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DATE  DUE                          1 

UNIVERSITY  OF  MASSACHUSETTS 
LIBRARY 


SB 

354 

A47 

V.34 

1915 


TiETiBC'lHr— 


Proceedings  of  :  :  : 
AMERI CAN 
POMOLOGICAL 
SOCIETY 


SESSION  OF  1915 


BERKELEY  MEETING 


. ..,-— '''-^^"**"'3' 


UBRARV 


PROCEEDINGS 

of  the    THIRTY-FOURTH    BIENNIAL 
MEETING  of  the  :     :     :     :     :     :     :     : 


^—  American  ^=^ 
Pomological    Society 


-Held  irr- 


BERKELE7\  CALIFORNIA, 
SEPTEMBER    7,    2,   3,    1915. 


COMPILED  AND  EDITED  BY  THE  SECRETARY. 
PUBLISHED  BY  THE  SOCIETY 

1916. 


H^ 


0/VW  w  ^\q  I  £; 

CONTRIBUTORS.  ^ 


CONTENTS. 

Act  of  Incorporation m 

Bequest — ^Wilder    m 

Constitution  and  By-Laws iv 

Officers,  1915-1917  vi 

Committees vii 

Contributors n 

Papers  and  Discussions 1 

Committee  Reports 188 

Code  of  Nomenclature 257 

Necrology 251 

Membership  List 259 

Index 268 


CONTBIBUTOBS. 

To  the  following  list  of  persons  are  we  indebted  very  largely  for 
whatever  of  value  there  is  in  this  report ;  and  the  Society,  through 
its  Secretary,  takes  this  means  of  expressing  its  deep  appreciation 
of  the  services  rendered.  To  those  others  who  in  various  ways,  by 
means  of  entertainment,  discussions  and  as  "aids"  on  one  or  more 
of  the  many  interesting  excursions,  side  trips,  or  ' '  events, ' '  appre- 
ciation is  hereby  recorded : 

R.  W.  Allen,  Prof.  R.  J.  Bamett,  Dr.  L.  D.  Batchelor,  F.  T. 
Bioletti,  E.  A.  Bunvard,  Dr.  T.  J.  Burrill,  Leonard  Coates,  Dr.  J.  E. 
Coit,  Prof.  Ira  J.  Condit,  Dr.  A.  J.  Cook,*  D.  W.  Coolidge,  Dr.  W.  C. 
Deming,  J.  L.  Dumas,  Dr.  W.  W.  Fitzgerald,  V.  R.  Gardner,  L.  A. 
Goodman,  A.  H.  Hendrickson.  Dr.  W.  L.  Howard.  W.  N.  Hutt, 
Prof.  W.  R.  Lazenby,  Prof.  C.  I.  Lewis,  W.  T.  Macoun,  B.  B.  Meek, 
Geo.  W.  Pierce,  Eltweed  Pomeroy,  Wilson  Popenoe,  Frank  W. 
Power,  Dr.  H.  S.  Reed,  F.  C.  Reimer.  E.  C.  Roberts,  Dr.  J.  P. 
Stewart,  Prof.  A.  V.  Stubenrauch.  R.  H.  Taylor,  Prof.  C.  C. 
Vincent,  Dr.  H.  J.  Webber,  P.  J.  Wester,  Dr.  E.  J.  Wickson. 


*Dr.  Cook's  article  was  published  in  "California  Fruit  News,"  Decem- 
ber 18,  1915. 


ACT  OF  INCORPORATION.  HI 


AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIEH 


Organized  1848. 
Incorporated  1887. 

ACT  OF  INCORPORATION. 


COMMONWEALTH  OF  MASSACHUSETTS,  1887. 

Section  1.  Patrick  Barry,  of  Rochester,  New  York ;  Charles  W. 
Garfield,  of  Grand  Rapids,  ilichigan ;  Benjamin  G.  Smith,  of  Cam- 
bridge, Massachusetts ;  J.  J.  Thomas,  of  Union  Springs,  New  York ; 
Prosper  J.  Berckmans,  of  Augusta,  Georgia ;  Robert  Manning,  of 
Salem,  Massachusetts,  their  associates,  the  Officers  and  Members  of 
the  Association  known  as  tlie  American  Pomological  Society,  and 
their  successors,  are  hereby  made  a  corporation  under  the  name  of 
•'American  Pomological  Society,"  for  the  purpose  of  promoting  and 
encouraging  the  culture  of  fruit,  with  all  the  powers  and  privileges 
and  subject  to  all  the  duties  and  liabilities  set  forth  in  the  general 
laws  which  are  now  or  may  hereafter  be  in  force  applicable  to  such 
corporations. 

Sec.  2.  Said  corporation  may.  for  the  purposes  aforesaid,  have 
and  hold  by  purchase,  grant,  gift,  or  otlierwise,  real  and  personal 
property  to  an  amount  not  exceeding  one  hundred  thousand  dollars. 

Sec.  3.  Said  corporation  may  hold  its  annual  meeting,  or  any 
special  meeting  in  any  place,  state  or  county  it  may  determine,  pro- 
vided that  due  notice  shall  be  given  to  the  members  thereof  of  the 
time  and  place  of  said  meeting. 

Sec.  4.  Any  two  of  the  corporators  above  named  are  hereby 
authorized  to  call  the  first  meeting  of  said  corporation  in  the  month 
of  September  next  ensuing,  by  due  notice  thereof  to  each  member 
of  said  Association. 


BEQUEST  FROM  THE  WILL  OF  THE  LATE 
MARSHALL  P.  AAHLDER. 

"Eleventh.  I  give  to  the  American  Pomological  Society  one 
thousand  dollars  the  income  of  which  shall  be.  from  time  to  time, 
offered  in  Wilder  Medals  for  objects  of  special  merit. 

"Also,  the  further  sum  of  four  thousand  dollars,  for  \ho  general 
purposes  of  the  Society." 


IV  CONSTITUTION   AND  BY-LAWS. 


CONSTITUTION  AND  BY-LAWS. 


CONSTITUTION. 


Article  1.  The  name  of  this  Association  shall  be  the  AMERI- 
CAN POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 

2.  Its  object  shall  be  the  advancement  of  the  science  of  Pomology. 

3.  It  shall  consist  of  delegates  appointed  by  Horticultural,  Agri- 
cultural and  kindred  Societies  in  the  United  States,  and  British 
America,  and  of  such  other  persons  as  take  an  interest  in  the  welfare 
of  the  Association,  and  are  desirous  of  promoting  its  aims.  They 
shall  pay  two  dollars  for  each  session,  and  twenty-five  dollars  paid 
at  one  time  shall  constitute  a  life  membei"ship. 

4.  The  meetings  shall  be  held  biennially,  at  such  time  and  place 
as  may  be  designated  by  the  Society ;  and  special  meetings  may  be 
convened  at  any  time  on  the  call  of  the  President. 

5.  The  officers  shall  consist  of  a  President,  a  First  Vice-Presi- 
dent, one  Vice-President  from  each  State.  Territory  and  Province,  a 
Treasurer  and  a  Secretary,  who  shall  be  elected  by  ballot  or  other- 
wise at  each  biennial  meeting. 

6.  Libraries  and  educational  institutions  may  become  life  mem- 
bers upon  payment  of  twenty-five  dollars ;  such  membership  shall  be 
limited  to  thirty  years. 

BY-LAWS. 

1.  The  President  shall  have  a  general  superintendence  of  the 
affairs  of  the  Society  during  its  vacation ;  give  due  public  notice  of 
the  time  and  place  of  meeting ;  preside  at  its  deliberations ;  deliver 
an  address  on  some  subject  relating  to  Pomology,  at  each  biennial 
meeting ;  and  appoint  all  committees  unless  otherwise  directed. 

2.  In  the  case  of  deatli,  sickness  or  inability  of  the  President,  his 
official  duties  shall  devolve  on  the  First  Vice-President,  or  such  one 
of  the  Vice-Presidents  as  the  Society  may  elect  by  ballot  or  other- 
wise. 

3.  The  Treasurer  shall  receive  all  moneys  belonging  to  the 
Society,  and  pay  over  the  same  on  the  written  orders  of  the 
President. 

4.  There  shall  be  a  Finance  Committee  of  three  members  ap- 
pointed by  the  President  at  each  biennial  meeting. 

5.  The  Secretary  shall,  with  the  assistance  of  a  reporter  ap- 
pointed by  him,  keep  a  record  of  the  transactions  of  the  Society  for 
publication. 

6.  There  shall  be  an  Executive  Committee  consisting  of  five  mem- 
bers, together  with  the  President  and  Vice-President,  ex-officio,  five 
of  whom  shall  constitute  a  quorum,  who  shall  mana-ge  the  affa'  s  of 
the  Society  during  its  vacation. 


CONSTITUTION  AND  BY-LAW.S.  V 

7.  A  Chairman  of  Fruit  Committees,  for  each  State,  Territory 
and  Province  and  a  General  Chairman  over  all,  shall  be  appointed 
biennially.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  such  Chairman  to  appoint  four 
additional  members  of  his  committee,  and  with  their  aid  and  such 
information  as  he  can  procure,  to  forward  to  the  General  Chairman 
one  month  before  each  biennial  meeting,  State  Poinological  Re- 
ports, to  be  condensed  by  him  for  publication, 

8.  A  Standing  Committee  on  New  Fruits  of  American  Origin, 
consisting  of  eleven  members,  shall  be  appointed  by  the  President, 
immediately  after  his  election.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  this  Commit- 
tee to  report  biennially  on  new  fruits  of  American  origin,  and  also 
to  examine,  and  before  the  close  of  the  session  report  on,  all  new 
seedling  varieties  that  may  be  exhibited  and  to  make  an  ad  interim 
report  on  those  that  were  exhibited  in  an  unripe  condition  at  the 
meeting  of  the  Societj^,  but  had  subsequently  attained  a  state  of 
maturity ;  and  on  such  other  seedlings  as  may  have  been  submitted 
to  their  inspection  during  the  Society's  vacation. 

9.  A  Standing  Committee  on  Foreign  Fruits,  consisting  of  eleven 
members,  shall  be  appointed,  whose  duties  shall  be  similar  to  those 
of  the  committee  in  By-Law  Eight. 

10.  A  Standing  Committee  on  Tropical  and  Sub-Tropical  Fruits, 
consisting  of  eleven  members,  shall  be  appointed,  whose  duties  shall 
be  similar  to  those  of  the  committee  in  By-Law  Eight. 

11.  A  Standing  Committee  on  Nomenclature,  consisting  of  seven 
members,  shall  be  appointed  biennially. 

12.  Vacancies  occurring  in  committees  shall  be  filled  by  the  chair- 
man of  each,  and  in  case  of  his  death  or  inability  to  serve,  his  place 
shall  be  supplied  by  the  President  of  the  Society, 

13.  The  order  of  business  for  each  meeting  shall  be  arranged  by 
the  Executive  Committee. 

14.  The  Constitution  or  By-Laws  may  be  altered  or  amended,  at 
any  regular  biennial  meeting,  by  a  vote  of  two-thirds  of  the  members 
present. 


VI  OFFICER*  AND  STANDING  COMMITTEES. 


OFFICEBS  AND  STANDING  COMMITTEES. 

of  the 

AMERICAN  PBOMOLOGICAI.  SOCIETY. 

For  Tlie  Biemiium  1915-1917. 


President 

W.  N.  HuTT,  Raleigh,  North  Carolma. 

Vice-President 

W.  T.  Macoun,  Ottawa,  Canada. 

Secretary 

E.  R.  Lake,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Treasurer 

L.  R.  Taft,  East  Lansing,  Michigan. 


VICE-PRESIDENTS  FOR  STATES  AND  PROVINCES. 

Alabama Ernest  Walker,  Auburn. 

Alberta W.  H.  Fairfield,  Lethbridge. 

Arkansas E.  S.  Miller,  Bentonville. 

British  Columbia R.  M.  Winslow,  Victoria. 

California Geo.  C.  Roeding,  Fresno. 

Colorado W.  S.  Coburn,  Paouia. 

Connecticut Ciias.  E.  Lyman,  ]\liddlefield. 

Cuba C.  F,  Austin,  Herradura. 

Delaware Wesley  Webb,  Dover. 

District  of  Columbia Cuas.  Hearing,  Washington. 

Florida H.  H.  Hume,  Glen  St.  Mary. 

Georgia C.  A.  Van  Duzee,  Cairo. 

Hawaii J.  Edgar  Higgins,  Honolulu. 

Idaho Silas  Wilson,  Nampa. 

Illinois T.  J.  Bitrrill,  Urbana. 

Indiana E.  R.  Smith,  Indianapolis. 

Iowa Laurenz  Greene.  Aines. 


OFFICERS  AXD  STANDING  COMMITTEES.  VII 

Kansas Aldert  Dickens,  Manhattan. 

Kentucky C.  W.  Mathews,  Lexington. 

Maine Robt.  H.  Gardiner,  Gardiner. 

jManitoba A.  P.  Steveson,  Morden. 

IMaryland C.  P.  Close,  College  Park. 

Massachusetts Wilfred  Wheeler,  Concord. 

Michigan H.  J.  Eustace,  East  Lansing. 

Minnesota J.  M.  Underwood,  Lake  City. 

Mississippi Theodore  Bechtel,  Ocean  Springs. 

Missouri Geo.  T.  Tippin,  Nichols. 

Montana M.  L.  Dean,  Missoula. 

Nebraska A.  A.  Schenck,  Omaha. 

Nevada P.  A.  Lehenbauer,  Reno. 

New  Brunswick A.  G.  Turney,  Fredericton. 

New  Hampshire J.  H.  Gourley,  Durham. 

New  Jersey H.  F.  De  Cou,  Merchantville. 

New  Mexico Fabian  Garcia,  College  Station. 

New  York W.  A.  Mackay.  New  York  City. 

North  Carolina J.  Van  Lindley,  Pomona. 

Nova  Scotia W.  S.  Blair,  Kentville. 

Ohio W.  W.  Farnswortpi,  Waterville. 

Ontario F.  S.  Reeves,  Vineland. 

Oregon C.  I.  Le^vis,  Corvallis. 

Pennsylvania J.  P.  Stewart,  State  College. 

Philippine  Islands P.  J.  Wester,  Manilla. 

Porto  Rico Linn  Bartholemew,  Gamoehales. 

Quebec T.  G.  Bunting,  Quebec. 

South  Dakota Chas.  McCaffree,  Pierre. 

Texas Eltweed  Pomeroy,  Donna. 

Virginia W.  A.  Macomb,  Staunton. 

Washington O.  M.  Morris,  Pulman. 

West  Virginia II.  W.  Miller,  Paw  Paw. 

Wisconsin. H.  D.  Locklin,  Wauwatosa. 

Wyoming Aven  Nelson,  Laramie. 

EXECUTIVE  COMMITTEE. 

Wm.  R.  Lazenby,  Chairman Columbus,  Ohio. 

E.  W.  KiRKPATRiCK McKinney,  Texas. 

F.  C.  Seaes Amherst,  Mass. 

L.  A.  Goodman Kansas  City,  Mo. 

J.  L.  Dumas Dayton,  Wash. 

FINANCE  COMMITTEE.— (AUDITING.) 

J.  P.  Stewart State  College,  Pa. 

Ralph  T.  Olcott Rochester,  N.  Y. 

Chas.  E.  Richardson Brookline,  Mass. 


VIII  OFFICERS?  AND  STANDING  COMMITTEES. 

COMHaXTEE  CHAIBMEN. 

General  Fruits Wendell  Paddock.  .Columbus,  Ohio. 

New  Fruits C.  P.  Close College  Park,  Md. 

Foreign  Fruits D.  G.  Fairchild.  .Washington,  D.  C. 

Tropical  &  Sub-Tropical 

Fruits Wilson  Popenoe.  .Washington,  D.  C. 

Inspection  and  Grading C.  I.  Lewis Corvallis.  Ore. 

Nomenclature F.  W.  Power.  ...Orenco,  Ore. 

Score  Card  and  Judging.  .  . .  S.  A.  Beach  ....  Ames,  Iowa. 

Wilder  Medals Wm.  B.  Alwood.  .Charlottesville,  Va. 

Revision  and  Catalogue  .  .  .  .E.   R.   Lake.  . .  .Washington,  D.  C. 
Ad-Interim C.  P.  Close.  . . .  Washington,  D.  C. 

SUB-COMMITTEE  CHAIBMEN. 

Pome  Fruits U.  P.  Hedrick.  . .  Geneva,  N.  Y. 

Stone  Fruits J.  Van  Lindley.  .Pomona,  N.  C. 

Citrus  Fruits W.  S.  Hart Hawks  Park,  Fla. 

Grapes Chas.   Bearing..  .Washington,  D.  C. 

Small  Fruits Geo.  M.  Darrow.  .Washington,  D.  C. 

Nuts T.  P.  Littlepage.  .Washington,  D.  C. 


ANNOUNCEMENT. 


The  President  announces  that  there  will  be  an  executive  meet- 
ing in  Washington,  November  16-18,  1916,  for  the  purpose  of  con- 
sidering the  questions  of  Federation,  Finance  and  New  Lines  of 
Work.  The  Executive  Committee  has  decided  to  accept  the  in- 
vitation of  the  ]\Iassachusetts  Horticultural  Society  and  associate 
bodies  to  hold  the  thirty-fifth  biennial  session  in  Boston,  November, 
1917,  probably  about  the  20th  of  the  month. 


AGKICULTUKE    HALL,    UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA. 

(Place  of  Meeting,  1915.) 


]-.    ,\.    COUDMAN. 

(Pivsi.l.Mit  i!M):)-i!iir,. 


PROCEEDINGS 

OP  THE 

AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY, 

Thirty-fourth   Biennial  Session,  Agriculture  Hall, 

University  of  California,  Berkeley,  California, 

September  1,  2  and  3,  1915. 

PRESIDENT  L.  A,  GOODMAN,  presiding. 
PROFESSOR  E.  R.  LAKE,  Secretary. 


September  1,  1915, 

lOO'clock  A.  M. 

The  president  called  the  meeting  to  order  at  ten  o'clock  a.  m. 

The  President  :  The  American  Pomological  Society  will  come  to 
order. 

The  Reverend  Mr.  Eldridge  of  St.  Thomas  Presbyterian  Church 
of  Berkeley  will  ask  the  invocation. 

Reverend  Doctor  Eldridge  :  Almighty  and  Most  Gracious  Grod, 
our  Father,  we  lift  our  hearts  to  Thee  this  day,  asking  for  light  and 
guidance  and  wisdom.  Wilt  Thou  by  Thine  own  gracious  spirit  re- 
veal unto  us  Thy  truth,  showing  us  our  duty  and  Thy  will  concern- 
ing us.  We  thank  Thee  for  the  work  Thou  hast  given  us  to  do  for 
its  worth  and  its  greatness  and  its  providence.  We  pray  for  Thy 
blessing  on  the  work  of  our  hearts  and  our  hands.  We  pray  Thy 
blessings  today  to  be  upon  our  great  American  people  who  live  in 
the  open  country ;  for  the  youths  brought  up  on  the  field  and  farm ; 
and  may  they  be  made  to  see  how  Thy  world  shows  forth  Thy  love. 
Make  them  w'orthy  men  and  women,  serving  Thee  in  the  place  which 
Thou  hast  appointed  to  them. 

Bless  our  life  and  our  thoughts ;  and  may  we  seek  first  the  King- 
dom of  God  and  its  righteousness.  Give  us  the  comfort  and  ease 
which  Thou  thinkest  is  best  for  us. 

We  thank  Thee  for  a  land  of  prosperity,  and  yet  we  thank  Thee 
for  a  land  of  peace  and  perpetual  kindness.  May  every  one  of  the 
people  in  the  land  lift  up  to  Thee  a  thankful  heart,  and  may  this 
people  sing  Thy  praise. 

This  we  ask  in  the  name  and  for  the  sake  of  Jesus  Christ,  our 
Lord,  Amen. 


2  PROCEEDINGS  OP  THE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 

The  President:  It  is  verj^  appropriate  and  fitting  that  the 
American  Pomological  Society  returns  once  more  to  the  land  of  flow- 
ers and  sunshine.  We  entered  California  at  the  southern  part  of  the 
state ;  and  we  have  found  warm  weather  ever  since. 

Twenty  years  ago  it  was  my  pleasure  to  be  with  the  American 
Pomological  Society  as  it  met  in  California,  and  since  then  we  have 
seen  wonderful  changes  here.  We  have  always  been  welcome  at 
every  place  where  the  American  Pomological  Society  has  met,  and 
certainly  we  know  we  will  receive  a  welcome  from  California,  as 
California  belongs  to  us  all.  I  do  not  know  of  any  state  in  the  Union 
that  has  not  some  representative  in  California,  so  it  belongs  to  us  all. 
I  am  glad  we  will  have  the  first  word  of  welcome  from  our  old  friend 
Doctor  Wickson,  who  will  respond  for  California. 

Doctor  Wickson  :  Mr.  President,  ladies  and  gentlemen :  You 
notice  by  the  program  I  am  to  do  an  utterly  impossible  thing,  and 
that  is  to  fill  the  place  of  George  C.  Roeding  of  Fresno.  That  is 
physicallj^  impossible,  as  Mr.  Roeding  is  the  California  fruit  grower 
with  the  very  greatest  hull  displacement,  as  you  might  say,  and  no 
ordinary  Calif ornian  can  fill  his  place.     (Laughter.) 

Another  thing,  it  is  practically  impossible  to  fill  his  place  emo- 
tionally or  otherwise.  Mr.  Roeding  could  make  you  more  welcome 
by  simply  looking  at  you  than  I  could  by  talking  an  hour  and  a  half. 
He  has  that  expansive  smile  which  is  unrivalled  in  this  state,  al- 
though there  are  many  good  "smilers"  in  every  part  of  the  state. 

You  will  notice  there  are  three  speakers  to  welcome  you,  so  indeed 
it  will  be  proper  to  be  very  brief. 

I  will  only  undertake  to  offer  you  one  thought  which  seems  to  be  a 
good  reason  why  we  are  glad  the  American  Pomological  Society  has 
come  to  California  in  the  past,  and  is  here  now,  and  will  continue  to 
come  to  California;  and  that  is  because  the  American  Pomological 
Society  is  that  organization  which  stands  for  the  very  highest  things 
in  Pomology,  in  fruit-growing.  Tt  always  has,  and  therefore  it 
should  continue  to  exercise  somewhat  of  a  corrective  influence  in 
Pomology. 

California  has  set  up  here  a  commercial  standard  of  fruit-grow- 
ing, a  commercial  aim  which  is  commendable  from  a  commercial 
point  of  view,  but  which  does  not  include  the  highest  things  in 
Pomology.  One  likes  to  think  of  the  points  of  view  held  by  the  old 
leaders  of  this  organization ;  how  distinguished  they  were  as  ama- 
teurs, and  how  they  held  to  the  fact  that  fruit  is  desirable  for  its 
own  sake,  for  its  very  beauty,  and  how  highly  they  esteemed  Pomol- 
ogy as  a  branch  of  science;  of  course,  we  are  not  forgetting  that 
point  of  view  as  we  have  societies  of  Pomology  and  the  science  of 
Pomology  has  made  great  advances.  But  still  there  is  a  view  which 
exists  in  California,  and  that  is  the  one  about  which  I  have  just  in- 
timated. Now  a  California  fruit-grower  is  apt  to  see  nothing  in  the 
beauty  of  the  peach  unless  he  can  see  twenty  dollars  through  it,  and 
the  most  beautiful  fruit  in  the  world  seems  to  him  to  be  worth  noth- 
ing but  hog-feed  unless  he  can  see  money  in  it  at  two  cents  a  pound 
dry.  T  am  not  at  all  discounting  some  of  the  fine  efforts,  and  would 
perhaps  be  the  first  to  object  if  you  took  the  same  position.    Still,  I 


PRELIMINARY   REMARKS.  6 

am  sure  we  need  in  this  state  more  people  who  have  a  regard  for 
Pomology  for  its  own  sake ;  for  the  esthetic  things  if  you  like ;  and  I 
think  it  is  particularly  fitting  there  should  come  into  this  state  from 
time  to  time  just  as  often  as  your  arrangements  will  possibly  permit 
this  association,  which  for  more  than  one-half  of  a  century  has  stood 
for  the  highest  things  in  Pomology.  That  is  the  particular  reason 
why  we  welcome  you.  We  think  your  meeting  in  our  midst  and 
your  contact  with  the  people  of  California  will  lead  them  to  appre- 
ciate the  fact  that  it  is  not  alone  the  dollar  in  it  that  makes  fruit 
great.     (Applause.) 

The  President  :  I  do  not  know  whether  Oregon  is  part  of  Cali- 
fornia or  California  is  part  of  Oregon  and  Washington,  but  it  is  part 
of  the  Pacific  Coast,  and  it  takes  more  than  one  speaker  to  welcome 
this  association  to  San  Francisco  and  to  California,  so  Mr.  E,  C. 
Roberts  from  Oregon,  we  would  like  to  call  upon  you  for  a  few  re- 
marks.    ( Applause. ) 

Mr.  Roberts,  Oregon :  Mr.  President  and  members  of  the  Amer- 
ican Pomologieal  Society,  fellow-fruit-growers,  ladies  and  gentle- 
men :  After  listening  to  the  remarks  from  our  brother  of  Califor- 
nia, and  looking  the  situation  over  carefully,  and  recognizing  the 
fact  that  the  Chairman  has  stated  that  we  lie  between  Washington 
and  California,  it  seems  that  Oregon  is  up  against  the  real  thing  this 
morning.     (Laughter.) 

The  greatest  blessing  with  which  the  human  family  is  endowed  is 
referred  to  in  that  line  ' '  Hope  springs  eternal  in  the  human  breast. ' ' 
Some  of  us  have  hoped  and  hoped,  and  our  hope  has  given  way  to 
despair,  but  later  we  have  found  the  flower  of  hope  springing  up 
anew,  and  we  have  hoped  that  somewhere,  somehow  and  in  some 
place  the  American  Pomologieal  Society  would  see  fit  to  meet  with 
us  again  on  the  Pacific  Coast,  that  we  might  receive  from  it  the  in- 
fluence and  the  encouragement  to  lead  us  on  to  better  and  greater 
things  in  horticulture.  And  this  morning,  in  the  name  of  the  great 
state  of  Oregon,  and  in  the  joy  of  a  hope  realized,  I  welcome  you  all 
to  the  Pacific  Coast. 

I  was  a  good  deal  surprised  at  the  maidenly  modesty  of  the  gentle- 
man who  preceded  me  as  he  spoke  of  California  and  the  influence  of 
the  American  Pomologieal  Society  on  the  industry  here.  I  was  sur- 
prised that  he  did  not  exhibit  to  you  what  to  my  mind  is  the  greatest 
thing  in  this  magnificent  state,  and  that  is  the  California  spirit.  The 
spirit  of  California  that  sees  the  silver  lining  to  every  passing  cloud ; 
the  spirit  that  turns  defeat  into  victory ;  the  spirit  that  takes  a  great 
calamity  and  turns  it  into  a  blessing,  and  goes  out  and  gathers  up 
millions  and  millions  of  dollars  to  stage  the  greatest  International 
Exposition  ever  held. 

That  spirit  that  goes  out  and  says,  "Here  is  the  place  we  will 
build"  and  it  builds;  and  it  comes  here  to  the  ocean  and  it  says, 
"Thus  far  the  water  shall  come  and  no  farther"  and  it  erects  this 
splendid  sea-wall.  It  is  a  wonderful  thing  to  me  that  they  did  that — 
the  building  of  this  Exposition.  I  hope  I  am  not  presuming  in  taking 
to  myself  the  honor  of  speaking  of  the  spirit  of  California,  to  wel- 
come you  in  the  name  of  Oregon,  yea  thrice  welcome  you,  to  this 


4  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 

Pacific  Coast  and  to  this  magnificent  state.  Thank  you.   (Applause.) 

The  President:  The  wonderful  possibilities  of  a  country  or  of 
a  district  or  of  a  state  amount  to  nothing  except  for  the  men  who 
are  there.  I  think  we  have  had  some  men  come  out  to  this  Western 
country,  to  California  and  to  Oregon  from  Eastern  points.  The  two 
places  we  are  most  fearful  of  in  the  central  part  of  the  United  States 
are  these  two  northwestern  states  with  their  apples  (laughter),  and 
that  is  especially  true  with  the  class  of  men  we  have  here.  We  will 
have  now  a  word  from  Mr.  J.  L.  Dumas,  of  Washington.  (Applause.) 

Mr.  Dumas  :  Mr.  Chairman  and  members  of  the  American 
Pomological  Society :  We,  of  the  north  Pacific  Coast,  represent  the 
upper  crust  of  the  sandwicli.  We  are  glad  to  welcome  the  Society 
to  this  Pacific  Coast.  We  had  hoped  that  you  would  come  up  and 
visit  us  in  the  state  of  Washington.  We  thought  that  was  the  place 
where  the  Society  really  should  have  met,  as  we  consider  ourselves 
as  the  Pomological  center  of  the  universe  up  there.     (Laughter.) 

We  think  we  have  a  wonderful  state.  You  have  viewed  the  beau- 
ties of  California ;  you  have  seen  the  orange  groves  of  Riverside  and 
of  Redlands ;  you  have  seen  the  raisins  at  Fresno ;  you  have  seen  our 
Exposition,  but  still  the  greatest  pleasure  awaits  as  you  go  farther 
north;  it  is  only  in  Washington,  where  you  will  find  that  Pomolo- 
gical excellence  which  you  are  expecting  on  the  Pacific  Coast. 

A  few  years  ago,  like  most  fruit-growers,  I  tired  of  chasing  codd- 
ling moths.  I  thought  there  was  possibly  a  better  place  and  so  I 
persuaded  a  man  to  give  me  an  I.  0.  U.  for  my  orchard,  and  I  de- 
cided I  would  start  East  to  look  over  the  country  and  visit  the  vari- 
ous fruit  sections.  I  spent  several  months  at  the  work.  I  first  went 
into  Colorado,  where  the  Pomology  of  the  east  and  the  west  meet, 
where  the  barrel  and  the  box  meet.  I  then  went  on  to  my  old  home 
place  in  Missouri.  I  visited  Columbia,  and  there  fifteen  hundred 
farmers  and  fruit-growers  met,  and  we  had  a  magnificent  time,  and 
we  were  most  royally  entertained.  To  close  the  festivities  we  had  a 
great  banquet.  We  had  the  best  which  the  country  around  there 
produced.  We  had  most  of  what  was  produced  on  a  farm.  We  had 
meat  from  a  slaughtered  ox  which  had  won  prizes  at  Chicago  and 
we  had  milk  and  butter  from  a  wonderful  cow ;  and  we  had  wonder- 
ful things  of  the  best  quality,  and  to  crown  all,  Mr.  Chairman,  those 
princes  of  hospitality  gave  us  for  desert  twelve  boxes  of  Washington 
Apples!    (Laughter.) 

I  visited  West  Virginia  and  met  a  number  of  good  friends,  and 
among  them  was  Doctor  Fletcher.  We  were  delightfully  entertained 
and  they  showed  us  some  Grimes  (Golden)  apples,  but  the  only  real 
apples  we  could  find  on  sale  there  had  nice  large  letters  across  the 
box,  reading  thus :  '  *  Oregon  Apples. ' ' 

I  went  to  Virginia  and  visited  also  the  city  of  Washington  and 
Brother  Lake.  He  went  out  and  got  apples  to  serve  us  and  they 
came  from  a  box  eighteen  and  a  half  inches  long,  ten  and  a  half 
inches  deep  and  eleven  and  a  half  inches  wide,  and  when  unwrapped 
they  also  proved  to  be  Oregon  and  Washington  apples !  (Great  ap- 
plause.) 


PRELIMINARY   REMARKS.  D 

I  visited  the  South,  Mr.  Chairman,  and  I  remember  the  welcome 
we  had  at  Tampa,  Florida,  and  there  we  heard  a  New  York  fruit- 
grower ;  how  he  scored  all  fruit-growers  of  the  Pacific  Coast ;  he  said 
we  had  beautiful  fruit,  but  it  had  no  flavor.  But  I  want  to  prove  to 
you  that  our  fruit  is  not  only  beautiful,  but  that  it  has  a  most  deli- 
cious flavor ;  and  I  call  attention  to  the  fact  that  where  people  know 
what  is  best  to  eat  they  offer  Oregon  and  Washington  apples ! 

I  hope,  gentlemen,  you  will  visit  the  state  of  Washington  as  you 
go  back.  You  should  visit  Yakima  and  get  apples  out  of  the  box 
with  a  big  "  Y  "  on  the  end.  Then  visit  the  Wenatchee  Valley.  They 
say  that  is  the  home  of  the  apple ;  and  do  not  forget  to  visit  Walla 
Walla.  We  are  always  glad  to  welcome  you ;  and  in  the  name  of  the 
Evergi'een  State,  fourteen  hundred  miles  away,  we  welcome  you  to 
this  meeting,  and  we  hope  your  stay  here  will  be  most  pleasurable 
and  profitable.    I  thank  you.     (Applause.) 

The  President  :  Fortunately,  no  part  of  this  grand  country  of 
ours,  or  of  North  America,  has  all  of  the  good  things,  or  we  would 
all  want  to  go  there.  I  think  some  of  us  like  rather  our  own  states, 
even  after  seeing  California  and  Oregon  and  Washington.  We  do 
not  want  to  forget  that  this  North  America  is  a  most  wonderful 
country,  and  we  have  here  men  and  women  from  different  states 
and  different  parts  of  it,  and  we  have  developed  a  fruit  industry  in 
a  most  wonderful  way ;  and  we  are  going  to  learn  what  we  can  and 
tell  some  things  which  we  know  in  the  East. 

Montana  Telegraphs  Welcome. 

"Missoula,  Mont.,  Sept.  2,  1915,  3.10  P.  M. 

E.  R.  Lake,  American  Pomological  Society,  Berkeley,  Cal. 

Montana  sends  congratulations  and  a  welcome  to  the  West.  We 
stand  for  better  co-operation  of  all  horticultural  interests  for  the 
maintenance  and  upbuilding  of  the  industry.    Regret  cannot  attend. 

M.  L.  DEAN." 

Col.  Brackett's  Last  Letter. 

Now,  I  will  read  a  letter  from  the  beloved  Colonel  Brackett,  writ- 
ten only  five  days  before  his  death,  expecting  to  be  here  with  us  on 
this  trip  just  as  much  as  you  or  I  did,  and  we  have  counted  on  it  for 
two  years.  This  letter  was  Avritten  on  July  27,  this  year,  and  he  died 
on  the  second  of  August. 

''Members  of  the  American  Pomological  Society  and  Fellow-Fruit- 
Growers  : — 

Greeting:  Yours  is  to  be  the  best  meeting  our  beloved  Society 
has  had.  I  had  expected  to  be  with  you,  but  F'ate  has  willed  other- 
wise. I  want  you  to  carry  forward  the  good  pomological  work  be- 
gun by  Warder,  Downing  and  the  rest  of  us  old  pioneers.  My  bless- 
ings upon  you,  and  may  the  fruit  harvests  of  the  future  tell  of  your 
successes ! 


6  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 

Uphold  the  hands  of  my  trained  assistants  in  office,  the  persons  I 
leave  in  charge  of  Fruit  Nomenclature,  Fruit  Identification  and  the 
Section  of  Fruit  History.  They  are  carrying  forward  the  work  I 
have  outlined,  and  that  has  meant  so  much  to  the  Fruit  Industry. 
It  is  valuable  and  must  live!    Help  them,  and  they  will  help  you. 

As  I  enter  the  Valley  of  the  Shadow,  I  face  death  fearlessly.  Re- 
member this  truth:  The  law  of  Justice  is  invincible  and  always 
demands  "an  eye  for  an  eye  and  a  tooth  for  a  tooth."  Play  life's 
game  fairly  and  you  will,  at  last,  have  no  regrets.  While  sorry  to 
leave  the  work,  I  feel  that  I  am  leaving  it  in  good  hands,  and  I  go 
without  fear.  There  are  many  problems  in  Pomology  for  you  to 
solve  —  more  of  them  in  the  future,  I  fear,  than  we  have  had  in  the 
past.    I  trust  you.    Carry  forward  the  good  work. 

Good-bye  and  God  bless  you ! 

Yours  in  friendship,  love  and  truth, 

G.  B.  BRACKETT,  Pomologist." 

The  responses  to  these  various  welcomes  will  be  given  by  men  from 
different  portions  of  the  United  States,  as  the  United  States  and 
North  America  amount  to  nothing  except  as  the  different  localities 
are  filled  with  good  men.  And  you  must  remember  that  Canada  and 
the  British  Possessions  are  part  of  this  Association.  W.  T.  Macoun 
of  Ottawa  will  make  the  first  response : 

Mr.  Macoun  (Ottawa)  :  I  do  not  know  that  this  is  the  time  to 
refer  to  the  death  of  Colonel  Brackett,  but  as  Canadians  we  looked 
up  to  him  and  esteemed  him  very  highly.  As  Canadians  we  will 
miss  Colonel  Brackett  very  much.  We  always  felt  we  could  send  to 
him  for  information  we  could  not  get  in  Canada  in  regard  to  fruits, 
and  he  was  always  most  happy  to  give  us  any  assistance  in  his  power. 
Fortunately  he  left  behind  him  those  imbued  with  the  same  spirit  of 
friendly  interest  in  the  variou>s  causes  and  I  believe  they  will  up- 
hold the  good  name  of  Colonel  Brackett  and  his  work. 

Mr.  Chairman,  I  had  a  neat  speech  prepared,  but  the  fine  speeches 
of  welcome  which  have  been  given  to  us  have  completely  driven  it 
from  my  head.  But  I  can  say  for  the  members  of  the  American 
Pomological  Society  who  came  from  Canada  and  who  traveled  over 
the  southern  parts  of  California,  that  we  assure  you  that  the  mem- 
bers of  Canada  have  been  charmed  with  the  receptions  which  they 
have  received  at  all  points,  and  the  wonders  which  have  been  shown 
to  them  of  the  diversities  and  the  richness  of  California  in  the  mat- 
ter of  horticulture.  It  is  a  great  privilege  as  Canadian  members  of 
the  American  Pomological  Society  that  we  have  been  able  to  be 
associated  with  the  members  from  the  United  States  of  this  great 
Society,  which  has  had  a  glorious  past,  and  I  trust  will  have  a  great 
future. 

I  consider  that  in  the  American  Pomological  Society  there  is 
plenty  of  the  best  of  the  amateur  spirit  as  M^ell  as  of  the  commercial 
spirit  and  surely  it  is  well  to  have  some  society  which  will  have 
among  its  membership  those  who  will  keep  in  view  the  great  ideals 
which  the  amateur  has  before  him  and  which  the  commercial  man 


PRELIMINARY    REMAEKS.  7 

should  have  before  him ;  and  I  think  the  commercial  man  would  have 
a  better  ideal  if  his  interests  kept  in  closer  touch  with  the  man  who 
has  the  love  for  horticulture.  As  Doctor  Wickson  said,  the  com- 
mercial man  must  have  the  love  of  horticulture  in  him  which  is  the 
first  impulse  with  the  amateur  pomologist.  I  was  much  interested 
in  receiving  a  letter,  since  leaving  home,  from  Professor  Stuart,  Sec- 
retary of  the  National  Potato  Society.  Last  winter  I  attended  a 
meeting  of  the  National  Potato  Society  in  Cornell  University,  and  in 
the  discussion  there  I  suggested  that  they  change  the  name  to  the 
American  Potato  Society,  just  as  you  have  the  American  Pomolo- 
gical  Society,  and  I  was  pleased  to  find  in  Professor  Stuart's  letter 
that  at  the  coming  meeting  of  the  National  Potato  Society  they  pro- 
pose to  take  up  the  question  of  the  change  of  name  of  the  society. 
I  believe  if  we  had  more  international  societies  in  America  that  the 
question  of  war  and  peace  would  not  have  to  be  very  much  discussed 
in  future.  I  believe  more  and  more  we  shall  get  the  spirit  of  inter- 
national relations  from  a  co-operative  standpoint  rather  than  from 
a  political  one.     (Applause.) 

As  I  say,  it  has  been  a  great  delight  to  Canadian  members  to  visit 
all  the  interesting  parts  of  Southern  California  —  Redlands,  River- 
side, Corona,  San  Diego,  Los  Angeles,  Pomona,  Whittier  and  Fresno. 
We  were  met  with  the  open  hand  and  given  every  possible  oppor- 
tunity to  see  the  districts  and  we  were  very  cordially  entertained, 
both  by  word  of  mouth  and  through  those  channels  which  appeal  to 
the  inner  man. 

I  do  not  know  what  part  of  that  trip  I  enjoyed  most,  but  at  Fresno 
it  put  me  more  in  mind  of  Canada  than  anything  else.  Fresno  has 
an  atmosphere  all  its  own,  and  it  stands  out  distinctly  from  the  other 
places,  as  we  had  a  temperature  there  ranging  from  110°  in  the  shade 
upward ;  and  at  the  close  of  our  visit  we  were  taken  by  Mr.  Roeding 
to  the  raisin-growing  house,  where  the  raisins  were  going  through 
the  process  of  having  the  seeds  removed,  and  it  took  me  back  to  the 
kitchen  at  my  home,  where  the  temperature  used  to  be  from  110°  to 
120°,  but  where  the  delightful  odor  made  one  forget  every  other 
consideration  or  suggestion  but  the  pleasures  of  the  kitchen  and  the 
cooking. 

The  people  around  Fresno  seem  to  be  the  most  contented  of  any 
place  in  Southern  California.  I  understand  the  temperature  is  high 
at  Fresno.  It  is  not  only  high  at  times  but  continuous.  Where  you 
get  a  changeable  climate  the  people  are  apt  to  be  discontented  and 
fretful.  In  the  east  the  weather  is  the  topic,  but  in  Fresno  I  cannot 
imagine  what  they  do  for  conversation,  as  the  weather  is  always  hot 
and  always  the  same ! 

I  never  saw  happiness  and  heat  combined  so  beautifully  as  I  saw 
it  at  Fresno,  which  reminded  me  of  a  rhyme : — 

"As  a  rule  man's  a  fool ; 
When  it 's  hot  he  wants  it  cool ; 
When  it 's  cool  he  wants  it  hot ; 
Always  wanting  what  is  not. ' ' 


8  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 

Those  of  you  who  have  been  in  Canada  know  we  can  show  you 
something  better  than  Washington.  If  you  will  come  to  Canada 
and  see  the  apples  we  grow  there  you  would  never  think  of  buying  a 
Washington  or  Oregon  apple  again !  I  intend  to  give  you  the  op- 
portunity of  going  to  the  Canadian  exhibit  at  the  Fair.  I  would 
like  you  to  test  the  Northern  Spy  Apples,  which  we  have  there  from 
the  1914  crop,  which  I  venture  to  say  you  will  find  as  fine  in  quality 
as  if  taken  the  other  day  from  the  tree. 

I  thank  you  for  listening  to  me,  and  I  would  like  to  say  again,  the 
Canadian  members  wish  to  express  again  their  hearty  appreciation 
of  the  courtesy  which  they  have  received  on  all  sides.  I  thank  you. 
(Applause.) 

The  President  :  The  Far  Eastern  States  come  next.  I  will  call 
on  Doctor  Stewart  for  a  word  of  Response. 

Doctor  Stewart  :  As  a  member  from  the  Eastern  states,  my  par- 
ticular topic  would  seem  to  refer  to  the  "New  England  states"  as 
printed  on  the  program;  but  since  the  Middle  Atlantic  states  do  not 
have  a  place  here,  I  will  assume  that  the  New  England  states  include 
New  York,  Pennsylvania,  New  Jersey,  Delaware,  Maryland  and 
others. 

As  a  member  from  that  section  I  wish  to  express  the  appreciation 
we  have  felt  of  all  the  things  we  have  seen  since  reaching  the  Pacific 
Coast.  It  is  my  first  trip  out  here  and  I  may  truthfully  say  that 
everything  so  far  has  exceeded  my  expectations.  I  do  not  know 
whether  we  will  be  able  to  keep  up  the  climax  as  we  go  north  through 
Oregon  and  Washington,  but  it  seems  to  me  almost  a  series  of  clim- 
axes so  far  through  this  state.  Our  introduction  began  at  Needles 
and  lasted  until  we  reached  Barstow.  In  a  steel  pullman  car  we 
traversed  that  part  of  our  route  in  six  hours,  from  nine  to  four,  and 
in  one  of  your  ' '  very  best  days. ' '  The  temperature  rose  to  the  limits 
of  the  thermometer,  and  as  one  of  the  porters  said,  "the  thermome- 
ter done  busted  and  jumped  over  the  top."  It  was  at  least  110°  in 
the  shade  that  day  and  we  had  to  stay  in  the  shade.  It  became  a 
painful  process  to  stand  in  front  of  an  electric  fan,  in  that  hot  car, 
but  we  realized  this  was  merely  a  part  of  the  welcome  which  was  be- 
ing extended !    ( Laughter. ) 

We,  in  the  East,  have  learned  many  things  from  the  Pacific  Coast. 
Your  methods  of  marking  and  packing  fruit  have  certainly  been  an 
eye-opener  to  the  East.  They  should  recognize  it ;  they  are  recogniz- 
ing it,  in  fact,  they  are  following  in  the  footsteps  of  the  West  in  this 
regard.  They,  of  course,  feel  they  have  a  great  many  advantages 
over  the  West,  especially  since  they  take  advantage  of  some  of  the 
things  which  the  West  has  taught  us.  We,  of  course,  usually  have 
an  abundant  water  supply.  We  have  excellent  climate  with  the  ex- 
ception of  a  little  cold  weather  sometimes,  and  incidentally  we  have 
by  far  the  greatest  actual  production  of  fruit  of  any  section  of  the 
countrv.  That  is,  excluding  citrus  fruits.  California  leads  in  the 
production  of  all  fruits,  but  then  it  is  followed  by  New  York  and 
then  Pennsylvania  uniformly.  Incidentally  the  production  of  ap- 
ples in  Pennsylvania  during  the  past  six  years  is  about  equal  to  the 
total  production  of  apples  in  the  three  Pacific  Coast  states.    So  we 


PRELIMINARY   REMARKS.  9 

can  produce  the  quantity.  It  has  been  produced  with  such  ease  in 
the  East  that,  as  a  general  proposition  the  quality  has  been  neglected 
and  hence  the  final  product  is  not  always  in  nearly  as  good  shape  as 
the  product  which  comes  east  from  the  Pacific  Coast. 

In  addition  to  these  possibilities,  we  have  still  great  opportunities 
for  people  to  get  started  right  on  the  ground  floor  of  the  Horticul- 
tural Industry  in  the  East.  The  land  values  are  much  lower  than 
they  are  here ;  and  there  is  already  quite  a  tide  of  immigration  mov- 
ing backward  toward  the  East.  We  welcome  any  of  the  Pacific  Coast 
people  who  have  learned  the  intensive  methods  of  production;  we 
welcome  them  back  to  the  Eastern  states  whenever  they  may  get 
enough  of  it  out  here,  and  I  am  sure  we  will  do  our  best  to  get  you 
started  right.     (Applause.) 

The  President  :  California  is  a  large  state,  but  we  have  a  still 
larger  state  Avhich  belongs  to  the  Union,  The  difference  between 
Rhode  Island  and  Texas  is  tremendous.  We  have  a  man,  Eltweed 
Pomeroy,  from  Texas,  who  will  respond  for  the  Southern  states. 

Mr.  Pomeroy  :  It  is  with  a  good  deal  of  diffidence  that  I  come 
here  to  speak  and  to  take  the  place  of  Mr.  Kirkpatrick  of  Texas,  and 
my  diffidence  is  all  the  more  burdensome  when  I  recall  what  fine 
speakers  have  preceded  me. 

When  speaking  of  the  Southwest  states,  one  naturallj^  thinks  of 
Texas.  It  is  farther  from  the  northern  part  to  the  southern  part  of 
it  than  it  is  from  Chicago  to  New  York ;  and  farther  from  the  east 
to  the  west  of  it  than  from  New  York  to  Chicago.  We  have  all  sorts 
of  things  there.  In  my  early  days  we  looked  upon  Texas  as  the  re- 
sort of  any  convict  or  cut-throat  who  had  gone  unhung.  We  used 
to  put  "G.  T.  T."  after  his  name,  meaning  "Gone  to  Texas." 

But  we  have  had  some  Horticultural  pioneers  who  have  done  great 
work  in  Texas.  T.  V.  Munsou  thirty- three  years  ago  started  hybrid- 
ization work  in  connection  with  grapes,  and  he  did  something  won- 
derful in  that  line.  He  was  experimenting,  among  other  things,  on 
obtaining  a  white  hybiscus.  He  was  also  experimenting  on  Japanese 
Plums.  He  was  honored  by  the  French  Government  because  of  his 
success  in  some  of  his  experiments ;  and  they  wanted  him  to  come 
there  to  live.  You  also  know  of  Onderdonk,  whose  varieties  of 
peaches  have  done  so  well.  He  was  offered  a  life  position  by  the 
French  Government,  but  he  said  he  would  sooner  live  in  Texas  and 
develop  the  Flora  and  Fauna  there.  Then  you  all  will  recall  the 
older  Ramsay  and  the  older  Watson  and  Mr.  Kirkpatrick,  and  Mr. 
Kerr  and  the  Ramsays  at  Houston. 

I  do  not  know  that  you  know  of  the  work  done  on  pecans  by  Judge 
Edwards.  He,  by  successive  graftings,  has  obtained  different  quali- 
ties, i.  e.,  has  put  different  qualities  into  them.  You  can  get  a  report 
on  his  work  from  the  Commissioner  of  Agriculture  of  Texas.  It  is  a 
wonderful  creative  work.  And  then  there  is  Mr.  Conver,  who  is 
slowly  developing  Amarillas,  which  rival  those  grown  by  Kerr  at 
Liverpool  and  Redding  in  England. 

I  myself  am  in  the  extreme  southeastern  corner  of  the  state  of 
Texas,  and  I  have  met  these  men  in  Texas,  and  know  they  are  doing 
wonderful  work  there.    In  the  extreme  southeastern  corner  where  I 


10  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 

live,  down  by  the  Rio  Grande,  we  have  a  comparatively  new  country. 
The  wave  of  immigration  skipped  over  us  and  went  to  the  Pacific 
Coast  and  other  places  out  here,  but  now  it  is  coming  our  way.  The 
railroad  went  there  ten  years  ago  and  land  sold  for  very  low  figures. 

When  Mr.  Goodman  asked  me  to  speak  of  events  there,  I  sent  to 
my  foreman  and  told  him  to  send  me  a  little  box  of  whatever  kind 
of  fruit  he  had  there.  I  got  this  package  yesterday,  and  have  hardly 
looked  at  it.  But  I  think  in  time  we  may  even  rival  California  in 
fruit  production.  I  know  that  is  a  very  courageous  thing  to  say ; 
but  my  friend,  Mr.  Musser  of  Los  Angeles,  visited  me  for  a  period  of 
about  two  weeks  last  spring  and  when  he  got  through  he  said, 
"Well,  if  our  real  estate  men  could  see  the  seven  or  eight  hundred 
thousand  acres  of  level  land  here  and  the  climate  which  you  have, 
they  would  go  crazy."  I  told  him  not  to  say  that  when  he  got  back 
home,  or  there  would  be  trouble  for  him. 

Well,  here  (exhibiting  fruit)  are  some  of  the  little  Japanese  Kum- 
quats  which  were  grown  on  my  place.  We  make  a  delicious  preserve 
of  them;  and  here  (indicating)  is  the  Jujube  or  Sisyphus  vulgaris, 
fruit  which  is  ripening  on  my  place.  And  also  the  new  hardy  guava 
from  the  Hawaiian  Islands  (exhibiting)  ;  the  Department  of  Agri- 
culture says  it  has  the  combined  flavor  of  the  pineapple,  the  straw- 
berry and  vanilla;  here  are  a  few  of  the  Japanese  Persimmons  (ex- 
hibiting persimmons),  which  have  ripened  in  many  other  places  and 
which  are  coming  there ;  here  are  a  few  of  the  Persian  Limes  (ex- 
hibiting limes).  I  had  one  in  the  ear  and  Mr.  Goodman  and  the 
others  there  said  the  acid  in  it  is  exceedingly  fine ;  here  (indicating) 
is  a  little  bunch  of  our  dates  ripened  on  my  place,  and  they  are  very 
nearly  dead  ripe,  and  they  are  delicious  eating  in  that  condition; 
here  are  some  tender  guavas  (holding  them  up)  ;  here  is  a  small  ex- 
ample of  the  Ponderosa  lemon  (exhibiting  them),  and  they  make 
delicious  lemonade  and  drinks  of  that  sort,  and  we  grow  them  for 
marmalades  and  jellies.  I  made  three  or  four  tons  of  this  material 
last  year.  I  have  had  one  tree  four  years  old  with  five  hundred  of 
these  lemons  on  it,  and  I  have  made  two  and  one-half  gallons  of 
marmalade  from  ten  of  these  lemons.     (Applause.) 

Here  (holding  aloft)  is  a  pomegranate  which  was  grown  down 
there  on  my  place.  I  also  have  two  thousand  or  three  thousand 
citrus  trees.  We  can  grow  the  grape  fruit  there,  and  with  a  flavor  I 
have  tried  to  find  in  California,  but  have  not ;  it  is  equal  to  the  very 
finest  Florida  grape  fruit.  Then  there  is  another  plant  there  known 
as  the  Roselle.  It  is  a  jelly  plant,  and  we  made  three  to  four  tons 
of  it  last  year.  That  is  dried,  and  there  is  a  company  down  there 
with  three  hundred  thousand  dollars  paid  up  capital  and  they  have 
been  growing  it,  but  friend  Carranza  wants  from  thirty  to  forty 
cents  a  pound  export  duty,  and  that  is,  of  course,  confiscation.  Here 
(exhibiting)  is  some  of  the  dry  roselle,  making  a  fine  vegetable  acid 
which  will  keep  indefinitely,  and  you  can  make  your  jam  and  jelly 
or  pudding  or  pie  with  it  when  it  is  put  on  the  market.  These  things 
show  some  of  the  capabilities  of  that  wonderful  valley  down  there 
where  I  am  located.  I  have  between  a  quarter  and  a  half  a  million 
bulbs  down  there.    I  have  wonderful  photographs  of  the  amarillas 


PRELIMINARY    REilARKS.  1  I 

and  other  bulbs  which  we  grow  down  there.  We  have  a  small  valley 
which  we  think  in  time  will  equal  the  finest  anywhere  else  on  the 
globe  and  we  would  be  glad  to  welcome  any  Californians  there  with 
their  able  methods. 

I  have  one  little  quotation  to  make  applying  to  these  fruits  and 
plants.  It  is  from  Oscar  Wilde.  He  said:  "Devotion  to  beauty 
and  the  creation  of  beautiful  things  is  a  test  of  all  great  civiliza- 
tion. It  is  what  makes  life  a  sacrament  and  not  a  speculation." 
You  and  I  are  here  today  with  the  devotion  of  the  beautiful  and 
creation  of  beautiful  things.  It  is  the  highest  joy  that  man  can 
know,  the  creation  of  beautiful  things,  and  it  is  making  our  life  not 
a  speculation  Init  a  sacrament.     (Applause.) 

The  President  :  I  am  glad  the  speakers  have  told  us  something 
of  their  own  localities  in  these  various  responses  and  not  confined 
themselves  to  the  Pacific  Coast.  Professor  W.  N.  Hutt  of  North 
Carolina  will  respond  for  the  Southern  Atlantic  states. 

Professor  Hutt  :  Mr.  Chairman,  ladies  and  gentlemen :  I  be- 
lieve this  is  the  only  part  of  this  program  which  I  will  not  enjoy.  I 
have  had  a  splendid  time  up  to  now,  and  I  have  greatly  appreciated 
the  welcome  which  we  have  had  from  the  West.  Under  other  cir- 
cumstances it  would  be  a  pleasure  for  me  to  tender  these  greetings. 
I  feel  unequal  to  the  task.  One  can  but  be  impressed  with  this  won- 
derful country.  Ever  since  entering  this  state  we  have  been  looking 
at  nature  and  the  creations  of  man,  and  one  cannot  but  feel  that 
you  have  a  great  country  with  great  things  in  it,  but  still,  I  think 
there  is  something  greater  than  what  we  have  seen.  One  of  the  old 
philosophers  said,  "There  is  nothing  great  in  the  world  but  man, 
and  nothing  great  in  man  but  mind. ' '  And  I  think  the  great  thing 
you  have  in  this  great  country  is  your  fine  men  and  fine  women. 
And  we,  from  the  East  and  from  the  South,  when  we  look  at  this 
Western  country,  consider  it  a  place  where  people  do  things.  You 
know  down  South  they  say  we  take  things  very  easy,  and  when  you 
get  farther  South  they  say  the  things  can  be  done  as  well  tomorrow 
as  today,  but  in  the  West  it  is  the  cry  to  do  things  today,  and  it  is  a 
pleasure  for  us  from  the  South  to  see  what  you  have  accomplished 
here. 

One  of  the  best  things  of  the  West  is  the  splendid  spirit  of  optim- 
ism which  pervades  all  of  your  people.  And  it  reminds  me  of  the 
rather  droll  statement  that  the  difference  between  the  optimist  and 
the  pessimist  is  that  the  optimist  "sees  the  doughnut,  while  the  pes- 
simist sees  only  the  hole  in  the  doughnut." 

The  Western  man  does  not  see  the  hole,  but  the  Eastern  man  sees 
these  great  deserts  and  these  canyons,  and  he  thinks  the  West  is  a 
good  place  from  which  to  keep  away.  But  when  we  see  these  West- 
ern people  doing  these  great  things  under  these  disadvantageous 
conditions,  we  then  know  what  can  be  done. 

It  is  a  pleasure  for  us  of  the  East  to  visit  the  West  because  you  have 
a  different  viewpoint.  When  you  see  the  difference  in  conditions 
between  the  East  and  the  West,  the  difference  of  potentiality  between 
the  rain-drop  and  the  sunbeam,  you  appreciate  the  fact  that  a  per- 


12  PROCEEDINGS  OP  THE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 

son's  education  is  not  complete  until  he  has  learned  the  value  of  the 
rain-drop  and  the  sunbeam  mixed. 

In  the  Southeast  we  think  we  have  a  great  region,  and  I  think  we 
are  about  in  the  condition  that  you  were  out  here  twenty-five  years 
ago.  It  was  Horace  Greeley  who  said, ' '  Go  West,  young  man, ' '  and 
it  was  good  advice  at  that  time,  but  now  I  tldnk  the  ' '  Go  West ' '  ad- 
\dce  may  be  questioned ;  for  when  we  hear  of  three  thousand  dollars, 
four  thousand  dollars,  five  thousand  dollars  or  six  thousand  dollars 
being  the  price  per  acre,  we  wonder  whether  it  is  a  good  thing  to  go 
West,  and  whether  the  advice  of  Horace  Greeley  is  not  out  of  date 
at  this  time. 

In  the  South  the  advice  we  give  is, ' '  Go  South,  young  man. ' '  And 
in  our  great  Southland  we  have  the  manless  land  waiting  for  the 
landless  man.  And  in  the  great  West  I  think  the  time  has  passed 
for  the  pioneer  to  come  to  open  up  the  place  and  start  in  with  the 
hope  of  making  a  living;  he  generally  comes  out  now  to  spend  his 
millions  after  he  has  made  them  elsewhere.  I  believe  this  is  a  splen- 
did place  to  spend  one 's  millions,  and  when  I  get  my  millions,  I  will 
try  to  get  into  that  Pasadena  class  and  live  down  there  with  them. 

But  we  have,  we  feel,  in  the  cotton  country  in  the  Southland,  a 
great  country  for  the  man  with  a  little  capital  and  a  great  deal  of 
energy,  and  the  ability  to  work  and  the  desire  to  gain  a  home.  Our 
country  is  generally  considered  as  a  cotton  and  tobacco  country,  and 
probably  some  of  that  good  tobacco  you  smoked  last  night  came 
from  there,  but  it  is  more.  It  is  said  that  in  the  Government  Census 
Bureau,  they  designate  North  Carolina  as  the  sample  state,  as  they 
say  we  grow  something  of  eveiything,  but  not  very  much  of  any- 
thing down  there.  I  do  not  know  that  I  should  tell  you  that;  but 
we  have  now  changed  that  and  we  excel  all  other  sections  of  the 
country  in  peanuts  and  sweet  potatoes.  The  possibilities  in  the 
Southeast  we  think  are  fine  because  the  land  values  have  not  gotten 
to  such  a  height  that  a  person  with  very  meager  means  cannot  make 
good.  We  raise  what  we  think  are  the  most  magnificent  apples.  We 
have  taken  them  to  many  expositions  and  are  not  ashamed  of  them. 
North  Carolina  cannot  raise  the  tropical  fruits,  but  rather  the  fruits 
of  the  sub-tropical  or  sub-temperate  zone.  'We  are  trying  to  raise 
what  we  call  quality  fruit.  Many  of  our  products  are  so  luscious 
they  will  not  travel  to  market.  That  is  the  kind  of  fruit  we  are 
trying  to  raise,  and  to  put  it  into  the  market,  and  I  came  here  to 
study  your  Western  markets  and  to  study  how  best  to  put  the  North 
Carolina  apples  on  the  market. 

It  is  a  pleasure  for  me  to  be  here  and  to  travel  as  far  as  we  have 
done  to  see  these  wonderful  things.  We  have  always  received  a 
glad  hand,  and  I  think  this  is  the  country  of  the  larger  heart  and 
the  kindlier  hand.  I  think  every  man  stands  on  his  own  merits  out 
here.  It  is  the  place  where  a  man  has  a  face  value.  In  some  of  the 
older  parts  a  man  travels  on  what  his  ancestors  did. 

We  certainly  do  appreciate  the  splendid  welcome  you  have  given 
us,  and  we  hope  when  we  get  back  to  our  home  country,  that  we  will 
have  sometime  the  pleasure  of  entertaining  you  Western  folk ;  and 


PRELIMINARY   REMARKS.  13 

although  we  do  not  think  we  can  do  as  well  as  you  have  done,  we 
will  give  you  the  best  welcome  we  know  how  to  extend.    (Applause. J 

The  President  :  California  is  a  great  country ;  Texas  is  a  won- 
derful state ;  the  Eastern  Atlantic  section  has  some  wonderful 
states;  but  the  gem  of  the  United  States  is  the  Mississippi  Valley. 
We  will  now  hear  about  the  Valley  States  by  Doctor  T.  J.  Burrill. 
(Applause.) 

Dr.  Burrill  :  What  is  that  they  say  about  scratching  someone's 
back  ?  Ever  since  we  reached  California,  with  five  minutes  of  con- 
versation, and  even  less  than  that  at  times,  I  could  say,  "Well 
enough  I  know  you,  however  you  are  dressed  up. ' '  I  can  place  you 
in  position,  you  are  a  Californian.  Were  we  at  Redlands,  or  at 
Riverside,  or  at  the  other  places  around  here  we  knew  you  to  be  all 
Californians.  I  frequently  heard  in  my  earlier  days  of  the  value  of 
faith  and  works  as  a  matter  of  theological  discussion.  It  was  on  the 
one  hand,  "Faith,  faith,  faith."  If  you  do  not  have  faith,  you  went 
to  some  place  spoken  about  this  morning.  On  the  other  hand  it  was 
"Works,  works,  works"  and  "Faith  without  works  was  not  good." 
I  find  in  this  state  of  California  that  it  is  faith  and  works.  Every 
man  we  have  talked  with  believes  in  his  own  locality.  If  it  is  Red- 
lands,  the  native  there  thinks  that  Redlands  is  the  center  of  the 
universe,  not  only  the  center  of  California,  but  of  every  place,  and 
it  is  the  same  with  Riverside  and  the  same  with  Fresno.  Fresno  is 
the  real  center.  And  so,  we  had  it  with  other  places  all  through. 
Faith  and  works  are  your  watchwords.  You  believe  in  your  own 
locality  and  your  own  affairs,  and  you  distribute  your  works  well 
the  country  over,  and  they  are  in  everybody 's  mouth. 

When  I  was  seventeen  or  eighteen  years  of  age  I  saw  a  young 
lady  tossing  an  orange  in  her  hand.  How  did  that  young  woman 
get  an  orange?  I  thought  it  was  a  wonderful  thing  that  a  human 
being  could  be  walking  the  streets  of  a  town  in  Northern  Illinois 
and  could  be  in  possession  of  that  golden  fruit  v/hich  should  be 
looked  upon  as  the  gift  of  our  Grandmother  Eve — we  know  it  was 
not  an  apple — the  Good  Book  says  nothing  of  the  apple;  nothing, 
never  mentions  a  fruit  of  that  kind,  but  it  is  this  long  luscious 
California  orange.  Everybody  is  glad  to  get  one  in  his  mouth,  al- 
though they  do  not  furnish  them  on  the  tables  here  in  California 
and  in  San  Francisco.  If  I  could  sketch  out  here  a  map  of  North 
America,  I  would  place  as  near  the  center  as  I  could  get,  the  middle 
of  the  Mississippi  Valley.  The  center  of  population  is  right  there 
in  the  Mississippi  Valley  of  the  United  States.  It  is  within  a  mile 
of  the  campus  of  the  University  of  Indiana.  It  is  a  little  to  the 
northwest.  I  do  not  pretend  I  am  a  youngster,  but  I  am  going  to 
live  to  see  the  time  when  the  center  of  population  of  the  United 
States  is  in  the  campus  of  the  University  of  Illinois,  and  I  will  not 
be  one  hundred  years  old  either  at  that  time  (applause).  That  is 
because  of  the  magnificent  development  of  this  great  Northwest. 
First,  I  thought  it  would  go  South,  but  Texas,  big  as  is  the  state, 
has  not  been  able  to  swing  it  that  way.     It  is  this  great  Rocky 


14  PKOCEEDINGS  OF  THE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 

Mountain   region,   this  that   is  tempting   the   population   in   this 
direction. 

Now,  I  must  quit  with  a  word  or  two  because  if  I  should  enter 
upon  the  subject  at  ail,  I  should  take  more  time  than  can  be 
squeezed  in  here.  It  is  a  great  area,  one  thousand  miles  square, 
of  richness,  of  fine  climate,  and  magnificent  men  and  women,  grow- 
ing in  population.  The  people  in  the  Mississippi  Valley  make  their 
piles  at  home  and  come  out  to  California  and  live  in  Pasadena  to 
spend  them  (laughter).  The  fortunes  which  have  been  brought  to 
California  which  have  been  made  in  the  Mississippi  Valley  are  very 
great,  and  they  are  growing  all  the  time,  and  they  will  contribute 
to  the  growth  of  this  magnificent  Pacific  Coast  region. 

My  neighbor.  Senator  Knapp,  has  devoted  himself  for  the  last 
twenty  years  to  the  raising  of  apples  and  this  year  he  built  a  fine 
rural  residence,  built  it  on  a  farm  at  a  cost  of  forty  thousand  dol- 
lars. I  asked  him  after  it  was  completed  early  in  the  year,  ' '  Sena- 
tor, how  did  you  do  it?"  "Ben  Davis  apples,"  he  said.  (Applause.) 

If  you  live  in  Mr.  Goodman's  locality,  and  if  you  knew  what  the 
Ben  Davis  apple  is,  you  would  not  wonder.  I  do  not  know  whether 
Mr.  Goodman  has  accumulated  a  great  fortune  or  not,  and  there- 
fore is  able  to  attend  this  great  meeting  of  the  American  Pomologi- 
cal  Society,  and  I  do  not  know  whether  his  fortune  has  come  from 
Ben  Davis  apples ;  but  it  could  come  from  them.  Down  in  the 
Ozark  region,  where  he  is,  they  raise  peaches;  and  on  the  Eastern 
coast  of  the  shore  of  Lake  Michigan  they  also  raise  peaches  and  also 
other  things  which  bless  humanity. 

Mr.  President,  I  must  suppress  my  great  admiration  of  Cali- 
fornia for  this  visit  and  I  wish  I  could  fairly  represent  the  great 
region  you  have  assigned  to  me,  but  I  will  leave  it  where  it  is. 
(Applause.) 

Receptions. 

The  President:  In  honor  of  the  ladies  of  the  Society,  there 
will  be  an  informal  reception  and  tea  to  be  held  Thursday  after- 
noon from  two-thirty  to  five  at  the  h9me  of  Mrs.  Stubenrauch,  No. 
747  Woolsey  street. 

This  evening  there  will  be  a  reception  in  this  hall  and  a  personal 
invitation  is  extended  to  all  of  you. 

The  following  committees  I  will  appoint  now: 

Appointment  op  Committees. 

On  Credentials:  The  Secretary  will  take  that  work  up.  I 
would  like  very  much  to  have  every  member  of  the  Society  give  in 
the  name  of  the  Society  which  he  represents,  whether  a  state  society 
or  a  local  society  or  other  society. 

On  Resolutions  :    Messrs.  Pomeroy,  Burrill  and  Macoun. 

On  Nominations:  The  Vice-Presideu.t  of  each  state,  unless 
the  delegates  from  that  state  choose  to  select  someone  else  to  repre- 
sent them,  acts  on  the  committee  on  nominations.  If  there  is  only  one 


THE  president's  ADDRESS.  15 

delegate  from  a  state  and  he  is  not  a  vice-president,  he  may  repre- 
sent that  state.  This  committee  will  be  called  together  at  the  will 
of  the  Chairman,  Mr.  Stubenrauch. 

On  Finances:  Messrs.  Hutt,  Stewart  and  Roberts.  That  com- 
mittee is  to  pass  on  the  Treasurer's  report  and  to  audit  his  accounts. 

On  Wilder  Medals  :  I  have  chosen  the  committee  which  acted  as 
judges  at  Washington,  and  I  think  they  are  the  best  fitted  to  work 
on  that  as  they  are  the  ones  who  judged  the  scores  of  the  teams. 
Professors  Close  and  Taft,  and  Mr.  Macoun. 

On  Obituary:  Professor  Close,  very  intimate  friend  of  both 
Colonel  Brackett  and  Professor  Van  Deman;  Dickens  of  Kansas; 
Lewis,  of  Oregon. 

Mr.  Dumas  was  called  to  take  the  Chair  and  Mr.  Goodman 
presented, 

THE  PRESIDENT'S  ADDRESS. 

All  pomological  work  needs  a  threefold  helper,  a  threefold  in- 
fluence, a  threefold  power.  Faith  and  belief  in  the  power  of  the 
hands  as  man's  first  helper;  trust  in  the  possibilities  of  the  head 
and  the  influence  of  the  will  in  its  dealing  with  all  the  labor  of  the 
hand;  thinking  out,  then  working  out  the  thoughts  and  getting  re- 
sults from  such  thoughts,  making  it  science.  See  things,  think 
things,  then  do  things.  The  third  of  this  trinity  of  pomological 
work  is  the  heart,  enthused,  on  fire  with  love  of  the  cause.  This 
heart  co-operation  is  one  v,hich  will  carry  through  almost  any  line 
of  development  that  the  mind  may  undertake,  and  carry  it  through 
successfully.  This  union  of  hand,  head,  heart  in  the  work  of 
Pomology  is  one  which  every  true  horticulturist  always  and  every- 
where recognizes  and  adopts  as  his  guide. 

I  believe  that  no  class  of  people  more  than  pomologists  use  the 
hand  and  head  and  heart  with  more  equal  balance,  more  uniformly 
and  persistently  and  thus  make  their  education  more  complete  and 
more  correct.  This  principle  is  being  recognized  by  all  our  educa- 
tors, in  almost  every  department  of  college  and  university  work, 
as  well  as  in  the  high  school  and  graded  school  life.  We  study 
better,  learn  better  (use  the  head  better)  when  hands  and  heart 
are  helping,  whether  in  the  building  of  a  character,  of  a  business 
or  a  profession. 

The  producer  fulfills  the  glorj%  the  worth  of  life.  This  joy  of 
success,  and  achievement,  of  power  to  do  things  is  and  shouldl)e  the 
aim  and  ambition  of  many  thousands  more  people  than  are  now  en- 
gaged in  such  work.  The  producer  has  to  do  with  physical  toil  as 
well  as  brain  toil  and  it  is  the  one  lacking  consideration  in  all  our 
educational  matters,  that  mental  and  physical  ability  do  not  grow 
up  together,  that  their  mutual  and  necessary  interdependence  are 
not  acknowledged  and  acted  upon. 

The  producer,  therefore,  the  fruit  grower,  meets  this  much  to  be 
desired  condition,  the  combination  of  the  muscle  and  brain,  making 
a  complete  education  of  the  man. 


16  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 

This  Society  can  stand  and  should  stand  for  this  new  order  of 
education,  honoring  the  toil  and  labor  of  the  hands  fully  as  much 
as  the  toil  and  labor  of  the  head,  and  insisting  that  both  have  the 
hearty  co-operation  of  the  heart  in  everything  that  is  undertaken. 

We  can  surely  lend  all  our  influence,  experience,  and  knowledge 
to  this  demand  for  perfect  manhood,  in  this  the  only  perfect  plan 
for  perfect  education,  the  training  of  the  hand  for  labor,  the  head 
for  thought,  the  heart  for  love  and  inspiration,  in  whatever  task 
we  have  to  undertake. 

The  business  and  growth  of  this  Society  has  prospered  since  our 
last  meeting  here  in  California  in  the  year  1895.  What  wonderful 
changes  Me  have  seen  in  the  growing,  packing  and  marketing  of  all 
our  fruits.  How  astonishing  has  been  the  increase  in  the  florists 
trades,  the  nurserymen's  business,  the  landscape  and  park  work  in 
these  last  twenty  years.  Twenty-seven  years  ago  it  was  my  good 
fortune  to  make  the  trip  (with  the  American  Horticultural  Society) 
up  and  down  the  valleys,  over  the  mountains  and  plains  of  Cali- 
fornia seeing  the  marvelous  possibilities  of  this  wonderful  state; 
and  now  we  see  all  these  prophecies  more  than  fulfilled  in  a  hundred 
different  ways,  many  new  and  unforeseen.  California  has  become 
almost  a  nation  by  itself  in  the  wonders  of  its  climate,  its  moun- 
tains and  valleys,  its  fruits  and  flowers,  its  trees  and  grains,  but 
above  all  in  its  men  and  women  who  have  made  out  of  this  land 
of  wilds,  a  land  of  milk  and  honey,  such  as  has  never  been  seen 
in  all  the  old  world  in  all  the  time  of  its  development.  No  wonder 
Califomians  are  proud  of  their  state,  but  let  them  not  forget  that  it 
belongs  to  us  all,  and  that  we  have  also  half  a  hundred  other  states 
and  lands  belonging  to  us  all. 

Many  important  matters  are  to  come  up  at  this  gathering  and  we 
hope  that  they  may  be  settled  in  the  very  best  way  and  for  the 
very  l>est  interests,  not  only  of  this  Society,  but  for  the  good  of  all 
branches  of  pomology  in  our  land. 

Federation. 

First  of  all,  I  think  a  closer  union  of  all  our  horticultural  organi- 
zations is  a  necessary  step  in  the  future  development  of  pomologi- 
cal  and  horticultural  interests  in  America;  and  then  a  hearty  co- 
operation with  the  foreign  societies.  So  many  points  come  up 
yearly,  that  need  final  settlement,  that  it  seems  necessary  to  have 
a  co-operative  and  conclusive  and  final  authority  to  decide  these 
questions. 

I  notice  that  both  the  Royal  Society  of  Great  Britain  and  the 
National  Society  of  France,  as  also  others,  are  as  anxious  as  we  are 
to  have  some  final  court  to  decide  the  nomenclature  of  varieties  in 
those  countries  and  in  the  exchange  of  varieties  from  one  country 
to  another  to  prevent  the  misuse  and  confusion  of  names.  The  idea 
of  "Federation"  which  has  been  discussed  in  a  limited  way  is  the 
most  important  and  I  have  asked  the  Executive  Committee  to  take 
it  in  charge  and  to  submit  a  report  of  their  findings  at  this  meet- 


THE  president's  ADDRESS.  17 

ing,  after  consulting  with  other  members,  other  societies,  other  or- 
ganizations, and  getting  their  suggestions  and  recommendations. 

I  sincerelj'  trust  that  all  our  membership  will  give  earnest 
thought  and  advice  and  criticisms  of  the  report  when  presented  and 
if  we  find  that  it  cannot  be  conclusive  and  settled  at  this  time  then 
that  there  be  a  special  committee  appointed  to  act  with  the  Execu- 
tive Committee  to  work  out  a  perfected  plan  as  near  as  may  be  and 
as  soon  as  possible. 

My  suggestion  as  to  a  plan  would  be  to  have  as  little  formality 
and  red  tape  as  possible,  that  every  State  Horticultural  Society  be- 
come a  member  of  the  Federation  with  one  delegate  to  attend  to 
Federation  matters.  That  District  Societies  embracing  more  than 
one  state  have  two  delegates,  and  that  every  National  Society  have 
three  delegates.  This  delegated  body  to  have  charge  of  all  matters 
pertaining  to  the  direct  work  of  regular  affairs  of  this  American 
Pomological  Society  the  same  as  other  Society  members  do  of  their 
own  society.  We  can  thus  keep  our  individuality  and  yet  secure  a 
complete  ' '  Federation. ' ' 

The  meetings  of  the  Federation  could  be  held  at  such  time  and 
place  as  would  be  most  convenient  and  then  each  component  organi- 
zation hold  its  sessions  as  sectional  meetings. 

In  this  way  those  interested  in  several  separate  lines  of  study  and 
work  would  be  able  to  attend  several  at  one  time  instead  of  missing 
most  of  them  or  going,  at  extra  expense,  to  several  different  places 
at  varied  times.  The  American  Pomological  Society  would  be  the 
basis  of  such  a  Federation  and  all  other  kindred  organizations  be- 
come members  of  this  Society  as  30-year  members  with  powers  as 
suggested  above. 

The  sections  of  the  Federation  would  be  such  as  Pomology, 
Floriculture,  Seedsmen,  Growing  Nurseries,  Landscape  Architec- 
ture, State  Horticultural  Societies,  Gardening,  each  of  the  seven 
sections  to  have  their  own  Chairman,  and  Secretary  and  other  offi- 
cers as  may  seem  necessary  to  do  the  best  work. 

I  believe  that  such  an  organization  with  its  various  sections  would 
come  to  be  recognized  as  the  final  authority  in  all  matters  pertain- 
ing to  these  departments. 

Besides  all  these  important  matters  entrusted  to  these  different 
sections,  it  would  give  an  opportunity  for  all  of  us  to  meet  the  best 
men  of  the  land  in  each  section  and  be  in  closer  sympathy  and  un- 
derstanding with  the  other  great  divisions  of  horticulture,  and  so 
know  each  other  better  by  getting  in  touch  with  all  their  business 
troubles  and  trials,  their  successes,  their  failures,  and  their 
possibilities. 

For  such  an  organization,  in  order  that  the  name  may  embrace 
the  ends  desired  in  a  "Federation"  and  yet  that  the  American 
Pomological  Society  may  retain  its  identity  as  the  central  Society 
around  which  this  Federation  will  hinge,  the  name  that  suggests 
itself  to  me  as  appropriate  is  ''American  Pomological  Society  and 
Horticultural  Federation." 


18  PROCEEDINGS  OP  THE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 

I  fully  realize  the  many,  many  interests  that  should  be  combined 
in  such  an  organization  and  the  extreme  difficulty  of  harmonizing 
them  all,  adjusting  them  equally,  but  so  much  more  the  reason  for 
the  effort,  and  so  much  greater  the  reward  if  the  aim  can  be 
achieved.  I  believe  it  can  be,  I  believe  it  should  be,  I  believe  it  will 
be  done  and  I  believe  this  is  the  time  to  begin  to  work  this  plan  out 
to  a  finish. 

' '  Somebody  said  it  couldn  't  be  done. 

But  he  with  a  chuckle  replied 
That  maybe  it  couldn't,  but  he  would  be  one 

Who  wouldn  't  say  so  until  he  tried. 
He  started  to  sing  as  he  tackled  the  thing 

That  couldn't  be  done,  and  he  did  it. 
There  are  thousands  to  tell  you  it  cannot  be  done 

There  are  thousands  to  prophesy  failure, 
But  just  start  in  to  sing  as  you  tackle  the  thing 

That  'cannot  be  done'  and  you'll  do  it." 

Man  is  the  factor  in  all  this  new  development  and  he  is  not  fol- 
lowing the  old  bounden  rules  of  past  ages.  We  find  ourselves 
changing  and  modifying  our  rules  and  ideas  with  experiences  as  the 
years  go  by. 

Cultivating,  pruning,  healing  of  the  wounds,  spraying,  the  insect 
and  fungus  life,  marketing  and  co-operation,  all  these  are  being 
modified  day  by  day  from  the  experiences  of  growers. 

Let  us  hold  fast  to  the  truths  and  facts  as  we  prove  them,  but  let 
us  not  be  afraid  to  change  or  modify  our  opinions  when  experience 
proves  we  are  wrong. 

Recommendations : 

(1)  That  our  Executive  Committee  decide  on  what  shall  be  the 
permanent  badge  for  this  Society.  It  seems  that  there  is  some  ques- 
tion or  objection  to  the  last  work  of  the  Executive  Committee  on 
this  point. 

(2)  That  the  Honor  Roll  be  confirmed,  so  that  names  can  be 
entered  upon  it  by  a  three-fourths  vote  of  the  members  present. 

(3)  That  the  effort  to  secure  funds  through  an  endowment  be 
pressed  to  final  action. 

(4)  That  a  systematic  and  definite  plan  be  decided  upon  to 
secure  membership  in  our  Society  representing  every  state  of  our 
Union.  We  need  and  must  secure  a  larger  representative  member- 
ship. I  trust  something  will  be  done  at  this  time  to  this  end,  and 
that  the  Treasurer,  Mr.  Taft,  be  authorized  to  push  the  campaign 
for  this  membership  to  the  best  of  his  ability. 

(5)  That  the  Committee  on  the  Wilder  Medal  be  requested  to 
make  a  final  report  of  their  work  for  the  past  two  years  and  be 
asked  to  continue  to  act  for  the  next  two  years  also. 

(6)  That  our  Committee  on  Grading  make  a  report  on  the  man- 
ner of  indicating  the  three  grades  of  apples,  1,  2,  3,  or  XXX,  XX, 

X,  or  A,  B,  C,  and  thus  settle  our  confusion. 


THE  PRESIDENT 'g  ADDRESS.  19 

(7)  That  the  Committee  on  Revision  complete  its  work  and  sub- 
mit the  plan  for  reliable  catalogues  for  the  nurserymen 's  approval, 
and  that  the  rules  of  A.  P.  S.  be  strictly  adhered  to  as  to  names  and 
synonyms. 

(8)  While  in  the  Mariposa  Grove  and  noting  the  names  of  the 
various  big  trees  I  thought  how  wonderful  they  all  were  and  said 
to  myself  that  the  very  society  which  stands  for  all  tree  growth  had 
no  ' '  memorial  tree ' '  and  decided  that  we  should  at  once  make  appli- 
cation for  the  selection  and  naming  of  one  of  those  giant  trees, 
American  Pomological  Society. 

Over-production  is  not  the  question  for  us,  so  much  as  Transpor- 
tation and  Distribution.  There  is  no  reason  at  all  why  we  should 
not,  by  thorough  co-operation,  have  always  and  everywhere  enough 
fruit  for  everyone,  rich  and  poor.  The  consumption  of  the  apple 
has  been  curtailed  to  a  great  extent  by  inadequate  distribution  and 
by  the  high  prices  for  fancy  box  apples.  There  is  a  very  large  loss 
of  eaters  that  would  consume  ten  times  the  quantity  of  apples,  pro- 
vided they  could  get  them  at  reasonable  prices. 

Let  us  then  keep  in  mind  this  large  proportion  of  our  people,  the 
working  class  and  provide  medium  priced  apples  for  their  use  in 
unlimited  quantity. 

This  question  enters  more  closely  into  the  status  of  American 
Pomology  than  any  other  one  question  I  know.  This  was  shown  too 
plainly  in  the  hundreds  of  car  loads  of  bulk  apples  delivered  last 
year  at  our  various  consumption  points  at  a  low  price  for  a  medium 
apple.  It  is  better,  then,  to  have  everybody  eating  apples  even  if 
they  are  not  so  fine  in  quality,  provided  they  are  sound  and  cheap 
enough.  The  status  of  American  Pomology,  therefore,  depends  on 
the  transportation  problem  so  far  as  the  apple  is  considered. 

I  am  glad  that  some  of  the  railroads  are  taking  up  this  question 
of  markets  for  the  products  on  their  lines.  This  much  is  sure :  If 
the  railroads  do  not  take  up  this  matter  of  distribution  and  help 
put  things  in  shape  so  that  the  growers  can  make  some  money  out 
of  their  products  then  the  railroads  will  kill  the  greatest  developer 
along  their  lines,  instead  of  fostering  it. 

The  co-operative  organizations  all  over  our  land  are  trying  to 
solve  this  puzzling  question  and  now  we  need  the  assistance  of  the 
railroads  to  bring  this  transportation  and  distribution  problem 
to  a  successful  solution. 

Too  many  problems  there  are  for  me  to  enumerate  to  you  even, 
and  we  find  we  can  touch  only  a  portion  of  them  in  our  program. 

We  have  come  a  long  distance  to  hold  this  meeting  and  it  will  be 
well  if  we  keep  in  close  attendance  and  close  touch  with  every 
session,  with  each  paper  and  speaker  and  the  discussions.  We  be- 
speak for  each  paper  your  earnest  attention  and  consideration,  so 
that  the  discussion  (ofttimes  the  best  part  of  the  meeting)  may  pro- 
ceed in  an  intelligent  and  definite  manner. 

Let  all  our  committees  do  their  work  quickly  and  well,  and  make 
their  reports  as  soon  as  possible.    Let  all  business  matters  be  well  in 


20  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 

hand  and  in  definite  shape  so  that  they  may  be  acted  upon  quickly 
and  intelligently.  Let  all  papers  on  the  program  be  ready  on  call, 
that  there  may  be  no  delay  in  their  presentation. 

Let  us  have  all  invitations  and  excursions  arranged  definitely  and 
simply  and  when  we  accept  them  let  us  all  attend  in  a  body  that 
it  may  be  an  enthusiastic  acceptance. 

Twenty-seven  years  ago  it  was  my  happy  fortune  to  visit  with 
the  American  Horticultural  Society  all  parts  of  California  from  San 
Diego  to  Mt.  Shasta.  This  land  of  wonder,  even  as  seen  at  that 
time,  has  come  to  be  still  more  the  wonderland  of  this  whole  country. 

With  us  at  that  time  was  one  of  the  most  noted  historians  of  the 
United  States,  John  Clark  Ridpath.  He  gave  a  most  vivid  descrip- 
tion of  this  trip  and  land  of  promise,  which  is  published  in  the  re- 
port of  the  American  Horticultural  Society  for  1888.  One  of  his 
noted  sayings  I  have  always  remembered  because  of  its  prophetic 
vision ;  he  gave  it  as  we  were  standing  at  the  edge  of  Golden  Gate 
Park  viewing  the  vast  expanse  of  the  Pacific  Ocean  before  us. 

The  idea  he  gave  is  written  in  these  words. 

"The  civilization  of  the  world  has  gone  westward,  always  west- 
ward, crossing  the  Atlantic  with  the  Pilgrim  Fathers,  through  the 
forests,  across  rivers,  over  the  plains,  up  and  over  and  through  the 
mountains  until  it  has  reached  this  Western  Ocean,  its  first  circle 
of  the  earth. 

"The  next  step  will  be  this  same  Western  civilization  stepping 
across  the  Pacific  Ocean  and  starting  in  those  far  Eastern  countries 
for  its  second  circle  of  civilization  of  the  world ;  and  on  this  second 
journey  it  will  be  imbued  with  power  from  the  American  Idea,  so 
that  it  will  accomplish  more  and  greater  things  than  ever  were 
known  or  thought  of. '  * 

How  true  this  prophecy  is  we  see  today  in  the  events  of  the  pres- 
ent. Twenty  years  ago  this  American  Pomological  Society  met  here 
in  California  and  the  report  of  1895  will  give  you  an  idea  of  the 
great  times  and  the  splendid  visions  the  members  then  saw  in  the 
fulfillment  of  all  the  ' '  prophecies. ' '  And  now  again  w^e  are  viewing 
this  beautiful  land,  with  a  glad  desire  to  make  it  part  of  our  life  to 
enjoy  for  many  years. 

The  unity  of  ideas,  this  meeting  in  various  parts  of  our  great 
America,  at  different  times,  with  different  men,  both  old  and  new 
friends  gives  a  new  inspiration  to  better,  greater  things.  We  meet 
here,  therefore,  under  peculiarly  happy  circumstances,  a  joyous, 
interesting,  delightful  time,  we  are  having — a  better  time  in  a 
horticultural  way  we  never  expect  to  have.     (Prolonged  applause.) 

Announcements. 

The  Chairman:  Mr.  Taft,  our  Treasurer,  wants  to  make  a 
statement. 

Mr.  Taft  :  Mr.  President,  I  wish  to  call  to  the  attention  of  the 
members  the  matter  of  badges.  Quite  a  number  are  present  who 
are  members  and  who  have  not  yet  registered.    The  funds  are  at  a 


^;EEL)LIN(i  TK'Kl-,  OK  AlANCK)  CUINO  IX  KUIIT,  (^I'lNTA  AVILES,  CIENFUKGOS. 


THE  MANGOS  OF  CUBA.  21 

very  low  stage,  and  to  print  the  report  we  need  all  the  funds  we  can 
get  from  our  membership.  We  hope  all  will  enroll  for  the  next  two 
years ;  the  fee  is  two  dollars ;  and  for  life  membership,  twenty-five 
dollars;  a  life  membership  secures  copies  of  all  of  the  reports  now 
on  hand.  We  can  supply  the  reports  back  to  1889,  and  a  few  be- 
yond that.  We  would  be  glad  to  have  those  who  represent  colleges 
see  that  the  colleges  they  represent  are  supplied  with  the  papers  and 
reports.  When  you  go  out  I  would  be  glad  to  have  you  stop  in  the 
hallway  at  the  registration  desk  and  register  and  get  your  badges. 

Mr.  Tippen  :  1  have  a  little  announcement  to  make,  and  I  wish 
to  say  before  I  give  it  that  it  gives  me  great  pleasure  to  do  so  at  this 
time.  Especially  as  it  is  on  behalf  of  the  state  that  adheres  to  the 
principle  "We  will  show  you,  instead  of  asking  you  to  show  us." 
I  am  especially  gratified  with  the  arrangement  of  apples  now  placed 
on  exhibition  at  the  Exposition.  We  have  a  number  which  were  to 
come  over  here  for  your  disposition,  they  were  ordered  over  yester- 
day morning,  and  they  were  delayed  in  transit  across  the  bay,  and 
did  not  get  here  until  this  morning.  Had  they  not  been  ordered 
yesterday  morning  I  am  quite  satisfied  that  my  friend  Dumas  would 
think  we  had  ordered  them  today  as  a  come-back  at  him  for  his 
comment  on  Missouri.  He  stated  to  you  that  when  he  came  to  a 
farmers'  banquet  at  Columbia  several  years  ago,  after  eating  all  the 
splendid  things  on  the  table  he  found  we  had  to  go  to  Washington 
for  apples  to  adorn  the  table.  Now,  my  friend  Dumas,  that  bears 
out  the  fact  that  Missourians  have  a  high  feeling  for  you  and  for 
your  apples,  but  now  and  then  when  some  citizen  becomes  over- 
solicitious  in  advance  on  the  commercial  side  of  horticulture,  and 
puts  into  the  background  the  social  and  the  ethical,  and  the  better 
side  of  it,  we  have  sometimes  yielded  to  his  demands.  To  get  beauti- 
ful specimens  they  did  go  to  your  country.  But  we  have  found  that 
the  better  side,  the  ethical  side,  has  suffered  from  the  quality  and 
the  flavor  of  the  fruit  which  has  been  served,  and  so  last  year  we 
decided  that  the  Missouri  product  should  be  improved  in  quality. 
We  have  placed  in  the  hall  out  here  some  Ingraham  apples,  and 
some  Winesap  apples,  and  we  hope  you  will  partake  of  them  liber- 
ally at  the  recess  time  for  luncheon. 

Dr.  Wickson  asked  that  we  place  at  his  disposal  for  the  members 
of  his  class  whatever  was  left  over.  (Laughter.)  These  apples 
come  to  us  as  a  contribution  from  the  Horticultural  Society  and  the 
Missouri  Exhibit  at  the  Panama-Pacific  International  Exposition. 
(Applause.) 

THE  MANGOS  OF  CUBA. 

Wilson  Popenoe,  Washington,  D.  C 

Cuba  must  be  numbered  among  those  tropical  countries  in  which 
the  mango  is  King  of  Fruits.  Whether  one  grants  that  it  is  the 
finest  fruit  in  the  island — and  there  is  no  lack  of  Cubans  who  will 
affirm  this  to  be  a  fact — one  is  forced  to  admit  that  it  is  by  far  the 


22  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 

most  abundant.  It  springs  up  on  all  sides,  wherever  a  seed  chances 
to  fall  upon  favorable  ground,  forming  a  large,  handsome  tree  which 
embellishes  the  landscape  and  provides  in  the  summer  months  a 
wealth  of  luscious  fruit. 

It  is  but  natural  that  there  should  be  found,  among  the  innumer- 
able seedling  trees  scattered  over  the  island,  a  number  of  distinct 
races  and  types.  It  has  long  been  recognized,  in  certain  parts  of 
the  tropics,  that  many  seedling  mangos  come  more  or  less  "true  to 
type"  when  propagated  from  seed,  and  because  of  this  fact  the 
natives  have  learned  to  recognize  certain  of  the  best  defined  types 
and  have  distinguished  them  with  varietal  names.  With  the  avo- 
cado, another  fruit  extensively  grown  in  Cuba,  this  is  not  the  case ; 
seedling  forms  are  innumerable,  but  names  are  not  used  to  dis- 
tinguish the  different  ones,  probably  because  it  has  been  learned 
that  the  offspring  of  a  superior  tree  do  not  reproduce  the  charac- 
teristics of  the  parent  to  any  extent,  and  because  no  well  defined 
classes  of  seedlings  can  be  pointed  out. 

With  mangos  a  different  state  of  affairs  obtains.  The  best  known 
seedling  races  and  types,  such  as  mango*  manga  amarilla  and 
manga  blanca,  are  recognizable  by  anyone  who  has  the  least 
familiarity  with  the  fruit,  and  there  can  be  do  doubt  but  that  seed- 
lings of  these  classes  will,  in  the  majority  of  cases,  reproduce  the 
characteristics  of  the  parent  to  a  great  enough  extent  to  make  them 
recognizable  as  belonging  to  the  same  type  as  the  parent.  We  must 
admit  the  possibility,  for  the  time  being,  that  occasional  seedlings 
may  depart  from  the  type,  perhaps  because  of  cross  pollination, 
perhaps  because  of  some  other  cause.  Occasional  aberrant  forms 
are  found  in  Cuba  which  can  only  be  accounted  for  by  some  such 
explanation  as  cross  pollination.  On  the  whole,  however,  it  can  be 
considered  that  the  various  races  and  types  described  in  this  paper 
come  true  from  seed,  in  so  far  as  concerns  the  characteristics  which 
distinguish  the  group. 

This  peculiar  characteristic  of  coming  true  from  seed,  a  thing 
very  rare  among  tree  fruits,  must  be  attributed  in  seedling  mangos 
to  polyembryony,  a  phenomenon  which  has  long  been  known  to  oc- 
cur in  mangos.  While  it  has  never  been  thoroughly  studied,  and 
much  remains  to  be  learned  about  it,  the  investigations  of  Belling 
have  thrown  considerable  light  on  the  subject.  Belling,  working 
at  the  Florida  Experiment  Station  in  1908,  found  that  in  one  race 
of  mangos,  known  as  No.  11  in  Florida  and  Jamaica,  mango  in 
Cuba,  the  seeds  were  commonly  polyembryonic,  i.  e.  contained  more 
than  one  embryo,  and  gave  rise  to  as  many  as  eight  or  ten  plants. 
A  microscopic  examination  of  numerous  young  fruits  showed  that 
these  several  embryos  were  not  the  product  of  fertilization  of  the 
egg  cell  in  the  ovary   (the  normal  method  of  producing  new  in- 


•To  those  unfamiliar  with  the  popular  classification  of  majigos  in  Cuba,  it  may 
seem  peculiar  that  this  name,  which  properly  belongs  to  all  fruits  of  Mangifera  indica, 
should  be  used  to  distinguish  a  race.  It  must  be  explained  that  the  natives  commonly 
divide  mangos  into  two  classes,  which  they  distinguish  by  the  names  of  mango  and 
manga,  the  masculine  and  feminine  forms  of  the  word.  It  has  been  thought  best,  there- 
fore, to  retain  this  name  in  its  Cuban  application. 


THE  MANGOS  OP  CUBA.  23 

dividuals  in  all  the  higher  plants),  but  that  they  arose  as  minute 
vegetative  buds  in  the  nucellar  tissue  surrounding  the  egg  cell.  The 
trees  which  they  produce  are,  therefore,  comparable  to  budded  or 
grafted  trees,  in  that  they  should  reproduce  more  or  less  exactly  the 
characteristics  of  the  parent.  Belling  did  not  find  a  single  embryo 
which  had  developed  from  a  fertilized  egg  cell,  but  it  is  possible 
that  the  occasional  trees  of  these  well  known  seedling  types  which 
do  not  come  true  may  have  developed  from  fertilized  egg  cells,  and 
would,  therefore,  be  as  capable  of  variation  as  ordinary  seedlings 
of  other  tree  fruits.  It  remains  to  be  shown  whether  the  egg  cell 
ever  develops  into  an  embryo  in  polyembryonic  mangos,  and  to  what 
extent  they  may  be  affected  by  cross  pollination.  No  investigations 
have  been  made  with  monoembryonic  mangos,  such  as  Mulgoba, 
Bennett  and  other  grafted  varieties  grown  in  Florida  and  Cuba, 
but  with  these  we  are  not  concerned  here. 

As  Cuba  was  known  to  possess  a  large  number  of  interesting  races 
and  types,  it  was  thought  worth  while  to  devote  the  month  of  July, 
1915 — the  season  during  which  most  of  the  mangos  ripen — to  a 
thorough  investigation  of  Cuban  mangos,  in  order  to  learn  as  much 
as  possible  concerning  their  relationships,  productiveness  and  other 
characteristics,  and  to  bring  to  light  choice  types  which  might  be 
worthy  of  propagation.  This  work  was  greatly  facilitated  by  the 
hearty  co-operation  of  the  Cuban  Sub-Secretary  of  Agriculture,  Sr. 
Arias,  who  appointed  Sr.  Gonzalo  M  Fortun,  Ayudante  Tecnico  of 
the  Departamento  de  Botanica  at  the  Estacion  Agronomica  Experi- 
mental to  travel  with  me  through  the  island  and  assist  in  the  inves- 
tigations. I  am  also  greatly  indebted  to  Prof.  J.  T.  Crawley, 
Director  of  the  Estacion  Agronomica  Experimental,  and  to  Prof 
H.  A.  Van  Hermann,  Chief  of  the  Division  of  Agricultural  Vul- 
garisation of  the  Department  of  Agriculture,  for  valuable  assistance 
in  the  work. 

Distribution  op  the  Mango  in  Cuba. 

The  mango  is  widely  distributed  throughout  Cuba,  but  it  was  seen 
most  abundantly  in  the  region  around  Habana,  where  it  is  a  con- 
spicuous feature  of  the  landscape,  and  in  the  hills  back  of  Santiago 
de  Cuba.  Toward  Pinar  del  Rio,  the  tree  was  not  seen  as  commonly 
as  farther  eastward,  though  for  the  first  thirty  or  forty  miles  after 
leaving  Habana  it  is  abundant  over  the  countryside.  Between 
Habana  and  Matanzas  the  tree  is  fairly  common,  and  it  is  rather 
extensively  grown  in  some  of  the  old  Quintas  of  the  Yumuri  Val- 
ley, near  Matanzas.  Farther  west  in  Matanzas  province  we  found 
it  less  abundant.  Around  Santa  Clara  it  is  fairly  abundant.  At 
Cienfuegos  there  are  a  number  of  groves  and  quite  a  few  scattering 
trees,  but  it  is  not  so  abundant  outside  the  town  as  in  some  other 
sections  of  the  island.  At  Trinidad,  on  the  south  coast  a  short  dis- 
tance east  of  Cienfuegos,  we  found  plenty  of  trees,  many  having 
become  naturalized  in  the  mountains  from  seeds  dropped  by  the 
guajiros  (countrymen),  returning  to  their  homes  in  the  mountain 


24  PROCEEDINGS  OP  THE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 

valleys.  Toward  Camagiiey  the  trees  were  less  frequent  on  the 
plains.  Around  the  town  of  Camagiiey  itself,  however,  the  mango 
is  fairly  abundant,  but  the  types  are  seemingly  rather  inferior. 
The  nomenclature  of  the  groups  seems  to  change  in  this  region,  and 
the  names  applied  in  Habana,  Matanzas,  and  Santa  Clara  provinces, 
are  no  longer  used.  At  Santiago  de  Cuba  mangos  are  very  abund- 
ant, and  during  the  season  they  are  hauled  into  the  markets  every 
morning  by  the  cart  load.  Farther  east  in  Oriente  province,  how- 
ever, we  saw  comparatively  few  trees,  and  at  Guantanamo  most  ot 
the  best  mangos  were  being  shipped  in  from  Santiago  de  Cuba. 

The  common  seedling  races,  mango  and  manga,  are  pretty  well  dis- 
tributed throughout  the  island,  and  in  most  localities  are  practically 
the  only  ones  grown.  There  are,  however,  a  few  places  which  pos- 
sess unusually  choice  types  and  are  noted  for  them  throughout  the 
island.  Chief  among  such  places  are  Cienfuegos  and  Santiago  de 
Cuba.  With  the  exception  of  the  Filipino,  which  is  found  around 
Habana  and  which  I  have  never  seen  in  eastern  Cuba,  the  best  man- 
gos of  the  island  are  probably  grown  near  these  two  cities.  In  the 
outskirts  of  Cienfuegos  there  is  a  garden  known  as  the  Quinta 
Aviles,  now  the  property  of  the  Asturian  Society,  which  contains  a 
large  number  of  old  mango  trees,  including  a  wider  range  of  types 
than  I  have  seen  in  any  other  Cuban  collection.  The  well  known 
mango  Chino  and  manga  Mamey  are  found  in  this  quinta,  and 
from  it  the  markets  of  Habana  are  supplied  with  fruits  of  both  of 
these  types.  Mango  Chino  is  now  grown  in  other  gardens  near 
Cienfuegos,  the  seeds  having  been  taken  from  the  Quinta  Aviles. 

At  Santiago  de  Cuba  there  are  several  types  of  very  superior 
quality  which  are  not  quite  so  limited  in  distribution  as  are  mango 
Chino  and  manga  Mamey  of  Cienfuegos.  Along  the  hillsides 
around  El  Caney,  a  few  miles  back  of  Santiago,  are  scattering  trees 
of  the  type  known  as  Biscochuelo,  a  fruit  which  I  believe  to  be, 
everything  considered,  the  most  desirable  seedling  type  which  we 
studied.  While  inferior  to  Filipino  in  quality,  it  is  a  good  fruit  and 
so  much  more  productive  that  it  seems  to  me  more  valuable.  The 
names  Seilora  and  Obispo  are  applied  to  several  large  and  fine  types 
which  are  also  found  around  Santiago.  Corazon,  Mamey  and 
Toledo  are  common  and  well  defined  types,  but  of  no  great  merit. 
They  were  not  observed  elsewhere  in  the  island.  A  considerable 
number  of  types  appear  to  be  peculiar  to  this  region,  and  it  seems 
to  be  the  belief  in  Oriente  that  they  were  introduced  by  some  of  the 
French  immigrants  who  came  over  from  Haiti  when  they  were 
driven  out  of  that  island  by  the  blacks. 

Classification. 

The  classification  of  mangos  presents  some  interesting  problems, 
and  as  yet  very  little  has  been  done  toward  the  solution  of  any  of 
them.  The  subject  is  large,  and  will  require  an  infinite  amount  of 
study,  yet  everything  seems  to  indicate  that  we  will,  in  time,  be  able 
to  have  a  system  which  will  bring  out  the  relationships  of  different 


THE  MANGOS  OP  CUBA.  25 

groups  and  be  of  practical  value  in  studying  varieties.  For  exam- 
ple, the  Indian  variety  Sandersha  is  characterized  by  unusual  pro- 
ductiveness. Two  or  three  other  varieties  which  have  been  grown 
in  Florida  appear  to  belong  to  the  same  group  and  are  also  unusual- 
ly productive  for  Indian  mangos.  It  seems,  then,  that  productive- 
ness is  a  characteristic  of  this  group  of  varieties,  and  when  we  learn 
that  a  variety  belongs  to  this  group  we  can  at  once  infer  that  it  is 
likely  to  be  fruitful.  The  various  forms  of  Alphonse  or  Alfonzo, 
Indian  mangos  which  are  now  grown  in  Florida,  also  seem  to  have 
much  in  common  when  it  comes  to  bearing  habits.  The  question 
may,  therefore,  be  considered  a  practical  one,  and  not  unworthy  of 
attention. 

First  of  all,  it  is  necessary  to  emphasize  the  need  of  a  natural 
system  of  classification,  as  opposed  to  an  artificial  or  arbitrary  one, 
in  which  mangos  are  grouped  according  to  the  shape  of  the  fruit  or 
some  other  character  of  this  nature.  Such  a  system,  while  per- 
haps useful,  does  not  really  meet  our  needs,  and  should  be  avoided. 
A  system  taking  into  consideration  natural  affinities  of  varieties  or 
types,  however,  cannot  fail  to  be  of  great  value  in  our  study  of 
the  mango. 

Arbitrary  systems  of  classification  have  been  proposed  by  one  or 
two  Indian  pomologists,  but  have  never  been  used.  A  few  attempts 
have  been  made  in  India  to  classify  varieties  into  natural  groups, 
and  these  have  been  somewhat  more  successful,  but  they  have  never 
been  carried  far  enough.  The  best  known  instance  of  a  natural 
classification  is  probably  that  attempted  by  Maries,  in  "Watt's 
Dictionary  of  Economic  Products  of  India,  but  the  field  is  so  exten- 
sive that  Maries  probably  covered  but  a  small  portion  of  it,  and 
did  not  make  a  very  thorough  study  of  even  that  portion. 

In  this  country,  practically  the  only  effort  to  classify  mangos  is 
that  which  has  been  made  by  Professor  Rolfs  of  Florida,  and  is  set 
forth  in  his  bulletin  "Mangos  in  Florida"  (Bui.  127,  Fla.  Agricul- 
tural Experiment  Sta.).  Prof.  Rolfs  has  formed  nine  groups  into 
which  he  places  the  mangos  of  the  Miami  region,  ])oth  those  of  In- 
dian origin  and  the  local  seedling  forms.  This  is  an  effort  along  the 
right  line,  but  much  remains  to  be  done  before  the  subject  will  be 
thoroughly  worked  out. 

In  this  attempt  at  classifying  the  principal  seedling  mangos  of 
Cuba,  an  effort  ha,s  been  made  to  recognize  relationship  and  degree 
of  relationship  as  well.  The  first  and  broadest  division  is  there- 
fore into  groups  for  which  I  have  used  the  term  race;  the  second 
is  into  typoi,  of  which  several  may  be  comprised  in  one  race.  This 
classification  has  been  made  necessarj^  by  the  fact  that  the  manga 
hlanca  and  manga  amarilla  of  Cuba,  though  quite  distinct,  are  evi- 
dently more  closely  related  to  each  other,  judging  by  characteris- 
tics of  growth,  inflorescence  and  fruit,  than  they  are  to  any  fruits 
of  the  mango  race.  As  they  are  seedlings,  however,  we  cannot  ap- 
ply the  term  variety  to  them,  and  I  have,  therefore,  termed  them 
types.    Some  of  these  types  correspond  to  the  divisions  Prof.  Rolfs 


26  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 

has  termed  groups,  but  for  seedling  fruits  I  believe  the  term  type 
is  better.  The  word  group  rather  implies  an  assemblage  of  related 
horticultural  varieties  or  forms,  while  these  seedling  types  such  as 
manga  amarilla,  as  seen  in  Cuba,  are  so  constant  that  the  tenn 
group  does  not  seem  fitting.  In  considering  horticultural  varieties, 
however,  it  would  seem  more  natural  to  throw  them  together  into 
groups,  each  group  containing  a  number  of  allied  varieties,  or  those 
having  several  characteristics  in  common.  There  is  naturally  some 
slight  variation  within  each  type  and  any  of  these  variations,  if 
propagated  asexually  (by  budding  or  grafting)  would  constitute 
a  true  horticultural  variety. 

This  classification  would  comprise,  then,  three  divisions ;  the  first 
and  broadest  one  is  races,  the  second  seedling  types,  several  of  which 
may  be  included  in  one  race,  and  the  third  horticultural  varieties, 
which  are  propagated  by  budding  or  grafting,  and  of  which  sev- 
eral may  be  included  in  one  type. 


Key  to  the  Principal  Cuban  Mangos. 

A.  Tree  erect,  height  60  to  70  feet ;  crown  open,  oval  or  ovate 
in  form ;  panicle  8  to  12  inches  long,  the  axis  rather 
slender,  reddish  maroon ;  fruit  strongly  compressed 
laterally,  with  curved  and  beaked  apex,  color  yellow, 
often  blushed  with  crimson,  the  fiber  long  and  coarse; 
season  June  to  July. 

Race  1.    Mango. 

AA.  Tree  not  erect,  but  spreading,  height  only  35  to  40  feet; 
crown  not  open,  but  dense,  not  oval  or  ovate  but  dome- 
shaped  or  flat-topped;  panicle  shorter,  6  to  10  inches 
long,  the  axis  very  stout,  pale  green,  tinged  red- 
dish; fruit  not  strongly  compressed,  very  plump,  the 
beak  wanting,  color  yellow  to  orange  without  reddish 
blush,  fiber  long  and  fine ;  season  July  to  August. 
Race  2.    Manga. 

B.     Fruit  elongate,  oval  to  ovate,  deep  orange-yellow,  the 
flesh  bright  orange. 

Type  1.    Manga  amanlla. 

BB.  Fruit  nearly  or  quite  as  broad  as  long,  decidedly 
oblique,  bright  yellow  in  color,  the  flesh  whitish 
yellow. 

Type  2.    Manga  blanca. 

AAA.     Tree  erect,  height  only  30  or  35  feet;  crown  not  open  but 
very  dense,  oval  or  rounded ;  panicle  very  long,  12  to  24 

inches,    axis    rather    slender;    pale    green,    sometimes 


THE  MANGOS  OF  CUBA.  27 

tinged  reddish ;  fruit  strongly  compressed  laterally  but 
sharply  pointed  rather  than  curved  and  beaked  at  apex, 
color  lemon  yellow  with  no  reddish  blush,  fiber  short  and 
scanty,  usually  limited  to  ventral  edge  of  seed;  season 
July  to  August. 

Race  ^.    Filipino. 

Race  1.    Mango. 

The  mango  race  is  by  far  the  commonest  throughout  Cuba.  It 
seems,  in  fact,  to  be  the  common  race  in  other  parts  of  tropical 
America  as  well.  In  Florida  it  has  become  established  (at  least  on 
the  east  coast,  near  Miami)  under  the  name  of  "No.  11."  The  tree 
is  easily  distinguished  from  manga  by  its  form,  which  is  erect,  tall, 
with  the  crown  rather  open,  not  dense  and  umbrageous  as  in  both 
the  manfja  and  Filipino  races.  The  fruit  ai^^o  is  not  difficult  to  dis- 
tinguish, being  characterized  by  its  elongated,  curved  form  and 
compressed  sides,  mailing  it  decidedly  reniform  as  a  rule.  The 
color  varies  from  light  yellow  to  crimson,  there  usually  being  a 
reddish  blush  on  the  cheek  of  yellow  fruited  forms.  The  flavor  is 
not  as  sweet  and  rich  as  that  of  manga,  hence  the  latter  is  nearly 
always  preferred  by  the  Cubans.  The  fiber  is  coarse  and  long,  but 
not  so  abundant  as  in  manga.  This  race  is  the  first  to  ripen,  coming 
into  season  in  June  (sometimes  in  May)  ;  by  the  time  manga  com- 
mences to  ripen  it  is  nearly  gone  by.  It  is  much  more  subject  to 
anthracnose  than  manga,  and  clean  fruits  are  rarely  obtainable. 
As  a  rule  the  fruits  come  into  market  badly  stained  with  fungus, 
and  when  they  are  fully  ripe,  the  disease  spreads  rapidly  and  they 
are  soon  unfit  for  use. 

There  seem  to  be  no  well-defined  types  of  this  race  recognized  in 
Cuba,  though  the  fruit  of  different  trees  varies  quite  noticeably. 
Varietal  names  are  often  applied  to  individual  trees.  Mango 
manzana  and  mango  corazon  are  two  of  the  commonest  names,  these 
being  applied  to  quite  a  number  of  forms.  The  race  appears  to 
have  been  established  in  Cuba  a  long  time,  and  its  origin  is  obscure. 

The  flowers  are  produced  on  rather  loose  panicles  8  to  12  inches 
long,  the  axis  bright  reddish  maroon.  The  lateral  branches  are 
rather  scattering,  and  the  flowers  are  not  so  crowded  as  in  the 
manga  race.  The  proportion  of  perfect  to  staminate  flowers  is 
good,  but  not  as  high  as  in  the  Filipino  race. 

The  characteristics  of  this  fruit,  as  seen  in  Cuba,  are  as  follows : 

Form  varying  from  reniform  to  oblique-cordate,  always  somewhat 
compressed  laterally  and  more  or  less  beaked  at  the  apex;  length 
21/2  to  5  inches,  weight  5  to  12  ounces ;  shoulders  rarely  equal,  the  left 
shoulder  usually  high  and  broad,  right  shoulder  falling  more  or  less 
abruptly ;  nak  14  to  14  inch  from  longitudinal  apex ;  surface  smooth, 
color  yellow  green,  greenish  yellow  or  deep  yellow,  often  washed 
with  carmine  toward  the  basal  end,  the  subcutaneous  dots  minute 


28  PROCEEDINGS  OP  THE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 

and  inconspicuous,  rather  numerous ;  skin  thick  and  tough,  of  firm 
texture;  flesh  light  orange  yellow  in  color,  very  juicy,  flavor  sul)- 
acid  to  SAveet,  not  very  rich  nor  piquant,  the  aroma  very  faint ;  fiber 
abundant,  long,  coarse,  extending  from  all  parts  of  the  seed ;  quality 
rather  poor;  seed  oblong-oblique,  3  to  3%  inches  long,  thick,  con- 
taining 2  to  10  embryos,  endocarp  rather  thin. 

It  may  be  possible  to  consider  Mango  chino  of  Cienfuegos  and 
some  of  the  other  types  of  limited  distribution  as  belonging  to  this 
race,  but  for  the  present  I  have  kept  them  separate.  The  Cubans 
themselves  usually  speak  of  Chino  as  belonging  to  this  class.  The 
tree  has  the  same  characteristics  of  growth  and,  the  fruit  is  quite 
similar  in  nearly  every  way. 

I  have  classed  this  as  a  race,  since  it  presents  many  more  varia- 
tions than  should  be  found  in  a  type.  Its  seedlings  in  Cuba,  how- 
ever, usually  bear  a  strong  resemblance  to  each  other. 

Race  2.    Manga. 

This  race  includes  two  distinct  and  widely  distributed  types  in 
Cuba,  and  there  are  a  number  of  minor  types,  such  as  Manga 
mamey  of  Cienfuegos,  which  are  usually  considered  by  the  natives 
as  belonging  to  this  class.  For  the  present,  however,  I  have  only  in- 
cluded in  it  the  two  important  types. 

The  ti*ee  is  easily  distinguished  from  that  of  the  mango  race  by 
its  low  and  spreading  form,  dome-shaped  or  flat-topped,  the  crown 
being  dense  and  not  open  as  in  mango.  Usually  it  is  not  difficult  to 
identify  a  tree  of  this  race,  unless  it  is  growing  under  somewhat  un- 
natural conditions — crowded  among  others,  for  example,  so  that  it 
is  forced  to  seek  the  light  and  hence  grows  abnormally  tall.  The 
fruit  is  not  strongly  compressed  as  in  the  mango  race,  being  nearly 
or  quite  round  in  cross  section,  and  the  color  is  light  to  deep  yellow 
or  orange,  the  crimson  blush  being  absent.  The  flesh  is  nearly  con- 
colorous  with  the  skin,  and  is  of  very  sweet,  rich  flavor,  generally 
preferred  to  that  of  mango;  the  fiber,  however,  forms  a  dense  mass 
around  the  seed,  and  extends  throughout  the  flesh.  It  is  finer  than 
in  mango,  and  is  so  extremely  abundant  that  the  flesh  is  eaten  with 
difficulty,  hence  the  common  practice  of  sucking  the  fruits.  In  sea- 
son the  race  is  practically  one  month  later  than  mango,  rarely  com- 
ing in  before  the  latter  part  of  July.  The  keeping  qualities  are 
very  good.  The  fruits  are  not  affected  by  anthracnose  to  the  same 
degree  as  are  those  of  mango,  and  are  nearly  always  clean  when 
offered  in  the  markets.  The  race  is  exceedingly  productive,  sur- 
passing in  this  respect  all  other  mangos  with  which  I  have  come  in 
contact.  In  eastern  Cuba  (Camagiiey  province)  it  is  known  under 
the  name  of  mango  de  hilacha,  the  classification  of  mango  and 
manga  not  being  recognized  in  that  part  of  the  island.  In  Oriente 
it  seems  to  be  extremely  rare. 

The  flowers  are  densely  crowded  on  short,  stiff  panicles  usually 
6  to  10  inches  long,  the  axis  being  decidedly  greenish.  The  tree 
blooms  very  profusely,  but  the  proportion  of  perfect  to  staminate 


SEEDIJXG   TREE   (JF    Till-:    .MAXGA   RACE,    NEAR    SANTIAGO    UE    LAS    VEGAS. 


OLD  SEEDLING  TREES  OF  THE  MANGO   RACE,  NEAR  SANTLVGO 
DE  LAS  VEGAS. 


THE  MANGOS  OF  CUBA.  29 

flowers  is  not  as  high  as  in  the  Filipino  race.     It  agrees  approxi- 
mately in  this  respect  with  the  mango  race. 

In  southeastern  Florida  this  race  is  predominant.  The  type 
amarilla,  described  below,  is  the  commonest  one  found  in  the  vicin- 
ity of  Miami,  and  is  usually  called  turpentine  or  peach  mango.  The 
type  hlanca  is  also  grown,  but  not  so  extensively  as  amarilla;  it  is 
known  as  apple  mango,  or  sometimes  as  Bombay.  The  Eleanor 
mango  probably  belongs  to  this  same  type,  but  of  this  I  am  not 
certain. 

Type  1.    Manga  amarilla. 

This  is  the  commonest  form,  and  seems  to  be  a  general  favorite. 
It  is  very  abundant  around  Habana  and  toward  the  end  of  July  the 
fruit  fills  the  markets  of  the  city.  It  is  of  oval  or  ovate  form,  plump 
to  almost  round  in  cross  section,  sometimes  slightly  impressed  on 
the  ventral  surface  near  the  apex,  but  never  distinctly  beaked.  The 
color  is  deep,  bright  orange-yellow,  the  flesh  coneolorous  with  the 
skin,  and  very  juicy  but  fibrous. 

The  type  may  be  described  as  follows : 

General  form  oblong  or  oblong-ovate,  rounded  in  cross  section,  the 
base  slightly  oblique  with  oftentimes  a  shallow,  irregular  cavity; 
length  2^2  to  Sy^  inches,  weight  4  to  8  ounces,  left  shoulder  full, 
rounded,  frequently  with  a  broad  ridge  extending  down  the  ven- 
tral edge  of  the  fruit,  right  shoulder  rounded  to  angular,  not  broad ; 
apex  rounded  to  broadly  pointed,  never  prominently  beaked  and 
commonly  depressed  on  the  ventral  surface  around  the  slightly 
raised  nak ;  surface  smooth  to  slightly  undulating,  deep  orange-yel- 
low, sometimes  blushed  with  dull  salmon,  and  overspread  with  a 
thin  grayish  bloom,  dots  numerous,  large,  and  conspicuous,  as  seems 
to  be  the  rule  in  the  manga  race;  skin  moderately  thick  and  very 
tough,  peeling  readily  from  the  flesh  when  the  fruit  is  fully  ripe; 
flesh  bright  orange  in  color,  becoming  very  soft,  pleasantly 
aromatic ;  quality  rather  poor,  flavor  sweet,  rich  and  very  pleasant ; 
fibre  abundant,  fine,  extending  from  all  parts  of  the  seed  through 
the  flesh ;  seed  oblong,  rounded  at  both  ends,  2%  inches  long,  plump, 
containing  1  to  5  embryos,  endoeai-p  very  thick  and  woody. 

Type  2.    Manga  blanca. 

Not  as  common  as  amarilla,  but  abundant  around  Habana  and 
plentiful  in  the  markets  during  the  same  season.  It  is  somewhat 
difficult  of  description,  being  oblique-cordate  in  form,  decidedly 
oblique  at  the  apex,  and  usually  as  broad  as  long.  It  is  lighter  in 
color  than  amarilla,  and  the  flesh  is  whitish-yellow,  whence  the  name 
manga  hlanca.  It  is  scarcely  as  rich  in  flavor  as  amarilla,  and  not  so 
popular,  but  is  preferred  to  fruits  of  the  mango  race.  From  what 
I  have  seen  of  it  I  do  not  believe  it  is  quite  so  prolific  in  fruiting 
as  amarilla.    The  fiber  is  even  more  abundant  than  in  the  latter. 

It  may  be  described  as  follows : 


30  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 

Form  oblique-cordate,  broad  and  somewhat  flattened  at  the 
base,  obliquely  flattened  at  the  apex,  not  quite  round  in  cross  sec- 
tion; length  21/2  to  3  inches,  weight  5  to  8  ounces;  left  shoulder 
somewhat  broader  than  right,  cavity  very  shallow  and  broad ;  apex 
rounded  or  slightly  flattened,  often  depressed  above  the  nak;  sur- 
face smooth,  bright  yellow  to  orange-yellow,  with  very  large  and 
conspicuous  dots;  skin  thick  and  quite  tough,  peeling  readily  from 
the  flesh  when  the  fruit  is  fully  ripe ;  flesh  pale  whitish-yellow,  very 
juicy,  faintly  aromatic,  quality  poor;  flavor  sweet  and  pleasant; 
fiber  very  abundant,  fine,  extending  from  all  parts  of  the  seed 
through  the  flesh ;  seed  broadly  oval,  nearly  2  inches  long,  plump, 
containing  2  to  5  embryos,  the  endocarp  not  quite  so  thick  and  hard 
as  in  amarilla. 

Race  3.    Filipino. 

The  fruits  of  this  race  are  of  unusually  good  quality,  and  it  is 
unfortunate  that  the  trees  should  be  unproductive.  To  the  Ameri- 
can palate,  there  is  probably  no  mango  in  the  island  equal  to  a  good 
Filipino,  but  the  Cubans  usually  seem  to  prefer  a  sweeter,  richer 
fruit.  Trees  of  the  Filipino  race  are  not  common,  and  though  dis- 
tributed pretty  generally  over  the  western  part  of  the  island,  they 
are  grown  in  small  numbers  and  the  fruit  is  never  very  abundant  in 
the  markets. 

This  race  has  undoubtedly  come  to  Cuba  from  the  Philippines, 
probably  by  way  of  Mexico,  where  it  is  grown  to  a  limited  extent 
under  the  name  of  Manila  mango.  The  fruit  is  nearly  free  from 
the  objectionable  fiber  which  characterizes  most  seedling  mangos, 
and  is  of  a  delicious,  spicy  flavor  which  is  exceedingly  agreeable. 
Occasional  trees  are  found  in  gardens  as  far  west  as  Matanzas  and 
Cienfuegos;  we  failed  to  find  any  in  eastern  Cuba  but  it  is  quite 
probable  that  a  few  exist.  In  Florida  the  race  has  become  fairly 
well  known  under  the  name  of  Philippine,  a  shipment  of  seeds  from 
Cuba  having  given  rise  to  most  of  the  old  seedlings  which  are  now 
found  near  Miami.  Were  it  not  so  unproductive  it  would  be  a  re- 
markably valuable  seedling  race. 

The  tree  is  erect  and  resembles  that  of  the  ruamga  race  more  than 
mango,  having  an  oval  or  dome-shaped  crown  (not  flat-topped  as 
in  manga),  with  dense  foliage.  It  is  small,  rarely  attaining  more 
than  30  or  35  feet  in  height.  The  leaves  are  frequently  very  large. 
The  fruit  is  unique  in  form — long,  slender  and  sharply  pointed  at 
the  apex,  distinctly  flattened  laterally,  while  the  color  is  always 
greenish-yellow  or  when  fully  ripe  lemon-yellow.  The  flesh  is 
meaty,  of  spicy,  piquant  flavor,  with  fiber  only  along  the  ventral 
edge  of  the  seed.  The  season  corresponds  to  that  of  manga.  An- 
thracnose  rarely  attacks  the  fruits  to  a  serious  degree,  and  they  are 
usually  clean  and  attractive  in  appearance. 

The  flowers  are  produced  in  extremely  long,  rather  loose  panicles, 
1  to  2  feet  in  length,  the  axis  being  light  green,  sometimes 
tinged  with  red.    The  proportion  of  perfect  to  staminate  flowers  is 


THE  MANGOS  OF  CUBA.  31 

higher  than  in  any  other  race  I  have  examined,  75  per  cent  in  some 
instances.  The  bearing  habits  of  the  tree  are  puzzling,  and  require 
much  investigation. 

The  characteristics  of  the  fruit  are  as  follows : 

Form  rather  variable,  but  in  general  slender  oblong,  compressed 
laterally,  somewhat  narrowed  and  oblique  at  the  base  and  sharply 
pointed  at  the  apex ;  length  4  to  6  inches,  weight  6  to  12  ounces ;  left 
shoulder  broad*but  not  high,  right  shoulder  falling  abruptly;  apex 
sharply  pointed,  sometimes  curved  slightly  toward  ventral  side  of 
fruit;  nak  scarcely  distinguishable;  surface  smooth,  pale  greenish- 
yellow  or  lemon-yellow,  dots  numerous,  small,  inconspicuous;  skin 
very  thin,  tough ;  flesh  bright  yellow-orange,  extremely  juicy, 
smooth,  almost  free  from  fiber,  aroma  faint  but  agreeable ;  quality 
good ;  flavor  piquant,  delicious ;  fiber  coarse,  confined  to  ventral  edge 
of  the  seed ;  seed  oblong,  3  to  4  inches  long,  thin,  containing  5  to  6 
embryos,  the  endocarp  very  thin  and  easily  broken. 

There  seem  to  be  no  types  of  this  race  recognized  in  Cuba.  The 
fruits  from  various  trees  are  remarkably  uniform  in  character,  but 
in  the  native  home  of  the  race  Wester  has  described  three  distinct 
types,  Carabao,  Pico,  and  Pahutan.  A  horticultural  variety,  Cecil, 
has  been  propagated  in  Florida  from  one  of  the  trees  grown  from 
Cuban  seed.  The  Cambodiana  mango  of  Florida  appears  to  belong 
to  this  race.  Prof.  Rolfs  uses  the  name  Cambodiana  for  the  entire 
group,  in  which  he  includes  all  the  types  above  named,  as  well  as 
Moulmein,  a  seedling  grown  near  Miami,  which  I  have  not  seen. 

Types  of  Limited  Distribution. 

The  following  types  are  of  very  limited  distribution,  and  for  this 
reason  have  not  been  included  in  the  general  classification.  It  is 
difficult  in  some  cases  to  determine  the  races  in  which  they  should 
be  placed,  and  it  is  probably  safer,  therefore,  not  to  place  them 
definitely  until  further  studies  of  their  characteristics  have  been 
made. 

BlSCOCHUELO. 
SANTIAGO  DE  CUBA. 

This  is  a  very  distinct  type  and  undoubtedly  the  best  grown  at 
Santiago  de  Cuba.  Considered  from  every  point  of  view  it  would 
seem  to  be,  in  fact,  the  most  desirable  type  in  the  Island  of  Cuba. 
While  it  is  more  fibrous  than  the  Filipino  race,  and  of  a  less  piquant 
flavor,  it  has  the  great  advantage  of  being  productive,  which  more 
than  outweighs  the  points  against  it.  Its  origin  is  obscure,  but  it 
is  quite  probable  that  it  was  introduced  from  Santo  Domingo  by 
the  French  settlers.  It  is  grown  rather  commonly  in  the  hills  back 
of  Santiago,  especially  around  El  Caney,  and  is  abundant  in  the 
markets  during  July,  selling  for  $2.00  per  100.  Its  affinities  do  not 
seem  to  lie  with  either  the  mango  or  manga  races. 


32  PROCEEDINGS  OP  THE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL.  SOCIETY. 

The  fruit  is  broadly  oval,  weighing  8  to  14  ounces  and  of  a  clear 
orange-yellow  color,  rarely  stained  by  anthracnose.  The  flesh  is  firm 
and  meaty,  fibrous  around  the  ventral  edge  of  the  seed  but  else- 
where almost  free  from  fiber,  and  of  a  rich,  sweet  flavor  which  is 
very  pleasant.  It  keeps  well  and  is  often  shipped  to  Habana.  It 
seems  well  worth  propagating  elsewhere  in  the  island. 

It  may  be  described  as  follows : 

Form  oval  to  sub-reniform,  decidedly  oblique,  length  3  to  4  inches, 
weight  8  to  14  ounces;  left  shoulder  rounded  to  very  broad  and 
marked  by  a  deep  suture  which  extends  down  the  ventral  surface 
of  the  fruit  1-4  or  1-3  of  the  distance  to  the  apex,  right  shoulder 
usually  falling  abruptly,  sometimes  marked  by  a  shallow  suture; 
apex  somewhat  wedge-shaped,  broad,  with  sometimes  a  tendency 
toward  a  beak,  the  nak  prominent;  surface  smooth,  clear,  light 
orange-yellow  in  color,  with  very  numerous  small  russet  dots ;  skin 
thick  and  tough ;  flesh  bright  orange-yellow ;  very  firm  and  meaty, 
juicy,  the  aroma  not  pronounced  but  very  pleasant ;  quality  good ; 
flavor  unusually  pleasant,  very  sweet  even  when  the  fruit  is  rather 
hard ;  fiber  objectionable  around  the  ventral  side  of  the  fruit,  slight 
on  the  sides ;  seed  reniform,  2i/2  to  3  inches  long,  plump,  containing 
3  to  5  embiyos. 

Chino. 

cienfuegos. 

This  is  a  famous  fruit,  originally  grown  in  the  Quinta  Aviles  at 
Cienfuegos  and  now  produced  in  a  few  other  gardens  as  well.  It  is 
probably  the  largest  seedling  mango  in  Cuba,  and  is  well  known  in 
Habana  markets,  where  single  specimens  sell  for  20  to  40  cents. 
Size  is  its  principal  virtue,  however,  for  it  is  fibrous  and  rather 
lacking  in  flavor. 

The  people  of  Cienfuegos  class  this  as  mango,  and  the  habit  of  the 
tree  as  well  as  some  of  the  characteristics  of  the  fruit  are  distinctly 
those  of  the  mango  race. 

It  may  be  described  as  follows: 

General  form  broad  cordate,  very  plump,  usually  somewhat 
oblique  at  base ;  length  3  to  5i4  inches ;  weight  12  to  20  ounces ;  cav- 
ity shallow,  broad,  somewhat  irregular;  shoulders  sometimes  nearly 
equal,  but  more  often  the  left  one  broad  and  rather  high,  the  right 
rounded  and  falling;  apex  rounded,  the  nak  slightly  raised,  ^4 
inch  above  longitudinal  apex ;  surface  smooth,  greenish -yellow  to 
dull  cream  colored,  overspread  around  the  base  with  light  red,  the 
dots  numerous,  very  small  and  inconspicuous;  skin  usually  thick 
and  tough ;  flesh  deep  yellow  in  color,  orange-yellow  toward  the 
seed,  and  of  very  firm,  meaty  texture,  juicy,  with  faint  aroma; 
quality  fair ;  flavor  sub-acid,  spicy ;  fiber  abundant  throughout  the 
flesh ;  seed  oval,  rather  thin,  2^/^  to  3  inches  long,  containing  4  to  6 
embryos. 

The  season  of  ripening  corresponds  with  that  of  the  mango  race, 
as  do  the  bearing  habits  of  the  tree. 


the  mangos  of  cuba.  33 

Mamey. 
cienpuegos. 

Another  type  grown  in  the  Quinta  Aviles  at  Cienfnegos,  and  of 
better  quality  than  Chino,  though  not  80  well  known  in  Habana  as 
the  latter.  It  is  classed  by  the  natives  as  manga,  because  of  the 
habit  of  the  tree  and  the  general  character  of  the  fruit.  It  is 
smaller  than  Chino,  but  of  somewhat  more  attractive  color,  as  a 
rule,  and  of  sweeter,  richer  flavor. 

General  form  broadly  cordate,  not  as  plump  laterally  as  many 
fruits  of  the  manga  race,  length  and  breadth  nearly  equal ;  lengtli 
3  to  3I/0  inches,  weight  8  to  12  ounces ;  base  flattened,  very  slightly 
oblique;  cavity  narrow,  flaring,  almost  regular;  right  shoulder 
somewhat  broader  and  higher  than  the  left ;  apex  with  a  suggestion 
of  a  beak,  the  nak  not  prominent,  14  iiich  above  longitudinal  apex ; 
smooth  surface,  greenish  orange-yellow  to  orange-yellow  in  color, 
blushed  around  the  base  with  reddish  salmon,  dots  large,  conspicu- 
ous, fairly  numerous ;  skin  thick  and  tough ;  flesh  bright  orange- 
yellow,  firm  and  very  meaty;  moderately  juicy,  with  very  little 
aroma ;  quality  fairly  good,  flavor  sub-acid,  rich,  pleasant ;  fiber  not 
very  objectionable  except  around  ventral  edge  of  seed ;  seed  oblong, 
rather  thick,  2I/2  inches  long,  containing  2  to  5  embryos,  the  endo- 
carp  thick  and  woody. 

The  productiveness  of  this  type,  while  not  as  good  as  that  of 
manga  amarilla,  seems  to  be  satisfactory.  The  season  corresponds 
to  that  of  manga  amarilla. 

While  Chino  and  Mamey  are  the  two  best  known  mangos  in  the 
Quinta  Aviles,  there  are  a  number  of  other  types  which  are  known 
by  name,  and  some  of  which  may  have  been  propagated.  A  few 
trees  of  the  Filipino  race  are  growing  in  this  quinta,  and  also  trees 
of  a  long  slender  fruit  erroneously  called  Filipino.  Others  which 
may  be  mentioned  but  which  are  not  worth  describing,  are  the 
following : 

Mango  de  Olor 

Garcia 

Melocoton 

Manga  manzana 

Cana 

Crema 

Morado 

CORAZON. 
SANTIAGO  DE  CUBA. 

This  is  one  of  the  commonest  types  in  the  markets  of  Santiago, 
but  is  not  a  fruit  of  great  merit.  Its  relationships  are  difficult  to 
determine. 


34  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 

It  inay  be  described  as  follows: 

General  form  oblong-cordate  to  broad-cordate;  length  3  to  31/2 
inches,  weight  5  to  8  ounces ;  base  varying  from  level,  flattened,  with 
the  shoulders  equal,  the  stem  inserted  in  a  shallow  cavity,  to  oblique, 
the  left  shoulder  high  and  rounded,  the  right  shoulder  falling 
gradually ;  apex  broadly  pointed,  sometimes  almost  beaked,  in  other 
instances  rounded,  nak  depressed;  surface  smooth,  greenish-yellow 
to  dull  yellow  in  color,  sometimes  tinged  with  salmon  near  the  base, 
the  dots  medium  large,  rather  conspicuous ;  skin  rather  thin ;  flesh 
bright  yellow-orange,  very  juicy,  the  aroma  pronounced  and  very 
pleasant ;  quality  poor ;  flavor  piquant,  sweet,  rich ;  fiber  very  ob- 
jectionable, abundant  throughout  the  flesh;  seed  oblong  reniform, 
2Y2  inches  long,  plump,  containing  3  to  5  embryos. 

Mamey. 
santiago  de  cuba. 

This  name  is  applied  to  various  types  throughout  the  island ;  it  is, 
in  fact,  one  of  the  commonest  names  given  to  seedling  forms.  The 
Mamey  of  Santiago  de  Cuba  is  an  important  and  well  defined  type, 
however,  and  is  therefore  deserving  of  description.  It  is  not  a  fruit 
of  any  great  merit,  but  is  very  abundant  in  the  markets. 

It  may  be  described  as  follows : 

Form  oblong-oval,  slightly  oblique,  plump;  length  2i/ii  to  31/2 
inches,  weight  4  to  8  ounces;  cavity  very  shallow,  left  shoulder 
rather  high  and  broad,  right  shoulder  falling  gradually ;  apex  blunt, 
the  nak  slightly  depressed ;  surface  smooth,  greenish-yellow  to  deep 
yellow  in  color,  sometimes  tinged  with  salmon  near  the  base,  dots 
rather  conspicuous,  skin  rather  thin  but  tough ;  flesh  bright  yellow- 
orange,  very  juicy,  the  aroma  pronounced  and  very  pleasant;  qual- 
ity poor ;  flavor  piquant,  sweet,  rich,  very  pleasant ;  fiber  abundant, 
long,  throughout  the  flesh;  seed  oblong-reniform,  about  21^  inches 
long,  containing  3  to  5  embryos. 

Toledo. 

santiago  de  cuba. 

This  is  a  small  fruit,  of  rather  unattractive  appearance.  It  is 
common  in  the  markets  of  Santiago  de  Cuba,  however,  and  is  well 
defined,  the  name  being  applied  to  this  one  type  only. 

It  is  characterized  as  follows : 

Form  ovate-oblique  to  ovate-reniform ;  length  2VL>  inches, 
weight  2  to  4  ounces;  base  oblique,  the  left  shoulder  high  and 
rounded,  the  right  shoulder  falling  abruptly ;  apex  broadly  pointed 
to  rounded,  having  the  suggestion  of  a  beak ;  surface  smooth,  green- 
ish-orange in  color,  dots  almost  none ;  skin  moderately  thick ;  flesh 
light  yellow,  very  juicy  with  a  strong  aroma ;  quality  poor ;  flavor 


THE  JIANGOS  OF  CUBA.  35 

aromatic,  sweet,  pleasant;  fiber  very  abundant  throughout  the 
flesh  ;  seed  oblong-reniforra,  2  inches  long,  containing  3  or  4  embryos. 
Other  Types  at  Santiafjo  de  Cuha:  There  are  quite  a  number  of 
types  cultivated  in  the  vicinity  of  Santiago  de  Cuba  besides  those 
just  described,  but  none  of  them  seems  to  be  very  common,  and  the 
names  applied  to  them  are  used  so  indefinitely  that  it  is  impossible 
to  define  the  types.  The  name  Senora  is  well  known  in  the  markets, 
and  is  applied  to  a  number  of  large  fruits,  more  or  less  similar  in 
character,  and  of  fine  appearance  but  fibrous.  Ohispo  is  another 
name  similarly  used.  Mameyzon  is  applied  to  several  fruits 
resembling  the  manga  mamey  of  Cienfuegos.  Papelina  is  a  small, 
greenish  fruit  of  inferior  quality  which  does  not  seem  to  be  common 
and  is  not  worthy  of  notice.  Rosita  is  another  very  small  fruit, 
something  like  Toledo,  with  a  reddish  cheek.  "We  found  specimens 
of  it  in  the  markets  of  Guantanamo. 

Cuban  Mangos  in  Florida. 

Considering  the  proximity  of  Florida  and  Cuba,  and  the  frequent 
communication  between  the  two  regions  in  the  early  days  by  means 
of  sailing  vessels,  it  is  but  natural  that  Florida  should  have  received 
most  of  her  seedling  mangos  from  Cuba.  Mention  has  already  been 
made  of  several  Cuban  types  which  commonly  occur  in  Florida,  but 
in  order  to  bring  them  all  together  a  list  of  the  commonest  ones  is 
here  given : 

Mango  Race:  This  has  become  fairly  common  in  southeastern 
Florida  under  the  name  of  No.  11,  and  is  said  to  have  been  intro- 
duced from  Jamaica.  Prof.  Rolfs  describes  this  race  under  the 
name  of  "No.  11  group,"  and  mentions  one  named  variety  which 
has  been  propagated. 

Manga  Race:  The  majority  of  seedlings  in  southeastern  Florida 
are  of  this  race. 

Manga  amarilla  Type:  This  is  the  principal  one  grown  in  the 
Miami  region,  and  is  usually  called  "turpentine  mango,"  some- 
times "peach  mango."  The  fruits  of  most  of  the  trees  around 
Miami  are  remarkably  uniform  in  character.  Prof.  Rolfs  does  not 
define  this  group  separately,  but  it  appears  to  be  included  in  his 
"turpentine  group." 

Manga  blanca  Type:  This  includes  the  seedlings  known  in  the 
vicinity  of  Miami  as  "apple"  mango  and  "Bombay"  mango.  It  is 
fairly  abundant,  but  less  so  than  the  manga  amarilla  type.  The 
'  *  Bombay  group ' '  of  Prof.  Rolfs  belongs  to  this  type,  and  probably 
the  "Eleanor  group"  also. 

Filipino  Race:  This  is  fairly  well  known  around  Miami  under 
the  name  of  Philippine  mango,  numerous  trees  having  been  grown 
from  Cuban  seeds.  One  named  variety,  the  Cecil,  has  been  propa- 
gated by  budding.  The  Cambodiana  mango,  introduced  by  the  De- 
partment of  Agriculture,  also  belongs  to  this  race.  It  corresponds 
to  the  ' '  Cambodiana  group ' '  established  by  Prof.  Rolfs. 


36  PROCEEDrNGS  OF  THE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 

A  thorough  study  of  the  Indian  mangos  cultivated  in  Florida  has 
not  yet  been  made  for  the  purpose  of  classifying  them,  but  we  are 
beginning  to  find  that  many  of  them  fall  naturally  into  types.  Prof. 
Rolfs  has  made  a  beginning  at  classification  by  establishing  the  San- 
dersha,  Mulgoba,  and  Gola  groups.  The  several  Alphonse  mangos 
fall  naturally  into  one  group,  and  exhibit  many  characteristics  in 
common.  A  study  of  these  mangos  in  India  would  doubtless  pro- 
duce more  satisfactory  results  than  an  attempt  to  classify  them  from 
the  few  varieties  which  we  are  now  cultivating  in  this  country. 

THE  PILI. 

By  p.  J.  Wester,  Philippine  Islands. 

The  almond,  chestnut,  walnut  and  Brazil  nut  are  the  most  import- 
ant of  the  world's  dessert  nuts,  with  which,  in  the  United  States, 
may  be  included  the  pecan.  Among  these  the  almond,  chestnut  and 
the  walnut,  if  not  actually  cultivated,  have  been  used  by  man  since 
the  dawn  of  civilization.  The  Brazil  nut  has  been  in  the  trade  for 
rather  less  than  50  years,  while  the  pecan  did  not  attain  commer- 
cial importance  until  about  1880.  The  pistache  is  of  more  or  less 
importance  in  the  Mediterranean  countries,  particularly  in  Italy, 
and  has  found  an  increasing  sale  in  the  United  States  during  the 
last  ten  years.  Aside  from  these  there  are  a  number  of  nuts  that 
are  of  local  importance  where  they  are  grown  but  which  do  not  en- 
ter the  world's  trade  or  else  are  of  minor  importance.  Such  are  for 
instance,  the  .sapiwaja,  also  called  the  "paradise  nut."  related  to 
the  Brazil  nut,  and  the  pili,  which  have  appeared  in  the  market 
within  the  last  few  years.  Some  indeed,  are  not  nuts  at  all,  for 
instance  the  litehi,  the  edible  part,  of  this  ''nut"  being  the  dried 
pulp,  and  not  the  seed  enclosed  therein. 

Probably  used  as  a  food  for  many  centuries  by  the  Filipinos  the 
pili  was  all  but  unknown  to  the  outside  world  until  about  five  years 
ago.  Many  Americans  had,  of  course,  become  acquainted  with  this 
nut  after  the  occupation  of  the  Philippines,  and  the  general  excel- 
lence of  the  pili  finally  persuaded  a  local  firm  to  make  a  trial  ship- 
ment to  the  United  States.  This  shipment  brought  further  orders 
and  a  rapidly  growing  demand  was  created  until  in  the  last  half 
year  of  1918  (when  statistics  of  the  pili  exports  were  first  made) 
1,186,173  kilograms  of  pilis,  valued  at  .$94,135.00,  were  exported 
from  the  Philippines,  practically  the  entire  amount  being  imported 
into  the  United  States. 

During  that  year  (1913),  with  unheard  of  prices  for  pilis  to  the 
producer,  or  more  properly,  the  collector,  in  their  wild  scramble  to 
''get-rich-quick"  as  it  were,  the  collectors,  in  order  to  get  the  nuts 
more  quickly  and  with  less  effort,  did  not,  as  formerly,  wait  until 
the  nuts  ripened  for  collection,  but  cut  down  the  limbs  of  a  large 
number  of  trees  and  gathered  ripe  and  immature  nuts  together; 
furthermore,  in  husking  large  quantities  of  nuts  were  steeped  in 
boiling  water  with  the  result  that  a  large  percenta^ge  of  the  kernels 


■;>•.'■    '<||g  •■ 


li  21 


l'L\TK   XI.       I'lr.T   XUTS CANARIUM   OVATUM,  ENGL. 


'la'i'K  XII.     A  'I'N-i'ic  \i.  I'lM  'n;i-;i<:  i\  a   m\\iI)\   iiilmi-  I'liWr  vi'kix   ix 
MdAo,    \i,i'.\v    i'i;(»\i\'(:i:,   iMiii.ii'nM'.   isi-ands 


THK  PILT.  37 

became  rancid.  Thus  between  the  green  and  rancid  nuts  a  great 
proportion  of  them  were  unfit  for  consumption  by  the  time  they 
reached  the  consumer  with  the  consequence  that  in  1914  the  export 
of  pilis  dropped  to  296,281  kilograms,  valued  at  $22,312.00,  with 
the  prospect  that  in  1915  the  export  figures  will  be  still  lower.  Con- 
sidering both  the  loss  of  reputation  of  the  pili  in  the  importing 
countries  and  the  mutilation  of  the  trees,  it  will  probably  take  four 
to  five  years  before  the  export  figures  will  again  equal  those  of  1913. 

The  pili,  Canarium  ovatum  Engl.  (C.  pachyphyllnm^  Perk.)  be- 
longs to  the  family  Burseraccae,  and  is  a  rather  large  handsome 
tree,  with  a  straight  tiiuik,  attaining  a  height  of  fifteen  to  twenty- 
five  meters,  with  a  spread  rarelj'  exceeding  fifteen  meters,  of  medium 
compact  growth  and  rigid  branches.  The  leaves  are  about  forty 
centimeters  long,  seven  to  thirteen  pinnate,  the  pinnae  being  ten  or 
more  centimeters  long,  dark  green,  rather  thick,  and  prominently 
veined.  The  flowers  grow  in  axillary  panicles  and  are  small  and  in- 
conspicuous, greenish-yellow  in  color.  The  fruits  are  solitary  or 
in  small  clusters  of  two  to  four,  and  are  ovate  to  oblong,  forty-five 
to  73  millimeters  long,  more  or  less  triangular  in  cross-section,  black, 
smooth  and  shining,  each  containing  a  nut  enclosed  in  a  fleshy  husk 
three  to  five  millimeters  thick. 

The  nuts  occur  in  two  forms,  short  and  long,  and  are  more  or  less 
distinctly  three-angled,  frequently  canaliculate,  more  or  less  sharply 
pointed  at  each  end,  brown  and  smooth,  the  short  form  being  from 
forty-five  to  sixty  centimeters  long,  and  the  slender  type  fifty-five 
to  sometimes  exceeding  seventy  millimeters  in  length.  The  shell  is 
thick  and  hard,  and  the  kernel  oblong,  separating  readily  from  the 
shell,  light,  brittle  in  texture,  and  of  excellent  flavor  and  quality 
raw  or  roasted.    (Plate  XI.) 

One  kilogram  contains  130  nuts  of  which  the  shell  constitutes 
81.71  per  cent  and  the  kernel  18.29  per  cent  in  the  short,  and  the 
shell  81.13  per  cent  and  the  kernel  18.87  per  cent  in  the  long  kind. 
According  to  Dr.  Brill,  organic  chemist,  Bureau  of  Science,  Manila, 
the  kernel  in  each  form  analyzes  as  follows : 

Long,  Short, 

Composition  of  Kernel.  Per  cent.         Per  cent. 

Moisture 2.79  2.90 

Fat 74.37  72.53 

Protein  (N  x  6.25) 12.06  11.88 

Sucrose 88  .66 

Reducing  sugars 45  1.35 

Starch  (bv  difference)  . 4.33  5.11 

Crude  fiber 2.15  2.42 

Ash 2.97  3.15 

The  above  analyses  show  that  the  two  types  are  identical  for  all 
practical  purposes.  The  long  nut  is  superior  to  the  short  one,  with 
a  greater  percentage  of  edibility  and  a  greater  fat,  protein  and 


38  PROCEEDINGS  OP  THE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 

sucrose  content.    About  five  to  seven  per  cent  of  the  bulk  marketed 
constitutes  long  nuts. 

While  scattered  trees  of  the  pili  are  found  from  Laguna  province 
south  of  Manila  through  the  Islands  of  Catanduanes,  Samar,  Mas- 
bate  and  Leyte  to  Mindanao,  the  pili  district  from  a  commercial 
point  of  view  is  confined  to  Sorsogon,  Albay  and  Ambos  Camarines 
in  southern  Luzon,  which  provinces  are  important  in  the  production 
of  pilis  in  the  order  named,  and  in  which  most  of  the  trees  grow 
from  sea  level  to  an  altitude  probably  not  exceeding  330  metei-s. 
Here  the  annual  rainfall  varies  from  2500  to  frequently  exceeding 
3000  millimeters  with  practically  no  dry  periods.  The  soil  is  rather 
a  light,  frequently  a  sandy  loam  to  gravelly  or  in  places  consisting 
largely  of  volcanic  ash.  The  tree  is  always  found  on  well  drained 
land.  It  makes  a  very  attractive  ornamental  and  is  well  adapted 
for  shade,  or  for  avenue  planting.  So  far  as  noted,  the  pili  is 
singularly  exempt  from  diseases  and  insect  pests. 

No  statistics  are  available  relative  to  the  age  when  the  trees  begin 
to  bear  nor  of  the  yield,  but  the  trees  are  of  slow  growth  and  prob- 
ably do  not  produce  more  than  eight  to  ten  kilograms  of  nuts  at  the 
age  of  ten  years.  Estimates  of  the  yield  of  full  grown  trees  given 
to  the  writer  during  a  visit  of  investigation  in  the  pili  region, 
ranged  from  thirty  to  one  thousand  kilograms,  one  man  asserting 
that  he  had  one  tree  that  yielded  five  thousand  kilograms.  From 
the  observations  made  the  writer  has  estimated  the  average  annual 
yield  per  full  grown  tree  at  one  hundred  to  perhaps  one  hundred 
and  fifty  kilograms,  with  exceptional  trees  considerably  exceeding 
this  figure.  The  nuts  are  collected  from  trees  in  the  forest  or  from 
trees  growing  spontaneously  in  the  abaca  (Manila  hemp)  planta- 
tions.    (Plate  XII.)     There  are  no  pili  trees  planted  by  man. 

As  stated  in  a  previous  paragraph  the  nut  is  encased  in  a  fleshy 
covering  or  "husk."  This  is  removed  by  heaping  the  nuts  into 
piles  and  covering  them  with  leaves  or  straw  to  prevent  drying  on 
the  surface.  In  two  to  three  days  the  resulting  fermentation  ren- 
ders the  husks  sufficiently  soft  to  be  easily  washed  away  from  the 
nuts  which  are  then  dried  in  the  sun  before  bagging.  Or,  the  fruits 
may  be  placed  in  vats  and  covered  Avith  water  and  allowed  to  stand 
until  the  husk  peels  away  readily.  In  either  case  the  rinsing  should 
be  made  in  cold  water  in  order  to  produce  a  high  grade  article. 

The  boiled  husk  resembles  a  boiled  yellow-fleshed  sweet  potato  in 
texture  and  appearance  and  is  a  common  article  of  food  in  the  pili 
regions.  In  flavor  it  is  tasteless  and  inspid.  An  edible  oil  that  is 
used  locally  is  said  to  be  extracted  from  the  husk  by  continued  boil- 
ing and  allowing  the  mass  to  settle  overnight. 

"With  a  kernel  of  excellent  quality  the  pili  cannot  be  placed  un- 
shelled  on  the  table  like  the  almond  and  walnut  for  the  reason  that 
the  shell  of  the  pili  is  so  hard  that  it  cannot  be  broken  by  the  ordi- 
nary nut  cracker.  However,  it  may  be  confidently  expected  that 
here,  as  in  case  of  the  pecan,  systematic  search  will  bring  to  light 
trees  bearing  thin  shelled  nuts  of  good  quality. 


PEAR  BLIGHT  AND  RESISTANT  VARIETIES  AND  STOCKS.  39 

In  common  with  all  nuts  the  pili  is  not  perishable  and  can  be 
stored  away  and  shipped  to  distant  markets  without  any  prepara- 
tion save  the  husking  process,  and  its  superior  quality  is  sure  to 
create  for  it  a  demand  far  greater  than  the  supplj'  for  many  years 
to  come.  It  is,  of  course,  to  be  expected  that  when  the  mutilated 
pili  trees  in  the  Philippines  again  come  into  bearing  the  lesson  of 
the  past  will  be  remembered,  and  that  future  exportations  will  be 
of  the  same  quality  that  originally  created  the  demand  for  the  pili 
and  that  they  will  increase  somewhat  in  quantity.  Then,  with  the 
realization  that  the  pili  is  profitable  and  in  the  market  to  stay  the 
setting  out  of  pili  plantations  is  probable.  However,  from  the  pres- 
ent outlook  it  seems  very  unlikely  that  pili  plantations  of  such  size 
as  to  affect  the  price  of  the  nuts  will  be  planted  in  the  Philippines 
for  many  years  to  come.  Therefore,  considering  also  the  tremend- 
ous marketing  possibilities  of  the  pili,  the  insignificant  quantity 
produced  at  present,  and  the  restricted  area  in  which  it  is  pro- 
duced, the  pili  is  believed  to  be  worthy  of  a  thorough  trial  by  the 
fruit  growers  in  the  moist  regions  of  Porto  Rico  and  Hawaii  with- 
out fear  of  competition  by  the  producers,  either  in  the  Philippines, 
Porto  Rico  or  Hawaii. 

PEAH  BLIGHT  AND  RESISTANT  VARIETIES  AND  STOCKS. 

F.  C.  Reimer,  Oregon. 

Pear  Blight  (Bacillus  amylovorvs)  is  the  greatest  enemy  of  the 
pear  industry  in  Oregon.  This  disease  first  made  its  appearance  in 
Southern  Oregon  in  1907.  Since  then  it  has  gradually  spread 
northward,  and  in  1914  became  established  in  the  Williamette  Val- 
ley, a  region  which  had  previously  remained  exempt. 

In  Southern  Oregon  this  disease  is  exceptionally  destructive,  and 
during  the  past  eight  years  has  been  a  veritable  nightmare  to  our 
growers.  It  attacks  the  branches  and  fruit  spuis  as  it  does  in  the 
Eastern  States,  and  in  addition  often  attacks  and  destroys  the  trunk 
and  root  system  even  of  old  trees.  This  form  of  blight  is  often 
difficult  to  detect  until  it  is  well  advanced  and  much  damage 
has  been  done.  It  is  also  difficult  to  eradicate  from  the  trunks  and 
roots  of  large  trees.  Such  trees  usually  have  more  or  less  irregular 
trunks  containing  deep  crevices  in  which  the  disease  becomes  es- 
tablished and  from  which  it  is  diflfieult  to  extricate  all  of  the  dis- 
eased tissue.  This  diseased  tissue  serves  to  perpetuate  the  disease, 
by  housing  millions  of  bacteria  which  are  carried  by  insects  to 
other  parts  of  the  same  tree  where  new  infections  occur.  Such 
body  blight,  therefore,  has  a  serious  aspect  in  that  it  serves  as 
"hold-over"  blight,  carrying  the  disease  over  from  one  year  to 
another.  In  other  words,  it  serves  as  a  storage  house,  housing  and 
protecting  the  disease  during  the  winter  and  long  hot,  dry  periods 
during  the  summer  months.  It  is  therefore  the  connecting  link  be- 
tween one  siege  of  pear  blight  and  a  succeeding  one.  It  is  well 
known  that  most  of  the  blight  in  the  smaller  branches  eventually 


40  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 

dies,  especially  during  very  hot  and  dry  summers,  or  very  dry  and 
cold  winters.  If  pear  blight  could  be  confined  to  such  branches  we 
would  have  much  fewer  outbreaks  than  at  present,  and  there  would 
probably  be  long  periods  when  pear  blight  would  be  almost  un- 
known in  certain  regions.  Such  dry  periods  occur  almost  annually 
in  the  leading  pear  sections  of  the  Pacific  Coast.  During  such 
periods,  however,  these  bacteria  find  favorable  conditions  in  the 
succulent  tissue  under  the  thick  bark  on  the  trunks,  large  branches, 
and  roots  of  the  trees.  Here  the  disease  often  lurks  unobserved  for 
many  months.  Insects  and  other  agencies  carry  the  bacteria  from 
such  places  to  other  portions  of  the  tree,  and  when  the  conditions 
are  favorable  an  outbreak  of  blight  occurs  in  these  newly  infected 
portions. 

Such  hold-over  blight  is  particularly  abundant  in  the  succulent 
tissue  of  the  trunks  of  the  Bartlett,  Howell,  Bosc,  and  many  other 
varieties. 

The  Remedy. 

The  pear  blight  problem  will  be  solved  ultimately  by  growing 
varieties  resistant  to  the  disease.  Such  varieties  will  be  developed 
by  extensive  and  systematic  breeding  work.  Excellent  breeding 
work  of  this  kind  is  already  being  done  at  some  of  the  Experiment 
Stations,  and  also  by  individuals,  notably  by  Charles  Patten,  of 
Iowa. 

The  Southern  Oregon  Experiment  Station  has  undertaken  exten- 
sive work  of  this  kind.  We  will  not  be  able  to  do  the  best  breeding 
work  possible  until  Ave  have  determined  the  most  resistant  varieties 
and  species  now  in  existence.  For  this  reason  we  are  giving  special 
attention  to  the  subject  of  resistance  to  pear  blight.  For  this  pur- 
pose we  have  gathered  together  hundreds  of  varieties  of  pears  from 
this  country,  Europe,  and  Asia,  and  practically  all  the  known 
species  of  Pyrus.  During  the  present  summer  we  have  made  thou- 
sands of  inoculations  into  many  of  these  varieties  and  species,  and 
some  interesting  results  have  already  been  obtained. 

Breeding  work  requires  much  time,  and  many  years  will  elapse 
before  we  will  be  able  to  supplant  the  best  varieties  now  grown. 
Extensive  pear  orchards  are  being  planted  every  year  in  the  West, 
and  we  should  do  everything  possible  to  reduce  the  injurj'  from 
blight  to  a  minimum  in  these  orchards.  AVe  can  be  of  immediate 
service  to  the  industry  by  inducing  the  growers  to  plant  varieties 
which  are  practically  immune  to  body  blight,  and  to  top-Avork  these 
at  the  age  of  three  or  four  years  with  the  best  commercial  varieties. 
This  will  eliminate  the  body  or  trunk  blight  which  is  the  greatest 
menace  to  our  pear  industry  at  the  present  time.  For  this  purpo.se 
we  should  use  not  only  a  resistant  variety  but  also  one  Avhich  will 
make  a  congenial  and  vigorous  trunk  for  the  varieties  grafted 
upon  it. 

Many  of  our  Oregon  groAvers  have  been  using  the  KiefFer  as  a 
stock  for  this  purpose.    While  this  variety  is  not  entirely  immune 


PEAR  BLIGHT  AND  RESISTANT  VARIETIES  AND  STOCKS.  41 

to  blight  it  is  more  resistant  than  our  commercial  varieties.  In 
Oregon  trees  top-worked  upon  Kieffer  in  this  way  during  the  past 
four  or  five  years  have  done  very  well.  Whether  they  will  be  per- 
manently successful  on  this  stock  is  a  question  which  cannot  be 
answered  at  the  present  time.  In  some  of  the  Eastern  States,  par- 
ticularly New  York,  most  of  the  trees  top-worked  on  Kieffer  in  this 
way  have  not  been  a  permanent  success,  making  a  weak  union  at 
the  graft.  This  may  be  due  to  the  fact  that  the  Kieffer  is  quite 
distinct  from  our  common  commercial  varieties  in  habit  of  growth. 
It  is  a  cross  between  the  Chinese  Sand  Pear  and  the  Bartlett,  and 
begins  grov.th  considerably  earlier  in  the  spring  than  our  com- 
mercial varieties. 

At  the  present  time  we  are  attempting  to  find  more  desirable 
varieties  than  the  Kieffer  for  this  purpose,  and  the  following  varie- 
ties appear  very  promising:  Surprise,  Orel  15,  Douglas,  Warner, 
and  possibly  Birkett. 

The  Surprise  is  a  valuable  blight  resistant  variety.  We  obtained 
propagating  wood  of  this  from  the  Horticultural  Department  of  the 
Missouri  Experiment  Station.  There,  two  bearing  trees  of  this 
variety  have  never  shown  any  blight,  while  other  varieties  of  pears 
and  apples  in  the  same  orchard  surrounding  these  trees  have  often 
suffered  severely  from  this  disease.  We  have  made  many  inocula- 
tions with  blight  bacteria  into  this  variety,  both  on  the  trunk  of  two- 
year-old  trees  and  the  tips  of  young,  tender  and  very  vigorous 
shoots,  on  one  and  two-year-old  trees.  Usually  the  tips  of  the  young 
shoots  would  blight  from  one  to  three  inches,  and  in  a  few  cases  as 
much  as  five  inches.  It  would  then  stop,  die  out,  and  the  branch 
would  push  out  new  shoots  from  below  the  blighted  tip,  and  grow 
as  vigorously  as  ever.  Although  we  have  made  many  and  repeated 
inoculations  on  the  trunks  of  two-year-old  trees  of  this  variety  we 
have  never  been  able  to  get  the  blight  to  develop  beyond  the  point 
of  inoculation.  Even  on  the  trunks  of  vigorous  one-year-old  trees 
the  disease  would  develop  only  in  a  very  limited  area  around  the 
point  of  inoculation.  This  variety  is  a  vigorous  grower,  and  as  it 
belongs  to  Pyrus  communis  it  will  undoubtedly  make  a  fine  blight 
resistant  stock  on  which  to  top-work  our  commercial  varieties. 

Up  to  the  present  time  I  have  not  been  able  to  determine  the  ori- 
gin of  this  variety.  About  thirteen  years  ago  it  was  sent  to  the 
Missouri  Experiment  Station  by  the  Stark  Brothers  Nurseries  Co., 
of  Louisiana,  Missouri,  with  a  note  that  it  appeared  to  be  very  free 
from  blight,  and  that  the  Experiment  Station  test  it  for  this  pur- 
pose. It  would  be  of  great  value  to  us  to  know  the  parentage  of 
this  variety,  and  we  hope  to  determine  this  matter,  if  possible. 

Orel  15  is  a  variety  which  the  late  Prof.  J.  L.  Budd,  of  the  Iowa 
Agricultural  College,  introduced  from  Russia  about  1880.  Trees  of 
this  variety  have  been  remarkably  free  from  blight  in  Iowa.  We 
have  been  able  to  make  successful  inoculations  in  the  tips  of  the 
young,  tender  shoots,  but  the  disease  would  never  extend  down  the 
young  shoot  for  more  than  four  or  five  inches.    On  the  trunks,  even 


42  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 

on  the  one-year-old  wood,  numerous  inoculations  have  failed  to  pro- 
duce the  disease  up  to  the  present  time.  The  variety  belongs  to 
Pyrus  communis,  and  apparently  is  a  very  valuable  one  as  a  stock 
for  top-grafting. 

Douglas  is  a  comparatively  new  variety,  originating  as  an  acci- 
dental seedling  on  Mr.  0.  H.  Ayer's  farm,  in  Douglas  County,  Kan- 
sas. The  original  tree  has  never  been  known  to  blight.  In  our  work 
we  have  been  able  to  get  some  of  the  tips  of  the  vigorous  young 
shoots  to  blight  from  one  to  six  inches.  We  have  never  been  able 
to  get  the  disease  to  develop  on  the  two-year-old  trunks  of  the  trees 
beyond  the  point  of  inoculation ;  apparently  showing  very  marked 
resistance. 

This  variety  is  a  seedling  of  the  Kieffer,  and  the  other  parent  is 
supposed  to  be  Angouleme.  We  will  top-work  this  variety  for  the 
first  time  this  summer  to  determine  its  suitability  as  a  stock  for  our 
standard  varieties.  -If  it  proves  a  congenial  stock  for  our  commercial 
varieties  it  will  be  valuable  because  of  its  marked  resistance  to  pear 
blight. 

The  Warner  originated  with  Dr.  Boor,  of  Henry  County,  Indiana, 
in  1832.  It  has  never  become  widely  known  because  of  its  poor 
quality.  One  grower  in  the  Middle  West  states  that  this  variety  has 
never  shown  blight  in  his  orchard.  In  our  work  we  have  made 
many  inoculations  on  the  trunks  of  two-year-old  trees  of  this 
variety,  but  have  been  unable  to  get  the  disease  to  develop.  We 
have  been  able  to  produce  the  disease  in  the  very  tender,  young 
shoots,  but  it  would  not  extend  into  the  older  wood. 

Birkett  is  another  variety  which  has  shown  a  fair  degree  of  re- 
sistance to  blight.  This  variety  originated  at  Peoria,  Illinois,  about 
ninety  years  ago,  and  appears  to  be  identical  with  a  variety  now  sold 
as  "Sudduth."  On  the  rich  prairie  soils,  and  in  the  severe  climate 
of  Illinois  and  Iowa,  this  variety  has  suffered  comparatively  little 
from  blight.  In  our  work  a  large  number  of  trees  of  this  variety 
were  thoroughly  inoculated  in  the  trunks  and  branches.  Most  of  the 
inoculations  in  the  smaller  branches  produced  the  disease,  often  kill- 
ing the  entire  branch,  and  even  extending  into  the  two-year-old 
wood  of  the  trunk  in  some  eases.  Of  all  the  inoculations  made  on 
the  two-year-old  trunks  only  fifteen  per  cent  produced  the  disease ; 
in  most  cases  producing  only  small  cankers,  while  in  four  cases  gird- 
ling the  tree.  Since  the  largest  trees  of  this  variety,  and  the  oldest 
portions  of  the  trunk,  showed  almost  complete  resistance,  it  is  prob- 
able that  as  the  trees  become  older,  the  trunk  and  larger  branches 
will  be  markedly  resistant  to  this  disease.  The  young  trees,  how- 
ever, are  not  nearly  as  resistant  as  Orel  15,  Surprise,  or  Douglas. 

We  now  have  the  Bartlett,  Anjou,  Bosc,  Comice,  and  Winter  Nelis 
top-worked  on  Birkett  and  they  are  making  a  very  satisfactory 
growth  on  this  stock. 

It  should  be  stated  that  in  all  of  this  work  the  conditions  for  the 
development  of  blight  in  these  trees  have  been  made  as  favorable 
as  possible.    They  were  grown  on  exceptionally  fertile  soil,  and  were 


PEAR  BLIGKT  AJSTD  RESISTANT  VARIETIES  AND  STOCKS.  43 

repeatedly  and  abundantly  irrigated,  and  very  thoroughly  culti- 
vated. The  trees  have,  therefore,  been  extremely  vigorous,  a  condi- 
tion conducive  to  pear  blight.  The  inoculations  were  made  with  the 
greatest  care  and  thoroughness,  usually  making  from  twenty  to 
thirty  needle  pricks  at  each  point  of  inoculation.  This  lacerated  the 
bark  thoroughly  over  an  area  of  about  one-sixth  of  an  inch  in  diame- 
ter, and  hence  provided  ideal  conditions  for  the  pear  blight 
organism. 

Check  trees  of  such  varieties  as  Bartlett,  Howell,  and  Forelle  were 
inoculated  at  the  same  time  and  in  the  same  manner  and  under  the 
same  conditions,  and  with  the  same  lot  of  bacteria.  In  every  in- 
stance these  have  blighted  very  vigorously,  both  in  the  branches  and 
on  the  trunks.  On  the  trunks  of  these  varieties  the  disease  would 
usually  completely  encircle  the  trees  and  most  of  them  have  already 
died. 

We  have  tested  a  large  number  of  other  varieties,  some  of  which 
were  supposed  to  be  resistant  to  blight,  but  as  most  of  these  suffered 
more  or  less  from  the  disease  I  need  not  mention  them  at  this  time. 
This  work  will  be  extended  to  our  entire  collection  of  varieties  and 
it  is  hoped  that  other  valuable  blight  resistant  varieties  will  be 
found. 

At  the  present  time  we  are  recommending  the  Surprise,  and  Orel 
15,  as  blight  resistant  varieties  to  be  used  as  body  stocks  on  which  to 
top-graft  our  commercial  varieties.  These  should  be  grafted  or 
budded  on  some  blight-resistant  root  system. 

Just  at  present  it  is  impossible  to  purchase  these  trees,  especially 
Surprise  and  Orel  15,  in  large  quantities.  I  have  interested  a  num- 
ber of  nurserymen  in  these  varieties,  and  am  supplying  them  with 
propagating  wood,  and  there  should  be  a  goodly  supply  of  trees  of 
these  varieties  on  the  market  within  the  next  two  or  three  years. 

Stocks  for  Root  Systems. 

A  blight  resistant  stock  or  root  system  is  just  as  important  as  a 
blight  resistant  body  or  trunk.  In  many  regions  on  the  Pacific 
Coast  pear  blight  is  just  as  severe  on  the  root  system  as  on  the  trunk. 
Most  of  our  older  pear  orchards  are  on  the  French  seedling  pear 
roots,  Pyrus  communis.  This  stock  is  particularly  susceptible  to 
blight  and  woolly  aphis.  Under  these  conditions  we  should  not  con- 
tinue using  the  French  stock  for  pears.  What  stock  will  eventually 
prove  most  desirable  under  such  conditions  is  a  difficult  question  to 
answer.  At  the  present  time  the  best  stock  available,  considered 
from  the  standpoint  of  blight  resistance,  is  the  Chinese  Sand  Pear, 
commonly  listed  as  Pyrus  sinensis.  In  our  work  a  number  of  three- 
year-old  seedlings  of  these  two  species  were  inoculated  just  above 
the  roots.  One  month  later  36  per  cent  of  the  trees  of  the  French 
stock  had  developed  blight.  None  of  these  Chinese  Sand  Pear  trees 
so  far  have  developed  the  disease  either  at  the  crown  or  on  the 
roots.  The  Sand  Pear  is  also  much  freer  from  woolly  aphis  which 
is  a  valuable  characteristic  in  the  prevention  of  pear  blight. 


44  PROCEEDINGS  OP  THE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 

It  is  unfortunate  that  only  two  species  of  Pyrus  have  been 
thoroughly  tried  in  this  country  as  stocks  for  pears.  It  is  well 
known  that  there  are  many  other  wild  species  of  pears  in  Europe, 
Asia,  and  Northern  Africa;  and  some  of  these  may  prove  valuable 
as  stock  for  our  cultivated  pears.  We  have  made  a  complete  collec- 
tion of  these  species.  During  the  present  summer  numerous  inocu- 
lations were  made  on  young  trees  of  most  of  these  species.  While 
the  work  has  not  progressed  far  enough  to  draw  conclusions  it  might 
be  well  to  present  the  results  obtained  up  to  the  present  time. 

Pyrus  ovoidea,  Rehder,  has  proved  remarkably  resistant  to  blight. 
Numerous  inoculations  in  the  trunks  of  young  trees  have  failed  to 
develop  the  disease.  Even  in  the  tips  of  the  young  vigorous  shoots 
the  disease  would  never  develop  more  than  two  or  three  inches. 

Pyrus  variolosa  has  shown  marked  resistance.  All  of  our  inocula- 
tions in  the  trunks  of  two-year-old  trees  of  this  species  have  failed  to 
develop  blight. 

Under  the  specific  name  Pyrus  sinensis  we  have  several  distinct 
species  which  will  be  classified  as  soon  as  they  begin  to  fruit.  Two 
of  these  so  far  have  not  blighted  on  the  trunks  of  two-year-old  trees 
although  they  were  thoroughly  inoculated.  The  young,  tender 
branches  of  these  species  were  readily  inoculated  but  the  disease 
would  not  extend  into  the  older,  harder  wood. 

The  following  species  have  blighted  readily,  although  some  of 
them  more  vigorously  than  others:  Pyrus  communis,  Pyrus  mich- 
auxii,  Pyrus  elaeagrifoliu,  Pyrus  malifolia,  Pyrus  canescens,  Pyrus 
fascicularis,  Pyrus  amygdaliformis,  Pyrus  pashia,  Pyrus  halansae, 
Pyrus  nivalis,  Pyrus  salicifolia,  Pyrus  cotinifolia,  Pyrus  cordata, 
Pyrus  longipes,  Pyrus  siniaca,  Pyrus  hretschneideri,  and  Pyrus 
phaeocarpa. 

We  have  been  very  much  interested  in  Pyrus  betuliefolia,  which 
is  used  extensively  in  China  as  a  stock.  This  species  is  propagated 
readily  from  cuttings,  and  is  a  very  vigorous  grower.  Inoculations 
have  been  made  on  one  and  two  year  old  trees,  in  the  branches  and 
also  the  trunks.  Nearly  all  of  the  inoculations  were  successful,  and 
the  trees  blighted  vigorously. 

Attention  should  again  be  called  to  the  fact  that  this  work  has 
been  done  with  young  trees  from  one  to  three  years  old.  It  is  well 
known  that  such  young  and  vigorous  trees  will  often  blight  more 
readily  than  older  trees  of  the  same  variety  or  species.  This  has 
been  well  demonstrated  in  our  own  experiments.  In  some  of  the 
species  and  varieties  the  young  branches  blighted  readily,  but  none 
of  the  inoculations  on  the  two  and  three  year  old  trunks  of  the 
same  trees  Avere  successful.  It  is;  quite  probable  that  older  trees  ol 
some  of  these  species  will  show  greater  resistance  to  pear  blight,  at 
least  on  the  tnmks,  than  the  young  trees  with  which  our  work  was 
done. 

The  work  with  these  species,  as  well  as  several  others,  is  being 
continued,  and  it  is  hoped  that  the  degree  of  resistance  or  suscepti- 
bility to  blight  of  every  species  of  Pyrus  wiU  be  definitely 
determined. 


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PEAR  BLIGHT  AND  RESISTANT  VARIETIES  AND  STOCKS.  45 

The  President  :  We  have  with  iis  today  the  man  who  discovered 
and  proved  that  pear  blight  was  due  to  a  bacterium,  and  I  want  to 
say  all  honor  of  that  discovery  is  due  to  Dr.  T.  J.  Burrill,  of  Illinois 
Dr.  Burrill  will  say  a  few  words  to  us  at  this  time. 

Dr.  Burrill:  Mr.  President,  at  the  Illinois  Horticultural 
Society,  in  the  early  seventies  they  prohibited  the  discussion  of  pear 
blight,  as  there  were  so  many  confident  assertions  made  with  regard 
to  its  cause  and  cure  which  meant  nothing  when  tried  out. 

Now,  I  read  a  paper  under  those  conditions,  under  another  name, 
in  1878,  and  the  prohibition  is  still  in  force,  which  proved  to  be 
the  original  data  in  regard  to  a  statement  of  the  disease  being  due 
to  a  special  bacterium.  It  was  not,  however,  completed  until  1880 
— that  is,  the  experiments — ^when  a  considerable  paper  some  of  yovi 
may  have  seen  was  published  in  the  proceedings  of  the  American 
Society  for  the  Advancement  of  Science  and  also  in  the  proceedings 
of  the  Illinois  State  Horticultural  Society,  an  out  and  out  publica- 
tion, of  fifteen  pages,  with  no  prohibition. 

Now,  then,  the  peculiar  thing  about  it  all  was  that  that  has  proved 
to  be,  after  a  long  examination,  the  first  demonstration  of  any  plam 
disease  being  due  to  any  species  of  bacteria.  It  was  held  that  plants 
could  not  be  troubled  with  bacteria  as  the  sap  of  plants  is  always 
acid,  and  it  was  assumed  that  bacteria  could  not  be  developed  in  an 
acid  media.  Hence  it  was  assumed  further  that  no  plant  disease 
could  be  due  to  bacteria. 

Now,  we  know,  and  any  of  you  who  have  seen  Irwin  S.  Smith's 
three-hundred-page  quarto  volume,  giving  an  account  of  ''Plant 
Diseases  Due  to  Bacteria"  will  know  different,  and  will  see  the 
significance  of  this  discovery.     (Applause.) 

Data  Relating  to  Figures  of  Plates  XIII  and  XIV, 
Pear  Blight  Investigations. 

plate  xiii. 

Fig.  1. — Inoculated  in  tip  of  tree.  Blight  killed  shoot  for  21/2 
inches.  The  disease  then  died  out,  and  two  vigorous 
secondary  shoots  grew  from  buds  just  below  blighted 
shoot. 

Fig  2. — Inoculated  in  tip  of  vigorous  shoot.  Shoot  killed  for  a 
distance  of  two  inches.  The  disease  then  died  out,  and 
the  two  secondary  shoots  then  grew  from  buds  just  be- 
low blighted  tip. 

]/^ig,  3_ — Inoculated  in  the  tip  of  the  tree  at  point  indicated  by  let- 
ter "a".  Blight  developed  in  shoot  for  distance  of 
two  inches.  The  three  secondary  shoots  then  grew 
from  buds  below  blighted  young  tips. 


46  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 

PLATE  XIV. 

Fig.  1. — Inoculated   at   tips   at   points   indicated   by   letter   ''A." 

strings.    No  blight  developed. 
Fig.  2. — Inoculated   on   one-year-old  trunk   at   points  just  below 

Tree  killed  by  blight — Check  tree. 
Fig.  3. — Inoculated  on  trunk  at  points  indicated  by  circular  rings. 

Killed  by  blight — Check  tree. 

THE  STANDARDIZATION  OF  NURSERY  CATALOGUES. 

Frank  W.  Power,  Oregon. 

At  first  thought  to  standardize  the  nursery  catalogues  might  seem 
an  easy  matter — one  that  could  be  accomplished  merely  by  the  dif- 
ferent nurserymen  getting  together  in  convention  and  agreeing  to 
bring  their  respective  catalogues  up  to  a  certain  standard. 

Among  the  progressive  nurserymen  this  could  easily  be  done, 
provided  some  standard  could  be  suggested  that  would  cover  the 
different  fruit  sections  of  the  United  State,  and  describe  the  differ- 
ent varieties  catalogued  with  approximate  accuracy. 

In  looking  over  a  general  assortment  of  catalogues,  even  of  the 
most  up-to-date  firms,  one  will  be  surprised  at  the  different  descrip- 
tions given  to  the  same  variety,  often  by  nurserymen  in  nearly  the 
same  locality.  Many  of  these  seeming  discrepancies  can  be  ac- 
counted for  by  a  careful  examination  of  these  catalogues,  when  one 
is  apt  to  find  that  some  very  attractively  printed  and  illustrated 
ones  are  made  up  largely  by  the  "scissor  method,"  that  is  by 
description  clipping  from  eastern  catalogues  and  printing  with- 
out revision  in  a  western  one,  or  from  a  northern  one  to  be  used  by 
a  southern  nurseryman.  Such  methods  are  sure  to  give  rise  to 
errors,  especially  as  to  time  of  ripening,  color,  size,  etc.  As  an  in- 
stance of  such  methods  I  might  cite  a  description  of  the  Oregon 
Champion  Gooseberry  I  ran  across  a  number  of  years  ago  in  the 
catalogue  of  a  Williamette  Valley,  Oregon,  nurseryman,  who  gave 
the  startling  information  at  the  close  that ' '  this  valuable  acquisition 
was  introduced  into  this  district  from  Oregon,"  when,  in  fact,  it 
had  originated  in  that  district.  The  description  had  evidently  been 
clipped  from  some  eastern  catalogue  in  which  the  above  quoted 
clause  had  been  added  to  the  original  description,  and  the  nursery- 
man in  Oregon  had  copied  it  without  revision,  making  the  descrip- 
tion absurd. 

Careful  proof  reading  will  avoid  all  such  errors.  You  should 
always  carefully  proof  read  all  your  catalogues  and  circulars  and 
not  leave  it  to  your  printer — the  copy  sent  him  might  have  been 
incorrect  and  you  will  notice  it,  while  he  could  not  be  expected  to  do 
so  in  all  cases.  All  you  can  ask  of  him  is  to  print  exactly  what  you 
furnished  him  in  your  copy  and  not  put  in  errors  of  his  own. 

But  using  the  best  and  most  careful  methods  available  and  giving 
time  and  study  to  the  work,  it  is  still  a  difficult  matter  to  so  arrange 


THE  STANDARDIZATION  OF  NURSERY  CATA1X)GUES.  47 

a  description  that  it  will  be  accurate  in  all  fruit  districts,  as  any 
nurserj'man  doing  an  inter-state  business  will  testify. 

It  certainly  must  be  a  somewhat  perplexing  matter  to  an  amateur 
in  looking  over  a  number  of  catalogues  and  reading  the  descriptions 
(most  of  them  using  adjectives  principally  in  the  superlative  de- 
gree) to  decide  just  which  one  of  the  many  "very  best  that  can  be 
grown"  he  will  plant.  If,  added  to  this  he  is  interviewed  by  an 
oily-tongued  salesman  with  his  glowing  descriptions,  backed  up  by 
handsome  colored  prints  of  the  fruit,  is  it  any  wonder  that  often  he 
plants  an  orchard  that  in  after  years  reminds  him  of  the  crazy 
quilt  he  slept  under  as  a  boy,  so  many  and  varied  are  the  varieties 
planted. 

Understand  that  I  am  not  "knocking"  the  nurseryman,  I  belong 
to  that  class  myself  and  on  the  whole  I  am  certain  you  will  find  them 
as  truthful  and  honest  as  an  equal  number  in  almost  any  other  line 
of  business. 

Nor  do  I  mean  to  intimate  that  all  catalogues  are  prepared  by 
such  methods.  There  are  many  well  written  ones  that  have  had 
much  careful  study  and  are  probably  about  as  accurate  for  their 
district  as  could  be  expected.  But  if  a  small  nursery,  say,  owned 
by  Brown,  prepares  one  that  is  nearly  up  to  the  desired  standard, 
but  only  does  a  limited  business,  and  another,  Smith,  does  several 
times  as  much,  and  can  afford  to  print  a  catalogue  that  is  nearly  a 
work  of  art,  from  the  mechanical  make-up  and  cuts  contained,  but 
very  inaccurate  as  to  printed  matter,  how  is  the  amateur  grower  go- 
ing to  know  that  Brown's  is  correct  and  that  Smith  spent  all  his 
time  and  money  preparing  beautiful  cuts  and  hiring  a  high-priced 
printer  to  do  the  work?  I  am  merely  pointing  out  some  of  the 
errors  you  are  liable  to  find  and  giving  a  partial  cause  for  them. 

While  a  description  might  not  be  possible  that  would  be  suitable 
for  all  districts  in  the  United  States,  still  a  much  more  "standard" 
one  is  possible,  one  that  would  describe  the  general  size,  form,  color, 
the  flesh  with  regard  to  its  color,  texture,  quality,  and  use,  also  the 
trees,  their  form,  habits  and  manner  of  growth. 

The  season  of  ripening  would  be  the  most  difficult  to  ' '  standard- 
ize," for  what  may  be  an  early  variety  in  one  district  becomes  an 
autumn  or  winter  variety  in  another.  The  size,  color  and  form  also 
change  somewhat  in  the  diflPerent  localities,  but  a  much  more  uni- 
form description  could  be  given  if  an  effort  along  that  line  were 
made. 

The  first  thing  needed  in  standardizing  catalogues  would  be  de- 
scriptions worked  up  by  the  Division  of  Pomology  of  the  U.  S.  De- 
partment of  Agriculture  in  co-operation  with  the  Experiment  Sta- 
tions in  the  different  states,  the  nurserymen  and  fruit  growers  so 
as  to  have  accurate  data  for  the  different  districts  as  to  color,  size, 
form,  time  of  ripening,  quality,  use,  etc.  The  Secretary  of  this 
Society  must  realize  the  difficulty  as  he  has  had  experience  along 
this  line  in  trying  to  arrange  a  new  quality  rating  and  key  for 
apples  where  even  districts  in  the  same  state  have  radically  differ- 


48  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 

ent  ideas  as  to  the  quality,  rating,  etc.,  of  certain  varieties  aud  much 
difReulty  has  been  experienced  by  the  judges  and  managers  of  large 
apple  shows  on  such  points. 

In  discussing  this  matter  with  my  friend,  Secretary  Ijake,  I  as- 
sured him  that  I  was  in  favor  of  such  a  move,  but  that  if  I  spent 
the  time  and  money  working  up  such  a  description,  one  that  was 
scientifically  accurate  (even  if  I  had  the  ability  to  do  so,  which  I  do 
not  claim  to  possess)  I  feared  I  was  so  selfish  that  in  place  of  giving 
it  free  to  the  world,  that  I  would  copyright  that  book  and  prosecute 
any  nurseryman  using  it  without  first  obtaining  the  right  to  do  so 
and  giving  full  credit  to  its  author. 

It  could  hardly  be  expected  that  any  one  firm  could  afford  to 
spend  the  time  and  money  necessary  for  such  an  undertaking  and 
then  give  the  information  to  others  free  of  charge,  and  for  this 
reason  the  Division  of  Pomology  in  co-operation  with  the  pomolo- 
gists  at  the  various  experiment  stations  is  in  a  much  better  position 
to  do  this  detail  work  than  any  one  else,  as  they  have  the  organiza- 
tion, a  number  of  experts,  and  the  machinery  capable  of  doing  it. 

Nursery  catalogues  made  from  such  descriptions  would  be  like  an 
abridged  work  of  reference  on  horticulture  for  the  fruit  grower  and 
one  on  which  he  could  rely  and  which  would  be  carefully  preserved. 

The  nurserymen  should  be  given  the  permission  of  enlarging  on 
the  standard  descriptions  for  such  new  specialties  or  varieties  as 
they  deemed  necessary,  as  a  new  variety  needs  a  much  more  com- 
plete history  than  some  old  one  like  the  Northern  Spy,  Baldwin,  etc., 
but  these  descriptions  could  be  so  printed  as  to  show  which  part  was 
the  accepted  standard  one,  and  which  part  was  supplemental 
thereto.  In  this  way  even  old  varieties  could  have  supplemental  de- 
scriptions as  to  habits,  desirability  for  certain  districts,  etc. 

Sweet  cherries,  prunes,  loganberries,  etc.,  which  are  so  prolific 
and  successful  in  certain  localities,  may  be  total  failures  in  others. 
By  using  good  judgment  many  of  these  characteristics  could  be  ex- 
plained without  making  the  catalogue  over-sized,  as  the  nurseryman 
must  avoid  too  bulky  a  book,  or  it  will  be  merely  a  work  of  refer- 
ence and  not  an  advertisement  to  secure  orders — the  prime  object 
of  all  catalogues,  whether  for  nursery  stock  or  other  articles. 

A  catalogue  to  be  useful  must  be  brief  and  if  accuracy  and  merit 
can  be  secured  in  about  the  same  size  a  really  standard  one  has  been 
secured. 

Such  works  as  Downing,  Thomas,  Apples  of  New  York,  Plums  of 
New  York,  while  excellent  work  of  reference,  would  be  unusable 
if  supplied  to  nurserymen  free  of  charge. 

This  point,  size  of  the  booklet,  is  the  only  one  on  which  I  an- 
ticipate much  opposition  from  nurserymen,  that  if  left  to  the 
scientists,  too  much  information  will  be  attempted,  making  it  a  work 
of  reference,  rather  than  a  nursery  catalogue,  therefore,  in  order  to 
secure  its  adoption,  accuracy,  terseness  and  brevity  are  three  things 
that  must  be  the  rule. 

While  this  data  is  being  prepared  a  fairly  standard  one  could  be 


CONTROL  OP  APPLE  DISEASES  OP  THE  APPALACHIAN  REGION.        49 

prepared  by  nurserymen  with  the  advice  and  assistance  of  the 
Secretary  of  this  Society,  and  of  the  Division  of  Pomology,  and  I 
fully  believe  that  all  progressive  nursery  firms  would  work  along 
such  lines  if  the  matter  was  presented  to  them. 

I  might  say  that  I  am  now  revising  our  own  catalogue  and  trying 
to  prepare  a  more  standard  description  of  varieties,  and  the  rough 
outline  was  submitted  to  Secretary  Lake  and,  with  certain  sugges- 
tions, approved  by  him.  I  am  sorry  that  I  am  unable  to  be  present 
to  explain  more  in  detail  than  can  be  done  in  a  paper  without  be- 
coming tiresome.  I  find  that  the  greatest  difficulty  is  in  securing 
data  for  a  Northwest  catalogue.  The  most  complete  description  of 
apples  at  present  is  found  in  "Apples  of  New  York,"  but  unfor- 
tunately many  varieties  change  their  habits  of  growth,  season  of 
ripening,  color,  size  or  some  other  characteristic  when  planted  in  the 
Northwest,  and  for  the  present,  at  least,  it  will  be  necessary  to 
specify  for  what  state  or  district  the  description  was  standardized, 
with  an  additional  note  for  the  section  in  which  it  is  desired  to  sell 
it  or  for  other  districts.  This  will  always  be  necessary  for  firms  do- 
ing a  large  inter-state  business,  and  I  have  not  yet  formulated  a 
plan  that  is  entirely  satisfactory  to  myself,  but  believe  the  sugges- 
tion above  probably  might  work  for  the  present,  as  a  standard  de- 
scription for  any  one  district  or  state  if  so  specified  in  the  cata- 
logue, accompanied  by  a  supplemental  note,  would  be  much  better 
than  the  hap-hazard  method  of  description  used  by  many  at  pres- 
ent without  anything  to  show  for  what  district  the  description  was 
prepared. 

I  would  suggest  that  a  resolution  be  adopted  by  this  convention 
requesting  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture  to  have  this  work  taken  up 
by  the  Division  of  Pomology  in  co-operation  with  the  horticultural 
diWsion  of  each  experiment  station. 

That  a  further  resolution  be  adopted  directing  the  Secretary  of 
this  Society  to  request  all  nurserymen  associations  to  take  this  mat- 
ter up  at  once,  and  that  the  State  Horticultural  Societies  be  re- 
quested to  assist  in  gathering  and  preparing  the  data. 

Let  us  make  a  start  at  this  meeting,  and  if  it  takes  Jten  or  twenty 
years  to  develop  it  we  are  at  least  headed  in  the  right  direction. 

THE  CONTROL  OF  APPLE  DISEASES  OF  THE  APPALACHIAN  BEOION. 

Dr.  H.  S.  Reed,  California. 

The  practical,  as  well  as  the  impractical,  grower  of  fruit  is  fully 
aware  of  the  variety  and  severity  of  the  plant  diseases  to  which  it 
is  subject.  Unless  the  diseases  are  controlled,  it  is  impossible  to 
produce  marketable  apples  today. 

Fruit  growing  is  largely  a  question  of  healthy  trees  in  a  suitable 
location.  The  location  depends  upon  a  suitable  soil  and  exposure 
subject  to  subsequent  modification  by  tillage,  application  of  fer- 
tilizers and  other  operations  under  the  control  of  the  farmer.  The 
healthy  tree  is  usually  the  result  of  the  factors  just  mentioned  com- 


50  PROCEEDINGS  OP  THE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY, 

bined  with  sneh  practices  as  pruning,  spraying,  and  similar  forms 
of  caretaking  which  are  needed  perennially.  Unless  the  environ- 
ment of  the  tree  is  suited  to  its  development  it  is  exceedingly  diffi- 
cult, if  not  impossible,  to  control  orchard  diseases.  It  cannot  be 
assumed,  however,  that  proper  location  and  cultivation  alone  will 
insure  freedom  from  disease.  In  fact,  certain  diseases,  such  as  twig 
blight,  are  more  destructive  to  healthy,  rapidly  growing  trees  than 
to  trees  of  retarded  growth  of  the  same  variety. 

The  increasing  prevalence  of  many  of  the  plant  diseases  is  not 
an  unmixed  evil.  It  is  one  of  the  safeguards  against  over-produc- 
tion. If  all  orchards  were  healthy  and  producing  normal  crops  of 
fruit,  over-production  would  be  certain.  Fortunately,  or  un- 
fortunately, this  is  not  the  case.  Many  hundreds  of  acres  of  or- 
chards are  planted  every  year  with  the  more  or  less  certain  fate  of 
being  destroyed  or  stunted  by  the  various  plant  diseases  to  which 
they  are  subject.  Even  in  fairly  well  tended  orchards,  a  greater  or 
less  percentage  of  the  fruit  falls  a  victim  to  diseases  which  destroy 
its  value  for  market  and  a  certain  portion  of  the  fruit  is  destined  to 
fall  to  the  ground  where  it  decays  or  is  used  for  by-products  of 
small  value. 

The  epidemics  of  diseases  which  appear  from  time  to  time  have 
been  a  perplexing  problem  to  many  fruit  growers.  The  question 
naturally  arises,  "Whence  come  these  injurious  diseases  and  what 
part  have  we  in  their  distribution?"  Most  of  our  fruit  diseases  be- 
long to  one  of  two  classes:  First,  those  which  have  existed  in  the 
country  as  more  or  less  obscure  diseases  of  native  vegetation ; 
second,  those  of  other  countries  which  have  been  introduced  through 
the  channels  of  commerce.  Some  of  the  apple  diseases  of  the  eastern 
United  States  belong  to  the  first  class,  and  were  present  as  diseases 
of  the  wild  crab  or  related  species  before  the  introduction  of  im- 
proved fruit.  Examples  of  this  may  be  seen  in  the  twig  blight  and 
the  cedar  rust.  These  diseases  existed  and  may  be  found  today  on 
the  wild  crab  of  North  America.  When  improved  varieties  of  ap- 
ples were  propagated  and  especially  when  careful  methods  of  cul- 
tivation brought  about  a  rapidly  growing  tree,  the  organisms  caus- 
ing these  diseases  found  much  more  suitable  host  plants  and  mul- 
tiplied at  a  correspondingly  greater  rate.  The  communicability  of 
such  diseases  is  also  increased  where  large  areas  are  planted  abund- 
antly with  a  given  species  or  with  a  given  variety  of  a  single 
species.  Here  the  natural  barriers  which  exist  in  nature,  such  as 
isolation,  are  removed  and  the  organisms  find  little  if  any  hind- 
rance in  passing  from  one  host  plant  to  another  over  large  areas. 
The  second  class  includes  diseases  such  as  the  currant  cane  blight 
introduced  into  this  country  from  Europe,  the  chestnut  bark  blight 
introduced  from  Asia,  or  the  more  recent  citrus  canker  from  the 
Philippines.  Doubtless  many  other  fruit  diseases  which  are  now 
firmly  established  and  widely  distributed,  came  from  other  conti- 
nents at  a  time  when  no  attention  was  paid  to  such  matters  and  con- 
sequently no  record  made  of  their  introduction.     This  is  undoubt- 


CONTROL  OP  APPLE  DISEASES  OF  THE  APPALACHIAN  REGION.        51 

edly  true  of  apple  scab  which  is  uniformly  present  both  in  Europe 
and  North  America. 

Another  observation  on  the  nature  of  these  epidemics  may  be 
made  in  passing,  namely,  the  waves  of  disease  which  appear  to  pass 
over  the  country  at  more  or  less  frequent  intervals.  The  present 
year  probably  marks,  for  example,  the  crest  of  the  wave  of  twig 
blight  in  the  eastern  apple  orchards.  For  the  last  five  years  the 
infection  and  injury  from  this  disease  have  been  on  the  increase 
until  the  past  spring  witnessed  the  complete  destruction  of  the  fruit 
over  a  large  district,  the  injury  being  pronounced  even  upon  varie- 
ties which  ordinarily  suffer  little  if  at  all  from  this  disease.  The 
history  of  peach  yellows  shows  a  similar  order  of  affairs.  Several 
years  ago  a  destructive  epidemic  of  this  disease  swept  through  the 
Middle  Atlantic  States  destroying  thousands  of  acres  of  valuable 
orchards.  The  disease  seems  to  have  more  or  less  completely  dis- 
appeared at  the  present  time  and  many  young  orchards  are  growing 
thriftily  in  localities  where  this  disease  was  at  one  time  severe.  It 
cannot  be  doubted,  however,  but  that  the  epidemic  of  this  disease 
will  recur  unless  better  means  of  control  are  devised  for  the  future. 
The  reason  for  this  state  of  affairs  offers  an  inviting  field  for  specu- 
lation but  it  can  only  be  speculation  with  our  present  incomplete 
knowledge  of  the  subject.  Many  times  the  disappearance  of  the 
epidemic  may  be  due  to  the  death  of  suitable  host  plants  and  con- 
sequent isolation  of  the  survivors.  In  some  cases  it  is  hard  to  get 
away  from  the  belief  that  the  trees  acquire  some  sort  of  immunity 
from  the  continued  presence  of  the  disease  organisms  in  their  tis- 
sues. This  immunity  is  probably  temporary  so  far  as  we  can  judge 
from  results.  It  goes  without  saying  that  many  epidemics  are  de- 
pendent entirely  upon  weather  conditions,  which  favor  the  growth 
and  dissemination  of  the  disease  producing  organism.  The  appar- 
ent freedom  from  infection  may  in  such  cases  be  traced  directly  to 
weather  conditions.  This  was  observed  in  the  case  of  the  cedar 
rust  in  the  Shenandoah  Valley  in  1911,  when,  on  account  of  a  pro- 
longed spring  drought  there  was  scanty  opportunity  for  infection 
of  the  apple  foliage.  Many  persons  concluded  that  the  cedar  rust 
was  a  vanishing  quantity  and  that  the  problem  of  control  would 
take  care  of  itself.  They  were  promptly  disillusioned  in  the  season 
of  1912  when  a  period  of  rainfall  during  the  susceptible  stage  of 
apple  foliage  gave  abundant  opportunity  for  infection  and  re- 
sulted in  an  injury  of  a  half-million  dollars  in;  the  Shenandoah 
Valley  alone  and  possibly  a  like  condition  existed  in  the  neighboring 
states  of  West  Virginia  and  Maryland. 

Methods  op  Control. 

In  the  discussion  which  follows  an  attempt  will  be  made  to  point 
out  some  of  the  more  practical  methods  of  controlling  the  orchard 
diseases  and  of  preventing  the  injury  which  follows  from  their 
attacks. 


52         proceedings  of  the  american  pomological  societst. 

Inspection. 

Inspection,  either  State  or  Federal,  is  one  of  the  successful  means 
of  disease  control  but  one  which  has  been  unfortunately  too  little 
regarded  in  the  past.  The  agricultural  interests  have  appeared  to 
be  "willing  for  immigrants  of  every  character,  both  desirable  and 
undesirable,  to  come  to  our  country.  A  more  determined  stand  has 
been  taken  by  several  of  the  states  in  which  horticultural  interests 
are  important  and  they  have  maintained  rigid  quarantine  against 
many  of  these  unwelcome  invaders.  It  is  only  recently,  however, 
that  Federal  inspection  of  imported  plants  has  been  initiated.  Had 
we  had  suitable  inspection  of  this  kind  it  might  have  been  possible 
to  avoid  the  introduction  of  the  San  Jose  scale,  the  chestnut  bark 
disease,  and  white  pine  blister  rust,  all  of  which  are  definitely 
known  to  have  been  introduced  in  recent  years  from  countries 
naturally  isolated  from  us. 

Inspection  methods  are  especially  useful  in  the  control  of  dis- 
eases of  nurserj^  stock.  The  best  example  of  tliis  type  of  work  is  the 
inspection  service  of  the  various  states  for  crown  gall  and  hairy 
root.  It  has  been  definitely  proven  that  these  diseases  are  con- 
tracted in  the  nursery  and  that  there  is  no  means  of  curing  or  con- 
trolling the  disease  in  a  tree  which  has  once  been  infected. 

Various  states  have  laws  requiring  the  inspection  of  orchards  and 
giving  power  to  the  official  in  charge  to  destroy  or  to  direct  the 
destruction  of  infected  trees.  In  most  cases  known  to  the  writer, 
the  results  of  this  work  have  not  been  so  productive  of  good  results 
as  the  framers  of  that  legislation  hoped.  Perhaps  one  of  its  great- 
est values,  however,  has  been  the  education  of  fruit  growers  and 
a  recognition  of  the  harm  which  results  from  such  diseases.  There 
is  a  type  of  mind,  more  or  less  common,  Avhich  will  be  convinced 
of  such  facts  more  readily  by  legislation  than  by  any  amount  of 
scientific  experiment  or  demonstration.  At  the  present  time  the 
inspection  laws  are  serving  the  purpose  of  a  loaded  fowling  piece 
standing  behind  the  kitchen  door  in  maintaining  law  and  order. 
They  are  seldom  called  into  use  but  their  moral  effect  is  wholesome 
and  restraining. 

Pruning. 

Pruning  and  disinfection  of  diseased  trees  is  the  most  efficient 
method  of  treating  certain  types  of  cankers  and  other  diseases 
which  affect  the  woody  portion  of  the  trees.  This  method  is  to  be 
regarded  as  efficient  so  long  as  it  removes  centers  of  infection  and 
prevents  dissemination  of  disease  producing  organisms  to  healthy 
trees.  The  need  of  such  kind  of  treatment  is  perpetual.  The  work 
required  can  be  done  to  best  advantage  during  the  winter  when  the 
entire  trunk  and  branch  system  of  the  tree  inay  be  readily  seen. 
It  is  only  necessary  to  emphasize  the  necessity  for  careful  and 
thorough  work.  It  is  not  enough  to  remove  the  entire  canker  but 
a  portion  of  the  adjoining  healthy  tissue  should  also  be  taken. 


CONTROL  OF  APPLE  DISEASES  OF  THE  APPALACHLAN  REGION.        53 

The  instruments  used  for  such  work  should  be  frequently  sponged 
with  a  disinfecting  solution  which  will  prevent  them  from  carry- 
ing organisms  to  healthy  tissue  and  producing  infection.  The  sur- 
faces of  the  wounds  should  also  be  washed  with  a  disinfecting  solu- 
tion and  when  dry,  covered  with  a  protective  coating  such  as  graft- 
ing wax  or  Bordeaux  paint.  In  the  case  of  such  diseases  as  the  bit- 
ter rot  of  apples  or  the  brown  rot  of  stone  fruits,  which  produce 
mummies,  it  is  advisable  and  in  some  cases  absolutely  indispensa- 
ble that  the  mummied  fruits  be  knocked  off  the  trees  and  destroyed. 

Eradication. 

Eradication  of  diseased  trees  is  simply  carrying  further  the 
remedies  discussed  in  the  last  paragraph.  This  is  required  in  the 
case  of  highly  infectious  diseases  such  as  the  citrus  canker  or  peach 
yellows.  Indeed,  it  is  advisable  in  such  cases  to  burn  the  tree  in 
place  with  the  aid  of  oil  rather  than  to  attempt  to  cut  it  dov/n  and 
drag  it  out  of  the  orchard,  because  in  so  doing,  many  growers  have 
communicated  the  disease  to  neighboring  trees  which  came  in  con- 
tact with  the  diseased  tree  on  its  way  to  the  brush  pile.  Strictly 
speaking,  this  is  not  a  means  of  controlling  disease  because  the  dis- 
eased tree  is  completely  destroyed  by  the  treatment.  It  must  be 
regarded  rather  as  the  removal  of  centers  of  infection  which  are 
dangerous  to  neighboring  healthy  trees. 

Only  a  small  part  of  the  benefits  of  eradication  measures  will  be 
experienced  unless  some  type  of  community  co-operation  can  be  ob- 
tained. Disease  producing  organisms  know  nothing  of  land  titles 
and  pass  Avithout  hindrance  from  one  orchard  to  another  without 
regard  to  ownership.  A  diseased  tree  in  an  adjoining  orchard  is 
obviously  just  as  dangerous  as  one  on  one's  own  land.  If  co-opera- 
tion cannot  be  had,  it  may  be  necessary  to  secure  legislation  which 
would  insure  the  result  under  the  oversight  of  a  suitable  official. 
The  twig  blight  disease  previously  mentioned  is  an  illustration  of 
this  matter.  Since  this  disease  is  transmitted  from  one  tree  to 
another  through  the  agency  of  bees,  it  may  travel  to  wide  areas  and 
produce  infection.  It  is,  therefore,  important  to  have  the  hold- 
over canker  removed  from  adjacent  orchards.  The  case  of  the 
cedar  rust  disease  of  apples  affords  a  rather  unique  instance  in  the 
history  of  this  type  of  treatment  since  the  disease  is  commimicated 
to  the  apple  from  the  native  red  cedar.  It  becomes  necessary  to 
eradicate  not  the  apple,  but  the  cedar.  In  many  cases,  the  owners 
af  the  two  are  not  the  same  person.  For  many  reasons  it  is  often 
difficult  to  obtain  consent  from  the  owner  of  the  cedar  trees  for  the 
destruction  of  the  cedars,  especially  if  it  happens  that  he  does  not 
grow  apple  trees.  In  many  cases,  it  is  therefore  right  that  the 
owner  of  the  cedar  trees  should  be  compensated  if  he  can  show  that 
he  has  suffered  actual  loss  from  the  destruction  of  his  cedars.  The 
new  state  law  in  Virginia  provides  for  suitable  compensation  in 
cases  where  it  can  be  shown  that  valuable  property  has  been  de- 
stroyed.    The  damages  are  paid  from  the  county  treasury,  the 


54  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 

amount  being  collected  by  tax  on  apple  orchards  in  the  district  in- 
volved. In  other  states,  cedar  trees  may  be  cut  without  compensa- 
tion. The  eradication  practice  has  recently  had  an  interesting  ap- 
plication in  the  case  of  apple  twig  blight.  Since  the  disease  is 
very  abundant  upon  pear  trees  it  can  be  shown  in  many  cases  that 
the  bulk  of  infection  in  apple  orchards  has  come  from  neighboring 
pear  trees.  The  writer  has  been  venturesome  enough  to  advise  the 
destruction  of  pear  trees  in  the  neighborhood  of  badly  blighted 
apple  orchards.  In  such  apple  orchards  the  amount  of  blight  has 
been  reduced  to  a  negligible  quantity  without  resort  to  other  means 
of  control.  In  such  cases,  of  course,  the  apple  crop  was  the  money 
crop  of  the  orchard.  The  pears  were  planted  largely  for  home  use 
or  incidental  sales. 

Spraying. 

The  practice  of  spraying  is  so  well  known  and  so  widely  used  that 
it  needs  no  detailed  discussion  to  bring  it  to  your  attention.  In 
fact,  when  we  speak  of  disease  control  the  average  person  regards 
it  as  synonymous  with  spraying.  This  means  of  control  is  the  most 
efficient  one  which  we  possess  against  diseases  of  foliage  and  fruit. 
Some  idea  of  the  extent  to  which  spraying  is  practiced  may  be 
gathered  from  the  sale  of  spraying  material  by  the  carload  in  im- 
portant districts.  Its  efficiency  depends  upon  the  presence  on  the 
foliage  of  a  suitable  poison  at  the  time  the  spores  of  the  disease 
producing  organism  germinate.  It  can  be  shown  by  microscopical 
observation  that  the  w^eak  poison  kills  the  germ  tube  or  young 
mycelium  of  the  fungus.  For  many  years  gardeners  have  followed 
the  practice  of  dusting  plants  with  sulphur  or  other  fungicidal 
agents  for  the  control  of  mildews  and  other  epiphytic  parasites.  It 
was  not  until  the  introduction  of  Bordeaux  mixture  by  Millardet 
that  practice  of  spraying  became  practical  enough  to  warrant  its 
use  in  a  large  way.  Another  discovery  of  almost  equal  importance, 
made  by  Professor  Cordley,  of  the  Oregon  Agriculture  Experiment 
Station,  following  his  experiments  in  1907,  is  that  of  dilute  lime 
sulphur  as  a  summer  spray. 

From  time  to  time  the  possibilities  of  dust  spraying  have  been 
tested  in  a  practical  way.  This  would  be  exceptionally  desirable  on 
steep  orchards.  It  is  possible  to  prepare  Bordeaux  powder  for  or- 
chard use  and  to  apply  it  cheaply  to  the  trees.  If  it  could  be  made 
as  efficient  as  the  liquid  spray  it  would  materially  reduce  the  cost 
of  spraying.  Unfortunately  the  results  thus  far  obtained  do  not 
warrant  its  use  in  a  practical  way.  The  weather  conditions  under 
which  the  dust  can  be  applied  are  much  more  limited  than  in  the 
case  of  the  liquid  spray.  Absence  of  winds  and  the  presence  of  rain 
or  dew  in  some  form  on  the  foliage  are  quite  indispensable.  Un- 
fortunately, in  the  season  when  spraying  must  be  done  these  condi- 
tions are  not  always  to  be  had. 

The  literature  of  the  agricultural  papers  and  bulletins  of  the 
state  experiment  stations  are  well  supplied  with  thorough  studies 


CONTROL  OF  APPLE  DISEASES  OF  THE  APPALACHIAN  REGION.        55 

upon  the  question  of  spraying  and  its  relation  to  the  control  of 
various  diseases.  It  is  not  advisable  to  enter  into  details  here,  since 
any  adequate  discussion  would  far  exceed  the  limits  of  a  single 
paper.  It  may  be  proper,  however,  to  suggest  that  orchard  men 
have  overlooked  the  value  of  winter  spraying.  This  practice  is 
frequently  contined  to  the  control  of  scale  insects,  but  it  may  be 
profitably  used  in  many  eases  where  scale  insects  are  not  present 
since  it  kills  the  lichens  and  other  types  of  vegetable  growth  which 
frequently  cover  the  branches  of  old  trees.  These  plants  do  not 
cause  disease  in  themselves  but  they  form  a  harbor  for  the  spores 
of  numerous  fungi  which  may  prove  very  detrimental  to  the  health 
of  the  tree.  A  weak  solution  of  lye  or  an  oil  spray,  has  proven 
beneficial  in  many  instances  in  maintaining  a  healthy  bark  and 
promoting  the  health  of  the  tree. 

Tillage. 


The  various  operations,  such  as  cultivation,  drainage,  irrigation 
and  fertilization  assist  the  growth  of  the  tree  and  more  or  less 
directly  influence  the  disease  control.  As  pointed  out  above,  a  vig- 
orous tree  is  not  necessarily  free  from  disease.  In  fact,  the  oppo- 
site is  often  the  case.  Nevertheless,  many  troubles  may  be  traced 
directly  to  improper  tillage  methods,  as  for  instance,  the  case  of 
trees  in  wet  soil.  Such  trees  are  almost  invariably  more  susceptible 
to  root  rot  than  trees  on  well  drained  land.  A  heavy  sod  in  the 
orchard  unquestionably  affords  a  harbor  for  fungus  and  insect 
enemies.  The  hope  of  controlling  plant  diseases  through  the  appli- 
cation of  fertilizers  has  not  met  with  success  in  most  instances. 
Nevertheless,  the  question  warrants  study,  in  some  cases  at  least. 
Price,  at  the  Virginia  Experiment  Station,  has  shown  that  pear 
blight  may  be  largely  controlled  by  the  application  of  potash  and 
phosphoric  acid  with  the  absence  of  nitrogen  and  cultivation.  The 
moisture  content  of  the  soil  so  far  as  it  may  be  influenced  by  culti- 
vation or  irrigation  is  also  important  in  instances  where  various 
fruit  troubles  such  as  fruit  spot  or  fruit  pit  are  found.  According 
to  our  present  knowledge,  some  of  these  troubles  might  be  avoided 
by  maintaining  a  fairly  constant  water  supply  for  the  trees. 
Sterilization  of  the  soil  by  means  of  heat  or  chemicals  oft'ers  promis- 
ing possibilities  for  the  control  of  many  root  diseases.  Future  work 
must  show  how  this  may  be  done  economically. 

Selection  op  Healthy  Propagating  Material. 

The  value  of  this  practice  is  too  obvious  to  require  extended  dis- 
cussion. It  has  been  shown  repeatedly  that  the  use  of  scions 
or  buds  from  diseased  trees  is  responsible  for  the  infection  of 
plants  and  trees  with  such  diseases  as  crown  gall  and  peach  yellows. 


56         proceedings  of  the  american  pomological  society. 

Working  Varieties  on  Hardy  Roots. 

This  method  borders  very  closely  upon  the  last  one  mentioned.  It 
has  been  found  profitable  in  districts  where  collar  blight  is  pre- 
valent to  work  susceptible  varieties  on  hardy  roots.  In  these  cases 
the  buds  are  inserted  at  least  twelve  inches  above  the  surface  of  the 
ground  so  that  the  susceptible  wood  shall  be  well  above  the  place 
likely  to  be  infected.  The  California  citrus  growers  have  found 
that  the  gummosis  disease  may  be  avoided  by  budding  on  stock  of 
the  sour  orange  instead  of  the  sweet  orange. 

Controlling  Insects. 

Many  instances  are  known  where  insects  are  directly  responsible 
for  the  dissemination  of  plant  diseases.  Stewart  of  Cornell  has  re- 
cently sho\\^l  that  blight  is  spread  by  the  tarnished  plant  bug  and 
by  sucking  insects  which  have  been  in  contact  with  the  blight 
bacteria.  Unfortunately  the  transmission  of  blight  by  bees  cannot 
readily  be  controlled.  In  this,  as  in  other  cases,  different  means  of 
control  will  need  to  be  devised. 

Selection  and  Breeding  of  Resistant  or  Immune  Varieties. 

This  means  of  disease  control  offers  abundant  opportunity  for 
profitable  work.  By  this  means  it  should  be  possible  to  avoid  much 
of  the  loss  now  suffered  from  plant  disease.  It  is  perhaps  the  most 
permanent  and  satisfactory  solution  of  the  problem.  Many  of  the 
means  of  control  discussed  above,  such  as  spraying,  are  to  be  re- 
garded as  a  make-shift  necessitated  by  our  present  incomplete 
knowledge  of  better  means  of  control.  The  writer  does  not  be- 
lieve that  spraying  will  always  be  necessary.  The  time  will  come 
when  such  crude  methods  will  be  left  far  behind.  Valuable  varie- 
ties may  be  obtained  by  the  selection  of  naturally  resistant  individ- 
uals as  is  shown  by  the  strain  of  cabbage  resistant  to  yellows  dis- 
covered and  propagated  by  L.  R.  Jones.  Plant  breeding  for  re- 
sistance is  one  of  the  promising  means  of  disease  control.  The 
present  status  of  horticultural  varieties  appears  to  an  outsider  to  be 
largely  the  result  of  chance  crossing  and  subsequent  selection  for 
productiveness,  color  or  flavor.  We  see  that  marvelous  improve- 
ments have  been  made  in  the  quality  and  productiveness  of  fruits 
as  a  result.  There  is  reason  to  believe  that  we  might  improve  the 
resistance  or  immunity  of  plants  to  as  great  an  extent  as  we  have 
improved  their  quality  and  flavor.  A  publication  describing  the 
work  of  Professor  Hansen  on  breeding  pears  immune  to  blight  has 
been  received  in  the  last  few  days.  The  problem  is  necessarily  diffi- 
cult on  account  of  the  long  time  required  from  the  hybridization  of 
the  flower  to  the  productive  age  of  the  offispring,  but  the  result  will 
fully  warrant  the  cost  in  time.  Now  that  we  have  agricultural  in- 
stitutions established,  as  we  hope,  for  the  benefit  of  future  genera- 


THE  PERSIAN  WALNUT  INDUSTRY  OF  THE  PACIFIC  COAST.  bi 

tions  as  well  as  our  own,  it  is  well  worth  undertaking  some  prob- 
lems in  this  field.  We  know  that  we  have  varieties  in  hand  which 
are  almost  immune  to  certain  diseases.  AVith  these  at  one's  dis- 
posal there  would  need  to  be  little  hesitancy  in  attempting  to  make 
suitable  hybrids,  due  regard  being  had,  of  course,  to  quality  and 
flavor  as  well  as  to  hardiness.  Unfortunately  many  of  the  varieties 
which  display  resistance  to  disease  are  more  or  less  undesirable  as 
a  commercial  proposition  on  account  of  lack  of  flavor,  size,  or  other 
characters  which  commend  them  to  the  consumer. 

Each  year  that  passes  witnesses  a  more  intelligent  and,  there- 
fore, more  successful  light  against  the  diseases  of  the  orchard. 

Much  of  the  failure  to  control  plant  diseases  is  due  to  our  im- 
perfect knowledge  of  the  causal  organisms.  We  are  trying  to  fight 
enemies  whose  location  and  modus  operandi  are  unknown,  natural- 
ly we  cannot  be  entirely  successful.  A  vast  amount  has  been 
learned  in  recent  yeai-s,  however.  The  science  of  plant  pathology 
in  this  country  is  only  a  quarter  of  a  century  old,  yet  we  are  re- 
garded by  other  nations  as  among  the  foremost  in  the  art  of  con- 
trolling diseases  of  plants.     (Prolonged  applause.) 

THE  PERSIAN  WALNUT  INDUSTRY  OF  THE  PACIFIC  COAST. 

Dr.  W.  W.  Fitzgerald,  California. 

Mr.  President  and  members  of  the  Association,  it  gives  me  great 
pleasure  to  address  you  on  my  experience  with  Vv'alnut  culture  on 
the  Pacific  Coast.  I  am  a  humble  practitioner  of  medicine,  and  like 
your  chairman,  fourteen  years  ago,  I  was  taken  up  Avith  the  walnut 
tree  when  I  was  out  here.  And  I  conceived  the  idea  of  trying  a  few 
grafts  in  my  own  section  at  Stockton,  ninety- five  miles  from  San 
Francisco. 

I  met  M'ith  success,  and  conceived  the  idea  of  planting  a  grove 
of  walnut  trees.  As  there  was  no  grove  in  that  section,  and  no  one 
to  go  to  for  advice,  the  general  opinion  was  that  you  could  not 
grow  walnuts  in  the  interior  of  California,  and  as  my  tentative 
experiments  were  a  success,  I  continued  them,  and  I  have  continued 
until  today. 

The  President  :    How  many  of  them  have  you  ? 

Dr.  Fitzgerald  :  In  the  last  fourteen  years  I  have  been  grafting 
every  year,  until  I  have  nearly  every  variety  known  in  this  state. 
There  are  some  others  that  have  been  bearing  eight  or  ten  years,  to 
test  out  the  proper  varieties.  After  I  got  started  I  put  out  seed- 
ling trees  and  top  grafted.  I  have  one  hundred  acres  in  seedlings, 
and  this  year  sixty  acres  were  planted  with  peaches,  and  grapes, 
which,  until  this  year  paid  well  with  the  peaches — those  in  the  peach 
business  this  year  need  no  explanation  of  why  they  do  not  pay  this 
year. 

The  Persian  Walnut,  often  called  the  English,  and  sometimes  the 
California  Walnut,  is  obtained  mostly  from  France.  Italy  and  a 
few  iiLferior  nuts  from  Manchuria.    We,  the  United  States,  import 


58  PROCEEDINGS  OP  THE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 

about  15,000  tons  annually,  while  California  produces  from  six  to 
twelve  thousand  tons,  mostly  in  Southern  California.  Although 
plantings  have  been  constantly  increasing  until  now,  it  is  only  re- 
cently accepted  that  walnut  culture  in  Central  California  is  a  com- 
mercial success.  There  are  also  many  groves  in  the  states  of  Ore- 
gon and  Washington,  which  in  favorable  localities  are  bearing 
successfully. 

At  first  only  seedling  trees  were  planted  and  in  this  way,  the 
different  varieties  were  originated.  For  a  long  time  it  was  thought 
that  the  seedling  trees  were  superior  in  thrift,  vigor  and  productive- 
ness, but  like  many  other  things,  it  was  seen  that  when  many  of  the 
poorer  trees  were  grafted  over  to  better  varieties,  superior  products 
were  harvested,  and  no  well-informed  grower  would  consider  plant- 
ing a  seedling  tree  today. 

While  this  gives  groves  of  universal  bearing,  the  stopping  of 
seedling  plantings  does  not  give  us  the  opportunity  of  producing 
new  varieties.  Walnuts  have  also  been  grown  in  a  number  of  states 
in  the  Union,  but  as  a  nile,  not  in  commercial  quantities.  The  wal- 
nut industry  is  only  in  its  infancy  on  this  coast  and  far  more  so  in 
other  states,  as  it  is  only  recently  that  special  attention  has  been 
paid  to  the  selection  of  root-stock  and  varieties  -for  different  locali- 
ties. Under  favorable  and  normal  conditions,  walnut  growing  is  one 
of  the  most  attractive,  as  well  as  remunerative  horticultural  pur- 
suits. The  trees  requiring  comparatively  little  care  in  comparison 
with  other  deciduous  fruits  and  subject  to  comparatively  few  pests 
and  diseases.  The  prices  have  always  been  good  and  first-class  wal- 
nuts have  always  sold  at  a  premium.  The  walnut  not  being  a  per- 
ishable crop,  and  not  subject  to  many  diseases,  where  proper  varie- 
ties are  selected,  it  requires  no  special  care  to  conduct  a  well- 
established  grove. 

Climate. 

The  walnut  tree  will  stand  considerable  freezing  during  its  period 
of  dormancy,  provided  the  trees  do  not  suffer  from  excessive  moist- 
iire  which  keeps  them  growing  during  the  late  fall  and  winter; 
suffering  from  lack  of  moisture  during  the  summer  also  makes  them 
inore  subject  to  freezing  during  their  period  of  donnancy. 

The  walnut  is  affected  in  cases  where  the  heavy  frosts  come  on 
suddenly  in  the  early  fall,  where  trees  are  still  green  and  are  not 
yet  in  a  dormant  condition.  As  far  as  winter  temperatures  are  con- 
cerned, the  trees  are  almost  as  hardy  as  any  deciduous  fruit.  Thus 
you  see,  it  is  very  necessary  to  select  a  variety  that  comes  out  late 
in  the  spring  in  a  locality  where  you  are  apt  to  have  late  spring 
frosts,  and  a  variety  that  goes  dormant  early  in  the  fall.  By  so 
doing,  walnut  culture  can  be  made  a  success  in  many  different 
localities. 

At  one  time,  it  was  thought  that  walnuts  could  not  be  grown  suc- 
cessfully in  Central  and  Northern  California  on  account  of  the 
frosts,  but  we  now  know  that  it  is  not  injured  any  more  by  frosts 


THE  PERSIAN  WALNtIT  INDUSTRY  OF  THE  PACIFIC  COAST.  59 

than  the  almond,  apricot,  peach  or  grape.  Walnuts  will  stand  con- 
siderable heat,  but  sadden  hot  spells  with  a  rise  in  temperature  of 
several  degrees  for  two  or  three  days  will  often  cause  sunburn. 
Here  again  trees  on  good  soil  with  plenty  of  moisture,  are  not 
affected  with  these  extreme  hot  spells  as  are  trees  on  poor  soil  with 
lack  of  moisture.  Nuts  with  heavy  hulls  and  trees  with  good  foliage, 
are  better  adapted  for  hot  sections.  Varieties  that  come  out  late 
in  the  spring  like  the  Eureka,  Mayette,  Franquette  and  Concord, 
seem  to  produce  better  white-meated  nuts  and  do  not  burn  as  easily 
as  the  early  varieties  do  in  very  hot  climates. 

Hot,  dry  weather  at  the  time  of  blooming  in  the  spring,  is  some- 
times very  disastrous  to  the  setting  of  the  nuts  and  long  continued 
rains  during  the  period  of  pollenation  often  reduces  the  yield  of 
nuts.  Walnuts  can  be  grown  in  the  mountain  districts  almost  any- 
where, except  in  high  altitudes  where  spring  and  summer  frosts  are 
of  regular  occurrence,  so,  generally  speaking,  in  regard  to  climate, 
walnut  culture  may  be  profitable  wherever  there  is  good  soil  and 
good  water  supply,  and  proper  varieties  are  chosen  for  the  differeiit 
localities,  except  in  those  much  exposed  to  cold  and  in  the  high 
altitudes  where  frosts  are  of  regular  occurrence. 

Soil. 

The  walnut  does  best  on  a  fairly  heavy,  deep,  well-drained  soil 
with  plenty  of  moisture.  One  cannot  expect  to  make  a  success  with 
dry  sandy  soil  or  on  a  shallow  soil  underlaid  with  hard-pan, 
although  in  many  cases,  a  thin  layer  of  hard-pan  underlaid  with 
gravel,  may  be  broken  up  with  dynamite  and  the  land  made  profit- 
able for  walnut  culture. 

While  the  walnut  tree  will  stand  considerable  drought  it  will 
grow  much  more  rapidly  and  supply  a  greater  crop  of  nuts  where 
there  is  good  moisture  conditions.  On  the  other  hand,  too  much 
moisture  in  a  soil  that  is  not  well  drained  is  bad.  Much  also  de- 
pends on  selecting  proper  roots  for  your  soil  conditions. 

Stock. 

The  stock  we  use  for  grafting  purposes,  in  the  Northern  Cali- 
fornia black,  the  Southern  California  black,  the  Eastern  or  Ameri- 
can black,  the  Royal  hybrid  root  which  is  a  cross  between  the  Cali- 
fornia black  and  the  Eastern  black,  and  the  Paradox  hybrid,  which 
is  a  cross  between  the  Persian  walnut  and  the  California  black. 
The  Southern  California  black  makes  a  good  root  for  the  South, 
but  my  experience  with  it  in  the  northern  part  of  the  state,  es- 
pecially on  heavy  moist  soil  is  that  it  does  not  do  well ;  the  roots 
being  very  susceptible  to  moisture.  The  Eastern  or  American 
black  is  a  good  root,  but  it  is  too  slow  a  grower,  taking  many  years 
to  mature.  The  Northern  California  black  makes  a  good  root  and 
it  is  on  this  root  that  most  of  the  walnuts  are  grafted.    The  Royal 


60  PKOCl'-EDINGS  OF  THE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 

liybrid  root,  and  when  I  speak  of  the  hybrid  root,  I  mean  a  first 
generation  cross  between  the  Eastern  and  the  California  black,  not  a 
cross  of  a  Royal  hybrid  and  a  California  black.  These  nuts  are 
procured  only  by  hand  poUenizing,  unless,  perhaps,  an  accidental 
hybrid  occurs  once  in  a  great  while. 

These  I  obtain  by  gathering  the  catkins  of  the  California  black 
just  as  the  pods — anthers — are  ready  to  burst  and  expel  the  pollen. 
I  place  them  on  large  sheets  of  paper  in  the  sun  in  some  protected 
place  where  the  wind  will  not  blow  the  pollen  away.  Care  must  be 
taken  that  this  pollen  does  not  become  damp,  or  the  catkins  allowed 
to  lie  on  the  paper  too  long,  as  the  moisture  from  them  will  destroy 
the  pollen.  Then,  after  separating  the  pollen  from  the  refuse  of 
the  catkins  and  stems,  I  dry  it  thoroughly  and  place  it  in  dry  paste- 
board boxes  and  keep  it  in  a  dry  place  until  the  pistillate  blossoms 
of  the  Eastern  black,  which  comes  out  three  or  four  weeks  later,  are 
ready  to  receive  the  pollen,  having  previously  removed  the  catkins 
from  the  Eastern  black.  Then  I  place  a  quantity  of  pollen  in  sev- 
eral folded  thicknesses  of  gauze,  tie  this  to  the  end  of  a  long  bamboo 
fishing  pole,  and  by  this  means  I  can  dust  the  pollen  over  the  sur- 
face of  the  Eastern  black  walnut  trees,  so  as  to  pollenize  the  pistil- 
late blossoms.  Then,  after  these  nuts  mature  in  the  fall,  I  gather 
them,  sprout  and  plant  them  in  the  nursery  the  following  spring. 
These  are  first  generation  hybrids.  Now,  if  I  allowed  one  of  these 
nuts  to  grow^  up  and  make  a  tree,  the  nuts  wliich  that  tree  produced 
would  be  second  generation  hybrids.  Again,  the  nut  from  that  tree, 
if  allowed  to  grow  and  produce  a  nut,  would  be  third  generation, 
and  so  on.  Of  course,  a  few  may  be  pollenized  from  trees  in  the 
neighborhood,  and  these  will  have  to  be  rejected  when  they  come  up 
in  the  nursery  row  in  the  spring. 

After  they  grow  a  short  time  in  the  nursery,  it  is  easy  to  tell  by 
the  character  of  the  leaves  and  the  rapidity  of  their  growth  which 
are  hybrids  and  which  are  not.  The  first  generation  of  the  Paradox 
hybrid  is  procured  in  the  same  way,  using  the  pollen  from  the  Per- 
sian walnut  trees  on  California  black.  I  have  often  heard  people 
say  that  a  hybrid  tree  was  not  as  good  as  or  no  better  than  the 
straight  California  black.  This  is  due  to  their  using  a  second,  third 
or  more  generation  nut.  The  most  skeptical  are  convinced  when 
they  see  the  first  generation  hybrids  grow  in  the  nursery  alongside 
of  the  straight  or  second  and  third  generation  trees.  These  hybrid 
roots  grow  at  least  one-third  faster,  produce  a  tree  earlier  and  give 
larger  crops,  due  to  the  increased  size  and  vigor  of  the  tree. 

The  Royal  hybrid  root  is  the  best  all-around  root.  It  does  well 
in  heavy  soil  and  stands  lots  of  moisture.  The  Paradox  hybrid  is 
as  vigorous  a  grower,  but  having  the  Persian  walnut  strain  in  it, 
will  not  stand  as  much  moisture  as  the  Royal  hybrid  root.  It  is  a 
better  root  for  light  and  dry'  soils.  Another  thing  which  might  af- 
fect the  Paradox  hybrid  root  is  the  Oak  root  fungus  which  origi- 
nated in  the  roots  of  Oak  trees  and  affects  most  fruit  trees.  I  have 
known  it  to  kill  walnut  trees  on  Persian  walnut  roots.    It  does  not 


THE  PERSIAN  WALNUT  INDUSTRY  OF  THE  PACIFIC  COAST.  61 

affect  the  Eastern,  California  or  Royal  hybrid  roots.  I  know  of  no 
case  in  which  it  has  affected  the  Paradox  root.  I  have  had  Paradox 
hybrids  planted  in  spots  where  the  Persian  was  killed  lo  test  this, 
but  it  is  too  soon  to  say  whether  they  will  be  affected  or  not.  If  I 
should  plant  a  walnut  grove  on  land  that  had  previously  been  cov- 
ered with  Oak  trees,  I  would  hesitate  about  planting  the  Paradox 
hybrid,  as  it  is  too  serious  a  matter  to  take  a  chance  on  having  them 
killed  in  ten  or  twelve  years  when  you  can  plant  the  Royal  hybrid 
root  and  be  positive  of  having  no  trouble.  Another  thing  in  top- 
working  your  Paradox  hybrid  trees,  the  grafts  and  buds  do  not  take 
well  on  it.  Many  times  you  have  to  graft  two  or  three  times  to  get 
them  to  grow.  It  is  just  as  important  to  select  your  buds  as  it  is 
to  choose  the  proper  roots.  The  limbs  of  a  tree  vary  as  much  as  the 
individual  members  of  a  large  family.  Buds  should  be  selected  not 
only  from  the  most  thrifty  and  heavy  bearing  trees,  but  from  indi- 
vidual limbs  on  those  trees  that  are  good  producers.  While  the 
majority  of  limbs  will  produce  true ;  there  are  limbs  that  will  pro- 
duce inferior  and  irregular  nuts,  and  they  will  also  vary  as  the 
amount  and  the  times  they  will  come  into  bearing.  I  know  of 
groves  that  bore  very  fair  crops  the  third  year  after  planting  and 
other  groves  planted  eight  years,  that  produced  scarcely  a  nut.  I 
have  taken  buds  from  different  limbs  of  a  tree  and  top-grafted  them 
on  different  limbs  of  another  tree,  showing  this  variance.  This  is 
all  due  to  bud  selection.  You  can  easily  see  the  difference  between 
success  and  failure  in  walnut  culture  b.y  choosing  the  best  that  can 
be  produced,  or  planting  any  old  kind  of  a  walnut  tree.  It  is  un- 
fortunate for  the  industry  that  many  people,  in  planting  walnut 
groves  first  think  of  how  cheap  they  can  get  a  tree  rather  than  of 
how  good  a  tree  they  can  get.  The  first  cost  of  the  best  tree  that 
can  be  produced  is  cheaper  in  the  long  run  than  the  lowest  priced 
tree  that  you  can  buy,  as  with  a  low  priced  tree,  it  is  a  question 
what  you  will  have  if  you  ever  have  anything.  With  the  best  trees 
and  proper  conditions  and  care,  you  are  positive  of  success. 

The  best  way  to  produce  a  paying  orchard  of  walnuts  is  to  plant 
nursery  grafted  trees.  A  few  years  ago  it  v/as  thought  the  proper 
way  was  to  plant  three  or  four  nuts  in  the  spots  which  the  trees 
Mere  to  occupy  in  the  orchard,  pick  out  the  most  vigorous  tree  that 
started  from  these  nuts  and  graft  to  the  desired  variety  of  the  Eng- 
lish walnut  later  on.  Theoretically,  this  sounds  very  well.  How- 
ever, I  know  of  no  instance  in  which  this  method  proved  satis- 
factory, as  in  some  places  there  would  be  no  trees  developed  and  in 
others  each  nut  would  produce  a  good  tree.  Another  method,  which 
is  better,  but  yet  unsatisfactory,  is  transplanting  the  black  walnut 
seedlings  in  orchard  form  and  top-grafting  later.  The  disadvant- 
age of  this  method  is  one  common  with  that  of  planting  the  nuts  in 
place,  namely,  that  it  is  impossible  to  obtain  a  uniform  standard  by 
grafting  the  first  year,  and  it  will  probably  take  three  or  four  years 
before  all  the  trees  have  good  tops,  thus  making  your  orchard  un- 
even.   Then,  to,  in  top-grafting  on  vigorous  roots,  the  grafts  grow 


62  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL.  SOCIETY. 

very  rapidly  and  thriftily,  making  them  top  heavy  and  easily  blown 
off  by  the  wind,  making  considerable  expense  and  much  work  to 
keep  your  grafts  from  blowing  out.  The  best  way  to  top-graft  in 
the  field  is  to  let  the  trees  grow  a  tew  years  until  they  attain  consid- 
erable size,  then  graft  about  one-third  of  the  tree  each  year.  It  will 
take  three  years  to  work  your  trees  over,  but  you  will  not  have  the 
trouble  of  their  blowing  off  and  will  not  shock  your  tree.  It  is  not 
much  of  a  shock  to  a  one-year-tree  to  cut  it  off  and  graft  it,  but  the 
older  the  tree,  the  more  shock  it  produces  to  cut  off  all  the  top  for 
grafting.  When  you  figure  up  the  time  and  expense  of  top-working 
your  trees  in  the  field  they  are  much  more  expensive  than  planting 
nursery  grafted  trees.  Then  too,  the  scientific  nurseryman  does  not 
graft  any  but  his  best  trees,  and  if  they  do  not  make  a  good  growth 
after  being  grafted  in  the  nursery,  they  are  rejected.  I  know  of 
several  besides  myself  who  have  tried  top-grafting  in  the  field  as 
well  as  planting  nursery  grafted  trees,  and  I  have  yet  to  find  the 
man  who  has  tried  this  on  any  large  sq^le  who  would  plant  anything 
but  nursery  grafted  trees.  Of  course,  a  small  percentage  of  nursery 
grafted  trees  that  are  transplanted,  will  fail  to  grow  and  will  have 
to  be  replanted,  the  following  season.  These  failures  are  so  few 
under  proper  conditions,  that  they  are  not  noticeable  in  the  orchard. 

Varieties. 

One  can  consider  the  walnut  industry  with  impunity  until  he 
comes  to  the  subject  of  varieties.  Then  he  will  receive  opinions 
galore.  Most  men  with  seedling  groves  have  some  particular  tree 
which  they  consider  superior  to  any  other  variety.  Then,  too,  a 
man  who  is  growing  some  particular  variety,  thinks  that  that  is  the 
only  one,  either  because  he  has  not  had  experience  with  other  varie- 
ties, or  because  they  do  not  do  so  well  in  his  particular  locality. 
In  considering  the  different  varieties  of  walnuts,  we  have  to  keep  in 
mind  several  things,  as  soil,  climate  and  moisture  conditions. 

It  is  true  that  we  can  regulate  moisture  conditions,  but  soil  ana 
climate  we  cannot  change ;  so,  in  considering  the  different  varieties, 
we  must  keep  in  mind  where  they  are  to  be  grown,  and  the  character 
of  the  soil  they  are  to  be  grown  on,  as  some  of  our  best  varieties  that 
produce  good  white-meated  nuts  in  a  cof^ler  climate,  will  produce 
inferior  nuts  in  a  verj^  hot  climate. 

The  first  thing  to  be  considered  in  judging  the  different  varieties 
of  walnuts  is  their  producing  qualities.  I  do  not  mean  by  this  a 
larger  producer  of  an  inferior  nut,  but  a  heavy  bearer  of  a  good 
quality  nut.  A  tree  that  produces  only  a  few  very  fancy  nuts  is  not 
to  be  considered  commercially.  A  fancy  variety  may  bring  a  few 
cents  a  pound  more,  and  may  make  up  what  it  would  lack  in  the 
number  of  pounds  it  would  produce,  providing  it  was  not  too  shy  a 
bearer.  A  fancy  variety  producing  only  from  fifty  to  seventy-five 
pounds  on  full  bearing  trees  at  twenty-five  cents  per  pound,  would 
not  compare  favorably  with  a  variety  whicli  produces  two  hundred 


THE  PERSIAN  WALNUT  INDUSTRY  OP  THE  PACIFIC  COAST.  63 

to  three  hundred  pounds  at  twelve  to  fifteen  cents  per  pound.  The 
relation  between  the  quality  of  nuts  and  the  quantity  of  nuts  pro- 
duced should  be  carefully  considered  in  choosing  a  variety  for 
planting,  especially  as  the  demand  is  increasing  for  fancy  stock. 

One  should  not  judge  a  variety  by  the  fine  appearance  of  a 
picked  sample  of  nuts  without  considering  the  quantity  in  which 
they  are  produced.  The  best  variety  is  one  that  will  produce  an- 
nually a  large  crop  of  the  most  desirable  type  of  nuts.  Unfortun- 
atelj^  we  do  not  have  all  the  good  qualities  in  any  one  variety,  or 
we  would  not  be  discussing  this  subject  today.  We  have  to  choose 
a  heavy  producer  with  a  good  quality  of  nut.  One  important  point 
is  that  young  trees  often  produce  larger  nuts  than  the,y  do  after  the 
tree  becomes  older,  so  one  should  judge  nuts  from  a  tree  that  has 
been  bearing  for  a  few  years. 

We  should  also  consider  the  age  in  which  the  tree  comes  into 
bearing,  as  great  differences  exist  in  different  varieties  as  to  what 
age  they  begin  bearing.  Some  varieties  begin  to  produce  nuts  even 
in  the  nursery  and  give  a  commercial  crop  within  three  years  from 
planting  in  the  orchard,  while  other  varieties  are  several  years  later 
in  coming  into  bearing. 

The  next  important  consideration  is  that  of  the  size  and  weight 
of  the  nut.  The  size  for  commercial  number  one  grade  walnuts  are 
those  which  will  not  pass  through  a  one-inch  square  opening,  while 
those  above  one  and  three-sixteenths  inches,  which  are  generally 
considered  as  budded  nuts,  bring  considerably  more  per  pound,  and 
the  demand  is  growing  for  this  size  of  nut. 

The  weight  of  the  nut  is  equally  important  since  this  varies 
widely  in  nuts  of  the  same  size.  Some  of  the  largest  varieties  are 
considerably  lighter  in  weight  than  others  in  which  the  nuts  are 
smaller.  A  desirable  nut  should  be  well  filled  with  plump  white 
meat  without  too  much  air  space  between  the  shell  and  the  meat. 
A  comparatively  heavy  shell  is  more  desirable  than  a  very  light  one, 
since  the  nut  is  better  protected  from  being  mashed  in  handling  and 
less  susceptible  to  perforation  disease,  which'  is  one  of  the  most 
serious  troubles  of  the  walnut  grower  in  recent  years.  It  consists 
of  a  non-development  of  the  outer  hard  layer  of  shell.  The  hard 
shell  is  not  actually  perforated,  but  rather  fails  to  develop.  This 
disease  has  become  more  prevalent  in  the  last  few  years  and  affects 
principally  the  one  with  very  thin,  soft  shells ;  the  ones  with  harder 
shells  not  being  affected.  Nuts  that  are  prone  to  crack  easily,  and 
have  a  fine  light  shell,  are  more  or  less  injured  in  handling,  thus 
contaminating  the  nut. 

It  is  also  to  be  considered  that  since  walnuts  are  sold  by  the 
pound,  the  heavier  the  shell,  the  greater  the  weight,  and  the  more 
the  returns  for  a  given  number  of  nuts.  The  leading  walnut  on  the 
world's  market  is  known  as  the  Grenoble.  Strictly  speaking,  the 
Grenoble  means  a  Mayette  variety.  It  is  not  a  very  long  nut,  some- 
what broader  at  the  base  than  at  the  apex.  This  is  not  very  import- 
ant, however,  since  the  smoothness,  symmetry  and  uniformity  of 


64  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 

the  nuts  affect  their  appearances  more  than  their  shape.  An  ideal 
nut  should  be  quite  smooth,  free  from  outside  ridges  and  other  ir- 
regularities of  surface,  and  all  nuts  should  be  of  the  same  general 
shape  and  appearance,  thus  giving  them  uniformity  and  individu- 
ality. A  variety  in  which  the  nuts  are  decidedly  uniform  so  that 
the  variety  is  easily  distinguished  and  recognized  even  to  the  con- 
sumer, has  a  marked  advantage  over  one  in  which  the  nuts  are  of  all 
sorts  of  shapes,  so  that  only  an  expert  could  distinguished  the 
variety  from  others. 

The  color  of  the  shell  is  not  important,  as  the  trade  demands 
bleached  nuts  even  though  they  may  have  an  attractive  appearance 
without  bleaching.  By  being  bleached,  they  are  all  brought  to  about 
the  same  color.  The  quality  of  the  meat  is  also  of  considerable  im- 
portance, as  nuts  with  the  lightest  colored  meat  are  considerably 
more  desirable,  while  those  that  are  dark,  even  though  plump  and 
of  good  color  are  discriminated  against.  There  is  no  doubt  but 
that  the  dark-meated  varieties  Avill  become  more  objectionable  as 
more  of  the  lighter  colored  ones  are  produced.  The  flavor  of  the 
meat  varies  considerably  in  the  different  varieties  and  is  of  much 
importance  in  a  high  class  fancy  trade.  Although  commercially 
there  is  not  much  importance  placed  on  their  flavor  except  when 
they  are  bitter,  and  this  is  the  most  undesirable  quality  and  should 
be  guarded  against  in  choosing  the  variety  and  in  formulating  an 
idea  of  what  constitutes  an  ideal  walnut. 

The  most  important  qualifications  in  a  variety  from  a  strictly 
commercial  standpoint  is  that  it  should  be  a  uniformly  large  pro- 
ducer of  nuts.  The  majority  of  which  will  not  pass  through  a  one 
and  three-sixteenths  inch  square  mesh,  well  sealed  even  though  hard 
shelled,  and  should  be  uniformly  weU  filled  with  meat  of  light,  yel- 
lowish-brown color  or  not  darker  than  light  brown  or  amber.  For  a 
fancy  trade,  the  nut  should  be  of  an  attractive  uniform  shape  and 
color,  with  a  fairly  smooth  surface  and  particularly  high  quality, 
Mith  agreeable  flavored  meat,  and  with  no  bitterness. 

The  next  important  consideration  is  the  choosing  of  a  variety  that 
is  resistent  to  blight.  This  being  a  bacterial  disease  which  affects 
the  young  growth  when  it  first  puts  out  and  requires  for  its  devel- 
opment, moist  weather  conditions. 

It  is  not  as  yet  ver>'  prevalent  in  Northern  and  Central  California 
on  account  of  the  drier  atmosphere  and  also  because  the  groves  are 
young  and  they  have  not  as  j'et  been  infected  with  the  blight.  For 
many  years,  they  did  not  have  blight  in  Southern  California,  but  it 
is  sure  to  come  in  any  locality  in  time. 

While,  as  I  said,  it  is  not  very  prevalent  in  Northern  and  Centrol 
California,  as  yet,  still,  in  localities  where  the  infection  has  been 
introduced,  the  seedling  trees  have  considerable  blight  so  that  it 
behooves  a  planter  to  give  due  and  timely  consideration  to  walnut 
blight  in  selecting  a  variety. 

As  a  rule,  the  late  blossoming  varieties  are  free  from  blight  as 
they  come  into  blossom  when  the  weather  is  drier  and  the  blight  can 


THE  PERSIAN  WALNUT  INDUSTRY  OF  THE  PACIFIC  COAST.  65 

make  little  lieadway,  while  t)ie  earlier  varieties  blossom  during  a 
moist  season  on  account  of  rain  and  fogs,  which  is  a  favorable  period 
for  it«  development.  Certain  varieties  are  spoken  of  as  being  im- 
ramie  to  blight,  but  while  there  is  not  such  a  thing  among  walnuts  as 
absolute  immunity,  when  conditions  are  favorable  for  the  develop- 
ment of  blight,  yet  some  trees  do  show  quite  a  marked  resistance 
and  should  be  given  precedence  on  this  account.  Their  marked 
resistance  is  on  account  of  their  great  vigor  and  because  they  start 
out  late  in  the  spring,  avoiding  the  moisture  which  is  necessary  to 
develop  the  bacteria  which  attack  on  the  young  nuts  and  new 
growth. 

There  are  many  seedlings  of  promise  scattered  throughout  the 
state,  both  of  the  Santa  Barbara  soft  shelled  type  and  the  French 
varieties  which  are  being  carefully  watched.  The  University  of 
California  has  for  a  number  of  years  done  much  in  ^is  line  through 
Professor  Ralph  E.  Smith,  and  now  Professor  Batchelor  is  following 
in  that  line  of  work.  Besides,  there  are  a  number  of  individual 
growers  who  for  years  have  been  tiying  out  promising  seedlings, 
but  up  to  date  the  leading  varieties  for  Southern  California  are 
the  following : 

Placentia,  Eureka.  Neff,  El  Monte,  Prolific,  and  Chase.  In 
Northern  and  Central  California,  Oregon  and  Washington,  the 
varieties  that  come  out  later  in  the  spring  are  the  best,  such  as  the 
Eureka,  Franquette,  Mayette  and  Concord.  The  Payne  is  also  a 
variety  which  is  coming  into  prominence  in  localities  which  are  not 
subject  to  blight. 

These  varieties  all  have  their  good  and  bad  points  and,  as  I  have 
said,  there  are  many  who  are  constantly  on  the  watch  for  new 
varieties,  and  some  besides  myself,  I  presume,  w^ho  are  developing 
new  varieties  by  crossing  some  of  our  best  walnuts.  I  have  some 
very  promising  new  varieties,  but  as  the  trees  have  to  be  under  ob- 
servation for  a  number  of  years  before  it  can  be  proved,  I  do  not 
wish  to  be  too  sanguine. 

Planting. 

After  you  have  selected  your  varieties,  on  the  proper  root,  then, 
when  you  obtain  your  trees,  heel  them  in  moist  soil  until  you  are 
ready  to  plant.  Trees  should  not  be  left  lying  around  with  the  roots 
exposed.  It  is  useless  to  plant  during  the  cold  months  of  the  win- 
ter, as  the  roots  will  not  start  to  grow  and  are  liable  to  become  sour 
from  the  cold,  damp  earth,  but  in  the  spring  when  the  ground  be- 
gins to  get  w^arm,  it  is  natural  for  plant  growth  to  put  forth. 
Roots  should  be  about  eighteen  to  twenty  inches  long.  If  too 
long,  they  rot  due  to  soil  being  too  cold  and  wet.  Make  a  fresh  cut 
on  the  under  side  of  each  root  and  spread  them  out  in  their  natural 
position  in  the  hole  where  they  are  to  be  planted.  The  hole  should 
be  dug  large  and  deep  if  it  has  not  been  dynamited.  Put  in  to]> 
earth  at  first  and  see  that  it  is  filled  in  well  around  the  roots.  The 
earth  should  be  tramped  thoroughly,  being  careful  not  to  bruise 


66  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 

the  roots  with  your  boots.  The  top  six  inches  that  is  filled  should 
not  be  tramped.  Previous  to  planting,  the  tops  should  be  cut  off, 
and  waxed,  about  twelve  inches  above  the  ground,  according  to  the 
number  of  buds  on  the  lowest  part  of  the  trunk  of  the  tree.  After 
these  buds  make  a  growth  of  four  to  six  inches,  I  select  the  most 
thrifty  one  to  make  the  butt  of  the  future  tree,  and  pinch  off  the 
tops  of  each  of  the  other  limbs.  This  will  stop  their  growth  and 
leave  them  with  a  few  leaves  to  shade  the  butt  of  the  tree.  The 
tree  will  probably  make  a  growth  of  four  to  twelve  feet  the  first 
season. 

Pruning. 

As  a  rule,  the  next  year  they  will  not  make  so  much  growth  in 
height,  but  will  throw  out  side  branches.  When  they  fail  to  throw 
out  side  branches,  it  is  well  to  top  them  about  seven  or  eight  feet 
above  the  ground.  This  will  force  out  the  side  branches.  The  only 
other  pruning  that  is  necessary  is  to  cut  off  the  limbs  that  are  too 
low  and  any  limbs  that  would  cross  and  chafe  against  each  other. 
Of  course,  after  the  tree  gets  older  and  is  in  bearing,  the  limbs 
should  be  pruned  to  open  up  the  center,  allowing  the  sun  and  air  to 
go  through  the  tree,  the  same  as  with  other  fruit  trees.  The 
amount  of  pruning  required  by  the  walnut,  however,  is  very  little 
compared  with  other  deciduous  fruits. 

Distance  op  Planting. 

As  the  walnut  tree  continues  growing  for  many  years  and  event- 
ually makes  a  large  spreading  top,  the  trees  should  not  be  planted 
too  close  together.  Most  of  the  old  groves  in  Southern  California 
are  planted  entirely  too  close.  In  most  instances,  groves  have  pro- 
duced more  nuts  after  every  other  row  has  been  taken  out.  Fifty 
to  sixty  feet  looks  a  great  distance  with  small  trees,  but  as  the  years 
go  by  and  the  trees  get  their  growth,  this  is  none  too  much.  With 
vigorous  growing  varieties  on  heavy  soil,  sixty  feet  apart  is  none 
too  far,  although  fifty  feet  with  less  vigorous  varieties  and  on  lighter 
soil  is  all  right.  It  is  generally  desirable  in  planting  walnuts  to 
inter-plant  with  something  in  order  to  receive  some  remuneration 
while  the  walnuts  are  coming  into  bearing.  With  the  principal 
trees  planted  sixty  feet  apart,  some  variety  of  walnut  that  comes 
into  bearing  early  and  does  not  make  a  large  growth  may  be  inter- 
planted  one  way,  thus  making  your  trees  sixty  by  thirty.  Walnuts 
being  deep  rooting  trees,  do  not  interfere  with  each  other  at  that 
distance  until  the  tops  of  the  trees  get  large  enough  to  touch,  and 
being  sixty  feet  apart  one  way,  gives  plenty  of  air,  so  you  can  plant 
them  this  way  for  a  number  of  years  and  receive  a  few  crops  of 
nuts  until  the  trees  are  large  enough  to  interfere  with  each  other, 
when  the  inter-planting  can  be  taken  out.  Peaches,  grapes  and  ber- 
ries are  often  used  for  inter-plantings.  Beans  also  are  an  admirable 
crop  to  inter-plant  with  as  they  are  a  benefit  to  the  soil  and  quite 


THE  PERSIAN  WALNUT  INDUSTRY  OF  THE  PACIFIC  COAST.  67 

remunerative.  Sugar  beets  are  sometimes  used,  the  tops  being  left 
on  the  ground  to  be  plowed  under.  This  is  an  advantage.  Alfalfa 
ig  good  to  inter-plant,  but  one  must  leave  a  strip  to  be  plowed  six 
or  eight  feet  on  each  side  of  the  trees,  otherwise  the  alfalfa  would 
rob  the  walnut  trees  of  moisture.  Of  course,  proper  irrigation 
must  be  had  under  these  conditions,  especially  with  alfalfa. 

Cultivation. 

The  soil  should  be  plowed  and  cultivated  to  conserve  the  moisture, 
different  characters  of  soil  requiring  different  methods  of  cultiva- 
tion. Fertilizing  and  the  growing  of  cover  crops,  suitable  to  the 
soil  and  location,  between  the  trees  to  be  plowed  under,  is  a  benefit 
to  the  soil  and  a  help  in  conserving  the  moisture. 

The  walnut  tree,  while  not  dependent  on  constant  irrigation,  like 
most  deciduous  trees  which  are  more  shallow  rooted,  is  at  the  same 
time  a  large  consumer  of  water  and  needs  plenty  of  moisture  for 
its  successful  development.  While  it  may  be  grown  without  irriga- 
tion where  there  is  a  good  rainfall  and  the  moisture  is  covered,  by 
proper  cultivation,  yet  it  is  necessary  in  dry  years  to  irrigate  it, 
and  while  it  grows  quite  well  and  produces  good  crops  without  irri- 
gation, it  grows  better  and  produces  better  ci'ops  where  it  has 
proper  irrigation  and  drainage.  As  I  have  said  before,  trees  with 
sufficient  moisture  conditions  are  not  so  apt  to  be  aft'ected  by  frosts 
and  die  back,  and  naturally  the  nuts  are  better  filled  and  the  trees 
produce  more  fruit  buds  for  another  season.  Then  too,  the  hulls 
will  crack  open,  letting  the  nuts  fall  more  readily  if  an  irrigation  is 
given  at  the  proper  time,  especially  in  the  warm,  dry  climates.  On 
the  coast  where  they  have  fogs  at  this  time,  it  is  not  necessary  to 
irrigate. 

Harvesting. 

Under  proper  conditions,  the  hulls  crack  and  the  nuts  fall  on 
the  ground.  In  case  there  are  a  few  that  do  not  drop,  they  are 
easily  shaken  off  by  using  a  long  pole  with  a  hook  in  it  to  shake  the 
limbs,  after  which  they  are  easily  picked  up  and  put  in  sacks.  They 
are  then  hauled  to  the  shed  and  washed  to  remove  the  dirt  and 
hulls  that  may  adhere  to  them.  This  is  generally  done  in  large 
drums  that  are  made  of  wire  netting  which  revolve  slowly  in  a 
stream  of  water.  Then  they  are  placed  on  trays  in  the  sluule  to  dry. 
In  moist  localities,  they  are  usually  dried  with  artificial  driers. 
Then,  in  Southern  California,  they  are  taken  to  tiie  packing  houses 
where  they  are  graded  and  marketed.  The  California  Walnut 
Growers  Association  of  California  handles  at  least  seventy-five  per 
cent  of  the  output  of  this  state.     (Prolonged  applause.) 

[A  series  of  twenty-nine  very  interesting  lantern  slides,  illustrat- 
ing in  particular  the  character  of  growth  and  behavior  of  the  vari- 
ous stocks,  was  presented,  together  with  brief  explanations  of  the 
merits  of  Royal,  Paradox  and  California  black  stocks ;  the  appear- 
ance of  inter-planted  orchards,  young  and  old  bearing  trees,  toj)- 
worked  trees,  blight  affected  trees,  and  types  of  nuts.] — Secreiarij. 


68  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 

THE  OLIVE  INDUSTRY  OF  THE  PACIFIC  COAST. 

A  Brief  History. 

B.  B.  Meek,  California. 

It  is  interesting  to  note  that  it  was  during  the  stirring  days  im- 
mediately preceding  the  American  Revolution  that  the  olive,  the 
historical  emblem  of  peace,  M'as  first  introduced  into  California  by 
the  early  Spanish  Fathers.  Many  of  the  olive  trees  planted  by 
these  sturdy  missionaries  in  their  mission  gardens  are  still  alive  and 
producing  bountiful  crops.  From  these  trees  was  propagated  the 
most  popular  variety  of  pickling  olive  we  have  today — that  known 
as  the  "Mission"  variety.  Surely  to  these  Mission  Fathers  we  owe 
a  deep  debt  of  gratitude. 

But  it  was  not  until  about  a  generation  ago  that  there  occurred 
an  awakening  as  to  the  commercial  possibilities  of  the  olive  culture, 
and  then,  in  many  parts  of  the  State,  stimulated  by  nurserymen  and 
promoters,  a  large  acreage  was  planted.  However,  little  or  no  care 
was  given  to  the  selection  of  varieties,  with  the  result  that  when 
these  orchards  reached  a  bearing  age  many  of  them  were  found  to 
contain  almost  all  known  varieties  of  olives,  pickling  varieties,  oil 
varieties  and  varieties  good  for  neither  purpose. 

Again,  soil  and  climatic  conditions  were  not  given  due  considera- 
tion. Many  groves  were  planted  in  the  coast  regions,  where  the 
moist  atmosphere  encouraged  scale,  and  where  the  yield  was  found 
to  be  irregular. 

But  oil  was  inade  and  green  olives  were  pickled  and  the  commer- 
cial history  of  olive  culture  in  California  was  begun.  However,  it  is 
doubtful  if  the  oil  and  the  green  pickled  olive  could  ever  have  placed 
the  olive  industry  on  the  horticultural  map  of  California.  It  re- 
mained for  the  pickled  ripe  olive  to  revolutionize  the  industry,  and 
to  give  to  California  a  climatic  corner  on  a  new  and  delicious  form 
of  a  food  famed  for  centuries  in  the  Old  World  for  its  nourishing 
and  healing  value. 

Long  years  of  tedious  experimenting  for  a  pickling  process  that 
would  retain  m  the  ripe  olive  its  rich,  oily  flavor,  preserve  it  in- 
definitely for  Eastern  shipment  and  not  destroy  its  beautiful,  deep 
purple  color,  were  followed  by  long,  trying  years  of  discouraging 
and  costly  attempts  to  educate  the  people  to  its  exceptional  food 
value  and  to  introduce  the  delicious  product  to  the  markets  through 
the  country ;  }>ut  so  well  done  was  the  work  of  these  pioneers  in  the 
building  of  thics  industr}^  and  so  meritorious  their  cause,  that  today 
the  gospel  of  the  California  ripe  olive  is  being  spread  by  enthusiastic 
food  experts,  by  physicians  and  by  magazine  writers  throughout  the 
entire  civilized  world. 

And  thus,  while  the  introduction  of  the  ripe  olive  began  only  a 
few  years  ago,  the  expansion  of  the  market  has  been  phenomenal. 

The  early  promiscuous  planting  served  the  purpose  of  disclosing 
the  best  commercial  varieties,  and  of  determining  the  ideal  soil  and 
climatic  conditions. 


THE  OLIVE  INDUSTR-V    OF  THE  I'ACIPIC  COAST.  69 

More  recently  a  great  improvement  has  been  made  in  the  cul- 
tural methods.  It  is  now  an  established  fact  that  the  olive  tree 
responds  ^vell  and  continuously  to  good  cultivation,  to  regular  irri- 
gation, to  consistent  pruning,  and  to  the  application  of  suitable 
fertilizers  in  adequate  quantities  and  in  proper  season ;  and  that  if 
it  be  cultivated  negligently  or  not  at  all,  it  will  not  bear  remunera- 
tive crops.  It  is  known  that  the  olive  in  a  state  of  nature  is  not 
exacting  in  respect  to  soil ;  it  establishes  itself  on  the  sides  of  moun- 
tains among  clefts  of  rocks  and  amid  loose  stones  scarcely  less  well 
than  in  the  richest  and  best  watered  of  garden  soils.  But  when  it 
comes  to  the  cultivation  of  the  olive  for  profit,  conditions  of  climate, 
soil,  irrigation,  tdlage  and  fertilization  have  to  he  carefully  studied. 

Soil. 

It  has  been  demonstrated  that  the  olive  will  thrive  best  in  a 
light,  friable,  well  aerated,  warm  and  well,  but  not  necessarily 
deeply  drained  soil,  rich  in  lime  and  potash  contents  and  that  it  will 
yield  scanty  crops  of  fruit  of  poor  quality  in  heavy,  clayey  or  ill- 
drained  soils.  The  olive  requires  less  water  than  many  other  trees 
on  account  of  its  sparse  foliage  and  strong  root  system.  It  will 
not,  however,  produce  heavy  yields  in  a  soil  lacking  in  moisture. 
Excepting  in  rare  cases,  monthly  irrigation  during  the  dry  season 
is  necessary  for  big  fruit  and  a  regular  yield.  This  must  not,  how- 
ever, be  excessive  and  the  water  level  must  be  kept  low,  otherwise 
the  quality  of  the  crop  will  be  inferior,  the  yield  irregular  and  the 
tree  subject  to  disease.  In  many  rich,  loamy  soils,  a  good  tree 
growth  can  be  obtained  without  irrigation,  but  inequalities  and  in- 
termittency  of  yield  to  which  the  olive  is  subject  under  certain  con- 
ditions, make  the  growing  of  the  product  unprofitable  in  these 
localities. 

Climate, 

In  the  coast  regions  of  California,  subject  to  the  fog  and  cool  sea 
breezes,  the  tree  is  generally  diseased,  the  yield  irregular  and  the 
fruit  of  poor  quality.  A  dry,  warm  atmosphere  is  absolutely 
essential. 

It  is  unwise  to  plant  olive  trees  in  any  region  where  the  tempera- 
ture often  falls  below  twenty  degrees.  The  olive  tree  has  survived  a 
temperature  of  ten  degrees  in  California,  but  the  fruit  may  be  in- 
jured by  a  fall  in  temperature  to  twenty-eight  degrees.  This  tends 
to  render  unprofitable  the  growing  of  the  olive  in  localities  where 
the  ripening  season  extends  into  the  later  winter  months. 

Thus,  the  climate  restricts  the  district  available  for  olive  culture. 

Varieties. 

Of  the  numerous  pickling  varieties  of  olives,  the  Mission  is  gen- 
erally considered  the  best  all-around  variety.  The  tree  is  of  great 
longevity,  the  fruit  is  large  and  of  uniform  size,  and  contains  a 


70  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 

large  percentage  of  oil.  The  meat  is  firm,  both  before  and  after 
pickling,  and  hence  does  not  bruise  easily  in  handling.  The  Mis- 
sion is  a  regular  and  prolific  bearer  under  conditions  adapted  to  it. 

The  Manzanillo  is  the  variety  next  in  popularity.  Its  tendency 
to  soften  as  it  approaches  maturity  is  not  in  its  favor;  while  its 
early  ripening  and  heavy  yield  commend  it. 

The  larger  varieties,  principally  the  Sevillano  and  the  Asealano, 
are  favorably  considered  in  some  localities. 

In  soil,  climate  and  varieties  then,  the  experimental  stage  has 
been  passed,  and  the  olive  industry  occupies  a  peculiarly  secure 
position. 

Territory. 

There  are  approximately  25,000  acres  of  olives  (bearing  and  non- 
bearing)  in  California.  This  is  only  a  small  fraction  of  the  acre- 
age in  peaches,  prunes,  apricots,  apples  or  oranges,  for  instance,  in 
California,  and  these  products  are  grown  in  other  states,  and  in 
other  countries  throughout  the  world,  while  California  alone  pro- 
duces practically  the  entire  world  crop  of  pickled  ripe  olives;  and 
on  account  of  the  combination  of  climatic  and  soil  conditions,  the 
future  production  of  the  pickled  ripe  olive  commercially,  will  prac- 
tically be  confined  to  California. 

There  are  thousands  of  acres  of  land  in  the  foot-hill  sections  of 
Northern  and  Centra]  California,  where  climatic  and  soil  condi- 
tions are  ideal  for  olive  culture,  that  would  not  grow  any  other 
product  profitably. 

Special.  Features  op  the  Industry. 

Olive  growing  is  especially  attractive  for  many  reasons.  The 
olive  is  the  only  fruit-bearing  tree  whose  producing  qualities  do  not 
deteriorate  with  age.  In  fact,  they  appear  to  increase  as  far  as  we 
have  any  record.  Many  olive  trees  in  California,  which  are  known 
to  have  been  planted  more  than  one  hundred  years  ago,  are  today 
producing  a  larger  quantity  of  better  olives  than  when  they  were 
younger.  And  in  Europe  and  Asia  the  trees  are  still  producing  at 
the  remarkable  age  of  several  hundred  years. 

Besides  its  wonderful  longevity,  the  olive  is  remarkably  free 
from  pests,  in  fact,  entirely  so  in  portions  of  the  Sacramento 
Valley. 

With  consistent  care,  it  is  a  regular  and  prolific  bearer. 

Another  important  feature  is  that  the  entire  crop  can  be  utilized. 
Fruit  too  small  for  pickles,  and  frozen  or  otherwise  damaged  fruit, 
can  be  used  for  oil  and  other  by-products. 

As  a  delightfully  healthful,  nourishing  food,  the  ripe  olive  can- 
not be  surpassed,  and  the  number  of  uses  to  which  it  can  be  suc- 
cessfully put  is  constantly  increasing — as  a  substitute  for  indigesti- 
ble mui^rooms,  for  instance. 


THE  OLIVE  INDTTSTRV  OF  THE  PACIFIC  COAST.  71 

The  development  of  the  market  has  hardly  been  begun.  To  illus- 
trate this :  If  New  York  City  ate  as  many  olives  per  capita  as  the 
little  town  of  Oroville  does,  California,  with  its  present  acreage, 
could  not  supply  this  large  center  alone. 

And,  lastly,  but  of  prime  importance,  an  olive  grove  is  a  sure, 
consistent,  everlasting  revenue  producer,  and  is  indeed,  as  the  old 
Spanish  proverb  has  it,  "A  gold  mine  on  top  of  the  ground. ' ' 


Care  of  Orchard. 


The  orchard  should  be  plowed  and  cross-plowed  early  in  the 
spring  of  each  year,  thereby  permitting  the  warm  air  to  quickly 
reach  the  roots  of  the  trees ;  this  induces  an  early  growth  of  the 
trees.    Any  cover  crop  can  be  turned  under  at  this  time. 

The  spring  application  of  commercial  fertilizer  should  be  broad- 
casted or  drilled  in  just  ahead  of  the  plow. 

After  the  ground  has  been  plowed  it  should  be  thoroughly  pul- 
verized by  the  use  of  a  harrow  or  other  device. 

Bearing  trees  should  be  irrigated  once  a  month  and  young  trees 
oftener.  The  irrigating  season  usually  begins  in  May  and  lasts  five 
months. 

The  most  critical  time  in  respect  to  the  crop  is  the  period  during 
and  immediately  following  the  flowering  time ;  care  should  be  taken 
during  this  period  that  the  ground  is  sufficiently  moist. 

Olive  orchards  require  nothing  exceptional  in  the  way  of  culti- 
vation. During  the  summer  months  the  orchard  should  be  kept 
free  from  weeds,  which  sap  the  soil  of  its  moisture,  and  the  surface 
of  the  ground  should  be  kept  well  pulverized.  Cultivation  both 
ways  should  follow  each  irrigation  as  soon  as  the  land  is  dry 
enough  to  permit  of  it.  Cultivation  should  cease  about  September 
first. 

In  some  sections  of  California  it  is  a  general  practice  to  put  on 
artificial  fertilizer  in  two  applications;  one  in  the  spring  and  one 
in  the  fall.  The  fall  planting  of  a  cover  crop  is  also  recommended. 
Manure  can  be  applied  to  the  best  advantage  after  summer  cultiva- 
tion ceases. 

Pruning  is  a  very  important  factor.  When  set  out  in  the  orchard 
the  nursery  tree  should  be  topped  back  to  about  eighteen  inches 
from  the  ground,  leaving  four  to  six  laterals  near  the  top  cut  back 
to  about  four  inches,  and  stripped  of  all  leaves.  Probably  twice  a 
year  for  the  next  three  years,  the  young  tree  should  be  pruned — 
during  this  period  the  shape  of  the  tree  is  determined  and  the  prun- 
ing is  done  with  this  idea  only  in  mind.  To  prevent  the  tree  from 
getting  too  thick  and  to  encourage  the  growth  of  fruit  wood,  light 
annual  pruning  thereafter  is  important. 


72         proceedings  of  the  american  pomological  society. 
Cost  of  Planting  and  Care  per  Acre. 
Based  on  a  unit  of  forty  acres  of  average  land  (cleared). 

FIRST  year  cost. 

Preparing  ground $15.00 

Trees,  55  per  acre,  at  fifty  cents 27.50 

Planting  trees 7.50 

Water 5.00 

Irrigating,  cultivating,  pruning 15.00 

Superintendence 5.00 

Total $75.00 

second  year. 

Care $15.00 

Water 5.00 

Superintendence 5.00 

Total $25.00 

THIRD  year. 

Care $15.00 

Water 5.00 

Superintendence 5.00 

Total $25.00 

fourth  year. 

Care $20.00 

Wat^r 5.00 

Superintendence 5.00 

Total $30.00 

Total $155.00 

Probable  Yield. 

A  yield  of  five  pounds  per  tree  can  be  expected  the  fourth  year, 
and  from  ten  to  fifteen  pounds  per  tree  the  fifth  yesiV.  increasing 
annually  thereafter.  Sixty  to  seventy  pounds  per  tree  can  be  ex- 
pected the  tenth  year. 

In  respect  to  yield,  the  following  is  interesting  data  from  Butte 
County  groves : 


THE  OLIVE  INDUSTRY  OF  THE  PACIFIC  COAST.  73 

Mr.  Onyett's  grove  of  155  trees  yielded:  Seventh  year  (1907), 
3^2  tons;  eighth  year  (1908),  4  tons;  ninth  year  (1909),  4i^  tons; 
tenth  year  (1910)  5i/4  tons;  eleventh  year  (1911),  5%  tons;  twelfth 
year  (1912),  6  tons;  thirteenth  year  (1913),  4^/2  tons;  fourteenth 
year  (1914),  7  tons. 

Mr.  Lang's  grove  of  180  trees  was  planted  in  May,  1904.  It 
shows  a  record  of  nearly  twenty  pounds  per  tree  the  fourth  year 
after  planting,  forty  pounds  the  fifth,  thirty  pounds  the  sixth,  sixty- 
five  pounds  the  seventh,  eight  pounds  the  eighth,  thirty  pounds  the 
ninth,  and  one  hundred  and  twenty  pounds  per  tree  the  tenth  year. 

Mr.  Fogg  on  forty  acres  had  a  yield  of  one  hundred  and  seventy 
tons  in  1911,  twenty-five  tons  in  1912,  seventy  tons  in  1913,  one  hun- 
dred and  sixty  tons  in  1914.  Mr.  Reardon  on  his  four  and  a  half 
acres  grew  fourteen  tons  in  1911,  eight  and  a  half  tons  in  1912, 
sixteen  and  a  half  tons  in  1913,  and  seventeen  and  a  half  tons  in 
1914. 

The  twenty  acres  of  Old  Orchard  on  the  Meek  and  Gray  Ranch 
bore  a  crop  of  thirty  tons  in  1911,  forty-five  tons  in  1912,  fifty  tons 
in  1913,  and  one  hundred  and  thirteen  tons  (5.6  tons  per  acre)  in 
1914. 

There  are  records  of  many  twenty-year-old  trees  and  older  in 
Butte  County  yielding  from  250  to  650  pounds  of  olives  per  tree. 
Such  tremendous  yields  show  the  unusual  possibilities  for  individ- 
ual effort  in  increasing  the  yield. 

Harvesting  and  Handling  Fruit. 

Harvesting  of  the  pickling  varieties  usually  begins  early  in  Octo- 
ber and  lasts  about  two  months.  The  olive  maices  the  best  pickle 
if  pickled  when  it  is  red  to  purple  in  color.  Olives  for  oil  purposes 
are  permitted  to  remain  on  the  trees  until  black  in  color  and  are 
harvested  during  the  later  winter  months. 

Pickling  olives  are  handled  very  carefully  to  prevent  bruising. 
They  are  hand-picked  and  if  carried  any  great  distance  to  the  pack- 
ing house,  are  transported  in  huge  vats  of  water  or  in  the  pickling 
solution  of  lye. 

At  the  packing  house  they  are  graded  for  size — the  larger  sizes 
are  placed  in  the  pickling  vats  and  the  small  sizes  sent  to  the  oil 
room.  It  takes  three  to  four  weeks  for  the  processing  of  a  pickled 
olive.  The  essential  in  turning  out  a  first-class  product  is  care. 
Mrs.  Ehmann,  frequently  spoken  of  as  the  Mother  of  the  Pickled 
Ripe  Olive  has  achieved  her  remarkable  success  principally  by  the 
exercise  of  this  homely  virtue. 

By-Peoducts. 

The  largest  by-product  at  present  is  the  oil  made  for  table  use 
from  the  oil  varieties  and  from  the  undersized  pickling  varieties. 
Next  in  importance  is  the  oil  extracted  from  the  pulp  by  means  of 


74  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 

gasoline — this  oil  is  used  in  the  manufacture  of  soaps.    The  refuse 
from  the  plant  is  used  as  a  fertilizer. 

The  most  promising  by-product  is  olive  paste.  This  is  still  in  the 
experimental  stage  but  is  meeting  with  great  favor. 

Summary. 

However,  if  the  olive  industry  in  California  is  to  gain  the  im- 
portant place  it  logically  deserves : 

First,  the  state  must  do  for  the  olive  what  it  has  done  for  other 
fruits — establish  an  experimental  station,  and  experiment  in  prun- 
ing, fertilization,  cross-pollination,  etc.,  and  for  larger  sized  and 
earlier  ripening  fruit. 

Second,  oil  must  be  considered  as  a  by-product  only. 

Third,  the  growers  must  give  their  orchards  better  and  more  con- 
sistent care,  thereby  increasing  the  proportion  of  good  quality  pick- 
ling fruit ;  and  the  prospective  growers  must  plant  proven  varieties 
in  proven  districts,  according  to  proven  methods. 

Fourth,  the  market  now  so  undeveloped  must  be  enlarged  to 
keep  pace  with  the  increase  of  production,  by  standardizing  the 
pack,  by  a  co-operative  and  consistent  campaign  of  advertising,  and 
by  a  systematic  campaign  of  education  as  to  the  diversified  uses  of 
the  olive  and  its  by-products. 

Fifth,  for  the  past  three  years,  perhaps,  we  have  been  trying  to 
strangle  the  goose  that  lays  the  golden  eggs  by  cramming  tasteless 
green  olives  down  its  throat.  This  year's  carry-over  stock  is  largely 
the  result  of  this  short-sighted  and  unfortunate  policy.  And,  there- 
fore, above  all  the  growers  and  packers  must  combine  to  the  end 
that  ripe  olives,  and  ripe  olives  only,  are  pickled,  and  the  pickling 
of  green  olives  sold  under  a  ripe  olive  label  forever  stopped. 

Upon  the  ripe  olive,  how  it  is  grown,  how  cured,  and  how  mar- 
keted, depends  the  future  of  the  olive  industry  in  California ;  and 
the  olive  industry  can  become  one  of  the  biggest  and  most  import- 
ant fruit  industries  in  the  state.     (Prolonged  applause.) 

Discussion. 

The  President  :  I  want  to  commend  you  on  the  completeness  of 
the  paper,  Mr.  Meek.  I  think  anyone  who  wanted  to  undertake  the 
cultivation  of  the  olive  could  not  do  better  than  secure  a  copy 
of  your  paper  which  would  give  him  all  the  information  he  needed. 

Mr.  Hutt  :    "What  is  the  comparison  in  fruit  value  ? 

Mr.  Meek  :  The  green  olive  is  six  to  ten  per  cent  of  oil,  and  the 
ripe  olive  gives  twenty-five  to  forty  per  cent  of  oil.  After  the  green 
stage,  the  olive  turns  a  light  yellow,  and  the  oil  content  develops 
very  quickly  during  the  last  ten  days  of  its  ripening. 

Mr,  Hutt:  The  principal  food  value  coming  through  ripening, 
as  I  understand,  is  the  additional  oil  derived. 

Mr,  Meek  :    Yes, 


STATUS  OF  THE  ALMOND  INDUSTRY  OF  THE  PACIFIC  COAST.  75 

Mr.  Pomeroy:  How  does  the  food  value  of  the  olive  compare 
with  the  Avoeada? 

Mr.  Meek  :  I  do  not  know.  The  Avoeada  is  very  rich,  but  I  do 
not  know  exactly  the  percentages. 

Mr.  Pomeroy  :  What  do  the  growers  consider  a  satisfactory  price 
for  the  olive? 

Mr.  Meek  :  There  is  no  limit.  We  want  all  we  can  get.  We  con- 
sider that  our  small  sizes  this  year  will  not  bring  as  much  as  before. 
We  expect  a  lower  price,  but  if  it  drops  under  one  hundred  dollars, 
then  we  will  feel  badly. 

Mr.  Condon  :  The  Avoeada  fat  contains  twenty-nine  and  one- 
tenth  per  cent  oil,  ranging  upward  to  thirty-three  to  thirty-five  per 
cent.    The  olive  runs  higher  than  that  in  some  varieties. 

The  President  :    Would  you  consider  them  nearly  equal  ? 

Mr.  Condon  :    I  would,  yes. 

Dr.  Stewart  :  Does  the  Olive  Association  recommend  that  they 
pickle  only  ripened  olives? 

Mr.  Meek  :  I  am  quite  sure  they  recognize  the  necessity  of  stop- 
ping the  pickling  of  any  but  ripe  olives.  The  green  olive  has  been 
pickled  to  sell  as  a  ripe  olive,  and  we  are  not  able  to  compete  with 
Southern  Europe  on  the  pickling  of  the  green  olive ;  so,  to  make 
money,  we  must  confine  ourselves  to  the  ripe  olive.  In  Southern 
Europe  they  have  not  been  able  to  produce  a  pickling  ripe  olive. 
They  soften  too  much,  and  they  are  obliged  to  pickle  them  while 
green. 

Mr.  Condon  :  Has  the  speaker  noticed  the  different  variations 
in  Mission  olives.  There  is  some  evidence  that  the  first  olives  raised 
in  California  were  raised  from  seed. 

Mr.  Meek  :  There  is  a  difference  in  the  fruit  and  in  the  character 
of  the  tree ;  there  are  many  similarities  between  the  different  kinds 
of  Missions.  The  leaves  are  longer  in  some  cases,  and  the  firuit  is 
more  nearly  spherical,  something  like  Manzanillo  in  many  cases. 

I  think  the  same  care  will  bring  about  the  same  general  products. 
That  is  open  to  question.  I  have  noticed  that  trees  of  Mission  olives 
that  were  considered  to  bear  small  fruit  always,  have  come  out  won- 
derfully under  a  proper  sort  of  care. 

Mr.  Dumas  :    What  does  it  cost  to  pick  olives? 

Mr.  Meek:  Fifteen  to  twenty  dollars  per  ton;  the  average  is 
seventeen  and  a  half;  that  is  for  the  pickling  varieties.  The  oil 
varieties  average  ten  dollars  per  ton.     (Extended  applause.) 

THE  STATUS  OF  THE  ALMOND  INDUSTRY  OF  THE  PACIFIC  COAST. 

George  W.  Pierce,  California. 

As  far  back  as  authentic  history  takes  us  we  read  of  the  almond. 
It  is  frequently  referred  to  in  Scripture  and  has  played  no  small 
part  in  ministering  to  the  needs  and  pleasures  of  mankind.  Its  food 
value  is  important  and  its  bloom,  following  closely  on  the  heels  of 
winter,  has  probably  appealed  to  the  esthetic  side  of  man  more 
strongly  than  has  the  bloom  of  any  other  orchard  tree. 


76  PEOCEEDINGS  OP  THE  AMEBICAN  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 

The  almond  is  supposed  to  be  a  native  of  Asia,  but  it  has  been 
under  cultivation  so  long,  over  an  area  so  extensive  in  Europe,  Asia 
and  Africa,  the  cradle  of  mankind,  that  its  origin  is  a  matter  of  con- 
jecture. Certain  it  is,  however,  that  around  the  shores  of  the  Medi- 
terranean Sea,  where  a  mild  and  temperate  climate  prevails,  the 
almond  both  in  its  wild  and  cultivated  states  has  flourished  for 
many  centuries.  It  is  referred  to  in  the  Bible  we  are  told  under  the 
name  ' '  shaked, ' '  meaning  to  hasten.  One  might  easily  imagine  that 
its  extreme  haste  in  blossoming  before  winter  is  wholly  over  may 
have  suggested  its  name.  The  famous  rod  of  Aaron,  mentioned  in 
Numbers,  was  taken  from  an  almond  tree.  So,  too,  the  rod  cut  by 
Moses,  that  afterwards  became  a  serpent  when  cast  down,  was  an 
almond  branch.  There  are  also  many  Biblical  references  to  the 
beautiful  pink  bloom  of  the  almond.  It  has  been  long  a  favorite 
of  the  Jewish  people,  being  used  extensively  by  them  in  the  decora- 
tion of  their  sjTiagogues. 

Many  sections  of  California  have  established  beyond  question 
their  ability  to  produce  almonds  in  commercial  quantities.  Experi- 
ments have  made  known  the  necessary  requirements  of  soil  and 
climate.  That  certain  freedom  from  frosts,  so  essential  during  the 
early  growing  period  has  been  found.  The  general  outlines  of  the 
area  possessing  these  requirements  are  definitely  known.  The  pests 
that  infest  the  orchards  may  be  said  to  be  under  a  reasonable  degree 
of  control.  As  to  varieties,  a  wide  range  of  these  is  possible.  With 
these  facts  established,  there  seems  to  exist  no  physical  reason  why 
California  should  not  materially  increase  her  output  of  almonds. 

From  reliable  data  we  learn  that  the  annual  almond  crop  of  Cali- 
fornia, for  the  last  ten  years,  has  averaged  about  three  thousand 
tons.  That  the  amount  produced  in  the  near  future  will  be  much 
greater  is  well  known.  During  the  planting  seasons  of  the  last  five 
years,  a  large  acreage  has  been  set  to  almonds.  In  fact,  so  great 
has  been  the  demand  for  nursery  stock  that  but  little,  if  any,  of  the 
almond  material  has  remained  in  the  hands  of  the  nurseryman  at 
the  close  of  the  several  seasons. 

Accepting  then,  as  an  established  fact,  the  ability  of  California  to 
produce  almonds,  the  future  of  the  industry  in  the  state  depends 
upon  the  ability  of  the  orchardist  to  market  the  product  at  a 
sufficiently  remunerative  price.  If  the  crop  cannot  be  sold  at  a 
reasonable  profit  its  decline  is  certain.  There  is  but  little  satisfac- 
tion save  to  ' '  the  gentleman  farmer, ' '  in  knowing  that  one  can  pro- 
duce any  given  crop  unless  he  is  assured  that  he  can  dispose  of  it  at 
a  price  that  will  leave  him  a  fair  profit. 

There  are  two  great  varieties  of  almonds,  viz:  Those  having 
sweet  meats  and  those  having  bitter  meats.  The  bitter  almond  is  not 
grown  commercially,  in  extensive  quantities  outside  of  the  Medi- 
terranean regions.  Those  almonds  are  chiefly  used  in  the  manu- 
facture of  Prussic  acid,  bitter  almond  oil  and  in  perfumery.  In 
California  the  bitter  almond  output  is  chiefly  consumed  by  the 
nurseryman.  It  is  claimed  that  nursery  stock  on  bitter  almond  root 
is  of  superior  quality. 


STATUS  OF  TUE  ALMOMD  INDUSTRY  OF  TIIE  PACll'lC  COAST.  7  i 

The  almond  of  commerce  having  sweet  meats  is  divided  into  hard 
shelled,  soft  shelled  and  paper  shelled  varieties.  These  are  again 
sub-divided  many  times  to  meet  the  requirements  of  the  trade  and 
to  gratify  the  fancy  of  supposed  originators  of  vaiieties.  Many  of 
these  are  well  known  and  are  standard.  Others  have  names  known 
only  locally. 

The  leading  varieties  grown  in  California  are  the  Nonpareil, 
I.  X.  L.,  Ne  Plus  Ultra,  Peerless,  Drake  (Seedling),  Texas  (Prolific) 
and  Languedoc. 

The  almond  is  supposed  to  have  found  its  way  into  California 
from  Europe  about  1853.  It  came  to  us  after  long  centuries  of 
existence  with  many  of  the  imperfections  that  characterized  its 
early  career.  To  a  Californian,  Mr.  A.  T.  Hatch,  of  Suisun,  Solano 
County,  is  given  the  credit  of  fii'st  having  undertaken  the  improve- 
ment of  the  almond  along  scientific  lines.  So  great  Avas  the  improve- 
ment, and  so  marked  the  results  obtained  by  Mr.  Hatch,  that  the 
leading  commercial  varieties  of  almonds  grown  in  California  today 
are  designated  as  the  Hatch  varieties.  Chief  among  these  are  the 
Nonpareil,  the  I.  X.  L.,  and  the  Ne  Plus  Ultra.  The  first  two  are 
the  leading  and  the  highest  priced  almonds  produced  in  California 
at  this  time. 

While  Mr.  Hatch  greatly  improved  the  quality  of  the  almond,  the 
varieties  originated  by  him,  when  planted  in  the  orchard  in  solid 
blocks,  of  a  single  variety,  rarely  give  a  satisfactory  yield.  The 
quality  of  the  product  was  improved  at  the  expense  of  the  output. 
To  obtain  cross-polination  and  increased  yield  it  has  been  found  to 
be  good  practice  to  alternate  the  Hatch  varieties  with  some  hardier 
almond.  Years  ago  hard  shelled  seedling  almonds  were  used  for 
this  purpose,  but  now  the  Texas  (Prolific),  Drake  (Seedling)  or 
other  soft  shelled  varieties  are  generally  grown  because  of  their 
higher  market  value.  Usually  two  rows  of  the  soft  shelled  varieties 
alternate  with  four  rows  of  the  Hatch  varieties.  The  rows  should 
run,  as  far  as  may  be,  at  right  angles  to  the  line  of  the  prevailing 
winds  at  the  time  of  blossoming. 

The  almond  is  a  long-lived  and  very  hardy  tree.  It  is  moderately 
free  from  insect  pests.  Its  early  blossoming  period,  which,  in  Cali- 
fornia, begins  in  the  latter  part  of  February,  makes  it  very  suscepti- 
ble to  the  killing  effects  of  late  frosts.  So  it  is  that  many  sections 
that  can  successfuDy  grow  an  almond  tree,  so  far  as  the  tree  only 
is  concerned,  may  not  be  able  to  ever  produce  a  crop  or  ever  mature 
a  single  almond. 

The  almond  is  a  deep-rooted  tree  and  seeks  water  at  considerable 
depths.  It  will  not  flourish  where  the  water  plane  is  near  the  sur- 
face. These  well  known  requirements  of  the  almond  limit,  with  un- 
erring certainty,  the  area  adapted  to  its  culture. 

California  is  the  only  state  in  the  Union  that  produces  almonds  in 
commercial  quantities.  About  35,000  acres  are  here  devoted  to 
almond  culture.  Less  than  one-half  of  this  is  in  full  bearing  at  this 
time.     The  trees  are  usually  twenty-five  feet  apart  in  the  orchard. 


78  PROCEEDINGS  OP  THE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 

From  700  to  1,000  pounds  per  acre  is  an  average  crop  of  the  Hatch 
or  paper  shelled  varieties,  with  exceptional  yields  of  double  that 
amount.  The  soft  shelled  varieties  are  heavier  bearers,  one  ton  per 
acre  being  frequently  realized. 

The  market  for  California  almonds,  up  to  the  present  time,  has 
been  confined  to  the  demand  from  the  United  States.  The  annual 
consumption  of  almonds  in  America  amounts  to  about  5,000  tons 
of  shelled  goods  and  6,000  tons  in  the  shell.  Or,  expressing  the 
shelled  in  terms  of  the  unshelled,  we  find  the  consumption  to  be 
annually  about  16,000  tons. 

There  are  two  sources  of  supply  to  meet  this  demand  for  almonds. 
These  are  California  and  Southern  Europe.  The  two  are  in  direct 
competition.  There  is  but  one  market  and  each  is  seeking  it.  It 
goes  without  saying  that  the  section  that  can  acceptably  supply  that 
market  at  the  lowest  cost  to  the  consumer,  will  ultimately  get  the 
trade.  Heretofore  the  imported  product  has  enjoyed  the  bulk  of 
the  trade  in  shelled  almonds.  There  is  a  market  the  year  round 
from  the  baker  and  the  confectioner  for  the  shelled  goods.  For  the 
nuts  in  the  shell,  there  is  but  a  limited  market,  limited  as  to  the 
amount  consumed  and  limited  as  to  the  time  of  selling.  Almonds 
in  the  shell  find  their  readiest  market  at  and  immediately  before 
the  holidays.  Many  of  the  wholesale  dealers  in  almonds  in  the  shell 
are  practically  out  of  the  market  by  the  first  of  February. 

Eighty  per  cent  of  the  almonds  imported  are  shelled,  while  but 
five  per  cent  of  the  California  crop  is  shelled.  It  will  thus  be  seen, 
that,  under  existing  conditions,  the  California  almond  industry  is 
sadly  handicapped.  The  California  Almonds  Growers'  Exchange, 
a  co-operative  organization,  of  nine  hundred  members,  representing 
about  eighty  per  cent  of  the  California  output,  has  taken  up  the 
matter  of  shelling  almonds  and  will,  this  season,  enter  the  markets 
of  America  and  endeavor  to  secure  what  we  deem  a  fair  share  of 
our  home  trade.  The  importers  have  long  enjoyed  this  trade  and 
today  hold  the  great  market  centers.  The  contest  between  the  home 
and  the  imported  products  will  be  keen.  In  both  Europe  and 
America  the  acreage  devoted  to  almond  raising  is  being  increased. 
The  imports  from  Europe  are  increasing.  In  1900,  5,140,232 
pounds  were  imported  to  America.  In  1914,  4,753,525  pounds  of 
unshelled,  and  10,114,901  pounds  of  shelled  goods  came  here.  In 
1914  the  importations  were  ten  thousand  tons  greater  than  they 
were  in  1900. 

As  to  quality,  California  can  meet  the  demands  of  the  market  and 
duplicate  anything  her  competitors  may  offer.  The  question  as  to 
whether  or  not  the  Pacific  Coast  can  supply  the  United  States  with 
almonds  is  not  a  horticultural  oije.    It  is  a  commercial  proposition. 

In  the  final  statement  of  the  cost  of  production  of  almonds  will 
be  found  the  following  items:  Taxes,  interest  on  investment,  sup- 
plies, labor  and  marketing.  Chief  of  these  is  labor.  When  one  com- 
pares the  wages  paid  in  California  with  those  paid  in  Spain,  France 
and  Italy,  he  finds  that  the  European  grower  has  a  most  decided  ad- 


STATUS  OF  THE  ALMOND  INDUSTRY  OF  THE  PACIFIC  COAST.  79 

vantage.  The  labor  put  into  a  pound  of  almonds  in  Spain  is  less 
than  one-third  as  much  as  the  California  producer  is  compelled  to 
put  into  a  pound  of  his  product.  In  the  matter  of  interest  and  sup- 
plies, the  Spanish  grower  again  has  the  lesser  expense. 

When  one  considers  transportation  rates,  he  finds  that  it  costs  tlie 
American  grower  more  to  deliver  his  almonds  to  the  home  market 
than  it  does  the  Spanish  grower  to  ship  across  the  ocean  to  the  same 
market.  The  overland  freight  rate  from  the  Pacific  Coast  to  the 
chief  eastern  points  is  $1.40  per  cwt.  By  steamer  from  San 
Francisco  to  New  York,  via  Panama  it  is  75  cents  per  cwt.  From 
Malaga,  Spain,  to  New  York,  it  is  27  cents  per  cwt. 

The  Federal  Government,  long  ago  recognized  the  disadvantages 
under  which  the  American  almond  grower  labors.  For  a  consid- 
erable time  a  handicap  was  placed  on  the  European  growler  in  form 
of  an  import  duty,  equal  to  six  cents  per  pound  on  the  shelled  and 
four  cents  per  pound  on  the  unshelled  goods.  This,  it  was  thought, 
would  equalize  the  cost  of  production  and  delivery  to  the  common 
American  market.  It  meant,  in  the  judgment  of  those  responsible 
for  the  law,  that  it  costs  about  five  cents  a  pound  more  to  produce 
almonds  in  America  than  it  does  in  Southern  Europe.  Recent  legis- 
lation has  reduced  this  differential  to  a  duty  of  four  cents  on  the 
shelled  goods  and  three  cents  on  the  almond  in  the  shell.  The  wis- 
dom of  this  change  is  yet  to  be  demonstrated.  The  American 
grower,  however,  realizes  that  he  is  pulling  against  the  tide,  while 
his  European  competitor  is  simply  drifting.  He  knows  that  to  in- 
sure a  profitable  sale  for  a  greatly  increased  output  he  must  ex- 
tend the  markets  and  induce  a  more  general  consumption  of  al- 
monds. He  sees  foreigners  appropriating  our  markets  and  antici- 
pating the  needs  of  our  people.  He  sees  cause  for  alarm  and  is 
organizing  his  forces.  He  must  popularize  his  products,  advertise 
their  desirability  and  cheapen  their  production. 

About  1898  local  associations  of  growers  began  to  be  formed. 
These  were  a  benefit  from  an  educational  point  at  least,  for  they  em- 
phasized the  need  of  co-operation.  They  generally  combined  for 
selling  purposes,  the  greater  part  of  the  almonds  produced  in  the 
immediate  vicinity  of  the  location  of  the  association.  Their  sphere, 
however,  had  narrow  limitations.  They  had  no  selling  agencies,  de- 
pending upon  what  seemed  to  be  competition  among  the  commis- 
sion houses  and  speculators.  They  were  not  in  a  position  to  even 
obtain  data  on  which  to  place  a  fair  valuation  of  their  crops.  They 
were  surely  and  safely  in  the  hands  of  the  enemy. 

Previous  to  the  year  1910,  little  had  been  done  by  California 
almond  growers  either  to  develop  or  protect  the  market  for  al- 
monds. Each  individual  isolated  grower  was  a  complete  selling 
agency  within  himself.  He  was  supposed  to  be  a  walking  encyclo- 
pedia of  almond  lore  and  commercial  shrewdness.  He  was  eagerly 
sought  for  by  the  agents  of  the  commission  houses  and  was  legiti- 
mate game  for  the  speculator.  Under  these  conditions  ridiculously 
low  prices  ruled  for  the  grower,  while  the  consumer  was  taxed  to 


80  PROCEEDINGS  OP  THE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 

the  limit.  Actual  entries  in  the  books  of  growers  of  this  time  show 
that  Nonpareil  almonds  were  sold  at  prices  ranging  from  seven  to 
ten  cents  per  pound.  The  buyer  interested  only  in  the  goods  he 
had  acquired  at  a  low  figure,  had  no  thought  for  the  future  of  the 
almond  industry.  He  took  all  the  profit  the  traflfic  would  bear. 
The  markets  were  demoralized  and  the  business  languished.  The 
demand  for  almonds  was  confined  to  the  few.  The  speculator 
usually  bought  early  and  on  an  eminently  safe  margin.  He  imposed 
on  both  producer  and  consumer  and  made  of  the  almond  a  luxury 
supreme. 

It  is  only  within  the  last  five  yeai-s  that  the  California  almond 
situation  had  been  studied  along  commercial  lines  in  the  interest  of 
the  growers.  Beginning  in  1910  with  eleven  local  associations  and 
230  members,  a  start  was  made  by  the  California  Almond  Growers' 
Exchange.  It  was  purely  a  pioneer  effort  based  on  a  determination 
to  secure  to  the  growers  the  profits  of  the  business.  At  once,  those 
who  had  reaped  rich  harvests  at  the  expense  of  the  growers,  saw  in, 
this  movement,  the  killing  of  the  goose  that  was  laying  the  golden 

Through  various  vicissitudes,  organization  has  progressed,  until 
today  there  are  eighteen  associations  and  nearly  nine  hundred  mem- 
bers. These  are  located,  in  the  almond,  growing  sections  of  the 
state  from  Tehama  on  the  north,  to  San  Bernardino  on  the  south. 
In  this  co-operative  work,  the  year  1915  is  no  laggard.  One  new 
association  has  been  formed  and  is  affiliating  with  the  Exchange. 
One  old,  strong,  well  equipped  independent  association,  represent- 
ing ten  or  more  carloads  of  almond,  annually,  has  joined  the  Al- 
mond Exchange.  A  careful  investigation  convinced  these  people 
that  they  were  on  the  wrong  track,  and  that  if  they  were  to  accom- 
plish anything  in  the  upbuilding  of  the  almond  industry,  they  must 
train  with  those  who  were  doing  that  certain  line  of  work.  Tired 
of  competition  they  turned  to  co-operation. 

During  the  month  of  June  of  the  present  year,  300  tons  of  al- 
monds were  added  to  the  output  of  the  Exchange  for  the  season  of 
1915.  The  Exchange  has  never  lost  an  association  by  withdrawal 
or  otherwise.  The  Associations  have  lost  but  few  members.  About 
eighty  per  cent  of  the  California  crop  is  now  handled  by  the  Ex- 
change. The  remaining  twenty  per  cent  is  sold  independently,  and 
generally,  for  less  money  than  is  realized  by  Exchange  members  for 
the  same  class  of  almonds.  These  sales  furnish  ammunition  for  the 
brokers  who  are  doing  their  utmost  to  discredit  and  discourage 
co-operation  among  the  growers.  The  independent  seller  unwitting- 
ly pays  a  commission  for  his  own  undoing.  That  the  speculator 
makes  a  profit  goes  without  saying.  That  profit  belonged  to  the 
grower.  It  is  his  money,  and  he  would  have  gotten  it  had  he  been 
a  member  of  the  Exchange.  Were  it  not  for  the  almonds  sold  by 
non-members,  the  speculators  and  demoralizers  of  the  markets 
would  have  nothing  on  which  to  operate  and  would  be  forced  out 
of  the  field.    It  is  no  less  to  the  interest  of  the  consumer  than  it  is 


STATUS  OF  THE  ALMOND  INDUSTRY  OF  THE  PACIFIC  COAST,  81 

to  the  producer  to  eliminate  the  speculator.  The  time  has  come 
when  the  producer,  through  organization,  must  protect  the  con- 
sumer. The  history  of  speculative  marketing  is  full  of  instances 
where  crops  have  been  purchased  at  low  figures,  cornered  and  sold 
to  the  consumer  at  exorbitant  prices.  The  principle  involved  in 
these  transactions  is  recognized  and  utilized  to  the  detriment  of 
legitimate  almond  production. 

The  Almond  Growers'  Exchange  has  had  a  healthy  growth  from 
its  inception.  It  is  placing  the  almond  business  of  California  on  as 
firm  a  foundation  as  existing  economic  conditions  will  permit.  It 
has  done  much  to  eliminate  speculation  and  to  steady  prices.  It 
markets  the  almonds  of  its  members  at  cost.  Its  equipment  for 
handling  the  business,  while  efficient  is  neither  elaborate  nor  expen- 
sive. The  aim  in  view  at  all  times,  is  to  return  to  the  grower  every 
dollar  possible  from  everj'  sale  made.  It  adopted  and  maintains  a 
high  business  standard.  Starting  without  capital  and  without 
credit,  it  has  advanced  financially,  until  it  is  now  in  a  position  to 
handle  the  entire  output  of  the  State  with  ease.  It  advances  to 
growers  fifty  per  cent  of  the  value  of  the  almonds  immediately  upon 
receiving  warehouse  receipts,  properly  endorsed  showing  quality  of 
the  nuts.  It  has  already  begun  that  development  which  will  ul- 
timately enable  the  California  grower  to  make  a  strong  fight  for 
the  almond  trade  of  America.  This  growers'  organization  is  but 
an  infant  now.  When  it  reaches  maturity  it  will  be  a  giant  capable 
of  commanding  attention  and  respect.  Already  it  has  developed  a 
satisfactory  selling  scheme.  It  has  reliable  agents  in  all  the  large 
Eastern  markets.  It  has  gone  into  territor}^  and  developed  trade  in 
sections  hitherto  neglected.  It  has  taken  care  of  all  the  old  mar- 
kets and  has  developed  many  new  ones.  By  its  methods  of  distribu- 
tion it  encourages  increased  consumption.  It  has  studied  the  needs 
of  various  sections  and  has  learned  how  best  to  place  the  several 
varieties  at  its  disposal. 

Officials  of  the  Exchange  have  studied  foreign  methods  and  con- 
ditions. With  all  available  data  they  have  mapped  out  a  campaign 
for  the  contest  in  what  we  believe  to  be  our  share  of  the  almond 
trade  of  America.  Noting  that  eighty  per  cent  of  the  imported 
product  is  shelled  while  but  five  per  cent  of  the  California  crop  is 
shelled,  and  seeing  a  better  market  for  these  goods,  the  Exchange 
decided  to  make  that  market  available  to  the  California  grower.  It 
took  up  this  work  a  year  ago,  and  now  has,  at  19th  and  C  streets  in 
Sacramento,  a  large  fireproof  building  devoted  exclusively  to  al- 
mond shelling.  The  plant  is  equipped  with  modern  machinery.  It 
is  now  being  enlarged  to  bring  its  output  up  to  one  car  of  shelled 
almonds  daily.  This  will  enable  the  Exchange  to  compete  on  a  com- 
mercial scale  with  the  imported  product.  It  will  also  tend  to  re- 
lieve at  times,  congestion  in  certain  varieties.  The  cost  of  the  shell- 
ing plant  has  been  about  $14,000,  and  best  of  all,  it  is  paid  for. 

This  plant  is  the  property  of  the  loyal  members  of  the  several 
Associations.     It  is  one  of  their  investments  made  to  insure  the 


82  PROCEEDINGS  OP  THE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 

permanency  of  the  almond  business  in  California.  It  represents 
money  saved  through  co-operatiou.  It  equips  to  make  and  save 
more  money.  It  was  built  out  of  the  surplus  from  several  funds 
remaining,  after  the  growers  had  been  returned  annually,  the  high- 
est market  price  for  their  almonds.  No  special  assessment  was  ever 
levied  for  the  building  fund.  No  grower  was  ever  approached  for 
a  subscription.  As  they  would  say  on  the  street,  "It  is  all  velvet. ' ' 
The  construction  of  the  building  and  the  financing  of  the  under- 
taking was  all  accomplished  so  quietly  and  so  easily  that  but  few 
of  the  actual  contributors  knew  that  advanced  co-operative  methods 
were  erecting  here  in  California,  a  monument  to  their  loyalty  and 
business  forethought.  Comparatively  few,  even  today  realize  that 
they  have  been/  important  factors  in  the  solution  of  one  of  the 
knottiest  problems  ever  presented  to  the  producing  classes.  They 
are  making  history  of  a  lasting  sort.  They  are  overcoming  the 
producers'  prejudice  against  organized  effort.  Yes,  more,  they  are 
making  an  earnest  appeal  to  the  American  people  to  give  fair  con- 
sideration to  American  products. 

The  future  of  the  almond  in  California  depends  largely  upon  the 
degree  of  co-operation  practiced  among  the  growers.  Co-operation 
in  selling,  is  a  modern  idea,  and  in  this  line  the  grower  needs  educa- 
tion. The  situation  is  full  of  hope.  That  eighty  per  cent  of  the 
growers  of  the  State  should  have  co-operated  and  built  up  a  suc- 
cessful selling  agency  within  and  during  the  first  five  years  of  the 
experiment,  is  cause  for  congratulation.  The  remaining  twenty  per 
cent  of  the  growers  have  been  benefitted,  through  the  existence  and 
influence  of  the  Exchange,  from  fifty  to  one  hundred  dollars  per 
ton  annually  on  their  output.  This  is  their  dividend  on  the  busi- 
ness ability  displayed  by  their  fellow  growers.  The  outside  pro- 
ducer needs  the  Exchange  much  more  than  the  Exchange  needs 
him.  A  campaign  of  education  is  now  on,  and  these  two  forces  will 
ultimately  get  together  for  their  mutual  benefit. 

California  alone,  can  supply  our  nation's  demand  for  almonds. 
Whether  or  not  she  ever  becomes  a  dominating  factor  in  that  sup- 
ply, depends  largely  upon  the  support  her  growers  give  to  co-opera- 
tive marketing  and  the  attitude  of  the  Federal  Government  toward 
the  encouragement  of  home  industries.     (Prolonged  applause.) 

THE  STATUS  OF  THE  PEACH  INDUSTRY  IN  CALIFORNIA. 

Leonard  Coates,  California. 

In  considering  the  peach  industry  in  California  it  may  be  well  to 
devote  a  few  minutes  to  a  pomological  study  of  this  most  popular 
fruit. 

Perhaps  no  species  bearing  fruit  of  such  economic  and  commer- 
cial importance  as  Primus  persica  has  so  many  widly  divergent 
types  or  varieties.  Some  of  them  differ,  in  fact,  so  greatly,  that 
they  become  very  near  to  being  candidates  for  distinct  species.    The 


THE  STATUS  OF  THE  PEACH  INDUSTRY  OP  CALIFORNIA.  83 

specific  name,  Persica,  is  misleading,  as  it  assumes  Persia  to  be  the 
laud  of  its  birth,  while  it  is  more  likely  that  the  peach  is  indigenous 
to  China  and  Northern  India.  The  peach  may  be  said  to  be  adap- 
tive, if  not  ubiquitous.  Early  in  the  Nineteenth  Century  it  was 
found  growing  wild  in  this  country  as  far  west  as  Arkansas,  and  if 
only  "Johnny  Apple-seed"  had  had  a  brother  who  believed  in  this 
fruit  as  faithfully  as  he  did  in  the  apple,  more  new  and  acclimated 
peaches  would  doubtless  have  originated  in  many  states. 

There  are  what  may  be  called  distinct  "types"  of  the  peach,  dif- 
fering very  much  in  their  fruit,  with  considerable  variation  in  leaf, 
and  a  very  marked  difference  in  their  climatic  requirements  or 
preferences.  In  the  north  and  well  into  the  western  states  the 
"Persian  Group"  thrives,  comprising  such  varieties  as  Crawford 
and  Salway;  to  the  southwest  a  class  of  peaches  known  as 
"Indian"  is  grown  successfully,  probably  so  named  because  found 
while  still  the  Indians  were  in  the  ascendancy,  and  thought  to  have 
been  brought  to  this  country  from  Spain.  Among  them  are  Cabler, 
Columbia  and  Lulu.  We  have  also  the  "North  China"  group,  to 
which  belongs  Elberta,  Chinese  Cling,  and  Thurber,  and  the  ' '  Peen- 
to"  type,  also  from  China,  which  approaches  the  semi-tropic  in 
some  of  its  characteristics,  such  as  a  love  of  warmth  and  moisture, 
and  a  large,  luxuriant  foliage,  which  remains  upon  the  trees  long 
after  other  varieties  are  bare. 

While  these  groups  or  types  of  peach  have  fairly  distinct  climatic 
boundary  lines,  from  Canada  to  Florida,  and  west  to  Missouri  and 
Texas,  all  will  thrive  in  some  portions  of  California,  and  some  of 
all  of  these  groups  were  brought  here  either  as  seed  or  budded 
trees,  by  our  pioneer  settlers. 

The  Sacramento-San  Joaquin  Valley,  or  Great  Central  Plain,  is 
the  home  of  the  peach,  in  its  broadest  and  most  comprehensive 
sense,  showing  that  it  thrives  best  with  abundant  summer  heat  and 
sunshine,  a  diy  atmosphere,  plenty  of  root  moisture,  and  yet  with 
very  cool  nights.  These  conditions  are  anomalous,  and  just  as 
puzzling  to  the  horticulturist  today,  as  to  the  early  pioneer  nursery- 
men and  fruit  growers,  who  would  have  thought  it  madness  to  plant 
trees  anywhere  except  where  the  water  table  did  not  lower  more 
than  eight  or  ten  feet  during  the  rainless  summers.  An  instance 
may  be  cited  in  the  old  Soscol  Rancho  a  few  miles  south  of  Napa, 
and  forty-five  miles  north  of  San  Francisco,  where  extensive  or- 
chards of  almost  all  fruits  were  planted  sixty-five  years  ago.  This 
tract  was  largely  in  or  adjacent  to  the  marsh  or  tule  lands,  as  well 
as  within  the  influence  of  the  fog  drifting  in  from  the  Bay.  Old 
seedling  peach  orchards  could  occasionally  be  found  in  Napa  and 
Sonoma  counties,  bearing  fruit  of  every  conceivable  quality,  shape 
and  color,  all  of  which  formed  a  most  interesting  study  to  the 
pomologist,  but,  in  those  days  there  were  but  few  who  gave  much 
attention  to  fruits,  little  dreaming  that  thousands  of  trees  would,  in 
a  few  years,  be  carried  across  the  mountains  to  distant  markets. 


84  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 

During  the  eighties  it  began  to  be  realized  that  a  veiy  large  mar- 
ket— ^the  '  *  world 's  market ' ' — was  open  to  receive  our  fruits,  but  for 
many  years  the  French  prune  was  the  fruit  most  lai'gely  planted, 
mainly  in  Santa  Clara  Valley,  because  the  care  and  handling  of 
the  dried  product  appealed  most  strongly  to  those  who  were  hitherto 
producers  of  wheat.  The  fruit  grower,  however,  is  a  boru  gambler, 
and,  in  California  at  any  rate,  a  creature  of  impulse.  So  he  soon 
launched  into  all  sorts  of  fruit-planting  speculations,  the  market 
being  as  unprepared  to  receive  the  product  as  the  railroad  was  to 
transport  it;  do  not  the  chronicles  of  the  old  State  Horticultural 
Society  and  of  the  State  Board  of  Horticulture  tell  the  story? 

As  the  market  opened  for  our  canned  peaches,  the  demand  in- 
creased faster  than  the  supply,  with  the  natural  result  of  very  high 
prices,  for  several  seasons,  even  running  as  high  as  four  cents  a 
pound,  and  the  obvious  stimulus  to  planting.  Only  culls  and  in- 
ferior fruit  were  dried. 

These  conditions  continued,  with  soifne  fluctuation,  for  several 
years,  but  the  inevitable  happened.  In  the  interior  central  valley, 
peach  orchards  were  being  planted  by  the  thousands  of  acres,  and 
to  a  proportionate  extent  in  the  smaller  valleys.  Prices  steadily 
declined,  but  still,  in  the  San  Joaquin  Valley  five  to  ten  tons  to  the 
acre  at  four  years  old,  even  at  $20  per  ton  "looked  good"  to  the 
farmer — and  the  planting  continued.  Shipping  fresh  peaches  to 
markets  east  of  the  mountains  is  not,  and  cannot  ever  be  a  reliable 
and  continuously  profitable  enterprise.  For  this  purpose,  the  fruit 
must  be  picked  too  green,  which,  however,  does  not  apply  with 
equal  force  to  any  other  of  the  large  fruits.  When  it  ripens,  it  has 
not  the  sweetness  and  flavor  of  the  peach  picked  from  the  tree 
nearly  ripe.  After  the  early  shipments,  most  of  our  CalifoiTiia 
fresh  peaches  come  into  competition  with  riper  fruit  grown  nearer 
home.  The  development  and  betterment  of  the  peach  industry  in 
California  must  be  mainly  with  the  local  fresh  fruit  markets,  and 
with  the  cured  and  otherwise  preserved  product.  By  this  time, 
during  the  early  years  of  this  twentieth  century,  stocks  of  dried 
peaches  were  accumulating,  there  being  an  annual  heavj^  "hold- 
over" of  both  the  canned  and  dried  product.  In  1912  the  output 
of  dried  peaches  alone  reached  the  enormous  total  of  30,000  tons, 
and,  at  the  present  time  the  highest  obtainable  price  would  not  pay 
the  cost  of  production,  and  there  are  many  thousands  of  tons  of 
fine  peaches  now  on  the  trees  in  excess  of  the  eannei*s'  require- 
ments. The  San  Francisco  and  other  local  markets,  consume  a 
large  amount  of  fresh  peaches,  but  it  is  but  a  drop  in  the  bucket  com- 
pared with  the  supply.  The  canned  fruit  industry  shows  an  output 
of  over  2,000,000  cases  of  peaches,  mostly  clingstones. 

I  have  thus  very  briefly  sketched  the  history  of  the  peach  up  to 
date,  there  not  being  any  good  prospect  of  the  1915  crop  bringing  in 
much  profit  to  the  grower,  as  a  whole,  and  it  becomes  imperative  to 
suggest  wherein  mistakes  have  been  made,  and  how  conditions  may 
be  permanently  improved. 

As  the  keynote  to  the  solution  of  this  problem,  1  would  say  that 


the  status  op  the  peach  industry  of  c.^ifornia.  85 

Quality  Has  Been  Sacrificed  to  Quantity. 

From  the  earliest  agricultural  days  of  California,  the  phrase, 
"feast  or  famine"  has  been  axiomatic.  The  spirit  of  gambling 
was  rife  in  1849  and  it  is  not  dead  in  1915.  Wheat  farmers  made 
a  fortune  because  of  one  year's  ample  rainfall,  and  the  next  year 
they  did  not  get  enough  to  pay  for  the  seed.  Gambling  on  the 
weather,  before  the  days  of  irrigation,  was  as  exciting  as  pros- 
pecting for  gold  in  a  new  field.  If  a  farmer  made  a  lot  of  money 
out  of  a  potato  crop,  all  of  his  neighbors  planted  tubers,  each  think- 
ing he  was  a  little  shrewder  than  the  other.  Later  on,  it  was  so  with 
French  prunes,  with  Muir  peaches,  with  Elbertas,  and  so  on  all 
along  the  line  with  large  fruits  or  berries,  potatoes  or  onions.  The 
nurserymen,  of  course,  had  to  follow  suit,  but,  propagating  of  neces- 
sity in  advance,  and  on  a  rising  market,  the  result  was  that  when 
prunes  were  offered  the  grower  wanted  pears,  and  when  he  raised 
peaches  in  largest  quantity,  the  demand  was  for  apricots.  And  we 
find,  in  consequence,  great  blocks,  thousands  of  acres,  of  one  variety 
all  maturing  at  once,  a  slump  threatening,  and  growers  grubbing 
out  whole  orchards,  while  others  will  graft  over  orchards  to  some 
other  variety  which  seems  to  be  likely  to  become  popular. 

As  a  business  investment,  and  because  one  "should  buy  when  the 
market  is  low"  nothing  would  promise  better  than  good  peach  or- 
chard property,  contradictory  as  it  ma.y  seem.  All  may  admit  the 
soundness  of  the  proposition,  but  few  have  the  grit  to  act  on  it. 

California  canned  peaches  are  unsurpassed,  if  not  unequalled. 
The  leading  varieties  used  are  Elberta  and  Lovell,  for  freestones, 
and  (Tuscan)  Tuskena  and  Phillips  for  clings.  White-fleshed 
peaches  do  not  seem  to  be  in  demand,  though  the  quality  of  Heath 
Cling,  and  some  of  its  seedlings,  and  Illinois  for  a  white  freestone, 
are  very  far  ahead  of  any  of  the  yellow-fleshed  varieties. 

But  the  price  of  canned  fruits  is  too  high.  Canners  have  had 
to  pay  as  high  as  four  cents  a  pound  for  peaches,  and  now,  when 
they  can  get  all  they  want  at  one  cent,  there  is  little  if  any  differ- 
ence in  the  price  the  consumer  has  to  stand.  Furthermore,  the  can- 
ner  should  acquaint  himself  with  other  varieties,  and  instruct  his 
travelling  men  to  introduce  them  to  their  customers. 

The  dried  peach  market  has  slumped  badly  for  several  rea- 
sons, but  mainly  because  of  poor  quality.  It  has  been,  and  is  still, 
very  largely  the  practise  to  dry  the  culls,  and  I  read  in  our  leading 
horticultural  journal  of  July  24th  how  a  grower,  in  boasting  of  his 
pack,  and  the  money  he  makes  refers  incidentally  to  the  "culls" 
being  dried.    This  is  all  wrong. 

The  manager  of.  one  of  the  largest  fruit  houses  in  California 
writes  me  that  the  dried  peach  output  has  reached  anywhere  from 
35,000  to  45,000  tons;  and  he  says,  "when  we  come  to  figure  each 
year  on  the  total  production  of  the  peach  crop  of  the  state,  and  the 
tonnage  of  peaches  which  have  been  shipped,  it  is  rather  startling 
to  realize  that  the  majority  of  the  crop  had  been  cleaned  up.  and  the 


86  PROCEEDINGS  OP  THE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 

carry-over  is  not  tremendous.  I  rather  take  it  that  after  the  peach 
once  got  started  down  the  road,  that  they  have  become  under- 
dogged,  and  everyone  has  given  it  a  kick ;  even  the  producer  himself 
has  lost  faith,  and  when  there  is  not  faith  or  confidence  in  business 
or  in  a  commodity  that  commodity  has  not  much  of  a  future  until 
the  confidence  is  restored. ' ' 

Peaches  like  the  Muir,  Lovell,  Salway,  all  have  very  fuzzy  and 
thick  skins;  if  the  fruit  is  large  and  carefully  handled,  the  dried 
product  is  nothing  to  boast  of,  either  to  the  eye,  or  to  the  sense  of 
smell;  but  when  small  culls  are  used,  no  amount  of  stewing  can 
render  palatable  a  thick,  fuzzy,  leathery  skin,  with  a  minimum  of 
peach  flavor.  Fruit  buyers  in  England  have  told  me  that  they  do 
not  want  our  dried  peaches  because  they  "stink"  and  the  flavor  is 
far  removed  from  what  in  Europe  generally  is  considered  the  stand- 
ard of  quality,  found  in  green  and  white-fleshed  varieties. 

Instead  of  40,000  tons  of  dried  peaches,  good,  bad  and  indifferent, 
if  we  put  on  the  market  10,000  tons  of  first-class  fruit,  and  organ- 
ize a  campaign  of  advertising  the  same,  the  demand  would  grow,  and 
prices  would  be  much  better.  The  "fuzz"  should  always  be  rubbed 
off,  or  peaches  should  be  peeled,  if  we  are  to  create  a  demand  for 
the  cured  product.  If  we  never  eat  the  skin  of  a  fresh  peach,  why 
should  we  be  expected  to  eat  it  when  it  has  been  dried  ? 

The  trade,  however,  has  yet  to  explain  why  it  is  that  dried  peaches 
are  now  selling  at  from  ten  cents  to  sixteen  cents  a  pound  in  the 
East,  while  the  grower  in  California  receives  but  two  and  a  half  or 
three  cents ;  or  why  it  is  that  fresh  peaches  retailing  at  three  for  ten 
cents  bring  the  grower  forty  cents  a  box  ? 

As  refuting  the  statements  made  that  the  European  War  will 
decrease  our  export  trade  in  fruits,  it  is  a  significant  fact  that  while 
in  March,  1914,  our  export  to  Europe  of  dried  fruits  amounted  to 
$400,000,  in  March,  1915,  these  commodities  exceeded  $1,000,000  in 
value. 

The  market  for  fresh  peaches  is  still  in  a  more  chaotic  state,  and 
mainly,  again,  because  of  over-stock  of  poor  goods. 

A  well-known  commission  firm  in  San  Francisco,  Wetmore  Bros., 
writes  me  that  Late  Crawfords  from  Oregon  are  selling  at  seventy- 
five  cents  for  a  23-pound  box,  while  the  market  is  quoted  at  thirty 
and  forty  cents.  Also  another  pack,  in  Porter  carriers,  similar  to 
egg  crates,  is  selling  at  sixty  to  seventy-five  cents.  Answering  a 
question,  he  writes  me  that  the  only  way  to  improve  the  market  is  to 
eliminate  the  trash,  but  he  could  not  suggest  how  it  could  be  done. 
If  some  of  the  commission  men  were  eliminated,  and  many  of  the 
dealers,  who  charge  exorbitant  prices  and  who  know  nothing  what- 
ever of  varieties  of  fruit,  it  would  tend  to  help  the  situation.  It 
would  seem  that  the  only  way  to  stop  some  growers  from  shipping 
poor  fruit  to  market  is  for  the  commission  men  to  refuse  to 
receive  it. 

Lack  of  distribution  is  another  and  important  factor  combining 
to  injure  the  peach  industry.     Let  any  one  visit  the  well-known 


SUB-TROPICAL  FRUITS  FOR  COMMERCIAI.  AND  DOMESTIC  USES.        87 

hotels  and  holiday  resorts  or  any  of  the  Coast  towns,  and  the  peach 
is  a  rarity.  The  large  markets  are  catered  to,  while  the  smaller 
markets  all  over  the  state  are  hungry  for  good  fruit.  Even  in  the 
country,  amongst  the  orchards,  the  tourist  or  visitor  is  unable  to 
purchase  the  fruits  which  California  raises  in  such  abundance. 

The  peach  is  a  popular  fruit;  it  is  synonymous  with  all  that  is 
luscious  in  fruits.  The  list  of  varieties  is  so  great  that  I  can,  in  omr 
own  orchard,  pick  a  ripe  peach  any  day  from  June  to  November, 
and  yet.  on  the  farms  of  California,  there  may  be  a  few  peach  trees, 
generally  of  one  variety,  such  as  an  Early  Crawford  or  a  Muir,  but 
none  other.  We  need  more  real  horticulturists,  lovers  of  fruit  and 
flowers,  who,  by  their  influence  and  example,  will  teach  their  neigh- 
bors how  they  may  live  where  nature  does  so  much  for  them,  and, 
to  that  end,  the  very  presence  with  us  in  California  of  the  American 
Pomological  Society,  with  all  its  traditions,  ambitions,  and  successes, 
must  be  an  abiding  help  and  inspiration  to  all. 

SOME   SUS-TBOPICAL  FBUITS  FOB   COMMEBCIAL  AND 
DOMESTIC  USES. 

D.  W,  CooLiDGE,  California. 

I  think  we  will  all  agree  that,  up  to  this  time,  none  or  any  of  the 
tropical  or  sub-tropical  fruits  have  equalled  in  importance  our 
temperate  zone  fruits ;  however,  it  is  my  firm  belief  and  honest  con- 
viction that  another  quarter  of  a  century  will  witness  the  introduc- 
tion to  all  of  the  markets  of  the  Western  Hemisphere  and,  possi- 
bly, Europe,  of  a  real  food  fruit  that  will  rival  in  commercial  im- 
portance any  fruit  grown  today. 

The  Avocado. 

In  calling  your  attention  to  the  Avocado,  Ahuacate,  or  Alligator 
Pear,  I  am  willing  to  go  on  record  as  predicting  that,  in  Southern 
California,  the  time  is  coming  when  the  acreage  of  this  fruit  will 
equal  that  of  the  citrus  product.  And  why  should  it  not?  The 
orange  at  best  is  but  a  confection  that  is  eaten,  not  as  a  real  food, 
but  because  it  pleases  the  palate.  The  Avocado  is  today  being  sold 
in  the  Los  Angeles  markets  at  from  seventy-five  cents  to  a  dollar 
and  twenty-five  cents  each.  Now,  the  average  wealthy  man,  for  it  is 
only  he  who  will  pay  such  prices,  I  am  sure  would  not  buy  Avocados 
simply  as  a  food.  It  is  my  contention  that  no  product  of  tree  or 
vine  takes  a  greater  hold  on  the  palate  than  this  fruit  and  couple  it 
with  the  fact  that  it  has  been  proven  by  careful  analyses  to  be  a 
real  food,  nourishing  and  healthful,  it  seems  to  me  that  beyond 
cavil  this  fruit  is  destined  to  be  one  of  our  staple  food  products 
when  it  is  raised  in  sufficient  quantities  that  it  can  be  sold  at  a 
price  within  the  reach  of  the  masses.  Competent  authorities  state 
that  the  Avocado  is  of  equal  value,  as  a  food,  to  eggs.    It  has  been 


bo  PROCEEDINGS  OP  THE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 

proven  that  the  Avocado  can  be  successfully  grown  in  California 
and  thus  far  the  local  markets  are  confronted  with  a  greater  de- 
mand than  supply. 

If  I  weie  to  make  the  statement — which  can  be  verified — that, 
from  a  single  tree  in  the  last  six  years,  more  than  $2,000  worth  of 
fruit  has  been  sold,  you  would  set  me  down  as  a  typical  California 
liar. 

About  ten  years  ago,  when  I  first  became  interested  in  the  Avo- 
cado, there  were  but  three  or  four  producing  trees  that  supplied 
fruit  for  our  local  markets.  At  that  time  they  sold  for  thirty-five 
to  fifty  cents  each.  Last  year  to  my  certain  knowledge  there  were 
more  than  one  hundred  trees  contributing  to  the  local  supply  and 
the  fruits  brought  the  highest  prices  known. 

I  maintain  that  when  fruits  weighing  from  three-fourths  of  a 
pound  can  be  retailed  at  ten  cents  each  there  will  be  an  unlimited 
demand  and  at  such  a  price  the  grower  will  get  returns  beyond  any 
tree  product  known  today. 

Feijoa  Sellowiana. 

A  real  fruity  fruit  that  was  brought  to  California  about  1900  is 
Feijoa  sellowiana.  I  have  always  believed  that  this  fruit  possess 
so  much  merit  that  it  will  ultimately  receive  consideration  at  the 
hands  of  commercial  growers.  Up  to  this  time  we  have  nothing  but 
seedlings  which  are  erratic  in  their  bearing  habits  and  in  the  size 
of  their  fruit.  Individual  bushes — for  the  Feijoa  is  not  a  tree,  but 
a  large  shrub — are  producing  regularly  heavy  crops  of  fruits  aver- 
aging almost  as  large  as  hens'  eggs.  From  these  we  are  attempting 
to  propagate,  but  the  plant  is  a  very  difficult  one  to  work,  budding 
or  grafting  not  being  successful.  However,  we  have  had  some  suc- 
cess in  propagation  by  cuttings. 

For  the  benefit  of  those  of  you  who  are  not  familiar  with  the 
Feijoa,  permit  me  to  say  that  it  is  a  fruit  the  flavor  of  which  has 
been  described  as  a  mingling  of  pineapple,  banana  and  raspberry. 
The  seeds  are  not  much  larger  than  those  of  the  fig  and  the  fruit 
can  be  used  for  every  purpose  that  apple  is  used.  It  is  delicious 
when  fresh,  or  when  stewed,  or  when  made  into  pies,  jellies,  or  jams. 

The  plant  is  very  hardy,  having  withstood  a  temperature  of  four 
degrees  above  zero  v/ithout  injury.  The  fruit  can  be  kept  three  or 
four  weeks  after  ripening  and  can  be  shipped  to  any  of  our  markets. 
I  am  sure  that  it  will  become  one  of  our  commercial  fruits. 

LOQUAT. 

A  really  good  fruit  that  has  not  yet  received  the  attention  it 
merits  is  the  loquat.  Up  to  about  fifteen  years  ago  only  inferior 
seedlings  were  planted,  but  by  selection  a  strain  of  greatly  improved 
fruits  has  been  secured.  Mr.  C.  P.  Taft,  of  Orange,  has  pi-obably 
done  more  with  the  fruit  than  any  local  person,  and  his  "Pine- 


SUB-TROPICAL  FRUITS  FOR  COMMERCIAL  AND  DOMESTIC  USES.        89 

apple,"  "Advance,"  and  others  are  marked  improvements  over 
those  planted  earlier  in  the  history  of  this  fruit.  There  is  still  room 
for  improvement,  not  so  much  in  the  flavor  of  the  fruit,  perhaps,  as 
in  the  elimination  of  the  too  large  a  proportion  of  seeds. 

Japanese  Persimmon  (Diospyros  kaki). 

A  growing  demand  is  found  for  some  of  the  finer  and  larger 
Japanese  and  Chinese  Persimmons.  Hachiya,  Hyakume,  Tane- 
nashi  and  other  varieties  grow  very  large  and  are  really  superb  in 
quality.  Growers  of  this  fruit  find  a  ready  market  wholesale  at  six 
to  eight  cents  per  pound. 

GuAVA  (Psidium  cattleyanum  and  Psidium  guajava). 

While  they  have  not  reached  any  great  commercial  status,  some 
of  the  guavas  are  fruits  of  much  excellence  and  there  is  no  rea- 
son why  they  should  not  be  planted  more  largely.  Of  the  two  types, 
Psidium  cattleyanum  and  Psidium  guajava,  the  Cattley  type  is  the 
one  best  adapted  to  California  culture.  Besides  being  a  hardier 
plant,  its  fruits  are  of  much  finer  flavor  and  for  eating  fresh  there 
is  no  comparison.  The  red  or  brown  fruiting,  one  known  as  the 
strawberry  guava,  is  most  commonly  seen,  but  Psidium  lucidum  in 
reality  a  yellow  fruited  variety  of  Cattleyanum,  is  much  the  finer 
flavor,  particularly  as  a  fresh  fruit.  The  red  one,  or  Cattley  guava, 
is  a  little  more  acid  and  for  this  reason  might  be  preferred  for  jelly 
making.  The  araca  guava  is  a  very  large,  yellow  fruit,  quite  acid, 
And  if  it  were  obtainable,  I  am  sure  would  supplant  the  red  fruit. 
Of  the  Guajava  type  there  are  many  varieties,  but  all  impress  me 
as  valueless.  One  called  the  lemon  guava  is  used  to  some  extent  for 
jelly  making,  but  others  of  this  type  are  insipidly  sweet. 

The  two  types  are  so  distinct  in  their  foliage  and  habits  of  growth 
as  to  make  them  unrecognizable  as  belonging  to  the  same  family. 
The  Cattley  type  has  thick,  glossy  leaves  and  the  plant  is  but  a 
large  shrub  at  best,  while  plants  of  the  Guajava  type  have  rough, 
dull  green  leaves  and  grow  into  large  trees.  The  fruits  of  the  latter 
type  also  grow  very  large,  some  of  them  being  as  lai^e  as  a  good 
sized  pear. 

The  Lime. 

In  speaking  of  sub-tropical  fruits,  it  would  hardly  be  expected 
that  I  omit  all  mention  of  the  orange  and  other  citnis  fruits,  but 
I  assume  that  all  of  you  gentlemen,  although  you  may  not  live 
where  the  orange  and  lemon  grow,  are  so  familiar  with  our  Bahia 
(Navel)  and  Valencia  oranges.  Eureka  and  Lisbon  lemons.  Marsh 
Pomelo,  Dancy  and  other  tangerines  that  nothing  I  could  say  would 
be  especially  illuminating,  so  that  I  will  now  mention  but  one  or 
two  comparatively  rare  citrus  fruits  that  you  may  not  know.    Two 


90  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 

years  ago  as  I  know  your  impartial  eastern  press  informed  you,  we 
had  a  "slight"  frost,  the  mercury  going  as  low  as  twelve  degrees 
above  in  some  localities.  Naturally  sub-tropical  fruits  suffered 
One  of  the  tenderest  was  the  lime.  Out  of  half  a  dozen  varieties, 
l)ut  one  passed  through  almost  untouched  at  our  gardens — the  Rang- 
pur  lime  coming  from  well  up  the  slopes  of  the  Himalayas.  This 
fruit  is,  in  appearance,  like  the  tangerine,  but  it  is  a  real  lime,  in- 
tensely acid  and  of  good  flavor.  It  has  not  been  planted  to  any 
extent  but  I  cannot  see  why  it  should  not  be  a  good  commercial 
fruit. 

The  little  Japanese  orange,  known  as  the  Kumquat  has  not 
reached  any  commercial  importance.  I  think  most  of  you  know  it, 
a  real  orange  about  the  size  of  a  gooseberry  that  is  eaten  skin  and 
all.  It  makes  good  preserves  and  people  usually  like  it  fresh.  The 
principal  market  thus  far  has  been  as  a  novelty  and  it  is  not  grown 
to  any  extent  for  eastern  shipment. 

Custard  Apple  (Annona  cherimola). 

The  Cherimoya — which,  though  so  called  locally,  is  not  the  real 
Custard  apple  of  the  tropics  which,  I  believe,  is  Annona  squamosa 
— but  is  really  quite  a  delicious  fruit  and,  while  it  is  not  grown  to 
any  extent  for  the  market,  has  yet  proven  its  adaptability  to  many 
sections  of  California  and  is  not  (infrequently  seen  on  our  fruit 
stands.  It  would  not  be  a  good  shipper  and  I  would  not  advise 
planting  it  except  in  a  small  way  for  home  consumption  and,  per- 
haps, the  local  market. 

The  White  Sapote  (Casimiroa  eduUs). 

A  fruit  from  Mexico  and  Central  America  that  is  frequently  seen 
in  our  gardens  is  the  Sapote.  It  grows  into  a  pretty  evergreen  tree 
and  produces  fruits  usually  about  the  size  and  shape  of  a  medium 
sized  tomato,  dull  yellow  or  greenish  in  color.  The  flavor  is  gen- 
erally liked,  but  the  consistency  of  the  flesh — being  somewhat  salv^"- 
— does  not  strike  every  palate.  Like  the  Cherimoya,  I  cannot  con- 
ceive that  it  will  ever  be  commercially  planted. 

The  Queensland  Nut  (Macadamia,  ternifoUa). 

Here  wo  have  a  subject  that  has  commercial  potentialities  and 
that  surely  is  a  most  desirable  tree  for  the  home.  It  is  one  of  the 
prettiest  evergreen  trees  and  the  nuts  it  bears  are  simply  delicious. 
However,  it  is  not  .strictly  hardy  and  the  sections  of  the  state  where 
it  can  be  grown  are  somewhat  limited.  In  any  section  where  the 
temperature  does  not  go  below  twenty-eight  degrees  (28''),  it  is 
safe  to  plant  it.  In  the  young  sta^e  it  is  more  tender  than  the 
Avocado,  but  a  tree  some  fifteen  or  twenty  years  old  in  one  of  the 
Los  Angeles  parks,  passed  through  the  severe  winter  two  years 


SUB-TROPICAL  FRUITS  FOR  COMMERCIAL  AND  DOMESTIC  USES.         91 

ago  with  no  apparent  injury.  The  nuts  have  been  likened  in  flavor 
to  the  Brazil  nut  (Bertholletia),  but  aside  from  the  fine  grained 
flesh  there  is  not  much  similarity.  The  flavor  is  very  delicate  and 
were  it  not  for  the  hard  shell — one  almost  has  to  use  a  sledge  ham- 
mer to  break  it — it  would  surely  be  a  winner  in  the  markets.  A 
statement  in  an  English  trade  journal  chronicled  a  sale  at  ten  shill- 
ings per  pound. 

Natal  Plum  (Carissa  grandiflora). 

A  charming  ornamental  evergreen  shrub  is  the  Carissa,  both  in 
foliage  and  in  flower.  The  latter  is  like  a  large  single  Jasmine, 
very  fragrant.  The  fruits  which  are  about  the  size  of  a  medium- 
sized  plum  are  of  a  brilliant  crimson  color  and  of  a  very  pleasant 
acid  flavor.  The  Carissa,  however,  is  erratic  in  its  bearing  habits 
and  few  of  the  plants  in  California  have  fruited  heavily.  In 
Florida  and  the  Hawaiian  Islands  is  produces  fairly  heavily  and  is 
esteemed  quite  highly. 

Kai  Apple  (Aberia  caffra). 

This  is  a  large  thorny  shrub  that  produces  fruits  similar  in  size 
and  appearance  to  Transcendent  Crab-apples.  The  flavor  is  quite 
acid  but  of  pleasant  character  which  makes  it  a  superior  fruit  for 
jellies.  The  plants  are  dioecious  and  it  would  be  necessary  to  have 
more  than  one  plant  to  insure  a  fruitage. 

Mango  (Mangifera  indica). 

I  am  sure  that  no  really  good  Mangos  have  ever  been  produced  in 
California.  There  are  a  number  of  large  seedling  trees  that  bear 
regularly,  but  the  fruits  are  so  strongly  impregnated  -with  turpen- 
tine as  to  make  them  uneatable.  I  believe  there  are  a  few  sections 
of  Southern  California  where  good  Mangos  might  be  grown  and  it 
is  possible  that  within  another  year  a  favorable  report  on  this  fruit 
could  be  made. 

The  writer  has  experimented  with  a  great  number  of  tropical  and 
sub-tropical  fruits,  few  of  which  not  heretofore  mentioned  have  any 
particular  value  even  if  they  could  be  successfully  grown.  There 
are  some,  however,  that  we  grow  principally  as  ornamentals — 
notably  the  Eugenias.  The  Rose  Apple  (Eugenia  jambos),  the 
Surinam  Cherry  (Eugenia  uniflora)  and  some  others  of  this  group 
really  produce  interesting,  if  not  fruits  of  commercial  value. 

In  closing  this  rambling  talk,  permit  me  to  say  that  I  have  always 
been  an  enthusiast  in  the  field  of  new  fruits  and  a  fifteen-years' 
experience  in  California,  whose  wonderful  climatic  possibilities  are 
not  yet  half  known,  leads  me  to  say  that  the  commercial  horticulture 
of  a  quarter  of  a  century  later  will  witness  the  introduction  of  many 
fruits  scarcely  heard  of  today  and  much  improved  varieties  of  exist- 
ing sorts. 


92  PROCEEDINGS  OP  THE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY, 

NUT  GROWING  IN  THE  NORTHEASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 
Dr.  W.  C.  Deming,  Connecticut. 

I  feel  like  apologizing  for  the  title  for  there  is  almost  no  nut  grow- 
ing in  the  northeastern  United  States,  except  as  you  might  speak 
of  huckleberry  growing,  or  growing  any  other  wild  thing.  There  is 
no  nut  growing  in  the  sense  that  you  grow  walnuts  and  almonds  in 
California,  or  as  the  southerners  are  beginning  to  grow  pecans  in 
Georgia. 

Nut  tree  planting,  however,  is  beginning  with  us  in  an  experi- 
mental way,  and,  of  course,  we  have  our  native  nuts.  But  even 
these  we  have  to  speak  of  with  somewhat  bated  breath.  The  cheat- 
imt  is  nearly  extinct  over  a  large  area  from  the  ravages  of  the  chest- 
nut blight,  and  this  area  appears  to  be  growing  greater  every  year. 
Our  shagbark  hickory  is  growing  scarcer  because  of  tree  destruction 
by  the  axe  and  the  hickory  bark  borer,  and  from  deficiency  in  bear- 
ing due  to  unexplained  causes.  The  black  walnut  especially  is  fall- 
ing prey  to  the  axe,  but  this  nut  is  little  in  demand  owing  to  its 
thick  shell  and  strong  flavor — a  neglected  source  of  cheap  food. 
The  butternut  is  abundant  and  of  high  quality  but  little  used  on 
account  of  its  thick  shell.  The  abundant  native  hazel  is  too  small 
to  be  of  commercial  value. 

Our  one  bright  shining  star  in  the  nut  growers '  firmament  is  the 
Indiana  pecan,  but  the  native  habitat  of  this  nut  is  restricted  to 
parts  of  the  states  of  Indiana,  Illinois,  Kentucky,  Missouri,  Kansas 
and  Iowa. 

This  is  a  sorry  present  showing  for  an  industry  that  is  destined 
some  day  to  put  the  growing  of  the  soft  fruits  in  second  place. 
To  put  nut  growing  in  its  rightful  place  in  the  northeastern  United 
States  is  the  purpose  of  the  Northern  Nut  Growers'  Association. 
This  Association  was  organized  iu  1910  with  the  stated  object  of 
' '  The  promotion  of  interest  in  nut-producing  plants,  their  products 
and  their  culture."  It  now  has  about  200  members  distributed 
through  twenty-six  states,  Canada  and  the  District  of  Columbia. 
Pennsylvania  leads  with  forty-five  members  and  New  York  is  second 
with  thirty-six.  Connecticut,  Illinois,  Indiana,  Maryland,  Massa- 
chusetts, New  Jersey,  Ohio,  Virginia  and  the  District  of  Columbia 
are  well  represented. 

One  of  the  first  objects  of  the  Association  has  been  to  locate  and 
preserve  by  propagation  the  best  examples  of  our  native  and  intro- 
duced nut  trees.  Before  the  organization  of  the  Association  this 
object  had  already  been  pursued  by  Dr.  Robert  T.  Morris,  of  New 
York  City,  who  had  for  several  years  offered  prizes  for  different 
varieties  of  nuts  and  succeeded  in  locating  a  number  of  valuable 
ones.  Last  year  the  Association  offered  prizes  for  the  best  shag- 
bark  hickory,  black  walnut  and  hazel.  This  year  the  Association 
offers  $50  for  a  hazel  nut  of  pure  American  origin  that  can  com- 
pete with  the  imported  filbert;  $25  for  a  shagbark  hickory  nut, 
under  conditions  not  yet  announced ;  $10  for  a  northern  pecan  bet- 


NUT  GRO\nXG  IN'  TITK  NORTHEASTERN  UNITED  STATES.  93 

ter  than  those  already  being  propagated ;  and  $20  as  piizes  for  other 
nuts.  I  do  not  know  that  a  list  of  prizes  for  nuta  has  ever  been 
offered  equal  to  this. 

The  pecan  of  the  Middle  West,  grouped  imder  the  title  of  the 
"Indiana"  pecan,  has  been  assiduously  studied  and  propagated  by 
a  group  of  Indiana  men  composed  of  M.  J.  Niblack,  T.  P.  Little- 
page,  W.  C.  Reed,  R.  L.  McCoy,  J.  F,  Wilkinson  and  others,  and 
some  very  fine  pecans  have  been  selected  for  dissemination. 

The  Persian  walnut  is  found  in  bearing  throughout  most  of  the 
eastern  states  from  Ontario  to  Georgia.  These  are  mostly  single 
trees  though  there  are  a  few  groups  of  larger  numbers.  Adelbert 
Thompson,  of  East  Avon,  N.  Y.,  has  225  trees  in  bearing.  E.  C. 
Pomeroy  has  an  orchard  at  Lockport,  N.  Y.,  and  Mrs.  J.  L.  Lovett 
another  at  Emilie,  Pa.  The  greatest  number  of  trees  is  reported 
from  the  region  south  of  the  Great  Lakes  from  Long  Island  and 
from  Pennsylvania,  Maryland  and  Virginia.  The  State  of  Pennsyl- 
vania has  been  carrying  on  this  summer  a  surs^ey  of  the  Persian 
Avaluut  trees  of  the  state. 

All  the  larger  bearing  Persian  walnut  trees  are  seedlings,  so  far  as 
I  know,  with  the  exception  of  eight  trees  at  Hainesport,  N.  J.,  said 
to  have  been  grafted  in  1896-1897,  variety  not  stated,  but  said  to 
have  been  bearing  well  for  some  years ;  and  the  Garrettson  trees  in 
Adams  County,  Pa.,  one  of  them  a  Franquette  with  a  good  bearing 
record,  grafted  in  1898 ;  another  believed  to  be  a  Mayette,  grafted 
in  1900,  bearing  two  bushels  in  1914.  The  scions  for  these  trees 
were  obtained  from  Felix  Gillette,  of  California.  Pictures  of  these 
trees  are  shown  in  the  American  Nut  Journal,  the  official  organ  of 
the  Northern  Nut  Growers'  Association,  in  the  issue  for  April,  1915. 

No  final  determination  of  the  value  of  our  eastern  walnuts  has 
been  made,  but  a  number  of  them  are  being  propagated  by  J.  G. 
Rush,  a  pioneer  propagator  of  the  walnut ;  J.  F.  Jones,  T.  P.  Little- 
page,  W.  N.  Roper,  W.  C.  Reed,  R.  L.  McCoy  and  others. 

With  the  sbagbark  hickory  less  has  been  done  than  with  either  the 
pecan  or  the  walnut,  in  the  way  of  the  selection  and  propaji^ation  of 
improved  varieties.  We  have  some  pretty  good  varieties  but  none 
as  yet  that  combine  in  a  high  degree  the  qualities  that  we  seek. 
Possibly  this  combination  does  not  exist.  If  it  does  not  we  hope 
that  it  may  be  produced  by  man's  efforts  in  hybridizing  among  the 
fifteen  or  sixteen  varieties  of  the  hickory.  Some  verj'  good  and  re- 
markable natural  hybrids  have  already  been  brought  to  notice. 

The  chestnut  had  begun  a  most  promising  commercial  career  in 
the  East  when  the  imported  chestnut  blight  appeared  and  put  an 
end  to  further  planting.  What  is  to  be  the  fate  of  the  chestnut  in 
its  native  habitat  no  one  yet  can  tell,  but  the  appearance  of  this 
destructive  plague  has  certainly  given  rise  to  an  excellent  oppor- 
tunity for  the  commercial  planting  of  the  chestnut  outside  the  area 
where  native  chestnut  forests  and  trees  keep  up  a  supply  of  the 
infective  agent. 


94  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 

Some  very  excellent  varieties  of  the  chestnut  have  been  pro- 
duced by  the  experimenters  of  the  East,  notably  H.  W.  Endicott 
and  E.  A.  Riehl,  of  Illinois ;  and  Dr.  Van  Fleet,  of  the  U.  S.  Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture,  is  now  engaged  in  experiments  for  producing 
a  blight  immune,  or  blight  resistant,  hybrid  chestnut,  with  results 
so  far  that  are  very  promising. 

No  variety  of  our  native  eastern  hazel  of  commercial  value  has 
yet  been  brought  to  notice,  and  the  large  filbert  of  the  Old  World 
which,  I  believe,  is  being  made  something  of  a  success  on  the  Pacific 
Coast,  cannot  be  grown  commercially  with  us  on  account  of  a 
blight  to  which  it  seems  inevitably  to  fall  a  victim. 

Of  the  black  walnut  no  variety  of  marked  excellence  has  yet  been 
introduced,  though  several  are  on  trial.  Of  the  butternut  there  are 
no  varieties  even  on  trial. 

No  review  of  the  status  of  nut  culture  in  the  Northeast  would 
be  complete  without  references  to  two  factors.  The  first  is  an  hon- 
orable one  to  the  disinterested,  scientific  work  of  Dr.  Robert  T. 
Morris,  who  for  some  years  has  been  collecting  nut  trees  from  all 
parts  of  the  world,  at  his  place  in  Stamford,  Connecticut,  carrying 
on  systematic  experiments  in  hybridizing  nut  trees,  and  by  his 
geniality  and  enthusiasm  encouraging  others  in  the  pursuit  of  nut 
culture.  His  collection  of  the  edible  nuts  of  the  world  at  Cornell 
University  is  perhaps  the  largest  in  the  world. 

The  other  reference  is  to  the  practises,  without  honor,  of  certain 
nurserymen  who,  from  motives  of  self-interest,  make  totally  un- 
warranted claims  for  the  nut  trees  which  they  have  to  sell,  and  even, 
I  am  sorry  to  say,  in  some  instances  knowingly  and  willfully  mis- 
represent the  trees  which  they  deliver  to  their  customers.  Their 
ability  to  reach  the  public  through  their  persistent  advertising  has 
done  much  to  counteract  the  educational  purposes  of  the  Northern 
Nut  Growers'  Association,  to  discredit  nut  growing,  and  to  injure 
the  future  interests  of  the  advertisers  themselves. 

Thus  the  status  of  nut  culture  in  the  Northeast,  not  too  en- 
thusiastically stated,  may  be  described  as  one  of  belief  and  hope. 
Belief  in  the  great  possibilities  for  nut  culture  in  the  Northeastern 
United  States,  as  well  as  in  other  parts  of  the  world ;  and  hope  that 
we  of  the  present  generation  may  do  something  toward  the  develop- 
ment of  these  great  possibilities  and  live  to  see  the  realization  of 
some  of  them. 

THE  PEESENT  STATUS  OF  POMOLOGY  IN  GREAT  BRITAIN. 
E,  A.  BuNYARD,  England. 

The  large  amount  of  fruit  imported  into  Great  Britain  has  often 
led  Americans  to  think  that  fruit  culture  must  be  undeveloped  in 
the  United  Kingdom.  Many  transatlantic  visitors  whom  I  have  had 
the  pleasure  of  introducing  to  Kentish  fruit  fanns  have  been  greatly 
surprised  at  their  extent  and  up-to-date  organization.     I  am  glad, 


THE  PRExSENT  STATUS  OP  POMOLOGY  IN'  GREAT  BRITAIN.  95 

therefore,  to  take  the  opportunity  offered  to  me  by  your  Secretary 
to  place  before  you  briefly  the  present  status  of  fruit  growing  in  ray 
country. 

First,  however,  I  must  emphasize  how  much  we  owe  to  American 
example.  The  routine  spraying  of  orchards,  for  example,  has  been 
generally  adopted  only  within  the  last  twenty  years,  and  our  first 
machines  and  formulas  for  washes  were  all  borroM'^ed  from  Ameri- 
can sources.  In  the  same  period  the  knell  of  the  old  home  orchard 
with  its  varied  collection  of  sorts  has  been  sounded  and  the  fruit 
farmer  is  now  a  specialist  and  no  longer  deals  with  fruit  as  a  side 
line.  The  most  striking  change  within  the  past  twenty  years  is  the 
plantation  of  bush  trees  or  dwarfing  stocks,  especially  apples.  The 
term  orchard  in  England  is  used  where  trees  are  planted  in  sod,  and 
Avhere  the  land  is  cultivated  it  is  termed  a  "plantation."  The 
tendency  of  recent  years  has  been  from  orchard  to  plantation.  The 
ease  with  which  trees  may  be  sprayed  and  pruned  and  the  fruit 
gathered  is  a  great  recommendation.  One  striking  exception  must, 
however,  be  noted,  and  that  is  in  the  culture  of  cherries.  These 
do  not  thii*ve  under  cultivation  and  are  always  planted  on  grassed 
land  and  sheep  are  grazed  beneath  the  trees.  Under  suitable  con- 
ditions the  trees  crop  enormously  and  as  much  as  25s  worth  of  fruit 
is  frequently  gathered  from  one  tree.  Such  trees  are  generally 
thirty  to  thirty-five  feet  apart.  No  department  has  shown  more  ad- 
vance than  the  marketing  of  fruit,  and  the  non-returnable  box  is 
now  firmly  established  for  such  fi-uits  as  apples  and  a  considerable 
export  trade  is  done  in  this  way. 

The  great  staple  of  culture  is,  of  course,  the  apple,  followed  in 
order  of  importance  by  the  plum,  cherry  and  pear,  and  in  small 
fruits,  strawberries,  raspberries,  currants  and  gooseberries.  Our 
proximity  to  France,  the  home  of  the  pear,  makes  our  culture  of 
this  fruit  of  little  importance  in  comparison  with  that  of  the  apple. 

Nut  culture  is  rather  restricted,  and  comprises  only  cob-nuts,  fil- 
berts and  walnuts.  The  first  are  almost  entirely  limited  to  the 
County  of  Kent,  and  the  trees  are  always  severely  pruned,  so  that 
a  tree  of  a  hundred  years  old  will  not  be  over  six  feet  high.  By  this 
method  large  fruits  are  produced  and  the  trees  are  always  within 
hand  reach. 

The  culture  of  fruit  under  glass  has  been  carried  on  commercially 
for  many  years  and  grapes  and  peaches  are  extensively  grown, 
especially  in  the  neighborhood  of  London.  In  this  department  no 
great  changes  can  be  recorded  during  recent  years,  but  a  steady  fall 
of  prices  indicates  a  greatly  increased  production. 

The  competition  of  American  apples  with  the  home-grown 
product  is  not  really  very  serious.  The  English  dessert  apple  sea- 
son is  from  September  to  Christmas,  while  cooking  varieties  go  on 
till  March.  As  the  best  American  apples  do  not  come  on  the  Eng- 
lish market  till  after  Christmas  they  have  a  free  field.  For  cook- 
ing purposes  English  fruits  are  generally  preferred,  and  ia  their 
culture  much  of  the  recent  development  has  tended.    The  English 


96  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 

housewife  prefers  a  green  apple  for  cooking,  and  the  dryer  flesh  of 
such  fruits  as  Baldwin  will  never  hold  the  market  as  against  such 
native  varieties  as  Bramley  (Seedling),  Lane  (Prince  Albert)  and 
Newton  (Wonder).  In  the  choicer  fruits,  such  as  Cox  (Orange), 
an  export  trade  has  sprung  up,  principally  to  the  English  Colonies 
and  to  the  Argentine. 

The  surprising  general  development  of  fruit  culture  has  been 
mainly  the  result  of  individual  enterprise,  and  it  was  not  until 
quite  recently  that  the  Government  discovered  that  there  were 
problems  that  could  only  be  solved  by  state  aid.  In  response  to  this 
feeling,  and  from  the  spoils  of  the  famous  Lloyd  George  budget,  a 
start  has  been  made  in  the  establishment  of  experimental  stations. 
The  Government  wisely  gave  their  grants  to  established  agricultural 
colleges  to  enable  them  to  extend  their  work,  and  it  is  to  these  that 
fruit  growers  are  now  looking  for  advice  upon  problems  which  are 
rather  beyond  the  reach  of  the  resources  of  the  private  individual. 
Prom  the  fruit-growing  point  of  view  the  principal  experimental 
stations  are  those  of  Wye  College,  Kent,  Woburn  Fruit  Farm  and 
that  of  the  University  of  Bristol,  at  Long  Ashton.  The  first  named 
has  been  for  some  years  the  principal,  if  not  the  only,  establishment 
in  the  country  where  commercial  fruit  culture  has  been  scientifically 
taught.  Thanks  to  a  Government  grant  and  to  private  assistance  an 
experimental  station  has  been  started  at  Mailing,  Kent,  where  sev- 
eral questions  are  now  being  studied.  The  most  important  of  these 
is  that  of  the  various  stocks  used  in  the  propagation  of  fruit  trees. 
The  so-called  "Paradise"  stocks  for  apples  have  been  collected  and 
studied,  and  it  is  hoped  to  classify  them  and  settle  their  nomen- 
clature, and  after  that  to  test  their  dwarfing  power  and  effect  on 
the  fruitfulness  and  vigor  of  the  tree.  In  view  of  the  great  number 
of  dwarf  trees  now  being  planted  this  is  of  special  interest.  It  is 
well  known  that  the  original  French  paradise  has  a  great  dwarfing 
power,  and  it  is  now  little  used  if  at  all  on  the  Continent  or  in 
England.  Other  varieties  such  as  the  Doucin  are  used  largely  and 
have  a  moderate  dwarfing  power,  whilst  those  preferred  in  England, 
the  "Broad  leaf"  and  "Nonsuch"  give  trees  of  some  considerable 
vigor.  The  grouping  of  all  these  stocks  under  the  generic  name  of 
"Paradise"  has  thus  led  to  much  confusion,  and  these  experiments 
will  be  of  the  greatest  value  in  bringing  exact  knowledge  into  this 
question. 

A  problem  of  similar  character  is  the  use  of  the  "free"  or  seedling 
apple  stocks  for  standard  trees.  These  stocks  are  raised  from  mixed 
seeds  and  give  plants  of  very  varying  degrees  of  vigor  and  rooting 
habit.  This  question  is  being  dealt  with  at  Long  Ashton.  This  sta- 
tion is  mainly  concerned  with  the  cider  industry  which  is  chiefly 
located  in  the  west  of  England,  and  here  the  chemistry  of  cider- 
making  is  being  investigated  with  great  thoroughness. 

The  cultural  problems  of  fruit  culture  have  been  dealt  with  for 
many  years  at  Woburn  Experimental  Station.  This  was  established 
and  has  been  sustained  entirely  by  a  private  benefactor,  and  the 


HO.ME  OF   THE   FRESNO   COLXTRY    CUB,    A    \  ERITABLE   OASIS, 
GASTROXOMICALLY  SPEAKIXG,  FOR  I'OMOLOGISTS. 

ON   THE  LAWX,  SOUTHERX    CALIFORXIA   BL'ILDIXG,  SAX   DIEGO. 

DR.   HOWARD  Sl'ECl'LATIXG  OX   THE   MERITS  OP   CALIFORXIA   MAXGOS  AS 
COMPARED   WITH   :\riSSOURI  APPLES. 


AT  THE  RIMROCK,  GRAND  CANYON. 
THE  FIRST   "horned  TOAD,"  RIVERSIDE,   CALIFORNIA. 
"through"   the  big  trees,   near   YOSEMITE    PARK. 


THE  GANTER  AVOCADO.  07 

results  have  been  published  in  a  series  of  reports  dating  from  1897. 
Such  questions  as  that  of  pruning  after  planting,  the  effect  of  grass 
on  fruit  trees,  shortening  roots  and  manurial  experiments,  to  men- 
tion but  a  few,  have  been  treated  in  an  exhaustive  manner,  and 
though  the  conservative  tendencies  of  the  fruit  grower  have  not 
always  accepted  their  conclusions  there  is  no  doubt  that  they  have 
had  a  remarkable  effect  upon  many  established  practices. 

The  systematic  branch  of  Pomology  has  always  been  strangely 
neglected  in  England  and  it  is  remarkable  that  at  the  present  time 
no  such  work  is  being  done  by  any  state  institution.  All  the  au- 
thorities in  past  3'ears,  with  but  a  few  exceptions,  have  been  nur- 
serymen and  we  have  no  experts  who  devote  their  time  to  this 
necessary  work  as  in  the  United  States. 

We  can,  however,  pride  ourselves  upon  a  large  number  of  real 
amateurs  who  grow  fruit  in  the  fancier's  spirit  and  in  their  gardens 
collections  of  all  the  best  fruits  are  groM^n  to  perfection.  We  do  not, 
however,  possess  a  society  devoted  to  Pomology,  standing  almost 
alone  among  the  great  nations  in  this  respect.  The  Royal  Horticul- 
tural Society,  through  its  Fruit  Committee,  gives  awards  to  new 
fruits  and  makes  occasional  trials  of  fruits  in  its  gardens,  but  there 
is  much  work  which  could  be  done  by  a  special  society.  Notwith- 
standing our  numerous  gardening  papers,  none  exists  which  deals 
exclusively  or  even  mainly  in  fruits. 

Such,  briefly  stated,  is  the  position  of  Pomology  in  this  country. 
Much  remains  to  be  done  in  experiment  and  organization,  and  we 
hope  that  in  a  few  years  we  shall  be  able  to  throw  a  new  light  on 
certain  problems  and  repay  in  a  small  measure  our  great  debt  to 
the  energy  and  enterprise  of  the  American  States  and  their 
investigators. 

THE  GANTER  AVOCADO. 

MiLo  Hunt,  California. 

The  Ganter  Avocado  tree  at  Whittier,  California,  is  perhaps  the 
most  valuable  single  tree  commercially  in  the  United  States,  being 
insured  in  Lloyds  for  thirty  thousand  dollars,  and  having  paid  to 
its  owner  more  than  three  thousand  dollars  per  year  for  two  suc- 
cessive years,  this  income  being  about  equally  divided  between 
fruit  and  budwood. 

This  avocado  tree  is  one  of  a  half-dozen  seedlings  planted  by 
Mr.  A.  R.  Rideout,  a  Whittier  nurseryman,  eleven  years  ago.  At 
the  age  of  three  years  it  began  to  bear  fruit  of  an  excellejit  quality, 
and  in  large  quantities.  Successive  years  showed  the  tree  to  be 
a  phenomenal  bearer,  and  that  the  fruit  was  large,  of  unusually 
good  quality,  and  sufficiently  solid  to  make  a  rather  good  shipper. 
The  big  freeze  of  1912  also  showed  that  the  tree  Avas  hardy.  These 
qualities,  together  with  the  rapid  growth  of  tlie  avocado  in  general 
public  favor  caused  a  remarkable  demand  for  both  the  fruits  and 
the  budwood.  Thousands  of  seedling  avocado  trees  are  now  budded 
to  this  variety  in  Southern  California. 


98  PROCEEDINGS  OP  THE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 

Mr.  Rideout,  who  planted  the  tree,  does  not  now  know  where  the 
seeds  came  from,  neither  does  the  party  from  whom  he  secured 
the  seedlings  when  they  were  very  small.  Just  as  this  tree  was  com- 
ing into  bearing  Mr.  Rideout  sold  his  home  place  to  A.  M.  Ganter, 
and  as  the  tree  in  the  next  two  years  showed  its  phenomenal  quali- 
ties the  tree  became  known  for  its  new  owner  as  the  "Ganter" 
avocado.  A  little  later  the  property  was  sold  to  H.  A.  Woodworth, 
and  more  recently  it  is  called  locally  the  ' '  Woodworth. ' '  However, 
Government  publications  state  and  national,  recognize  the  name 
' '  Ganter. ' '  So  valuable  did  the  tree  become  a  couple  of  years  ago 
that  Mr.  Woodworth  not  only  had  it  insured,  but  he  also  had  a  fence 
twenty-five  feet  high  built  around  it,  both  as  a  protection  from 
wind,  and  from  possible  pilferers  of  fruit  and  budwood. 

The  tree  is  now  about  thirty-five  feet  high,  and  has  a  spread  of 
perhaps  thirty  feet.  This  season,  autumn,  1915,  the  tree  is  heavily 
loaded  with  fruit.    These  ripen  in  October  and  November. 

This  avocado  tree  seems  to  show  the  adaptability  of  the  fruit  to 
sheltered  locations  in  Southern  California  and  appears  to  indicate 
that  the  avocado  will  soon  take  its  place  as  one  of  the  standard 
fruits  of  the  state. 

A  SYMPOSIUM  OF  CAUFOENIA  POMOLOGY. 

Dr.  E.  J.  WiCKSON,  Leader. 

In  talking  this  matter  over  with  my  associates  and  successors  in 
the  Pomological  Department  of  this  institution,  we  all  agreed  that 
the  best  way  to  present  California  fruit  growing  was  to  get  contri- 
butions from  a  number  of  our  men  who  had  made  special  study  of 
the  different  branches  of  it.  Anyone,  of  course,  could  rattle  around 
in  this  great  subject  and  not  communicate  anything  of  particular 
value.  The  best  way  to  get  the  points  which  we  are  most  desirous  to 
present  to  the  Pomologists  of  this  country ;  the  best  way  to  serve 
their  interests  in  getting  accurate  information,  would  be  to  break 
it  up.  And  that  is  the  entertainment  and  instruction  which  we 
offer  to  you  today. 

We  offer  you  a  somewhat  more  extended  list  than  appears  on  the 
official  program,  for  the  purposes  stated.  Now,  in  leading  in  this 
discussion,  obviously  it  would  be  improper  for  me  to  attempt  any 
general  discussion  for  fear  I  should  say  something  which  would  not 
agree  with  the  foUovring  features  and  might  muss  up  their  situation 
somewhat.  I  would  like,  however,  to  call  attention  to  the  fact,  that 
the  very  presentation  in  this  program  indicates  that  we  have  been 
developing  in  this  state  not  only  fruits  and  great  industries  in 
fruits,  but  we  have  been  developing  men  also. 

Yesterday  afternoon  your  President  called  attention  to  the  fact 
that  the  greatest  thing  in  the  Pomological  industry  and  industry  in 
general  was  not  so  much  the  material  which  was  developed,  as  the 
development  of  men.     We  have  been  fortunate  in  California  in 


A  SYMPOSIUM  OP  CALIFORNIA  POMOLOGY.  99 

developing  men  devoted  to  the  fruit  industry,  not  only  those  who 
have  developed  land  and  industry  in  that  direct  way,  but  fortu- 
nately also  in  the  development  of  those  who  have  given  their  lives 
to  the  studies  of  the  question.  We  have  not  only  developed  men 
from  the  soil  in  California,  but  we  have  borrowed  men  from  the 
whole  country;  and  it  is  a  very  fortunate  thing  for  us  that  good 
people  like  to  come  to  California  to  engage  in  these  undertakings. 

The  work  of  this  institution  began  many  years  ago  with  one  or 
two  men,  serving  a  good  purpose,  but  it  soon  reached  a  point  where 
specialization  was  necessary  and  hence  the  organization  of  the 
Pomological  staff  which  has  sub-divided  the  subject  with  very  com- 
mendable results.  We  are  calling  this  morning  upon  men,  all  of 
whom  are  connected  with  the  pomological  branches  of  work  in  this 
institution. 

Our  industry  is  great.  Of  course  one  has  to  steel  himself  against 
the  temptations  to  talk  about  it.  One  of  the  speakers  yesterday 
gave  us  great  credit  by  saying  that  we  led  the  United  States  in  the 
total  of  value  produced  by  fruit.  It  is  also  a  fact  that  we  led  the 
United  States  in  the  production  of  every  fruit  except  two  that  are 
grown.  According  to  the  census  of  1900  we  stand  ninth  in  produc- 
tion of  apples.  In  the  census  of  ten  years  ago,  or  rather  ten  years 
before,  we  led  in  all  except  two,  the  apple  and  the  cherry.  So  that, 
of  the  larger  fruits  only  the  apple  stands  as  a  fruit  today  in  which 
we  are  not  first,  and  we  have  only  attained  the  ninth  place  there. 
The  other  fruit,  or  group  of  fruits  in  which  our  standing  is  lower 
than  first,  is  tlie  berries. 

The  census  of  1910  gave  us  a  farm  value  of  those  fruits  amounting 
to  fifty  million  dollars,  and  on  the  basis  of  fifty  million  dollars  we 
took  first  place  in  farm  production.  That  was  the  fruit :  But  man 
touched  it,  as  you  might  say,  and  the  added  value  by  handling 
would  be  so  much  that  we  count  the  commercial  value  of  the  agri- 
cultural products  of  1909  at  one  hundred  million  dollars.  That 
seems  to  be  a  large  amount  until  you  see  how  easy  it  would  be  to 
spend  that,  I  suppose  the  annual  fruit  product  of  California  would 
maintain  the  European  War  about  thirty  hours.  So  great  and  satis- 
factory as  this  seems  to  us,  it  is  not  the  greatest  thing  in  the  world, 
although,  probably,  as  compared  to  war,  it  should  be. 

Naturally,  the  development  of  an  industry  of  such  dimensions  has 
brought  out  a  great  many  original  points.  Those  in  the  beginning 
began  to  develop  this  fruit  industry  of  California  by  imitation. 
Nearly  all  who  went  into  it  in  the  early  days,  with  capital  enough, 
either  went  to  Europe  themselves  or  sent  representatives  to  find  out 
how  this  business  was  done  in  the  place  where  it  had  been  longest 
pursued.  It  was  the  universal  conclusion,  I  think,  even  in  early 
times  that  the  growth  and  handling  of  fruit  in  California  must  not 
be  by  imitation.  Conditions  were  so  different  that  original  processes 
had  to  be  discovered  and  developed.  And  it  was  thirty  or  forty 
years  ago  that  the  conclusion  was  reached  that  if  California  wanted 
to  go  ahead  in  this  business,  it  must  work  its  own  way  out.    So  we 


100  PROCEEDINGS  OP  THE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 

are  growing  fruits  in  California  diiferently,  and  liandiing  them 
differently,  and  it  is  largely  because  of  this  that  we  have  something 
to  tell  you  this  morning  that  may  be  interesting. 
The  first  address  on  this  collective  subject  will  be : 

Apples  and  Pears. 

Dr.  W.  L.  Howard. 

Mr.  Chairman,  to  my  mind  it  is  a  striking  co-incidence  that  just 
about  the  time  George  Washington  was  oiling  up  his  old  flint  lock 
gun  and  getting  ready  to  shoot  holes  through  divers  and  sundry 
red-coats,  that  another  man,  Father  Junipero  Serra  was  planting 
apple  and  pear  trees  in  Southern  California.  About  the  time  of 
the  opening  of  America,  the  fruit  industry  of  California  had  its 
beginning  in  these  old  Mission  orchards  which  started  at  San  Diego. 

Perhaps  the  Franciscan  Padre  Junipero  may  have  smiled  at  the 
grim  joke  he  was  playing  on  the  native  Indians  aai  they  saw  him 
planting  those  first  trees,  when  he  knew  that  hereafter  the  said  red 
man  would  have  to  cultivate  them.  In  fact,  they  perhaps  began 
then  to  do  their  first  real  work,  and  for  sixty  or  seventy  years 
thereafter  they  cultivated  these  Mission  orchards.  These  Missions, 
as  you  know,  were  scattered  from  San  Diego  to  the  vicinity  of  San 
Francisco,  and  all  of  them  established  rather  wonderful  orchards. 

It  is  my  place  to  speak  only  of  the  development  of  tlie  apple  and 
pear  in  California.  With  this  beginning  the  industry  began  to 
tlirive  and  it  was  only  after  the  fall  and  decline  of  the  Missions,  in 
about  1834,  that  the  industry  of  fruit-growing  declined.  But  before 
I  take  up  the  next  step  I  had  better  make  brief  mention  of  the 
fact  that  about  the  year  1812  small  apple  orchards  were  planted 
on  the  upper  coast  of  California  in  Mendocino  county  by  the  Rus- 
sians and  I  am  told  there  are  still  remnants  of  those  old  seedling 
apple  trees  to  be  found  in  that  part  of  the  state. 

However,  the  Russian  influence  on  the  apple  industry  of  the  state 
was  comparatively  insignificant;  following  the  decline  of  the  mis- 
sions in  18;34  came  eventually  American  settlere,  these  venturesome 
spirits  who  braved  the  wilds  and  the  dangers  of  the  mountains  and 
the  deserts,  in  some  instances  revived  thes<^  mission  orchards. 

This  continued  until  1849,  when  there  occurred  the  great  influx 
of  settlers  from  the  eastern  states  and  other  parts  of  the  country, 
and  they  re-biult  the  fruit  industry.  About  this  time  there  were 
many  introductions  of  budded  and  grafted  varieties  brought  from 
the  eastern  states.  But  soon  nurseries  were  established  in  Oregon 
(this  was  in  the  early  fifties)  which  resulted  in  the  extensive  plant- 
ing of  apples  and  owing  to  lack  of  markets  the  industry  suffered 
great  depression  beginning  about  1857.  About  ten  or  fifteen  years 
later  shipments  of  fresh  fruits  were  sent  to  the  eastern  market,  and 
with  the  opening  of  the  railroads  across  the  Sierras  and  the  Rockies 
until  in  1886  the  fruit  was  sent  eastward  in  solid  trainloads.     In 


A  SYMPOSIUM   OP  CALIFORNIA  POMOLOGY.  101 

1901  the  state  of  California  produced  seventy  carloads  of  apples. 
In  1905  over  seven  hundred  carloads  of  apples.  In  1910,  3,800  car- 
loads. In  1914,  2,500  carloads.  In  1912  California  had  3,800,000 
apple  trees — think  of  it — 3,800,000  apple  trees.  This  represented 
51,600  acres. 

In  point  of  acreage  the  apple  was  fifth  in  importance  among  the 
fruits  of  the  state,  being  surpassed  by  grapes,  oranges,  peaches  and 
prunes  in  the  order  named. 

In  1909  the  last  available  figures  I  could  get  in  point  of  total 
money  value  received  for  the  crop,  the  apple  ranked  sixth,  in  the 
state,  being  surpassed  by  oranges,  grapes,  peaches,  plums,  prunes 
and  lemons  in  the  order  named. 

Now,  the  apple  orchards  of  California  are  chiefly  located  in  the 
counties  of  Santa  Cruz,  Sonoma,  Monterey,  Nevada,  Los  Angeles, 
San  Diego,  Humboldt,  San  Bernardino  and  Inyo,  in  the  order  of 
importance. 

The  largest  recent  plantings  have  been  made  in  San  Bernardino, 
Riverside,  Sonoma  and  Kern  (a  xiev:  county  appearing),  Santa 
Cruz,  Siskiyou  and  Humboldt  counties. 

The  industry  is,  for  the  most  part  now,  confined  to  twelve  coun- 
ties. In  a  general  way  these  are  located  along  the  coast  or  in  the 
mountain  section  or  the  foothill  section.  The  cultural  conditions 
do  not  differ  materially  from  the  highly  developed  districts  in  other 
states.  I  may  say  that  California  is  the  original  home  of  the  open- 
headed  tree,  and  otherwise  severely  pruned  fruit  trees.  Likewise, 
California  is  the  original  home  of  the  boxed  apple.  To  me,  with  my 
limited  observation  of  half  a  year,  it  appears  that  apples  are  grown 
in  California  more  than  the.y  are  in  the  middle  and  eastern  states. 

Possibly  they  have  not  lived  up  to  their  possibilities,  but  at  any 
rate  it  does  not  seem  uecessar>'  for  them  to  do  the  work  that  they 
do  in  the  east.  It  appears  to  me  that  while  the  pruning  requires  a 
good  deal  of  work  and  the  cultivation  here,  more  perhaps  than  east- 
ward, that  less  spraying  is  done,  and  with  results  that  are  better 
than  to  be  hoped  for  further  eastward. 

Outside  of  the  state,  California  is  famous  for  two  varieties  of 
apples,  the  Newtown  and  the  Yellow  Bellflovver.  But  inside  of  the 
state  the  Gravenstein  has  great  fame,  likewise  the  Alexander,  Red 
Astrachan,  White  Astrachan,  which  are  quite  well  known.  Other 
varieties  most  generall,y  met  with  in  the  state  are  Esopus,  Baldwin, 
Rome,  Wagener,  White  Pearmain,  Yellow  Transparent,  Delicious, 
Jonathan.  Black  Ben  and  Gano. 

All  the  varieties,  practically — of  the  eastern  and  middle  states — 
may  be  found  growing  in  a  small  way  in  the  farm  orchards  of  Cali- 
fornia. It  may  be  said  that  only  the  summer  varieties  can  be  suc- 
cessfully grown  in  the  San  Joaquin  and  Sonora  Valleys.  Winter 
varieties  require  the  cooler  locations  to  be  found  near  the  coast,  or 
at  altitudes  from  two  thousand  to  four  thousand  feet.  The  trees 
will  do  well  at  altitudes  above  four  thousand  feet,  but  the  danger 
from  spring  frosts  becomes  very  great.    Aside  from  the  fresh  apples, 


102  PROCEEDINGS  OP  THE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 

California  does  a  big  business  in  evaporated  apples.  About  twenty- 
five  hundred  tons  of  apples,  chiefly  Newtowns,  are  canned  every 
years,  and  they  bring  from  ten  dollars  to  twelve  dollars  per  ton. 
That  is,  the  eanners  pay  that. 

California  in  1913  exported  over  thirty-three  and  one-half  million 
pounds  of  evaporated  apples.  These  brought  nearly  two  and  three- 
quarter  million  dollars.  The  time  is  too  short  to  go  into  the  details 
of  apple  growing. 


The  history  of  the  pear  parallels  that  of  the  apple.  It  is  grown  in 
the  river  bottoms  and  the  delta  districts  and  in  the  foothills  and  the 
semi-desert  locations.  It  is  even  found  in  the  hot  locations  if  water 
is  abundant. 

The  chief  variety  is  the  Bartlett.  While  the  pear  reaches  its  best 
development  in  the  better  types  of  soil,  it  is  less  exacting  than  the 
prune,  apricot  or  cherry.  The  blight  has  hit  the  pear-growing  in- 
dustry pretty  hard,  but  we  have  it  under  control  now.  The  profits 
from  pear-growing  are  sufficient  to  make  it  a  large  industry.  I  will 
give  some  of  the  figures :  In  the  state  in  1910  there  were  1,500,000 
pear  trees  of  bearing  age  which  produced  approximately  2,000,000 
bushels  of  fruit,  the  exact  figures  being  1.928.097  bushels.  In  1914. 
8,000,000  pounds  of  evaporated  pears  were  exported,  and  one  and 
a  half  million  dollars  worth  were  sold  as  fresh  fruit  to  the  export 
trade.  In  addition  to  the  foregoing,  about  25,000  tons  of  pears  are 
canned  annually.  For  these  the  eanners  pay  thirty  dollars  to  forty 
dollars  per  ton  to  the  growers. 

Plums  and  Prunes. 
A.  H.  Hendrickson. 

According  to  the  California  definition,  a  prune  is  simply  a  plum 
which  will  dry  without  fermenting  at  the  pit;  all  others  are  re- 
garded as  plums,  pomological  classifications  to  the  contrary,  not- 
withstanding. 

Plums  and  prunes  have  been  grown  in  California  ever  since  the 
establishment  of  the  old  Spanish  Missions  throughout  the  state  in 
the  latter  part  of  the  Eighteenth  Century.  They  did  not,  however, 
gain  rapidly  in  popularity  nor  were  they  grown  on  a  commercial 
scale  until  after  the  introduction  of  the  (Prune  d'Agen),  Agen, 
commonly  known  as  the  French  or  Petite  prune,  in  1856.  It  was 
then  found  that  California  could  grow  a  plum  which  could  be  dried, 
and  the  first  commercial  plantings  were  begun  about  1870.  At  the 
present  time  plum  growing  is  the  foremost  deciduous  fruit  industry 
in  the  state  in  point  of  acreage  and  value  of  the  product,  having  dis- 
placed the  peach  within  the  last  few  years. 

The  plum  in  California  is  an  exceedingly  healthy,  vigorous  and 
long-lived  tree  over  the  greater  part  of  the  state,  excepting  some  of 
the  higher  elevations  and  some  of  the  drj^  areas.    It  is  adapted  to 


A  SYMPOSIUM  OP  CALIFORNIA  POMOLOGY.  103 

regions  along  the  coast,  to  the  hot  interior  valleys  and  to  the  lower 
foothills  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains  wherever  the  rainfall  is 
sufficient  or  water  for  irrigation  is  available.  Probably  three-fifths 
of  the  plum  acreage  is  located  in  the  Santa  Clara  Valley  just  south 
of  San  Francisco  Bay,  the  rest  of  the  plantings  being  found  princi- 
pally in  the  region  just  north  of  tlie  Bay,  in  various  localities  in  the 
Sacramento  and  San  Joaquin  Valleys,  and  in  the  low  foothills  just 
east  of  Sacramento. 

There  are  now  being  gi*own  but  three  varieties  of  prunes  which 
are  of  any  great  importance.  They  are  the  Agen,  or  French  prune, 
the  Imperial,  and  the  Sugar.  The  other  branch  of  the  industry — the 
growing  of  shipping  plums — shows  a  nuich  greater  number  of  varie- 
ties. Because  of  the  ease  with  which  the  plum  can  be  top-worked 
in  California,  these  varieties  are  being  constantly  changed  in  an 
effort  to  find  something,  having  exceptional  qualities  with  regard  to 
early  ripening,  quality,  color,  regular  bearing  and  shipping;  new 
varieties  are  being  constantly  added  to  the  list,  and  the  older  ones, 
as  soon  as  the  demand  falls,  are  either  pulled  out  or  top-worked. 
At  present,  the  most  popular  shipping  varieties  are  the  Climax, 
Wickson,  Burbank,  Kelsey,  of  the  Japanese  sorts ;  Tragedy,  Grand 
Duke,  Diamond,  Pond  and  Giant,  of  the  domesticas  also. 

Shipping  plums  are  picked  in  a  hard,  green  condition  practically 
as  soon  as  they  have  reached  a  saleable  size ;  packed  in  the  four- 
basket  crate,  with  which  you  are  familiar,  and  shipped  to  market 
under  refrigeration.  Unfortunately  in  the  effort  to  reach  the  early 
markets,  growers  often  pick  the  fruit  before  it  even  shows  any 
color,  relying  on  the  fruit  coloring  and  ripening  en  route.  Under 
such  treatment,  the  quality  of  the  fruit  exposed  for  sale  on  the  east- 
ern markets  cannot  be  regarded  as  a  criterion  of  the  quality  of  the 
tree-ripe  California  plums.  Comparatively  few  plums  are  canned, 
except  those  of  the  Yellow  Egg  and  Green  Gage  types. 

The  prunes  are  handled  in  an  entirely  different  manner.  In- 
stead of  being  picked,  they  are  allowed  to  remain  on  the  tree  until 
thoroughly  ripe,  when  they  fall  to  the  ground.  They  then  have  a 
high  sugar  content  which  permits  them  to  be  dried  and  kept  for 
an  almost  indefinite  period.  After  being  picked  from  the  ground, 
they  are  immersed  for  about  a  half-minute  in  a  boiling  solution  of 
concentrated  lye,  to  crack  the  skin  to  insure  quick  and  even  drying. 
They  are  then  thoroughly  rinsed  in  fresh,  cold  water,  placed  on 
trays,  and  put  out  in  the  sun  to  dry,  the  latter  process  requiring 
from  one  week  to  ten  days.  The  shrinkage  is  ordinarily  about  two 
and  one-half  to  one,  requiring  two  and  one-half  pounds  of  the  fresh 
fruit  to  produce  one  pound  of  dried  prunes.  They  are  then  stored 
in  bins  and  packed  as  needed.  The  dried  product  is  sold  according 
to  size,  the  larger  prunes  selling  for  a  considerably  higher  price 
than  the  smaller  ones.  The  size  containing  eighty  prunes  to  the 
pound  is  taken  as  the  standard  or  basis  upon  which  the  price  is  com- 
puted and  proportioned  for  the  other  sizes.  For  all  prunes  larger 
than  eighty  to  the  pound,  the  grower  receives  a  higher  price  or 
premium  and  vice  versa. 


104  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 

The  utilization  of  the  secondary  fruits  has  not  as  yet  been  given 
much  attention  and  usually  plums  which  cannot  be  packed  and 
shipped  are  thrown  away.  Prunes  which  grade  below  the  smallest 
commercial  size  are  sold  to  the  distilleries. 

The  revenue  derived  from  the  growing  of  plums  and  prunes  in 
the  past  decade  has,  on  the  whole,  been  very  satisfactory.  The  yield 
of  prunes  varies  from  an  average  of  2,500  pounds  up  to  three  tons 
of  dried  fruit  per  acre,  and  the  selling  price  averages  between  two 
and  a  half  and  six  cents  per  pound.  For  the  state,  the  prune  crop 
in  1914  was  56,000  tons,  roughly  valued  at  $5,000,000.  For  ship- 
ping plums,  the  yields  run  from  two  hundred  and  fifty  to  six  hun- 
dred crates  per  acre,  which  brings  the  grower  from  forty-five  cents 
to  a  dollar  and  twenty-five  cents  per  crate.  For  the  last  season,  the 
total  shipments  of  plums,  exclusive  of  the  plums  used  locally,  was 
1,906  carloads.  The  foregoing  yields  and  prices  may,  in  part,  ac- 
count for  the  value  of  plum  orchards  which  are  valued,  and  com- 
mand a  ready  sale,  at  from  four  hundred  to  one  thousand  dollars 
per  acre. 

Plum  growing  has  at  nearly  all  times  shown  a  greater  stability  as 
regards  growth,  production  and  returns,  than  nearly  any  other 
deciduous  fruit  in  California.  The  present  rapid  extension  of  plum 
orchards  is  probably  being  done  at  the  expense  of  the  peach.  The 
prune  has  far  out-stripped  the  plum  in  acreage,  probably  because  of 
the  limited  demand  for  the  latter  and  the  more  restricted  areas  over 
which  it  can  successfully  be  produced.  The  plum  is  further  re- 
stricted by  its  ripening  season — it  must  ripen  at  a  time  when  the 
demand  on  the  eastern  markets  is  greatest.  The  greater  ease  in 
handling  and  marketing  the  prune  crop  give  it  a  decided  preference 
over  the  plum  which  is  marketed  fresh.  The  plum  itself  has  been 
given  more  attention  than  the  lowly  prune,  and  along  the  line  of 
selection  for  securing  new,  early,  attractive,  good  quality  shipping 
plums,  a  marvelous  development  has  taken  place.  Our  growers  have 
been  very  successful  in  producing  plums  which  seemed  peculiarly 
adapted  to  some  special  needs ;  on  the  other  hand,  the  prunes  which 
are  being  planted  today  are  the  same  kind  as  were  planted  in  1856, 
when  the  first  prune  trees  were  set  out. 

No  doubt  the  special  feature  we  have  in  California  is  the  great 
prune  industry  with  its  attendant  drying,  packing  and  marketing 
problems.  In  the  Santa  Clara  Valley  alone  there  will  be  harvested 
this  year  over  80,000,000  pounds  of  dried  prunes.  The  task  of  pick- 
ing, drying,  packing  and  selling  this  great  crop  presents  a  problem 
entirely  different  than  those  usually  found  in  commercial  fruit 
growing. 

Another  feature  is  that  of  being  able  to  use  several  stocks  for  the 
plum,  thereby  adapting  it  to  a  greatly  increased  number  of  different 
soil  conditions.  Prunes  are  being  grown  upon  Myrobalan,  almond, 
peach,  and  apricot  roots.  When  the  great  range  of  conditions,  to 
which  these  different  stocks  are  adapted,  is  considered,  some  of  the 
reasons  for  the  success  of  the  prune  become  apparent.    In  connee- 


A  SYMPOSIUM   OF  CALIFORNIA  POMOLOGY.  105 

tion  with  the  matter  of  stocks  can  be  mentioned  the  great  ease  with 
which  plums  can  be  top-worked  under  California  conditions.  It  is 
not  unusual  to  top-work  a  plum  tree  to  change  the  variety,  once, 
twice  or  even  three  times.  If  one  variety  becomes  unprofitable,  it 
is  simply  grafted  to  another.  In  the  same  way  peaches  at  the 
present  time  are  being  successfully  top-worked  to  plums. 

Another  peculiar  feature  of  it  is  the  difference  of  the  time  of 
ripening  of  one  variety  in  different  regions  which  may  be  separated 
by  only  a  few  miles.  North  and  south  mean  very  little  as  far  as  the 
time  of  ripening  is  concerned.  Plums  are  picked  and  shipped  from 
Vacaville  three  weeks  earlier  than  are  the  same  varieties  from  Santa 
Clara,  although  the  latter  place  is  nearly  one  hundred  miles  farther 
south.  The  difference  of  a  few  hundred  feet  in  elevation  may  mean 
a  difference  in  season  of  a  week  or  ten  days,  although  the  orchards 
may  be  within  a  few  miles  of  each  other. 

Of  our  problems,  probably,  the  most  serious  one  is  that  concerned 
with  the  Armillaria  mellea,  commonly  known  as  the  Oak  Root  fun- 
gus. The  other  insects  and  diseases  can  be  controlled  by  ordinary 
methods,  but  as  yet  no  satisfactory  method  has  been  discovered  of 
dealing  with  this  fungus.  Once  it  has  a  foothold,  it  works  upon  the 
roots  of  the  trees,  and  spreading  underground,  it  rapidly  kills  off 
the  trees  in  a  constantly  widening  circle.  It  cannot  be  controlled 
satisfactorily.  All  the  common  rootstocks  are  susceptible  to  it. 
Then  it  is  not  uncommon  to  find  that  a  great  many  fruit  growers 
often  have  several  of  these  ever-increasing  areas,  sometimes  a  half 
acre  in  extent,  on  land  which  pays  eight  per  cent  on  an  investment 
of  a  thousand  dollars  an  acre,  the  seriousness  of  the  problem  how 
to  control  this  disease  is  no  doubt  quite  apparent.     (Applause.) 

Cherries,  Peaches  and  Apricots. 

A.  V.  Stubenrauch. 

"We  have  to  go  to  the  early  Missions  for  our  earliest  plantings  of 
the  peach,  and  as  Dr.  Howard  indicated  to  you,  those  Missions  were 
established  in  the  latter  part  of  the  Eighteenth  Century.  We  have 
not  found  that  there  was  any  great  extension  of  the  peach  planting 
until  after  the  discovery  of  gold  in  this  state.  Soon  after  that  there 
were  established  a  number  of  seedling  orchards  or  gardens  sur- 
rounding the  different  mining  camps.  The  first  record  we  have  of 
grafted  or  budded  trees  is  in  the  year  1850  or  1851,  and  after  the 
introduction  of  these  grafted  types  of  known  varieties,  we  have 
accounts  of  early  plantings  which  flourished  and  which  indicated 
the  precocity  of  the  trees  in  California  under  those  conditions. 

There  have  been  many  examples  of  trees  coming  into  bearing  and 
yielding  considerable  crops  the  third  year  after  planting,  and  many 
fruits  the  second  year  after  planting. 

For  many  years  the  peach  was  the  most  widely  grown  fruit  in 
the  state,  and  during  the  last  few  years  of  low  prices,  many  of  the 


106  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 

trees  have  been  top-worked  to  plums  and  prunes,  and  as  there  has 
been  heavy  planting  of  these  plums  and  prunes  they  have  over- 
taken the  area  in  plantings  of  the  peach. 

In  1914  the  number  of  peach  trees  in  the  state  was  nearly  eleven 
and  a  half  million  which  we  find  is  equivalent  to  about  127,000 
acres. 

The  production  during  that  year  was  330,000  tons  green  weight. 
"We  find  the  shipments  in  the  fresh  state,  out  of  California  during 
this  season  were  2,144i4  carloads,  which,  at  13  tons  per  car,  equalled 
27,876  tons  of  green  fruit,  leaving  302,000  tons  for  drying  and  can- 
ning. Of  this  203,000  tons  were  dried  to  yield  the  37,000  tons  of 
dried  products.  The  remainder,  98,624  tons,  went  to  the  canneries, 
which  do  not  appear  in  a  record  of  carload  shipment. 

There  are  peach  trees  in  every  county  of  California.  The  princi- 
pal district  is  the  great  San  Joaquin  Valley.  Eight  counties  pro- 
duced ten  thousand  tons  or  over  in  1914.  They  are :  Fresno,  122,- 
980 ;  Tulare,  31,280 :  Kings,  39,400 ;  Placer,  20,700 ;  San  Bernardino, 
16,576;  Santa  Clara,  14,688;  Stanislaus,  13,544;  Solano,  10,080. 
Notice  the  range  of  these  counties ;  they  are  distributed  over  North- 
em  and  over  Southern  California. 

The  character  of  the  principal  area  is  valley  lands  and  foothills, 
and  deep,  light,  sandy  soils.  The  peach  thrives  in  sheltered  valleys, 
north  of  San  Francisco  Bay,  and  in  the  Coast  Range.  But  when 
sheltered  from  coastal  influences  it  succeeds  one  thousand  to  two 
thousand  feet  higher  up  in  the  Sierra  foothills  than  apricots,  or 
about  three  thousand  to  four  thousand  feet  elevation.  The  hand- 
ling of  the  orchards  during  the  season  is  about  as  follows:  Clean 
culture  is  practiced  in  summer  for  the  purpose  of  conserving  moist- 
ure. Cover  crops  or  green  manure  crops  are  being  used  in  some 
sections.  In  the  foothill  sections  they  are  irrigated  throughout 
the  summer  season.  In  handling  the  question  of  pruning  the  peach, 
the  best  form  with  the  low  head  is  the  standard,  and  the  strenuous 
pruning  each  winter  is  used  to  shorten  the  growth  and  maintain 
healthy,  vigorous  new  wood  on  which  the  crop  is  borne.  With  good 
care,  in  the  state  of  California,  the  peach  tree  is  long-lived.  Where 
it  is  neglected,  the  heart  wood  soon  decays  and  the  trees  break  down. 
We  find  this  true  in  many  trees  which  have  been  top-worked,  where 
proper  care  has  not  been  taken  to  exclude  the  fungi  of  decay;  in 
such  cases  we  find  a  variety  of  troubles  which  can  be  avoided  with 
the  exercise  of  proper  care. 

A  variety  of  peaches,  different  varieties  of  peaches,  are  shipped, 
fresh,  dried  and  canned,  in  California.  Some  of  the  principal 
shipping,  drying  and  canning  fruit  sections,  are  as  indicated  by  the 
statistics  given  above.  We  have  these  three  outlets  for  peaches  in 
our  state.  The  greater  portion  of  the  crop  is  dried  and  canned. 
Less  than  one-tenth  of  the  crop  is  shipped  in  fresh  condition  and 
about  two-thirds  of  the  production  is  dried.  Special  varieties  are 
grown  for  these  special  purposes,  so  that  the  peach  grower  is  not 
dependent  upon  simply  shipping  his  fresh  fruit. 


A  SYMPOSIUM  OP  CALIFORNIA  POMOLOGY.  107 

The  leading  shipping  varieties  are  Alexander,  Tuskena,  Crawford, 
Elberte,  Foster,  and  the  Muir. 

The  leading  canning  varieties  are:  Of  Clingstones — Phillips, 
Tuskena,  Golden,  Orange ;  of  the  Freestones — Lovell,  Muir,  Craw- 
ford, Foster. 

The  leading  drying  varieties  are  the  Lovell,  Muir,  Crawford  and 
Foster. 

The  shipments  are  made  in  twenty-pound  peach  boxes,  practically 
all  of  the  fruit  being  shipped  in  wrapped  condition.  The  fruit  is 
picked  in  hard,  green  condition,  to  obtain  the  early  markets,  and 
to  avoid  ripening  during  transit. 

I  might  stop  a  few  moments  to  say  a  few  words  about  the  de- 
sirability of  a  method  of  using  and  handling  which  will  allow  our 
peaches  to  remain  on  the  trees  longer,  in  order  to  acquire  better 
qualities.  We  are,  in  the  East,  met  with  the  statement  that  while 
our  peaches  have  a  fine  appearance  the  quality  is  low.  Some  of  us 
who  have  attempted  to  investigate  and  improve  shipping  condi- 
tions, have  tried  to  determine  whether  it  is  possible  to  have  the 
fruit  remain  on  the  tree  long  enough  to  acquire  higher  qualities. 
And  a  system  of  promptly  cooling  the  fruit  before  shipment  has 
been  suggested.  I  regret  to  say  that  this  system  has  not  come  into 
as  wide  practice  from  the  standpoint  of  improving  the  quality  of 
our  shipping  peaches,  as  much  as  it  might  be.  Prompt  pre-cooling 
would  materially  assist  in  improving  shipping  qualities. 

The  Apricot. 

This  is  one  of  the  principal  stone  fruits  of  California.  It  was 
introduced  early  with  the  American  settlers.  California  has  largely 
a  monopoly  of  this  fruit.  For  a  long  time  practically  an  absolute 
monopoly  of  it,  but  now  some  orchards  are  to  be  found  in  some  of 
the  districts  of  the  North  Pacific  where  they  produce  fine  fruit. 
It  is  my  privilege  to  see  some  of  the  apricots  sent  to  the  Exposition 
from  the  state  of  Washington  and  from  British  Columbia,  where 
fine  apricots  have  been  grown,  but  not  on  a  large  commercial  scale. 
I  think  we  can  safely  state  that  at  the  present  time  California  has 
a  monopoly  of  the  canned  and  dried  apricots.  The  apricot  has  a 
very  wide  range  in  the  state.  It  is  more  tolerant  of  the  Coastal  con- 
ditions than  the  peach.  It  withstands  winter  temperature  just  as 
well.  The  limiting  factor  in  its  cultivation  is  the  early  spring  frosts. 
It  blossoms  early,  following  closely  after  the  almond,  and  for  that 
reason  is  frequently  cut  with  frost  in  lowlands.  The  more  elevated 
lands  are  freer  from  this  frost  and  are  better  adapted  to  this  fruit. 
Then  there  is  serious  damage  from  cold  winds  and  rains  in  exposed 
places  during  the  blossoming  season.  They  throw  the  blossoms  olS, 
especially  if  they  come  before  the  calyx  protects  the  fruit.  I  am 
told  by  the  pathologists  that  this  may  be  due  to  a  species  of  the 
monilia  fungus. 

Now,  some  figures:  Using  the  figures  of  1914,  the  number  of 
apricot  trees  in  California  was  3,157,718,  which  is  equivalent  to 


108  PROCEEDINGS  OP  THE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 

about  45,000  acres.  The  production  of  the  fruit  was  115,000  tons, 
green  weight.  The  shipments  of  fresh  fruit  was  382  carloads,  of 
13  tons  each,  making  a  total  of  4,966  tons  green. 

Approximately  110  tons  of  this  went  for  drying  and  canning. 

About  one  hundred  tons  were  dried  in  order  to  yield  twenty 
thousand  tons  of  dried  products  in  1914.  The  remainder,  ten  tons, 
were  canned. 

Nine  counties  in  the  state  produced  4,500  tons,  or  more,  green 
fruit  in  1914 — they  are  as  follows :  Santa  Clara,  22,804 ;  Alameda, 
20,000;  Fresno,  12,375;  Kings,  8,250;  Santa  Cruz,  6,500;  San 
Bonita,  6,000;  San  Bernardino,  4,789;  Rivei-side,  4,788;  Los 
Angeles,  4,500. 

The  apricot  can  be  worked  on  a  number  of  stocks,  and  is  suited  to 
a  variety  of  soils.  On  the  peach  root  it  is  adapted  to  a  low,  warm, 
well-drained  soil,  and  the  peach  is  largely  used  in  the  state,  owing 
to  the  fact  that  the  gophers,  which  are  at  times  a  serious  pest,  do 
not  attack  this  root  readily. 

On  the  apricot  root,  deep,  rich,  well-drained  soil  is  best. 

On  moist,  heavy  lands,  or  where  lighter  soil  is  underlaid  with 
heavy  retentive  sub-soil  recourse  must  be  had  to  plums,  preferably 
the  Myrobalan  root.  Some  of  the  growers  complain  of  the  dwarfing 
effects.  A  few  are  using  the  almond,  and  they  claim  larger  fruit  is 
obtained  as  a  result  of  that.  Many  of  them  claim  that  the  union 
does  not  hold  on  almonds,  and  where  desirable  it  must  be  double- 
worked  with  peach  or  plums  on  almonds.  The  apricot  thrives  bet- 
ter in  a  heavyl  soil,  a  little  heavier  soil  than  that  which  is  best  for 
the  peach.  The  climatic  conditions  I  have  already  mentioned ;  and 
clean  culture  is  the  rule. 

Pruning,  is  the  vase  form,  and  in  later  years  a  considerable 
amount  of  fall  pruning  is  done.  I  am  not  certain  that  this  is  desir- 
able, but  it  seems  to  me  it  is  more  from  a  desire  to  have  the  work 
done  before  the  rainy  season  is  at  hand.  In  the  Vacaville  or  Win- 
ter district,  they  have  a  peculiar  type  of  tree,  with  the  open  head 
and  which  is  adapted  to  expose  a  larger  surface  to  the  sun  in  order 
to  get  early  ripening  fruits. 

I  will  just  run  over  the  list  of  varieties  for  shipment.  They  are ; 
The  Royal,  Hemskirke,  Moorpark,  Blenheim  and  Montgamet. 

For  canning:     The  Moorpark,  Hemskirke,  Blenheim  and  Royal. 

For  drying:    The  Royal  and  Blenheim. 

The  shipments  are  made  in  crates  containing  from  four  to  five 
baskets  and  this  fruit  is,  like  the  peach,  picked  in  hard,  green 
condition. 

Here  is  an  opportunity  for  the  use  of  pre-cooling  to  enable  ship- 
ment of  fruit  of  higher  qualities.  Both  the  peach  and  the  apricot 
are  dried  first  by  pitting,  and  then  subjecting  the  fruit  to  the  fumes 
of  sulphur  in  order  to  bleach  the  product  and  destroy  the  insects, 
and  then  it  is  dried  in  the  sun.  Practically  all  of  our  fruit  crops 
are  sun-dried.  There  has  been  considerable  discussion  as  to  the  use 
of  this  bleaching  agent.    The  sulphur  apparently  does  two  things. 


TYPICAL  FRUIT  OF  THE  FILIPINO  RACE.      JOVELLANOS 
MATANZAS    PROVINCE. 


s. 


-    02 

O     5-1 


-    O 
X     o 


A  SYMPOSIUM  OF  CUjITORNIA  POMOLOGY.  109 

It  prevents  the  darkening  of  thie  fruit  in  drj'ing,  and  it  does  more ; 
it  is  necessary  to  use  an  agent  which  will  kill  the  insects  and  enabh^ 
the  fruit  to  give  up  water  more  readily. 

Experiments  where  this  is  not  used,  indicates  that  the  process  re- 
quired such  a  long  time  that  the  fruit  deteriorates  considerably. 

Personally  I  would  welcome  a  change  in  this  process,  as  I  think, 
all  systems  to  the  contrary  notwithstanding,  that  there  is  undoubt- 
edly deterioration  of  the  flavor  of  our  fruits  due  to  this  process. 
So  I  hope  eventually  we  will  find  a  substitute  which  will  enable  us 
to  put  all  these  on  the  market  with  their  full  fruit  flavor  and 
properties. 

The  Cherry. 

The  cherrj'  was  planted  in  California  by  our  earliest  settlers. 
There  are  some  famous  old  trees  planted  in  the  early  fifties.  These 
trees  remained  productive  for  many  years.  There  are  some  old 
trees  still  in  excellent  condition,  but  in  later  years  many  of  the  old 
trees  have  been  affected  by  a  sort  of  die-back. 

The  earliest  introduction  of  the  cherry  was  from  Oregon.  There 
were  some  valuable  varieties  which  came  to  California  by  this 
Oregon  route. 

The  cherry,  while  one  of  the  minor  deciduous  fruits,  is  one  of 
great  unit  value.  California  cherries  are  all  early  cherries  and 
they  are  all  of  the  sweet  varieties.  It  is  often  the  earliest  fruit  to 
leave  the  State ;  sometimes  being  ready  to  ship  during  April.  This 
year  the  shipments  got  off  about  April  15th.  That  is  of  the  ripe 
fruit.  There  were  some  earlier  shipments,  about  March  31st,  from 
Vaca  Valley.  Of  course,  reaching  the  market  early  and  in  good 
condition,  high  prices  are  obtained.  From  $1500  to  $2500  per  car- 
load. 

The  cherry  in  California  is  not  as  widely  planted  as  the  peach  and 
the  apricot.  Many  of  our  counties  have  crops  of  commercial  pro- 
portions. The  bulk  of  them  come  from  Northern  California.  There 
are  some  districts  in  Southern  California  which  are  proving  adapt- 
able to  cherry  growing. 

The  number  of  cherry  trees  in  California  in  1914,  according  to 
our  figures  was  952,118  trees,  or  about  13,600  acres. 

The  crop  in  1914  was  10,646  tons.  The  shipments,  156  cars,  equal 
to  2,150  tons. 

Of  the  balance,  between  five  thousand  and  six  thousand  tons  of 
them  were  canned.  From  two  thousand  to  twenty-five  hundred  tons 
of  local  shipments  were  used  for  Maraschino  cherries. 

The  Coast  Valleys  adjacents  to  San  Francisco  Bay,  and  the 
alluvial  bottoms  in  the  interior  valleys  and  their  tributaries,  and 
in  Southern  California,  in  the  elevated  valleys  where  moisture  is 
adequate  and  the  temperature  not  too  high,  these  are  the  various 
localities  in  California  for  the  successful  growing  of  cherries. 

The  soil  for  the  cherry  is  a  deep  alluvial  or  sediment,  where  water 
does  not  stand  near  the  surface. 


110  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 

A  sandy  sub-soil  if  not  too  dry  in  summer  is  satisfactory  but 
heavy  clay  soil  is  wholly  unfit  for  the  purpose. 

A  very  deep  loam,  well  drained,  is  the  best,  but  it  must  be  well- 
drained  ;  for  standing  water  for  any  considerable  period  is  especially 
fatal,  even  in  winter. 

The  locations  must  be  elevated  and  protected  from  late  frosts  and 
cold  winds.  Early  blossoming-  trees,  but  they  are  not  as  early  as 
the  apricots. 

There  were  eight  counties  in  California  producing  cherries  in 
1914.  Their  names  and  the  quantities  produced  are  as  follows: 
Santa  Clara,  2,751;  Alameda,  2,250;  San  Joaquin,  2,250;  Solano, 
1,000;  Sacramento,  841;  Placer,  700;  Sonoma,  654;  Contra  Costa, 
200. 

STOCK. 

In  California,  the  stock  is  almost  exclusively  the  Black  Mazzard. 
It  makes  the  better  tree  on  the  whole  under  California  conditions 
than  the  Mahaleb,  although  the  latter  is  more  hardy  and  less  liable 
to  injury  from  soil  saturation  during  the  winter. 

The  varieties  are:  Black  Tartarian,  Napoleon  (Royal  Ann), 
Lambert,  Bing  and  Black  Republican.  The  Napoleon  is  used  for 
canning,  and  pickling  for  Maraschino.  They  are  shipped  in  ten- 
pound  crates  faced;  some  are  sent  in  one  and  two  pound  cartons. 
Of  course,  refrigerating  and  pre-cooling  are  used  to  give  the  best 
effect.     (Prolonged  applause.) 

The  Citrus  Fruits. 

Dr.  J.  E.  Coit. 

The  first  orange  orchard  in  California  was  planted  at  the  San 
Gabriel  Mission  about  1804.  The  first  commercial  orchard  was 
planted  by  William  Wolfskill  in  1841  in  what  is  now  the  city  of  Los 
Angeles.  Commercial  development  was  most  rapid  between  1875 
and  1885,  due  to  the  introduction  of  the  (Washington  navel)  Bahia 
variety  and  the  completion  of  the  transcontinental  railroads. 

There  are  now  about  200,000  acres  planted  to  citrus  fruits  in  Cali- 
fornia and  about  $200,000,000  are  invested  in  the  industry.  A  con- 
siderable proportion  of  the  lemon  acreage  is  not  yet  in  bearing  and 
a  large  increase  in  production  will  come  in  the  next  three  years. 
Fifty  thousand  cars  may  be  considered  a  normal  crop  at  the  present 
time  for  which  about  twenty-seVen  to  thirty  million  dollars  is  re- 
turned to  California.  California  is  now  producing  about  one-sixth 
of  the  world's  supply. 

Citrus  fruits  are  grown  in  favorable  localities  from  San  Diego 
County  to  Shasta  County.  The  localities  are  in  the  order  of  present 
importance:  (1)  The  area  enclosed  in  and  adjacent  to  a  triangle 
drawn  through  Pasadena,  Redlands  and  Santa  Anna;  (2)  the  east- 
ern foothills  of  Tulare  County;   (3)  Ventura  and  Santa  Barbara 


A  SYMPOSIUM  OF  CALIFORNIA  POMOIvOGY.  HI 

Counties;  (4)  San  Diego  County;  (5)  Butte  County.  There  are  a 
great  many  smaller  areas  scattered  through  the  state  which  are  well 
suited  to  citrus  fruits. 

The  industry  is  older  in  Southern  California  and  there  the  lands 
and  water  have  been  further  developed  and  prices  of  land  and  water 
are  much  higher  than  in  the  central  and  northern  parts  of  the  state. 
The  cost  of  land  varies  from  $150  to  $700  an  acre  and  water  rights 
from  $75  to  $800,  or  more.  It  costs  to  establish  an  orchard  and 
care  for  it  througli  the  first  five  years  from  $800  to  $1200  per  acre  in 
Southern  California,  and  from  $500  to  $900  per  acre  in  other  parts 
of  the  state. 

The  labor  in  California  citrus  groves  is  done  principally  by 
Americans,  although  a  good  many  Mexicans,  Italians  and  Orientals 
are  employed.  In  the  packing-houses,  most  of  the  packing  is  done 
by  women  while  the  heavy  work  is  performed  by  men. 

In  none  of  the  citrus  areas  in  California  is  the  rainfall  sufficient 
for  commercial  citrus  culture.  Irrigation  is  universal.  In  the  early 
days  the  water  was  diverted  from  streams.  Recently  there  has  been 
an  enormous  development  of  underground  water  by  pumping. 
Many  wells  interfere  with  each  other  and  there  is  a  growing  demand 
for  state  control  and  apportionment  of  underground  waters.  The 
methods  of  applying  w^ater  have  been  very  highly  developed,  yet 
there  is  much  room  for  improvement  along  the  line  of  greater 
efficiency  and  conservation. 

The  usual  method  is  to  irrigate  through  four  deep  furrows  in 
each  middle  (except  in  very  sandy  soil),  about  once  a  month,  soak- 
ing the  ground  about  four  feet  deep.  There  are  one  or  two  culti- 
vations between  each  irrigation.  Recently  considerable  interest  has 
been  show' n  in  the  mulching  system.  The  groimd  is  entirely  covered 
from  six  to  ten  inches  deep  with  hay,  bean  vines,  shavings  or  other 
material,  water  is  applied  through  permanent  furrows  under  the 
mulch  and  all  soil  stirring  discontiniied.  This  system  appears  to  be 
better  for  the  trees  but  is  objected  to  on  account  of  the  great  cost  of 
the  mulching  material  and  the  high  fire  hazard  during  the  dry 
season. 

Clean  cultivation  is  the  rule  in  most  orchards.  A  good  many 
growers  plant  vetch,  bur  clover  or  sweet  clover  in  the  fall  as  a  win- 
ter cover  crop  and  turn  this  under  at  the  spring  plowing,  applying 
fertilizer  and  manure  at  the  same  time. 

Recently  orchard  tractors  have  come  into  quite  general  use  and 
on  large  ranches  where  they  are  kept  busy,  seem  to  be  giving  satis- 
faction particularly  in  the  interior  valleys  where  the  high  summer 
heat  is  so  distressing  to  work  stock. 

During  the  last  few  years  a  great  advance  has  been  made  in 
methods  of  protecting  citrus  orchards  from  excessive  cold.  The 
problem  of  heating  a  lemon  orchard  is  very  different  from  that  of 
smudging  a  peach  or  pear  orchard.  For  almost  five  months,  lemon 
growers  must  be  prepared  to  fire  on  a  few  hours  notice  for  blossoms 
and  young  fruit  may  be  found  on  the  trees  all  winter.    Smoke  or 


112  PROCEEDINGS  OP  THE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 

smudge  is  injurious  as  it  makes  expensive  washing  and  brushing  of 
fruit  necessary.  The  ideal  citrus  orchard  heater,  therefore,  is  a  sheet 
iron  receptacle  with  a  capacity  of  three  to  five  or  more  gallons  of 
cheap  fuel  oil.  It  must  have  a  draught  capable  of  easy  regulation, 
and  a  stack  which  gives  complete  combustion  of  the  gases  and  pro- 
vides the  maximum  proportion  of  heat  in  the  form  of  radiant  energy. 
Such  heaters  have  been  found  very  efficient  and  have  come  into  quite 
general  use  in  Southern  California,  particularly  in  lemon  orchards. 
The  elimination  of  the  less  profitable  varieties  has  taken  place 
rather  rapidly  and  now  five  varieties  may  be  said  to  dominate  the 
field.  These  are :  (Washington  Navel),  Bahia  and  Valencia  oranges ; 
Eureka  and  Lisbon  lemons;  and  Marsh  pomelo.  The  ratio  of 
oranges  to  lemons  is  about  five  or  six  to  one.  Very  few  pomelos  are 
raised  in  California. 

The  bulk  of  California  citrus  fruits  is  shipped  eastward  and  dis- 
tributed throughout  the  United  States  and  Canada.  Very  little  is 
exported  to  Europe.  In  the  autumn  a  few  early  oranges  are  sent  to 
Australia  and  New  Zealand  Avhile  there  is  a  small  but  growing  ex- 
port of  lemons  to  Manila,  Hong  Kong,  Japan  and  Korea. 

About  sixty-two  per  cent  of  the  fruit  is  sold  through  a  very  weU 
•organized  co-operative  selling  agency  known  as  the  California  Fruit 
Growers'  Exchange.  The  grower  buys  stock  in  a  local  packing- 
house usually  in  proportion  to  his  acreage.  Such  houses  are  owned 
and  operated  by  an  association  of  growers.  Several  associations 
together  form  a  district  exchange  which  orders  cars,  ships  the  fruit, 
and  distributes  the  returns.  All  of  the  district  exchanges  belong  to 
the  central  exchange  which  furnishes  facilities  for  marketing  the 
fruit  in  the  shape  of  bonded  agents  working  under  salary  in  the 
principal  markets.  The  central  exchange  also  furnishes  daily  mar- 
ket reports  and  other  information.  Grower-members  are  prohibited 
from  selling  and  delivering  fruit  outside  of  the  association. 
Growers  may  withdraw  from  an  association  at  the  end  of  any  year. 
There  are  about  forty  co-operative  marketing  associations  outside 
of  the  exchange  and  a  number  of  independent  grower  shippers. 
Very  little  fruit  is  shipped  on  consignment. 

A  recent  investigation  by  the  Exchange  shows  that  the  dollar  the 
consumer  pays  for  oranges  is  distributed  as  follows:  Picking  and 
hauling,  .024 ;  packing,  .074 ;  freight  and  refrigeration,  .205 ;  sell- 
ing (Exchange),  .015;  jobber,  .082;  retailer,  .333;  grower,  .267. 

The  associations  belonging  to  the  Exchange  have  the  privilege  of 
buying  ranch  and  packing-house  supplies  through  the  Fruit  Grow- 
ers' Supply  Company.  This  is  a  non-profit  co-operative  organiza- 
tion through  which  the  growers  pool  their  orders  at  low  cost.  This 
company  has  an  authorized  capital  of  one  million  dollars  and  last 
year  did  a  business  of  $3,319,062.04  at  an  operating  expense  to  the 
members  of  three-fourths  of  a  cent  on  each  dollar  of  business 
transacted. 

Up  to  the  present  time  there  has  been  no  citrus  by-product  indus- 
try to  take  care  of  cuU  fruit  and  as  a  result  too  much  poor  fruit  is 


A  SYMPOSIUM  OF  CALIFORNIA  POMOLOGY.  113 

forced  on  to  the  market  where  it  depresses  the  sales  of  good  fruit. 
There  is  now  a  concerted  effort  being  made  to  develop  a  citrus  by- 
product industry  to  relieve  this  situation.  Both  the  University  of 
California  and  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture  are  operating 
laboratories  for  experiments  along  this  line,  while  a  large  number 
of  individuals  and  private  companies  are  taking  an  active  interest 
in  the  matter.  Citric  acid  is  the  chief  citrus  by-product  and  our 
problem  is  to  devise  machinery'  which  will  enable  us  to  compete  with 
the  cheap  hand  labor  of  Southern  Europe.  But  citric  acid  is  made 
from  lemons  and  the  great  bulk  of  California  culls  are  oranges. 
Of  course,  some  of  these  are  made  into  jellies,  jams  and  marma- 
lades, but  the  citrus  growers  equity  in  these  products  is  small  com- 
pared with  that  of  the  sugar  beet  grower.  Orange  marmalade, 
therefore,  comes  nearer  being  a  by-product  of  the  sugar  beet  indus- 
try than  it  does  of  the  citrus  industry  and  it  offers  but  a  small  out- 
let for  the  thousands  of  tons  of  orange  culls  available. 

In  conclusion,  I  may  say  that  our  production  is  now  somewhat 
ahead  of  consumption  and  low  prices  and  very  conservative  plant- 
ing will  probably  be  the  rule  for  the  next  few  years.  Ordinarily  we 
might  hope  to  overcome  this  trouble  by  increasing  consumption 
through  an  advertising  campaign  and  this  is  being  tried  with  some 
success.  It  is  very  costly,  however,  to  increase  consumption  in  the 
face  of  the  very  wide-spread  economy  which  the  people  of  this 
country  are  beginning  to  put  into  practice  as  a  result  of  the  unrest 
and  uncertainty  brought  on  by  the  world  war.  (Prolonged 
applause. ) 

The  Semi-Tropical  Fruits. 

Ira  J.  Condit,  California. 

The  term  semi-tropical  as  applied  to  fruits  grown  in  California, 
includes  in  a  general  way  those  fruit  plants  which  are  either 
temporarily  or  permanently  injured  by  temperatures  much  below 
20  or  22  degrees  F.  For  convenience  sake  a  few  tropical  plants  are 
included,  such  as  the  banana  and  pineapple  which  can  be  grown 
here  successfully  in  many  localities  although  not  commercially. 
Citrus  fruits  are  usually  classed  by  themselves.  The  fruits  de- 
scribed in  this  paper  will  include  the  fig,  date,  avocado,  loquat  and 
persimmon,  the  olive  being  treated  in  another  paper.  Time  or  space 
will  not  permit  more  than  a  mere  mention  of  the  guava,  several 
species  of  which  are  found  in  our  gardens;  the  Feijoa,  which  was 
introduced  in  1900,  and  is  now  a  widely  disseminated  and  promis- 
ing fruit  plant ;  the  cherimoya,  which  has  produced  fruit  in  a  small 
way  for  many  years ;  the  mango,  seedlings  of  which  have  fruited  in 
several  localities  and  which  can  undoubtedly  be  grown  here  success- 
fully if  the  proper  varieties  are  planted;  the  pomegranate,  which 
produces  very  profitable  crops  in  the  Imperial  Valley  and  in  Tulare 
County  where  it  is  commonly  planted  as  a  border  tree ;  the  white 
sapote,   which  is  a  common  tree  in  southern  gardens;   and  the 


114  PROCEEDINGS  OP  THE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 

jujube,  which  is  not  grown  commercially  but  is  promising,   es- 
pecially with  the  newer  varieties  recently  introduced  from  China. 

The  Fig. 

Fig  trees  were  introduced  into  California  by  the  Franciscan 
Fathers  early  in  the  Eighteenth  Century  and  large  Mission  fig  trees 
are  common  in  all  the  older  settlements  of  the  state.  The  Mission 
or  California  Black  fig  was  the  only  variety  groAvn  previous  to  1850, 
when  a  number  of  European  varieties  were  introduced.  In  1880  the 
Bulletin,  a  newspaper  of  San  Francisco,  imported  a  large  number 
of  cuttings  of  the  Smyrna  fig  offering  these  cuttings  as  premiums  to 
subscribers.  The  resulting  trees  grew  thriftily,  but  Avithout  excep- 
tion failed  to  mature  any  figs  until  the  introduction  of  the  Blasto- 
phaga  in  3898.  Since  that  time  Smyrna  fig  culture  has  been  a  de- 
cided commercial  success  and  there  has  been  a  slow  but  steady  in- 
crease in  the  number  of  acres  planted.  The  Adriatic  fig  Avhich  has 
long  been  grown  for  drying  purposes,  is  still  far  in  the  lead  in  the 
number  of  tons  of  dried  figs  produced.  In  the  San  Joaquin  Valley 
the  Adriatic  trees  are  planted  around  the  borders  of  vineyards  and 
are  known  as  "mortgage  lifters,"  the  crop  being  contracted  for 
from  one  to  five  years  in  advance,  the  buyers  doing  all  the  work  of 
gathering,  drying  and  packing.  The  production  of  the  three  leading 
varieties  is  about  as  folloAvs :  White  Adriatic,  5,000  tons ;  Smyrna, 
600  tons ;  Mission,  300  tons. 

Fig  trees  may  be  and  are  grown  in  nearly  every  county  of  the 
state.  The  industry  in  dried  figs,  however,  is  limited  to  the  hotter 
and  dryer  valleys  where  the  temperature  during  the  drying  season 
ranges  from  90  degrees  to  110  degrees  Fahrenheit  in  the  shade.  The 
center  of  this  industry  at  present  is  at  Fresno,  although  other 
equally  good  sections  for  the  production  of  dried  figs  may  be  found 
along  the  foothills  from  Bakersfield  north  to  Merced  and  in  the 
Sacramento  Valley  along  the  eastern  border.  The  marketing  of 
fresh  figs  forms  only  a  very  small  percentage  of  the  entire  business ; 
some  early  figs  are  shipped  to  eastern  markets  from  the  Imperial 
Valley  in  ponj^  refrigerators  and  from  the  San  Joaquin  Valley  in 
cars  of  other  fruits.  Fresh  figs  are  found  in  the  local  markets  from 
July  to  October  at  prices  ranging  from  five  to  fifteen  cents  a  pound. 
The  White  San  Pedro.  Brunswick,  Brown  Turkey,  Calimyrna  (a 
trade  name  for  one  type  of  the  Smyrna),  Mission,  and  Adriatic  are 
commonly  grown  in  gardens  for  home  use  or  local  markets. 

Since  the  production  of  mature  Smyrna  figs  is  entirely  dependent 
upon  caprification  of  the  small  figs  by  means  of  the  female  Blasto- 
phaga  or  fig  wasp,  the  growing  of  good  capri  figs  is  an  important 
matter.  Capri  fig  trees  ordinarily  bear  three  crops  of  fruit  a  year, 
the  mammoni  or  summer  crop,  the  mamme  or  winter  crop,  and  the 
profichi  or  spring  crop.  The  profichi  figs  contain  not  only  large 
numbers  of  galls  in  which  the  insects  live  but  also  an  abundance  of 
pollen  from  the  male  flowers.  The  process  of  caprification  consists  in 


A  SYMPOSIUM  OP  CUilFORNIA  POMOLOGY,  115 

placing  profiehi  figs  in  the  Smyrna  trees  so  that  the  fig  wasps  after 
emerging  dusted  with  pollen,  may  enter  the  figs  of  the  Smyrna  tree 
and  pollinate  the  female  flowers  contained  therein.  In  practice  this 
is  accomplished  by  placing  the  capri  figs  every  three  or  four  days  in 
wire  baskets  suspended  in  the  Smyrna  trees.  It  is  this  necessity  of 
growing  capri  figs  of  the  proper  kinds  and  of  understanding  some- 
thing regarding  the  life  history  of  the  Blastophaga  which  has  de- 
terred many  a  grower  from  setting  out  Smyrna  figs  and  induced  him 
to  plant  the  Adriatic  instead.  Dried  Smyrna  figs  bring  from  one 
and  one-half  to  two  tons ;  of  Adriatics,  two  to  two  and  a  half  tons. 
I\Iuch  larger  yields,  however,  are  often  obtained. 

Figs  partially  dry  on  the  tree,  then  drop  to  the  ground,  after 
which  they  are  picked  up  and  hauled  to  the  yards  where  they  are 
spread  out  on  trays,  placed  in  the  sun  or  in  stacks  open  to  the  light 
and  air.  After  being  dried  the  Adriatic  figs  are  exposed  to  the 
bleaching  effects  of  sulphur  fumes  for  a  short  time ;  neither  the  Mis- 
sion nor  the  Smyrna  figs  are  sulphured  since  the  black  color  of  the 
former  could  not  be  removed  by  any  amount  of  bleaching  and  the 
latter  is  naturally  of  the  desired  light  color.  The  best  grades  of 
Smyrnas  and  Adriatics  are  packed  in  small  squares  or  bricks  of 
four,  six.  eight,  twelve,  or  sixteen  ounces  as  the  trade  may  require, 
the  remainder  being  marketed  in  larger  packages.  The  bird-pecked 
and  split  figs  are  not  a  total  loss  but  are  sold  at  a  reduced  price 
to  bakers  and  confectioners. 

The  number  of  pests  which  attack  the  fig  is  exceptionally  small. 
In  sandy  soil  Adriatic  trees  are  often  seriously  infested  with  root 
nematodes  which  stunt  the  growth  of  the  trees  and  reduce  the  crop. 
On  poorly  drained  soil  or  on  land  which  has  been  too  heavily 
watered  the  fruit  of  some  varieties  sours  badly  on  the  tree.  Con- 
siderable loss  is  occasional  in  the  interior  valleys  from  sunburn 
which  causes  the  fruit  to  grow  irregularly  and  woody ;  also  from 
splitting  of  the  figs,  due  probably  to  climatic  conditions  as  well  as 
injudicious  irrigation.  Birds  cause  considerable  damage  at  times; 
some  growers  have  found  it  profitable  to  furnish  boys  with  guns  and 
ammunition  and  pay  so  much  a  head  for  each  bird  killed. 

The  Date. 

Date  seeds  were  brought  into  Southern  California  by  the  Mission 
Fathers  along  with  the  fig,  olive,  and  grape  about  1795.  Unlike  the 
other  three  plants  mentioned,  however,  the  date  palm  was  of  no 
value  for  other  than  ornamental  purposes  around  the  Mission  Gar- 
dena  since  it  rarely  if  ever  sets  or  matures  fruit  along  the  coast. 
Although  quite  hardy  in  most  of  the  California  valleys  the  true 
date  palm  is  not  so  ornamental  as  its  near  relative.  Phoenix  cana- 
riensis,  the  latter  being  the  most  widely  planted  of  all  palms  in  the 
state.  Seedlings  of  Phoenix  dactylifera,  the  true  date  palm,  are 
growing  in  widely  separated  localities  and  many  in  the  interior  val- 
leys have  produced  edible  fruit. 


116  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 

The  possibilities  of  growing  dates  conimereially  in  the  hotter  val- 
leys of  the  state  have  long  been  recognized.  It  was  not  until  1890, 
however,  that  the  first  offshoots  of  named  varieties  were  imported 
from  North  Africa  by  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture  and 
were  distributed  in  Arizona  and  in  various  parts  of  California. 
Later  importations  were  made  in  1900  and  in  succeeding  years  until 
by  1906,  the  number  of  varieties  totaled  213.  Date  gardens  where 
these  varieties  are  being  tested  out,  were  established  at  Tempe  and 
Phoenix,  Arizona,  and  at  Mecca  and  Indio,  California.  A  station 
at  Tulare  in  the  San  Joaquin  Valley  has  been  discontinued.  Re- 
cently thousands  of  offshoots  have  been  imported  by  private  parties 
and  by  the  Coachella  Valley  Date  Growers'  Association,  13,000  off- 
shoots having  been  received  in  one  shipment.  The  first  commercial 
date  orchard  was  planted  in  1903  near  Heber  in  the  Imperial  Val- 
ley and  consisted  of  about  four  acres  of  imported  Deglet  Nur  off- 
shoots. This  orchard  is  now  producing  abundantly,  the  fruit  being 
largely  sold  in  one-pound  fancy  cartons. 

The  high  prices  received  for  the  fruit  and  the  prospects  for  large 
profits  from  orchards  of  date  palms,  have  induced  many  owners  of 
land  in  the  Imperial  and  Coachella  Valleys  to  start  planting  on  a 
more  or  less  extensive  scale.  Since  the  palm  can  be  propogated 
asexually  only  by  the  offshoots  which  are  produced  somewhat 
sparingly  around  the  base  of  the  trunk,  the  greatest  problem  has 
been  and  still  is  to  secure  stock  for  planting.  The  Date  Growers' 
Association  succeeded  in  importing  offshoots  of  desirable  varieties 
for  about  $2.85 ;  offshoots  handled  by  other  concerns  ranged  con- 
siderably higher  in  price. 

The  scarcity  and  high  cost  of  the  offshoots  has  encouraged  the 
planting  of  seedlings,  thousands  of  which  have  been  set  out  in  the 
last  few  years.  Owing  to  the  fact  that  the  date  palm  is  dioecious, 
at  least  half  of  the  seedlings  turn  out  to  be  males.  Of  the  females 
the  proportion  which  produces  fruit  of  good  marketing  qualities  is 
variable,  depending  upon  the  source  of  the  seedlings,  those  from 
specially  selected  seed  of  the  Deglet  Nur  being  preferred.  The 
growers  can  usually  expect  to  secure  ten  or  fifteen  per  cent  of  the 
seedlings  which  will  bear  good  fruit  and  there  is  always  the  chance 
that  one  or  two  of  these  will  be  a  little  better  than  other  varieties 
grown  in  the  locality.  They  would  then  have  to  be  propagated  by 
offshoots.  The  growing  of  seedling  dates  in  the  hotter  parts  of  the 
San  Joaquin  and  Sacramento  Valleys  is  being  encouraged  as  it  is 
believed  that  varieties  can  be  developed  which  will  mature  fruit  in 
the  fall  months  before  cool  weather  starts  in  and  that  this  fruit 
will  be  most  excellent  for  home  use  if  not  for  extensive  markets. 

Unfortunately  the  early  importations  included  two  very  serious 
insect  pests,  the  Parlatoria  scale  Parlatoria  hlanchardi,  which  in- 
fests the  leaves  and  green  stems,  and  the  Marlatt  scale  Phoenicoccus 
marlattii,  which  attacks  only  the  bases  of  the  leaves  and  flower 
stalks  away  from  the  light.  The  Parlatoria  can  be  controlled  by 
spraying  but  the  second  species  has  been  difficult  to  control;  one 


A  SYMPOSIUM  OP  CALOPORNIA  POMOLOGY.  117 

method  used  is  to  pour  kerosene  over  the  trunks  and  around  the 
bases  of  the  leaves  of  the  palm  and  set  them  afire.  The  heat  proves 
fatal  to  most  of  the  insects  and  naturally  interferes  with  the  fruit- 
ing of  the  palm  for  one  season  but  the  terminal  bud  remains  alive 
and  soon  sends  out  new  growth. 

The  Federal  law  now  requires  that  all  imported  offshoots  be  dip- 
ped for  two  periods  of  fifteen  minutes,  separated  by  twenty-four 
hours,  and  then  be  planted  in  nursery  form  for  one  year  in  specially 
designated  quarantine  areas  where  the  plants  can  be  examined  by 
inspectors  from  time  to  time.  They  can  not  be  shipped  outside  the 
quarantine  area  unless  free  from  scale. 

The  date  palm  is  able  to  stand  more  severe  conditions  of  soil  and 
climate  than  any  other  fruit  tree  grown  here  commercially.  With 
its  roots  in  soil  containing  as  much  as  0.6  per  cent  total  salts,  and 
sometimes  in  standing  water,  and  its  trunk  and  foliage  in  an  atmos- 
phere, the  day  temperature  of  which  ranges  around  110  degrees 
Fahrenheit  for  several  months  in  the  year,  the  date  palm  flourishes. 
The  palms  do  not  require  an  alkaline  soil,  but  they  will  endure  it  if 
need  be.  They  will  moreover  stand  considerable  cold,  experience 
having  shoMHW  that  old  palms  if  nearly  dormant  are  not  seriously 
injured  b}^  a  temperature  of  15  degrees  Fahrenheit.  A  few  more  de- 
grees of  frost  will  kill  the  foliage  but  not  the  terminal  bud,  which 
pushes  out  new  leaves  and  fruit  stalks,  bearing  an  abundant  crop 
the  same  season.  The  succeeding  crop  is  much  smaller  on  account 
of  the  setback  received  by  the  palms. 

The  flowers  of  the  date  palm  are  produced  in  large  brush-like 
clusters  appearing  usually  in  March  and  April.  The  female  clus- 
ters are  pollinated  artifically  with  sprigs  of  male  flowers  of  the 
same  season's  growth  or  with  pollen  preserved  from  the  previous 
year.  Pollen  of  Phoenix  canariensis,  or  of  many  other  species  of 
palms  can  be  used  if  date  pollen  is  scarce.  UnpoUinated  flowers  do 
not  drop  off  but  mature  into  three-parted  seedless  fruits  which  con- 
tain some  sugar  but  are  worthless  except  for  advertising  purposes 
in  real  estate  windows. 

The  season  for  dates  in  California  extends  from  the  last  of 
August  until  November  or  until  cooler  weather  prevents  proper 
maturity  of  the  fruit.  Many  of  the  varieties  of  dates  now  being 
grown  belong  to  the  class  known  as  soft  dates  and  the  fruit  is 
largely  marketed  as  fresh  fruit.  These  fresh  dates  of  such  varieties 
as  the  Birket  al  Hajji,  Makantishi,  and  Maktum  were  rather  com- 
mon in  the  Los  Angeles  market  last  season  but  only  a  few  were  ship- 
ped farther  north.  Small  berry  baskets  holding  almost  a  pound  of 
fruit  sold  at  from  twenty-five  to  thirty-five  cents  each. 

The  standard  variety  which  is  most  largely  favored  for  planting 
is  the  Deglet  Nur.  The  fruits  of  this  variety  are  picked  by  hand 
from  the  clusters  when  the  individual  berries  begin  to  show  trans- 
lucent brown  spots,  and  are  then  artifically  ripened  in  an  incubator 
or  closed  room  heated  for  the  purpose.  Slow  ripening,  or  a  tempera- 
ture of  eighty  to  eighty-four  degrees  F.  for  three  or  four  days  is 


118  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 

preferred  to  more  rapid  incubation  when  the  temperature  is  main- 
tained at  one  hundred  and  ten  degrees  F.  for  only  twenty-four 
hours.  The  fruits  of  most  varieties  of  dates  when  allowed  to  ripen 
on  the  tree  become  soft  and  sticky  and  attract  bees,  ants,  and  other 
insects  to  such  an  extent  that  it  has  been  found  necessary'  to  pro- 
tect the  berries  by  enclosing  the  entire  cluster  in  a  bag  of  thin 
muslin  or  netting.  Only  a  few  varieties  of  the  dry  or  bread  dates 
are  grown  and  practically  none  of  the  fruit  of  this  class  has  been 
placed  on  the  market. 

The  Avocado, 

One  of  the  newer  fruits  to  attract  the  attention  of  planters  is 
the  avocado.  It  was  not  introduced  into  California  until  a  com- 
paratively recent  date  and  is  not,  therefore,  so  well  known  as  the 
fruits  introduced  by  the  padres.  During  the  last  ten  or  fifteen 
years  several  large  seedling  avocado  trees  have  come  into  bearing 
in  the  southern  part  of  the  state ;  these  have  produced  such  bounti- 
ful crops  and  the  fruit  has  sold  at  such  attractive  prices  that  grow- 
ers all  over  the  state  are  considering  the  possibilities  of  the  avocado 
as  a  reliable  source  of  income.  Plantings  from  a  few  trees  up  to 
several  acres  in  extent  are  being  made  from  San  Diego  to  Butte 
County,  although  the  most  extensive  plantings  are  being  made  in 
the  southern  coast  counties. 

The  seedling  trees  which  have  ])orne  fruit  in  the  state  represent 
two  distinct  types  of  tree  and  fruit.  The  first,  generally  known  here 
as  the  Mexican  type  produces  foliage  with  a  characteristic  anise- 
like odor  and  taste,  and  fruit  with  a  thin,  tender  skin ;  the  second, 
commonly  known  as  the  Guatemalan  type  produces  foliage  in  which 
the  anise  is  not  pronounced  and  fruit  which  has  a  thick  granular 
rind  or  shell.  Both  types  are  being  planted  commercially,  although 
it  is  generally  conceded  that  the  thin-skinned  fruits  will  be  good  for 
home  use  and  local  markets,  while  the  hard-shelled  fruits  will  be 
better  for  distant  markets  on  account  of  their  greater  shipping 
qualities. 

The  avocado  tree  has  proven  itself  to  be  as  hardy  as  the  lemon  and 
the  behavior  of  trees  under  various  climatic  conditions  indicates  that 
some  varieties  may  be  expected  to  thrive  wherever  lemon,  orange, 
or  pomelo  production  is  successful,  with  the  exception  of  the  Im- 
perial Valley  where  the  extreme  heat  has  so  far  proved  fatal  to  the 
foliage  of  the  avocado.  Many  parts  of  the  state  are  too  windy  to 
admit  of  the  successful  culture  of  the  trees  and  undoubtedly  scores 
which  have  been  set  out  in  such  localities  Avill  never  come  into 
bearing. 

Avocado  trees  are  propagated  in  this  state  by  budding  on  seed- 
lings of  the  thin-skinned  type  of  fruit  since  such  seedlings  have 
proved  hardier  than  those  of  the  hard-shelled  type.  Budding  may 
be  done  any  time  during  the  season  when  the  bark  of  the  stock  is 
slipping.  The  usual  procedure  is  about  as  follows:  Seeds  are 
planted  either  in  pots  or  in  seed  beds  during  the  winter  months  and 


A  SYMPOSIUM  OF  CALIFORNIA  POMOLOGY.  119 

when  the  seedlings  are  from  six  to  eight  inches  high,  they  are  trans- 
planted to  nurseiy  rows  in  the  open  ground.  Pot-grown  plants  are 
looked  npon  with  disfavor  since  the  roots  become  so  confined  in  the 
pots  that  it  is  difficult  to  get  the  plants  to  start  into  healthy  growth 
when  set  out  in  their  permanent  location.  Seedlings  planted  in  the 
nurserj'  in  the  spring  should  be  ready  for  budding  in  October,  the 
buds  remaining  dormant  until  early  spring.  Budded  trees  are  al- 
lowed to  grow  in  the  nurserj^  for  one  year  and  then  transplanted, 
by  balling,  the  month  of  March  being  favored. 

Varieties  diflier  as  to  the  age  of  bearing  after  the  bud  starts  to 
grow.  Some  varieties,  notably  the  Walker  and  Lyon,  are  very  pre- 
cocious, often  blossoming  and  fruiting  in  the  nursery  row.  The 
most  experienced  plantei*s  are  favoring  the  planting  of  varieties 
which  develop  primarily  into  good  orchard  trees  believing  that 
they  can  be  easily  top-worked  to  more  profitable  varieties  if  not  pro- 
ductive of  good,  marketable  fniit.  This  top-working  is  accom- 
plished with  only  the  loss  of  about  eighteen  months  in  fruiting 
period,  by  cutting  back  the  larger  branches  iu  the  spring  and  bud- 
ding into  the  base  of  the  new  sprouts  which  appear.  Some  varieties 
are  easy  to  bud  and  nursery  trees  are  relatively  cheap ;  budders  have 
found  it  difficult  to  propagate  any  large  percentage  of  some  varie- 
ties and  the  trees  are  more  expensive.  Seeds  of  the  avocado  sell  at 
present  for  four  to  five  cents  apiece ;  buds  bring  from  two  to  ten 
cents  each ;  while  one-year-old  field-grown  trees  sell  at  from  two  to 
five  dollars,  depending  upon  the  variety. 

The  number  of  named  varieties  of  the  avocado  of  local  origin  is  at 
least  twenty-five  and  a  great  many  more  are  being  heralded  by  en- 
thusiastic owners  or  nurserymen  as  worthy  of  propagation.  A  score 
or  more  varieties  have  been  introduced  from  Central  and  South 
America,  Florida,  Hawaii,  and  elsewhere  and  are  being  propagated 
by  the  thousand.  It  is  the  opinion  of  many  persons  who  have 
traveled  in  other  countries  and  eaten  avocados  in  various  climates 
that  the  commercial  avocado  of  the  future  has  not  yet  appeared  in 
California;  others  maintain  that  we  already  have  varieties  which 
can  not  be  excelled  anywhere.  Growers  and  prospective  planters 
are,  therefore,  having  a  very  difficult  and  perplexing  time  in  decid- 
ing what  variety  or  varieties  to  plant. 

The  Harmon  is  very  largely  planted  because  nurserymen  find  it 
easy  to  propagate  and  its  merits  have  been  widely  advertised.  The 
Harmon  tree  grows  vigorously,  is  prolific,  and  bears  a  thin-skinned 
fruit  of  medium  size,  of  light  purplish-green  color  and  of  good 
quality  but  with  a  large  seed,  loose  in  the  cavity ;  the  fruit  has  a 
tendency  to  crack  in  ripening  and  to  soften  rather  quickly.  Other 
thin-skinned  varieties  which  are  being  planted  are  the  Northup, 
which  bears  two  crops  in  a  season,  Carton,  Ganter,  Chappelow,  and 
"White.  For  commercial  planting,  however,  varieties  bearing  the 
larger  hard-shelled  t3T)e  of  fruit  are  preferred.  Among  these  the 
Taft  is  probably  the  favorite  so  far.  Budded  Taft  trees  have  so  far 
not  shown  a  tendency  to  come  into  bearing  as  early  as  some  growers 


1 20  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 

tlesire  although  this  may  not  be  such  a  bad  feature  after  all  if  the 
young  tree  is  enabled  to  bear  larger  crops  in  later  years  on  the 
strong  framework  which  it  formed  during  the  first  four  or  five  years 
of  its  life.  The  Lyon,  Blakeman,  Challenge,  Sharpless,  Meserve,  and 
Miller  are  some  of  the  California  varieties  which  are  being  planted 
out  more  or  less  extensively. 

The  Loquat. 

The  loquat  is  comparatively  speaking,  a  neglected  fruit  in  Cali- 
fornia. With  few  exceptions  the  trees  now  growing  in  this  state 
are  seedlings,  bearing  as  a  rule  small  and  inferior  fruits.  Good 
varieties  that  are  well  suited  to  our  climatic  and  soil  conditions 
have,  however,  been  developed  here  and  introduced  from  abroad. 
There  are  commercial  orchards  in  Santa  Barbara,  Ventura,  San 
Diego,  and  Orange  Counties.  At  Orange  where  the  largest  orchards 
are  to  be  found,  enough  fruit  is  produced  to  warrant  co-operation 
of  the  growers  in  marketing.  In  the  northern  and  central  parts  of 
the  state  there  are  no  commercial  loquat  orchards,  but  one  or  more 
trees  are  to  be  found  in  almost  every  good  home  garden  collection 
of  fruits.  The  lack  of  good  varieties,  the  occasional  failure  of  the 
crop  on  account  of  frost  injury,  and  the  greater  interest  in  better 
known  fruits,  are  the  main  reasons  for  the  lack  of  attention  given 
the  loquat  by  commercial  growers  in  California. 

Loquats  do  well  wherever  the  production  of  lemons  is  successful. 
They  blossom  and  set  fruit  from  October  to  February  and,  while  the 
blossoms  are  fairly  resistant  to  cold,  the  developing  fruit  is  liable 
to  be  injured  by  temperatures  much  below  thirty  degrees  F.  The 
tree  is  not  particular  as  to  soil  requirements.  Although  poor  soils 
and  a  scanty  supply  of  water  will  produce  an  abundant  crop,  and 
the  individual  fruits  may  be  of  good  flavor  and  quality,  they  are 
almost  invariably  small.  Since  size  is  an  important  factor  in  a 
commercial  fruit,  the  fertilization  and  irrigation  are  regulated  so 
as  to  produce  fruit  equal  to  the  market  demand. 

The  loquat  tree  is  very  prolific  and  liable  to  over-bear.  A  com- 
mon practice  in  some  sections  is  to  crowd  the  trees  into  rows  twenty- 
four  feet  apart,  with  the  trees  twelve  feet  apart  in  the  row.  This 
helps  to  dwarf  the  tree  and  to  produce  more  uniform  and  regular 
crops. 

Some  excellent  varieties  have  been  developed  in  California.  The 
best  variety  for  an  early  market  is  the  Early  Red  which  often  ripens 
in  February-.  The  best  mid-season  varieties  are  the  Champagne, 
Thales,  Advance,  and  Victor. 

The  average  price  received  for  the  fruit  during  the  past  few  years 
has  been  about  five  cents  per  pound.  Budded  trees  are  usually  pre- 
cocious and  begin  to  bear  profitably  at  the  age  of  four  or  five  years. 
Trees  ten  years  old  should  produce  from  one  hundred  and  fifty  to 
two  hundred  pounds  of  marketable  fruit. 

The  loquat  tree  is  remarkably  free  from  serious  insect  or  fungous 
pests.     The  pear  blight  often  attacks  the  flower  clusters  and  twigs 


THE  ALMOND.  121 

in  the  spring  of  the  year  but  it  is  only  occasionally  fatal  to  the  tree. 
Birds  often  destroy  quantities  of  the  fruit  during  the  harvesting 
season.  Their  depredations  may  be  prevented  in  small  orchards  by 
bagging  the  clusters  of  fruit  before  the  color  develops. 

The  Persimmon. 

The  kaki  or  Japanese  persimmon  was  introduced  into  California 
about  1S70  and  is  to  be  found  to  a  greater  or  less  extent  in  nearly 
every  county  in  the  state.  The  tree  is  easily  grown,  is  free  from 
serious  diseases  and  insect  pests  and  is  in  most  cases  exceedingly 
prolific.  The  following  reasons  may  be  given  why  it  is  not  more  of 
a  commercial  fruit  in  this  state:  The  general  lack  of  knowledge 
among  consumers  as  to  the  value  of  the  fruit  and  the  proper  condi- 
tion for  eating;  the  failure  of  the  growers  and  marketing  agencies 
to  advertise  the  fruit  and  educate  the  public  as  to  its  use ;  the  grow- 
ers' lack  of  attention  to  the  subjects  of  varieties,  pollination,  natural 
and  artificial  ripening ;  the  failure  of  growers  to  develop  the  indus- 
try in  by-products  such  as  dried  persimmons. 

The  persimmon  tree  thrives  in  nearly  all  sections  of  the  state,  com- 
mercial orchards  being  found  in  Orange.  Los  Angeles,  and  Placer 
Counties,  while  small  plantings  of  a  few  trees  are  very  common  both 
along  the  coast  and  in  the  interior  valleys.  Although  some  nur- 
series propagate  the  trees  by  budding  or  grafting  on  seedlings  of  the 
American  persimmon  tree,  others  import  the  grafted  plants  from 
reputable  firms  in  Japan. 

A  common  practice  is  to  plant  the  trees  along  ditches  and 
streams  where  they  seem  to  thrive  with  little  care.  When  planted  in 
orchard  form  the  trees  are  set  about  twenty  feet  apart,  although 
the  spacing  depends  upon  the  variety. 

The  fruit  is  marketed  either  on  the  coast  or  in  some  of  the  eastern 
cities.  New  York  has  proven  one  of  the  best  markets,  Pittsburg, 
Philadelphia  and  Boston  being  good,  while  the  demand  is  light  in 
the  Middle  West.  Eastern  shipments  proved  unprofitable  during 
the  season  of  1914  and  large  quantities  of  the  fruit  were  sent  to  San 
Francisco,  flooding  that  market  which  resulted  in  reducing  the  price 
to  such  an  extent  that  very  little  profit  was  received  by  the  growers. 
A  better  distributing  system  is  therefore  necessary  if  the  persim- 
mon is  to  become  a  staple  commercial  fruit.  The  usual  price  to  the 
grower  is  about  six  cents  a  pound. 

The  leading  commercial  varieties  are  the  Hachiya,  Tanenashi, 
Hyaknme,  Tsuru,  Yemon  and  Zengi.  The  Tamoan  has  been  fruited 
here  but  is  yet  in  the  experimental  stage. 

THE  ALMOND. 

R.  H.  Taylor,  California. 

The  California  almond  industry  for  a  number  of  years  previous 
to  1910  remained  about  stationary.  Old  orchards  were  constantly 
being  taken  out  in  poorly  chosen  situations  and  new  orchards  being 
planted  in  newer  and  more  promising  localities,  so  that  the  bearing 


122  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  AMEKICAN  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 

acreage  remained  about  the  same.  About  1910  a  new  interest  began 
to  be  aroused.  The  growers  waked  up  and  organized  themselves  into 
the  California  Almond  Growers'  Exchange,  a  co-operative,  non-pro- 
fit-bearing organization,  and  proceeded  to  market  their  crops  them- 
selves rather  than  allowing  all  the  profits  to  go  into  the  hands  of  the 
middleman  as  they  had  done  before.  Prices  to  the  producer  went 
up  and  new  acreages  were  planted  in  increasingly  larger  blocks  from 
year  to  year  until  the  result  is  that  all  the  orchards  now  planted 
come  into  bearing  at  the  usual  time  it  has  been  estimated  that  pro- 
duction will  increase  several  hundred  per  cent  in  the  next  five  years 
over  what  it  was  last  year. 

The  estimates  reported  to  the  office  of  Commissioner  of  Horticul- 
ture by  the  county  commissioners  at  the  close  of  1914  show  that 
there  were  then  15,747  acres  of  bearing  almonds  in  the  State,  and 
13,371  acres  of  non-bearing  trees. 

Many  of  these  trees  figured  as  bearing  have  just  born  a  few  nuts 
for  the  first  time,  so  that  in  reality  tlie  non-bearing  trees  are  greatly 
in  excess  of  those  in  full  bearing.  On  the  commissioners'  basis  of 
740,188  acres  of  all  fruit  trees  of  all  kinds  in  the  State,  the  almonds 
constitute  3.93%  of  the  whole. 

The  largest  acreage  in  any  one  county  is  in  Yolo,  2,250  acres  of 
bearing  and  2,750  acres  of  non-bearing  trees,  a  total  of  5,000  acres 
in  almonds.  Next  in  order  are  Butte  with  1 ,800  bearing,  and  1,000 
acres  non-bearing;  Contra  Costa  with  1,737  acres  bearing  and  850 
acres  non-bearing ;  Riverside  with  818  acres  bearing  and  1,328  acres 
non-bearing;  San  Joaquin  with  1,500  acres  bearing  and  500  acres 
non-bearing  trees,  etc.    Trees  average  seventy-five  per  acre. 

In  general,  the  successful  plantings  are  on  slightly  elevated  lands, 
where  the  soil  is  deep  and  well  drained  without  being  too  loose  and 
open.  These  conditions  are  generally  found  along  the  lower  foot- 
hills on  both  sides  of  our  great  valleys  and  on  the  slightly  higher 
lands  adjacent  to  the  streams  flowing  from  the  mountains.  In  south- 
ern California,  the  Banning  district  in  Riverside  County  at  an  eleva- 
tion of  about  1,900  feet,  is  the  only  one  of  any  importance.  The 
absence  of  real  cold  weather  in  the  winter,  such  as  is  found  at  lower 
elevations,  fails  to  force  the  trees  into  a  sufficiently  dormant  condi- 
tion to  prevent  them  from  blossoming  too  early  in  the  spring.  Even 
when  the  frost  does  not  kill  the  blossoms,  the  weather  conditions 
seem  to  cause  an  excessive  drop  of  blossoms  and  young  fruit.  The 
result  is  that  over  eighty  per  cent  of  all  the  almonds  grown  in  the 
State  are  in  the  great  interior  valleys  of  northern  California  where 
the  trees  are  subjected  to  cold  winter  temperatures  for  some  time. 

The  average  yield  of  almonds  in  this  State  is  approximately  800 
pounds  per  acre.  With  good  care,  this  could  and  should  be  raised  to 
1,000  pounds  for  trees  in  full  bearing.  Not  infrequently  yields  of 
one  ton  per  acre  are  obtained. 

Prices  range  from  eight  cents  to  twenty  cents  per  pound,  depend- 
ing on  variety  and  season.  The  average  price  would  probably  be 
somewhere  around  thirteen  cents  per  pound.  At  these  figures,  gross 
returns  would  rang  from  sixty-five  dollars  to  one  hundred  and  sixty 


THE  ALMOND.  123 

dollars  per  acre  for  average  orchards.  A  man  should  be  able  to 
fi^re  one  hundred  and  thirty  dollars  per  acre.  Cost  of  production 
ranges  from  twenty  dollars  to  fifty  dollars  per  acre,  exclusive  of 
interest  and  taxes,  so  that  net  returns  can  easily  be  figured  where 
land  valuations  and  taxes  are  known. 

The  domestic  crop  is  at  present  protected  by  an  import  duty  of 
four  cents  on  shelled  and  three  cents  on  unshelled  almonds.  These 
figures  are  from  the  recent  Underwood  Tariff,  wliich  reduced  the 
former  rate  two  cents  on  shelled  and  one  cent  on  unshelled  almonds. 

The  almond  is  particular  in  its  requirements  in  most  ways,  yet  at 
the  same  time  will  live  through  considerable  neglect.  It  requires  a 
deep  rich  medium  loam  soil  with  good  drainage.  It  is  especially 
averse  to  standing  water  around  its  roots.  The  loss  of  many  crops, 
and  also  a  great  deal  of  sour  sap,  and  consequent  death  of  the  trees 
in  many  cases,  has  been  directly  traceable  to  this  one  difficulty. 

The  tree  is  the  fii'st  to  commence  growth  in  the  spring  and  the 
last  to  go  dormant  in  the  fall  and  consequently  requires  a  reason- 
able amount  of  moisture  for  a  long  season.  Variation  in  the  mois- 
ture supply  is  undesirable. 

Frost  is  an  important  factor  because  of  early  blossoming  and  loca- 
tions must  be  chosen  with  special  reference  to  this  point. 

Cultivation,  thoroughly  and  continuously  done,  will  well  repay 
the  OMTier  of  any  orchard.  Cover  crops  or  some  means  of  restoring 
humus  to  the  soil  are  equally  important. 

Pruning  consists  in  shaping  the  young  tree  and  thereafter  limiting 
cutting  to  removal  of  watersprouts,  dead  and  interfering  branches. 

Harvesting  is  done  by  knocking  the  nuts  and  hulls  from  the  trees 
by  long  poles  on  to  sheets  spread  under  the  trees.  This  is  done  as 
soon  as  the  hull  splits  open  sufficiently  to  allow  of  easy  hulling  by 
machinery.  If  the  nuts  are  allowed  to  hang  on  the  trees  long  after 
the  hulls  open  the  nuts  turn  so  dark  that  only  very  heavy  bleaching 
will  bring  them  back  to  a  desirable  color  for  market.  It  also  makes 
hulling  harder. 

After  hulling,  the  nuts  are  thoroughly  dried  until  the  meats  will 
break  without  bending,  after  which  they  are  bleached.  This  is  done 
by  first  lightly  spraying  the  nuts  with  water  or  better,  by  steaming 
them  for  a  few  moments  and  then  exposing  them  to  the  fumes  of 
burning  sulphur  for  from  ten  to  thirty  minutes.  If  the  meats  are 
not  thoroughly  dried,  the  sulphur  fumes  will  penetrate  them  and 
hasten  the  development  of  rancidity.  Unbleached  nuts  will  keep 
much  better  than  bleached  nuts. 

Marketing  facilities  are  excellent,  largely  because  over  75  per  cent 
of  the  crop  this  year  is  being  marketed  by  the  California  Almond 
Growers'  Exchange  for  its  members.  The  number  of  members  has 
been  gradually  increasing  until  there  are  now  nearly  900  members. 
As  is  usual  with  most  co-operative  organizations,  the  Almond 
Growers '  Exchange  has  encountered  serious  opposition  from  outside 
interests  and  even  after  five  years,  the  opposition  is  still  strong. 
The  unusual  market  conditions  throughout  the  world  the  past  year 
have  been  hard  on  all  fruit  lines  and  this  condition  has  furnished 


124  TKOCEEDINGS  OF  THE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 

oiDportunity  for  renewed  attacks.  The  growers  are  commencing  to 
learn,  however,  that  they  can  do  no  better  than  to  stay  together,  and 
handle  their  problems  as  a  unit.  The  Exchange  finished  last  season, 
in  much  better  condition  than  it  expected,  and  now  things  look  bet- 
ter for  it  than  ever.  Without  such  an  organization,  the  growers 
would  be  losing  money  fast,  especially  with  the  supply  increasing 
so  rapidly,  and  the  markets  still  undeveloped. 

The  standardization  of  product  that  is  being  brought  about  by 
this  co-operation  is  having  a  good  effect  on  the  wholesale  market. 
Buyers  are  less  afraid  to  purchase  in  larger  quantities  because  they 
are  sure  that  what  they  get  will  be  what  they  ordered.  The  large 
organization  has  a  greater  sense  of  responsibility  than  the  average 
individual  grower,  and  realizes  its  need  for  building  up  a  reputa- 
tion for  uniformity  of  product  and  honesty  in  all  dealings. 

The  almond,  as  other  fruit  trees  is  subject  to  its  quota  of  insect 
pests  and  diseases.  The  Red  Spider  is  one  of  the  most  important 
insect  pests,  of  which  there  are  two  kinds,  the  Brown  Mite,  Bryohia 
pratensvi,  and  the  Yellow  Mite,  Tetranychns  bimaculatus.  Both 
cause  injury  to  the  tree  by  sucking  the  plant  juices  from  the  leaves 
and  bark,  and  both  are  controlled  by  the  use  of  sulphur  in  one  form 
or  another. 

The  brown  mite,  or  clover  mite,  as  it  is  commonly  called,  is  the 
first  one  to  commence  active  operations  and  fortunately  it  is  the 
most  easily  controlled.  Its  entire  life  history  is  lived  on  the  tree. 
The  fall  eggs  are  laid  on  the  under  side  of  the  large  and  small 
branches,  where  they  pass  the  winter.  In  the  spring  they  com- 
mence to  hatch  with  the  first  warm  weather,  and  thereafter  a  num- 
ber of  generations  are  born  successively  through  the  summer. 

This  mite  may  be  easily  and  effectively  controlled  by  spraying 
with  winter  strength  lime-sulphur  solution  under  at  least  180  pounds 
pressure  just  before  the  buds  open  in  the  spring.  This  will  control 
it  effectively  throughout  the  year.  If  winter  spraying  is  not  done, 
the  only  other  thing  to  do  is  to  use  some  sulphur  spray  in  the  sum- 
mer as  soon  as  the  mite  appears.  Lime-sulphur,  one — thirty,  atomic- 
sulphur  or  milled-sulphur  will  be  effective  though  not  nearly  as 
much  so  as  the  winter  spray.  If  facilities  are  not  at  hand  for  a 
thorough  liquid  spraying,  dry  sulphur  may  be  dusted  on  the  trees 
using  the  very  lightest  grade  of  flowers  of  sulphur  obtainable.  It  is 
difficult  to  get  good  results  with  one  application  of  this  so  that  it 
may  be  necesaiy  to  make  as  many  as  four  or  five  applications. 

The  yellow  mite,  or  six-spotted  red  spider,  passes  the  winter  in 
the  ground,  in  rubbish,  etc.,  and  generally  commences  crawling  up 
into  the  trees  about  the  middle  of  May  or  first  of  June,  depending 
on  the  time  the  warm  weather  comes.  Its  later  summer  generations 
are  then  produced  on  the  tree.  This  mite,  unlike  the  Bryohia,  spins 
a  very  fine  web  on  the  upper  surfaces  of  the  leaves  and  on  the 
smaller  branches  and  then  works  underneath.  This  makes  it  much 
more  difficult  to  control  by  means  of  dust  sprays.  Liquid  sprays, 
if  thoroughly  applied  under  high  pressure,  will  control  the  pest  if 
applied  soon  enough.    Spraying  should  be  done  as  soon  as  the  mite 


THE  ALMOND.  125 

first  appears.  Waiting  until  the  leaves  commence  to  turn  yellow  is 
too  late.  It  is  not  long  then  until  the  leaves  drop  from  the  trees. 
This  is  the  same  mite  which  is  so  destructive  in  defoliating  the  plum 
and  prune  before  the  crop  is  harvested  in  many  cases.  Winter 
spraying  is  ineifective  in  most  cases. 

The  stored  almond  is  sometimes  infested  with  a  moth,  the  larva 
of  which  eats  into  the  meats  pretty  badly.  The  infestation  is  worse 
in  poorly  sealed  varieties  like  the  Nonpareil.  Prompt  handling  and 
elimination  of  unnecessary  exposure  will  largely  do  away  with  the 
trouble.    Storage  bins  should  be  thoroughly  cleaned  every  year. 

Of  the  fungous  disease,  the  shot-hole  fungus  is  the  worst  on  the 
leaves  and  fruit.  It  is  only  bad  in  years  of  late  spring  rains  and 
continued  damp  weather  after  the  friiit  has  set.  In  the  past  it  has 
never  been  serious  enough  to  warrant  spraying  regularly,  and  the 
growers  seem  satisfied  to  risk  an  occasional  severe  infestation. 

The  Armillaria,  or  oak  fungus,  is  bad  in  some  sections,  and  is 
gradually  making  holes  in  the  orchards.  There  is  no  remedj''  known 
except  to  dig  out  the  trees  and  isolate  the  infested  area  from  healthy 
trees  by  digging  trenches  outside  of  the  first  row  of  healthy  trees, 
and  cutting  off  all  root  connection  with  the  outside  trees,  or  simply 
pulling  out  a  row  of  healthy  trees  with  as  much  of  the  root  as  pos- 
sible to  prevent  its  spreading  through  them. 

Root  Knot,  or  crown  gall,  caused  by  Bacterium  tumefaciens,  is 
very  troublesome,  causing  the  death  of  many  trees,  both  young  and 
old.  Care  must  be  exercised  in  planting  to  see  that  clean,  healthy 
trees  are  planted  with  no  infestation  on  them.  After  the  knots  have 
developed  the  only  method  of  control  is  to  dig  away  the  dirt  and 
cut  out  the  knots  cleanly  and  paint  over  the  wounds  with  Bordeaux 
paste.    This  is  expensive  and  not  always  satisfactory. 

"Sour-Sap"  and  "Fruit  Drop"  are  the  result  of  unfavorable 
weather  and  moisture  conditions.  Wet  weather  in  the  spring,  fol- 
lowed quickly  by  warm,  sunny  weather,  seems  to  be  the  reason  for 
the  worst  cases.  Sudden  variations  in  moisture  or  temperature  con- 
ditions omitted  in  the  soil  as  nearly  uniform  throughout  the  entire 
growing  season  as  possible. 

The  question  of  varieties  to  plant  is  still  an  unsettled  one.  Prob- 
ably the  Nonpareil,  I.  X.  L.,  Ne  Plus  Ultra  and  Drake  are 
the  most  popular  varieties.  These  are  all  of  California  origin. 
The  first  three,  known  collectively  as  the  Hatch  varieties,  are  by  far 
the  most  popular  and  bring  the  highest  prices,  though  they  are  not 
heavy  bearers.  The  Drake  is  consistently  a  heavy  bearer.  The 
Texas,  Languedoc  and  Peerless  are  also  being  planted  considerably. 
The  Languedoc  is  an  old  French  variety  and  one  of  the  first  to  be 
grown  in  the  State. 

In  planting  orchards,  three  or  four  varieties  are  generally  inter- 
planted  in  order  to  secure  the  benefit  of  cross-pollination.  This  is 
desirable  because  it  also  extends  the  harvesting  season  considerably 
and  lightens  the  work  in  that  busy  season.  It  is  generally  consid- 
ered that  the  early  blooming  varieties  like  the  I.  X.  L.,  Ne  Plus 
Ultra   and   Nonpareil   are   most   in   need   of   such   inter-planting. 


126  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 

either  with  each  other  or  late  blooming  varieties.  Commercial  plant- 
ings at  the  present  are  largely  composed  of  but  seven  or  eight  varie- 
ties, so  it  is  not  difficult  to  choose  varieties  for  planting. 

While  prospects  for  the  future  are  somewhat  doubtful  in  some 
ways,  there  is  every  chance  that  the  industry  will  maintain  its  pro- 
fitable standing  provided  all  the  growers  will  work  together  for  its 
sane  development. 

THE  WALNUT. 

Dr.  L.  D.  Batchelor,  California. 

Persian,  so-called  English,  walnuts  may  have  been  planted  first  in 
California  by  the  Mission  Fathers.  However,  it  was  not  until  after 
the  coming  of  the  first  Americans  that  this  industry  attained  any 
commercial  importance.  The  present  walnut  industry  is  of  com- 
paratively recent  origin  and  owes  its  establishment  to  the  early  ef- 
forts of  Joseph  Sexton  of  Santa  Barbara  and  the  late  Felix  Gillet 
of  Nevada  City.  The  Santa  Barbara  soft  shell  seedlings  and  the 
several  grafted  varieties  of  this  type  all  trace  back  more  or  less 
directly  to  the  efforts  of  Mr.  Sexton.  The  French  varieties,  such  as 
the  Mayette,  Franquette,  etc.,  owe  their  popularity  to  the  tireless 
work  of  the  late  Mr.  Gillet  in  promoting  the  production  of  this  type 
of  walnut.  The  extent  of  the  present  walnut  industry  will  fall 
somewhere  between  45,000  and  50,000  acres  or  about  one  and  one- 
quarter  million  trees. 

An  average  crop  for  the  past  few  years  is  about  twelve  thousand 
tons,  valued  at  three  and  one-half  million  dollars.  The  investment 
in  the  walnut  industry  of  California  represents  about  forty-five 
million  dollars. 

The  walnut  industry  is  centralized  in  the  following  counties  men- 
tioned in  their  order  of  importance :  Orange,  Los  Angeles,  Ventura, 
Santa  Barbara,  San  Joaquin  and  Contra  Costa. 

This  industry  is  almost  universally  a  specialized  crop.  It  is  sel- 
dom one  encounters  the  growing  of  walnuts  as  one  of  two  or  more 
general  farm  crops,  but  on  the  contrary,  nuts  are  the  one  and  only 
crop  produced  by  most  of  the  orchardists  engaged  in  this  industry. 
Success  with  this  crop  depends  on  the  soil  and  climatic  conditions 
and  the  availability  of  irrigation  water.  A  deep,  rich  loam  is  de- 
sirable and  although  good  drainage  is  imperative  to  a  depth  of  six 
or  eight  feet,  irrigation  water  is  necessary  practically  throughout 
California  for  the  best  production  of  walnuts. 

Groves  planted  on  the  light,  sandy  loams  or  soils  underlaid  with 
a  fluctuating  water  table  or  a  hardpan  close  to  the  surface,  say 
within  three  or  four  feet,  are  bound  to  be  short-lived  and  unsatis- 
factory in  the  end. 

Clean  culture  with  the  use  of  a  winter  cover  crop  is  the  most  pre- 
valent type  of  soil  management  practiced  by  the  progressive  grow- 
ers. Such  cover  crops  as  Melilotus  or  sweet  clover,  vetch  and  rye 
are  often  seen.    These  crops  are  usually  planted  immediately  after 


THE  W.UjNUT.  127 

harvest,  the  latter  part  of  September,  and  should  be  nearly  waist- 
liigh  at  the  time  they  are  plowed  under,  during  the  latter  part  of 
March  or  April.  Irrigation  water  is  applied  by  the  furrow  system 
in  the  majority  of  cases,  although  occasionally  a  grove  is  watered 
by  the  basin  method,  where  the  land  is  level  or  where  possibly  a  sod 
is  grown  in  the  grove  throughout  the  year.  Companion  crops  in 
the  bearing  groves  are  seldom  seen,  and  in  fact,  the  young  groves, 
before  they  reach  a  bearing  age,  are  sometimes  handled  with  clean 
cultivation.  As  the  industry  has  grown  older  this  has  seemed  to  be  a 
mistake  and  the  most  progressive  planters  are  now  inter-planting 
the  young  walnut  groves  with  hoed  vegetable  crops,  small  fruits, 
alfalfa,  and  occasionally  apricots  and  peaches.  If  these  inter-crops 
are  properly  handled  the  land  will  commence  making  returns  im- 
mediately after  the  trees  are  planted  without  any  detriment  to  the 
future  walnut  grove. 

It  is  clearly  noticeable  on  every  hand  that  the  older  plantings  of 
walnuts  were  set  too  close  together.  Although  fifty  feet  apart 
seemed  ample  room  for  development,  it  is  very  evident  now  that  a 
distance  of  sixty  feet  is  none  too  much  for  the  larger  growing  varie- 
ties on  the  rich  loam  soils  which  are  best  adapted  for  this  crop.  It 
is  a  matter  of  common  observation  to  see  the  outside  trees  in  a  grove 
produce  considerably  more  than  the  trees  in  the  center.  This  leads 
one  to  believe  that  perhaps  some  of  the  older  plantations  might  pro- 
duce as  many  walnuts  today  with  half  as  many  trees  to  the  acre, 
inter-planted  with  some  vegetable  or  small  fruit  crop. 

The  older  gi'oves  are  composed  entirely  of  seedlings,  most  of 
which  are  of  the  Santa  Barbara  soft  shell  type  and  trace  directly 
or  indirectly  to  the  original  trees  grown  by  Mr.  Sexton  at  Santa 
Barbara.  It  is  only  within  a  comparatively  recent  time,  during  the 
last  ten  to  fifteen  years,  that  the  walnut  has  been  propagated  by 
budding  and  grafting  in  commercial  quantities.  During  this  time, 
a  comparatively  large  number  of  varieties  have  been  introduced  and 
many  of  these  have  been  dropped  by  the  wayside  even  thus  early  in 
the  development  of  the  industry.  At  the  present  time  the  following 
five  varieties  are  being  propagated  to  a  greater  extent  than  all  other 
sorts  combined:  Placentia,  Eureka,  Franquette,  El  Monte,  and 
Prolific. 

In  a  general  way  the  two  first-mentioned  varieties  will  compose 
nearly  seventy  per  cent  of  the  trees  propagated  at  the  present  time 
in  California  nurseries. 

The  grading  and  sale  of  the  California  walnuts  has  developed 
rapidly  during  the  last  decade,  from  the  sale  of  seedling  nuts,  un- 
graded and  unbleached,  as  just  plain  walnuts;  the  grading  has 
gradually  reached  a  stage  where  a  portion  of  the  nuts  are  sold  under 
their  variety  name  and  another  larger  portion  is  disposed  of  after 
being  strictly  graded  according  to  size,  shape,  color  of  the  meat  and 
quality  of  same.  Recently  the  California  Co-operative  Nut-Grow- 
ers' Association  have  introduced  a  one  and  two-pound  carton  and 
will  attempt  to  standardize  the  product  handled  in  this  package  as 
strictly  as  are  breakfast  foods  and  canned  goods  at  the  present  time. 


128  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 

Although  the  walnut  industry  has  not  an  established  reputation 
for  profitableness  which  is  comparable  with  the  citrus  fruits  of  Cali- 
fornia, it  has  nevertheless,  maintained  its  position  as  a  stable,  con- 
servative, permanent  crop  within  this  state.  The  income  per  acre 
for  this  product  will  vary  widely  according  to  variety,  soil  and 
climatic  conditions  as  well  as  the  personal  element  of  the  manage- 
ment.   Such  net  incomes  will  fluctuate  from  $100  to  $200  per  acre. 

The  future  development  of  this  industry  seems  to  be  drifting 
gradually  inland.  Especially  is  this  true  where  the  walnuts  have 
been  planted  on  soil  which  might  have  been  used  for  citrus  culture. 
Whereas  the  inland  valleys  were  formerly  thought  to  be  poorly 
adapted  to  walnut  production  because  of  the  darkening  of  the  meats 
by  the  intense  sunshine,  there  are  several  sections  which  give  promise 
for  development  along  these  lines  with  the  proper  choice  of  varieties 
adapted  to  their  particular  environments. 

The  walnut  industry'  enjoys  one  of  the  most  unique  features  of 
any  fruit  industry  of  the  country,  inasmuch  as  its  product  may  be 
successfully  stored  awaiting  disposal  for  a  period  of  at  least  twelve 
months  if  necessary.  This  has  given  the  industry  a  very  stable 
character  and  has  freed  this  product  from  the  speculative  manipu- 
lations which  are  frequently  found  in  connection  with  the  perish- 
able fruit  products.  It  is  interesting  to  note  that  the  importations 
of  walnuts  into  the  United  States  have  gradually  increased  during 
the  last  ten  years  and  during  this  same  period  the  prices  to  the 
growers  of  California  have  also  gradually  increased.  This  may  be 
taken  as  only  one  of  many  indications  that  the  walnut  is  being 
looked  upon  more  and  more  as  a  stable  food  necessity  by  the  people 
of  this  country. 

From  present  indications  this  industry  is  farther  from  the  dan- 
gers of  over-production  than  almost  any  other  agricultural  or  horti- 
cultural crop  within  the  borders  of  the  state. 

THE  OBAPE. 

Frederic  T.  Bioletti,  California. 

The  vineyard  area  of  California,  comprising  about  1,000  acres  in 
1857,  has  grown  to  about  375,000  acres  in  1915.  It  may  be  roughly 
estimated  to  consist  at  present  of  175,000  acres  of  wine-grapes,  130,- 
000  acres  of  raisin-grapes  and  70,000  acres  of  shipping-grapes.  At 
a  valuation  of  $250  per  acre  this  represents  an  investment  of  nearly 
$100,000,000.  To  this  must  be  added  the  value  of  wineries  and 
packing  houses,  with  their  equipment  for  handling,  grading,  seed- 
ing, packing  and  shipping,  which  is  difificult  to  estimate. 

Grapes  are  produced  in  commercial  quantities  in  forty-five  of  the 
fifty-eight  counties  of  California.  In  most  of  the  remaining  thirteen 
they  are  grown  as  garden  fruit  or  arbor  vines  in  limited  quantities 
for  home  use.  All  the  counties  of  the  great  interior  valleys  from 
Shasta  to  Kern  have  large  vineyards;  the  centers  of  densest  plant- 
ing being  in  Fresno,  Tulare  and  Kings,  and  in  San  Joaquin  and 


THE  GRAPE.  129 

Sacramento  counties.  All  the  coast  counties  from  Mendocino  to 
San  Diego  also  have  commercial  vineyards,  the  densest  planting  be- 
ing in  Napa,  Sonoma,  Santa  Clara  and  Contra  Costa.  All  the  coun- 
ties of  southern  California  have  considerable  vineyard  interests,  the 
largest  being  in  San  Bernardino  county  in  the  San  Gabriel  Valley. 

Of  the  grape-growing  counties,  ninety-three  per  cent  produce 
wine-grapes,  eighty-two  per  cent  shipping-grapes  and  fifty-three  per 
cent  raisin-grapes. 

The  raisins  are  produced  principally  in  the  upper  San  Joaquin 
Valley  in  Fresno,  Tulare  and  Kings  counties.  Other  considerable 
centers  of  production  are  San  Diego,  Los  Angeles,  Madera,  Colusa, 
and  Sutter  counties.  California  produces  about  sixty  per  cent  of 
all  the  raisins  of  the  world,  excluding  Zante  currants.  Nearly  half 
the  world 's  crop  of  raisins  is  produced  within  fifty  miles  of  the  city 
of  Fresno. 

The  shipping  grapes  are  grown  principally  in  the  interior  valleys 
in  the  counties  of  San  Joaquin  and  Sacramento  and  of  Tulare  and 
Fresno.  Other  considerable  centers  of  production  are  Los  Angeles, 
Contra  Costa,  Colusa,  Stanislaus,  Placer  and  Imperial.  Several 
minor  but  important  centers  exist. 

The  wine-grapes  are  more  evenly  distributed  than  either  of  the 
others.  The  areas  of  largest  production  are  San  Joaquin  and  Sacra- 
mento, Napa,  Sonoma  and  Solano,  Fresno  and  Tulare,  Santa  Clara, 
Alameda  and  Contra  Costa,  San  Bernardino  and  Riverside,  with 
important  areas  also  in  Madera,  Stanislaus  and  Merced,  in  Placer, 
in  Tehama,  and  in  Santa  Cruz. 

In  a  general  way  it  may  be  said  that  grapes  for  drv^  wine  are 
grown  in  the  coast  counties  where  the  summer  temperature  is  mod- 
erate and  the  vintage  lat€.  Grapes  for  sweet  wine  are  grown  in  the 
great  interior  valley  where  the  hot  summer  insures  high  sugar  con- 
tents and  low  acidity.  Raisin-grapes  are  grown  in  the  same  region 
where  they  mature  at  a  time  when  several  weeks  of  dry  weather  are 
still  available  for  drying.  Table-grapes  can  be  grown  in  almost  all 
the  viticultural  regions,  but  most  of  them  are  produced  near  certain 
centers.  These  centers  owe  their  pre-eminence  partly  to  natural 
advantages,  such  as  extreme  earliness  as  in  Imperial,  extreme  late- 
ness as  in  Contra  Costa  and  Santa  Cruz  counties ;  and  partly  to  the 
accidents  of  proximity  to  railroads  or  the  first  establishment  of  pack- 
ing houses. 

The  methods  of  grape-growing  in  California  are  practically  those 
of  southern  France  and  Algeria  modified  slightly  b}'  the  more  gen- 
eral use  of  large  implements  and  the  high  price  and  unskilled  nature 
of  most  of  the  labor.  They  differ  markedly  from  those  of  the  eastern 
and  southern  parts  of  the  United  States,  owing  to  the  dry  summers 
which  make  it  possible  to  grow  \dnifera  grapes,  to  omit  much  of  the 
warfare  against  fungous  diseases  which  necessitate  modifications  of 
practice  in  pruning  and  cultivation. 

Practically  all  our  grapes  are  varieties  of  the  so-called  European 
grape,  Vitis  vinifera.  A  few  American  species,  Riparia,  Rupestris 
and  Berlandieri  supply  a  number  of  varieties  and  hybrids  which  are 


130  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 

extensively  used  in  some  sections  as  grafting  stock  resistant  to  the 
Phylloxera.  Lahrusca  varieties,  principally  Pierce  and  Concord, 
constitute  not  more  than  a  few  hundred  acres.  Rotundifolia  is  not 
grown  at  all. 

Each  of  the  great  classes  of  viticulture  depends  partly  on  the  use 
of  varieties  with  special  characteristics,  and  partly  on  special  clim- 
atic conditions. 

The  great  bulk  of  the  raisins  is  made  from  the  {Muscat  of)  Alex- 
andria, the  Sultanina  {Thompson's  Seedless)  and  the  Sultana.  The 
first  produces  large  raisins  of  the  Spanish  type,  the  last  two,  the 
seedless  raisins  known  to  commerce  as  ' '  Sultanas. ' '  No  other  known 
varieties  can  be  substituted  for  these,  though  fair  raisins  are  made 
occasionally  from  a  few  large  grapes  such  as  Malaga  or  Feher 
Szagos.  Currants  or  seedless  raisins  of  the  Zante  or  Greek  type  are 
made  in  small  quantities  from  the  Black  and  White  Corinth  grapes. 

The  business  of  shipping-grapes  deals  with  a  large  number  of 
varieties,  though  three  constitute  by  far  the  greater  part  of  the  east- 
ern or  distant  shipments.  These  are,  in  order  of  importance,  Flame 
Tokay,  Malaga  and  Emperor.  A  few  others,  notably  Cornichon. 
Verdal  and  Black  Morocco,  are  shipped  in  fairly  large  quantities. 
For  Pacific  Coast  markets  the  raisin  Muscat  and  the  Sultanina  are 
used  extensively  and  also,  in  smaller  quantities,  Black  Prince  (Rose 
of  Peru),  Black  Malvoisie,  Black  Ferrara,  Ferrara,  Mission,  Lug- 
lienga.  Golden  Chasselas,  Pizzuetello  and  Pierce,  the  last  our  only 
variety  of  Loirusca  type,  while  a  score  or  more  of  varieties  are  ship- 
ped occasionally,  locally  and  in  small  quantities. 

For  wine,  the  list  of  varieties  used  extensively  would  be  too  long 
to  give.  Zinfandel  is  still  the  chief,  out  of  a  list  of  even  the  im- 
portant names  would  contain  fifty  or  more.  The  total  number  grown 
commercially  would  probably  exceed  a  hundred. 

Among  the  better  varieties  which  have  been  planted  largely  dur- 
ing recent  years,  the  principal  is  the  Petite  Syrah,  Alicante  Bouschet 
and  Palomino  have  also  been  extensively  planted,  but  these  are  little 
better  than  the  Carignane,  Mataro  and  Burger  which  they  tend  to 
replace.  J\Iany  small  vineyards  of  fine  varieties,  such  as  Cabernet 
Sau\4gnon,  Colombar  and  Riesling,  exist  which  in  the  aggregate 
constitute  a  considerable  area. 

Few  new  grapes  have  been  introduced  within  recent  years.  Most 
of  the  European  varieties  were  introduced  and  tested  during  the 
last  two  decades  of  the  Nineteenth  Centur.y.  Those  which  we  now 
grow  have  proved  their  worth  in  actual  practice.  There  has  been 
little  careful  testing  of  varieties  Avith  the  exception  of  wine-grapes, 
which  in  part  accounts  for  the  much  larger  number  of  this  group 
of  varieties  which  are  actually  grown. 

For  raisin-grapes  it  seems  hopeless  to  look  for  anything  better 
than  our  Muscat  of  Alexandria  and  our  Sultanina.  Perhaps  by 
selection  the  setting  of  the  former  might  be  improved.  The  Huasco 
is  a  strain  showing  this  improvement.  Attempts  are  being  made  to 
increase  the  size  of  the  Sultanina  by  selection,  but  so  far  without 
very  definite  results. 


*'-.^Jfk; 


TYl'ICAL    KRIHT    OF   THE    ^[AXGO    RACE,    SIIOWIXG    THE    CII AKACTEUISTIC 
PX)K^[.      COMMON    TIIROrGIlOFT   THE   ISI>ANDS 


A  FPailT  OF   MANCiO   CIIIXO   WKKI 1 1 1 M I    1  ()  i  )Z.    Fl.'OM   TIIF  (^I'lXTA  AVILES, 
CIFNFrFOOS.      ONE  OF  THE   LAlUiEST   CTBAN   TYPES. 


THE  GRAPE.  131 

The  introduction  of  new  varieties  of  table  and  shipping-grapes  is 
more  promising.  Persian  23  is  an  earlier  and  more  highly  colored 
grapes  than  the  Malaga  and  may  be  useful  in  the  Imperial  region. 
A  red  grape  for  the  hotter  regions,  where  the  Tokay  fails  to  color, 
may  be  found  in  the  Flame  Muscat  or  the  Maraville  dc  Malaga.  The 
Battier  de  Beiruth  is  earlier,  larger  and  of  better  quality  than  the 
Malga  and  gives  promise  of  being  useful  in  the  Malaga  sections  of 
the  San  Joaquin  Valley.  It  appears,  however,  to  be  too  much  sub- 
ject to  coulure*  and  abortive  berries. 

The  crop  of  raisins  for  1914  was  about  182,000,000  pounds,  valued 
at  about  $10,000,000.  The  %vine  produced  about  44,000,000  gallons, 
consisting  of  26,000,000  gallons  of  dry  wine  and  18,000,000  gallons 
of  sweet.  The  value,  together  with  that  of  the  7,000,000  gallons  of 
brandj"^  made,  totalled  about  $15,000,000.  The  table-grapes  shipped 
amounted  to  8,773  carloads,  bringing  about  $4,000,000  to  the  grow- 
ers. The  total  value  of  the  grape  crop  to  the  growers  of  wine,  table 
and  raisin-grapes,  including  the  manufacturers  of  wine,  but  exclud- 
ing all  packing  or  transportation  values,  was  roughly  $29,000,000. 
The  great  bulk  of  the  crop  of  all  kinds  is  consumed  in  the  United 
States. 

The  manufacture  of  by-products  is  on  a  very  small  scale.  The 
production  of  grape-juice,  vinegar  and  cream  of  tartar  utilize  but 
an  infinitesimal  portion  of  the  crop. 

On  the  whole  the  production  of  grapes  ha,s  been  perhaps  a  little 
more  profitable  than  that  of  most  other  fruits.  The  best  vineyards 
in  the  most  favorable  years  return  profits  as  high  as  any  orchards. 
Poor  vineyards  are  unprofitable.  That  the  vineyards  as  a  whole 
have  been  profitable  is  proved  by  their  steady  and  rapid  increase 
during  the  last  fifteen  years.  The  average  profit  from  a  vineyard 
may  be  estimated  to  be  from  thirty  dollars  to  forty  dollars  per  acre, 
though  the  variations  are  very  great,  especially  in  the  case  of  table- 
grapes. 

This  profit  is  calculated  aside  from  the  labor  of  the  owner,  which 
makes  it  possible  to  support  a  family  on  fifteen  or  twenty  acres  of 
vineyard. 

The  further  development  of  the  industry  is  hard  to  foresee.  The 
extension  of  Prohibition  discourages  the  planting  of  all  kinds  of 
grapes,  as  the  discontinuance  of  wine-making  would  automatically 
much  increase  the  output  of  table  and  raisin-grapes  without  new 
plantings.  At  present  the  most  extensive  plantings  are  of  Sul- 
tanina. 

The  mast  notable  facts  regarding  the  industry  during  the  last 
year  are  the  continued  success  of  the  Raisin  Growers '  Association ; 
the  changes  in  the  Internal  Revenue  laws  due  to  higher  tax  rates, 
which  have  introduced  much  uncertainty  into  the  operations  of  the 
producers  of  sweet  wines ;  and  the  attempts  being  made  to  standard- 
ize the  quality  of  shipping-grapes  and  to  prevent  the  shipping  of 
unripe  or  othei-wise  inferior  fruit. 


•Dropping  of  fruit. 


132  PROCEEDINGS  OP  THE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 

A  SYMPOSIUM  ON  OREGON  POMOLOGY. 

Professor  C.  I.  Lewis,  Leader. 

As  far  as  statistics  are  concerned  I  will  refer  you  to  the  census 
figures,  which  you  can  get  from  the  United  States  Census  Bureau 
at  Washington.  For  a  general  history,  I  refer  you  to  the  State  De- 
partment of  Horticulture,  where  they  have  a  lot  of  literature  for 
free  distribution.  For  our  booster  literature,  I  refer  you  to  our 
commercial  clubs,  which  will  be  glad  to  furnish  you  with  some  ex- 
cellent booklets. 

We  have  thought  that  the  best  way  to  treat  this  subject  is  to  eon- 
fine  ourselves  to  certain  problems.  I  have  picked  out  those  having 
national  interest,  rather  than  those  with  only  Pacific  Coast  interest. 

Professor  Gardner  will  discuss  the  subject  of  pruning,  having 
thirty -five  hundred  trees  under  observation.  Professor  Allen  will 
talk  to  you  on  cover  crops  and  shadow  crops,  and  so  forth,  while 
Professor  Reimer  will  devote  himself  to  pears.  My  own  subject  is 
that  of 

OECHARD  ECONOMICS.* 

Four  or  five  years  ago  we  were  getting  bonanza  prices,  three,  four 
and  even  five  dollars  for  apples  in  boxes  and  in  carload  lots.  At  the 
time  we  were  growing  apples  at  five  dollars  a  box,  we  got  extrava- 
gant, and  we  are  trying  to  use  the  same  methods  now  while  our  re- 
turns are  one  dollar  a  box.  They  will  not  work  together.  A  sum- 
mary of  the  results  of  our  study  is  herewith  offered : 

For  the  past  four  years  the  Division  of  Horticulture  has  been 
conducting  investigations  dealing  with  the  cost  of  fruit  production 
in  the  Pacific  Northwest.  The  investigations  have  been  conducted 
on  a  broad  scale,  including  the  states  of  Oregon,  Washington,  Idaho 
and  the  Province  of  British  Columbia,  and  have  entailed  the  study 
of  a  thousand  orchards. 

All  figures  are  taken  from  farms  which  have  at  least  two-thirds  of 
their  entire  acreage  devoted  to  orchards  and  at  least  two-thirds  of 
this  orchard  devoted  to  apples. 

The  aim  of  the  bulletin  is  to  give  average  costs  of  production 
which  will  serve  as  an  aid  to  those  orchardists  attempting  to  lower 
their  production  costs  and  which  will  indicate  what  expenses  may 
be  included  under  the  various  heads  of  Growing,  Handling,  Over- 
head and  Selling. 

The  average  cast  of  clearing  land  and  planting  to  apples  in  the 
northwest  amounts  to  about  $112.82  an  acre. 

The  average  cost  of  maintenance  and  development  of  the  young 
orchard  is  as  follows: 

Ochards  two  to  three  years  of  age  $62.72  an  acre. 

Orchards  four  to  five  years  of  age  $60.36  an  acre. 

Orchards  six  to  seven  years  of  age — less  receipts — $52.87  an  acre. 

♦Very  full  details  of  the  investigations   summarized  here  are  reported  in  bulletin 
132  of  tlie  Oregon  Experiment  Station. 


A  SYMPOSIUM  OF  OREGON  POMOIX)GY.  133 

A  study  of  costs  of  production  according  to  horse  units  reveals 
the  fact  that  the  average  fruit  ranch  maintains  too  many  horses  for 
economical  management. 

The  figures  found  on  Costs  of  Production  of  Apples  show  con- 
clusively that  it  is  much  cheaper  to  produce  apples  on  the  larger 
units  than  on  the  smaller  units,  and  that  those  growers  who  are  de- 
pending upon  five  or  ten  acres  of  apples  should  either  enlarge  their 
orchards  or  combine  with  apple  production  some  other  agricultural 
activities. 

Our  figures  seem  to  indicate  that,  given  a  large  number  of  orch- 
ards, it  would  be  possible  to  plot  a  curve  which  would  show  strong 
regular  fluctuations  of  higher  and  lower  costs  according  to  the  ap- 
proximation to  the  local  economical  unit,  and  a  progressive  lower 
cost  according  to  increase  in  acreage.  There  would  be,  then,  certain 
combinations  of  acreage  which  would  mean  low  production  costs, 
and  certain  combinations  which  would  mean  high  production  costs. 

The  average  costs  of  production  of  apples  in  orchards  six  to  nine 
years  old  with  an  average  yield  of  120  bushels,  on  an  acreage  basis, 
were:  Maintenance,  $30.71;  Overhead,  $57.03;  Handling,  $53.18; 
a  total  of  $140.92. 

The  average  cost  of  each  box  under  the  same  conditions  were: 
Maintenance,  $0.2564;  Overhead,  $0.4776;  Handling,  $0.4463;  a 
total  of  $1.1803. 

The  average  costs  of  production  of  apples  in  orchards  ten  to  eigh- 
teen years  old  with  an  average  yield  of  233  boxes  to  the  acre,  on  an 
acreage  basis,  were :  Maintenance,  $40.75 ;  Overhead,  $110.76 ; 
Handling,  $68.99 ;  a  total  of  $220.50. 

The  average  cost  for  each  box  under  these  conditions  were  :  Main- 
tenance, $0.1782 ;  Overhead,  $0.4737 ;  Handling,  $0.3030 ;  a  total  of 
$0.9549. 

To  make  a  success  of  apples,  the  orchardist  must  choose  varieties 
with  which  he  can  excel. 

It  is  doubtful  if  the  Northwest  as  a  whole  should  be  producing 
more  than  a  dozen  varieties  of  apples,  and  each  locality  should  only 
be  producing  the  particular  few  varieties  that  are  best  suited  to  the 
local  conditions,  probably  not  more  than  three  or  four  at  the  most. 

The  average  orchardist  studies  his  problems  from  the  point  of 
\aew  of  the  whole  orchard  or  large  blocks  of  trees  in  the  orchard, 
whereas  he  should  study  the  problems  more  as  they  are  related  to 
each  individual  tree  and  small  blocks  of  orchards. 

The  problem  is  to  find  out  what  trees  are  unprofitable  and  to  de- 
termine why  this  condition  is  true. 

We  believe  that  the  best  opportunities  to  diversify  the  apple 
farm — especially  where  lands  are  high  priced  and  where  there  is  an 
overhead  cost,  taxes  and  interest  on  investment,  of  from  $30  to  $50 
an  acre — is  by  the  growing  of  more  than  one  kind  of  fruit.  We 
doubt  if  there  are  many  types  of  farming  other  than  fruit  growing 
that  will  pay  as  good  a  dividend  on  an  investment  of  over  $500  an 
acre. 

Regardless  of  location,  soil  or  climatic  conditions,  where  fruit  is 


134  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 

raised  there  is  no  doubt  that  the  fruit-grower  should  under  all  cir- 
cumstances have  a  good  garden;  should  raise  enough  pork  for  his 
own  use ;  should  keep  a  family  flock  of  chickens  and  a  good  cow.  He 
should  also  endeavor  to  raise  all  feed  necessary  to  maintain  all  stock 
on  the  ranch. 

Under  proper  conditions  a  number  of  growers  are  handling  forage 
crops  to  advantage,  where  the  crop  is  fed  to  live  stock  on  the  place. 
When  grown  strictly  as  a  hay  crop  in  the  orchard,  it  is  very  difficult 
to  make  much  profit  from  the  crop,  as  the  increased  cost  of  produc- 
ing hay  under  such  conditions  leaves  the  margin  of  profit  extremely 
narrow. 

If  it  becomes  necessary  to  hire  labor  for  all  the  work  in  raising 
truck  and  garden  crops  in  the  orchard,  it  will  be  only  in  exceptional 
cases  that  profits  can  be  realized. 

Where  irrigation  is  practiced,  probably  one  of  the  most  successful 
crops  grown  among  trees  in  the  Northwest  is  the  strawberry. 

Potatoes  as  an  inter-crop  have  been  tried  by  a  number  of  orchard- 
ists  with  varying  success. 

Where  climatic  and  soil  conditions  favor  cheap  and  abundant  pas- 
turage and  where  most  of  the  concentrates  necessary  may  be  raised 
on  the  farm  or  obtained  at  a  reasonable  price,  hogs  have  proved  a 
profitable  investment  with  orcharding. 

The  only  opportunity  for  the  orchardist  in  the  Northwest  to  make 
a  profit  from  dairying  in  conjunction  with  his  orchard,  is  by  having 
a  superior  herd — better  than  the  average — and  by  producing  on  the 
ranch  the  major  portion  of  the  feed  consumed. 

There  is  perhaps  no  cue  orchard  operation  which  will  probably 
allow  more  economy  than  that  of  tillage. 

The  greatest  loss  from  the  use  of  fertilizers  and  manures  comes 
from  the  tendency  of  many  growers  to  buy  mixed  fertilizers. 

Perhaps  the  greatest  loss  in  pruning  comes  from  a  lack  of  knowl- 
edge of  fundamental  principles  of  pruning,  and  of  the  application 
of  these  principles  to  the  orchard  and  to  individual  trees. 

Large  sums  of  money  are  lost  in  improper  spraying. 

Lack  of  facilities  for  scientific  handling  of  the  crop  often  causes 
a  loss. 

Unskillful  organization  and  handling  of  labor  is  responsible  for 
the  loss  of  much  money. 

One  of  the  greatest  drawbacks  in  the  past  has  been  the  absolute 
independence  of  the  selling  agencies. 

Not  enough  attention  has  been  given  to  the  relation  of  the  size  of 
crop,  the  general  market  conditions  of  any  one  period,  and  the  pro- 
portion and  amount  of  fruit  that  is  held  in  storage. 

We  strongly  urge  the  establishment  of  a  Bureau  of  Statistics  and 
a  Protective  Fruit  League. 

The  causes  of  a  large  percentage  of  low-grade  and  cull  apples  are 
choice  of  wrong  varieties,  too  many  unprofitable  trees,  poor  man- 
agement, and  unfavorable  climatic  conditions. 

We  have  three  possibilities  in  handling  low-grade  apples :  (1)  re- 
duce the  amount  of  this  fruit  to  the  minimum ;  (2)  handle  this  class 


COXSTDERATION   OF  THE  QUESTION  OF  "BULK"   PRUNING.         135 

of  fruit  in  u  cheaper  package;  (3)  manufacture  these  apples  into 
fruit  by-products. 

The  general  apple  situation  would  indicate  that  to  make  a  profit 
from  the  industry-  at  present  prices  an  economical  unit  must  be 
chosen  and  the  investment  kept  down  to  a  reasonable  figure  so  that 
the  overhead  charges  are  not  excessive ;  soil  and  climatic  condition! 
must  be  favorable ;  proper  varieties  must  be  grown  and  skillful  man- 
agement given. 

A  CONSIDEEATION  OF  THE  QUESTION  OF  "BULK"  PRUNINQ. 

V.  R.  Gardner. 
Introduction. 

Any  one  who  has  had  occasion  to  make  a  somewhat  careful  survey 
of  the  literature  pertaining  to  pruning  fruit  trees  realizes  the  im- 
probability, if  not  almost  the  impossibility,  of  advancing  an  entirely 
new  idea  on  the  subject.  It  has  been  discussed  so  often  that  some- 
thing has  been  said  on  almost  every  phase  of  the  question.  Further- 
more, the  literature  on  pruning  shows  that  there  is  hardly  any  prac- 
tice followed,  or  any  theory  held,  about  which  there  are  not  opposite 
views.  It  may  almost  be  said  that  the  literature  of  pruning  is  very 
largely  a  record  of  opinions  formed,  of  views  held,  rather  than  a 
record  of  facts  ascertained  and  principles  established.  What  is 
needed  in  a  difficult  field,  like  that  of  pruning,  is  first  the  collection 
of  a  large  body  of  facts — facts  that  are  presented  just  cis  they  are 
found,  uncolored  by  any  opinions  or  theories  regarding  their  ex- 
planation. Once  in  possession  of  such  a  large  body  of  facts  it  should 
be  possible  carefully  to  analyze  and  interpret  them.  Perhaps  it  is  toQ 
much  to  expect  that  we  may  learn  all  that  they  have  to  teach,  but 
certainly  there  should  be  a  few  lessons  that  we  can  draw  from  theuL 
Fortunately  we  are  not  entirely  without  data  regarding  certain 
pruning  operations.  The  difficulty  has  been  that  in  too  many  cases 
the  amount  available  has  been  too  small  to  warrant  the  conclusions 
that  have  been  reached.  Sometimes,  too,  a  large  amount  of  evidence 
has  led  to  erroneous  conclusions  because  considered  from  unfortun- 
ate points  of  view,  or  because  closely  related  facts  have  not  been 
taken  into  consideration.  Viewpoint  is  often  as  important  to  a  cor- 
rect interpretation  of  evidence  as  is  the  accumulation  of  additional 
data  that  bear  on  the  question. 

It  is  not  tlie  intention  in  this  paper  to  present  a  large  body  of  new 
data.  Time  is  not  available  for  a  detailed  presentation  of  all  the 
e\'idence,  nor  is  it  necessarv-  in  tliis  instance.  The  illustrations  cited 
are  simply  representative  of  examples  that  without  doubt  the  reader 
has  seen  duplicated  in  many  orchards  in  many  parts  of  the  country. 
In  other  words,  the  full  body  of  facts  here  called  in  evidence  in- 
cludes the  observations  and  experience  of  many  fruit-growers  and 
investigators.  The  object  of  the  paper  is  rather  to  suggest  a  point 
of  view  for  a  consideration  of  this  evidence.    It  is  not  claimed  that 


136  PROCEEDINGS  OP  THE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL.  SOCIETY. 

it  is  a  new  point  of  view,  but  it  is  one  that  without  doubt  is  given 
too  little  consideration  by  those  directing,  or  engaged  in,  pruning 
our  orchard  trees. 

Pruning  Considered  as  an  Operation  Affecting  the 
Tree  as  a  Whole. 

In  pruning  practice  and  in  the  consideration  of  pruning  prob- 
lems, outside  of  those  dealing  with  the  healing  of  wounds,  most 
people  look  upon  pruning  as  something  directly  affecting  the  tree  as 
a  whole.  We  speak  of  pruning  this  tree  heavily  and  that  one  light- 
ly ;  of  heading-back  one  and  thinning-out  another ;  of  winter-prun- 
ing in  one  instance,  and  summer-pruning  in  another.  We  say  that 
a  certain  tree  that  has  been  neglected  for  a  number  of  years  requires 
a  heavy  pruning  to  bring  it  back  to  a  vigorous  productive  condition. 
Such  a  statement  is  made,  regardless  of  the  fact  that,  while  possibly 
certain  parts  of  the  tree  should  be  pruned  heavily,  certain  other 
parts  should  be  pruned  lightly,  if  at  all.  Taking  it  for  granted 
that  heavy  pruning  is  synonomous  with  large  cuts  and  much  brush 
left  on  the  ground,  we  proceed  to  do  rather  heroic  work.  If  a  tree 
thus  pruned  fails  to  attain  quickly  the  vigorous  productive  condi- 
tion we  have  in  mind  as  an  ideal,  we  wonder  why  the  result  has  not 
been  satisfactory,  especially  when  general  opinion  seemed  to  be  that 
heavy  pruning  was  required.  On  the  other  hand,  when  it  is  decided 
that  another  tree  requires  only  a  light  pruning,  we  proceed  to  take 
out  only  a  very  few  branches,  and  consider  it  fortunate  that  so  little 
work  is  required.  If  such  a  pruning  is  attended  by  some  of  the  re- 
sults usually  accompanying  a  heavy  pruning  again  we  wonder  why. 
These  statements,  which  will  be  recognized  as  based  upon  very  gen- 
eral experience,  serve  to  illustrate  the  fact  that  pruning  is  looked 
upon  as  a  kind  of  hulk  problem — as  something  which  is  decided 
upon  for  the  tree  as  a  whole,  done  to  the  tree  as  a  whole,  and  to 
which  the  tree  as  a  whole  responds.  It  is  some  of  the  negative  evi- 
dence on  this  question  with  which  this  paper  is  mainly  concerned. 

Evidence  That  Pruning  Does  Not  Directly  Affect  the  Tree 
AS  A  Whole,  But  Rather  Parts  of  the  Tree. 

Evidence  from,  the  Results  Following  '^Dehorning"  —  Everyone 
who  has  had  much  experience  in  pruning  fruit  trees,  and  many 
who  have  been  simply  casual  observers,  have  seen  trees  that  have 
been  more  or  less  severely  cut  back  or  "dehorned,"  as  it  is  called 
when  the  cutting  back  has  been  very  heavy.  In  fact,  this  is  the 
kind  of  pruning  with  which  some  people  are  best  acquainted.  The 
type  of  growth  that  almost  invariably  follows  such  pruning  is  well 
known.  If  the  dehorning  has  been  done  in  winter  or  early  spring, 
numerous  comparatively  upright  shoots  will  be  produced  during  the 
following  summer.  The  usual  practice  is  to  thin  out  these  shoots 
and  head-back  those  that  are  left,  the  idea  being  to  develop  as  quick- 


CONSIDERATION  OF  THE  QUESTION  OF  "bULK"  PRUNING.         137 

ly  as  possible  new  fruiting  branches.  Thus  is  the  tree  reinvigor- 
ated — ' '  rejuvenated. ' '  So  well  is  this  procedure  understood  that  we 
regard  as  praeticall}^  settled  the  questions  as  to  when  and  how  to  re- 
juvenate our  trees.  We  assume  that  the  tree  as  a  whole  responds  to 
the  treatment  given  and  there  the  matter  rests.  But  does  the  tree 
as  a  whole  respond  ?  And  is  the  whole  matter  to  be  thus  summarily- 
dismissed?  Even  a  cursory  examination  of  a  tree  that  has  been  re- 
cently dehorned  shows  that  only  a  part  of  the  tree  has  responded. 
Because  it  happens  to  be  the  part  upon  which  we  have,  through 
habit,  come  to  focus  our  attention,  makes  it  none  the  less  a  part,  and 
not  the  whole  tree.  Undisturbed  branches  in  the  lower  part  of  the 
dehorned  tree  usually  continue  to  grow  in  the  ordinary  way.  As  a 
rule  their  spurs  bear  flowers  and  fruit  no  more  regularly  and  yield 
a  product  of  no  better  grade  than  before.  Their  older  spurs  and 
smaller  fruiting  branches  are  nearly  as  prone  as  ever  to  become 
gradually  weaker  and  die.  Apparently  neither  as  whole  branches 
nor  in  their  separate  parts  have  these  branches  in  the  lower  part 
of  the  tree  been  accelerated  or  retarded  in  growth.  The  chances  are 
that  they  have  not  even  produced  watersprouts,  such  as  have  de- 
veloped so  abundantly  on  the  dehorned  branches  above  them.  In 
other  words,  there  is  an  important  portion  of  the  tree,  often  its  most 
important  portion,  that  has  apparently  not  been  affected  by  the  de- 
horning, either  for  better  or  for  worse.  Though  the  tree  as  a  whole 
has  been  pruned  heavily,  a  large  part  of  the  tree  has  not  felt  the 
influence  of  the  pruning.  Dehorning  has  not  rejuvenated  the  whole 
tree;  it  has  resulted  merely  in  the  production  of  new  wood  to  re- 
place a  portion  of  the  old  top. 

Evidence  from  Results  Following  Partial  ^'Dehorning"  —  Even, 
more  striking  evidence  on  this  question  of  the  distance  to  which  the 
influence  of  pruning  extends  is  furnished  by  trees  that  have  been 
partially  dehorned,  i.  e.,  have  had  a  portion  of  their  branches  cut 
back  very  severely  and  other  branches  of  equal  size  and  that  reached 
to  an  equal  height  left  untouched.  In  such  instances  what  we  have 
come  to  regard  as  the  characteristic  results  of  dehorning  usually  are 
limited  almost  entirely  to  the  branches  that  have  been  cut  back. 
These  branches  give  rise  to  watersprouts  in  abundance,  but  the  un- 
pruned  branch  continues  to  grow  and  function  as  though  nothing 
had  been  done  to  upset  the  normal  course  of  events  in  the  tree.  The 
case  presented  is  that  of  a  single  branch,  or  several  branches,  imme- 
diately surrounded  by  the  effects  of  a  particular  type  of  pruning 
and  yet  neither  having  received  a  stimulus  from  the  pruning  itself 
or  an  influence  from  the  new  vegetative  growth  resulting  from  it. 
So  far  as  results  are  concerned,  they  may  be  compared  with  those 
following  the  occurrence  of  a  frost  in  some  region.  Because  of 
elevation  or  location  killing  temperatures  are  not  reached  and  vege- 
tation is  not  injured  in  a  particular  orchard,  even  though  neighbor- 
ing orchards  possessing  the  same  kind  of  soil,  containing  the  same 
varieties,  swept  by  the  same  prevailing  winds,  and  falling  within 
the  same  general  storm  areas,  may  have  their  new  growth  entirely 
destroyed.    Another  particular  orchard  receives  no  benefit  from  a 


138  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL.  SOCIETY. 

rain  coming  at  a  critical  time,  if  just  before  reaching  the  orchard 
the  path  of  the  storm  is  turned  in  another  direction  by  a  momen- 
tary shift  in  the  air  currents.  Similarly  a  particular  limb  is  ap- 
parently little  benefited  or  injured  by  the  pruning  shears  or  saw 
that  greatly  injures  or  benefits,  or  even  entirely  removes,  the  sur- 
rounding or  neighboring  limbs.  All  have  seen  examples  of  the 
point  that  is  made  here  in  old  trees  of  one  species  or  another  that 
were  being  top-worked,  where  the  top-working  was  being  distributed 
over  a  period  of  several  years.  The  hea\y  pruning  that  such  trees 
receive,  incident  to  the  top-working  process,  usually  is  not  reflected 
to  any  appreciable  extent  in  a  changed  manner  of  growth  on  the 
part  of  the  ungrafted  limbs.  On  the  contrary  the  influence  of  the 
heavy  pruning  is  apparently  mainly  limited  to  an  area  close  to  the 
point  of  insertion  of  the  cions.  This  seems  to  be  true  not  only  for 
the  first  season,  but  for  as  long  as  the  tree  remains  in  a  partially 
top-worked  condition. 

Evidence  from  the  Type  of  Pruning  That  Entirely  Removes  a 
Few  Large  Limbs  —  If  there  is  a  type  of  pruning  that  lies  at  the  op- 
posite extreme  from  the  cutting-back  to  stubs  of  a  number  of  large 
limbs  for  purposes  of  grafting  and  at  the  same  time  leaving  one  or 
more  large  limbs  uninjured  to  help  temporarily  to  maintain  a  bal- 
ance between  top  and  root,  it  probably  consists  in  the  entire  removal 
of  one  or  more  comparatively  large  limbs,  the  majority  of  the  limbs 
being  left  unpruned.  This  may  be  considered  a  kind  of  hulk  thin- 
ning. In  a  way  it  is  the  converse  of  the  hulk  heading-back  practiced 
in  dehorning.  Few  will  fail  to  recognize  it  as  a  type  of  pruning 
commonly  employed  by  many  fruit-growers.  It  at  least  possesses 
the  advantage  of  requiring  little  labor.  At  first  thought  one  might 
imagine  that  if  hulk  heading-back  influences  only  certain  parts  of 
the  tree  and  not  the  tree  as  a  whole,  certainly  hulk  thinning-out 
should  operate  in  an  opposite  manner.  However,  let  us  see  whether 
or  not  it  does.  When  a  single  large  limb  is  removed  from  almost 
any  part  of  a  tree,  watersprouts  develop  to  take  its  place,  and  the 
rest  of  the  tree  top  continues  to  grow  much  as  though  no  pruning 
had  been  given.  Attention  is  again  called  to  the  point  of  origin  of 
these  watersprouts.  They  spring,  in  the  main,  not  from  limbs  far 
removed  from  the  pruning  wound,  but  close  to  where  the  cut  was 
made.  There  is  an  unmistakable  response  to  the  bulk  thinning,  but 
that  response  is  evident  within  a  very  limited  area.  The  tree  as  a 
whole  does  not  show  it. 

Those  who  have  intentionally  or  unintentionally  permitted  a 
leader  to  develop  for  a  number  of  years  and  form  close-centered 
trees  and  have  then  tried  to  train  them  as  open-centered  or  vase- 
shaped  trees  can  furnish  abundant  evidence  on  the  question  under 
discussion.  The  removal  of  the  central  leader  from  trees  of  this 
kind  (bulk  heading-back  or  bulk  thinning-out,  depending  upon  the 
form  of  the  tree  and  where  the  cut  is  made),  is  almost  always  fol- 
lowed by  the  production  of  a  number  of  watersprouts  that  attempt 
to  take  its  place.  The  subsequent  removal  of  these  watersprouts  is 
followed  by  the  production  of  still  other  watersprouts,  nearly  al- 


CONSIDERATION  OF  THE  QUESTION  OF  "bULK"  PRUNING.         139 

ways  springing  from  points  near  the  wound  left  by  the  removal  of 
the  leader.  On  the  other  hand,  the  unpruned  branches  of  the  tree 
seem  to  be  little  influenced  by  the  cutting  out  of  the  leader. 

What  has  just  been  said  regarding  the  bulk  pruning  of  old  trees 
apparently  holds  true  for  younger  trees,  though  perhaps  to  not  quite 
the  same  degree.  When  trees  that  have  not  yet  reached  bearing  age, 
or  that  are  just  coming  into  bearing,  have  one  of  their  larger  limbs 
entirely  removed  in  order  to  train  them  to  a  desired  shape,  new 
shoots  usually'  start  to  take  the  places  of  the  limbs  that  have  been 
cut  out.  Those  who  have  had  any  considerable  experience  in  at- 
tempting to  develop  open-centered  Yellow  Newtown  apples  or  Bart- 
lett  or  Anjou  pears,  or  close-centered  Mcintosh  apples  or  Winter 
Nelis  pears,  know  how  difficult  it  is  to  keep  shoots  and  limbs  from 
growing  up  in  the  center  in  the  first  instance,  and  from  spreading 
out  and  even  growing  down  in  the  second  by  simply  cutting  them 
out  or  off;  and  what  is  of  equal  or  greater  importance,  make  the 
other  shoots  and  limbs  of  these  same  trees  spread  out  or  grow  up- 
right, as  the  case  may  be,  and  thus  profit  by  the  food  materials  that 
it  is  desired  to  divert  from  the  closely  pruned  parts.  In  fact,  so  per- 
sistent are  the  watersprouts  in  attempting  to  replace  removed  limbs, 
that  many  careful  growers  are  coming  to  realize  that  the  easiest  way 
to  develop  an  open-centered  tree  is  not  to  cut  out  all  of  the  growth 
in  the  center,  but  rather  to  simply  suppress  it  by  pruning  it  a  little 
more  severely  than  the  surrounding  branches  that  are  desired  to 
form  the  main  framework  of  the  tree.  Even  then  it  is  to  be  doubted 
if  the  normal  growth  of  the  remaining  branches  is  materially 
changed.  Similarly,  when  young  trees  are  lightly,  or  even  heavily, 
headed-back  new  shoots  are  sent  out,  but  mainly  from  points  where 
some  of  them  can  easily  replace  the  portion  removed.  It  is  not  usual 
for  distant  portions  of  the  tree  to  show  a  clear  cut  response  to  the 
pruning. 

It  may  be  argued  that  when  the  thinning-out  and  heading-back 
that  are  usually  afforded  very  young  trees  is  practiced,  the  tree  as 
a  whole  responds  to  the  treatment — sometimes  nearly  every  bud 
starting  to  vegetate.  Without  doubt  such  trees  are  influenced  as  a 
whole  by  the  pnining  given  them,  but  it  must  be  remembered  that 
every  part  of  such  trees  is  pruned ;  and  that  probably  the  tree  is  in- 
fluenced as  a  whole  only  because  each  pari  is  separately  and  dis- 
tinctly influenced. 

Evidence  from  Spur  Pruning  —  Also  bearing  on  this  same  ques- 
tion are  the  results  that  are  obtained  from  what  might  be  termed 
' '  spur  pruning. ' '  As  they  become  older,  some  varieties  of  apple  and 
pear  trees  are  very  prone  to  develop  large  numbers  of  fruit  spurs, 
spurs  that  often  branch  and  rebranch  until  they  become  fruit  spur 
clusters  rather  than  individual  spurs.  If  more  or  less  neglected, 
such  trees  finally  reach  the  state  where  they  make  hardly  any  new 
shoot  growth,  practically  their  entire  energies  being  absorbed  by 
their  fruit  spur  systems.  Usually  when  there  are  such  large  num- 
bers of  fruit  spurs  but  a  comparatively  small  percentage  can  flower 
and  fruit  in  any  single  season  and  the  record  of  any  single  spur,  or 


140  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETT. 

even  spur  cluster,  especially  in  an  older  part  of  the  tree,  would  show- 
very  irregular  fruiting.  Such  trees  present  a  condition  in  which, 
though  there  is  little  of  what  we  commonly  speak  of  as  vegetative 
growth,  neary  all  of  the  energies  of  the  tree  are  really  being  ab- 
sorbed in  a  slow  vegetative  growth  of  the  spurs.  The  engineer 
would  say  that  the  fruiting  machine  is  so  large  and  complicated 
that  nearly  all  the  power  is  required  to  overcome  friction ;  conse- 
quently but  a  small  portion  of  a  full  load  can  be  carried.  The  econo- 
mist would  say  that  it  is  an  instance  of  the  trees  using  up  most  of 
their  income  in  their  own  overhead  charges.  Such,  of  course,  is 
recognized  as  the  condition  that  many  seek  to  remedy  by  dehorning 
or  by  some  other  type  of  bulk  pruning.  That  bulk  pruning  is  only 
a  partial  remedy  has  already  been  pointed  out.  Some  have  seen  the 
experiment  tried  of  removing  a  part  of  the  spurs  from  such  trees — 
a  half,  or  two-thirds,  or  even  three-fourths  of  them.  As  the  spurs 
possess  a  very  large  percentage  of  the  normal  growing  points  and 
bear  practically  all  the  leaf  system  of  a  tree  in  such  a  condition,  it 
will  readily  be  seen  that  such  a  thinning  of  spurs  is  really  the 
equivalent  of  a  heavy  pruning,  except  perhaps  in  the  total  weight 
of  wood  tissue  removed.  Treated  in  this  way  trees  do  not  produce 
watersprouts  as  they  do  when  dehorning  or  the  removal  of  a  few 
large  branches  takes  away  an  equivalent  number  of  growing  points. 
In  fact,  they  produce  very  few  watersprouts.  However,  the  remain- 
ing spurs  show  a  much  more  vigorous  growth  and  the  new  shoot 
growth  that  develops  from  normal  lateral  and  terminal  buds  is 
much  longer  and  more  virgorous.  The  net  results  is  that  the  tree 
is  changed  little,  if  at  all,  in  general  form ;  but  the  rate  of  growth  of 
nearly  all  of  its  individual  parts  is  accelerated,  and  the  ways  in 
which  they  function  are  materially  changed,  for  strengthened  and 
enlarged  spurs  bear  fruit  more  regularly.  Here,  then,  is  a  type  of 
pruning  that  has  apparently  affected  the  tree  as  a  whole,  affected 
the  tree  as  a  whole  because  affecting  nearly  all  of  its  individual 
parts.  However,  it  is  a  type  of  pruning  that  must  be  regarded  as 
the  opposite  of  hulk  pruning.  Of  course,  it  is  an  extreme  case,  but 
nevertheless  it  serves  to  illustrate  the  point  that  it  is  desired  to 
emphasize. 

The  Interpretation  of  the  Facts  Presented, 

A  consideration  of  the  facts  that  have  been  cited  leads  unmis- 
takably to  at  least  one  conclusion,  viz. :  that  the  radius  of  influence 
within  the  tree  of  any  pruning  (i,  e,,  the  cutting  out  or  cutting  back 
of  any  particular  shoot  or  branch)  is  comparatively  narrow.  Parts 
close  to  the  pruning  wound,  or  perhaps  close  to  space  left  by  the  re- 
moval of  a  branch,  show  a  response  to  the  pruning  treatment. 
Roughly  speaking,  other  parts  of  the  tree  do  not.  In  other  words, 
pruning  does  not  directly  affect  the  tree  as  a  whole,  but  it  affects  it 
only  indirectly  through  its  effect  upon  individual  parts.  Why  such 
is  the  case  is,  of  course,  another  question.  No  attempt  is  made  to 
suggest  an  answer  here.    Probably  much  careful  work  will  have  to 


CONSIDERATIOX  OF  THE  QUESTION  OF  "bULK"  PRUNING.         141 

be  done  before  a  satisfactory  answer  will  be  forthcoming.  Mean- 
while the  iDrinciple  established  may  be  of  use,  even  though  we  are 
not  able  fully  to  explain  it. 

Application  of  the  Principle  Established  to  Pruning  Practice. 

In  order  that  a  few  of  the  applications  of  the  principle  that  has 
just  been  stated  to  pruning  practice  may  be  better  understood  it 
may  be  well  to  make  a  brief  statement  regarding  some  of  the  main 
objects  that  the  grower  should  have  in  mind  when  pruning.  In 
other  words,  why  do  we  prune?  There  are,  of  course,  many  ends 
sought  in  pruning,  the  relative  importance  of  which  vary  with  soil, 
elevation,  temperature,  humidity,  disease,  variety  and  many  other 
factors,  factors  both  environmental  and  those  artificially  imposed  by 
market  demands  or  the  whims  of  the  grower.  It  is  not  the  intention 
to  attempt  even  to  mention  these  here.  It  will  be  generally  agreed, 
however,  that  primarily,  pruning  must  seek  to  bring  trees  into  bear- 
ing at  a  reasonably  early  age  and  then  keep  them  bearing  large 
quantities  of  high-grade  fruit,  and  this  must  be  done  with  due  re- 
gard for  keeping  down  the  cost  of  production.  Limiting  the  dis- 
cussion now  to  apples  and  pears,  it  may  be  stated  that  at  least  in 
the  case  of  older  trees  by  far  tlie  most  of  the  fruit  is  borne  upon 
fruit  spurs.  Pruning  should  consequently  aim  to  lead  to  the  pro- 
duction of  large  numbers  of  fruit  spurs  and  to  the  regular  bearing 
of  those  already  possessed  by  the  tree,  together  with  the  mainten- 
ance of  a  reasonable  amount  of  vegetative  growth.  It  has  just  been 
pointed  out  that  hulk  pruning  is  mainly  influential  in  the  stimula- 
tion of  watersprouts  and  not  the  main  fruit  spur  system  or  normal 
vegetative  growth  of  the  tree.  There  is  certainly  very  little  reason 
to  believe  that  watersprouts  can,  or  at  least  do,  take  the  place  of  the 
normal  vegetative  (shoot)  growth  in  contributing  to  the  welfare  of 
nearby  fruit  spurs  and  to  the  welfare  of  the  tree  as  a  whole.  Fur- 
thermore, they  are  comparatively  slow  in  developing  a  fruit  spur 
system  of  their  own ;  so  it  may  be  questioned  whether  or  not  they 
are  really  very  useful  in  the  economy  of  the  average  tree  (except,  of 
course,  for  special  purposes,  such  as  rebuilding  a  new  top  in  cases 
of  renovation,  etc.).  To  stimulate  the  formation  of  fruit  spurs  and 
to  increase  the  efficiency  of  those  already  in  our  possession  requires 
that  pruning  must  be  afforded  close  to  the  point  where  we  wish  them 
formed  or  where  they  alreay  are,  for  we  have  seen  that  the  radius 
of  the  influence  of  pruning  is  comparatively  narrow.  This  in  turn 
means  light,  or  rather  fine  as  opposed  to  coarse  pruning.  In  other 
words,  it  means  pruning  that  is  distributed  throughout  the  tree  top, 
for  the  spurs  and  normal  vegetative  shoots  are  thus  distributed. 
Our  tendency  must  be  in  the  direction  of  the  removal  or  cutting 
back  of  a  larger  number  of  smaller  branches.  It  will  be  necessary 
more  and  more  to  get  away  from  the  idea  of  what  has  been  called 
hulk  pruning  and  to  give  greater  attention  to  detail.  Theoretically 
pruning  should  concern  itself  mainly  with  shoots  and  spurs  rather 
than  with  older  or  larger  wood.    Practically  it  should  be  limited  to 


142  PKOCEEDINGS  OF  THE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 

the  shoots,  spurs  and  smaller  branches.  Of  course,  in  the  case  of 
trees  that  have  been  neglected  for  several  years  some  exceptions 
must  be  made.  Just  because  the  removal  of  a  larger  number  of 
smaller  branches  necessitates  the  exercise  of  better  judgment  and 
perhaps  takes  a  little  more  time  and  requires  greater  skill  than  the 
removal  of  a  smaller  number  of  larger  ones,  tliis  should  not  deter  us 
from  the  best  method  of  procedure. 

Carrying  the  line  of  reasoning  a  step  further  it  becomes  evident 
that  pruning  should  be  a  regular,  rather  than  an  irregular  orchard 
operation.  This  is  a  statement  that  most  growers  know  to  be  true 
from  observation  and  experience,  though  the  reasons  therefor  may 
not  have  been  clearly  understood.  However,  the  points  that  have 
been  brought  out  furnish  an  explanation  of  some  of  the  character- 
istic results  foUowdng  irregular  pruning.  Trees  left  unpruned  for 
several  years  usually  seem  to  demand  the  removal  of  some  of  the 
larger  branches  or  limbs.  This  approaches  the  bulk  type  of  prun- 
ing that  has  been  described,  and  as  such  stimulates  new  vegetative 
growth,  rather  than  invigorating  the  older  fruiting  wood ;  and  new 
vegetative  growth  in  trees  of  this  sort  is  as  apt  to  increase  as  to 
diminish  difficulties.  If  the  pruning  that  is  to  be  afforded  our 
orchard  trees  is  to  be  such  as  will  help  establish  and  maintain  rather 
than  disturb  a  proper  balance  between  vegetative  and  fruiting  wood 
it  must  be  attended  to  every  year. 

What  has  been  stated  should  not  be  regarded  as  an  argument 
against  occasional  heavy  pruning,  i.  e.,  the  removal  of  a  considerable 
amount  of  growth.  Though  heavy  pruning  as  commonly  done  is 
bulk  pruning,  this  is  not  necessarily  the  case.  It  may  consist  in  the 
removal  of  a  large  amount  of  shoot  growth  and  small  branches  and 
thus  not  give  rise  to  watersprouts,  but  on  the  contrary  stimulate  the 
normal  vegetative  growth  and  fruit  spur  system  of  the  tree.  The 
instance  of  spur  pruning  cited  in  this  article  is  evidence  on  this 
point. 

Some  Questions  Raised  by  the  Facts  Presented. 

That  the  radius  of  influence  of  a  particular  pruning  cut  is  com- 
paratively narrow  seems  to  be  established  beyond  all  question.  Just 
how  far  that  influence  extends  is  only  one  of  a  great  many  unan- 
swered questions.  Is  the  radius  of  influence  of  a  pruning  cut  the 
same  when  a  limb  is  cut  back  as  it  is  when  it  is  cut  off  entirely? 
Does  it  depend  more  upon  the  size  of  the  wound  or  the  age  of  the 
limb?  Is  it  felt  to  as  great  a  degree  by  fruiting  wood  in  the  neigh- 
borhood of  a  cut  as  by  more  strictly  vegetative  tissue  1  Does  it  de- 
pend to  any  extent  upon  the  season  when  the  pruning  is  done  ?  For 
instance,  is  the  radius  of  influence  from  a  cut  made  July  1st  greater 
or  less  than  it  would  be  from  a  similar  cut  made  March  1st?  To 
what  extent  are  the  fruit  spurs  of  a  tree  virtually  independent  of 
the  tree  as  a  whole,  and  to  what  extent  are  the  fruit  spur  and  vege- 
tative systems  interdependent?  If  interdependent  to  a  certain  de- 
gree, how  close  to  a  particular  shoot  must  a  particular  spur  be  in 


MAINTEN^INCE  OF  FERTILITY  AND  IRRIGATION  OF  ORCHARDS.       14.'> 

order  to  be  benefited  or  injured  by  it  ?  Is  the  radius  of  influence  of 
a  particular  pruning  cut  greater  or  less  than  that  of  the  part  re- 
moved ?  Finally,  to  what  extent  are  parts  of  tree  tops  independent 
and  to  what  extent  are  they  interdependent  ?  These  and  other  ques- 
tions are  at  present  unanswered.  They  are  not  easy  problems  to 
solve,  yet  they  must  be  solved  if  we  are  to  have  a  more  perfect  un- 
derstanding of  the  principles  underlying  pruning  practice. 

MAINTENANCE  OF  FERTILITY  AND  IRRIGATION  OF  ORCHARD 
SOILS  IN  THE  PACIFIC  NORTHWEST. 

R.  W.  Allen. 

During  the  past  three  years  a  very  radical  change  has  taken  place 
in  the  manner  of  treating  orchard  soils  throughout  the  Pacific 
Northwest.  Systematic  summer  tillage  without  the  use  of  fertilizers 
has  been  temporarily  abandoned  and  the  use  of  green  manure  crops, 
stable  manure  or  other  fertilizers  adopted.  The  long  continued 
practice  of  clean  culture,  which  dates  from  the  beginning  of  com- 
mercial orcliard  planting  has  resulted  in  the  impoverishment  of  ir- 
rigated— as  well  as  nonirrigated  land.  The  necessity  for  this  change 
in  soil  treatment,  which  has  but  recently  taken  place,  has  long  been 
apparent. 

That  the  average  soil  in  mature  orchards  is  seriously  depleted  is 
plainly  indicated  by:  (1)  The  yellow  appearance  and  slow  growth 
of  trees;  (2)  Weak  character  and  heavy  falling  of  blossoms;  (3) 
Small  size  and  earl,y  maturing  of  fruit ;  (4)  Very  poor  physical  con- 
dition and  low  water  holding  capacity  of  the  soil;  (5)  Extremely 
dry  condition  of  the  land  late  in  summer,  and  (6)  A  consequent 
cessation  of  activity  of  a  large  proportion  of  the  feeding  roots  of 
the  tree,  as  a  result  of  drouth. 

Although  the  conditions  enumerated  above  have  existed  in  many 
of  the  old  nonirrigated  orchards  and  upon  some  irrigated  tracts  for 
a  number  of  years,  it  has  only  been  of  recent  date  that  full  recogni- 
tion of  this  critical  condition  of  the  trees  has  prevailed.  It  is  diffi- 
cult for  growers  who  have  had  confidence  in  the  fertility  of  their 
land,  to  realize  the  extent  to  which  the  store  of  fertility  has  been 
reduced.  It  is  also  difficult  for  them  to  realize  the  extent  to  which 
the  demand  of  trees  for  moisture  grows  as  they  increase  in  size.  The 
influence  of  lack  of  fertility  upon  the  amount  of  moisture  required 
by  the  trees,  and  the  loss  of  power  of  the  soil  to  retain  moisture  as 
its  supply  of  organic  matter  is  diminished,  are  little  understood  at 
the  present  time.  The  influence  of  organic  matter  upon  the  water- 
holding  capacity  of  the  soil,  and  that  of  fertility  upon  the  quantity 
of  water  required  for  a  tree  to  mature  its  crop  is  very  marked,  there- 
fore an  adequate  quantity  of  fertility  and  organic  matter  in  soils 
having  a  limited  supply  of  water,  is  of  greater  importance  than 
where  moisture  is  plentiful.  Where  injury  from  drouth  results  to 
crops  on  poor  soil — well  managed  land  frequently  yields  satisfac- 
tory returns  owing  to  the  higher  duty  of  the  water  they  contain. 


l-±4  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 

To  correct  the  factors  which  have  greatly  diminished  the  yield, 
and  not  infrequently  caused  permanent  injury  to  the  trees  in  the 
old  orchards,  it  is  necesary  to  apply  nitrogen  and  organic  matter. 

Trees  can  be  stimulated  by  the  application  of  nitrogen,  but  the 
effect  is  probably  temporary  and  of  no  benefit  to  the  soil.  Some 
very  striking  results  have  been  obtained  by  applying  Nitrate  of 
Soda  to  land  occupied  by  eighteen-year-old  Spitzenberg  apple  trees, 
which  were  in  a  seriously  devitalized  condition.  The  soil  in  the 
orchard  where  this  determination  was  made  has  been  kept  under 
continuous  clean  culture  since  the  trees  were  planted. 

One  hundred  thirty-five  pounds  of  nitrate  of  soda,  containing 
sixteen  per  cent  nitrogen,  was  applied  to  each  of  several  plats  con- 
taining twenty  trees.  This  gave  to  every  tree  approximately  1.08 
pounds  of  nitrogen.  As  a  result  of  this  application,  which  is  twice 
the  amount  used  by  mature  trees,  according  to  Roberts  in  Cornell 
Bulletin,  the  crop,  vigor  and  growth  of  the  trees  were  greatly  in- 
creased. The  leaves  were  larger  and  darker  in  color,  and  the  fruit 
was  much  larger  than  that  produced  by  untreated  trees.  On  ac- 
count of  the  marked  results  derived  from  the  use  of  nitrogen  on 
these  trees  the  same  treatment  was  given  them  again  in  1915.  From 
the  second  application  very  pronounced  results  were  also  derived. 
By  the  first  fertilization  the  trees  were  restored  to  an  apparently 
normal  state  of  vigor,  but  upon  receiving  two  treatments  in  suc- 
cession some  have  been  over-stimulated  as  extensive  terminal  growth 
has  occurred  on  many  fruiting  branches  during  the  current  season. 
The  results  of  this  experiment  are  briefly  summarized  in  the  follow- 
ing table,  which  shows  the  striking  difference  in  (1)  set  of  fruit, 
and  (2)  vigor  of  growth  of  trees  on  treated  and  untreated  plats: 


Set  of 

Average  terminal 

Size  of 

%of 

fruit. 

growth  in  inches. 

leaves,  1915. 

Moisture 

Plat. 

1915. 

1913.  1914.    1915. 

Length.  Width. 

in  foliage. 

Nitrate 

,     71% 

5.05     7.85     14.85 

2.8       1.65 

176.5 

Check, 

36% 

6.7       5.35      8.05 

2.25     1.35 

129.5 

These  results,  which  are  closely  paralleled  by  a  number  of  similar 
experiments,  under  similar  conditions  in  the  Hood  River  Valley, 
demonstrate  the  great  need  of  nitrogen  where  attention  has  not 
been  paid  to  fertilizing  the  land.  In  this  same  set  of  experiments 
no  appreciable  benefit  has  so  far  been  gained  from  the  use  of  potash 
or  phosphates. 

As  there  is  no  appreciable  benefit  to  the  soil  from  applying  nitro- 
gen in  the  form  of  Nitrate  of  Soda,  sulphate  of  ammonia,  or  other 
forms  not  containing  organic  matter,  their  wholesale  use  should  be 
discouraged,  notwithstanding  the  fact  that  very  marked  and  bene- 
ficial results  to  the  trees  follows  the  application  of  nitrogen  in  a 
readily  available  form. 

Orchards  that  have  become  seriously  devitalized  can,  and  should 
be  stimulated  by  the  use  of  commercial  nitrogen,  until  green  manure 
crops  are  grown  and  incorporated  into  the  soil. 


MAINTENANCE  OF  FERTILITY  AND  IRRIGATION  OF  ORCHARDS.   .   145    . 

Where  it  is  at  all  possible  to  grow  green  manure  crops,  the  use  of 
commercial  nitrogen  is  unnecessary  for  trees  of  moderate  vigor,  as 
it  does  not  take  the  place  of  nitrogenous  manures  by  supplying  or- 
ganic matter  needed  in  the  soil. 

The  cost  of  nitrogen  in  nitrate  of  soda  applied  at  the  above  rate  is 
approximately  $16.00  per  acre.  An  average  crop  of  vetch,  which 
can  be  gi'own  for  $10.00  or  less,  accumulates  about  seventy-four 
pounds  of  nitrogen,  approximately  nine-tenths  as  much  as  was  ap- 
plied to  these  trees.  In  addition  to  the  benefit  derived  from  incor- 
porating the  vegetable  matter  into  the  soil  a  saving  of  at  least  $1.50 
to  $2.00  per  acre  is  realized.  If  the  above  application  of  nitrogen  is 
excessive,  as  it  appears  to  be,  that  derived  from  one  leguminous  crop 
should  be  sufficient  or  more  than  sufficient  for  the  growth  of  one 
fruit  crop.  By  the  use  of  live  stock  a  large  portion  (possibly  80%) 
of  the  fertilizer  value  of  forage  consumed  should  be  returned  to  the 
land  and  a  moderate  profit  derived  from  feeding  it. 

The  shortage  of  stable  manure  and  the  high  cost  of  organic  fer- 
tilizers containing  nitrogen  renders  them  both  impracticable  for  use 
by  the  average  orchardist,  therefore,  he  is  obliged  to  resort  to  the 
growth  of  fertilizing  materials  with  which  to  improve  his  land. 

What  system  of  cropping  should  be  used  depends  largely  upon 
conditions  of  climate,  and  the  available  supply  of  moisture.  The 
practice  of  growing  winter  cover  crops  and  plowing  them  under  in 
the  spring,  followed  by  clean  culture  throughout  the  summer,  is  a 
most  effective  method  of  soil  treatment  where  irrigation  is  not  ap- 
plicable, and  where  there  is  a  shortage  of  irrigation  water.  Owing 
to  the  necessity  of  purchasing  seed  annually,  and  to  the  cost  of  fre- 
quent summer  tillage  this  practice  is  quite  expensive. 

Where  sufficient  moisture  is  available  the  soil  can  be  rapidly  and 
effectively  improved  by  maintaining  crops  during  the  entire  year 
in  the  orchard.  As  an  additional  amount  of  water  is  necessary  for 
this  purpose,  irrigation  must  be  applied  in  many  instances  where  it 
has  not  previously  been  needed.  Its  adoption,  however,  causes  only 
a  slight  change  in  cultural  practice  where  a  system  of  clean  culture 
is  in  vogue. 

By  making  a  close  study  of  the  effect  of  clover  and  alfalfa  upon 
mature  trees  and  soil  in  many  orchards  in  the  Pacific  Northwest,  no 
detrimental  results  have  been  observed  where  sufficient  water  is  used 
for  both  crops.  It  is  important,  however,  not  to  permit  such  crops 
to  remain  on  the  land  for  too  long  a  period  without  cultivation. 
Crops  grown  in  the  orchard  are  of  little  fertilizing  value  until 
plowed  in  and  partially  decayed.  The  frequency  at  which  cultiva- 
tion is  necessary  for  proper  aeration,  depends  a  great  deal  upon  the 
porousness  of  the  soil.  Alfalfa,  clover  and  similar  plants  can  be 
allowed  to  stand  longer  on  light  than  on  heavy  soils  without  dam- 
aging them. 

For  the  reason  that  clover  lasts  only  two  or  three  years,  it  is  pre- 
ferable to  alfalfa  for  general  use.  It  grows  better  than  alfalfa  un- 
der mature  trees,  owing  to  its  greater  tolerance  of  shade.  When  al- 
falfa is  used  the  land  should  be  plowed  and  worked  frequently,  as  it 


]  46  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 

can  be  done  without  injuring  the  stand,  provided  the  soil  is  not  per 
mitted  to  dry  out.  The  extent  to  which  crops  of  this  nature  should 
be  grown  upon,  and  incorporated  into  the  land  will  be  influenced 
by  the  state  of  neglect  the  land  is  in,  the  success  of  crops  grown  for 
the  purpose,  and  upon  the  character  of  the  soil.  One  crop  should 
greatly  benefit  any  soil,  and  two  or  three  should  restore  most  soils  to 
a  desirable  condition.  It  is  possible  that  sufficient  nitrogen  can  be 
supplied  before  a  desirable  physical  character  of  the  soil  is  obtained. 
In  such  an  instance  crops  low  in  nitrogen  should  be  grown  for  a 
period.  When  the  proper  state  of  soil  improvement  is  reached  sys- 
tematic summer  culture  should  be  resumed  until  additional  fertilizer 
becomes  necessary. 

As  a  matter  of  economy  in  the  management  of  the  orchard  all 
forage  grown  between  the  trees  should  be  fed  to  live  stock,  instead 
of  being  worked  directly  into  the  ground.  For  this  purpose  dairy- 
ing, hog-raising  and  sheep  raising  can  be  practiced  with  a  fair  de- 
gree of  profit.  As  it  is  expensive  to  harvest  hay  necessary  for  cattle, 
much  of  the  forage  should  be  pastured  by  hogs  or  sheep.  Although 
but  few  orchardists  are  experienced  in  the  handling  of  live  stock, 
many  of  them  have  up  to  the  present  time,  kept  a  few  animals  very 
successfully  on  their  orchard  tracts.  In  selecting  stock  to  use,  one 
should  be  influenced  by  the  amount  of  hay  he  can  produce,  and  by 
his  personal  preference  of  kinds  of  stock. 

Although  sheep  have  not  been  extensively  tried,  they  offer  a  very 
promising  possibility  for  utilizing  clover  and  gi'ass  crops  grown  in 
the  orchard.  The  principal  interest  in  sheep  is  due  to  the  fact  that 
they  do  not  require  grain.  Grain  is  expensive  in  most  fr'uit  dis- 
tricts, and  must  be  had  to  get  maximum  returns  from  dairy  cows 
and  from  hogs.  Where  it  is  obtainable  at  a  moderate  price,  hogs 
will  doubtless  yield  greater  returns  than  sheep  or  dairy  cattle.  Hogs 
pastured  on  alfalfa  in  a  young  apple  orchard,  on  the  Umatilla  Ex- 
periment Farm  in  1914,  yielded  a  net  return  of  $47.48  per  acre. 

The  introduction  of  forage  crops  into  the  orchard  necessitates 
the  growth  of  two  widely  distinct  kinds  of  vegetation  upon  the  same 
land,  therefore,  plants  should  be  chosen  for  this  purpose  that  differ 
materially  in  their  fertilizer  requirements  from  fruit  trees.  By  so 
doing  there  is  less  danger  of  failure  on  the  part  of  the  introduced 
crop  or  of  the  orchard.  Since  there  is  a  close  relation  between  the 
amount  of  water  consumed  by  plants  and  the  amount  of  vegetation 
produced  upon  a  given  area  of  land,  the  growth  of  two  crops  on  the 
same  soil  calls  for  approximately  a  double  amount  of  moisture  pro- 
vided both  produce  normally. 

As  many  mature  orchards  have  been  more  or  less  injured  by 
drouth,  notwithstanding  the  fact  that  systematic  clean  culture  has 
been  given  them,  it  is  very  evident  that  irrigation  is  necessary  for 
the  growth  of  crops  for  green  manure.  That  a  liberal  supply  of 
moisture  is  necessary'  for  the  proper  growth  and  productiveness  of 
trees  there  can  be  no  doubt. 

Moisture  determinations  made  during  the  early  part  of  August, 
in  orchard  soils  receiving  different  cultural  treatment  show  that  in 


MAINTENANCE  OF  FERTILITY  AND  IRRIGATION  OF  ORCHARDS.       147 

some  instances  the  trees  are  surrounded  by  very  uncongenial  con- 
ditions. The  samples  were  taken  from  that  area  of  soil  in  which 
the  greater  part  of  the  feeding  roots  of  the  trees  are  located.  Where 
continuous  clean  culture  has  been  practiced  the  moisture  contained 
is  7.4%,  where  a  crop  of  alfalfa  has  been  inadequately  irrigated  the 
soil  contained  but  4.28%  of  moisture,  and  where  the  soil  has  been 
effectively  improved  by  the  use  of  green  manure  crops  and  irriga- 
tion 15.9%  of  moisture  was  found. 

The  ^\alting  coefficienct  of  soils  very  similar  in  physical  character 
to  this  has  been  found  to  be  7.7%,  which  is  the  Hood  Silt  Loam  of 
the  Hood  River  Valley,  and  the  moisture  equivalent  14%.  From 
this  it  can  be  seen  that  the  trees  receiving  clean  cultivation  and 
those  among  which  improperly  managed  alfalfa  is  grown,  are  de- 
cidedly in  distress.  Both  show  visible  signs  of  distress  and  the 
foliage  of  those  accompanied  by  alfalfa  is  badly  wilted. 

The  soil  in  these  orchards,  which  was  originally  very  similar  in 
texture,  differs  widely  now,  owing  to  the  manner  in  which  it  has 
been  treated.  In  1907  it  was  found  by  a  number  of  tests,  to  contain 
the  extremely  low  amount  of  1.08%  of  organic  matter,  which  has 
evidently  been  much  reduced  as  clean  culture  has  been  continued. 

The  amount  of  irrigation,  water,  frequency  and  method  of  ap- 
plication required  under  the  old  system  of  summer  tillage  have 
been  worked  out  for  respective  soils  and  crops.  Although  similar 
methods  in  general  are  advisable  for  use  with  clover  or  alfalfa  in 
the  orchard,  a  large  number  of  details  require  special  care. 

When  crops  are  placed  in  young  orchards  a  strip  of  land  should 
be  left  along  the  rows  for  cultivation  during  the  summer,  as  imma- 
ture trees  do  not  appear  to  be  as  successful  in  competing  with  such 
crops  as  do  old  trees.  In  mature  orchards  crops  may  be  planted 
over  the  entire  area. 

To  start  these  crops  by  irrigation  shallow  furrows  are  necessary 
so  as  to  permit  the  surface  soil  being  uniformly  moistened  to  germi- 
nate the  seed. 

Upon  lands  that  are  quite  nearly  level,  ridges  should  be  placed  in 
line  with  the  rows  of  trees  in  order  that  large  quantities  of  water 
can  be  held  in  a  small  area,  and  forced  through  the  thick  stand  of 
forage.  This  is  also  necessary  as  a  safe-guard  against  mushroom 
root  rot,  to  which  apple  and  pear  trees  in  this  district  are  more  or 
less  susceptible. 

Irrigation  should  be  applied  to  mature  alfalfa  by  the  above 
method,  or  by  two  or  three  deep  furrows  to  a  space  between  tree 
rows. 

Crops  can  be  started  on  steep  land  by  taking  advantage  of  per- 
iods of  damp  weather  to  avoid  the  use  of  irrigation  water.  If  irri- 
gation is  attempted  when  the  ground  is  soft  and  the  plants  are 
small,  much  washing  is  liable  to  result.  When  the  crops  are  well 
established,  large  quantities  of  water  can  be  run  on  steeply  sloping 
land  without  injury  to  soil  or  by  washing. 

It  has  been  the  general  practice  in  a  number  of  our  fruit-growing 
districts  to  irrigate  bare  soils  by  means  of  numerous  shallow  fur- 


148  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 

rows.  This  method  is  necessary  and  effective  on  coarse  sandy  soil 
where  the  movement  of  soil  water  under  the  influence  of  capilliary 
attraction  is  very  limited.  The  finer  types  of  soil  should  be  irrigated 
by  a  small  number  of  deep  furrows  to  prevent  the  surface  becoming 
moistened,  which  results  in  heavy  loss  of  water  by  evaporation.  It 
is  also  important  to  prevent  the  very  harmful  result  of  baking  and 
puddling  of  wet  soils  that  results  from  exposure  to  the  sun.  The 
use  of  deep  furrows  permits  of  better  distribution  of  the  water  in 
the  soil,  a  saving  of  labor  and  a  minimum  of  loss  of  moisture. 

The  decided  change  in  systems  of  orchard  culture  cited  above  has 
now  become  quite  general  throughout  the  Pacific  Northwest.  It  is 
one  of  great  value  to  the  horticultural  industries.  Not  only  is  it 
less  expensive  than  the  old  elaborate  systems  of  clean  culture,  but 
it  is  well  suited  to  the  needs  of  orchards  and  orchard  lands.  By 
growing  fertilizers  on  the  land  a  great  saving  is  effected  in  the  cost 
of  production.  Althougli  more  water  is  required,  returns  more  than 
sufficient  to  justify  its  cost  can  be  gained.  Successful  and  econo- 
mical methods  of  handling  water  are  rapidly  being  established  and 
a  higher  duty  derived  from  its  use  than  resulted  when  it  was  ap- 
plied to  impoverished  soils. 

By  keeping  orchard  soils  in  a  high  state  of  fertility  by  the  growth 
and  utilization  of  nitrogenous  and  other  crops  in  the  orchard,  the 
yield  and  period  of  usefulness  of  the  trees  will  be  greatly  increased, 
whereas,  without  such  care  many  excellent  orchards  have  become 
unfruitful  at  the  extremely  low  age  of  from  twelve  to  eighteen  years. 

WASHINGTON  POMOLOGICAL  INTERESTS. 

Professor  R.  T.  Barnett. 

Among  the  states  that  border  on  the  Pacific  Coast  you  will  no 
doubt  remember  that  Washington  is  the  most  northern  of  them. 
We  have  heard  from  the  representatives  of  California  and  Oregon, 
and  although  I  will  have  no  chance  to  compete  with  the  very  able 
boosting  and  the  scientific  addresses  which  have  been  presented 
from  these  other  states,  still  I  wish  to  leave  with  you  some  idea  of 
the  distribution  and  the  extent  and  the  type  of  pomology  that  is 
going  to  make  the  State  of  Washington  still  more  famous  as  a  fruit- 
growing region  than  it  is  at  the  present  time. 

You  will  all  realize  that  Washington  is  a  new  state.  It  has  come 
into  any  pomological  notice  it  may  have  within  the  last  twenty 
years.  We  have  made  many  errors  and  mistakes,  but  we  have  made 
considerable  progress  considering  the  conditions  under  which  we 
have  worked.  I  trust  to  make  this  a  comparatively  brief  and 
friendly  talk,  rather  than  address,  feeling  sure  that  our  President 
will  stop  me  if  I  trespass  beyond  the  time  limit  which  has  been  as- 
signed to  me. 

We  have  in  Washington  another  region  where  we  have  the  possi- 
bilities of  apple  growing,  that  is  in  the  Lake  Chelan  region,  and  the 
Walla  Walla  region.    The  Lake  Chelan  region  is  here  (indicating  on 


WASHINGTON  POMOLOGICAL  INTERESTS.  149 

blackboard  sketch  of  the  State  of  Washington),  and  the  Walla 
Walla  region  is  here  (indicating).  The  original  Lake  Chelan  or- 
chard is  here,  planted  by  the  Indians  and  grown  from  seed.  The 
Walla  Walla  region  has  a  large  majority  of  budded  or  grafted  trees. 
Insects  and  diseases  prevailed,  and  these  practically,  almost  en- 
tirely, eliminated  the  first  generation  plantings,  and  it  was  only 
after  spraying  came  in  that  we  had  high  grade  fruit  in  this  state. 

The  state,  in  a  pomological  way,  is  divided  as  you  may  remember 
into  three  parts.  The  first  part  I  will  mention  is  Western  Washing- 
ton ;  and  by  Western  Washington  I  mean  that  part  between  the 
Pacific  Ocean  and  the  Cascade  Mountains,  which  traverse  the  state 
from  north  to  south.  The  others  are  the  irrigated  valleys,  and  the 
dry  uplands,  both  of  which  have  importance  in  a  pomological  way. 

I  will  speak  a  few  moments  of  that  part  lying  west  of  the  Cascade 
Mountains  in  what  is  known  as  the  humid  section  of  the  state.  The 
rainfall  there  runs  from  twenty  inches  up  to  one  hundred  inches. 
Here  (indicating  on  map)  would  be  a  dry  part  of  Western  Wash- 
ington, where  the  Olympic  Mountains  intercept  the  water-carrying 
clouds  that  come  from  the  Pacific.  The  greater  part  of  this  is  well 
watered.  That  being  the  case  fruits,  such  as  the  apple,  are  not  cul- 
tivated there  to  any  extent.  The  scab  is  bad  there  where  it  rains 
eight  to  nine  and  sometimes  ten  months  of  the  year,  as  it  washes  off 
the  spray  materials.  In  spite  of  that,  there  are  several  sections  in 
Western  Washington  where  a  good  many  fine  apples  are  being 
grown.  They  have  not  the  smooth  appearance  of  the  Eastern  Wash- 
ington apples,  but  we  have  in  Western  Washington  some  regions 
which  produce  good  apples. 

I  collected  apples  from  Western  Washington  and  from  Eastern 
Washington  and  from  seven  Middle  and  Western  States.  I  peeled 
those  apples  and  presented  them  to  a  class  in  pomology,  and  in  that 
class  of  twenty,  studying  pomology  there  was  no  knowledge  as  to 
where  those  apples  were  grown.  Nor  could  anyone  distinguish  any 
difference  between  them.  I  believe  if  they  are  well  grown  there  is 
no  one  can  tell  the  difference. 

Western  Washington  is  noted  for  its  pears,  in  a  small  way,  and  it 
would  be  more  noted  in  that  way,  as  well  as  with  the  growing  of 
small  fruits  and  berries  especially,  if  greater  attention  was  paid  to 
that  branch  of  the  industry.  Puyallup  Valley  here  is  eight  or  nine 
miles  long,  and  it  is  practically  planted  solid  with,  berry  crops, 
gooseberries,  red  raspberries,  the  Logan  berry  and  finally  the  ever- 
green blackberry.  I  cannot  stop  to  dwell  on  their  efforts  and  ac- 
complishments in  that  valley.  In  1902  they  started  a  cannery  to 
take  care  of  their  overplus  of  fruit.  They  appropriated  $1,200,  and 
assessed  the  members  at  one  dollar  per  member  for  that  cannery. 
They  have  put  no  more  money  in  that,  but  last  year  they  put  up  a 
pre-cooling  plant  in  that  valley,  quite  after  the  Government's  sug- 
gestion. They  are  able  to  ship  the  red  raspberries  to  Cincinnati 
and  Chicago,  and  they  say  they  could  ship  them  entirely  to  New 
York  City.  I  have  seen  as  many  as  twelve  carloads  going  out  of 
Puyallup  Valley  in  one  day.    They  stopped  the  Twentieth  Century 


150  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 

Limited  and  put  as  many  as  six  cars  of  berries  on  that  fast  train 
going  East.  It  is  a  wonderful  business  for  them  to  have  built  up 
there.  That  could  be  developed  even  further.  They  have  moist 
weather  right  up  to  the  day  the  picking  of  the  red  raspberries  be- 
gins. That  spoils  their  strawberries,  but  the  dry  season  begins 
when  the  picking  season  of  the  red  raspberries  starts.  I  have  seen 
seven  hundred  and  twenty  crates  per  acre  of  Snyder  blackberries 
grown  in  that  particular  valley. 

Sumner  is  the  next  station  in  the  valley,  but  there  is  a  region  here 
(indicating  on  chart)  just  above  where  we  find  considerable  prune 
growing.  They  grow  there  also  the  English  walnut  and  other  crops 
of  that  sort.  They  have  been  slack  in  doing  their  work,  such  as 
fertilizing  and  spraying  and  so  forth.  Tliere  are  some  regions 
around  the  mouth  of  the  Columbia  River  where  cranberries  can  be 
grown,  and  in  the  early  future  we  will  be  producing  the  cranberries 
for  the  Pacific  Coast.  Our  cranberries  are  poor  in  keeping  quali- 
ties, but  they  are  excellent  otherwise.  I  have  compared  them  with 
the  ones  shipped  from  Wisconsin.  The  Wisconsin  ones  will  not  hold 
up  in  quality. 

The  only  solid  carload  of  currants  that  ever  was  shipped  in  the 
world,  was  shipped  out  of  Puyallup  to  Vancouver  and  British 
Columbia.  Those  two  places  will  take  a  considerable  quantity  of 
black  currants.  I  cannot  leave  Western  Wasiiington  without  men- 
tioning the  pear  industry. 

I  have  talked  with  a  number  of  men  who  have  been  in  Belgium 
and  Southern  England,  and  they  assure  me  that  the  climatic  con- 
ditions and  the  soil  of  the  regions  over  there  can  be  duplicated  in 
Puget  Sound  regions;  and  many  men  are  making  considerable 
plantings  in  Western  Washington. 

If  any  of  you  have  ever  the  opportunity  it  would  be  of  great 
pomological  interest  to  you  to  visit  Mr.  Stephen  Hahnly  on  Vashon 
Island.  He  says  the  water  falling  on  that  island  varies  between  one 
degree  in  summer  and  winter.  So  you  can  see  the  influence  on  that 
small  island  of  that  rain.  Pears  will  become  important  in  that  part 
of  Washington. 

•Mr.  Paulhamus  told  me  he  would  contract  in  five-year  periods  for 
all  that  could  be  contracted  for  canning  purposes. 

The  Eastern  section  of  Washington  is  divided  into  two  pomologi- 
cal districts.  These  cannot  be  sub-divided  on  the  map  as  they  inter- 
mingle with  each  other.  The  first  is  the  valley  sections.  This 
region  is  scattered  all  over  Eastern  Washington,  practically  in  the 
valleys  along  the  streams  which  I  have  shown  here  (indicating  on 
blackboard).  This  branch  system  here  (indicating)  is  accurately 
shown. 

We  have  here  the  Spokane  River;  here  is  the  Snake  River  (indi- 
cating), and  here  is  the  mountain  streams  flowing  in  the  Columbia 
River.  Now,  those  mountain  streams  have  valleys  of  varying 
width,  and  because  there  are  varying  rainfalls  on  the  eastern  slope 
of  the  Cascade  Mountains,  it  is  practicable  for  us  to  store  water  and 
to  irrigate  a  considerable  acreage  of  land  in  these  valleys.    Much  of 


WASHINGTON  POMOLOGICAL  INTERESTS.  151 

these  lands  have  been  given  over  to  the  growing  of  fruit.  In  this 
section  (indicating)  the  apple  is  so  much  in  advance  of  any  of  the 
other  fruits  that  we  might  dispense  with  a  discussion  of  other  fruits 
than  the  apple.  It  is  grown  in  all  of  these  valleys,  and  to  a  high 
degree  of  perfection.  I  might  designate  what  I  mean  by  this — this 
is  the  longest  river  and  the  largest  valley  in  this  section — Columbia 
(indicating).  The  next  is  Chelan  Lake  and  the  short  river  connect- 
ing that  with  the  Columbia  River.  Now  all  of  these  are  to  some 
degree  developed  in  fruit  growing.  Last  spring  I  was  in  the  upper 
Columbia  River  Valley,  and  they  expected  in  that  neigliborhood,  in 
that  valley,  to  have  one  hundred  and  fifty  carloads  of  extra  fine 
fruit.  Our  grade  terms  here  as  Extra  Fancy,  Best,  Fancy,  and 
Choice. 

It  will  cost  these  people  from  ten  to  fifty  cents  to  haul  to  the  rail- 
road. There  the  development  of  the  region  has  gone  ahead  of  the 
means  of  transportation,  and  unless  a  railroad  comes  up  and  down 
the  valley,  those  fniit  trees  will  have  to  be  cropped  out  to  alfalfa. 
This  (pointing)  little  valley  up  here  is  in  much  the  same  situation. 
There  is  a  man  there  with  eighty  acres  of  apple-bearing  land.  This 
(indicating)  land  here  is  up  near  British  Columbia,  and  it  now  has 
a  railroad  built  down  where  it  connects  with  the  Great  Northern. 
The  development  of  this  valley  is  more  fortunate,  although  it  has 
not  developed  in  fruit  growing  as  much  as  the  other  valleys  on  each 
side  of  it.  This,  of  course,  is  one  of  the  great,  great  difficulties. 
The  promotors  get  ahead  of  the  transportation  people,  but  the  trans- 
portation people  will  catch  them  after  considerable  time. 

They  say  our  handicap  up  there  is  in  the  neighborhood  of  fifty 
cents  a  box  on  fruit  to  the  Eastern  market.  That  must  be  taken 
into  consideration  in  figuring  what  the  profits  from  Western  grown 
apples  might  be.  This  Snake  River  Valley  is  comparatively  wide, 
and  if  you  get  opportunity  you  might  find  it  interesting  to  study. 
I  can  not  help  thinking  of  the  meteorological  conditions  there.  It 
is  some  two  thousand  feet  deep,  and  you  find  a  place  to  dive  nearly 
to  the  bowels  of  the  earth  from  that  top.  I  have  seen  the  land 
drop  1700  or  1800  feet  in  a  distance  of  3,000. 

Now,  the  cold  air  does  not  dip  into  that  valley  (indicating).  I 
might  say  that  of  this  section  around  Lewiston.  Pullman  is  2,600 
feet  higher  than  the  valley  floor  a  few  miles  away. 

Some  of  these  sections  raise  apples  of  a  very  high  quality,  and  the 
consumers,  at  least  it  looks  as  if  the  consumers  are  beginning  to 
recognize  quality.  Those  California  pears  must  have  been  picked 
while  green,  and  they  could  not  develop  the  quality  which  bears 
shipping  from  here  if  they  did  not  do  that.  And,  of  course,  that 
makes  a  great  difference  in  the  quality  of  the  fruit. 

The  strawberry  growers  in  this  section  are  very  prosperous  at  the 
present  time.  They  have  splendid  crops  there.  This  region  also 
grows  large  quantities  of  peaches,  some  apples  and  some  other 
fruits. 

Our  problem  is  what  to  do  with  the  apples  not  fit  to  be  shipped 
away. 


152  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL,  SOCIETY. 

The  growers  have  this  year  organized  a  growers'  council,  with 
which  is  affiliated  all  of  the  large  and  small  associations  of  the 
state;  and  this  council  has  certain  powers  over  the  marking  and 
marketing  of  fresh  fruits  and  of  fruit  products  w^hich  we  hope  will 
assist  in  solving  the  problem.     (Applause.) 

edaho  —  pomologically  considered. 

Professor  C.  C.  Vincent. 
Introduction. 

The  State  of  Idaho,  lying  west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  is  of  vast 
extent  and  wide  diversity  of  topography.  It  has  a  range  north  and 
south  of  approximately  seven  hundred  miles,  extending  from  the 
forty-second  to  the  forty-ninth  parallel  of  latitude.  Its  breadth  east 
and  w^est,  at  its  widest  point  is  about  two  hundred  miles.  Taking 
the  state  as  a  whole,  the  altitude  ranges  from  that  of  central  and 
northern  Indiana  to  more  than  five  thousand  feet  above  the  highest 
peaks  of  the  Appalachian  system. 

Some  of  the  salient  features  of  Idaho  are  its  sage  brush  plains, 
high  snow  capped  mountains  and  timbered  plateaus.  Along  the 
eastern  border  of  the  state  lie  the  Coeur  d'Alene,  Bitter  Root, 
Cabinet  and  mam'  other  ranges  of  mountains.  The  Owyhee 
mountains  lie  in  the  southwest  corner  and  their  lateral  spurs  ex- 
tend almost  to  the  Snake  River.  The  native  vegetation  of  the  whole 
of  the  southern  part  of  the  state,  as  far  north  as  the  middle  of 
Washington  county,  is  sage  brush.  This  entire  area  is  a  vast  agri- 
cultural region,  having  at  the  present  time  1,843,039  acres  of  irri- 
gated lands.  South  Idaho  is  an  arid  region,  the  rainfall  being  from 
eight  to  fifteen  inches.  The  timbered  plateau  extends  over  most  of 
the  northern  and  central  parts  of  the  state.  The  principal  trees 
found  in  this  area  are  Yellow  Pine,  Red  Fir,  and  White  Pine.  The 
northern  part  of  the  state  is  humid,  the  annual  precipitation  vary- 
ing from  twenty-twenty-five  inches.  The  agricultural  lands  lie 
mostly  near  the  western  border.  The  state  is  entirely  drained  by 
the  Snake  River  and  other  tributaries  of  the  Columbia. 

Development  of  Fruit  Industry. 

Never  in  the  history  of  our  state  has  so  much  interest,  so  much 
intelligent  thought  been  given  to  land,  to  the  soil,  to  the  possibilities 
that  may  be  realized  in  its  improvement,  as  at  the  present.  Hard- 
ly half  a  century  has  elapsed  since  the  pioneers  laid  the  foundation 
of  the  empire  in  the  "Gem  of  the  Mountains"  and  yet  progress  is 
noted  on  every  hand.  The  development  of  the  fruit  industry  of  the 
state  is  an  interesting  story.  When  H.  H.  Spaulding,  a  missionary 
in  this  country,  started  the  first  orchard  in  the  state,  little  did  he 
dream  that  within  the  next  quarter  of  a  century,  the  value  of  the 
annual  fruit  crop  would  be  more  than  two  millions  of  dollars.    In 


WITH  CLEAN  TILLACE  IN   IDAHO. 
WITH    INTERCROPS    AND    "WATER,"'    IDAHO. 


IDAHO POMOLOGICALLY  CONSIDERED.  153 

the  year  1836  Mr.  Spaulding  started  an  orchard  on  the  Clearwater 
River,  a  few  miles  above  Lewiston,  at  a  place  now  known  as  Joseph. 
In  the  southern  part  of  the  state,  two  small  orchards  were  set  out  on 
the  Snake  River  near  the  Brown  Lee  country  in  1862.  Small  plant- 
ings were  also  made  on  the  Payette  River  in  1863  and  near  Boise  in 
1865.  From  these  small  plantings,  the  fruit  industrj^  has  developed 
until  now  there  are  over  140,000  acres  planted  to  orchards,  having 
a  valuation  of  $6,021,109.00.  This  acreage  is  distributed  as  follows : 
Apples,  110,000  acres;  prunes,  12,000  acres;  pears,  3,000  acres; 
peaches,  5,000  acres ;  mixed  fruit,  10,000  acres.  The  plantings  have 
been  wisely  and  carefully  done.  The  lands  selected  are  ideally 
adapted  for  producing  tree  fruits  and  the  varieties  have  been  wisely 
chosen.  It  appears  that  there  will  be  a  very  small  acreage  planted 
the  next  few  years,  as  the  general  sentiment  is  that  we  should  wait 
until  we  have  developed  markets  for  our  present  acreage  before 
making  any  further  plantings. 

Fruit  Districts. 

Owing  to  differences  in  altitude  and  climatic  conditions,  the  state 
may  be  divided  horticulturall}^  into  several  distinct  districts: 

THE  north  IDAHO  OR  PANHANDLE  DISTRICT. 

This  section  includes  the  timbered  territory  of  North  Idaho  and 
especially  the  country  around  Coeur  d'  Alene,  Hay  den  Lake,  Pencl 
Oreille  Lake,  Sandpoint,  Bonners  Ferry,  Clarks  Fork,  Rathdrum, 
and  Post  Falls.  It  includes  all  of  Bonner  county  and  parts  of 
Kootenai,  Shoshone,  Latah,  Clearwater  and  Idaho  counties.  This  is 
a  large  district  and  there  is  considerable  variation  in  the  conditions 
in  different  parts  of  it.  The  section  around  Coeur  d'  Alene  and 
Post  Falls  is  really  one  end  of  the  Spokane  Valley  and  here  the 
soil  and  precipitation  are  quite  different  from  the  soil  and  precipita- 
tion around  Bonners  Ferry  or  Sandpoint.  Conditions  around  Rath- 
drum  are  also  quite  similar  to  those  around  Post  Falls. 

The  soils  of  the  northern  part  of  the  state  vary  in  texture  from 
silt  loams  to  sandy  loams  and  in  color  from  red  to  black.  Around 
Bonners  Ferry,  the  red  sandy  loams  predominate  while  around 
Pend  Oreille  Lake  and  Sandpoint,  the  soil  consists  of  red  silt  loams. 
The  typical  Spokane  Valley  soil  is  a  gravelly  black,  silt  loam.  The 
timber  soil  around  Coeur  d'  Alene  consists  largely  of  a  reddish  silt 
loam.  The  bottom  land  around  Clarks  Fork  is  a  gravelly,  gray,  silt 
loam. 

The  climate  is  mild  in  summer  and  not  severe  in  winter.  The 
elevation  varies  from  1500  to  2500  feet.  The  annual  precipitation 
is  from  twenty-twenty-five  inches  and  is  sufficient  to  mature  horti- 
cultural crops  although  irrigation  is  practiced  in  several  localities. 

The  local  conditions  such  as  soil,  air  drainage,  elevation  and  slope 
are  important  considerations  in  the  establishment  of  an  orchard  in 
this  district. 

The  varieties  in  large  type  are  recommended  for  commercial 
planting. 


154  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 

LIST  OF  VARIETIES  FOR  NORTH  IDAHO  DISTRICT. 

Apples:— WAGENER,  ROj\IE  BEAUTY,  TOMPKINS  KING, 
JONATHAN,  BANANA.  Wealthy,  Grimes,  Oldenburg, 
Gravenstein,  Yellow  Transparent,  Baldwin,  Northern 
Spy,  Wolf  River,  Yellow  Bellflower,  Bellflower,  Trans- 
cendent (Crab),  Hyslop  (Crab). 

Pears;— BARTLETT,  FLEMISH,  Kieft'er,  Howell,  Anjou. 

Peaches: — Early  Hale. 

Cherries: — Napoleon  (Royal  Ann),  Bing,  Lambert,  Republican, 
Wood.  Morello,  May  Duke,  Late  Duke,  Montmorency. 

Prunes :~ltaU'dii.  Pond  (Hungarian),  SILVER,  Golden,  AGEN 
(Petite). 

Plums: — Peach,  Burbaiik,  DAMSON,  Green  Gage,  Columbia, 
Golden  Drop,  Yellow  Egg. 

S[raivh€rries:—FARiiON,  Gandy,  William  Belt,  Dunlap,  Clark, 
Glen  Mary. 

Dewberries : — Lucretia. 

Blackherrics: — Snyder,  Early  Harvest,  Eldorado,  Taylor. 

Bed  Raspherries :—Ciithhei%  Loudon,  Turner,  RANERE  (St. 
Regis). 

Blackcap  Raspherries: — Cumberland,  Gregg,  Kansas. 

Loganherries : — Do  well  in  parts  of  the  district. 

Gooseberries:— Bowning,  Pearl,  Houghton,  OREGON  CHAMPION. 

Currants: — Cherry,  Fay,  Perfection.  White  Grape. 

Grapes: — None. 

THE  PALOUSE  DISTRICT. 

This  distri(^t  includes  all  of  the  typical,  rolling,  wheat-growing 
region,  known  as  the  "Palouse  Country."  The  commercial  or- 
chards are  mostly  located  around  the  towns  of  Viola,  Moscow,  Pot- 
latch,  Genesee  and  Princeton.  As  conditions  are  quite  similar  on 
the  "Camas  Prairie"  which  lies  in  Idaho,  Lewis,  Clearwater,  and 
Nez  Perce  counties,  it  is  also  included  in  this  district.  The  larger 
plantings  of  fruits  on  "Camas  Prairie"  are  found  in  the  vicinity 
of  the  towns  of  Grangeville,  Cottonwood,  and  Nez  Perce. 

Irrigation  is  not  necessary  in  this  dictriet.  The  rainfall  being 
from  twenty-twenty-five  inches,  is  sufficient  to  grow  crops  success- 
fully, although  a  good  dust  mulch  is  essential  in  order  to  obtain  size 
to  the  fruit.  The  deep,  friable  soils  are  of  basaltic  formation,  very 
fine  in  texture,  and  hold  moisture  remarkablv  well.  The  elevation 
varies  from  2000  to  3500  feet. 

Pear  growing  is  rapidly  gaining  prominence,  in  certain  parts  of 
this  district.  The  growers  have  had  very  little  trouble  with  blight 
and  where  systematic  patrolling  of  orchards  is  practiced,  it  has  been 
practically  eradicated. 

All  sweet  cherries  do  exceptionally  well.  The  Bing  is  the  leader, 
although  the  Napoleon  (RoyaJ  Ann)  and  Lambert  are  excellent. 
The  sour  cherries  also  find  here  soil  and  climate  congenial  to  their 
growth. 


IDAHO — POMOLOGICALLY  CONSIDERED.  155 

LIST  OF  VARIETIES  FOR  THE  PALOUSE  DISTRICT. 

Apples:— WAGE^ETi,  GRIMES,  ROME  BEAUTY,  JONATHAN, 
Early  Harvest,  Yellow  Transparent,  Red  Astrachau, 
Tompkins  King.  Gravenstein,  Banana,  Rhode  Island 
Greening,  Blue  Pearmain,  Transcendent  (Crab),  Whit- 
ney (Crab). 

Pears;— BARTLETT,  FLEMISH,  Clapp  Favorite. 

Peaches: — None  do  well. 

Cherries:— Brno,  Napoleon  (Royal  Ann),  LAMBERT,  Morello, 

May  Duke.  Late  Duke,  Richmond. 
Prunes: — Italian,  Agen,  Pond  (Hungarian) . 
Plums: — DAMSON,   Bradshaw,  Washington,   Wiekson.   Burbank, 

Abundance. 
Strawherries:—ChABK,     PARSON,     Marshall,     William     Belt, 

Dunlap. 
Dewberries ;— LUCRETIA. 
Blackberries: — Snyder,  Early  Harvest,  Lawton. 
Red  Raspberries: — Cutlibert,  Ranere,  Marlboro. 
Blackcap  Raspberries : — Gregg. 
Loganberries : — Do  well. 
Gooseberries : — Downing,  Oregon  Champion. 
Currants: — Victoria,  Cherry,  Fay. 
Grapes: — None  do  well. 
Apricots : — Moorpark,  Blenheim. 

THE  LEWISTON  DISTRICT. 

This  district  includes  the  territory  around  the  town  of  Lewiston 
in  the  Lewiston  Valley.  It  extends  up  the  Clearwater  Valley  to 
Stites ;  up  the  Potlatch  Creek  Valley  to  Kendrick ;  and  south  from 
Lewiston  along  the  Snake  River. 

The  average  elevation  of  this  district  is  low.  It  varies  from  700 
feet,  which  is  the  elevation  of  the  business  streets  of  Lewiston,  to 
about  2000  feet  at  the  upper  end  of  the  Potlatch  Creek  Valley.  The 
annual  precipitation  ranges  from  twelve-twenty  inches.  Irrigation 
is  practiced  in  the  Lewiston  orchards  as  well  as  in  parts  of  the 
Clearwater  and  Snake  River  Valleys.  Practically  all  kinds  of  fruits 
of  excellent  quality  are  raised  here.  In  a  few  favored  localities,  the 
European  grape,  such  as  Flame  Tokay,  Muscat,  etc.,  are  grown 
successfully. 

A  large  percentage  of  the  fruit  in  this  district  is  grown  on  a 
bench,  about  three  miles  southeast  of  Lewiston  at  an  approximate 
elevation  of  1500  feet,  known  as  the  "Lewiston  Orchards."  In 
these  tracts  there  are  about  6000  acres.  A  few  varieties  of  fruits  are 
grown  in  this  locality  that  do  not  do  well  in  other  parts  of  the 
state,  among  them  being  the  Esopus  ( Spitzenburg )  and  Yellow 
Newtown  varieties  of  apples. 


156  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  AMERICxVN  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 

LIST  OF  VARIETIES  FOR  THE  LEWISTON  DISTRICT. 

Apples:— ROME  BEAUTY,  ESOPUS  (Spitzenhurg),  JONA- 
THAN, WINESAP,  YELLOW  NEWTOWN,  DELICI- 
OUS, Banana,  Mcintosh,  Yellow  Transparent,  Olden- 
burg, Wealthy,  Bellflower,  Gravenstein,  Martha  (Crab), 
Whitney  (Crab). 

Pears:— BARThETT,  Flemish,  Anjou,  Winter  Nelis,  Kieffer. 

Peaches:— EhBEUT A,  EARLY  CRAWFORD,  LATE  CRAW- 
FORD, Muir,  Lemon  Cling,  Indian  Cling,  Triumph, 
Alexander,  Early  Hale. 

Cherries: — Biug,  Napoleon  (Royal  Ami),  Lambert,  Richmond,  May 
Duke,  Late  Duke,  Montmorency. 

Prunes: — Italian,  SILVER,  German. 

Plums: — Yellow  Egg,  Green  Gage,  Burbank,  Wickson,  Lombard. 

mraw})erries:—GOljD  DOLLAR,  CLARK,  Warfield,  Glen  Mary, 
William  Belt,  World  (World's  Wonder). 

Dewberries : — Lucretia. 

Blackberries: — Snyder,  Himalaya,  Taylor,  Lawton,  Kittatinny, 
Early  Cluster. 

Red  Raspberries: — Cuthbert,  Red  Antwerp,  Ranere. 

Blackcap  Raspberries : — Gregg,  Cumberland,  Kansas. 

Loganberries: — Do  well. 

Gooseberries: — Oregon  Champion,  Downing. 

Currants: — Perfection,  Victoria,  Fay,  White  Grape. 

Grapes: — CONCORD,  Moore,  Niagara,  Brighton. 

Apricots: — Royal,  Blenheim,  Moorpark. 

THE  PAYETTE  DISTRICT. 

This  district  includes  the  territory  along  the  Payette  River  from 
its  mouth  to  the  Horseshoe  Bend  and  Brown  Lee  country ;  along  the 
Snake  River  from  Weiser  to  Payette;  and  along  the  Weiser  River 
from  Weiser  to  the  Council  Valley.  A  large  percentage  of  the  fruit 
is  planted  around  the  towns  of  Payette,  Fruitland,  New  Plymouth, 
Emmett,  Woods  Spur,  Jonathan  and  Weiser.  This  is  the  largest 
fruit  district  of  Idaho,  calculated  on  the  basis  of  the  acreage  planted 
to  fruit.  The  soils  are  volcanic  ash  and  vary  in  texture  from  light 
sandy  loams  on  the  uplands,  to  heavy  dark  loams  in  the  valleys. 
The  annual  precipitation  ranges  from  ten-fifteen  inches.  Irrigation 
is  necessary. 

The  Council  Valley  section  is  located  along  the  upper  Weiser  and 
Council  Rivers.  Its  elevation  varies  from  3000  to  4000  feet.  The 
protection  is  very  good  and  fruit  of  fine  quality  is  grown.  Approxi- 
mately 3000  acres  are  in  fruit  at  the  present  time. 

Almost  all  kinds  of  fruit  of  excellent  quality  are  grown  in  the 
Payette  District.  However,  at  the  present  time,  apples  and  Italian 
prunes  are  the  leaders  in  importance  from  a  commercial  standpoint. 
Blackcap  raspberries  are  also  of  some  importance  commercially. 
Almost  all  kinds  of  apples  row  well,  although  the  six  varieties 


IDAHO POMOLOGICALLY  COXSIDERED.  157 

named  are  the  leaders.  The  Arkansas  Black  isl  one  of  the  best 
money  makers  with  the  Rome  Beauty  a  close  second.  The  acreage 
in  Jonathans  is  large. 

LIST  OF  VARIETIES  FOR  THE  PAYETTE  DISTRICT. 

^ppZes:— ARKANSAS  BLACK,  ROME  BEAUTY,  WINESAP, 
JONATHAN,  BEN  DAVIS,  GANO,  Delicious,  Winter 
Banana,  Stayman  Winesap,  Grimes,  Wealthy,  Yellow 
Transparent,  Gravenstein,  Hyslop  (Crab),  Martha 
(Crab). 

Pears: — Bartlett,  Anjou,  Flemish,  Winter  Nelis,  Clairgeau. 

P(,„c/?fs;— ELBERT  A,  LATE  CRAWFORD,  EARLY  CRAW- 
FORD, Orange  Cling,  Early  Hale,  Triumph,  Alexander. 

Cherries:— QmG,  NAPOLEON  (Royal  Ann),  LAMBERT,  Late 
Duke,  May  Duke,  Richmond,  Morello,  REPUBLICAN. 

Prunes:— IT AlAAl^,  Pond  (nungarian),  SILVER,  Ageu,  Ger- 
man. 

Plums: — Peach,  Bradshaw,  Golden  Drop,  Yellow  Egg,  Abundance, 
Damson. 

mraw})crries:—D\5^\jA?,  WARFIELD,  GLEN  MARY,  WILL- 
IAM BELT,  Aroma,  Parker  Earle,  Jumbo,  Superb, 
Progressive. 

Dewherries : — Lucretia. 

Blackberries: — Snyder,  Lawton,  Himalaya. 

Red  Raspberries: — Cuthbert,  Columbian. 

Blackcap  Raspherries : — GREGG,  Kansas. 

Logan b erries : — Do  well . 

(iooseberries: — Downing  JOSSELYN. 

Currants: — Cherry,  Fay,  White  Imperial. 

Grapes: — CONCORD,  Niagara,  Moore.  Delaware,  Worden. 

Apricots : — Blenheim,  JMoorpark. 

THE  BOISE  VALLEY  DISTRICT. 

This  district  includes  the  entire  Boise  Valley  with  Boise  at  one 
end  and  Parma  at  the  other.  It  is  about  thirty-five  miles  long  and 
varies  in  width  from  two  to  ten  miles.  While  fruit  is  raised  in  the 
entire  valley,  most  of  the  commercial  orchards  are  found  in  the 
country  around  the  towns  of  Boise,  Eagle,  Star,  Parma,  CoUister 
and  Middleton  on  the  north  side  of  the  river,  and  Meridian,  Nampa, 
Caldwell,  and  Roswell  on  the  south  side.  There  are  approximately 
25,000  acres  and  it  is  the  second  largest  fruit  district  in  Idaho. 

While  many  varieties  of  apples  do  excellently  in  this  district,  the 
Rome  Beauty,  according  to  many  of  the  growers,  is  the  most  profit- 
able. However,  the  growers  are  almost  unanimous  in  agreeing  that 
the  Italian  prune  is  the  leading  money  maker  in  the  Boise  Valley 
at  the  present  time. 

The  soils  of  the  Boise  Valley  are  very  rich,  being  volcanic  ash  of 
a  decomposed  basalt.    The  elevation  varies  from  2000  to  3000  feet. 


158  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 

The  annual  precipitation  is  from  ten-fifteen  inches.     Irrigation  is 
depended  upon  to  mature  crops  grown  in  the  valley. 

LIST  OF  VARIETIES  FOR  THE  BOISE  VALLEY  DISTRICT, 

Apples:— HOME  BEAUTY,  JONATHAN,  WINESAP,  ARKAN- 
SAS  BLACK,   DELICIOUS,    BEN   DAVIS,    GANO, 

Yellow  Transparent,  Red  June,  Oldenburg,  Gravenstein. 

Grimes,  White  Pearmain,  Banana,  Baldwin,  King  David. 
Pears: — Bartlett,  Winter  Nelis,  Anjou,  Flemish,  Kieffer,  Howell, 

Clairgeau. 
Peaches: — Elberta,   Early  Crawford,   Late   Crawford,   Champion, 

Crosby.  Alexander,  Early  Hale. 
C/temes;— RICHMOND,    MORELLO,  MONTMORENCY,    MAY 

DUKE,  LATE  DUKE,  DYEHOUSE,  Bing,  Napoleon 

(Royal  Ann),  Lambert,  Republican. 
Primes: — ITALIAN,  Agen,  Pond,  Silver. 

Plums: — Peach,  Damson,  Yellow  Egg,  Bradshaw,  Green  Gage. 
Strawherries :—V'NChE   JIM,   MICHIGAN   PRIDE,   WILLIAM 

BELT,    GLEN    MARY,    JUMBO,    Climax,    Magoon, 

Parson, 
Detvierrics : — Lucretia, 

Blackberries: — Snyder,  Lawton,  Taylor,  Early  Cluster. 
Red  Raspherrii-s: — Cuthbert,  Ranere. 
Blackcap  Raspherries : — Gregg,  Cumberland, 
Loga/nherries: — Do  well  in  some  locations. 
Gooseberries : — Downing,  Josselyn,  Industry. 
Currants: — Fay,  Cherry,  Red  Cross,  Red  Dutch,  Perfection,  White 

Grape. 
Grapes: — Niagara,  Moore,  Concord,  Worden. 

THE  SNAKE  RIVER  CANYON  DISTRICT, 

This  district  consists  of : 

(a)  The  Homedale  section  which  includes  Indian  Cove,  Central 
Cove,  Sunnyside,  Fargo  and  Peaceful  Valleys,  All  of  these  are 
coves  along  the  Snake  River.  This  section  is  well  adapted  to  fruit 
as  the  climate  is  excellent  for  fruit  growing  purposes.  However, 
trees  should  not  be  planted  on  the  adobe  land  on  the  floor  of  tbr 
river  valley.  There  are  about  2000  acres  in  this  section  which  is 
distributed  along  the  Snake  River  for  thirty  miles. 

(b)  The  Upper  Snake  River  Canyon  section  consists  of  Grand 
View,  Medbury  Valley,  Glenn's  Ferry,  King  Hill,  Swiss  Valley, 
Hagerman  Valley,  Crystal  Springs,  Niagara  Springs  and  Blue 
Lakes.  This  is  approximately  one  hundred  miles  long  and  is  a  nar- 
row canyon  varying  in  width  from  one  to  four  miles.  The  fruit  is 
planted  in  spots. 

The  entire  district  is  located  directly  along  the  Snake  River.  The 
hills  or  canyon  walls  on  each  side  of  the  river  afford  an  excellent 
protection  although  there  is  a  wide  variation.    At  Blue  Lakes,  the 


IDAHO POMOLOGICALLY  CONSIDERED.  159 

canyon  walls  of  the  river  are  very  steep  and  about  eight  hundred 
feet  high,  while  in  the  Ilomedale  section,  the  valley  is  much  wider 
and  the  hills  not  nearly  so  abrupt  nor  high. 

This  entire  area  has  a  mild  climate  and  long  growing  season,  well 
adapted  to  the  growing  of  fruits  and  there  are  localities  where  even 
tender  fruits  such  as  European  grapes  are  grown  successfully. 
Apples  do  well  and  are  grown  commercially. 

Peaches,  sweet  cherries,  grapes,  etc.,  have  the  advantage  of  a 
good  local  market,  due  largely  to  the  fact  that  they  ripen  earlier 
than  those  grown  outside  of  the  canyon  district.  Sour  cherries  are 
excellent  and  sweet  varieties  do  well.  Prunes,  plums,  strawberries 
and  all  of  the  small  fruits  grow  well  and  produce  abundantly. 

LIST  OF  VARIETIES  FOR  THE  SNAKE  UlVF.ll  CANYON  DISTRICT. 

.Ipples:— JONATHAN,  ROME  BEAUTY.  WINESAP,  DELICI- 
OUS, GANO,  Wagener,  Yellow  Transparent,  Graven- 
stein,  Hyslop  (Crab),  Red  Astrachan,  Ben  DaAas.  Ar- 
kansas Black,  White  Pearmain. 

Peac/ies .-—ELBERT A,   EARLY  CRAWFORD,   EARLY  HALE, 

Late  Crawford,  Alexander,  Carman. 
Cherries: — Bing,    Napoleon    (Royal    Arm),    Lambert,    Richmond, 

Morello,  IMontmorencv,  Wood. 
Prw?Jtvs;— ITALIAN,  Agen,  Silver,  Pond. 
Plums: — Damson,  Bradshaw,  Abundance,  Red  June. 
Strawherries: — Dunlap,  Gandy,  Jucundo,  Chesapeake. 
Dewherries : — Lucretia. 
Blackherries : — Eldorado,  Snyder. 
Red  Raspberries: — Cuthbert,  Ranere,  ColumWan. 
Blackcap  Raspherrics: — Cumberland,  Kansas,  Gregg. 
Loganberries : — Do  well. 
Gooseberries: — Downing,  Josselyn. 
Currants: — Fay,  Cherry,  White  Imperial. 
Grapes: — Concord,    Moore,    Niagara,    Muscat,    Tokay,    Comichon, 

Sweetwater. 
Apricots: — Blenheim,  Royal. 

THE  TWIN  FALLS  DISTRICT. 

This  district  includes : 

(a)  The  territory  known  as  the  North  Side  Twin  Falls  section 
and  the  country-  surrounding  where  the  conditions  are  similar,  es- 
pecially the  vicinity  around  the  towns  of  Ticeska,  Bliss,  Jerome, 
Gooding,  Wendell,  Shoshone  and  Richfield.  The  conditions  in  the 
Richfield  project  are  somewhat  different  from  those  on  the  North 
Side  Twin  Falls  as  the  elevation  is  greater.  In  this  entire  section, 
there  are  approximately  six  thousand  acres  in  fruit. 

(b)  The  South  Side  Twin  Falls  section,  especially  the  area  sur- 
i-ounding  the  towns  of  Hansen,  Kimberly,  Twin  Falls,  Filer,  Buhl, 


160  PROCEEDINGS  OP  THE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 

Minidoka  and  Burley.  Minidoka  and  Burley  are  located  on  the 
Minidoka  project  and  at  the  present  time  very  little  fruit  is  grown 
in  this  vicinity.    In  this  section  there  are  about  19,000  acres  in  fruit. 

(c)  The  Salmon  Tract.  This  is  a  flat,  irrigated  country  located 
to  the  east  of  Salmon  River  and  Avatered  by  the  Salmon  River  and 
Deep  Creek.  There  are  approximately  three  thousand  acres  in 
fruit. 

The  average  elevation  of  this  district  is  quite  high,  varying  from 
3500  to  4500  feet.  The  soil  is  a  clay  loam  and  is  excellent  for  the 
production  of  fruit.  Throughout  the  district,  irrigation  must  be 
practiced  in  order  to  produce  crops. 

LIST  OP  VARIETIES  FOR  THE  TWIN  PALLS  DISTRICT. 

^pp^e^;— JONATHAN,  ROME  BEAUTY,  DELICIOUS,  WAGE- 
NER,  STAYMAN  WINESAP,  GRIMES,  Gano,  Mc- 
intosh, Yellow  Bellflower,  Rhode  Island  Greening, 
Banana,  YeUow  Transparent,  Wealthy,  Gravenstein, 
Oldenburg,  Hyslop  (Crab). 

Pears: — Bartlett,  Flemish,  Winter  Nelis. 

Peaches: — Early  Crawford,  Elberta,  Alexander,  Mamie  Ross,  Early 
Hale,  Triumph. 

Cherries: — Richmond,  Montmorency,  Napoleon  (Boyal  Ann),  Dye- 
house,  Morello. 

Prunes: — Italian,  German,  Silver. 

Plums: — Green  Gage.  Lombard.  Damson,  Abundance,  Bradshaw. 

Strawberries: — Glen  Mary,  Clark,  Dunlap,  Clyde. 

Dewberries : — Lucretia. 

Blackberries : — Snyder,  Eldorado,  Erie,  Early  Harvest. 

Red  Raspberries : — Cuthbert,  Turner,  Loudon. 

Blackcap  Raspberries : — Cumberland,  Gregg,  Kansas. 

Loganberries: — Do  well. 

Gooseberries : — Downing,  Oregon,  Champion,  Josselyn. 

Currants: — Eay,  White  Grape,  Cherry,  Red  Dutch. 

Grapes: — Moore,  Campbell.  Diamond,  Niagara. 

Apricots: — Blenheim,  Royal. 

THE  BLACKPOOT  AND  IDAHO  FALLS  DISTRICT. 

This  district  consists  of  a  strip  of  land  running  from  Blackfoot 
through  Idaho  Ealls  and  on  to  St.  Anthony,  being  approximately 
eighty  miles  long  and  thirty  miles  wide.  The  average  elevation  is 
about  4700  feet.  There  is  a  gradual  rise  in  elevation  from  Black- 
foot  to  St.  Anthony  of  about  thirteen  feet  to  the  mile.  In  general, 
the  soil  is  excellent. 

Owing  to  a  greater  elevation,  the  area  planted  to  fruit  in  this  dis- 
trict is  small  compared  with  some  of  the  other  fruit  districts  of 
Idaho.  There  are  some  favored  localities  where  commercial  plant- 
ings have  been  made.  Sour  cherries,  dewberries,  blackberries  and 
blackcap  raspberries  are  grown  on  a  small  scale.    Prunes  and  plums 


roAHO — ^POMOLOQICALLY  CONglDEBED.  161 

do  well,  while  strawberries,  red  raspberries,  gooseberries  and  cur- 
rants grow  to  perfection. 

LIST  OF  VARIETIES  FOR  THE  BLACKFOOT  AND  IDAHO  FALLS  DISTRICT. 

Apples:— WE AJjTBY,  GRAVENSTEIN,  McINTOSH,  Wagener, 
Rome  Beauty,  Oldenburg,  Rhode  Island  Greening,  Jona- 
than, Pewaukee,  Yellow  Transparent,  Hyslop  (Crab), 
Transcendent  (Crab),  Martha  (Crab). 

Pears: — Bartlett,  Clapp  Favorite,  Flemish. 

Peaches : — None. 

Cherries: — Morello,  May  Duke,  Late  Duke. 

Prunes: — Italian,  German. 

Plums: — Lombard,  Yellow  Egg,  Green  Gage. 

Straivierries :—I>VNhAF,  JUMBO,  GANDY,  MARSHALL. 

Dewberries : — Lucretia. 

Blackberries: — Snj'^der,  Briton,  Eldorado. 

Red  Raspberries: — Cuthbert,  Columbian,  Ranere. 

Blackcap  Raspberries: — Gregg,  Cumberland. 

Gooseberries : — Downing,  Houghton,  Industry. 

Currants: — Cherry,  White  Grape,  Fay. 

Grapes: — None. 

MISCELLAITEOUS  NOTES. 

The  President:  We  might  at  this  time  use  a  few  moments  in 
hearing  reports  from  different  sections  of  the  country.  I  will  call 
for  a  report  on  Western  New  York. 

Mr.  Gillett  :  I  have  not  been  there  since  last  April,  and  all  the 
reports  I  hear  show  that  we  are  one-fourth  of  a  crop  short.  We  had 
a  big  freeze  on  the  26th  of  May  which  struck  the  big  apple  section ; 
so  I  get  reports  of  a  short  apple  crop.  Twenty-five  to  thirty  per 
cent  shortage. 

The  President  :    Washington  now. 

Mr.  Barnett  :  My  impression  is  that  it  will  not  be  in  excess  of 
forty  to  fifty  per  cent  of  last  j^ear's  crop. 

The  President  :    Now  let  us  hear  from  Oregon. 

Mr.  Roberts  :  Mr.  Chairman,  the  prospects  for  a  crop  in  Oregon 
this  year  are  bad.  We  have  a  very  light  crop.  Some  sections  were 
hit  by  heavy  frost  on  the  night  of  the  30th  of  April,  and  other  sec- 
tions have  been  hit  by  drought.  In  some  sections  which  depended 
on  irrigation  the  water  has  failed.  Their  crop  will  be  small.  I 
doubt  if  we  will  have  more  than  forty  per  cent  of  a  full  crop.  I 
think  I  am  safe  in  saying  we  will  not  have  more  than  forty  per  cent. 
It  is  a  hard  question  to  definitely  answer. 

The  President  :  That  is  why  I  asked  it.  We  will  now  hear  from 
Mr.  Taft  and  Michigan. 

Prof.  Taft:  Of  winter  apples,  we  will  have  only  one-half  a 
crop.  We  had  in  some  sections  cold  rain  or  frost,  at  the  time  of 
blossoming,  which  cut  down  the  crop.  We  have  a  good  crop  of  sum- 
mer and  fall  apples. 


162  PROCEEDINGS  OP  THE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 

The  President:  From  Illinois.  Mr.  Lloyd  Avill  report  on 
Illinois. 

Mr.  Lloyd:  They  are  better  than  any  year  for  the  last  three 
years.  A  poor  crop  of  some  varieties,  but  a  moderate  crop  of  Ben 
Davis. 

The  Presstdent  :  About  one-half  of  all  the  apple  trees  in  Illinois 
are  dead? 

Mr.  Lloyd  :  Yes.  We  have  a  great  many  more  apples,  however, 
than  we  had  last  year. 

The  President  :    We  will  now  hear  from  Missouri. 

Mr.  Wayman  :  As  far  as  I  can  learn  it  is  about  forty  per  cent. 
The  apples  are  of  good  quality,  but  the  quantity  cannot  be  kept  up. 
The  Jonathan  and  Grimes  are  especially  fine  this  year,  but  owing 
to  excessive  rains  there  is  some  shrinking  in  the  quantity. 

The  President  :    What  varieties  are  short  ? 

Mr.  Wayman  :  The  Ben  Davis,  that  is  our  principal  variety. 
The  reports  which  I  get,  although  these  reports  are  not  general,  are 
to  the  effect  that  the  best  we  can  get  is  about  forty  per  cent  this 
year. 

The  President  :    Noav  let  us  hear  from  Idaho. 

Mr.  Blunck  :  ( Idaho. )  I  have  not  been  in  Idaho  for  six  months, 
but  I  get  weekly  reports.  The  frost  was  not  so  bad  in  certain  parts 
of  Idaho,  but  blight  is  bad  up  there  this  year  owing  to  the  weather 
we  had  in  the  month  of  May.  They  will  have  about  sixty-five  per 
cent  of  the  regular  crop  this  year. 

Mr.  HuTT:  (North  Carolina.)  The  North  Carolina  apple  crop, 
I  should  say  will  be  sixty  per  cent  of  the  regular  crop.  We  had 
excellent  prospects  this  spring,  and  we  looked  for  a  bumper  crop, 
but  the  blight  has  been  the  worst  ever  known,  and  it  has  been  with 
us  twenty-five  or  thirty  years.  This  year  it  swept  down  like  a 
cyclone,  and  some  heavy  bearing  orchards  did  not  have  enough  left 
on  them  for  an  apple  pie.  But  summing  up,  I  should  say  we  have 
about  sixty  per  cent  of  the  regular  crop. 

The  President  :    Mr.  Lord  will  tell  us  about  California. 

Mr.  Lord  :  I  visited  the  Watsonville  district,  and  took  a  thirty- 
five-mile  ride  with  men  well  informed  there,  and  they  tell  me  it  was 
about  a  sixty  per  cent  crop.  The  apples  are  too  large,  but  the  trees 
look  to  me  like  carrying  a  light  load ;  but  they  said  there  was  sixty 
per  cent  of  the  regular  crop. 

Dr.  Cook  :  That  district  embraces  one-half  of  our  California 
crop. 

SIr.  Ream  :  San  Diego  County,  there  is  no  crop  at  all.  The 
second  of  May  cleaned  them  up. 

When  I  left  there  we  had  just  commenced  to  gather  the  crop.  It 
Mas  very  short  owing  to  the  drought,  and  also  to  the  frost  which  had 
visited  us. 

The  President  :    Let  us  have  a  few  words  from  Australia. 

Mr.  L.  M.  Shoobridge,  of  Tasmania :  I  have  been  asked  to  say  a 
little  about  Australia,  but  I  should  like  to  preface  my  remarks  with 
«in  expression  of  the  great  pleasure  it  gives  me  to  meet  such  a  body 


MISCELLANEOUS  NOTES.  163 

as  the  American  Pomological  Society.  When  it  was  known  to  yonr 
Secretary  that  I  was  about  to  visit  this  country  he  extended  to  me  a 
hearty  invitation  to  be  present  at  this  the  34th  Biennial  Meeting  of 
your  Society. 

I  have  listened  with  great  interest  and  profit  to  the  papers  read 
and  discussions  on  the  various  aspects  of  the  fruit  industry,  realiz- 
ing that  we  in  Australia  have  much  in  common  with  you.  Aus- 
tralia is  a  great  country  with  a  wide  range  of  climate  and  soil,  but 
with  a  territory  as  large  as  tlie  United  States  we  have  only  a  popu- 
lation of  a  little  over  five  million  as  against  about  a  hundred  million 
in  the  States.  We  sadh'  need  more  people  for  the  fuller  develop- 
ment of  our  resources.  Australia  is  eminently  a  pastoral  country, 
as  it  is  never  necessary  to  house  stock  even  in  the  severest  winter. 
A  large  part  of  Australia  is  still  unsettled,  but  the  value  of  pastoral 
products  for  1913  (the  latest  figure  I  have  was  over  360,000,000 
dollars).  Very  large  areas  are  suitable  for  grain  growing  and  the 
wheat  crop  for  the  same  year  amounted  to  nearly  thirty  million 
bushels,  with  other  grains  in  proportion.  Australia  is  rich  in  min- 
eral deposits,  but  other  than  gold,  silver  and  copper,  have  not  been 
worked  to  any  great  extent,  as  we  have  large  deposits  of  coal  with 
an  increase  of  population  otlier  metals  will  be  worked  and  an  im- 
petus given  to  manufactures. 

The  railways,  post  and  telegraph  systems  are  owned  and  worked 
by  the  state.  Education  is  free,  compulsory  and  unsectarian.  Our 
form  of  government  is  very  liberal,  every  adult,  male  and  female, 
having  the  right  to  vote.  Each  state  has  its  own  Governor  and 
Parliament.  There  is  also  a  Governor-General  and  Federal  Parlia- 
ment in  which  each  state  has  its  fair  representation.  Hitherto  the 
most  of  the  settlement  has  been  near  the  coast,  but  with  the  con- 
struction of  railways  into  the  interior  settlement  is  rapidly  push- 
ing ahead. 

As  Australia  possesses  such  a  wide  range  of  climate  and  soil 
every  known  fruit  can  be  grown  to  perfection.  In  the  northern 
parts  bananas,  pineapples,  sugar  cane,  etc.,  are  extensively  culti- 
vated, over  two  and  a  quarter  million  tons  of  sugar  being  produced 
last  year.  All  sub-tropical  fruits,  as  grapes,  figs  and  citrus  fruits, 
thirve  to  perfection,  and  the  output  of  dried  fruits  and  wine  is  con- 
siderable and  only  limited  by  market  conditions.  In  the  southern 
part  all  the  fruits,  as  apples,  pears,  etc.,  that  prefer  a  cooler  climate 
are  found  in  profusion,  and  as  these  can  be  carried  to  all  parts  of 
the  world  in  refrigerated  chambers  a  big  future  is  in  prospect  for 
these.  Already  a  considerable  trade  is  established  with  England 
and  other  parts,  and  as  the  area  of  land  suitable  is  almost  unlimited, 
there  is  ample  room  for  the  development  of  a  pleasant  and  profitable 
occupation.  For  fuller  information  1  would  refer  you  to  the  Aus- 
tralian Court  at  the  Expositioii  now  held  in  San  Francisco,  where 
you  may  obtain  some  of  the  literature  that  is  distributed  there. 

The  construction  of  the  Panama  Canal  has  been  watched  witli 
keen  interest  in  Australia,  as  the  completion  of  this  great  work 
should  result  in  the  expansion  of  our  trade,  especially  with  your 


164  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 

Eastern  States,  for  as  we  are  in  the  opposite  hemisphere,  our  fruits 
ripen  in  your  off  season,  which  should  result  in  an  exchange  of 
these  products  to  our  mutual  advantage. 

In  conclusion  I  should  like  to  express  how  much  pleasure  it  has 
given  me  to  travel  through  your  great  country  and  view  the  many 
natural  wonders  you  possess.  Nature  has  been  very  liberal  to  you, 
providing  extensive  areas  of  fertile  lands  with  an  abundant  water 
supply,  of  which  you  are  making  good  use,  as  evidenced  by  the 
wonderful  collection  of  primary  and  manufactured  products  dis- 
played in  the  Panama  Exposition. 


A  Day  in  June. 

' '  I  could  write  such  a  beautiful  poem 

About  this  summer  day 
If  my  pen  could  catch  the  beauty 

Of  every  leaf  and  spray. 
And  the  music  all  about  us 

Of  brooks  and  breeze  and  birda, 
But  the  greatest  poet  living 

Cannot  put  them  into  words. 

"  If  I  only  could  write  the  color 

Of  the  lilacs  tossing  plumes 
And  make  you  feel  in  a  sentence 

The  smell  of  its  sweet  perfume ; 
If  my  pen  could  paint  the  glory 

Of  the  blue  and  tender  sky 
And  the  peace  that  crowns  the  mountains 

My  poem  would  never  die ! ' ' 

— Ceres  Flora  Pomona. 


CHARACTERISTICS  OF  VARIOUS  AVOCADOS  IN  CALIFORNIA.  165 


OHARACTEEISTICS  OF  SOME  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  VARIETIES  OP 
AVOCADOS  BEING  GROWN  IN  CALIFORNIA. 

Ira  J.  CoNDiT. 

The  number  of  named  varieties  of  avocados  originating  in  Cali- 
fornia is  at  least  thirty.  New  varieties  are  rapidly  appearing  as 
local  seedlings  and  as  budded  trees  from  other  countries.  It  is, 
therefore,  very  difficult  for  growers  to  decide  what  varieties  or 
variety  to  plant,  either  for  home  use  or  for  market.  The  accom- 
panying table  is  presented  as  a  guide  to  the  important  characters 
of  varieties  as  far  as  we  have  been  able  to  obtain  them.  Any  addi- 
tions or  corrections  will  be  gratefully  received  by  the  writer. 

The  requirements  of  a  good  commercial  variety  of  avocado  may 
be  briefly  outlined  as  follows : 

1.  The  bud  of  such  a  variety  should  be  able  to  grow,  into  a 

vigorous,  upright,  orchard  tree. 

2.  It  should  be  sufficiently  hardy  to  withstand  ordinary  frosts. 

3.  It  should  be  precocious,  prolific,  and  a  regular  bearer. 

4.  It  should  blossom  late  enough  for  the  flowers  to  escape  heavy 

spring  frosts. 

5.  The  fruit  should  be  of  good  flavor  and  quality. 

6.  The  size  and  shape  of  the  fruit  should  be  uniform  and  not 

too  large,  approaching  oval  or  round,  rather  than  "bottle- 
necked,  ' '  and  averaging  about  one  pound  in  weight. 

7.  The  fruit  should  be  well  adapted  to  shipping. 

8.  The  seed  should  be  small  and  tight  in  the  cavity. 


166 


PROCEEDINGS  OP  THE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 


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CHARACTERISTICS  OP  VARIOUS  AVOCADOS  IN  CALIFORNIA. 


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CHARACTERISTICS  OP  VARIOUS  AVOCADOS  IN  CALIFORNIA. 


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188  PROCEEDINGS  OP  THE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGIC-Ui  SOCEETY. 

COMMITTEE  REPORTS. 


The  committee  reports  of  this  society  have  long 
been  recognized  as  a  feature  of  particular  value 
in  its  proceedings.  During  recent  years  a  num- 
ber of  our  older  members  have  been  constrained 
to  withdraw  their  services  from  this  important 
part  of  the  work  of  the  society  to  its  great  loss: 
But  this  volume  will  be  notable  as  the  first  one 
in  many  years  in  which  Colonel  Brackett  has 
not  been  an,  active  factor  in  making  one  or  more 
of  the  important  committee  reports. — Secretary. 


REPOBT  OF  THE  TROPICAL  FRUIT  COMMITTEE. 

Wilson  Popenoe,  Chcdrman. 

In  recent  years  there  has  been  a  remarkable  awakening  of  interest 
in  tropical  fruits,  not  only  in  the  mildest  sections  of  the  United 
States,  where  such  fruits  can  be  grown,  but  in  Hawaii,  the  Philip- 
pines, Cuba  and  Porto  Rico,  not  to  mention  those  foreign  countries 
with  whose  conditions  we  are  not  so  familiar,  such  as  India,  Queens- 
land, and  Algeria.  Considering  the  matter  solely  from  the  American 
viewpoint,  it  appears  that  several  of  the  tropical  fruits  which  have 
been  unknown,  horticulturally  speaking,  until  very  recent  years, 
are  rapidly  becoming  commercial  and  are  demanding  the  attention 
of  pomologists.  We  see  this  with  the  avocado,  of  which  more  than 
eighty  varieties  have  already  been  named  and  propagated  in  Cali- 
fornia, and  a  smaller  but  considerable  number  in  Florida.  Here, 
then,  is  a  new  field  for  pomologists,  and  one  which  should  be  given 
attention  at  the  very  beginning  if  the  science  of  pomology  is  to  keep 
pace  with  commercial  development.  In  other  lines,  too,  we  see 
notable  progress,  together  with  unusual  promise  for  future  develop- 
ment. The  mango  has  been  given  attention  in  Florida  and  the  West 
Indies  for  the  past  fifteen  years,  and  seems  almost  certain  to  become 
of  considerable  commercial  importance.  The  annonaceous  fruits  are 
also  attracting  attention  as  commercial  possibilities,  while  the  fruit- 
ing of  the  litchi  at  Santa  Barbara,  California,  two  years  ago  gave  a 
new  stimulus  to  the  culture  of  this  fruit  and  it  is  now  being  pushed 
as  a  promising  thing  for  south  Florida. 

The  field  of  tropical  pomology  is  as  yet  practically  untouched. 
What  the  future  holds  in  store  we  can  only  conjecture,  but  it  will 
be  surprising  if  the  next  quarter  of  a  century  does  not  witness  a 
much  greater  development  of  tropical  horticulture  than  has  any  pre- 
vious period  of  similar  length.  Horticulturists  are  just  getting  to 
the  point  where  they  can  propagate  most  of  the  lesser-known  tr<^- 
ical  fruits  by  budding  or  grafting,  thus  paving  the  way  for  the 
establishment  of  named  horticultural  varieties,  and  making  possible 
commercial  culture  of  these  fruits  on  a  modem  basis. 


MAXGA  MAMEY,  FROM  THE  QUIXTA  AVILES,  CIENFUEGOS.     A  HANDSOME 
FKUIT   OF   GOOD   (JTALITY. 


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COMMITTEE  REPORTiS.  189 

It  seems  doubtful,  however,  whether  the  greatest  development  in 
tropical  pomology  will  take  place  within  the  tropics  themselves  or 
in  the  slightly  cooler  regions  to  the  north  of  the  torrid  zone,  such 
as  Florida  and  California,  where  the  culture  of  many  tropical  fruits 
is  possible.  Not  only  are  the  living  conditions  better  in  these  re- 
gions, but  it  has  been  seen  with  citrus  fruits,  as  well  as  with  some 
others,  that  they  frequently  attain  their  highest  perfection  when 
pushed  right  up  against  the  frost  line,  and  grown  at  the  extreme 
northern  limit  of  their  zone. 

It  is  with  the  object  of  reviewing  the  present  status  of  tropical 
fruit  culture  in  Florida,  California  and  the  territory  of  Hawaii,  as 
well  as  to  point  out  some  present-day  needs  in  tropical  pomology, 
that  the  Tropical  Fruit  Committee  submits  the  following  report : 

Some  Systematic  Needs  op  Tropical  Pomology. 

Numerous  varieties  of  both  the  avocado  and  mango  are  now  being 
propagated  in  tropical  and  sub-tropical  regions,  while  named  varie- 
ties of  several  other  tropical  fruits  are  commencing  to  appear.  In 
glancing  over  varietal  descriptions  published  in  the  catalogs  of  nur- 
serymen or  by  tropical  pomologists,  a  discrepancy  which  immediate- 
ly strikes  the  attention  is  the  lack  of  definite  terms  in  regard  to  size ; 
while  it  is  correct  enough  to  use  the  terms  ' '  small, "  "  medium, ' '  and 
''large,"  when  describing  avocados  and  mangos,  unless  they  have  a 
definitely  understood  meaning  they  can  very  easily  be  misconstrued. 
Especially  is  this  true  when  descriptions  prepared  in  one  region  are 
used  in  another;  for  example,  the  avocadas  of  Florida  are  on  the 
average  considerably  larger  than  those  of  California,  hence  a  variety 
which  would  be  termed  small  in  the  former  state  would  be  at  least 
medium-sized  in  the  latter.  To  obviate  this  misunderstanding,  some 
such  schedule  of  sizes  as  the  following  should  be  adopted  for  use  in 
all  regions  where  these  fruits  are  grown : 

Avocados. 

YeTj  small Below    5  ozs. 

Small 5  to    8  ozs. 

Below  medium 8  to  10  ozs. 

Medium 10  to  14  ozs. 

Above  medium 14  to  16  ozs. 

Large 16  to  19  ozs. 

Very  large 19  to  24  ozs. 

Extremely  large Above  24  ozs. 

Mangos. 

Very  small Below    4  ozs. 

Small 4  to    7  ozs. 

Below  medium 7  to    9  ozs. 

Medium 9  to  13  ozs. 

Above  medium 13  to  15  ozs. 

Large 15  to  20  ozs. 

Very  large 20  to  24  ozs. 

Extremely  large Above  24  ozs. 


190  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 

In  regard  to  describing  avocado  varieties,  there  has  been  as  yet 
very  little  uniformity  among  pomologists,  and  the  nurserjrmen 's 
descriptions  are  usually  lacking  in  several  important  points.  The 
amount  of  detail  necessary  in  a  description  will  vary  with  different 
workers,  depending  upon  the  purpose  for  which  the  description  is 
made.  A  brief,  practical  description  should  certainly  contain  all  of 
the  following  characteristics : 

Form.     Commonly  spherical,  oval,  oblong,  obovate  or  pyriform. 

Size.  Comparative,  according  to  some  such  schedule  of  sizes  as 
that  given  above,  and  actual,  including  weight  in  ounces  and  length 
and  greatest  breadth  in  inches. 

Ba^e.  The  form  should  be  stated,  whether  rounded,  attenuate, 
flattened,  etc.,  and  the  insertion  of  the  stem,  whether  squarely  or 
obliquely  inserted.  The  cavity  is  very  frequently  wanting  in  avoca- 
dos; when  present  it  should  be  described  as  to  size,  depth,  breadth 
and  form. 

Stem.  The  length  and  character  of  the  stem  should  be  given.  It 
is  also  important  to  note  whether  the  fruits  are  borne  singly  or  in 
clusters. 

Apex.  Should  be  described  as  to  form — rounded,  obliquely  flat- 
tened, etc. 

Surface.  This  should  be  described  first  as  to  texture  (smooth,  un- 
dulating, rough),  next  as  to  glossiness,  then  as  to  color,  and  finally 
the  number,  size,  form  and  color  of  the  dots  should  be  noted. 

Skin.  In  describing  the  thickness  of  the  skin  the  use  of  relative 
terms  is  not  sufficient.  It  is  desirable  to  note  the  actual  thickness  in 
fractions  of  an  inch,  when  dealing  with  the  thick-skinned  varieties. 
With  the  thin-skinned  Mexican  fruits,  this  is  impracticable,  and 
relative  terms  must  be  depended  upon.  The  texture  of  the  skin 
(brittle,  tough,  leathery,  etc.)  should  be  given,  and  its  adhesion  to 
the  flesh. 

Flesh.  This  should  be  described  a.s  to  texture  (firm,  meaty,  soft, 
buttery),  the  color,  and  the  amount  of  fiber  present.  Sometimes 
there  is  no  actual  fiber  but  it  is  represented  by  discolorations  in  the 
flesh. 

Flavor.  This  can  only  be  described  by  the  use  of  such  terms  as 
rich,  nutty,  watery,  etc.,  which  are  oftentimes  rather  indefinite  and 
unsatisfactory. 

Quality.  This  point  represents  the  personal  opinion  of  the  de- 
seriber,  and  should  be  listed  as  poor,  medium,  good,  very  good,  or 
extra  good.    None  of  these  terms  should  be  applied  to  flavor. 

Seed.  The  form  should  first  be  given  (conical,  spherical,  oblate, 
etc.),  followed  by  the  relative  size  (large  or  small  and  the  actual 
size  (weight  in  ounces)  ;  the  character  and  adhesion  of  both  seed 
coats  should  then  be  mentioned,  and  the  size  of  the  seed  cavity,  if 
larger  than  the  seed.  When  the  outer  seed  coat  adheres  to  the  wall 
of  the  seed  cavity,  it  should  be  noted. 

Season.  This  should  be  stated  fairly,  not  considering  the  fruit  in 
season  until  it  is  fully  mature. 


COMMITTEE  REPORTS.  191 

Tree.  Tlie  vigor  and  character  of  the  growth  should  be  carefully 
noted,  together  with  any  peculiarities  of  habit  which  the  tree  may 
exhibit.  Its  hardiness  should  be  stated,  followed  by  the  character  of 
the  foliage.  Productiveness  and  precocity  of  bearing  are  two  points 
of  great  importance,  and  should  be  described  as  fully  as  possible. 

In  regard  to  classification  of  tropical  fruits,  we  have  not  progress- 
ed far  enough  to  have  worked  out  any  natural  systems  for  either 
the  avocado  or  the  mango  which  can  be  considered  as  complete  and 
definite.  In  Florida  only  one  tjpe  of  avocado  has  been  commonly 
grown,  and  of  this  only  one  or  two  varieties  are  prominent.  In  Cali- 
fornia, however,  avocados  of  several  distinct  types  have  been  plant- 
ed, making  a  classification  almost  necessary.  Nurserymen  have  fre- 
quently divided  the  varieties  grown  in  California  into  two  arbitrary 
groups,  accordingly  as  they  are  thin-  or  thick-skinned.  As  this  lat- 
ter group  contains  both  the  Florida  varieties  (which  do  not  flourish 
in  California,  as  far  as  past  experience  goes),  and  the  hardier 
Guatemalan  varieties,  which  include  the  leading  commercial  sorts, 
the  classification  was  ratlier  unsatisfactory.  Recently  a  natural 
classification  has  been  proposed,  consisting  of  three  types,  the  Mexi- 
can, which  includes  the  small,  thin-skinned,  hardy  varieties;  the 
South  American  or  West  Indian,  which  includes  the  varieties  from 
Florida ;  and  the  Guatemalan,  which  includes  those  varieties  from 
southern  Mexico  and  Guatemala  which  have  very  thick,  woody 
skins,  which  are  hardier  than  the  Florida  varieties,  and  which  ripen 
from  the  latter  part  of  winter  luitil  mid-summer.  This  classifica- 
tion would  also  apply  in  Florida,  and  as  it  tends  to  bring  out  the 
important  features  of  a  variety,  such  as  hardiness,  size,  thickness  of 
skin,  and  season  of  ripening,  it  seems  likely  to  prove  very  useful. 

Present  Status  op  Tropical  Fruits  in  Florida. 

A  keen  interest  in  tropical  fruit-growing  has  been  developed  in 
south  Florida,  principally  in  the  Miami  limestone  belt,  which  com- 
prises a  narrow  strip  of  land  along  the  east  coast  from  Fort  Lauder- 
dale to  below  Homestead.  On  the  west  coast  there  has  been  a  good 
deal  of  planting  done,  notably  at  Fort  Myers,  Sarasota,  and  in  the 
vicinity  of  Tampa  Bay,  which  is  almost  the  northern  limit  of  trop- 
ical fruit  culture. 

At  the  present  moment  the  avocado  is  receiving  more  attention 
than  any  otlier  of  the  tropical  fruits.  It  is  estimated  that  there  are 
approximately  two  hundred  acres  of  budded  trees  now  in  bearing, 
with  an  area  of  nearly  equal  size  recently  planted.  Trapp  is  the 
only  variety  which  has  been  planted  extensively  up  to  the  present, 
but  interest  is  now  centering  in  the  winter-fruiting  Guatemalan 
varieties  which  have  been  introduced  from  Guatemala  and  Cali- 
fornia. Several  of  these  have  already  fruited  at  Miami,  and  have 
matured  from  January  to  April,  the  precise  season  when  avocados 
are  in  greatest  demand  and  highest  prices  are  realized.  The  variety 
Pollock,  which  ripens  in  August  and  September,  is  practically  the 
only  one  beside  Trapp  which  ha^  been  planted  commercially,  and 
the  acreage  is  insignificant. 


192  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 

The  maugo  promises  well  for  the  future,  but  is  not  yet  upon  as 
substantial  a  basis  as  the  avocado.  Many  of  the  Indian  varieties, 
which  are  of  excellent  quality  and  in  most  ways  quite  satisfactory, 
do  not  fruit  abundantly,  and  the  problem  now  is  to  obtain  varieties 
of  good  quality  which  will  be  productive.  Some  of  the  most  promis- 
ing are  Haden,  a  seedling  of  Mulgoba  which  originated  at  Cocoanut 
Grove,  and  is  more  productive  than  its  parent  but  of  somewhat 
poorer  quality ;  Amini,  a  small  fruit  from  India,  of  attractive  ap- 
pearance, excellent  quality,  and  seemingly  more  productive  than 
most  of  the  Indian  varieties ;  Paheri,  another  Indian  variety,  which 
strongly  resembles  Mulgoba  but  seems  to  be  slightly  more  produc- 
tive ;  Beimett,  from  Bombay,  a  good  fruiter  and  a  mango  of  excel- 
lent keeping  qualities,  but  not  quite  so  attractive  in  appearance  as 
some  of  the  others,  though  of  good  quality ;  Sandersha,  a  large  In- 
dian mango  which  is  more  properly  a  culinary  than  a  dessert  fruit, 
being  rather  acid  and  well  suited  for  cooking  or  canning ;  and  Cam- 
bodiana,  from  ludo-China,  a  very  productive  fruit  of  good  quality. 
There  are  several  small  mango  groves  in  the  vicinity  of  Miami,  and 
in  good  seasons  many  crates  of  fruit  are  shipped  to  northern  mar- 
kets. A  large  number  of  the  plantings  made  in  the  earlier  days 
were  of  Mulgoba,  but  this  variety  is  proving  so  unproductive  that 
it  seems  almost  certain  to  be  superseded  by  some  other. 

The  sapodilla,  Achras  zapota,  is  a  common  tree  on  the  keys,  on 
the  mainland  around  Miami  and  as  far  north  as  Palm  Beach,  and  on 
the  west  coast  around  Fort  Myers.  The  fruits  are  abundant  in  the 
markets  during  summer.  While  no  named  varieties  have  yet  been 
established,  it  has  been  shown  by  Simmonds  at  Miami  that  the  tree 
can  be  budded  in  the  same  way  as  the  mango,  and  some  of  the  choice 
seedling  trees  will  probably  be  propagated  in  the  near  future. 
There  are  several  trees  on  the  lower  east  coast  which  have  some- 
thing of  a  reputation  for  large,  fine  fruits ;  one  of  these,  at  Lemon 
City,  produces  conical  fruits  up  to  four  inches  in  diameter.  It 
should  certainly  be  propagated. 

The  cashew,  Anacardium  occidentale,  has  fruited  successfully  at 
Miami  and  Cocoanut  Grove,  and  should  be  more  widely  planted, 
both  for  its  aromatic  fruits,  which  can  be  used  in  a  variety  of  ways, 
and  its  edible  seed,  knoA\'n  as  cashew-nut.  It  is  a  variable  plant,  but 
so  far  as  known  selected  varieties  have  not  yet  been  propagated 
vegetatively. 

The  annonaceous  fruits  are  very  promising.  The  true  cherimoya, 
Annona  cherimola,  does  not  seem  to  be  at  home  in  south  Florida, 
and  has  so  far  produced  fruit  of  indifferent  value,  but  the  sugar- 
apple,  A.  squamosa,  flourishes  and  should  in  time  become  a  favorite, 
as  it  has  in  Cuba.  It  can  readily  be  budded.  The  sour-sop, 
A.  muricata,  is  somewhat  tender  except  in  extreme  south  Florida, 
but  has  been  successfully  grown  at  Miami.  The  eustard-apple, 
A.  reticulata,  also  succeeds  at  Miami,  but  seems  less  desirable  than 
the  sugar-  apple.  All  of  these  species  are  readily  budded,  and  choice 
seedlings  can  be  propagated  without  difficulty.  Edward  Simmonds, 
of  the  Plant  Introduction  Garden  at  Miami,  has  recently  produced 


COMMITTEE  REPORTS.  193 

a  hybrid  between  the  eheriraoya  and  the  sugar-apple  which  indi- 
cates that  the  aimonas  may  be  made  to  yield,  by  proper  manipula- 
tion, a  whole  range  of  new  fruits  which  should  be  of  value  in  tropi- 
cal countries.    They  seem  to  hybridize  readily. 

The  Jak,  Artocarpiis  intfgrifoJia,  has  fruited  at  Coeoanut  Grove 
and  seems  to  do  well  in  this  section,  but  the  fruit  is  not  esteemed. 
The  bread-fruit,  A.  incisa,  has  not  yet  fruited  in  Florida,  so  far  as 
known. 

Averrhoa  carambola,  an  interesting  fruit  from  south  China,  has 
proved  to  be  hardy  in  ]Mr.  Reasoner's  tropical  fruit  shed  at  Oneco, 
and  is  fruiting  well.  It  does  not  appear  to  be  of  especial  value, 
however,  as  the  fruit  is  rather  acid  and  deficient  in  flavor.  The 
bilimbi,  A.  hilinihi,  is  growing  well  at  the  Plant  Introduction  Gar- 
den in  j\Iiami,  and  has  fruited  abundantly.  The  fruits  are  cylindri- 
cal, about  three  inches  long,  very  acid,  and  useful  only  for  pickling. 
The  tree  seems  very  susceptible  to  frost. 

The  papaya,  Carica  papaya,  has  been  grown  commercially  in  the 
Miami  region  for  the  production  of  papain,  and  the  fruits  are  mar- 
keted in  considerable  quantities.  This  tree  is  of  such  easy  culture, 
and  yields  so  abundantly  of  its  rich  fruit,  that  it  seems  almost  cer- 
tain to  become  popular.  A  large  number  of  seedling  types  have 
been  grown  at  Miami  in  an  attempt  to  obtain  choice  ones.  Through 
grafting,  which  was  first  applied  to  the  papaya  about  three  years 
ago,  by  Simmonds  at  Miami,  the  perpetuation  of  named  varieties 
has  been  made  possible.  One  has  already  been  established;  it  is  a 
small,  round  fruit  of  attractive  appearance,  known  as  Simmonds. 

Carissa  grandiflora,  the  Natal  plum,  seems  likely  to  become  more 
popular  as  a  hedge  and  ornamental  plant  than  as  a  fruit,  but  its 
bright  red,  plum-like  berries  are  excellent  for  sauces  and  jellies.  It 
is  becoming  common  around  ]\Iiami  and  is  hardy  enough  to  be  grown 
some  distance  north.  There  is  a  great  deal  of  variation  among 
different  plants  in  size  and  character  of  fruit,  as  well  as  in  produc- 
tiveness, and  the  best  ones  should  be  propagated  by  budding,  which 
has  been  shown  by  Simmonds  to  be  comparatively  simple. 

The  white  sapote,  Casimiroa  edidis,  has  fruited  at  Coeoanut  Grove 
and  Miami,  and  seems  to  do  well  in  this  region.  Tlie  star-apple, 
Chrysophylhim.  cainito,  has  fruited  near  Miami  and  seems  to  be  at 
home,  but  has  not  yet  become  common.  The  akee,  Blighia  or 
Cnpania  sapida,  is  also  fruiting  at  Miami,  and  seems  to  be  a  promis- 
ing thing.  Diospyros  ebenaster,  the  sapote  negro  or  sapote  prieto 
of  Mexico,  is  growing  well  at  Buena  Vista,  near  Miai)ii,  but  is  not 
yet  large  enough  to  fruit.  The  kei-apple,  Docyalis  caffra  is  fruiting 
abundantly  at  Coeoanut  Grove,  and  grows  readily  in  this  section. 
Its  fruit,  however,  is  not  sufficiently  valuable  to  warrant  extensive 
planting. 

The  loquat,  Eriohotrya  japonica,  has  been  grown  commercially 
in  a  small  way  at  Miami  and  in  other  parts  of  Florida.  It  does  well 
in  this  state  but  the  fruits  do  not  attain  to  such  large  size  as  i)i 
California.  Practically  all  of  the  varieties  which  have  been  planted 
are  of  California  origin,  and  include  Advance,  Premier,  Victor  ar,d 
Champagne. 


194  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 

The  Surinam-cherry,  Eugenia  nniflora,  is  one  of  the  lesser-known 
fruits  which  seems  to  be  winning  its  way  into  favor.  It  has  recent- 
ly made  its  appearance  in  the  Miami  markets,  selling  at  fifteen  cents 
a  quart  basket.  The  plant  is  quite  at  home  in  south  Florida,  fruits 
most  prolifically,  often  bearing  two  crops  a  year,  and  requires  very 
little  attention.  It  has  not  as  yet  been  successfully  propagated  by 
budding  or  grafting,  so  far  as  known,  and  no  named  varieties  are 
grown.    It  seems  to  come  fairly  true  from  seed. 

The  feijoa,  Fcijoa  selloiviana,  which  is  doing  well  in  California, 
lias  not  been  a  complete  success  in  Florida.  It  grows  well,  and  is 
hardy  throughout  the  state,  but  the  fruits  seem  to  be  lacking  in 
flavor.  Proliably  it  requires  a  cooler  climate  and  different  soil. 
Some  of  the  plants  have  proved  to  be  self-sterile,  and  do  not  bear 
unless  hand-pollinated,  while  others  are  self-fertile  and  fruit  fairly 
well. 

The  litchi,  Litchi  cMnensis,  has  blossomed  at  both  Tampa  and 
Oueco.  and  set  fruits  at  Oneco  the  past  season  but  did  not  carry 
them  to  maturity.  It  is  growing  well  at  Miami,  and  looks  very 
promising.  Named  varieties  have  been  introduced  from  south 
China  and  India  by  the  Department  of  Agriculture,  but  have  not 
yet  come  into  bearing  in  this  country. 

On  the  Florida  keys  the  egg-fruit  or  ti-es,  Liicuma  nervosa,  is  well 
known,  and  it  is  fairly  common  around  Miami.  It  is  popular  among 
those  who  are  accustomed  to  it,  but  its  disa^reeabk  odor  and  cloy- 
ing sweetness  seem  to  stand  in  the  way  of  its  becoming  a  commer- 
cial fruit.  Lnc'uma  mammosa,  the  mammee  sapote,  which  is  so  com- 
mon in  Cuba,  does  not  seem  to  do  well  on  the  limestone  of  south 
Florida,  and  no  bearing  trees  are  known. 

The  Queensland  nut,  Macadamia.  ternifoUa,  seems  very  promising. 
There  is  a  large  specimen  on  the  grounds  of  the  Hotel  Royal  Poin- 
ciana  at  Palm  Beach  which  fruits  heavily,  and  young  trees  in  the 
Plant  Introduction  Garden  at  Miami  have  recently  come  into  bear- 
ing. The  young  plants  seem  rather  difficult  to  start,  but  when  they 
have  become  established,  they  grow  well. 

Malpighia  glabra,  the  Barbados  cherry,  is  grown  in  a  few  gar- 
dens around  Miami  and  Cocoanut  Grove,  but  is  a  fruit  of  very  minor 
importance. 

The  mammee-apple,  Blammea.  amerieana,  seems  quite  at  home  in 
the  Miami  region,  and  there  are  a  number  of  large  fruiting  speci- 
mens. The  fruit  is  not  esteemed  as  it  is  in  Cuba,  however,  the  cul- 
tivation of  this  species  is  not  being  extended. 

The  Spanish-lime,  Mclicocca  hijuga,  is  grown  at  Key  West,  but 
does  not  seem  to  fruit  at  Miami. 

The  guavas  have  assumed  considerable  importance  as  .jelly  fruits, 
and  several  small  groves  have  been  planted  near  Miami.  The 
species  grown  for  this  purpose  is  Psidium  guajava.  It  occurs  in 
numerous  varieties,  a  few  of  which  have  been  propagated  at  Miami 
by  budding.  Mr.  Simmonds  has  shown  that  l)udding  is  successful, 
when  performed  as  with  the  avocado.  The  strawberry  guava, 
P.  cattleianum,  is  not  so  common  in  south  Florida,  but  is  grown  in 


COMMITTEE  REPORTS.  195 

other  parts  of  the  state,  especially  to  the  north  of  the  zone  in  which 
the  tropical  guava  can  he  cultivated. 

Two  species  of  Spondias  have  been  grown  in  south  Florida,  the 
Otaheite-apple,  S.  dulcis  or  8.  cytherea,  and  the  Spanish-plum,  S. 
purpurea.  Both  of  these  are  easily  propagated  by  cuttings,  and  the 
last  named  exists  in  a  considerable  number  of  varieties,  some  of 
which  are  superior  and  ought  to  be  introduced.  Neither  species  is 
at  all  common. 

California. 

Among  the  tropical  fruits  which  experience  has  shown  to  be  suc- 
cessful in  California,  the  avocado  is  just  now  attracting  the  most 
attention  and  seems  to  be  of  greatest  promise.  During  the  past 
five  or  six  years  the  nurserymen  have  taken  up  the  propagation  of 
this  tree,  and  are  now  producing  thousands  of  budded  plants  yearly. 
More  than  four-score  varieties  have  been  propagated,  many  bearing 
originated  locally  as  seedlings,  a  few  having  been  introduced  from 
Hawaii,  quite  a  number  from  Florida,  and  at  least  twenty-five  from 
Mexico  and  Guatemala.  The  question  of  varieties  is  at  present  a 
pressing  one,  and  it  M'ill  require  some  little  time  for  the  large  num- 
ber now  on  trial  to  be  tested  out.  Eventually  the  oi'chardists  will 
doubtless  settle  down  to  a  liandful  of  the  best  ones,  and  eliminate 
all  the  others,  many  of  which  are  already  being  found  worthless. 
Of  the  Guatemalan  type,  which  seems  to  be  by  far  the  most  promis- 
ing commercially,  the  leading  varieties  of  the  present  day  are  Taft. 
Blakeman,  Meserve,  Sharpless,  and  one  or  two  others;  of  the  thin- 
skinned  Mexican  type  the  t^vo  most  prominent  varieties  are  Ganter 
and  Harman.  The  Florida  type  has  not  done  well  in  California  up 
to  the  present,  and  none  of  tlie  varieties  is  being  planted  extensively. 

The  mango  is  still  in  the  experimental  stage,  though  several  trees 
have  been  fruiting  in  southern  California  for  years,  dononstrating 
the  possibility,  at  least,  of  growing  mangos  in  this  state.  Before 
the  disastrous  freeze  of  January,  1913,  quite  a  collection  of  Indian 
varieties  had  been  placed  on  trial  by  the  Department  of  Agriculture 
in  several  locations,  but  most  of  these  trees  were  killed.  Some  of 
them  have  been  replaced,  and  are  now  making  good  progress.  Tt 
seems  likely  that  the  warmest  locations  in  Southern  California  may 
be  able  to  grow  good  mangos ;  near  the  sea  coast,  as  at  Santa  Barbara 
and  San  Diego,  the  summers  are  so  cool  that  the  fruit  does  not 
ripen,  but  in  the  foothill  sections,  as  at  Sierra  Madre  and  jMonrovia, 
where  the  summer  heat  is  more  intense,  some  good  fruits  have  been 
produced.  Two  or  three  seedlings  of  local  origin  have  been  named, 
but  no  choice  varieties  have  fruited  in  California. 

Achras  zapota,  the  sapodilla,  has  never  been  a  success  in  Cali- 
fornia. Its  growth  is  very  slow,  and  it  is  susceptible  to  frost,  ft 
may  reach  fruiting  size  in  favored  locations,  l)ut  has  not  been  given 
a  thorough  trial  as  yet. 

Of  the  annonaeeous  fruits,  the  only  one  which  succeeds  and  seems 
of  value  for  California  is  the  eherimoya.     This  is  much  more  sue- 


196  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL.  SOCIETY. 

cessful  in  the  foot-hill  regions  of  Southern  California  than  it  is  in 
Florida,  the  climate  being,  apparently,  more  to  its  liking.  Excellent 
cherimoyas  have  been  grown  at  Hollywood,  where  there  are  several 
small  groves,  but  this  fruit  is  not  now  receiving  much  attention.  It 
awaits  the  introduction  of  choice  varieties,  propagated  by  budding. 
C.  P.  Taft,  of  Orange,  has  budded  a  variety  called  Golden  Russet, 
but  this,  like  most  of  the  others,  is  rather  unfruitful.  The  problem 
of  the  cherimoya  in  California  is  one  of  productiveness,  which  may 
possibly  depend  upon  pollination  by  insects.  It  deserves  investiga- 
tion. Undoubtedly,  the  cherimoya  is  one  of  the  fruits  which  will 
become  of  importance  in  the  future. 

The  papaya,  Carica  papaya,  has  never  been  a  complete  success  in 
California.  It  has  fruited  at  Hollywood  and  in  a  few  other  sec- 
tions, but  due  to  the  cool  nights  the  fruit  never  becomes  properly 
ripened,  and  is  of  an  insipid,  squash-like  flavor.  The  plant  is  very 
tender  in  most  locations. 

Carissa  grandiflora  grows  well  throughout  the  southern  part  of 
the  state,  seeming  to  be  fairly  hardy.  It  does  not  bear  abundantly, 
as  a  rule,  and  for  this  reason  has  never  become  well  known  as  a  fruit, 
though  as  an  ornamental  shrub  it  is  much  liked.  The  reason  for  its 
failure  to  bear  is  not  known,  but  the  evidence  seems  to  indicate  that 
it  may  be  faulty  pollination. 

The  white  sapote.  Casiniiroa  ednlis,  is  believed  by  Franceschi  to 
have  been  the  first  tropical  fruit  tree  planted  in  California.  An  old 
specimen,  phiiited  by  one  of  the  Mexican  settlers  about  1810,  is  still 
to  be  seen  on  De  la  Guerra  street  in  Santa  Barbara,  and  forms  one 
of  the  horticultural  landmarks  of  the  state.  This  species  has  proved 
to  be  quite  hardy  in  Southern  California,  and  is  readily  propagated 
by  budding.  Three  named  varieties  have  been  established,  one  of 
which,  Harvey,  has  been  propagated  to  a  limited  extent.  While  this 
tree  fruits  Avell  and  seems  quite  at  home  in  California,  it  has  not 
yet  become  very  popular. 

The  loquat,  Enohotrya  japonica,  has  become  a  commercial  fruit 
of  some  importance,  due  mainly  to  the  efforts  of  C.  P.  Taft,  of 
Orange,  who  lias  originated  most  of  the  varieties  now  grown  in  Cali- 
fornia, and  who  has  the  largest  commercial  orchard.  The  principal 
varieties  now  being  grown  are  Advance,  Premier,  and  Victor; 
among  the  newer  ones  are  Champagne  and  Tanaka,  the  latter  hav- 
ing been  introduced  from  Algeria,  though  of  Japanese  origin. 

The  Surinam  cherry,  Eugenia  vniflora,  grows  well  in  Southern 
California,  and  is  fairly  hardy,  but  does  not  fruit  so  prolifically  as 
it  does 'in  Florida.  It  is  not  widely  planted  and  is  not  receiving 
much  attention. 

The  feijoa,  Feijoa  sellowiana,  has  been  propagated  more  exten- 
sively in  the  past  five  years  than  almost  any  of  the  other  new  fruits 
except  the  avocado.  Thousands  of  plants  have  been  set  out,  and 
many  are  now  coming  into  bearing.  This  fruit  is  one  which  seems 
to  be  of  commercial  promise,  but  it  will  be  necessary  to  establish 
selected  varieties  of  known  productiveness  and  propagate  them 
vegetatively,    since    seedlings    do    not    always    fruit    abundantly. 


COMMITTEE  REPORTS.  197 

Practically  the  only  variety  whicli  has  thus  far  been  offered  by  the 
trade  is  Andre,  an  excellent  form  which  was  introduced  from  the 
Riviera. 

Litchi  chinensis,  the  true  litchi,  is  too  tender  for  any  except  the 
most  protected  locations  in  California,  but  it  is  doing  well  at  Mon- 
rovia and  at  Santa  Barbara,  where  it  firet  came  into  fruit  two  years 
ago. 

The  Queensland  nut,  Macadamia  tcrnifolia,  has  proved  to  be 
fairly  hardy  and  drought-resistant ;  it  is  being  propagated  in  consid- 
erable numbers,  and  seems  likely  to  become  common.  It  is  of  slow 
growth  but  fruits  well.  No  attention  has  been  given  to  the  matter 
of  varieties  as  yet,  the  plants  being,  gi'own  from  seed. 

Of  the  guavas,  Psidium  cattleianum,  the  strawberry  guava,  is  by 
far  the  most  common,  and  is  found  in  almost  every  garden.  It  is 
propagated  from  seed  and  no  named  varieties  are  known  as  yet. 
The  tropical  guava,  P.  guajava,  is  seen  occasionally,  and  will  prob- 
ably become  more  common  in  the  future.  Only  seedlings  are  raised, 
but  these  are  offered  under  different  varietal  names ;  those  of  a  deep 
yellow,  oval  fruited  form  are  called  lemon  guava ;  those  from  long, 
pear-shaped  fruits  with  white  flesh,  grown  at  Hollywood,  are  called 
pear-guava ;  and  those  from  a  round,  yellow  fruit  with  salmon- 
colored  flesh,  grown  at  Elysian  Park,  Los  Angeles,  are  offered  by  the 
trade  under  the  name  of  Hawaiian  guava. 

The  Passion-fruit  or  Granadilla,  Passiflora  cdidis,  is  fairly  hardy 
in  Southern  California,  but  is  not  so  highly  esteemed  as  it  is  in 
Australia,  perhaps  because  it  is  not  well  known  as  yet.  No  varieties 
have  been  offered. 

Hawah. 

The  following  notes  regarding  varieties  of  tropical  fruits  culti- 
vated in  the  Hawaiian  Islands  will  be  of  interest.  The  more  import- 
ant varieties  of  each  are  italicized : 

Pineapple:  Cayenne.  This  variety  is  the  basis  of  the  Hawaiian 
pineapple  industry.  About  15,000  acres  are  planted  to  this  and 
another  sort,  the  two  being  mixed  and  all  passing  under  the  above 
name.  The  other  variety,  the  indentity  of  which  is  uncertain,  is 
known  as  the  "Queensland."  No  other  varieties  are  grown  on  a 
commercial  scale. 

Banana  :  Cultivated  commercially  for  export :  Cavendish,  about 
17,000  bunches  per  month.  In  gardens  and  for  home  market: 
Apple,  Brazilian,  Borabora,  Cuban,  Eleele,  Haa,  Hai,  Hamakua, 
Hilahila,  Hua,  Moa,  Iholena,  Ihou,  Jamaica,  Kaio,  Kapua,  Kaualau, 
Koal,  Kusaie,  Largo,  Lele,  Mahoe,  Malai,  Maoli,  Pahi,  Popoulu, 
Puapuanui,  Oa. 

Avocado  :  Cultivated  chiefly  in  yards  and  gardens,  but  always  in 
the  market  during  the  season.  Varieties:  Chapellow,  Eskhank, 
Farnsivorth,  Harman,  Hulumanu,  Inezholt,  Kailua,  Lycett,  Lyman, 
MacDonald,  Magoon,  Moanalua,  Preston,  Taft,  Trapp,  Walker. 

Mango  :  Not  cultivated  commercially,  but  much  grown  in  yards 
and  gardens.    Very  few  of  the  choice  varieties  ever  reach  even  the 


]98  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 

local  markets.  Varieties :  Alphonse,  Ameeri,  Arbuthnot,  Bennett, 
Brindabani,  Bombay  yellow,  Camhodiana,  Crescent,  Divine,  D'or, 
Fijri,  French,  Gay,  Hawaiian,  Herbert,  Jamshedi,  Java,  Julie, 
Kawasji-Patel,  Lemon,  Totapari,  Mangosteen,  Manila,  Mulgoba, 
Mullgoa,  Nectarine,  Number  Nine,  Number  Eleven,  Oahu,  Pahutan, 
Peach,  Peters,  Philips,  Pirte,  Samoa,  Smiths,  Strawberry,  Wooten. 

Orange  :  No  commercial  culture.  In  gardens  and  at  experiment 
station  may  be  found.  Bahia,  Golden  Nugget,  Mediterranean 
Sweet,  Navelencia,  Ruby,  St.  Michael,  Thompson,  Valencia. 

Lemon  :  No  commercial  culture.  Eureka,  Genoa,  Lisbon,  Villa 
Franca. 

Lime  :    Kusaie,  Mexican,  Tahiti. 

Pomelo  (Grapefruit) :  Not  cultivated  commercially.  Varieties : 
Duncan,  Imperial,  Marsh,  Royal,  Triumph. 

Coco^iNUT:  Hawaiian,  Madagascar,  Samoan — a  few  commercial 
plantings. 

LiTCHi :  No  commercial  culture.  The  fruit  of  the  few  trees  now 
in  bearing  is  much  in  demand,  selling  at  about  fifty  cents  per  pound. 
Varieties:  Chiefly  unnamed  and  of  local  origin.  Hak  Ip  and 
Kwai-mi  have  been  introduced  recently. 

Dates  :    No  commercial  culture — only  seedlings  in  cultivation. 

Cacao  :    No  commercial  culture. 

Grapes  :  Isabella  grown  commercially  for  local  market.  Grapes 
in  market  throughout  the  year. 

Vanila:    a  few  acres  in  commercial  culture. 

BEPOBT  OF  GENERAL  FBUIT  COMMITTEE. 

By  C.  p.  Close,  Chairtnan. 

In  order  to  assemble  the  units  which  make  up  the  general  report 
of  this  committee,  the  Chairman  sent  out  a  circular  letter  early  in 
July  to  each  member  asking  for  his  state  report.  Some  of  the  mem- 
bers, for  various  reasons,  could  not  make  their  reports  and  substi- 
tutes were  appointed,  but  not  all  of  these  responded.  In  this  report, 
therefore,  it  will  be  noticed  that  not  all  of  the  states  are  represented. 

The  special  subjects  upon  which  information  was  asked  are  as 
follows : 

Items  of  special  pomological  interest. 

New  methods  of  grading,  packing,  etc. 

Legislation  needed  on  standard  grades  and  packages. 

New  markets. 

New  varieties. 

New  plantings. 

New  orchard  implements  and  machinery. 

(^old  storage  and  pre-cooling. 

Orchard  heating. 

By-products — cider,  vinegar,  evaporated  products. 

Co-operative  buying  and  selling. 

Best  varieties  for  your  section. 

Unusual  outbreak  of  diseases  or  insects — how  handled. 


committee  reports.  199 

Alabama. 

The  Satsuma  orange  industry  is  assuming  great  commercial  im- 
portance in  Southern  Alabama  where  there  are  150,000  bearing 
trees  and  432,000  young  trees,  mostly  in  Mobile  and  Baldwin  coun- 
ties. There  is  an  eighty-acre  planting  of  figs  three  years  old  known 
as  the  Cudahay  Orchard  near  Robertsdale. 

The  Southern  Alabama  Orchard  Company,  of  Atmore,  in  South- 
em  Alabama,  has  young  and  bearing  peach  orchards  embracing 
225,000  trees.  New  plantings  are  being  made  each  year  in  that 
locality.  Mr.  D.  C.  Turnipseed,  of  Union  Springs,  in  Southeastern 
Alabama  has  1100  acres  of  bearing  peach  trees.  Mr.  E.  J.  Bryan, 
of  Blount  Springs,  in  Northern  Alabama,  has  50,000  peach  trees. 
Fugazzi  Brothers,  in  the  northeastern  part  of  the  state,  at  Fort 
Payne,  have  100  acres  of  apples,  mostly  winter  varieties,  and  300 
acres  of  other  fruits.  Summer  apples  are  giving  good  results  in 
Northern  Alabama. 

Mr.  Frank  Holraan.  at  York,  in  the  west  central  part  of  the  state, 
is  perhaps  the  most  extensive  strawberry  grower,  having  one  hun- 
(h'ed  and  sixty  acres.  The  Southern  Alabama  Orchard  Company, 
mentioned  before,  has  one  hundred  acres  of  stra\Fberries.  Klondyke 
is  the  leading  variety. 

There  is  increased  interest  in  the  planting  of  improved  varieties 
of  pecans,  of  which  Schley  is  the  best. 

The  Duncan  and  McCarty  grapefruit  are  grown  to  some  extent 
for  home  use  in  Southern  Alabama.  Such  oranges  as  Bahia  (Wash- 
ington Navel),  (Double)  Imperial  Navel,  Pineapple  and  others  are 
tried  there  in  an  experimental  way.  The  Ponderosa  lemon  bears 
bountifully  there. 

In  May.  1914,  a  Citrus  Growers'  Association  was  organii^ed  in 
Baldwin  County.  Alabama,  and  incorporated  under  the  laws  of  the 
state.  This  organization  was  established  on  the  plan  of  the  Florida 
Citrus  Exchange,  and  during  the  year  1914  all  the  citrus  fruit  in 
the  said  county  was  sold  advanta-geously  through  this  Association. 
The  Association  also  buys  fertilizers,  spraying  materials,  imple- 
ments, etc..  for  its  membei-s. 

At  present  there  is  in  process  of  organization  a  Citrus  Exchange 
to  cover  the  entire  southern  part  of  South  Alabama  and  Mississippi. 
The  Baldwin  County,  and  other  similar  associations,  will  become 
aflfiliated  with  the  Citrus  Exchange.  Its  object  will  be  co-operative 
.selling,  buying  of  materials,  packing,  storage,  etc..  along  the  lines  of 
the  Florida  Citnis  Exchange.     It  \nll  be  an  incorporated  body. 

The  producers  at  Thorsby  operate  a  Fruit  and  Truck  Growers' 
Association  for  co-operative  marketing. 

The  Gulf  Coast  Horticultural  Society  organized  in  1914,  includes 
Southern  Alabama,  Western  Florida,  and  Southern  Mississippi.  It 
is  principally  interested  in  citrus  fruit  culture  and  with  the  aid  of 
the  State  Horticultural  Society  raised  $3000.00  to  add  to  a  like 
amount  from  the  Federal  Department  of  Agriculture  for  use  in 
fighting  the  destructive  citrus  canker.    This  work  has  been  pushed 


200  PROCEEDINGS  OP  THE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 

with  vigor  under  the  supervision  of  the  State  Department  of 
Horticulture. 

December  8th,  1914,  was  set  apart  as  "Satsuma  Day"  in  Mobile 
and  will  now  be  celebrated  annually. 

The  fire  blight  of  apples  was  not  so  serious  in  1915  as  in  1914. 

Ernest  Walker. 
Connecticut. 

The  San  Jose  Scale  appears  to  have  lost  its  vitality  in  this  state 
and  does  not  seem  to  flourish  even  in  unsprayed  orchards  as  it  did 
previously.  There  has  been  such  thorough  work  in  the  eradication 
of  the  brown  tail  and  gypsy  moths  that  these  pests  are  almost  en- 
tirely eradicated,  so  far  as  orchards  are  concerned. 

Uniform  standards  of  color,  size,  form,  etc.,  of  fruits  have  been 
adopted  and  are  proving  a  benefit  to  fruit  growing. 

Some  of  the  best  apples  for  Connecticut  are  Northern  Spy,  Tomp- 
kins King,  Wagener,  Rhode  Island  Greening,  Baldwin  and  Fall 
Pippin.    Delicious  is  considered  worthy  of  trial. 

Norman  S.  Platt, 

C.   L.    GrOLD, 

E.  E.  Brow^n. 
Delaware. 

The  strawberry  plantings  of  the  state  are  increasing  rapidly  and 
the  peach  industry  is  going  through  an  era  of  revival.  Thousands 
of  acres  of  peaches  and  hundreds  of  acres  of  apples  have  been 
planted  during  the  past  two  years  largely  as  a  result  of  the  work 
of  the  Experiment  Station.  The  Georgia  carrier  is  being  exten- 
sively used  in  the  marketing  of  peaches.  Several  mechanical  sizers 
are  being  used  with  success  with  peaches  as  well  as  with  apples. 
The  majority  of  the  fancy  apples  are  now  being  packed  in  bushel 
boxes,  and  the  early  apple  market  has  been  extended  to  Canadian 
points. 

Orchard  methods  are  being  improved.  Sussex  County  has  broken 
all  records  in  the  shipment  of  strawberries  this  year,  Selbyville  hav- 
ing shipped  seventy-five  cars  in  a  single  day.  The  thirty -two-quart 
crate  is  taking  the  place  of  the  cumbersome  forty-eight-quart  crate. 

A  uniform  apple  grading  law,  similar  to  the  New  York  law,  was 
passed  by  the  last  General  Assembly. 

Orchard  heating  has  been  practised  to  some  extent  in  peach  or- 
chards, but  whether  or  not  this  will  prove  a  good  investment  has 
not  been  established. 

There  are  a  few  produce  exchanges  operating  with  rather  indiffer- 
ent success,  although  there  is  much  need  of  co-operation  among 
growers  who  produce  fruit  in  less  than  car-load  lots. 


COMMITTEE  REPORTS.  201 

The  best  varieties  of  fruits  are  the  following :  Yellow  Transpar- 
ent, Williams,  Stayman  Winesap,  Winesap,  Nero  and  Paragon 
apples;  Champion,  Carman,  Elberta,  Belle  and  Francis  peaches; 
Kieffer  pear :  Early  Richmond  and  Montmorency  cherries ;  Niagara, 
Moore  and  Concord  grapes;  Klondyke,  Chesapeake,  Gandy  and 
Parsons  strawberries.    Plums  are  not  considered  profitable. 

There  was  an  imusually  virulent  attack  of  fire  blight  in  the  apple 
orchards  this  season. 

C.  A.  McCuE. 
Georgia. 

The  peculiar  conditions  in  the  South,  incident  upon  the  European 
War,  have  created  a  great  demand  for  knowledge  along  horticul- 
tural lines.  Some  of  the  items  of  special  and  general  horticultural 
interest  are  the  increase  in  the  planting  and  production  of  apples 
in  the  mountain  sections,  and  the  planting  of  Satsuma  orange  groves 
in  South  Georgia.  The  peach  industry  is  increasing  in  some  sec- 
tions and  diminishing  in  others.  The  growth  of  the  pecan  industry 
is  also  worthy  of  note.  From  the  Albany  section  last  year  there 
were  shipped  300,000  pounds  of  pecans.  A  great  increase  over  this 
amount  is  expected  this  year. 

The  methods  of  growing  and  packing  of  all  fruits  in  this  state  are 
yet  open  for  improvement,  though  advances  are  being  made  along 
these  lines.  At  the  present  time  the  problem  of  grades  of  pecans  is 
of  great  interest  to  the  growers  of  this  nut.  There  is  a  tendency  in 
some  sections  to  substitute  the  bushel  and  half-bushel  baskets  for  the 
six-basket  Georgia  carriers  for  peaches.  Some  growers  report  good 
results  from  this  substitution  and  the  saving  of  considerable  money 
from  the  use  of  the  basket.  The  tendency  to  pack  fancy  apples  in 
boxes  is  becoming  more  general. 

The  markets  for  Georgia  peaches  are  being  extended  to  Toronto 
and  Montreal.  More  attention  is  being  paid  to  the  smaller  cities  and 
towns  as  markets.  The  question  of  getting  the  railroads  to  facili- 
tate in  this  matter  by  allowing  individual  car  lots  to  be  distributed 
through  several  small  places  on  the  same  line  is  being  agitated. 

No  new  varieties  have  come  to  light  during  the  past  two  years 
from  this  state.  The  J.  H.  Hale  peach  has  not  proven  as  successful 
with  us  as  has  been  hoped.  The  Early  Wheeler,  syn.  Red  Bird, 
peach  has  ripened  in  central  Georgia  and  is  a  promising  variety,  it 
is  about  a  week  later  than  Victor.  The  Niagara  peach  also  promises 
well.  The  Brilliant  apple,  origin  middle  Georgia,  adapted  to  north 
and  middle  Georgia,  is  medium  in  size,  oblong,  ground  color,  yellow, 
partly  covered  with  brilliant  red,  sub-acid,  of  good  flavor  and  qual- 
ity, and  is  a  promising  new  fruit.  The  Delicious,  Yellow  Newtown, 
and  other  high  quality  apples  are  being  successfully  grown  in  north- 
ern Georgia.  The  Georgia  Experiment  Station  has  a  new  seedling 
of  the  seuppernong  grape  which  is  yet  unnamed  but  is  worthy  of 
being  disseminated  within  the  next  few  years. 

Spra>ang  is  recognized  as  absolutely  necessary  in  the  production 
of  good  fruit.    Power  sprayers  are  the  rule  in  all  of  the  better  or- 


202  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL,  SOCIETY. 

chards.  Compressed  air  sprayers  are  being  used  by  some  and  the 
use  of  dusting  outfits  is  being  tested  at  the  present  time.  The  intro- 
duction of  the  picking  strap  in  some  of  the  up-to-date  orchards  has 
demonstrated  that  its  use  is  a  money  and  time  saver. 

Cold  storage  is  not  of  importance  in  this  state  as  yet.  Some  of 
the  apple  growers  have  built  ventilation  storage  houses.  Pre-cooling 
has  passed  through  its  experimental  stage  and  there  are  a  few  pri- 
vate and  public  plants  in  operation.  There  is  need  and  room  for 
more. 

Orchard  heating  has  not  proven  successful.  A  great  .deal  of  our 
trouble  comes  from  cold  winds  and  freezes  rather  than  frosts,  and 
our  orchards  are  so  large  that  individuals  find  the  expense  of  proper 
orchard  heating  almost  prohibitive. 

The  by-products  of  orcharding  are  conspicuous  by  their  absence 
in  Georgia.  There  are  some  few  canning  establishments  located 
near  the  large  peach  growing  centers.  Prohibition  has  successfully 
killed  a  very  promising  and  tliriving  grape  industry. 

The  Georgia  Fruit  Exchange  has  passed  through  another  success- 
ful season.  This  organization  is  only  a  selling  agency.  The 
National  Pecan  Growers'  Exchange  was  organized  last  spring.  As 
the  pecan  industry  is  young  the  object  of  this  exchange  is  to  pre- 
vent errors  rather  than  to  remedy  the  same. 

The  following  varieties  are  recommended  for  commercial  pur- 
poses omIt  fti  the  sections  of  the  state  where  generally  adapted. 
Apples: — Yellow  Transparent,  Red  Astrachan,  Julian,  Brilliant, 
Fall  Pippin,  Grimes,  Kinnard,  Ben  Davis,  Black  Ben, 
Gano,  Stayman  Winesap,  Shockley,  Terry,  Yates,  Wine- 
sap,  Rome  Beauty. 
Oranges : — Satsuma. 
Peaches: — Greensboro,    Carman,   Waddell,    Hiley,   Belle,   Elberta, 

Fox. 
Plums: — Wild  Goose,  Abundance. 
Pomegranates: — Acid,  Large  Sweet,  Spanish  Ruby. 
Pecans: — Alley,  Bradley,  Curtis,  Frotscher,  Moneymaker,  Pabst, 

President,  Schley,  Stuart,  Teche. 
Pears: — LeConte,  Kieffer. 

Grapes: — Moore,  Diamond,  Brighton,  Ives,  Delaware,  Niagara,  Con- 
cord, Diana,  and  all  types  of  Roiundifolia  as  Scupper- 
nong  and  Thomas. 
Figs: — Brunswick,  Black  Ischia,  Brown  Turkey,  Celestial,  Green 
Ischia,  Lemon. 
The  Georgia  State  Horticultural  Society  keeps  track  of  new  varie- 
ties of  fruits,  vegetables  and  ornamentals,  and  from  time  to  time 
publishes  a  catalogue  of  its  recommendations  and  tries  to  prevent 
muddles  in  names  and  histories.  Its  president  is  an  ex-offieio  mem- 
ber of  the  Georgia  State  Board  of  Entomology  and  through  him  the 
organization  plays  its  part  in  safe-guarding  the  interests  of  the  fruit 
growers.    The  Georgia  State  Horticultural  Society  and  the  Georgia 
Apple  Growers'  Association  at  their  winter  meeting  in  January, 
adopted  a  box  IO1/2  x  lli/o  x  18  inches,  inside  measurement,  as  the 


COMMITTEE  REPORTS.  203 

standard  apple  box  and  have  requested  all  apple  growers  to  use  it. 
Pear  blight  has  been  serious  this  season  and  growers  have  fol- 
lowed the  system  of  cutting  it  out.  Shot  hole  fungus  has  also  at- 
tacked the  peaches  in  some  sections  quite  seriously.  Brown  rot  on 
the  twigs  last  year,  was  bad  in  sections.  Bacillus  pruni  has  also 
proven  a  foe.  Spraying  and  general  cleanliness  are  the  systems  fol- 
lowed in  handling  these  troubles.  The  growers  have  access  to  the 
information  and  assistance  of  the  various  state  and  educational 
interests  in  controlling  these  diseases. 

Tee  H.  McHatton. 
Idaho. 

Some  of  us  feel  that  there  is  not  an  unlimited  market  for  extra 
fancy  apples  at  $1.50  to  $2.00  a  box,  and  that  we  must  cultivate  the 
middle  class  of  people  who  hestitate  to  purchase  apples  at  a  cost  ex- 
ceeding $1.00  to  $1.25  per  box.  Many  of  us  lean  toward  sizing  the 
apples  into  a  uniform  size  and  then  use  a  face  and  fill  pack  for 
middle  class  consumption.  Last  fall  our  orchardists  paper-wrapped 
each  individual  apple  in  class  three.  It  seems  to  me  that  it  would 
be  better  to  wrap  only  the  extra  fancy  and  face  and  fill  the  others. 
Those  who  spent  least  money  on  the  pack  last  season  received  the 
largest  net  returns.  When  extra  fancy  Jonathan,  each  apple  paper- 
wrapped,  sold  at  seventy  cents  a  box  in  Nampa  in  1914,  there 
seemed  very  little  encouragement  for  paper-wrapping  the  whole 
crop.  The  North  Pacific  Association  and  a  number  of  the  independ- 
ent dealers  will  face  and  fill  the  major  portion  of  the  Jonathan  crop 
and  probably  some  other  varieties  that  should  go  into  consumption 
before  Christmas.  There  is  a  general  disposition  to  size  apples  by 
machinery  thus  eliminating  the  slower  and  more  expensive  hand 
labor. 

The  middle  class  market  is  practically  unlimited  if  satisfactory 
methods  of  distribution  can  be  worked  out  that  will  satisfy  the  dis- 
tributers and  retailers  with  a  moderate  profit.  Our  most  experi- 
enced growers  regard  twenty-five  cents  a  bushel  at  the  orchard  for 
Idaho  apples  as  extremely  profitable,  since  it  is  not  difficult  to  grow 
one  thousand  bushels  per  acre.  The  ten-year-old  apple  orchard  of 
Mr.  R.  H.  Woods,  of  Woodspur,  produced  1295  boxes  of  extra  fancy 
and  fancy  grades,  besides  several  hundred  bushels  of  low  grade  fruit 
per  acre.  There  were  eighty  trees  per  acre  and  they  averaged 
twenty  bushels  per  tree. 

The  planting  of  commercial  apple  orchards  has  practically  ceased 
in  Idaho  because  people  are  waiting  to  see  how  they  come  out  with 
what  they  have.  Idaho  has  one  hundred  thousand  acres  of  com- 
mercial apple  orchards  of  which  thirty-eight  per  cent  are  Jona- 
thans.   The  crop  this  season  will  be  larger  than  last  year. 

New  plantations  are  almost  entirely  of  Italian  prune,  probably 
three  hundred  thousand  trees  having  been  planted  in  the  Boise- 
Nampa-Payette  district  in  the  last  three  years.  The  Italian  prune 
as  grown  in  southern  Idaho  is  reputed  to  carry  twenty-five  per  cent 


204         PROCEEDINGS  OP  THE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 

more  sugar  than  the  same  prune  grown  on  other  soils  at  a  lower 
elevation.  Three  pounds  of  Italian  prunes  as  grown  there  make 
one  pound  of  dried  prunes  which  are  reported  to  contain  thirty 
per  cent  of  sugar.  The  southern  Idaho  Italian  prune  stands  up  re- 
markably well  and  can  be  carried  to  far-distant  markets. 

In  favored  localities  with  excellent  air  drainage  commercial 
varieties  of  peaches  are  grown  with  great  success.  The  section 
around  Emmett  expects  to  ship  one  hundred  and  twenty  ears  of 
peaches  from  the  young  orchards.  At  the  end  of  June  the  contract 
price  was  $1.00  per  bushel  in  boxes  or  baskets. 

Sour  cherries  succeed  everywhere  and  sweet  ones  do  exceptionally 
well  where  there  is  suitable  air  drainage. 

There  is  a  general  disposition  to  use  some  kind  of  mechanical 
sizer  for  apples.  For  large  orchards  the  Manville  fruit  grader  and 
sizer  with  a  capacity  of  2500  bushels  daily  has  many  advantages. 
This  machine  will  deliver  seven  sizesj  of  fancy  on  one  side  and 
seven  sizes  of  extra  fanc}'  on  the  other  side,  each  size  increasing  by 
one-eighth  inch.  The  apples  are  automatically  and  carefully  placed 
in  boxes  in  seven  sizes  on  either  side  of  the  machine.  They  are  then 
ready  to  be  paper-wrapped  at  less  cost  than  if  hand  graded,  or  with 
a  little  additional  work  in  regulating  the  top  layer  of  the  box  the 
cover  may  Ibe  nailed  on  at  once.  This  sizer  is  peculiarly  suited  to  the 
face  and  fill  pack  and  to  the  jumble  pack,  and  it  will  grade  and  size 
the  fruit  with  the  help  of  six  to  ten  women  on  either  side  of  the  end- 
less belt  at  a  fraction  of  the  cost  of  hand  grading  and  sizing.  This 
machine  handles  apples  with  such  care  that  it  was  used  in  grading 
and  sizing  the  Grimes  for  the  Manville  section  of  the  Idaho  exhibit 
at  San  Francisco.  By  use  of  this  machine  apples  can  be  sized, 
graded,  packed  and  loaded  into  the  car  for  four  cents  a  box  or  less, 
depending  on  the  amount  of  imperfect  fruit  to  be  thrown  out  by  the 
sorters  on  the  endless  belt. 

We  have  no  new  legislation  worthy  of  particular  mention  and  in- 
spection is  being  carried  forward  under  the  laws  of  the  previous 
two  years.  We  are  making  an  effort  to  have  the  deputy  inspectors 
as  well  as  the  chief,  teachers  and  friends  of  the  orchardists,  as  well 
as  exercising  their  police  powers.  The  amount  of  money  available 
for  state  inspection,  about  $28,000.00,  is  nearly  $11,000.00  less  than 
last  season.  We  believe,  however,  that  it  Avill  be  handled  with  such 
energy  and  success  as  to  answer  the  purpose. 

There  are  perhaps  seventeen  store  houses  in  southern  Idaho  that 
attempt  to  utilize  the  cool  night  air  in  autumn  and  spring  and  that 
safely  carry  a  considerable  portion  of  the  crop  until  a  market  can 
be  found  in  late  winter  and  spring.  In  some  instances  electric  fans 
are  used  to  drive  out  the  warm  air  and  draw  in  the  cool  night  air. 

A  good  deal  of  orchard  heating  equipment  was  installed  five  or  six 
years  ago  in  the  larger  orchards.  The  oil  used  created  a  good  deal 
of  smudge  or  smoke  which,  coating  the  blossoms,  seemed  to  keep  the 
bees  away.  It  is  possible  that  some  orchards  did  not  have  enough 
pots  to  the  acre.  At  any  rate  the  owners  were  disappointed  in  the 
results.    People  who  did  not  attempt  to  heat  fared  about  as  well  as 


COMMITTEE  REPORTS.  2U3 

those  who  did.  The  present  method  of  guarding*  against  spring 
frosts  is  to  turn  in  as  much  water  as  possible,  commencing  with  the 
frost  warning  and  keeping  up  irrigation  day  and  night  where  a 
good  head  of  water  can  be  handled.  This  method  has  been  quite 
helpful. 

Cider  and  vinegar  are  being  manufactured  quite  freely  and  with 
the  advent  of  " Idaho  dry"  in  1916  we  anticipate  the  use  of  a  con- 
siderable amount  of  pastureized  cider.  Jonathan  apples  carry  four- 
teen per  cent  sugar  and  make  a  seventy  grade  vinegar.  Vinegar 
that  runs  as  high  as  ninety-two  grade  has  been  made  from  our  rich- 
est apple  cider.  By-product  plants  are  veiy  limited  in  number  and 
comparatively  little  has  yet  been  done  along  these  lines. 

The  North  Pacific  Distributing  Association  has,  I  believe,  about 
six  or  eight  thousand  growers  organized.  The  Nampa  sub-central 
has  five  hundred  and  twenty  growers.  Effort  is  made  to  purchase 
boxes  and  articles  needed  on  advantageous  terms.  Independent 
dealers  are  also  active  and  the  Farmers'  Equity  Association  has 
just  begun  to  organize  and  ship  their  members'  fruit  to  other  equity 
organizations  in  other  states  with  less  attendant  expense  than  by 
other  methods. 

The  Jonathan  has  manj'  friends  so  far  and  thirty-eight  per  cent 
of  the  orchards  of  the  state  are  this  variety.  The  Jonathan  in  south- 
em  Idaho  develops  good  quality,  bears  apples  when  five  years 
planted,  is  productive,  and  in  our  cold  night-air  houses  can  be  kept 
until  mid-winter  without  the  expense  of  artificial  refrigeration. 
Rome  Beauty  is  a  late  blossomer  and  is  productive.  Winesap  is 
very  productive  and  is  one  of  our  best  varieties.  White  Pearmain 
yields  an  abundant  crop  every  other  year,  and  keeps  without  arti- 
ficial refrigeration  until  April  or  May.  Delicious  seems  to  be 
promising  from  a  very  limited  experience.  Arkansas  Black  suc- 
ceeds and  sells  to  advantage  on  southern  markets.  Quite  a  number 
of  other  varieties  have  been  planted  with  more  or  less  success. 

E.  P.  Stevens. 
Illinois. 

Fruit  crops  of  the  last  two  years  have  been  reasonably  satis- 
factory to  most  Illinois  fruit  growers  and  there  is  a  general  feeling 
of  encouragement  for  the  future.  Efforts  to  improve  the  quality  of 
fruit  harvested  by  greater  attention  to  the  details  of  orchard  man- 
agement, have  been  in  large  measure  successful  and  marked  advance 
has  been  made  in  the  direction  of  improved  grading  and  packing. 

The  introduction  of  mechanical  sizers  for  apples  is  an  innovation 
worthy  of  note.  Sizing  machines  were  used  by  several  growers  in 
handling  the  crop  of  1914  with  the  result  that  a  number  of  machines 
have  been  installed  as  a  permanent  part  of  the  harvesting  equip- 
ment. They  effect  a  large  saving  in  expense  and  in  great  part  solve 
the  problem  of  standardization  of  sizes.  One  grower  has  purchased 
ten  and  it  is  predicted  that  mechanical  sizing  will  soon  become  uni- 
versal in  large  orchards.     The  standard  barrel  continues  in  favor 


206  PROCEEDINGS  OF  TKE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICiVL  SOCIETY. 

and  is  in  general  use  as  the  package  for  apples.  No  notable  changes 
in  markets  have  occurred.  Summer  apples  from  the  southern  coun- 
ties find  outlet  mainly  tlirough  Chicago,  St.  Louis,  Indianapolis  and 
Cincinnati,  although  .shipments  to  more  distant  points  are  not  in- 
frequent. Distribution  of  winter  apples  from  cold  storage  varies 
with  the  season  and  is  in  part  governed  by  the  magnitude  of  the 
crop  in  other  sections  of  the  country.  Normally  the  southern  cities 
absorb  a  considerable  portion  of  the  crop. 

In  general,  new  plantings  of  apples  show  preference  for  old  es- 
tablished varieties.  New  introductions  are  but  sparingly  planted. 
In  southern  Illinois  apple  planting  is  mainly  confined  to  summer 
varieties,  chiefly  Yellow  Transparent,  Oldenburg  and  Benoni. 
After  several  years,  during  which  the  peach  was  in  disfavor  for  most 
localities,  the  last  two  years  have  witnessed  a  marked  revival  in  the 
planting  of  this  fruit.  In  area  planted  it  exceeds  the  apple.  El- 
berta  is  the  variety  most  in  favor. 

Implements  employed  are,  in  the  main,  those  that  have  been  in  use 
for  several  years.  The  light  draft  harrow  is  gaining  in  favor  and 
the  gasoline  tractor  is  now  entering  as  a  factor  in  the  culture  of 
large  orchards.  A  few  of  the  larger  growers  now  use  the  tractor 
and  its  most  extended  use  is  predicted. 

Growers  of  winter  apples  use  cold  storage,  but,  so  far  as  we  know, 
pre-cooling  has  not  been  attempted. 

Opinions  of  growers  who  have  given  orchard  heating  a  trial  indi- 
cate that  the  practice  has  been,  or  will  be  abandoned  on  the  ground 
that  benefits  are  not  such  as  warrant  the  expense.  When  frost  in- 
jury occurs  it  is  usually  under  circumstances  that  render  all  efforts 
at  protection  ineffective. 

Low  grade  apples  are  sold  in  bulk  to  evaporators  or  to  manu- 
facturers of  cider  and  vinegar.  Revenues  from  this  source  fluctuate 
widely  in  different  seasons,  but  for  most  growers  this  method  of 
i^disposition  of  waste  fruit  is  the  most  convenient  and  satisfactory. 
In  recent  years  there  have  been  increasing  efforts  to  reduce  the 
;  amount  of  low  grade  fruit  by  careful  attention  to  cultural  details 
£m6.  these  efforts  are  meeting  with  encouraging  success. 

Co-operative  buying  and  selling  is  successfully  practiced  by 
growers  of  small  fruits,  but  is  applied  in  only  a  very  limited  way 
to  orchard  fruits.  The  Illinois  Commercial  Apple-Growers'  Asso- 
ciation is  a  buying  association,  organized  by  some  of  the  leading 
growers  and  has  operated  successfully  for  several  years,  but  this 
association  does  not  attempt  selling. 

The  varieties  that  have  been  thoroughly  tested,  have  a  recognized 
standing  in  markets  and  are  now  in  greatest  favor  with  growers, 
are  as  follows : 

Apples: — Yellow  Transparent,  Oldenburg,  Benoni,  Maiden  Blush, 
Wealthy,  Jonathan,  Grimes,  York  Imperial,  Rome 
Beauty,  Minkler,  Gano,  Willowtwig,  Ben  Davis,  and  for 
some  localities,  Winesap. 


COMMITTEE  REPORTS.  207 

Pears: — Howell,  Lawrence,  Lincoln,  Sheldon,  Tyson,  Garber,  Seckel, 
Giffard,  Kieft'er.  Kieffer  is  the  only  variety  planted 
commercially  in  recent  years,  the  other  varieties  are  oc- 
casionally planted  in  home  orchards. 

Peaches: — Champion,  El])erta,  Early  Crawford,  Late  Crawford, 
Carman,  Foster,  Alton,  Amsden,  and  for  the  south. 
Mountain  Rose,  Ede  and  Salway.  Elherta  leads  all 
other  varieties  in  area  planted. 

Ch  erries : — Richmond,  Montmorency. 

The  new  or  little  known  varieties  recommended  by  Mr.  E.  A. 

Riehl,  of  Alton,  are  the  following : 

Apples: — Colton,  McMahon,  Jefferis,  Oliver  and  Ingram. 

Pears: — Giffard,  Tyson  and  Smyth. 

Cherry : — King  ( sweet ) . 

Blackberry : — Ward. 

Rasphcrries : — Manitou  (red),  and  Black  Pearl. 

Currants: — Wilder  and  Perfection. 

Nuts: — Thomas,  black  walnut;  Boone  and  Rochester,  chestnuts. 

In  1914  occurred  the  worst  outbreak  of  codling  moth  known  since 
systematic  spraying  was  introduced.  The  abundance  of  the  insect 
was  general  and  even  the  most  thorough  spraying  was  ineffective 
in  controlling  it. 

The  "Apple  Flea  Weevil"  has  been  seriously  injurious  in  some  of 
the  southern  counties  and  does  not  readily  yield  to  remedial 
measures. 

Compulsory  care  of  orchards  has  been  under  discussion  and  there 
is  a  strong  sentiment  in  favor  of  legislation  on  the  matter,  but  no 
definite  action  has  been  taken. 

C.  S.  Crandall. 

Indiana. 

Interest  in  horticulture  in  Indiana  is  largely  confined  to  the 
apple.  At  a  few  points  strawberries  are  grown  to  advantage  and  a 
few  successful  peach  orchards  are  among  us.  Peaches  are  too  often 
winter  killed  to  prove  a  successful  business,  but  apples  are  very 
rarely  frost  killed,  in  fact  never  in  the  southern  part  of  the  state. 
Apples  grown  in  Indiana  are  of  high  quality  and  the  kinds  most 
desired  in  the  markets  are  the  ones  that  do  best  here.  Yellow 
Transparent,  Oldenburg,  Grimes,  Rome  Beauty,  Winesap,  and  in 
the  northern  portion  of  the  state  Baldwin,  are  the  leading  varieties. 
Our  most  sensational  apple  noM'  is  Dr.  Matthews.  Whether  this  is 
a  new  creation  or  an  old  one  resurrected  we  are  not  sure.  Be  that 
as  it  may,  the  Indiana  experiment  orchard  is  giving  it  to  the  world. 
Nearly  all  who  have  tasted  it  exclaim  "The  best  apple  I  ever 
tasted. "  It  is  medium  to  large ;  pale  yellow,  green  and  red,  pos- 
sessed of  little  beauty,  but  just  good.  It  ripens  in  August  but  keeps 
well  till  May.  The  tree  is  a  splendid  grower  and  of  spreading 
habit.    Has  not  been  tried  outside  of  the  experiment  orchard. 


208  PROCEEDINGS  OP  THE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 

We  have  had  a  boom  in  planting  orchards,  but  all  is  quiet  now. 
We  grow  only  about  one-tenth  the  apples  we  use,  hence  our  mar- 
kets are  of  the  best  and  we  do  not  need  associations  to  sell  our 
product.  We  pack  altogether  in  barrels  and  are  not  interested  in 
new  packages  and  new  st^ies  of  packing.  We  sell  solely  on  the 
merits  of  the  fruit  and  our  market  is  the  home  market. 

We  are  suffering  much  this  season  from  fire  blight  on  apple  trees. 
It  is  very  severe  on  Yellow  Transparent,  Jonathan  and  Wealthy. 
Aphis  injury  is  as  bad  as  usual.  We  are  troubled  with  a  new  worm, 
or  an  old  one  with  new  ideas.  It  starts  work  like  a  codling  moth  and 
then  quits.  Whether  it  dies  or  moves  on  we  do  not  know.  It  makes 
numerous  punctures,  but  they  are  only  skin  deep.  They  do  not 
hurt  the  apple  seriously  except  in  appearance.  The  codling  moth 
seems  to  have  given  up  old  habits  for  it  carefully  avoids  the  calyx 
and  we  find  it  much  harder  to  combat  on  the  side  of  the  fruit  than 
it  was  in  the  calyx. 

Most  orchards  are  cultivated,  but  under  protest,  especially  is 
this  the  case  on  the  hilly  land  on  account  of  erosion.  We  are  look- 
ing for  a  permanent  cover  crop  that  will  also  be  a  mulch. 

Without  doubt  we  have  in  Indiana  the  best  spraying  outfit  in  the 
world.  We  refer  to  a  compressed  air  outfit.  This  is  a  little  costly 
to  install,  but  after  the  first  cost  the  operation  is  the  cheapest,  easiest 
and  most  satisfactory. 

Joe  a.  Burton. 
Iowa. 

Interest  in  commercial  horticulture  is  increasing  and  a  few  com- 
mercial orchards  were  planted  last  year.  There  is  no  increase  in 
farm  orchards.  Fewer  varieties  are  planted  in  commercial  orchards 
than  was  formerly  the  practice.  Much  attention  is  being  given  to 
grading  and  packing  and  a  few  apple  sizing  machines  have  been 
installed. 

The  weight  of  fruit  has  been  fixed,  and  the  size  of  berry  boxes 
determined.  There  is  nothing  new  in  cold  storage  or  orchard 
heating. 

There  is  co-operation  in  buying  supplies,  but  not  in  selling. 

The  following  are  desirable  varieties  for  Iowa : 
Apples : — Oldenburg,  Wealthy,  Jonathan,  Grimes,  Winesap. 
Cherries : — Richmond,  Montmorency. 
Plums: — DeSoto,  Wyant,  Miner. 
Grapes: — Concord,  Moore. 
Strawberries: — Dunlap,  Warfield. 

Wesley  Greene. 

Kansas. 

Many  peculiar  weather  conditions  prevail  in  Kansas  at  different 
times  and  during  some  seasons  fruit  has  a  very  precarious  time  of 
it.  Last  season  was  very  dry  and  this  season  we  have  had  nearly 
as  much  rain  during  the  last  week  of  May  and  first  three  weeks  of 
June  as  we  had  in  the  past  three  years. 


COMMITTEE  REPORTS.  209 

Because  of  the  terrible  drought  of  1913  about  two-thirds  of  the 
apple  trees  and  many  other  fruit  trees  in  Kansas  died,  so  there  will 
probably  be  a  great  revival  in  the  planting  of  fruit  trees  in  the  next 
two  or  three  years.  Fruit  growers  have  finally  decided  that  they 
cannot  grow  good  fruit  without  a  sprayer  used  intelligently. 

We  have  plenty  of  markets  in  Kansas  for  our  fruit  were  it  not 
for  discriminating  freight  rates.  However,  a  state  organization  has 
been  effected  for  the  purpose  of  getting  a  more  equitable  rate  on 
apples.  Grading  is  as  nearly  standard  as  possible.  Many  growers 
are  using  boxes,  packing  with  double  facing  and  jumble  pack. 
There  is  a  good  demand  within  the  state  for  even  the  second  grade 
and  eider  apples. 

About  the  only  recent  legislation  is  a  law  passed  that  all  wine 
measure  strawberry  boxes  must  be  stamped  stating  the  amount 
they  hold.  It  has  been  proposed  to  legislate  to  prevent  the  sale  of 
diseased  apples  in  the  state.  Some  work  has  been  done  by  the  State 
Agricultural  College  in  a  co-operative  way  in  getting  the  buyer  and 
seller  together. 

The  best  varieties  of  apples  for  Kansas  are :  Early  Harvest,  Yel- 
low Transparent,  Maiden  Blush,  Jonathan,  Winesap,  Grimes,  Stay- 
man  Winesap,  York  Imperial  and  Delicious.  Champion,  Crosby, 
Carman  and  Elberta  .are  the  best  peaches.  Dunlap,  Sons,  Aroma 
and  Sample  are  the  best  strawberries.  The  new  ever-bearing  varie- 
ties are  bound  to  revolutionize  strawberry  growing  in  some  locali- 
ties and  of  these  varieties  Progressive  is  the  best.  It  is  one  of  the 
best  berries  to  plant  for  June  fruiting  and  it  will  produce  many 
berries  later  in  the  season  with  favorable  weather  conditions. 

Many  diseases  of  apples  are  rampant  in  this  state  now  and  only 
during  late  years  are  growers  trying  to  control  them,  apple  blotch  is 
probably  the  worst  and  does  more  harm  than  all  others.  The 
Missouri  is  susceptible  to  this  and  should  be  discarded  unless  the 
trees  can  be  thoroughly  sprayed  with  bordeaux  mixture  at  the 
proper  time.  The  apple  blotch  can  be  controlled.  Ben  Davis  is 
very  susceptible  also.  Winesap  is  very  seldom  attacked  and  Jona- 
than is  almost  immune.  The  vast  majority  of  farmers  do  not  spray, 
therefore,  much  of  the  fruit  grown  in  Kansas  is  unfit  for  market. 
The  codling  moth  and  curculio  can  be  controlled  by  spraying. 

The  drought  of  1913  was  no  doubt  a  blessing  as  it  killed  most  of 
the  Ben  Davis  trees.  This  variety  was  always  very  susceptible  to 
codling  moth  and  fungous  diseases,  especially  the  Illinois  canker. 
The  Ben  Davis  has  been  a  great  apple  in  Kansas,  but  its  day  is  about 
over.  We  regret  to  bid  Ben  Davis  farewell,  but  its  usefulness  is 
just  about  ended  here. 

F.  W.  Dixon. 
Kentucky. 

There  are  few  notable  details  to  record  in  the  development  of 
Kentucky  horticulture  during  the  past  two  years.  As  for  several 
years  previous  there  was  a  rather  heavy  planting  of  apple  and  other 
orchards  in  the  fall  of  1913  and  spring  of  1914  resulting  from  the 


210  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 

high  average  of  apple  and  other  fruit  prices  for  the  several  years. 
preceding.  As  a  result  of  the  large  crop  of  fruit  in  1914  with  con- 
sequent lower  prices,  orchard  planting  has  diminished  quite  per- 
ceptibly during  the  past  year.  The  high  prices  for  apples  during 
several  recent  years  has  led  many  owners  of  farm  lands  to  plant 
orchards  rather  largely  and  not  a  few  of  these  amateur  orchardists 
have  already  seen  their  ardor  cool  somewhat  on  account  of  the  1914 
drop  in  prices.  Some  of  the  speculative  orchards  have  consequently 
suffered  a  greater  or  less  degree  of  neglect. 

In  the  Hendereon  County  fruit  district  the  interest  in  orcharding- 
has  been  maintained,  although  the  new  plantings  during  the  pasi 
year  have  been  materially  reduced  as  a  result,  no  doubt,  as  else- 
where, of  the  lower  prices  in  1914.  The  orchardists  in  the  Hender- 
son district  have  continued  their  co-operative  efforts  to  the  extent 
of  purchasing  their  spray  supplies  in  common,  though  but  little 
progress  has  as  yet  been  made  in  standardizing  the  pack  or  other- 
wise uniting  in  the  sale  of  the  crop. 

As  the  crop  in  the  region  has  a  large  proportion  of  one  high  class 
variety — the  Winesap — it  would  seem  that  this  should  be  a  promis- 
ing field  for  the  development  of  an  efificient  and  profitable  selling 
organization. 

In  1915  in  this  district  spray  materials  were  purchased  in  com- 
mon to  the  extent  of  one  hundred  and  nineteen  barrels  of  lime-sul- 
phur and  two  tons  of  arsenate  of  lead. 

The  crop  in  this  district  is  sold  almost  entirely  in  barrels,  but 
little  effort  having  been  made  to  introduce  the  box  pack. 

The  past  two  seasons  have  witnessed  a  very  serious  outbreak  of 
fire  blight  which  has  materially  lessened  the  crop  of  some  varieties 
and  which,  under  existing  conditions,  has  been  almost  or  quite  un- 
controllable. Cutting  out  the  disease  has  seemed  altogether  im- 
practicable and  when  attempted  has  afforded  but  little  apparent 
check  to  the  disease.  Fortunately,  the  Winesap,  the  most  important 
variety  grown  in  Western  Kentucky,  seems  to  be  much  less  subject 
to  the  ravages  of  this  disease  than  other  kinds;  a  suggestion  that 
the  comparative  immunity  of  certain  varieties  may  afford  the  most 
satisfactory  final  solution  of  this  perplexing  difiiculty. 

The  strawberry  growers  of  Warren  County  and  vicinity  continue 
to  maintain  a  highlj'  efficient  and  growing  co-operative  organization. 
During  the  present  season  they  disposed  of  the  product  of  1100  or 
1200  acres  of  berries  at  an  average  price  of  over  $2.00  per  crate 
(24  qts.),  making  a  total  shipment  of  one  hundred  and  fifty-six  cars 
sent  from  Bowling  Green. 

C.  W.  Mathews. 

Maine. 

A  state  law  pertaining  to  the  packing,  grading  and  shipping  of 
apples  has  resulted  in  better  grading  and  packing,  especially  with 
reference  to  filling  the  barrels  properly  so  that  they  Avill  stand  ship- 
ment to  different  markets.     Considerable  fruit  is  being  shipped  to 


COMMITTEE  REPORTS.  211 

England.  The  bushel  box  is  being  used  to  some  extent.  The  best 
varieties  of  apples  are  Mcintosh,  Fameuse,  Delicious,  Baldwin, 
Rhode  Island  Greening,  Northern  Spy  and  Gravenstein.  Not  very 
much  has  been  done  in  commercial  orchard  planting  recently  but  a 
good  many  home  orchards  of  from  fifty  to  one  hundred  trees  have 
been  planted.  Not  much  is  being  done  in  cold  storage  because  large 
amounts  are  kept  in  cellars  and  storage  houses  on  the  farms. 

There  are  eleven  co-operative  associations  working  independently, 
but  an  effort  is  being  made  to  unite  these  and  thus  eliminate  un- 
necessary overhead  charges. 

The  past  winter  has  caused  more  injury  to  the  fruit  trees  than 
any  other  winter  since  1907. 

Robert  H.  Gardiner. 

Massachusetts. 

The  past  two  years  have  shown  a  very  decided  difference  in  the 
orchard  plantings  in  the  state.  In  1914  there  was  a  very  general 
interest  in  setting  fruit  trees  and  more  were  set  than  in  perhaps  any 
previous  year.  In  1915  the  setting  in  the  aggregate  has  been  very 
decidedly  reduced,  while  the  individual  plantings  have  been  larger. 
The  following  are  the  leading  orchard  varieties  at  the  present  time: 

Apples: — Baldwin,    Mcintosh,    Wealthy,    Wagener,    Gravenstein, 

Rhode  Island  Greening,  Northern  Spy,  Oldenburg. 
Pears: — Clapp,  Bosc,  Bartlett,  Sheldon,  Seckle,  Anjou. 
Peaches:  —  Greensboro,     Waddell.     Carman,     Champion,     Belle 

(Georgia),  Elberta. 
Plums: — Bradshaw,  Burbank,  Red  June,  Yellow  Egg. 
Cherries: — Sour,     Richmond,     Montmorency,     English     Morello. 

Sweet — Windsor,  Wood,  Black  Tartarian. 
Grapes: — Moore,  Winchell,  Delaware,  Brighton,  Worden,  Niagara. 
Raspberries: — Black — Kansas,     Plum     Farmer.       Red — Cuthbert, 

Herbert. 
Blackberries : — Eldorado,  Snyder. 
Currants: — Wilder,  Perfection,  Cherry,  Fay. 
Gooseberries : — Pearl,  Downing,  Industry. 
Strawberries: — Abington,  Dunlap,  Sample,  Marshall,  Glen  Mary, 

Minuteman. 

A  law  to  govern  the  packing  and  sale  of  apples  is  now  in  force, 
establishing  standard  size  of  barrel ;  the  four  grades,  fancy, 
standard  A.  standard  B,  and  ungraded;  the  name  and  address  of 
packer,  name  of  variety,  grade,  minimum  size,  and  quantity  of  con- 
tents must  be  stamped  on  package ;  fine  of  $50.00  for  first  offence 
and  $100.00  for  each  subsequent  offence  in  violating  this  law.  An 
effort  is  being  made  to  have  all  of  the  New  England  States  adopt  a 
similar  law. 

The  past  year  has  been  marked  by  an  increased  interest  in  better 
methods  of  marketing  apples  and  several  co-operative  organizations 


212  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 

have  been  formed  to  unify  grades,  establish  trade  brands  and  re- 
duce marketing  expense.  Last  year  the  bulk  of  apples  at  Hardwick 
were  graded  and  packed  under  expert  supei-vision  and  sold  under  a 
copyright  brand.  By  thus  collecting  a  large  amount  of  uniform 
fruit  the  organization  was  able  to  sell  at  twenty  per  cent  above  rul- 
ing prices  for  number  one  apples.  This  year  they  have  already 
contracted  their  entire  crop  to  buyers  who  handled  their  pack  last 
year.  Officers  of  the  organization  report  the  contract  price  to  be 
very  satisfactory. 

The  past  two  years  Colerain  Fruit  Growers'  Association  has  acted 
entirely  as  a  buying  agency  for  the  purchase  of  orchard  equipment 
and  supplies.  This  year  steps  are  being  taken  to  sell  at  least  part 
of  the  apples  grown  by  its  members. 

At  Groton,  Heath  and  Williamsburg  co-operative  fruit  growers' 
Associations  are  now  being  incorporated  for  the  purchase  of  sup- 
plies and  the  sale  of  the  apple  crop.  The  spirit  and  enthusiasm  with 
which  growers  are  taking  hold  of  this  method  which  has  proven  so 
successful  in  the  West  speaks  for  its  success  in  Massachusetts.  The 
present  trend  would  seem  to  indicate  that  \vithin  a  few  years  a  con- 
siderable proportion  of  the  commercial  apple  crop  of  this  state  will 
be  sold  on  a  strictlj'  co-operative  basis. 

The  principal  by-products  are  cider  and  vinegar,  although  there 
is  produced  a  limited  amount  of  canned  fruits,  jellies  and  preserves. 
Thousands  of  bushels  of  apples  are  used  in  this  way. 

The  brown  tail  and  gypsy  moths  continue  to  be  serious  pests,  par- 
ticularly in  the  eastern  part  of  the  state.  The  so-called  "red  bug," 
Heterocordylus  malinvs  and  Lygidea  mendax,  is  very  destructive 
where  not  controlled  by  tobacco  or  similar  sprays  applied  wuth  great 
thoroughness.  There  has  been  a  virulent  outbreak  of  the  common 
tent  caterpillar  this  year. 

Montana. 

During  the  past  two  years  little  new  planting  has  been  done,  but 
the  exceptionally  heavy  plantings  of  the  previous  two  years  have 
been  kept  up  in  good  shape  with  replants. 

The  varieties  of  apples  most  commonly  planted  are  Wealthy,  Mc- 
intosh, Rome  Beauty,  Tompkins  King,  Gravenstein  and  AVagener. 
A  good  many  Delicious  have  been  planted  in  some  sections.  We  are 
testing  one  new  variety  of  promise,  the  Vanderpool  (Red),  which 
originated  in  Oregon. 

The  varieties  of  cherries  most  commonly  planted  are  Bing  and 
Lambert  of  the  sweet  cherries,  and  Montmorency,  Wragg  and 
Ostheim  of  the  sour  varieties. 

The  fruit  growers  are  organized  to  sell  their  fruit  through  the 
Northwestern  Fruit  Growers'  Association  and  are  packing  in  ac- 
cordance with  the  standard  Northwestern  packages. 

Little  is  being  done  in  the  way  of  cold  storage  and  with  the  varie- 
ties grown  there  is  very  little  necessity  for  pre-cooling.  No  orchard 
heating  of  any  consequence  has  been  undertaken  in  Montana  and 


COMMITTEE  REPORTS.  21 :{ 

little  has  been  done  in  the  way  of  taking  care  of  waste  fruit  or  low 
grades  by  working  them  into  by-products. 

We  have  had  no  unusual  outbreaks  of  insects  or  diseases  unless  we 
would  consider  our  difficulties  with  blight  unusual.  During  the 
past  two  years  blight  has  destroyed  a  great  many  susceptible  varie- 
ties of  apples,  but  at  present  it  does  not  seem  to  be  serious.  The 
early  plantings  in  Montana  consisted  largely  of  Alexander  and 
Transcendent  crab.  These  have  been  practically  eliminated  by 
blight  and  the  less  susceptible  varieties  are  now  doing  very  well. 

0.  B.  Whipple. 

Nebraska. 

There  was  never  a  time  in  the  history  of  Nebraska  when  commer- 
cial fruit  growing  looked  as  bright  as  it  does  now.  Some  of  the 
apple  orchards  planted  twenty  to  thirty  years  ago  that  have  been 
given  a  reasonable  amount  of  care,  have  demonstrated  the  possibili- 
ties of  eastern  Nebraska  for  growing  a  high  grade  quality  of  fruit. 

Loess  Soil:  The  characteristic  loess  soil  formation  found  border- 
ing the  Missouri  River,  is  an  ideal  fruit  soil  and  it  is  on  this  type 
of  soil  that  most  of  the  commercial  orchards  are  now  being  planted. 
The  steep,  rolling  hills  and  bluffs,  in  many  cases  too  rough  for  gen- 
eral farm  purposes,  are  now  recognized  as  being  ideal  fruit-growing 
soil.  Several  hundred  acres  of  this  soil  have  been  planted  to  apples, 
grapes,  and  small  fruits  in  the  past  two  years.  For  the  most  part 
the  apple  orchards  are  being  planted  in  units,  ranging  from  ten  to 
forty  acres. 

Organizations :  The  Eastern  Nebraska  Fruit  Growers'  Associa- 
tion was  formed  March  5,  1913.  This  Association  was  started  by 
most  of  the  larger  growers  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  state  for  the 
purpose  of  buying  and  selling  as  a  unit.  An  association  pack  was 
established  the  first  year  and  most  of  the  fruit  was  barreled  and 
put  in  cold  storage,  to  be  disposed  of  in  mid-winter  and  early  spring. 
In  1914  the  Eastern  Nebraska  Fruit  Growers'  Association  was 
changed  to  the  Central  Fruit  Growers'  Association,  which  includes 
not  only  the  eastern  Nebraska  section,  but  also  a  portion  of  south- 
western Iowa,  northwestern  Missouri,  and  northeastern  Kansas, 
representing  the  same  soil  type.  The  success  with  which  this  asso- 
ciation harvested  and  marketed  its  crop  in  1915  has  caused  many 
more  orchards  to  be  planted  in  this  section. 

The  Omaha  Fruit  Growers'  Association  handles  most  of  the 
grapes  and  small  fruits  near  Omaha. 

Orchard  Heating:  Heating  apple  orchards  by  means  of  crude  oil 
is  being  practiced  by  several  growers.  The  loss  from  late  spring 
frosts  in  orchards  on  well  selected  sites  is  so  small  it  is  a  question  as 
to  whether  the  additional  expense  to  equip  for  heating  is  justified. 

Varieties:  Winesap  is  one  of  the  most  profitable  varieties  for 
eastern  Nebraska.  Jonathan  is  being  planted  freely,  and  rivals 
Winesap  in  prominence.  Ben  Davis  and  Gano  are  being  planted  on 
account  of  their  extreme  regularity  of  bearing.     Grimes,  Paragon, 


214  PROCEEDINGS  OF  TPIE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY, 

Oldenburg,  Virginia  Beauty,  Stayman  Winesap,  and  Wealthy,  are 
also  being  included  in  many  commercial  orchards.  Delicious  is  be- 
ing tried  out  on  a  small  scale  in  most  of  the  orchards  now  being 
planted.  It  promises  to  be  one  of  the  leading  varieties  for  the 
Missouri  River  loess  soil.  Missouri  is  used  freely  as  a  filler.  This 
variety  comes  into  bearing  at  an  early  age,  and  is  very  prolific.     , 

Kieffer  and  Flemish  pears  are  being  grown  commercially. 

Early  Richmond,  Montmorency,  and  English  Morello  cherries  are 
the  leading  commercial  varieties. 

Wild  Goose,  Wyant,  Wolf,  DeSoto,  and  Forest  Garden  plums  are 
among  the  leading  American  varieties  for  this  section. 

Moore,  Concord,  Worden,  Campbell,  and  Brighton  grapes  are 
among  the  leading  varieties. 

Diseases  and  Insects:  Within  the  past  five  years  the  Illinois  or 
blister  canker  (Nummularia  discreta)  has  done  more  damage  to 
apple  trees  in  this  section  than  any  other  fungous  disease  attacking 
the  trees.  Ben  Davis  and  Gano  seem  to  be  extremely  susceptible  to 
this  disease,  while  the  Winesap,  Jonathan,  Paragon,  Oldenburg  are 
more  or  less  resistant.  In  well  cared  for  orchards  that  have  been 
properly  pruned  and  sprayed,  and  where  the  disease  has  been  cut 
out  when  first  noticed,  this  canker  has  not  done  any  serious  damage 
to  any  of  the  varieties,  except  the  Ben  Davis  and  Gano. 

R.  F.  Howard. 
New  Jersey. 

Extensive  plantings  of  fruit  trees  of  all  kinds  are  being  made,  but 
as  yet  the  area  covered  is  not  as  large  as  it  was  when  the  San  Jose 
scale  first  appeared.  This  pest  destroyed  thousands  of  trees  of  all 
kinds,  but  is  now  being  held  in  check.  In  1910  there  were  over  a 
million  peach  trees  not  yet  in  bearing  and  since  that  time  the  peach 
has  been  planted  more  freely  than  any  other  kind  of  fruit.  The 
most  popular  varieties  are  Elberta,  Belle,  Carman,  Champion, 
Hiley,  Greensboro,  Fox,  Iron  Mountain  and  Lola.  The  Georgia  six- 
basket  carrier  is  being  used  extensively  as  a  shipping  package  in  the 
central  and  southern  parts  of  the  state. 

New  Jersey  ranks  seventh  in  the  Union  in  number  of  pear  trees 
and  many  more  are  being  planted  each  year.  Bartlett  and  Seekel 
are  taking  the  place  of  the  Kieffer  and  LeConte  in  recent  plantings. 

The  early  summer  and  fall  varieties  of  apples  are  proving  very 
profitable,  especially  Yellow  Transparent,  Williams,  Starr,  Olden- 
burg. Gravenstein  and  Wealthy.  Other  popular  varieties  later  in 
season  are  Grimes,  Mcintosh,  Baldwin,  Stayman  Winesap,  Rome 
Beauty  and  Paragon.  Delicious  and  King  David  are  quite  promis- 
ing in  some  sections. 

A  good  many  sour  cherries  are  grown  commercially,  especially 
Early  Richmond  and  Montmorency.  Only  a  few  sweet  cherries  are 
being  planted  at  this  time.  The  planting  of  plum  trees  has  been 
practically  discontinued  since  the  early  ravages  of  the  San  Jose 
scale. 

Quinces  seem  to  be  very  promising. 


COMMITTEE  REPORTS.  215 

New  Jersey  ranks  first  iu  the  production  of  small  fruits,  if  cran- 
beiTies  are  included  in  this  class.  The  acreage  devoted  to  cran- 
berries exceeds  that  in  Massachusetts  and  Wisconsin  by  many  acres. 
The  best  varieties  are  Early  Black,  Howell,  Champion  and  Cen- 
tennial. Ward  is  the  most  popular  blackberry,  and  Cuthbert, 
Kanere  (St.  Regis)  and  Welch  are  the  best  red  raspberries.  Wilder 
and  R^d  Cross  currants  are  the  most  profitable  varieties,  and  Down- 
ing and  Houghton  are  the  leading  gooseberries. 

The  small  fruit  industry  would  develop  rapidly  were  it  possible  to 
secure  labor. 

Grapes  are  grown  quite  extensively,  there  being  several  vineyards 
comprising  more  than  one  hundred  acres  each.  A  considerable  por- 
tion of  the  crop  is  made  into  wine  and  grape  juice.  Concord  and 
Ives  are  the  leading  varieties. 

Rapid  progress  is  being  made  annually  by  the  fruit  grower  in 
improved  methods  of  orchard  management  and  spraying.  The  auto 
truck  is  being  used  in  marketing  fruit  from  the  larger  fruit  farms 
and  is  becoming  an  important  factor  in  the  fruit  business,  especially 
near  the  large  cities. 

M.  A.  Blake. 

New"  Mexico. 

During  the  last  two  years  there  has  been  more  discussion  and 
perhaps  more  progress  made  in  the  new  methods  of  grading  and 
packing  of  fruit  than  almost  any  other  phase  of  fruit  growing. 
Some  fruit  growers'  associations  have  been  organized  and  these  have 
under  consideration  the  adoption  of  rules  on  picking,  grading  and 
packing.  The  Mesilla  Valley  Fruit  Growers'  Association  has  very 
recently  adopted  a  set  of  rules  for  picking,  grading  and  packing  of 
peaches  and  pears.  These  rules  are  very  similar  to  those  adopted 
at  the  Spokane  meeting  on  April  15,  1915. 

Some  difficulties  have  been  encountered  in  the  marketing  of  our 
fruits  and  because  of  this  more  interest  has  been  manifested  by  the 
fruit  growers  and  the  fruit  growers'  associations  to  reach  out  for 
new  markets  and  to  put  in  operation  better  methods  for  disposing  of 
the  fruit. 

Very  little  work  is  being  done  in  the  originating  of  new  varieties 
of  fruits.  The  fruit  growers  are  using  old  and  well  tried  varieties. 
Many  of  the  newer  varieties  of  apples  that  have  been  recently  intro- 
duced are  being  tested.  For  example,  Delicious  has  been  planted 
quite  extensively  all  over  the  state  and  the  results  up  to  the  present 
time  seem  to  show  that  this  apple  does  exceedingly  well  in  the  higher 
and  cooler  sections.  Excellent  Delicious  are  being  grown  at  alti- 
tudes of  six  thousand  to  seven  thousand  feet.  The  fruits  seem  to 
vary  considerably  in  shape,  color  and  time  of  ripening  when  grown 
at  lower  altitudes,  becoming  very  oblate  in  shape,  dull  purplish  in 
color  with  little  striping  and  ripening  in  August. 

Many  new  plantings  are  being  made  in  those  fruit  growing  dis- 
tricts where  there  is  plenty  of  water  for  irrigation  purposes.     In 


216  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 

the  Mesilla  Valley  under  the  Elephant  Butte  Project,  a  great  many 
plantations  have  been  started  practically  all  of  the  Bartlett  pear. 

Orchard  heating,  when  properly  done,  wiU  materially  reduce  the 
frost  injury  to  some  of  the  fruits,  particularly  the  peach  as  ex- 
periments have  shown.  Very  little  has  been  done  with  apples  and 
pears,  as  these  usually  blossom,  in  the  lower  and  warmer  valleys, 
late  enough  to  escape  the  late  spring  frosts. 

There  are  no  co-operative  buying  and  selling  organizations. 

There  is  some  difference  of  opinion  as  to  the  best  varieties  for  the 
state  as  a  whole.  For  the  higher  altitudes  such  winter  apples  as 
the  Jonathan,  Winesap,  Delicious,  Black  Ben,  White  Pearmain, 
Rome  Beauty,  Hoover  (Thunderbolt)  and  Bellflower  are  among  the 
most  promising.  In  the  lower  altitudes  the  Jonathan,  Winesap, 
Paragon,  Black  Ben  and  Arkansas  Black  are  among  the  leading 
varieties. 

Bartlett  is  the  leading  pear  being  grown  on  a  commercial  scale. 
In  our  experimental  work  Anjou,  Winter  Nelis,  and  Winter  Bart- 
lett are  showing  up  very  favorably. 

Apricots,  as  a  rule,  are  not  considered  commercially,  because  they 
blossom  too  early  and,  as  a  rule,  are  usually  killed  by  late  frosts. 
However,  the  trees  are  among  the  hardiest  that  we  have. 

Mayflower,  Alexander,  Hynes  (Surprise),  Texas  King,  Elberta, 
Late  Crawford,  Crothers  and  Salway  are  the  best  peaches.  The 
main  trouble  with  peaches  is  that  the  late  ripening  varieties  are 
liable  to  be  injured  by  late  spring  frosts  because  they  blossom  about 
two  weeks  earlier  than  the  Alexander. 

Jefferson,  Coe,  Imperial  Gage,  Pond,  Sargent,  Yellow  Egg,  Agen 
(French  Prune)  and  German  (Prune)  do  very  well.  The  Japan- 
ese plums  are  not  recommended  because  they  blossom  too  early  in 
the  spring.  Wild  Goose,  Wayland,  and  Omaha  are  good  native 
varieties. 

Early  Richmond,  Montmorency  and  Ostheim  are  three  of  the  best 
sour  cherries.  The  sweet  varieties,  for  one  reason  or  another,  are 
not  doing  very  well  in  any  of  the  fruit  growing  districts,  particu- 
larly the  lower  and  warmer  parts. 

The  worst  pest  of  pomaceous  fruits  is  the  codling  moth.  Fruit 
growers  have  come  to  realize  that  if  they  are  going  to  grow  poma- 
ceous fruits  they  must  spray,  consequently,  they  are  now  partially 
controlling  the  codling  moth. 

Fabian  Garcia. 
Wyoming. 

Naturally  there  is  not  much  to  be  said  on  pomology  for  Wyoming. 
We  are  not  yet  shipping  out  of  the  state  except  very  sparingly  in 
apples.  The  standard  western  box  is  used.  Most  of  our  fruit  of  all 
kinds  is  marketed  locally  in  "any  old  package." 

No  new  fruits  have  been  announced  except  two  new  seedling 
apples,  from  the  State  Experimental  Fruit  Farm,  located  at  Lander. 
The  State  Horticultural  Society  has  not  passed  officially  on  the 
standing  of  these  candidates  for  recognition. 


COMMITTEE  REPORTS,  217 

The  new  plantings  are  primarily  apples,  but  hundreds  of  new 
home  orchards  have  been  started,  in  which  fruits  of  all  kinds  are 
being  tried  out. 

There  is  no  legislation  whatever  as  to  grades  and  packages.  We 
do  not  yet  have  need  of  cold  storage  and  pre-cooling.  Orchard  heat- 
ing is  talked  about,  but  not  practiced.  It  is  generally  not  needed. 
Some  fruit  was  killed  by  frost  this  year  late  in  May.  There  are  no 
by-products  except  cider  and  vinegar  for  home  consumption.  No 
fruit  associations  have  yet  been  organized. 

Our  State  Horticultural  Society  is  pushing  the  establishment  of 
home  orchards  and  incidentally  encouraging  commercial  planting 
and  is  offering  medals  for  worthy  new  fruits.  Several  commercial 
orchards  are  just  coming  into  bearing.  The  Big  Horn  Apple  Com- 
pany has  one  block  of  one  hundred  and  thirty-five  acres. 

Two  counties  have  suffered  terribly  from  fire  blight.  Efforts 
have  been,  and  are  being  made  to  get  concrete  action  in  an  effort 
to  control  it. 

Codling  moth  has  only  recently  been  detected  in  a  few  isolated 
localities,  and  literature  is  being  spread  everywhere  outlining  the 
best  known  methods  for  its  control  or  extermination.  No  other  pests 
or  diseases  of  importance  are  yet  within  the  state. 

AvEN  Nelson. 
Newt  York. 

There  are  no  new  methods  of  grading  and  packing  in  New  York 
that  have  become  prominent,  except  that  there  is  a  fairly  marked 
interest  in  the  possible  use  of  mechanical  fruit  sizers  as  a  means  of 
making  compliance  with  the  new  apple  packing  law  easier. 

A  considerable  number  of  growers  in  New  York  have  interested 
themselves  in  the  development  of  special  personal  markets  whereby 
the  fruit  is  sold  directly  to  consumers  or  stores  handling  high  grade 
fruit.  During  the  past  year  it  is  said  that  a  considerable  number 
of  apples  were  taken  from  storage  late  in  the  season  and  evaporated 
for  shipment  to  European  markets. 

For  the  past  year  there  has  probably  been  less  planting  than  usual 
in  the  various  fruit  sections  of  New  York. 

During  the  winter  of  1913-14  a  fairly  rigid  apple  packing  law 
was  passed  by  the  New  York  Legislature.  This  law  established  a 
' '  Fancv ' '  grade  with  no  tolerance  except  five  per  cent  on  minimum 
size;  and,  "A"  and  "B"  grade;  and  an  ''Unclassified"  grade. 
Even  in  this  last  it  is  necessary  for  the  grower  to  mark  barrels 
''Scabby,"  "Wormy,"  or  "Wind  Falls,"  if  such  apples  are  to  be 
found  in  the  package.  The  first  experience  with  the  law  was  dur- 
ing the  harvesting  season  of  1914;  there  was  both  satisfaction  and 
dissatisfaction  among  the  growers.  It  was  found  by  experience  that 
the  law  could  not  well  be  enforced  as  drawn,  since  it  did  not  give 
to  the  Department  of  Agriculture  the  right  of  seizure  in  order  to 
secure  evidence.  During  the  legislative  session  of  1915,  the  law  has 
been  revised,  giving  the  Department  of  Agriculture  this  right,  and, 
perhaps,  increasing  the  tolerance  in  the  different  grades  a  little. 


218  PROCEEDINGS  OP  THE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 

There  is  no  interest  in  pre-cooling  in  New  York  State,  owing  to 
the  fact  that  the  markets  are  so  near. 

Orchard  heating  will  probably  never  be  of  great  interest  in  New 
York  State,  since  very  few^  crops  are  lost  by  frosts.  Perhaps 
medium  cold  Aveather  at  blossoming  time  is  the  cause  of  very  much 
more  loss  than  freezing  at  blossoming  time  or  later. 

There  has  been  interest  in  a  new  process  of  evaporating  apples, 
known  as  "dehydration."  It  seems  that  the  air  is  first  exposed  to 
very  low  temperature  so  that  the  moisture  is  precipitated,  and  is 
then  passed  through  warm  chambers.  This  dehydration  can  be 
made  possible  at  a  considerably  lower  temperature  than  can  be  used 
with  ordinary  evaporators.  Whether  or  not  the  product  can  be 
produced  cheaply  enough  to  make  it  of  any  great  importance  is  not 
yet  determined. 

There  is  small  interest  in  co-operative  buying  and  selling,  though 
there  is  one  large  co-operative  bu.ving  society  in  the  Hudson  River 
section,  and  during  the  past  year  a  new  exchange,  doing  a  rather 
large  business,  operated  in  western  New  York. 

The  State  Horticultural  Society  and  the  Western  New  York 
Horticultural  Society  have  taken  a  marked  interest  in  the  new  law 
regulating  the  packing  of  apples  in  this  state — in  fact,  it  was  prob- 
ably through  their  influence  that  the  bill  was  secured,  and  they  are 
being  depended  upon  to  keep  growers  from  becoming  dissatisfied 
with  the  workings  of  the  bill  before  its  possible  usefulness  is  care- 
fully determined. 

During  this  present  season  (1915)  there  have  been  no  severe  in- 
sect outbreaks  in  so  far  as  horticultural  interests  in  New  York  State 
are  concerned.  The  only  unusual  insect  outbreak  has  been  the  ap- 
pearance in  very  large  numbers  of  the  cherry  leaf  beetle  (Galerv- 
cella  cavicollis).  The  adult  has  appeared  in  many  sections  of  the 
state  and  has  done  considerable  injury  to  the  foliage  of  cherry, 
plum  and  peach.  However,  its  ravages  have  been  rather  easily  con- 
trolled and  no  serious  material  injury  has  resulted. 

The  fruit  diseases  common  to  New  York  State  have  been  generally 
prevalent  during  1914  and  1915.  Experiments  conducted  bv  lied- 
dick  and  Crosby  (N.  Y.  (Cornell)  Agr.  Exp.  Sta.  Bui.  854,  1015,) 
in  dusting  apple  trees  with  sulphur  and  lead  have,  compared  with 
spraying,  given  very  satisfactory  results. 

Peach  Leaf  Curl  was  very  prevalent  in  the  spring  of  1914  and 
1915,  The  poor  results  secured  by  growers  from  the  application 
of  lime-sulphur  solution  is  attributed  to  late  and  to  careless  spray- 
ing. Carefully  spraved  orchards  have  been  free  from  diseases. 
Reddick  and  Toan  (N.  Y.  (Cornell)  Agr.  Exp.  Sta.  Cir.  31.  1915,) 
report  as  a  result  of  experiments  and  observations  that  a  dormant 
late  fall  or  early  winter  application  is  as  effective  as  the  early  spring 
sprayings  in  controlling  the  curl. 

Fire  blight  has  damaged  many  pear  trees  in  1914  and  1915.  and 
also  appeared  generally  in  1914  as  a  twig  blight  of  apples.  It  has 
not  been  possible  to  demonstrate  conclusively  that  the  recommenda- 
tions usually   made   for  the  control  of  this  disease   are  entirely 


COMMITTEE  REI'ORTS.  219 

effective.  Growers  here  are  not  successful  in  controlling  this  dis- 
ease. Better  results  have  been  secured  where  growers  have  jointly 
hired  a  competent  and  trained  man  to  fight  blight  for  them. 

W.  H.  Chandler. 
Oregon. 

Nothing  new  of  importance  in  methods  of  grading  and  packing 
fruits  is  reported. 

No  new  fruits  have  been  reported  in  the  past  two  years  which 
have  attracted  attention. 

The  apple-planting  boom  subsided  about  two  year-s  ago.  Very 
few  new  plantings  of  apple  trees  have  been  made  since  that  time. 
There  were  extensive  plantings  of  loganberries  in  western  Oregon 
in  1914.  It  is  probable  that  more  prune  trees  have  been  planted  in 
the  past  two  years  than  of  any  other  orchard  fruit,  but  the  aggre- 
gate planting  of  prune  trees  has  not  been  large.  There  has  been  a 
revival  of  interest  in  walnut  culture  in  past  year  and  several  thou- 
sand walnut  trees  have  been  planted. 

A  number  of  new  macliines  for  grading  fruit,  particularly  apples, 
are  being  introduced,  and  some  appear  to  have  much  merit. 

There  has  been  no  new  legislation  in  this  state  relating  to  stand- 
ard grades  and  packages  for  fruit.  The  only  change  in  inspection 
law  is  a  provision  making  it  the  duty  of  county  horticultural  in- 
spectors to  inspect  fruit  evaporators  when  in  operation. 

Cold  storage  and  pre-cooling  plants  have  been  established  at  the 
leading  shipping  points.  ]\lost  of  these  plants  are  owned  or  con- 
trolled by  associations  of  fruit  growers. 

The  only  portion  of  the  state  in  which  orchard  heating  is  prac- 
ticed is  in  Jackson  County.  In  that  county  most  of  the  orchardists 
practice  heating  their  orchards  in  spring  when  severe  frosts  are 
likely  to  do  serious  damage.  Crude  oil  is  the  fuel  commonly  used 
and  lires  are  operated  so  as  to  make  as  much  smoke  as  possible. 

Much  interest  in  the  matter  of  by-products  has  been  shown  in  the 
past  3'ear  or  two.  The  production  of  evaporated  prunes  has  long 
been  one  of  the  leading  horticultural  industries  of  the  state.  An 
increase  in  the  production  of  other  evaporated  fruits  and  of  canned 
fruits  is  taking  place.  The  most  notable  increase  is  in  the  pro- 
duction of  evaporated  loganberries  and  the  manufacture  of  logan- 
berry juice  as  a  beverage,  and  as  a  base  for  the  manufacture  of 
jellies,  flavorings,  etc.  The  production  of  loganberry  products  gives 
promise  of  becoming  an  industry  of  much  importance  in  this  state. 

Owing  to  the  extraordinary  diversity  of  climatic  conditions  in 
Oregon  it  is  impossible  to  give  a  list  of  best  varieties  in  this  state. 
Orchard  planters  in  Oregon  have  incurred  very  great  loss  as  a 
result  of  planting  varieties  of  apples  said  to  be  the  best  to  grow  in 
Oregon,  but  which  were  in  fact  best  only  for  certain  limited 
districts. 

The  law  of  this  state  makes  infested  trees  or  diseased  trees,  if 
the  disease  is  liable  to  spread,  a  public  nuisance  and  provides  a 
method  of  abating  the  nuisance  at  the  expense  of  the  owner  of  the 


220  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 

property  ou  which  the  trees  or  plants  are  growing.  Any  unusual 
outbreak  of  diseases  or  insects  can  be  handled  under  the  provisions 
of  this  law.    There  is  also  provision  for  quarantine  Avhen  advisable. 

H.  M.  Williamson. 
Texas. 

There  are  tv.o  new  varieties  of  peaches  that  have  been  introduced 
in  our  state  that  are  worthy  of  mention.  The  Yellow  Swan,  intro- 
duced by  J.  F.  Sneed,  of  Tyler,  is  a  large  yellow  peach,  a  seedling  of 
the  Elberta  and  quite  similar  to  it,  but  ripens  some  two  weeks  earlier 
than  Elberta.  The  Frank,  originated  by  Mr.  J.  W.  Stubenraueh,  of 
Mexia,  Texas,  and  introduced  by  Will  B.  Munson,  of  Denison. 

Some  of  Mr.  T.  V,  Munson 's  recent  productions  in  grapes  (seed- 
lings germinated  by  him  but  which  did  not  fruit  before  his  death) 
promise  to  excel  even  the  finer  varieties  introduced  by  him  in  prior 
years.  These  new  grapes  have  not  been  named,  but  after  this  sum- 
mer's test  a  few  of  the  choice  ones  will  be  selected  wdth  a  view  of 
introducing  in  a  year  or  so. 

There  has  been  a  pre-cooling  plant  established  at  San  Benito. 
This  is  used  in  cooling  vegetables  in  carload  lots  before  they  are 
shipped  to  northern  markets.  It  has  worked  very  successfully  and 
there  is  talk  of  establishing  several  other  similar  plants  in  the 
Brovmsville  country.  The  question  of  cold  storage  in  the  fruit  and 
vegetable  centers  of  the  state  is  receiving  a  great  deal  of  attention 
and  it  will  only  be  a  question  of  a  short  time  w^hen  there  will  be  a 
great  many  cold  storage  plants  established. 

There  has  been  considerable  advancement  in  the  protection  of 
fruit  crops  in  this  state  by  the  use  of  smudge  pots.  These  smudges 
have  been  used  on  the  citrus  fruits  and  figs  in  the;  coast  country, 
and  on  the  peaches  and  apples  in  north  and  east  Texas. 

A  marketing  association  has  been  organized  among  the  fruit  grow- 
ers in  Denison  and  vicinity,  and  the  Chamber  of  Commerce  has  a 
man  to  keep  in  touch  with  all  the  markets  and  advise  the  fruit 
growers;  also  to  make  sales  and  allow  the  fruit  growers  to  fill  the 
orders.  In  this  way,  orders  are  received  from  near-by  towns  which 
prevent  the  market  from  being  glutted.  This  relieves  the  local  mar- 
kets considerably.  There  have  been  a  number  of  fruit  and  vegetable 
growers'  organizations  organized  in  the  southwestern  part  of  our 
state.    Some  of  these  have  been  operating  very  successfully. 

Some  of  the  best  fruits  for  Texas  are  the  following: 
Apples: — Shockley,  Ben  Davis,  Red  Texas,  Jonathan,  Gano,  Arkan- 
sas Black. 
Peaches: — Mayflower,  Mamie  Ross,  Carman,  Yellow  Swan,  Elberta, 

Augbert. 
Plums: — Gonzales,  Abundance,  Terrill  and  Burbank. 
Grapes: — Concord,  W.  B.  Munson,  Herbemont. 
Strawherrics: — Klondyke,  Lady  Thompson. 
Blackherries: — Spaulding,  Early  Harvest  and  Dallas. 
Dcwherrics: — (Austin)  Mayes,  Ilaupt,  San  Jacinto. 
Figs: — Magnolia. 
Ora/nges : — Satsuma. 


COMMITTEE  REPORTS.  221 

The  codling  moth  is  becoming  a  serious  pest  of  the  apple  and 
pear.  The  growers  are  beginning  to  spray  against  this  pest  success- 
fully with  arsenate  of  lead. 

The  San  Jose  scale  is  also  becoming  a  very  serious  pest  of  the 
fruit  industry  of  this  state.  The  growers  are  beginning  to  use  lime- 
sulphur  solution  against  it. 

E.  J.  Kyle. 
Utah. 

The  tendency  in  Utah  is  toward  a  cheaper  fruit  package.  There 
is  a  strong  inclination  for  peach  growers  to  get  away  from  the  peach 
box  and  to  adopt  the  bushel  basket.  The  bulk  of  the  crop  was 
handled  that  way  last  year  and  three-fourths  will  be  handled  in 
bushel  baskets  this  year.  The  tendency  among  cherry  shippers  is 
to  use  a  twenty-pound  cherry  box  with  one  side  faced.  This  year's 
crop  Avas  partly  handled  in  these  with  the  balance  in  sixteen-quart 
crates  or  twenty-four-pint  crates. 

Growers  are  encouraging  manufactured  fruit  products  and  dis- 
posing of  as  much  fruit  as  possible  to  local  canneries,  etc.  A  new 
evaporator  has  been  established  at  Ogden  under  the  management  of 
Everfresh  C/Ompany  of  Portland. 

There  are  practically  no  new  fruit  plantings  in  Utah  excepting 
replacements. 

A  law  was  passed  by  the  last  Legislature  establishing  pints  and 
quarts  for  Utah  sale,  these  to  be  stamped.  It  will  become  effective 
for  next  year's  crop. 

Cold  storage  and  pre-cooling  are  among  the  most  important 
necessities  of  the  fruit  growers  of  Utah.  ^We  need  up-to-date  store- 
houses and  more  modern  home-packing  plants.  These  are  some  of 
the  main  features  we  are  urging. 

Interest  in  orchard  heating  is  waning.  A  few  years  ago  it  took  a 
boom,  but  now  the  effort  is  to  select  orchard  sites  not  susceptible  to 
late  spring  frosts. 

There  is  increased  interest  in  by-products  and  all  canning  fac- 
tories and  evaporators  are  running  this  season. 

The  Utah  Fruit  Growers'  Association  last  year  handled  at  least 
three-fourths  of  the  Utah  crop.  This  year  it  will  do  almost  as  well. 
The  distribution  of  the  fruit  is  handled  by  the  California  Distribut- 
ing Association  at  so  much  per  car,  and  has  proven  satisfactory. 

The  best  varieties  for  Utah  are: 

Apples: — Jonathan,  Rome  Beauty,  Winesap. 
Peaches: — Phillips,  Runyan,  Gleason. 
Cherries: — Lambert,  Bing,  Orb,  Windsor,  Napoleon. 
Apricots: — Jones,  Chinese,  Moorpark,  Blenheim. 
Pears: — Anjou,  Bartlett,  Winter  Nelis,  Kieffer. 

The  apple  leaf  roller  proved  serious  in  two  sections  of  the  state. 
There  was  increased  damage  from  apple  mildew  and  the  Calif  or- 


222  PROCEEDINGS  OP  THE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY, 

nia  peach  fungus  also.    The  aphides  covered  all  kinds  of  fruit  trees 
in  the  worst  outbreak  ever  known  here. 

Fruit  shippers  of  Utah  are  seriously  handicapped  in  that  they  are 
kept  out  of  Montana  markets  on  account  of  a  quarantine  which  the 
Montana  officials  maintain  on  account  of  supposed  danger  of  intro- 
duction of  the  Alfalfa  Weevil  so  prevalent  in  Utah.  This  works  an 
injustice  to  Utah  shippers  and  should  be  modified  by  the  Montana 
officials  if  possible. 

E.  P.  Taylor. 
Vermont. 

The  1914  apple  crop  was  about  equal  to  the  average  of  the  past 
ten  years  and  Avas  fairly  remunerative  to  the  growers.  Pears  and 
stone  fruits  were  fifty  per  cent  of  an  average  crop.  Red  raspberries 
are  grown  extensively  in  the  Connecticut  river  valley  and  are  ship- 
ped largely  outside  the  state. 

The  1915  fruit  crop  promises  to  be  about  one-third  the  ten  years'' 
average.  This  is  largely  due  to  the  unusual  drought,  frosts  and  cold, 
dry  winds  early  in  the  season. 

There  is  an  increased  planting  of  fruit  trees  throughout  the  en- 
tire state.  Co-operative  buying  of  fertilizers  is  practiced  and  con- 
siderable money  has  been  saved  to  the  growers  as  a  result.  It  is 
expected  soon  that  co-operative  selling  will  be  started  also.  A  new 
grading,  packing  and  inspection  law  has  been  passed,  but  it  is  too 
early  to  state  what  l)euefits  will  follow. 

Vermont  leads  the  Bast  in  the  innovation  of  irrigation  of  or- 
chards. Mr.  C.  H.  Holmes,  of  Charlotte,  has  recently  installed  a 
powerful  engine  to  pump  water  from  an  adjoining  lake  and  dis- 
tribute it  to  a  system  of  ditches  over  his  apple  orchard  covering 
one  hundred  acres.  There  are  several  other  irrigating  plants  which 
have  been  installed  as  a  result  of  three  seasons  of  extended  drought. 

The  State  Horticultural  Society  is  in  flourishing  condition  and  its 
meetings  are  well  attended.  Since  there  is  more  or  less  damage  to 
fruit  trees  each  year  by  deer  the  question  of  the  value  of  fruit  trees 
has  been  settled  by  the  Horticultural  Society  as  follows :  "A  tree 
set  less  than  one  year  is  worth  not  less  than  one  dollar,  and  that  said 
tree  or  trees  increase  in  value  at  the  rate  of  not  less  than  one  dol- 
lar a  year  thereafter."  This  valuation  has  been  approved  by  the 
State  Game  Commissioner. 

Some  of  the  best  varieties  for  Vermont  are  Northern  Spy,  Rhode 
Island  Greening,  Red  Canada,  Sutton,  Esopus  and  Mcintosh.  The 
best  pears  are  Bartlett,  Seckel,  Flemish,  Cornice,  Winter  Nelis  and 
Anjou.  The  plums  recommended  are  Lombard,  Green  Gage,  Ger- 
man (Prune),  Bonum,  St.  Ann,  Niagara  and  Monarch.  The  Mont- 
morency, Early  Richmond,  English  Morello  and  Ostheimer  are  sug- 
gested as  the  best  cherries  for  Vermont.  Some  of  the  new  varieties 
of  apples  worthy  of  trial  are  Delicious,  King  David,  LaVictoria, 
Canada-Baldwin,  Fameuse  Noire  and  Wismer.  The  pears  suggested 
for   trial    are   Mcljoughlin,    Worden,    Rossnej',    Fame    and   Bart- 


COMMITTEE  REPORTS.  223 

lett  Hybrid.  The  pluras  for  trial  are  Black  Diamond,  Italian  (York 
State  Pr\inc),  and  Tatge.  The  cherries  are  Baldwin,  Ostheimer, 
Snda  and  Tennv  (Early). 

D.  C.  Hicks. 
Virginia. 

The  growers  generally  have  adopted  the  speeifieations  as  outlined 
in  the  Sulzer  law  for  grading  and  packing  apples.  The  results  have 
been  most  satisfactory.  An  effort  is  being  made  to  have  the  Bureau 
of  ^larkets  of  the  U.  8.  Department  of  Agriculture  send  a  special 
agent  to  South  America  to  open  up  markets  for  American  apples. 

The  amount  of  fruit  tree  planting  has  fallen  off.  and  Ben  Davis 
is  no  longer  being  planted.  Orchard  tractors  are  being  used  by 
several  of  the  largest  fruit  growers,  and  apple  sizing  machines  are 
proving  to  be  a  splendid  success,  but  are  not  yet  entirely  adapted  to 
sizing  for  packing  in  l)arrels.  The  cedar  rust  law  has  been  upheld 
as  constitutional.  New  cold  storage  houses  are  being  erected  to 
taJie  care  of  the  increased  yield  of  fruits  from  year  to  year.  Or- 
chard heating  has  been  tried  in  a  few  orchards.  The  number  of 
vinegar  factories  and  evaporators  is  being  increased.  Co-operative 
buying  and  selling  is  receiving  considerable  attention  but  has  not 
been  attempted  on  a  large  scale. 

The  State  Horticultural  Society  is  endeavoring  to  secure  accurate 
and  complete  stock  statistics  throughout  the  marketing  season.  It 
favors  governmental  inspection  of  fruit  both  at  the  shipping  point 
and  at  destination.  It  approves  any  intelligent  effort  to  get  the  con- 
sumer and  producer  closer  together  and  thus  eliminate  unnecessary 
service  by  middlemen. 

The  connnercial  varieties  of  apples  in  their  order  of  preference 
are:  York  Imperial.  Winesap.  Ben  Davis,  Yellow  Newtown  (Al- 
bemarle Pippin).  Arkansas,  Grimes,  Stayman  Winesap,  Rome 
Beauty,  Black  Ben,  Delicious. 

Wm.  p.  Massey. 

,     ON  SCORE  CARDS  AND  JtTDGING. 

W.  T.  Macoun,  Chojirman. 

In  view  of  the  fact  that  a  part  of  this  committee  is  a  part  of  a 
similar  committee  of  the  Society  for  Horticultural  Science,  which 
has  spent  two  years  in  preparing  score  cards  that  have  been  pub- 
lished in  the  Annual  Reports  of  that  Society  for  the  years  1913  and 
1914,  yowT  Committee  has  decided  that  it  would  be  better  for  the 
American  Pomological  Society  to  adopt  these  cards  rather  than  to 
try  to  prepare  other  score  cards  which  would  not  differ  materially, 
if  at  all,  from  those  of  the  S.  H.  S.  We,  therefore,  beg  to  submit 
for  your  approval  the  score  cards  referred  to. 

Your  committee  feels  that;  some  explanation,  necessarily  brief, 
is  due  you  regarding  the  several  factors  and  their  values  appearing 
upon  the  score  cards  about  to  be  submitted.  In  our  opinion,  form, 
size,  color,  uniformity,  and  freedom  from  blemish  are  factors  that 
ougiit  alwavs  to  be  considered.     In  most  cases  it  is  difficult  and 


224  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL.  SOCIETY. 

often  impracticable  to  pass  judgment  upon  quality,  although  such 
judgment  would  be  desirable.  In  order  to  suit,  as  far  as  possible,  all 
conditions  and  all  opinions  the  cards  for  plate  fruit  of  everything 
except  grapes  are  made  up  of  values  totaling  100  points  upon  the 
first  five  factors,  quality  being  omitted.  Then  if  it  seems  desirable 
to  the  judge  to  score  quality  it  may  be  given  an  extra  25  points  for 
perfection,  making  125,  or  as  will  probably  be  true  in  most  cases  it 
may  be  left  out  entirely.  Passing  to  the  other  factors,  form  and 
size  are  considered  of  equal  importance  in  the  pomaceous  fruits 
(quinces  being  an  exception)  while  in  drupaceous  fruits  size  is  con- 
sidered of  greater  importance  than  form.  Uniformity  in  most 
instances  is  considered  of  about  equal  importance  to  color,  and  no 
other  single  factor  is  given  greater  consideration  than  freedom  from 
blemish. 

Single  Plate  Score  Cards  for  Fruit  of  a  Given  Variety. 

Apples  and  Pewrs.  Peaches  and  Cherries. 

Form 15  F'orm 10 

Size 15  Size 20 

Color 20  Color 20 

Uniformity 20  Uniformity 20 

Freedom  from  blemish 30  Freedom  from  blemish 25 


Total 100            Total 100 

Quality  when  scored 25  Quality  when  scored 25 

Plum.  Quince. 

Form 10  Form 15 

Size 25  Size 20 

Color 20  Color 15 

Uniformity 20  Uniformity 20 

Freedom  from  blemish 25  Freedom  from  blemish 30 


Total 100  Total 100 

Quality  when  scored 25 

Grape. 

Form  of  bunch 10 

Size  of  bunch 15 

Size  of  berry 10 

Color 10 

Uniformity" 10 

Freedom  from  blemish 20 

Quality 20 

Firmness 5 

Total 100 


committee  reports.  225 

Collection  op  Fruits  With  Specified  Number  op  Plates. 

Value  of  varieties  for  purpose  stated 50 

Condition  of  fruit  (average  of  individual  plate  score) 50 

Total 100 

Largest  and  Best  Collection. 

Numbers  of  varieties 33  1-3 

Value  of  varieties  for  purposes  stated 33  1-3 

Condition  of  fruit  (average  of  individual  plate  score) 33  1-3 

Total 100 

Score  Card  for  Sv^epstakes  Prizes. 

OR  OTHER  competitions  BETWEEN  DIFFERENT 
VARIETIES  OF  PACKED  FRUIT. 


Box. 

Texture  and  flavor 100 

Value  of  variety 100 

Size  and  form 100 

Color 120 

Uniformity 100 

Freedom  from  blemishes ...  130 

Total 650 

Box. 

Material 30 

Marking 10 

Solidity      (nailing,     cleats. 

etc.) 10 

Total 50 

Box. 

Bulge  or  swell 100 

Alignment 20 

Height  of  ends 60 

Compactness 80 

Attractiveness  and  style  of 

packing 40 

Total 300 

Grand  Total 1000 


Barrel. 

Texture  and  flavor 100 

Value  of  variety 100 

Size  and  form 100 

Color 100 

Uniformity 100 

Freedom  from  blemishes .  . .  150 

Total 650 

Barrel. 

Staves 10 

Hoops 10 

Heads 10 

Nailing 20 

Marking 20 

Total ,. 70 

Barrel. 

Facing 80 

Tailing 50 

Pressing 70 

Packing 80 

Total 280 

Grand  Total 1000 


226  PROCEEDINGS  OP  THE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 

P'oR  Barrels  and  Boxes  of  a  Given  Variety. 


Box. 

Texture  and  flavor 100 

Size  and  form 100 

Color 150 

Uniformity 150 

Freedom  from  blemishes.  .  .  150 


Barrel. 

Texture  and  flavor 100 

Size  and  form 100 

Color 150 

Uniformity 150 

Freedom  from  blemishes.  .  .  150 


Total 650 


Total 650 


Box.  Barrel. 

Material 30     Staves 10 

Marking 10     Hoops 10 

Solidity      ( nailing,     cleats, 


etc.) 


10 


Total 50 


Heads 10 

Nailing 20 

Marking 20 


Box. 


Total 70 

Barrel. 

Bulge  or  swell 100     I^'acing 80 

Alignment 20     Tailing 50 

Height  of  ends 60     Pressing  70 

Attractiveness  and  style ....     40     Packing 80 

Compactness 80 


Total 300 

Grand  Total 1000 


Total 280 

Grand  Total 1000 


Definition,  of  Terms. 

Your  committee  feels  that  this  is  somewhat  of  a  local  problem, 
but  in  our  effort  to  secure  unity  of  action  as  far  as  possible  we  ven- 
ture to  make  the  following  suggestions : 

Form  in  all  cases  refers  to  the  normal  type  of  the  variety,  region 
of  growth  considered. 

Size.  The  most  acceptable  commercial  size  for  the  variety  should 
be  the  ideal.  This  should  be  somewbat  above  the  average  size  for 
the  variet}^  in  regions  where  it  is  well  grown.  Extremely  large  size 
should  be  discouraged. 

Color.  In  red,  blushed  or  striped  pomaceous  fruits  high  clear 
color  is  desirable.  In  typically  green  or  uncolored  fruits  a.  blush 
shall  not  be  considered  either  favorably  or  otherwise.  In  dru- 
paceous and  vine  fruits  the  highest  color  is  the  most  acceptable. 

Uniformity.  This  factor  infers  that  all  fruits  shall  be  uniform  in 
form,  size  and  color. 

Quality.  When  scored  shall  include  texture,  juiciness,  flavor, 
aroma  and  any  other  characters  that  may  give  pleasure  to  the  palate. 


VENDOR  OF  MANGOS,  GUANAJAY.      THE  FRUITS  ARE  SEEDLINGS 
OF  THE   MANGO  RACE. 


SHOWING   THE    PKriTING   HABITS  OF   THE    MANGA    AMARILLA   TYl'E 
SANTIAGO   DE   LAS   VEGAS. 


COMMITTEE  REPORTS. 


227 


IDEAL  SIZES  OF   EXHIBITION    AI'PLES,  DIAMETER  GIVEN   IN    INCHES. 

Variety.  Summary.  Variety.  Summary 

Akin 2|-3|  Flushing 2|-3 

Alexander 3f-3f  Gano 3  -3| 

Arkansas 3  -3|  Garden  Royal 2|^-3^ 

Arkansas  Black 2f-3  Golden  Russet 2^-3 

Babbitt 3-^3f  Gilpin 2|-3 


Bailey 2|-3iL 

Baker syS^ 

Baldwin 3  -3| 

Baltimore 2|-3| 

Beach 2f-3i 

Belmont 2-|-3^ 

Ben  Davis 3  -3^ 

Bietigheimer 3|-4 

Black  Ben  Davis 3  -3^ 

Black  Gilliflower 2i-2f 


Gravenstein 2|-3| 

Green  Sweet 2|-3 

Grimes 2f-;^ 

Grindstone 3| 

Herefordshire 2|-3 

Hubbardston 2f-3i 

Hurlbut 2^31 

Hyde  King 3|-3| 

Ishani  Sweet 3  -3| 

Jacobs  Sweet 3^-3| 


Blenheim 3f-3l  JefPeris 2|-3 

Blue  Pearmain 3  -3|  Jonathan 2|-3 

Canada  Reinette 3^-3|  Kaighn 2f-2|^ 

Chenango 2f-2^  King  David 2f-3 

Collins 3  -Si  Kinnard 2|-2^ 


Delicious 2|-3| 

Domine 3 

Dudley 3J-3A 


Lady 1-Hi 

Lawver 2|-3  } 

Maiden  Blush 3-3] 


English  Codlin 3^3f  Mann 3]-3i 

Ensee 3^-3^  Mcintosh 2f-3i 

Esopus 3  -3f  McMahon 3^-31 

Ewalt 3-3^  Milden 3  -3i 

Fallawater 3|-3f  Missouri 2f-3 

Fall  Pippin 3  -3-J  Mother 2|-2^ 

Fameuse 2f-2-J  Nero 3-i-3t 


Nodhead 2f-3 

Northern  Spy 3f-3-| 

Northwestern 3^3f 

Nyack 3^3| 

Oldenburg 2|-3J 


Sheriff 21  ^ 

Shiawassee 2^—3^- 

Smith 2f-3 

Smokehouse ^h-'H 


Oliver 3  -3|  Stark 3  -3f 

Opalescent 3|-3-|  Staymau  Winesap 3  -3| 

Ortley 3^-3|  St.  Lawrence 3  -3J 

Black  Oxford 2|-3  Sutton 2f-3i 

Palmer 3-3-1  Swaar 2|-3i 


228 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  AMEKICxVN  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 


Palouse 2i-3J 

Patten 3^-3^ 

Peek 2|-3| 

Pewaukee 3  -3-| 

Porter 2f-2J 

Pumpkin  Sweet 3^3f 

Rainier 3^3f 

Ralls 2f-3i 

Rambo 2f-3 

Red  Astrachan 2^3^ 

Red  Canada 2^3^ 

Red  Russet 2f-3 

Rhode  Island 3  -3f 

Rolfe... 3^-31 

Roman  Stem 2|-2| 

Rome  Beauty 3^-3^ 

Roxbury 2|— 3^ 

Salome 2f-3 

Seott 2f-2| 

Sliackleford 3^ 


Tolman 2f-3| 

Tompkins  King 3{— 3f 

Twenty  Ounce 3|-4 

Virginia  Beauty 2|-3i 

Wagener 3  -3f 

Walbridge 2|-3 

Wealthy 2^-3^ 

Westfieid 2|-3 

White  Pearmain 2f-3i 

White  Pippin 3  -3^ 

Williams 2f-2^ 

Willowtwig 2|-3 

Winesap 2f-3 

Winter  Banana 3|-3f 

Winter  Paradise 3  -2^ 

Wolf  River 3^-4 

Yellow  Bellflower 3  -3i 

Yellow  Newto^vn 2^3^ 

Yellow  Transparent 2f-3 

York  Imperial 3^3f 

York  Stripe 3  -3^ 

W.  T.  jMacoun,  Chairman. 

C.  P.  Close, 

L.  R.  Taft, 

W.  L.  Howard. 


ON  INSPECTION  AND  GRADING. 

C.  I.  Lewis,  Chairman. 


Professor  Lewis  :  I  have  a  written  report  of  the  work  done  and 
will  send  it  to  your  Secretary.  We  have  made  certain  progress  in 
the  last  two  years.  New  York  State  and  California  have  passed 
good  laws.  An  effort  was  made  to  have  the  Rocky  Mountain  and 
Pacific  Coast  States  pass  uniform  laws  on  inspection  and  grading. 
Selling  agencies  have  agreed  on  uniform  grading  of  their  fruits. 

We  have  also  met  with  the  various  nurserymen's  organizations 
on  this  Coast,  and  the  national  organization  at  its  Cleveland  meet- 
ing.   They  are  co-operating  with  us  and  we  wull  make  progress. 

The  bill  on  National  Boxing  of  Fruit  did  not  pass  the  last  session 
of  Congress,  but  we  expect  and  hope  it  can  be  revived. 


COMMITTEE  REPORTS,  229 

THE  FEDERATION  OF  HORTICULTURAL  AND  POMOLOGIOAIi 

SOCIETIES. 

W.  R.  Lazenby,  Chairman. 

Mr.  President,  your  statement  that  the  Executive  Committee  has 
been  conferring  is  hardly  true.  The  Committee  has  had  some  cor- 
respondence and  I  think  its  members  substantially  agreed  on  the 
main  issue,  that  some  federation,  provided  it  can  be  effected,  of  all 
the  horticultural  interests  of  America  would  be  a  good  thing. 

Now,  I  have  prepared  a  short  report,  mainly  along  the  line  of 
suggesting  how  this  federation  of  horticultural  and  pomological 
societies  may  be  begun.  It  is  merely  suggestive.  It  is  only  a  plan, 
and  certainly  may  not  be  the  best. 

In  spite  of  the  fact  that  I  have  not  yet  had  an  opportunity  to 
confer  with  my  associates,  since  the  matter  was  prepared,  yet  I 
shall  present  this  as  a  report,  hoping  that  these  members  will  feel 
free  to  express  any  dissent  which  they  may  have. 

Your  committee  appointed  by  President  Goodman  to  consider  the 
question  of  the  federation  of  the  horticultural  organizations  of 
America  begs  leave  to  present  the  following  report : 

No  special  plea  is  needed  to  show  that  a  genuine  federation,  lead- 
ing to  co-operative  action  on  the  part  of  all  the  horticultural  in- 
terests of  America  through  the  various  organizations  representing 
the  same,  would  be  a  step  in  advance  and  could  scarcely  fail  to  pro- 
mote all  branches  and  divisions  of  horticulture. 

Genuine  co-operation  is  the  word  of  hope  and  cheer  for  thousands 
engaged  in  horticultural  pursuits.  We  deem  it  unnecessary  to  pre- 
sent anj'  argument  to  show  what  such  a  federation  might  accom- 
plish in  the  way  of  collecting  and  disseminating  accurate  informa- 
tion regarding  crop  conditions,  in  improving  the  machinery  of  ex- 
change and  distribution,  in  promoting  a  campaign  to  increase  the 
use  of  fruit  as  a  food,  or  securing  uniform  and  equitable  laws  where 
legislation  is  needed,  and  in  multiplying  and  improving  rural 
homes. 

We  do  not  minimize  the  difficulties  to  be  overcome  or  the  sus- 
tained effort  required  to  effect  and  successfully  maintain  such  a 
federation.  Some  of  the  difficulties  are  obvious.  Horticultural  in- 
terests are  widely  diversified. 

What  is  of  paramount  importance  in  some  states  or  regions,  is  of 
little  or  no  importance  in  others.  The  growers  of  semi-tropical 
fruits  in  California  and  Florida  may  seem  to  have  little  in  common 
with  the  fruit  growers  of  Ontario  or  Michigan.  The  .seedsmen  and 
vegetable  growers  have  a  common  bond  of  interest  but  neither  may 
appear  to  be  intimately  connected  with  the  orchardist. 

Another  difficulty  is  that  the  geographical  extent  of  America  is 
such  that  anything  like  frequent  representative  meetings  of  a  fed- 
eration appear  to  be  Avell  nigh  impossible. 

These,  and  other  difficulties  are  not  insurmountable,  and  in  view 
of  the  possible  benefits  of  a  real  federation  can  scarcely  be  con- 
sidered. 


230  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 

For  the  purpose  of  organization  the  following  general  plan  is 
recommended :  Every  existing  horticultural  organization  of  reput- 
able standing  shall  be  invited  to  take  part  in  the  proposed  federation 
in  accordance  with  the  following  provisions: 

(1)  Each  organization  shall  be  entitled  to  one  elector  or  vote, 
because  it  is  an  horticultural  organization  representing  and  pre- 
sumably promoting  some  phase  of  horticulture.  This  provision 
gives  each  organization  one  elector  irrespective  of  number  of  mem- 
bership. 

(2)  It  would  be  manifestly  unfair  to  have  all  organizations, 
whether  large  or  small  represented  equally.  To  obviate  this  diffi- 
culty, each  organization  shall  have  one  elector  for  each  one  hun- 
dred members  after  the  first  hundred.  That  is,  for  each  organiza- 
tion that  has  two  hundred  members  one  additional  elector  shall  be 
allowed ;  for  each  that  has  three  hundred,  two ;  for  each  that  has 
four  hundred,  three,  and  so  on.  In  this  Avay  disregarding  fractions, 
each  one  hundred  members  would  be  represented,  and  at  the  same 
time  any  organization  of  less  than  one  hundred  members  has  one 
representative. 

(3)  It  would  not  be  equitable  to  base  representation  on  number 
of  members  alone.  Some  old  societies  with  a  quite  restricted  mem- 
bership have  a  rich  accumulation  of  experience  and  influence.  They 
have  the  wisdom  of  age — the  power  that  comes  from  sustained  effort. 
They  are  among  our  most  truly  representative  horticultural  or- 
ganizations. Some  young,  untried  associations  may  have  a  much 
larger  memberehip  but  their  experience  and  influence  may  be  much 
less.  We  recommend,  therefore,  a  representation  based  on  age,  say 
one  elector  for  every  ten  years  of  existence.  Our  Pomologieal 
Society  has  a  membership  of  five  hundred,  while  the  American 
Apple  Growers'  Association  has  a  reported  membership  of  over  five 
thousand.  We  could  scarcely  equalize  the  representation  that  each  of 
these  national  organizations  should  have  on  the  basis  of  membership 
alone. 

The  Columbus  (Ohio)  Horticultural  Society  has  less  than  one 
hundred  members,  but  it  has  a  history  covering  seventy  years.  It 
is  clearly  entitled  to  a  larger  representation  than  a  society  of  the 
same  size  that  has  been  in  existence  but  one  or  two  years. 

(4)  To  meet  the  expense  of  oi'ganization  we  recommend  that  each 
organization  that  signifies  its  willingness  to  join  a  federation  be 
assessed  as  follows : 

Each  national  organization $15.00 

Each  state  or  large  district 10.00 

Each  town  or  county  district -.  .  .     5.00 

According  to  the  best  data  at  hand  there  are  in  round  numbers 
two  hundred  and  fifty  horticultural  organizations. 

Of  these,  twenty  are  national :  seventy  are  state  or  large  districts ; 
one  hundred  and  sixty  are  town,  city,  county  or  small  districts. 

The  twenty  national  organizations  average  six  hundred  membei-s. 


COMMITTEE  REPORTS.  231 

The  seventy  state  and  large  distriets  average  three  hundred  and 
tifty  members. 

The  one  hundred  and  sixty  town,  city,  county  or  small  districts 
average  one  hundred  members. 

In  other  words,  the  total  membership  is: 

10,000  for  national  organizations. 

24,500  for  state  and  large  districts. 

16,000  for  town,  city,  county  or  small  districts. 

This  makes  an  aggregate  or  total  membership  of  50,000.  It 
should  be  borne  in  mind  that  in  such  an  enumeration  there  will  be 
a  large  duplication.  That  is,  many  if  not  most  of  the  individuals 
who  are  members  of  the  national  organization  are  also  members  of 
the  state  or  county  organizations. 

If  we  divide  our  total  membership  by  three  there  is  still  a  vast 
anny  to  form  a  federation. 

(5)  The  federation  shall  be  a  mem.bership  body  with  a  distinct 
name,  governed  by  a  constitution  and  by-laws  and  supported  by 
annual  dues  from  each  member.  Experience  has  shown  that  the 
strongest  bond  to  hold  a  great  membership  in  any  organization  is 
a  live  publication  that  adequately  represents  the  interests  concerned. 
The  success  of  the  American  Geographical  Society,  the  American 
Forestry  Society,  The  American  Association  for  the  Advancement 
of  Science,  and  other  organizations,  that  might  be  named  depends 
very  largely  on  their  publications.  By  reason  of  their  journals  these 
great  organizations  number  their  membership  by  thousands.  And 
are  growing  in  strength  and  influence. 

Any  action  looking  toward  a  federation  of  our  great  and  varied 
horticultural  interests  that  is  to  be  of  a  permanent  and  beneficial 
character  must  take  this  into  account.  If  we  are  to  have  a  great 
American  Horticultural  Society  we  must  have  an  adequate  publica- 
tion to  represent  it. 

( 6 )  Owing  to  the  difficulty  of  holding  a  meeting  of  delegates  that 
would  be  truly  representative,  we  recommend  that  the  Federation 
be  effected  mainly  by  correspondence  and  that  each  horticultural 
organization  that  is  willing  to  take  a  part  in  such  federation  be  al- 
lowed to  vote  by  mail  in  accordance  with  the  plan  proposed.  That 
is  the  number  of  votes  east  by  each  organization  shall  be  in  accord- 
ance with  the  plan  outlined. 

(7)  We  recommend  that  a  committee  of  five  be  appointed  to  cor- 
respond with  and  invite  the  co-operation  of  all  known  reputable 
horticultural  organizations  in  forming  a  federation  of  the  horti- 
cultural interests  of  America. 

When  it  is  found  that  a  majority  of  the  electors  of  the  various 
horticultural  organizations  favor  a  federation,  then  a  committee  of 
nine  shall  be  named  by  the  President  of  the  American  Pomologieal 
Society.  This  committee  which  should  fairly  represent  the  organiza- 
tions favoring  a  federation,  should  at  once  prepare  a  constitution  or 
articles  of  confederation,  and  this  should  be  submitted  to  each  or- 


232  PROCEEDINGS  OP  THE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 

ganization  for  its  ratification.  If  two-thirds  of  the  electors  approve 
the  constitution  a  meeting  to  effect  a  more  complete  organization 
should  be  called. 

Now,  Mr.  President,  I  have  only  a  word  to  add  to  what  I  have 
already  said.  I  feel  so  sure  that  unless  we  have  some  very  fair  and 
equitable  plan  of  representation,  the  whole  plan  wall  prove  to  be 
a  failure. 

The  last  meeting  of  the  Hague  Conference  particularly  interested 
me.  They  agreed  upon  quite  a  number  of  propositions,  and  then 
came  the  most  important  proposition  of  all :  "  How  shall  we  have 
an  international  court  of  arbitration  ? ' '  Now,  the  forty-two  nations 
represented  were  all  in  favor  of  this  court,  but  they  did  not  secure 
it  because  they  could  not  agree  on  any  single  plan  of  representation. 
China,  with  large  population  and  small  commercial  interests  said 
she  could  not  agree  to  representation  based  on  commercial  inter- 
ests, as  some  desired.  Others  wanted  it  on  a  basis  of  population, 
and  there  was  no  substantial  agreement  and  they  failed  in  this, 
the  most  important  issue  which  was  placed  before  the  Congress.  I 
hope,  if  we  attempt  a  federation  of  the  horticultural  interests  in  this 
country,  that  it  will  not  fail  for  that  reason.  I,  therefore,  have  tried 
to  suggest  a  plan  whereby  fair  representation  would  be  given  to  all 
the  horticultural  interests  which  signify  a  willingness  to  join  a 
federation.     ( Applause. ) 

Discussion. 

The  President  :  The  matter  is  before  you,  now,  gentlemen,  for 
discussion. 

Professor  La2;enby:  Mr.  President,  I  am  particularly  anxious 
to  hear  Mr.  Roeding  and  Mr.  Macoun,  the  other  members  of  the 
committee. 

The  President  :    We  will  hear  from  Professor  W.  T.  Macoun. 

Mr.  Macoun  (Ottawa) :  Professor  Lazenby  is  mainly  responsi- 
ble for  the  preparation  of  this  report.  We  have  contributed  in  a 
siaall  degree,  but  he  has  done  the  main  portion  of  th*  work.  There 
are  minor  differences  of  opinion. 

Professor  Lazenby  has  not  mentioned  the  benefits  which  would 
arise  from  that  organization,  or  one  of  that  kind.  It  is  for  this 
meeting  to  show  what  the  benefits  thereof  are.  If  there  is  not  to  be 
sufficient  benefit,  then  we  had  better  not  start  it.  If  it  is  worth 
working  for  it  is  worth  our  best  effort.  It  may  be  this  is  not  the 
society  which  is  to  effect  it,  but  I  think  it  is  the  work  either  of  the 
American  Pomological  Society  or  of  the  Horticultural  Society.  Its 
object  will  be  to  increase  the  love  of  fruit  for  itself  and  for  the  grow- 
ing consumption  of  vegetables,  the  fruit,  as  well  as  the  growth  of 
flowers. 

There  are  millions  of  dollars  at  stake  in  this  matter.  There  is 
probably  a  question  of  overproduction,  and  it  is  a  duty  of  those  who 
love  fruit  for  itself  to  try  to  do  something  to  stave  oft'  this  over- 
production, and  keep  men  who  have  put  money  into  it  to  see  if  they 


COMMITTEE  REPORTS.  233 

cannot  get  something  more  out  of  it  than  a  bare  living.  And  I 
think  if  some  means  could  be  devised  whereby  the  commercial 
interests  and  the  amateur  interests  could  be  united,  it  would  bring 
great  advantage  to  the  people  engaged  in  the  business.  I  know  it  is 
true  that  as  a  rule  the  amateur  interests  and  the  commercial  inter- 
ests are  wide  apart ;  but  in  this  association  I  think  we  have  the  best 
of  the  amateur  spirit  and  the  best  of  the  commercial  spirit.  The 
men  and  women  who  are  members  of  this  Society  love  the  fruit  for 
the  sake  of  the  fruit,  and  for  the  fact  that  it  brings  them  their 
bread  and  butter.  And  anything  that  can  be  done  to  advance  this 
good  work  will  be  for  the  benefit  of  this  society.  It  is  for  the  mem- 
bers of  this  Society  to  consider  and  find  out  whether  it  is  worth 
while  to  attempt  a  federation  of  all  the  horticultural  organizations. 

The  President:  We  will  now  hear  from  G.  C.  Roeding,  of 
California. 

Mr.  Roeding  (California)  :  I  am  sorry  I  did  not  have  an  oppor- 
tunity to  confer  with  Professor  Lazenby,  but  I  was  unable  to  be  here 
yesterday. 

Professor  Lazenby  wrote  the  various  members  of  the  Executive 
Committee  in  reference  to  this  matter  and  we  have  all  tried  to  help 
a  little.  I  want  to  say  that  I  approve  of  many  of  the  facts  that 
Professor  Lazenby  has  brought  out.  On  the  other  hand  I  feel  that 
it  would  probably  be  a  mistake  to  change  the  name  of  the  American 
Pomological  Society  after  it  has  been  in  existence  for  so  many  years, 
to  some  other  name,  in  order  to  take  up  this  work.  I  appreciate  the 
importance  of  work  of  this  kind.  I  realize,  I  believe,  as  forcibly  as 
anybody,  that  back  of  the  organization  work  it  is  absolutely  neces- 
sary to  have  some  economical  point.  Unless  some  economic  point 
can  be  arrived  at  it  is  very  difficult,  to  my  mind,  to  maintain  these 
organizations.  That  is  the  problem  which  every  organization  today 
in  horticultural  work  or  in  any  other  class  of  work  must  fight. 
They  must  get  down  to  the  economics.  That  is,  down  to  the  bene- 
fits that  the  members  of  the  organization  will  derive  from  their 
membership  in  such  an  organization.  That  is  the  point  which  must 
be  before  us  all  the  time,  and  just  how  to  bring  that  about  is  a 
problem  which  seems  difficult. 

Personally  I  feel  that  the  name  of  the  American  Pomological 
Society  should  be  continued.  It  is  one  of  the  oldest  horticultural 
organizations  in  the  United  States.  It  has  created  a  standard,  and 
it  would  be  a  great  factor,  to  my  mind,  in  strengthening  anything 
recommended  in  the  report  by  Professor  Lazenby. 

Professor  Macoun  said  it  is  quite  apparent  that  there  is  over- 
production in  fruit.  I  do  not  agree  with  that  quite.  The  real 
trouble  is  not  in  overproduction,  but  is  in  poor  distribution.  That 
is  the  great  problem  which  we  have  before  us  today — it  is  to  try  to 
find  some  method  of  creating  a  wide  distribution  for  our  fruits. 
Now,  if  in  this  organization,  through  some  of  the  recommendations 
made  by  Prof.  Lazenby  we  can  bring  that  out  more  forcibly,  it  will 


234  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 

accomplish  much  good  and  it  will  bring  members  to  our  cause  that 
we  otherwise  would  not  get.    That  is  the  problem  before  us. 

Now,  the  great  trouble  with  many  of  our  organizations  that  are 
in  the  fruit  business  is  that  they  attempt  to  put  men  out  of  busi- 
ness who  are  regularly  engaged  in  the  distribution  of  our  fruits, 
and  they  are  working  along  the  line  of  putting  the  experienced  men 
in  our  line  of  business  out  of  it.    That  is  a  mistake,  I  think. 

The  necessary  thing  to  do  is  to  bring  about  a  certain  control,  if 
there  is  any  way  of  compelling  a  wider  distribution  of  fruits,  by 
putting  certain  prices  on  fruits,  if  possible,  so  that  there  can  be 
less  difl:erence  between  the  price  which  the  producer  gets  and  the 
price  which  the  consumer  gives.  That  would  be  a  welcome  innova- 
tion. That  is  one  of  the  difficulties  today.  And  if  there  is  any- 
thing that  can  be  done  to  bring  about  closer  relations  between  the 
producer  and  the  consumer  we  can  accomplish  a  great  purpose  by 
adopting  it.  And  the  question  is :  Can  this  proposition  be  certain 
of  getting  these  organizations  to  join  with  us  ? 

Now,  in  the  matter  of  a  publication ;  there  is  no  question  but  that 
a  publication  on  fruit  lines  which  would  show  the  fruit  interests  in 
different  parts  of  the  world,  and  their  methods  of  procedure,  as  the 
geographical  interests  are  shown  in  the  American  Geographical 
magazine,  to  the  people  of  the  United  States,  would  be  well  received. 
In  other  words,  if  the  American  Pomological  Society,  the  oldest 
organization  of  the  kind  in  the  United  States,  is  willing  to  start  such 
a  movement,  develop  such  a  great  idea,  and  carry  it  out,  it  will  be 
a  splendid  work. 

The  whole  object  before  us  is  to  devise  some  plan  which  will 
create  this  great  federation  which  has  been  proposed.  I  would  op- 
pose any  change  in  the  name  of  this  organization.  The  name  is 
easy  and  established,  and  it  has  been  recognized  during  a  period  of 
years,  and  to  my  mind  I  think  it  should  be  maintained.  The  very 
standing  which  this  association  has  acquired  has  made  it  possible 
for  it  to  bring  about  closer  affiliation  with  us  by  opposing  plans 
of  organizations  that  do  not  believe  in  the  wide  distribution  of  fruit. 
I  do  not  think  there  is  overproduction.  It  is  merely  a  matter  of  en- 
couraging the  production  of  fruit  of  a  better  quality,  and  getting 
the  fruit  growers  to  believe  that  the  better  and  the  higher  the  grade, 
and  the  better  it  is  packed,  the  better  it  is  for  our  interests  gen- 
erally. If  we  can  inculcate  those  ideas  among  the  pomologists  of  the 
country  and  bring  about  closer  relations  between  producer  and  con- 
sumer we  will  have  done  much.  But,  do  not  forget  that  you  must 
get  down  to  the  economics  of  the  situation  in  order  to  get  them  inter- 
ested. You  cannot  get  the  interest  of  fruit  growers  unless  you  can 
show  them  forcibly  that  it  will  put  money  in  their  pockets.  That  is 
the  only  way  to  do  it.     (Applause.) 

Professor  Lazenby:  My  friend  Roeding  missed  one  point.  I 
made  no  suggestion  that  we  should  change  the  name  of  the  Ameri- 
can Pomological  Society,  but  merely  said  that  we  should  take  the 
lead  in  the  federation.    The  federation  may  be  named  anything  you 


COMMITTEE  REPORTS.  235 

choose.  I  think  I  said  it  might  be  called  the  American  Horticul- 
tural Society,  or  something  like  that. 

Professor  Lewis  :  It  seems  to  me  that  of  these  suggestions  which 
have  been  made,  the  part  which  appeals  to  me  most  is  the  matter  of 
publication.  I  believe  nothing  would  help  the  cause  of  pomology 
more  than  a  good  strong  publication,  national  in  scope.  If  there  is 
any  noticeable  characteristic  of  American  pomology  today  it  is  that 
of  factions.  Take  the  question  of  national  legislation  which  we  may 
desire  on  packing  and  grading :  It  is  impossible  for  us  to  get  any- 
thing because  we  are  all  split  up  into  factions  and  can  agree  on  no 
one  single  plan.  There  are  many  things  we  could  accomplish  for 
American  pomology  by  going  before  the  national  Congress  as  a 
unified  body.  We  lack  reliable  statistics.  Take  the  different  esti- 
mates which  we  get  in  the  United  States  of  the  yield  of  apples,  and 
the  only  one  that  approaches  the  truth  is  the  International  Apple 
Shippers'  Association.  We  found  the  condition  in  this  country 
varying  in  different  reports  from  thirty  millions  up  to  two  hundred 
and  seventy  million  barrels  of  apples.  Now,  that  was  the  difference 
on  apples  only.  But  if  we  had  a  publication  in  which  we  could 
drive  home  the  matters  of  getting  legislation,  of  preparing  proper 
statistics,  and  of  cementing  ourselves  closer  together,  I  believe,  as 
Mr.  Roeding  has  said,  it  would  be  a  success,  particularly  as  it  would 
appeal  to  the  fruit  growers  through  their  pockets.  Until  we  do  this, 
it  will  be  hard  to  get  them  to  come  in  and  get  interested.  We  have 
to  approach  them  on  the  line  of  their  interests. 

Mr.  Tippen  (Missouri)  :  This  is  an  important  and  far-reaching 
question.  It  has  occurred  to  me  for  a  good  many  years  that  if 
the  American  Pomological  Society  would  constitute  itself  a  forum 
or  bureau  of  information,  or  a  source  from  which  the  grower  and 
the  consumer  and  the  dealer  could  obtain  reliable  information, 
facts,  this  problem  would  be  solved. 

As  some  of  the  gentlemen  in  the  audience  know,  I  have  worked 
on  both  sides  of  the  fence  for  many  years ;  and  the  information 
obtained  from  one  side  is  always  so  diametrically  different  from 
that  obtained  from  the  otlier,  that  it  makes  both  worthless. 

Knowing  what  I  do  of  the  substance  of  human  nature,  and  of 
the  disposition  of  so  many  men  to  not  be  able  to  see  a  fact  but  from 
one  viewpoint,  and  that  is  the  viewpoint  of  their  personal  interests; 
and  knowing  that  these  interests  must  come  into  an  organization  of 
this  kind,  that  this  Society  could  not  do  a  greater  work  for  the 
fruit  industry  than  to  start  out  and  take  the  position  of  being  a 
forum.  And  put  out  a  publication.  A  prominent  man  has  said 
that  every  man  who  writes  an  editorial  should  be  compelled  by  law 
to  put  his  name  to  it.  Strong  men  Avrite  on  one  side  or  the  other, 
and  they  are  absolutely  governed  by  their  personal  interests  in  the 
question. 

Now,  if  we  had  a  source  of  information  which  we  could  know  was 
absolutely  correct  (and  such  information  could  come  from  the 
American  Pomological  Society),  then  these  different  interests  could 
be  unified  in  their  operation.    I  would  rather  see  that. 


236  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 

To  illustrate  what  I  mean:  A  representative  of  the  Post  Office 
Department  called  om  me  recently  at  the  Missouri  Booth  of  Horti- 
culture at  the  Exposition  groimds,  he  discussed  with  nie  for  some 
time  the  proposition  which  the  Post  Office  Department  was  taking 
up,  of  mailing  apples  by  parcel  post  throughout  the  United  States. 
He  asked  me  for  my  opinion  in  regard  to  it. 

The  more  I  thought  of  it  the  more  I  saw  in  it.  And  I  think  it 
is  possible  through  the  Post  Office  Department,  by  means  of  the 
parcel  post,  to  reach  lots  of  consumers  in  this  country  who  would 
consume  perhaps  one-fourth  of  the  product  grown  in  the  United 
States.  If  that  is  correct,  and  this  body  was  influential,  think  what 
it  could  do.  But,  gentlemen,  let  me  say,  you  have  a  great  deal  of 
selfishness  to  overcome  before  you  can  do  anything  in  these  matters 
before  civic  bodies. 

Mr.  Oglesby:  I  am  interested  in  this  particular  phase  of  the 
work,  Mr.  Chairman.  As  some  of  the  men  in  the  University  know 
I  have  talked  a  good  deal  about  some  phases  of  this.  I  want  to 
leave  with  you  some  statistics,  and  then  you  can  tell  whether  we 
are  overproducing  or  not.    This  goes  through  my  own  house: 

Three  hundred  pounds  of  fresh  grapes;  100  pounds  of  raisins; 
30  boxes  of  apples,  that  would  make  1200  pounds;  500  pounds  of 
peaches,  fresh ;  200  pounds  of  pears,  fresh ;  100  pounds  of  prunes, 
fresh ;  200  pounds  of  berries ;  400  pounds  of  citrus  fruits. 

To  my  mind  inefficiency  in  distribution  is  the  cause  of  our 
trouble.  Parcel  post  costs  too  much.  It  has  been  spoken  of  here 
in  the  University.  There  are  other  things  that  make  it  practically 
impossible.  People  do  not  alwaj^s  stay  at  home  waiting  for  the  pack- 
ages, and  the  parcel  post  must  be  eliminated  from  our  system  of  dis- 
tribution. If  the  Pomological  Society  can  do  one  thing,  determine 
upon  some  line  of  legislation  that  will  enable  us  to  get  at  what  we 
are  doing,  what  it  costs  to  do  it,  then  it  will  be  possible  to  know 
what  it  shall  be  possible  for  us  to  do  in  the  matter  of  actual  sales 
that  will  bring  a  profit.  I  think  that  is  one  of  the  big  things  which 
the  Society  must  undertake  in  this  federation  work.  I  have  sug- 
gested here  to  the  members  of  this  faculty  and  to  the  statistician 
of  the  State  the  idea  of  the  state-wide  collection  of  statistics  on  the 
planting  of  the  different  trees.  In  other  words,  a  survey  each  year 
that  will  enable  us  to  know  the  planting  and  what  the  crop  condi- 
tions are.  There  is  perhaps  only  one  source  through  which  this 
can  be  collected  annually,  and  that  is  the  assessor. 

Now,  the  assessor  will  not  do  this  unless  he  is  required  to  do  it. 
And  there  must  be  some  great  body  of  thinkers  who  will  put  their 
influence  behind  the  movement  to  demonstrate  the  advantage  of 
such  statistics;  because,  cupidity  enters  into  the  matter  very  largely. 
And  the  assessors  will  give  from  year  to  year  figures  that  are  not 
worth  that  much  (snapping  his  fingers).  Farmers,  otherwise  hon- 
est, will  tell  all  kinds  of  lies  about  what  they  have  on  the  farm. 
They  all  do  it.  Why  ? — because  we  Avould  like  to  get  out  of  part  of 
the  tax ;  but  we  overlook  the  fact  that  it  is  imposing  a  heavier  tax 


COMMITTEE  REPORTS.  237 

than  we  would  have  if  we  had  given  a  fiiU  statement  of  what  we 
actually  had.  In  this  state  perhaps  thirty-five  dollars  an  acre  would 
be  added  to  make  a  fair  estimate. 

Now,  if  we  can  demonstrate  to  our  glowers  that  the  few  cents 
they  save  in  additional  tax  would  furnish  them  Avith  correct  in- 
formation as  to  crop  conditions  throughout  the  state,  and  as  to  their 
holdings,  I  think  they  would  prefer  to  pay  the  additional  small 
sum  in  order  to  get  the  correct  information  and  the  advantage 
which  they  would  derive  from  it. 

Now,  as  to  the  middleman ;  we  do  not  know  what  it  costs  to  pro- 
duce and  distribute  fruit.  We  cannot  tell  what  the  middleman  is 
getting  out  of  it  until  we  know  what  it  costs  to  produce  and  dis- 
tribute our  products. 

I  am  sure  we  can  more  than  consume  in  our  own  country  the 
fruits  which  we  are  producing.  And  I  think  it  is  an  excellent  sug- 
gestion that  this  great  body  should  put  itself  on  record  as  determ- 
ining upon  some  method  of  furthering  the  interests  of  the  commer- 
cial side  of  our  industry,  to  say  nothing,  of  course,  of  the  improve- 
ment of  varieties  of  the  methods  of  packing  and  marketing  and  the 
standards,  and  the  grades  of  our  products.  The  primary  consid- 
eration is  what  shall  be  our  standard  of  excellence,  and  how  shall 
we  make  practical  horticulturists  understand  that  this  standard 
must  be  adhered  to  all  over  the  country.  We  have  to  do  it,  as  we  are 
3,000  miles  from  most  of  our  markets.  We  cannot  help  it.  Our 
noses  are  up  to  the  grindstone  by  the  inexorable  law  of  economics. 

The  President  :  I  have  allowed  this  discussion  to  proceed  from 
the  primary  discussion.  The  real  question  before  us  is  the  federa- 
tion of  the  different  societies.  We  have  drifted  into  "overproduc- 
tion" and  "economics"  and  marketing,  and  other  side  issues. 
Those  questions  relate  to  it,  but  let  us  get  closer  to  the  main  ques- 
tion :    How  best  to  federate,  if  we  decide  to  federate. 

Mr.  Dumas  (Washington) :  I  have  listened  with  favor  to  the 
views  expressed  here.  I  think  it  is  possible  to  bring  to  tlie  minds  of 
the  other  men  interested  in  this  business  the  importance  of  this 
federation.  I  believe  that  one  of  the  best  means  of  starting  this 
federation  is  a  magazine.  I  do  not  think  it  is  necessary  to  talk 
more  about  that.  If  this  is  a  great  organization  of  fruit  growers,  we 
should  have  something  to  speak  for  us  that  will  be  read  by  fruit 
growers  all  over  the  world ;  and  if  we  have  reliable  statistics  pub- 
lished in  the  magazine  it  would  prove  a  financial  success  from  the 
very  beginning. 

The  National  Geographical  Society  has  become  highly  prosperous 
by  selling  their  magazine  at  two  dollars  a  year.  I  would  like  to 
give  twenty-five  dollars  or  thirty  dollars  towards  such  a  magazine, 
that  dealt  with  my  business  on  the  same  scope  that  the  Geographical 
magazine  deals  with  the  business  of  that  society.  It  is  not  a  ques- 
tion of  dollars,  it  is  a  question  of  giving  people  what  they  want. 
I  deplore  the  idea  that  because  we  inject  some  idea  of  commer- 
cialism, that  we  are  getting  over-selfish.    We  all  must  live,  and  we 


238  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY, 

are  entitled  to  live  when  we  make  proper  effort.  The  value  of  this 
organization  depends  on  what  it  is  able  to  contribute  toward  the  sum 
of  human  happiness.  If  it  is  able  to  advanee  human  progress,  then 
it  is  of  value  to  the  world.  Now,  if  we  can  induce  people  to  eat  more 
fi-uit  I  believe  we  are  advancing  human  progress.  I  will  tell  you 
one  of  the  reasons,  not  from  a  horticultural  source,  most  of  you  have 
visited  the  booth  at  the  Pair,  the  Exposition,  devoted  to  Racial 
Development,  which  shows  in  the  opinion  of  the  greatest  physicians 
of  the  M^orld  the  comparative  value  of  different  foods  and  how  they 
conduce  to  the  benefit  of  humanity  and  to  the  state.  The  first  in  the 
list  is  fruit ;  second  is  nuts ;  and  then  it  goes  on  down  to  the  other 
foods  of  lesser  value. 

I  think  we  should  make  the  world  know  that.  Not  by  saying  it 
once,  but  by  ringing  in  various  changes,  and  when  the  world  knows 
the  full  food  value  of  fruits  and  nuts,  you  will  have  no  over- 
production to  worry  about. 

I  am  heartily  in  favor  with  this,  and  I  hope  this  committee's  sug- 
gestion may  be  v/orked  out,  and  that  we  may  succeed  in  forming 
this  great  federation.     (Applause.) 

Professor  Hutt  (North  Carolina)  :  This  question  now  being  dis- 
cussed is  a  very  vital  question  to  this  Society,  and  there  seems  to  be 
an  opinion  that  it  would  be  a  valuable  thing  for  this  Society 's  work, 
if  it  could  voice  its  views  on  this  subject. 

I  believe  the  American  Pomological  Society  is  not  living  up  to 
the  best  of  its  opportunity.  I  believe  it  is  a  critical  time  in  the 
history  of  this  organization. 

We  must  have  a  publication.  Comparisons  have  been  made  with 
the  American  Geographical  Society.  I  believe  a  publication  by  this 
Society  would  soon  get  into  the  same  condition  in  which  that  publi- 
cation is. 

Be.  Wickson  (California)  :  I  believe  that  the  purpose  and  fune- 
tioB  of  the  American  Pomological  Society  in  this  federation  will  be 
as  a  guarantee  that  the  statements  in  the  publication  have  the  back- 
ing and  support  of  the  American  Pomological  Society,  I  believe  that 
will  have  more  to  do  with  the  success  of  fruit  growing  than  any 
other  single  thing.  I  believe  our  views  concerning  the  production 
of  fruit  and  the  cost  of  fruit  for  the  consumer,  would  be  an  excellent 
thing.  They  want  our  views,  and  we  want  facts.  We  all  know 
that  a  mighty  small  percentage  of  the  boys  and  girls  in  this  country 
have  what  they  need  of  our  two  great  fruits.  I  believe  not  only 
the  American  Pomological  Society,  but  every  county  organization 
of  the  kind  in  the  country  needs  but  a  stiff  prod  to  make  them  live 
up  to  their  idea  of  service.  Then  the  watchword  should  be  the 
two  words  we  should  think  of  in  connection  with  this  federation,  in 
connection  with  this  publication,  and  those  two  words  are  "service'^ 
and  ' '  efficiency. ' ' 

We  want  efficiency  in  the  distribution  of  our  fruits,  and  any 
magazine  that  will  come  out  with  the  facts,  and  say  that  it  costs  so 


COMMITTEE  REPORTS,  239 

much  to  produce  a  box  of  lemons  or  so  much  to  produce  a  barrel  of 
apples,  will  certainly  be  eagerly  sought  for  in  this  country. 

We  do  not  want  our  Californio  lemons  on  the  counters  for  less 
than  it  costs  us  to  grow  them.  It  is  not  good  business,  it  is  not  good 
politics,  nor  is  it  humanity  to  wish  to  get  another  man 's  product  for 
less  than  it  costs  him  to  produce  it.  A  box  of  lemons  selling  in 
Kansas  City  for  $]  .85  that  cost  us  thirty  cents  a  dozen  is  one  thing. 
But  we  want  now  to  know  what  it  costs  to  produce  a  pound  of  figs, 
and  we  want  you  to  know  when  we  send  you  a  barrel  of  apples  that 
we  should  have  forty  or  fifty  cents  left  in  profit  for  ourselves.  It 
is  in  giving  these  facts  to  the  public  today  that  we  will  find  our 
interests  advanced.  We  would  have  a  better  condition  all  over 
California  if  the  world  knew  what  it  costs  to  grow  fruit.  Peaches 
are  going  to  waste  in  California  which  should  be  used  throughout 
the  nation.  Facts  are  needed,  and  ought  to  be  the  purpose  of  this 
Society,  and  its  function,  to  guarantee  to  the  state  organizations, 
and  through  this  publication  which  is  suggested,  to  guarantee  the 
truth  as  to  production,  distribution  and  consumption. 

Professor  Hutt  :  When  you  speak  of  a  federation  it  means  al- 
ways bringing  in  a  lot  of  other  societies,  and  we  do  not  know 
whether  we  control  them  or  not.  I  move  that  we  have  a  committee 
appointed  to  consider  the  whole  matter  of  federation  of  the  Ameri- 
can Pomological  Society,  which  w^ould  include  the  publication  of 
the  magazine,  and  the  widening  of  the  scope  of  the  Society,  and 
that  that  committee  is  to  report  to  the  Executive  Committee. 
Seconded  by  Dumas. 

Mr.  Roeding  :  To  extend  the  scope  of  the  Society — in  other  words 
you  want  to  bring  in  other  societies  and  widen  the  scope  of  the 
Society. 

The  President  :  You  have  heard  the  motion.  All  in  favor  say 
aye ;  opposed,  no.    It  is  carried. 

The  Committee  on  Credentials  reported  the  following  Vice- 
Presidents  and  delegates  present  and  qualified  to  act : 

Vice-Presidents : 

A.  V.  Stubenrauch,  California; 

E.  R.  Lake,  District  of  Columbia; 
T.  J.  Burrill,  Illinois ; 

Albert  Dickens,  Kansas; 

C.  P.  Close,  Maryland ; 

L.  R.  Taft,  Michigan ; 

Geo.  T.  Tippin,  Missouri ; 

J.  Van  Lindley,  North  Carolina; 

W.  R.  Lazenby,  Ohio ; 

F.  S.  Reeves,  Ontario; 
C.  I.  Lewis,  Oregon; 

J.  P.  Stewart,  Pennsylvania; 


240  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 

W.  T.  Macoun,  Quebec ; 
Eltweed  Pomeroy,  Texas ; 
W.  A.  Macomb,  Virginia ; 
J.  L.  Dumas,  Washington. 

Delegates : 

T.  J.  Burrill,  Delegate  Illinois  Horticultural  Society ; 
C.  H.  Dutcher,  Delegate  Missouri  Horticultural  Society ; 
E.  R.  Lake,  Delegate  Northern  Nut  Growers'  Association; 
Eltweed  Pomeroy,  Delegate  Texas  Horticultural  Society. 

ON  WILDEB  MEDAL. 

C.  p.  Close,  Chairman. 

A  silver  medal  was  awarded  to  the  T.  S.  Hubbard  Company, 
Fredonia,  N.  Y.,  for  a  display  of  the  Hubbard  grape,  a  promising 
new  variety,  a  cross  between  Brighton  and  Campbell. 

Honorable  mention  was  given  to  Joseph  Bachman,  Altus,  Ark., 
for  an  exhibit  of  his  seedling  grape  No.  109,  a  cross  between 
America  and  Star. 

C.  P.  Close, 
L.  R.  Taft, 
W.  T.  Macoun. 

ON  NOMINATIONS. 
A.  V.  Stubenrauch,  Chairman. 

California,  A.  V.  Stubenrauch;  District  of  Columbia,  E.  R.  Lake; 
Illinois,  T.  J.  Burrill;  Kansas,  Albert  Dickens;  Maryland,  C.  P. 
Close;  Michigan,  L.  R.  Taft;  Missouri,  George  T.  Tippen;  North 
Carolina,  J.  Van  Lindley;  Ontario,  F.  S.  Reeves;  Oregon,  C.  I. 
Lewis ;  Ohio,  W.  R.  Lazenby ;  Pennsylvania,  J.  P.  Stewart ;  Quebec, 
W.  T.  Macoun ;  Texas,  Eltweed  Pomeroy ;  Virginia,  W.  A.  Maoomb ; 
Washington,  J.  L.  Dumas. 

The  following  report  was  made  by  this  committee : 

For  President,  W.  N.  Hutt. 

For  Vice-President,  W.  T.  Macoun. 

For  Secretary,  E.  R.  Lake. 

For  Treasurer,  L.  R.  Taft. 

For  Executive  Committeemen,  W.  R.  Lazenby,  E.  W.  Kirk- 
patrick,  F.  C.  Sears,  L.  A.  Goodman,  J.  L.  Dumas. 

On  motion  of  Mr.  Pomeroy,  seconded  by  Professor  Lazenby,  the 
Secretary  was  instructed  to  cast  the  ballot  of  the  Society  to  adopt 
the  report. 

The  President  :  The  motion  is  that  the  rules  of  the  Society  be 
suspended  and  that  the  Secretary  be  authorized  to  cast  one  ballot 
for  these  names  as  suggested  by  the  Nominating  Committee.  Are 
you,  ready  for  the  question  1  All  in  favor  say  aye.  Opposing,  no. 
It  is  carried. 


COMMITTEE  REPORTS.  241 

RESOLUTIONS. 

Eltweed  Pomeroy,  Chairman. 

Mr.  Pomeroy,  reporting,  said : 

Mr.  Chairman,  we  have  six  or  seven  resolutions.  May  I  ask  that 
action  be  taken  on  each  one  as  I  read  it.    The  first  is : 

"Kesolved,  That  the  American  Pomologieal  Society  wishes  to  re- 
turn most  hearty  thanks  for  the  uniform  and  cordial  welcome  and 
tlie  courtesies  extended  to  the  Society  and  its  members  from  their 
entrance  into  California  at  the  South,  to  this  meeting  at  Berkeley 
imder  the  courtesies  of  the  University,  and  the  promise  of  further 
welcome  and  courtesies  on  the  return  of  its  members  through  Ore- 
gon and  Washington. 

' '  These  courtesies  have  been  so  numerous  that  it  would  be  difficult 
and  invidious  to  enumerate — so  thoughtful  and  minute  that  we  have 
been  surrounded  by  an  atmosphere  of  warm  hospitality  adding  very 
much  to  the  success  of  the  Society's  meeting,  and  we  will  return 
home  with  the  warmest  feelings  towards  our  hosts  of  the  Pacific 
Coast  for  the  meeting  of  1915." 

(Moved,  seconded,  stated  and  carried  that  the  Society  adopt  the 
resolution. ) 

' '  Resolved,  That  the  thanks  of  the  American  Pomologieal  Society 
be  given  to  the  Santa  Fe  Railroad  and  its  representative,  Mr.  Hagen- 
bush,  for  the  care  and  courtesy  which  made  our  journey  to  San 
Francisco  a  pleasure." 

(Moved,  seconded,  stated  and  carried  that  the  Society  adopt  the 
resolution. ) 

' '  Resolved,  That  the  American  Pomologieal  Society  in  regular  ses- 
sion assembled  sends  greetings  to  the  Australian  Fruit  Growers' 
Conference  and  the  Australian  Pomologieal  Conference,  and  re- 
quests co-operation  in  standardization  of  nomenclature  and  other 
international  affairs,  an  exchange  of  publications  and  information, 
and  invites  them  to  send  friendly  delegates  to  our  meetings ;  and  we 
request  our  Secretary  to  send  copies  of  this  resolution  to  the  Secre- 
taries of  these  Societies :  The  Royal  Horticultural  Society  of  West- 
minister, England ;  the  National  Society  for  Horticulture  in  France, 
and  other  national  societies. ' ' 

(Moved,  seconded,  stated  and  carried  that  the  Society  adopt  the 
resolution. ) 

' '  Resolved,  That  the  American  Pomologieal  Society  in  regular  ses- 
sion assembled  in  1915  sends  greetings  to  the  National  Association 
of  Nurserymen,  the  National  Florists'  Association,  the  National 
Association  of  Nut  Growers,  and  requests  that  they  hold  their 
national  meetings  in  1917  at  such  common  time  and  place  as  these 
allied  societies  may  fix,  and  that  there  be  then  at  least  one  union 
meeting,  there  to  consider  topics  and  questions  common  to  ail 
branches  of  horticulture,  and  take  a  union  action  on  these  subjects, 
to  co-operate  and  co-ordinate  allied  and  parallel  activities,  and  for 


242  PROCEEDINGS  OP  THE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 

better  acquaintanceship,  among  oui'selves,  and  a  later  meeting  and 
more  public  education  on  horticultural  lines. 

"Further,  we  request  our  Secretary  to  send  copies  of  this  resolu- 
tion to  the  Secretaries  of  these  Societies,  and  with  the  aid  of  the 
Executive  Committee  to  arrange  such  union  meeting." 

(Moved,  seconded,  stated  and  carried  that  the  resolution  be 
adopted.) 

''Resolved,  That  the  American  Pomological  Society  take  up  witli 
foreign,  state  and  local  horticultural  societies,  with  the  National 
Nurserymen's  Association,  individual  nurserymen,  and  the  United 
States  Government,  and  any  others  who  may  be  of  aid:  the  stand- 
ardization of  nomenclature  of  fruits,  and  in  order  to  make  a  be- 
ginning, to  take  some  small  branch  of  the  subject,  and  if  possible 
secure  the  preparation  of  a  monograph  on  this  branch  before  our 
next  meeting,  and  its  publication  as  a  government  bulletin." 

(Moved,  seconded,  stated  and  carried  that  the  resolution  be 
adopted. ) 

' '  Resolved,  That  we  urge  all  state  and  local  horticultural  societies 
to  officially  join  our  American  Pomological  Society,  and  to  send 
delegates  to  our  National  meetings  and  request  a  representative 
from  our  National  Society  at  their  meetings. 

"Further,  we  request  our  Secretary  to  send  copies  of  this  resolu- 
tion to  the  secretaries  of  all  such  societies  which  he  can  find  out. ' ' 

(Moved,  seconded,  stated  and  carried  that  the  resolution  be 
adopted. ) 

"Resolved,  That  our  Secretary  be  requested  to  send  invitations 
to  the  Agricultural  or  Horticultural  Departments  of  the  Govern- 
ments of  Mexico,  Central  and  South  America,  to  send  delegates  to 
our  next  meeting. ' ' 

(Moved,  seconded,  stated  and  carried  that  the  resolution  be 
adopted. ) 

Mr.  Pomeroy  :  There  is  one  other  subject  recommended  to  us  by 
the  Committee  on  Nominations  that  concerns  a  resolution  regarding 
the  payment  of  dues.  Instead  of  two  dollars,  running  from  one 
meeting  to  the  next  meeting,  that  it  be  made  from  the  1st  of  Janu- 
ary to  the  succeeding  January  1st.  We  took  it  under  consideration, 
consulted  our  Treasurer,  and  he  preferred  the  present  arrangement 
— from  one  meeting  to  another,  as  he  could  then  collect  it  at  the 
meeting  instead  of  having  a  large  correspondence  to  attend  to. 

Further,  we  asked  him  about  the  rate  of  the  annual  dues.  We 
tried  to  consider  it  from  the  standpoint  of  what  was  giving  the 
largest  revenue  to  the  Society.  Belonging  to  thia  Society  may  be 
worth  fifty  cents  to  one  man  and  fifty  dollars  to  another.  A  few 
years  ago  the  dues  were  four  dollars,  then  they  were  reduced  to  two 
dollars  with  the  idea  that  the  revenue  would  remain  the  saxne.  We 
decided  to  do  nothing  on  that  point. 

Be  it  Hereby  Resolved,  That  in  the  deaths  of  Colonel  Brackett 
and  Professor  Van  Deman  this  Society  recognizes  its  great  loss,  not 
alone  in  that  two  active  workers,  faithful  members,  loyal  advisers 
and  counsellors  have  departed  from  its  ranks,  but  in  that  two  of  the 


COMMITTEE  REPORTS.  243 

foremost  worker's  in  American  pomology  have  taken  their  last  fare- 
well of  us.  It  is  with  the  deepest  feeling  of  appreciation  of  their 
great  services  that  we  offer  this  humble  tribute  as  an  expression  of 
our  sympathy  for  their  bereaved  families,  and  as  an  evidence  of  our 
heartfelt  sorrow. 

Mr.  :    I  did  not  know  Colonel  Brackett,  but  I  did 

esteem  the  friendship  of  Professor  Van  Deman  most  highly.  I  feel 
we  have  lost  a  friend  and  brother.  I  feel  one  of  the  great  men  in 
horticulture  has  gone  out,  and  that  many  men,  by  having  known 
him,  are  better  horticulturists. 

I  move  the  adoption  of  the  resolution  by  a  rising  vote,  and  that 
the  Secretary  be  instructed  to  send  copies  of  these  resolutions  to 
the  bereaved  families. 

Professor  Lazenby  :  I  second  the  motion,  and  I  wish  to  say  that 
I  feel  we  have  suffered  a  very  great  loss  in  the  death  of  these  men. 
Of  Colonel  Brackett,  may  I  speak ;  what  a  fine  life  it  was !  It  was  a 
most  happy  blending  of  what  we  might  call  the  strenuous  life  and 
the  natural  life.  He  was  a  strenuous,  and  an  indefatigable  worker. 
He  lived  close  to  nature,  and  that  is  perhaps  one  reason  why  he 
attained  such  a  great  age.  But  most  of  all,  his  life  was  abundant. 
It  was  abundant  in  love,  health,  opportunity,  accomplishment, 
honor,  and  abundant  in  friendship.  And  I  think  we  honor  ourselves 
in  honoring  his  memorj'. 

The  President  :  We  will  taJke  a  rising  vote  on  this  motion.  (All 
rise.)     Carried. 

The  President  :  Now,  we  have  the  question  of  invitations  for  the 
next  meeting.  You  can  act  on  these  invitations  now  if  you  choose. 
What  is  your  pleasure.  We  have  invitations  from  Nashville,  Balti- 
more, Buffalo,  New  York,  Chicago,  Cincinnati,  Knoxville,  St.  Louis, 
Columbus,  Boston,  New  Orleans. 

Mr.  Taft:  I  move  that  they  be  referred  to  the  Executive 
('ommittee.    Seconded. 

The  President  :  This  has  been  the  usual  way  for  the  last  twenty 
t-o  thirty  years,  as  I  know,  as  we  do  not  know  all  the  conditions,  but 
the  Executive  Committee  can  make  arrangements  to  examine  into 
these  different  invitations  and  accept  one  of  the  invitations  and 
make  the  necessary  arrangements.  The  motion  before  you  is  to 
refer  them  to  the  Executive  Committee.  The  motion  has  been 
seconded.    All  in  favor  say  aye ;  opposed,  no.    It  is  carried. 

Saturday  night  is  the  banquet  night,  and  the  Secretary  must 
have  the  names  of  all  of  those  who  are  to  attend.  We  meet  inside 
of  the  grounds  at  2  o  'clock  in  the  center  of  the  Horticultural  Build- 
ing. The  officials  of  the  Exposition  will  conduct  us  through  a  series 
of  horticultural  exhibits  between  that  time  and  the  time  set  for  the 
banquet.  The  officials  will  there  be  present  to  give  to  this  Society  a 
bronze  plaque.  It  will  be  necessary  for  you  to  give  your  name  and 
two  dollars  and  a  half  to  the  Secretary,  in  order  that  he  may  ar- 
range for  the  proper  number  of  plates  on  that  occasion.  The  dinner 
is  to  be  held  at  the  Old  Faithful  Inn. 


244 


PROCEEDINGS  OP  THE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 


OFFICERS'  REPORTS. 


OF  THE  TREASTTBEB. 

The  report  of  the  Treasurer  covers  the  period  from  November  5, 
1913,  to  August  7, 1915. 
L.  R.  Taft,  Treasurer, 

In  account  with  American  Pomological  Society, 

Dr.  to  receipts  as  follows : 


1913. 
Nov.     5 

1915. 
Aug.    7 


Cash  on  hand $996.20 


Interest  on  bonds,  2  years  at  5% .  . 
Contributions  to  Judging  Trophy.  . 
Receipts  from  Washington  Meeting 
Sales  of  Proceedings  and  Reprints. 
Receipts  from  Life  Memberships. . . 
Receipts  from  Biennial  Memberships 
Interest    on    Life    Memberships    to 

July  1   

Cr.    by   payments   as  per   list,    and 

vouchers 

Cash  on  hand 


400.00 
45.00 
293.33 
8.75 
365.00 
531.50 

20.00 


$1,898.02 
781.66 


$2,259.68     $2,659.68 

Of  the  above  balance  it  should  be  noted  that  the  sum  of  $365.00 
is  in  the  permament  life  membership  fund  and  the  sum  of  $355.14 
is  in  the  Wilder  medal  fund,  leaving  in  the  general  fund  and  avail- 
able for  paying  the  current  expenses  of  the  Society  the  sum  of 
$41.52. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

L.  R.  TAFT, 

Treasurer. 


1913. 
Nov.     17 


Dec.     20 


Statement  of  Bills  Paid. 

Whitehead,  Hoag  Co.,  badges $49.30 

R.  P.  Andrews,  paper  and  plates 9.30 

Palais  Royal,  burlap  and  cheesecloth 18.12 

Dulin  &  Martin,  drinking  cups 2.00 

Telegram  to  Maine .50 

Berry  &  Whitmore   Co.,  trophy   for  judging 

team 51.00 

R.    H.    Darby    Printing    Co.,    programs    and 

posters 80.25 


Mar. 

7 

1 1 

21 

n 

<  1 

Apr. 

28 

May 

16 

June 

2 

Aug. 

31 

Sept. 

18 

<  ( 

<  I 

1915. 

Feb. 

28 

July 

31 

officers'  reports.  245 

Jan.     12    National  Museum,  extra  labor 77.64 

"        "     S.  A.  Beach,  postage  and  labor 2.43 

"     R.  H.  Darby  Printing  Co.,  bulletin,  etc 39.25 

Feb.       4    Maurice  Joyce  Engraving  Co.,  halftones 25.66 

"        "     E.  R.  Lake,  expense  account 51.06 

"       12    W.  W.  Greene,  reporting  Washington  Meeting, 

(part) 100.10 

Simons  Bros.  Co.,  Wilder  medals 89.52 

R.  H.  Darby  Printing  Co.,  printing 6.75 

Maurice  Joyce  Engraving  Co.,  halftones 14.20 

R.  H.  Joyce  Printing  Co.,  wrappers 4.65 

E.  R.  Lake,  expense  of  Washington  Meeting.  .  .  184.34 

R.  H.  Darby  Printing  Co.,  printing  report.  .  .  .  673.11 

E.  R.  Lake,  expense  account 37.31 

R.  H.  Darby  Printing  Co.,  printing 37.85 

E.  R.  Lake,  salary  to  Sept.  15 100.00 

R.  H.  Darby  Printing  Co.,  printing 21.00 

L.  A.  Goodman,  expense  account 10.36 

"        "     E.  R.  Lake,  salary  and  expense 158.83 

"     R.  H.  Darby  Printing  Co.,  printing 40.05 

"     L.  R.  Taft,  office  expenses 23.44 

$1,898.02 

The  President  :  The  report  will  go  to  the  Committee  on  Audit, 
of  which  Mr.  Hutt  is  chairman. 

Mr.  Hutt:  We  have  been  over  the  Treasurer's  books,  and 
checked  off  the  different  items,  and  found  them  to  be  correct. 

Treasurer  Taft  :  We  have  only  $42  to  pay  for  the  printing  of 
the  report.  So  far  as  the  current  funds  available  are  concerned, 
that  is.  Three  hundred  and  sixty-five  dollars  is  tied  up  in  the  Medal 
funds,  and  the  Secretary  tied  up  the  life  membership  fees  of  three 
hundred  and  odd  dollars  last  year.  The  Society  voted  to  place  the 
life  memberships  in  a  permanent  fund,  and  if  we  carry  out  those  in- 
structions the  money  is  not  available. 

Mr.  Hutt  :  I  move  that  the  funds  collected  on  life  memberships, 
which  were  set  apart  at  the  last  meeting  be  put  into  the  current 
expense  fund. 

(Motion  stated,  seconded  and  carried.) 

OF  THE  SECEETABY. 

The  work  of  the  Secretary's  office  continues  to  grow.  The  cor- 
respondence has  increased  to  such  an  extent  that  it  has  been  impossi- 
ble to  carry  it  forward  with  the  home  force,  thus  necessitating  the 
use  of  office  time  and  labor  to  complete  the  work.  Fortunately 
"Uncle  Sam"  saw  a  way  by  which  he  could  co-operate  in  part  of  it 
such  as  that  which  involves  questions  of  varietal  culture,  history, 
nomenclature,  discription,  synonomy  and  behavior ;  however,  if  this 


246  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 

phase  of  the  Society 's  duties  increase  it  will  be  necessary  to  employ, 
on  partial,  but  regular  time,  a  qualified  typist  in  order  to  give 
prompt  and  efficient  attention  to  the  requests  of  correspondents, 
outside  of  that  part  which  may  be  construed  to  be  co-operative  with 
the  government. 

The  campaign  for  new  members  from  the  Secretary's  office  has 
waned  during  the  past  biennium,  for  the  very  pertinent  reason  that 
there  has  been  less  available  personal  time  to  give  to  the  matter  and 
for  the  further  reason  that  the  usual  advertising  methods  have  not 
brought  out  the  results  of  former  years.  A  new  course  of  pro- 
ceedure  must  be  evolved  to  meet  the  changed  conditions.  Either  the 
policy  of  the  Society  must  be  strengthened  in  the  direction  of  a  more 
pronounced  amateur  tone,  or  it  must  become  more  professional  or 
possibly  both.  There  seems  to  be  no  satisfactory  "middle  way." 
In  any  event  my  own  opinion  is  firm  in  the  belief  that  we  must 
finally  have  a  permanent  home  and  annual  meetings  if  we  expect 
to  accomplish  the  best  part  of  that  object  for  which  the  organization 
has  been  so  long  pre-eminent. 

Again  permit  me  to  call  attention  to  the  fact  that  there  should 
be  some  closer  tie  between  the  state  societies  and  the  Vice-Presi- 
dents. At  present  this  wheel  of  the  organization  is  nearly  useless, 
as  many  of  these  men  forget  their  responsibility,  if  they  have  any, 
to  the  Society  between  the  meetings.  Possibly  the  consideration  of 
the  question  of  federation  may  uncover  some  means  of  remedying 
this  trouble. 

To  the  question  of  complimentary  memberships  we  wish  to  revert 
again  this  year.  It  seems  to  us  that  the  election  of  certain  men,  such 
as  the  editors  or  managers  of  the  horticultural  press  to  be  compli- 
mentary members  in  recognition  of  their  services  (publicity,  if  you 
please)  to  the  Society  would  be  both  creditable  and  serviceable  to 
the  great  industry  which  we  represent. 

Revision  and  Catalog. 

A  revision  of  the  catalog  has  been  completed  together  with  a  re- 
alignment of  district  boundaries  in  conformity  with  the  results  of 
recent  observations  made  by  active  members,  notably  in  districts 
No.  7  and  10.  The  plan  of  revision  has  been  based  upon  that 
adopted  by  Ragan  in  Farmers'  Bulletin  No.  208,  U.  S.  Department 
of  Agriculture.  This  form  of  publication  is  much  less  expensive 
than  the  regular  department  bulletins  Nos.  6,  8  and  151,  in  which 
there  is  much  tabulation.  In  this  later  form  the  varieties  are  ar- 
ranged in  groups  for  commercial  and  home  uses  and,  in  the  opinion 
of  Col.  Braekett,  affords  quite  as  much  information,  so  far  as  the 
value  of  varieties  for  districts  is  concerned,  as  the  tabulated  form, 
but  it  does  not  supply  the  ready  reference  information  as  to  the 
behavior  of  a  specific  variety  as  was  done  before,  but  this  appears 
to  be  a  minor  matter  compared  with  the  cost  of  publication. 

This  material  could  have  been  ofP  the  press  months  ago,  except 
that  the  department  has  decided,  through  its  publication  committee, 


officers'  reports.  247 

that  it  does  not  desire  to  publish  matter  of  this  character  jointly 
with  outside  bodies.  The  question  then  naturally  arose  (in  view 
of  the  protest  made  at  the  Washington  meeting)  as  to  the  advis- 
ability of  issuing  the  material  as  an  A,  P.  S.  separate.  Because  of 
financial  conditions  this  was  debatable  and  the  problem  is  still  un- 
settled and  we  shall  hope  that  this  meeting  will  endeavor  to  make 
a  decision  on  this  point. 

If  it  is  not  deemed  desirable  to  continue  the  work  of  issuing  a 
catalog  of  varieties  based  upon  district  boundaries  we  ought  to  be 
prepared  to  take  definite  axition  in  the  case  and  thus  enable  the 
Secretary  to  fully  advise  inquiring  persons  with  reference  to  the 
subject.  There  is  frequent  demand  for  copies  of  the  catalog, 
whether  by  mere  curiosity  seekers  or  real  cultivators,  we  cannot  say, 
but  in  any  event  we  should  be  able  to  give  a  definite  answer  as  to 
whether  or  not  we  are  to  continue  work  along  this  line. 

Moved,  stated  and  carried  that  the  report  be  adopted. 

Mr.  Duma«:  Four  years  ago  1  was  a  member  of  this  committee, 
and  1  think  I  may  say  I  really  did  some  work  on  the  lines  suggested. 
Two  years  ago  I  was  unable  to  be  present  and  that  work  was  coldly 
turned  down,  and  this  time  I  have  been  unable  to  get  the  committee 
together. 

The  President  -.  It  is  a  good  thing  to  be  knocked  down  once  in 
awhile. 

Mr.  Dumas  :  Yes,  if  one  can  get  any  where  as  a  result.  This  or- 
ganization must  reject  the  three  hundred  and  ninety  varieties  now 
being  planted  in  the  United  States  and  Canada,  and  select  a  small 
list  of  really  commercial  apples,  and  that  list  should  be  pushed  so 
that  people  may  know  the  real  varieties  of  apples.  At  the  present 
time  it  is  absolutely  impossible  to  make  head  or  tail  of  the  catalogue 
of  the  American  Pomological  Society  for  apples. 

M}^  report  was  in  the  hands  of  Professor  Lake  two  years  ago. 
I  would  report  that  again  and  ask  this  Society  to  make  a  small  and 
selected  list  of  commercial  fruits,  to  be  placed  at  least  at  the  head  of 
the  list  if  they  are  to  retain  the  trash  in  the  catalogue.  We  should 
kill  off  two  hundred  and  fifty  varieties  of  the  trash  we  now  have. 

Nomenclature. 

In  the  absence  of  Colonel  Brackett,  who  has  been  for  a  long  time 
chairman  of  this  committee,  and  by  virtue  of  the  fact  that  I  have 
been  actively  and  intimately  associated  with  him,  it  appears  proper 
that  I  should  at  this  time  report  progress  for  this  committee  and 
ask  for  further  instructions. 

During  the  past  year  notable  progress  has  been  made  in  this  sub- 
ject through  the  official  action  taken  first  by  the  California  Associa- 
tion of  Nurserymen  and  later  by  the  National  Nurserymen's  Asso- 
ciation, in  adopting  the  code  of  this  Society  as  a  basis  of  action  for 
their  organizations.  This  brings  the  subject,  backed  by  very  strong 
endorsement,  directly  to  the  attention  of  a  class  of  men  that  have 
been  for  years  charged  with  gross  violation  of  the  principles  of  the 


248  PROCEEDINGS  OP  THE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 

code  and  with  utter  disregard  of  its  teachings.  Now,  it  appears  to 
me  it  is  our  duty  to  cordially  co-operate  with  these  and  other  or- 
ganizations which  may  later  take  similar  action  in  bringing  about 
the  actual  use  of  our  approved  list  of  names  for  all  current  varie- 
ties of  fruits. 

At  the  request  of  the  California  Association,  we,  speaking  for  the 
office  of  Pomology  in  the  Department  of  Agriculture,  have  under- 
taken to  compile  a  list  of  acceptable  names  for  all  varieties  of  fruits 
as  published  in  the  current  catalogs  of  American  nurserymen.  We 
find  it  no  small  task  to  bring  system  out  of  this  almost  chaotic  mass 
of  varietal  terms,  and  we  feel  that  we  cannot  hope  to  complete  the 
work  for  the  use  of  publications  issued  for  distribution  early  in 
the  year  1916. 

The  preliminary  list  offered  will  contain  only  those  names  that 
have  been  generally  accepted ;  later  it  is  expected  to  get  out  a  com- 
plete list,  including  those  troublesome  ones  such  as  "J.  H.  Hale" 
and  "B.  F.  Mason"  peaches;  "Mammoth  Black  Twig,"  "Spitzen- 
burg"  and  "Oldenburg"  apples;  " Fellenberg, "  "Robe  de  Sar- 
gent" and  "Silver"  prunes;  "Bahia,"  "Golden  Nugget  Naval" 
and  "Improved  Navel"  oranges;  "Praeparturien"  walnut;  "Mrs. 
Munson ' '  grape,  and  scores  of  similar  ones.  Just  how  some  of  these 
shall  be  settled  looms  as  a  big  question,  especially  since  this  Society 
has  set  its  seal  favorably  upon  ' '  Lue  Gim  Gong. ' '  Another  type  of 
name  coming  into  quite  frequent  use  is  the  hyphenated  term  such 
as  Stump-the-world,  Stayman-Winesap,  Pride-of-Michigan,  Bart- 
lett-Seckel,  and  the  like.  To  the  specialist  in  nomenclature  these 
terms  are  like  a  thorn  in  the  flesh.  Positive  action  should  be  taken 
by  this  Society  covering  these  points. 

Though  I  have  not  consulted  the  whole  committee  in  this  matter 
I  feel  assured  that  the  members  would  heartily  endorse  such  action 
as  the  following,  as  emphasizing  Rule  Two  of  the  Code : 

No  compound  or  hyphenated  terms  shall  be  deemed  acceptable  as 
a  name  for  a  variety  of  fruit ;  neither  shall  the  name  of  a  person 
be  used  for  such  purpose  when  the  initial  or  initials  of  such  person '» 
name  are  employed  as  a  part  of  the  term. 

OF  EXECUTIVE  COMMITTEE. 

The  President  :  We  will  now  receive  the  report  of  the  Executive 
Committee. 

Mr.  Lazenby:  Mr.  President,  there  is  only  this  point:  The 
Executive  Committee  has  had  some  conference  as  to  how  the  mem- 
bership could  be  increased,  and  it  has  been  thought  by  a  portion  of 
the  Committee  at  least,  that  a  circularization  might  be  effective. 
That  is,  select  the  names  of  men  who  are  somewhat  prominent  and 
interested  in  horticulture,  and  send  them  a  brief  statement  of  the 
purposes  of  the  Society,  especially  announcing  that  the  old  reports 
will  be  given,  and  that  life  membership  can  be  secured  for  $25.  I 
think  we  could  secure  quite  an  addition  to  our  membership  in 
that  way. 


COL.   G.   Ij.    BIIACKETT. 


PROF.    II.    E.   VAX    DEMAX. 


officers'  reports.  249 

I  speak  of  this  as  I  am  interested  in  our  State  Historical  and 
Arelieological  Societies.  It  was  suggested  there  that  this  be  done, 
and  the  Board  thought  it  was  hardly  worth  while.  But  our  Secre- 
tary finally  persuaded  them  that  he  be  permitted  to  make  the  ex- 
periment. He  sent  out  two  thousand  circulars  and  received  two 
hundred  life  members  at  $25  each.  It  might  not  be  as  successful  in 
the  case  of  the  horticulturists,  but  it  is  worth  trying. 

Secretary  Lake:  Do  you  wish  this  circular  prepared  by  the 
Secretary,  or  by  the  Executive  Committee,  and  have  the  Secretary 
send  it  out  1 

Mr.  Lazenby  :    Either. 

The  President  :  Let  us  put  this  job  on  the  Treasurer.  He  will 
prepare  a  circular  and  make  this  appeal. 

PRESIDENT  GOODMAN  TRANSFERS  GAVEL  TO  PRESIDENT-ELECT 

HUTT. 

President  Goodman:    Mr,  Hutt,  will  you  please  come  forward? 

I  am  very  glad,  sir,  to  turn  over  to  you  the  office  of  President  of 
the  American  Pomological  Society,  and  trust  your  meetings  with 
it  will  be  as  pleasant  as  mine  for  the  past  ten  years.  This  gavel  is 
delivered  to  you  to  be  retained  and  delivered  to  your  successor. 
(Applause.) 

President-Elect  Hutt:  Mr.  President  and  gentlemen  of  the 
American  Pomological  Society,  I  usually  find  words  to  express  my 
thoughts,  but  on  this  occasion  I  am  at  a  complete  loss  to  express 
what  would  be  proper  on  the  occasion.  I  was  taken  completely  by 
surprise,  when  Professor  Close  and  Professor  Stubenrauch  came 
and  sat  beside  me  and  said  the  duties  of  this  Society  would  fall 
upon  me,  I  appreciate  the  honor  placed  upon  me,  but  I  feel  diffi- 
dent about  trying  to  live  up  to  the  history  of  this  Society  in  the 
past. 

Some  very  great  men  have  been  in  this  position,  and  it  seems  that 
the  honor  might  have  fallen  on  more  worthy  shoulders.  But  since 
you  have  chosen  me  I  will  not  impugn  you  choice,  but  I  will  do  my 
very  best  to  make  what  I  think  this  Society  should  represent  in 
American  horticulture.  I  am  going  to  look  to  every  member  of  this 
Association  to  stand  by  me  and  help  me  to  make  the  American 
Pomological  Society  what  it  should  be  in  American  Horticulture. 
(Applause.) 

Mr.  Pomeroy  :  The  Resolution  Committee  has  one  other  resolu- 
tion, and  that  is,  that  the  American  Pomological  Society  pass  a  vote 
of  thanks  to  the  retiring  President,  and  the  other  retiring  officers 
for  the  way  in  which  they  have  performed  their  duties. 

(Motion  seconded.) 

President-Elect  Hutt:  It  gives  me  great  pleasure  to  present 
that  vote.  I  know  you  will  all  agree  with  me  in  my  appreciation  of 
the  love  and  efficiency  and  the  personal  attention  given  to  this 
Society  by  Mr.  Goodman.  I  hope  you  will  all  show  it  by  a  rising 
vote.     (All  rise  and  applaud.) 


250  PROCEEDINGS  OP  THE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 

It  certainly  gives  me  pleasure,  Mr.  President,  to  tender  to  you 
this  very  hearty  and  cordial  vote  of  appreciation  by  the  members  of 
this  American  Pomological  Society  for  the  work  which  you  have 
done. 

President  Goodman  :  I  have  always  found  the  members  loyal 
and  true  and  willing  to  do  their  part  whenever  called  for.  I  thank 
you.    I  think  that  closes  all  the  business  before  the  Society. 

Meeting  adjourned. 

RECEPTION. 

Wednesday  evening  was  devoted  to  an  informal  session  and  re- 
ception in  Agricultural  Hall  of  the  University.  Professor  J.  W. 
Gregg  presented  an  interesting  and  intensely  instructive  illustrated 
talk  on  the  Gardens,  Landscapes  and  Landscape  Gardening  of  Cali- 
fornia. George  E.  Stone,  of  Berkeley,  exhibited  a  unique  and  de- 
lightfully interesting  collection  of  bis  own  moving  pictures  of  in- 
sects and  microscopic  forms  of  life,  with  remarks  thereon.  Follow- 
ing these  talks  all  adjourned  to  the  quaintly  decorated  reception 
room  where  a  delightful  collation  of  light  refreshments  was  served, 
including  delicious  Loganberry'  juice,  served  by  the  Williamette 
Valley  Counties  (Oregon)  Association,  and  lucious  red  apples  tend- 
ered by  the  Missouri  Exposition  management. 

Good  cheer  and  wholesome  fellowship  prevailed  until  a  late  hour 
and  some  one  suggested  "lights  out" — a  college  trick,  to  which  even 
the  Stubenrauchs,  Roberts  and  Hutt  and  one  or  tv\'o  other  "jolly 
good  spirits"  had  to  yield,  and  desist  from  "that  reminds  me"  and 
hasten  "the  parting  sip"  of  the  juice  that  sparkles  and  yet  only  de- 
lights a  discriminating  palate — Loganberry. 

THE   BANQUET. 

A  delightful  and  memorable  feature  of  the  meeting  was  the 
banquet  at  "Old  Faithful"  Inn  on  "The  Trail"  Saturday  evening, 
September  the  fourth.  Over  half  a  hundred  covers  were  spread 
and  the  occasion  was  one  of  pleasure  to  both  the  physical  and  in- 
tellectual elements  of  the  guests. 

The  special  part  of  the  program  on  this  occasion  was  the  presenta- 
tion to  the  Society  by  the  Exposition  management  of  a  beautiful 
bronze  medallion  suitably  engraved  in  commemoration  of  the 
occasion  and  the  place.  In  a  few  appropriate  and  felicitous  re- 
marks Mr.  Charles  A.  Vogelsang,  representing  President  Moore,  of 
the  Panama-Pacific  Exposition,  tendered  the  souvenir  to  President 
Goodman,  who  responded  in  his  usual  happy  vein.  After  this 
somewhat  formal  or  scheduled  function,  informality  reigned 
supreme  and  Goodman,  Roeding,  Powell,  Hutt,  Macoun,  Dennison, 
Stubenrauch  and  the  Chef  kept  up  a  feast  of  wit  and  a  full  plate 
until,  at  a  late  hour,  all  voted  it  a  jolly  good  time  and  adjourned 
with  the  "round  robin  hand-shake"  and  later  betook  themselves  to 
the  "grotto"  with  its  display  of  the  scenic  Yellowstone  Park  with 
its  mud  pots,  geysers,  hot  springs  and  weird  night  phenomena. 


NECROLOGY. 


251 


NECBOLOOY. 

This  page  is  dedicated  in  a  spirit  of  sadness  and  affectionate 
remembrance  to  those  members  who  have  departed  for  the  life  be- 
yond during  the  pasti  biennium.  May  the  bonds  of  cordial  good- 
will and  fellowship  that  have  bound  us  one  to  another  in  the  labors 
and  pleasures  of  membership  and  association  in  this  Society  be 
again  reunited  in  that  larger  field  of  the  life  to  come. 

Life  Members. 

Alexander  Pullen,  C.  H.  Rodgers,  C.  U.  Shepard,  Clarence  M. 
Stark,  Prof.  H.  E.  Van  Deman,  Col.  C.  L.  Watrous. 


Biennial  Members. 
Col.  G.  B.  Brackett,  J.  C.  Williams. 


252  PROCEEDINGS  OP  THE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 

OBITUARY. 


COL.  GUSTAVUS  BENSON  BRACKETT. 

It  is  with  the  deepest  regret  that  we  note  the  passing  of  Col.  G.  JbJ. 
Brackett,  who  was  for  many  years  Chief  Pomologist  of  the  United 
States  Department  of  Agriculture,  and  for,  perhaps,  sixty  years 
one  of  the  leading  spirits  of  the  American  Pomological  Society.  He 
was  intimately  associated  with  such  great  men  as  Dowing,  Wilder, 
Warder,  Barry  and  others,  and  to  many  of  the  younger  men  was 
the  connecting  link  between  the  past  and  the  present.  On  account 
of  his  knowledge  of  the  lives  and  works  of  the  founders  of  American 
pomology  he  was  selected  to  write  their  biographies  for  the  Encyclo- 
pedia of  American  Horticulture.  He  was  a  recognized  authority  on 
varieties  and  nomenclature.  In  Col.  Brackett  the  Society  has  lost 
one  of  its  most  ardent  supporters  and  the  gap  caused  by  his  death 
will  never  be  closed.  His  influence  on  the  lives  of  the  present  gen- 
eration of  American  Pomologists  will  be  felt  for  many  years  to  come. 

C.  P.  Close. 
Albert  Dickens, 
C.  I.  Lewis. 
President  Goodman  : — 

Just  on  the  even  of  departure  for  this  meeting  I  was  distressed  be- 
yond measure  to  hear  of  the  death  of  my  old  friend  and  co-worker, 
the  dear  old  pomologist  of  the  United  States  for  lo  these  many 
years,  Col.  G.  B.  Brackett.  At  our  meeting  in  Washington  two 
years  ago  the  dear  man  seemed  so  delighted  to  think  of  the  trip  to 
California  once  more. 

Colonel  Brackett  we  shall  all  of  us  remember  as  a  genial  soul,  full 
of  sympathy  for  everyone  above  himself,  unselfish  to  the  highest 
degree.  He  has  been  the  guiding  spirit  to  all  the  work  in  the  De- 
partment of  Pomology  of  the  United  States  and  those  who  knew 
him  best,  loved  him  best.  Honor  to  his  name,  glory  to  the  cause  he 
loved  so  well,  respect  and  love  to  his  memory.  W^e  are  all  thank- 
ful to  the  good  God  Who  gave  him  long  life  and  honor  and  glory 
and  wisdom  to  guide  the  Department  of  Pomology  through  all  its 
trials  unto  a  more  and  more  perfect  day  of  success.  The  Depart- 
ment of  Pomolog>'  will  be  the  crowning  glory  of  our  dear  one,  Col. 
Brackett. 

"Oh.  mountains,  woods  and  streams,  help,  help  us  to 
mourn  him,  —  for  ye  loved  him  too  — 

"He  was  so  human  —  where'er  he  met  a  stranger,  there 
he  left  a  friend. 

* '  Thou  are  not  idle  in  thy  higher  sphere  —  Thy  spirit 
binds  itself  to  leving  tasks.  And  strength,  to  perfect  what 
it  dreamed  of  here,  is  all  the  crown  and  glory  that  it  asks." 

—  Lowell. 


OBITUARY.  253 

Grand  Rapids,  Mich.,  August  15, 1915. 
My  Dear  Goodman : 

Permit  me,  even  altho'  I  cannot  be  present  at  your  meeting  in 
San  Francisco,  to  write  you  a  brief  missive  expressing  my  feeling 
concerning  the  passing  on  of  mv  dear  friend  and  long-time  counsel- 
lor, Col.  G.  B.  Braekett. 

Col.  Wilder,  Dr.  Hexamer,  Patrick  Barry,  W.  H.  Ragan,  T.  T. 
Lyon,  J.  J.  Harrison,  Braekett  and  Watrous  had  a  great  deal  to  do 
with  the  shaping  of  my  career,  through  their  counsel  and  the  in- 
spiration of  their  devotion  to  progress  in  American  Pomology. 

I  am  deeply  grateful  to  them  all.  When  I  was  chosen  Secretary 
of  the  American  Society  I  was  a  mere  boy  in  horticulture  and  Col. 
Braekett  was  a  sort  of  "Father  Confessor"  to  me,  and  through  his 
gracious  manner,  assisted  in  guiding  my  youthful  impetuousness 
into  safe  channels  and  gave  to  me  from  his  own  rich  experience  a 
love  for  the  things  which,  as  I  approach  life's  decline,  I  can  see  will 
be  a  sweet  resource  and  a  continuous  blessing.  His  kindliness,  mod- 
esty, thoughtfulness  for  othei-s,  together  with  his  granary  of  broad 
experience  and  rich  observation,  gave  him  an  unusual  influence 
upon  the  younger  men  entering  the  field  of  horticulture. 

I  cannot  express  ray  gratitude  more  effectively  than  by  saying 
that  I  acquired  for  him  a  deep  and  abiding  affection,  and  mourn  his 
loss  to  us  by  continuing  this  affection  through  thoughtful  remem- 
brances until  I  shall  join  him  in  that  realm  where  attributes  always 
are  pictured  in  mj'  mind  by  the  possibilities  in  horticultural  attain- 
ment. I  shall  miss  him  but  he  has  etched  so  much  of  his  career  into 
the  evolution  of  Anterican  horticulture  that  he  will  never  seem  very 
far  away. 

I  regret  my  inability  to  be  with  you  and  desire  to  convey  to  you 
and  all  my  old  friends  on  this  excursion  my  best  wishes  and  most 
kindly  regards. 

Faithfully  youre, 

Chas.  W.  Garfield. 

PEOr.  HENRY  E.  VAN  DEMAN. 

In  the  death  of  Prof.  H.  E.  Van  Deman  this  Society  and  Ameri- 
can Pomology  have  lost  a  most  enthusiastic  and  active  member. 
He  was  the  first  United  States  Pomologist  and  organized  the  Divi- 
sion of  Pomology  along  lines  which  are  still  being  followed.  He 
had  a  larger  acquaintance  among  the  fruit  growers  of  America 
than  any  other  man  and  was  regarded  as  a  true  friend  and  an  au- 
thority on  pomological  affairs.  He  was  considered  one  of  the  best 
judges  of  fruits  and  fruit  products,  and  was  chief  judge  at  many  of 
the  national  fruit  expositions,  apple  shows,  state  fairs,  etc.  His 
honesty  and  fearlessness  in  making  awards,  and  his  systematizing 
of  exhibits  and  score  cards,  has  exerted  an  influence  on  exhibitors 
and  judges  which  will  long  be  felt.    His  writings  in  horticultural 


254  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 

periodicals  are  authoritative  and  form  part  of  the  horticultural 
literature  of  his  time.  His  influence  on  American  Pomology  will 
last  for  generations. 

C.  P.  Close. 

Albert  Dickens, 

C.  I.  Lewi«. 

Professor  Henry  E.  Van  Deman,  well  known  to  readers  of  The 
R.  N.  Y.  as  a  frequent  and  valued  contributor,  died  at  his  home, 
Washington,  D.  C,  April  28.  He  was  born  at  Concord,  Ohio,  his 
early  life  being  spent  upon  his  father's  farm,  where  he  gained  his 
first  knowledge  of  fruit-growing,  both  his  father  and  grandfather 
being  practical  orchardists.  While  preparing  for  college,  in  1863, 
he  enlisted  in  the  First  Ohio  Heavy  Artillery,  remaining  in  the 
army  until  the  close  of  the  Civil  War,  after  which  he  was  associ- 
ated for  a  time  with  Dr.  J.  A.  Warder,  of  Ohio,  a  famous  old-time 
pomologist.  From  here  Mr.  Van  Deman  went  to  Michigan,  and 
later  settled  in  Kansas,  where  he  took  up  a  homestead,  and  became 
an  important  factor  in  the  development  of  fruit  growing  in  that 
State.  From  1878  to  1880  he  held  the  chair  of  botany  and  horti- 
culture in  the  Kansas  Agricultural  College.  In  1886  Prof.  Van 
Deman  was  appointed  pomologist  of  the  National  Department  of 
Agriculture,  Avith  the  work  of  organizing  the  new  Division  of 
Pomology.  He  continued  in  charge  of  this  important  work  until 
1893,  when  he  retired.  Since  then  he  was  very  active  in  literary^ 
work,  as  a  contributor  to  many  fann  and  garden  publications,  and 
was  also  in  frequent  demand  as  a  judge  at  fruit  exhibitions  all  over 
the  United  States,  both  local  and  international.  He  was  much  in- 
terested in  the  development  of  pecan  culture  in  the  South,  as  well  as 
northern  fruits.    He  is  survived  by  a  widow,  a  son  and  a  daughter. 

President  Goodman  : — 

In  the  death  of  our  old  friend  and  horticulturist.  Professor  Van 
Deman,  we  lose  a  valuable  co-worker,  an  able  assistant.  The  nation 
loses  an  American  pomologist  who  has  for  forty  years  been  one  of 
the  leading  lights  in  the  science  and  art  of  pomology  on  this 
continent. 

Personally  I  wish  to  attest  my  regard  for  him,  for  his  labor  and 
ability  of  all  these  years.  I  knew  him  as  a  fruit  grower  in  Kansas, 
as  an  exhibitor  of  fruits  at  many  of  our  Western  displays,  as  a 
judge  for  our  various  state  fairs ;  as  the  official  U.  S.  Pomologist,  the 
first  one  appointed  under  the  first  Secretaiy  of  Agriculture,  Norman 
J.  Colman,  and  later  as  judge  for  the  wonderful  fruit  exhibitions  of 
our  great  Northwest.  He  was  always  an  enthusiast  for  fruit  grow- 
ing, and  a  judge  who  was  fair  and  just,  able  and  honest  in  all  his 
decisions. 

At  our  last  meeting  in  Washington,  he  told  me  that  he  was  look- 
ing forward  to  a  pleasant,  happy  year  at  the  San  Francisco  Fair, 
to  be  judging  fruits  all  the  season. 


OBITIIART.  r  255 

We  monrn  his  loss,  and  I  personally  mourn  his  going,  because  of 
the  old  friendship,  and  the  interesting  times  we  expected  to  have 
together,  here  at  Berkeley  and  the  Exposition.  We  were  always 
twitting  each  other  as  Missourians  and  Kansans  are  always  doing 
in  good  part  in  upholding  the  name  each  of  his  own  state. 

We  honor  him  for  what  he  has  done  and  say  of  him  as  is  said  of 
Johnny  Appleseed: 

' '  And  as  long  as  poor  humanity  stands  naked  in  its  need. 
God  send  us  souls  as  white  as  that  of  Johnny  Appleseed." 

ALEXANDER  PUU^EN. 

In  the  death  of  Mr.  Pullen,  which  occurred  at  the  Masonic  Home, 
near  Wilmington,  Del.,  December  10,  1915,  this  Society  loses  a  long- 
time life  member.  Mr.  Pullen,  who  was  an  active  and  well-known 
character  in  the  nursery  business  of  the  "Eastern  Shore"  territory 
between  the  later  sixties  and  the  end  of  the  century,  joined  the 
A.  P.  S.  in  1897. 

Active  in  public  as  well  as  business  matters,  Mr.  Pullen  held  many 
local  offices  of  respoi\sibility  and  honor  in  his  home  town,  Milford, 
Del.  For  several  years  past  ill  health  has  prevented  his  participa- 
tion in  matters  pomological,  but  a  keen  and  lively  interest  in  the 
work  and  activities  of  pomology  and  horticulture  has  been  manifest 
throughout  this  period.  His  passing  takes  another  worker  from 
the  ranks  of  those  old-time  amateurs  who  delighted  in  the  testing 
and  bringing  out  of  new  varieties,  not  alone  because  of  the  inherent 
merits  of  the  fruits,  but  for  the  love  of  watching  a  new  form  of 
plant  life  unfold  and  come  to  fruitage.  A  mild  and  harmless  form 
of  gambling,  but  doubtless  quite  as  satisfying,  and  to  certain  char- 
acters fully  as  exhilarating,  as  the  more  orthodox  kind. 

To  those  of  our  pioneer  members  who  were  most  active  in  the 
work  twenty-five  years  ago,  the  news  of  Mr.  Pullen 's  death  will 
come  with  peculiar  sadness.  With  such  raembere  in  particular  the 
Society  joins  in  extending  to  the  bereaved  family,  a  wife  and  two 
sons,  its  sincere  condolences. 

COL.  C.  L.  WATROUS. 

In  the  death  of  Col.  Watrous  this  Society  has  lost  another  member 
of  the  old  guard.  For  years  he  was  one  of  the  most  vigorous  of  our 
active  members.  Until  the  California  meeting,  at  which  time  ho 
was  not  in  the  best  of  health,  he  was  a  regular  attendant  at  the 
biennial  sessions.  The  death  of  his  close  friend.  Col.  Brackett,  no 
doubt  had  something  to  do  with  his  decision  not  to  make  the  far 
western  trip.  His  death,  which  occurred  February  9,  1916,  at  his 
home  in  Des  Moines,  Iowa,  followed  a  verv  brief  illness. 

Col.  Watrous  became  a  member  of  the  Society  in  1889,  and  served 
a^  President  from  1897-1903.  It  is  quite  remarkable  that  three  men, 
Brackett,  Van  Deraan  and  Watrous,  who  had  done  so  much  to  direct 
the  course  of  the  Society,  and  who  were  likewise  closely  associated 


256  PROCEEDINGS  OP  THE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 

in  their  daily  occupations,  all  members  of  the  6.  A.  R.  and  all  in- 
tensely interested  in  trees  and  fruits  should  pass  within  a  year. 
Van  Deman,  April,  1915;  Brackett,  August,  1915;  Watrous, 
February,  1916. 

Those  of  us  who  mingled  with  these  men  in  our  daily  tasks  learned 
to  esteem  them  beyond  the  power  of  words  to  fully  express.  An  ir- 
reparable loss  to  pomology  and  this  Society  will  be  felt  in  the  pass- 
ing of  these  notable  characters  who  did  so  much  to  stimulate,  direct, 
and  uplift  our  continental  pomology  and  this  generation  of  Ameri- 
can pomologists.  — E.  R.  L. 


(&vunh  Cdan^nn  nf  Arizona. 

NOT  ONLY  THE  GREATEST  OF  ITS  KIND  BUT 
THE  GREATEST  OF  EARTH 's  WONDERS.  I 
WAS  NOT  DISAPPOINTED  AT  FIRST,  BUT  IT 
GREW  UPON  ME  RAPIDLY  AS  I  CONTINUED 
TO  LOOK  AND  THERE  CAME,  TO  BE  UPPER- 
MOST IN  MY  THOUGHTS,  THE  MAJESTY  AND 
SUBLIMITY  OF  THE  SPECTACLE  QUITE  APART 
FROM  THE  MERE  NOTION  OF  A  NATURAL 
PHENOMENON.  — T.  J.  BurHll. 


NOMENCLATURE.  257 

THE  CODE  OF  NOMENCItATITBE. 
of  the 
AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAI.  SOCIETY. 
Priority. 

Rule  1.  No  two  varieties  of  the  same  kind  of  fruit  shall  bear  the 
same  name.  The  name  first  published  for  a  variety  shall  be  the  ac- 
cepted and  recognized  name,  except  in  cases  where  it  has  been  ap- 
plied in  violation  of  this  code. 

A  : — The  term  ' '  kind ' '  as  herein  used  shall  be  understood  to 
apply  to  those  general  classes  of  fruits  which  are 
grouped  together  in  common  usage  without  regard  to 
their  exact  botanical  relationship ;  as,  apple,  cherry, 
grape,  peach,  plum,  raspberry,  etc. 

B: — The  paramount  right  of  the  originator,  discoverer,  or 
introducer  of  a  new  variety  to  name  it,  within  the 
limitations  of  this  code,  is  recognized  and  emphasized. 

C: — Where  a  variety  name  through  long  usage  has  become 
thoroughly  established  in  American  pomological 
literature  for  two  or  more  varieties,  it  should  not  be 
displaced  nor  radically  modified  for  either  sort,  except 
in  cases  where  a  well  known  synonym  can  be  advanced 
to  the  position  of  leading  name.  The  several  varieties 
bearing  identical  names  should  be  distinguished  by 
adding  the  name  of  the  author  who  first  described  each 
sort,  or  by  adding  some  other  suitable  distinguishing 
term  that  will  insure';  their  identity  in  catalogues  or 
discussions. 

D: — Existing  American  names  of  varieties  which  conflict 
Avith  earlier  published  foreign  names  of  the  same,  or 
other  varieties,  but  which  have  become  thoroughly  es- 
tablished through  long  usage  shall  not  be  displaced. 

Fonn  of  Karnes. 

Rule  2.  The  name  of  a  variety  of  fruit  shall  consist  of  a  single 
word,  whenever  possible,  or  compatible  with  the  most  efficient  serv- 
ice to  pomology.  Under  no  circumstances  shall  more  than  two  words 
be  used.  When  the  exigencies  of  a  case  make  it  appear  expedient 
such  words  as  early,  late,  white,  red,  and  similar  ones  may  be  used 
as  part  of  a  name. 

A : — No  variety  shall  be  named  unless  distinctly  superior  to 
existing  varieties  in  some  important  characteristic  nor 
until  it  has  been  determined  to  perpetuate  it  by  bud 
propagation. 

B: — In  selecting  names  for  varieties  the  following  points 
should  be  emphasized:  Distinctiveness,  simplicity, 
ease  of  pronunciation  and  spelling,  indication  of  origin 
or  p£     itage. 


258  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  AirERICAN  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY, 

C : — The  spelling  and  pronunciation  of  a  varietal  name  de- 
rived from  a  personal  or  geographical  name  should  be 
governed  by  the  rules  that  control  the  spelling  and 
pronunciation  of  the  name  from  which  it  was  derived. 

D : — A  variety  imported  from  a  foreign  country  should  re- 
tain its  foreign  name  subject  only  to  such  modification 
as  is  necessary  to  conform  it  to  this  code  or  to  render  it 
intelligible  in  English. 

E : — The  name  of  a  person  should  not  be  applied  to  a  variety 
during  his  life  without  his  expressed  consent.  The 
name  of  a  deceased  horticulturist  should  not  be  so  ap- 
plied except  through  formal  action  by  some  competent 
horticultural  body,  preferably  that  with  which  he  was 
most  closely  connected. 

F : — The  use  of  such  general  terms  as  seedling,  hybrid,  pip- 
pin, pearmain,  buerre,  rare-ripe,  damson,  etc.,  is  not 
admissible. 

Gr : — The  use  of  a  possessive  noun  as  a  name  is  not  admissible. 

H : — The  use  of  a  number  either  singly  or  attached  to  a  word 
should  be  considered  only  as  a  temporary  expedient 
while  the  variety  is  undergoing  preliminary  test. 

I : — In  applying  the  various  provisions  to  this  rule  to  an  ex- 
isting varietal  name  that  has  through  long  usage  be- 
come firmly  imbedded  in  American  pomological 
literature  no  change  shall  be  made  which  will  involve 
loss  of  identity. 
Rule  3.  In  the  full  and  formal  citation  of  a  variety  name,  the 
name  of  the  author  who  first  published  it  shall  also  be  given. 

Publication. 

Rule  4.  Publication  consists  (1)  in  the  distribution  of  a  printed 
'description  of  the  variety  named,  giving  the  distinguishing  charac- 
ters of  fruit,  tree,  etc.,  or  (2)  in  the  publieation  of  a  new  name  for 
a  variety  that  is  properly  described  elsewhere ;  such  publication  to 
be  made  in  any  book,  bulletin,  report,  trade  catalogue  or  periodical, 
providing  the  issue  bears  the  date  of  its  publication  and  is  generally 
distributed  among  nurserjinen,  fruit  growers,  and  horticulturists; 
or  (3)  in  certain  cases  the  general  recognition  of  a  name  for  a 
propagated  variety  in  a  community  for  a  number  of  years  shall  con- 
stitute publication  of  that  name. 

A: — In  determining  the  name  of  a  variety  to  which  two  or 
more  names  have  been  given  in  the  same  publication, 
that  which  stands  first  shall  have  precedence. 

Sevlsioii. 

Rule  5.  No  properly  published  variety  name  shall  be  changed  for 
any  reason  except  conflict  with  this  code,  nor  shall  another  variety 
be  substituted  for  that  originally  described  thereunder. 


MEMBERSHIP.  259 


LIFE  MEMBERS. 


Allan,  Alex.  McD 169  Mutual  St.,   Toronto,  Ontario,  Canada 

Alwood,  Wm.  B Charlottesville,  Virginia 

Ash,  John Pomf ret  Center,  Connecticut 

Atkins,  Chas.  G Bucksport,  Maine 

Austin,  Mrs.  Helen  V 625  S,  W.  A.  St.,   Richmond,  Indiana 

Austin,  C.  F Herradura,  Cuba 

Babcook,  J.  Lyman Norfolk,  Virginia 

Barry,  Wm.  C Rochester,  New  York 

Berryhill,  J.  G 304  New  Call  Bldg.,  San  Francisco,  California 

Black,  Charles Hightstown,  New  Jersey 

Blackmore,  John  C Christchurch,  Canterbury,  N.  Z. 

Blair,  J,  C Urbana,  Illinois 

Blanchard,  N.  W Santa  Paula,  California 

Briggs,  G.  R Plymouth,  Massachusetts 

Bunyard,  E.  A Allington,  Maidstone,  England 

Chase,  Howard  A Mount  Pocono,  Pennsylvania 

Cone,  Mrs.  Moses  H Blowing  Rock,  North  Carolina 

Cook,   David   C Elgin,  Illinois 

Crandall,  C.  S Urbana,  Illinois 

Darrow,  Geo.  M U.  S.  D.  A.,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Dean,  M.  L Missoula,  Montana 

Dearing,  Chas U.  S.  D.  A.,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Devol,  Wm.  Stowe 420  Palasade  Beach.  Santa  Monica,  California 

Dewey,  Geo.  W U.  S.  D.  A.,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Dreer,  Wm.  F 714  Chestnut  St.,  Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania 

""Diunas,  J.  L Pomona  Ranch,  Dayton,  Washington 

Dnrell,  E.  H Woodbury,  New  .Jersey 

Durfee,  Geo.  B 5.50  June  St.,  Fall  River,  Massachusetts 

Earle,    Parker Pasadena,  California 

Egbert,  Knott  C Fremont,  Ohio 

Falconer,  Wm Pittsburg,  Pennsylvania 

Fay,  Jesse  B.  .  .  .1021  So.  for  Savings,  Bldg.,  Cleveland,  Ohio 

Fletcher,  W.  F U.  S.  D.  A.,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Fraser,  Sanmel Geneseo,  New  York 

Fugazzi,  Jno.  F Cincinnati,  Ohio 

Gammon,  C.  W Metropolitan  Bldg.,  New  York  City,  New  York 

Gardiner,  Robert  H Gardiner,  Maine 

Garfield,  Chas.  W Grand  Rapids,  Michigan 

Gay,  Leslie  F Station  A.,  Los  Angeles,  California 

Gerrish,  O.  K Lakeville,  Massachusetts 

Gillett,  M.  E Tampa,  Florida 

■Goodman,  L.  A 4000  Warwick  Blvd.,  Kansas  City.  Missouri 

Greening,  Chas.  E Monroe,  Michigan 

Green,  E.  C 923  W.  Green  St.,  Urbana,  Illinois 

Guilford,  W.  S Orland,  California 


•Present   at   the   Berkeley   meeting. 


260  MEMBERSHIP. 

Hansen,  N.  E Brookings,  South  Dakota 

Harrison,  Orlando Berlin,  Maryland 

Harronn,  W.  S Santa  Pe,  New  Mexico 

Hart,  W.  S Hawks  Park,  Florida 

Hartwelt,   A Bijswijk,  bi j  den  Haag,  Holland 

Helmer,  J.  W 531  Aldine  Square,  Chicago,  Illinois 

Herff,  B.  von 1901  McConnick  Bldg.,  Chicago,  Illinois 

Hodge,  C.  F Clark  University,  Worcester,  Massachusetts 

Hume,  H.  Harold Glen  St.  Mary,  Florida 

Hunnewell,  Walter 87  Milk  St.,  Boston,  Massachusetts 

Husmann,  Fred.  L.  . .  .  2nd  &  Seminary  Sts.,  Napa,  California 

Husmann,  Geo.  C U.  S,  D.  A,,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Idesealchi,  Prince  E.  L Tuzser,  Szaboles,  Mezye,  Hun- 
gary 

Ilgenf ritz,  Chas.  A Monroe,  Michigan 

Irish,  H.  C Missouri  Botanical  Garden,  St.  Louis,  Missouri 

Kidder,  N.  T Milton,  Massachusetts 

Kirkpatrick,  T.  J 1603  E.  High  St.,  Springfield,  Ohio 

*Lake,  E.  R 2033  Park  Road,  N.  W.,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Lauman,  G.  N Ithaca,  New  York 

Lehenbauer,  Prof.  P.  A Uni.  of  Nevada,  Reno,  Nevado 

I^ewis,  K.  B Red  Hook,  New  York 

VLindley,  J.  Van Pomona,  North  Carolina 

Lovett,  J.  T Little  Silver,  New  Jersey 

Lysle,  Addison Fillmore,  California 

Magid,  Louis  B Tallulah  Park,  Georgia 

Mann,  Chas.  W U.  S.  D.  A.,  Washington,  D,  C. 

Marshall,  Geo.  A Arlington,  Nebraska 

Mayer,  I.  H.,  Dr Willowstreet,  Pennsylvania 

McAfee,  H.  B Ind.  Ave.  &  50th  St.,     Chicago,  Illinois 

McLaughlin,  Henry    Bangor,  Maine 

Meneray,  P.  W 715  1st  Ave.,CK)uncil  Bluffs,  Iowa 

Miller,  H.  W Paw  Paw,  West  Virginia 

Minott,  C  W 9  Lincoln  St.,  Hudson,  Massachusetts 

Monroe,  C.  J South  Haven,  Michigan 

Morris,  O.  M Pullman,  Washington 

Munson,  D.  C Falls  Church,  Virginia 

Myers,  Wm.  S 25  Madison  Ave.,  New  York  City,  New  York 

Neame,  F.  Ivo Macknade,  Faversham,  England 

Perrine,  W.  S Centralia,  Illinois 

Phillips,  J.  L Linden,  Virginia 

Power,  F.  W Orenco,  Oregon 

Price,  H.  L Blacksburg,  Virginia 

Purington,  E.  F East  Wilton,  Maine 

Quaintance,  A.  L U.  S.  I).  A.,  Washington,  D.  C. 

*Ream,  J.  A Fort.  Bidwell,  California 

Richardson,  Chas.  E Brookline,  Massachusetts 

»Roeding,  Geo.  C Fresno,  California 

Rogers,  A.  J Beulah,  Michigan 

Rowe,  Geo.  E Grand  Rapids,  Michigan 


I 


MEMBERSHIP.  261 

Kuniph,  Samuel  H Marsliallville,  Georgia 

Rust,  David Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania 

Sadler,  Dr.  O.  W Mount  Dora,  Florida 

Sampson,  F.  G Quincy,  Florida 

Schenck,  A.  A 1203  Famam  St,,  Omaha,  Nebraska 

Shaw,  C.  C Milford.  New  Hampshire 

Smith,  Wing  R Syracuse,  New  York 

Smith,  Wm.   Elliott Alton,  Illinois 

Smith,  E.  R 904  Kahn  Bldg.,  Indianapolis,  Indiana 

Smith,  Geo.  W Hartford,  Connecticut 

Smith,  Erwiu  F 14J57  Staughton  St.,   Washington,  D.  C. 

Smith,  Jr.,  John  D Tipton,  Indiana 

Stark,  Wm.  Henry Neosho,  Missouri 

Starr,  Robert  W WolfvilJe,  Nova  Scotia 

^Stewart,  .1.  P State  College,  Pennsylvania 

Streator,  Greo.  J 854  Seaside  Ave.,  Rosedale,  Santa  Cruz,  California 

Swineford,  Howard 617  Mutual  Bldg.,  Riclimonrl,   Virginia 

Swingle,  W.  T U.  S.  D.  A..  Washington,  D.  C. 

Taber,  G.  L Glen  St.  Mary,  Florida 

Taylor,  F.  W Manila,  Philippine  Islands 

Taylor,  Wm.  A 55  Q  St.,  N.  E.,   Washington,  D.  C. 

Temple,  John  T Davenj)ort,  Iowa 

Temple,  W.  C Winter  Park,  Florida 

Templin,  M.  B Calla,  Ohio 

Thomas,  Geo.  B Maple  Ave,.  West  Cliester,  I'enusylvania 

Trelease,    Wm Urbana,  Illinois 

Trowbridge,  Geo.  W Glendale,  Ohio 

Underwood,  J.  M Lake  City,  Minnesota 

Van   Gelden,   .lacob Saugerties,  New  York 

Ward,  C.  W Box  48,  Eureka,  California 

Warren,  J.  R.  ."Marathon,"  2.^  Seymore  Gr.,  Camberwell,  Victoria,  Australia 

Watson,  B.  M Plymouth,  Massachusetts 

Weber,  Frank  A Nursery,  St.  Louis,  Missouri 

Wester,  P.  J Honolulu,  Hawaii 

Whitworth,  J.   Arthur.  ..  .527   Crescent  Ave.,  Grand  Rapids,  Michigan 

Wickersham,  Robert  A Meehanicsburg,   Pennsylvania 

Wilder,  Edward  B Dorchester,  Massachusetts 

Wilder,  H.  J [J.  S,  D.  A.,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Williams,  J.  L Kansas  City,  Kansas 

Wilson,  Silas Nampa,  Idaho 

Wister,  John  C Germantown,  Pennsylvania 


262  MEMBERSHIP. 


THIBTY  YEAB  INSTITUTIONAL  BCBMBEBSHZPa 

Alabama  Polytechnie  Institute,  1904-1934. ...  Auburn,  Alabama 
Arkansas  Agricultural  Experiment  Station 

Library,    1889-1919    Fayetteville,  Arkansas 

Burbank  Press,  Luther,  1912-1942 Santa  Eosa,  California 

Citrus  Experiment  Station,  1912-1942 Riverside,  California 

California    State    University    Agricultural 

Library,  1913-1943   Berkeley,  California 

Central  Experiment  Farms,  1899-1929 Ottawa,  Canada 

Colorado  State  AgTicultural  College,  1902-1932  Fort  Collins,  Colorado 

Cornell  University  Library,  1889-1919 Ithaca,  New  York 

Crerar  Library,  The  John,  1909-1939 CHiicago,  Illinois 

Detroit  Public  Library,  1890-1920 Detroit,  Michigan 

Georgia  State  University  Library,  1911-1941.  .Athens,  Georgia 
Georgia    College    of    Agriculture    Library, 

1915-1945 Athens,  Georgia 

Illinois     State      University,     Horticultural 

Department,  1908-1938    Urbana,  Illinois' 

Iowa  State  College  Library,  1892-1922 Ames,  Iowa 

Iowa  State  Horticultural  Library,  1892-1922.  .  Des  Moines,  Iowa 
Kansas  State  Horticultural  Society,  1897-1927. Topeka,  Kansas 
Maine   State   Experiment   Station   Library, 

1906-1936 Orono,  Maine 

Maine  State  University  Library,  1909-1939.  .  .Orono,  Maine 
Maryland  AgTicultural  Experiment  Station 

Library,  1905-1935  .College  Park,  Maryland 

Massachusetts  Agricultural  College  Library, 

1910-1940 Amherst,  Massachusetts 

Massachusetts  Fruit  Growers'  Association, 

1914-1944 Marlboro,  Massachusetts 

Michigan     Agricultural     College     Library, 

1872 East  Lansing,  Michigan 

Minnesota  Agricultural  Experiment  Station 

Library,  1899-1929  St.  Anthony  Park,  Minnesota 

Mississippi      State     Agricultural      College 

Library,  1900-1930  Agricultural  College,  Mississippi 

Missouri  Fruit  Experiment  Station,  1901-1931.  Mountain  Grove,  Missouri 
Missouri  State  Horticultural  Society,  1897- 

]  927 Columbia,  Missouri 

Missouri  State  University  Library,  1898-1928. Columbia,  Missouri 
Montana     State    Board    of     Horticulture, 

1911-1941 Missoula,  Montana 

Montana     Experiment      Station     Library, 

1904-1934 Bozeman,  Montana 

Nebraska  State  University  Library,  1914-1944. Lincoln,  Nebraska 
New    Hampshire    Agricultural    Experiment 

Station,  1910-1940   Durham,  New  Hampshire 

New  Hampshire  State  Library,  1901-1931.  ..  .Concord,  New  Hampaliire 


MEMBERSHIP.  263 

New    Mexico    A.    &    M.    College    Library, 

1904-1934 Mesilla  Park,  New  Mexico 

New     York     State     Experiment     Station, 

1900-1930 Geneva,  New  York 

New  York  State  Library,  1900-1930 Albany,  New  York 

North    Carolina    Department    of    Agricul- 
ture, 1907-1937   Raleigh,  North  Carolina 

North    Carolina    College    of    Agriculture, 

1908-1938 West  Raleigh,  North  Carolina 

Ohio  State  University  Library,  1912-1942 Columbus,  Ohio 

Ohio     Agricultural     Experiment     Station, 

1899-1919 Wooster,  Ohio 

Ontario      Agricultural      College      Library, 

1902-1932 Guelph,  Ontario,  Canada 

Oregon    Agricultural    Experiment    Station, 

1907-1937 Corvallis,  Oregon 

Oregon    Agricultural    Experiment    Station, 

1912-1942 Talent,  Oi-egon 

Purdue     University     Experiment     Station, 

1912-1942 Lafayette,  Indiana 

Purdue  University  Library,  1912-1942 Lafayette,  Indiana 

Rhode  Island  Experiment  Station  Library, 

1890-1920 Kingston,  Rhode  Island 

Riverside  Public  Library,  1915-1945 Riverside,  California 

Sapporo  Agricultural  College,  1904-1934 Sapporo,  Hokkaido,  Y.  Hoshino, 

Japan 
Texas  Agricultui-al  College  Library,  1906-1936  College  Station,  Texas 
Vermont  Agricultural  Experiment   Station, 

1906-1936 Burlington,  A'^ermont 

Virginia  Polytechnic  Institute,  1907-1937.  ..  .Blacksburg,  Virginia 
Washington   Agricultural   College   Library, 

1907-1937 Pullman,  Washington 

West  Virginia  University  Library,  1913-1943 .  Morganto>vn,  West  Virginia 
West  Virginia  Agricultural  Experiment  Sta- 
tion, 1913-1943    Morgantown,  West  Virginia 

Wild  &  Brothers,  James  B.,  1904-1934 Sarcoxie,  Missouri 

Wisconsin  State  University  Library,  1904-1934  Madison,  Wisconsin 
Worcester    County    Horticultural    Society, 

1911-1941 Worcester,  Massachusetts 

Wyoming  State  University  Library,   1S98- 

1928 Laramie,  Wyoming 


264  MEMBERSHIP. 

BIENNIAI.  M£MBER& 

Allen,    R.    W Henniston,  Oregon 

Albright,   P.   B S:i  n  Luis,  Colorado 

Aldrich,  II.  A Neoga,  Illinois 

Aldermau,   W.   H Morgantown,  West  Virginia 

Ames,  W.   B Sau  Dimas,  California 

Anderson,   E^roy  II Loekport,  New  York 

'Arnold,  Mary  D U.  a  D.  A.,   Washington,  D.  C. 

Ashbridge,  W.  T 195  Silver  Birch  Ave.,    roionto,  Ontario,  Canada 

^At\vater,  C.  G 17  Battery  Place,  New  York,  New  York 

Auchter,  E.  G Morgantown,  West  Virginia 

Auten,  B.  C Carthage,  I^Iissouri 

Bailey,  L.  11 Ithaca,  New  York 

Barclay,  John   H Cranbury,  New  Jersey 

*Bamett,  R.  J Pullman,  Washington 

Bartholemew,    Linn    Gamochales,  Porto  Rico 

Beach,  John   P. West  Palm  Beach,  Florida 

•■  Bechtel,   Theodore    Ocean  Springs,  Mississippi 

Blair,  W.  S Kentville,  Nova  Scotia 

BlaJie,  Maurice  A New  Brunswick,  New  Jersey 

Blessing,  David  S 4  North  Court  St.,   Harrisburg,  Pennsylvania 

*Blunck,   L.    A Nampa,   Idaho 

"Bock,  H.  J Box  400,  Fresno,  Cajifornia 

Boles,  A.  P 412  Frisco  Bldg.,  Springfield,  Missouri 

Brierley,  W.  (I University  Farm,   St.  Paul,  Minnesota 

Buckman,    Ben.i Farniingdale,  Illinois 

Bunting,  T.  G Macdonald  College,  Quebec,  Canada 

Burbank,  Luther  Santa  Rosa,  California 

*Burrill,  Dr.   T.   J LTrbana,  Illinois 

Burton,  Joe  A Mitchell,  Indiana 

Butler,  H.  E Peuryn,  California 

Butler,  Chas.  Henry 1535  Eye  St.,  N.  W.,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Card,  F.  W Sylvania,  Peansylvania 

Cardwell,   Horace    Flood   River,  Oregon 

Chandler,  W.   It Ithaca,  New  York 

Chapman,  Edith 619  West  38th  St.,  Kansas  Oity,  Missouri 

-  Close,  C.  P College  Park,  Maryland 

'■Close,  Mrs.  C.  P College  Park,  Maryland 

Connors,  Chas.  H New  Brunswick,  New  Jersey 

'  Condit,  I.  J 908  Indian  Rock  Ave.,  Berkeley,  California 

Conklin,  Roland  R No.  1  Wall  St.,  New  York  City,  New  York 

Cox,  H.   R Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania 

Cox,  U.  T Proetorville,  Ohio 

Crow,  J.  W Guelph,  Ontario,  Canada 

Darby  Fruit  Farm Amoret,  Missouri 

Dargan,  V.  C Room  407  Ins.  Bldg.,  Dallas,  Texas 

■  Davidson,  Eusebia    Huron,  Michigftn 

Davidson  &  Co.,  C.  M Chesapeake,  Ohio 

Dayton,  J,  II Paiiiesvillo,  Ohio 


MEMBERSHIP.  265 

De  Cou,  Howard  F Merchantville,  New  Jersey 

Demott,  Henry  V Metauchen,    New   Jersey 

■  Dickens,    Albert Manhattan,  Kansas 

Dixon,  F.  W Holton,  Kansas 

Doty,   A.   Duane Macelenny,  Florida 

Duncan,  Bowman  S Ore  Hill,  Pennsylvania 

Dunlap,  H.  M Savoy,  Illinois 

Duteher,  C.  H Warrensburg,  Missouri 

Kberly,   W.    V Niles,  Oalif ornia 

Knierson,  J.  B.,  Dr 40  East  41st  St.,  New  York  City,  New  Yoric 

Pagan,  F.  N vState  College,  Pennsylvania 

Fairchild,  Da\'id U.  S.  D.  A.,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Fairchild,    H.   L Bridgeix)rt,  Connecticut 

Fairfield,  W.  H Lethbridge,  Alberta,  Canada 

Feldman,  J.  J Kahoka,  Missouri 

Fletcher,  S.  W Fisherville,  Virginia 

Forkert,  C Ocean  Springs,  Mississippi 

Pulton,  S.  H Cherry  Run,  West  Virginia 

Funk,  J.  Kieffer Chewsville,  Maryland 

Gage,   Jno.    P Vineland,  New  Jersey 

"Gardner,  V.  R Corvallis,  Oregon 

Gifford,  John   Cocoanut  Grove,  Florida 

Gill>ert,  Ralph  D 43  Chatham  St.,  Boston,   Massachusetts 

""Goodman,  Mrs.  L.  A.  .  .  .4000  Warwick  Blvd.,  Kansas  City,  Missouri 

*€}oodinan,  Marie 4000  Warwick  Blvd.,  Kansas  City,  Missouri 

*Goodnoe,  Mrs.  D.  H 3708  Main  St.,  Kansas  City,  Missouri 

*Gould,  Elizabeth 2623  Conn.  Ave.,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Gould,  II.  P 114  W  St.,  N.  W.,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Gourley,  J^  H Durham,  New  Hampshire 

Greene,  Wesley Des  Moines,  Iowa 

Greene,  Laurenz   Ames,  Iowa 

(iriesa,  A.  H I.iawrence,  Kansas 

Hale,  .Tames  O Byfield,  Massachusetts 

Haley,  W.  R 715  Quarry  St.,  Honolulu,  Hawaii 

Halsted,   Byron   D New  Brunswick,  New  .lersey 

"  Hand,  N.  H 307  Commerce  Bldg.,  Kansas  City,  Missouri 

"Haney,  Vesta   C East  Lansing,  Michigan 

*Hendrickson,  A.  H Berkeley,  California 

Herman,  H.  A.  van Aptdo  42,  Santiago  de  las  Vegas,  Cuba 

Herrick,   R.   S Ames,  Iowa 

Herrick,  Emma  S Washington,  D.  C. 

Higgins,  J.  Edgar Honolulu,  Hawaii 

Hotchkiss,  W.  S Troup,  Texas 

"Howard,  W.   L Davis,  California 

Hubbard  Co.,  T.  S Fredonia,  New  York 

Hutt,  W.  N Raleigh,  North  Carolina 

.Tack,  N.  E Chateauguay  Basin,  Quebec,  Canada 

•Tenks,  Albert  R 82  Hall  St.,  Springfield,  Massachusetts 

.Tohnson,  T.  C Norfolk,  Virginia 

.Tones,  J.  P Lancaster,  Pennsylvania 


266  MBMBEBgHIP. 

Jonee,  Francis Beamsville,  Ontario,  Canada 

Kerr,  Jno.  S Sherman,  Texas 

Earkman,  Jr.,  Wm.  T. . .  .  Tulare  and  O  Sts.,  Fresno,  California 

Kirkpatrick,  E.  W McKinney,  Texas 

Koiner,  G.  W Richmond,  Virginia 

Kregel,  Wm.  A Garnavillo,  Iowa 

Larner,  W.  H Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania 

Lawrence,  W.  H Columbia,  Missouri 

*Lazenby,  Wm.  R Columbus,  Ohio 

Lee,  Lawrence  R Leesburg,  Virginia 

Lippincott,  J.  L Riverton,  New  Jersey 

Lloyd,  J.  W Urbana,  Illinois 

Locklin,  H.  D Wauwatosa,  Wisconsin 

Lyman,  Chas.  E Middlefield,  Connecticut 

McCaffree,   Chas Pierre,  South  Dakota 

*McComb,  W.  A Staunton,  Virginia 

Mackay,  Wm.  Andrew 345  E.  33rd  St.,  New  York  City,  New  York 

Mackie,  W.  W 1358  Scenic  Ave.,  Berkeley,  California 

Maney,  T.  J Ames,  Iowa 

Mason,  B.  F Martinsville,  Indiana 

Mathews,  C.  W Lexington,  Kentucky 

Mechling,  Ewd.  A Moorestown,  New  .Jersey 

Miller,  E.  Cjrus Haydenville,  Massachusetts 

Miller,  E.  S Bentonville,  Arkansas 

Morris,  Chas.  A 106  N.  Summitt  St.,  Ypsilanti,  Michigan 

Munson,  Will.  B Denison,  Texas 

Nelson,  Aven  Laramie,  Wyoming 

Okott,  Ralph  T Rochester,  New  York 

Paddock,  Wendell  Columbus,  Ohio 

Parker,  T.  B Raleigh,  North  Carolina 

Patten,  Chas.  G Charles  City,  Iowa 

Patton,  W.  A Ashland,  Kentucky 

Pf aender,  Jr.,  Wm New  Ulm,  Minnesota 

Phillips,  R.  G 522  Mercantile  Bldg.,  Rochester,  New  York 

^Phillips,  Cecelia  Day.  . .  .1014  Vermont  Ave.,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Pillsbury,  J.  P West  Raleigh,  North  Carolina 

Piatt,  Norman  S 395  Whalley  Ave.,  New  Haven,  Connecticut 

^*Pomeroy,  Eltweed    Donna,  Texas 

Popenoe,  F.  W U.  S.  D.  A.,  Washington,  D.  C. 

^Powell,  G.  Harold I^os  Angeles,  California 

Powell,  Edwin  C Springfield,    Massachusetts 

Pratt,  B.  B [.os  Angeles,  a-ilifomia 

Pratt,  B.  G 50  Church  St.,  New  York  City,  New  York 

Ramsey,  H.  J 608  Milan  Ave,  South  Pasadena,  California 

Iteed,  W.  C Vincennes,  Indiana 

Ridley,  V.  W U.  S.  D.  A.,  Washington,  D.  C. 

*Rixford,  G.  P 1813  Pierce  St.,  San   Francisco,  CaliforHia 

^Roberts,  E.  ( ; Lebanon,  Oregon 

Roberts,  Horace   Moorestown,  New  Jersey 

Roesch,  Lewis Fredonia,  New  York 


MEMBERSHIP.  267 

Rolfs,  P.  H Gainesville,  Florida 

*Ruedy,  George   ^. . Colfax,  Washington 

*Russell,  Florence 3837  Walnut  St.,  Kansas  City,  Missouri 

Schieferstein,  William  Glen  Moore,  New  Jersey 

Seott,  L.  B Washington,  D.  C. 

Sears,  F.  C Amherst,  Massax^husetts 

Shaw,  J.  K Amherst,  Massachusetts 

*Shoobridge,  L.  M Sunnyside,  Newtown,  Tasmania,  Australia 

Snyder,  Walter 220  Light  St.,  Baltimore,  Maryland 

*Stanton,  Miss  Ona  E 124  Grand  Ave.,  Ix»s  Angeles,  California 

Stark,  Lloyd  C Louisiana,  Missouri 

Stedman,  M.  V Stuart,  Virginia 

Stevens,  E.  F Nampa,  Idaho 

Stevenson,  A.  P Morden,  Manitoba,  Canada 

Stilson,  E.  S, 110  Winston  St.,  Los  Angeles,  California 

Storrs  &  Harrison  Co Painesville,  Ohio 

*Stubenrauch,  A.  V Berkeley,  California 

Taber,  Mrs.  G,  L Glen  St.  Mary,  Florida 

*Tait,  L.  R East  Lansing,  Michigan 

Taft,  C.  P Orange,  California 

Tanaba,  Tyazaburo Bureau  of  Soils,  Washington,  D,  C. 

*Taylor,  R.  H Berkeley,  California 

Thomas,  Edwin  W King  of  Prussia,  Pennsylvania 

*Tippin,  Geo.  T Nichols,  Missouri 

*Towar,  J.  D 1162  Colusa  Ave.,  Berkeley,  California 

Troop,  James Lafayette,  Indiana 

Turney,  A.  G Fredericton,  New  Brunswick,  Canada 

Tufts,  WaiTen  P Davis,  California 

'IVeed,  Henry  E Wenatchee,  Washington 

Underwood,  A.  V Dufur,  Oregon 

A^andegrift,  R.  B 711  Chestnut  St.,  Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania 

Van  Duzee,  C.  A Cairo,  Georgia 

■^ Vincent,  C.  C Moscow,  Idaho 

Walker,  Ernest   Auburn,  Alabama 

* Waymau,  H.  S Princeton,  Missouri 

Watt,  Robert  Pullman,  Washington 

Webb,  Wesley  Dover,  Delaware 

*Weldon,  Geo.  P Deputy  Com.  of  Hort.,  Sacramento,  California 

Wheeler,  Wilfrid 136  State  House,  Boston,  Massachusetts 

White,  J.  G 3835  Walnut  St.,  Kansas  City,  Missouri 

Whyte,  R.  B Ottawa,  Can.'^da 

Wiggins,   F.   A Toppenish,  Washington 

Winslow,   R.   M Victoria,  British  Columbia,  Canada 

Woodbury,  C.  G Lafayette,  Indiana 

Wood,  J.   C Big  Fork,  Montana 

Wundt,  Mrs.  Laura 2200  Madison  Avv*.,  Burlington,  Iowa 

Zeek,  C.  F Pensacola,  Florida 


268 


INDEX. 


INDEX. 


Addresses  of  Welcome 2-5 

The  President 's   15 

Allen,  E.  W.,  Orchard  Soils,  a 

paper  by    143 

Almond  Industry,  Pacific  Coast  75 

History  of ,  &c 76 

Extent  of  Crop 76 

* '  Bitter  and  Sweet, ' '  use  of  76 
' '  Hard  and  Soft  Shell "...  77 
Acreage  of  orchards  in  Cali- 
fornia    77 

Yield 78 

Importations  of   78 

Marketing,  tariff,   &C 79 

Co-operation 79 

The  industry  in  California.  121 

Acreage,  yields  and  prices..  122 

Soil  requirements  for 122 

Duty  on 123 

Cultivating,  harvesting  mar- 
keting    323 

Pests,   diseases,   treatments.  124-125 

Varieties  of  1 25 

Drake,  behavior   77 

I  X  L,  behavior 77 

Ne  Plus  Ultra,  behavior ....  77 

Peerless,  behavior    77 

Texas,  behavior   77 

Nonpariel,  behavior 77 

Languedoe,  behavior 77 

Apple,  the   Diseases  in  Api>a- 

lachian  Region,  Control  of  49 

Methods  of  Control 51-57 

"Paradise,"  stock  for 96 

Doucin,               "        "   96 

Broad-leaf,        "       "  96 

Nonsuch              "        "  96 

Apples,  Varieties  of: 

Baldwin,    quality   96 

Bramley        "         96 

Ijane              "         96 

Newton          "         96 

Cox                '  *         96 


Newto^vu,  reputation         101 

Yellow  Bellflower,  ' '  101 

Alexander,  ' '  101 

Gravenstein,  "  101 

Red  Astrachan,  "  101 

White  Astrachan,  "  101 

Plsopus,  ' '  101 

Rome,  disti*ibution         101 

Wagener,  "  101 

White  Pearmain,  "  101 

Yellow  Transparent,       ' '  101 

Delicious,  ' '  101 

Jonathan,  "  101 

Black  Ben,  "  101 

Gano,  "  101 

Apricot — Varieties  of — 

Royal,  use 108 

Hemskerke    "    108 

Moorpark,      "    108 

Blenheim,       "    108 

Montgamet,   "    108 

Avocados,  California  varieties, 

characterized 164-186 

Features  of  a  good  variety.         164 

Varieties  discussed 165-186 

Blake 165-166 

Chappelovv 165-166 

Topa  Topa 165-166 

White 165-166 

Fowler ...167-168 

Northrop 167-168 

Hathaway 167-168 

Hai-man 167-168 

Standard  sizes 188 

Method  of  describing 189 

Des<'ribing  the  tree 190 

Varieties,  list  of 196 

The  composition  of 75,    87 

Its  promises   87 

The      ' '  Ganter, ' '      history, 

character,  description   ...  97 

The  "Ganter,"  insured.  ...  98 

Plantings  of,  in  California.         118 


INDEX. 


269 


Behavior  of  tree 118 

Reproduction  practices  ....         119 
Avocados,  Varieties  of — 

Azuza 169-170 

Mattem 169-170 

Carton 169-170 

Ganter 169-170 

Knowles 171-172 

Cardinal 171-172 

Pollock 171-172 

Trapp 171-172 

Dickinson 181-182 

El  Presidente   181-182 

Rhoad 181-182 

Rita 181-182 

Senor 181-182 

Beauty 183-184 

Ultimate 183-184 

Champion 183-184 

Nutmeg 185-186 

Brodia 185-186 

Harmon,     distribution,     de- 
scription           119 

Northrup,  behavior   119 

Carton,    character 119 

Ganter,  "        119 

Cbappelow,      "        119 

Taft,  use  119 

White,  character 119 

Lyon,     distribution 120 

Blakeman,         "        120 

Challenge,  "        120 

Sharpless,  "        120 

Meserv-e,  "        120 

Miller,  "        120 

Miller 173-174 

Meserve 173-174 

Wagner 173-174 

Lambert 173-174 

Challenge 175-176 

Royal 175-176 

Sharpless 175-176 

Solano 175-176 

Taft 177-178 

Walker 177-178 

Spinks 177-178 

Dickey 177-178 

Blakeman 179-180 

Murrieta 179-180 

Colorado 179-180 


Lyon 179-180 

Australia,    pomologically    con- 
sidered   162-163 

Banquet 249 

Barnett,   R.   T.,   Washington's 
pomological  interests, 

paper 148 

Barnett,  R.  T.,  in  discussion.  .  161 

Batchelor,  L.  D.,  The  Walnut, 

a  paper  126 

Belling,     Jno.,     investigations 

with  Mangos 22 

Ben      Davis,      "The      Home- 
Maker"  14 

Bioletti,     Frederic     T.,     The 

Grape,  a  paper  by 128 

Blunck,  L.  A.,  in  discussion..  162 

Brackett,  Col.  G.  B.,  last  mes- 
sage    5 

Tribute  to 6 

Obituary 250 

Resolutions  on  death  of ... .  242 

Bunyard,  E.  A.,  Pomology  in 

Great  Britain   94 

Burrill,   Dr.  T.   J.,  discussion, 

pear  blight 45 

Response 13 

Catalogue,  revision  of 245 

Carissa,  characterized 91 

Cherimoya,  Variety  of — 

Golden  Russet 195 

Cherry,  the  Surinam,  interest- 
ing    91 

Close,   C.    P.,   Report   General 

Fruit  Committee 197 

Coates,    Leonard,    The    Peaeh 

Industry,  a  paper 82 

Coit,    J.    E.,    California   sym- 
posium    110 

Committee  Reports — 

Tropical  Fruits 187 

General  Fruits 197 

Alabama 198 

Connecticut 199 

Delaware 199 

Georgia 200 

Idaho 202 

Illinois 204 

Indiana 206 

Iowa 207 


270 


INDEX. 


Kansas 207 

Kentucky 208 

Maine 209 

Massachusetts 210 

Montana 211 

Nebraska 212 

New  Jersey 213 

New  Mexico  214 

Wyoming 215 

New  York 216 

Oregon 218 

Texas 219 

Utah 220 

Vermont 221 

Virginia 222 

Score  Cards  and  Judging...  222 

Inspection  and  Grading   .  . .  227 

Federation 228 

Credentials 238 

Wilder  Medals   239 

On  Nominations 239 

On  Resolutions 240 

Executive 247 

Committees,  appointment  of .  .  14 
Credentials,        Nominations, 

Resolutions 14 

Finance,     Obituary,    Wilder 

Medal 15 

Condit,     Ira     J.,     California 

symposium 113 

Coolidge,   D.   W.,   sub-tropical 

fruits,  a  paper 87 

Custard-Apple,  characterized  .  90 

Dates,  on  the  Rio  Grande.  ...  10 
Varieties  of — 
Deglet  Nur,  for  stock,  &c.  .  .116-117 

Birket  al  Hajji,  use 117 

Makantishi,  use 117 

Mak  tum,  use 117 

Deming,  Dr.  W.  C,  Nut-Grow- 
ing, a  paper 92 

Diunas,  J.  L.,  ' '  Welcome  "...  4 

In  Discussion 236 

Federation,  President's  view..  16 
Suggested  plan  of  organiza- 
tion    17 

Suggested  name  for  organi- 
zation    17 

Suggested  meetings   17 

Of  Horticultural  Societies.  .  228 


Organizations  considered   .  .  229 

Proposed  fees 229 

Prospective  membership  .  . .  230 
Points  to  be  considered  in. .  230 
Discussion  of 231-238 

Feijoa  sellowiana  88 

History 113 

Andre 196 

Kgs,  Varieties  of— 

Mission,  history   114 

Smyrna,  history 114 

Adriatic,  use 114 

White  Adriatic,  product.  .  .  .  114 

White  San  Pedro,  use 114 

Brunswick,  use   114 

Brown  Turkey,  use 114 

Calimyrna,  use 114 

Capri,  use 114 

Fitzgerald,  Dr.  W.  W.,  Persian 

Walnut,  a  paper 57 

Fruits  and  Flowers,  in  Texas.  10 

Fruit  prospects,  miscellaneous.  161-163 

Fruits,  Citrus,  Varieties — 

Orange,  varieties 197 

Lemon,  varieties 197 

Lime,  varieties 197 

Pomelo,  varieties 197 

Tropical  and  sub-tropical.  .  .  187 

Tropical  status  in  Florida ....         190 

Sapodilla   191, 194 

Cashew 191 

Cherimoya 191,  194 

Sugar  Apple 191 

Sour  Sop  191 

Jak 192 

Bread  fruit   , .  192 

BiHmbi 192 

Papaya 192,195 

Natal  Plum 192, 195 

White  Sapote 192, 195 

Loquat 192, 195 

Akee 192 

Sapote  Negro 192 

Granadilla 196 

Passion  Fruit   196 

Pine  apple,  varieties,  &e. 

Cayenne 196 

Queensland 196 

Vanilla,  notes   197 

Banana,  varieties,  &c 196 


INDEX. 


271 


Avocado,  varieties,  list 196 

Cocoanut,  varieties,  list ....  197 

Dates,  notes  197 

Coeoa,  notes  197 

Egg-fruit  or  ties 193 

Ties 193 

Mammee-apple 193 

Spanish-lime 193 

Guavas 193, 196 

Strawberry  gnava  193 

Otaheita-apple 194 

Spanish  plums    194 

Spondias 194 

Kei-apple 192 

Star-apple 192 

Surinam  cherry 193, 195 

Feijoa 193, 195 

Litchi 193, 196-197 

Manimee  Sapote 193 

Queensland  nut 193, 196 

Barbados  cherry 193 

Status  in  California 194 

Status  in  Hawaii 196 

Gardner,  V.  R.,  Bulk  Pruning, 

a  paper 135 

Geographical     center,    U,     S., 

and  why 13 

Gillett,  E.  C,  in  discussion .  . .  161 

' '  Go  South  Young  Man  " 12 

Grape,  the  industry  in  Califor- 
nia    128 

Acreage  and  investment ....  128 

Location  of  plantings 128-129 

For  raisins,  where  grown.  .  129 

For  wines,  where  grown .  .  .  129 

Methods  of  growing 129 

Varieties  for  raisins 130 

Varieties  for  wine 130 

Xew  introductions 131 

Profits  of  growing 131 

Grape-fruit  on  the  Rio  Grande  10 

Grapes,  Isabella  in  Hawaii ....  197 

Gnava,  hardy,  from  Hawaii.  .  .  10 

Tender  

The  types,  characters 89 

Hendriekson,  A.  H.,  California 

symposiimi 102 

Howard,  Dr.  W.  L.,  California 

symposium 100 


Hunt,   Milo,   Ganter   Avocado, 

notes 97 

Hutt,  W.  N.,  in  discussion . .  162,  237-8 

Response Ill 

Idaho,    Pomologically    consid- 
ered    152 

Location,  topography   152 

Fruit  industry  in 152 

Fruit  districts  in 153-161 

Northern  district  in  detail.  .  153 
Northern    district,    varieties 

for 154 

Palouse  district  in  detail . . .  154 
Palouse     district,     varieties 

for 155 

Lewiston  district  in  detail. .  155 
Lewiston    district,    varieties 

for 156 

Payette  district  in  detail . . .  156 
Payette     district,     varieties 

for 157 

Boise  Valley  district  in  de- 
tail    157 

Boise  VaUey  district,  varie- 
ties for 158 

Snake  River  district  in  de- 
tail    158 

Snake  River   district,   varie- 
ties for 159 

Twin  Falls  district  in  detail  159 
Twin  Falls   district,  varieties 

for 160 

Blackfoot  district  in  detail..  160 
Blackfoot   district,   varieties 

for 161 

Jujube  for  preserves 10 

Kai  Apple,  the,  characterized.  91 

Kei  apple  192 

Kumquat,  the,  for  preserves. .  99 
Lazenby,    W.    R.,    Rpt.    Com. 

Federation 228 

In  discussion  231,  233 

Lemon,  Varieites  of — 

Eureka,  position 112 

Lisbon,  position 112 

Lewis,  C.  I.,  Orchard  Econom- 
ics, a  paper  by 132 

Committee  report 227 

In  discussion  .  .  .' 234 

Lime,  the  character,  promiB«s.  90 


272 


INDEX. 


The  Persian,  its  quality. ...  10 

Litchi 36 

Varieties  of 197 

Uoyd,  J.  W.,  in  discussion.  .  .  162 

Loquat,  Pineapple  variety ....  88 

Advance 89, 120, 192, 195 

Champagne 120, 192, 195 

Premier 192,195 

Tanaka 195 

Victor 120,  192, 195 

Early  Bed,  behavior  120 

Thales,  behavior 120 

Ma«oun,    Dr.     W.     T.,     "Be- 

sponse  " 6 

Report      Oommittee      Score 

Cards 222 

In  discussion 231 

Mango  the,  on  trial 91 

"No.  11  Group" 35 

' '  Peach  " 35 

'  *  Turpentine  " 35 

"Apple" ,    35 

' '  Bombay  group  " 35 

' '  Eleanor  group  " 35 

' '  Cambodiana  group  "  35 

' '  Gola  group  "  36 

King  of  fniits 21 

Seedlings  true  to  type  (  ! )  .  .  22 

Races  of 22-25 

Types  of 22-25 

Classes  of  22 

Groups 26 

Polyembryony  of 22 

Monoembryony  of   23 

Distribution  in  Cuba 23 

Classification  of 24 

Interesting      problems      of 

classification 24 

Key  to  classification 26 

Races,  details  of 27,  28, 30,  31 

Types,  details  of 29-33 

Cuban  types  in  Florida 35 

Mango,  types  of — 

Chino 24,  32 

Mamey 24 

Biseochuelo    —    ' '  Valuable 

type" 24,31 

Senora 24 

Obispo 24 

Oorazon 24 


Toledo 24,  31 

Cuban,  origin  of 24 

Carabao 31 

Pico 31 

Pahutan 31 

Mo-ulvicin 31 

Mameyzon 35 

Popelina 35 

Rosita 35 

Mango,  Varieties — 

Mulgoba 23, 36 

Bennett 23 

Sandersha 25,  36 

Alfonzo  or  Alphonse 25 

Cecil 31 

' '  Bombay  " 35 

Mangos  in  Florida,  an  effort 
to    classify    them,    P.    H. 

Rolfs,  Florida  25 

Cambodiana  race 31 

Of  Cuba,  paper  on 21 

Standard  sizes   188 

Future  of 191 

Varieties,  list  of 197 

Meek,  B.  B.,  Olive  Industry,  a 

paper 68 

Missouri's  fruit  donation....  21 

Munson,  T.  V.,  tribute  to 9 

Natal  Plum,  the,  characterized  91 

Nomenclature 246 

Nursery  catalogs,  standardiza- 
tion of 46 

Standard  description  for. . .  47 
U.    S.    D.    A.    in    co-opera- 
tion   47,48,49 

Nut-Growing    in    the     North- 
eastern States 92 

The  Indiana  pecan 92 

The  Northern  Nut  Growers' 

Association,  its  objects. ..  92 
Premiums    for   worthy   new 

nuts 92 

The  Persian  Walnut  in  the 

Eastern  States 93 

The  Status  of  the  Chestnut  93 

Obituary,  G.  B.  Brackett 250 

H.  E.  Van  Deman 251 

Alexander  PuUen 253 

C.  L.  Watrous   "253 

Officers'  reports.  Treasurer.  . .  243 


INDEX. 


273 


Secretary 244 

Olive,     Industry     of     Pacific 

Coast 68 

Histoiy 68 

Soil  for  69 

Climate  for  69 

Questions  concerning  74 

Acreage  in  orchards 70 

Special  features  of  industry  70 

Care  of  orchard 71 

Cost  of  planting  and  care. .  72 

Probable  yield 72 

Harvesting  the  crop 73 

By-products 73 

Varieties    of,    Mission,    be- 
havior   68,  69,  70,  75 

Manzanillo 70,  75 

Sevillano 70 

Asealano 70 

Orange,  Varieties  of — 

Bahia,  position 112 

Valencia,  position 112 

Orchard  Economics — 

Cost    per    acre    at    various 

ages 132 

Cost  of  production  of  apples  133 
Diversification  advised  ....  133 
Dairying  and  orcharding.  .  .  134 
Handling  low-grade  apples.  134 
Soils,  maintenance  and  irri- 
gation of 143 

In  the  Pacific  Northwest .  . .  143 

Factors  in  conditions  of . . .  .  143 

Effects  of  fertilizers  on ... .  144 

Cost  of  nitrogen  for 145 

What  system  of  croppage . .  145 

Feed,  cover  or  intercrops.  .  146 

Sheep  in  the  orchard 146 

Moisture  conditions  of 147 

Methods  of  tillage 147 

Cultural  methods  changing.  148 

Paradise  nut   36 

Peach,  the  industry  in  Califor- 
nia    82 

Types  of  peaches 83 

The  home  of 83 

Quality   sacrificed   to   quan- 
tity   So 

Varieties  of,  Alexander,  use  107 

Crawford,  use 107 


Elberta,  use  107 

Foster,  use   107 

Muir,  use   107 

Phillips,  use   107 

Tuskena,  use 107 

Crawford,  classification    ...  83 

Sahvay,  classification    83 

Salway,  cliaracter   86 

"Indian,"  classification   ..  83 

Cabler,  classification   83 

Columbia,  classification   ....  83 

Lulu,  classification    83 

Elberta,  classification 83 

Chinese  Cling,  classification  83 

Thurber,  classification  83 

Peeu-to,  classification   83 

Muir,  character 86 

Distribution 87 

Lovell,  character   86 

Late  Crawford,  price  of.  ...  86 

Golden,  use 107 

Orange,  use 107 

Lovell,  use   107 

Early     Crawford,     distribu- 
tion    87 

Pear  blight  and  resistant  va- 
rieties and  stocks 39 

Pear  blight,  remedy  for 40 

Species  used  in  resistant  in- 
vestigations    44 

Stocks  for  root  systems.  ...  43 

Birkett,  as  stock 41,  42 

Angouleme,  as  parent 42 

Sudduth,  synonomy 42 

Aujou,  behavior 42 

Bosc,  behavior   42 

Conrice,  behavior    42 

Winter  Nelis,  behavior 42 

Kieffer,  for  stock 41 

Chinese  Sand,  as  parent.  ...  41 

Chinese  Sand,  behavior 43 

Bartlett,  as  parents 41 

Bartlett,  behavior 42 

Surprise,  as  stock   41 

Orel  15,  as  stock 41,  42 

Douglas,  as  stock 41,  42 

Warner,  as  stock 41,  42 

Warner,  origin 42 

Persimmon,  the  Japanese....  121 

Varieties  of   89, 121 


274 


INDEX. 


Hachija,  behavior   89,  121 

Hyakiune,  bebavior 89,  121 

Tanenashi,  behavior    89,  121 

Tamoan,   behavior   121 

Tsiiru,  behavior   121 

Yemon,  behavior  121 

Zengi,  behavior 121 

Pierce,   Geo.   W.,   Almond   In- 
dustry, a  paper  75 

Pili,  the,  a  paper  on 36 

First  trial  shipment  of 3(5 

Composition  of *    37 

Piiun,  Varieties  of — 

Agen,  distribution,  behavior  103 

Climax,  behavior    103 

Wickson,  behavior 103 

Burbank,  behavior 103 

Kelsey,  behavior    103 

Traged}',  behavior 103 

Grand  Duke,  behavior 103 

Diamond,  behavior 103 

Yellow  Egg,  use 103 

Green.  Gage,  use 103 

Imperial,  distribution 103 

Sugar,  distribution    103 

Pomegranates,      on     the      Rio 

Grande 10 

Pomelo,  Varieties  of — 

Marsh,  position    112 

I'onieroy,  Eltweed,  Com.  Ept., 

Resolutions 240 

' '  Response  " 9 

I'omology,   California  sympos- 
ium    115 

Section  for  date  growing.  .  116 

The  Avocado    118 

The  Loquat    120 

The  Persimmon    121 

In  Great  Bi'itain 94 

Well     developed     in     Great 

Britain 94 

Of  Great  Britain  in  debt  to 

America 95 

Apple,  the  staple  fruit  crop 

in  Great  Britain   95 

Culture     under     glass,     old 

conmiereial  project 95 

Nut  culture  restricted 95 

Trial  stations  for  investiga- 
tions    96-97 


Symposium,  California  ....  98 

' '  Apples  and  Pears  " 100 

History  of,  in  California.  100 

' '  Plums  and  Pi'unes  " 102 

Value  of  the  crop 104 

Stocks  for  plums 104 

Pests  for  plums 104 

' '  Cherries,      Peaches,      and 

Apricots 105 

History,  extent  of  culture  105 

Production 106 

Value  of  crops. .106,  107,  109, 112 

''Citrus  Fruits"   .' 110 

Extent  of  acreage 110 

Value  of  crop Ill 

Cultivation 110 

Co-operation 112 

' '  Semi-Tropical  Fruits  "...  113 

Fig  caprification    114 

Fig  values    115 

"The  Date"    115 

History  in  California.  . .  .  115 

Systematic  needs  of  tropical  188 
Popenoe,  Wilson,  Rpt.  Ti-opi- 

cal  Fruits  Committee.  .  .  .  187 

The  Mango  of  Cuba 21 

Power,  F.  W.,  "Nursery  Cata- 
logs, ' '  a  paper 46 

Pruning,    a    consideration    of 

"Bulk" 135 

Much  data  needed 135 

Affecting     the     tree     as     a 

whole 135 

Affecting  parts  of  the  tree.  136 

Results  of  ' '  dehorning  "...  137 

Removing  large   limbs 138 

"Spur" 139 

Interpretation  of  data  given  140 

Api^lieation  of  principles  to  141 

Some  questions  of 142 

Queensland  Nut,  the  possibili- 
ties of   90 

Raisins,  varieties  of  grapes  for  130 

Where  grown 129 

The  crop  of ,  in  U.  S 131 

Ream,  .T.  A.,  in  discussion.  .  .  .  162 

Reception 248 

Recommendations,    the    Presi- 
dent 's — 


INDEX. 


275 


Ex.     Com.     to     decide     on 

permanent  badge 18 

Honor  Roll  be  instituted ...  18 

Se<?ure  endowment 18 

Plan  for  securing  new  mem- 
bers    18 

Com.  on   Wilder  Medals  to 

continue 18 

Com.  on  Grading  directed  to 

make  a  report 18 

Com.   on   Re\'ision   asked   to 

report 19 

To  name  an  A.  P.  S.  memo- 
rial tree   19 

Reed,   Dr.  H.    S.,  Apple   Dis- 
eases, a  paper 49 

Reimer,  F.  C,  paper  on  Pear 

Blight,  &c 39 

Responses  to  Welcome 6-14 

Ridpath       on       "Land       of 

Promise" 20 

Roberts,  C.  E.,  in  discussion.  .  161 

"Welcome" 3 

Roeding,  Geo.  C,  in  discussion         232 
Rose  Apple,  the,  interesting.  .  91 

Roselle,  for  jelly,  on  the  Rio 

Grande 10 

Sapote,  the  White,  character- 
ized    90 

Score  Cards,  forais  adopted..  .223-225 

Definitions  of  terms 225 

Ideal  sizes  of  apples 226-227 

Shoobridge,  L.  M.,  in  discus- 
sion   162-163 

Stewart,     Dr.     .J.     T.,     "Re- 
sponse " S 

Stubenraueh,  A.  V.,  California 

symposium 105 

Sub-Tropical  Fruits,  for  com- 
mercial uses 87 

Surinam  Cherry,  the,  interest- 
ing    91 

Taft,  L.  R.,  in  discussion 161 

Taylor,  R.  H.,  The  Almond  in 

California 121 

Tippen,  Geo.  T.,  in  discussion         234 
"Vincent,    C.    C,   Idaho    pomo- 

logically,  a  paper  by.  . .  .         152 
Walnut,  Persian,  Industry  of 

Pacific  Coast  57 


Climate  for 58 

Soil  for   59 

Stock  for  hybrids 59 

Varieties  of  62 

Planting  of,  distances 66 

Cultivation 67 

Priming 66 

Harvesting 67 

Walnut,  The  Persian 126 

History  of,  in   California..  126 

Character  of  the  industiy.  .  126 

Soil  requirements  for 126 

Culture,    cover-crops 126-127 

Varieties  now  being  planted  127 
Harvesting,    grading,    mar- 
keting    127 

Walnut,  Varieties — 

Placentia,  behavior   65 

Neff,  behavior    65 

El  Monte,  behavior 65 

Prolific,  behavior 65 

Chase,  behavior    65 

Payne,  behavior 65 

Eureka,  behavior 59,  65 

Franquette,  behavior   ......  59,  65 

Mayette,  behavior  59,  65 

Concord,  behavior   59,  65 

Paradox,  behavior 59-61 

Royal,  behavior   59-61 

Grenoble,  character 63 

Washington,    pomological    in- 
terests of   148 

New  State   148 

Fruit  districts  in 148 

Pears  in   149 

Apples  in   149 

Small  fruits  in 149 

Temperature  of  150 

Eastern  section  of 150 

Cost  of  production 151 

A  problem  in  the  culls 151 

AVaynian,  in  discussion 162 

Wester,  P.  J.,  on  mango  types  31 

The  Pili 36 

Wickson,  Dr.  E.  .T.,  in  discus- 
sion    237 

Talks  by   2,  98 

Wine,  varieties  of  grapes  for  130 

.And  prohibition   131 


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