; copse N. of East Morden.
F. Westley Wood and Foxholes near Bailey Gate ; High Wood ;
Dairy Wood ; Hemsworth ; Crichel ; Woodlands ; Edmondsham.
G. Rempstone. L. maxima, DC. D. Abundant in copse N. of
East Morden. F. Foxholes Wood, near Bailey Gate ; Castle
Hill Wood, Edmondsham. G. Corfe Castle ; Rempstone.
Typha latifolia, L. Reedmace. D. Sherford Brook ; Lytchett
Minster; near Wareham. F. Branksome Chine; pond in the
NOTES ON THE DORSET p'LORA. 121
grounds long occupied by Mr. Blanchard at Parkstone ; West
Moors ; Woolbridge ; brickyard by Venvood Station ; Witch-
ampton. G. Corfe Castle; Littlesea. Mr. Blanchard could
remember his pond being made, and of course at first there was
no Typha, nor was it ever planted there. By 1897 it filled one-
third of the pond, and gave cover for two or three moorhens'
nests. How did it get there ? No doubt isolated ponds get
their waterweeds often in the first place by seeds conveyed in
the mud attached to the feet of water fowl. Sparganium
ramosum, Huds. F. West Moors ; by the R. Cran, between
Cranborne and Verwood. G- Stoborough meadows ; Corfe
Castle.- S. simplex, Huds. D. Wareham. F. Wimborne to
Canford ; West Moors and Cross Keys ; Goatham. G.
Stoborough meadows.
Altsma P/aniago, L. (Water Plantain), var. lanceolatum, Afz.
F. Pool near N.W. corner of Poole Harbour ; i.e., near Ham-
worthy Junction. A. ranunculoides, L. D. Lytchett Minster;
Sherford Brook ; Wareham. F. Lower Barnsley ; Woolbridge ;
Peat Moors R. G. Creech, W. M. Rogers.
Triglochin paluslre, L. D. Lytchett Minster. F. Cow Grove,
near Wimborne ; near High Hall ; valley of R. Cran, in and
near Edmondsham. G. Corfe Castle and Scotland Farm. 7'.
maritimum, L. D. Keysworth ; Wareham, near the harbour;
Lytchett Minster. F. By Poole Park ; Poole to Creekmoor.
G. By the Corfe River; Arne ; Winspit. Poiamogeton crispus, L.
F. Near Bailey Gate Station ; Kingston Lacy ; West Moors ;
Cross Keys. G. Corfe Castle. P. densus, L. Leigh Common,
W. M. Rogers. Kingston Lacy ; Lower Barnsley. G. R. Frome,
Wareham ; Corfe Castle. P. actttifolius, Link. G. Stoborough
meadows, where it was much finer than in the well-known
station on the N. side of Wareham in District D. Zannichellia
palustris, L. F. Edmondsham, in a small stream, where it has
more than one year been seen in flower before the end of March !
Cypeius fuscu s, L. D. The locality for this very rare plant is
given in the first list of Addenda in the Flora, viz., Bere Regis,
and the first record is attributed to " Mansel-Pleydell, 1893." I
122 NOTES ON THE DORSET FLORA.
believe Mr. Mansel-Pleydell hoped to bring out the Flora in
that year, and wrote this list of Addenda I. in that expectation ;
but the publication was delayed till 1895, and meanwhile this
species and some of the others that have the same heading were
recorded in 1893 in the Journal of Botany. C. fuscus occurred
not only at Bere Regis, but at a marshy spot a mile or more
down the valley. Eleocharis multicauh's, Sm. D. Lytchett
Minster ; Morden Decoy. F. Wallis Down ; near Creekmoor ;
Cow Grove, Wimborne ; Uddens ; West Moors ; Witchampton ;
Crichel Pond ; Vervvood Common. G. By Little Sea ; Corfe
Castle. Scirpus fluitans, L. Common in heath districts, local
elsewhere. D. Lytchett Minster; E. and N.E. of Wareham
Station ; Morden Decoy. F. Branksome Chine ; Parkstone ;
near Creekmoor ; West Moors ; Holt ; East Moors River ;
Verwood ; Goatham. G. Stoborough ; Bushey ; Corfe Castle ;
Little Sea. S. cernuus, Vahl. (6. Savii, Seb. and Maur.). D.
Salt marsh a little to the west of Hamworthy Junction. F.
Shore between Poole and Creekmoor, abundant. G. Studland,
plentiful in wet lane leading down to the shore ; mouth of
Corfe River. .S. se/aceus, L. F. Parkstone ; Sutton Common ;
Edmondsham, in springy spots in a field known as " Hyles " and
another field sloping towards the R. Cran. G. Corfe Castle.
6". Tabernaemontani, Gmel. D. Hamworthy Junction ; Lytchett
Minster ; Keysworth and E. of Wareham towards the harbour.
F. Between Sterte and Creekmoor, near Poole. G. Mouth of
Corfe River, abundant. 6". maritimus, L. Lytchett Minster;
Keysworth. E. Usually a seaside Clubrush, this species is in
some abundance in the Stour near the bridge at Sturminster
Newton. F. Abundant about half-way between Sterte and
Creekmoor, on the shore of Poole Harbour. It also occurs
several miles inland in brickyard pools by Verwood Station. G.
Mouth of Corfe River. 6". sylvaticus, L. F. Wet thickety
meadowland by the Cran between Cranborne and Verwood.
Eriophonim vagina I urn, L., reported in the Flora (p. 291) as
growing within a few yards over the county border near Bourne-
mouth, was an error ; starved E. angtistifolium, Roth, having been
NOTES ON THE DORSET FLORA. 123
mistaken for it by the friend who reported it. E. gracile, Koch.
G. Besides the boggy south end of Littlesea, and a boggy pool a
little nearer Studland; where this rare Cotton-grass was first
discovered, it was found also on Godlingston Heath in 1899.
Rhynchospora fusca, Roem. and Schult. D. In great abundance
along the borders of the extensive and very interesting bog,
Morden Decoy, on both sides. F. In the boggy drain feeding
the Coy Pond, Talbot Heath, scarce and perhaps dying out ;
West Moors. G. Godlingstone Heath. R. alba, Vahl. D. Gore
Heath, W. M. Rogers. Morden Decoy. F. Boggy sources of
the Bourne, on heaths W. of Bournemouth ; Salterns, Parkstone ;
West Moors; Verwood ; Goatham. G. Corfe Castle. Schocmts
m'gricans, L. D. Marsh W. of Hamworthy Junction ; Lytchett
Minster ; E. of Wareham Station. G. Corfe Castle and Bushey ;
Godlingston ; by Littlesea.
Cartx disticha, Huds. D. Lytchett Minster. E. Shilling-
stone. F. Cow Grove, Wimborne ; Kingston Lacy ; High Hall ;
Shapwick. G. Wareham Heath ; Stoborough ; Arne ; Corfe
Castle. C. arenatia, L. D. Lytchett Bay. F. Sandy bank near
Branksome Station and near Bournemouth Gasworks ; by Poole
Park and between Sterte and Creekmoor. C. panicu/ata, L.
D. N.E. and N.W. of Wareham ; Sherford Brook ; Lytchett
Matravers. F. West Moors ; East Moors River ; Edmondsham.
G. Wet thicket S.W. of Wareham ; near Corfe Castle and down
the Corfe River. C, Titlpina, L. D. Wareham ; Lytcheit
Minster. F. Frequent about Wimborne ; Kingston Lacy ; by
Bailey Gate Station ; Edmondsham. G. Studland ; Ulwell ;
about Corfe Castle; Church Knowle. C, mun'cata, L. This
name is now limited to a plant found very rarely in Britain, and
our Dorset plant (most, if not all), belongs to the commoner
plant of which C. coniigua, Hoppe, is now recognised as the
earliest name. C. echinata, Murr. F. Valley of R. Cran.
C. remo/a, L. D. N.E. and N.W. of Wareham. F. Frequent in
the valleys of the Stour and its tributaries ; Edmondsham. G.
Rcmpstone. C. oval is, L. D. Sherford ; between Wareham and
Morden Decoy. F. Kinson ; west of Wimborne ; Woolbridge ;
124 NOTES ON THE DORSET FLORA.
Verwood ; Woodlands ; Edmondsham. G. Arne ; Littlesea ;
Corfe Castle. C. acuta, L. D. Ditches beween Wareham and
the railway station. F. Stour valley from Shapwick downwards ;
East and West Moors Rivers ; Cranborne to Verwood by R.
Cran. C. limosa, L. F. Spongy bog near Waterloo, about half-
way between Poole and Broadstone, and near the railway, L. V.
Lester-Garland. This rare sedge has only one other station in
Dorset, and is equally rare in Hants, the only two counties in the
south of England in which it occurs. It next appears in Norfolk
and Suffolk on the east and Shropshire on the west. C. humih's,
Leysser. F. This very local sedge can now hardly be considered
rare in the eastern part of -the county, though it is strictly
limited to the chalk. It is in some abundance on Harley
Down ; Gussage Hill ; Week Street Down and Thickthorn
Down ; and occurs also on down near Blagdon Farm, Cranborne,
both in Dorset and over the border in Wilts. It may easily be
distinguished, at least w T hen the turf is rather dry, whether in
flower or not, by the bright green of its foliage.
C, montana, L. F. Moist woodland, Edmondsham. This
rare species is only mentioned in the Flora (p. xi.) in a list of
plants found in Hants which are absent from Dorset. Being a
very rare and local sedge, it is the more satisfactory that our
county can now claim a station for it. There is happily a fair
quantity of this Carex scattered over a small area, safely
entrenched in stiff soil in the moist bushy situation that it
usually prefers, somewhat similar to its chief locality near
Brockenhurst. C. montana is known now for twelve or thirteen
counties, but is scarce, I believe, in all of them, being often
limited, as in Dorset, Hants, and Somerset, to one or two
localities.
C. pilulifera, L. D. Ham worthy Junction ; Lytchett Minster;
E. and N.W. of Wareham Station. F, Very frequent over the
whole heath district, from Edmondsham and Verwood to Poole ;
also Crichel ; Okeford Hill. G. Arne ; Corfe Castle ; Rempstone.
C. pallescens, L. D. East Morden towards Lytchett Matravers.
F. Woods between Edmondsham and Verwood Station. C.
NOTES ON THE DORSET FLORA. 125
pendula, Huds. F. Highwood. G. Near Kingston towards
Chapman's Pool. C. strigosa, Huds. F. In fair quantity in a
ditch at the base of a copse covering a damp slope and in a wet
spot in the adjoining meadow, Edmondsham. This is the only
spot I have seen it in the county. There is only one other
locality on record, in the extreme west of Dorset. This species
is usually rare and very local in other counties. C. sylratica, L.
No doubt " common," as the Flora says ; it is to be found in
almost every wood, only not usually in the light soils of the
Tertiaries. C. binervis, Sm. D. Near Wareham. F. Near the
Rifle Butts, N. of Bourne Valley ; Corfe Mullen ; scarce in
Edmondsham and Goatham. G. Corfe Castle; Rempstone.
C. punctata, Gaud. D. Between Hamworthy and Lake ; on
rough bushy ground W. of Hamworthy Junction towards Lytchett
Minster. F. Near Sterte, in Longfleet. C. fufaa, Host. (C.
Hornschuchiana, Hoppe). These are now regarded as synonyms.
D. Half-a-mile N.W. of Wareham, towards Trigon ; three-
quarter-mile E. of Wareham Station. F. Wet meadow by the
R. Cran, Edmondsham. G. Stoborough ; Corfe Castle. C.flava,
L. The forms of this and the next have been revised and
re-arranged since the date of the Flora. I follow here the latest
order. Type C. flava, L. F. Kinson. G. Rempstone. Var.
lepidocarpa, Tausch. D. Morden Decoy. C. (Ederi, Retz., var.
elatior, And. D. Morden Decoy, R. P. Murray. This and
var. hpidocarpa above from the same locality were named for
Mr. Murray by Herr Kiikenthal ; I should have supposed the two
gatherings were the same plant. F. By the Peat Moors River,
G. S.W. of Corfe Castle. Var. cyperomes, Marss. D. Morden
Decoy, R. P. Murray. G. On the sandy marsh between Little
Sea and the shore. Var. cedocarpa, And. (C. flava, var. minor.
Townsend). This is with us the common form of the whole
group. D. Near Wareham. F. Very frequent in moist ground
over the whole heath district from Verwood to the neighbourhood
of Bournemouth and Wareham ; Witchampton ; Goatham. G.
Studland Bay, W. M. Rogers. Stoborough ; Corfe Castle.
C. hirta, L. D. Lytchett Minster; Lytchett Matravers ; Wareham.
126 NOTES ON THE DORSET FLORA.
F. Cowgrove ; Bailey Gate ; Aimer ; Kingston Lacy ; Crichel
Park ; Witchampton ; West Moors ; Edmondsham. G. Sto-
borough ; Corfe Castle ; Rempstone. C. rostrata, Stokes. D.
Abundant in meado\vs and ditches near Wareham Station and
three-quarters mile to the east ; Morden Decoy ; Lytchett Bay ;
Sherford Brook. F. Near High Hall ; halfway between West
Moors and Herne Bridge ; by the Cran between Edmondsham
and Holwell. G. Near Corfe Castle. A hybrid between
C. rostraia and C. vesicaria occurs in a wet meadow between
Wareham Station and the river on the east side of the road into
Wareham. C, vesicaria, L, F. By the East Moors River, about
the railway bridge.
GRAMINEJE. Several interesting notes on Grasses in Dorset
have recently been contributed by Mr. H. ]. Goddard, late of
Poole, who has paid much attention to this Order. He has
considerately let me see specimens of the more critical species ;
these are marked with the sign (!).
Panicum Crus-Galli, L. F. Branksome Park, Rev. H. H.
Slater \ Willenham, Parkstone, casual, H.J. Goddard '! P. sangui-
tiale, L. F. In some quantity as a garden weed near Constitu-
tion Hill, Parkstone, A. E. Hudson] P. miliaceum, L. C. Corn
field and waste ground, Upwey ! Broadwey ! Radipole ; Pye Hill
and Westham, Weymouth ; garden weed, Nottington ; H. J.
Goddard. F. Allotments, Bourne Valley ; Lilliput, Parkstone.
Sorghum halepense, Pers., a S. European species, sent me un-
named. C. Near Weymouth Gasworks, //. J. Goddard ! Setaria
viridis, Beauv. C. Broadwey ; Weymouth, near the Gasworks,
H.J. Goddard. F. Parkstone; Constitution Hill and Upper Park-
stone ; Longham ; Leigh Common, Wimborne, H. J. Goddard.
Branksome. 6\ glauca, Beauv. F. Parkstone, near St. Luke's
Church ! and near St. Lawrence's Church, Sandbank Road, H. J.
Goddard. Longfleet Allotments. 6". verticillata, Beauv. C.
Broadwey, and Hillfield Gardens ; also Nottington, neglected
gardens. H. J. Goddard. F. Ringwood Road, Longham, H. J.
Goddard. Spartina Townsendi^. and ]. Groves. D. Lytchett Bay;
Lake, Hamworthy, Holes Bay ; H. J. Goddard. F. By the Fever
NOTES ON THE DORSET FLORA. 127
Hospital, Poole, Rev. H. J. Riddelsdell; Parkstone, and White
Cliff, Parkstone-on-Sea ; Sterte, Longfleet, H. /. Goddard.
Phalaris canariensis, L. C. East of Wareham. F. Bourne Valley ;
Parkstone ; Longfleet ; Hampreston. G. Stoborough. Alopecurus
mysuroides, Huds. (A. agresh's, L.} A. Burton Bradstock, H. J.
Goddard. E. Buckland Newton, H.J. Goddard. F. Branksome
and Bourne Valley, H. J. Goddard. Shapwick ; Crichel. G.
Swanage, abundant, W. M. Rogers, Kingston. Milium ejfiisum,
L. D. Copse N. of East Morden. F. Woods, Wimborne to
Cranborne ; Sutton ; Cold Harbour, St. Giles', H. J. Goddard.
East of Aimer ; Westley Wood ; Crichel ; Dairy Wood. G.
Creech Grange. Phleum arenarium, L. C. Still plentiful about
the Ferry Bridge to Portland Station, H. J. Goddard. Agroslis
setaaa, Curtis. Abundant locally through the heath district, but
not occurring, so far as I have noticed, on any " downs " in this
county or elsewhere. D. Hamworthy Junction, and from there
to near Wareham. F. Heaths generally from Bournemouth and
Poole to Broadstone and Verwood ; Goatham. G. Arne ;
Rempstone. A. canina, L. Is this "generally distributed"?
My notes seem to show that it is local, and that it is chiefly found
in the heath districts. A. vulgaris, With. var. pumila, L. F. I
have noted this at Kinson, and along the Peat Moors Valley ; but
it disappears from our list as a variety, since it has been found to
be a starved form affected by fungus, and under cultivation the
late Rev. W. R. Linton observed that it reverted to the type.
Calamagrosfis Epigeios, Roth. F. In some quantity in rough
pasture on the borders of Rhymes Copse, Edmondsham.
Gastiidium australe, Beauv. C. Southdown Cliffs, Weymouth,
H. J. Goddard ! F. Brickyard by Verwood Station. G. War-
borough Bay, H. J. Goddard. Field-side 2 m. out of Corfe
Castle by the road to Swanage. Apera Spica-venii, Beauv. F.
In considerable quantity in the eastern part of Poole Park, 1908,
H. J. Goddard ; quite likely soil and situation for this rare grass
to occur naturally. On the other hand most of the turf in the
Park has no doubt been laid down or sown. Corynephorus
canescens, Beauv. It has been a puzzle how this grass, otherwise
128 NOTES ON THE DORSET FLORA.
restricted to the E. coast of England, came to be reported by
Pulteney for Dorset. No botanist has confirmed the discovery.
Miss E. Armitage wrote to me a very pertinent suggestion some
time back, viz., that Agrostis setacea, which is abundant on heaths
round Poole Harbour, is deceptively like C. canescens in the
earlier stage before its panicle opens out in flower, and might
easily be mistaken for it. It is true Pulteney mentions A. stlacea
for Dorset, viz., for Puddletown and seacoasts near Weymouth ;
but not, I believe, for any part of Poole Harbour, though it is so
abundant.
Deschampsia discolor, Roem. and Schult. (D. setacea, Hanb. ;
Aira uliginosa, Weihe). D. Gore Heath, W. M. Rogers. F. On
a wet bit of heath, 2 m. N. of West Moors, near Cross Keys ;
Ensbury, Kinson ; Parkstone. D. flexuosa, Trin. C. Martin's
Town, H. J. Goddard. F. Branksome and Sandecotes, H. J.
Goddard. Parkstone. Holcus mollis, L. F. Frequent from
Bourne Valley and Longfleet to Hemsworth Down and Edmond-
sham. G. Arne, W. M. Rogers. Avena pubescent, Huds. C.
Upwey ; Ridgeway Downs, H. J. Goddard. F. Dairy Wood ;
Shapwick ; Badbury Rings ; Kingsdown ; Witchampton ;
Shillingstone ; Edmondsham. G. Woolgarston ; Corfe Castle ;
Rempstone ; Kingston. A. pralensis, L. F. Kingsdown, H. f.
Goddard. Shapwick ; Badbury. G. Rempstone ; S.E. of Corfe
Castle; Knowle Hill. A. strigosa, Schreb. F. Allotment on
heath near Wallis Down. Koeleria cris/a/a, Pers. Under this
familiar name several fresh stations for Koeleria might be given ;
but the genus has lately undergone some revision, and we have
three species in the London Catalogue (Ed. 10), instead of one.
The commonest form, to which most of our Dorset localities will
go, is now placed under K. gracilis, Pers., as var. britannica,
Domin. All my specimens of this genus have gone to Dr.
Domin to be determined afresh, and have not come back. I
have received specimens of two gatherings by the Rev. H. J.
Riddelsdell from Smallmouth Sands, Weymouth (C), one of
which is named by Dr. Domin K. graitlis, Pers. ; the type, that
is, and not our common British form, and the other K. aibescens,
NOTES ON THE DORSET FLORA. I2Q
DC. Catabrosa aquatica, Beauv. F. Roadside, Edmondsham.
Briza minor, L. F. Parkstone, sandy places, and at the S.W.
Pottery ; plentiful in fields between Ferndown and West Moors
and between West Moors and Cross Keys, H. J. Goddard.
Salterns, Parkstone, very fine and abundant, 1894; Verwood
towards Edmondsham, and Goatham. Lamarckia aurea (L.),
Moench. F. Neglected garden, Upton, 1906, H. J. Goddard \
This beautiful S. European grass was sent me unnamed.
Poa nemorah's, L. E. Banks between Sturminster Newton and
Piddle Wood. F. On some old turf under trees in the premises
of Edmondsham Rectory, apparently native. P. pratensis, L.,
var. subccerulea, Sm. F. Hamworthy ! H. J. Goddard. Glyceria
plicata, Fr., var. pedicellata, Townsend, now recognised as a
hybrid between G. fluitans, Br., and G. plicata, Fr., is plentiful
(F) in a water-meadow ditch, Edmondsham, and in the summer
of 1908 was much affected with ergot. G. distant, Wahl. F.
Abundant at Sterte (sea-wall) and Baiter, Poole, H. J.
Goddard. Festuca procumbens, Kunth. F. Near Creekmoor and
Holes Bay Signal Box and Sterte Esplanade, Poole, H J.
Goddard. F. rigida, Kunth. C- Broadwey; Radipole ; Lulworth,
H. J. Goddard. Osmington. F. Badbury Rings ; Kingsdown ;
Edmondsham. G. Swanage, frequent ; Arne ; Corfe Castle ;
Knowle Hill ; Winspit.
Fesluca rottbcellioides, Kunth (Poa loliacea, Huds., in the Dorset
Flora, 2nd Ed., Schrochloa loliacea, Woods, in the ist Ed.).
Kunth's name has now stood through two editions of the
London Catalogue, and will probably stand as the oldest and
established name. C. Portland ; Chesil bank and near Ferry
Bridge; fairly plentiful in suitable places, 1899, H. J. Goddard.
G. Tilly Whim, W. M. Rogers. /'"". uniglumis, Soland. Mr.
Goddard, who gives his chief attention to grasses, writes: "I
have diligently searched for this for some ten years, particularly
around Weymouth in 1897-99, and since then in Parkstone,
Poole, and Lytchett in all likely places." I have not been more
successful, and have not come across it on the Dorset coast.
F. rubra, L., var. grandiflora, Hackel, a variety easily passed for
130 NOTES ON THE DORSET FLORA.
var. arenaria. G. South Haven ; Littlesea. Var. pruinosa,
Hackel, a variety with very glaucous foliage, always occurring
near the coast. G. Tilly Whim ; Seacombe. F. elatior x
Lolium perenne (F. loliacea, Huds.). F. In quantity by the verge
of the Stour, just opposite Shapwick Vicarage ; by the R. Cran,
near Edmondsham. It is said to be "generally distributed" in
the Flora ; I can, however, give no other locality, and am under
the impression that it is rather scarce.
Bromus giganteus, L. F. About Wimborne ; Horton ; Witch-
ampton ; Edmondsham. G. Woolgarston ; Rempstone. B.
ramosus, Huds. (B. asper, L.). C. Upwey ; Broadwey ; Porte-
sham ; Abbotsbury, H. J. Goddard. E. Sturminster; Buckland
Newton, H. J. Goddard. F. Upton ; Durweston ; Shillingstone,
H. J. Goddard. Corfe Mullen ; Shapwick ; Queen's Copse, and
Woodlands ; Edmondsham. G. Near Swanage ; Corfe Castle,
W. M. Rogers. - B. erectus, Huds. C. Railway banks, Upwey !
H. J. Goddaid. E. Near Compton Abbas. F. Abundant on
and about Bokerly Dyke, near Blagdon Farm, on both sides of
the county boundary. B. unioloides, Kunth. F. Neglected
garden, Upton, H. J. Goddard ! This alien is new to the
county. B. secalinus, L. Field near Talbot Church, towards
Kinson ; near Longfleet Church ; field of rye, Edmondsham, in
plenty, but only for one season, 1905. B. ?nollis, L., var.
glabratus, Doell. F. Bourne Valley ! H. J. Goddard. Edmond-
sham, in a field of clover and rye-grass, evidently introduced
with the crop. B. atvensis, L. F. In a cornfield on the E. side
of Aimer.
Brachy podium pinnahim, Beauv. F. Badbury Rings. G. Near
Kingston ; Bushey. Lolium temulentum, L. F. Parkstone,
about Oaklands, and Sandbanks Road, H. J. Goddard. Var.
arvense, With. C. Upwey, H. J. Goddard. Agropyron caninttm,
Beauv. C. Near the Coastguard Station, White Nose, //. /.
Goddard. E. Sturminster Newton towards Shillingstone, H. J.
Goddard. F. Lilliput, Parkstone, frequent in hedges, Durweston,
Fiddleford and Shillingstone, H.J. Goddard, Broadstone; Witch-
ampton ; Edmonsham. A . pun gens t R. and S. G. Arne ; below
NOTES ON THE DORSET FLORA. 131
Redcliff. Var. pycnanthum, Gr. and Godr. D. Lytchctt Min-
ster. A.junceum, Bcauv. A. Burton Bradstock, H. J. Goddard.
C. Radipole, and Rodwell, H. J. Goddard. Nardtis slricla, L.
D. By Morden Decoy. F. On all the heaths from Bourne
Valley and Poole Harbour to Venvood Common ; Goatham. G.
Scotland Heath, &c., H. /. Goddard, Corfe Castle ; Little Sea.
Hordeum secalinum, Schreb. (H. pratense, Huds.). C. Chickerell,
H. /. Goddard. D. Keysworth ; Lytchett Minster. E. Stur-
minster Newton ; Hinton St. Mary ; Buckland Newton, H. J.
Goddard. F. Sturminster Marshall; Spetisbury; Edmondsham.
< H. muriniim, L. The distribution of this species is, perhaps,
worth working out, for it is certainly very irregular in the county.
Practically absent from the heathland, it is also very scarce in
N.E. Dorset on the clay and on the chalk. E. Margaret Marsh.
F. Cranborne. The grass is usually so common one does not
take note of it. Elymus arenarius, L. F. Constitution Hill, and
also on a bank near Dane Court cricket ground, Parkstone !
South Haven, opposite Branksea, inflorescence plentiful, 1908,
H. J. Goddard. This occurrence, a mile from the nearest point
of the harbour and more than two from the nearest bit of coast,
is, to say the least, unusual.
Lomaria Spicant, Desv. (Blechnum boreale, Sw.). D. Wareham
Cowards Trigon and Sandford ; Morden Decoy ; East Morden ;
Lytchett Matravers. F. Chiefly on peat banks ; Kinson ; Broad-
stone ; Canford ; Hampreston ; West Moors and Cross Keys ;
Woolbridge Heath ; Venvood ; Woodlands ; Edmondsham.
G. Wareham Heath ; Corfe Castle and Bushey. Lastrcea
Thelypteris, Presl. D. Halfway between Wareham and Ham-
worthy Junction, L. V. Lester-Garland. L. Oreopleris, Presl.
F. Boggy spot in a wood between Edmondsham and Wood-
lands. L. cn'slala, Presl. This has stood for some time in the
Dorset list, but there is some reason for wishing that the
evidence of its occurrence could be confirmed. The late Rev.
R. P. Murray found that there were no certain specimens of this
species in hb. Mansel-Pleydell. Mr. Arthur Bennett, who makes
a study of British county records, told me he had met with no
132 NOTES ON THE DORSET FLORA.
evidence of it for Dorset. Botrychium Lunaria, Sw. F. In
small quantity, but very fine in a field on the borders of Edmond-
sham. Pihdaria glolulifera, L. F. Leigh Common, W. M.
Rogers. G. In plenty at Norden, about one mile from Corfe
Castle, L. V. Lester- Garland.
The foregoing notes, as far as they relate to the part of the
county near Cranborne, have nearly all been made since 1902.
Most of those which report plants from other parts of the county
were accumulated between 1893 and 1902. Some of the latter
were offered to the writer of the Dorset Flora for an appendix,
which was never carried out; some have been published else-
where, but all are now gathered together to form a convenient
supplement to the county Flora.
of
By the Rev. R. GROSVENOR BARTELOT, M.A.
(Read llth December, 1908.)
the
TOURING
George's
progress of our Restoration of St.
Church a considerable surface of
mediaeval floor tiles was brought to light at the
eastern end of the nave ; in addition to which
from time to time, whilst we were lowering the
church floor, odd tiles and fragments bearing
patterns have been turned up. Those found in
situ were unfortunately almost obliterated by
centuries of footwear, so a plan was drawn of the order in which
they had been laid, and the workmen were instructed to preserve
every scrap for future examination. They did so, and this paper
is the result. We have, I am happy to say, rescued from
oblivion the whole or parts of twenty- seven distinct designs, the
most elaborate of which are herewith, by the kind artistic talent
of Miss Fisher, of Dorchester (one of the members of this Club),
134 MEDIEVAL FLOOR TILES.
now placed before you on the illustration sheets, which I should
like you to study as we proceed.
I must first of all crave your indulgence while I say a word
concerning the much-neglected history of this branch of
ceramic art ; and no one can have felt more keenly than I have
the need of some such assistance as a handbook on floor tiles
would supply. But no such publication has hitherto appeared,
so that I have been constrained to obtain information from a few
articles in the Gentleman's Magazine (of the dates 1789 and
1833), short paragraphs in Parker's Glossary of Architecture
and Boutell's British Archaeology, another in the Encyclopaedia
Britannica, and last, but not least, an excellent paper on the
Worcestershire floor tiles by Canon Porter, who kindly lent me
his unprinted manuscript.
When were figured tiles first made ? The answer is that
they are one of the earliest forms of hieroglyphic and artistic
ornamentation. They may be traced back more than a thousand
years before the Christian era to the clay tablets of Tel-el-
Amarna. They are even mentioned in the Holy Bible, for there
the Prophet Ezekiel [Chapter iv., i] twenty-five centuries ago,
was thus addressed by the Almighty : " Thou also, son of man,
" take thee a tile, and lay it before thee, and pourtray upon it the
" city, even Jerusalem." Now this tile, bearing the design of the
Holy City in a state of siege, was to be exhibited as an object
lesson to educate, a warning to stimulate, and an inspiration to
attract the people of Israel. And is not this the same purpose
the old Romans of Durnovaria had in mind when they laid those
wonderful tesselated pavements for which our county is justly
famous ? Mediaeval floor tiles were a natural evolution from
these earlier prototypes, though the differences between them
are considerable. Tesserae and tiles, besides, of course, differing
in size, are quite the converse of one another in application ; in
the case of the former the designing talent of the artist came to
the front only when the floor was in the laying ; whereas in the
case of the latter the maker of the materials was himself the
artist, so that with such tiles a comparative amateur or local
MEDIEVAL FLOOR TILES. 135
mason might lay as good a pavement as the expert. It is
certainly possible to trace a similarity of pattern between the
Saxon " bleo-stoenings " and the Roman mosaic work ; but the
clearest evidence of the evolution process is seen in the coloured
stone marqueierie patterns to the east of the altar screen at
Canterbury Cathedral, as well as in the floors of Fountains
Abbey and Ely Cathedral. In Prior Cranden's Chapel within
the latter edifice the designs are not inlaid into the tiles them-
selves, which are each of one colour only, but the pattern is
produced by the outlines of the individual pieces. Nor are these
necessarily rectangular, for, having been moulded in several
shapes and sizes, a geometrical figure, an animal, or flower
of one colour may be seen inserted after the manner of the
child's picture puzzle into a corresponding cavity prepared for it
in a specimen of another tint. Suffice it to say that, in spite of
the complications of this method, not only lions and other
ferocious beasts are pourtrayed at Ely, but flowers, trees, and
foliage receive treatment, in addition to which an effective
chef (Tccuvre is provided by a somewhat pretentious representa-
tion of the temptation of our first parents in the Garden of
Eden.
Dealing next with mediaeval decorative glazed floor tiles I first
of all carefully refrain from calling them, as is so often done
nowadays, " encaustic tiles " ; for this designation has been
already appropriated to an antique process of a totally different
nature, and only causes confusion. The process of their
manufacture appears to have been as follows : The tiler first
made of red clay a batch of " quarries " ; as to shape, in most
cases square, though at Chertsey segmental and circular tiles are
found, narrow oblongs at Salisbury, Malmesbury, and here at
Fordington, elongated lozenges at St. Albans, three of which
combined into a regular hexagon, and wedge shapes, triangulars
and hexagonals in a few other instances; these, after being
partially dried in the sun, were imprinted with the pattern from a
wooden stamp cut in reverse relief. Then a preparation of
white china clay was worked over the whole surface, and when
136 MEDIAEVAL FLOOR TILES.
the superfluous material had been cleaned off, the " quarrel" thus
obtained was burnt in a kiln.
The final process was to dip these tiles in a yellow-tinted
metallic glaze, in which the lead and perhaps a little decomposed
brass acted on the iron and salt in the clay, and fire them once
more, and they were then ready for use. If the different kinds
of clay used happened to be of unequal drying qualities, the
firing sometimes bulged or cracked them, as is shown in some of
our Fordington examples. To obviate this evil the makers usually
pierced the reverse of the tile while it was soft with dozens of
small holes of the size made by a packing needle, but this was
not always successful. Very slow firing was, I think, the most
certain road to the desired finish. Modern manufacturers have
failed to match the variegated admixture of ruddy brownish
green and old gold, which you see on those specimens I have
placed in the show case on the table. The reproduction craze
of the Victorian era has introduced us to churches with
" restored " pavements of staring red combined with glaring
white, fondly imagined to be faithful copies of mediaeval tiles.
But they have been merely imitated from excavated fragments
which had lost their glaze through centuries of wear. I have
here several samples in mint preservation to show you what St.
George's floor looked like in the days when John, afterwards
Cardinal, Morton was our prebendal rector, and I venture to say
that not a vestige of red or white would appear on its whole
surface. You could then walk upon a pavement burnished after
the manner of the streets of the New Jerusalem. A rich sheen
of dark green glaze, blended at times with a tint of brown,
formed a velvety background, whereon stood out depicted in
golden yellow the armorial bearings of kings, nobles, and
bishops, the vine and the ivy inter-twining the eagle, the griffin,
and the dragon of St. George, and the whole, bordered by the
fret key-pattern, ending at the intersections with the mysterious
fylfot cross. Such was the floor pressed by the knees of the
worshippers in old St. George's in the days of its prebendal
glory.
No. 1.
These were the Arms of the Family of Redvers Earls of Devon,
and also of the Daccombes of Dorset. The letters are probably the
Alpha and Omega though they might possibly be D.M.
THE ST. CATHERINE WHEEL.
No. 3.
THE QUARTERFOIL CROSS PATTERN.
MEDIAEVAL FLOOR TILES. 1 37
In the illustrations which I have placed in your hands I have
marked three distinct periods in our Fordington tiles.*
I. Norman or Normandy tiles.
II. Early English made tiles.
III. Fourteenth Century tiles.
I. Of the first period we have discovered only two
unobliterated examples the Catherine wheel and the quatrefoil
crossflory. These are both ot the same size, six inches square,
primitive in workmanship, of remarkable thinness compared
with the others, f inch thick, added to which the clay used in the
inlay design is as soft and friable as chalk or pipeclay and the
glaze is very thin. Altogether the chances of their being
durable for any length of time must have from the first been
most limited. Of this same period we discovered several larger
tiles y inches square, but not a vestige of any pattern remains
on them. One point in which these differ from later examples
is that the reverse of each tile has five rudely scooped finger
grips, which doubtless during their manufacture served to protect
the hands of the maker from the poisonous action of the lead
used in the glaze. These cavities not only lightened them for
transport purposes, but also gave them a firmer grip of the
mortar when they were eventually imbedded in floor position.
I feel sure they are of foreign manufacture, if not the work of
continental craftsmen resident in England. The pattern on one
of them is the wheel of St. Katherine, a very favourite subject
in foreign ecclesiastical art. On one of our bells at St. George's
we have the inscription " SANCTA KATERINA ORA PRO
NOBIS," and it is probable that the piscina and credence or
* Parker in his Glossary says: "They are sometimes called Norman tiles,
possibly from the supposition that they were originally made in Normandy, and
considering the age and variety of specimens that exist in Northern France, this
idea may not be wholly erroneous."
138 MEDIJEVAL FLOOR TILES.
candle bracket in our south transept where this tile was
unearthed mark the site of an altar to this favourite maiden Saint
in our Church.
The next period of our tiles supplies specimens smaller, but
thicker (5! inches square), with corner pieces which, had they
been triangular, would have had the two equal sides ten inches
in length ; but these, having been cut at right angles seven and
a-half inches from the corner, a five-sided tile was obtained,
four of which formed a square of fifteen inches, enclosing a
space suitable for seven and a quarter inch tiles to be inserted.
These corner pieces are primitive in design, but very effective
in display. The cable specimen shows distinct imitation of the
style of design found in Roman pavements lines, circles, foliage,
and intertwined ropework. The next tile, which I call the twin
doves addorsed, presents a very unusual treatment of a favourite
subject in tile ornament. We are fortunate in securing a few
samples of this tile in mint preservation with the original glaze
perfect, so that a comparison with its fellows which have stood
the test of footwear is most instructive.
The next tile in this period shows a coat of arms with a letter
on each side. Heraldic tiles were in great demand, and this is
an excellent example of a griffin or griphon segreant. I thought
that I might unhesitatingly pronounce this to be the arms of
Daccombe, an ancient Dorset knightly family who certainly bore
the same charge ; but Mr. St. John Hope assures me that it is the
shield of De Redvers, Earl of Devon. I find that members of
that family owned great estates in this county, including
Mosterton, Lower Loders, Buckland Ripers (which takes its
second name from the Latin form of De Redvers, De Ripariis],
and Puddletown, a parish adjoining to Fordington. Notice the
enormous claws of the griphon. There is a reason for this. In
the middle ages the horn of the rhinoceros did duty for the claw
of this fabulous beast, and was in great demand for use as a
drinking cup. The story of St. Cuthbert illustrates this.
Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, still possesses a rhino horn
mounted with gold which the ancients venerated as a -griphon's
Xo. 4.
THE DOVES AND CROSS PATTERN.
No. 5.
THE DE REDVERS OR DACCOMBE ARMS.
MEDIAEVAL FLOOR TILES. 139
claw. Three more were preserved at Bayeux Cathedral, and on
festivals displayed at the high altar, for this mythical animal was
not esteemed an evil beast, like the dragon and serpent, but was
respected and even venerated as the emblem of the Sun God,
the embodiment of vigilance, energy, strength, and zeal. It was,
therefore, the custom to represent this creature with an abnormal
development of claw. A fellow tile to this one was discovered
in the floor of Preston Church in this county in 1855, and is now
in the Museum. The letters on the sides of the shield are, I
think, a rude representation of the Alpha and Omega.
The rest of our tiles belong to the fifteenth century, and from
the notes I took at the time of their discovery I can with a great
degree of certainty relay the pattern as indicated by the remains
we found /;/ si/u. One must remember first the rule that where
the design of a tile is parallel to the sides, then that tile is a
border or penultimate border. The second rule is this : When
the pattern runs diagonally across the tile, as is always the case
with coats of arms, fleur-de-lys or lettering, &c., then that tile is
one of either four, nine, or sixteen combined into a compound
design. Our St. George's patterns were laid in sixteens. In the
centre a quartet of diagonals covered ten square inches of floor.
Separating these from the next quartet were eight borders of the
grape pattern with a single fylfot at each outer angle. The
borders of the whole were worked out in frets, or key-pattern
border tiles, together with several plain black, yellow, and brown
singles and triangles. It will be noticed that whenever the
quarter patterns on a tile are not identical, then the result of
laying a group of them together is the production of two patterns
instead of one. This was a very ingenious device of the
ancients, and proved to be very effective and beautiful as well
as simple. The illustrations I trust will speak for themselves, so
I need only say a few words on the most remarkable of our St.
George's specimens. The most interesting is No. 19, the only
dated example amongst our discoveries. John Gough Nichols
discovered a fellow tile to this in Malvern Abbey and called it
the " Mendicantc Tile," but it is nothing of the sort. It is one
140 MEDIAEVAL FLOOR TILES.
of a quartet forming a quatrefoil mortuary or memorial
inscription dated 1456, which reads thus :
/DMseremint inei misereinini met saltern \?os ainici
quia manus IDomint tetigit. -J.tb.S. H.S>. /l&cccclvi.
/iDarcius bic Xucas 3oba[nes Htque /l&atbeus],
This is simply a quotation from the Book of Job, chapter 19,
verse 21. " Pity me, pity me, O ye my friends, for the hand of
the Lord hath touched me." Then follows the Sacred
Monogram and the date A.D. 1456, the inscription ending with
that prayer to the four evangelists which has come down to us in
the form
' ' Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John,
" Bless the bed that I lie on."
In the Sarum Use the above chapter of the Book of Job was
read as the eighth lesson of the second nocturn in the " Vigils of
the Dead." A fellow tile to this one was discovered in Radipole
Church, which belonged to the Benedictine Abbey of Cerne,
and I trace our possession of at least two examples of this tile at
St. George's to the fact that our prebendal Rector two years later
than the date of the tile was the future Cardinal Morton, himself
a monk at Cerne.
Another tile represents the cross keys and sword, the arms of
the great Benedictine Abbey of St. Peter's, Gloucester. The
peculiar shape of the keys shows that the arms of the see of
Exeter are not intended, and many similar tiles have been found
in Malvern and Gloucester and the neighbourhood. Our speci-
men is one of a quartet, and contains part of an inscription which
would when complete contain about thirty-five letters. It may
have been that popular mediaeval charm against fire, ending with
the words " Deo et Patrie" which, dating from the martyrdom of
St. Agatha A.D. 253, was as late as the year 1402 inscribed on the
fire bell at Kenilworth, given by Thomas de Kyderminster.
Perhaps the most interesting tile to us St. Georgians is the
fine example bearing the dragon and eagle. So far as I can
PERIOD i.
PERIOD II.
5.
PERIOD ill.
10.
n.
12.
13.
PERIOD III continued.
14.
15.
16.
17.
PERIOD III. continued.
JO.
21,
2'2.
MEDIAEVAL FLOOR TILES. 141
discover it is not known elsewhere, and it may have been
specially designed for our Church of St. George. It is No. 2 of
a quartet of tiles and I have parts of Nos. i and 4. The eagle
bears a scroll inscribed \?3C \>8C, " woe woe," a reference most
likely to the iath Chapter of the Apocalypse which reads " Woe
to the inhabiters of the earth, for the great dragon is come down
unto you." The legend round the quarter of the circular band
reads " RESPICE. R. . . " ; but as I can find no sentence in
the Vulgate containing this word, followed by one commencing
with R, the word Respice may have been repeated. Canon
Wordsworth sends me a most interesting surmise regarding the
underlying motive of this tile. He writes : " If I merely had
your specimen I think I should have conjectured the word
Respice thrice repeated, and have imagined perhaps the three
souls in Purgatory crying to the three knights their quondam
companions ' Woe ; woe ; woe ; look back upon us in our pains
and bid sing a mass for us before you ride a hunting ' or words
to that effect. This is a subject ' les trois rois vifs et les trois rois
morts ' often found in primers and breviaries as an illustration
in the office of the Dead." As the sentence commencing Respice
" Look Thou upon me and have mercy upon me " occurs in the
psalm appointed for the second nocturn of the Vigils of the
Dead in the Sarum Use, this may certainly be denominated as a
memorial tile alluding to some well-known mediaeval legend or
picture of Purgatory.
The rest of these tiles need only very slight comment. The
crowned Lombardic M is a St. Mary tile. The primrose fleur-
de-lys is a favourite device on tiles, and I have found many
examples elsewhere, though none in which the bloom was so
exactly copied from the primrose. Like the rest, it was laid in
fours, so that, to realise how beautiful it looked when in si/u, one
has to imagine four of them conjoined at the stem corners. The
same may be said of the ivy and cable pattern.
With regard to the fylfot and fret, or key-pattern tiles, a
great deal might be said. The design of the swastika or fylfot
cross is a heathen symbol of great antiquity adapted to Christian
142 MEDIEVAL FLOOR TILES.
uses. Dr. Schliemann found it in the ruins of Troy, dating
1500 B.C. It was the emblem of Jupiter Pluvius and the Sun
God, suggesting by its form gyratory movement or whirling
motion. The fret also dates back to heathen mythology, and
was emblematic of the all-powerful influence of water in con-
junction with the sun in producing the fruits of the earth. Our
collection of tiles bearing the fret pattern is almost unique and
most artistic in design.
I will only conclude by suggesting the study of floor tiles to
fellow-members of the Field Club. Tiles are often discovered
imperfect and thrown away as valueless, whereas, if kept for
comparison and verification, unknown patterns are placed on
record. It would be a capital idea if this Club could secure a
tracing of every known Dorset tile, as they would do much to
elucidate the history of our county. Need I say also that tiles
have a modern interest ? To those kind ladies who are present
to-day I would suggest these patterns as containing excellent
designs for such feminine handiwork as doyleys, table centres,
kettle holders, and various other articles suitable for modern
times. By reproducing these lost patterns oi ancient days you
could show how our ancestors can hold their own very well in
the face of the work of modern designers.
CHELOMAN SKULL FROM PURBECK BEDS, SWANAGE.
This Fossil was found in the Middle Purbeck locally known as the
" Feather Bed."
"glofe on a (SlJeL'ontcut
from tBe "gfurBecft JSe6s of
By A. SMITH WOODWARD, LL.D., F.R.S.
IT LTHOUGH remains of the shells of turtles are
very common in the Purbeck Beds of
Swanage, only one skull appears to have
been hitherto met with. 1 The recent dis-
covery of a skull is therefore of much
interest and worthy of a brief notice. This
specimen was obtained from a Swanage
quarryman by Sir J. C. Robinson, who
presented it to the Dorset County Museum
in December, 1908.
The new fossil, shown of the natural size on the accom-
panying plate, is flattened by crushing and exposed from above.
Its snout is bluntly pointed, and the rather small orbits (orb,} are
far forwards. The temporal fossoe have a complete and extensive
roof. The supra-occipital (soc.\ which just appears in the cranial
roof, does not project further backwards than the squamosal
region on each side. Owing to fractures by crushing most of
1 E. Lydekker, "Catalogue of the Fossil Reptilia in the British Museum,"
pt. iii. (1889), p. 204.
144- NOTE ON A CHELONIAN SKULL.
the sutures betAveen the constituent bones are scarcely distin-
guishable; but it is clear that the nasals (#.) and prefrontals
(prf.) are separate elements, arid that the latter are very small,
not meeting in the middle line, but allowing the former to unite
in suture with the frontals (_//%) The parietals (pa.} seem to be
relatively large, meeting the frontals in a transverse suture
between the hinder border of the orbits. The surface of all
the bones is roughened by a fine network of smooth ridges,
which are not very prominent.
This skull is exactly such as might be expected to belong to
Pleurosternum, and its external ornament agrees so closely with
that of the common shells from Swanage that it may probably be
referred to the same genus. As already known, l Pleurosternum
exhibits some remarkable resemblances to the water-tortoises of
the family Chelydidae, which now live in Australia and South
America, and the new skull agrees with that of some genera
of this family in the peculiar arrangement of the nasal and
prefrontal bones. All the Jurassic Chelonian skulls hitherto
discovered, including one from the Portland Stone, 2 are closely
similar to that now described.
1 R. Lydekker, ' ' On Certain Chelonian Remains from the Wealden and
Purbeck," Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol. XLV. (1889), p. 518.
2 R. Owen, " History of British Fossil Reptiles" (1884), Chelonians, pi. viii.,
figs. 1-3 (Chelone planiceps}. Named Stegochchjs by R. Lydekker, Quart. Journ.
Geol. Soc., Vol. XLV. (1889), p. 229.
of "gtctinfaCf, &c., in Dorset
in 1908.
By H. STILWELL.
" Evening red and morning grey
Will set the traveller on his way,
Evening grey and morning red
Will bring down rain upon his head."
JRHE year 1908 was deficient in rainfall in the
County of Dorset by over 5! inches.
In the following Table No. I., giving the
depth of rain recorded, the mean amount of
the totals of 24 stations, distributed as evenly
as possible over the whole county, has been
calculated, showing that the rainfall for the
year amounted to 27-560 in., whereas the " 50
year " previous average, as calculated by the
late Mr. H. S. Eaton, was 33'23 1 in., showing
a deficiency of 5'67i in. for the year 1908.
June was especially a dry month, the quantity recorded (the
mean of the 24 stations) being only 0^36 in.
146 RAINFALL IX DORSET.
This was followed by only 1^92 in. in July, the whole of which
fell before the i8th of that month, and from that date until
the 1 9th August there was practically a rainless period of 31 or
32 days. This drought had a very disastrous effect on the root
crops of the district.
The last 1 3 days of August brought plentiful rains, amounting
to a total of 3'65 in., the whole of the rain of the month having
fallen in those days, and they gave August a greater rainfall than
that of any other month in the year except December, which had
a total of 3*77 in.
On 2ist October there was a remarkable thunderstorm at
Weymouth and its neighbourhood, accompanied by a most
unusually heavy fall of rain. At Westham 4 in. is reported to
have fallen on that day within about 4 hours, but as the heavy
rain began some time before 9 a.m., at which hour the rain for
"the previous day" is measured, a considerable part of the rain
which fell in the storm would have been credited to 2oth
October, and so " spoilt the record " for any very heavy day's
record.
This storm appears to have been confined, in its intensity, to
the southern and western parts of the county. No heavy rainfall
is recorded on that day much to the eastward of Dorchester, or
northward of Sherborne and Milton Abbey.
The heaviest rainfall recorded for any one day was 3*73 in. on
2ist October, at Weymouth (Massandra), and upwards of 2 in.
fell on the same day at seven other stations.
At places not so much affected by the storm of this day their
heaviest rainfall mostly occurred in the heavy rains of 26th, 27th,
and 3 1 st of August.
At 14 other stations no fall amounting to one inch oc-
curred on any day during the year, and in Table II.,
giving these particulars, it will be seen that the parts exempt
from heavy rains are mostly situated in the north of the
county.
December had the heaviest rainfall of any month in the year
(3*77 in.) and it was pretty evenly distributed over the county,
RAINFALL IX DORSET. 147
with an average of 20*5 " rain days," ending with heavy snow in
the last few days of the year.
In the tables following these notes figures are given from
seven new stations, namely, from Stoborough (Wareham),
Chickerell Rectory, the Gardens at Wynford House, Bradford
Peverell House, Bradford Peverell Rectory, Puddletown
Vicarage, and the Vicarage at Winterbourne Whitchurch ; and
no return, included in the tables for 1907, has dropped out from
those now given. Some of the new observers are located very
near to others from whom returns had been previously received,
but by reference to the tables it will be seen that there is often
considerable difference between the yearly totals of observers
only a short distance apart. For instance at two stations at
Wimborne, and others at Broadstone and Branksome, the total
fall for the year is given as 26*41, 21*47, 2 6'66, and 22*35
respectively ; also between Chickerell Rectory and Chickerell
" Montevideo " there is a difference of 2*59 in. in the total for
the year.
Additional observers are much wanted in the district com-
prising the Rural Deanery of Cerne, and also in the northern
part of the R.D. of Bere Regis. Are there not some persons,
sufficiently interested in Rainfall phenomena, living in those
parts of the county, who would be willing to undertake the work
of recording the daily rainfall, and to incur the small expense of
providing the necessary rain gauge, the cost of which is only
about one pound ?
OBSERVERS' NOTES ox METEOROLOGICAL
PHEXOMEXA, &c.
SHROTON. Heavy snow 24th April. Absolute drought from
1 7th June to 6th July, 21 days, and from i8th July to igth
August, 33 days. The dryest year for 13 years.
ST. GILES' HOUSE. Total amount of sunshine, 1,903 hours.
Mean temperature, 49*78 ; highest temperature, 86 on 3rd July
148 RAINFALL IN DORSET.
and 4th August ; lowest ditto, 5 on 3oth December. Barometer,
highest reading, 30*38 in. on i8th May ; lowest, 28.75 in. on
i ith December.
HORTON VICARAGE. 6th December, minimum 6.
STURMINSTER MARSHALL. 28th February, first snow this
winter. 3rd March, snow began about i p.m. and continued
to 5 p.m., 0*42 in. in gauge. 22nd March, 0*45 fell between
9 a.m. and 2 p.m. 4th April, heavy thunder and lightning
3.30 to 4 p.m. 25th April, deep snow, 4 in. at 9 a.m. ;
8 in. at n a.m. 2nd May, 0*82 in. fell in heavy thunder-
storm about 3 a.m. 28th August, at 6.30 a.m., three flashes
of lightning and three claps of thunder. :8th October,
0*52 in. fell between 11.45 a - m - an d 12.45 P- m ' 2 ?th De-
cember, first snow, slight all day. 28th December, snow had
fallen during night, and at 9 a.m. was 2f in. deep. It kept
on snowing till noon. Wind got up very strong about 5 or
6 a.m.
PARKSTONE. 25th April, snow began at 5 a.m., and continued
till 3 p.m., when it measured 9 in. deep. 27th December, thin
snow all day. 29th December, snow from about 6 a.m., and
continued for 10 hours, and measured 7 in. deep.
SWANAGE. 25th April, heavy fall of snow. 28th and 29th
December, heavy fall of snow, 4^ in. on the flat.
HOLME, WAREHAM. 25th April, heavy fall of snow.
EAST LULWORTH. ist January, hard frost lasting till 6th
January, then rain, ist March, bright sun, dark cloud on
horizon, sudden hard storm, sleet and hail burst 3 p.m.
22nd March, fierce gale from S.S.W. at night, rain squalls
turning to heavy downpour ; 0*49 in. fell in 6 hours. April N.E.
winds prevailed this month. 25th April, deep snow falling to
6 in. up to ic a.m. i8th June to 6th July, scorching weather,
varying 68 to 78 in the shade. 8th July, heavy rain, ist to
6th October, heavy fogs. 27th December, snow fell early and
during day, hard frost at night. 28th December, thermometer
on N. wall 28. 29th December, heavy snow, thermometer
19.
RAINFALL IN DORSET. 149
WEYMOUTH, Climatological returns for 1908 :
Means Barometer 30*002 in.
Thermometer 9 a.m. 52*2
,, Maximum 57*4
,, Minimum 45*6
Range ir8
,, ,, Max. and Min. 51*5
Relative humidity of air, 79 per cent.
Bright sunshine, 1857*9 hours
Sunless days, 53.
Amount of cloud, o to 1 0=5^9.
WEYMOUTH, MASSANDRA. The most noteworthy facts as to
the rain of 1908 are the dry spells of 20 days from :6th June
to 7th July, and of 24 days from 25th July to i9th August ; this
latter period of drought was, with the exception of '01 on
25th July, of much longer duration as, excepting the - oi on the
25th, there was no rain from I'jth July to i9th August, a period
of 32 days.
The exceptional rain in October, with the remarkable fall of
3'73 on the 2ist, is well worthy of notice. On that day 3*40 in.
fell in three hours, and in five days, viz., "7th, i8th, i9th, 2oth,
and 2ist 5'94in. was measured.
CHICKERELL, MONTEVIDEO. 6th January, the frost, which
had been rather severe for a week, ended suddenly in the night
of the 5th, the morning of the 6th being warm and damp.
24th April, the evening was fine, but during the night consider-
able snow fell, which loaded the trees, bending down the
branches of evergreens. This gradually thawed during the day.
3rd May, thunder and lightning in early morning. 3oth May
and 3rd June, lightning in evening, no thunder. 22nd to 29th
August, very rough winds. 6th September, very heavy dew.
1 9th September, thick sea mist all day. 2ist October, a little
thunder and lightning.
UPWEY. 1908 was an average year, being only '06 wetter
than the deduced average. June, with '31 in., was the dryest
month since July, 1898. October, with 6*09, was, as usual, the
150 RAINFALL IN DORSET.
wettest month in the year, and was remarkable for an exceed-
ingly heavy rainfall on the 2ist, 2'6j in. being recorded, which is
by far the heaviest fall I have registered here; 1*65 in. fell
between 9 and 1 1 a.m., '92 of an inch between 1 1 a.m. and
i p.m., and '10 immediately after i o'clock. This record,
however, was preceded by "56 of an inch shortly before 9 o'clock,
which, of course, had to be entered for the 2oth. The total for
the five hours, 8 a.m. to i p.m., on the 2ist October was, there-
fore, about 3'23 in. There was an absolute drought from the
1 8th June to the 6th July inclusive, a period of 19 days, which
was, however, followed by a more remarkable one. Commencing
on the 1 8th July and ending on the i9th August, a period of
32 days, no rain fell, excepting on the 25th July, when '02 was
registered, the absolute drought in this case lasting 24 days.
Snow fell on the 28th and 2gth of February, the ist, 3rd, and
1 5th March, the i9th, 23rd, and 24th April, and the 26th, 27th,
28th, and 29th December.
Thunder was heard on the 29th August when '47 of an inch
of rain fell in half-an-hour ; the 2ist October, during the
remarkable rain storm ; and the 1 2th November.
The number of wet days namely, 203 days is, curiously
enough, exactly the same number as in 1907, although 2'66in.
less rain fell. This coincidence is a repetition of 1905 and 1906,
each of these years having 184 rainy days. Two other coinci-
dences are that March and April had precisely the same rainfall,
namely, 2*67 in. (which was exactly the amount of the heavy rain
on the 2ist October), and July and November, 1*43 in. R. S. H.
BEAMINSTER, FLEET STREET.
TEMPERATURE, MEAXS OF.
Max. in
shade. Mill.
January .. .. 42'5 31 '7
February . . . . 47 '7 35 '4
-March 46' 7 32-3
April 52-5 37'0
May 62-9 46'2
June 69-1 49-6
July 7C-3 52'0
Max. iu
shade. Min.
August C9-0 50-0
September .. .. 62-1 46-3
October .. .. 6O6 46'5
November .. .. 52-3 39'5
December .. .. 47'2 3o - 7
Year , , 56'9 41 '8
RAINFALL IN DORSET. 151
Mean temp, for year, 49'4. Daily range i5'i.
The rainfall was about 8 in. below average. Snow fell on
1 1 days to a total of 2-37 in., of which the April storm recorded
0-95 and that of December 078. There were 2 total droughts
of 20 days, ryth June to 6th July, and 32 days, i8th July to i9th
August, followed by 17 consecutive rain days. Highest Max.
temp., 81-3 on ist July. On thre first 4 days of October the Max.
exceeded 70. J. A.
BEAMINSTER VICARAGE. This station has a complete record
for 36 years. Average rainfall for 35 years previous to 1908
37-82. During those years the rainfall has four times been lower
than in 1908, viz. : 1887 28-26
1892 28*52
189328-35
189829-48
The highest rainfall was in 1903, viz. : 49' 2 5. A. A. L.
CHEDINGTON COURT. The changes of temperature in April
were remarkably sudden. On morning of 23rd temperature
50 in shade, changing to very cold ; 3 in. of snow fell in night.
Morning of 24th, temperature 23. In early hours of 25th more
snow fell to a total depth of i foot. On ist May temperature
went up to 68 in shade. The rainfall of the 2oth and 2 ist
October was remarkable ; nearly 2\ in. fell in 5 J hours. The
end of December was very cold. Snow fell on 26th, about 3 in.,
and again on 29th from 3 a.m., and continued nearly all day;
total depth, 8 in. Thaw very rapid ; temperature 42 on
morning of 3 1 st. Lowest temperature of the year, January 4th,
13, and December 3oth, 15.
WYNFORD HOUSE. 24th April, snow. 2 ist October, severe
storm ; thunder, lightning, hail, and torrential rain. 27th
December, snow, 2f in. ; 28th, 2| in. ; 29th, 4! in. ; total, 9^ in.
LITTLEBREDY. In the rainfall of 1908 the following records
are noticeable. The longest period without rain falling was
from 1 8th July to i8th August (32 days). Other prolonged
periods were i7th June to 6th July (20 days), ist to 9th
November (9 days), I2th to 2 ist April (9 days), and 4th to izth
I 2 RAINFALL IN bORSET.
February (8 days). The wettest month was October, with a
register of 5^33 in. in 19 days; the next was December, with
4'yi in. in 24 days, four of which gave 0-84 in. from melted snow.
The lowest record was in June of 0*44 in. in 4 days. The lowest
register, *oi, was recorded on 36 days during the year. Snow
was recorded seven times, viz., 28th and 29th February, 24th
April, and 26th to 29th December. The heaviest single register
of rainfall in any 24 hours was 1*67 on 2oth to 2ist October.
Other heavy falls '93, 3oth to 3ist August; '86, i5th to i6th
February; '78, i5th to i6th July; and "73, 23rd to 24th March.
The total number of wet days throughout the year was 166 and
the total rainfall 31*74, which is 3^47 less than the amount
recorded for the previous year.
WINTERBOURNE SxEEPLETON. Rainfall of the year about
3 J in. below average. The deficiency occurred principally in
the months of June and July. Between i8th July and i8th
August (32 days, both inclusive), only '01 rain fell. Upwards
of i in. fell on 4 days during the year, and on 2ist October
2*20 was registered, which is the heaviest record since the
register began. During the 4 days, i8th to 2ist October, the
rainfall amounted to 4^35 in.
DORCHESTER, No. 2. The total rainfall was 1^09 in. less
than the average as calculated by the late Mr. H. S. Eaton.
The year was remarkably free from thunderstorms, and the
period i7th July to i8th August yielded only *oi rain. J. E.
ACLAND.
WINTERBOURNE HERRINGSTON. In the great storm of 2ist
October it began to rain about 5 a.m. At 8 I measured 0*92,
and by 12 o'clock a further 2^32 had fallen, so it was one storm
with a total rainfall of 3'24. R. B. W.
BLOXWORTH RECTORY. The year 1908 has in this district
been generally cold and ungenial, and very deficient in sunshine ;
bad for the setting of fruit bloom in the spring, and bad for the
ripening of fruit in summer and autumn ; much of it being
pinched and blighted and wanting in flavour. The absence of
heavy gales of wind, and also of thunderstorms, has been
RAINFALL IN DORSET. 153
remarkable, only one thunderstorm of any severity, viz., 2 8th
August. The great snowstorm of 2gth December yielded 0^75
water, the snow having been of an average depth of 6 7 in., and
no drifts. O. P. C.
MILTON ABBEY. The sharpest frost this year was on joth
December at 5 a.m. 28 degrees of frost. There has been very
little thunder, and no heavy fall of rain. C. H. PERKINS.
RAINFALL IN DORSET.
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RAINFALL IN DORSKT.
TABLE III. STATISTICS OF THE TEMPERATURE OF THE AIR
AND OF THE HUMIDITY AND AMOUNT OF CLOUD
AT WlNTERBOURNE STEEPLETON MANOR AT
9 A.M., KEPT BY MR. H. STILWELL.
Temperature of the Air.
In Stevenson's Screen.
On Grass.
>- II
d
11
1908.
Average of
Extremes.
M
C
If
tf
~ -^
"- H
jS
CD
11
g
4J|
43
*j
jj
B
'f
o
B
8
2?
B
I
o
""a
s
t-5
1
3?
t
h- 1
*
January
42-7
31-2
37-2
51-9
13'8
29'3
10-0
94
6-3
February . .
47-6
36-7
42-2
53-9
27-0
34-4
22'6
93
8'5
March
46-3
32-7
39-3
53-9
23-0
29-7
19-0
88
0-8
April
51'8
36-6
43-8
6o'l
27'0
33-o
20-6
86
7-5
May
60-7
45-1
52-4
71-7
33-0
427
28-4
87
6-8
June
67-3
47-4
567
78-4
34-3
44'5
31-0
81
5-6
July
68-9
51-4
59-5
81-0
44-8
48-2
40-8
83
5-0
August
69-5
49'3
58-8
79-0
37'6
45'3
32-0
82
6-7
September . .
62 "2
467
54-1
74-1
34-5
43-1
29'5
91
7 "7
October
60-9
46-5
53-5
75-0
30-0
437
25'0
96
8-2
November . .
52'5
39-3
45-9
59'6
19-5
367
160
90
7-0
December . .
46-9
35-9
41-6
52-5
12'0
34'3
12-0
94
8-8
Year..
5C-4
41-0
48'8
81-0
12 '0
38-8
lO'O
89
7-1
on 2nd
on 30th
on 12th
July.
Dec.
Jan.
By E. A. FRY.
(Read 27th July, 1909.)
4 hides i virgate
HE four tenants in chief of Tarrant Gunville at the
time of the great survey of Domesday in 1086
were
The King for land which
Hugo fitz Grip held of
the Queen Matilda
Radulphus de Creneburne,
francus - 2
Aiulfus Camerarius - 2
Willelmus de Ow - 3
Making a total of 1 1 hides 3 virgates
Taking the Hide as averaging 240 acres, the total extent is
2,820 acres. The present acreage is 3,425, but it is a recognised
difficulty to reconcile the Domesday with the modern areas in
any individual parish, though the gross total for the county can
be made to correspond fairly well. In the case of this parish the
difficulty is increased as there are several unspecified Tarrants in
Domesday.
l6o TARRANT GUXVILLE.
The lands held by the King had primarily been granted to
Queen Matilda for her life, and she had granted or leased them
to Hugh fitz Grip, the pre-Domesday Sheriff of Dorset ; on her
death in 1083 these lands reverted to the King, not only as
Reversioner of the Queen, but also by his right of escheat on the
death, without issue, of the tenant Hugh fitz Grip.
Of Radulphus of Cranborne, francus, we know nothing,
though he may perhaps be identified with others of the same
name.
Aiulfus Camerarius, or the Chamberlain, was the Sheriff of
Dorset at the time of Domesday, and, although we do not know
for certain the intermediate generations, he was doubtless the
ancestor of the family of the Tollards, and through them of the
Lucys who held much property here and in other parts of Dorset
and Wilts.
William de Ow is a very important and highly interesting
individual. Until Mr. Eyton wrote his " Key to the Domesday
of Dorset " in 1878 it had not been suspected by any one that he
was a different person to William de Ow, Count of Ow (or E\v),
the great landowner in Sussex. Even such an eminent authority
as the late Mr. E. A. Freeman did not perceive that he must be
altogether another individual. It would take up too much time
here to go into the proofs, but from further evidence collected by
Mr. Edmond Chester Waters printed in the Yorkshire Archaeo-
logical Journal and others, it must suffice to say that William
de Ow was the heir of Ralph de Limesi, Chastellan of Strigoil
(or Chepstow) before 1086, that he married Helisendis, sister of
Hugh Lupus, Earl of Chester, and that in 1096 he was involved
in the rebellion against William II. (Rufus). At an adjourned
meeting of the Gemot at Salisbury on i3th January, 1097, a
wager of battle was fought between Geoffray de Baynard and
William de Ow, and the latter was overthrown. By the laws of
the combat his defeat was full evidence of his guilt and the
punishment decreed was confiscation of his property and bodily
mutilation. Whether he died then or later is not recorded, but
his lands here in Tarrant Gunville and elsewhere in the county,
TARRANT GUNVILLE. l6l
as also in Bedfordshire, Berkshire, Devon, Gloucester, Hants,
Herts, Somerset, and Wilts, consisting of no less than 77 manors,
were forfeited to the Crown, and the bulk of them were sub-
sequently bestowed upon Walter de Clare, founder of Tintern
Abbey. All this proves that William de Ow was an entirely
different person from (though cotemporaneous with), Count
William de Ow, whose lands were never forfeited.
The Manor of Tarrant Gunville, at least the greater part of it,
was now in the family of the Clares, and appears in all their
Inquisitions post mortem, and formed part of the Honour of
Gloucester, and continued in this family till the death of Gilbert
de Clare, fourth and last Earl of Gloucester and Hertford at the
battle of Bannockburn in 1313, 7 Edward II.
His heiresses were his three sisters, and on a partition of his
vast estates Tarrant Gunville, amongst other property, was given
to Elizabeth, wife of John de Burgh. Her grand-daughter,
Elizabeth de Burgh, brought the property again into the hands
of royalty on her marriage with Lionel, Duke of Clarence, and
their grand-son, Roger Mortimer, fourth Earl of March, and his
son Edmund, fifth Earl of March, both held the manor at their
deaths in 1398 and 1424 respectively.
It was during the tenure of this place by the Mortimers that
a most interesting document (now in the British Museum) was
compiled, called " The Register of the Muniments of Edmund
Mortimer, 3rd Earl of March." Their head or principal abode
was Wigmore in co. Hereford, and at some period between 1360
and 1381 an inventory was taken of all their possessions in
England, and under the heading of " Tarent Gundeville "
appears a list, or rather abstracts, of 40 deeds then existing
relating to this place. Many of the earlier ones are not dated
but it is presumed that they are in their chronological order. It
forms quite an authentic " Abstract of Title " first of the Clares
and afterwards of the Mortimers, to the Manor, and shows how
by degrees the different owners of parts of the manor, such as
Sibilla de Gunvil, wife of Hugh de Gunvil, Ralph de Stopham
and William de Glammorgan (who were two of the heirs of
I 62 TARRANT GUNVILLE.
Brian de Insula) and others disposed of their holdings to the
Clares. This document has not yet, I believe, been printed, and
it is too long to do so here, but it is well worth perusal and some
day, if a detailed history of Tarrant Gunville is undertaken, it
will undoubtedly form an important document in that work.
The heiress of the Mortimers, Anne, sister of Edmund, the
last Earl of March, married royalty in the person of Edward
Plantagenet, Earl of Cambridge ; and their son Richard, Duke
of York, being heir to his mother, and father of King Edward
IV., brought the Manor once more into the Crown.
One of the first acts of Edward IV. was to make provision for
his mother, Cecily (daughter of Ralph Neville, Earl of Northum-
berland) and among many estates granted to her for life was that
of the manor of Tarrant Gunville as set forth in a Patent Roll of
i June, 1461.
From this time onwards for 100 years the Manor was leased
out by the Crown to many individuals, amongst whom were the
Bayntons of Fullerdeston or Farleston, co. Wilts, then to the
Cheynes, then to the Nevilles, and in Henry VII. 's reign it
formed part of the jointure of his Queen Elizabeth, and in Henry
VIII. 's reign it was in the jointure of every one of his six
Queens, as shown in the various Acts of Parliament and Patent
Rolls confirming those Jointures.
In the 6th year of Edward VI., 1552, the manor was granted
to Lord Clynton and Saye and Henry Herdson as trustees for the
King, and henceforward it seems to have been split up into three
undivided portions which represent, probably, the three manors
of Tarrant Gunville proper, Gunville Eastbury, and Bursey.
Among many names we find those of George Delalynd,
Christopher Dodington, Christopher Twynhoe, John Miller ; and
in 7 Edward VI., 1553, those of my ancestors Thomas Fry,
William Fry, and Walter Fry. Then come Thomas Devenish,
Thomas Philpott, and Bubb Dodington, Lord Melcombe, the
Swaynes, Harbins, and in quite recent times the Farquharsons.
In fact the transmission of the manor either in its entirety or its
sub-divisions becomes so involved that I really have not been
TARRANT GUNVILLE. 163
able satisfactorily to clear it up and a great deal of research is
still necessary.
I hope during the year to be allowed to see some of the Court
Rolls, &c., of the manor which are in existence from about 1535
to 1590, and in possession of the direct descendant of the
Swayne and Harbyn families, and an inspection of these may
clear up some of the difficulties mentioned.
cm6 gtx>Cufton of
Jlrc^tfecfuraC f^fes
in fe @urc of g?or6incjfott J>f.
porc^esfcr.
(Being the Mansel-Phvdell Prize Essay for igog.J
By JEM FEACEY.
HE following essay is accompanied by a plan of the
church as existing in the year A.D. 1906, and also
by a series of sketches done on the spot.
The smells from the wood joists and floor of
St. George's having become most objectionable
and injurious to health, it was decided to remove
the decayed flooring, and this was done in the
month of October, 1907.
It was further decided to lower the floor of the
church, and for this purpose, after the removal of the sittings and
floor, a certain amount of excavation over the surface was
necessary. Excavation for foundations required for pillars and
responds to a proposed new north nave arcade were also carried
out and concrete put in, and the underpinning of the three semi-
Norman piers taken in hand. The result of this work was most
EXPLANATION OF PLAN.
1. The dotted lines are of presumed foundations, which at present are non-
existent.
'2. Those hatched thus )))))) are foundations of a pre-Norman structure.
3. The part shewn thus is that of existing and 11 on -existing walls and
foundations respectively of a semi-Norman or Transition building.
4. The walls hatched thus %%%% is that of Early English work,
o. The Perpendicular work is shewn thus ||||||||||.
f>. The walls shewn thus m are in the Classic Kenaissance style of the Georgian
period.
7. The part hatched thus ///// is that of Debased Gothic and the Column and
Pilaster Tuscan in character, with cambered arches spanning the
openings.
ARCHITECTURAL STYLES IX FORDIXGTOX CHURCH. 165
interesting from an antiquarian point of view, and the following
evidence revealed itself:
(a.) In a line with and under the senii-Xonnan pillars on the
south side of the nave there was a continuous, unbroken,
and uninterrupted course of foundations in large stone
rubble work, about 4ft. wide, from east to west.
(b.) At right angles to, and running northwards into the nave,
from the irregular-shaped pier (nearest the pulpit), was
another course of foundations, in length about two
yards. This also shewed itself again in the same line,
but less perfectly, near the north aisle.
(c.) Near the respond at the north-east end of the north
arcade (in excavating for new pier foundations} some
remains of herring-bone masonry were opened out,
similar to that in character associated with Roman work.
(</.) Several superficial yards of very much worn, broken, and
damaged but, nevertheless, in situ mediaeval tile
paving, at some inches in depth below the old floor
level near and in front of the pulpit, were revealed. I
would refer rather pointedly to this for the edification
of some carping critics who have objected to the new
and lower level decided on for the floor if one may
really call it new.
Many, very beautiful in design, mediaeval tiles were also
dug up ; but these I will not attempt to enlarge upon, as
they would form enough subject matter for another
paper, and are being drawn and restored in design
by the Vicar, the Rev. R. Grosvenor Bartelot.
An Early English Purbeck marble tomb slab, with double -
hollow chamfered edges and a raised cross or staff, the
head being formed of a concave-sided diamond shape,
with trefoils on each point of the diamond and a shank
running down from the base of same. This slab had
been cut, reversed, and made to do duty for one of the
paving stones of the aisles. (See Sketch No. \Q.\
1 66 ARCHITECTURAL STYLES IN EORDlKGTOM CtlURCtt.
(/!) A Roman tombstone of the first century, with an incised
inscription, was found under the south-east angle of
the porch, where indicated on the plan.
(g,} A human skull and horse bones were found built in the
base of the irregular- shaped pier ; these constituted a
very grave source of .weakness, and may in part have
accounted for the pier inclining out of the vertical.
(^.) On removing the stone foundations under the semi-
Norman piers for underpinning, the shape of the
trench originally excavated revealed itself. Why I
refer to it is because of its most unusual type, and the
part taken out under each pillar was identical. The
mason who was engaged has done a good bit of church
work and underpinning, and had seen nothing like it.
The section of the trench was, as it were, a trench
within a trench. It was 4 feet wide at the top,
gradually tapering down to about 2 feet 6 inches ; and
then at the bottom of this upper trench a smaller
trench, about a foot wide and a foot deep, cut down
in the solid chalk, forming practically a tenon for the
masonry. (Sec Sketch No. 10.)
(/.) The remains of an old foundation for a length of 12 feet
were also discovered outside the church, running east-
ward in a line with the north wall.
(/.) The foundations also of the beautiful chancel spoken of
by Hutchins, the Dorset historian, were laid bare, as
indicated by the lines shewn on the plan.
In underpinning and putting in foundations for enlarging the
buttresses externally to the north aisle, a Perpendicular engaged
shaft, cap and jamb, and a first voussoir of the arch in Ham Hill
stone of a respond to the old opening of the north transept,
done away with in 1833, were dug out from doing duty as
foundation stones below the ground. There are others also still
there built in the walls. They correspond exactly with the
character of those of the present south transept and chanerl.
V\NV \\\\\ /
w
ARCHITECTURAL STYLES IN FORDINGTON CHURCH. 167
The old lead covering on the roof over the nave indicates
most reliably where the old span roof of the transept intersected
it, the old lines of the valleys still remaining, and the more
recent lead covering being continued down and made good from
the same point.
Built into the front wall of the old Fordington Rectory
is a two-light Perpendicular traceried window taken from the
north wall of the church, removed in the year 1833.
In underpinning the westernmost semi-Norman pillar the
stucco work and dubbing-up with cement, bricks, and tiles to
the base were carefully removed, and a stone of novel formation
for the position it occupied was revealed. The stone is square at
the base of the pillar, with rough weatherings off at the angles ;
the square is then cut away downwards, with a reducing cavetto or
hollow, finishing circular on plan, down on to a large bead or
roll at the base.
Evidently, as far as I can judge, this stone has been inverted,
and I have not the least doubt that it did duty in some other
position right way up in pre- Norman times. Its former use
was disguised. I have now endeavoured to make a feature of it,
with a new base below, and a bit of Transition carving on the
same at each angle. (See Sketch No. 10.)
The front wall of the porch, which was shewing serious cracks
from settlements, was built over several graves. This has now
been carefully underpinned.
Several very old graves were discovered in the chalk in the
church near the site of the old north wall with the lengthways
cut north and south.
The wall west of the south transept was found (when the
plastering was removed) to be faced internally with alternative
courses of flint and stone. This was pointed with cement, and is
now left exposed.
There was also found a small circular stone, about 7 inches in
diameter and 3 inches thick, with an incised cross cut on each
side of it. This may have formed the apex stone of a cross or
the terminal on the coping of a gablet. (See sketch.)
1 68 ARCHITECTURAL STYLES IN FORDINGTON CHURCH.
Pieces of old plastering were also picked up, with lines of
vermilion arid grey drawn upon them.
I have thought it well to give the foregoing evidence which
has been disclosed by the work that has been done at the
church, and which, I think it must be agreed, could not have
been ascertained otherwise, and on part of which one's theories
for the architectural sequence or evolution must be based. I
will endeavour, as far as practicable, to confine myself to that
evidence in conjunction with all that is patent to the ordinary
observer of what is still in existence and use.
The site of this church is on a knoll or hill, commanding fine
views of the surrounding country in every direction.
The village or parish was known at the date of the Norman
Conquest by the ancient name of Fortitone.*
There seems to be little doubt that there has been an erection
or structure of some kind upon this site from time immemorial.
It is quite within the limits of human reasoning to conjecture
in remote times the site being occupied by a Druidical mono-
lithic or wattle-and-mud erection, the pagan priests officiating,
having as their metropolitan the heathen Archflamen of the City of
Carleon or London ; and further, by the way, it is believed that the
revenues of these pagan priests, when the land was cleared of
heathenism, eventually passed into the hands of, and were trans-
ferred to, the Christian bishops and clergy of those early centuries.
This may or may not have been the origin of the Great Tithes,
which are said to have been lost in the mists of antiquity.
Coming to Romano-British times, we get the first traces of
evidence of Roman practice, viz., in the herringbone masonry
in the foundation under the arch of the old north transept.
This, although it occurs in Norman and occasionally in Saxon
work, may have supported a Romano-British edifice, a temple
* Fortitone was, in all probability, the result of an attempt on the part of the
Isormau compiler of Domesday to put down the English word "Fordingtoii."
Many such clumsy spellings occur in the Survey e.y., Pirctone for Piddleton ;
irichcmetHHe for Wichampton. [En.]
ARCHITECTURAL STYLES IX FORDIXGTOX CHURCH. 169
to Venus or Mercury, or an early church ; whether heathen or
Christian it is at this date impossible to tell. There may,
however, have been amongst Vespasian's leading men Praetors,
Centurions, and other of those early invaders many who had
come direct from Rome, who may have heard St. Paul preach
and had been converted by his teaching, as we well know he
had adherents in the highest Roman society. For instance, in
sending salutations in his Epistle to the Philippians, he pointedly
refers to " especially those of Caesar's household."
The greater number of the earliest churches were built of
timber. Bede says that " a stone church was a rarity," but I do
not think it is at all likely that this building at Fordington would
have been erected in wood in this stone-bearing locality ; and,
further, a foundation of herringbone masonry would not then
have been necessary.
The evidence of the Purbeck marble slab, with a Roman
inscription of the first century, being found in situ seems to link
itself with an erection used for the purpose of religious rites and
ceremonies from the earliest times.
If a Christian structure, it may have continued down to and
existed at the time of the Diocletian persecution, which com-
menced in 303 A.D. and lasted ten years, during which time
many Christians were put to death, and the churches were every-
where demolished. It is scarcely probable that over a period of
ten years this church would have escaped, if it existed, near so
prominent a town as Durnovaria.
Further, it does not seem at all likely that a town in such an
advanced state of civilization, as has been revealed by Romano-
British finds and discoveries, would have been without its Christian
community. They may not have been recognised by the Fmpire
or State, or allowed to occupy the walled-in town proper, yet
may have been tolerated and allowed to live without the gate or
walls, and, therefore, choosing to settle preferably, and may be
symbolically, eastward of the old Roman vallum, there to build
themselves a church up on the rising ground, and set it upon a
hill, so that it could not be hid.
170 ARCHITECTURAL STYLES IN FORDIXGTOX CHURCH.
The plan of this erection may have been based on that of a
simple Romanesque or Basilican model, with apsidal or semi-
circular end, or it may more probably have had a square east
end, with walls of rubble and faced with plaster or brick. The
doors and windows were generally spanned by semi-circular
arches, the use of the lintel being dispensed with. The windows
of the period were small. The roof would be of timber with
simple trusses, covered with burnt clay or stone tiles ; and the
floor of concrete, stone, or tesserae.
With respect to the size and dimensions of this erection,
which seems to me the essence of the theories to be propounded,
I have hunted up some particulars which seem to throw a little
light upon the matter, and to my theory seems to apply itself
anyhow, I have put it forward for what it is worth. The par-
ticulars are these, viz. :
St. Patrick, the Apostle to the Irish, who was said to have
been connected with Glastonbury and to have been buried there,
directed the building of certain churches in Ireland. The usual
length of the larger churches was sixty feet, and this his rule was
followed for many centuries.
Mr. Petrie suggests that the general adoption of this size
originated in reverence either for the original model built by
Patrick at Glastonbury, or for some similar one derived from the
primitive Christians.
Also from a mass of curious matter he has collected, he gives
the history of the foundation of the Church of St. Patrick, near
Feltown in Meath, which is thus related in the tripartite history
ascribed to S. Evan :
" In that very place where his residence was (where he had
" received S. Patrick) Conal laid the foundation of a church to
" God and S. Patrick, which was in length sixty of his feet, and
" he removed his habitation to another spot."
Now from the close of the Diocletian persecution to the rise
of the Arian heresy the British Church had rest, and it is said
that churches were rebuilt which had been overthrown, and
others founded and erected, so that when Germanus and Lupus
ARCHITECTURAL STYLES IN FORDINGTON CHURCH. 171
came over here in A.D. 429 to oppose the Pelagian heresy, they
preached, we are told, in churches, as well as in fields and
highways.
It is said that not a single building originally designed as a
Christian Church in the Anglo-Roman period remains in
England, unless the multangular tower at Dover called the
Pharos be an exception, or could in reality be called a part of a
church.
In the year 407 the army of the Romans left Britain. The
Saxons were called in, in A.D. 447, to repel the Picts and Scots,
and they in their turn became formidable enemies, "and after
many fluctuating battles and much devastation (according to
accounts containing a great deal of mythical history) eventually
conquered the country. The Saxons settled down and erected
in many places heathen temples to their gods, so that when
Augustine came to Britain in 597 he found the remains of a
British race and of a Christian people, but the churches were
few, and the worshippers in proportion fewer.
Ethelbert, King of Kent, through his Christian wife Bertha
and her tutor Bishop Luidhard, favourably received him and
made the way easy, in consequence, for the re-introduction of
Christianity under Papal auspices.
Pope Gregory, who sent Augustine, however, seems to have
been a very practical prelate, for, writing to Mellitus (whom he
sent with Justus, Paulinus, and Rufinianus), he says : " When
"Almighty God shall bring you to the most Reverend Bishop
" Augustine, our brother, tell him what I have, upon mature
" deliberation on the affair of the English, determined upon,
" viz., that the temples of the idols in that nation ought not to
" be destroyed, but let the idols that are in them be destroyed ;
" let holy water be made and sprinkled in the said temples, let
" altars be erected and relics placed in them. For, if those
" temples are well built, it is requisite that they be converted
" from the worship of devils to the service of the true God,"
&c. These instructions, no doubt, were carried out in many
instances.
1)2 ARCHITECTURAL STYLES IN FORDINGTON CHURCH.
It is said, however, that St. Augustine, having his see granted
him in the royal City (Canterbury), and being supported by the
King, recovered therein a church which he was informed had
been built by the ancient Roman Christians, and he consecrated
it in the name of " our Holy Saviour, God and Lord Jesus
Christ."
Now after this he must be a bold man who would assert that
the foundations still existing in a continuous line under the
semi-Norman pillars at St. George's must have supported Saxon
work, especially as we have to-day, nearly fourteen hundred years
later, Roman masonry work still standing in the town.
I do not think the Saxons would have pulled down a good
Romano- British straight wall and built another straight wall on
the same foundations. It is scarcely common sense to suppose
they would do it with no object of utility to be attained, and the
Romans undoubtedly were more refined and better workmen,
with more efficient tools and implements than the Saxons. The
most that probably they would have done would have been
repairs or some alteration to a door, window, or otherwise.
One or other of the following deductions may be drawn from
this at the Saxon period, viz. :
1. The possibility of a Romano-British Church remaining
undemolished.
2. Demolition at the time of the Diocletian persecution, and
rebuilding after the persecution ceased.
3. Left demolished for nearly 400 years (which is not at all
likely) till Saxon times, and they took it in hand to
rebuild it.
I am of opinion that it was not a Saxon erection which the
Normans altered and adapted, but the walls of a Romano-
British edifice, either left undemolished or rebuilt after the
Diocletian persecution, as I find it hard to believe and suppose
that the Normans would so soon pull about, alter, and transform
the walls of, to them, a new Saxon erection.
ARCHITECTURAL STYLES IN FORDINGTON CHURCH. 173
Many of the Romanesque forms would readily harmonise with
Norman work, and the form taken of their zigzag enrichment is
said to have been suggested by the Roman herringbone
masonry.
The foundations hatched ))))))) on the plan coincide with
three lines of existing foundations revealed (the north and south
being exactly 20 feet apart), and are set out in length to the size
of the examples set by St. Patrick, giving the proportions of one
wide to two in length to the nave, and one to one to the chancel,
making a square compartment, the total being the sixty feet
in length. Such proportions it would be hard to improve
upon.
The north face next the nave (which is most irregular and
undressed) of the irregular south pier nearest the pulpit, and
part of the spandrels over the south arcade, I verily believe to
have formed part of this pre- Norman structure.
If the theory and assumption is wrong of its being the remains
of a Romano-British erection, and it ivas put up in Saxon times,
then the plan follows their models, i.e., two simple oblongs
joined by a small chancel arch, the chancel being square, ended
lower and smaller than the nave and distinctly marked as such
externally and internally. The Saxon Christians, if the erection
of a church was in contemplation, would have probably looked
about, ascertained, or enquired the usual size of such erections,
so as to have some precedent to go upon, as we should do now-
a-days, and the St. Patrick's model would probably have been
handed down. (The skeletons of a man and a horse with its bit
and bridle irons were dug up near the north transept. The bit,
etc., are said to be Saxon, and they are now in the Dorset
Museum.)
Dorchester must have suffered very much towards the end of
the Saxon period, as it is said there were 172 taxable houses in
the time of Edward the Confessor, and only 88 according to the
Domesday Book in the time of William the First. This is
attributed to the devastation of the place by the Danes under
Sweyn.
174 ARCHITECTURAL STYLES IN FORDINGTON CHURCH.
The church (whether Romano- British or Saxon) may have
suffered in consequence, and been left neglected and uncared for.
There was also another reason, viz., it is known that building
operations were greatly retarded towards the end of the loth
century in consequence of a generally prevailing idea that the
end of the world was near.
Again, if it were a Saxon Church, there is not the smallest
evidence of any " long-and-short " work remaining, or any copy
of timber forms in stone, as is the case in some of the Saxon
remains in this country.
St. Aldhelm was Bishop at Sherborne in 705, and this was one
of the churches belonging to his diocese, Sherborne then being
the cathedral church. Herman, one of his successors, got the
Pope and King to allow him to transfer the seat of his church
and Bishopric to Old Sarum ; consequently Sherborne dimin-
ished in importance. Osmund was Herman's successor, and he
is said to have endowed this church. By birth a Norman noble,
nephew of Robert, Duke of Normandy, he came to England in
1066, and was appointed Bishop of Sarum 1078. He shortly
after obtained a grant of land from his uncle out of the Royal
Manor of Fordington, with which he endowed the Prebend and
Canonry of Fordington in his new cathedral. Adjoining Salis-
bury Field, Dorchester (note the coincidence of the name with
that of the Cathedral City), the prebendal mansion stood. He
also had a share in the compilation of the Domesday Survey of
1086. He consecrated the Norman restoration of the pre-
Norman Church on this site in 1092. He died at Old Sarum
in 1099, and his remains were translated to Salisbury Cathedral.
In 1456 Bp. Osmund was canonized by the Pope. He is said to
have written a " Life of St. Aldhelm."
With the influx of the conquering Normans, the Norman style
of ecclesiastical architecture asserted itself, and was universally
adopted, and there can be no doubt it deserved the preference
given to it.
It is said that communication between England and other
countries can be traced from the year 674 or thereabouts on
ARCHITECTURAL STYLES IN FORDIXGTOX CHURCH. 175
matters architectural, and continental masons who built more
Romano were chiefly employed at least until they had initiated
the natives in the " mysteries " of their craft.
This would be consistent with the existence of a corporate
body such as the Freemasons afterward became.
But it is admitted on all hands that in the Tenth Century a
body of men calling themselves Freemasons claimed the right,
under Papal privilege, of exercising their craft throughout
Christendom.
This accounts for the marvellous uniformity of detail in
structures of every period all over the kingdom owing to their
diffusion, and they carried with them the same rules, forms, hands,
and tools, to work with, under the dicta laid down from their
Grand Lodge and its Master. Freemasonry was eventually banned
by the Pope. Hope (an authority) gives a picturesque descrip-
tion of a lodge which Masons established for a time where they
were engaged in any work :
" Wherever they came in the suite of missionaries, or were
" called by the natives, or arrived of their own accord to seek
" employment, they appeared headed by a chief surveyor, who
" governed the whole troop, and named one man out of every
" ten, under the name of Warden, to overlook the nine others,
" set themselves to build temporary huts for their habitation,
" around the spot where the work was to be carried on ;
" regularly organised their different departments, fell to work,
" sent for fresh supplies of their brethren, as the object
"demanded them, often made the wealthy inhabitants of the
" neighbourhood, out of devotion, or commutation of penance,
" furnish the requisite materials and carriages, and the others
"assist in the manual labour, shortened or prolonged the
" completion of the edifice as they liked, or were averse to the
" place, or were more or less wanted in others, and, when all was
" finished, again raised their encampment and went elsewhere to
" undertake other jobs."
As late as the reign of Henry VI., in an indenture of covenants
made between the churchwardens of a parish in Suffolk and a
176 ARCHITECTURAL STYLES IN FORDINGTON CHURCH.
company of Freemasons, the latter stipulates that every man
should be provided with a pair of white leather gloves and a
white apron, and that a lodge, properly tiled, should be erected at
the expense of the parish, in which to hold their meetings.
A number of the members of the craft undoubtedly were
drafted to Fordington, there to undertake the enlargement and
alteration of the church. These men, although they had a
certain knowledge of their craft, were not workmen of the first
water, nor could they be mentioned in the same category as such
men as William of Sens and William the Englishman. They
seem to have found Fordington a very poor place, with
certainly a lack of proper and sufficient materials, as the
evidence of the using up of the singular stone to the base of the
south-west pillar and the indiscriminate mixture of Ham Hill
and Beer stone seems to prove. The form, design, and nature
of the stone to the base of the second pier seems to indicate that
it had been used elsewhere and brought there. The Norman
workmanship generally here is crude, and the carving to the
pillar cap lacks the vigour of the best period, and is little better
than scratched work. The Normans added the south aisle,
porch, and transepts. Whether a chancel, with a square, circular,
or apsidal end, was extended it is now impossible to say. The
plan of the porch is unusual, in that it tapers inwards slightly
and narrows itself next the church.
I cannot accept the belief of some, viz., that there was a low
tower at the crossing. The size seems somewhat out of proportion
to the remainder of the church, and the interior would have had
to be roughly about 20 feet each way (certainly one way) for it
to have fitted in. The present tower is but 12 feet by 13 feet
internally.
The modus operandi of the Norman masons was as follows,
according to Micklethwaite's theory (and it is quite patent to an
investigator). If, as in this instance, they wanted to add an aisle
to an existing church, they did not shore up the roof and pull
down the wall to build the new arcade required ; but they drew
openings in the standing wall slightly wider and opposite to the
ARCHITECTURAL STYLES IN FORDIXGTON CHURCH. 177
pillars they intended to erect, down to just below the floor level.
They then set up the pillars on the old foundations, as at
Fordington, leaving the masonry of the wall intervening between
the pillars temporarily standing, to act as centres for the turning
of their arches on, and when the keystones were fixed and the
spandrels made good, the wall (remaining temporarily) was
removed; a very sensible way too, if they were short of the
necessary plant, material, wood centres, and shores necessary for
such work. This also would account somewhat for the
irregularity and want of trueness in the striking of the arcs of the
circles forming the arches. The spacing of the pillars is also
not equal ; this may have been in consequence of having to
avoid a door or window opening in the old wall. The wall
of the spandrels has spread outwards in the middle some four
inches, in consequence of the thrust of the roof, and the base of
the spandrel over the middle pier projects beyond the abacus of
the cap.
The features of the pillars are these : The irregular shaped
pier is that of two responds, back to back (one of a later
period). The base is plain chamfered, and the impost on
the west side is that of a simple chamfered abacus. There is a
plain chamfer to the south-west angle, finished top and bottom
with characteristic Norman stops.
The centre pillar is two feet in diameter above its base. On
removing the whitewash and repairing it, some pieces of a
painted alabaster image were taken out of a hole, about the size
of a small putlog hole, in the side of it.
The lines of the plan of its base changed their form three
times. It. starts with a square bottom and then chamfers away
into an unequal-sided octagonal form, and is again weathered
with eight pointed and veined radiating leaves carved at each
angle, and finished at the top circular with a debased Attic
moulding.
I have enquired of several masons and others the name of
the stone or the quarry or locality from whence it came, but
I could get nothing satisfactory. One went so far as to say it
iy8 ARCHITECTURAL STYLES IN FORDIXGTOX CHURCH.
may have been brought from the Holy Land by a crusader
perhaps the crusader to whom the effigy belonged, of which a
part of the head alone remains at the church, showing that he
wore a conical nasal helm, somewhat similar to those sculptured
on the tympanum. This man may have been the benefactor
who found the means for the additions to the church of the
semi-Norman period.
The capital is in Ham Hill stone, 7 inches deep, and is formed
with a necking, echinus, or cushion cap, and abacus, the abacus
being square, with the angles cut off. The necking is carved with
a cable pattern, the cushion with spiral, vertical, and inverted
truncated cones alternately, and with inverted semi-circles filled
in with forms similar to a shamrock leaf, also with eyes and a
six-pointed star-shaped leaf pattern, in a circle.
The south-west pier is also 2 feet in diameter above its base,
but built of larger stones. Its base has before been referred to ;
the capital is about i foot deep, of Ham Hill stone, formed with
a coupled necking, large cavetto, and a hood mould finish.
This capital indicates a transition in embryo towards the Early
English, the bell of the capital of the later style being fore-
shadowed.
The section of the arches to the arcade is of two simple orders
with wide chamfers on all the edges.
The Perpendicular work of the tower forms the abutment for
the westernmost crippled arch.
The chief glory of the Norman work remaining is the
principal and south entrance doorway, and its elevation seen in
the porch. Here we have an opening 4 feet wide and something
under 7 feet high in the centre, with a part-canted head. The
outer reveal has a large bowtell and double quirk worked right
round it, with plain stops at the base. The head of the opening
is composed of several large stones, on which there is an
irregular shaped panel or tympanum, sunk with some legendary
raised sculpture carved on the same. Bloxam refers to it
thus : " A curious and very early sculpture, apparently
" representing some incident in the story of St. George. The
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ARCHITECTURAL STYLES IN FORDIXGTOX CHURCH. 179
" figures, of which there are several, bear a remarkable
" resemblance, in point of costume, to those in the Bayeux
" tapestry. The principal figure is on horseback, with a discus
" round the head, a mantle fastened to the shoulder, and a pryck
" spur affixed to the right heel. He is represented in the act of
" spearing, with a lance which bears a pennon at the extremity,
" a figure lying prostrate, wearing the conical nasal helme and
" bearing a shield. Other figures are likewise represented
" habited in a hawberk and chausses of one piece. The
" execution of this sculpture may perhaps be assigned to A.D.
" 1091."
This tympanum was evidently painted in colours, as there are
traces of paint still remaining on the stone.
There are no Norman windows remaining ; but the inner
reveals and semi-elliptical arch over the inside of the window on
the right hand side of the porch I consider to be Norman ; the
window proper is quite modern.
On the right hand side of the main entrance in the south aisle
wall there is a small recess in the wall about 2 feet wide, with a
two-centred arched head with chamfered angles finishing with
stops. This recess was made purposely to contain a holy water
stoup, of which I have made a sketch. It is doubtful whether it
is of Norman date. By some it is considered to have been a
miniature font of a pre-Norman date. The carving at the base
is closely akin to the egg-and-dart enrichment of Roman work.
It appears too large for one use, and too small for the other.
There are also the remains of a piscina in the east wall of the
south transept. The usual place is on the south side of the
altar, in the wall. If in this case there was no extended apse,
the probability is there was not room for it to be so placed ; but
Parker, in his " Glossary," says that very frequently they were
placed at the eastern ends of the aisles of the nave. This so
corresponds in this instance.
It is also said that none are known to exist earlier than the
middle of the i2th Century. I am inclined to think, however, that
this one is semi- Norman. Its pointed head (of which I give a
l8o ARCHITECTURAL STYLES IN FORDINGTON CHURCH.
sketch), coincides with the pointed arches of the arcade. It is
terribly mutilated, and it is impossible to make out the details of
its features. You can certainly trace the groove on its rest
leading to the pipe or drain for conveying the rinsed water
through the wall, and that is about all.
Also, if there was no apse, its position would be sufficiently
near to the altar to answer its purposes comfortably.
There are the signs remaining of a V-shaped hood or roof
having existed, instead of the present lead flat and parapet to the
porch.
The lines of the water-tabling still remain in the main wall
both inside and outside of the porch, and the rakes exactly
coincide.
The roof over the south aisle is, possibly, of the semi-
Norman period, and consists of shaped wall pieces supported on
corbels carrying the ends of inclined principals. There is
common sense in this, because if the ends of the beams decay in
the wall the wall pieces are still there carrying the weight. The
roof over the nave and transept is waggon-headed, or barrel
vaulted, in appearance, with more recent plastered work, and the
construction consequently is hid. Norman roofs are said to have
had king-post trusses, and the Early English are of trussed rafter
construction. This roof may approximate to the latter, as the
work we have considered is Transition and near to this period.
Trussed rafter roofs would lend themselves readily to the
waggon-headed shape with firring pieces, lathes, and plaster.
The present roofs are now covered with no less than four
different kinds of covering, viz., lead on the nave roof, slates on
the north aisle. One side of the south transept roof has slates,
the other stone tiles, and there are small clay tiles on the chancel.
The south transept also has an appearance under the eastern
eaves of having been covered with thatch at one period.
There were great exertions on the part of church builders in
the 1 3th Century, and extraordinary energies were put forth in
the erection of religious edifices, or enlarging and beautifying
those that existed.
ARCHITECTURAL STYLES IN FORDINGTON CHURCH. l8l
They seem to have been too busy in the diocese probably
with the erection of Salisbury Cathedral in hand to have
devoted their energies to any notable work of this period at St.
George's.
The porch and the south parapet appear to have been the
only parts meddled with. The span roof, &c., appears to have
been removed, the side walls raised about 3 feet, and lengthened
southwards 3 feet, and the front rebuilt, and a new flat roof
added. The raised side walls form a low parapet, and are
provided with a necking and weathered coping. Over the
doorway a Ham Hill stone sill (about i8in. wide) alone
remains. This formed part of what was formerly a niche or
panel, which may or may not have contained a figuie.
The Norman eaves ot the south aisle, containing a probable
oversailing and corbelled course, appear to have been cut off at
the same time, and the wall raised to form a parapet to the aisle
roof. The form of the necking and coping corresponds with and
displays a kinship with that to the porch. The builders did not
seem to know what to do with it at the south-west inner angle
of the transept, as it is most abruptly terminated. Their reason
for raising this parapet may have been on account of trouble
caused by the creeping lead on the roof sliding down to the
eaves.
There does not appear to be any work of the Decorated period
about the church.
It was not till the time of the builders of the Perpendicular
period that the next alterations were carried out. These
were extensive, and that beautifully proportioned tower which
constitutes a Dorchester landmark was then added to the church.
It appears that the former nave and south aisle were shortened
to make room for this tower, a span of the arcade was narrowed,
and one of the semi-Norman arches crippled and partly rebuilt,
and supported by an unusual shaped corbelled arrangement
forming an impost in the new wall of the tower, as is shown by
the sketch, making a very lop-sided and ungainly arch. To
compensate for this shortening arrangement (so it appears), an
I 82 ARCHITECTURAL STYLES IX FORDIXGTOX CHURCH.
extensive and beautiful chancel \vas built, said by Hutchins
" to be larger and longer than the body of the church." He
further says that " it had stalls on each side of it after the
"manner of cathedrals, of oak very curiously carved, gilt and
" painted, a roof of timber in like manner very curiously deviced.
The rood loft at that time was highly preserved."
The old foundations of this chancel were exposed by excava-
tion round the existing erection, and are shown by the lines
hatched in |||||||| on the plan.
The old semi-Norman walls and arches between the nave and
chancel, and also those of the transepts and south aisle, appear
to have been removed and replaced with the existing responds
and arches in Ham Hill stone, which consist of plain bases with
jambs which die into them. Jambs of two orders, with engaged
shafts and a large ogee on each side of them, the shafts finishing
with a cap at the impost, and with a bowtell and fillet, continued
up round the arches over them. The outer ogees of the jambs
also go right up round and with the roll and fillet, forming the
section of the arch moulds.
In the right hand side of one of these responds to the present
chancel there is a squint or hagioscope. Its size is ij feet
wide by 2 feet high. At present the pulpit blocks it, and it is
walled up on the chancel side ; but when the chancel spoken of
by Hutchins existed, an oblique line drawn from the Holy Table
through the same to the main entrance (as is shown by the
oblique dotted line on the plan) enabled a person standing inside
to see the altar.
In the south-east abutment of the respond to the transept arch
occur the steps at present leading to the pulpit, but originally to
a rood loft.
In Hutchins it is referred to thus: "In 1863 improvements
were effected in the interior of this church, and all that was
possible was done to restore the ancient stonework." The
upper doorway was lowered (this can be seen) and the 3 upper
steps removed to bring it to the level of the pulpit. The pulpit
was shifted from the north side to this position at this date.
ARCHITECTURAL STYLES IN FORDIXGTOX CHURCH. 183
The steps are approached through a narrow and low pointed
doorway i9in. wide in the east Avail of the transept, with door
jambs and arch in Ham Hill stone in reveal, with plain hollow
and ogee mould on the same. The hooks are still in the stone-
work of the right hand jamb to which a door was formerly hung.
Externally the masonry at the top of these steps has the
appearance of having been much altered, cut about, and botched
up.
The opening inside has been blocked down from the top with
masonry about z feet as shewn on sketch, and it is closed to
the pulpit with a Jacobean y-panelled door, having scratched
mouldings and some carving consisting of guilloche enrichment
on the top rail.
The two-light window east of the transept was evidently
inserted in the old wall, its masonry being vertical, and the
adjoining masonry on each side to which it is bonded being out
of upright and of inferior work. It seems, however, itself of
earlier and cruder workmanship than the two- light window
which corresponds to it in the west wall of the south aisle.
There are no tracery jambs, but they form part of the wide reveal
inside. A shallow casement occurs externally, but the sill is
very poor. The mullions and tracery are of straight chamfered
work with double cusps and eyes, and the finish at the point of
the arch is crude and incorrect.
The two-light window in the west wall is similar in design,
except that the chamfering is hollow, and there is no casement
externally. It is of superior workmanship, and, although on
the weather side, the stone is not decayed as in the former.
The point of the window inside is also finished in a correct
manner.
The two-light window built in the old Rectory wall (taken
down with the north wall of the church in 1833) is somewhat
similar, but it has four cuspings in the upper piercing. (See
sketch.)
The south wall of the transept was put up in the Perpendicular
period.
184 ARCHITECTURAL STYLES IN FORlDlNGTON CHURCH.
The bonding to the old work is clearly shown at the sides, and
it has a plinth, which does not run round the east wall. It is
finished with a gable and plainly coped.
The three-light window is the most perfect window of its
period in the church, although its effect seen from inside is
spoilt by the loud colouring of the glass in the margins of the
lead glazing.
The tracery is of the most usual vertical type of this period,
and is in two orders, the larger one internally having a stone
fillet worked on it (see Sketch No. 5) and running down the
mullions. The chamfers are hollow ; the heads of the lights to
the second order are double cusped and to the first order single
cusped. The outer reveal has a shallow casement and fillets and
a scroll hood-mould over the arch, returned in itself three ways,
to form drip-stones at the springing.
The internal reveal is a wide splay following the line of the
window arch and finishing with double hollows and fillets next
the internal face of wall. The tracery and mullions were restored
in the year 1863.
A small plain chamfered stone corbel, Sin. wide, about 7 feet
from the floor, is built inside the wall on the left hand side of
this window. For what purpose it was used is not clear. It
may have supported the beam of a floor carrying an organ or
choir gallery with a front balcony, as it is said that transepts
were sometimes used for that purpose, or the cell or apartments
of an anchorite, he using the gallery floor ; and the little two-
light window, which is very crude, appears to have been
constructed by a novice, possibly the anchorite himself, for
meditation and pursuing the studies of his vocation and ministry ;
the lower floor being used for eating, sleeping, and cleaning
purposes.
Of course I give this as pure conjecture and for what it is worth.
The little window is illustrated on sketch No. 4. Its size is
i ft. sin. wide by aft. Sin. high.
There is also a tradition that there was a chapel or shrine to
St. Catherine here, and this tradition is supported somewhat by
ARCHITECTURAL STYLES IN FORDINGTOX CHURCH. 185
the fact that several mediaeval tiles have been discovered in the
excavations, enriched with the pattern of a St. Catherine wheel
upon them.
When the Perpendicular masons wished to put the south
transept arch in, they probably removed a small semi-Norman
arch and responds (between the south aisle and the transept).
A certain amount of shoring was necessary. They must have
been at some pains to know how they were going to finish the
head of the opening, carry the aisle and transept roofs, miss the
transept arch, and make the job look right. They were equal
to the occasion. They squared up the jamb with a plain
chamfer, and inserted an arch (approaching the 4-centred shape
of a later period), the springing of which just missed the ogee
member of the transept arch above its springing ; the springing
stones only to this aisle arch are arcs of circles, the other stones
being straight. The chamfer to the jamb was carried round the
bottom edges on each side of it (see sketch No. 4).
The east wall of the old north transept was left standing when
the north aisle was built, and there are the remains of a 3 -light
window blocked up. The jamb stones and arch exist, but the
mullions and tracery are gone. The sill left in was not the
original sill of the window, but pieced up lengths of chamfered
stone of a different nature, on which there are no signs of any
stools remaining.
This wall was incorporated with the work of the new north
aisle put up in 1833.
The length of foundation exposed, extending some 12 feet
eastwards from the present north wall, probably supported one
of the walls of a vestiarium in connection with the former
Perpendicular chancel, the foundation of the return wall of the
same having been grubbed out to make room for a vault at this
spot.
The angle buttress to the south-west angle of the Perpen-
dicular west wall of the south aisle is worthy of note, inasmuch
as it is the only buttress to the older work of the church existing.
Whether there were ever any others there is no evidence to show.
I 86 ARCHITECTURAL STYLES IN FORDINGTON CHURCH.
According to a rough plan of 1780, before the north wall was
removed, a north door is shewn exactly opposite the south door,
and also the position of the window now built in the Rectory
walls. It also shews a window as having existed, north of the
north transept.
The small 3-light Perpendicular window near the porch, with
its 4-centred head, is a poor specimen. It was inserted about
30 years ago, in what was, I believe, originally a s'emi-Norman
opening. It is too shallow, and lacks depth of shadow in section.
Its lines and design are all right, but the tracery should have
been divided into two orders. The stone to the upper part
occupies more area than the piercings for light, which is wrong,
and makes it look heavy. A hood-mould of proper scale over
the window arch would also have improved its appearance.
Contrast with it the simpler lines, depth of shadow, and lightness
of detail of the window to the transept.
Now we come to the most noble feature of the church taken
as a whole, namely, the Perpendicular tower, which is one of the
landmarks of the neighbourhood. Strangers after seeing the
tower at a distance make a journey to St. George's expecting to
see a church correspondingly noble. They go away woefully
disappointed and somewhat wiser. The church, as a structure
and a place of worship, is not of the best that man should give
for the honour and glory of his Maker, but a veritable museum,
and a conglomeration of idiosyncrasies and things of ugliness,
some of them of the meanest description, and such as would not
be tolerated in a butterman's villa. There are some people in
the world who would perpetuate these. They are, however, not
consistent, nor do they act according to ordered precedent,
which is a recognised law. They glorify the early and the
mediaeval workers, but they do not follow in their example or
footsteps. What sort of buildings and erections should we have
had to-day if these people had existed and their principles,
tenets, and teachings had been adopted, say, at the commence-
ment of the 1 3th or i4th Century ? Many of our national
buildings would not now exist, or they would have been made
ARCHITECTURAL STYLES IN FORDINGTON CHURCH. 187
impossible structures covering useless acres of area to no
purpose. Their plans, proportions, and sky-lines would have
been unmentionable, bewildering mazes of stone and mortar.
For example, the founders and builders of each century or
period wanting to add some additions or commemorations to a
public or national structure, and at the same time not being
allowed to touch with their unholy hands any portion of it that
already existed, whether good, bad, or indifferent, without
discrimination ! Oh ! the utter nonsense of it all. What is bad
in taste and style and incongruous should not be tolerated or
perpetuated, but swept out of existence as soon as occasion
arises. There is no sanctity about that which is wholly bad, and
but little consideration should be given for age in such a case.
St. George's tower would not have existed to-day and " An
Essay on the Sequence of Architectural Styles " of a building
under the one roof would have been made impossible had their
tenets and such teaching prevailed. However, this is all by the
way. The tower proper is said to have been built by a family of
the name of Samways. A story goes that the late Sir George
Gilbert Scott so admired the proportions of it that he sent one
of his surveyors to measure it. There is no question, however,
that its site greatly assists and adds to its fine proportions. It
would not be for instance so commanding an erection set up at
Fordington Cross.
To the ordinary observer it appears to be square on plan, but
this is not supported by measurements, its internal size being
1 2 feet by 1 3 feet. The walls are 4 feet thick ; two buttresses
having first and second plinths are set on each face. These are
carried up with three sets of Ham Hill stone weatherings and a
necking, and terminate at the springing of the arches to the
bell-chamber windows. Ham Hill stone pinnacles are then set
on the same diagonally, and carried up above the embattled
parapet, passing through a bold necking at its base. They are
reduced and ornamented on their angles with thorn crockets.
Whether (as has been suggested) the idea of crockets originated
with the holy thorn of Joseph of Arimathea, I leave my readers
I 88 ARCHITECTURAL STYLES IN FORTHNGTON CHURCHi
to form their own opinion. Symbolism is writ large in
ecclesiastical architecture. There are Ham Hill stone pinnacles
set square at the angles and in the middle of each side, corres-
ponding to those of the buttresses. These spring from huge
gargoyles at their base.
The parapet of Ham Hill stone is plainly embattled with the
coping moulding continued down the sides of the embrasures,
and then again returning horizontally. The roofing down is
covered with a lead flat.
The upper part of the tower is reached by a narrow newel
stone staircase, circular inside and partly octagonal in form
outside, lit by several slit windows, the parapet to same carried
higher to allow the door to open under cover to flat, and the
angles of same ornamented with crocketted pinnacles, smaller in
scale, but corresponding to the others on the embattlement.
This has recently been added to on the top, with an octagonal
pinnacled erection of no utility, which finishes with a large
crocketted pinnacle as a terminal. This addition has been
nicknamed, severely criticised, and called very much in question,
as it has altered and interfered with the characteristic form of
skyline prevailing with the towers in Wessex.
The tower contains a belfry, and a splendid peal of six bells,
some of which are said to have been stolen from Bindon Abbey.
The bells have recently been re-hung, and the belfry modernised.
There are eight windows in the tower beside the two small
slits for the belfry pairs of two-light transomed windows at the
belfry stage to the south, east, and west fronts, and a three-light
one to the north front, of hollow chamfered work, with single
cusped pointed heads at both transoms and springings of the
arches. The jambs have deep casements or hollows, and the
arches are enriched with bold hood-mouldings, continued as
strings between the buttresses. The openings proper are filled in
with quatrefoiled panelling, with small shields in the middle of
each quatrefoil.
The large west window to the lower stage is four-light, the
tracery being in two orders, of a design common to work of this
ARCHITECTURAL STYLES IN FORDIXGTON CHURCH. 189
period. This window is also transomed, pointed, and cusped.
The heads of the lights to the springing of the arch have ogee-
shaped points.
The casement to the jambs and the hood-mould over the arch
corresponds with the two-light windows, but is larger in scale.
The sill is very bold and deeply weathered, with a string course
under it, and it has the bust of a winged angel with a shield
carved and resting on it.
The west doorway of the tower, the only external opening of
this period to the church, is well proportioned. It has a deep
jamb, its outer reveal being 1 8 inches in depth, and is made up ot
the following members : An ogee and fillet, shallow casement
and bowtell and hollow carried up round the arch, and die-
ing into plain stops at the base.
The arch is enriched with a hood-moulding mitred and
returned in itself three ways as dripstones.
The door is well designed, but not so well executed, and has
recently been erected.
In the west wall of the tower on the right hand side of the
doorway, about 4 feet from the ground and immediately on the
top of the second plinth, is a square stone, i foot 3 inches in
width and 2 feet high. This stone bears evidence of having
been damaged by a hammer or some such instrument. There
can also be clearly traced the outlines formerly occupied by some
figure work carving on its mutilated surface. I have no doubt
that it was enriched by some such work. Vide Bloxam, who says
that " during the fifteenth century the figure of the Blessed
" Virgin, bearing in her arms the infant Saviour, occupied, much
" more frequently than before, a prominent position on the
" exterior of churches in a niche over the portal, or in a niche in
" the west wall of the tmver" The question naturally arises, if so,
why is it not there to-day ?
Authority gives the following reasons :
" Many of the stone crosses on the apex of the roof at the
" east end of the chancels and naves of our churches and on the
" steeples and porches were broke down under and in compliance
IQO ARCHITECTURAL STYLES IN FORDINGTOX CHURCH.
"with two illegal ordinances issued A.D. 1643 and A.D. 1644
" by the Puritan Lords and Commons opposed to the Church
" and Crown. By these ordinances all crosses and crucifixes in
" churches, and all organs, fonts, altars, and tables of stones were
" commanded to be taken down and demolished." Communion
tables were also ordered to be removed, candlesticks to be
taken away, and all surplices utterly defaced, &c. Dowsing's
Journal of January, 1643, details the devastation committed on
the exteriors, as well as in the interiors, of one hundred and fifty
churches in Suffolk. Some of the acts were fanatical. In one
church, Elmset, the Commissioners, finding that the work had
been done before their visit, " rent apieces there the hood and
surplice."
The font is of good Perpendicular design, but somewhat of
the regulation pattern. It is octagonal on plan and set upon a
4-feet stone platform. A cavetto mould and bead with carved
leaves in the centre of each return separates the lower part or
base (which is smaller) from the upper part or basin. It is
skirted with a spreading scotia. All the faces except two have
sunken panels, the base with single cusped-pointed panel, and the
basin with sunken cusped quatrefoils having a small shield in the
middle of each. It is covered down with a plain oak cover top.
The jambs and arch moulds to the tower inside are very bold,
each return of the jambs being made up of the ogee fillet and
wave moulding, with an engaged shaft in the middle finished
with a cap at the impost, and the round of the ogee being
similarly finished. Supported on the cap of the shaft is a roll
and fillet moulding, up round the soffit of the arch. The ogee
and wave moulds finish on a splay at the base, and the shafts
have engaged bases.
O O
The upper part of the pulpit belongs to the Tudor period, and
is dated with P^liz'abeth's initial, and 34 for that year of her reign,
and the year 1592. These figures can easily be checked, as her
reign was from 1558 to 1603. This record is incised on one of
the inverted grid-iron shaped raised shields set in four of the
sides.
a
ARCHITECTURAL STYLES IX FORDIXGTON CHURCH. 191
The plan of the pulpit is five sides of an octagon, having a
sunk panel to each, the angles being formed like a mullion, with
a roll, fillet, and two half rounds, finishing on to a splayed
base, the head mould of the panels being half the section of the
angles. The bed mould is of an ogee shape, very incongruous
and out of place, and the base is very crude.
Tradition and report say that the beautiful Perpendicular
chancel became very dilapidated and neglected, and probably
suffered considerably through the ordinances of the Puritan
Lords and Commons ; and it is surmised that it would have
cost considerably more to restore it to its original and pristine
state even if there had been the desire in those Puritan times
so to do than to pull it down and erect something less costly to
keep up and maintain. Whether this be correct or not, the
beautiful old structure was swept out of existence with all that
was left remaining undemolished, as recorded in Hutchins,
and the dwarfed, quaker-meeting-house-like erection substituted
in about the year 1750 by Mrs. Pitt, the impropriator.
The architectural student might with truth and honesty say
" Ichabod."
Its appropriateness is about equally as suitable for that of a
board room to an infirmary as that of an annexe to some public
offices, or even of a shrine to Venus ! It does not breathe or
inspire that spirit of devotion which is so strongly marked a
characteristic of our mediaeval structures. It is singularly in-
appropriate for the services of a church choir or choral singing.
I myself have experienced it ; and the decani and cantori sides
seem to be singing into one another's faces, in the most trying
and uncomfortable manner, which makes you feel you want to
get out of it, and the sooner the better. Again, the organist and
his choir cannot possibly get in touch with one another. The
result is that no improvement of the choir and really good
singing even of the simplest music can be effected at St. George's.
People with good voices and proper regard for how music should
be rendered will not readily join the choir and put up with it. It
is an erection that does not effectively answer its purpose, and
192 ARCHITECTURAL STYLES IN FORDIXGTON CHURCH.
this forsooth is the structure that some people would perpetuate.
The mediaevalists in their sequence would probably have made
short shrift of it. Nothing could be done better than that their
example should be followed.
Its plan is set out on the lines of what is known as the
" twist " ; i.e., the centre of the east end is north of the long
axis of the nave, &c., said to be symbolical of the inclination of
our Lord's head on the Cross.
In style it is that of the Classic Renaissance built in the
Georgian period. Its walls are faced externally with alternative
courses of flint and plain-faced stones on the south and east
sides only, the north being of rubble stone, and the inside is
plastered. There are no principals, but it has a simple collared
span roof, the sides below the collar being provided with firrings-
out for a cove, and it is covered externally with modern tiles.
It has three windows on the south side and one on the north
side, with two (corresponding in size) sham recesses internally.
The window openings are formed with common-place project-
ing sills set on ogee-shaped corbels. The jambs are of worked
stone slightly projecting 6in. wide on the face, with 3fin. reveals,
having a hollow worked on the outer edge and a bead on the
arris. There are also two narrow and plain rustications on each
side. The head is finished semi-circular, and provided with a
keystone. There is a 3in. by 6in. plain projecting course at the
eaves, provided with a modern iron gutter. The gable end is
carried up and finished with a water tabling with base plinths at
the springing, and a stone chimney arrangement at the apex. The
projecting course to the eaves runs round the end. The internal
reveals of the windows are of the baldest description, with slightly
splayed jambs and no detail to be referred to. The east end is
provided with a timber and plaster erection of classic detail,
all right in its way, but singularly inappropriate in a mediaeval
structure.
At present it is in a rickety condition, and partly subsiding.
The timber is decayed and honeycombed, and large pieces have
been easily removed in appearance like a sponge.
ARCHITECTURAL STYLES IN FORDINGTON CHURCH. 193
It has a plinth and surbase about 2ft. Sin. high, on which are
placed two Ionic columns about ift. in diameter and pft. high,
supporting an entablature with a pediment, of correct detail, with
its architrave, frieze, and cornice mouldings, embellished with
the egg-arid-dart enrichment and small consoles. The centre is
formed as a panel with egg-and-dart mouldings, having keyed
corners. The frieze and cornice is carried round the sides of the
chancel at the springing of the cove, the top of the cove being
enriched with a ceiling moulding. The panel has the Ten
Commandments written on it.
On the transept side of its arch to the nave (see Sketch No. 4)
near the underside of the roof are raised figures of the date 1754.
This date nearly approximates to that of the erection of the Pitt
chancel.
It is believed that it was at this date that the open timber roofs
were firred down, plastered, and provided with those plaster ribs
and cornices of classic section at the springings, now forming the
waggon-headed shaped roofs over the nave and transept.
In the year 1833 an enlargement was made north of the
church. The old north wall (nearly in a line with the chancel)
was removed, the north transept with its arch was demolished,
and only the east wall left standing, but its window blocked up.
The enlargement was effected by building a new north aisle in a
style, the least said about which the better, contrary to the
canons of recognised principles and good taste, Puritanical in
the extreme, and of a character similar to those erections put up
by the Dissenting bodies of that period, and which they have
now learnt to do better in these later days.
The Portland stone masonry and workmanship is as good as, if
not better than, any of the work remaining to the church ; but
there it ends.
The style of the outer wall is that which found favour with the
churchwardens of that period, viz., debased Gothic of the plainest
description, with not a feature beyond that of strict utility, they
forgetting that the sense of seeing, which is equally important,
or rather more so, wanted satisfying as well as that of
194 ARCHITECTURAL STYLES IN FORDINGTON CHURCH.
hearing. The buttresses are pared down to too small a scale,
narrow and with insufficient projection, with the plainest possible
chamfers for the weatherings. The windows are the other way
about, and are too large in scale ; they comprise simple single-
pointed openings, splayed in and out.
The west door is too small, but of a similar character. The
second plinth of the fine moulding to the base of the tower was
here chopped away, so as not to interfere with the means of
egress.
It is roofed with a one-third pitch span roof covered with slate,
and the gable ends are carried up with water-tables ; there is a
projecting stone course to the eaves.
The north wall and transept arch was replaced by a piece of
work akin to engineering in design, the object to be attained
evidently being non-obstruction of view of the preacher from a
gallery that was erected over the north aisle on three plain iron
columns. It consists of two cambered arches, flat swept and
square on the soffit, each of nearly 20 feet span, supported in the
centre by a column 18 inches in diameter, with no base, but
with a capital Tuscan in character. The abutments for these
arches are formed by the north Avail of the tower and chancel
respectively, the pilaster near the chancel being formed with
plaster and finished with a square stone cap to match the column.
The organ is placed at the east end of the gallery, and the vestry
is partitioned off under the west end of the same.
A gallery existed at the west end of the nave at one period,
blocking the fine tower arch. This was removed. The pulpit is
also said to have been removed from the north respond of the
chancel arch to its south side in the year 1863.
The old pews and boxes were removed about 30 years ago,
and the church re- seated with the modern pew arrangement. A
modern cusped trefoil-shaped window of common-place detail
was also introduced in the eastern wall of the porch.
No other work of any importance was taken in hand until the
time of the last Vicar, when the stonework to the tower was
repaired, the bells re- hung, and a new belfry put in, a turret
ARCHITECTURAL STYLES IN FORDINGTON CHURCH. 195
doorway to the belfry was walled up, and another put in one turn
of the newel higher up, in consequence of lifting the belfry door,
and the terminal arrangement added at the top of the turret
externally.
The present Vicar hopes to carry on the sequence by enlarging
and beautifying the church in accordance with plans which I have
been instructed to prepare, which have received the approval
of the Ecclesiastical Commissioners and a conditional grant
of 500.
A faculty for the same has also been granted by the Chancellor
of the Diocese.
The work has been proceeded with up to the proposed new
chancel arch. Foundations have been put in, and the work has
been carried to plinth level. The plans can be seen by any
member of the Field Club who may desire to see them.
[In consequence of the original plan having been done in
colours and the sketches in pencil, it has been found necessary
in order to reproduce them to trace the originals in ink. These
have been done by Master Bernard Feacey, a son of the writer.]
"glegisfrum 3\BBafte 6e
IN SCACCARIO.
"MS. fames No. 23" pp. 46-52, in the Bodleian
Library, Oxford.
Monasteria in
sanguine
fuudata.
Erat in quadara villa opilionis filia eleganti specie J puella quae quod
non contulissent natales, formae mercabatur gratia. Huic per
visum demonstratur prodigium, lunam de suo ventre splendere,
et hoc lumine totam Angliam illustrari. Et cum mane ad sodales
ludo detulisset ab illis non joculariter exceptum confestim villicse
auribus quse filios Eegis nutrire 2 solebat insonuit. Ilia rem
examinans puellam intra lares suos receptam, filiae loco habuit,
cultioribus cibis, delicatioribus vestimentis, gestibtis facetioribus
virgunculam informaiis. Non multo post filius Regis Elfredi
Edwardus itineris casu per villam transiens ad domum divertit infantilium olim
rudimentorum cousciam. Neque euim integrum famse suse rebatur si nutricem
visitare fastidiret. Ubi visas virginis amore captus noctem petiit, ipsa 3 uiio
complexu gravidata cum peperisset filium JEthelstanum sompnii fidem absolvit.
Nam cum ille pueritia mortua in adolescentia evaderet magnam spem Regise
iiidolis dabat preclaris facinoribus approbatus. Itaque patre defuiicto Edwardus
p. 47. ex legitima conjuge creatus conscia morte secutus est. Tune omnium speciebus
in jEthelstanum erectis, solus Elfredus magnse insolentiae homo cum suis clam
restitit quoad potuit dedignans subdi dominio quern suo non delegisset arbitrio.
Fuerunt quidam qui fratrem Regis Athelstani nomine Edwiuum insidiarum
1 D.M. (Dugdale, Monasticon) elegantis speciei.
2 MS. mittere with nutrire written over.
s D.M. Ipsa.
REGISTRUM ABBATHL* DE MIDDELTONE. 197
insimularent l scelus horrendum et foedum, quo sedulitatum fraternam sinistra
interpretatione turbarent. Edwiiius per se et per gennaiios fidem imploraus
germam, et licet sacramento dilationem infirmans in exilium actus est. Tamen
quorundam mussitatio apud animum in multas curas distractum 2 valuit ; ut
ephebum etiam exterius miserandum oblitus consanguineae necessitudiuis
expelleret inaudito saue crudelitatis modo, ut solus cum armigero navem
conscendere juberetur remige et remigio vacuam preterea vetustate quassam. Diu
laboravit fortuna ut insontem terrae restitueret, sed cum tandem in medio mari
furorem ventorum vela non sustinerent, ille adolescens et vitas in talibus pertaesus
voluntario in aquas precipitio mortem conscivit. Armiger saniori consilio passus
animam producere modo adversos 3 fluctus eludendo, modo pedibus subremigando
domini corpus ad terram detulit angusto scilicet a Doveria in Wythsand mari.
Athelstanus postquam ira deferbuit, animo sedato factum exhorruit, septennique
paenitentia 4 ut fertur apud Lamport spontaneum carcerem subivit. Vnde cum 8
proximam ecclesiam Michelniensem humili statu compactam videret vovisse plus
quam semel dicitur ut si unquam exiret earn in sublime culmen inveheret. 6 Sed
hoc 7 quomodocunque se habeat illud revera constat quod sicut in chartis
ejusdem ecclesiae legitur Kex Athelstanus ecclesiam Michelniensem Sancto Petro
excelsiorem fecit multis redditibus villarum et reliquiarum exhenniis habitatores
consolatus. Est enim aditu difficilis, permeaturque aestate pede vel equo
plerumque yeme nunquam. Xec illud vacat a gloria quod in delatorem fratris,
si tamen credimus, animose ultus est. Erat euim piucerna Regis et per hoc ad
suadenda quas excogitasset accommodus ; Itaque cum forte die solempni vinum
propinaret in medio triclinio uno pede lapsus altero se recollegit. Tune occasione
accepta 8 fa tale sibi verbum emisit Sic f rater fratrem adjuvat. Quo Rex audito
perfidum obtruncari precepit, ssepius auxilium germani si viveret increpitans et p. 43.
mortem ingemiscens. Haec de fratris nece etsi verisimilia videntur eo minus
corroboro, quo s admirabilem suae pietatis indulgentiam in reliquos fratres
intenderit. quos cum pater puerulos admodum reliquisset parvos magna dulcediiie
et adultos consortes regni faciens nunquam eorum intuitu dare operam matrimonio
curavit. De sororibus autem quinque quas pater indotatas et iimuptas reliquerat
quanta eas ma jestate provexerit liber de gestis Anglorum satis expresse notat. 10
U nde Rex Athelstanus postquam ecclesiam Michelniensem, ut superius lectum est,
humili statu compactam in sublime culmen inveheret n , eadem illectus causa,
Middeltoniensem ecclesiam in decimo regni sui anno in pago Dorsetiae pro aiiima
i D.M. ;
2 D.M. distentum. The MS. has been altered.
3 MS. us with o written over the it.
4 MS. pffinla. 5 D.M. ad; MS. obscure, but apparently en.
6 D.M. eveheret. MS. iveheret.
7 D.M. hsec, habeant. 8 D.M. arrepta.
9 D.M. quod. 10 D.M. uarrat. D.M. eveheret.
198 REGISTRUM ABBATHIJE DE MIDDELTOXE.
fratris sui Edwyni de quo superius satis commemoratur f undavit, eoque plus quo
monachi liberius cselestibus possint excubare secretis quo minus frequentabantur
hominum conventiculis, similiaque contulit et villarum et possessionum exhennia,
et etiam relliquias de transmarina Britannia et aliis locis, magna cura, magno
labore, magnarumque divitiarum suarum expensione emptas, monasterio suo de
Middeltone misit, quo loci 1 monasterium a fundamentis procuderat.
Coronatio. Primus Rex cornatus 2 in Anglia qui tune vocabatur Britannia ille Rex
vocabatur Kynel, hie baptizatus fuit a Sancto Birino Episcopo et regnavit
27 annis, et post ipsum reguavit Knewaldus Rex filius suus, Etc. cum nominibus
regum ad Edwardum. 3.
Mercatus Habent etiam in eodem mauerio scilicet de Middeltone Feyram annuatim in
Monachorum. .....,, , . , . ,. .... , ,. , ,
vigiha Sancti Sampsoms et in die, et mercatum quahbet septmiaiia per diem lunae
et omnia judicialia quae pertinent ad feyram et mercatum de dono ejusdem
Athelstani Regis, etc.
Dispensatio Edwardus Dei gratia Rex Anglise Dominus Hiberniae Dux Aquitaniae omnibus
cum statnto
de mortua ad quos presentes literse pervenerint salutem. Licet de communi cousilio regni
nostri statutum sit quod non liceat viris religiosis seu aliis ingredi feodum alicuj us
ita quod ad manum mortuam deveniat sine licentia nostra et capitalis domini de
quo res ilia immediate tenetur, per fiiiem tamen quam dilectus nobis in Christo
Abbas de Middeltone fecit nobiscum concessimus et licentiam dedimus pro nobis
et haeredibus nostris quantum in nobis est dilecto et fideli nostro Roberto de
Farendon' quod ipse C solidatas redditus exeuntes de uno messuagio et 4 or
p. 49. virgatas terras cum pertmentiis in Upsidelynge quse Johannes Gasset tenet ad
vitam suam de prefato Roberto dare possit et assignare prefato Abbati et ejusdem
loci conventui ad inveniendum quendam monachum capellanum divina singulis
diebus in capella beatse Marias de Middeltone tarn vivente dicto Johanne quam
post mortem ejus pro anima ipsius Roberti et animabus antecessorum suorum et
omnium fidelium defunctorum celebraturum in perpetuum, etc.
Half knight, v. Thomas Halveknyght liberae conditionis et xl annorum et amplius juratus et
us diligenter examinatus dicit in Inquisitione super valore ecclesiae de Brodesideling,
etc. ita forte iste Thomas dictus sicut Ailwinus fundator Rhamsise halfkyuge.
Facta est ilia inquisitio anno domini. 1336.
De rasura Nos Robertus permissione divina Sarum Episcopus sigillum nostrum fecimus
hiis apponi. Et constat nobis etiam de rasura supra in prima linea istorum
verborum Sarum Episcopo ejusve Commissario Decanus albi moiiasterii obedien-
tiam reverentiam ante sigilli nostri appositionem predicti. Datum apud
Cherdestoke. 4 Idus Augusti Anno Domini 1336, consecrationis vero nostrae
anno 7.
Expos! tin Sok : hoc est secta de hominibus in curia vestra secundum consuetudinem regni.
vocabnlomm , , .,...-,
de lingua Sak : hoc est placitum 3 emendae de transgressione hominum in Curia
jaxonica vestra quia sack Anglice achesoun en Franceys et dicitur for sich sake idem pour
chartis regum quele enchesoun et sak dicitur forfait.
de fundatione
ecclesiae.
1 ': loco. 2 Sic. 3 MS. phn emenda.
REGISTRUM ABBAtHlJE DE MIDDELTOXE. 199
Tol : hoc est quod vos et homines vestri de toto homagio vestro sint quieti in
omnibus mercatis de tolneto, de rebus emptis et venditis.
Tern : hoc est quod habeatis totam generationem villanorum vestrorum cum
eorum sectis et catallis, ubicunque in auglia fueriut inveuta excepto quod si
aliquis nativus quietus per unum annum et unum diem in aliqua villa privilegiata
manserit, ita quod in eorum comuniam 1 , scilicet gildam, tanquam unus eorum
receptus fuerit, et quod ipse a villenagio liberatus est.
Infaiigenethef : hoc est quod latrones capti in dominico vel in feodo vestro, et
de suo latrocinio quieti curia 2 vestra judicentur.
Hangwyte : Hoc est quietus delatrone suspense sine judicio vel extra custodiam
vestram evaso.
Utfangenthef : Hoc est quod latrones de terra vestra vel de feodo vestro extra
ten-am vestram vel feodum vestram 3 capti cum latrocinio ad curiam vestram P- 50.
revertantur et ibi judicentur.
Hamsoken : Hoc est quietum esse de amerciamentis pro ingressu hospitiorum
violento et sine licentia contra pacem Domini, et quod teneatis placita de
hujusmodi transgressionibus factis in curia vestra et in terra.
Grithbruch : Hoc est pax Domini Regis fracta quia Grith, Anglice pees,
Romane pax.
Blodwyte : hoc est quietum esse de amerciamentis pro medletis, et quod
teneatis placita in curia vestra et quod habeatis amerciamenta inde provenientia
quia fight Anglice, Medle 4 Romane.
Flitwyte : hoc est quietus de contentione et communiis, et quod habeatis
inde placita in curia vestra et amerciamenta qnia flit Anglice, temoisoun
Bomane.
Fledwite : hoc est quietus de amerciamentis cum quis utlagatus fugitivus
veniat ad pacem Domini Regis sponte vel licentiatus.
Flemmenfrith : Hoc est quod habeatis catalla sive amerciamenta hominis
vestri fugitivi.
Litherwyte : Hoc est quod capiatis emendam ab ipso qui corrumpit nativam
vestram sine licentia vestra.
Childwite : hoc est quod capiatis Gersou de uativa vestra corrupta et pregnata
sine vestra licentia.
Forstal : hoc est quietus de amerciamentis de catallis arestatis infra terrain
vestram et 5 amerciamenta hide provenientia.
Sot : hoc est quietus de quadam consuetudme, sicut de comuni tallagio facto
ad opus vicecomitis et ballivorum ejus.
Geld : hoc est quietus de omnibus operibus servilibus quae quondam dari
consueverunt et adhuc dantur, sicut homgeld ct de aliis similibus.
1 Sic. ': communitatem. " MS. cura. :! MS. viri,
4 Sic. ? medletum.
8 i( quod habeatis" apparently omitted.
20O REGISTRUM ABBATHLE DE MIDDELTOXE.
Hidage : hoc est quietus si Dominus Rex talliaverit totam terrain per hidas.
Caruage : l hoc est quietus si Dominus Rex talliaverit totam terram per carucas.
Danegeld : hoc est quietus de quadam constitutione 2 quae cucurnt ahquo
tempore, quam quidam Daici 3 levaverunt in Anglia.
Hornegeld : hoc est quietus de quadam consuetudine exacta per tallagium per
totam terram, sicut de quadam bestia cornuta.
Lastage : hoc est quietus de quadam consuetudine exacta in nundinis et
mercatis pro rebus cariandis ubi homo vult.
Stallage : hoc est quietus de quadam consuetudine exacta pro placeis captis vel
assignatis in nundinis vel mercatis.
P- 51. Schewing : hoc est, quietus de attachiamentis in aliqua curia et coram
quibuscunque de querelis et ostensis et non advocatis 4 .
Miskeryng : 5 hoc est quietus de amerciamentis pro querelis coram quibuscunque
in transumpcione probata.
Burghbrech : hoc est quietus de transgressione facta in civitate vel burgo
contra pacem.
Wardewyte : hoc est quietus de denario dando pro wardo facto.
Hundred : hoc est quietus de denario vel consuetudine facta preposito et
hundredario.
6 Bordehalpeny : hoc est quietus de quadam consuetudine exacta pro tabula
levata.
Brugbote : hoc est quietus de auxilio dando ad reficiendum pontes.
Burgbote : hoc est quietus de auxilio dando ad reflciendum burgum, castrum,
civitatem, vel muros prostrates.
Averpeny , hoc est quietus esse, pro diversis dandis pro averagio Domini Regis.
Registrum prioratus Sanctae Marise de Coventria, ibidem. 7
De statute Memorandum quod anno Domini 1278 et anno 8 regni Edwardi filii Regis
maims'. Henrici tertii editum fuit illud nefandum statutum de terris et tenementis ad
mauum mortuam non ponendis. Ita ut nullus deinceps terras et tenementa vel
redditus daret, venderet, legaret, aut mutaret, sou quovis titulo viris ecclesiasticis
assignaret sine licentia Regis et capitalium dominorum, prout in eodem statute
plenius continetur : post cujus statuti publicationem idem Rex Edwardus per
chartam suam sub dato 10. die Aprilis anno regni sui 12 dedit licentiam Thomas
filio Gervasii de Walton et Johanni de Warre dare et assignare Priori et
conventui in Coventria. xl. acras terrae in Olughton et. xl. solidatas redditus in
Coventre cum pertinentiis quae sunt de proprio feodo dictorum Prioris et
couventus ut patet per chartam dicti Regis subscriptam. Edwardus etc. ibidem
1 '! Carucage.
2 ? contributione or consuetudine. 3 r 1 Dani, or Daci.
4 MS. ostengis et non adnotatis, ? . 5 ? Miskennyng.
6 The next five paragraphs, separated here, run on consecutively in the MS.
? As to this extract, see translator's note, p. 212.
REGISTRUM ABBATHI/E DE MIDDELTONE. 2OI
ubi sequuntur multse alias dispensationes ejusdem Regis contra tenorem statuti in
usum predictse domus.
Tu jurabis quod eris fidelis Deo et monasterio Middelton', Domino Abbati et Vicariorum
,, , , - sacramentum
monachis ibidem nunc deo servientibus suisque successoribus. Nee advocabis erga mouachos.
contra eosdem vel alicui patrochiium impendes. Item manebis contentus juribus,
redditibus et proventibus J ecclesiae tuae de. N. nunc ut antiquitus eidem
pertinentibus, Nee amplius vindicabis, accipies vel tenebis in istius monasterii p. 52.
prejudiciuin vel gravamen. Item annuam et antiquam pensionem ecclesiae tuse
fideliter, et absque coiitradictione de anno in annum integraliter persolves
quamdiu Rector vel vicarius ibidem existeris. In registro predicto.
In registro autem monasterii de Langdon appropriationis chartam habemus in
hunc modum. Edwardus dei gratia Rex Angliae, Dominus Hibemiae, Dux
Aquitaniae, omnibus ad quos presentes literfe pervenerint salutem. Sciatis quod
ob specialem devotionem quam ad Beatum Thomam martyrem gloriosum in cujus
bonore Abbatia de Langdown juxta Dovorr 1 ordinis prsemonstratensis fundata
exitit, nee non sinceram affectionem quam ad fratrem Willelmum Abbatem
ejusdem loci, et canonicos ibidem Deo servientes gerimus et habemus, dedimus et
concessimus eisdem Abbati et canonicis advocationem Ecclesise de Touge in
Comitatu Kaiitise quos fuit Bartholomaei de Badelesmere nuper inimici et rebellis
nostri, et quae per forisfacturam ejusdem ad maims nostras tanquam escaeta
nostra devenit ; Habendum et tenendum eisdem Abbati Canonicis et successoribus
suis de nobis et haeredibus nostris in liberam, puram et perpetuam elemosinam in
perpetuum. Concessimus etiam et licentiam dedimus pro nobis et hseredibus
nostris quantum in nobis est eisdem Abbali et Cauonicis, quod ipsi ecclesiam illam
appropriare, et earn appropriatam in proprios usus teuere possint sibi et success-
oribus suis predictis in perpetuum, sine occasione vel impedimento nostri vel
nostrorum hseredum, Justiciariorum, Escaetorum, Vicecomitum aut aliorum
ballivorum seu ministrorum nostrorum quorumcunque, statute de terris et
teuementis ad manum mortuam nou poneudis edito 11011 obstante. In cujus rei
testimonium has literas nostras fieri fecimus patentes. Teste me ipso apud
Langedon'. xxviij die Augusti, anno regni nostri 19 scilicet Edwardi 2 (li .
The following notes are a summary by the transcriber of the other extracts in
this MS. preceding the extracts from the Malmesbury Register, which he has not
transcribed, because, though possibly extracts from the chartulary of " Middleton,"
they certainly do not concern that abbey 2 :
) Customs of Kent,
Consuetudmes Kantioa. }
gavelkind, &c.
Judices itiiierantes. Oath taken by judges.
Divites aliquando terras 1 These entries refer
monachorum rapiunt sibi. I only to Kent.
? proveuientibus. 2 See translator's note. p. 212.
202 REGISTRtn! ABBATHlJE" DE MIDDELTOXE.
Monachi thelouea
[Do. do.
t. )
regis sibi rapiunt.
(Order of proceedings at
Coronation, followed by
entries relating to Kent.
/ Saint Augustine in England
Augustinus. J and festival in 1289 at
' St. Augustine's, Canterbury.
Eex non deberet traiisfretare > In 1294 Edw. I. crossed the seas
sine nobilium assensu. ) without the assent of the nobles.
(Disputes. Oxford University, Abiugdon,
St. Alban's, St. Edmund's, Wiuchelsea,
and Feversham concerned.
KEGISTRFM ABBATI^E DE
MALMESBUEIA
IN CISTA SCACCAEII.
Jl ^legisfer of fe JlSBej? of
ttt te
Translation by B. FOSSETT LOCK, Barrister-at-Law.
3 If HERE was in a certain township the daughter of a Monasteries
founded in
shepherd, a girl of graceful figure, who earned by Wood,
means of her beauty a livelihood which her
family had not provided for her. To her a man-el
was revealed in a vision namely, that a moon
shone out of her womb, and that with the light
of it all England was illuminated. In the
morning she carried the story to her companions
as a jest. It was received by them very seriously, and forthwith
came to the ears of the stewardess, who was in the habit of
nursing the sons of the king. She made inquiry into the matter,
and took the girl into her own house and treated her as a
daughter, and brought her up with better food, more delicate
raiment, and more polished manners. Not long afterwards
Edward, son of King Alfred, passed through the township on a
chance journey, and turned aside to visit the house which had
formerly been the scene of his earliest childhood ; for he did not
think it consistent with his good name to be above paying a
visit to his nurse. There, as soon as he saw the girl, he fell in
love with her and sought her by night. She became with child
204 A REGISTER OF THE ABB^Y OP MlLTOtf.
after a single embrace, and giving birth to a son, Athelstan,
proved the truth of her dream ; for, when his boyhood was
passed and he grew into manhood, he gave great promise of a
royal temperament, distinguishing himself by brilliant exploits.
Later his father died, and was followed by Edward, a son by his
lawful wife, who put himself to death. Then the eyes of all
were turned to Athelstan ; but Alfred, a man of great pride,
opposed him in secret with a party of his own as far as he could,
disdaining to be subjected to any lordship which he had not
accepted of his own choice. There were some who charged
King Athelstan's brother, Edwin, with treachery a horrible and
disgraceful deed of wickedness in order to upset his brother's
affection by sinister hints. Edwin, although he implored the
confidence of his brother both in his own person and by the
mouths of his other brothers, and although he denied the
accusations upon oath, was driven into exile. Further, the
muttered insinuations of certain persons so prevailed upon a
mind distraught with many anxieties that, forgetful of the ties of
kinship, Athelstan got rid of the youth, who should have been an
object of pity even among strangers, with an unheard of measure
of cruelty ; for he was ordered to embark alone with one esquire
upon a ship without oars or crew, and moreover rotten with age,
Fortune toiled long to restore the innocent man to the land ; but,
when at length the sails could no longer bear up against the fury
of the winds, the young man, weary of life under such conditions,
deliberately threw himself into the water and perished. His
esquire more wisely suffered himself to cling to life, and, some-
times avoiding the adverse waves, sometimes paddling with his
feet, he brought his master's body to land in a narrow arm of
the sea to wit, at Wythsand, over against Dover. Athelstan,
after his anger cooled and his mind was sobered, abhorred his
own deed and, as it is said, submitted to a voluntary imprison-
ment for a seven years' penance at Langport. And when he saw
thence the neighbouring church of Muchelney, which was built
in an unpretentious style, he is said to have vowed more than
once that if he ever left his prison he would raise it to a lofty
A REGISTER OF THE ABBEY OF MILTON. 205
height. But, however this may be, one thing at least is clear, as
is read in the muniments of that church that King Athelstan
made the church of Muchelney higher than St. Peter's, endowing
the inmates with many rents of townships and gifts of relics.
But the place is difficult of access, and is generally reached in
summer on foot or on horseback, and in winter not at all.
And it is not to the discredit of Athelstan that he took a
savage revenge upon the informer against his brother, if we are
to believe the story. Now this man was the cup-bearer of the
king, and by reason of this was conveniently placed for suggest-
ing anything he may have thought. And it happened that on
a solemn feast day he was pouring out wine in the middle of the
banquet, when he slipped on one foot and recovered himself
with the other. Then, seizing the opportunity, he uttered a
remark which was fatal to him "Thus brother helps brother! "
And when the king heard this he ordered the treacherous man to
be beheaded, for the king was constantly longing for the help of
his brother, if only he were alive, and lamenting his death.
Now as for this story of the slaughter of his brother, although
it seems probable, I do not vouch for it, and all the less because
he showed an admirable indulgence of affection towards the rest
of his brothers. For his father had left these as very little boys ;
but he treated them with great kindness in their youth, and, when
they grew up, he associated them with himself in the kingdom ;
and, out of regard for them, would never concern himself with
marrying. And as for his five sisters, whom his father had left
undowered and unwedded, the book of the Acts of the English
shows quite clearly with what honour he advanced them.
Then King Athelstan after he had, as before stated, raised to
a lofty height the church of Muchelney, which had been built in
a modest style, was induced by the same motive (that is to say,
for the soul of his brother Edwin, about whom enough is
recounted above), to found in the tenth year of his reign the
church of Milton in a country district of Dorset, so that the
monks might more fully attend to heavenly mysteries as they
were less troubled by assemblies of men, and he contributed to
206 A REGISTER OF THE ABBEY OF MILTON.
it similar gifts of townships and goods ; and he also sent from
Britain beyond the seas and other places relics, which he had
brought with great care and trouble and expenditure of his own
money, to his monastery at Milton, in which place he had built
up a monastery from the foundations.
Coronation. 2 The first king crowned in England, which was then called
Britain, was named Kynel ; he was baptized by Saint Birinus, the
Bishop, and reigned 27 years, and after him reigned King
Knewald, his son (&c., with the names of the kings down to
Edward the Third).
The iuarket' 3 They have also in the same manor to wit, of Milton by the
gift of the same King Athelstan a fair yearly on the eve and day
of Saint Sampson and a market every week on Monday, and
all the rights of judicature which appertain to a fair and a
market.
A MoTtnmi!r 4 Edward by the grace of God King of England Lord of
Ireland, Duke of Aquitaine, to all to whom these letters shall
come, greeting.
Although it was ordained by the common council of our realm
that it should not be lawful for religious men or others to enter
upon any man's fee so that it should come into Mortmain
without the licence of ourselves and of the chief lord of whom
the property may be immediately held ; nevertheless in consider-
ation of the fine which our beloved in Christ the Abbot of Milton
has made with us, we for ourselves and our heirs as far as in us
lies have granted and given licence to our beloved and faithful
Robert of Faringdon that he may give and assign to the afore-
said Abbot and the convent of the same place 100 shillings of
rent issuing out of one messuage and four virgates of land with
the appurtenances in Up Sydling, which John Cosset holds for
the term of his life of the aforesaid Robert, for the finding of
one monk as chaplain to celebrate divine service every day in
the Chapel of the blessed Mary of Milton for ever as well during
the life of the said John as after his death for the soul of the
said Robert and the souls of his ancestors and of all the faithful
dead &c.
A REGISTER OF THE ABBEY OF MILTOX.
207
5 Thomas Half-Knight a man of free birth and 40 years
old and upwards being sworn and diligently examined in an
Inquisition on the value of the church at Broad Sydling
says &c.
This man Thomas had a name like that of Aylwin, the founder
of Ramsey, who was Half-King. This inquisition was taken in
the year of our Lord 1336.
6 We Robert by divine permission Bishop of Salisbury have
caused our seal to be affixed to these presents. And we also
certify as to the erasure in the first line above of these words " To
the Bishop of Salisbury or his Commissary, the Dean of Whit-
church obedience reverence " before the affixing of our aforesaid
seal. Given at Chardstock on the io th of August in the year of
our Lord 1336 but the 7 th year of our consecration.
Half Knight
y. p. 153
dimiclius Miles.
Attestation of
an erasure in
a deed.
7 Soc
Sak:
Tol:
Tern
Infangenethef ;
this is the suit of men in your court according
to the custom of the realm.
this is a plea of fine for trespass of men in your
court: for "sack" in English is "achesoun"
in French : and " for sich sake " means the
same as "pour quele enchesouri": and
" sak " means " forfeit."
this is that you and your men of all your
homage may be quit of toll for buying and
selling in all markets.
this is that you may hold all the issue of your
villeins with their suits and chattels,
wherever they may be found in England,
with the exception that if any native shall
have resided undisturbed for a year and a
day in any privileged town and shall have
been received into their community or
guild as one of them, then he is freed from
his villeinage.
this is that robbers captured in your desmense
or fee after getting rid of the stolen goods
may be judged in your court.
An explanation
of the words
in the Saxon
language con-
tained in the
charters of the
Kino; concern-
ing the foun-
dation of the
church.
208
A REGISTER OF THE ABBEY OF MILTON.
Hangwyte : this is, quit for summary hanging of a robber
without judgment, or for his escape out of
your custody.
Utfangenthef : this is that robbers coming from your land or
fee captured outside your land or fee in
possession of the stolen goods, may be
restored to your court and there judged.
Hamsoken : this is to be quit of amercements for the
entry of strangers by force and without
licence against the peace of the King :
and that you may hold pleas of trespasses
of this nature in your court and on your
land.
Grithbruch : this is a breach of the peace of the Lord
King : " Grith " is "peace " in English and
"pax" in Latin.
Bloodwyte : this is, to be quit of amercements for medleys
and that you may hold pleas in your court
and retain amercements resulting therefrom
for English "fight" is Latin "medle."
Flitwyte : this is, quit of (?) litigation concerning your
communal affairs (?) and that you may hold
pleas of these matters in your court and
take amercements : for " flit " in English is
" temoisoun " in Latin.
Fledwyte : this is, quit of amercements when any fugitive
outlaw may come to the peace of the Lord
King of his own will or under licence.
Flemmenfrith : this is, that you may have the chattels or
amercements of your fugitive serf.
Litherwyte : this is, that you may take a fine from a man
who seduces your female serf without your
licence.
Childwyte : this is, that you may take " gerson " of your
female serf who is seduced and pregnant
without your licence.
A REGISTER OF THE ABBEY OF MILTON.
209
Forstal : this is, quit of amercements for chattels seised
within your lands and [that you may have]
the amercements resulting therefrom.
Scot : this is, quit of some customary charge as of a
common tallage made for the use of the
sheriff and his bailiffs.
Geld : this is, quit of all servile aids which were wont
to be given formerly and are still given, such
as horn geld, and of other like matters.
Hidage : this is, quit if the Lord King shall have
tallaged the whole land by hides.
Caruage this is, quit if the Lord King shall have tallied
the whole land by carucates.
Danegeld : this is, quit of a certain tax which was current
at one time and which certain Danes levied
in England.
Horngeld : this is, quit of a certain customary charge
exacted by tallage throughout the whole
land, such as " of every horned beast."
Lastage : this is, quit of a certain customary charge
exacted in fairs and markets for carting
goods where a man wishes.
Stallage : this is, quit of a certain customary charge
for standings taken or allotted in fairs or
markets.
Schewing: this is, quit of attachments in any court and
before any judges concerning plaints (?) put
forward and not vouched. (?)
Miskerying : this is, quit of amercements for plaints before
any judges (?) where a variance is shown. (?)
Burghbrech : this is, quit of a trespass committed in a city
or borough against the peace.
Wardewyte : this is, quit of the penny to be given for
keeping a ward.
Hundred : this is, quit of the penny or customary charge
made to the reeve and hundred men.
210 A REGISTER OF THE ABBEY OF MILTON.
Bordehalpeny : this is, quit of a customary charge exacted for
(?) pitching a booth. (?)
Brugbote : this is, free of aids to be given for rebuilding
bridges.
Brugbote : this is, free of aids to be given for rebuilding
a borough, castle, city, or walls thrown
down.
Averpeny : this is to be free concerning different things
to be given for the purveyance of our Lord
the King.
The Register of the Priory of Saint Mary of Coventry, in
the same place.
8 ^ e li remembered that in the year of our Lord 1278 and in
the 8th year of the reign of Edward the son of Henry the Third
there was passed that accursed statute forbidding the putting of
lands and tenements into mortmains. So that thenceforth no
one might give sell bequeath exchange or by any title convey to
ecclesiastical persons any lands or tenements without the licence
of the King and the chief Lords, as is more fully set out in the
same statute. But after the promulgation of that statute the
same King Edward by his charter under date of the icth day of
April in the 1 2th year of his reign gave a licence to Thomas the
son of Gervase of Walton and John of Warre to give and convey
to the Prior and Convent in Coventry 40 acres of land in
Olughton and 40 shillings of rent in Coventry with the appur-
tenances which are of the proper fee of the said convent, as
appears by the underwritten charter of the said King to wit
" Edward &c." And there follow many other licences of the
same King against the tenor of the statute for the benefit of the
aforesaid house. 1
of 9 You shall swear that you will be faithful to God and to the
Monastery of Milton, to the Lord Abbot and to the monks now
serving God there and to their successors. You shall not vouch
1 It is not clear whether this comment is made by the writer of the Cartulary
or by the 17th century copyist. See further, translator's note, p. 212.
A REGISTER OF THE ABBEY OF MILTON. 211
against them nor apply to any one else for patronage. Also
you shall rest content with the rights rents and profits of your
church now as of old appertaining thereto : and you shall not
claim accept or hold more to the prejudice or hurt of this
monastery. Also you shall pay the yearly and ancient payment
of your church faithfully and in full without any deductions from
year to year as long as you shall be rector or vicar there. In
the aforesaid register.
i o But in the register of the Monastery of Langdon we have a
charter of appropriation after the following fashion: "Edward
by the grace of God King of England, Lord of Ireland, Duke of
Aquitaine to all to whom the present letter shall come Greeting.
Know ye that for the special devotion which we bear to the
blessed Thomas, the glorious martyr, in whose honour the Abbey
of Langdon near Dover of the order of Premonstratensians was
founded, and also for the sincere affection which we have for
brother William the Abbot of that place and the canons serving
God there we have given and granted to the same Abbot and
Canons the Advowson of the Church of Tonge in the County of
Kent which belonged to Bartholomew of Badelesmere lately our
enemy and rebel and which by his forfeiture came into our hands
as our escheat to have and to hold to the same abbot and
canons and their successors of us and our heirs in free pure and
perpetual alms for ever. We have also for us and our heirs as
far as in us lies granted and given licence to the same abbot
and canons that they may appropriate that church and hold it so
appropriated to their own use for themselves and their aforesaid
successors for ever without disturbance or hindrance from us or
our heirs justices escheators sheriffs or other our bailiffs or
officers whatsoever notwithstanding the statute passed concerning
the putting of lands and tenements into mortmain. In witness
whereof we have caused these our letters patent to be executed.
Witness myself at Langdon on the 28th day of August in the
1 9th year of our reign, to wit Edward II."
212 A REGISTER OF THE ABBEY OF MILTON.
THE REGISTER OF MILTON ABBEY.
NOTE BY THE TRANSLATOR.
The Latin text here given is a transcript of a portion of a MS.
in the Bodleian Library at Oxford, "MS. James No. 23,"
pp. 46-52, which contains iyth century extracts, made by or on
behalf of Richard James (A.D. 1592-1638) from an earlier
manuscript, said by the copyist to have been in the Exchequer,
and by Dugdale and Hutchins to have been in the King's
Remembrancer's office there. It is not now known where the
Exchequer document is, nor what was its history, but internal
evidence shows that it could not be earlier than the reign of
Edward III. ; and it seems to be accepted that all the earlier
charters and muniments were destroyed by fire, with the Abbey,
in the reign of Edward II.
The MS. itself is not satisfactory ; it is badly written and
appears to contain many inaccuracies, but, in the absence of the
original, it is not possible to say w r hether these are due to the
1 4th century scribe or to the iyth century copyist; some have
been corrected by another hand. The transcript has been
furnished to me, but I have made a partial collation with the
MS. on some doubtful points. This transcript comprises the
first ten entries, which follow the heading, " Registrum Abbatiae
de Middetone " : and the transcriber has added a summary of
the other entries which precede the next prominent heading
in the MS., " Registrum Abbatiae de Malmesburia in cista
Scaccarii," with the note that these certainly do not relate
to Milton, though they may be in the Milton cartulary.
It is doubtful, however, whether these or even all the
first ten come from the Milton document. Between the 7th
and 8th there intervenes another similar heading, not so
conspicuously set out, namely, "Registrum prioratus sanctae
Marias in Coventria, ibidem;" this looks like the beginning of
extracts from another cartulary St. Mary's, Coventry also in
A REGISTER OF THE ABBEY OF MILTOX. 213
the Exchequer ; and the first entry which follows (No. 8 here)
certainly relates to Coventry. But the succeeding extract
(Xo. 9) reverts to Milton, with a note added " in registro
predicto," which may mean that of Milton or Coventry ; and
the following (Xo. 10) purports to be from the registry of
Langdon, in Kent. Until the original is discovered it is useless
to speculate on this puzzle. The i4th century scribe may have
been copying entries from other monasteries, or James may have
been making promiscuous extracts from several documents in
the Exchequer. Meanwhile it will not be safe to assume that
more than the first seven extracts, and probably the ninth, are
from the Milton register.
The contents are rather deficient in local interest. Entry
Xo. i contains the legend of Athelstan's birth, succession to the
Crown, murder of his half-brother Edwin, penitence, murder of
his cup-bearer, enriching of Muchelney, and foundation of
Milton. This has already been printed by Dugdale (Monasticon,
Ed. 1819, Vol. III., p. 348), without a translation, and Hutchins
gives a summary of it, with some just and caustic comments.
Dugdale's version has some variations in the text, which appear
here in foot notes.
No. 2 is a statement of a list of the kings of England down to
Edward III. Xo. 3 refers to the fair and market at Milton ;
Xo. 4 is a licence in mortmain, to hold a rent* issuing out of
land at Up-Sydling ; and X'o. 5 a note on the comparative
etymology of a surname. Xo. 6 has a legal interest as an early
form of attestation of an erasure in a deed. Xo. 8 is the
Coventry extract, also a licence in mortmain ; Xo. 9 is the form
of oath administered by the monks of Milton to the vicars of
their benefices ; and X T o. i o is the Langdon extract, being a
grant of an advowson to that Abbey with a right to appropriate.
This Langdon must be West Langdon, in Kent, which belonged
to the Premonstratensians (Dugd. Mon., Vol. VI., 897).
Xo. 7 is the most interesting : it is a vocabulary of Saxon law
terms for manorial rights with explanations in Latin. Such lists
are indeed common : and are fully discussed in the preface to
214 A REGISTER OF THE ABBEY OF MILTON.
the third volume of the Red Book of the Exchequer (pp. ccclvi.-
ccclxv.) edited by Mr. Hubert Hall. The present list is very
extensive and the explanations more detailed than is often the
case : but the text is here and there corrupt and some of the
translations consequently doubtful. The marginal note appears
to be inaccurate : there is no evidence that all these terms have
any relation to the charters relating to this church. Athelstan's
charter contains none of the terms in this list, while Henry's
charter gives only about half-a-dozen of these and some others
not in the list. The grant of Henry VIII. to Tregomvell (see
Hutchins) gives more of those in the list and others not there.
No Milton document that I have seen corresponds with this
list, which is probably compiled from the charters of many
manors by way of a general dictionary and copied for that
purpose at Milton.
Dugdale gives two other documents as coming from the Milton
registers, namely (i) another and more rational account of
Athelstan's exploits and the foundation of the Abbey, and (2) a
copy of the charter of Henry I. confirming and containing a
Latin translation of Athelstan's Saxon charter. James has not
copied these two, and Dugdale has not copied any of James'
extracts except the first.
The extracts, of which a summary is given, appear to relate
mainly to Kent and Kentish affairs ; the insertion of these in a
Milton register is not intelligible. They may belong to
Langdon.
B. F. L.
Lincoln 's Inn, Sept., igog.
gnfertm Report on t
gb-ccxtxttioits af ^laumBuvi)
Dorchester, 1909.
H. Colley March,
John E. Aclaud, .
J. G. X. Clift
R. H. Forster
C. E. Keyser,F.S A.
R. E. Leader
X. M. Richardson
H. Peutin
G. R. Elwes
H. Pouncy
Committee :
M.D., F.S.A., Chairman.
Hon. See., Dorset County Museum, Dorchester.
W. Miles Barnes
Representing the.
British Archaoloyical
Association.
Representing the
Donet Field Club.
H. B. Middleton
Alfred Pope, F.S.A.
C. S. Prideaux
W. de C. Prideaux
C. W. Whistler
JHHE Committee have much pleasure in presenting
the report for the year 1909, written by Mr.
St. George Gray, who (as in 1908) directed
the investigations. He has recorded all the
details of the work with great accuracy, and
has taken many excellent photographs, which
are left in charge of the Hon. Secretary at
the Dorset County Museum.
The excavations lasted from 3oth August
to 2ist September, the results being most satisfactory, since many
new and interesting facts were brought to light, which will have
2l6 EXCAVATIONS AT MAUMBURY RINGS.
an important bearing on the solution of the problems with which
we have yet to deal.
The thanks of the Committee are due to the Town Council of
Dorchester for the use of the hurdles placed round the cuttings,
to Mr. Foot and Mr. Slade for the loan of implements and
materials used during the work, to Messrs. Lott and Walne for
the shepherd's hut, which proved of the greatest convenience as
an office for Mr. Gray, and to Mr. Feacey for drawing-boards
and other appliances. But we have especially to thank Mr.
C. S. Prideaux, who not only lived on the ground and shared
with Mr. Gray that constant supervision which is so necessary in
work of this kind, but provided the tents and camping requisites
at his own expense, and hospitably entertained many who came
as visitors.
The total receipts for the year, including the sale of last year's
reports, were 67 os. 8d. and the total expenditure ,57 is.
The Society of Antiquaries of London, the British Archaeological
Association, the Dorset Field Club, and the Dorset County
Museum have all supported the work by contributing to the
fund, thus showing in a practical manner their recognition ot
the importance of the investigation.
We are glad that the research was not pushed through and
completed in a single season, because time has been obtained
for the reception of many suggestions, as well as for the full
consideration of not a few difficulties. We trust that funds will
be forthcoming to enable us to continue the exploration for one
year more that we may solve some serious archaeological
questions that still remain before us.
Sttjncd on behalf of the Committee,
H. COLLEY MARCH,
Chairman,
10(h November, 1909.
EXCAVATIONS AT MAUMBURY RINGS. 217
SHORT REPORT ON
THE EXCAVATIONS OF 19O9.
By H. ST. GEORGE GRAY.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES ACCOMPANYING THIS
REPORT :
PLATE I. Photograph, taken from the east, of the western half of the northern
entrance -way into the amphitheatre. The hewn chalk wall is seen to turn
towards the west to form the wall of the arena, running parallel to which are two
trenches excavated to show the position of the post-holes. In the foreground,
the western group of stones.
PLATE II. Photograph, taken from the X.N.E., showing the excavation made
down to the solid chalk through the embankment on the S.S.W. of "the Eings."
The rectangular area in the foreground appears to be the den for impounding
beasts. The pathway approaching it is 14ift. wide at its junction with the
enclosure. The dark seam of mould indicates an old turf level of comparatively
recent times. The rod is 10ft. high.
I. INTRODUCTORY REMARKS.
Until last year the field-archaeologist had paid little attention
to the examination of the Roman amphitheatres of Britain a
fact bewailed, among others, by the late Mr. Thos. Morgan,
F.S.A., in his work on "Romano-British Mosaic Pavements."
General Pitt-Rivers several years ago partly excavated a small
earthwork of this class just outside the Romano-British village of
Woodcuts.* The amphitheatre at Silchester, of which Hoare
gives an effective drawing,! was untouched by the Society of
Antiquaries of London in their thorough excavation of that
* " Excavations in Cranborue Chase," I., 21.
t " History of Ancient Wiltshire," II., Roman ^Era, PI. I., facing p. 57.
21 8 EXCAVATIONS AT MAUMBCRY RINGS.
Roman city owing to difficulties of ownership. The present
year, however, has seen not only a continuation of operations at
Maumbury Rings (from August 3oth to September 2ist, exclusive
of filling in), but also some notable work at the amphitheatre,
known as " King Arthur's Round Table," at Caerleon, by the
Liverpool Committee for Research in Wales excavations which
have already produced several features of interest, including a
centurial stone built into the arena wall ; and the writer has had
the privilege of excavating the so-called "amphitheatre" at
Charterhouse-on-Mendip on behalf of the Somersetshire Archae-
ological and Natural History Society.*
Before proceeding to give a summary of the work completed
at Maumbury this year I wish to point out, as director of the
excavations, that without the assistance, support, and counsel of
the chairman and members of the sub-committee and others, the
amount of work completed its thorough record, the supervision
of an increased number of workmen, and the general organisa-
tion such detailed work involves would have been an impossible
task for me, considering the space of time at our disposal for
the carrying out of this, the second series of excavations. It will
not, I am sure, be regarded as invidious if the names of Captain
Acland and Mr. C. S. Prideaux are mentioned here. My
personal thanks are due to both of them, not only for their
untiring energy and assiduity, but for the time and enthusiasm
which so clearly marked their keen interest in the daily develop-
ment of the work.
Many antiquaries and others have expressed a wish that the
excavations might be left open for some time, as at Avebury, so
that they might afford an object lesson to the many visitors
anxious to study the structure of the place. The committee,
however, was under a promise to disfigure the grass-clad slopes
as little as possible a stipulation which will be better understood
when it is stated that the Corporation of Dorchester rents the
* Described in the Tfocccdbujn of that Society, Vol. LV., 1909, with contoured
plan, sectional diagrams, aud other illustrations.
EXCAVATIONS AT MAUMBURY RINGS. 2tg
amphitheatre from the Duchy of Cornwall for the use of the
general public.
The season's work has been most satisfactory ; but at the same
time it should be borne in mind that, although the ladder of
knowledge in respect to the former condition of Maumbury is
gradually being ascended, there is yet much to be done before
the problems which present themselves as the work progresses
can be solved, before the many theories advanced by those
competent to raise them can be accepted or refuted, and before
the actual purpose of several of the structural details can be
elucidated beyond doubt or cavil.
II. CUTTING XII., N.N.E. ENTRANCE (PLATE I.).
"We marked out for excavation on the western side of the
northern entrance a plot of ground which at the close of the
excavations had been extended to an irregular area, measuring
aoft. on the E., ayft. on the N., 34-|ft. on the W., and 4o|ft. on
the S., which exposed a large part of the entrance on the
western side and the commencement of the actual arena.
In many respects the structural details revealed were a
counterpart of those found on the E. side of the entrance-way
in 1908, but the W. side was in better preservation. The two
seasons' work showed that the entrance had been hollowed out
of the solid chalk to a width of about 2i^ft. and levelled, the
floor being at an average depth of 6' 5ft. below the present
surface. The original level of the solid chalk in this part was
probably at a slightly higher level than the present turf-clad
surface.
This year the side wall of solid chalk was found to correspond
to that uncovered in the eastern entrance cutting in 1908. As
anticipated, it was found to round off to form the wall and
podium* of the western half of the arena. The height of this
wall above the chalk floor averaged 6ft., and on its top a
* The name podium was sometimes also applied to the wall itself.
220 EXCAVATIONS AT MAUMBURY RINGS.
hollowed pathway of concave section, much better defined than
that found on the other side last year, was cleared. It probably
served as a track, by means of which spectators obtained access
to their places in the cavea on the W. bank. The upper margin
of the pathway was 5'sft. wide at its termination at the entrance,
diminishing in width and depth towards the W., the S. margin
disappearing altogether before the W. margin of the excavation
was reached.
Digging near the base of the solid chalk arena wall, nine post-
holes were revealed about 3'sft. apart, extending for a length of
27ft. It was found that a trench, larger at the E. than the \V.,
but averaging i'25ft. wide at the top and i'7sft. deep in the solid
chalk, had been cut out at the foot of the arena wall for the
reception of these posts, which were fixed into position by
ramming chalk round them. It is believed that the posts carried
a wooden barrier, or palisading, to protect the wall from climatical
changes.
All, or nearly all, these post-holes, No. xxiv. to No. xxxii.,
penetrated the solid chalk at the bottom of the trench to the
extent of from 3in. to Sin. They averaged 9in. square, their
exact size being shown on the plan. These post-holes contained
no relics worthy of mention. The position of four other post-
holes was located, No. xxiii. at the angle of the boundary wall,
and Nos. xx., xxi., and xxii. to the N.N.E. of No. xxiii., all near
the foot of the wall. Nos. xx. and xxi. were first noticed at a
depth of 3 '8ft. from the surface, and they did not penetrate the
level of the chalk floor, so that these posts must have been in
position when the wall was permitted to scale and the entrance
to fill up with chalk rubble, above which mould accumulated
subsequently.
In the N.N.E. part of the cutting, close up to the chalk wall,
a large hole, " J," 6ft. by sft., was found to penetrate the floor of
the entrance-way to a depth of 3'2ft. ; the bottom was about
3'2ft. in diameter. No relics were found in it, and it had, no
doubt, been excavated for the reception of a post (No. xxii.),
round which loose chalk was rammed.
EXCAVATIONS AT MAUMBURY RINGS. 221
Post-hole xxiii. occupied a similar position in an oval hole
" K," situated close against the angle of the wall. This hole
was 3* i ft. deep below the chalk floor, its upper margin measuring
4* 5ft. by 4ft. Between these two large holes was a smaller one,
"A," of a flattened oval outline. It had almost vertical sides,
clean cut and smooth; depth ift. below the floor. A similar
hole, " B," was uncovered several feet to the S.
At about 2' 5ft. to the S. of the trench, at the foot of the arena
wall and running parallel to it, an inner trench cut in the solid
chalk, about 2ft. wide at the top, was clearly traced extending
from the W.S.W. margin of the cutting to a large circular pit
(Hole "C") with smooth sloping sides, which averaged 3'9ft. in
diameter at the top, and was 3*1 ft. deep below the chalk floor.
A wooden post had been placed in it excentrically and rammed
round with loose chalk for support. In this post-hole (Xo. xxxiii.)
one or two bits of iron were found. A pit corresponding to
Hole "C " was found in 1908 in the eastern part of the entrance,
containing post-hole ix., also excentric. This pair of circular
pits was found to be connected by a shallow gutter, averaging
o'5ft. wide. They were different in character from any of the
other holes uncovered ; hence it has been thought possible that
they are of earlier date than the other holes now associated with
them, and that at the time of the construction of the Roman
amphitheatre they were utilised for the purpose of erecting
posts.
\\'e must now revert to the inner trench divided from the outer
trench at the foot of the arena wall by an almost level passage
continuous with the entrance-way. Along the X. side of this
trench there was a step or ledge ; at its E. end, near Hole " C,"
the X. margin of the trench was broken, or notched, by the
formation of Hole " D." It contained post-hole xxxiv., in which
a spike-nail, yjin. long, several smaller iron nails with wood
adhering to them, and some tiny fragments of wood (all unidenti-
fiable) were found.
Other holes, "E," "F," " G," and " H," were found in the
line of this inner trench at irregular intervals, the details of
222 EXCAVATIONS AT MAUMBURY RINGS.
which cannot be given here. On the S. edge of the trench,
quite on the margin of the digging, a curious hole, " L," was
discovered. It was found to be of sexagonal form, its N. side
being open to the trench. It was 2'25ft. deep below the chalk
floor, and averaged i'8ft. across at top and r4ft. at bottom.
Round the sides of the hole large lumps of chalk were placed,
the filling in the middle being much finer. Above it a consider-
able number of large nodules of flint were observed. Near the
top of the hole an iron nail and a piece of rim of Romano-British
pottery were found. Its purpose is not known.
The inner trench appeared to mark the outline of foundations
for an inner barrier to the arena, over which the besliarii and
others engaged in the sports and combats when hard pressed by
the beasts could jump and secrete themselves without distur-
bance of the spectators.* Such a barrier is erected in Continental
amphitheatres at the present time when they are used for bull
fights. The existence of an inner barrier, together with the
discovery of a pound, presumably for beasts (to be described
later), leaves no doubt in our minds that wild animals were
brought to the amphitheatre for the entertainment of the
audience.
The relics collected from this excavation (Cutting XII.)
consisted for the most part of common pottery and objects
of the Roman period. They include a " third brass " Roman
coin, defaced, but probably of Constantius II. (struck before
A.D. 350), depth 3'8ft. ; a bronze nail, flat-headed, depth 4'zft. ;
an English counter of bronze of the XIV. Century, found at a
depth of only 2ft. ; handle of a bronze spoon ; a small flat
pebble, perhaps a counter or draughtsman, depth 4' 3 ft. ; a small
carnelian bead, figured on p. 229, No. 91 ; a flint hammer-stone,
* We read of the infuriated bent'uc attempting to break through the railings,
chtthri, by which they were separated from the spectators. To guard against
this danger Julius Caesar surrounded the arena of the amphitheatre with trenches,
eiiripi.
EXCAVATIONS AT MAUMBURY RINGS. 223
depth 5ft.; a small piece apparently of jasper*; several iron nails,
found below a depth of 4ft. ; and a considerable quantity of
Roman and Romano-British potter}-, including red Samian ware,
some of which was found on the floor or close to it ; also several
pieces of red tile, from 3ft. to the bottom.
Perhaps the most interesting object found in this excavation
was a bronze seal-box, the hinge remaining, the lid missing,
found at a depth of 5'sft. (figured on p. 229, No. 77). The
receptacle, or box, for the wax is circular, with a little slot, or
notch, for the passage of a string on each side ; the bottom of
the box is perforated with three round holes for attachment.
Until recently these objects were supposed to be vinaigrettes, but
their precise use is illustrated in the British Museum, f Similar
boxes were found at Hod Hill, and one is known from Portland.
III. GROUP OF STONES, CUTTING XII.
(See Illustration on p. 225 and position in Plate /.)
This mutilated heap of slabs of Purbeck limestone was similar
to the group of stones discovered on the P^. side of the entrance
in 1908. Their centres were 9'sft. apart. That found this year
was about 5'5ft. from the W. wall, whereas the other was gft.
from the E. wall, the intervening space being occupied by a
trench, in which were post-holes, and another trench parallel to
it.
*Mr. A. J. Jukes-Browne, oT.G.S., has seen this fragment and writes that "it
is probably a bit of the juxptdcoitx chert which occurs in the Selbornian Sands of
the Haldon Hills the so-called 'Upper Greensaiid.' I know of no other red
jasper either in Dorset, Devon, or Somerset ; but the opaque red chert which is
found on the N. side of Great Haldoii is very like it. Your pebble may have
travelled into Dorset during early Eocene times down a river valley, for Eocene
gravels containing Devonshire rocks do occur near Dorchester."
Dr. H. Colley March. F.S.A., writes: "Red jasper occurs in the gravels of
Blackdown, Dorset. I possess several cuboidal pieces of this kind of jasper, more
than l^in. across the surfaces, that I found there."
t " Guide to Greek and Roman Life," Brit. Mus., 1908, pp. 167-8.
224 EXCAVATIONS AT MAUMBURY RINGS.
The heap of stones, Group II., was about 2'45ft. high above
the chalk floor, and consisted of about twenty large and small
slabs set irregularly in rich brown mould, which in places
appeared to contain decayed traces of mortar. One of the
larger stones, which was a worked one, had mortar adhering in
patches to both faces. The other pieces of stone measured from
3 Jin. to 1 3 Jin. across. Towards the base of the heap about four
nodules of flint, averaging 5^in. long, were found.
Under this group of stones and about 2in. above the floor was
a thin seam of marly soil, which extended towards the E.S.E.
and S. as far as the first heap of stones and under it. Patches of
a ferruginous sandy loam were also observed under Group II.
When the heap was removed it was found to stand in a slight
depression in the chalk floor, about yin. deep on the N. and E.,
but on the S. and S.W. there was no perceptible hollow, but a
slight line scored circularly, showing that a mark 2ft. in diameter
had been made to indicate the position in which the heap was to
be placed. A similar mark and depression was discovered last
year under Group I.
In removing Group II. the following objects were found :
Piece of the base of a pot of hard New Forest ware, three bits of
brown Romano-British potter}', parts of five iron nails, and
thirteen flint flakes.
It has been suggested that the two groups of stones may have
supported in one case a figure of Victory, or Nike, holding a
wreath, and in the other Mercury or Hermes, winged and holding
a wreath and palm branch,* and perhaps having sandals with
wings at the ankles.
Near the top of Group II. and on the S. side was a slab of
stone, about i^in. thick, scored rather faintly with a chequered
design, as if intended originally for a draught-board. It is
figured in the accompanying illustration, ~ scale linear. The
* On this point see a coloured reproduction of a painting in the amphitheatre at
Pompeii, Potnpeiana, Sir Wm. Gell, 18o2, 3rd edition, p. 19J,
EXCAVATIONS AT MAUMBURY RINGS.
22 5
FlC.I.
6.3. 1909.
Fig. 1. Mutilated Group of Stones in the Entrance -way, 1909 ; drawn from the S.W.
Fig. '2. Slab of Stone, faintly scored with lines ; presumably a Roman Draught-board.
Its position in the group of stones is marked by a cross in Fig. 1.
(Scale of Fig. 2, 2-lQths linear.)
226 EXCAVATIONS AT MAUMBURY RINGS.
squares, having sides averaging |in., are roughly scored without
ruling. There are remains of ten rows in both directions ; about
95 complete squares and parts remain.
In 1907 a complete stone draught-board was found at
Corbridge (Corsfopitum\ The squares are seven on the longer
and eight on the shorter side. With it were found some turned
bone draughtsmen. In 1908 a piece of a "board" of better
workmanship was found there, the lines being ruled. In the
Museum at Chesters is a draught-board found at Cilurnum. In
this example there are 68 squares and parts of squares remaining ;
nine incomplete rows in both directions. The modern draught-
board has 64 squares, eight rows in each direction.
IV. CUTTINGS XIII. AND XIV., ARENA.
These are situated on the long axis of " the Rings " to the S.
of the central picket, each measuring loft, by 4ft., and were
excavated in continuation of the series of arena cuttings made
last year, to prove the existence of a level arena floor cut out of
the solid chalk rock. This floor was found to maintain the same
level from the N.N.E. entrance to the S.S.W. limit of the arena.
It was covered with the gravelly substance, or " shingle,"
mentioned in greater detail in last year's report ; in places
worms had carried this substance up to a considerable height
above the floor.
Cutting XIV. revealed a well-preserved patch of the arena
floor, which was photographed. On it were found a piece of
red tile, a flat bit of corroded iron, and an ornamented fragment
of hard New Forest ware.
V. CUTTING XV., THROUGH THE S.S.W. EMBANKMENT.
(See Plate II.}
Perhaps the most important digging carried out this year was
the large cutting made through the embankment on the S.S.W.,
on the line of the long axis of " the Rings " an area which has
EXCAVATIONS AT MAUMBURY RINGS. 227
been the subject of so much speculation and discussion. In this
part, as it appears at the present day, the basal width of the
encircling bank is greatly diminished, and it is ascended from
the arena by a much less steep and longer slope than elsewhere.
Indeed, the slope up to the crest here is gradual from the middle
of the arena, the steepness increasing somewhat towards the top,
the general outline and appearance strongly suggesting that it
must have been formed by the " tipping " of quantities of
material into the arena from above. The lower part of this
slope is bounded on either side by the termination of the tapering
ends of the E. and W. inner "terraces" (which, from the
excavation made into the western one in 1908, appeared to be of
XVII. Century date). On still higher ground the slope is
bounded on either side by the steeper bank of the original
vallum rounding off towards the south. The crest of the slope is
represented by a narrow ridge, forming an enlargement of the
original vallum, curving outwards towards the south, which in
regard to height is continuous with the crest of the great vallum
on either side, being about 25^1. above the turf in the middle of
the arena.
The precise purpose for which the slope was raised may never
be known exactly ; but the popular tradition that this secondary
earthwork was thrown up during the Civil Wars (perhaps for
running up guns) when the position was used as a fort * and
garrisoned on behalf of the Parliamentary forces to oppose the
Earl of Carnarvon's advance from Weymouth, is probably the
correct one.
The results of this year's excavation in our opinion confirmed
this popular explanation. Up the slope and over the bank, a
cutting (No. XV.), 96ft. long and yft. wide (3'5ft. on either side
of the long axis), was marked out for excavation. At the north
* " A Survey of the Prebend Parsonage and Manor of Ffordington, Oct., 1649,"
makes mention of "Ye Fort called Mainbry." Several forts are mentioned as
having been prepared at Dorchester between July 20, 1642, and June 3, 1643,
including " works at the north gate, at the priory, and at JfatttH&ttry."
including
228 EXCAVATIONS AT MAUMBURY RINGS.
within the arena the solid chalk, i.e., the level of the arena floor,
was reached at a depth of 8'5ft. from the surface, and this level
was traced southwards towards the embankment for a distance of
zo'jft. At this point, on the line of section, a transverse chalk
wall, nearly vertical and 3'sft. high, was met with. To this wall
we shall revert in the next chapter. From its top the excavated
solid chalk was followed southward, rising gradually at an angle
of about 1 6 for a distance of 34ft. (horizontal measurement),
and therefrom almost level to the end of the cutting on the
S.S.W., the highest point of the solid chalk (apparently the
natural level of the rock chalk) being reached at a depth of
i3'3ft. below the crest of the bank.
Throughout the length of this cutting, at a higher level than
the solid chalk, rising at an angle of only 8 in the N. half, then
changing to an angle of 4, and finally level to the end of the
cutting, a most distinct seam of rich dark mould (clearly seen in
the photograph, Plate II.), o'6ft. thick, occurred, on and in
which large quantities of XVII. Century glazed shards of pottery
(including several of the " Bellarmine " type) were found,
whereas between it and the solid chalk slope beneath nothing
but relics of the Roman period were discovered.
Besides the earthenware recovered from the seam of dark
mould, which doubtless represented an old turf line, a XVII.
Century knife (No. 82) was found and part of the handle of
another (No. 125), both handles being of bone and ornamented
with the dot-and-circle pattern ; also two pieces of a brass
thimble.
The relics found between the dark seam and the chalk slope
below included nothing of post-Roman date. The most interest-
ing " finds " were : A " third brass " coin of the Constantine
period, struck about A.D. 335 ; an antler of a slain red-deer,
apparently the remains of a pick ; and a penannular brooch of
bronze, figured in the accompanying illustration (No. 98). The
pick was found in the chalk rubble (ift. above the solid chalk)
which had accumulated just after the disuse of the place in
Roman times. It is similar to those found in the prehistoric
EXCAVATIONS AT MAUMBURY RINGS.
229
shafts at Maumbury, and it may have been displaced from the
top of one of them about the time it became deposited where
now found. On the other hand there is no reason why it should
not be of Roman date, such implements having been previously
discovered with Roman remains (Dorchester, Woodyates, * &c.).
OBJECTS FOUND AT MAUMBURY RINGS, 1909.
77. Bronze Seal-box. 91. Carnelian Bead.
98. Penannular Brooch of Bronze.
157. " Second Brass " Coin of Hadrian.
(All full size.}
The brooch has an arched pin, and the terminals are doubled
back and ribbed in a manner common in Dorset and the south-
west. It was found on the solid chalk slope ; close to it were
fragments of Romano-British pottery, a number of flint flakes,
burnt flints, &c. Similar brooches f of the Roman period
* " Excavations in Cranborne Chase," III.. 135.
t This type of brooch, together with its' distribution, will be dealt with by the
writer in the forthcoming monograph on the Glastoubury Lake Village.
ijO EXCAVATIONS AT MAUMBURY RINGS.
have been found in Dorset at Hod Hill, * Shapwick, * Long-
bredy, f Charlton Marshall, f Somerleigh Court (Dorchester), f
Woodcuts, j Wor Barrow (Handley), J &c.
It is evident, then, that the dark seam represented a turf-clad
surface in the earlier part of the XVII. Century, and perhaps for
some time previously. At the period of the Civil Wars this old
turf line, having only a slight inclination (as above described),
appears to have been covered up, the embankment here being
raised to a steeper incline of 11, which towards the crest
increased to an angle of 19. This thrown-up material of recent
date consisted of chalk with occasional irregular seams of finer
mixed mould and chalk. Very little pottery was found in it
indeed only the few shards that happened to be mixed up with
the rubble. Some of the material may have been carted, but the
probability is that the original vallum on either side was
mutilated for the purpose of its construction.
Minor structural details in connection with this part of Cutting
XV. cannot be dealt with here.
VI. SQUARE ENCLOSURE AT THE N. END OF CUTTING XV.
(Plate II.}
As previously mentioned, the level of the arena floor was
reached in excavating the y-ft. cutting at the N. end, and the S.
end of this floor terminated in a nearly vertical transverse wall of
chalk. The floor was found to be bounded also on the E. by a
side wall of solid chalk. It being necessary to follow these
walls, the main cutting was widened, chiefly on the W. side, to
the extent of 21 ft. before the structure of this area was fully
understood.
* Burden Collection, Brit. Mus. There are about two dozen penaimular
brooches from Hod Hill.
t In the Dorset County Museum.
% In the Pitt-Rivers Museum, Farnham, Doreet.
EXCAVATIONS AT MAUMBURY RINGS. 231
In uncovering the solid chalk incline further to the S., a
sloping wall carefully hewn out of the virgin chalk was revealed
for a distance of some 35ft. from the transverse wall (seen clearly
in the photograph, Plate II.). The existence of this wall and
the fact that the slope was somewhat concave induced us to
considerably extend the cutting westwards, and we were
rewarded by finding a corresponding wall forming the western
boundary of the slightly concave pathway, to follow which a
special subsidiary cutting was made to save labour as the track
widened, as seen in Plate II. This gangway averaged from wall
to wall i aft. wide, enlarging to 14* sft. at its northern termination,
where the transverse wall dipped down at a sharp angle to the
level of the arena floor, 3'5ft. below. In Plate II. it will be
seen that the lo-ft. rod is leaning against a large block of the
untouched material resting on the pathway, which, although a
disfigurement to the photograph, would have entailed much
labour had it been removed.
The transverse wall and the northern continuation of the
boundary walls of the pathway were carefully followed,* resulting
in the discovery of a large quadrangular area recessed into the
solid chalk of the arena boundary, and outlined by high walls of
rock chalk on the S., E., and W., the N. end being open towards
the arena, the space enclosed, not truly square, measuring about
i3'5ft. from N. to S. and xysft. from E. to W.
There is every reason to regard this area as the den (cavea f)
for impounding the bestice \ during the performances when not
required for actual exhibitions and combat, the walled pathway
to the south evidently being the track by which the animals were
brought into it from outside the amphitheatre.
* The stratification of the chalk dipped to S.S.E.
t According to Lucius.
J The more savage beasts were slain by the be&tiarii in the amphitheatre, and
not in the circus. The number of animals sometimes slaughtered seems almost
incredible.
: . 232 EXCAVATIONS AT MAUMBURY RINGS.
The eastern wall of the den, measuring i2'5ft. long was very
regular ; at the N. corner it rounded towards the E. to form the
arena wall, at the base of which two post-holes were uncovered,
both containing traces of wood* and one a piece of iron. The
western wall was less regular ; it made a similar turn to continue
as the arena wall to the W., one post-hole being found at the
foot of the arena wall as far as the excavation was carried. Not
far to the E., but quite clear of the wall, two other holes were
disclosed, one of D-section, the other smaller and circular (the
first circular hole yet found).
A thick patch of soft chalk plaster was discovered adhering to
the top of the roughly-hewn wall at the N.W. corner, as if
intended to fill a weak spot in the chalk. The " shingle " found
so commonly on the floor in the arena cuttings was equally
abundant here. The solid floor of the den was covered,
especially in the W. half, by compact puddled chalk, probably
the result of the trampling of animals. The large number of
fragments of red tile and a few slabs of Purbeck limestone found
on and near the floor suggested the former existence of a roof
here, but no evidence in the way of a supporting framework was
brought to light.
The relics found in the den were not of great interest. Much
Roman potter}-, however, was found at depths of from 3ft. to the
bottom, including red Samian, a large piece of an amphora, and
a potterj r disc not perforated. Iron nails and fragments of iron,
including a ring, were also numerous at all levels, and on the
floor a spike-nail, 4! in. long, with traces of wood adhering to it,
and a hob-nail, together with a piece of wood identified as oak.f
A well patinated pin of a penannular brooch was found near the
bottom at a depth of 9ft.
* Mr. Clement Reid, F.R.S., was unable to identify this wood owing to its very
decayed condition.
t This was also examined by Mr. Reid, who observed that it was curious that
hardly any wood other than oak turned up in Roman sites.
EXCAVATIONS AT MAUMBURY RINGS. 233
Four Roman coins were found in the filling of the den, viz., a
dupondius of Hadrian, A.D. 119-138, found at a depth of 8'3ft.
(figured on p. 229, no. 157); and three "third brass" coins of
Constantine the Great, one being of Constantinopolis, struck
A.D. 336-7; another struck in Siscia ; the third struck circa
A.D. 333. All were below a depth of 5ft.
Numerous flint flakes were unearthed in the lower deposits.
In one place close against the southern boundary wall of the den
a deposit, about I'sft. square, was found, consisting of small flint
flakes, a flint core, land shells, fine mould, &c.
One of the results of these explorations has been the deter-
mination of the diameter, or length, of the arena on the long
axis, N.N.E. to S.S.W. ; from the rounding off of the walls of the
northern entrance-way to the most southerly point, excluding the
floor of the den, the distance measures 1 96ft.
VII. PREHISTORIC PITS, Nos. II. AND III.,
CUTTING XV.
The northern part of Cutting XV. extended about 7ft. beyond
the N.W. and N.E. comers of the Den, and this part was cleared
to trace the level of the solid floor of the arena. Instead of hard
floor, loose chalk rubble was met with across the whole width of
the cutting. Attention was first paid to the N.E. part of this
area ; it was here that the spike-nail, previously mentioned, was
found, and in this position also a seam of coarse quartz sand,
about 2ins. thick, was observed. Beneath this the rubble was
stained, probably as the result of water percolating through the
sand and carrying a ferruginous stain with it.
The removal of more chalk rubble soon revealed the S., S.E.
and S.W. margin of a pit having an almost vertical face. In
such cramped space it was not safe to carry the digging to a
greater depth than itft. from the surface, at which level a fine
specimen of a double -pointed antler pick was recovered.
On the western side of the cutting another soft place was
found, and the upper margin of what appeared to be another
234 EXCAVATIONS AT ICAUMBttttY RINGS.
prehistoric shaft, presumably of Neolithic date and of the
character of the great pit found last year, was traced along its
southern side. In removing the filling (chalk rubble) to a depth
of 1 1 '4ft. from the surface, no less than four implements of red-
deer antler were found, all within an area represented by a
length of 5* 5ft. There were two picks and two worked antlers
which may have been used as levers or wedges. All show signs
of considerable use, and two bear evidence of fire.
These pits appeared to be connected by a ledge of solid chalk.
They await future examination, being on the margin of this
season's work.
VIII. ANIMAL REMAINS AND SHELLS.
As last year Mr. E. T. Newton, F.R.S., has kindly examined
some of the animal remains collected from important positions
in the excavations. The following animals were represented :
Ox (? Bos longifrons], sheep or goat, red-deer (Cerz'us elaphus),
deer of a smaller form, pig (Sus scrofd], horse ? (small, may be
pony or donkey), dog (Cam's familiaris), and fox (Cam's
vulpes).
Messrs. John W. Taylor and W. Denison Roebuck, of Leeds,
have kindly examined the shells found at Maumbury this season.
There are seven species. One, the common cockle (Cardium
edule), is marine. The others are land mollusca of species now
living plentifully in the district. Helicella tiala, of which there
are numerous examples, abounds on dry grassy fields on the
chalk. The other five are what may be considered as forms
frequenting the vicinity -of human habitations. The largest is
Helix aspersa in four varietal forms, and it is interesting to note
how well some of them have preserved in part their original
appearance. So with the numerous examples of H. nemoralis,
some of which show faint traces of the yellow ground colour.
Two examples of the closely-allied H. hortensis are included, and
a great many of Hygromia hispida, of a remarkably small size and
flat, narrowly-umbilicated and probably nearly hairless form, this
EXCAVATIONS AT MAUMBURY RINGS. 235
species being one that inhabits waste ground. Of the smaller
species, there is but a single example of Hyalinia alliaria, the
Garlic Snail, which when alive is translucent and horny brown.
The present work has emphasized the desirability and importance of a
continuance of the exploration next year. A large amount of my time was
spent in preparation of scale -plans and sectional diagrams of every piece of
ground opened, and, needless to say, a large series of photographs was secured.
To the Rev. C. W. Whistler I am indebted for the drawing of certain structural
details.
The drawings and plans of the entrance -cuttings on the N.N.E., now
connected with those made in 190S, form a valuable record of all the details of
structure so far known, but as the area already excavated in this part is bounded
very nearly on every side by walls of solid chalk at the foot of which post-holes
occur small smooth-sided pits, trenches, &c., the extension of these cuttings is
absolutely necessary before the full significance of many small items which go to
make up the whole construction of the northern entrance -way can be fully
understood. The same remarks apply to the large cutting already made on "the
south side of the Rings.
A fuller report of the 1908-9 work will be published in conjunction with future
work, together with a number of illustrations. This report contains com-
paratively brief accounts of the various cuttings made, and the opinions
expressed may require some modification as the work proceeds. The conclusions
are put forth with a full sense of their tentative character, as they are based
largely upon the interpretation of sporadic sections ; and it is probable that the
continuation of the excavations will bring forth much fresh evidence, and will
undoubtedly enlarge our knowledge very considerably.
ON SOME RELICS OF KING CHARLES I., NOW IN THE
POSSESSION OF MAJOR J. BENETT-STANFORD, OF HATCH
HOUSE, TISBURY. (See p. xxxti.J
JTJHE history of the letters is as follows: In the year
1875 my father was destroying a lot of old
documents that belonged to his grandfather and
were of no particular interest ; whilst burning
them he came across a packet having written in
the corner of it the words Charles Rex. On
opening this packet he found that it contained a
large number of letters from the King to Prince Rupert, from
Prince Rupert to the King, and also from many leading Cavaliers,
such as Lord Grandison, Lord Loughborough, Lord Derby, the
Duke of Richmond, Sir Arthur Ashton, the Earl of Huntingdon,
Sir Wm. Vavasour, the Duke of Newcastle, Sir Jacob Astley,
Lord Ethyn, and others addressed to the Prince, and many
replies of his to them.
These came into our family through my ancestor, Colonel
Bennett, son of Thomas Bennett, of Pyt House, M.P. for
Shaftesbury, secretary to Prince Rupert all through the war.
He afterwards represented Shaftesbury in Parliament for some
25 years, obtaining the name whilst so doing of " Honest Tom
Bennett."
CAST OF THE FACE OF KING CHARLES I. NOW IN THE
POSSESSION OF MAJOR J. BENETT-STANFORD.
GLOVES WORN ON THE SCAFFOLD BY KING CHARLES K
AUTOGRAPH LETTER OF KING CHARLES TO PRINCE RUPERT.
V
.5- .-*C
I
Jr
NOTES ON SOME RELICS OF KING CHARLES I. 237
I may mention here that the spelling of Benett in the old days
seems to have been very erratic. I have one letter dated 1643,
the address being "JOHN BENNETT, Pyt House, near Shaftes-
bury." The first words in the letter are "Dear Brother BENETT,"
and the signature is spelt BENET.
The gloves belonged to the Seymers, of Handford, near
Blandford, and were presented by His Majesty on the scaffold to
Bishop Juxon, who accompanied the King from St. James' Palace
to Whitehall. Bishop Juxon's only daughter married a Seymer,
of Handford, in whose possession the gloves have been until a
few years ago. In the year 1884 my father exchanged with
Mrs. Gertrude Clay-Ker-Seymer a letter and a picture of His
Majesty by Vandyke for a glove, and about eighteen months
ago I purchased the second glove from that lady.
The cast of the King's head came into my father's family
through the Fanes, and is one of the five that were taken shortly
before the burial at Windsor Castle ; Mildmay, Earl of Westmore-
land, being its lucky recipient.
Report on i$
s; of 35ir6s,
gtirsf glowering of
IN DORSET DURING 1908
, &c., cm6
(J. R.)
By NELSON M. RICHARDSON, B.A.
JHHE names of those who have this year sent in
returns are as follows ; they are denoted in
the Report by initials :
(N. M. R.) Nelson M. Richardson, Monte-
video, near Weymouth.
(E. R. B.) Eustace R. Bankes, Norden,
Corfe Castle.
(E. S. R.) E. S. Rodd, Chardstock House,
Chard.
(W.H. D.) Rev. W. Hughes D'Aeth,
Buckhorn Weston Rectory,
Wincanton.
Rev. J. Ridley, Pulham Rectory.
(G. R. P.) Gerald R. Peck, Darenth, Parkstone.
(S. E. V. F.) Rev. S. E. V. Filleul, All Saints' Rectory, Dor-
chester.
(E. F. L.) Rev. E. F. Linton, Edmondsham Rectory,
Salisbury.
FIRST APPEARANCES OF BIRDS, INSECTS, ETC. 239
(J. M. J. F.) Rev. J. M. J. Fletcher, The Vicarage, Wimborne
Minster.
(E. E. W.) Miss Ellen E. Woodhouse, Chilmore, Ansty,
Dorchester.
Miss Woodhouse is a new contributor from a new locality, and
sends a very full botanical list, as well as other records. Single
notes from other observers will be acknowledged under their
records.
NOTES ON RARE AND OTHER BIRDS IN 1908.
GOLDEN EAGLE (Aquila chrysaetus, L.). The following note
is taken from the Morning Post of February 4, 1908 : " An eagle
described as a Golden Eagle has been captured on Lord
Wolverton's Iwerne Minster estate, Blandford. The bird, which
is in the hands of a local taxidermist, measures 6ft. 9in. from tip
to tip of the wings, and its plumage is in excellent condition."
(E. R. B.)
OSPREY (Pandion haliaetus, L.). One was shot at Arne, Isle
of Purbeck, by a Poole gunner, named Seaviour, in the end of
January, 1908. (E. R. B.)
ROUGH-LEGGED BUZZARD (Buteo lagopus, J. F. Gmelin). On
March 28, 1908, 1 had the pleasure of watching for some minutes
on Middlebere Heath, near Corfe Castle, a Rough-legged
Buzzard. When first observed it was flying quite low towards
Mrs. Bankes and myself. Owing, doubtless, to our being on
higher ground, it did not notice us until comparatively close, but,
on doing so, it then slowly proceeded to ascend spirally until it
was lost to view, having afforded us one of the grandest and most
interesting spectacles in flight that can well be imagined. The
identity of the individual in question was clearly established by
the basal portion of the tail, which was distinctly seen to be
white. From reports received from friends of similar large birds
that they had seen I have no doubt that one or two Rough-
legged Buzzards had been haunting the heaths near Wareham
and Corfe Castle during the previous four months or so. It is
worthy of mention that, as recorded in " The Zoologist," one
240 FIRST APPEARANCES OF BIRDS, INSECTS, ETC.
specimen was killed near Ringwood, in the adjoining county of
Hampshire, on February 8, 1908, and two more were reported
from other parts of the county at about the same time.
(E. R. B.)
PIED FLYCATCHER (Muscicapa atricapilla, L.). Mrs. Richard-
son and I watched a male Pied Flycatcher in our vegetable
garden for some time on April 28, and it continued there most of
the morning. It was not at all shy, and took very little notice of
our presence, and continued to flit about amongst the pea sticks
after insects. On former occasions I have noticed that it is
anything but a shy species, being almost as tame as a chaffinch.
DIPPER (Cinclus aquaticus, Bechstein). One was seen near
Corfe Castle by Mr. Hugh M. Dodington on March 2, 1908. So
far as I know, this is the first occasion on which this species has
ever been observed in the Isle of Purbeck, and its occurrence
here is of special interest as showing that, having firmly
established itself in the neighbourhood of Wareham in the
course of the last few years, it is now endeavouring to further
extend its range in East Dorset. During the rest of the year I
often visited the spot, where the bird had been observed, but
failed to see anything of it either there or elsewhere. (E. R. B.)
DARTFORD WARBLER (Melizophihts undatus, Bodd). One
seen near Poole Harbour April 18. (G. R. P.)
On May 1 2 one was heard singing, watched, and examined
through field glasses by my brother, Mr. A. E. Bankes, and
myself on a heath near Corfe Castle. In contrast to the usual
skulking habits of the species, this individual, when frightened
at our near approach, time after time alighted on the topmost
shoot of the tallest furze bush, and sat there until again alarmed.
The late Mr. J. C. Mansel-Pleydell, in his " Birds of Dorset-
shire," p. 29 (1888), expressed the fear that this interesting
Warbler had been exterminated in Dorset by the severe winters
of 1 880-8 1 and 1886-7, b ut > although reduced almost to the
vanishing point by these and the intense frosts of 1895, it has
fortunately survived, and seems to be slowly increasing in
numbers, specimens having been occasionally seen of late years
FIRST APPEARANCES OF BIRDS, INSECTS, ETC. 241
by reliable ornithologists at Poole Sandbanks and on the Purbeck
and Wareham heaths.
RED-LEGGED PARTRIDGE (Caccalis rufa, L.). These have
been much more common in the Chard district for two or three
seasons than formerly. (E. S. R.) In " Birds of Dorsetshire "
(cir. 1888) Mr. Mansel-Pleydell says, "The Red-legged Partridge
has failed to obtain a permanent footing in this county,
occasional attempts to introduce it having proved unsuccessful."
(N. M. R.)
WHIMBREL (Nwnenius phceoptis, L.). One seen on the shore
of Poole Harbour April 2 8th. (G. R. P.) In " Birds of
Dorsetshire " Mr. Mansel-Pleydell says that the local name for
this bird is " Chickerel." This suggests a derivation for the
name of the village, Chickerell, near Weymouth, in which I live,
though I am not aware that the bird has been seen there of late
years. (N. M. R.)
GENERAL ZOOLOGICAL NOTES.
GOOSEBERRY SAWFLY (Nematus grossularia) AND HOW TO
COMBAT IT. I have mentioned in previous volumes of "Pro-
ceedings " how severely my gooseberry and currant bushes have
during the last few years been attacked by this pest, and the
ill- success that has attended the efforts to exterminate it by
collecting the eggs and larvae by hand. It is, therefore, highly
satisfactory to be able to report that a method of prevention, to
which my attention was drawn as having been strongly advocated
by a contributor to "The Field" newspaper in 1906, and which
was tried in my garden this spring for the first time, yielded such
excellent results that only a few larvae were found, instead of vast
multitudes. The plan is to procure at the end of February some
freshly-burned lime, and after slacking it with a small quantity of
water, so that it falls into a dry and caustic powder, to spread a
thin layer of it under each bush, so as to cover over the soil in a
circle of about 2| feet in diameter. The lime should not be
disturbed or dug into the soil before the following autumn or
winter, and the object of the dressing evidently is to form a hard
?4 2 FIRST APPEARANCES OF BIRDS, INSECTS, ETC.
crust over the soil, so as to prevent the perfect insects emerging
therefrom, and also to prevent the full-fed larvae from pupating
therein, as they normally do. This being so, I prefer to cover
over the whole of the ground beneath and between the bushes
with lime, leaving no unprotected patches of soil at all. The
correspondent who recommended this method stated that it had
been in use in his garden over a period of forty years, and the
Sawfly had never been noticed except when the lime dressing
had, through inadvertence, not been applied. (E. R. B.)
NOTES ON LEPIDOPTERA. Most of the attention that I was
able to bestow on the Lepidoptera in 1908 was devoted to those
of Invernesshire, whither I had gone to recruit my health, and
hardly any to those of our own county, so I can venture no
useful opinion about the season from my own experience,
though, from the reports that reached me and my own scattered
observations, it seems to have been a moderately good one for
this order of insects, and the weather in our part of England was
all that the collector's heart could desire. A few Dorset captures
are worthy of special mention. On July 1 1 Mr. E. P. Reynolds
captured a fine example of Hyloicus pinastri, L., at honeysuckle
bloom at Branksome, and on the following day a nice specimen
of Hyles euphorbia, L., was taken at Canford Cliffs, also near
Poole, by Mr. W. G. Hooker, both species being new to the
Dorset List. Two further interesting additions thereto were
made by Mr. W. Parkinson Curtis, for he secured a full-fed
larva of Apoda limacodes, Hfn., at Cranborne on September 28,
and an imago, in fine condition, of Rhodophaa zellen, Rag.
(tumidella, Zk.), at Bloxworth on July 4. It proved to be an
exceptionally good year for Camptogramma fluviata, for whereas
our county was only known to have yielded a total of four
examples in the past, seventeen were captured, September 26 to
October 31, at Parkstone, by Messrs. D. Hartley and Sydney T.
Thorne, and I took one at Corfe Castle on October 4. As usual,
I am greatly indebted to Mr. W. Parkinson Curtis for full
information about his own captures, and also about others of
special interest that have come to his knowledge. Through him
FIRST APPEARANCES OF BIRDS, INSECTS, ETC. 243
I am able to record Calocampa solidagims, Hb., as a Dorset
insect, for it now transpires that four specimens were secured at
sugar at Winfrith Newburgh, by Mr. Charles Capper in August,
1 904. Mr. Curtis received one of these from the captor and has
most liberally added it to my collection. (E. R. B.)
SHELLED SLUG (Testacella Maugei). Rev. S. E. V. Filleul
records this species as occasionally found in his garden at All
Saints' Rectory, Dorchester. (N. M. R.)
BOTANICAL NOTES.
Rev. E. F. Linton calls attention to the fact that other species
of scentless violets are often mistaken for Viola canina, the Dog
Violet, and recorded in its place. With his concurrence I would
suggest that the EARLIEST WILD SCENTLESS VIOLET seen in
flower be recorded, with a note of the species, if this be known
to the observer. It would, doubtless, belong to one of the three
following common species :
(1) Viola silvestris (Wood Violet), usually the earliest, flowering
in April or possibly March.
(2) Viola Riviniana, flowering in April and on through May.
(3) Viola canina (Dog Violet), flowering in May and June.
(N. M. R.)
FLOWERING TREES, &c. A wonderful year for blossom, that
of many trees and shrubs, such as apple, pear, plum (including
damson, greengage, &c.), cherry, laburnum, broom, and gorse,
being in remarkable profusion and very beautiful. (E. R. B.)
SECOND BLOOM ON TREES AND SHRUBS. A cold, late, and
sunless spring was followed by an abnormally hot summer and
autumn, which caused various trees and shrubs to produce a
partial second bloom, and, in many cases, fresh foliage about
November. On November 9 I came across, in one spot at
Norden, a few blackthorn bushes with quite a nice show of
blossom on them, in spite of the cold frosty weather then
prevailing, and at the beginning of December various apple trees
in the neighbourhood, including some of my own, were showing
244 FIRST APPEARANCES OF BIRDS, INSECTS, ETC.
a few newly-opened flowers. The laburnums in my garden put
forth a second crop of leaves, but did not attempt to bloom
again ; those, however, in Church Knowle churchyard on the
south side of the Purbeck Hills were noted as being in fine
flower on December 6 and later in the month, showing a good
many flower sprays more or less covered with fresh blossoms.
(E, R. B.)
SECOND BLOOM ON PEAR TREES AND LILACS. Pear trees
often flower a little in the autumn, but this year at least three in
my garden at Montevideo, Chickerell, were covered with
flowers during part of October and November. Also some lilac
bushes had numerous flowers, but the bunches were very much
smaller than at the normal flowering. (N. M. R.)
WINTER FLOWERING OF PLANTS. Ragwort and Vetch in
flower on December 5. Wild strawberries, daisies, dandelions,
veronicas, and red campion in flower on December 22 at Pulham.
(J. R.)
NOTES ON WEATHER, &c.
WEATHER IN CHARD DISTRICT. The year 1908 began with
snow and very hard frost. A remarkably quick thaw took place
on Sunday night, January 5. There was skating on Sunday, and
we hunted on Tuesday with no sign of frost in the ground. On
Saturday, January 1 1, hard frost again.
February and March very unsettled ; few weeks or days alike,
snow, rain, thunder and lightning, gales, and frost coming in
one week sometimes. A great year for fatal and bad hunting
accidents. Sport unsettled and bad generally in most hunting
counties with unsettled scent.
March u, gales of wind S.W. and N.W. continue, and very
cold.
Very cold wind and frosts up to April j 5 ; season very back-
ward.
April 25, a remarkably late spring, caused chiefly by the extra-
ordinary continuance for weeks of cold weather and N.E.
winds.
FIRST APPEARANCES OP BIRDS, INSECTS, ETC. 245
Easter, 1908, was one of the coldest Easter weeks known by
the oldest people living. From April 12 to April 26 from five
to ten degrees of frost was registered in this district. Snow fell
on April 23, 24, and 25, and the ground was white with snow in
Dorset and Hampshire and all over England and Europe.
Great drought during June, and also in July and August.
September was unsettled, cold, stormy, and wet.
October was a remarkably fine, warm month ; sunshine and
heat on many days.
The winter continued fine and mild till December 24 (Christ-
mas Eve), when the weather became very cold with a N.E. wind.
On Sunday, December 27, we had a heavy fall of snow, which
increased on the night of December 28 and 29 with a gale,
and a heavy snowstorm, which drifted to 2ft. and 3ft. deep, on
December 29, and the weather was very cold with sharp frosts.
The year 1908 ended with mild weather, which suddenly came
on the night of December 30, and the heavy fall of snow had
nearly all gone by the evening of the last day of the year.
(E. S. R.)
PARKSTONE. April 25, heavy snowstorm, wind N.N.W., snow
8Jin. deep. (G. R. P.)
.CORFE CASTLE. On April 25 the whole district was com-
pletely covered with snow to the depth of some inches, even
where no drifting had taken place, the actual fall being computed
at i sin. (E. R. B.)
PULHAM. Very little thunder ; only one real storm on the
night of May 3. Distant thunder heard on June 3, July 8 and
14, August 26, and November 13. Snow on April 20 and on
April 24 a fall quite 2 in. deep. It has been a year of extremes
heat and cold, wet and drought. (J. R.)
Lists of the dates of first appearances and first flowerings are
appended :
Z4-<- -tiKSl At-rZAKA
JNCJia u* t
1K.JJS, 1INSJH
c., 1907, but were cut by frost before the end of the
) Herb Robert in flower at .Swanape Ap. 8 (K. R. B.).
d and withered ones, the earliest of which must have
eviously, exceptionally cold. The plant was growing
>hine in the course of the year. The normal flowering
lanuarv (W. H. I>.\ (7) Vinla xiloextriK ill flower at
ok or more. (B. F. I,.). (10) Stitch wort in flower
Kg
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(1) Had been out some time when observed. (2) Hazel female flowers were out in De
year and dead by Jan. 1 (N. M. R.). (3) Exceptional profusion of blossom (E. R. B.). (4
16) On Mar. 20 I found a Cowslip umbel bearing two open flowers and three completely dea
opened some considerable time before, as the weather was, and had been for some time pr
low down on a fully exposed hedgebank facing N.N.E., and can have had little, if any, sun
began on Ap. 9 (K. K. B.). (8) Many plants of Herb Robert in flower in the first week of
?: a "".!^'\\". A , p " T <!'; ?- I-)- (8) Well out on Ap. 9 (K. F. I,.). (9) Out for a w<
S'l
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Water Mint
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FIRST APPEARANCES OF BIRDS, INSECTS, ETC. 247
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a
CONGRESS OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL
SOCIETIES.
The nineteenth Congress of Archaeological Societies was held on July 8th last at
London, Dr. C. H. Read, President of the Society of Antiquaries, being in the
chair.
The Congress was attended by delegates from the principal Archaeological
Societies of Great Britain and Ireland, including the Dorset Field Club, which
was represented by Mr. Nigel Bond, M.A.
It was stated in the report that arrangements had been made by the Board of
Agriculture by which opportunities for the inspection of the Ordnance Survey
will be given at their offices, and it was resolved that the Board be asked to add
to the facilities they were already offering to archaeologists, that of ready
inspection of tithe and enclosure maps and other original maps and
documents.
The Chairman gave some details of the Commissions already granted for
scheduling and preserving the ancient monuments of Scotland and Wales, and of
the petition sent to the Prime Minister that a similar Commission might be
appointed for England.
Mr. E. A. Fry read a report from the committee for preparing a bibliography
of printed calendars. This stated that the bibliography of Church bells had been
completed by Mr. H. B. Walters, F.S.A., and that of Wills by himself ; that Mr.
F. Bligh Bond had undertaken that of Church screens, and that he was himself at
work on those of fines and inquisitions. Compilers are wanted for the subjects
of chantries and church plate.
Mr. A. G. Chater, the newly-elected secretary to the Earthworks Committee,
presented a report, which will be printed and distributed. He announced that
the important fortress, Maiden Castle, in Dorset, had now been transferred under
the Ancient Monuments Act to the guardianship of the Commissioners of Works.
Mr. C. S. Pndeaux's satisfactory investigation of a large barrow, or extensive
burial place, at Portland in 1907 was mentioned with approval.
On the motion of the Wiltshire Archaeological Society it was resolved : ' ' That,
when it is proposed to conduct archaeological investigations in any locality, this
Congress recommends that formal notice should be given by those so proposing to
the Archaeological Society within whose area such investigations are to be con-
ducted."
Mr. Willis-Bund read a paper "On the importance of calendaring and
preserving Church Plate and Furniture." In this he drew attention to the law
regulating transactions in Church property and advocated the formation of exact
inventories of all furniture, books, plate, &c., which should be signed by each
new incumbent and checked at the Archdeacon's visitations. He also suggested
CONGRESS OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETIES.
251
the appointment by the Congress of a committee to draw up a model inventory.
The following resolution was adopted :
" That this Congress, having had its attention drawn to the proposed sale to
collectors of various chalices and altar plate, records its opinion that
steps should be taken by Church authorities to restrain the sale or
destruction of Church furniture and ornaments, whether for the sake of
gain or change of fashion, and especially when such objects have been
presented by pious donors of the past. Especially, the Congress hears
with dismay of the attempts of collectors to purchase specimens of
ancient Sacramental plate, the sale of which must give the greatest
offence to all lovers of the Church, of art, and of history. The Congress
appeals to the Archbishops, Bishops, the Houses of Convocation, the
Archdeacons, and Chancellors of Dioceses to take steps to render such
sales impossible, and it asks the public to support this appeal with its
influence."
SOME RECENT AND FORTHCOMING
BOOKS, &c.
A HISTOEY OF DUNSTEE and of the Families of Mohun and Luttrell. By
Sir H. C. Maxwell Lyte, K.C.B. Two vols., illustrated. Contents : The
Mohuns of Dunster, 1066-1404 ; the early Luttrells, 1119-1403 ; the Luttrells
of Chilton and Dunster, 1337-1485 ; the Luttrells of Dunster, 1485-1737 ;
the Fownes Luttrells of Duuster, 1737-1908 ; the Borough and the Manor of
Dunster ; the topography of Dunster ; Dunster Castle ; Dunster Church and
Priory ; the Manors of Avill, Staunton, and Alcombe ; Lower Marsh ; the
Mohuns of Ham Mohuii in Dorset, of Fleet in Dorset, of Hall and Boconnoc
in Cornwall, of Tavistock, &c. ; the Arms and Seals of the Mohuns ; the
Luttrells of Irnham in Lincolnshire, of East Down in Devon and Spaxton in
Somerset, of Honibere in Somerset and Hartland Abbey in Devon ; of
Saunton Court in Devon ; John Luttrell of Mapperton in Dorset and his
descendants ; the Luttrells of Eodhuish in Somerset, &c., &c. ; the Anns and
Seals of the Luttrells ; List of the Priors of Dunster ; List of the Vicars and
Curates of Dunster. (The St. Catherine Press, 8, York Buildings, London.
30s. net.) 1909.
EEGINALD BOSWOETH SMITH. A Memoir. By his daughter, Lady Grogan.
With photogravure portrait and several other illustrations. Contents :
Stafford Rectory ; Milton Abbas School Marlborough Oxford ; Life and
Work at Harrow ; Mohammed and Mohammedanism ; Life of Lord
Lawrence ; the National Church ; the Near East Uganda Home Eule
Lay Headmastership ; Bingham's Melcombe "Bird Life." (James Nisbet
and Co., 22, Berners Street, London. 10s. 6d. net.) 1909.
DOESET MAEEIAGE EEGISTEES. Vol. IV. contains a transcript of the
Marriage Registers of Litton Cheney, Burstock, Charmouth, Stalbridge,
West Chelborough, South Perrott, Maiden Newton, Loders, Fordington St.
George. (Phillimore and Co., 124, Chancery Lane, London. 10s. 6d.) 1909.
DOESET PARISH EEGISTEES. Verbatim copies of the Parish Eegisters of
Aimer; Beer Hacket; Tarrant Hinton. (Parish Register Society, 124,
Chancery Lane, London.) North Wootton ; Long Burton ; Holnest ;
Caundle Bishop ; Lydlinch. (Canon Mayo, Long Burton Vicarage, Sher-
borne.)
THE CIVIL WAR IN DOESET. 1642-1660. By A. E. Bayley, B.A.
Contents : From taking up Arms to Edgehill ; Parliamentary supremacy in
Dorset First Siege of Corfe Castle ; Eoyalist Conquests in Dorset ;
Eesistance of Poole to Royal Forces ; Siege of Lyme Regis ; March of Lord
Essex into Dorset and recovery of Weymouth ; the struggle at Weymouth
and Melcombe Regis ; Fairfax in Dorset the Clubmen Siege of Sherborne ;
Fall of the last Eoyalist Garrisons in Dorset Corfe Castle and Portland ;
SOME RECENT AND FORTHCOMING BOOKS. 253
Disbanding of local forces ; Later Royalist movements in Dorset ; Finance-
Dorset Standing Committee and its work ; Ecclesiastical affairs. (Barnicott
and Pearce, Taunton. 10s. 6d. net.) 1909.
DOESET EECORDS. (i.) The Dorset Feet of Fines, 1441-1460. (ii.) Dorset
Wills in the Prerogative Court of Canterbury, 1383-1700. (E. A. Fiy.
" Dorset Records," 124, Chancery Lane, London.) 1909.
NELSON'S HARDY : his Life, Letters, and Friends. By A. M. Broadley and
R. Grosvenor Bartelot. (John Murray, London. 10s. 6d. net.) 1909.
THE STORY OF FORD ABBhY from the earliest times to the present day.
By Sidney Heath and W. de C. Prideaux. Profusely illustrated with plans,
photographs, drawings, &c., and also reproductions of contemporary
drawings by Edmund Prideaux. Contents : Foundation and early history ;
General plan ; Church and Chapter House ; the Abbots of Ford ; Thomas
Chard ; the Dissolution ; Armorial bearings at Ford ; Post -Dissolution
owners and history ; Ford Abbey as a modern mansion ; the Prideaux
Pardon. (F. Griffiths, 34, Maiden Lane, London. 10s. 6d. net.) In the
TIME'S LAUGHINGSTOCKS AND OTHER VERSES. By Thomas Hardy.
Contents : Time's Laughiugstocks ; Love Lyrics ; A set of Country Songs ;
Pieces occasional and various. (Macmillan and Co., London. 4s. 6d. net.)
1909.
BIRD LIFE AND BIRD LORE. By R. Bosworth Smith. Popular edition.
(John Murray, London. 2s. 6d. net.) 1909.
THE LIFE OF WILLIAM BARNES, Poet and Philologist. By his daughter,
Lucy Baxter ("Leader Scott"). This book, originally published by
Macmillans, can now be obtained from H. G. Commin, Old Christchurch
Road, Bournemouth. 2s. 6d.
A SELECTION FROM POEMS OF RURAL LIFE IN THE DORSET
DIALECT BY WILLIAM BARNES. Edited by his son. (Kegan Paul,
Trench, and Co., London. Is. 6d. net.) 1909.
DORSET. By A. L. Salmon. Cambridge County Geographies series. (Cam-
bridge University Press. Is. 6d.) In the Press.
STOEIES OF OLD DOESET. By Alex. M. Luckham. (Bennett Brothers,
Salisbury. 6d.)
THE BIOGRAPHY OF JOHN BAVEESTOCK KNIGHT, a Dorset Artist,
1785-1859. By Francis Knight. (Lavell House, Moseley. 6d.)
WHEEE TO STAY IN THE WEST COUNTRY Dorset, Somerset, Devon,
and Cornwall. (Homeland Association. 6d.) 1909.
YEAR BOOK OF THE SCIENTIFIC AND LEARNED SOCIETIES of Great
Britain and Ireland. A record of the work done in Science, Literature, and
Art during the session 1907-8 by numerous Societies, Field Club., &c.
tC. Griffin and Co., Exeter Street, London. 7s. 6d.) 1909.
254
SOME RECENT AND FORTHCOMING BOOKS.
NOTES AND QUERIES FOR SOMERSET AND DORSET. Edited by the
Rev. F. W. Weaver, Milton Vicarage, Evercreech, and Canon Mayo, Long
Burton Vicarage, Sherborne. Issued quarterly to subscribers only : the
subscription, 5s. per annum, payable in advance, may be sent to either of the
editors.
THE ANTIQUARY. An illustrated Magazine devoted to the study of the Past.
(62, Paternoster Row, London. 6d. monthly.)
INDEX TO VOL. XXX.
By E. W. YOUNG.
Aclaiid, Capt., xxvii., xxviii., xxix.,
xxxiii., xxxiv., xxxv., xxxvii., liv.,
218
Adye, Rev. W. F., Ivi.
Aldis, T. S., Ixxxiv.
Arachnida, British (1908), xxxv., 97
New and Hare, 100
List of, 113
Archaeological Societies, Congress of,
xxxi., 250
Architectural Styles, Sequence of, in
Fordington St. George Church,
xxxix., 164
Athelhampton Hall, Pigeon-house, Ixix.
Avebury, Excavations at, Ixiv.
Barley, Wheat, &c., Exhibition of, 249
Barnes, F. J., xxxvi., xxxviii.
Rev. W. , xlii. , xliv.
Bartelot, Eev. R. G., xxvii., xxx.,
xxxviii., Ixxi., 133
Baskett, Rev. C. R., xlv., Hi.
Beiiett- Stanford, Major, xxxii., 236
Birds, First Appearances of, &c., in
Dorset (1908), 238, (Table) 247
Buzzard, Rough-legged, 239
Dartford Warbler, 240
Dipper, 240
Eagle, Golden, 239
Flycatcher, Pied, 240
Osprey, 239
Partridge, Red-legged, 241
Whimbrel, 241
Blashenwell, Finds at, Ixxiii.
Bond, Rev. Nigel, xxxi., xl., 250
Books, Recent and Forthcoming, 252
Botanical Notes, 243
Bower, H. Syiidercombe, xlii.
Brocklehurst, R. G., xxx.
Browne, C. J. Cornish, xxxviii., xxxix.,
xl.
Brumel, G., xxix., xxxiv.
Burning Cliff (Lyme Regis), xxix.
Butler, Rev. G. W., xlvi.
Cambridge, Rev. O. P. (Vice -President),
xxxv., xxxvii., 97
Came, Church, xliii.
House, xli.
Rectory, xlix.
Cecil, Lord E. (Vice -President),
xxxviii., lxx.,lxxiv., Ixxix.
Medals, xxxix.
Chalice and Paten (Abbotsbury), xxxix.
Chantries, Dorset, 13
Beaminster, 16
Bridport, Blessed Mary, 34
Mary Magdalene (Ailing-
ton), 35
St. John the Baptist, 32
St. Michael's (Mon-
dayne's), 25
St. Katherine's, 39
Burton Bradstock, 20
Cauford, 14
Chardstock, 39
Chilfrome, St. Ellen, 22
Kingston Russell, St. James,
19.
Lytchett Matravers, 15
Gybbons, 14
Netherbury (Thomas Pow-
lett), 19
Portesham (Gorton), 24
Wambrook, 25
Wootton Glanville, Our
Lady, 13
Wytherstone, 25
Obits, Lights, $c., 40.
Blandford St. Mary, 55
Broadwindsor, 51
Charmouth, 57
Childe Okeford, 51
Corfe Castle, 50
Dorchester (Lepers' House),
44
Frome Whitfield, 43
Gilhngham, 45, 46
Iwenie Courtney, 52
Minster, 52
Lyme Regis, 42
Mappowder, 55
Nether Compton, 53
Shaftesbury, Holy Trinity,
48
St. James, 47
St. Peter's, 48
256
Chantries, Dorset continued.
Sherborne, B.V. Mary, 44
St. John the
Evangelist, 44
Stalbridge, 53
Stockland, 43, 57
Sturmiuster Newton, 53
Marshall, 56
Swanage, 44
Wareham, 44
Wimborne Minster, 54
Worth, 50
Wootton Fitzpaine, 57
Charles I., Relics of, xxxix., 236
Chater, A. G., xxxi., 250
Chelonian Skull, Note on a, 143
Cleeve Abbey, lix.
Coins, British and Romano-British,
xxxv., 58
Allectus, 67
Antoninus Pius, 62
Caracalla, 64
Carausius, 66
Claudius, 61
Commodus, 63
Constantino I., 69
II., 71
Crispus, 71
Liciuius I. , 69
Maximian Hercules, 65
Septimus Severus, 63
Cossins, John, Ivi.
Cree, G. C., xlviii.
Cunnington, E., xlviii.
Dackombe, Robert, of Scoles, Ixxi.
Damer, Col. Lionel (1804), xli.
Dawson, xliii.
George, xli.
Hon. Lionel, xlviii.
Dawes, R., xlv., liv.
Day, C. D., xxxix.
Deeds, County, Gift of, liv.
Dicker, Rev. C. W. H. (Hon. Editor
and Vice-President), xxviii., xxxiv.,
xxxix.
Dixon, Dr., xxxii.
Dodington, G. Bubb, Ivii.
Dorset Bridges, xxx.
Chantries, 13
Deeds, Gift of, liv.
Volunteer Rangers, xli.
Dunster, xl.
Castle, Ixvi.
Priory Church, Ixviii.
Eastbury House, Ivii.
Eaton, H. Storks (the late), xxxi.,
Ixxxiv., cvi., 145
Edwardes, Rev. J., Ixxv.
Eldon, Lord Chancellor, Ixxiii.
Elwes, G. R. (Hon. Treas. and Vice-
President), xxix., xxxiii., xxxviii.,
Ixi.
Engleheart, Rev. G. H., xxviii., xxix.,
xxxvii., 1
Earquharson, H. F. W., Ivii.
J. J., Iviii.
Feacey, Jem, xxxvi., xxxix., 164
Fielding, Dr., xxxiv.
Fisher, Miss, 133
Filleul, Rev. S. E. V., xxxii.
Financial Statements, xxxviii., Ixxxi.,
Ixxxii.
Flora, Dorset, xxxv., 116
Floyer, Anne, xxxiii.
Fordiugton St. George, Floor Tiles at,
xxx., 133
Architectural Styles in, 164
Flints, Worked (Puddletrenthide),
xxviii.
(Portland 1 ), xlvi.
Fry, E. A., xxxvii., liv., lv., Ixiv., 13,
159, 250
George III., Visit of (Came House), xli.
Gladiolus, Wild, xxxii.
Gray, H. St. George, xxviii., Ixi., Ixiv.,
215, 217, 218
Grimstoti, Manor of, xxxv., 83, 93
Hancock, Preb., Ixviii.
Hansford, Charles (the late), xxxi.,
Ixxxiv.
Hardy, Thomas, xlvii., xlix.
Hems worth, Roman Villa at, xxix.,
xxxiv., xxxvii., 1
Heraldic Badge, xxxiv.
Hill, C. B., 1
Hogg, B.A. (the late), Ixxxv.
Hudleston, W. H. (the late), xxxi.
Ixxxiii., civ.
Hughes-Gibb, F., Ivii.
Ilchester, Countess of, xxxix.
Insects, First Appearances of, in Dorset
(1908), (Table), 248
Jesty, Benjamin, Ixxvi.
Jukes-Browne, A., xxix., 223
Jupiter Tonans, Head of, xxix.
Juxon, Bishop, xxxii.
Kimmeridge Shale, xxvii., xli.
Kingston, Churches, Ixxiii.
Langford, Canon, Ixv., Ixix.
Le Jeune, H. xxxiv., xlv., liv., Ixx.,
Ixxiii., 1
Leslie, Rev. E. C., xliii., xliv., 1.
Linton, Rev. E. F., xxxv., xxxvii.,
116
Lister, A., Ixxxiv.
Little Mayne, Farm, xlvi.
Sarsens, xlv., xlvii.
Lock, B. Fossott, xxxvii., 203
Lucas, Rev. W. H., xxxii.
257
Luttrell, H. F., lx., Ixvii.
Lyme Regis, Burning Cliff, at, xxix.
Maiden Castle, xxx.
Major, Albany, xlvii.
Mansel-Pleydell, Medals, &c., xxxix.
Prize Essay, xxxviii.
Rev. J. C. M., xxxiv.,
xlii.
Martyns (Athelhampton), last of the,
xxxii.
March, Dr.H. Colley (Vice -President),
xxviii., xlvi., xlvii., 215, 223
Maumbury, Excavations at, xxviii., 1.,
215
Mayo, Canon, xl.
Meetings, Annual, xxxvii.
Summer, xli., li., lix.
Winter, xxvii., xxxi.
Members, Honorary, xl.
List of, xii.
New, xxiv.
Milton Abbas, Grammar School, xlvi.,
liii.
Abbey of, xliv., xlvi., Ixvii.
Register of, in the
Exchequer, 196
(Translation), 203
(Note on), 212
Mock Suns, xxxiv.
Mohun, Family of, Ixvii.
Moigne, Family of, xlviii.
Middleton, H. B., xxxiv.
Murray, Rev. R. P. (the late), Ixxxv.
Napoleon, Louis, Visit to Came House,
xli., xliii.
Newton, E. T., 234
Officers of the Club, xl.
Oliver, Vere, xxxii.
Ord, Dr. W. T., Ixxvii.
Owennoigne, xl., xlviii.
Court, xlviii.
Penny, Rev. J., lii.
Pentin, Rev. H. (Hon. Sec. and Vice-
President), xxxi., xxxvii., xxxix.,
xlvi., xlviii., xlix., lii., liii., liv., Ixiv.,
Ixv.
Photographic Survey of Dorset, xxxviii.
Pitt, Mrs. Lora, xliv., 89
W. Morton, Ixxiii.
Pitt-Rivers, General (the late), 2, 9
Plants in Flower (Table), 246
Pons (Elia (Newcastle), xxviii.
Pope, A., xxxv., xxxvii., xl., 83
Portland, Status of Peasantry in,
xxxvi., 73
Pouncy, H. (Assist. Sec.), xxxix., xlvii.,
Ixxv., Ixxvi.
Poxwell, Circle, xlviii.
House, xlvii.
Presidential Address, xxxvii.
Archaeology and Anthrop-
ology, xcix.
Astronomy, xci.
Botany, Ixxxvii.
Chemistry, xcv.
Electricity, xciv.
Engineering, xcvi.
General, ci.
Geography, xcviii.
Geology, Ixxxix.
Meteorology, xcii.
Obituary, Ixxxiii.
Zoology, Ixxxv.
Prideaux, C. S., xxviii., xxxii., xxxix.,
216, 250
W. de, xxxiii., xxxiv.,
xxxviii., TT^I'X,
Psalter, Trilingual, xxxiii.
Publications of the Club, xxvi.
Puddletrenthide, Worked Flints found
at, xxviii.
Radium, Discovery of, xxxix.
Rainfall, &c., in Dorset (19C8), 145
Observers' Notes, 147
Steepleton Manor, Tem-
perature, &c., 158
Tables, 154
Ravenhill, Rev. Canon, xxviii., xxxiii.
Reid, Clement, 213
Reports, Hon. Editor's, xxxvii.
Secretary's, xxxvii.
Rhys, Rev. J. L., Iviii.
Richard&on, N. M. (President), xxvii.,
xxxi., xxxv., xxxvii., xxxix, xliv.,
xlvii., li., hi., lv., Iviii., Ixxxiii., ex.,
238
Robinson, Sir C., xxviii., xxxiv., 143
Roman Relics at Hartlip (Kent), 9
Woodchester, 7
Appleshaw, 9, 10
Clanville, 9, 10
Rules of the Club, vi.
St. Aldhelm's Chapel, Ixxvi.
Geology of District,
Ixxvii.
Head, xl., Ixx.
Sarsens, Little Mayne, xlv.
Shaftesbury, Abbey of, Ivi.
Smart, Dr. Wake, 2
Smith, R. Bosworth (the late), xxix.,
liii., lY-g-giii-
Rev. E. J. Heriz, Ivii.
S. C. Spencer, Ixxiii.
Solly, Rev. H. S., xxix.
Stilwell, H., 145
Strattou, Manor of, xxxv., 83, 91
Sun God, Head of, 5
Sykes, E. R., xl.
Symonds, H., xxxii., xxxv., xxxvii.,
Ixiv., 58
Tarraiit Crawford, Abbey, li.
. Qunville, Ivi., 159
Hintou, Ivii.
Keynston, lii.
Monktou, Ivi.
Rawston, Ivi.
Riishton, lii.
Valley, xl., li.
Taunton, Castle and Museum, Ixi.
Church (St. Mary Magda-
lene), Ixvi. '
Grammar School, Ixi.
Priory Barn, Ixvi.
Treadwell, Jim, Iviii.
Tregonwell, John, Ixvii.
Turtle's Head (Purbeck), xxviii.,
xxxiv.
Vindogladia, 3
Wake, William (Archbishop of Canter-
bury), xlviii..
Wallace, A. Russet, 1.
Walroiids, Relics of, xxxiii.
Warry, Mrs. King, xxxvi., xxxvii., 73
Weather, Notes on, 244
Weaver, Rev. F. W., lv., Ivi., lix., Ixi.,
Ixviii.
Westmorland, Earl of (Charles I.),
xxxii.
Whistler. Rev. C. W., xlviii., 23o
Whitcombe Church, xliv.
Wildman, W. B., Ixiv.
Williams, of Herringston, xliii.
Wingate, Rev. P. B., li.
Woodward, A. Smith, 143
Worth Matravers, Church, Ixxv.
Wroxeter, Roman Pavement at, S
Zoological Notes, 241
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