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PROCEEDINGS 

OF   THE 

ROYAL  COLONIAL  INSTITUTE 


FAQADE 

Royal  Colonial  Institute,  Northumberland  Avenue. 


The  Address  signed  by  His   Royal    Highness   the   Prince  of  Wales  and 

presented  with  a  cheque  for  £1,000  to  Sir  Frederick  Young,  K.C.M.G., 

in  recognition  of  his  eminent  services  to  the  Royal  Colonial  Institute, 

and  thus  to  the  Empire.— June  25th,  1907. 


2u  \ 


PROCEEDINGS 


OF   THE 


ROYAL  COLONIAL  INSTITUTE 


EDITED    BY    THE    SECEETAKY 


VOLUME  mvm 

1906-1907 


All  Rights  Reserved 


THE   INSTITUTE,  NORTHUMBEELAND  AVENUE,  LONDON,  W.C. 

1907 

Telegraphic  Address  :  "KECITAL,  LONDON  " 
Telephone  No.  5537,  "  GEKBABD  " 


.The  Institute  as  a  body  is  not  responsible  either  for  the  statements 
made  or  for  the  opinions  expressed  by  the  Authors  of  Papers,  &c. 

Fellows,  are  particularly  requested  to  notify  to  the  Secretary  all 
changes  in  their  addresses,  so  that  the  Proceedings  and  other  com- 
munications may  be  forwarded  without  delay. 

J.  S.  O'HALLORAN, 

Secretary. 
KOYAL  COLONIAL  INSTITUTE, 

Northumberland  Avenue, 
22  July  1907. 


Dfl 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 
1906-1907. 


PAGE 

Facade  of  Institute  Building  ...         ...         ...         ...         ...         ...  Frontispiece 

Address  presented  to  Sir  Frederick  Young,  K.C.M.G.         ...         ...  „ 

Council  of  1906-1907 ...         vii 

Objects  of  the  Eoyal  Colonial  Institute ix 

Form  of  Bequest            ...         ...         ...         ...         ...         ...         ...         ...  xi 

Form  of  Candidate's  Certificate          ...         ...         ...         ...         ...         ...  xii 

Notes  on  Imperial  Organisation.     By  Eichard  Jebb           ...         ...         ...  4 

St.  Helena.     By  J.  C.  Melliss 36 

The  Colonial  Press.     By  Arthur  W.  a'Beckett,  F.J.I 54 

List  of  Newspapers,  Magazines,  &c.,  filed  in  the  Library  of  the  Eoyal 

Colonial  Institute          ...         ...         ...         ...         ...         ...         ...  71 

Federal  Tendencies  in  Education.     By  E.  B.  Sargant        ...         ...         ...  93 

A  Link   of  Empire.     The  Eoyal  Colonial  Institute.     By  Archibald  E. 

Colquhoun           119 

Ehodesia  and  its  Eesources.     By  Edward  H.  Miller           ...         ...         ...  124 

Some  Eeflections    on   Modern    India.     By    Lieut.-Colonel    Sir  Donald 

Eobertson,  K.C.S.I.     -   ...         140 

Thirty-ninth  Annual  General  Meeting           164 

Annual  Eeport  of  the  Council ...         ...         ...         ...         ...         ...         ...  164 

Eeport  on  the  Library 1-68 

Statement  of  Assets  and" Liabilities    ...         ...         ...         ....         ...         ...  173 

Statement  of  Receipts  and  Payments             ...         ...         ...         ...         ....  174 

A2 


vi  Royal  Colonial  Institute. 

PAGE 

List  of  Donors  to  the  Library,  1906 '.  ...  176 

Western  Australia  and  its  Eesources.     By  Hon.  C.  H.  Bason       ...         ...  199 

The  Commercial  Possibilities  of  West  Africa.  By  the  Bight  Hon. 

Viscount  Mountmorres...         ...         ...         ...         ...         ...         ...  219 

Some  Federal  Tendencies  in  Australia.  By  Hon.  J.  W.  Hackett,  M.L.C., 

LL.D 239 

Colonial  Conference  Banquet.  Beport  of  Proceedings  266 

Some  Phases  of  Canada's  Development.  By  W.  L.  Griffith  289 

The  Agricultural  and  Pastoral  Possibilities  of  the  Transvaal.  By  Joseph 

Burtt-Davy,  F.L.S 315 

The  Trend  of  Victoria's  Progress.  By  Hon.  Thomas  Bent  337 

Conversazione 360 

Presentation  of  Testimonial  to  Sir  Frederick  Young  ...  ...  ...  360 

Appendix :  — 

1.  Boyal  Charter              365 

2.  List  of  Fellows            373 

3.  List  of   Institutions    to   which   the   Proceedings   of   the   Boyal 

Colonial  Institute  are  presented  ...         ...         ...         ...         ...  485 

4.  Index  to  Vols.  I.  to  XXXVIII.  of  the  Proceedings  of  the  Institute  493 

5.  General  Index,  Vol.  XXXVIII.                                           507 


ROYAL  COLONIAL  INSTITUTE, 

NORTHUMBERLAND    AVENUE, 
LONDON,   W.C. 


COUNCIL   OF   1907-1908. 


fairon. 
HIS  MAJESTY  THE  KING. 


HIS  EOYAL  HIGHNESS  THE  PRINCE  OF  WALES,  E.G.,  G.C.M.G. 


kx-|)  residents. 

FIELD-MARSHAL  H.R.H.  THE  DUKE  OP  CONNAUGHT,  K.G.,  G.O.M.G. 

H.R.H.  PRINCE  CHRISTIAN,  K.G.,  G.O.V.O. 

DUKE  OF  ARGYLL,  K.T.,  G.O.M.G.,  G.C.V.O. 

DUKE  OF  DEVONSHIRE,  K.G.,  G.C.V.O. 

DUKE  OF  MARLBOROUGH,  K.G. 

MARQUESS  OF  LINLITHGOW,  K.T.,  G.O.M.G.,  G.C.V.O. 

EARL  OF  ABERDEEN,  K.T.,  G.O.M.G. 

EARL  OP  DUNRAVEN,  K.P.,  O.M.G. 

EARL  OF  ELGIN,  K.G.,  G.O.S.I.,  G.O.I.E. 

EARL  GREY,  G.C.M.G. 

EARL  OF  JERSEY,  G.O.B.,  G.O.M.G. 

EARL  OF  MINTO,  G.O.S.I.,  G.C.M.G.,  G.C.I.E. 

EARL  OF  ONSLOW,  G.C.M.G. 

EARL  OF  ROSEBERY,  K.G.,  K.T. 

LORD  BRASSEY,  G.C.B. 

LORD  STRATHCONA  AND  MOUNT  ROYAL,  G.O.M.G. 

RIGHT  HON.  SIR  GEORGE  TAUBMAN  GOLDIE,  K.O.M.G. 

RIGHT  HON.  SIR  CECIL  CLEMENTI  SMITH,  G.C.M  G. 

SIR  HENRY  E.  G.  BULWER,  G.O.M.G. 

SIR  FREDERICK  YOUNG,  K.O.M.G. 


HENRY  BIRCHENOUGH,  ESQ.,  C.M.G.  SIP.     HUBERT     E.    H.    JERNINGHAM, 

ADMIRAL  SIRNATHANIELBOWDEN-SMITH,  K.C.M.G. 

K.C.B.  WILLIAM  KESWICK,  ESQ.,  M.P. 

THE  HON.  THOMAS  A.  BRASSEY.  SIR  NEVILE  LUBBOCK,  K.C.M.G. 

ALLAN  CAMPBELL,  ESQ.  SIR  GEORGE  S.  MACKENZIE,  K.C.M.G., 

SIR    GEORGE    S.    CLARKE,    G.C.M.G.,  C.B. 

F.B.S.  SIR  E.  MONTAGUE  NELSON,  K.C.M.G. 

J.  G.  COLMER,  ESQ.,  C.M.G.  GEORGE  E.  PARKIN,  ESQ.,  C.M.G.,  M.A., 

F.  H.  DANGAR,  ESQ.  LL.D. 

FREDERICK  BUTTON,  ESQ.  SIR  WESTBY  B.  PERCEVAL,  K.C.M.G. 

LT.-GENERAL  SIR  J.  BEVAN  EDWARDS,  !  HON.  C.  H.  KASON. 

K.C.M.G.,  C.B.  '  ET.    HON.    SIR  J.    WEST    EIDGEWAY, 

SIR  THOMAS  E.  FULLER,  K.C.M.G.  G.C.B.,  G.C.M.G.,  K.C.S.I. 

MAJOR-GENERAL    SIR  HENRY    GREEN,  LIEUT.-COL.  SIR  DONALD  EOBERTSON, 

K.C.S.I.,  C.B.  K.C.S.I. 

ALFRED  P.  HILLIER,  ESQ.,  B.A.,  M.D.  !  MAJOR-GENERAL  C.  W.  EOBINSON,  C.B. 

ET.  HON.  SIR  ALBERT  H.  HIME,  K.C.M.G.  | 


SIR  MONTAGU  F.  OMMANNEY,  G.C.M.G.,  K.C.B.,  I.S.O. 


J.  S.  O'HALLORAN,  C.M.G. 
Jtibradatr.  C|mf  dink. 

JAMES  E.  BOOSE.  WILLIAM  CHAMBERLAIN. 

Bankers. 
LONDON  AND  WESTMINSTER  BANK,  1  ST.  JAMES'S  SQUARE,  S.W, 


AUSTRALIA:     W.    L.    DOCKER,    ESQ., 

SYDNEY,  NEW  SOUTH  WALES. 
M.   V.  ROBINSON,   ESQ.,    C.M.G., 

MELBOURNE,  VICTORIA. 
HON.  W.  F.  TAYLOR,  M.L.C.,  M.D., 

BRISBANE,  QUEENSLAND. 
J.  EDWIN  THOMAS,  ESQ.,  ADELAIDE, 

SOUTH  AUSTRALIA. 
HON.  SIR  NEIL  E.  LEWIS,  K.C.M.G., 

HOBART,  TASMANIA. 
HEDLEY    L.    W.    BUTTON,    ESQ., 

LAUNCESTON,  TASMANIA. 
JAMES     MORRISON,      ESQ.,     J.P., 

PERTH,  WESTERN  AUSTRALIA. 
BAHAMAS  :     HON.    JAMES    H.    YOUNG, 

M.EC.,  NASSAU. 
BORNEO:      H.E.     E.      P.      GUERITZ, 

SANDAKAN. 

BRITISH  GUIANA:  HON.  C.  B.  HAMIL- 
TON, C.M.G.,  GEORGETOWN. 
BRITISH     HONDURAS  :     II.     DENBIGH 

PHILLIPS,  ESQ.,  BELIZE. 
CANADA  :     SIR      SANDFORD     FLEMING, 

K.C.M.G.,  OTTAWA. 
A.  R.  CRELLMAN,ESQ.,  K.C.,  MONT- 
REAL. 

ERNEST      B.       C.      HANINGTON, 
ESQ.,   M.D.,  VICTORIA,  BRITISH 
COLUMBIA. 
HON.  MR.  JUSTICE  J.  W.  LONGLEY, 

HALIFAX,  NOVA  SCOTIA. 
HENRY  N.  PAINT,  ESQ.,  POINT  TUP- 
PER,  CAPE  BRETON,  NOVA  SCOTIA. 
THOMAS  ROBINSON,  ESQ.,    WINNI- 
PEG, MANITOBA. 

JOHN  T.  SMALL,  ESQ.,  TORONTO. 
CAPE  COLONY  :  W.  K.  BRADFORD,  ESQ.,  j 

KlMBERLEY. 

OWEN    S.  CHRISTIAN,  ESQ.,  PORT  j 

ELIZABETH. 

HARRY  GIBSON,  ESQ.,   CAPETOWN. 
MAJOR   FREDERICK  A.   SAUNDERS,   ' 

F.R.C.S.,  GRAHAMSTOWN. 
CEYLON  :   HON.  J.  FERGUSON,  C.M.G., 

M.L.C.,  COLOMBO. 
CYPRUS:   F.  H.  PARKER,  ESQ.,   M.A., 

NICOSIA. 
EGYPT:    RALPH    C.    CRAFTON,    ESQ., 

RAMLEH,  ALEXANDRIA. 
H.  BOYD-CARPENTER,  ESQ.,   M.A., 

CAIRO. 
FALKLAND  ISLANDS  :  H.E.  W.  L  ALLAR- 

DYCE,  ESQ.,  C.M.G. 

FEDERATED  MALAY  STATES  :  SIR  W.  T. 
TAYLOR,  K.C.M.G.,  SELANGOR. 


FIJI  :  HON.  JOHN  K.  M.  Ross,  M.  K  C 

SUVA. 

GAMBIA  :  HON.  F.  BISSET  ARCHER. 
GOLD  COAST  COLONY  :  H.  E.  BARKER, 

ESQ.,  ACCR^. 
HONG    KONG  :    H.    E.   POLLOCK,  ESQ., 

KG. 

JAMAICA  :  FRANK  CUNDALL,  ESQ.,  KINGS- 
TON. 

LEEWARD  ISLANDS  :  H.E.  SIR  E.  BICK- 
HAM  SWEET  ESCOTT,  K.C.M.G.,  AN- 
TIGUA. 

MALTA  :  HON.  SIR  EDWARD  M.  MERE- 
WETHER,  K.C.V.O.,  C.M.G. 
MAURITIUS  :  DONALD  C.  CAMERON,  ESQ., 

PORT  Louis. 
NEW    ZEALAND  :  JAMES    ALLEN,    ESQ., 

M.H.R.,  DUNEDIN. 
ALEXANDER   H.    TURNBULL,  ESQ., 

WELLINGTON. 
HON.  C.  C.  BOWEN,  M.L.C.,  MID- 

DLETON,  CHRISTCHURCH. 
R.   D.   DOUGLAS    MCLEAN,    ESQ., 

NAPIER. 

H.   G.  SETH  SMITH,  ESQ.   AUCK- 
LAND. 

NIGERIA,         NORTHERN  :        WILLIAM 
WALLACE,  ESQ.,   C.M.G.,   ZUN- 

GERU. 

NIGERIA,  SOUTHERN  :  HON.  MR.  JUSTICE 

J.  WINKFIELD,  CALABAR. 
C.  V.  BELLAMY,  ESQ.,  M.Inst.C.E., 

LAGOS. 
ORANGE    RIVER  COLONY  :  C.  P.  BECK, 

ESQ.,  BLOEMFONTEIN. 
RHODESIA  :  THOMAS     STEWART,     ESQ., 

M.B.,  C.M.,  SALISBURY. 
CAPTAIN     J.    C.    JESSER     COOPE, 

BULAWAYO. 

SEYCHELLES  :  H.E,  W.  E.  DAVIDSON, 
ESQ.,  C.M.G. 

STRAITS  SETTLEMENTS:  E.  L.  BROCK- 
MAN,  ESQ.,  SINGAPORE. 

TRANSVAAL  :    C.  K.    MCCALLUM,  ESQ., 

JOHANNESBURG. 
CECIL  E.  HA  WEB,  ESQ.,  PRETORIA. 

TRINIDAD  :  P.  CARMODY,  ESQ.,  F.I.C., 
F.C.S.,  PORT  OF  SPAIN. 

UGANDA  PROTECTORATE  :  GEORGE  WIL- 
SON, ESQ.,  C.B.,  ENTEBBE. 

WINDWARD  ISLANDS  :  HON.  P.  A. 
ONGLEY,  M.L.C.,  ST.  GEORGE'S, 
GRENADA. 


Telegraphic  Address :  "  RECITAL,  LONDON." 
Telephone  No.  5537,  "  GERHARD." 


THE  ROYAL  COLONIAL  INSTITUTE, 

NORTHUMBERLAND  AVENUE,  LONDON,  W.C. 


POUNDED  1868. 
INCORPORATED   BY  ROYATj  CHARTER  1882. 


IMCOTTO-'   TJHSTITIEJD 


To  provide  a  place  of  meeting  for  all  gentlemen  connected 
with  the  Colonies  and  British  India,  and  others  taking  an  interest 
in  Colonial  and  Indian  affairs  ;  to  establish  a  Reading  Room  and 
Library,  in  which  recent  and  authentic  intelligence  upon  Colonial 
and  Indian  subjects  may  be  constantly  available,  and  a  Museum 
for  the  collection  and  exhibition  of  Colonial  and  Indian  productions  ; 
to  facilitate  interchange  of  experiences  amongst  persons  representing 
all  the  Dependencies  of  Great  Britain  ;  to  afford  opportunities  for 
the  reading  of  Papers,  and  for  holding  Discussions  upon  Colonial 
and  Indian  subjects  generally  ;  and  to  undertake  scientific,  literary, 
and  statistical  investigations  in  connection  with  the  British  Empire. 
But  no  Paper  shall  be  read,  or  any  Discussion  be  permitted  to  taka 
place,  tending  to  give  to  the  Institute  a  party  character.  —  (Rule  I.) 


There  are  two  classes  of  Fellows  (who  must  be  British  Subjects), 
Resident  and  Non-Resident,  both  elected  by  the  Council  on  the 
nomination  of  Two  Fellows,  one  of  whom  at  least  must  sign  on 
personal  knowledge.  The  former  pay  an  entrance  fee  of  £8  and 
an  annual  subscription  of  £2  ;  the  latter  an  entrance  fee  of  £1  Is. 
(which  is  increased  to  £3  when  taking  up  permanent  residence  in  the 
United  Kingdom)  and  an  annual  subscription  of  £1  Is.  (which  is 
increased  to  £2  when  in  the  United  Kingdom  for  more  than  three 
months).  Resident  Fellows  can  compound  for  the  annual  subscrip- 
tion by  the  payment  of  ^20,  or  after  five  years'  annual  subscriptions 
of  £2  on  payment  of  £15  ;  and  Non-Resident  Fellows  can  compound 
for  the  Non-Resident  annual  subscription  on  payment  of  £10. 


Royal  Colonial  Institute. 


lpribileg.es  of  <Jfdlolrrs  fo|j0s.e  Subscriptions  art  not  in 
The  privileges  of  Fellows,  whose  subscriptions  are  not  in  arrear, 
include  the  use  of  the  Institute  building,  which  comprises  Reading, 
Writing,  and  Smoking  Booms ;  a  Library  containing  over  65,000 
volumes  and  pamphlets  relating  to  the  history,  government,  trade, 
resources  and  development  of  the  British  Colonies  and  India ;  and 
a  Newspaper  Eoom  in  which  the  principal  Journals,  Magazines, 
and  Reviews — Home,  Colonial,  and  Indian — are  regularly  received 
and  filed.  Books  maybe  borrowed  --subject  to  the  Library  Regula- 
tions— and  the  correspondence  of  Fellows  may  be  addressed  to  the 
care  of  the  Institute. 

The  Journal  and  the  Annual  Volume  of  Proceedings  are  forwarded 
to  all  Fellows  whose  addresses  are  known. 

Fellows  are  entitled  to  be  present  at  the  Ordinary  Meetings, 
and  to  introduce  one  visitor ;  to  be  present  at  the  Annual  Conver- 
sazione, and  to  introduce  a  lady.  The  Institute  is  open  on  week- 
days from  10  A.M.  to  8  P.M.,  except  during  August  and  September, 
when  it  is  closed  at  6  P.M. 


The  support  of  all  British  Subjects,  whether  residing  in  the 
United  Kingdom  or  the  Colonies — for  the  Institute  is  intended  for 
both — is  earnestly  desired  in  promoting  the  great  objects  of  extend- 
ing knowledge  respecting  the  various  portions  of  the  Empire,  and  in 
promoting  the  cause  of  its  permanent  unity. 

Contributions  to  the  Library  will  be  thankfully  received. 

J.   S.   O'HALLORAN, 

Secretary. 


FORM    OP   BEQUEST. 


5  6f(|U£Htf)  the  sum  of  £  to  the  ROYAL  COLONIAL 

INSTITUTE,  Incorporated  by  Royal  Charter  1882,  and  I  declare 
that  the  receipt  of  the  Treasurer  for  the  time  being  of  the  said 
Corporation  shall  be  an  effectual  discharge  for  the  said  Bequest, 
which  I  direct  to  be  paid  within  calendar  months  after  my 

decease,  without  any  reduction  whatsoever,  whether  on  account  of 
Legacy  Duty  thereon  or  otherwise,  out  of  such  part  of  my  estate  as 
may  be  lawfully  applied  for  that  purpose. 


Those  persons  who  feel  disposed  to  benefit  the  Royal 
Colonial  Institute  by  Legacies  are  recommended  to  adopt 
the  above  Form  of  Bequest. 


FORM  OP  CANDIDATE'S   CERTIFICATE. 


CERTIFICATE  OF  CANDIDATE  FOR  ELECTION. 


Name 

Title 

Residence 

a  British  subject,  being  desirous  of  admission  into  the  ROYAL 
COLONIAL  INSTITUTE,  we,  the  undersigned,  recommend  him  as 
eligible  for  Membership. 

Dated  this  day  of  19 


F.R.C.I.,  from  personal  knowledge. 
F.R.C.I. 


Proposed  19 

Elected  19 


ROYAL  COLONIAL   INSTITUTE. 


SESSION     1906-1907. 


FIKST   ORDINARY  GENERAL  MEETING. 

THE  First  Ordinary  General  Meeting  of  the  session  was  held  at 
the  Whitehall  Rooms,  Hotel  Metropole,  on  Tuesday,  November  13, 
1906,  when  a  Paper  entitled  "  Notes  on  Imperial  Organisation  "  was 
read  by  Mr.  Richard  Jebb.  Dr.  G.  R  Parkin,  C.M.G.,  a  member 
of  the  Council  of  the  Institute,  presided. 

The  Minutes  of  the  last  Ordinary  General  Meeting  were  read  and 
confirmed,  and  it  was  announced  that  since  that  Meeting  104 
Fellows  had  been  elected,  viz.  21  Resident,  88  Non-Resident. 

Resident  Fellows: 

EL  Hon.  Lard  Ampthill,  G.C.S.L,  G.C.I.E.,  George  M.  Ballardie,  Alderman 
Arthur  Bennett,  J.P.,  R.  Ross  Clunies,  Arthur  G.  Cole,  C.E.,  Yen.  Arch- 
deacon Charles  V.  P.  Day,  M.A.,  Frank  H.  Dixcn,  Thomas  A.  Hill,  M.A., 
J.P.,  Charles  D.  Hoblyn,  Et.  Hon.  Alfred  Lyttelton,  K.C.,  M.P.,  William  A. 
Mercer,  Frank  B.  Nathan,  Thomas  A.  O'Farrell,  J.P.,  Hon.  Cornthwaite  H. 
Bason,  Thomas  Roberts,  Sir  J.  Clifton  Robinson,  J.P.,  Henry  Vincent  Roiue, 
Thomas  B.  Clarke -Thornhill,  Sir"james  Lewis  Walker,  C.I.E.,  Maurice  F. 
Wilson,  C.E.,  T.  Alexander  Wood. 

Non-Resident  Fellows : 

Edward  Pratt  Barlow  (British  Central  Africa],  Philip  E.  Beeston 
(China),  James  F.  Bevan  (Orange  River  Colony),  George  E.  Birch  (Trans- 
vaal), Sidney  A.  Bolton  (Natal),  Robert  Bonham-Smith  (Southern  Nigeria), 
Francis  H.  Chevallier  Boutell  (Argentine  Republic),  A.  A.  Rodney  Boyce 
(Sudan),  The  Maharaja  Dhiraj  of  Burdwan  (India),  Hon.  Colin  H.  Campbell, 
K.C.  (Canada),  William  Campbell  (Transvaal),  John  A.  Carpenter  (British 
New  Guinea),  Lieut.-Col.  Lord  Edward  H.  Cecil,  D.S.O.  (Egypt),  Edward 
William  Collins  (Transvaal),  Alfred  Leslie  Cook  (Ceylon),  Adam  R.  Creelman, 
K.C.  (Canada),  J.  R.  Balfour  Cunningham  (Transvaal),  Edward  Hamilton 
Dakins  (Southern  Nigeria),  Tom  H.  Davey  (South  Australia),  William  H. 
Davies  (Ceylon),  George  A.  Denny  (Transvaal),  Harry  S.  Denny  (Transvaal), 
James  H.  Douglass  (Cape  Colony),  James  E.  Duff  (Natal),  James  Farrell 
(Victoria),  John  M.  Fremantle  (Northern  Nigeria),  Gerald  W.  B.  Gabbitas  (Trans- 
vaal), Alfred  M.  Gibb  (Federated  Malay  States),  Robert  S.  Godsall,  M.B.,  CM. 

B 


2  First  Ordinary  General  Meeting. 

(Queensland),  George  H.  Golledge  (Ceylon),  EL  Rev.  The  Lord  Bishop  of 
Grahamstown,  Melville  Gray  (New  Zealand),  Richard  H.  Harriss  (Trans- 
vaal), John  M.  Hedstrom  (Fiji),  Thomas  R.  Henderson,  C.E.  (Cape  Colony), 
Frank  Holmes  (Federated  Malay  States),  Lindow  H.  L.  Huddart,  M.A., 
M.Inst.  C.E.  (Southern  Nigeria),  Walter  C.  Hutchinson  (St.  Vincent),  Andries 
S.  Hutton  (Cape  Colony),  Captain  A.  E.  Johnson  (Northern  Nigeria), 
Stanley  R.  Jones,  A.R.S.M.,  A.I.M.M.  (Federated  Malay  States),  Frederick 
H.  Jordan  (New  Zealand),  Siegfried  S.  Keyzer  (Cape  Colony],  Jesse  Henry 
Levy  (Orange  River  Colony],  Thomas  W.  Lines  (Canada],  Robert  N.  Lyne, 
F.L.S.,  F.R.G.S.  (Zanzibar),  Archibald  C.  MacDonald  (Transvaal),  Charles 
McDonald  (New  Brunswick),  John  A.  McDougall  (Canada),  William  McRae 
(Fiji),  Captain  Ross  R.  Maguire  (Gold  Coast  Colony),  N.  Duncan  Maidman 
(Southern  Nigeria),  Charles  Mattei  (Western  Australia),  David  K.  Michie 
(Ceylon),  George  F.  Moore,  J.P.  (Western  Australia),  Michael  Moses  (Uganda), 
John  Muller,  B.A.  (Cape  Colony),  Thomas  F.  Nunn  (Rhodesia),  Francis 
Oats,  M.L.A.  (Cape  Colony),  Ernest  P.  Pearce  (Orange  River  Colony),  Pro- 
fessor H.  H.  W.  Pearson,  M.A.,  F.L.S.  (Cape  Colony),  Bomanjee  D.  Petit 
(India),  Percival  H.  Phillips  (Southern  Nigeria],  William  C.  Pousty 
(Southern  Nigeria],  His  Highness  the  Raja  of  Pudukota  (India),  Walter 
Reid  (Transvaal),  A  Cyril  Ridsdale,  C.E.  (Northern  Nigeria),  Robert  William 
Roberts  (Argentine  Republic),  William  E.  Roberts  (British  North  Borneo), 
John  Ross  Robertson  (Canada),  Samuel  Tulloch  Scott  (Tasmania),  Thomas 
Sheldon  (Cape  Colony),  Charles  A.  Smith  (Cape  Colony),  William  Ferguson 
Smith  (Rhodesia),  Samuel  F.  Smithson  (New  Zealand),  Frederick  O.  Stoehr,  M.B. 
(NorthEast  Rhodesia),  Evelyn  M.  O.  Toulmin  (Argentine  Republic),  Francis  D. 
Tyssen  (British  East  Africa),  Arthur  Walker  (Transvaal),  Horace  Weldon 
(Transvaal),  Charles  A.  Wheelwright,  C.M.G.  (Transvaal),  John  William 
Wright  (Cape  Colony),  Pelham  Vernon  Young  (Southern  Nigeria). 

It  was  also  announced  that  Donations  to  the  Library  of  books , 
maps,  &c.,  had  been  received  from  the  various  Governments  of  the 
Colonies  and  India,  Societies,  and  public  bodies  both  in  the  United 
Kingdom  and  the  Colonies,  and  from  Fellows  of  the  Institute  and 
others. 

The  CHAIRMAN  :  I  take  the  Chair  this  evening  in  the  unavoid- 
able absence  of  the  Duke  of  Marlborough,  who  regrets  his  inability 
to  keep  his  engagement  to  be  with  us  owing  to  a  summons  to 
Windsor  to  attend  a  Chapter  of  the  Order  of  the  Garter.  Since 
our  last  meeting,  the  Institute  has,  I  regret  to  say,  lost  one  of  its 
earliest  friends  and  supporters  by  the  death  of  Lord  Cranbrook. 
Our  Council  at  its  meeting  this  afternoon  adopted  a  resolution  of 
condolence  which  I  shallnow  read,  and  with  which,  I  feel  sure, 
you  will  all  be  in  sympathy : — "  The  Council  of  the  Koyal 
Colonial  Institute  have  heard  with  feelings  of  deep  regret  of  the 
death  of  the  Eight  Hon.  the  Earl  of  Cranbrook,  G.C.S.I.,  a 
distinguished  and  respected  statesman,  who  identified  himself  with 
the  Institute  in  1872  as  one  of  its  Vice-Presidents,  and  took  an 
active  part  in  the  promotion  of  its  objects  as  long  as  his  health 
permitted.  The  Council  desire  to  offer  to  the  members  of  his 
family  the  assurance  of  their  sincere  sympathy." 


First  Ordinary  General  Meeting.  3 

I  next  turn  to  a  matter  which  will  have  very  special  interest  for 
every  member  of  the  Institute.  It  will  be  remembered  that 
twenty  years  ago,  in  1886,  we  raised  a  loan  of  £35,020  to  assist 
us  in  acquiring  the  Home  for  the  Institute  which  we  have  since 
occupied  in  Northumberland  Avenue.  It  was  stipulated  at  the 
time  that  repayment  should  be  made  within  a  period  of  forty  years. 
Through  the  exercise  of  our  right  to  anticipate  certain  statutory 
payments,  we  have  already  succeeded,  out  of  our  own  unaided 
resources,  in  freeing  the  premises  from  all  debt  in  one  half  the 
time  previously  agreed  upon.  We  have  thus  saved  more  than 
£15,000  in  interest.  The  final  instalment  was  paid  on  July  1, 
last,  and  the  title  deeds  of  the  freehold  are  now  in  charge  of  our 
bankers.'  This  financial  achievement  is,  I  think,  a  matter  on 
which  we  may  warmly  congratulate  ourselves.  It  must  be  a  cause 
of  special  gratification  to  Sir  Frederick  Young  and  other  pioneer 
workers  in  the  Institute  who  first  made  the  bold  venture  which 
has  ended  so  fortunately.  We  believe  that  this  step  opens  the 
way  for  a  further  advance  within  a  short  time.  In  1908  we 
propose  to  resume  possession  of  the  upper  floors  of  the  building 
as  well  as  the  Craven  Street  premises,  now  leased  to  the  Admiralty. 
This  will  more  than  double  the  space  available  for  the  purposes 
of  the  Institute.  The  Council  are  sanguine  that  such  additional 
facilities  can  thus  be  provided  as  will  widely  extend  the  useful- 
ness of  the  Institute  and  enlarge  its  capacity  for  an  increased 
membership.  Personally,  as  my  colleagues  on  the  Council  know,  I 
am  extremely  desirous  that  a  portion  of  the  additional  space  which 
will  then  be  at  our  command  may  be  used  in  providing  students 
of  Colonial  affairs,  and  writers  upon  Colonial  questions,  with  fuller 
opportunity  to  make  use  of  our  Library,  the  best,  I  believe,  of  its 
kind  in  the  world,  and  one  to  which  we  are  constantly  making 
additions.  I  know  of  few  objects  to  which  we  could  better  direct 
our  efforts.  With  a  few  rooms  set  apart  for  their  use  such 
students  and  writers  would  be  able  not  only  to  make  use  of  our 
Library,  but  also  take  advantage  of  the  advice  and  assistance  of  our 
Librarian,  whose  wide  knowledge  and  unfailing  courtesy  make 
him  one  of  the  most  important  assets  of  the  Institute. 

I  have  now  great  pleasure  in  introducing  to  you  the  speaker  of  the 
evening— Mr.  Richard  Jebb.  All  who  have  read  Mr.  Jebb's  work 
on  the  growth  of  Colonial  Nationalism — a  book  which  was  the 
result  of  four  years  of  travel  and  careful  enquiry  throughout  the 
Empire — will  understand  how  much  knowledge  and  what  sound 
judgment  Mr.  Jebb  brings  to  the  study  of  Colonial  questions.  He 

B2 


4  First  Ordinary  General  Meeting. 

has  now  just  returned  from  another  year  of  travel  through  all  the 
Great  Colonies,  and  we  shall  have  the  privilege  of  listening  to  some 
further  results  of  his  study.  No  doubt  what  he  has  to  say  to- 
night by  word  of  mouth  will  be  supplementary  to  what  he  has 
already  so  well  said  in  writing.  I  feel  sure  that  I  can  on  the  one 
hand  promise  to  you  much  food  for  thought,  and  on  the  other  to 
Mr.  Jebb  an  attentive  hearing. 
Mr.  Richard  Jebb  then  read  his  Paper  on 


NOTES   ON  IMPERIAL   ORGANISATION. 

I  HAVE  labelled  this  paper  "Notes  on  Imperial  Organisation"  by 
way  of  apologising  for  the  somewhat  fragmentary  character  of  its 
contents.  Having  returned  only  a  few  weeks  ago  from  a  twelve 
months'  tour  through  the  self-governing  Colonies,  I  thought  that 
my  best  chance  of  interesting  you  this  evening  would  be  by  discuss- 
ing, in  the  light  of  my  recent  experience,  one  or  two  particular 
questions  bearing  upon  the  problem  of  Imperial  Organisation. 
But  having  myself  approached  those  questions  from  the  standpoint 
of  preconceived  ideas  about  Imperial  Organisation,  I  must  begin 
by  stating  briefly  what  those  preconceived  ideas  were. 

Nowadays  we  are  all  agreed  that  this  problem  cannot  be  settled 
offhand,  but  only  by  a  process  of  evolution.  Further,  it  seems  now 
to  be  generally  admitted  that  the  essential  difference  of  status 
which  distinguishes  India  and  the  other  Dependencies  from  the 
self-governing  Colonies  has  to  be  recognised  in  any  scheme  for 
more  closely  uniting  the  Empire.  The  recognition  of  this  differ- 
ence makes  it  possible  for  us  to  concentrate  our  attention  for  the 
time  being  upon  the  relatively  urgent  half  of  the  problem,  namely 
the  connection  between  the  autonomous  States  of  the  Empire. 

GENERAL  PRINCIPLES. 

During  the  Canadian  debates  on  Confederation,  some  forty  years 
ago,  Sir  John  Macdonald  is  reported  to  have  spoken  thus: 
"  England,  instead  of  looking  upon  us  as  a  merely  dependent  Colony, 
will  have  in  us  a  friendly  nation  to  stand  by  her  in  North  America 
in  peace  as  in  war.  The  people  of  Australia  will  be  such  another 
nation.  .  .  .  She  will  be  able  to  look  to  the  nations  in  alliance 
with  her  and  owing  allegiance  to  the  same  Sovereign,  who  will 
assist  her  to  again  meet  the  whole  world  in  arms,  as  she  has  done 
before."  My  own  view  of  the  problem,  although  it  is  the  outcome 


Notes  on  Imperial  Organisation.  5 

of  personal  observation,  is  precisely  that  of  Sir  John  Macdonald's 
prophetic  utterance,  and  therefore  is  not  in  the  least  a  novel  one. 
I  start  with  the  idea  that  the  sentiment  of  a  new  and  individual 
nationality,  in  the  modern  and  political  rather  than  the  racial 
sense  of  the  term,  is  a  growing  and  permanent  characteristic  of 
Canada,  Australia,  New  Zealand,  and  South  Africa :  that  this 
sentiment  already  is  strong  enough  to  wreck  any  scheme  of  Imperial 
Organisation  which  seems  to  antagonise  it :  and  that  it  is  a  senti- 
ment to  be  welcomed  rather  than  deplored  by  Imperialists,  because 
it  makes  for  the  simultaneous  development  of  distributed  resources 
without  which  the  motto  "  Union  is  Strength  "  seems  comparatively 
fallacious.  I  conceive,  therefore,  that  Imperial  union  ought  to  be 
contemplated  as  a  close  form  of  international  alliance  rather  than 
a  loose  form  of  national  unity ;  and  I  try  to  judge  every  specific 
proposal  by  the  standard  of  international  alliance  rather  than  by 
the  standard  of  Imperial  Federation,  using  "federation"  in  the 
American  or  Australian  sense.  Upon  my  hypothesis  the  practical 
question  is  how  to  gradually  develop  the  machinery  requisite  for 
an  international  co-operation  far  more  intimate  and  comprehensive 
than  is  associated  with  the  ordinary  idea  of  alliance. 

The  notion  of  alliance  suggests  that  the  central  principle  of 
Imperial  Organisation  is  to  be  sought  in  a  system  of  consultation 
between  the  governments  of  the  allied  nations  by  means  of  frequent 
conferences  and  permanent  ambassadors.  As  for  the  former,  we 
already  have  the  principle  of  a  periodic  Colonial  Conference,  which 
it  has  been  proposed  to  designate  hereafter  by  the  more  appropriate 
title  of  Imperial  Conference.  As  for  the  ambassadors,  the  position 
already  occupied  by  Lord  Strathcona  suggests  that  the  office  of 
High  Commissioner  in  London  is  capable  of  further  development. 
If  the  High  Commissioner  of  a  partner  nation  was  a  Privy 
Councillor  he  might  on  certain  occasions  attend  meetings  of  the 
British  cabinet ;  which  is  likely  to  remain  the  predominant,  if  not 
always  the  executive,  partner  in  foreign  affairs,  so  long  as  it 
provides  most  of  the  joint  fighting  power  and  controls  the  subject 
dependencies.  If,  in  addition,  the  High  Commissioner  was  a 
minister  in  his  own  government,  holding  a  portfolio  created  for  the 
purpose,  the  result  would  be  .to  give  the  Imperial  Conference  a 
continuous  existence  in  London.  During  the  eighties  Sir  Charles 
Tupper,  while  a  member  of  the  Dominion  cabinet,  acted  as  High 
Commissioner  in  London,  with  conspicuous  advantage  to  the 
Canadian  interest  in  foreign  affairs.  He  authorises  me  to  say  that 
his  twofold  capacity  then  enabled  him  to  exert  a  much  greater. 


6  Notes  on  Imperial  Organisation. 

influence  with  the  British  Government  than  he  could  have  hoped 
to  exert  otherwise. 

The  essence  of  the  Conference  in  its  present  form  is  that  it  is 
confined  to  responsible  ministers  of  national  Governments,  other 
gentlemen  being  admitted  only  by  the  invitation  of  the  qualified 
members.  Temporary  exceptions  are  the  premiers  of  the  South 
African  Colonies  and  Newfoundland,  representing  local  governments 
which  eventually  must  be  merged  in  national  federations.  By 
this  restriction  of  membership  two  very  important  results  are 
secured.  In  the  first  place,  the  Conference  may  be  said  to  have 
executive  power ;  namely,  the  power  of  its  individual  members  to 
introduce  legislation  in  their  respective  parliaments,  by  way  of 
carrying  out  those  resolutions  of  the  Conference  in  which  they  have 
concurred.  In  the  second  place,  the  Conference,  so  long  as  it  is 
restricted  to  responsible  ministers,  is  coterminous  with  the  national 
governments  collectively  and  not  external  to  them.  It  seems  to 
me  that  the  character  of  the  Conference  would  be  radically  changed 
by  the  admission  of  any  members  not  being  responsible  ministers  in 
office,  excepting  the  High  Commissioners  mentioned  above.  In  the 
first  place,  its  peculiar  executive  authority  would  be  threatened  if 
its  resolutions  were  carried  by  the  aid  of  members  who  were  not 
restrained  by  the  same  kind  of  responsibility  as  the  rest.  And 
secondly  the  extension  of  membership  would  place  the  Con- 
ference outside  the  national  governments  collectively,  so  that  it- 
would  cease  to  represent  the  principle  of  alliance  and  would  repre- 
sent instead  the  principle  of  federation,  which  does  imply  the 
creation  of  a  body  external  to  the  State  governments.  Therefore, 
those  who  approach  the  problem  of  Imperial  Organisation  from  my 
standpoint  cannot  endorse  the  proposal  to  enlarge  the  membership 
of  the  Conference.  Likewise  they  will  deprecate  the  proposal  to 
hange  the  title  from  Conference  to  Council,  because  the  former 
seems  more  appropriate  to  the  conception  of  alliance,  and  the  latter 
to  federation. 

Assuming  then  that  the  Imperial  Conference  is  retained  in  its 
present  form,  I  conceive  that  any  additional  machinery  which  may 
prove  necessary  for  specific  purposes,  as  time  goes  on,  ought  to  be 
created  by  and  strictly  subordinated  to  the  Governments  in  Con- 
ference. Of  such  additional  machinery  the  Pacific  Cable  Board  is 
a  true  example.  The  Committee  of  Imperial  Defence  is  not  a  true 
example,  because  it  is  an  offshoot  of  our  insular  Government  rather 
than  the  Conference,  and  therefore  represents  the  principle  of 
national  unification  rather  than  that  of  international  partnership. 


Notes  on  Imperial  Organisation.  7 

A  true  example,  which  I  earnestly  hope  will  shortly  be  created, 
would  be  the  Imperial  Intelligence  Office  proposed  by  Sir  Frederick 
Pollock,  provided  it  is  instituted  and  financed  by  the  Conference, 
not  by  our  Government.  Likewise  the  question  of  a  permanent 
secretariat  for  the  Conference  can  be  decided  only  by  that  body 
itself.  Possibly  the  importance  of  secrecy  in  international  negotia- 
tions may  be  advanced  as  a  reason  for  limiting  the  scope  of  the 
secretarial  work  in  some  respects. 

PREFERENTIAL  TRADE. 

The  first  particular  question  which  I  propose  to  discuss  is  that 
of  Preferential  Trade.  Personally  I  believe  in  the  supreme 
Imperial  importance  of  Preferential  Trade,  which  I  regard  as  much 
the  best,  if  not  the  only,  means  of  making  the  Empire  a  living 
everyday  reality  to  the  masses  of  its  people.  I  think  that  we  who 
live  in  this  country  and  are  forced  by  the  burden  of  our  actual 
responsibility  to  interest  ourselves  continuously  in  Imperial  matters, 
do  not  realise  how  much  the  majority  of  our  brethren  over-seas 
are  divorced  in  daily  life  from  Imperial  consciousness.  Their 
Imperialism  is  intermittent,  and  to  that  extent  ineffective  ;  the 
Empire  presenting  itself  to  them  as  an  interesting  accident  -rather 
than  the  cause  or  source  of  the  national  life  in  which  they  are 
absorbed.  No  doubt  the  provision  of  very  much  cheaper  tele- 
graphic facilities,  reacting  on  the  Colonial  Press,  would  go  far  to 
mitigate  this  undesirable  isolation  of  thought  -and  interests.  But 
strongly  as  I  advocate  the  application  of  Imperial  partnership  to  a 
girdle  of  state-owned  cables,  I  cannot  persuade  myself  that  the 
appeal  of  the  Press  to  the  imagination  can  ever  be  a  substitute  for 
the  appeal  of  Preferential  Trade  to  material  interest.  Therefore  I 
regret  having  to  add  my  testimony  that  in  all  the  Colonies  there  is 
a  section  of  Imperialist  opinion,  although  it  seems  to  be  in  a 
minority  everywhere,  which  is  opposed  to  Mr.  Chamberlain's  cam- 
paign, on  the  ground  that  the  principle  of  national  independence, 
the  basis  of  Imperial  partnership,  is  threatened  by  it.  The  Colonial 
anti-Chamberlainites  (if  I  may  be  allowed  that  convenient  term) 
are  not,  generally  speaking,  opposed  to  the  abstract  principle  of 
Preferential  Trade ;  and,  except  perhaps  in  South  Africa,  they 
generally  believe  that  their  own  country  stands  to  gain  by  Mr. 
Chamberlain's  proposals.  Nor  do  most  of  them  apprehend — •. 
paradoxical  though  my  statement  may  seem — that  the  independence 
of  their  own  country  is  threatened.  Most  of  them  credit  their  own 


8  Notes  on  Imperial  Organisation. 

respective  Governments  with  readiness  and  ability  to  safeguard 
their  interests  in  this  respect.  In  the  last  resort  their  ground  of 
opposition  is  identical  with  that  of  the  anti-Chamberlainites  here  ; 
namely,  the  notion  that  England  is  being  asked  to  sacrifice 
herself  upon  the  Imperial  altar.  This  notion  hurts  the  national 
self-respect  of  the  colonial  anti-Chamberlainites.  Perhaps  because 
most  of  them  are  free-traders  by  instinct,  they  seem  to  accept  with- 
out question  the  theory  that  our  proposed  readjustment  of  food 
duties  involves  dearer  living  for  our  taxpayers.  They  argue  that 
for  such  a  sacrifice  our  taxpayers  cannot  possibly  receive  adequate 
compensation  by  preferential  treatment  in  colonial  markets,  alleging 
that  colonial  Protection  nullifies  such  preference.  They  feel  that 
the  Colonies,  in  granting  nominal  British  preferences,  have  not 
impaired  the  domestic  purpose  of  their  several  tariffs ;  and  they 
connect  Mr.  Chamberlain's  proposals  with  a  conception  of  Imperial 
unity,  implying  Free  Trade  within  the  Empire,  which  the  Colonies 
do  not  and  will  not  admit  in  practice. 

Of  course  the  Prefer entialist  majority  in  the  Colonies,  which 
welcomes  Mr.  Chamberlain's  campaign,  does  not  believe  that 
England  is  being  asked  to  make  any  sacrifice  at  all  of  her  insular, 
fiscal,  or  commercial  interests.  Speaking  to  the  Preferentialist 
resolution  at  the  recent  Congress  of  Chambers  of  Commerce,  Sir 
Charles  Tupper  "  did  not  hesitate  to  say  that  if  he  believed  that 
the  policy  propounded  was  going  to  cost  the  poor  man  even  an 
infinitesimal  portion  of  a  farthing  more  for  his  bread,  he  would 
not  have  been  a  supporter  of  the  policy."  That  expresses  the 
prevailing  sentiment  of  all  the  colonial  nationalists,  whatever 
their  views  about  Mr.  Chamberlain's  proposals.  But  having 
regard  to  the  Colonial  misgivings  which  I  have  described,  and 
also  to  the  result  of  our  last  general  election,  I  wish  to  suggest 
that  our  Tariff  Reformers  should  unite  with  their  opponents  in 
treating  Mr.  Chamberlain's  proposals  as  primarily  an  insular 
question, 'and  only  incidentally  an  Imperial  question.  This  ought 
to  eliminate  once  for  all  the  mischievous  notion  that  this  country, 
alone  of  the  partner  States,  is  being  asked  to  sacrifice  her  national 
interests.  Though  some  Tariff  Reformers  may  deprecate  it  as 
counsel  of  despair,  I  am  convinced  by  my  own  electioneering 
experience,  which  I  confess  is  very  limited,  that  the  new  food 
duties  may  be  advocated  with  every  prospect  of  success  as  a 
necessary  policy  of  "  market  tolls,"  payable  by  the  foreigner  into 
our  national  exchequer.  If  revenue  is  our  prime  object,  it  may  be 
obtained  almost  as  easily  by  differential  duties  as  by  uniform 


Notes  on  Imperial  Organisation.  :  9 

duties ;  and  with  less  risk  of  raising  prices,  considering  the 
conditions  of  competition  under  the  system  proposed. 

As  regards  the  argument  that  Colonial  Protection  renders  a 
Preference  consistent  with  it  of  no  value  to  our  insular  industries, 
it  seems  to  me  that,  however  stringent  a  young  and  growing 
country  makes  its  tariff,  there  always  remains  a  certain  market 
for  imported  manufactures,  in  competition  for  which  a  favoured 
nation  may  benefit  appreciably  by  preferential  treatment.  If  we 
can  secure  such  treatment  in  the  most  expansive  markets  of  the 
future,  at  the  price  of  a  reciprocal  concession  which  would  not 
hinder  the  domestic  function  of  our  own  tariff,  then  I  think  that 
the  principal  economic  and  national  objections  fall  to  the  ground. 

Coming  now  to  the  question  of  Imperial  Organisation  in  this 
connection,  I  notice  that  preferential  arrangements  already  have 
been  concluded  between  certain  of  the  partner  nations  without  the 
aid  of  any  further  Imperial  Organisation  than  exists  at  present. 
Those  States,  having  discussed  the  subject  at  successive  Conferences, 
severally  made  it  a  question  of  national  policy,  for  the  execution 
of  which  their  respective  Governments  found  themselves  sufficiently 
equipped.  This  illustrates  the  executive  power  of  the  Imperial 
Conference.  Obviously,  if  we  likewise  make  the  question  primarily 
a  domestic  or  national  one,  we  ipso  facto  exclude  the  idea  that  new 
Imperial  machinery  is  required  before  we  can  deal  with  it.  I  con- 
fess that  I  do  not  clearly  see  how  preferential  trade  can  be  discussed 
in  Conference  much  further  than  it  has  been,  except  in  relation 
to  foreign  treaties,  until  we  shall  have  expressed  our  own  adhesion 
to  the  general  principle  in  the  same  practical  manner  as  the 
younger  nations,  i.e.  by  adapting  our  national  tariff  to  the 
Imperial  purpose.  When  this  country  shall  have  granted  a 
nominal  preference,  without  prejudice  to  her  insular  fiscal  interests, 
then  at  length,  and  for  the  first  time,  a1!  the  partner  States 
will  find  themselves  on  the  same  fiscal  footing.  This  is  the 
condition  preliminary,  I  think,  to  that  further  development  of  the 
preferential  system  which  Canada,  Australia  and  New  Zealand 
have  in  view.  To  arrange  the  further  development,  which  involves 
international  bargaining,  of  course  the  Imperial  Conference  would 
be  indispensable. 

IMPERIAL  DEFENCE. 

Imperial  Defence,  especially  naval  defence,  is  another  topic  upon 
which  I  have  had  many  conversations  in  the  course  of  my  tour. 
The  idea  of  alliance  suggests  that  the  several  nations  ought  to 

B3 


10  Notes  on  Imperial  Organisation. 

maintain  naval  and  military  forces  of  their  own,  always  con- 
trolled by  their  own  governments,  except  when  the  latter  in- 
dividually deem  it  expedient  to  place  them  at  the  disposal  of  the 
acting  Imperial  executive.  I  think  that  this  conception  of  Imperial 
Defence  has  gained  ground  so  rapidly  in  Australia  and  Canada  of 
recent  years  that  it  is  a  waste  of  time  to  discuss  any  proposals  which 
are  based  upon  the  old  idea  of  unification.  At  the  Congress  of 
Chambers  of  Commerce  Mr.  G.  E.  Drummond,  speaking  for  im- 
portant Canadian  interests,  outlined  a  Canadian  naval  policy  of 
the  national  type.  The  popularity  of  kindred  naval  ideas  in 
Australia  has  again  been  brought  out  in  connection  with  the 
recent  proposals  of  the  Commonwealth  Government,  which  were 
condemned  by  our  Committee  of  Imperial  Defence. 

The  controversy  revived  by  the  Australian  proposals  always 
suggests  to  my  mind  a  question  as  to  what  are  really  the  unalter- 
able or  fundamental  factors  of  the  naval  problem  which  our  Com- 
mittee of  Imperial  Defence  is  called  upon  to  consider.  One  such 
factor  of  course  is  the  geographical  character  of  the  Empire,  which 
is  maritime.  But  another,  equally  fundamental  to  my  mind,  is 
the  political  character  of  the  Empire,  especially  the  growing 
national  sentiments,  of  the  several  Colonial  groups.  You  might  as 
well  found  a  system  of  Imperial  Defence  upon  the  assumption  that 
geographically  the  States  of  the  Empire  are  parts  of  one  continent, 
as  upon  the  assumption  that  politically  they  are,  or  might  be, 
animated  by  a  single  national  instinct.  To  lay  it  down  as  an 
axiom  that  the  centralised  naval  organisation  which  corresponds 
to  national  unity  is  the  only  possible  system,  is  to  propose  that  the 
Empire  should  be  adapted  to  the  Navy  instead  of  the  Navy  to  the 
Empire. 

Approaching  the  naval  problem  from  my  own  Imperial  stand- 
point, I  cannot  believe  that  the  Japanese  Alliance  is  of  no  naval 
advantage  to  this  country,  simply  because  the  two  navies  are  not 
under  one  paymaster  and  one  control  in  time  of  peace.  But  if  it 
is  possible  for  us  to  fortify  our  command  of  the  sea  by  means  of  a 
foreign  alliance  with  a  nation  whose  affinity  with  our  own  is  of  the 
slightest,  how  much  more  possible  may  it  be  by  means  of  an 
Imperial  alliance  with  nations  which  are  united  to  us  by  a  common 
Crown,  a  common  language,  a  racial  tie,  a  common  morality,  and 
a  strong  disposition  to  respect  our  well-earned  naval  hegemony  in 
all  technical  matters  !  If  this  is  a  reasonable  view,  then  the  obvious 
policy  for  us  is  to  encourage  the  younger  nations  to  lay  the  founda- 
tions of  those  future  navies  which  may  relieve  the  United  Kingdom 


Notes  on  Imperial  Organisation.  11 

of  posterity  from  single-handed  and  over-costly  Imperial  responsi- 
bility. In  order  to  promote  unity  of  aim  in  defensive  preparations 
it  is  desirable,  I  think,  that  there  should  be  a  genuinely  Imperial 
Committee  of  Defence,  i.e.  a  Committee  or  Board  created  by  the 
Governments  in  Conference.  The  present  Committee  is  one  on 
which  (to  quote  an  official  statement),  "  His  Majesty's  Government 
desire  to  obtain  from  time  to  time  the  presence  of  Colonial  repre- 
sentatives." I  desiderate  a  committee  on  which  His  Majesty's 
other  Governments  would  desire  the  continuous  presence  of  our 
representatives.  Such  a  committee  no  doubt  would  recognise 
colonial  nationalism  as  a'primary  factor  in  the  problem  of  Imperial 
Defence. 

In  New  Zealand  and  South  Africa  one  does  not  find  the  same 
preference  for  the  principle  of  alliance  in  naval  defence,  the  main 
cause  being  that  for  various  reasons  national  ambition  is  less 
developed  in  those  countries.  Both  of  them  seem  satisfied  for  the 
present  with  the  plan  of  cash  payments  to  our  Admiralty,  for 
which  purpose  no  development  of  Imperial  Organisation  seems  to 
be  required.  This  plan  is  not  "  taxation  without  representation," 
as  sometimes  alleged,  but  voluntary  subscription  without  repre- 
sentation, the  taxing  bodies  being  the  several  Colonial  Governments 
elected  by  the  taxed. 

In  South  Africa  I  was  much  impressed,  as  others  have  been,  by 
the  unique  suitability  of  the  country  as  a  training  ground  for  the 
Imperial  Army.  In  particular  the  people  of  South  Africa,  alone  of 
the  Imperial  democracies,  are  free  from  the  obsession  of  "anti- 
militarism  "  ;  the  explanation  being,  no  doubt,  that  all  their  local 
history  identifies  liberty  with  military  competence.  In  South  Africa, 
therefore,  I  think  that  no  political  objection  would  be  raised  to  the 
establishment  of  an  Imperial  training  station  ;  arid  the  Boer  farmers 
already  appreciate  the  economic  importance  to  themselves  of  military 
consuming  centres.  Further,  if  the  striking  force  of  the  Empire 
is  ever  to  become  a  genuinely  Imperial  force,  instead  of  continuing 
to  be  furnished  solely  by  this  country,  it  is  very  important  that 
its  headquarters  should  be  removed  to  a  more  central  place.  That 
is  another  aspect  of  the  question  which  I  do  not  think  has  been 
sufficiently  considered. 

It  is  often  objected  to  the  principle  of  alliance  in  relation  to 
Imperial  Defence  that  it  does  not  predetermine  the  fighting  force 
which  each  nation  State  will  be  prepared  to  furnish  in  a  crisis, 
supposing  the  Governments  to  have  concurred  in  a  war  policy ; 
and  that,  therefore,  this  country  would  still  have  to  maintain 


12  Notes  on  Imperial  Organisation. 

armaments  upon  the  present  scale.  Now  I  wish  to  point  out  that  the 
notion  of  alliance  does  not  exclude  but  positively  sanctions  the  idea 
that  each  partner  nation  ought  to  equip  itself  for  war  upon  a 
recognised  scale.  All  the  great  alliances  of  our  time  are  based,  I 
think,  upon  two  distinct  understandings  ;  the  first  defining  the 
contingencies  in  which  military  or  naval  support  shall  be  given  ; 
while  the  second  defines,  or  at  least  assumes,  the  nature  and  extent 
of  the  preparations  for  war  which  each  ally  makes.  To  put  it 
briefly,  alliance  implies  a  contract  covering  (a)  willingness  to  fight, 
and  (b)  ability  to  fight.  As  regards  willingness  to  fight  I  agree 
with  those  who  hold  that  the  general  spirit  of  the  Empire  may 
become  a  better  guarantee  than  a  definite  understanding,  for  which 
none  of  the  Imperial  democracies  are  yet  prepared.  But  as  regards 
the  ability  to  fight  I  cannot  reconcile  the  idea  of  alliance  with  the 
idea  of  one  ally  furnishing  practically  all  the  fighting  power.  In 
Canada  one  finds  a  widespread  tendency  to  protest  willingness  to 
fight  when  the  time  comes,  as  though  it  were  the  equivalent  of 
ability  to  fight.  There  is  also  a  tendency  to  disparage  our  own 
defensive  preparations  as  being  inspired  by  irrational  "  militarism." 
I  confess  myself  a  militarist  if  "  militarism  "  means  simply  (a)  the 
belief  that  national  independence  does  actually  rest  in  the  last  resort 
upon  the  right  of  might ;  and  (b)  a  desire  to  win,  when  compelled 
to  fight.  Those  who  are  not  "  militarists  "  to  this  extent  are,  to 
my  mind,  deceiving  themselves. 

The  Imperial  aspect  of  my  militarism  is  the  wish  that  my  country 
ultimately  should  derive  from  the  Imperial  alliance  the  same  kind 
of  benefit  as  Canada  now  derives ;  namely,  the  benefit  of  a  vast 
economy  in  her  expenditure  upon  national  insurance,  so  as  to  release 
revenue  for  other  purposes.  If  Canada  has  virgin  territories  to  ex- 
ploit, my  country  has  old  cities  to  rebuild,  abundant  land  for  "  closer 
settlement."  If  a  larger  population  in  Canada  is  an  object  of 
Imperial  importance,  so  is  a  more  rural  population  in  these  islands. 
The  one  is  not  more  valuable  than  the  other  as  a  form  of  con- 
tribution to  Imperial  Defence.  Nor  do  all  Canadians  argue  that 
the  financial  administration  of  their  prosperous  Dominion  is  now 
so  careful  that  increased  expenditure  upon  defence  need  have  a 
tendency  to  starve  the  vote  for  material  development. 

My  conception  of  Imperial  alliance  will  be  fulfilled  as  regards 
defence  when  each  partner  State  gives  all  its  young  men  a  rudi- 
mentary military  education  ;  entrusts  home  defence  to  an  efficient 
"  Citizen  Army  "  of  whatever  kind  it  prefers  ;  supplies  contingents 
to  an  Imperial  striking  force  stationed  centrally  in  South  Africa  ; 


Notes  on  Imperial  Organisation*  13 

and  furnishes  a  national  squadron  or  squadrons  to  an  Imperial 
Navy.  Under  those  conditions  there  would  be  an  all-round  ability 
to  fight,  if  ever  the  Governments  in  Conference  concurred  in 
willingness  to  fight.  Moreover,  this  international  distribution  of 
forces  would  make  isolated  action  almost  as  difficult  for  this 
country  as  it  is  now  for  the  younger  nations,  to  the  detriment  of 
aggressive  jingoism. 

FOREIGN  RELATIONS. 

Excepting  preferential  trade,  I  regard  defence  as  the  most  urgent 
part  of  the  Imperial  problem,  for  a  reason  which  I  think  is  often 
overlooked.  The  relative  growth  in  wealth  and  strength  of  certain 
foreign  powers  has  forced  the  United  Kingdom  to  abandon 
"  splendid  isolation  "  for  a  policy  of  combination,  as  the  best 
guarantee  of  its  national  interests.  Hence  our  special  understand- 
ings with  Japan  and  France,  and  our  persistent  overtures  to  the 
United  States.  This  situation  embarrasses  us  in  Imperial  Conference 
about  foreign  affairs  ;  the  claims  of  our  foreign  friends  who  have 
the  ability  to  fight  inevitably  outweighing  the  claims  of  our 
Imperial  allies  who  have  not  that  ability.  As  time  goes  on  I  fear 
that  our  schemes' of  mutual  insurance  with  foreign  powers,  becoming 
more  and  more  complicated,  will  make  it  increasingly  difficult  for 
us  to  prefer  the  particular  claims  of  the  younger  nations.  The 
final  outcome  of  the  Alaska  Boundary  negotiations  was  peculiarly 
significant  of  the  general  tendency ;  the  then  British  government 
being  the  most  sincerely  Imperial  of  modern  times.  After  that 
dismal  experience  the  New  Hebrides  adjustment  and  the  Newfound- 
land Fisheries  affair  seem  to  follow  as  a  matter  of  course.  Surely 
it  has  become  plain  that  the  only  certain  inducement  to  this 
country  to  uphold  the  Imperial  interest  would  be  the  same  induce- 
ment as  is  felt  now  by  the  statesmen  of  the  younger  nations,  namely 
a  belief  that  national  independence  may  be  guaranteed  better  by 
Imperial  alliance  than  by  any  foreign  combination.  This  concep- 
tion, which  is  literally  Sir  John  Macdonald's  ideal,  implies  a 
development  of  Imperial  fighting  strength  such  as  could  not  be  fully 
accomplished  for  many  years.  But  I  do  think  that  if  the  younger 
nations  made  "  equality  of  sacrifice  "  the  basis  of  their  defence 
policies  this  country  would  readily  incur  much  greater  risks  to  pre- 
serve the  hope  of  an  all-sufficient  Imperial  alliance  in  the  remoter 
future,  when  such  an  alliance  would  include  two  giant  nations  on 
the  Pacific  coasts.  The  idea  that  an  apparent  equality  of  sacrifice 
in  defensive  preparations  would  alter  the  present  trend  of  Imperial 


14  Notes  on  Imperial  Organisation, 

diplomacy  is  sanctioned  by  our  British  conception  of  "  playing  the 
game,"  which  I  think  has  great  force  with  the  people  of  this  country. 
If  it  is  true  that  the  defence  anomaly  is  causing  us  to  "  drift  apart  " 
in  foreign  relations,  then  there  is  grave  danger  to  the  Empire  in 
the  proposal,  which  is  popular  over-seas,  that  the  younger  nations 
should  postpone  national  responsibility  in  defence  until  they  have 
completed  the  work  of  "opening  up"  the  new  countries.  For 
this  is  nothing  less  than  a  proposal  to  postpone  the  beginning  of 
effective  Imperial  alliance  until  it  may  have  become  impossible ; 
and  meanwhile  to  perpetuate  the  cause  of  those  diplomatic  "  sur- 
renders "  which  in  themselves,  or  apart  from  their  cause,  are  steadily 
weakening  the  Empire. 

As  regards  "  surrenders,"  a  solution  favoured  in  certain  quarters 
is  to  attempt  the  redistribution  of  Imperial  diplomatic  influence 
upon  some  principle  other  than  relative  fighting  power,  which  is  the 
normal  basis,  or  equality  of  sacrifice,  which  I  have  suggested  as- a 
possible  alternative.  This  attempt  might  take  the  form  of  an 
advisory  council,  exerting  moral  pressure  upon  those  who  pay  the 
piper  to  let  others  call  the  tune  ;  which  would  fail  in  proportion  as 
it  appeared  for  the  moment  to  succeed.  Or  it  might  take  the 
form  of  separate  ambassadors  for  the  several  States  at  one  or  more 
foreign  capitals ;  which  I  do  not  think  would  have  the  desired 
effect.  For  no  plan  can  succeed  which  ignores  the  natural  law  of 
the  political  world,  that  diplomacy  derives  its  driving  power  from 
ability  to  fight.  Nevertheless  much  circumlocution  would  be  saved 
if  foreign  questions  arising  out  of  the  affairs  of  a  particular  partner 
State  were  handled  in  the  first  instance  by  the  government  of  that 
State,  which  eventually  would  submit  its  proposed^ policy  to  the 
other  governments,  or  at  least  to  ours.  Some  such  procedure,  for 
which  there  are  isolated  precedents,  is  likely  to  be  suggested  in 
Conference  next  April.  It  would  have  the  further  advantage  of 
making  it  clearer  to  what  extent  the  nationality  of  the  ambassador, 
-and  to  what  extent  the  command  of  fighting  power,  decides  the  issue 
of  diplomatic  negotiations.  At  any  rate  the  Canadians  certainly 
understand  the  psychology  of  their  neighbours  much  better  than  we 
do  ;  and  therefore  would  be  better  negotiators. 

IMPERIAL  INTERFERENCE. 

A  variety  of  incidents  occurred  in  the  course  of  my  tour  which 
emphasised  the  importance  of  defining  the  distinction  between 
Imperial  and  national  or  local  interests.  From  my  point  of  view 
Imperial  interference  may  be  defined  as  an  official  attempt  by  one  or 


Notes  on  Imperial  Organisation.  15 

more  partner  States  to  influence  the  policy  of  another  in  respect  of 
matters  which  do  not  affect  either  the  safety  of  the  Alliance  or  the 
internal  welfare  of  the  Dependencies.  In  Australia  the  Common- 
wealth Parliament  had  passed  its  Irish  Home  Rule  resolution  ; 
which  I  regard — in  my  capacity  of  United-Kingdom  nationalist — as 
an  unwarrantable  Imperial  interference  on  the  part  of  the  Common- 
wealth. Nevertheless  Mr.  Deakiu's  persuasive  dialectics  almost 
convinced  me  for  the  moment  that  Home  Rule  for  Ireland  is  a 
question  which  may  properly  be  regarded  as  Imperial.  From  a 
South  African  point  of  view  I  would  likewise  consider  that  the 
Australasian  resolutions  condemning  Chinese  Labour  in  the  Trans- 
vaal were  acts  of  undue  Imperial  interference.  But  I  recognise 
that  in  this  instance  the  people  of  Australia  and  New  Zealand 
held  that  their  part  in  the  Boer  war  had  entitled  them  to  express 
a  national  opinion — a  claim  which  was  admitted  by  the  then 
Secretary  of  State  for  the  Colonies.  It  was  argued  also  that  the 
Crown-Colony  status  of  the  Transvaal  made  a  difference  ;  but  I 
will  revert  to  that  later  on.  However,  the  classification  of  national 
and  Imperial  questions  can  be  accomplished  authoritatively  only  by 
the  passage  of  resolutions  in  Conference  from  time  to  time.  For 
the  time  being,  I  fear  it  is  only  too  true  that  the  whole  subject  has 
(in  Mr.  Deakin's  words)  ft  ceased  to  be  a  question  of  argument  and 
has  become  a  matter  of  emotion."  This  tendency  has  been 
illustrated  by  the  Home-Rule,  Chinese-Labour,  Natal-Native,  and 
Transvaal  Constitution  episodes. 

SOUTH  AFRICAN   QUESTIONS. 

I  was  moving  about  in  South  Africa  from  March  to  September 
of  the  present  year ;  and  I  do  not  think  modern  Colonial  history 
has  produced  anywhere  a  period  of  six  months  more  stimulating 
to  students  of  Imperial  Organisation.  I  believe  that  any  pro- 
posal whatever,  which  seemed  to  offer  some  hope  that  the  Imperial 
questions  of  South  Africa  would  be  dealt  with  on  their  merits, 
rather  than  to  suit  English  party  interests,  would  be  welcomed  by 
British  and  Boers  alike.  For  example,  the  idea  of  an  Advisory 
Council,  to  which  I  am  opposed,  would  find  plenty  of  support  in 
South  Africa  at  the  present  time.  The  Transvaal  Progressives 
were  inclined,  I  think,  to  endorse  that  proposal  in  the  statement  of 
policy  which  they  issued  last  April.  However  that  may  be,  the  first 
item  of  their  manifesto  was  sufficiently  significant  in  its  published 
form,  being  as  follows  : — "  The  provision  of  means  by  which  the 
views  and  affairs  of  the  self-governing  Colonies  may  be  adequately 


16  Notes  on  Imverial  Organisation. 

represented  in  the  Imperial  Councils,  as  distinct  from  political 
parties,  so  that  relations  may  be  established  throughout  the  Empire 
based  upon  sincerity,  continuity  and  knowledge." 

Personally  I  was  sorry  that  the  Transvaal  Progressives  had  not 
reserved  the  place  of  honour  in  their  manifesto  for  South  African 
federation  instead  of  Imperial  Organisation  :  for  I  thought  they 
were  putting  the  cart  before  the  horse.  Upon  my  hypothesis, 
Imperial  Organisation  recognises  only  national  Governments,  not 
provincial  Governments.  Theoretically,  therefore,  the  Premiers  of 
the  several  South  African  Colonies  have  no  more  right  to  sit  in 
Imperial  Conference  than  the  Premiers  of  the  Australian  States  or 
the  Canadian  Provinces,  or  even  the  Chairman  of  the  London 
County  Council ;  all  of  whom  represent  the  local-government  sub- 
divisions of  a  national  unit.  In  practice,  however,  it  is  no  doubt 
better  that  South  Africa  should  be  represented  by  the  local 
Premiers  than  by  a  single  representative  without  any  executive 
power  at  all.  The  above  is  not  a  merely  academic  criticism  of  the 
present  illogical  compromise.  Practical  evils  of  a  serious  character 
may  easily  follow  from  the  representation  of  local  authorities  in 
Imperial  Conference.  For  example,  in  1899  the  Pacific-Cabla 
partnership  was  finally  arranged.  The  United  Kingdom,  Canada, 
and  New  Zealand  negotiated  as  single-nation  States,  Australia 
as  six  Provinces.  Three  of  those  Provinces  joined  the  Cable 
partnership  ;  while  three  stood  out  in  order  to  make  special  terms 
with  "  private  enterprise,"  which  was  hostile  to  the  Pacific-Cable 
partnership.  Presently  the  new  Commonwealth,  having  inherited 
all  the  Cable  Agreements  of  the  several  States,  found  that  its 
'interests  as  a  partner  in  the  Pacific -Cable  conflicted  with  its  obli- 
gations to  the  Eastern  Extension  Co.  If  the  Pacific-Cable  project 
could  have  been  allowed  to  wait  until  the  Australian  States  became 
a  single-nation  State,'  the  present  difficulties  would  not  have 
arisen.  Probably  the  Cable  ring  will  seek  to  block  the  extension 
of  the  State-owned  system  to  South  Africa  by  precisely  similar 
tactics. 

So  much  for  the  importance  of  South  African  Federation  in  order 
to  complete  the  national  units  of  Imperial  Organisation,  But 
regarded  as  a  policy  of  purely  South  African  interest,  Federation 
itself  would  do  more  than  any  kind  of  advisory  council  to  restrict 
the  openings  for  Imperial  interference.  For  example,  recently 
our  Government,  through  no  fault  of  its  own,  became  entangled 
in  the  South  African  railway  controversy  ;  and  in  Cape  Colony  I 
found  an  angry  impression  that  the  Imperial  authorities  were 


Notes  on  Imperial  Organisation.  17 

taking  sides  unjustly  with  Natal.  A  railway  or  a  customs  deadlock, 
in  which  one  or  other  of  the  Colonies  might  be  tempted  to  invoke 
Imperial  intervention,  is  quite  conceivable  even  after  the  new 
Colonies  get  responsible  government ;  but  not  after  the  creation  of 
a  close  national  union. 

Then  as  regards  the  very  difficult  Native  question,  if  one  Colony 
thinks  that  the  administration  of  its  neighbour  is  re-acting  un- 
favourably upon  its  own  Native  population,  it  cannot  bring  pressure 
upon  that  neighbour  except  through  the  Colonial  Office.  This 
possibility  of  Imperial  friction  likewise  would  be  eliminated  by  a 
federal  union  which  included  the  nationalisation  of  Native  affairs. 

The  Native  question  is  regarded  by  South  Africans  generally  as 
domestic.  In  connection  with  the  Natal  crisis  the  argument  was 
advanced  by  our  Government  that  the  Native  question  was  Imperial 
in  character,  because  in  the  last  resort  our  taxpayers  might  be 
called  upon  to  provide  military  assistance.  I  was  in  Natal  at  the 
time,  and  observed  that  the  first  effect  of  our  official  pronounce- 
ment was  to  inspire  the  more  earnest  South  Africans  with  a  deter- 
mination to  suppress  the  disaffection  without  Imperial  aid.  Later 
on  I  attended  an  enthusiastic  public  meeting  in  Johannesburg, 
which  had  been  called  by  the  Mayor  for  the  purpose  of  urging  the 
Transvaal  Government  to  assist  Natal  with  a  military  force.  Here 
I  thought  that  our  pronouncement  was  being  answered  in  the  same 
spirit  as  in  Natal.  Personally  I  cannot  imagine  the  possibility  of 
any  Native  rising  which  United  South  Africa  could  not  suppress  ; 
and  therefore  I  cannot  regard  the  Native  question  as  Imperial  by 
reason  of  its  military  danger. 

To  my  mind  the  only  circumstance  which  brings  the  Native  ques- 
tion within  the  Imperial  category  is  that  Basutoland  and  certain 
other  Native  territories  are  directly  administered  by  the  British 
Government,  which  therefore  has  the  interest  of  a  neighbour  in 
the  Native  affairs  of  adjacent  Colonies.  But  this  circumstance  also 
may  be  eliminated  when  United  South  Africa  proves  by  its  en- 
lightened federal  treatment  of  the  Natives  that  the  Crown  Protec- 
torates may  safely  be  transferred  to  its  care.  Thus  South  African 
Federation  may  eventually  remove  the  Native  question  from  the 
category  of  Imperial  questions. 

Another  question  which  nearly  all  South  Africans  regard  as 
domestic  is  Chinese  Labour.  The  argument  that  the  fact  of  Crown 
administration  in  the  new  Colonies  has  made  the  question  Imperial 
is  met  by  the  argument  that  the  avowed  intention  of  the  late 
British  Government  was  to  treat  the  Transvaal  as  a  self-governing 


18  Notes  on  Imperial  Organisation. 

Colony,  so  far  as  post-bellum  conditions  permitted.  In  my  judg- 
ment that  pledge  was  faithfully  respected  in  connection  with 
Chinese  Labour.  But  this  controversy  again  illustrates  the  urgent 
need  of  Federation.  It  is  incontestable  that,  from  a  South  African 
point  of  view,  alien  labour  is  a  national  rather  than  a  provincial 
interest.  If  so,  the  other  South  African  colonies  have 'a  right  to 
control  the  labour  policy  of  the  Transvaal,  the  exercise  of  which 
involves  either  a  national  authority,  or  an  appeal  to  the  Imperial 
executive,  again  provoking  friction.  However,  assuming  Federation 
in  South  Africa,  the  notion  of  alliance  surely  excludes  the  idea  that 
one  partner  nation  is  entitled  to  interfere  with  the  labour  policy  of 
another,  unless  indeed  that  policy  threatens  to  entail  foreign  com- 
plications and  the  ultimate  risk  of  war.  The  question  whether  a 
given  policy  has  this  dangerous  character  obviously  is  a  proper  one 
for  the  Governments  in  Conference  to  decide.  No  partner  State 
could  ignore  the  opinion  of  the  Conference  without  jeopardising  its 
prospect  of  Imperial  support  should  war  ensue,  and  perhaps  wreck- 
ing the  alliance  altogether.  Such  a  contingency  seems  too  remote 
to  be  adduced  as  a  practical  objection  to  the  conception  of  Imperial 
partnership. 

I  come  now  to  the  question  of  the  British  Indians  in  South 
Africa.  My  Imperial  hypothesis  divides  His  Majesty's  subjects  into 
two  classes :  (1)  the  Rulers,  i.e.  the  autonomous  partner  nations, 
and  (2)  the  Ruled,  i.e.  the  peoples  of  the  Dependencies.  In  India 
itself  the  Rulers  act  upon  the  belief  that  they  are  justified  in  practi- 
cally withholding  democratic  institutions  from  His  Majesty's  Indian 
subjects,  whose  political  incompetence  otherwise  would  endanger 
the  Administration.  In  South  Africa  the  Rulers,  being  a  nation 
indigenous  to  the  land,  have  to  consider  the  safety  not  only  of  their 
democratic  political  institutions,  but  also  of  their  racial  position, 
which  is  threatened  economically  by  the  unequal  competition  of  the 
Indian  trader.  Surely,  therefore,  if  the  Rulers  in  India  are  justified 
in  restricting  the  political  rights  of  the  Indians  in  India  itself,  the 
Rulers  in  South  Africa  are  justified  in  restricting  both  the  political 
and  the  commercial  rights  of  the  Indians  in  a  country  where  the 
latter  are,  in  actual  fact,  alien  immigrants. 

Nor  am  I  impressed  by  the  argument  that  England,  as  the 
guardian  of  Indian  interests,  cannot  now  claim  less  for  the  Indians 
than  she  formerly  claimed  from  President  Kruger.  As  against 
foreigners  there  need  perhaps  be  no  distinction  between  Rulers  and 
Ruled ;  all  being  equally  British  subjects.  But  as  between  the 
partner  nations  and  the  peoples  of  the  Dependencies,  the  theory 


Notes  on  Imperial  Organisation.  19 

that  all  British  subjects  have  equal  political  rights  has  long  been 
denied  by  palpable  facts  which  Imperial  statesmanship  cannot  hope 
to  alter,  and  could  not  alter  in  any  case  without  destroying  the 
national  principle  as  the  basis  of  Imperial  organisation.  From  my 
standpoint,  therefore,  even  the  British-Indian  question  of  South 
Africa  is  not  Imperial  except  in  the  same  temporary  way  as  the 
Native  question— namely,  in  the  absence  of  a  national  South 
African  authority  to  deal  with  national  questions. 

Thus  South  Africa  after  all  does  not  permanently  complicate  the 
problem  of  Imperial  Organisation  :  the  Native,  the  Chinese,  and  the 
Indian  questions  being  all  theoretically  national ;  and  practically 
national  when  once  federation  is  accomplished.  There  remains  only 
the  recent  attempt  of  a  fiction  in  distress  to  make  England  the 
censor  of  South  African  morals  ;  which  I  dismiss  as  merely  a 
Pharisaical  expression  of  insular  arrogance.  Believing,  then,  that 
national  union  in  South  Africa  is  the  true  remedy  for  Imperial 
difficulties  there,  I  am  glad  to  express  my  opinion  that  within  a  few 
months  the  federal  movement  will  be  in  full  swing. 

THE  METHOD  OF  PROGRESS. 

•    - 

Before  concluding  I  wish  to  refer  again  to  a  South  African 
episode,  in  order  to  illustrate  my  own  view  of  the  best  method 
by  which  to  promote  the  development  of  Imperial  Organisation. 
There  is  a  choice  between  two  methods.  One  method,  which  is 
based  upon  the  assumption  that  the  existing  organisation  is  hope- 
lessly deficient,  postpones  specific  acts  of  Imperial  co-operation, 
such  as  reciprocal  trade  arrangements  or  consultation  about  foreign 
affairs,  until  the  machinery  shall  have  been  installed  which,  it  is 
imagined,  is  required  for  dealing  with  such  matters.  The  other 
method,  which  I  advocate,  is  to  lose  no  opportunity  of  effecting  the 
particular  acts  of  co-operation,  using  whatever  makeshift  machinery 
already  exists  ;  in  the  expectation  that  the  attendant  difficulties 
will  themselves  suggest  the  necessary  improvements. 

Now,  in  the  early  part  of  last  year  our  late  Government  was 
occupied  with  two  important  Imperial  matters  at  the  same  time. 
In  the  first  place  it  was  framing  a  constitution  for  the  Transvaal ; 
without,  so  far  as  I  know,  consulting  the  Governments  of  the 
partner  nations.  In  the  second  place  it  was  circularising  those 
same  Governments  about  the  constitution  of  the  Colonial  Con- 
ference. I  do  not  gather  from  the  published  correspondence  that 
it  was  definitely  advocating  the  proposal  to  change  the  Conference 


20  Notes  on  Imperial  Organisation. 

into  an  Advisory  Council :  although  I  notice  that  at  the  Congress 
of  Chambers  of  Commerce,  Mr.  Geoffrey  Drage  is  reported  to  have 
stated  that  the  late  Government  had  adopted  that  scheme.1  In  any 
case  I  think  that  the  action  of  our  Government  illustrates  the  wrong 
method  of  promoting  Imperial  Organisation.  Had  an  Advisory 
Council  been  in  existence  I  suppose  the  Transvaal  Constitution 
would  have  been  submitted  to  it :  as  it  was  not  in  existence  the 
partner  nations  apparently  were  not  consulted  at  all. 

If  the  late  Government  had  followed  the  better  method,  it  would 
have  circularised  the  other  Governments,  not  about  an  improved 
Council,  but  about  the  Transvaal  Constitution.  The  existing 
machinery,  namely  His  Majesty's  mail  service  and  the  ocean  cables, 
was  as  adequate  for  the  one  purpose  as  for  the  other.  Had  the 
Lyttelton  Constitution  been  privately  submitted  before  publication 
to  the  partner  Governments,  I  do  not  fancy  that  any  one  of  them 
would  have  given  much  thought  to  the  matter,  or  would  have 
taken  exception  to  its  general  principle.  Probably  they  would 
simply  have  told  our  Government  to  go  ahead.  In  any  case, 
whether  amended  or  not,  the  Lyttelton  Constitution  would  have 
emerged  as  the  act,  not  of  the  British  Unionist  party,  or  even  of 
the  British  nation,  but  of  the  Imperial  Conference — the  Govern- 
ments in  partnership. 

If  this  had  been  done  surely  the  consequences  would  have  been 
of  the  utmost  practical  importance.  When  the  change  of  Govern- 
ment took  place  in  England  the  Lyttelton  Constitution  could  not 
have  been  withdrawn  and  another  substituted,  except  by  a  fresh  act 
of  the  Imperial  Conference.  Even  so,  I  am  not  sure  that  our 
present  Cabinet  could  not  have  induced  the  other  Governments 
to  substitute  its  own  policy  ;  by  appealing  to  their  instinctive  faith 
in  that  principle  of  Kesponsible  Government  which,  in  my  own 
judgment,  is  quite  unsuited  to  the  case  of  the  new  Colonies  at  the 
present  time.  Anyway,  let  us  imagine  for  the  sake  of  argument 
that  the  Imperial  Conference  had  first  sanctioned  the  Lyttelton 
policy  and  then  agreed  to  substitute  the  present  policy.  How 
would  the  responsibility  of  the  Conference  have  altered  the  existing 
situation  in  South  Africa  ?  It  would  have  altered  it  to  this  extent 
• — as  regards  the  Transvaal  Constitution,  you  would  not  have  had 
South  Africa  restored  to  her  old  belief  that  the  Imperial  connection 

In  the  course  of  the  discussion  Mr.  Drage  explained  that  the  Report  of  hia 
speech  to  which  the  lecturer  alluded  was  a  summary  only,  and  that  in  reality  he 
had  been  careful  to  explain  to  what  partial  extent  the  late  Government  adopted 
Sir  Frederick  Pollock's  proposals. 


Notes  on  Imperial  Organisation.  21 

involves  subjection  to  English  party  interests.  You  might  then 
have  argued  with  some  hope  of  carrying  conviction  that  the  change 
of  policy  had  been  adopted  upon  the  real  merits  of  the  question. 
An  Englishman  who  has  recently  travelled  over  the  greater  part 
of  civilised  South  Africa  would  not  then  have  heard  his  country 
reproached  with  a  bitterness  which  I  cannot  describe. 

The  only  persons  in  South  Africa  whose  reproaches  against  my 
country  provoked  me  to  tu  quoque  were  those  who  hailed  from 
Canada,  Australia,  and  New  Zealand  ;  their  own  Governments  being, 
in  my  opinion,  not  a  whit  less  blamable  than  ours  for  the  reversal 
of  Imperial  policy.  Their  present  Governments  are  practically  the 
same  as  those  which  supported  the  policy  of  1899.  The  answer  to 
a  question  asked  in  the  House  on  July  31  seems  to  show  that  none 
of  them  exercised  the  right  which  they  acquired  in  the  war  to 
influence  the  Imperial  settlement  of  South  Africa.  When  I  recollect 
the  readiness  of  the  Australasian  Governments  to  make  representa- 
tions about  Chinese  Labour,  which  perhaps  ought  not  to  be  regarded 
as  an  Imperial  question  at  all,  I  cannot  persuade  myself  that  they 
have  served  the  Empire  well  by  refraining  from  either  condemning 
or  approving  our  policy  in  a  matter  which  certainly  is  not  less 
essentially  Imperial  than  the  issue  of  the  war  itself.  Their  silence 
has  added  to  the  precedents  which  sanction  the  subordination  of 
Imperial  interests  to  those  of  a  political  party  in  England.  And 
our  own  Government  in  failing  to  consult  them  missed  an  unique 
opportunity  of  really  promoting  Imperial  Organisation. 

It  is  almost  criminal  to  be  wise  after  the  event ;  and  therefore  I 
hasten  to  apologise  for  thus  having  ventured  to  criticise  responsible 
Ministers,  because  they  failed  to  see  the  importance  of  doing  certain 
things  which  equally  escaped  the  notice,  at  the  time,  of  such 
irresponsible  Imperialists  as  myself.  My  object  in  doing  so  has 
been  simply  to  advocate,  with  the  help  of  an  illustration  from  my 
recent  experience,  the  practical  wisdom  of  promoting  Imperial 
Organisation  by  one  method  rather  than  another. 

In  conclusion  I  wish  to  insist  again  that  those  who  adopt  the 
principle  of  alliance  rather  than  federation  do  so  on  practical  rather 
than  theoretical  grounds.  To  accept  the  principle  of  alliance  is  to 
accept  those  unalterable  facts  of  divergent  political  (not  racial) 
nationalism,  both  here  and  overseas,  with  which  the  true  federal 
principle  quarrels  at  every  turn.  That  the  particular  Fatherland 
still  takes  precedence  is  a  fact  beyond  dispute,  when  you  consider 
the  fiscal  tendencies  not  only  of  the  Colonies  but  also  of  this  country. 
For  our  Tariff-Reform  movement,  which  was  launched  as  an  Imperial 


22  Notes  on  Imperial  Organisation, 

policy,  has  made  great  progress  as  a  movement  for  the  protection 
of  our  insular  industries ;  the  excellent  arguments  for  which 
would  appeal  to  me  with  almost  as  much  force  if  our  industrial 
competitors  happened  to  be  Colonial  instead  of  foreign.  I  cannot 
imagine  myself,  as  an  Englishman,  acquiescing  in  the  transfer  of 
our  industries  to  another  land  so  long  as  insular  protection  could 
avert  that  prospect. 

However,  there  is  no  reason  to  suppose  that  the  nationalism  of. 
our  time  is  a  political  factor  in  perpetuity.  History  no  doubt 
teaches  us  to  anticipate  the  day,  however  distant,  when  the  instinct 
of  patriotism  will  really  set  the  general  welfare  of  the  Empire 
before  the  welfare  of  the  particular  Fatherland.  At  some  future 
date  the  Governments  in  Conference  may  agree  to  subordinate 
themselves  to  an  external  authority,  first  advisory,  and  afterwards 
legislative  and  executive.  But  it  is  my  humble  belief  that  for  our 
generation  the  principle  of  national  Governments  in  Conference,  with 
a  growing  equipment  of  subsidiary  machinery,  represents  the  last 
word  in  Imperial  Organisation. 

DISCUSSION. 

The  CHAIRMAN  (Dr.  G.  E.  PARKIN,  C.M.G.)  :  You  have  been 
listening  to  a  Paper  which  absolutely  bristles  with  subjects  for 
discussion.  We  have  with  us  to-night  men  who  have  ruled  distant 
provinces  of  the  Empire,  Premiers,  Cabinet  Ministers,  public  men, 
and  writers  who  have  themselves  had  to  deal  with  these  questions, 
and  I  feel  sure  we  shall  have  an  interesting  discussion. 

Mr.  GEOFFREY  DRAGE  :  I  congratulate  the  Institute  on  the 
extraordinarily  able  Paper  that  has  been  read  to-night.  I  do  not 
think  that  Mr.  Jebb  need  have  apologised  for  having  taken  from 
Sir  John  Macdonald  the  idea  which  lies  at  the  bottom  of  his 
admirable  book  and  also  of  his  Paper,  for  the  more  one  studies 
these  questions  of  Imperial  interest  the  more  one  sees  how  the 
Imperial  ideas  with  which  we  are  dealing  to-day  are  gathered  from 
those  who  have  preceded  us.  In  connection  with  this  movement 
for  the  closer  union  of  the  Empire  I  think  we  are  apt  to  lay  too 
much  stress  on  names  and  machinery.  It  does  not  matter  whether 
you  call  those  who  are  to  be  Members  of  the  Council  by  the  name 
of  Agents-General,  or  High  Commissioners,  or  Ambassadors,  but  it 
is  of  importance  they  should  come  with  proper  powers.  We  hear 
again  and  again  during  negotiations  of  references  having  to  be  made 
home  not  only  at  the  Colonial  Conferences  but  even  at  ad  hoc  -Con- 
ferences about  cables  and  the  like.  The  Colonial  representatives 


Notes  on  Imperial  Organisation.  23 

should  be  able  to  meet  the  Home  Government  with  full  powers 
to  negotiate  and  speak  in  the  name  of  the  Colonies  they  repre- 
sent. Next,  I  would  urge  that  questions  to  be  argued  before  the 
Conferences  should  be  fully  prepared  beforehand,  and  in  this 
connection  I  do  not  think  the  Colonial  Office  has  always  got  credit 
enough  for  doing  its  best  to  place  before  the  Premiers  of  the  great 
sister-states  full  details  of  the  questions  that  are  to  be  discussed. 
In  addition  to  adequate  power  and  sufficient  knowledge  these  repre- 
sentative men  should  be  enabled  to  work  continuously  till  they 
arrive  at  a  decision.  Hitherto,  their  deliberations  have  been  too 
short  and  too  much  interrupted  by  social  and  other  functions. 
But  it  is  not  machinery  or  titles  so  much  as  judicious  choice  of 
subjects  that  is  important.  Using  the  words  of  the  Treasurer  of 
the  Cape  Colony,  I  would  say  that  "we  all  want  a  practical  start." 
We  want  to  take  some  practical  question  to  which  a  common 
solution  is  obvious  and  immediately  possible  and  show  how 
Imperial  unity  can  be  of  use  to  large  classes  all  over  the  Empire. 
We  do  not  want  to  take  so  controversial  a  question  as  the  Fiscal 
question,  for  instance,  to  start  with,  but  questions  the  facts  of 
which  have  been  officially  collected  and  are  not  disputed  in  order 
to  show  how  to  remedy  grievances  equally  felt  all  over  the  Empire. 
The  facts  of  the  Fiscal  question  are  very  much  a  matter  of  con- 
troversy. Only  this  year  Mr.  Lloyd-George  with  the  support  of 
Mr.  Chamberlain  has  introduced  a  Bill  to  enable  the  Department 
to  get  figures  relating  to  our  Home  Trade  on  the  ground  that  we 
have  no  trustworthy  statistics  with  regard  to  it.  Now  as  regards 
the  Empire  at  large  there  is  no  common  statistical  year,  no  common 
statistical  method,  no  common  Trade  Year  Book,  and  I  venture  to 
suggest,  therefore,  that  the  Fiscal  question  is  not  a  practical  one  to 
start  with.  But  there  are  heaps  of  questions  about  which  there  is 
no  controversy.  Take  the  question  of  naturalisation :  at  this 
moment  there  are- crowding  into  the  Canadian  Provinces  vast 
numbers  of  foreigners,  men  from  the  United  States,  as  well  as 
from  the  different  States  of  Europe.  They  are  anxious  to  become 
British  citizens  and  take  out  Naturalisation  papers.  When  they 
have  taken  out  such  papers  they  become  British  citizens  in  Canada, 
but  they  are  not  British  citizens  in  Melbourne  or  in  London.  Out 
of  Canada  they  are  neither  fish,  flesh,  fowl,  nor  good  red  herring. 
If  it  were  possible  to  put  half  a  dozen  practical  men,  men  with 
adequate  powers,  knowledge,  and  of  experience  to  work  for  an 
adequate  time  at  a  question  of  the  kind,  we  should  learn  from  their 
treatment  of  it  where  the  shoe  pinches,  and  in  what  way  we  could 


24  Notes  on  Imperial  Organisation. 

afterwards  tackle  its  more  thorny  questions  such  as  those  connected 
with  Tariff  Reform  and  Defence.  There  are  numbers  of  questions 
affecting  the  trade  of  the  Empire ;  for  instance,  that  of  patents, 
trade  marks,  bankruptcy,  marine  insurance,  and  so  forth.  It  is 
melancholy  indeed  to  think  how  Chambers  of  Commerce  and  business 
men  come  together  and  year  after  year  have  the  same  grievances 
to  complain  of.  Year  after  year  they  pass  the  same  resolutions 
and  send  them  to  the  proper  authorities,  but  nothing  is  done.  In 
threshing  out  these  questions  with  the  help  of  distinguished 
Colonists  such  as  those  present  to-night,  this  Institute  is  not  justi- 
fying its  existence,  that  it  has  done  long  ago, — but  it  is  rendering 
incalculable  service  to  the  unity  of  the  Empire,  on  which  as  I 
believe  the  future  of  the  civilisation  of  the  whole  world  largely 
depends. 

The  Hon.  A.  J.  THYNNE  (M.L.C.  Queensland) :  I  have  been 
pleased  to  hear  Mr.  Jebb's  very  excellent  Paper  and  the  very 
interesting  views  which  he  has  put  forward.  I  may  relate  a 
little  incident  which  may  perhaps  be  of  interest.  During  1894  I 
had  the  privilege  of  meeting  the  late  Sir  John  Edgar,  Speaker  of 
the  Canadian  House  of  Commons,  and  we  discussed  a  great  many 
questions  of  Imperial  import  and  had  some  short  correspondence. 
About  the  beginning  of  1895  I  received  from  him  a  letter  which 
concluded  something  in  these  words :  "  I  hope  Australia  will 
federate  and  South  Africa  too.  We  Colonists  never  know  the  day 
when  we  may  be  called  upon  to  come  to  the  assistance  of  the 
Mother  Country  in  her  time  of  stress.  Anything  which  any  of  us 
can  do  to  meet  the  time  is  well  worth  the  doing."  By  a  strange 
coincidence  almost  five  years  afterwards  Canadian  troops  were 
side  by  side  with  Queensland  troops  fighting  and  winning  in  South 
Africa,  but  I  regret  to  say  that  Sir  John  Edgar  did  not  live  to  see 
his  prophecy  in  process  of  fulfilment.  One  of  the  questions  dis- 
cussed between  us  was  the  attitude  of  the  United  States  towards 
Great  Britain.  Some  twelve  years  ago  the  relations  of  those  two 
countries  were  very  different  from  what  they  are  to-day.  We 
Colonists  were  endeavouring  to  find  out  the  reasons.  One  was  the 
question  referred  to  by  Mr.  Jebb  in  his  condemnation  of  Australian 
interference,  the  question  of  Home  Rule.  That  is  a  very  live 
question  with  Canadians  as  with  most  Australians,  and  I  would  ask 
Mr.  Jebb  in  his  next  limitation  of  what  he  calls  political  interference 
to  exclude  from  his  condemnation  any  representation  that  may  be 
made  by  one  part  of  the  Empire  to  any  other  that  may  call  attention 
either  to  a  weakness  or  to  a  sore,  the  healing  of  which  would  help 


Not&s  on  Imperial  Organisation.  25 

to  make  each  part  of  the  Empire  prouder  and  more  confident  of  the 
remainder,  and  of  the  central  body  itself.  Whether  it  be  the  intro- 
duction of  Chinese  Labour  or  anything'else,  it  would  be  a  great  mis- 
fortune for  the  future  combination  of  different  parts  if  any  great  limita- 
tion were  placed  upon  their  liberty  to  send  a  kindly  message  of  interest 
in  a  matter  affecting  the  welfare  of  any  one  part  of  the  Empire,  and 
therefore  affecting  indirectly,  perhaps,  all  the  other  parts  of  the 
Empire.  It  would  appear  that  Mr.  Jebb's  proposal  would  involve 
the  continual  presence  in  London  of  a  Minister  of  the  Crown  from 
each  of  the  component  parts  of  the  conference.  That  may  be 
feasible  as  regards  those  parts  of  the  Empire  within  easy  reach,  but 
I  can  quite  conceive  difficulties  in  the  way  of  the  Federal  Govern- 
ment in  Australia,  for  instance,  being  able  to  secure  the  presence  of 
Cabinet  Ministers,  not  merely  on  account  of  distance  but  also  by 
reason  of  possible  changes  of  government  in  those  new  countries. 
It  would  not  be  wise,  I  think,  to  insist  too  firmly  on  the  requirement 
that  the  representatives  of  those  different  States  must  necessarily  be 
Ministers  of  the  Crown  belonging  to  particular  States.  The  state- 
ment that  was  quoted  as  having  been  made  by  that  venerable 
statesman  Sir  Charles  T upper  is  worthy  of  attention  and  sympathy, 
but  he  belonged  to  a  government  which  had  a  continuous  existence 
for  about  twenty  years,  and  his  position  as  minister  and  as  High 
Commissioner  naturally  gave  him  great  power  and  influence  and 
increased  his  prestige  here.  But  I  do  not  think  that  experience 
even  in  Great  Britain  leads  to  the  hope  that  our  Governments  will 
be  Governments  of  such  great  length  of  standing  as  the  Canadian 
Government  to  which  Sir  Charles  T  upper  belonged.  On  the 
question  of  Imperial  Defence  Mr.  Jebb  made  some  excellent  remarks. 
It  seems  to  me  at  the  present  time  we  are  somehow  approaching  a 
better  understanding  and  arrangement  between  the  different  parts 
of  the  Empire  and  the  Imperial  Government  than  has  hitherto 
been  the  case.  We  have  approached  the  questioning  stage  as  to 
each  other's  capacity  and  willingness.  In  Australia  we  have 
initiated  a  system  of  teaching  military  and  physical  drill  to  all  the 
children  of  our  schools,  which  is  being  followed  up  by  taking  those 
children  into  Cadet  Corps  in  which  they  are  being  taught  how  to 
shoot  and  which  I  believe  will  be  followed  before  long  by  taking 
these  boys  at  the  age  of  eighteen,  nineteen,  and  twenty  and  giving 
them,  each  of  those  three  years,  a  short  period  of  training  in  camp. 
At  twenty-one  they  will  be  admitted  as  citizens,  with  the  right  to 
vote,  but  meantime  they  -will  have  been  trained  in  the  highest 
function  of  citizens,  that  of  defending  their  own  homes.  We  call  it 


26  Notes  on  Imperial  Organisation. 

compulsory  education,  not  compulsory  military  service.  It  is  not 
the  spirit  of  our  people  to  attribute  that  name  to  it.  I  would  ask 
why  a  similar  system  should  not  be  adopted  in  Great  Britain. 
When  our  system  is  in  full  force  I  believe  we  shall  be  able  at  any 
time  to  rely  upon  an  army  of  200,000  or  800,000  trained  men  in 
Australia,  and  that  will  be  worth  to  the  Empire  something  more 
than  a  mere  subsidy  or  money  payment.  The  Australian  spirit,  I 
believe,  is  this  :  We  wish  to  be  worthy  allies  or  worthy  foes  of  any 
nation  who  chooses  to  be  friendly  or  hostile  to  us.  Mr.  Jebb  has 
apparently  made  a  slight  inaccuracy  in  reference  to  the  Pacific 
Cable  arrangement.  It  was  originally  entered  into,  not  by  six  of 
the  Australian  States  but  only  by  three.  It  has,  of  course,  since 
become  a  matter  of  federal  treatment,  but  the  distinction  between 
the  three  States  and  the  rest  of  Australia  is  still  preserved.  Time 
does  not  permit  me  to  refer  to  other  subjects  dealt  with  by  Mr. 
Jebb,  and  indeed  his  able  Paper  deserves  very  careful  study. 

Mr.  W.  J.  NAPIER  (New  Zealand) :  It  is  no  demerit  in  Mr.  Jebb's 
interesting  and  thoughtful  Paper  that  it  bristles  with  contentious 
matter.  I  will  indicate  a  few  of  the  points  in  which,  as  I  think,  he 
has  somewhat  inaccurately  diagnosed  Colonial  feeling,  at  least  so  far 
as  Australia  and  New  Zealand  are  concerned.  I  do  not  agree  with 
him  that  the  problem  of  Imperial  union  should  be  left  to  be  solved 
by  evolution.  I  think  the  question  is  so  near,  so  vital,  so  closely 
bound  up  with  the  future  of  the  Mother  Country  and  the  Colonies, 
that  it  is  the  imperative  duty  of  our  statesmen  not  to  allow  the  ques- 
tion to  drift  or  wait  upon  events,  but  to  propound  some  practicable 
plan  by  which  a  closer  Imperial  union  than  now  exists  may  be 
effected.  I  am  not  an  advocate  of  political  evolution.  I  know  the 
English  people  are.  They  have  a  reverential  feeling  for  their  Con- 
stitution. It  has  taken  seven  or  eight  hundred  years  to  evolve,  but  we 
are  now  living  in  a  different  age  and  we  cannot  wait  another  seven  or 
eight  hundred  years  to  develop  an  Imperial  Constitution.  Mr.  Jebb 
says  that  the  sentiment  of  a  new  and  individual  nationality  in  the 
modern  and  political  rather  than  in  the  racial  sense  of  the  term  is  a 
growing  and  permanent  characteristic  of  Canada,  Australia,  New 
Zealand  and  South  Africa.  Now  I  have  lived  in  New  Zealand  all 
my  life,  and  that  strikes  me  as  rather  a  surprising  statement.  If 
there  is  one  country  in  the  world  in  which  the  true  racial  instinct 
is  predominant,  the  pride  of  membership  of  an  Imperial  race,  it  is 
New  Zealand.  Just  as  the  old  Eoman  said  Civis  Romanus  sum, 
so  the  New  Zealander  or  the  Australian  also  is  proud  to  say  "  I  am 
a  citizen  of  the  British  Empire."  The  error  into  which  Mr.  Jebb 


Notes  on  Imperial  Organisation.  27 

has  inadvertently  fallen  is,  I  think,  this— that  in  New  Zealand  he 
appears  to  have  thought  that  the  national  instinct  was  not  greatly 
developed  because  the  Imperial  instinct  was  so  prominent.  The 
people  of  New  Zealand  have  a  strong  Imperialist  feeling,  but  at  the 
same  time  there  is  no  country  in  which  they  are  prouder  of  their 
national  spirit  and  organisation,  and  of  the  type  of  people  they 
hope  to  evolve.  I  cannot  subscribe  to  the  proposition  that  Im- 
perial organisation  should  merely  be  an  alliance  of  disunited 
nations.  It  is  rather  late  in  the  day  for  any  one  to  suggest  that 
we  are  simply  to  formulate  a  scheme  of  alliance  as  if  we  were  all 
strangers  instead  of  being  brothers  and  sisters  and  members  of  the 
same  family.  The  idea  which  I  favour  is  that  we  must  proceed 
gradually  to  evolve  a  truly  Imperial  Parliament  in  which  the 
Colonies  shall  be  fully  represented.  I  do  not  say  that  it  can  be 
attained  per  saltum,  but  it  is  the  goal  at  which  we  ought  to  aim— 
an  Imperial  Parliament  dealing  only  with  Imperial  affairs  with  the 
necessary  corollary  as  regards  domestic  matters  of  Home  Rule  all 
round.  Mr.  Jebb  says,  "I  cannot  persuade  myself  that  the  appeal 
of  the  Press  to  the  imagination  can  ever  be  a  substitute  for  the 
appeal  of  preferential  trade  to  material  interests."  But  there  are 
material  interests  outside  preferential  trade.  It  is  a  great  thing 
even  materially  to  belong  to  a  great  Empire.  We  have  first  of  all 
the  protection  of  the  Empire's  fleet — the  power  which  the  prestige 
of  the  Empire  gives  us,  so  that  on  the  low  ground  of  material 
interests  outside  of  preferential  trade,  which  is  a  very  contentious 
question  in  the  Colonies,  there  are  strong  motives  to  compel  us  to 
remain  as  integral  parts  of  the  Empire.  In  my  own  country,  New 
Zealand,  we  have  given  you  a  preference  of  10  per  cent,  but  we 
have  not  asked  you  for  anything  back  ;  we  have  not  asked  you  to 
tax  your  food.  We  give  the  10  per  cent,  voluntarily,  inspired  by 
the  imagination,  the  affection,  and  the  sentiment  which  Mr.  Jebb 
decries.  That  preference  was  not  given  with  any  afterthought,  but 
simply  as  a  small  contribution  towards  uniting  the  Empire.  I 
agree  a  good  deal  with  what  Mr.  Jebb  has  said  with  regard  to  the 
question  of  defence.  In  1901  I  was  a  member  of  the  Defence  Com- 
mittee in  the  New  Zealand  Parliament.  We  evolved  a  scheme 
very  much  on  the  lines  referred  to  in  the  Paper,  and  as  a  result  we 
have  to-day  an  Imperial  reserve  force.  The  men  are  paid  wages  only 
when  in  a  camp  of  instruction  ;  they  go  into  camp  sixteen  days 
in  the  year  and  are  liable  to  be  called  upon  to  serve  in  any  part 
of  the  Empire  at  the  call  of  the  Defence  Minister.  In  addition 
we  have  a  volunteer  force  and  the  Cadet  Corps  in  the  schools. 


28  Notes  on  Imperial  Organisation. 

I  think  I  am  within  the  mark  in  stating  that  we  had  about  100,000 
men  trained  to  the  use  of  firearms.  As  to  the  Chinese  Labour 
question  not  being  an  Imperial  question,  I  do  not  agree  with  the 
lecturer.  It  is  a  complicated  question  I  admit,  but  I  concur  with  Mr. 
Thynne's  remarks  on  this  point.  I  maintain  that  the  welfare  of 
the  Empire  depends  upon  there  being  sound  economic  and  moral 
conditions  in  all  its  parts.  What  Australia  and  New  Zealand 
fought  for  was  an  Empire  of  the  British  people,  not  an  Empire  for 
an  inferior  Asiatic  people.  We  wanted  South  Africa  to  be  pre- 
served for  our  own  race  or  at  least  a  white  race.  We  have  tried  by 
legislation  in  New  Zealand  to  keep  our  country  free  from  the  taint  of 
an  inferior  people  and  wrong  economic  and  labour  conditions.  I 
prefer  to  regard  the  question  of  Imperial  organisation  rather  from  the 
standpoint  of  the  federalist.  I  believe  the  goal  is  a  federal  parlia- 
ment. It  would  be  found  in  the  last  resort,  I  think,  that  kinship 
and  blood  form  just  as  good  a  cement  as  even  the  almighty  dollar. 

The  Hon.  BERNHARD  E.  WISE  (E.G.  New  South  Wales)  :— The 
speech  of  Mr.  Napier  and  Mr.  Jebb's  Paper  have  brought  into  pro- 
minence two  different  views  of  Empire.  Some  of  us  are  old  enough 
to  remember  when  Empire  came  into  fashion.  It  was  Professor 
Seeley's  book  on  the  expansion  of  England  published  in  the  eighties 
that  revealed  Empire  to  England.  It  taught  them  that  the  genius 
of  England  lay  in  colonisation.  Its  effect  on  the  Colonies  was 
different.  The  point  of  view  which  was  not  appreciated  was  the 
National  idea  outside  England.  The  consequence  was  the  complete 
misunderstanding  on  the  part  of  the  democracy  of  the  aims  of 
Empire — that  it  meant  a  subversion  of  national  aspirations  instead 
of  meaning  as  it  does  the  development  of  them  by  means  of  union. 
What  changed  the  idea?  For  one  thing  the  influence  of  Mr. 
Chamberlain  and  the  war,  I  should  say.  The  democracy  then 
recognised  that  the  war  was  a  fight  against  secession,  a  fight  for 
the  maintenance  of  integrity  of  the  British  race,  just  as  truly  as  the 
Northern  States  recognised  that  the  claims  of  the  South,  however 
well  founded  in  law,  would  break  up  the  American  Union.  Then 
came  a  new  idea,  an  idea  voiced  in  a  work  which  is  no  less  epoch- 
making  than  Mr.  Seeley's— the  work  of  Mr.  Eichard  Jebb  published 
two  years  ago  which  voiced  to  the  English-speaking  world  what  the 
aspirations  of  Empire  were.  He  saw  that  the  crude  republicanism 
of  the  eighties  and  nineties  was  not  the  real  sentiment  of  the  people 
but  a  blind  groping  forward,  and  I  think  Professor  Seeley  would 
head  his  book  now  not  "  The  Expansion  "  but  "  The  Multiplication 
of  England."  You  cannot  have  a  strong  Empire  unless  you  allow  all 


Notes  on  Imperial  Organisation.  29 

the  parts  to  develop  along  their  own  lines.  The  strength  of  the 
Empire  lies  in  alliance  and  not  in  union,  in  which  the  predominant 
partner  would  make  his  influence  so  felt  that  national  aspirations 
would  be  crushed. 

Mr.  C.  S.  GOLDMANN  :  I  am  rather  at  a  disadvantage,  as  I  received 
no  notice  that  I  should  be  asked  to  speak  to-night,  and  I  therefore 
ask  your  indulgence  with  reference  to  a  few  comments  I  wish  to 
make  on  this  most  interesting  Paper  to  which  we  have  just  listened. 
It  is  particularly  instructive  as  it  is  not  the  outcome  of  mere  book 
knowledge,  but  it  is  the  result  of  personal  observations  by  a  searching 
mind  taken  at  distant  but  vital  points  of  our  Imperial  compass. 
With  much  Mr.  Jebb  has  said  I  cordially  agree.  We  are  committed 
to  the  Imperial  idea  by  all  our  acts  and  cannot  recede,  and  in  view 
of  our  vast  over-sea  States  and  our  responsibilities  in  connection 
with  them  I  must  confess  to  a  feeling  of  alarm  at  the  tendency 
which  I  find  in  the  country  at  this  moment  to  raise  a  social  super- 
structure at  the  expense  of  the  material  which  so  largely  constitutes 
our  security  and  our  power.  I  am  referring  to  the  reduction  in  our 
military  and  naval  expenditure.  I  have  heard  expressions  of 
opinion  in  this  country  that  Natal  in  a  sympathetic  mood  realising 
the  strain  of  the  great  burden  of  national  defence  in  the  Mother 
Country  came  forward  to  lighten  those  burdens  by  taking  on  the 
recent  war  with  her  own  resources.  I  would. welcome  that  feeling. 
Mr.  Jebb  on  the  other  hand  gives  a  different  explanation  of  that 
attitude  and  says  that  it  was  a  domestic  affair,  and  because  it  is  a 
domestic  affair  Natal  undertook  the  war  on  her  own  full  responsi- 
bility. My  version  of  the  attitude  of  Natal,  and  in  this  she  has 
acted  in  co-operation  with  the  Transvaal,  is  that  she  took  the 
recent  native  war  upon  herself  in  the  face  of  Imperial  troops  in 
Africa,  as  a  rash  expression  of  angry  resentment  at  the  unsympathetic 
attitude  of  a  section  of  the  British  community  towards  those  in 
South  Africa  holding  strong  British  sentiments  and  views.  On  the 
other  hand  let  us  realise  the  significance  of  this  attitude  of  respon- 
sibility. If  South  Africa  is  going  to  assume  greater  responsi- 
bility in  the  future,  as  she  has  shown  she  is  anxious  to  do,  let 
there  be  no  mistake  as  to  her  determination  at  the  same  time  not 
to  tolerate  in  future  any  undue  interference  in  her  domestic  affairs 
on  the  part  of  any  political  party  in  this  country,  and  that  introduces 
a  new  phase  in  her  relations  with  the  Mother  Country.  I  view  the 
wave  of  nationalism  which  is  spreading  over  South  Africa,  which 
Mr.  Jebb  hails  with  so  much  satisfaction,  from  that  standpoint,  and 
I  would  like  to  ask  Mr.  Jebb  whether  he  has  thoroughly  sifted  the 


30  Notes  on  Imperial  Organisation. 

source  from  which  it  springs  and  whether  he  is  satisfied  that  it 
springs  from  a  healthy  consciousness  of  maturity,  which  I  would 
look  upon  as  a  condition  to  be  welcomed  because  it  stands  for 
progress,  or  whether  it  is  merely  a  form  of  sectionalism  which  he 
may  be  wrongly  interpreting  as  a  nationalism  to  be  encouraged. 
My  point  is  this — that  if  it  is  not  a  nationalism  on  the  Imperial 
lines  we  all  desire,  it  would  only  be  an  element  of  disunion  in  the 
partnership  association  we  are  trying  to  create  between  the  United 
Kingdom  and  our  sister  States.  As  regards  the  Fiscal  question,  I  take 
direct  issue  with  Mr.  Geoffrey  Drage.  He  has  told  us  this  evening 
that  he  considers  that  issue  of  secondary  importance.  I  consider 
it  of  primary.  This  is  largely  borne  out  by  the  attitude  of  the  Colonies. 
Take  the  attitude  of  South  Africa  as  an  example.  She  is  arranging 
and  has  already  partly  arranged  her  reciprocities  with  Australia,  New 
Zealand  and  Canada,  and  in  that  sense  these  States  are  creating  a  ring 
fence  around  this  country,  and  what  I  am  now  going  to  say  is  likely 
to  meet  with  great  opposition  and  unpopularity.  I  see  the  day  not 
far  distant  when  these  States  across  the  seas,  having  arranged  their 
reciprocal  treaties,  will  force  upon  this  country,  at  present  hesitating 
and  unwilling,  a  partnership  from  which  this  country  will  not  be 
able  to  stand  aside.  This  brings  me  to  the  question  of  Imperial 
Defence  to  which  Mr.  Jebb  has  referred  with  so  much  force.  It  is, 
I  agree,  most  necessary  that  all  our  over-sea  possessions  should 
co-operate  and  share  in  the  demands  which  the  maintenance  of  our 
ocean  supremacy  makes  upon  us.  I  am  strengthened  in  this 
opinion  by  so  high  an  authority  as  Lord  St.  Aldwyn,  who  has 
declared  in  most  emphatic  terms  that  this  country  will  soon  be 
unable  to  continue  to  bear  alone  the  strain  which  our  naval  policy 
places  upon  this  country  in  view  of  our  great  trade  rivals  and  that 
we  must  look  to  our  over-sea  States  for  support.  On  the  other 
hand  I  am  reminded  of  the  weighty  words  of  Sir  Wilfrid  Laurier 
who  maintained  that  contributions  towards  Imperial  Defence  cannot 
proceed,  but  can  only  be  the  outcome  of  a  fiscal  understanding  on 
reciprocal  lines.  From  this  point  of  view  it  is  perfectly  clear  to  me 
in  which  direction  our  first  duties  lie. 

Mr.  C.  WALEY  COHEN  :  I  do  not  think  sufficient  importance  has 
been  attached  to  the  voters  who  are  behind  the  representatives  of 
the  Colonies,  and  who  are  the  real  power  at  the  back  of  those  who 
have  to  deal  with  them  in  this  country.  With  all  respect,  the 
crux  of  the  whole  question  is  not  the  opinions  of  such  an  audience 
as  this — the  difficulty,  that  is,  does  not  lie  with  people  who  know 
about  the  Colonies,  but  with  the  workmen  in  the  Colonies  and  in 


Notes  on  Imperial  Organisation.  31 

this  country,  and  I  cannot  help  an  uncomfortable  feeling  that  a 
certain  amount  of  powder  is  occasionally  wasted  in  thin  air.  If 
you  were  to  take  a  census  of  those  here  I  do  not  think  you  would 
find  any  difference  of  opinion  on  the  broad  question  of  Imperialism, 
but  when  you  approach  a  definite  decision,  when  you  have  Colonial 
Premiers  and  the  Colonial  Office  negotiating,  the  difficulty  is  that 
there  is  a  lack  of  complete  sympathy  between  the  people  whom 
they  represent.  Take  the  position  of  the  British  workman  who 
desires  to  go  to  Australia.  He  finds,  first,  he  may,  under  certain 
circumstances,  not  be  allowed  to  land.  ("  No.")  Well,  a  short 
time  ago  there  was  the  case  of  the  hatters.  (Laughter.)  At  any 
rate  there  are  certain  restrictions  which  put  him  in  fear  he  will 
not  be  allowed  to  land.  (A  voice  :  "  So  there  are  in  this  country.") 
I  give  that  merely  as  an  illustration.  I  think  that  here  is  a  very 
useful  field  on  which  the  Royal  Colonial  Institute  might  exert  its 
efforts.  If  a  greater  spirit  of  sympathy  could  be  brought  about 
between  working  men  in  this  country  and  the  Colonies,  if  more  know- 
ledge of  colonial  conditions  and  sentiments  could  be  brought  home 
to  the  workmen  of  this  country,  and  vice  versa,  you  would  make 
much  more  easy  the  solution  of  the  question  we  are  considering. 

Mr.  MALCOLM  CAMPBELL- JOHNSTON  :  All  of  us  in  South  Africa 
know  the  good  work  Mr.  Jebb  has  done  for  that  country  both  by 
his  book  and  more  especially  by  certain  articles  in  the  Morning 
Post  for  the  last  two  or  three  months.  It  is  no  flattery  to  say 
that  those  articles  have  given  to  the  British  public  a  better  under- 
standing of  South  Africa  than  anything  which  has  been  produced 
for  a  considerable  time  past.  I  agree  with  Mr.  Goldmann  that 
there  is  a  racial  feeling  in  South  Africa.  It  is  a  feeling  which  I 
fear  for  a  considerable  time  will  prevent  the  consummation  of  feder- 
ation. Federation  is  impossible  as  long  as  we  have  two  things — 
first  the  Franchise  existing  as  it  does  in  the  Cape  Colony  based  on 
the  capacity  of  the  coloured  man  to  elect  white  representatives,  and 
secondly  as  long  as  there  exists  a  jealousy  between  different  Colonies 
in  South  Africa.  In  his  scheme  of  Imperial  organisation  Mr.  Jebb 
did  not  make  it  quite  clear,  to  my  mind,  how  he  is  going  to  over- 
come one  difficulty  at  least.  Geographically  speaking  England  is 
quite  close  to  Europe,  a  great  arena  for  International  difficulties. 
Now  if  we  are  going  to  have  a  sort  of  alliance,  who  is  to  decide  first 
of  all  those  delicate  questions  between  England  and  her  near  neigh- 
bours ;  and  secondly,  supposing  one  of  the  Colonies  is  attacked,  are 
we  to  go  all  round  the  other  Colonies  before  we  declare  war  on  the 
attacker  ?  That  is  a  point — our  intercourse  with  foreign  nations — 


82  Notes  on  Imperial  Organisation. 

which  presents  a  great  difficulty  to  this  scheme  of  alliance,  and, 
differing  from  Mr.  Wise,  I  cannot  see  how  it  is  impossible  to  have 
Imperial  federation  and  yet  not  stimulate  and  keep  alive  National 
and  individual  spirit  in  the  respective  Colonies.  I  will  only  add 
that  papers  and  speeches  such  as  we  have  had  to-night  will  be 
read  not  only  in  England  but  all  over  the  Empire.  I  can  speak 
personally,  for  I  have  handed  my  copies  of  the  Proceedings  of  the 
Institute  over  to  many  men  who  have  read,  marked,  learned  and 
inwardly  digested  them.  I  feel  certain  the  missionary  work  the 
Institute  is  doing  will  do  more  to  consolidate  the  Empire,  whether 
by  federation  or  Imperial  alliance  or  otherwise,  than  almost  anything 
else  that  the  wit  of  man  can  devise. 

The  CHAIRMAN  read  an  excuse  for  non-attendance  from  the  Hon. 
Sir  Charles  Tupper,  Bart.,  G.C.M.G.,  C.B. 

Sir  FREDERICK  YOUNG,  K.C.M.G.,  wrote  : — "  I  am  deeply  dis- 
appointed at  finding  myself  unable  (as  I  fully  intended)  to  be 
present  at  the  opening  meeting  of  the  new  session  of  the  Royal 
Colonial  Institute  to-night.  To  one  who,  like  myself,  has,  for  more 
than  a  generation,  been  an  ardent  advocate  of  the  '  principle '  of 
what  is  now  well  known  to  the  public  under  the  designation  of 
'  Imperial  Federation,'  I  feel  more  keenly  my  absence  on  this 
occasion,  when  so  thoughtful,  instructive,  and  valuable  a  Paper  is 
to  be  read  by  one  so  competent  to  deal  with  the  subject  of  Imperial 
organisation  as  Mr.  Richard  Jebb.  Mr.  Jebb  commences  his  Paper 
by  a  striking  reference  to  a  speech  of  Sir  John  Macdonald  during 
the  debates  on  confederation  some  forty  years  ago,  in  which  he  is 
reported  to  have  said :  '  England,  instead  of  looking  upon  us  as  a 
merely  dependent  Colony,  will  have  in  us  a  friendly  nation,  to  stand 
by  her  in  North  America  in  peace  as  in  war.  She  will  be  able  to 
look  to  the  nations  in  alliance  with  her  and  owing  allegiance  to  the 
same  Sovereign,  who  will  assist  her  to  again  meet  the  whole  world 
in  arms,  as  she  has  done  before.'  What  a  noble,  prophetic  sen- 
tence this  is  of  the  great  statesman  of  Canada,  sounding  trumpet- 
tongued  in  the  ears  of  the  future  generations  of  Britons  '  at  home 
and  beyond  the  seas,'  by  him  who  '  though  dead  yet  speaketh  ' 
to  them  in  language  never  to  be  forgotten.  Mr.  Jebb  says  :  '  My 
own  view  of  the  problem,  although  it  is  the  outcome  of  personal 
observation,  is  precisely  that  of  Sir  John  Macdonald's  prophetic 
utterance.'  May  I  say  it  is  also  emphatically  my  own  ?  The  only 
exception  I  take  to  it  is  the  term  '  nations  '  in  alliance,  which  can 
scarcely  be  properly  blended  with  the  further  expression  of  '  owing 
allegiance  to  the  same  Sovereign.'  This  could  scarcely  be  a 


Notes  on  Imperial  Organisation.  83 

working  principle  of  constitutional,  political  union,  combining  joint 
and  equal  power  of  governing  action  if  the  word  '  nation  '  is  used. 
My  own  substituted  word  would  rather  and  more  correctly  be, 
'  Sovereign  States  in  alliance,  owing  allegiance  to  the  same  King 
as  the  supreme  head  of  the  British  Empire.'  To  veterans  in  the 
'  cause,'  as  I  am  (and  as  I  know  full  well  you  are  yourself),  how 
gratifying  it  is  to  see  how  rapidly  and  successfully  it  is  ripening  in 
men's  minds  of  'light  and  leading.'  Constitutional  writers,  and 
thinkers,  and  speakers  in  the  Mother  Country  and  the  Colonies, 
are  coming  more  and  more  into  line  with  the  thoughts  of  what 
would  '  ultimately  '  be  the  best  constitutional  arrangement  be- 
tween them  in  order  to  ensure  the  best  working  political  machinery 
being  adopted  for  the  future  government  of  the  British  Empire  if 
it  is  to  be  preserved  (as  so  many  of  us  think  it  ought  to  be)  in  per- 
manent union.  The  latest  contribution  to  the  elucidation  of  this 
supremely  interesting  and  most  important  national  question  is  the 
fine  Paper  of  Mr.  Jebb's  '  Notes  on  Imperial  Organisation,'  with 
the  general  spirit  of  which  I  feel  so  much  personal  sympathy  and 
general  agreement  as  a  distinctly  forward  starting-point  beyond  the 
ground  already  traversed  by  many  of  us.  I  conclude  my  rapid 
glance  at  it  by  saying  how  cordially  I  concur  with  the  concluding 
paragraph,  in  which  he  says,  '  so  wisely  and  so  well' :  'However, 
there  is  no  reason  to  suppose  that  the  nationalism  of  our  time  is  a 
political  factor  in  perpetuity.  History,  no  doubt,  teaches  us  to 
anticipate  the  day,  however  distant,  when  the  instincts  of  patriotism 
will  really  set  the  general  welfare  of  the  Empire  before  the  welfare 
of  the  particular  Fatherland.  At  some  future  date  the  Govern- 
ments in  conference  may  agree  to  subordinate  themselves  to  an 
external  authority,  first  advisory  and  afterwards  legislative  and 
executive.  But  it  is  my  humble  belief  that  for  our  generation  the 
principle  of  national  government  in  conference,  with  a  growing 
equipment  of  subsidiary  machinery,  represents  the  last  word  in 
Imperial  organisation.'  With  content  I  accept  this  view  of  the 
situation  '  at  present.'  Out  of  it,  I  believe  (with  undiminished 
confidence),  will  arise  the  advent  of  '  Imperial  Federation,'  such 
as  I  have  so  long  and  so  strenuously  advocated  as  my  dream  of  the 
future." 

Sir  FKEDEEIOK  POLLOCK,  Bart,,  wrote  :  "  To  the  best  of  my  know- 
ledge no  competent  persons  now  think  a  federa  constitution  for  the 
Empire  practicable  and  very  few  think  it  desirable.  I  quite  agree 
that  federation  is  a  misleading  term  and  have  for  my  part  been 
careful  not  to  use  it.  On  the  other  hand  alliance  seems  inadequate. 


34  Notes  on  Imperial  Organisation. 

Perhaps  partnership — in  the  higher  sense  of  Burke's  well-known 
utterance  on  the  functions  of  the  State — is  the  best  word  for  the 
present.  I  do  not  believe  we  are  tending  to  anything  resembling 
any  known  form  of  federation,  but  to  a  form  of  political  combination 
which  will  be  new,  as  the  facts  are  new,  and  for  which  posterity 
will  have  to  find  the  proper  names  and  forms  after  it  has  been 
made.  I  think  it  most  important  that  the  opportunity  of  the 
coming  Conference  should  not  be  allowed  to  pass  without  some 
definite  advance  being  made.  In  default  of  this  the  difficulties  will 
increase  and  the  opportunity  once  lost  may  be  lost  for  ever.  Differ- 
ences on  points  of  detail  must  not  be  exaggerated  or  allowed  to 
stand  in  the  way  !  " 

The  CHAIRMAN  :  The  term  "  Imperial  Federation "  has  been 
used  in  a  somewhat  critical  way  several  times  in  the  course  of  our 
discussion.  I  remember  well  in  '89  going  out  to  Australia  and 
other  Colonies  to  speak  on  national  problems  under  the  Imperial 
Federation  League.  The  change  since  the  days  when  we  first 
discussed  National  Unity  under  the  name  of  Imperial  Federation 
no  man  can  understand  unless  he  has  felt  the  pulse  of  all  our 
British  Nations.  Even  here  in  the  United  Kingdom  the  change 
was  great.  A  man  who  was  perhaps  the  most  distinguished 
journalist  in  this  country  said  to  me  in  1895,  referring  to  the 
propaganda  that  had  been  carried  on  ;  "  You've  shifted  the  mind 
of  England,"  and  I  believe  that  his  remark  was  true.  When  we 
talked  of  Imperial  Federation  in  those  days  we  never  claimed  that 
we  had  a  plan  by  which  we  are  going  to  do  it.  What  we  meant 
was  that  these  British  Nations  shall  develop  into  some  form  of 
national  life  so  that  when  the  crisis  of  their  existence  comes  we 
shall  act  as  a  united  people  from  the  different  parts  of  the  world. 
That  is  the  great  cause  we  have  in  view.  What  we  cared  for  was 
the  thing — not  the  name.  The  great  objection  which  people  take 
now  is  that  contrary  interests  are  growing  up  in  different  parts  of 
the  world.  Consider  this  point.  The  United  States  is  a  real 
Federation.  Now  I  don't  hesitate  to  say  that  the  material,  social, 
moral  and  every  other  interest  which  binds  New  Zealand  to 
England  to-day  is  much  stronger  than  the  interests  which  bind 
California  to  New  England.  Of  course,  I  am  aware  of  the  growth 
of  the  strong  National  instinct  of  which  Mr.  Jebb  talks.  Our 
peoples  abroad  are  just  rising  to  the  sense  of  National  consciousness 
but  they  have  not  yet  reached  the  full  sense  of  National  responsi- 
bility, and  that  is  going  to  be  the  stage  which  is  to  decide  the 
future.  Canada,  for  instance,  is  going  through  a  great  process  of 


Notes  on  Imperial  Organisation.  85 

evolution  and  development.  She  has  become  conscious  of  a  great 
life  before  her.  She  has  more  people  already  than  had  England 
in  "the  spacious  times  of  great  Elizabeth,"  and  people  are  thrilling 
with  the  same  feeling  of  National  life  that  England  felt  then.  But 
that  is  not  going  to  end  in  separation.  As  Canada  sends  her  com- 
mercial fleets  to  every  corner  of  the  world,  as  she  spreads  her 
interests  abroad  she  will  rise  to  a  sense  of  National  responsibility 
as  well  as  of  National  consciousness,  and  she  will  find  that  the 
connection  with  the  great  Empire  which  holds  every  turning-point 
of  the  world  has  become  just  as  essential  to  her  life  as  to  the  man 
who  lives  in  Manchester  or  in  London.  It  is  this  which  is  going 
to  bind  us  together.  When  we  have  passed  through  this  stage  we 
shall  find  these  great  nations  joined  together  by  forces  just  as 
strong  and  powerful  as  are  the  centrifugal  and  centripetal  forces 
which  hold  the  great  constellations  in  their  movement  through 
space.  I  will  ask  you  now  to  give  a  hearty  vote  of  thanks  to  Mr. 
Jebb  for  his  admirable  Paper. 

Mr.  JEBB  :  I  notice  a  certain  common  criticism  has  been  made 
by  Sir  Frederick  Young  and  in  another  form  by  Sir  Frederick 
Pollock,  and  by  Mr.  Drage,  which  is  that  I  have  rather  laid  too 
much  stress  on  terms  and  labels.  Now  I  think  this  question  of 
terms  is  rather  more  important  than  is  sometimes  supposed.  If 
when  you  talk  of  federation  you  don't  mean  political  union  like 
that  of  Australia  it  is  just  as  well  to  say  so.  I  quite  admit  Imperial 
federation  has  been  to  many  a  great  dream,  and  that  those  of  us 
who  believe  in  the  general  object  that  Imperialists  before  us  have 
been  striving  for  ought  to  acknowledge  the  great  debt  of  gratitude 
we  owe  to  them.  The  Chairman  expresses  the  opinion  that  between 
California  and  the  New  England  States  there  is  no  stronger  senti- 
mental union  than  between  New  Zealand  and  the  United  Kingdom. 
I  am  not  quite  clear  that  that  is  correct.  I  am  prepared  to  admit 
the  proposition  may  be  true,  but  I  should  not  say  so  from  my  own 
experience.  At  any  rate  I  do  not  think  anybody  could  say  that  the 
bond  of  union  between  South  Africa  and  this  country  is  as  strong 
as  ifc  is  between  the  different  States  of  America.  As  to  the  racial 
tie  there  is  absolutely  no  such  tie  between  half  the  population  of 
South  Africa  and  the  population  of  this  country.  If  the  Dutch  are 
to  become  supporters  of  the  idea  it  cannot  be  on  racial  but  on  other 
grounds.  I  sympathise  with  Mr.  Drage  as  regards  the  extreme 
importance  of  getting  the  work  which  awaits  the  Conference  pre- 
pared beforehand.  Mr.  Thynne  took  exception  to  my  remarks 
about  Irish  Home  Rule  and  Chinese  Labour  being  questions  for 

C  2 


36  Notes  on  Imperial  Organisation. 

this  country  alone  to  decide.  Here  again  when  I  advocate  that 
certain  expressions  of  opinion  do  more  harm  than  good  I  do  so  on 
practical  grounds.  I  have  heard  Irish  Home  Rule  discussed  by 
many  Australians  and  New  Zealanders  and  also  the  question  of 
Chinese  Labour,  and  I  thought  some  of  them  were  lamentably 
ignorant  on  certain  essential  details  of  the  question.  It  is  on 
practical  grounds — that  is,  because  I  believe  the  people  of  one 
part  of  the  Empire  may  not  understand  the  internal  questions 
agitating  another— that  I  say  they  had  better  leave  these  questions 
alone.  If  they  did  understand  these  questions  I  must  reconsider 
my  opinion.  With  regard  to  Mr.  Goldmann's  remarks  I  agree 
that  the  South  African  question  is  this — how  are  you  going 
to  get  the  people  of  South  Africa  to  regard  themselves  not  as 
Englishmen  and  Boers  but  as  South  Africans  ?  I  mean  people 
inspired  by  British  ideas  such  as  you  get  in  Canada  and  Australia. 
It  is,  I  admit,  a  speculation  whether  you  are  ever  going  to  get  a 
national  sentiment  in  South  Africa  of  that  kind  at  all.  In  con- 
clusion I  would  express  a  hope  that  a  result  of  the  visit  which  some 
of  our  Labour  Members  are  now  making  to  the  Colonies  will  be  to 
produce  a  kind  of  sympathy  much  of  the  sort  Mr.  Cohen  had  in 
view  between  the  workmen  of  this  country  and  Australia.  I  came 
in  touch  with  some  of  the  principal  Labour  men,  and  they  were 
highly  gratified  at  the  prospect  of  a  visit  from  the  British  Labour 
Party  because  they  were  hopeful  the  visitors  would  go  home  sound 
Protectionists. 

A  vote  of  thanks  was  given  to  the  Chairman  for  presiding. 


AFTERNOON  MEETING. 

AN  AFTERNOON  MEETING  was  held  at  the  Whitehall  Rooms,  Hotel 
Metropole,  on  Tuesday,  November  27,  1906,  when  a  Paper  was  read 
by  Mr.  J.  C.  Melliss  on  "St.  Helena."  Sir  Frederick  Young, 
K.C.M.G.,  presided. 

The  CHAIRMAN  :  It  gives  me  much  pleasure  to  introduce  Mr. 
Melliss,  a  former  resident  in  St.  Helena  and  the  author  of  a  well- 
known  work  on  that  historic  island.  The  subject  is  one  of  peculiar 
interest  just  now,  and  the  publication  under  the  auspices  of  the 


St.  Helena.  87 

Royal  Colonial  Institute  of  the  information  contained  in  the  Paper 
cannot  fail  to  be  of  public  service. 

ST.  HELENA. 

The  Island  of  St.  Helena  is  situated  in  a  commanding  position 
almost  in  the  middle  of  the  South  Atlantic  Ocean,  15°  55'  south  of 
the  equator  and  5°  42'  west  of  Greenwich.  It  is  distant  1,100 
miles  from  West  Africa,  2,000  miles  from  South  America,  1,700 
miles  from  the  Cape,  and  4,000  miles  from  Great  Britain.  It  has 
but  one  companion  in  its  solitude,  the  much  smaller  barren 
island  of  "Ascension,"  800  miles  distant. 

Considering  the  multitude  of  people  who  have  visited  the  island, 
since  its  discovery  upwards  of  four  centuries  ago,  ifc  is  surprising 
how  little  is  really  known  about  it.  Nor  has  it  always  been  painted 
in  favourable  colours ;  that,  however,  may  be  due  to  the  fact  that 
during  Napoleon's  exile  it  seemed  to  many  but  "  a  remote  place  of 
utter  loneliness,  a  dark,  forbidding  barren  rock  amid  the  wilderness 
of  the  great  Southern  Atlantic,  save  for  a  few  weeping  willows,  and 
a  solitary  grave."  Perhaps,  too,  because  so  many  visitors  have 
remained  there  only  just  long  enough  to  see  its  barren  external 
coast,  with  no  time  to  learn  anything  about  its  charming  interior. 
A  brief  account  of  St.  Helena,  therefore,  in  its  true  aspect,  can 
scarcely  fail  to  be  of  interest. 

The  following  published  account  of  a  recent  visit  to  the  interior 
is  so  correct,  that  it  is  worth  quoting. 

Jamestown  is  a  city  in  miniature.  There  is  St.  James's  Church,  a 
Custom-house,  the  Governor's  official  residence  and  public  offices,  called 
"  The  Castle,"  a  court  house  and  magistrates'  office,  public  gardens, 
barracks,  schools,  hospitals,  hotel  and  club  where  every  modern 
comfort  is  provided,  and  where  the  sunshine  pours  down  into  the  little 
valley  with  its  rows  of  spreading  trees. 

In  the  interior  cattle  and  sheep  browse  knee-deep  in  the  pasture  and 
the  furze,  while  forests,  of  an  infinite  variety  of  foliage,  shady  lanes  and 
bold  rugged  rocks,  complete  the  landscape. 

In  the  palmy  days  of  the  East  India  Company  the  island  was  the  con- 
necting link  between  Great  Britain  and  India.  That  was  a  time  of 
prosperity  which  the  inhabitants  enjoyed  to  the  full.  The  highly-salaried 
officers  of  the  Company  built  fine  residences  amongst  the  picturesque 
uplands  of  the  island,  but  with  the  advent  of  ocean-going  steamers  and 
the  opening  of  the  Suez  Canal,  the  trade  with  the  white-winged  sailers 
rapidly  declined,  and  presently  gave  way  to  adversity.  The  beautiful 
houses  were  allowed  to  fall  into  disrepair,  harmonising  strangely  with 
their  surroundings. 


88  St.  Helena. 

Three  miles  over  hill  and  dale,  lying  to  the  east,  amid  a  wreath  of 
foliage,  lies  Longwood,  the  historic  and  final  residence  of  Napoleon.  It 
is  placed  on  a  high  tableland,  some  2,000  feet  above  the  sea  level,  and 
commands  an  extensive  view  of  the.  ocean. 

On  the  place  where  the  bed  of  the  great  Emperor  stood  there  is  now  a 
white  marble  bust  of  Napoleon,  taken  from  a  cast  of  his  face  after  death. 
A  mile  distant  from  the  house,  in  a  verdant  valley,  there  is  a  small 
enclosure  overhung  with  willow  and  other  trees,  where  a  marble  slab 
alone  marks  his  grave. 

Towards  the  south  and  west  portions  of  the  island  the  scenery  becomes 
wild  and  mountainous,  very  steep  and  broken.  Peaks  of  strange  shapes 
rise  up  in  numbers,  many  of  which  are  inaccessible  masses  of  vitrified 
rock,  tinted  with  red  and  yellow,  and  varied  by  richly  coloured  bands  of 
earth,  standing  out  in  places  like  distorted  chimney-stacks,  remarkable 
for  their  grotesque  and  fantastic  appearances,  and  truly  magnificent  in 
many  places,  the  views  being  unspeakably  grand. 

With  its  remarkable  altitudes  and  fine  exhilarating  atmosphere,  cooled 
by  the  ozone-laden  breezes  of  the  Atlantic,  St.  Helena  is  likely  to  become 
an  incomparable  sanatorium.  It  has  one  of  the  most  equable  climates 
in  the  world,  the  mean  temperature,  on  the  high  land,  ranging  from 
50°  to  80°  Fahrenheit  in  the  shade.  The  prevailing  wind — the  south-east 
trade — is  called  by  the  inhabitants  "  The  Doctor,"  on  account  of  its 
remarkable  health-giving  properties.  Many  of  the  houses  are  built  amid 
charming  surroundings  at  an  altitude  of  from  1,200  to  1,500  feet  above 
sea  level,  and  there  is  an  abundance  of  pure  water,  poultry,  dairy  produce, 
good  fish,  fruit,  and  vegetables.  There  is  plenty  of  sport  to  be  had  in  the 
way  of  pheasant  and  partridge  shooting,  fishing,  cricket,  and  golf.1 

But  to  return  to  the  early  history  of  St.  Helena.  During 
the  fifteenth  century  the  Portuguese,  actuated  by  that  spirit  of  enter- 
prise for  which  they  were  distinguished,  and  being  desirous  of 
participating  in  a  trade  which  excited  the  envy  of  all  nations,  had 
long  contemplated  the  opening  of  a  passage  to  India  round  the 
southern  extremity  of  Africa,  and  in  the  year  1497  they  equipped  a 
squadron  with  that  object  in  view  under  the  command  of  the 
celebrated  "  Vasco  da  Gama."  This  squadron  took  four  months  to 
reach  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  and  there  is  reason  to  think  that 
it  sighted  St.  Helena,  but  the  more  general  opinion  is  that  the 
island  was  first  discovered  by  the  Portuguese  navigator  "  Juan  de 
Nova  Castella,"  on  May  21,  1502,  who  named  it  "  St.  Helena,"  as 
that  day  was  the  anniversary  of  the  birth  of  the  mother  of  the 
Emperor  Constantine. 

1  Out  of  the  Beaten  Track :  a  Glimpse  of  St.  Helena.  By  an  Ocean 
Wanderer. 


St.  Helena.  39 

He  found  there  no  human  beings,  and  was  greeted  only  by  sea 
fowl,  sea  lions,  and  turtle. 

The  island  was  at  that  time  densely  covered  with  an  evergreen 
mantle  of  luxuriant  forest  vegetation,  guniwood,  ebony  and  other  in- 
digenous trees  overhanging  the  seaward  precipices.  Characteristic 
of  those  early  pioneers  and  successful  navigators,  the  Portuguese, 
who  were  always  on  the  look-out  for  new  possessions  to  colonise, 
"  Juan  de  Nova  "  stocked  the  place  with  "goats,  asses  and  hogs." 

Strangely  enough,  a  little  later  on,  in  1513,  the  first  occupation 
of  the  island  by  human  beings  commenced  by  its  being  used  some- 
what as  a  state  prison,  when  the  Portuguese  put  on  shore  there, 
at  his  own  request,  one  "  Fernandez  Lopes,"  a  military  officer  of 
high  rank,  who  had  fallen  into  disgrace  while  serving  in  India 
under  General  "Alphonso  Albuquerque."  They  left  with  him 
some  negro  slaves,  poultry,  partridges,  guinea-fowls,  pheasants,  as 
well  as  fig,  orange,  lemon  and  peach  trees,  and  several  kinds  of 
vegetable  seeds. 

The  population  was  soon  after  augmented  by  several  runaway 
slaves  from  ships,  and  a  Portuguese  Franciscan  who  took  up  his 
abode  there. 

The  Portuguese  were  not  anxious  to  publish  their  discovery ; 
they  continued  to  use  the  island  as  a  place  of  call  for  their  ships 
trading  with  the  East,  but  Dutch  and  Spanish  ships  also  made  a 
similar  use  of  it,  and  many  were  the  squabbles  that  occurred  in  the 
roadstead  between  these  different  nationalities. 

It  was  not  until  eighty- six  years  after  its  discovery  that  the 
island  was  first  visited  by  the  English,  when,  on  June  8,  1588, 
Captain  Cavendish,  returning  from  a  circumnavigating  voyage, 
anchored  his  ship  off  "  Chapell  Valley  "  (now  named  "  James's 
Valley  "  after  King  James  II.).  He  reported  that  he  found  there  a 
small  settlement,  a  Roman  Catholic  Church,  some  handsome  build- 
ings, fruits,  vegetables,  and  "a  great  store  of  partridges,  (which 
are  very  tame,  not  making  any  great  haste  to  fly  away,  also  plenty 
of  pheasants  which  are  very  big  and  fat,  and  many  swine  which 
are  very  wild  and  fat,  and  of  great  bigness,  and  seldom  will  abide 
any  man  to  come  near  them."  A  year  or  two  later  it  was  again 
visited  by  Englishmen,  viz.,  Captain  Kendall  of  the  ship  Royal 
Merchant,  and  after  him  Captain  Lancaster  of  the  Bonaventure, 
in  connection  with  the  first  British  trading  expeditions  to  India. 

The  attention  of  the  Portuguese  being  for  a  time  diverted  else- 
where, the  Dutch  took  formal  possession  of  the  island,  but  in 
1651,  while  their  attention  was  also  diverted  in  endeavouring  to 


40  St.  Helena. 

establish  a  colony  at  the  Cape,  the  British  East  India  Company, 
keenly  alive  to  its  great  value,  immediately  took  possession  of  it, 
and  obtained  a  charter  from  King  Charles  II.  to  secure  them  in  its 
occupation.  The  lavish  expenditure  of  the  Company  in  fortifying 
and  developing  the  island,  and  making  good  use  of  it,  seems,  how- 
ever, to  have  excited  the  envy  of  the  Dutch,  who  in  the  year  1665, 
returned,  and  after  successfully  attacking  the  English,  again  took 
possession  of  it. 

After  this  there  occurred  long  and  bitter  struggles  between  the 
English  and  the  Dutch,  and  some  very  hard  fighting  and  very 
clever  tactics  were  exhibited  by  both  sides.  Scarcely  twelve 
months  had  elapsed  before  the  English  were  again  in  possession, 
but  in  1673  the  Dutch  again  captured  the  place  from  the  English. 
Finally  Captain — afterwards  Sir  Richard — Munden,  R.N.,  succeeded 
in  driving  out  the  Dutch,  and  recovering  possession  for  Great 
Britain,  since  which  time  it  has  remained  a  portion  of  the  British 
Empire. 

The  East  India  Company  being  at  last  well  established  in  pos- 
session, governed  the  island  wisely  and  well.  They  spent  enormous 
sums  of  money  on  fortifications,  barracks,  maintaining  a  strong 
garrison,  making  roads,  water-works,  and  in  many  other  ways  for 
the  improvement  and  development  of  the  place.  Their  doings  and 
proceedings,  as  described  in  the  local  records  and  various  published 
accounts  of  St.  Helena,  are  most  interesting,  but  too  voluminous 
to  quote  at  any  length  in  this  paper.  Some  of  the  Company's 
regulations  were  exceedingly  quaint,  inasmuch  as  lawyers  were  not 
permitted  to  remain  on  the  island  lest  they  should  encourage 
litigation,  and  Quakers  also  for  some  reason  or  other  were  turned 
away.  The  chaplains  were  not  over- satisfactory,  and  the  pay  of 
one  of  them  had  to  be  stopped  in  order  to  bring  him  back  to  a 
right  frame  of  mind,  when  he  refused  to  pray  in  the  Church  for  the 
Governor  and  Council,  on  the  ground  that  in  his  opinion  they 
were  not  worth  praying  for. 

Slavery  was  permitted,  and  slaves  were  usually  sold  by  public 
auction  at  prices  varying  from  £40  to  £150  each.  Punishments 
were  severe,  and  any  slave  merely  striking  a  white  person  was  put 
to  death.  Other  offenders  were  punished  by  hanging  alive  in 
chains,  by  hot  sealing  wax  dropped  on  the  naked  skin,  and  by  cut- 
ting off  hands  and  ears.  In  1832,  however,  the  Company  entirely 
abolished  slavery  at  a  cost  of  £28,000. 

The  garrison  on  two  occasions  mutinied,  causing  serious  trouble 
and  loss  of  life,  in  one  instance  killing  the  Governor,  but  eventually 


St.  Helena*  41 

it  redeemed  the  good  character  which  it  obtained  in  1795,  when 
part  of  it  was  temporarily  sent  to  the  Cape  to  assist  in  troubles 
there  with  the  Dutch,  and  again  in  1805,  when  it  afforded  a  rein- 
forcement of  260  men  to  assist  General  Beresford's  expedition 
against  Buenos  Aires  in  South  America.  The  Company  held  the 
island  for  182  years,  and  in  the  year  1833  its  government  reverted 
to  the  Crown. 

To  the  student  of  nature  St.  Helena  has  a  most  profound  interest. 
The  time  occupied  in  its  formation,  the  manner  of  that  formation, 
and  the  time  necessary  for  assuming  its  present  size  and  shape, 
together  with  its  unique  indigenous  flora  and  fauna,  are  all  points 
of  the  deepest  interest.  It  is  wholly  volcanic,  consisting  of  ancient 
basalts,  lavas,  laterite  beds,  and  other  volcanic  products.  It  now 
measures  about  10^  miles  long  by  8^  miles  wide,  with  an  indented 
coast  line  of  about  30  miles,  and  has  an  area  of  about  80,000 
acres.  Its  exterior  is  mountainous  and  rugged,  and  bounded  by 
almost  inaccessible  precipices  from  500  to  2,000  ft.  in  height. 

A  high  central  ridge  of  a  semi-circular  form,  having  a  maximum 
altitude  of  2,700  ft.,  divides  the  island  into  two  portions.  That  on 
the  south,  known  as  "  Sandy  Bay,"  has  the  shape  of  a  huge  bowl 
or  crater,  four  miles  in  diameter,  with  one  of  its  sides  broken  away. 
On  the  north  and  west  of  the  ridge  the  ground  slopes  gradually 
away  at  8°  to  10°,  and  terminates  at  the  coast  line  in  almost  per- 
pendicular cliffs,  which  have  been  caused  by  the  erosive  action  of 
the  sea.  A  mile  out  from  the  coast  there  exists  shallow  water, 
sixty  to  seventy  fathoms  deep,  but  beyond  that  no  bottom  is 
reached  at  a  depth  of  250  fathoms,  and  between  St.  Helena  and 
Africa  there  is  a  depth  of  2,860  fathoms,  while  on  the  other  side, 
between  it  and  South  America,  there  is  almost  a  similar  depth. 

This  northern  and  western  portion  of  the  island  is  built  up  of 
alternating  layers  of  very  compact,  highly  basaltic  lava,  laterite  or 
volcanic  mud  baked  red,  ashes  and  cinders  ;  at  least  sixty  or  seventy 
distinct  layers  can  be  counted,  and  if  each  of  these  volcanic  out- 
bursts took  place,  in  accordance  with  Dr.  Piazzi  Smyth's  estimate, 
once  in  a  century,  this  evidence  alone  points  to  a  very  long  period 
of  time,  particularly  taking  also  into  consideration  the  deep,  water- 
worn  valleys  or  gorges  with  which  the  whole  is  intersected. 

This  part  of  the  island  is  typical  of  those  oceanic  volcanos  such 
as  "  Palma  "  of  the  Canaries,  "  St.  Paul's  Island  "  in  the  Indian 
Ocean,  and  others  which  Sir  Charles  Lyell  describes  as  follows  :  — 

Every  crater  must  almost  invariably  have  one  side  much  lower  than 
all  the  others— viz,,  that  side  towards  which  the  prevailing  winds  never 

c3 


42  St.  Helena. 

blow,  and  to  which  therefore  showers  of  dust  and  scoriae  are  rarely  carried 
during  eruptions.  There  will  always  be  one  point  on  this  lowest  side 
more  depressed  than  all  the  rest,  by  which,  in  the  event  of  a  partial  sub- 
mergence, the  sea  may  enter  as  often  as  the  tide  rises,  or  as  often  as  the 
wind  blows  from  that  quarter.1 

The  "  Sandy  Bay  "crater,  from  which  this  part  of  the  island 
originated,  is  in  itself  more  or  less  unstratified  and  confused.  It 
shows  evidence  of  having  been,  in  the  long  distant  past,  rent  by 
subterranean  force,  and  the  fissures  filled  with  molten  lava  from  below, 
which,  being  of  a  harder  nature  than  the  adjacent  formation,  have 
weathered  away  at  a  slower  rate  and  given  rise  to  numberless  dikes 
which  intersect  the  crater,  and  to  which  have  been  given  the  local 
names  of  "Lot,"  "Lot's  Wife,"  "The  Ass's-ears,"  and  "The 
Chimney." 

The  eastern  portion  of  the  island  is  different,  and  is  formed  of 
layers  of  lava,  equally  numerous,  but  much  more  felspathic  in 
character,  which  have  evidently  been  ejected  from  some  crater,  the 
position  of  which  it  is  difficult  to  locate.  The  grey-coloured  layers 
of  volcanic  mud  separating  these  felspathic  lava  beds  contain 
"  pyrolusite  "  orbinoxide  of  manganese,  an  ore  considerably  rich  in 
metal,  but  as  yet  it  is  not  known  if  it  exists  in  sufficient  quantity, 
or  if  the  expense  would  justify  its  being  mined  for  exportation. 
No  other  metal,  except  a  small  amount  of  iron  ore,  has  as  yet  been 
discovered  in  the  island. 

"  The  Barn  Rock  "  illustrates  an  interesting  instance  of  up- 
heaval, and  "  High  Knoll "  is  a  type  of  several  small  lateral 
volcanic  cones ;  "  The  Waterfall "  too,  is  a  very  good  example  of  an 
extinct  "  solfatara."  There  is  no  sign  anywhere  of  any  recent 
volcanic  action  or  of  any  slow  cooling.  The  interior  of  the  island 
s  covered  to  the  extent  of  about  15,000  acres  with  a  rich  alluvial 
productive  soil,  derived  from  decomposing  lavas  and  other  volcanic 
products. 

It  is  impossible  to  compute  with  any  accuracy  what  may  be  the 
age  of  St.  Helena.  It  may  be  tens  of  thousands  of  years  or  more, 
but  without  doubt  a  vast  period  of  time  has  been  necessary  to 
luild  it  up,  and  then  to  wear  it  away  to  its  present  size  by  the 
erosive  and  denuding  action  of  the  sea  and  atmospheric  and 
climatic  agencies.  It  was  certainly  at  one  time  twice  as  large  both 
as  regards  area  and  altitude  as  it  is  now.  Continental  land  may  or 
may  not  have  previously  occupied  the  site,  but  be  that  as  it  may, 
the  island  owes  none  of  its  peculiarities  to  a  former  union  with  any 

1  Manual  of  Elementary  Geology.    By  Sir  Charles  Lyell,  p.  513. 


St.  Helena.  48 

continent  or  other  distant  land,  and  there  can  be  no  manner  of 
doubt  that  the  ocean  swept  over  the  site  at  the  time  when  the 
"  Sandy  Bay  "  volcano  first  commenced  to  be  active. 

Another  reason  for  placing  St.  Helena  amongst  the  oldest  land  on 
the  face  of  the  globe  is  found  in  its  remarkable  insular  indigenous 
flora  and  fauna,  the  origin  as  well  as  the  partial  extinction  of 
which  point  to  long  periods  of  time,  as  well  as  to  probable  changes 
of  climate. 

Darwin,  Huxley,  Hooker,  Wallace  and  others  have  all  been  sorely 
puzzled  as  to  the  origin  of  the  indigenous  flora  and  fauna  of 
St.  Helena.  Sir  Joseph  Hooker  says  regarding  the  flora  : — 

Neither  geological  considerations,  nor  botanical  affinity,  nor  all  these 
combined,  have  yet  helped  us  to  a  complete  solution  of  this  problem, 
which  is  at  present  the  bete  noire  of  botanists.  Oceanic  islands  are,  in 
fact,  to  the  naturalist  what  comets  and  meteorites  are  to  the  astronomer  ; 
and  even  that  pregnant  doctrine  of  the  origin  and  succession  of  life,  which 
we  owe  to  Darwin,  and  which  is  to  us  what  the  spectrum  analysis  is  to 
the  physicist,  has  not  proved  sufficient  to  unravel  the  tangled  phenomena.1 

There  are  seventy- seven  different  kinds  of  these  remarkable 
indigenous  plants,  comprising  trees,  shrubs,  flowering  plants  and 
twenty-six  kinds  of  ferns,  fifty  of  which  are  absolutely  peculiar  to 
St.  Helena,  not  being  found  in  any  other  part  of  the  world,  and  as 
Sir  Joseph  Hooker  says,  cannot  be  regarded  as  very  close  specific 
allies  of  any  other  plants  at  all.2 

In  addition  to  the  native  flora,  upwards  of  one  thousand  other 
different  kinds  of  plants  grow  and  flourish  in  the  island,  all  of  them 
imported  by  some  means  or  another  from  different  parts  of  the- 
world.  There  are  oak,  eucalyptus,  fir,  Norfolk  pine,  willow,  cypress, 
bamboo,  olive,  cotton,  tobacco,  castor-oil,  cayenne  pepper,  sugar 
cane,  coffee,  tea,  indigo,  aloes  (Fourcroya gigantea),  medicinal  aloe, 
sanseviera,  New  Zealand  flax  (Phormium  tenax),  lemon  grass,  grape, 
peach,  banana,  cherimoya,  pine-apple,  mango,  tamarind,  1'oquat, 
guava,  grenadilla,  date,  papaw,  fig,  mulberry,  lemon,  prickly-pear, 
potato,  sweet-potato,  carrot,  cabbage,  yam,  artichoke,  pumpkin, 
turnip,  radish,  peas,  beans,  watercress,  roses,  geraniums,  fuchsias, 
camellias,  jasmine,  cannas,  hydrangea,  gorse,  blackberry,  everlast- 
ings, varieties  of  grass,  ferns,  and  many  others. 

The  usual  domestic  animals  such  as  horses,  donkeys,  cows,  goats, 
sheep,  pigs,  dogs,  cats,  as  well  as  rats,  mice  and  lizards,  have  all 

1  "Insular  Floras,"  Dr.  Hooker,  Proceed.,  Brit.  Assoc.,  Nottingham,  1863. 
Journal  of  the  Linnean  Society,  vol.  xiii.  p.  563,  1873. 

2  Island  Life.    By  Alfred  Kussel  Wallace. 


44  St.  Helena. 

been  imported,  and  thrive  well.  There  is  one  indigenous  land  bird 
(JEgialitis  Sanctcz- Helena),  a  small  variety  of  plover  known  as 
the  "  wire  bird  ;  "  other  birds  have  been  imported,  viz. : — pheasant, 
partridge,  pigeon,  dove,  averdevat,  Java  sparrow,  African  canarie, 
mynab,  and  cardinal.  The  sea  birds  include  the  tropic  bird, 
man-of-war  bird,  and  various  kinds  of  tern. 

There  are  no  fresh- water  fish,  but  no  less  than  seventy-five 
different  kinds  of  marine  fish  are  found  in  great  quantities,  some 
seventeen  of  which  are  entirely  peculiar  to  the  place,  and  have  not 
been  found  elsewhere.1  Most  of  the  fish  are  suitable  for  food  and 
are  very  good  eating,  such  as  mackerel,  albicore,  mullet,  old  wife, 
jack,  silver-fish,  soldier,  bull's-eye,  yellow-tail,  conger  eel,  cavalley, 
five-finger  and  several  kinds  of  shellfish.  There  are  also  sharks, 
dolphins  and  flying  fish. 

There  are  twenty-nine  species  of  land  shells,  seven  of  which  have 
been  introduced,  two  of  which  are  doubtful,  and  twenty  of  which 
are  truly  indigenous,  and  have  not  been  found  elsewhere.  Thirteen 
of  these  latter  appear  to  be  now  extinct,  being  found  only  in  a  dead 
state  on  the  surface  of  the  ground  where  the  native  vegetation  has 
disappeared.  Amongst  these  latter  is  the  very  remarkable  large 
land  snail  (Bulimus  auris  vulpince)  which  is  so  highly  prized  by 
collectors,  and  several  smaller  bulimi  and  succinea,  but  several 
beautiful  amber-like  species  of  the  latter  are  still  found  in  a  living 
state  feeding  on  the  native  plants  on  the  high  land. 

The  coleoptera,  or  beetles,  of  St.  Helena  are  extremely  interesting, 
particularly  the  nearly  extinct  large,  black  carabus  (Haplothorax 
Burehellii),  also  greatly  valued  by  collectors.  The  total  number  of 
species  observed  is  203,  but  seventy-four  of  these  have  doubtless 
been  introduced  by  human  agency.  The  remaining  129  are  truly 
aborigines,  and  with  the  exception  of  one  are  found  nowhere  else 
on  the  globe. 

Mr.  Wallace  says, 

That  as  they  mainly  represent  species  which  are  specially  attached  to 
certain  groups  of  plants,  we  may  be  sure  that  the  plants  were  there  long 
before  the  insects  could  establish  themselves.  However  ancient,  then,  is 
this  insect  fauna,  the  flora  must  be  more  ancient  still.3 

Of  termites  or  white  ants,  spiders,  crickets,  grasshoppers,  butter- 
flies, moths  and  other  creatures  of  this  kind,  St.  Helena  has  its 
share,  some  of  them  being  indigenous  to  the  island. 

1  Proceed.    Zoological   Soc.,    London,   26    March,    1868,   and    April   1869. 
Dr.  Gunther. 

2  Island  Life.    By  Alfred  Russel  Wallace, 


St.  Helena.  45 

St.  Helena  in  the  past  has  rendered  great  and  valuable  service 
to  the  British  Empire,  which,  indeed,  without  it  could  never  have 
so  successfully  built  up  her  trade  or  acquired  her  possessions 
abroad.  The  Cape  was  neither  available  nor  suitable,  and  for  two 
and  a  half  centuries  St.  Helena  served  as  a  place  of  call  for  the 
great  fleet  of  British  sailing  ships  trading  with  all  parts  in  the 
East,  to  refit  and  to  refresh  their  scurvy-stricken,  worn  out,  and 
often  mutinous  crews,  when  it  was  impossible  to  make  long 
voyages  without  a  break. 

In  1676-7  the  celebrated  astronomer  Halley  took  up  his  abode 
there  for  making  valuable  observations,  and  again  in  1761  Dr. 
Maskelyn  and  Mr.  Waddington  visited  it  for  the  purpose  of 
observing  a  transit  of  Venus.  Somewhat  more  recently  the  British 
Government  found  it  of  the  greatest  value  as  a  residence  for 
Napoleon,  who,  with  his  suite,  arrived  at  the  island  on  board  of 
H.M.S.  Northumberland,  commanded  by  Admiral  Sir  George 
Cockburn,  on  October  15,  1815.  Napoleon  spent  his  first  night  on 
shore  in  Jamestown  in  the  same  house  which  had  previously  been 
occupied  for  a  day  or  two  by  the  Duke  of  Wellington,  when,  as  Sir 
Arthur  Wellesley,  he  was  on  his  way  home  from  India.  The 
day  following  his  arrival  Napoleon  visited  Longwood,  and  on  the 
way  when  passing  "  The  Briars,"  the  residence  of  a  Mr.  Balcombe, 
an  island  merchant,  he  expressed  a  wish  to  reside  there,  and 
accordingly  he  occupied  a  portion  of  the  house  called  "  The 
Pavilion,"  for  about  two  months  until  the  "  Old  House  "  at  Long- 
wood  was  ready  to  receive  him.1  Napoleon  finally  removed  to 
Longwood  "  Old  House,"  and  in  due  course  his  custodian,  Sir 
Hudson  Lowe,  arrived  on  April  14,  1816,  and  took  up  his  resi- 
dence at  "Plantation  House,"  which  was  usually  occupied  by  the 
Governor.  The  island  garrison  was  largely  augmented,  and 
war-ships  were  stationed  around  the  coast.  Napoleon  and  Sir 
Hudson  Lowe  did  not  agree  very  well,2  and  the  former  had  not  a 
happy  time  at  St.  Helena ;  his  only  diversion  seemed  to  'be  rat 
hunting,  but  the  statement  that  he  killed  seventeen  rats  in  his  bed- 
room can  scarcely  be  credited. 

Longwood  "  Old  House  "  was  only  intended  as  a  temporary  resi- 
dence, and  the  erection  of  a  large  and  commodious  house  suitable 
for  Napoleon  and  his  suite  was  commenced  soon  after  his  arrival. 
It  was  near  the  "  Old  House,"  and  Napoleon  daily  watched  its 
progress,  and  remarked  that  he  would  never  occupy  it.  He  never 

1  Recollections  of  the  Emperor  Napoleon  I.    By  Mrs.  Abell. 

2  The  Last  Phase.    By  Lord  Kosebery. 


46  St.  Helena. 

glid  !  He  lived  at  Longwood  for  five  and  a  half  years,  and  died  in 
the  "  Old  House  "  on  May  5, 1821.  Four  days  afterwards  he  was 
buried  with  the  highest  military  honours,  in  a  quiet,  peaceful, 
grassy  valley  near  "  Huts  Gate."  His  body  remained  there  for 
nearly  twenty  years,  when,  in  October  1840,  it  was  exhumed 
and  conveyed  to  France  on  board  the  French  frigate  La  Belle 
Poule,  under  the  command  of  Prince  de  Joinville.  It  was  placed 
in  the  Hotel  des  Invalides  in  Paris,  where  it  now  rests,  in 
accordance  with  the  expressed  wish  of  Napoleon.  In  1858  the 
French  Government  purchased  Longwood  "  Old  House "  and 
"  The  Tomb,"  and  spent  a  very  large  sum  of  money  on  their 
restoration. 

For  about  twenty-five  years,  from  1840  to  1865,  the  island  ren- 
dered very  special  service  to  the  Empire,  and  to  the  cause  of 
humanity  as  well,  during  the  suppression  of  the  slave  trade  on  the 
west  coast  of  Africa.  Numerous  captured  slave  ships  with  their 
human  freights  were  sent  to  the  island,  where  the  former,  after  a 
fair  trial  before  the  Vice-Admiralty  Court  established  for  the  pur- 
pose, were  generally  condemned  and  broken  up,  a  ad  the  latter, 
many  thousands  of  miserable  human  beings,  were  clothed,  fed, 
restored  to  health,  and  afterwards  sent  on  to  suitable  employment 
in  the  West  Indian  Colonies. 

Again,  quite  recently,  it  served  the  requirements  of  the  Empire 
in  providing  a  safe  place  for  the  custody  of  Dinizulu  and  other 
Zulu  chiefs  ;  and  again,  during  the  recent  South  African  war,  the 
Imperial  Government  used  it  for  the  safe-keeping  of  General 
Cronje  and  some  6,000  Boer  prisoners  of  war  who  surrendered 
to  Lord  Roberts.  The  island  is  now  one  of  the  important  stations 
for  the  "  All-British  "  telegraph  cable  between  Great  Britain  and 
her  South  African,  Eastern,  and  Australasian  possessions.  This 
cable  was  constructed  recently  by  the  Eastern  Telegraph  Company 
at  a  cost  of  £3,500,000.  It  touches  at  St.  Vincent,  Madeira, 
Ascension  Island,  St.  Helena,  the  Cape,  Durban,  Mauritius,  Rodri- 
guez, and  the  Cocos  Islands,  and  is  intended  eventually  to  touch 
at  Gibraltar  and  Sierra  Leone  instead  of  the  two  first  mentioned 
stations. 

A  few  weeks  ago,  on  October  29,  1906,  the  British,  garrison 
stationed  on  the  island  was  taken  away,  and  for  the  first  time  in 
its  history  St.  Helena  has  been  left  defenceless  and  practically 
abandoned,  the  only  military  item  remaining  there  now  being  a 
couple  of  French  soldiers  in  charge  of  Longwood  "  Old  House  " 
and  the  Tomb  of  Napoleon.  Thus,  one  of  the  most  valuable 


St.  Helena.  47 

and  strategic  naval  positions  of  the  British  Empire  is  placed  at 
the  mercy  of  any  foreign  Power,  and  a  vast  amount  of  valuable 
public  property,  including  fortifications,  barracks,  offices,  roads  and 
waterworks,  left  uncared  for,  to  fall  into  ruin.  The  British  colonists 
there,  some  4,000  in  number,  including  200  whites,  are  also  in 
consequence  reduced  to  the  verge  of  starvation,  with  the  certain 
prospect  of  seeing  their  property  daily  degenerate  more  and  more 
in  value.  The  inhabitants  may  be  able  to  some  extent  to  occupy 
themselves  in  local  industries,  such  as  curing  fish  for  the  South 
American  and  South  African  markets,  the  cultivation  of  certain 
plants,  such  as  the  aloe  (Fourcroya  gigantea)  and  the  New  Zealand 
flax  (Phormium  tenax) ,  the  fibres  from  which  realise  from  £32  to  £35 
per  ton  in  the  English  market.1  Coffee  also,  a  sample  of  which, 
grown  at  St.  Helena,  and  shown  at  the  Great  (1851)  Exhibition  in 
London,  obtained  the  first  prize  for  quality;  cotton,  olives,  tobacco, 
lemon  grass,  all  of  which  grow  freely  in  the  island,  could  be  culti- 
vated, though  the  production  would  necessarily  be  limited  owing  to 
the  small  area  of  available  land.  The  cultivation  of  New  Zealand 
flax  has  already  been  commenced,  but  it  is  quite  out  of  the  power 
of  the  inhabitants  to  carry  on  undertakings  of  this  kind,  as  they 
have  neither  the  necessary  capital  to  enable  them  to  do  so,  nor  the 
time  to  wait  until  a  return  could  result.  Great  Britain  by  this 
abandonment  must  suffer  considerable  loss  of  prestige  both  in  the 
east  and  the  south,  as  well  as  nearer  home  ;  and  should  the  island 
fall  into  the  hands  of  a  hostile  Power  whose  garrison  it  could  easily 
support  for  any  length  of  time  without  external  aid,  it  would  be  a 
matter  of  extreme  difficulty  and  great  expense,  notwithstanding 
modern  methods  and  weapons,  to  regain  it,  and  as  in  time  of  war  it 
would  be  a  simple  matter  to  block  the  Suez  Canal  and  to  destroy 
the  only  two  other  telegraphic  lines,  both  of  which  pass  through 
foreign  countries,  Great  Britain  would  be  completely  cut  off  from 
her  possessions  in  South  Africa,  the  Far  East,  and  Australasia. 

In  view  of  this,  it  is  clear  that  St.  Helena  at  any  cost 
should  be  saved  and  retained  for  Imperial  purposes.  The  general 
opinion  of  those  competent  to  know  has  always  been  that  it  should 
be  made  into  a  permanent  naval  station  in  place  of  the  compara- 
tively useless  little  Island  of  Ascension.  In  the  meantime  a  small 
garrison  should  be  kept  there  to  save  valuable  public  property  from 
going  quite  to  ruin,  and  the  colonists  may  not  unreasonably  expect 

1  Captain  Pooley,  meeting  of  Incorporated  Chamber  of  Commerce  at  Liver- 
pool,  October  1906. 


48  St.  Helena, 

the  Imperial  Government  to  make  an  annual  grant  for  the  purpose 
of  encouraging  and  assisting  local  industries, 

The  Paper  was  illustrated  by  Lantern  Views  showing  the  position  of 
St.  Helena,  ling  of  " All  British  "  cable,  geological  formation,  indigenous 
flora  and  fauna,  general  scenery,  scenery  associated  with  Napolegn}  the 
Zulu,  chiefs,  and  the 


APPENDIX, 

There  is  a  model  of  St.  Helena  in  the  Eotimda  at  the  Royal  Military 
Academy,  Woolwich,  which  is  open  to  the  public  generally  during  day* 
light. 

A  collection  of  samples  of  the  various  rooks,  minerals,  and  soils  found 
at  St.  Helena  is  in  the  Sedgwick  Museum,  Cambridge. 

A  collection  of  dried  plants,  especially  the  Indigenous,  or  Native  Plants, 
from  St.  Helena  is  in  the  Herbarium  at  the  Royal  Botanic  Gardens,  Kew, 
partly  made  by  the  celebrated  traveller,  Pr,  Burchell,  in  1800-10,  and 
partly  of  more  recent  date. 

A  collection  of  the  Marine  Fishes  from  St.  Helena,  together  with  some 
of  the  Birds  and  Insects,  is  at  the  Natural  History  Museum,  South 
Kensington,  W. 

Literature  relating  to  St.  Helena  can  be  found  in  the  excellent  Library 
of  the  Royal  Colonial  Institute,  Northumberland  AvQnue,  W,C, 

DISCUSSION. 

The  CHAIRMAN  (Sir  Frederick  Young,  K.C.M.G.)  observed  that 
the  moment  was  particularly  opportune  for  discussing  the  question 
of  the  future  of  St.  Helena.  It  was  his  good  fortune  a  few  years 
ago  to  land  on  that  island,  and  filled  as  he  was  with  the  associations 
connected  with  the  last  years  of  the  great  conqueror  of  Europe,  he 
naturally  took  the  deepest  interest  in  the  visit.  It  was  his  privilege 
to  stand  in  the  room  where  Napoleon  died,  to  see  the  beautiful  piece 
of  sculpture  that  had  been  placed  in  the  chamber  to  mark  that  spot, 
and  also  to  gaze  on  the  ground  where  his  remains  lay  for  twenty  years 
before  they  were  conveyed  to  the  Invalides  in  Paris.  There  were, 
however,  other  points  connected  with  the  island  which  could  not 
be  forgotten.  Until  the  opening  of  the  Suez  Canal  St.  Helena  was 
a  very  important  point  in  connection  with  our  trade  with  India. 
On  the  table  in  that  room  was  a  framed  picture  done  by  a  lady 
friend  of  his  some  fifty  years  ago,  who  was  coming  home  with  her 


St.  Helena.  49 

husband  from  India.  It  represented  the  harbour  in  front  of  James- 
town, which  was  filled  with  vessels,  and  the  island  in  other  respects 
appeared  to  be  in  a  flourishing  condition.  It  was  now  the  mis- 
fortune of  St.  Helena  to  be  considered  as  no  longer  occupying  her 
former  important  position  under  the  conditions  of  modern  war- 
fare. The  unfortunate  inhabitants  who  still  remain  in  the  island 
(although  greatly  reduced  in  number)  are  in  a  serious  condition  of 
poverty  in  consequence  of  the  withdrawal  of  the  troops  on  whose 
favours  they  principally  depended  for  a  source  of  livelihood.  Now, 
looking  at  all  the  circumstances,  he  was  one  of  those  who  felt  that 
St.  Helena  should  not  be  allowed  to  go  down,  down,  down,  until 
she  was  no  longer  worth  retaining.  "  Ocean's  Queen  should  not 
abandon  Ocean's  children."  We  prided  ourselves  on  belonging  to 
an  Empire  on  whose  dominions  the  sun  never  sets,  and  he  thought 
we  ought  to  protect  and  safeguard  the  smallest  portions  of  that 
Empire  as  well  as  the  larger  and  more  important  ones.  The 
brilliant  writer,  orator  and  imperialist — the  author  of  "The 
Last  Phase," — has  had  his  vivid  and  sympathetic  imaginations 
powerfully  touched  by  portraying  the  scene  of  Napoleon's  captivity 
and  death.  I  hoped  we  might  have  seen  him  with  us  this  afternoon. 
In  answer  to  my  personal  invitation  he  writes  to  me  : — 

38  Berkeley  Square,  W :  November  26,  1906. 

My  dear  Sir  Frederick  Young,— I  am  very  sorry  to  say  that  it  is  im- 
possible for  me  to  attend  Mr.  Melliss'  lecture,  as  I  am  engaged  to  be  in 
Norfolk  on  that  day. 

Yours  truly, 

EOSEBERY. 

The  lecture  had  been  most  interesting,  valuable,  and  useful.  As 
representing  that  large  and  influential  meeting  he  ventured  to  raise 
his  voice  in  an  urgent  appeal  to  the  Government  to  take  a  sympathetic 
view  of  the  case  of  this  island  on  sentimental,  humanitarian,  historical 
and  political  grounds.  It  was  quite  possible  that  in  the  whirligig  of 
time  existing  conditions  might  undergo  a  change,  just  as  the  con- 
ditions had  undergone  a  change  in  the  past,  and  he  earnestly  urged 
that  we  ought  to  retain  in  efficiency  the  island  of  St.  Helena  for 
future  generations  of  the  British  race,  and  that  we  should  always  be 
able  to  say  "  this  is  part  of  our  British  land,"  not  only  on  account 
of  the  past,  but  in  case  of  some  future  conditions  of  the  world's 
history,  of  its  being  once  more  required  as  a  Place  d'armes ;  and 
as  one  of  the  useful  outposts  of  the  British  Empire.  He  had  to 
announce  that  Lord  Elgin,  Secretary  of  State  for  the  Colonies,  had 
kindly  forwarded  six  copies  of  the  report  of  1884  by  Sir  D.  Morris 


50  St.  Helena. 

on  the  Agricultural  Resources  of  St.  Helena  under  cover  of  the 
following  letter  :— 

Downing  Street :  November  27,  1906. 

Sir, — I  am  directed  by  the  Earl  of  Elgin  to  transmit  to  you  six  copies 
of  a  report  furnished  by  Mr.  (now  Sir  D.)  Morris  in  1884  on  the  Agricul- 
tural Eesources  of  St.  Helena,  which  has  been  reprinted  in  consequence  of 
many  applications  for  copies. 

Lord  Elgin  understands  that  a  lecture  on  St.  Helena  is  shortly  to  be 
delivered  to  members  of  the  Institute  :  and  for  this  reason  he  thinks  that 
the  accompanying  copies  of  the  Eeport  may  be  of  interest. 

I  am,  Sir, 

Your  obedient  servant, 

R.  L.  ANTROBUS. 
The  Secretary  :  Eoyal  Colonial  Institute. 

This  was  a  proof  that  the  Colonial  Office  appeared  to  have  taken 
special  notice  of  this  meeting ;  and  was  also,  he  trusted,  evidence  of 
an  inclination  to  look  sympathetically  at  the  case  of  St.  Helena  and 
its  people. 

The  Hon.  M.  H.  HICKS  BEACH,  M.P.,  stated  that  he  happened 
to  be  an  officer  in  a  regiment  of  militia  that  was  sent  out  to  St. 
Helena  to  look  after  prisoners  at  the  time  of  the  Boer  war.  He 
was  thus  engaged  for  about  fifteen  months,  and  though  he  was  not 
sorry  to  get  away  to  more  active  pursuits,  yet  he  had  very  pleasant 
recollections  of  the  island  and  its  inhabitants,  which  had  been 
vividly  brought  before  him  by  the  interesting  Paper.  He  could 
corroborate  a  great  many  of  Mr.  Melliss'  observations.  At  the 
same  time,  he  would  not  advise  anybody  who  wiphed  to  find  sport 
in  strange  lands  to  go  to  St.  Helena,  unless  perhaps  he  was  par- 
ticularly fond  of  rat-hunting,  for  rats  existed  in  very  large  quantities, 
and  he  was  inclined  to  think  that  the  statement  that  Napoleon 
killed  seventeen  rats  in  his  bedroom  in  one  night  was  perhaps  not 
very  far  short  of  the  truth.  He  himself  had  been  on  several  rat- 
hunting  parties,  and  on  one  occasion  the  bag  was  between  two  and 
three  hundred  rats.  The  immediate  question  was  the  present  con- 
dition and  future  of  the  island.  It  was  undoubted  that,  as  had  been 
shown,  St.  Helena  had  in  the  past  been  of  valuable  service  to  the 
Empire,  and  was  therefore  worthy  of  consideration  by  everybody 
who  valued  the  Empire.  Its  inhabitants  were  just  as  proud  of 
belonging  to  the  British  race  as  ourselves.  He  remembered  talking 
to  some  of  the  natives,  and  asking,  "  Are  you  St.  Helenans,.  or 
what?  "  "  Oh,  yes,"  they  said,  "we  are  St.  Helenans,  but  we  are 
also  English,"  and  they  felt  just  as  proud  of  belonging  to  the 


St.  Helena.  51 

Empire  as  ourselves.  The  Government  had  lately  decided  to  remove 
the  British  garrison  from  the  island,  the  view  being,  he  supposed, 
that  St.  Helena  was  no  longer  of  any  strategic  importance.  He 
should  be  the  last  person  to  dictate  any  policy  as  to  the  strategic 
value  of  St.  Helena  as  compared  with  other  places,  but  he  might 
point  out  that  the  island  of  Ascension,  which  was  about  800  miles 
distant,  and  was  very  barren  and,  he  believed,  possessed  no 
inhabitants  of  its  own,  had  been  for  many  years  used  as  a  naval 
base.  It  was  practically  a  man-of-war.  There  were  naval  officers 
and  a  few  seamen  there,  and  the  island  had  an  harbour  which  had 
by  no  means  the  same  facilities  for  shipping  as  St.  Helena.  It 
was,  he  thought,  worthy  of  consideration  whether  it  would  not  be 
advisable  to  abandon  Ascension  and  develop  St.  Helena  instead  as 
a  real  naval  base.  If  we  must  give  up  one  of  the  two,  he  thought 
Ascension  was  the  one  to  be  given  up.  It  was  to  be  remembered 
that  a  considerable  sum  of  money  was  spent  as  the  direct  result  of 
the  garrison  being  at  St.  Helena.  The  cost  of  its  up-keep  last  year, 
he  believed,  amounted  to  .£35,000,  and  a  large  proportion  of  that 
money  was,  of  course,  spent  entirely  on  the  island,  and  a  great 
many  of  the  inhabitants  really  lived  upon  it.  The  soldiers  bought 
their  produce,  in  the  shape  of  vegetables,  fish,  and  the  like.  In 
the  last  year  or  two  he  had  received  some  piteous  letters  from  the 
inhabitants,  and  had  seen  letters  to  other  people  in  the  same  strain, 
pointing  out  the  grievous  state  of  things  which  would  occur  when 
the  troops  left  unless  the  Government  did  something  to  help  them. 
He  was  told  there  was  a  large  number  of  people  out  of  work,  while 
there  was  a  great  necessity  for  labour  for  repairing  roads,  tele- 
phones, and  the  like,  which  had  all  been  kept  up  by  the  military 
in  the  past,  but  there  was  no  money  to  pay  for  these  necessary 
repairs.  It  was  no  easy  thing  to  develop  industries  when  the 
poorer  classes  were  by  no  means  ambitious,  and  had  perhaps  carried 
out  the  doctrine  of  letting  the  morrow  look  after  itself.  It  was 
obvious  in  this  state  of  things,  and  when  the  people  who  possessed 
capital  were  remarkably  few,  that  a  considerable  time  must  elapse 
before  any  industry  could  be  started.  It  had  been  proposed  to 
revive  the  flax  industry.  That  was  tried  some  years  ago,  but  unfor- 
tunately proved  a  failure,  the  milling  machinery  being  put  in  the 
wrong  place.  Of  course  this  would  make  people  rather  chary  in 
putting  money  into  such  enterprises  again.  He  thought  the 
Government  might,  at  any  rate,  give  a  grant  of  money  which 
would  be  sufficient  to  keep  up  the  roads  and  telephones  in  a  proper 
state  of  repair,  and  that  they  might  also  send  out  an  expert  from 


52  St.  Helena. 

New  Zealand  or  elsewhere  to  inquire  into  the  practicability  of 
starting  the  flax  industry ;  and  also,  if  necessary,  guarantee  a 
certain  sum  of  money  if  private  individuals  were  prepared  to  start 
the  industry  itself. 

Admiral  the  Hon.  Sir  EDMUND  R.  FREMANTLE,  G.C.B.,  C.M.G., 
thought  that  if  we  acted  at  all  on  sentiment,  or  had  any  regard 
to  history,  we  should  never  dream  of  giving  up  St.  Helena.  It 
seemed  we  had  a  Governor  there,  but  how  long  he  would  stay 
when,  as  appeared  to  be  inevitable,  the  people  were  reduced  to 
starvation,  no  one  could  say.  It  had  been  suggested  there  were 
industries  which  might  be  prosecuted  with  success,  but  success  in 
these  matters  depended  on  capital,  and  everybody  would  not  go  out 
of  the  way  to  provide  it.  As  had  been  mentioned  in  the  lecture, 
St.  Helena  was  still  in  a  certain  sense  a  very  valuable  place,  being 
one  of  the  bases  for  the  All-British  cable  to  the  Cape.  Some  years 
ago  we  were  making  a  great  fuss  about  such  a  cable,  and  now  prac- 
tically we  had  got  it.  It  seemed  therefore  extraordinary  we  should 
leave  St.  Helena  in  a  defenceless  position  so  that  a  solitary  cruiser 
might  suddenly  appear  there,  seize  the  cable-house,  and  destroy  the 
cable.  It  seemed  a  kind  of  tempting  of  Providence.  We  seemed 
to  have  a  great  idea  at  present  of  shaking  off  Imperial  responsi- 
bilities, especially  if  they  were  a  great  distance  away.  He  did  not 
think  that  was  the  way  the  Empire  was  built  up.  He  was  not 
speaking  from  a  party  point  of  view,  for  he  was  aware  that  the  last 
Government  did  a  great  deal  in  the  way  of  withdrawing  garrisons 
from  the  West  Indies  and  elsewhere,  and  although  some  reduction 
might  have  been  justified  perhaps,  he  thought  that  to  remove  them 
with  one  "  courageous  stroke  of  the  pen  "  was  much  more  courageous 
than  wise.  He  might  remark  that  with  powerful  vessels  such  as 
we  had  now  there  was  no  difficulty  in  getting  to  St.  Helena  at  any 
time.  Speaking  generally,.  Ascension  was  an  absolutely  barren  rock. 
As  a  coaling  station  he  could  not  see  any  advantage  in  Ascension 
over  St.  Helena.  The  late  Sir  William  Hewett,  who  had  had  great 
experience  of  the  West  Coast  of  Africa,  had  always  advocated  the 
abandonment  of  Ascension  and  making  St.  Helena  a  naval  estab- 
lishment. He  did  think,  from  the  Imperial  point  of  view,  St. 
Helena  ought  not  to  be  abandoned.  A  very  small  number  of  men 
would  be  sufficient  to  keep  the  guns  in  order,  and  they  would  spend 
a  sum  of  money  that  would  be  of  great  use  to  the  inhabitants. 

Mr.  A.  G.  WISE  stated  that  the  authorities  at  St.  Helena  were 
at  their  wits'  end  to  know  what  to  do  to  cope  with  the  prevalent 
distress.  He  understood  the  Governor  had  offered  a  penny  for 


St.  Helena.  58 

every  rat's  tail  that  was  produced  at  Government  House  during  the 
next  three  months,  but  when  expedients  like  this  failed,  what  was 
going  to  be  done  for  the  inhabitants  ?  Would  not  the  Imperial 
Government  step  in  and  help  them  ?  The  meeting  had  heard  of 
the  valuable  services  St.  Helena  had  rendered  to  the  Empire  in  the 
past,  and  on  this  ground  alone  the  people  deserved  great  sympathy. 
The  case  of  the  cattle  owners  had  been  brought  under  the  notice 
of  the  Imperial  Government.  In  1887  they  were  advised  to  import 
stock  from  England,  and  at  their  own  expense  they  imported  some 
valuable  cattle.  These  they  now  had  on  their  hands.  Lord  Elgin 
had  informed  the  St.  Helena  Committee  that  the  question  of  com- 
pensation had  been  referred  to  the  Army  Council,  and  we  must 
sincerely  hope  they  would  see  their  way  to  do  something  in  the 
matter.  It  appeared  from  the  statements  made  in  Parliament  by 
Mr.  Winston  Churchill,  that  no  less  than  £35,000  had  been  spent  an- 
nually on  this  garrison  of  100  men  ;  and  he  would  urge  the  Govern- 
ment to  grant  some  of  that  money  towards  the  relief  of  the  inhabi- 
tants. When  it  was  known  that  the  repairs  to  the  roads  had  been 
abandoned  for  want  of  funds,  it  might  be  realised  that  it  was  impera- 
tive to  grant  financial  aid,  which  should  be  given  promptly  to  allow  of 
the  starting  of  relief  works.  The  whole  situation,  in  the  opinion  of 
persons  on  the  spot,  was  considered  to  be  most  serious,  and  the 
outlook  alarming.  Unless  the  Imperial  Government  recognised  its 
responsibilities  in  a  truly  liberal  spirit,  and  did  so  without  much 
further  delay,  St.  Helena  would  in  all  probability  become  a  mere 
derelict  rock  in  the  ocean. 

Mr.  B.  R.  BALFOUE,  who  stated  that  some  years  ago  he  spent 
four  months  in  St.  Helena  in  the  capacity  of  lay  reader,  earnestly 
endorsed  the  plea  that  the  island  should  not  be  abandoned.  The 
telegraph  station,  at  least,  had  to  be  protected,  and  the  island 
should  not  be  left  to  be  recaptured  as  it  had  been  in  the  past.  He 
might  mention  that  he  used  to  meet  the  Boer  prisoners  of  war,  and 
that  one  or  two  of  the  Boer  officers  spoke  to  him  in  enthusiastic 
terms  about  the  climate  of  the  island.  The  island  had  been  almost 
denuded  of  wood  in  some  parts  to  supply  the  garrison  and  the  Boer 
prisoners  with  fuel,  and  he  would  suggest  that  something  might  be 
done  in  the  way  of  planting  to  make  good  the  damage.  He  thought 
the  present  meeting  proved  the  great  value  of  the  Royal  Colonial 
Institute.  It  showed  we  had  a  society  ready  at  hand  to  take  up  the 
cause  of  any  Colony  however  small  or  remote. 

A  cordial  vote  of  thanks  was  given  to  the  lecturer  and  to  the 
chairman. 


54 


SECOND   ORDINARY   GENERAL   MEETING. 

THE  Second  Ordinary  General  Meeting  of  the  Session  was  held  at 
the  Whitehall  Rooms,  Hotel  Metropole,  on  Tuesday,  December  11, 
1906,  when  a  Paper  on  "  The  Colonial  Press  "  was  read  by  Mr. 
Arthur  W.  a'Beckett,  F.J.I.,  Past  President  of  the  Institute  of 
Journalists  and  the  Newspaper  Society. 

Lieut.-General  Sir  J.  Bevan  Edwards,  K.C.M.G.,  C.B.,  a  member 
of  the  Council  of  the  Institute,  presided. 

The  Minutes  of  the  last  Ordinary  General  Meeting  were  read 
and  confirmed,  and  it  was  announced  that  since  that  Meeting  24 
Fellows  had  been  elected,  viz.,  8  Resident,  16  Non-Resident. 

Resident  Fellows ; 

EL  Hon.  Lord  'Armstrong,  Otto  Beit,  E.  T.  Boxall,  George  Grey,  John 
Bromhead  Matthews,  John  C.  Melliss,  M.Inst.C.E.,  F.G:S.,  Captain  Samuel 
Mugford,  Montague  Stopford. 

Non-Resident  Fellows  : 

Herbert  Acton-Adams  (New  Zealand),  Francis  William  Baughan  (Zanzi- 
bar), Henry  Denton  (Transvaal),  Edward  S.  Doming  (Gold  Coast  Colony), 
Frederick  L.  Dwyer,  B.A.,A.M.Inst.  C.E.  (Cape  Colony),  His  Honour  Judge 
J.  A.  Forin  (British  Columbia),  William  T.  Forsyth  (Cape  Colony),  Alexander 
Gault  (Fiji),  Henry  H.  Hennah  (Falkland  Islands),  Major  Wm.  Hussey- 
Walsh  (Cape  Colony),  Ivor  Lewis  (Gold  Coast  Colony],  Hon.  Ernest  A.  P. 
Molesworth  (New  Zealand),  Hon.  Charles  Wm.  J.  Palmer,  M.L.C.  (Orange 
River  Colony),  Walter  Seth  Smith  (New  Zealand),  Hon.  Andrew  J.  Thynne, 
M.L.C.  (Queensland),  John  F.  B.  Vandeleur  (Canada). 

It  was  also  announced  that  Donations  to  the  Library  of  books, 
maps,  &c.,  had  been  received  from  the  various  Governments  of  the 
Colonies  and  India,  Societies,  and  public  bodies  both  in  the  United 
Kingdom  and  the  Colonies,  and  from  Fellows  of  the  Institute  and 
others. 

The  CHAIBMAN  explained  that  he  had  been  called  upon  to  pre- 
side in  the  place  of  bis  friend  and  fellow- Councillor,  Mr. 
Vaughan  Morgan,  who  was  suffering  from  the  prevailing  complaint 
of  influenza.  Mr.  a'Beckett  was  a  gentleman  who  for  a  long  period 
of  years  had  been  associated  with  the  Press  and  was  in  every  way 
fully  qualified  to  enlighten  the  meeting  on  the  subject  of  his  paper. 

Mr.  Arthur  W.  a'Beckett  then  read  his  Paper  on 

THE   COLONIAL   PRESS. 

IT  has  been  said  that  when  half  a  dozen  Britons  find  themselves 
together  011  an  all  but  uninhabited  island,  if  they  can  but  get  an 


The  Colonial  Press.  55 

introduction  to  one  another,  they  immediately  form  a  club.  Later 
on,  any  event  of  apparent  importance  is  celebrated  by  a  public  dinner. 
If  this  be  true,  I  believe  that  the  third  thing  that  would  be  done 
would  be  the  institution  of  a  paper.  The  love  for  journalism  is  not 
confined  to  the  Mother  Country,  but  is  universal.  The  Press  of 
the  United  Kingdom  is  a  little  older  perhaps  than  the  Press  of  the 
Colonies-,  and  the  reason  is  not  difficult  to  discover.  The  Colonies 
are  offshoots  of  the  Mother  Country,  and  consequently  the  branches 
are  a  little  younger  than  the  parent  root.  Some  of  these  branches 
have  been  grafted  in  soil  beyond  the  seas  and  flourish  exceedingly. 
The  Press  of  the  Empire  is  in  a  condition  of  transition.  A  genera- 
tion ago  people  of  British  nationality  were  wont  to  leave  their 
opinions  to  the  journals  of  the  day.  With,  possibly,  the  solitary 
exception  of  the  weather,  every  topic  of  importance  received  its 
impression  from  the  paper  of  the  partisan.  Some  were  satisfied  to 
follow  the  lead  of  the  Standard  and  the  Herald.  Men  with  more 
liberal  views  pinned  their  faith  to  the  Morning  Post  and,  later  on, 
the  Daily  Telegraph,  and  others  thought  with  the  Chronicle  and 
the  Daily  News.  Perhaps  the  paper  which  was  most  largely 
quoted  was  the  Times,  representing,  more  or  less,  the  Government 
of  the  moment.  We  in  England  have  been  accustomed  to  regard 
our  own  Press  of  Fleet  Street  and  its  immediate  neighbourhood  as 
the  leaders  of  Imperial  Journalism.  We  may  be  right,  but  there  is 
a  growing  doubt  whether  our  estimate  of  our  own  importance  is 
absolutely  correct.  Speaking  as  a  journalist  of  some  forty  years' 
service,  for  I  began  very  early,  when  I  was  a  boy  at  school,  I  cannot 
help  feeling  that  the  time  has  been  reached  when  the  Press  of  the 
Mother  Country  can  accept  assistance  from  their  Colonial  contem- 
poraries rather  than  afford  them  support.  At  the  invitation  of  the 
American  Ambassador  I  was  induced  to  read  '  The  Virginians  '  of 
Thackeray  for  a  third  or  fourth  time  after  the  lapse  of  many  years, 
and  was  surprised  to  find  that  the  young  man  from  the  Colonies 
was  a  better  patriot,  from  an  Imperial  point  of  view,  than  his  stay- 
at-home  cousins  of  the  Motherland.  I  am  bound  to  say  that  I 
believe  that  the  best  traditions  of  the  British  Press  are  sometimes 
in  safer  hands  in  Australia,  Canada,  India  and  Africa,  than  they 
are  in  Fleet  Street.  During  the  late  summer  I  visited  Jamaica  and 
was  delighted  to  find  my  colleagues  of  the  West  Indian  Press  were 
as  keenly  alive  to  the  interests  of  the  Empire  in  Kingston  as  in 
London.  And  when  I  attended  the  Conference  of  Journalists  held 
in  Dublin  in  September  last,  I  can  testify  that  the  delegates  from 
the  Colonies  convinced  their  stay-at-home  confreres  that  there  was 


56  The  Colonial  Press. 

nothing  they  could  learn  from  them,  although  they  might  be  able 
to  afford  some  valuable  suggestions. 

Before  commencing  this  Paper  I  put  myself  into  communication 
with  the  London  representatives  of  the  leading  Colonial  papers, 
and  I  have  to  acknowledge  very  gratefully  the  assistance  they  kindly 
afforded  me.  Although,  through  my  father,  who,  having  three 
brothers  in  Australia,  naturally  took  a  deep  interest  in  that  Com- 
monwealth, I  know  seme  Australian  papers  by  repute,  I  was  prac- 
tically ignorant  of  the  Press  outside  our  seas.  So  I  had  to  depend 
upon  others  rather  than  draw  upon  my  personal  knowledge.  I  was 
fortunate  to  obtain  the  opinion  of  a  colleague  of  mine  on  the 
Council  of  the  Institute  of  Journalists,  who  had  attended  in  his 
professional  capacity  the  tour  made  in  1901  by  the  Heir-apparent  in 
His  Majesty's  dominions  outside  the  Mother  Country.  My  friend 
Mr.  Joseph  Watson  wrote  to  me  : 

You  will  be  certainly  justified  if  you  take  the  line  of  high  and  cordial 
appreciation  in  dealing  with  the  Colonial  Press  as  a  whole  and  with  our 
colleagues  in  all  the  Britains  beyond  the  seas.  Nothing  struck  me  more 
during  the  Prince's  tour  than  the  splendid  manner  in  which  the  Colonial 
Press,  notably  in  Australia,  New  Zealand,  and  South  Africa,  was  uphold- 
ing the  best  traditions  which  some  of  us  in  the  old  country  have  so  much 
at  heart.  You  have  only  to  look  at  the  files  of  the  Melbourne  Argus, 
Cape  Times,  Christchurch  Press,  and  a  few  other  leading  organs  in  the 
principal  Colonies,  to  see  how  really  well  things  are  done,  with  an  almost 
entire  absence  of  the  cheap  claptrap  that  so  often  does  duty  for  journalistic 
enterprise  nowadays  in  the  Motherland.  In  India  and  Canada  the 
conditions  are  not  quite  the  same,  but  both  in  India  and  Canada  you 
will  find  plenty  of  scope  for  sympathetic  eulogy — vide  the  Times  of  India 
and  the  Montreal,  Toronto  and  other  Canadian  newspapers.  In  South 
Africa  the  trend  is  for  even  greater  efficiency  combined  with  culture. 
The  other  day  the  Cape  Times  required  an  assistant  editor,  and  it  was 
stipulated  that  he  must  be  the  graduate  of  a  university.  A  brilliant 
young  Scotchman  with  the  necessary  qualification  secured  the  appoint- 
ment. 

I  need  scarcely  say  I  was  greatly  gratified  by  the  receipt  of  this 
letter,  as  I  knew  the  writer  was  one  who  had  absolutely  no  bias  in 
favour  of  Colonial  papers  compared  with  those  of  the  Motherland. 
And  what  my  friend  the  Senior  Hon.  Secretary  of  the  Institute  of 
Journalists  wrote  to  me  has  been  entirely  confirmed  by  those  with 
whom  I  have  come  into  contact  during  the  performance  of  my  self* 
imposed  and  very  pleasant  labour.  The  London  representatives  to 
whom  I  have  referred  have  shown  me  the  greatest  good  -will.  Some 
of  them  are  Englishmen  who  have  never  quitted  England.  They 


The  Colonial  Press.  57 

have  been  selected  to  watch  over  the  fortunes  of  the  papers  they 
represent  simply  on  the  score  of  their  professional  acumen.  I 
have  been  greatly  struck  by  the  delightful  spirit  of  camaraderie  and 
absolute  absence  of  jealousy  distinguishing  them. 

In  the  Motherland  we  have  two  Press  organisations — the  News- 
paper Society  and  the  Institute  of  Journalists.  I  am  a  past  Pre- 
sident of  both  associations,  and  we  have  found  that  these  associations 
have  done  much  good  in  drawing  class  nearer  class.  So  far  we  have 
not  been  able  to  make  much  way  with  our  Colonial  brethren.  It  is 
true  that  the  Institute  of  Journalists  has  many  Colonial  members, 
but  nothing  like  the  number  that  could  join  if  they  would.  It  may 
be  worthy  of  consideration  later  on  if  a  Conference  of  the  Imperial 
Press  should  not  be  held  on  the  lines  of  the  gatherings  organised 
by  the  Bureau  de  la  Presse  Internationale  which  had  been  held  in 
most  of  the  capitals  on  the  Continent.  I  need  scarcely  say  that 
were  such  an  organisation  proposed  I  would  put  my  humble 
services  heartily  at  the  disposal  of  the  organisers.  The  meeting 
might  be  held  year  after  year  in  the  principal  cities  of  the  Colonies. 
I  am  induced  to  make  this  suggestion  as  I  see  it  was  proposed  by 
one  of  the  States  composing  the  Australian  Commonwealth  to  in- 
vite a  body  of  English  editors  to  visit  their  splendid  country.  The 
plan  fell  through  because  the  desire  to  entertain  the  Eedacteurs  en 
chef  was  not  unanimous  throughout  the  Commonwealth.  At  the 
Conference — the  British  Imperial  Conference  of  the  Press— the 
Mother  Country  might  be  represented  by  delegates.  At  the  Con- 
ference held  at  Liege  last  year  by  the  Bureau  Internationale  de  la 
Presse  I  was  a  delegate  from  England.  It  may  be  possible  that 
in  the  discussion  that  will  follow  my  paper  this  proposal  may  receiye 
consideration. 

I  have  been  warned  that  the  task  I  have  set  myself,  with  the 
kind  approval  of  the  Council  of  the  Royal  Colonial  Institute,  is 
rather  a  serious  one.  A  glance  at  the  list  of  Colonial  papers  in  the 
Press  Directories  shows  what  an  enormous  number  of  periodicals 
are  published  in  His  Majesty's  dominions  beyond  the  seas.  In  the 
time  put  at  my  disposal  it  will  be  impossible  to  do  more  than  to 
glance  briefly  at  the  salient  points  of  the  Press  I  find  in  the  various 
Colonies.  As  all  our  brother  subjects  are  of  British  nationality, 
I  shall  take  the  countries  in  alphabetical  order ;  so  it  must  be 
considered  that  all  the  countries  I  mention  are  first  and  none  of 
them  second. 

But  before  taking  the  Colonies  seriatim,  perhaps  I  may  refer  to 
a  paper  in  which  I  am  naturally  interested,  as  my  father,  the  late 


58  The  Colonial  Press. 

Gilbert  Abbott  a  Beckett,  Metropolitan  Police  Magistrate  and  man 
of  letters,  was  one  of  its  founders,  and  I  myself  was  closely  con- 
nected with  it  for  about  thirty  years.  I  refer  to  Punch,  which  repre- 
sented, and  I  believe  still  represents,  to  a  large  extent,  the  Imperial 
sense  of  humour.  Of  course  I  remember  the  Melbourne  Punch  (to 
which  my  uncle,  the  late  Sir  William  a  Beckett,  first  Chief  Justice 
of  Victoria,  was  a  constant  contributor)  and  the  Sydney  Punch,  on 
whose  staff  there  were  other  members  of  the  a  Beckett  family. 
Punch  was  produced  in  1841,  and  soon  there  were  imitations  in 
various  parts  of  the  world.  After  sixty-five  years  it  is  interesting 
to  test  the  conditions  of  the  British  wit  market,  especially  as, 
according  to  some  of  our  American  cousins,  we  are  said  to  be  losing 
our  sense  of  the  humorous.  One  of  my  friends,  Mr.  M.  H.  Spiel- 
mann,  for  many  years  made  Punch  his  special  study,  so  I  referred 
to  him,  asking  him  to  tell  me  how  comic  papers  were  progressing 
in  the  Colonies.  It  is  interesting  to  note  that  our  own  Punch,  by 
his  second  title,  The  London  Charivari,  admits  that,  after  all,  he 
is  only  an  English  copy  of  a  French  original.  My  friend  writes  as 
follows  • — 

"  The  Melbourne  Punch  calls  itself  Punch  and  speaks  of  its  prototype 
as  the  London  Punch,  which  might  be  considered  by  the  English  pro- 
prietors an  antipodean  audacity  of  a  delightful  kind.  But  the  paper  is  a 
general  paper  with  its  serious  mining  articles,  '  The  Markets,'  &c.,  politics 
seriously  considered,  and  with  lisplayed  advertisements  on  every  page. 
The  copy  dated  November  12,  1903,  was  numbered  2520  Vol.  XCX.,  the 
size  of  the  London  Black  and  White." 

From  time  to  time  I  have  seen  the  Melbourne  Punch  myself, 
and  it  has  occurred  to  me  that  the  paper,  from  being  entirely 
comic,  has  adopted  some  of  the  features  of  the  World,  giving 
articles  of  a  fashionable  character,  such  as  descriptions  of  weddings 
and  balls. 

It  appears  that  in  India  the  old  idea  remains.  Mr.  Spielmann 
continues  :— 

"  The  Parsee  Punch  is  a  true  Punch  with  title  engraved  by  Mites 
&  Co.,  Peterborough  Court,  London.  It  has  speaking  Parsee  interpreta- 
tions of  Punch  cartoons,  such  as  General  Fevrier  turned  traitor,  no  Eng- 
lish date  and  the  only  English  text  consisting  of  the  advertisements  of 
Holloway's  Pills." 

Then  my  friend  refers  to  the  Sydney  Punch  and  the  Queensland 
Punch.  The  titles  of  both  these  are  drawn  by  English  artists.  So 
Mr.  Spielmann's  Colonial  list  of  comic  papers  ends.  It  will 


The  Colonial  Press.  59 

be  noticed  that  it  was  in  Australia  that  humour  chiefly  flourished 
half  a  century  ago,  and  I  venture  to  suggest  that  the  cause  may 
be  that  my  father's  brothers,  the  aforesaid  Sir  William,  Thomas 
Turner  a  Beckett  and  Arthur  Martin  a  Beckett,  the  first  of  Mel- 
bourne and  the  others  of  Sydney,  settled  in  the  Commonwealth. 
Before  they  left  England,  and  while  yet  with  my  father  in  West- 
minster School,  they  started  various  comic  papers — amongst  others 
the  Censor  and  Figaro  in  London.  It  may  be,  and  I  believe  was, 
the  vis  comica  of  William,  Thomas  Turner,  and  Arthur  Martin  a 
Beckett,  backed  up  by  the  support  of  my  father,  Gilbert  Abbott  a 
Beckett,  in  England  that  kept  the  tone  of  humour  alive  in  Australia 
in  the  forties  and  fifties  of  the  last  century. 

Dealing  with  Australia,  I  may  say  that  I  have  been  told  that, 
owing  to   the   small   population — some   4,000,000  in   all — of   the 
States,  the  actual  circulation  of  the  newspapers  does  not  run  to  the 
immense  figures  with  which  we  are  familiar  in  England.     Still  it 
is  no   uncommon   thing  to  find  the  leading  journals  run  up  to 
50,000,  60,000,  80,000,  and  even  100,000.     Politically  they  are  all 
on  party  lines,  and  it  is  the  old  battle  cry  of  Free  Trade  and  Pro- 
tection.    Protectionist  papers  are  in  the  majority.     For  the  work- 
ing classes  are  protectionists  and  the  bulk  of  newspapers  cater  for 
the  majority.     Amongst  the  most  influential  newspapers— and  each 
State  of  the  Commonwealth  is  admirably  represented  under  this 
category,   though   it    is   obviously  impossible  to  enumerate — the 
Sydney  Morning  Herald  and  the  Melbourne  Argus  happen  to  be 
Free   Traders.     Outside  this  leading  issue,  and  when   questioned 
thereon  by  carpers  that  are  not  touched   by  it,  the   newspapers 
conflict  quite  as  much  over  men  as  over  measures.     In  name  all 
the  Australian  papers  have  become  very  local.     Journalists  have 
grown  up  in  the  Colonies  and  know  but  little  of  the  outside  world. 
They  are  practical  men  trained,  many  of  them,  from  boyhood  in  one 
single  Colony  or  State,  and  the  outside  world  interests  them  and 
their  readers,  mostly  Australian  born,  in  a  less  degree  than  was  the 
case  with  the  last  generation  who  were  immigrants.     A  survey  of 
the  newspapers  of  Australia  often  shows  what  a  slight  hold  Home, 
or  European,  or  American  affairs  have  got  in  the  Commonwealth, 
This  is  unfortunate,  for  the  Australian  outlook  becomes  restricted 
to  its  own  big  goose.     (To  its  own  big  gooseberry.)     The  advent  of 
Imperial  Federation  ought  to  widen  the  views  and  opinions  of  all 
"who  approve,  and  the  present-day  defect  of  Australian  journalism, 
therefore,  should  soon  be  remedied.     One  great  party  in  the  Com- 
monwealth— the  Labour  party-r-although  able  to  control  most  of 


60  The  Colonial  Press. 

the  elections,  possesses  no  special  organ  of  its  own  of  any  recognised 
standing.     The  Party  has  powerful  champions  among  the  Protec- 
tionist newspapers,  and  they  exercise  a  beneficent  and  restraining 
influence  over  some  of  the  crude  propositions  which  are  often  put 
forth  by  the  Labour  Unionists.     For  instance,  there  is  a  law  of 
copyright  in  the   Colonies  which   gives  the  newspaper  a  vested 
ownership,  for  a  few  hours,  in  the  cablegrams  from  Europe.     The 
Labour  Party,  though  themselves  Protectionists,   sought  to  have 
that  copyright  abolished  in  order  to  enable  their  small  organs  to 
take  for  nothing  the  valuable  and  costly  news  published  in  those 
papers.      Another  section  has  been   urging  their   Government  to 
adopt  a  national  service  of  cablegrams  for  all  the  newspapers  alike, 
in  order  possibly  that  the  country  shall  be  supplied  with  news  of 
the  particular  colour  that  suits  the  party  in  office.     The  substantial 
journals  that  are  supposed  to  favour  the  Protectionists,  to  which 
the  Labour  party  belongs,  give  no  encouragement  to  these  demands. 
The  quality  of  Australian  journalism  is  more  safe  than  brilliant. 
The  writers  are  hard-headed,  practical  men,  and  wild- cat  or  yellow 
journals  such  as  we  see  in  America  are  unknown.     There  is  one 
paper  in  Sydney — the  Bulletin — to  which  I  feel  bound  to  refer 
— which  has  a  reputation  for  its  personal  gossip.     It  deals  with 
subjects  in  a  way  that  would  stagger  a  Sunday  School  teacher  or 
the  Editor  of  the  Times,  but  the  paper  has  attained  a  high  reputa- 
tion for  saying  what  many  other  people  think,  though  sometimes 
with  a  needless  supply  of  colour  and  of  adjectives.     The  Australian 
newspapers  have  been  found  above  the  suspicion  of  bribery,  nor  has 
there  been  any  scandal  of  writers  of  the  money  article  rigging  the 
market.     The  Press  is  believed  to  be   wholly  free  from  outside 
control  of  financiers  for  the  purposes  of  the  market.     Such  is  the 
opinion  of  an  old  and  respected  Australian  journalist,  to  whom  I 
referred  in  the  course  of  the  preparation  of  this  Paper.     I  was 
interested  to  note  that  a  copyright  had  been  obtained  for  news. 
This  was  and  now  is  a  burning  question  in  English  Pressdom. 
For  any  number  of  years  a  large  number  of  English  newspaper 
proprietors  have  been  striving  to  secure  a  copyright  for  eight  hours 
for  a  piece  of  really  unknown  information,  but  the  smaller  pro- 
vincial proprietors,  who  derive  much  of  their  news  from  the  tele- 
phone with  the  head  office  in  Fleet  Street,  have  been  less  enthusi- 
astic on  the  subject.     Of  course,  one  of  the  difficulties  would  be  the 
exact  definition  of  news.     It  is  conceivable  that  should  there  be  an 
inhabitant  at  the  North  Pole,  that  that  Arctic   individual  might 
receive  the  intelligence  that  Her  Majesty  the  late  Queen  Anne  was 


The  Colonial  Press.  81 

dead  as  a  piece  of  the  most  startling  and  sensational  novelty.  The 
difficulty  will  always  commence  with  the  barrier  dividing  news  of 
the  moment  from  ancient  history.  Another  point  that  strikes  me 
is  the  trend  towards  accepting  local  events  as  of  far  greater  import- 
ance than  the  making  of  history  in  other  parts  of  the  world.  This 
does  not  prove  that  Australia  is  becoming  more  parochial  than  the 
rest  of  the  civilised  universe.  My  friend  the  late  Paul  Blouet — so 
well  known  in  England  as  a  lecturer  and  author  under  the  nomme 
de  guerre  of  Max  O'Rell — told  me  that  the  Parisians  thought  more 
of  a  man  slipping  over  a  piece  of  orange  peel  on  the  Boulevards  of 
Paris  than  the  fall  of  a  kingdom  in  another  part  of  Europe.  When 
he  was  acting  as  London  Correspondent  for  the  Debats  he  obtained 
the  information  of  Mr.  Gladstone's  final  retirement  and  wired  it 
over  to  his  paper.  When  he  sent  in  his  account  he  added  the 
expense  of  the  special  wire.  It  was  cut  out  (though  subsequently 
admitted),  and  the  special  London  correspondent  was  informed  that 
in  future  he  would  not  be  required  to  send  such  information  except 
at  his  own  expense.  The  readers  of  the  paper  were  quite  satisfied 
to  do  without  it.  So  it  is  not  only  in  Australia  that  parochial  news 
is  the  most  popular. 

Thanks  to  the  kindness  of  a  writer  for  the  Review  of  Reviews  for 
Australasia,  I  have  seen  an  excellent  and  most  instructive  article 
illustrating  the  adverse  conditions  under  which  the  foundations  of 
present-day  journalism  were  laid  in  New  Zealand  in  the  days  before 
the  advent  of  cables  and  telegraph  lines  and  wireless  telegraphy. 
One  of  these  stories  suggested  the  siege  of  Paris  and  the  pigeon 
post.  Steamers  approaching  the  coast  from  Sydney  bringing  im- 
portant English  and  foreign  news,  liberated,  off  the  Bay  of  Islands, 
120  miles  north  of  Auckland,  pigeons  carrying  long  messages 
previously  prepared  on  thin  paper  by  the  purser.  When  the 
weather  was  favourable,  the  Star  was  able  to  publish  these 
messages  with  passenger  list,  &c.,  and  announce  the  steamer's 
approach  an  hour  or  two  before  she  reached  port.  I  find  that  in 
New  Zealand  keenness  and  resource  were  as  conspicuous  amongst 
the  pioneers  of  the  Press  as  the  same  characteristics  were  re- 
markable amongst  the  early  colonists  as  a  body.  It  is  significant 
that  the  eight  leading  newspapers  in  the  Colony  to-day  are  sur- 
vivals of  the  early  days  of  New  Zealand  journalism.  They  have 
all  grown  with  the  Colony,  have  weathered  the  storms  which 
beset  its  career,  and  in  later  years  have  shared  in  its  ever-in- 
creasing prosperity.  Although  many  of  the  papers  of  the  Mother 
Country  can  look  back  for  over  a  hundred  years  to  the  date  of  their 


62  The  Colonial  Press. 

foundation,  there  are  others  that  were  very  prosperous,  but  have 
fallen  into  decay,  and  then  disappeared.  I  have  been  supplied 
with  specimens  of  the  New  Zealand  Press,  and  I  must  confess  that 
they  are  quite  up  to  the  Fleet  Street  standard.  One  interesting 
feature  in  the  article  to  which  I  have  referred  in  the  Be-view  of 
Reviews  is  the  high  position  attained  by  the  evening  papers. 
The  Auckland  Evening  Star  has  the  largest  circulation  of  any 
daily  in  the  Colony,  and  I  believe  the  Wellington  Evening  Post 
comes  second.  The  Auckland  Star  has  a  daily  circulation  of 
about  18,000,  rising  to  20,000  on  Saturdays.  These  are  not  large 
figures  from  a  London  point  of  view,  but  it  must  be  remembered 
that  Auckland's  population  is  only  about  70,000,  and  Auckland, 
with  its  suburbs,  is  the  largest  city  in  the  Colony.  The 
illustrated  papers  are  also  excellent,  and  certainly  would  hold  their 
own  with  their  English-born  contemporaries.  For  a  Colony  with 
less  than  a  million  inhabitants  New  Zealand  has  quite  a  remark- 
able number  of  newspapers.  One  may  attribute  this  partly  to  the 
fact  that  over  99  per  cent,  of  the  population  can  read  and  write, 
and  partly  to  -the  comparative  lack  of  communication  between 
various  parts  of  the.  Colony.  Of  course  much  has  to  be  done  before 
New  Zealand  can  reproduce  the  wonderful  network  of  railways 
which  enables  the  London  dailies  to  circulate  all  over  the  kingdom 
on  the  day  of  issue.  Auckland,  Wellington  and  Dunedin  each 
support  two  daily  papers — a  morning  and  an  evening.  Christ- 
church,  the  fourth  centre,  has  two  rival  morning  dailies,  and  each 
of  these  runs  an  evening  edition,  so  that  Christchurch  supports 
four  papers.  These  are  the  chief  centres,  but  almost  every  little 
township  in  the  Colony  has  its  local  organ — sometimes  two  papers. 
In  all,  there  are  fifty- two  daily  papers  in  New  Zealand,  forty-nine 
bi-  and  tri-weekly,  fifty-four  weekly  and  twenty-three  monthly 
(including  trade  papers).  The  papers  have  combined  to  form  a 
Press  Association  by  arrangement  with  the  Australian  Press  Associa- 
tion, which  receives  and  distributes  to  the  papers  of  New  Zealand 
the  cable  news  sent  from  London  to  the  Australian  papers. 
Thus  competition  in  cable  news,  and  the  heavy  expense  which 
that  would  entail,  is  avoided,  and  every  paper  subscribing 
annually  to  the  Press  Association  receives  in  return  the  whole  of 
the  Australian  cable  service.  Provision  is  also  made  for  papers 
which  cannot  afford  a  full  subscription  to  receive  a  condensed 
cable  service  at  a  reduced  fee.  Of  course  this  is  the  system  we 
have  also  in  the  Mother  Country,  though  nowadays  the  multiplica- 
tion of  Press  agencies  has  prevented  the  supply  of  news  from 


The  Colonial  Press.  63 

becoming  a  monopoly  in  the  hands  of  a  solitary  syndicate.  The 
cable  service,  as  all  readers  of  Australian  papers  know,  covers  a 
wide  range,  including  everything  of  importance  that  appears  in 
the  London  papers.  The  chief  drawback,  I  am  told,  from  a  New 
Zealand  point  of  view,  is  that  the  cable  service  is  designed 
primarily  for  Australian  readers,  and  does  not  give  news  affecting 
New  Zealand  as  much  prominence  as  would  be  given  were  the 
service  purely  a  New  Zealand  one.  I  think  it  a  fairly  safe  pro- 
phecy to  predict  that  some  day  the  New  Zealand  Press  Association 
will  have  its  own  cable  office  in  London  and  supply  its  own  service 
to  the  papers  of  the  Colony  when  the  funds  will  admit. 

The  leading  journals  in  New  Zealand  are  conducted  with  marked 
ability,  and  give  a  high  tone  to  the  journalism  of  the  Colony.  We 
have  excellent  authority  for  believing  that  "  comparisons  are 
odious,"  so  I  will  not  attempt  to  compare  the  Press  of  the  Antipodes 
with  the  Press  of  the  Mother  Country.  I  may  say,  however,  that 
accuracy  is  still  regarded  in  New  Zealand  as  one  of  the  prime 
virtues  in  many  a  first-class  paper.  After  a  careful  examination  of 
the  papers  that  have  been  kindly  submitted  to  me,  I  have  found  no 
trace  of  the  "  announce  one  day  and  correct  the  next "  plan  of 
conveying  information.  Nor  has  interviewing  reached  the  rather 
personal  stage  at  which  it  has  arrived  in  England.  Speaking 
generally,  I  think  it  may  be  said  that  New  Zealand  has  good 
reason  to  be  proud  of  her  Press. 

Naturally  in  a  short  paper  such  as  this  it  would  be  impossible  to 
consider  the  Colonial  Press  in  great  detail.  I  can  only  in  the  time 
permitted  me  throw  out  suggestions  as  to  the  result  of  my 
researches,  which  may  afford  an  opportunity  for  discussion  by  the 
experts  who  have  honoured  me  by  their  presence  on  this  occasion. 
Taking  Canada,  the  rise  of  its  excellent  and  powerful  Press  has 
been  on  much  the  same  lines  as  the  Press  of  other  parts  of  the 
Empire.  The  Press  has  grown  with  the  people.  The  prosperity 
of  the  one  has  kept  pace  with  the  prosperity  of  the  other.  I  have 
noticed  in  the  course  of  my  inquiries  that  papers  outside  the 
British  seas  when  they  appear  come  to  stay.  In  London,  as  we 
all  know,  there  are  numbers  of  papers  that  seem  to  have  come 
into  existence  without  any  prospect  of  reaching  a  second  volume — 
I  might  almost  have  said  a  second  number.  In  the  da)  s  of  my 
journalistic  youth  I  remember — and  so  did  my  friend  the  late 
Clement  Scott— being  connected  with  papers  which  had  the  most 
ephemeral  existence.  It  is  within  the  recollection  no  doubt  of 
many  present  that,  in  Fleet  Street  itself  during  the  present  year, 


04  The  Colonial  Press. 

a  daily  paper  was  actually  established  for  only  a  week.  It  lasted 
for  exactly  six  numbers,  and  then  established  the  appropriateness  of 
its  title  by  joining  the  majority.  This  is  not  an  event  that  often 
happens  in  the  Colonies.  I  think  I  may  go  so  far  as  to  suggest  that 
the  short  career  of  the  paper  to  which  I  have  referred  has  become 
a  record  for  brevity.  During  the  last  eight  years  it  has  seemed  to 
me  that  in  proportion  to  her  population  Canada  has  a  very  large 
number  of  prosperous  papers.  I  think  I  may  say  that  the  Globe, 
with  a  circulation  of  some  50,000  daily,  is  the  best.  There  are 
three  or  four  others  in  Toronto,  but  only  one  English  morning 
paper  in  Montreal,  with  a  circulation  of  some  10,000  daily.  The 
next  in  importance,  I  should  say,  are  the  Winnipeg  Free  Press,  and 
The  Province  of  Vancouver,  British  Columbia.  The  rest  are  not 
of  so  much  importance,  and  yet  would  no  doubt  bear  favourable 
comparison  with  many  provincial  papers  in  England.  I  hear 
from  an  expert  that  the  old  country  has  nothing  to  learn  from  the 
Canadian  Press,  which  is  gratifying  to  my  natural,  as  distinct  from 
my  imperial,  vanity.  It  is  not  unnatural  that  some  of  the  manners 
and  customs  of  the  neighbours  down  south  should  have  crossed 
the  Canadian  frontier.  There  is  one  matter  which  is  certainly 
deeply  interesting  to  us  stay-at-home  journalists.  The  leading 
Canadian  dailies  get  their  British  news  through  New  York  and 
through  the  Canadian  Associated  Press— which  is  subsidised  by 
the  Canadian  Government  and  ia  represented  by  a  Canadian  in 
London.  I  have  been  told  that  the  Canadian  Press  is  unconsciously 
developing  a  strong  Nationalist  spirit.  This  is  seen  in  the  almost 
universal  advocacy  of  "  protection  for  Canadian  industries."  The 
Press  of  Canada,  like  its  politics,  is  largely  influenced  if  not 
actually  dominated  by  the  manufacturing  interest,  whose  motto  is 
"  Canada  for  the  Canadians."  It  is  a  curious  fact  that  while 
London  letters  reflecting  British  opinion  go  all  over  the  Australian 
States,  India  and  the  United  States,  I  know  of  no  London  letter 
sent  to  Canada,  except  to  one  or  two  unimportant  papers.  The 
space  is  devoted  to  local  interests  rather  than  to  the  interests  of 
the  British  Empire.  So  I  have  been  told  by  those  who  have  been 
connected  for  many  years  with  the  Canadian  Press.  The  papers 
are,  from  a  journalistic  point  of  view,  quite  excellent.  If  there  is 
any  fault  to  find  in  them,  it  is  the  absence  of  the  British  bias. 

The  Indian  Press  represents  more  interests  than  one.  The  Empire 
is  populated  by  more  than  one  race,  and  the  European  has  his  rivals 
in  the  educated  and  cultured  Mohammedan  and  Hindu.  At  times 
there  is  a  wave  of  oriental  enthusiasm  when  the  Asiatic  subject 


The  Colonial  Press.  65 

criticises  his  brother  from  the  West.  But  the  wave  soon  expends 
its  force  and  the  sea  of  politics  resumes  its  normal  tranquillity. 
There  are  a  large  number  of  most  excellent  English  papers  in  India, 
and  they  have  engaged  the  services  of  some  of  the  very  best  of  our 
English  journalists.  It  is  no  new  thing  to  find  an  editor  who  has 
conducted  a  great  English  daily  with  success"  putting  on  khaki  and 
leaving  Fleet  Street  for  Bombay,  Madras  or  Calcutta.  As  London 
is  said  to  be  fed  by  the  Provinces,  so  may  the  Mother  Country  be 
said  to  lend  her  most  promising  children  to  the  Far  East  to  serve 
an  apprenticeship. 

Perhaps  the  Pioneer  is  one  of  the  best  and  most  typical  examples 
of  the  Anglo-Indian  Press.  It  is  a  daily  paper  published  in 
Allahabad  in  the  United  Provinces.  It  is  from  thirty-two  to  forty- 
eight  pages,  varying  as  needs  require,  and  about  the  shape  of  the 
Pall  Mall  Gazette.  This  reminds  me  that  one  of  the  best  of  judges 
— Sir  Douglas  Straight — served  on  the  Bench  at  Allahabad  and 
returned  to  England  to  become  editor  of  the  Pall  Mall  Gazette  in 
his  native  land. 

The  first  eight  pages  of  the  Pioneer  are  of  reading  matter,  and 
the  rest  of  advertisements.  The  Civil  and  Military  Gazette  of 
Lahore  is  on  the  same  lines.  The  price  of  both  journals  is  four 
annas,  or  fourpence,  and  practically  both  are  published  by  subscrip- 
tion. There  is  no  occasion  for  a  street  sale  in  India,  and  the  public 
to  whom  English  papers  appeal  is  so  limited  that  circulations  are 
and  must  remain  extremely  small  as  compared  with  those  of  this 
country  and  some  of  the  Colonies.  On  the  other  hand,  as  may  be 
gathered,  advertisements — the  staff  of  life  of  newspapers— are  in  a 
very  satisfactory  condition.  They  are  fairly  plentiful.  The  editor 
of  an  Anglo-Indian  paper  comforts  himself  with  the  knowledge 
that  the  whole  of  his  readers  are  educated  and  consequently  able  to 
appreciate  his  reasons  and  eloquence.  To  a  large  extent  the  Anglo- 
Indian  Press  appeals  to  the  official  classes  and  those  who  support 
them  belonging  to  the  English  commercial  community.  The 
welding  of  the  native  and  the  garrison  has  yet  to  be  done.  The 
stories  of  Mr.  Rudyard  Kipling — many  of  which,  as  is  well  known, 
made  their  first  appearance  in  the  Anglo-Indian  Press — have  told 
us  of  the  relative  position  of  Brown  and  White.  While  I  was  com- 
piling this  paper  I  asked  if  the  predominant  race  (so  far  as  numbers 
are  concerned)  were  represented  in  Anglo-Indian  journalism,  and 
was  answered  in  the  negative.  Until  quite  recently  it  was  the 
habit  to  curb  the  liberty  of  the  native  with  the  gentle  influence  of 
the  Government  official.  Thus  the  Chairmanship  of  the  Municipal 

D 


66  The  Colonial  Press. 

Council  of  Calcutta — to  which  natives  could  be  elected — was  in- 
variably entrusted  to  the  Commissioner  of  Police.  However,  there 
is  a  very  strong  feeling  of  Imperial  esprit  de  corps  in  the  Anglo- 
Indian  Press.  As  the  motto  of  the  British  Government  is 
"  Noblesse  oblige  "  so  is  the  motto  of  the  Anglo-Indian  Press  "  pro 
bono  publico."  The  Press  of  India  is  free  from  the  taint  of  scandal 
that  has  affected  other  societies  of  newspapers.  Free  cultured  and 
patriotic,  incorruptible  from  a  Stock  Exchange  point  of  view.  Sans 
peur  et  sans  reproche. 

The  Press  of  Ceylon  is  flourishing.  Some  of  the  local  papers 
were  founded  in  the  forties  of  the  last  century,  and  seem  sufficiently 
well  established  and  popular  to  continue  their  useful  career  into  the 
forties  of  the  next  century,  to  pass  over  the  forties  of  the  present. 
The  Ceylon  Observer  is  an  excellent  specimen  of  this  class  of  paper. 
Nothing  could  be  better  than  its  editorial  and  managerial  control. 
Again  it  appears  that  the  circulation  is  steady  throughout  the  land. 
Everyone  who  can  read  does  read,  and  it  is  only  the  difficulties  of 
distribution  that  limit  the  sale,  which  depends  more  upon  subscribers 
than  chance  custom. 

The  South  African  Press  is  rather  a  large  subject,  covering  as 
it  does  Cape  Colony,  Natal,  the  Transvaal,  Orange  Eiver  Colony 
and  Rhodesia.  I  may  say  at  once,  without  attempting  specifica- 
tion in  detail,  that  the  enterprise  of  the  managers  rivals  that  of 
our  own  newspaper  proprietors  in  the  Mother  Land.  Amongst  the 
old-established  dailies  are  in.  Cape  Colony  the  Argus  said,  the  Times, 
and  in  Natal  the  Witness,  Times,  and  Mercury.  As  a  specimen  of 
a  comparatively  new  weekly  paper  I  have  before  me  the  Sunday 
Times,  which  has  been  very  kindly  sent  me,  possibly  in  recognition 
of  my  editorship  of  our  own  Mother  Country  Sunday  Times  towards 
the  end  of  the  last  century.  It  is  dated  Oct.  7, 1906,  from  Johannes, 
burg,  Transvaal,  and  at  that  time  had  only  reached  its  30th 
number,  and  so  has  not  been  in  existence  a  twelvemonth.  It  is 
described  as  "  a  paper  for  the  people,"  and  certainly  deserves  the 
title,  as  it  is  suited  to  all  sorts  and  conditions  of  men  and  women. 
The  ladies  have  a  page  to  themselves,  including  plates  of  the  most 
up-to-date  stage-obscuring  matinee  hats.  The  price  is  a  little  high 
for  English  ideas,  as  the  cost  is  threepence.  But  then  the  paper 
consists  of  sixteen  huge  pages  containing  all  the  features  of  a 
London  paper.  By  the  way,  London  is  called  by  the  London 
Special  Correspondent  "  Fogopolis," — not  a  bad  title  for  our  little 
village  at  this  season  of  the  year.  The  tone  of  the  paper  is  dis- 
tinctly bright  Under  the  heading  of  "  Sunday  Sallies  "  the  first 


The  Colonial  Press.  6? 

lines  that  attracted  my  attention  were  contained  in  the  following 
paragraph  :  "  Hall  Caine's  new  novel  is  called  '  Drink.'  From  its 
title  we  should  hardly  think  it  literature,  but  merely  a  leading 
article."  Then  again  comes  the  following  : 

"  An  English  literary  critic  has  recently  placed  it  on  record  that 
many  of  the  most  eminent  men  of  letters  do  all  their  work  in  bed. 
Lying  comes  easiest  to  them." 

Sport  is  of  course  very  well  represented  in  the  Sunday  Times 
(which,  by  the  way,  has  its  title  printed  in  two  colours)  as  the  news 
most  prominently  displayed  is  concerning  the  Springboks— whose 
victory  over  Durham  "quite  outclassed"  is  recorded  in  type  of 
gigantic  dimensions.  The  cablegram  about  "  British  Politics " 
takes  only  a  quarter  of  one  of  the  sixteen  columns.  It  is  recorded 
in  the  heading  that  a  letter  has  been  received  from  Joe,  who  is 
satisfied  with  Tariff  Reform,  and  that  Mr.  Hardie  has  been  severely 
criticised.  The  leading  articles  are  on  the  Town  Council,  the 
Springboks,  and  the  stopping  of  betting  on  Australian  racecourses. 
Even  in  the  London  letter  the  talk  is  chiefly  on  sporting  matters. 
But  the  paper  is  not  entirely  devoted  to  athletics.  Short  stories, 
articles  on  local  politics  and  the  customary  features  of  a  high-class 
weekly  paper  are  all  there.  It  is  abreast  of  the  moment,  having  all 
Saturday's  news.  Looking  at  it  as  an  Englishman  it  seems  to  be 
intensely  vigorous.  But  the  news  editor  appears  to  be  more  alive 
to  the  importance  of  what  is  happening  on  his  side  of  the  world 
than  in  "  Fogopolis.'  He  is  quite  tolerant  and  even  seems  pleased 
that  the  Dreadnought  is  a  success  but,  after  all,  the  affairs  of  the 
Transvaal  and  South  Africa  generally  are  of  first-rate  importance, 
and  the  doings  of  the  poor  old  Mother  Country  are  of  purely 
provincial  interest.  Although  a  Briton  and  once  the  editor  of  the 
London  Sunday  Times,  I  do  not  find  fault  with  the  spirit  of  our 
South  African  contemporary.  The  Press  of  the  country  gives  on 
every  side  proofs  of  the  vigour  of  the  people.  South  Africa  is  still 
in  its  first  youth,  and  has  no  decadents. 

Looking  at  the  Press  round  the  world  away  from  the  great  news 
centres  of  Australia,  India  and  Canada,  I  find  evidence  everywhere 
of  vigour  and  activity.  In  the  West  Indies  the  fourth  estate  is 
especially  well  represented.  At  Kingston,  Jamaica,  I  had  the 
pleasure  this  spring  of  making  the  acquaintance  of  the  editor  of 
the  Daily  Telegraph  and  the  editor  of  the  Gleaner.  I  have  to 
thank  them  personally  for  the  admirable  tone  of  their  papers, 
especially  in  regard  to  myself.  They  sought  every  opportunity  to 
extract  iioin  uiy  seeches  evidence  that  party  politics  -had  nothing 

sa 


6S  The  Colonial  Press. 

10  do  with  the  unity  of  the  Empire — that  the  ties  binding  the 
Mother  Country  to  her  daughters  were  as  strong  as  ever.  Because 
I  did  my  best  to  circulate  this  patriotic  notion,  they  were  kind 
enough  to  call  me  "  a  living  link  of  Empire."  ,  In  the  Straits  Settle- 
ments the  local  Press  is  going  strong,  everything  is  well  in  Hong 
Kong ;  in  fact,  wherever  the  Union  Jack  flies,  there  can  be  found 
under  its  protecting  shadow  a  paper  of  which  a  past  President  of  the 
Institute  of  Journalists  or  a  past  President  of  the  Newspaper  Society 
could  be  proud. 

It  would  be  unjust  to  leave  my  brief  review  of  the  Colonial  Press 
without  a  passing  reference  to  the  Colonial  papers  published  in 
London  and  affecting  Colonial  readers.  It  seems  strange  to  me 
that  there  should  be  so  few  London -made  periodicals  appealing 
specially  to  the  inhabitants  of  His  Majesty's  dominions  beyond  the 
seas.  In  France  the  number  is  much  larger,  although,  of  course, 
the  extent  of  the  French  Colonies  can  bear  no  comparison  with  the 
area  of  our  own.  Naturally,  as  I  have  recently  returned  from 
Jamaica,  I  am  particularly  interested  in  the  West  India  Com- 
mittee's Circular,  an  excellent  periodical  produced  under  the  capable 
Editorship  of  Mr.  Algernon  E.  Aspinall.  Then  there  is  a  paper 
produced  on  much  the  same  lines,  called  Canada,  which,  although 
born  in  the  land  of  the  roses,  is  read,  I  presume,  under  the  shadow 
of  the  maple  leaves.  Lastly,  I  may  mention  amongst  other  weeklies 
such  as  the  Canadian  Gazette  and  the  British-Australasian,  that 
very  excellent  and  prosperous  paper,  South  Africa,  which  owes  its 
existence  to  Mr.  Edward  P.  Mathers  ;  started  about  eighteen  years 
ago  with  the  view  of  linking  the  Mother  Country  to  the  South 
African  Colonies,  it  certainly  seems  to  have  attained  its  object.  Its 
founder  was  connected  for  some  years  with  the  Colonial  South 
African  Press  before  he  returned  to  England  to  carry  what  I  think 
may  be  termed  his  patriotic  project  into  practical  effect.  His  desire 
was  politically  to  champion  British  freedom  in  South  Africa,  finan- 
cially to  testify  to  the  value  of  South  African  gold-fields  for  English 
investment?,  and  to  insist  upon  the  field  in  the  South  African 
markets  for  British  manufacturers.  Then,  quite  recently,  other 
papers  have  sprung  up,  written,  printed  and  published  in  England 
for  perusal  beyond  the  seas.  As  a  matter  of  personal  interest  to 
myself,  I  may  mention  that  the  very  earliest  journalistic  venture 
with  which  I  was  connected  was  a  monthly  called  the  Oriental 
Budget,  published  by  Messrs.  Saunders,  Ottley  &  Company  in  Ihe 
early  sixties.  I  was  quite  a  very  young  man  in  the  War  Office 
and  my  duty  was  to  edit  and,  in  fact,  write  it.  It  was  sent 


The  Colonial  Press.  69 

to  India,  China  and  the  Colonies.  It  was  so  successful  that  the 
proprietors  grew  ambitious,  and  published  it  not  only  in  the 
Colonies  but  in  England.  They  changed  its  name  from  the 
Oriental  to  the  Literary  Budget,  and  had  the  courage — I  was 
nearly  saying  audacity — to  challenge  comparison  with  the  Saturday 
Revieiv,  then  in  the  heyday  of  its  reputation.  Disaster  followed, 
and  the  Budget  disappeared  from  the  ken  of  the  Mother  Country 
and  the  Colonies.  It  seems  to  me  rather  a  strange  coincidence 
that  I,  whose  first  appearance  as  a  journalist  was  as  a  member  of 
the  Anglo-Colonial  Press,  should  after  a  period  of  many  years  be 
renewing  my  acquaintance  with  my  old  associates  by  reading  a 
Paper  upon  the  subject  of  the  Colonial  Press  before  the  Fellows  of 
the  Royal  Colonial  Institute.  We  always  return  to  our  first  love — 
that  is  a  French  saying  for  which  I  find  in  my  own  case  an  English 
application. 

As  I  have  already  suggested,  it  is  impossible  for  me  to  enter  into 
close  detail  anent  the  subject  of  this  paper.  When  I  had  the  honour 
to  be  President  of  the  Newspaper  Society,  a  body  that  represented 
all  the  principal  journalists  of  the  United  Kingdom  from  the  Times 
downwards,  I  had  to  see  a  member  of  the  House  of  Commons 
relative  to  a  Bill  affecting  newspaper  proprietors.  The  member 
was  rather  pompous,  and  asked  me  the  value  of  the  enterprise  I 
claimed  to  represent.  I  replied  '  Roughly  about  five  hundred 
millions  of  pounds.'  I  am  glad  I  said  roughly,  because  the  word 
gave  me  a  margin  in  accuracy.  But  I  really  believe  I  was  to  a 
large  extent  justified  in  claiming  for  the  capitalised  value  of  all 
the  papers  I  had  the  honour  to  represent  the  very  large  total  I 
proposed  for  acceptance.  If  the  purely  English  Press  is  of  the 
value  I  have  suggested  what  must  be  the  capitalised  value  of  the 
Colonial  Press  ?  I  venture  to  suggest  a  very  large  sum— a  colos- 
sal sum.  The  march  of  education  has  been  more  rapid  in  the 
Colonies  generally  than  in  the  Mother  Country,  and  an  educated 
people  needs  an  educated  press.  I  honestly  believe  that  the 
Colonial  Press  is  equal — I  will  not  venture  to  say  superior  or  I  may 
be  accused  of  bias  on  the  score  of  my  ancient  connection  with  the 
Oriental  Budget  to  which  I  have  referred — to  the  Press  of  the 
Mother  Country.  It  is  sound  at  the  core.  The  object  of  our 
Institute  of  Journalists,  by  Royal  Charter  incorporated  to  protect 
and  advance  the  interests  of  the  Press,  to  make  the  status  of  the 
Press  man  the  status  of  a  scholar  and  a  gentleman,  has  been  pur- 
sued in  His  Majesty's  dominions  beyond  the  seas  as  steadily  as  we 
are  pursuing  it  at  home.  The  testimony  of  my  friend  Mrt  Joseph 


70  The-  Colonial  Press. 

Watson  with  which  I  commenced  this  Paper  is  valuable  as  the 
evidence  of  a  journalist  who  has  examined  colonial  newspapers  in 
the  countries  in  which  they  have  been  produced  and  circulated.  In 
the  compilation  of  this  Paper  I  have  had  the  opportunity  afforded 
by  the  unrivalled  reading  room  of  the  Koyal  Colonial  Institute  to 
examine  nearly  all  the  leading  Colonial  papers  now  in  circulation.1 
I  have  found  nothing  in  the  journals  that  I  have  read  which  has 
given  me  reason  to  regret  that  I  belong  to  the  profession  of  a 
journalist.  The  Colonial  Press  is  worthy  of  the  Mother  Country. 
Our  brothers  of  yesterday  and  our  cousins  of  .to-day  have  carried 
the  sword  with  honour  under  the  shadow  of  the  Union  Jack  in  the 
tropics,  in  the  north  and  in  the  south,  and  where  the  sword  has 
gone  with  honour  the  pen  has  followed  without  disgrace. 

There  is  one  subject  that  has  come  across  me  during  my 
researches  in  many  directions.  I  refer  to  the  transmission  of  news 
through  the  cable.  It  has  been  said  that  the  maker  of  a  people's 
songs  is  the  maker  of  national  public  opinion.  The  importance  of 
the  control  of  the  cable  is  fully  appreciated  by  the  authorities  in 
time  of  war,  and  can  scarcely  be  regarded  with  indifference  during 
the  easily  interrupted  periods  of  peace.  I  have  suggested  that  like 
the  French  papers  according  to  the  late  Paul  Blouet,  many  of  the 
Colonial  papers  are  more  interested  in  local  matters  than  in  Imperial 
prospects.  I  would  be  the  last  person  in  the  world  to  suggest 
politics  in  the  Koyal  Colonial  Institute,  an  association  which  is 
barred  by  its  rules  from  descending  into  the  pitiful  arena  of  party 
wrangles.  But  the  British  Constitution  requires  every  subject  of 
His  Majesty  to  be  a  ffood  citizen  and  a  patriot.  I  venture  to  insist 
that  the  time  has  been  reached  when  the  strongest  union  should 
exist  between  the  Colonies  and  the  Mother  Country.  I  am  quoting 
from  a  letter  I  received  the  other  day  from  a  soldier  and  a  statesman 
when  I  suggest  that  "  it  really  looks  nowadays  as  if  some  of  our 
Colonies  are  more  aware  of  the  necessity  of  looking  ahead  than  we' 
are  at  home,"  and  we  can  scarcely  exhort  our  Colonies  to  look 
ahead  as  a  seaman  should  keep  a  sharp  look  out  for  squalls  unless 
the  cables  transmit  news  to  the  lands  beyond  the  seas  without  a 
foreign  bias.  I  frankly  admit  it  is  a  difficult  question,  but  I  am 
happy  to  know  that  when  Britons  are  at  the  head  of  affairs  in  the 
centres  of  information  British  interests  are  not  allowed  to  suffer. 
In  this  respect  Australasia  has  a  large  and  wealthy  cable  associa- 
tion for  the  supply  of  European  news,  which  aims  as  being  as  free 
from  bias  as  the  well-known  Reuter  service  in  England,  and  it  has 

1  gee  Appendix 


The  Colonial  Press.  71 

a  large  network  on  this  side  for  the  collection  of  news.  It  does 
not  work  for  gain  ;  it  is  purely  co-operative  like  the  London  Press 
Association,  and  as  its  news  is  supplied  to  journals  of  all  political 
colours,  its  service  is  found  to  be  as  impartial  as  it  can  possibly  be 
made. 

In  an  earlier  part  of  this  Paper  I  have  proposed  the  creation  of  a 
society  founded  in  the  best  interests  of  intercolonial  journalism. 
It  might  be  called  the  Guild  of  the  British  Imperial  Press..  It 
might  have  the  professional  motto  of  "  The  Pen  is  mightier  than 
the  Sword."  There  is  no  reason  why,  when  created,  it  should  not 
seek  affiliation  to  the  Institute  of  Journalists  of  the  Mother 
Country.  I  believe  that  such  a  society  would  have  the  hearty 
support  of  all  patriotic  newspaper  men. 

I  have  already  expressed  my  regret  that  the  vastness  of  my  subject 
has  all  but  paralysed  me.  It  is  easy  enough  to  talk  of  the  Colonial 
Press  in  the  concrete,  but  when  one  comes  face  to  face  with  the 
mighty  creation  of  public  opinion  in  that  Greater  Britain  beyond 
the  seas  where  so  many  of  us  have  blood  relations,  the  effect  is 
appalling.  Even  a  seasoned  journalist  like  myself  is  overwhelmed 
with  the  majesty  of  the  Colonial  Representative  of  the  Imperial 
Fourth  Estate.  But  at  the  same  time  I  am  filled  with  a  feeling  of 
pride  at  finding  that  my  colleagues  in  distant  lands  are  maintaining 
the  dignity  of  our  calling  and  proving  themselves  worthy  of  the  title 
of  which  we  are  all  so  proud,  the  title  of  Gentlemen  of  the  Press. 


APPENDIX 

LIST  OF  NEWSPAPERS,  MAGAZINES,  etc.,  FILED   IN   THE  LIBRARY 
OF   THE   ROYAL   COLONIAL  INSTITUTE. 

UNITED  KINGDOM.  British  Australasian 

British  Empire  Review 

Aborigines'  Friend   .  British  Trade  Journal 

Academy  Bulletin  of  the  Imperial  Institute 

African  World  Canada 

Appointments  Gazette  (Cambridge)  Canadian. Gazette 

Athenaeum  Capitalist 

Australian  Trading  World  Century  Illustrated  Monthly 

Automobile  Club  Journal  Chamber  of  Commerce  Journal 

Automobile  Owner  Church  Missionary  Review 

Black  and  White  Church  Missionary  Society  Gazette 

Blackwood's  Magazine  Citizen 

Board  of  Trade  Journal  Cold  Storage 

Britannia  Colonial  Consignment  and  Distribut- 

British    and    South    African  Export           ing  Company  Market  Report 

Gazette  Colonial  Mining  News 


72 


The  Colonial  Press. 


-    ,  UNITED  KINGDOM-  continued. 

Coloniser 

Commercial  Intelligence 

Contemporary  Review 

Cornhill 

Cosmopolitan 

Critic 

Daily  Chronicle 

Daily  Graphic 

Daily  Mail 

Daily  News 

Daily  Telegraph 

Dawn 

Economist 

Edinburgh  Review 

Empire  Review 

Engineer 

Engineering  Times 

Evening  News 

Evening    Standard    and   St.   James's 
Gazette 

Field 

Financial  News 

Financial  Times 

Financier  and  Bnllionist 

Fortnightly  Review 

Geographical  Teacher 

Globe 

Gow,  Wilson   and  Stanton's  Tea  and 
Rubber  Markets  Reports 

Graphic 

Harper's  Monthly  Magazine 

Health  Resort 

Home  and  Colonial  Mail 

Ice  and  Cold  Storage 

Illustrated  London  News 

Imperial  and  Asiatic  Quarterly 

International  Sugar  Journal 

Investor's  Monthly  Manual 

Investor's  Review 

Irish  Times 

Iron  and  Steel  Trades  Journal 

Journal  of  the  Institute  of  Commercial 

Research  in  the  Tropics 
Journal  of  Tropical  Medicine 
Judy 

Kew  Bulletin 
Lancet 

Library  Association  Record 
London  Gazette 
London  and  China  Telegraph 
Longmans'  Magazine 
Macmillan's  Magazine 
Mercantile  Guardian 
Meteorological  Magazine 
Mining  Journal 
Monthly  Review 
Morning  Post 


National  Review 

Navy  League  Journal 

Nineteenth  Century  and  After 

North  American  Review 

Outlook 

Over-seas 

Pall  Mall  Gazette 

Periodical 

Public  Opinion 

Public  Works 

Punch 

Quarterly  Review 

Railway  World 

Review  of  Reviews 

Rhodesia  Review 

St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital  Journal 

Saturday  Review 

Scotsman 

Scribner's  Magazine 

Shipping  Gazette 

Sketch 

South  Africa 

South  African  Book  Buyer 

Sphere 

Spectator 

Standard 

State  Correspondent 

Statist 

Stock   Exchange  Weekly  Official  In- 
telligence 

Surveyor 

Tea  Brokers  Association  of   London 
Report 

Timber 

Timber  News 

Timber  Trades  Journal 

Times 

Tourist 

Tribune 

Tropical  Life 

Truth 

United  Service  Gazette 

United  Service*Magazine 

West  African  Mail 

West  India  Committee  Circular 

Westminster  Gazette 

Westminster  Review 

Woodhouse's  West  India  Circular 

World 

COMMONWEALTH  OF  AUSTRALIA. 

Commonwealth  Law  Review  (Sydney) 
Commonwealth  of  Australia  Gazette 
(Melbourne) 

NEW  SOUTH  WALES. 
Agricultural  Gazette  (Sydney) 
Armidale  Express 


The  Colonial  Press. 


Australasian  Medical  Gazette  (Syd- 
ney) 

Australian  Field  (Sydney) 

Australian  Journal  of  Education 
(Sydney) 

Australian  Mining  Standard  (Sydney 
and  Melbourne) 

Bulletin  (Sydney) 

Dalgety's  Keview  (Sydney) 

Government  Gazette  (Sydney) 

Home  and  Farm  (Sydney) 

Maitland  Mercury 

Newcastle  Herald 

Pastoral  Times  (Deniliquin) 

Sydney  Daily  Telegraph 

Sydney  Mail 

Sydney  Morning  Herald 

Sydney  Stock  and  Share  List  (Mul- 
lins) 

Sydney  Stock  and  Station  Journal 

Sydney  Trade  Review 

Town  and  Country  Journal  (Sydney) 

QUEENSLAND. 

Brisbane  Courier 

Capricornian  (Rockhampton) 

Colonist  (Maryborough) 

Country  Life  (Brisbane) 

Daily  Mail  (Brisbane) 

Government  Gazette  (Brisbane) 

Mackay  Mercury 

Mackay  Standard 

North  Queensland  Register  (Charters 
Towers) 

Queensland  Agricultural  Journal 
(Brisbane) 

Queensland  Government  Mining 
Journal  (Brisbane) 

Queensland  Grazier  (Brisbane) 

Queensland  Law  Journal  (Brisbane) 

Queensland  Mercantile  Gazette  (Bris- 
bane) 

Queenslander  (Brisbane) 

Rockhampton  Daily  Record 

Townsville  Herald 

THURSDAY  ISLAND. 
Torres  Straits  Pilot 

SOUTH  AUSTRALIA. 

Adelaide  Observer 
Chronicle  (Adelaide) 
Government  Gazette  (Adelaide) 
Northern    Territory    Times   (Palmer- 
ston) 


South    Australian    Advertiser     (Ade- 
laide) 
South  Australian  Register  (Adelaide) 

TASMANIA. 

Daily  Telegraph  (Launceston) 
Examiner  (Launceston) 
Government  Gazette  (Hobart) 
Mercury  (Hobart) 
Tasmanian  Mail  (Hobart) 
Weekly  Courier  (Launceston) 

VICTORIA. 

Age  (Melbourne) 
Argus  (Melbourne) 
Australasian  (Melbourne) 
Australasian  Hardware  and  Machinery 

(Sydney  and  Melbourne) 
Australasian  Insurance  and  Banking 

Record  (Melbourne  and  Sydney) 
Australasian    Journal    of    Pharmacy 

(Melbourne) 
Ballarat  Star 

Banker's  Magazine  (Melbourne) 
Bendigo  Advertiser 
Chemist  and  Druggist  of  Australasia 

(Melbourne) 
Geelong  Advertiser 
Goldsbrough,  Mort  &    Co's  Monthly 

Circular  (Melbourne) 
Government  Gazette  (Melbourne) 
Inter- Colonial     Medical    Journal     of 

Australasia  (Melbourne) 
Journal  of  Agriculture  (Melbourne) 
Journal  of  Commerce  (Melbourne) 
Leader  (Melbourne) 
Life  (Melbourne) 
Melbourne  Punch 
News  of  the  Week  (Geelong) 
Pastoralist's  Review  (Melbourne) 
Review  of    Reviews   for    Australasia 

(Melbourne) 

Stock    Exchange    Intelligence    (Mel- 
bourne) 
Table  Talk  (Melbourne) 

WESTERN  AUSTRALIA. 

Coolgardie  Miner 
Geraldton  Express 
Government  Gazette  (Perth) 
Kalgoorlie  Miner 
Kalgoorlie  Western  Argus 
Journal  of  Agriculture  (Perth) 
Mining,    Building    and    Engineering 
Journal  (Perth) 

D3 


The  Colonial  Press. 


WESTERN  AUSTBALIA— continued. 

Morning  Herald  (Perth) 
West  Australian  (Perth) 
Western  Mail  (Perth) 

TERRITORY  OF  PAPUA. 

Territory  of  Papua  Government 
Gazette 

NEW  ZEALAND. 

Ashburton  Mail 

Auckland  Star 

Auckland  Weekly  News 

Budget  (New  Plymouth) 

Canterbury  A.  and  P.  Associations 
Journal 

Canterbury  Daily  Press 

Canterbury  Weekly  Press 

Canterbury  Weekly  Times 

Daily  Telegraph  (Napier) 

Egmont  Star 

Evening  Post  (Wellington) 

Farmer's  Union  Advocate  (Wellington) 

Government  Gazette  (Wellington) 

Hawke's  Bay  Herald  (Napier) 

Inglewood  Becord 

Journal  of  the  Department  of  Labour 
(Wellington) 

Lyttelton  Times  (Christchurch) 

Manawatu  Evening  Standard  (Palmer  - 
ston  North) 

Nelson  Evening  Mail 

New  Zealand  Building,  Engineering, 
and  Mining  Journal  (Dunedin) 

New  Zealand  Farmer  (Auckland) 

New  Zealand  Graphic  (Auckland) 

New  Zealand  Herald  (Auckland) 

New  Zealand  Mail  (Wellington) 

New  Zealand  Mines  Record  (Welling- 
ton) 

New  Zealand  Times  (Wellington) 

New  Zealand  Trade  Eeview  (Welling- 
ton) 

Oamaru  Mail 

Otago  Daily  Times  (Dunedin) 

Otago  Witness  (Dunedin) 

Poverty  Bay  Herald  (Gisborne) 

Progress  (Wellington) 

Bangitikei  Advocate 

Bed  Funnel  (Dunedin) 

Southland  Times  (Invercargill) 

Timaru  Herald 

Waimate  Times 

Wairoa  Guardian 

Wanganui  Herald 

Woodville  Examiner 

Yeoman  (Wanganui) 


FIJI. 

Fiji  Times  (Suva) 
Government  Gazette  (Suva) 
Polynesian  Gazette  (Levuka) 
Western  Pacific  Herald  (Suva) 

BRITISH  NORTH  AMERICA. 

OTTAWA. 

Canada  Gazette 

Canadian  Forestry  Journal 

Canadian  Patent  Office  Becord 

Daily  Citizen 

Dominion  of  Canada  Labour  Gazette 

Free  Press 

MONTREAL. 

Canadian  Life  and  Besources 

Canadian  Municipal  Journal 

Daily  Star 

Gazette 

Le  Journal  de  Francoise 

McGill  University  Magazine 

Military  Gazette 

Pharmaceutical  Journal 

Standard 

Weekly  Herald 

Witness 

QUEBEC. 

Daily  Telegraph 
La  Nouvelle  France 

TORONTO. 
Canada  First 
Canada  Law  Journal 
Canadian  Law  Beview 
Canadian  Magazine 
Engineering  Journal  of  Canada 
Farming  World 
Globe 

Mail  and  Empire 
Monetary  Times 
National  Monthly  and  Canadian 

Home 
News 

Ontario  Gazette 
Ontario  Weekly  Beporter 
Saturday  Night 
University  of  Toronto  Monthly 
Westminster 

KINGSTON. 

Daily  British  Whig 
Queen's  Quarterly 


PETROLEA. 


Advertiser 


The  Colonial  Press. 


75 


WOODSTOCK. 

Hod  and  Gun  and  Motor   Sports  in 
Canada 

MANITOBA. 
Commercial 
Manitoba  Gazette 
Morning  Telegram 
Nor'  West  Farmer 
Weekly  Free  Press 

ALBERTA. 

Edmonton  Bulletin 
Morning  Albertan  (Calgary) 
Times  (Medicine  Hat) 

SASKATCHEWAN. 
Daily  Standard  (Kegina) 
Leader  (Regina) 
Saskatchewan  Gazette  (Regina) 
The  West  (Regina) 

BRITISH  COLUMBIA. 
British  Columbia  Gazette  (Victoria) 
British      Columbian       (New      West- 
minster) 
Miner  (Nelson) 

Mining  Exchange  (Vancouver) 
Mining  Record  (Victoria) 
Vancouver  Daily  Province 
Semi. Weekly  Colonist  (Victoria) 
Victoria  Tinges 
World  (Vancouver) 

NOVA  SCOTIA. 

Morning  Chronicle  (Halifax) 
Nova  Scotian  (Halifax) 
Royal  Gazette  (Halifax) 

NEW  BRUNSWICK. 
Acadiensis  (St.  John) 
Daily  Telegraph  (St.  John) 
Royal  Gazette  (Fredericton) 
The  News  (St.  John) 

PRINCE  EDWARD  ISLAND. 
Charlottetown  Herald 
Royal  Gazette 

NEWFOUNDLAND. 
Daily  News 
Evening  Herald 
Evening  Telegraph 
Free  Press 

Harbour  Grace  Standard 
Royal  Gazette 


Colonist 
Royal  Gazette 


BERMUDA. 


SOUTH  AFRICA. 
CAPE  COLONY. 

African     Insurance,     Banking     and 
Commercial  Gazette  (Cape  Town) 

African  Monthly  (Grahamstown) 

Agricultural  Journal  (Cape  Town) 

Beaufort  Courier 

Bedford  Enterprise 

Cape     Argus     (Daily    and     Weekly 
(Cape  Town) 

Cape  Church  Monthly  (Cape  Town) 

Cape   Daily   Telegraph    (Port    Eliza- 
beth 

Cape      Mercury      (King      William's 
Town) 

Cape  Times  (Daily  and  Weekly)  (Cape 
Town) 

Diamond  Fields  Advertiser  (Daily  and 
Weekly)  (Simberley) 

East  London  Despatch 

Eastern  Province  Herald  (Port  Eliza- 
beth) 

Fort  Beaufort  Advocate 

Government  Gazette  (Cape  Town) 

Grocott's  Mail  (Grahamstown) 

Journal  (Grahamstown) 

Mafeking  Mail 

Midland  News  (Cradock) 

Ons  Land  (Cape  Town) 

Owl  (Cape  Town) 

Representative      and      Free       Press 
(Queenstown) 

Somerset  Budget 

South  African  Law  Journal  (Grahams - 
town 

South  African  Magazine  (Cape  Town) 

South  African  Medical  Journal  (Cape 
Town) 

South  African  News  (Cape  Town) 

South     African     Railway     Magazine 
(Cape  Town) 

South  African  Review  (Cape  Town) 

Wynberg  Times 


NATAL. 

Agricultural  Journal  and  Mining  Re- 
cord (Pietermaritzburg) 

Durban  High  School  Magazine 

Government  Gazette  (Pietermaritz- 
burg) 

Greytown  Gazette 

Indian  Opinion  (Phoenix) 

Natal  Government  Railways  Magazine 
(Durban) 

Natal  Law  Journal  (Durban) 


76 


The  Colonial  Press. 


SOUTH  AFIUCA— continued. 

Natal   Mercury   (Daily   and    Weekly) 

(Durban) 

Natal  Witness  (Pietermaritzburg) 
Times  of  Natal  (Pietermaritzburg) 
Vryheid  Herald 

ORANGE  EIVEU  COLONY. 

Bloemfontein  Post 
Friend  (Bloemfontein) 
Government  Gazette  (Bloemfontein) 
Orange  Eiver  Colonist  (Kroonstad) 

TRANSVAAL. 

Agricultural  Journal  (Pretoria) 

Government  Gazette  (Pretoria) 

Heidelberg  News 

Krugersdorp  Standard 

Leader  (Johannesburg) 

Lydenburg   Time? 

Official  Gazette  of  the  High  Commis- 
sioner for  South  Africa  (Johannes- 
burg) 

Pretoria  News 

Prince  (Johannesburg) 

Rand  Daily  Mail  (Johannesburg) 

South  African  Mines,  Commerce  and 
Industries  (Johannesburg) 

Star  (Johannesburg) 

Times  of  Swazieland 

Transvaal  Advertiser  (Pretoria) 

Zoutpansberg  Eeview 

RHODESIA. 

British  South  Africa  Company  Govern- 
ment Gazette  (Salisbury) 

Bulawayo  Chronicle 

Gwelo  Times 

North-Eastern  Rhodesia  Government 
Gazette  (Fort  Jameson) 

Rhodesia  Agricultural  Journal 

Rhodesia  Advertiser  (Umtali) 

Rhodesia  Herald  (Salisbury) 

BRITISH  CENTRAL  AFRICA. 

British  Central  Africa  Gazette  (Zomba) 
Times  (Blantyre) 

BRITISH  EAST  AFRICA. 

African  Standard  (Mombasa) 
East  Africa  Quarterly  (Nairobi) 
Official  Gazette  of  the  East  Africa  and 

Uganda  Protectorates  (Mombasa) 
Star  of  East  Africa  (Nairobi) 
Times  of  East  Africa  (Nairobi) 


ZANZIBAR. 


Gazette 


SOUTH-EAST  AFRICA. 
Bcira  Post 

WEST  COAST  OF  AFRICA. 
SIERRA  LEONE. 

Government  Gazette 
Sierra  Leone  Weekly  News 

GOLD  COAST  COLONY. 

Gold  Coast  Leader  (Cape  Coast) 
Government  Gazette  (Accra) 

SOUTHERN   NIGERIA. 

Lagos  Standard. 
Lagos  Weekly  Record 
Southern  Nigeria  Government  Gazette 
(Lagos) 

NORTHERN  NIGERIA. 
Government  Gazette 

GAMBIA. 
Government  Gazette 

WEST  INDIES. 

BAHAMAS. 
Nassau  Guardian 
Official  Gazette 
Watchman 

BARBADOS. 

Agricultural    Gazette    and     Planter's 

Journal 

Agricultural  News 
Agricultural  Reporter 
Globe 

Official  Gazette 
Weekly  Recorder 
West  India  Bulletin 

BRITISH  GCIANA. 

Argosy  (Georgetown) 

Daily  Chronicle  (Georgetown) 

Official  Gazette  (Georgetown) 

BRITISH  HONDURAS. 

Clarion  (Belize) 

Colonial  Guardian  (Belize) 

Government  Gazette  (Belize) 

JAMAICA.  . 

Agricultural  Journal 

Bulletin  of  the  Botanical  Department 


The  Colonial  Press 


77 


Bulletin  of  the  Department  of  Agricul- 
ture 

Churchman 
Daily  Telegraph 
Gleaner  (Kingston) 
Jamaica  Gazette  (Kingston) 
Jamaica  Times 

TURK'S  AND  CAICOS  ISLANDS. 
Koyal  Standard 

TRINIDAD. 

Bulletin  of  Miscellaneous  Information 

(Botanical  Dept.) 
Government  Gazette 
Mirror 
Port  of  Spain  Gazette 

WINDWARD  ISLANDS. 

GRENADA. 
Federalist 

Government  Gazette     , 
St.  George's  Chronicle 

ST.  LUCIA. 

Government  Gazette 
Voice 

ST.  VINCENT. 

Government  Gazette 
Times 

LEEWARD  ISLANDS. 
ANTIGUA. 

Leeward  Islands  Gazette 
Standard 

ST.  KITTS-NEVIS. 
St.  Christopher  Advertiser 

DOMINICA. 
Dominican 
Free  Press 
Guardian 

MONTSERRAT. 

Herald 

FALKLAND   ISLANDS. 
Falkland  Islands  Gazette 

CEYLON. 

Agricultural  Magazine 
Ceylon  Independent 
Ceylon  Observer 
Ceylon  Review 
Government  Gazette 


Kandyan 
Standard 
Times  of  Ceylon 
Tropical  Agriculturist 

STRAITS  SETTLEMENTS 

Government  Gazette  (Singapore) 

Penang  Gazette 

Singapore  Free  Press 

Straits  Budget  (Singapore) 

Straits  Echo  (Penang)  <-l\ 

Straits  Times  (Singapore) 

FEDERATED  MALAY  STATES. 

Negri-Sembilan  Government  Gazette 
Pahang  Government  Gazette 
Perak  Government  Gazette 
Selangor  Government  Gazette 
Times  of  Malaya  (Ipoh) 

BRITISH  NORTH  BORNEO. 
Herald 
Official  Gazette 

LABUAN. 
Government  Gazette 

SARAWAK. 
Sarawak  Gazette 

HONG  KONG  AND  CHINA. 

China  Mail 

Daily  Press 

Government  Gazette 

Hong  Kong  Telegraph 

North  China  Herald  (Shanghai) 

MAURITIUS. 
Government  Gazette 
Merchants'  and  Planters'  Gazette 

SEYCHELLES. 
Government  Gazette 

ST.  HELENA. 


Guardian 


Chronicle 


GIBRALTAR. 


MALTA. 


Daily  Chronicle 
Government  Gazette 

CYPRUS. 

Cyprus  Journal 
Government  Gazette 


78 


The  Colonial  Press. 


INDIA. 

Agricultural  Journal  of  India  (Puna) 

Bombay  Gazette 

Bombay  Government  Gazette 

Buddhism  (Burma) 

Calcutta  Gazette 

Central  Provinces  Gazette 

Civil  and  Military  Gazette  (Lahore) 

Criminal  Law  Journal  of  India 
(Lahore) 

Eastern  Bengal  and  Assam  Govern- 
ment Gazette 

Englishman's  Overland  Mail  (Cal- 
cutta) 

Fort  St.  George  Gazette 

Gazette  of  India  (Simla) 

Indian  and  Eastern  Engineer  (Cal- 
cutta) 

Indian  Church  News  (Calcutta) 

Indian  Eeview  (Madras) 

Indian  Trade  Journal  (Calcutta) 

Madras  Weekly  Mail 

Pioneer  Mail  (Allahabad) 

Punjab  and  its  Dependencies  Govern- 
ment Gazette 

Times  of  India  (Bombay) 

United  Provinces  of  Agra  and  Oudh 
Government  Gazette 

BURMA. 

Burma  Gazette 
Eastern  Trade  Journal 
Eangoon  Gazette,  Weekly  Budget 
Bangoon  Times 


EGYPT. 

Egyptian  Gazette  (Alexandria) 
Journal    Officiel    du    Gouvernement 
Egyptien 

BELGIUM. 

La   Belgique   Maritime    et    Coloniale 
(Brussels) 

FRANCE. 

Comite  de  1'Afrique  Francaise,  Bulle- 
tin Mensuel  (Paris) 
La  Feuille  de  Eenseignements  (Paris) 
La  Ligue  Maritime  (Paris) 
Le  Mois  Coloniale  et  Maritime  (Paris) 
La  Quinzaine  Coloniale  (Paris) 

GERMANY. 

Beihefte  zum  Tropenpflanzer  (Berlin) 
Deutsches  Kolonialblatt  (Berlin) 
Deutsche  Kolonialzeitung  (Berlin) 
Der  Tropenpflanzer  (Berlin) 
Mitteilungen      von      Forschungsreis- 
enden     und     Gelehrten    aus     den 
Deutschen  Schutzgebieten  (Berlin) 

ITALY. 

Bollettino   della   Societa  Africana  d' 

Italia  (Naples) 
L'Esplorazione  Commerciale  Viaggi  e 

Geografia  Commerciale  (Milan) 


DISCUSSION. 

Mr.  C.  ROUS-MARTEN,  of  the  New  Zealand  Associated  Press, 
London,  wrote :  I  regret  very  much  that  influenza  prevents  my 
taking  part  in  the  discussion  on  Mr.  a'Beckett's  admirable  Paper 
as  I  was  courteously  requested  to  do.  In  my  unavoidable  absence, 
may  I  be  permitted  to  say  in  writing  as  the  result  of  my  experi- 
ence, first,  being,  I  believe,  the  doyen  of  living  New  Zealand  editors, 
and  second,  having  been  for  fourteen  years  past  the  London  editor 
and  manager  for  seven  of  the  leading  journals  of  New  Zealand,  that 
I  think  Mr.  a'Beckett's  commendations  of  the  New  Zealand  Press 
not  undeserved  ?  He  is  specially  complimentary,  and  with  justice, 
on  the  accuracy  of  the  Colonial  papers  and  on  the  absence  of  the 
"  announce  one  day  and  correct  the  next  "  abuse  !  Other  merits 
which  deserve  mention  are  promptness  and  succinctness.  During 
my  New  Zealand  editorships  any  information  not  published  within 


The  Colonial  Press.  79 

twenty-four  hours  after  it  became  available  was  regarded  no  longer 
as  "  news  "  but  as  "  history  " — after  forty-eight  hours  as  "  ancient 
history."  There  was  no  "  holding  over  "  reports  of  meetings  or  law 
cases  or  performances  and  publishing  them  several  days  later.  The 
rule  was  "  now  or  never  " — and  a  good  one  too.  A  third  merit  is 
succinctness,  which  is  a  Colonial  necessity.  Colonial  editors,  and 
readers  too,  detest  "  padding."  They  firmly  adhere  to  the  maxim  : 
"  Brevity  is  the  soul  of  wit  " — I  will  not  infringe  it  now. 

Mr.  T.  R.  CLOUGHEE  (Canada)  :  I  am  sure  we  are  under  a  deep 
debt  of  gratitude  to  Mr.  a'Beckett  for  his  able  and. exhaustive 
Paper.  A  newspaper  man,  as  a  rule,  feels  he  knows  his  trade 
pretty  well,  but  after  a  great  many  years'  connection  with  the 
Colonial  Press  I  admit  I  go  away  with  many  brighter  ideas,  and  a 
wiser  and  certainly  not  a  sadder  man.  It  was  impossible,  as  the 
lecturer  explained,  to  deal  fully  with  all  the  Colonial  Press,  but  I 
regret  that  Canada  was  not  dealt  with  a  little  more  fully.  Of 
course,  all  Fellows  of  the  Institute  who  follow  matters  in  the 
Colonies  are  aware  that  Canada  has  a  very  valuable  asset  in  its 
Press.  In  the  Dominion  of  Canada  there  are  in  round  figures 
1,270  various  publications — daily,  weekly,  monthly,  quarterly  and 
annual — covering  almost  every  field — political,  religious,  industrial, 
commercial  and  professional,  the  large  centres  having  many  influ- 
ential journals  of  substantial  circulation  and  patronage.  I  need 
only  mention  the  fact  that  in  the  City  of  Toronto,  where,  as  we 
have  been  told,  there  is  one  paper  with  a  circulation  of  50,000, 
there  are  three  morning  papers  and  four  evening  papers,  all  with 
extensive  subscription  lists  and  a  large  patronage,  papers  which 
would  do  credit  to  any  city  in  the  Empire.  In  Montreal,  besides 
the  morning  paper  with  a  circulation  of  10,000,  there  are  seven 
evening  papers,  and  I  would  emphasise  the  fact  that  French 
Canada  has  papers  which  would  certainly  be  a  credit  to  any  nation, 
notably  La  Presse  and  La  Patrie,  the  latter  edited  and  owned  by 
Mr.  Israel  Tarte,  late  Minister  for  Public  Works.  The  average 
circulation  combined  is  some  133,000  per  day.  When  we  con- 
sider that  the  French  Canadians  in  the  eyes  of  some  people  are 
considered  an  illiterate  and  shiftless  people,  and  when  we  think 
that  in  Quebec  there  are  daily  papers  printed  in  that  language, 
with  a  circulation  of  over  a  quarter  of  a  million,  I  think  we  shall 
realise  that  we  have-  an  asset  in  this  Empire  of  ours  in  the  Press  of 
our  French  Canadian  fellow- subjects1,  and  that  the  readers  of  these 
papers  are  intellectual,  industrious,  and  loyal.  There  are  116  daily 
papers  in  Canada,  three  of  which  are  published  within  the  Arctic 


80  The  Colonial  Press. 

Circle,  and  are  sold  for  %%d.  each,  so  that  if  the  cold  Canadian 
can   afford    to  pay   2^7.   for  his  daily   paper   you   will,    I   think, 
be  of  opinion,  that  if  he  is  at  times  frozen  up,  at  least  his  money 
burns.      Further,     there     are    in     Canada    twenty-two    literary 
weeklies,  eight  literary  monthlies,  and  two  quarterlies,  and  among 
the  magazines  there  is  that  estimable  publication  The  Canadian 
Magazine,  which,  for  price  and  size  has  nothing  superior  in  the 
whole  of  Great  Britain.     Of  course,  there  are  sporting  and  other 
magazines,  and  there  are  twelve  publications  of  a  monthly  character 
devoted  to  education.    Every  trade  and  industry  is  represented,  and 
the  publications  issued  by  the  Canadian  Manufacturers'  Association 
would  certainly  be  creditable  to   any  part   of  the   Empire.     Mr. 
a'Beckett  speaks  of  news  filtering  into  our  country  through  the 
American  system.     Such  news  is  ordinary  news,  which  would  come 
just   as   well   through   the   American  system   as  any  other.     Our 
Canadian  Press   Association   deals  with  Imperial  matters.     It  is 
subsidised  by  the   Government.     I  feel  deeply  interested  in  that 
Association.     In  the  early  eighties,  when  I  happened  to  take  a  trip 
over  to  this  country  and  found  how  meagre  our  news  was,  I  took 
the  question  up  and  was  supported  in  my  appeal  to  our  Government 
by  various  people,  notably  the  then  Lieutenant-Governor  of  Ontario. 
During  the  Coronation  I  again  pressed  the  question  on  the  atten- 
tion of  the  representatives  of  our  Government  and  on  every  pro- 
vincial Premier  with  whom  I  met.     I  am  very  glad  that  that  which 
was  my  pet  idea  of  a  great  many  years  ago  has  to-day  taken  a  firm 
footing,  and  that  we  have  within  our  hands  a  news  organisation 
which  gives  us,  not  through  American  sources,  but  through  our  own 
organised  system,  the  news  we  desire.    I  have  another  pet  idea, 
that  of  an  improved  news  system.     I  hold  the  day  is  coming  when 
it  will  be  necessary  to  have  in  this  country  an  Imperial  organisa- 
tion for  news  liberally  subsidised  by  the  Government,  so  that  not 
only  the  great  and  wealthy  Press,  but  every  good  provincial  journal, 
may  be  able  to  get  reliable  news  at  a  reasonable  rate,  and  when  the 
Government  can  see  its  way  to  subsidise  such  a  scheme  to  the 
extent  of  10,OOOL  a  year,  they  will,  I  consider,  be  doing  more  for 
the  Empire,  and  spend  that  amount  in  a  better  way  than  they  are 
spending  money  on  many  other  objects.    I  have  brought  this  matter 
before  members  of  both  sides  of  the  House,  and  shall  never  weary 
in  the  work  that  I  consider  of  the  first  importance. 

Major  G.  F.  GEATWICKE  :  I  have  no  qualification,  and  certainly 
no  disposition,  to  indulge  in  anything  approaching  criticism  of  the 
interesting  Paper  we  have  heard.  But  as  I  have  been  asked 


Tne  Colonial  Press.  81 

as  President  of  the  British  International  Association  of  Journalists, 
to  say  a  few  words,  I  gladly  take  the  opportunity  of  doing  that 
which  I  am  sure  you  will  all  join  in — express  our  thanks  to  Mr. 
a'Beckett  for  the  interesting  birdseye  view  he  has  given  of  the 
Colonial  Press.  I  do  not  use  the  term  "  birdseye  "  in  any  depre- 
ciatory sense,  but  rather  as  indicating  the  vastness  of  the  subject. 
I  think  I  may  venture  to  say  that  at  home  we  are  prone  to  look  on 
Colonial  journalism  in  much  the  same  light  as  the  average  metro- 
politan views  provincial  journalism.  In  both  cases  we  are  inclined 
to  forget  the  world  does  not  stand  still,  and  that  there  is  no  institu- 
tion that  has  made  greater  progress  in  recent  times  than  the  Press. 
Of  late  years  the  power  and  influence  of  Colonial  journalism  has 
grown  enormously,  just  as  has  the  power  and  influence  of  the 
Provincial  Press  at  home.  Journalists  in  the  provinces  no  longer 
depend  upon  or  look  to  London  for  a  lead.  And  the  people  in  the 
provinces  accept  the  London  journal  just  as  one  takes  a  savoury  or 
dessert  at  dinner.  The  substantial  portion  of  the  meal  is  supplied 
by  the  chief  newspapers  in  the  particular  district,  and  they  exercise 
the  real  influence.  So  with  the  Colonies.  The  views  of  the  London 
papers  are  occasionally  quoted.  But  the  determining  influence  in 
the  political  and  social  life  of  the  Colonies  is  exercised  by  Colonial 
journals.  It  is  especially  shown,  I  think,  in  the  case  of  Australia 
and  Canada,  and  perhaps  in  a  less  degree  in  South  Africa.  I 
recollect  in  Montreal  being  specially  struck  by  the  spirit  of  the 
Press — which  has  been  alluded  to  by  the  gentleman  who  has  pre- 
ceded me — and  especially  by  the  spirit  of  the  French  Press,  which, 
speaking  generally,  is  so  loyal  to  the  English  Government  in  the 
Dominion.  I  cannot  but  think  that  it  would  be  an  undoubted 
advantage  to  both  the  Mother  Country  and  the  Colonies  if  there 
were  a  British  Imperial  Press  Association,  supplying  news  to  and 
from  all  the  Colonies,  and  organised  very  much  on  the  lines  of  the 
Associated  Press  of  America.  No  doubt  we  suffer,  and  Canada 
suffers,  from  so  little  of  the  concerns  of  that  country  reaching  us,  a 
country  which  is  going  to  play  so  great  a  p'art  in  the  future  of  the 
world.  Long  letters  or  articles  on  Colonial  affairs,  coming  some 
time  after  date,  would,  I  think,  be  of  little  use  ;  but  compressed 
telegraphic  exchange  of  views  and  news  between  Great  Britain  and 
the  Colonies  would,  I  believe,  be  of  great  political  and  material 
value  to  both.  I  have  always  believed  in  the  desirability  of  a  closer 
connection  between  representatives  of  the  Press,  not  only  between 
those  of  England  and  the  Colonies,  but  between  those  of  England 
and  of  other  countries.  We  have  all  to  gain  and  nothing  to  lose 


82  The  Colonial  Press. 

by  this  closer  connection.  I  was  very  glad,  as  President  of  the 
Institute  of  Journalists,  during  the  past  year  to  have  the  oppor- 
tunity of  doing  something  to  secure  the  attendance  at  our  Con- 
ference in  Dublin  of  representatives  of  the  Press  from  New  Zealand, 
South  Africa,  and  India,  and  from  some  Continental  countries. 
Very  much  good  has  also  been  done  in  this  direction  by  Mr. 
a'Beckett,  who  has  always  been  in  sympathy  with  the  movement 
for  a  closer  association  of  journalists  to  whatever  country  they  may 
belong,  and  who  has  added  to  his  public  services  by  his  recent  visit 
to  the  West  Indies.  Again,  Mr.  Joseph  Watson,  an  admirable 
representative  of  British  journalists,  has  been  doing  excellent  mis- 
sionary work  in  all  parts  of  the  world.  During  the  past  year  I  was 
fortunate  enough,  with  a  number  of  colleagues  from  this  country, 
to  be  able  to  make  a  professional  visit  to  Sweden,  and  I  also  had 
the  honour  of  receiving  a  party  of  Belgian  journalists  who  came  to 
this  country ;  whilst  you  are  all  aware  of  the  welcome  given,  under 
the  auspices  of  London  journalists,  to  the  German  editors.  I  mention 
these  facts  simply  to  show  that  journalists  themselves  are  not 
insensible  to  the  importance  of  the  best  understanding  existing 
between  themselves  and  their  confreres  in  other  countries,  believing 
that  it  would  do  much  to  promote  that  commendable  spirit  of 
sympathy  between  this  and  other  lands  which  the  Royal  Colonial 
Institute  has  done  so  much  to  foster  and  advance. 

Mr.  DONALD  MACMASTEB  (K.C.  Canada)  :  As  I  listened  to  the 
lecture  a  few  ideas  occurred  to  me  with  regard  to  the  Press  with 
which  I  am  most  familiar — that  of  Canada.  Now  I  have  not  the 
advantage  of  being  intimately  acquainted  with  the  Press.  I  belong 
to  the  outside  service,  the  material  out  of  which  news  is  made.  I 
really  was  brought  up  on  the  Canadian  Press,  for  the  only  portion 
of  the  Press  of  this  country  which  I  saw  in  my  early  days  was  the 
Inverness  Courier  and  the  British  Workman,  and  most  excellent 
papers  they  were.  I  think  rather  scant  justice,  perhaps  unavoidably, 
has  been  done  to  the  Canadian  Press.  It  has  been  stated  that  in 
Montreal,  a  city  with  £  population  of  300,000  or  400,000  people, 
there  is  only  one  morning  paper  with  a  circulation  of  about 
10,000.  The  reference  is  no  doubt  to  the  Montreal  Gazette,  a  most 
excellent  paper.  But  the  feature  not  recognised  is  this— the  influence 
of  the  afternoon  Press — for  I  doubt  whether  in  any  section  of  the 
British  dominions  there  is  a  more  potent  and  well-conducted  evening 
press  than  in  Montreal.  The  Montreal  Star  and  the  Witness  and 
the  Montreal  Herald  are  admirable  papers,  ably  edited,  well  con- 
ducted, and  extensively  circulated.  And  then,  again,  in  Montreal 


The  Colonial  Press.  83 

we  have  La  Presse,  and  La  Patrie.  With  regard  to  the  general 
opinion  of  the  Canadian  Press,  no  exception  could  be  taken  to 
what  has  been  said  -in  that  respect,  but  I  think  the  lecturer 
complained  a  bit  that  the  Press  was  lacking  in  British  bias.  Now 
why,  in  the  name  of  common  sense,  should  it  have  any  British  bias  ? 
I  cannot  understand  why  you  should  have  any  British  bias  in 
Montreal  or  in  Canada  any  more  than  in  Great  Britain  itself.  It  is 
true  the  Canadian  Press  is  looking  after  its  home  affairs,  and 
minding  its  own  business ;  and  indeed  I  think  we  might  have 
misgivings  with  regard  to  a  Press  which  all  the  time  was  talking 
about  loyalty  and  devotion  to  the  Mother  Country.  As  an  active 
onlooker  of  the  Canadian  Press  for  a  period  of  thirty  years,  I  could 
not  mention  a  single  paper  from  one  end  of  Canada  to  the  other 
in  which  there  is  any  antipathy  to  Britain  or  British  institutions. 
It  is  true  that  in  Canada  the  idea  is  predominant  of  Canada  for  the 
Canadians,  but  I  do  not  think  that  is  entirely  owing  to  the  manu- 
facturers. I  think  that  feeling  existed  before  the  manufacturers 
came  on  the  scene,  and  if  it  has  been  strengthened  since  I  do  not 
think  it  is  any  objection  to  it.  It  is  true  that  in  the  Press,  as  well 
as  throughout  the  country,  the  sentiment  is  strong  of  "  Canada  for 
the  Canadians,"  and  I  do  not  know  but  that  if  in  this  country 
people  promulgated  the  idea  of  England  for  the  Englanders, 
instead  of  England  the  doormat  of  all  nations,  there  would 
be  any  great  objection  to  it.  The  lecturer  pointed  out  that 
there  are  not  published  many  letters  from  this  country  to  the 
Canadian  Press.  Well,  I  think  that  is  explained  by  the  preceding 
speaker.  News  in  that  form  is  very  often  dead  matter — a  back 
number,  so  to  speak — before  reaching  the  Dominion.  What  we  really 
do  want  is  proper  telegraphic  news  sent  under  British  influences  ; 
and,  secondly,  which  would  be  helpful  to  the  whole  people  of  the 
country,  we  want  to  get  the  intelligent  British  Press  disseminated 
through  Canada  and  through  the  Colonies  generally  at  a  reasonable 
rate  of  postage.  What  the  Canadian  Press  is  doing  is  to  try  to 
mind  its  own  business,  discussing  things  that  primarily  affect  the 
social  and  national  well-being  of  Canada,  which,  as  I  have  said,  is 
in  some  respects  somewhat  different  from  the  business  of  the  United 
Kingdom.  Here,  look  at  the  abnormal  amount  of  space  which  is 
devoted  to  sports.  I  remember  once,  when  the  country  was  on  the 
verge  of  war,  being  asked  by  an  enthusiastic  and  most  excited 
Englishman,  at  the  door  of  an  English  club,  "  Have  you  heard  the 
news  ?  "  "  No ;  has  war  been  declared  ?  "  To  which  he  answered, 
"  No  ;  the  Australians  are  out  1  " 


84  The  Colonial  Press. 

Mr.  ARTHUB  R.  BYLES,  as  President  of  the  Newspaper  Society, 
thought  he  might  claim  to  be  something  of  a  Colonial  because  of 
his  residence  in  Australia  nearly  forty  years  ago.  Mr.  a'Beckett 
has  spoken  of  the  difficulties  under  which  newspapers  were 
then  produced.  I  remember  papers  brought  out  on  some  of  the 
new  "  rushes  "  in  those  days  were  printed  on  blue,  on  brown,  or  on 
yellow  grocer's  wrappers — anything,  in  fact, to  hand  that  was  paper 
and  would  absorb  printing  ink  was  good  enough  in  those  days  for 
sixpence  or  a  shilling  a  copy.  In  Melbourne,  of  course,  and  other 
large  centres,  things  were  very  different.  The  Argus  and  the  Age 
even  then  were  great  papers.  In  those  days  there  were  no  cables, 
and  the  mail  was  monthly.  I  remember  the  excitement  at  the  time 
of  the  Franco -Prussian  war — the  Canal  was  not  open,  and  the  news 
came  overland.  On  arrival  at  King  George's  Sound  the  steamer  was 
high  out  of  water  for  lack  of  coal,  and  a  smaller  steamer  with  steam 
up  awaited  the  arrival  of  the  mail.  This  smaller  steamer  carried 
the  mails  on  to  Adelaide.  On  its  arrival  there  a  signal  was  hoisted 
on  the.  top  tower  of  the  Melbourne  Post  Office,  and  from  that  city 
the  papers  got  a  short  telegraphic  summary  of  the  month's  news, 
about  three  quarters  of  a  column  possibly,  and  we  had  to  wait  two 
full  days  longer  for  the  arrival  of  the  mail  steamer  itself.  The 
European  Mail  was  then  a  great  standby,  and  there  was  a 
tremendous  rush  for  the  English  papers.  I  mention  these  matters 
simply  as  reminiscences.  Mr.  a'Beckett  is,  I  think,  quite  right 
when  he  holds  up  the  Colonial  Press  as  having  to-day,  as  it  always 
had,  a  high  standard  of  journalistic  excellence,  and  what  is  far  more 
important,  a  high  standard  of  press  honour.  I  am  afraid  in  England, 
in  London  at  any  rate,  and  to  some  extent  in  the  provinces,  we  have 
suffered  from  the  importation  of  the  purely  American  view  of  news- 
papers. The  American  view  is  that  a  newspaper  is  a  mere  matter 
of  business  for  the  mere  matter  of  making  money.  The  English 
view  was  that  the  newspaper  existed  for  a  purpose — to  disseminate 
certain  views,  good,  bad,  or  indifferent  is  no  matter,  but  at  any 
rate  the  raison  d'etre  of  the  English  papers  was  the  propagation  of 
ideas.  That  is  true  of  the  Colonial  Press  to-day,  and  that  is  really 
the  sound  basis  of  all  newspapers  throughout  the  Empire. 

The  Hon.  J.  G.  JENKINS  (Agent-General  for  South  Australia)  :  I 
don't  know  that  I  have  any  particular  right  to  speak  of  the  Press. 
I  was  never  intimately  connected  with  but  one  paper,  which  is  still 
in  circulation,  and  as  long  as  the  State  exists  I  haVe  no  doubt  that 
paper  will  continue  to  exist — I  refer  to  the  South  Australian  Govern- 
ment Gazette — with  which  I  was  connected  as  a  member  of  the 


The  Colonial  Press.  85 

Government.  But  naturally  that  connection  did  not  give  me  any 
scope  for  introducing  any  of  those  witty  paragraphs  which  have 
been  referred  to  by  Mr.  a'Beckett.  That  paper  was  animated  by  a 
high  standard  and  was  not  carried  out  on  the  American  principle  of 
making  money,  being,  in  fact,  a  philanthropic  institution,  because 
the  Government  lost  a  good  deal  by  it  each  year.  We  have  heard 
a  good  deal  about  the  Canadian  Press.  I  was  through  Canada  last 
year,  and  can  endorse  all  that  has  been  said  with  reference  to  the 
enterprise  and  ability  of  its  Press.  I  had  not  even  got  off  the  boat 
before  I  was  met  by  half  a  dozen  representatives  of  the  Press.  I 
had  no  sleep  in  Vancouver.  I  went  to  Winnipeg  one  night  and  did 
not  go  to  bed  till  morning  on  account  of  the  enterprise  of  the 
Canadian  Press.  I  had  an  invitation  to  meet  the  Premier  at 
Toronto.  I  had  no  rest  in  Toronto.  If  the  circulation  of  the  papers 
is  equal  to  their  enterprise  and  their  imagination,  all  I  can  say  is  that 
the  Canadians  need  never  suffer.  Of  course  I  know  something  of 
the  Australian  Press.  I  was  actively  in  connection  with  Australian 
politics  for  about  twenty  years.  A  few  papers  probably  said  something 
good  about  me,  and  I  think  nearly  every  paper  used  to  criticise  my 
actions,  so  that  in  that  way  I  furnished  a  good  deal  of  copy  to  the 
Australian  Press.  As  to  that  Press,  I  wish  while  complimenting  Mr. 
a'Beckett  on  his  excellent  Paper,  to  say  that  I  entirely  disagree  with 
him  about  the  narrow  limits  of  the  news.  I  would  ask  anyone  to 
take  up  one  of  the  Melbourne,  Sydney,  or  Adelaide  papers  and  look 
through  their  telegraphic  pages  arid  say  if  he  can  find  as  much 
news  about  the  outside  parle  of  the  British  Empire  in  any  other 
journal  as  in  one  of  those  pages.  The  combined  system  of  cable 
news  gives  us  practically  a  whole  page  of  European  news,  infinitely 
more,  in  fact,  than  you  find  in  the  Canadian  or  American  Press.  Ib 
may  be  obtained  at  a  cheaper  price,  because  there  are  so  many  of 
these  papers  in  the  combination.  I  do  not  admit  that  the  news- 
paper man  is  a  parochial  individual.  He  may  have  been  born  and 
brought  up  in  Australia  or  New  Zealand,  but  in  proportion  to  the 
population  I  believe  that  five  times  as  many  newspaper  repre- 
sentatives from  those  countries  come  to  England  as  go  from  England 
to  those  countries.  A  few  representative  pressmen  go  from  England 
through  Australia  no  doubt,  the  majority  on  lecturing  tours,  and 
they  write  splendid  articles  on  Australia,  but,  from  the  point  of  view 
of  gaining  knowledge  and  visiting  the  old  homeland,  there  is  not 
a  year  but  what  there  are  many  representatives  of  the  Australian 
Press  who  come  over  to  England,  and  in  fact  there  were  no  less 
than  five  representatives  of  the  Adelaide  papers  who  were  in  England 


86  The  Colonial  Press. 

last  year.  More  than  that,  the  representatives  of  the  country  in 
Parliament  visit  England  to  a  far  greater  extent  than  the  House  of 
Commons  representatives  visit  the  Colonies,  and  for  this  reason 
perhaps  narrow  parochialism  does  not  exist  to  such  a  great  extent 
in  the  outside  parts  of  the  Empire  as  a  great  many  people  who  have 
never  been  out  of  England  naturally  suppose.  As  far  as  the  circu- 
lation of  the  Australian  Press  is  concerned,  I  am  not  here  to  give 
them  a  free  advertisement.  They  all  have  large  circulations;  I 
know  it  is  so,  because  they  say  so  themselves.  In  conclusion  I 
heartily  congratulate  Mr.  a'Beckett  on  his  Paper. 

Mr.  ARTHUR  SAWTELL  :  I  may,  perhaps^  claim  to  represent  in 
some  sort  the  Anglo- Indian  Press,  and  also  in  a  less  degree  the 
West  Indian  Press,  because  some  years  ago  I  went  out  to 
Demerara,  as  editor  of  the  Demerara  Daily  Chronicle,  and  after- 
wards went  to  India  as  assistant  editor  of  the  Civil  and  Military 
Gazette  of  Lahore.  With  regard  to  Mr.  a'Beckett's  reference  to 
the  tone  of  the  Colonial  and  Indian  Press,  and  the  character  of 
the  men  who  conduct  that  Press,  I  may  say  my  own  impression 
entirely  bears  out  his  appreciation.  It  has  occurred  to  me  as  an 
interesting  point  why  the  Colonies,  especially  the  Crown  Colonies 
and  India,  should  have  such  excellent  papers,  and  I  think  the 
reason  is  to  be  found  in  the  character  of  the  community  which 
those  papers  serve.  I  believe  that  every  community  gets  the  Press 
that  it  deserves.  In  the  West  Indies  there  are  papers  of  all  kinds. 
If  Mr.  a'Beckett  had  extended  his  travels  to  Demerara,  he  would 
have  found  at  any  rate  one  daily  paper  that  can  hold  up  its  head 
with  any  journal  in  Jamaica,  I  found  there  were  certain  old 
legends  of  strange  things  that  happened  in  days  long  before,  when 
people  seemed  to  regard  an  interview  with  the  editor  as  necessarily 
implying  some  use  of  the  horsewhip.  Long  before  I  arrived  that 
state  of  affairs  had  been  changed  by  the  fact  that  those  who  con- 
ducted the  Press  not  only  conducted  It  in  an  honourable  and 
worthy  way,  but  also  were  themselves  not  prepared  to  take  any- 
thing "lying  down."  There  was  a  story  of  one  gentleman  having 
arrived  at  the  office  one  morning  with  a  horsewhip,  and  who 
retired  subsequently  without  the  horsewhip  and  minus  some  other 
things  as  well.  It  seems  to  me  that  Mr.  a'Beckett  laid  too  much 
emphasis  on  the  desirability  of  a  larger  transmission  of  news  from 
England  to  the  Colonies  and  India.  In  my  opinion  the  boot 
should  be  on  the  other  leg.  What  we  want  is  more  news  from  the 
Colonies  and  India.  Indeed,  I  have  been  struck  with  the  abysmal 
ignorance  in  this  country  of  the  affairs  of  India  from  day  to  day. 


The  Colonial  Press.  87 

I  am,  of  course,  speaking  of  the  practical  affairs  of  India  as 
distinct  from  the  picturesque  side  of  "  the  gorgeous  East."  If  the 
people  of  Great  Britain  are  to  be  intelligent  Imperialists  there 
must  be  a  greater  supply  of  news  from  India  and  the  rest  of  the 
Empire,  and  that  can  only  be  brought  about,  either  by  a  large 
Government  subsidy  for  the  service  of  news,  or  a  considerable 
decrease  in  the  cost  of  the  cables.  As  to  the  suggested  Guild  of 
the  British  Imperial  Press,  I  think  that  is  a  very  interesting 
proposal.  The  only  thing  which  occurs  to  me  is  that  journalists 
are  very  busy  people,  and  it  would  be  extremely  difficult  for  any  of 
them  in  large  numbers  to  attend  a  conference  held  every  year  in 
some  city  perhaps  many  thousands  of  miles  from  their  place  of 
business.  But  the  idea  seems  suggestive  and  may  be  fruitful. 

Mr.  E.  B.  OSBOKN  :  It  seems  to  me  that  we  have  not  said  quite 
enough  about  the  lecturer's  remarks  on  the  subject  of  humour. 
This  always  strikes  me  as  one  of  the  great  characteristics  of  the 
Colonial  Press.  If  a  somewhat  humorous  way  of  putting  political 
wisdom  occurs  to  the  writer  he  never  misses  it,  with  the  result  that 
Colonial  journalism  has  a  pith  and  a  pointedness  not  always  found 
in  the  editorial  portion  of  every  paper  in  this  country.  They  will 
have  humour  in  the  Colonies,  accuracy  too,  but  humour  they  must 
have,  and  I  think  the  standard  of  humour  in  the  Colonial  Press  is 
higher  than  that  in  the  home  Press.  I  was  the  proprietor  of  a 
Colonial  newspaper  out  in  the  Far  West.  I  owned  it  for  six  weeks. 
It  was  very  much  run  down  in  value  owing  to  the  fact  that  the  sub- 
scribers would  insist  upon  paying  their  subscriptions  in  kind  and 
kindness  rather  than  in  currency.  Many  farmers  read  it.  Always 
in  the  summer,  when  the  time  came  to  pay  subscriptions,  they 
would  arrive  with  firewood,  and  in  winter,  I  believe,  with  ice,  not  at 
that  season  a  necessary  commodity.  Generally  I  would  say  of  the 
American  and  Colonial  journalists  the  copy  they  put  in  is  more 
often  than  not  a  page  torn  out  of  the  living  book  of  life,  and  that  is 
perhaps  one  reason  why  the  American  Press  has  more  influence 
than  it  ought  to  have  in  Canada.  I  agree  that  we  ought  to  induce 
the  British  Postmaster-General  to  reduce  the  newspaper  rate  so  as 
to  give  an  intellectual  preference,  and  when  we  have  done  that  I 
think  British  newspapers  might  imitate  the  newspapers  of  the 
Colonies  and  try  to  get  a  little  more  vitality  into  their  editorial 
columns.  I  think  Mr.  a'Beckett's  Paper  will  lead  us  all  to  take  a 
broad  view  of  what  journalists  are  doing  in  the  provinces  of  Greater 
Britain,  and  strengthen  the  ties  oi  sympathy  between  the  mother 
country  and  her  great  daughter-lands. 


88  The  Colonial  Press. 

Mr.  SAMUEL  COOK  (whom  the  Chairman  introduced  as  the  general 
manager  of  one  of  the  leading  papers  of  Australia,  and,  indeed,  of 
the  world,  the  Sydney  Morning  Herald)  :  But  for  the  lateness  of 
the  hour  I  should  like  to  spend  some  time  in  discussing  the  speeches 
made  by  representatives  of  Canada,  who  appear  to  be  gathered  in 
large  force  this  evening,  but  as  I  am  limited  to  ten  minutes,  I  will 
confine  myself  as  far  as  possible  to  the  remarks  made  in  Mr. 
a'Beckett's  Paper,  to  which  I  listened  with  great  interest.  There 
are  some  points  which  I  think,  upon  further  consideration,  Mr. 
a'Beckett  would  have  put  in  a  different  way.  He  says  at  the  outset : 
"  The  Press  of  the  United  Kingdom  is  a  little  older  perhaps  than  the 
Press  of  the  Colonies,  and  the  reason  is  not  difficult  to  discover. 
The  Colonies  are  offshoots  of  the  Mother  Country,  and  consequently 
the  branches  are  a  little  younger  than  the  parent  root."  Naturally 
that  must  be  so,  but  the  question  is  whether  the  analogy  is  good  ? 
I  would  remind  you  that  it  was  in  the  first  year  of  New  South 
Wales  settlement — 1788 — that  the  London  Times  came  into  being, 
although  I  believe  that  journal  had  been  in  existence  under  another 
name  for  some  two  or  three  years  previously.  A  printing  press 
was  part  of  the  first  Australian  cargo,  but  it  is  a  moot  question 
whether  Australian  journalism  can  be  said  to  be  an  "  offshoot "  of 
that  of  any  other  country.  I  regret  that  in  a  paper  of  this  im- 
portance a  little  more  attention  was  not  paid  to  the  real  state  of 
things  in  regard  to  Australia  and  its  Press.  Those  who  know 
about  the  development  of  the  Australian  Press,  those  who  have  per- 
sonal knowledge  of  its  rapid  advancement,  of  the  superiority  of  the 
equipment  of  its  newspapers,  and  also  of  the  great  attention  which 
is  paid  by  Australian  journalists  to  all  matters  affecting  the  Empire, 
will  know  that,  in  proportion  to  its  opportunities  and  in  proportion 
to  population,  the  progress  of  that  Press  has  been  certainly  not 
less  rapid  than  that  which  has  been  made  by  the  Press  of  the 
United  Kingdom.  One  would  imagine  from  some  remarks  which 
have  been  made  this  evening  that,  in  order  to  find  people  properly 
qualified  to  conduct  newspapers,  we  must  come  to  the  old  country 
for  men  of  talent  and  culture ;  but  I  would  remind  you  that  one  of 
the  earliest  proceedings  in  the  Colonies  which  are  now  States  in  the 
great  Commonwealth  of  Australia  was  to  establish  schools  and 
universities,  and  I  think  you  will  find  that  throughout  the  Southern 
Continent  there  are  perhaps  as  many  men  who  have  graduated  in 
Australian  universities  in  proportion  to  population  as  those  who 
have  graduated  at  the  universities  of  the  United  Kingdom.  Mr. 
a'Beckett  said,  "  In  name  all  the  Australian  papers  have  become 


The  Colonial  Press.  89 

very  local.     Journalists  have  grown  up  in  the  Colonies  and  know 
but  little  of  the  outside  world,"  and  so  on.    It  has  been  pointed  out 
by   a   preceding  speaker  that  to  refer  to  Colonial  journalism   as 
''parochial "  is  a  mistake,  and  that  the  boot  is  really  on  the  other 
foot.     I  wish  to  support  that  statement.     Since  I  have  been  away 
from  Australia,  making  a  tour  of  England,  Scotland,  America,  and 
Canada,  I  have  been  very  much  struck  with  the  absence  of  infor- 
mation about  my  adopted  country.     In  vain  I  have  looked  to  the 
papers  for  information  about  things  which  very  nearly  concerned 
me,  not  me  individually,  but  as  a  member  of  the  Commonwealth. 
At  the  same  time  I  know  that  in  the  great  paper  with  which  I  am 
associated  you  will  find,  day  by  day,  two,  sometimes  three,  pages  of 
matter — half  possibly  cabled  matter — about  affairs  which   are  of 
interest  to  people  in  London,  in  Canada,  in  America,  and,  in  fact 
throughout  the  whole  world ;  and,  moreover,  editorial  comments 
embrace  a  world- wide  area.     The  reference  in  the  Paper  to  journal- 
istic vagaries  in  the  "  silly  season"  is  not  without  its  vein  of  humour, 
but,  except  in  a  few  of  the  country  papers  of  Australia,  you  will  find 
very  little  reference  to  anything  so  trivial  as  "  the  big  gooseberry." 
Sometimes,  indeed,  we  have  incidents  of  a  humorous  kind.    For 
instance,  an  Australian  editor 'went  one  morning  to  see  a  friend  in 
a   country  district,  and  found  him  busy  with  his  leader  for  the 
week.     The  latter  excused  himself *by  saying  he  wanted  to  write  a 
few  lines  more  to  finish  the  article  on  which  he  was  engaged.     As 
soon  as  he  was  at  liberty  his  friend  said,  "  I  suppose  you  have  been 
writing  on   some  interesting   agricultural   or  pastoral   subject?" 
"  No,"  replied  the  other,  "  I  have  been  giving  Bismarck  fits."    This 
shows  that  even  in  country  places  matters  discussed  are  not  all  of 
a  bucolic  nature.     The  writers  make  themselves  acquainted  with 
what  is  going  on  in  the  world  at  large,  and  conduct  their  papers 
with  such  skill  and  ability  as  they  are  able  to  command,  and  gene- 
rally with  a  fair  amount  of  credit.     The  reader  of  the  paper  spoke 
of  "  copyright"  as  being  "a burning  question  in  English  Pressdom," 
and  stated  that  "  there  is  a  law  of  copyright  in  the  Colonies  which 
gives  the  newspaper  a  vested  ownership  for  a  few  hours  in  the 
cablegrams  from   Europe."     In   this   respect  he   is  misinformed. 
There  is  no  local  copyright  for  li  news  "  in  Australia.     In  fact,  as  a 
matter  of  law  news  as  news  is  not  copyrightable.     What  a  copy- 
right is  obtained  for  is  the  mode  in  which  news  is  given  to  the 
public.     Some  years  ago  in  New  South  Wales  an  attempt  was  made 
to  pass  a  copyright  Bill  which  would  have  given  several  hours' 
start  to  those  who  obtained  news  at  great  expense  by  cable,  but  it 


90  The,  Colonial  Press. 

was  received  with  very  little  favour  indeed  by  the  Legislative  Assembly 
of  that  day,  and  the  Bill  did  not  get  beyond  its  first  stage.  I  notice 
that  in  Mr.  a'Beckett's  description  of  the  Colonial  Press  there  is  no 
reference  made  to  its  illustrated  periodicals.  This  surely  must 
be  regarded  as  an  inadvertence.  There  are  some  admirable  illus- 
trated papers  in  Australia ;  for  instance,  the  Sydney  Mail,  which  does 
for  the  people  of  the  Australian  Commonwealth  and  readers  in  other 
parts  of  the  world  very  much  the  same  as  that  the  Illustrated  News 
and  the  Graphic  do  for  the  English  metropolis  and  the  inhabitants 
of  other  portions  of  the  globe.  I  regret  that  time  will  not  permit 
me  to  refer  to  some  other  points  of  interest,  and  so,  in  conclusion, 
I  must  express  my  thanks  for  the  opportunity  which  has  been 
afforded  me  to  give  expression  to  my  thoughts  thus  far,  and. for  the 
courteous  attention  which  has  been  paid  to  my  comments  on  the 
paper  which  Mr.  a'Beckett  has  been  good  enough  to  read  under  the 
auspices  of  this  Koyal  Colonial  Institute. 

Mr.  KEITH  J.  THOMAS  :  In  my  opinion  the  Colonial  Press  will 
eventually  form  the  strongest  link  in  the  chain  of  Empire.  The 
day  will  come,  I  think,  when  these  papers  in  the  Britains  beyond 
the  seas  will  be  found  as  vital  to  the  trade  of  the  Empire  as  the 
Navy  which  guards  the  highways  of  England's  commerce.  It  is 
not  in  the  nature  of  an  idle  dream  to  anticipate  the  time  when  the 
newspaper  will  act,  to  some  extent,  as  a  commercial  agent  in  locat- 
ing new  markets  for  its  patrons.  Its  representatives  would  report 
the  news  of  new  markets,  and  the  paper  cable  that  news  to  some 
central  office  in  London.  By  some  such  scheme  I  think  we  might 
establish  a  service  before  which  the  consular  service  of  any  State  in 
the  world  would  pale  into  insignificance. 

The  CHAIRMAN  (Lieut. -General  Sir  J.  Bevan  Edwards,  K.C.M.G., 
C.B.) :  I  entirely  agree  with  those  speakers  who  have  stated  so  forcibly 
the  great  imperial  importance  of  the  Colonial  Press.  Although 
I  have  had  nothing  to  do  with  journalism  myself,  I  have  been 
brought  a  good  deal  into  contact  with  its  members  in  different  parts 
of  our  dominions.  Nobody  to-night,  I  think,  has  referred  to  China, 
where  we  have  some  excellent  papers  in  Hong  Kong,  and  the  North 
China  Herald,  published  at  Shanghai,  which  had  a  well-deserved 
influence,  and  gave  the  people  of  this  country  information  which 
they  could  not  get  from  any  other  source.  I  have  had  some  con- 
siderable acquaintance  with  the  Press  of  Canada,  and  fully  echo 
everything  said  in  its  favour.  I  entirely  agree  with  the  sentiment 
of  "  Canada  for  the  Canadians."  It  does  not  follow  they  will  not 
be  also  equally  good  citizens  of  the  British  Empire.  But  I  have 


The  Colonial  Press.  91 

more  knowledge,  perhaps,  of  the  Australian  and  New  Zealand 
Press,  because  sixteen  years  ago  an  important  mission  fell  to  my 
lot,  which  led  me  to  visit  every  Colony  of  Australasia.  That  mission 
was  the  inspection  of  their  military  forces.  Amongst  my  instruc- 
tions was  one  to  the  effect  that  I  was  to  propose,  for  consideration 
of  the  different  Colonies  and  of  the  Home  Government,  some  means 
of  bringing  about  mutual  defence.  I  had  the  opportunity  of  dis- 
cussing this  question  with  the  Prime  Ministers  and  many  of  the 
leading  people,  and  with  universal  consent  they  came  to  the  conclu- 
sion that  nothing  could  bring  about  a  system  of  mutual  defence 
unless  there  was  a  Federal  Government  to  control  a  Federal  Army. 
By  the  interviews  which  I  had  with  different  members  of  the  Press 
I  was  able  to  further  those  views  ;  and  they  gave  me  the  greatest 
possible  assistance  throughout  Australia  and  New  Zealand.  There- 
fore, I  owe  the  Press  of  those  days  a  debt  of  gratitude  for  the 
service  they  did  me  and  the  Empire.  They  treated  me  invariably 
with  the  greatest  kindness  and  consideration,  and  never  gave  me 
away  except,  perhaps,  on  one  occasion,  which  is  not  now  worth 
mentioning.  I  will  now  ask  you  to  give  a  hearty  vote  of  thanks  to 
Mr.  a'Beckett  for  his  interesting  and  charming  Paper.  The  motto 
he  suggests  for  his  Guild  is  that  "  the  pen  is  mightier  than  the 
sword."  I  think  he  can  hardly  expect  me,  as  an  old  soldier,  to  accept 
that  view  altogether.  I  grant  the  enormous  power  of  the  pen,  but  I 
should  like  to  know  where  we  should  be  when  the  day  of  trial  comes, 
and  the  enemy  is  knocking  at  the  gates  of  the  Empire,  if  we  had  to 
rely  solely  on  the  pen,  rather  than  the  sword,  to  defend  us. 

Mr.  A'BECKETT  :  I  wish  to  thank  you  most  cordially  for  your 
vote  of  thanks.  I  quite  agree  that,  although  the  pen  is  supposed  to 
be  mightier  than  the  sword,  the  pen  is  only  an  assistant  to  the  sword 
and  I  am  pleased  to  feel  that  there  is  scarcely  an  Englishman  nowa- 
days who  is  not  prepared  to  take  up  the  sword  and  use  it  to  as  much 
good  purpose  as  the  pen.  Indeed,  I  am  happy  to  think  that  many 
members  of  the  Press  have  lately  been  turning  themselves  into  a 
rifle  club.  I  have  been  delighted  to  hear  the  comments  on  my 
Paper.  They  are  proof  that  the  Colonies  possess  a  strong  esprit  de 
corps.  Indeed,  I  am  pleased  to  note  the  jealous  spirit,  using  the 
word  in  its  proper  sense,  in  which  each  Colony  thinks  of  its  own 
people  and  achievements.  There  is  one  thing  which  has  come  out 
especially  in  the  discussion — the  fact  that,  although  each,  Colony  is 
proud  of  its  own  being,  the  whole  of  the  Colonies  are  devoted  to  the 
Motherland  to  which  they  belong. 

A  vote  of  thanks  was  given  to  the  Chairman. 


92 


THIRD  ORDINARY   GENERAL  MEETING. 

THE  Third  Ordinary  General  Meeting  of  the  Session  was  held  at 
the  Whitehall  Rooms,  Hotel  Metropole,  on  Tuesday,  January  15, 
1907,  when  a  Paper  on  "  Federal  Tendencies  in  Education  "  was 
read  by  E.  B.  Sargant,  Esq.,  Education  Adviser  to  the  High  Commis- 
sioner of  South  Africa. 

The  Right  Hon.  Sir  George  T.  Goldie,  K.C.M.G.,  a  Vice  Presi- 
dent of  the  Institute,  presided. 

The  Minutes  of  the  last  Ordinary  General  Meeting  were  read 
and  confirmed,  and  it  was  announced  that  since  that  Meeting  17 
Fellows  had  been  elected,  viz.,  4  Resident  and  13  Non-Resident. 

Resident  Fellows  :— 

Charles  Beadle,  F.R.G.S.,  The  Rt.  Hon.  the  Earl  of  Elgin  and  Kincardine, 
K.G.,  G.C.S.L,  G.C.I.E.,  Sir  Francis  J.  S.  Hopwood,  K.C.B.,  K.C.M.G., 
C.  Augustus  Webb. 

Non-Resident  Fellows  :— 

Cyril  Bowden  (Malta),  H.  Lake  Coghlan  (Straits  Settlements),  Robert  Wm. 
Craig  (Cape  Colony),  Caledon  J.  R.  Dolling  (Cape  Colony),  John  Curtis 
Franklin,  M.R.C.S.,  L.R.C.P.  (Gambia],  Adam  A.  G.  Goodfellow  (Argentine 
Republic),  Captain  Wilfrid  C.  N.  Hastings,  D.S.O.  (Gambia),  Alfred  C. 
Matthew  (Ceylon),  Thomas  J.  Roy  (British  Guiana),  Henry  Sawcrthal 
(Rhodesia)  Vincent  Steadman  (Straits  Settlements),  Frank  Tratman,  M.D. 
(Western  Australia),  George  Laird  Walton,  M.I.N.A.,  M.I.M.E.  (Southern 
Nigeria). 

It  was  also  announced  that  Donations  to  the  Library  of  Books, 
maps  &c.,  had  been  received  from  the  various  Governments  of  the 
Colonies  and  India,  Societies  and  public  bodies  both  in  the  United 
Kingdom  and  the  Colonies,  and  from  Fellows  of  the  Institute  and 
others. 

The  names  of  Mr.  F.  H.  Dangar,  on  behalf  of  the  Council,  and 
Mr.  H.  F.  Billinghurst,  on  behalf  of  the  Fellows,  were  submitted 
and  approved  as  Auditors  of  the  Accounts  for  the  past  year  in 
accordance  with  Rule  48. 

The  CHAIRMAN  announced  the  lamented  death  of  Sir  James 
Garrick  and  that  the  Council  had  passed  the  following  resolution  : — 

"  The  Council  of  the  Royal  Colonial  Institute  have  heard  with 


Third  Ordinary  General  Meeting.  93 

much  regret  of  the  death  of  the  Hon.  Sir  James  F.  Garrick,  K.C.M.G., 
K.C.,  who  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Institute  in  1884,  and  acted 
as  a  Councillor  for  nearly  eleven  years." 

The  Council  desire  to  express  their  deep  sympathy  with  Lady 
Garrick  and  the  other  members  of  the  family  of  their  lamented 
colleague. 

Mr.  E.  B.  Sargant  then  read  his  paper  on 

FEDERAL  TENDENCIES  IN  EDUCATION. 

I. — SCHOOL  EMBLEMS  OF  EMPIRE. 

TOWARD  the  end  of  the  protracted  debates  on  the  late  abortive 
Education  Bill  there  took  place  in  the  House  of  Lords  a  short  dis- 
cussion on  the  following  proposed  new  clause  : 

"  Every  public  elementary  school  shall,  after  the  passing  of  this 
Act,  fly  the  Union  Jack  during  school  hours." 

The  proposer  of  the  motion  said  that  in  the  United  States, 
Germany,  and  Japan,  the  national  flag  was  always  hoisted  over  the 
public  elementary  schools  during  school  hours.  The  seconder  of 
the  motion  added  that  France  flew  the  Tricolor  over  her  national 
schools,  and  that  among  our  colonies  the  Province  of  Manitoba  now 
refuses  all  grants  to  schools  which  fail  to  comply  with  a  recent 
enactment  as  to  the  hoisting  of  the  Union  Jack.  He  believed  a 
similar  course  was  followed  in  some  of  the  States  of  Australia. 

It  is  interesting  to  notice  how  the  suggestion  was  received.  One 
noble  Lord  remarked  that  if  the  flying  of  the  Union  Jack  over  the 
schools  was  limited,  as  the  clause  proposed,  to  school  hours,  it 
would  never  be  seen  by  the  children.  This  sally  was  greeted  with 
laughter.  Another  and  more  responsible  legislator  doubted  whether, 
from  the  point  of  view  of  the  children,  it  was  altogether  prudent  to 
associate  the  national  emblem  with  school  hours.  Was  it  likely 
they  would  respect  and  love  the  national  emblem  the  more,  with 
the  knowledge  that,  when  it  flew,  England  expected  every  child  to 
do  its  lesson  ?  He  thought  that  if  their  lordships  wh?n  at  school 
had  known  that  the  hoisting  of  the  Union  Jack  was  the  signal  that, 
they  should  go  and  do  Euclid,  and  that  its  hauling  down  meant 
that  they  were  free  to  go  and  play  cricket,  most  of  them  would 
have  said  that  during  those  dismal  hours  it  should  fly  at  half-mast. 
Ejaculations  of  hear  !  hear  !  and  laughter  punctuated  this  speech. 
In  a  more  serious  vein  the  orator  went  on  to  say  that  love  of  country 
and  loyalty  to  the  Sovereign  would  scarcely  be  stimulated  by  such 


94  federal  Tendencies  in  Education. 

mechanical  means  as  these.  No  doubt  other  countries  knew  their 
own  business,  but  from  our  rather  reserved  national  point  of  view 
there  would  be  something  a  little  forced  and  extravagant  in  these 
displays  of  the  national  flag.  Yet  another  speaker  asked,  amidst 
renewed  laughter,  whether  to  fly  the  flag  of  the  United  Kingdom 
over  schools  would  conduce  to  harmony  in  Ireland.  Needless  to 
say  the  proposal  was  lost.  Amid  the  right  surroundings  ridicule- 
even  good-humoured  ridicule — is  a  potent  weapon. 

Now  no  one  questions  the  old-world  patriotism  or  loyalty  of  the 
House  of  Lords,  though  there  are  passages  in  the  speeches  quoted 
above  which  may  lead  us  to  doubt  whether  some  of  its  members 
quite  realise  the  ways  of  the  boys  and  girls  who  attend  our  public 
elementary  schools.     But  there  are  also  a  patriotism  and  a  loyalty 
less  exclusive  in  character  which  are  the  inheritance  of  the  great 
daughter  States  of  the  Empire.     Manitoba  flies  the  Union  Jack  not 
as  the  emblem  of  Manitoba  only,  or  of  Canada  only,  but  also  as  the 
flag  of  the  United  Kingdom  and  of  the  whole  British  system  of 
States.     Were  it  simply  the  flag  of  Manitoba,  she  might  be  content 
to  keep  it  in  the  school  locker,  and  her  law-givers  possibly  would 
feel  entitled  to  jest  as  wittily  in  regard  to  its  connotative  association 
with  school  hours  as  any  legislator  of  our  Upper  House.     But  to 
remind  her  children  of  the  joint  privileges  and  responsibilities]^  f 
our  race,  of  its  unforgotten  history,  and  of  its  anticipated  federal 
triumphs,  Manitoba  unfurls  the  Union  Jack  over  every  one  of  her 
school-houses.      In  her  view  it  is  the  emblem  of  that  sea-power 
which  converts  the  oceans  into  the  highways  of  our  civilisation,  not 
the  mere  Union  Flag  which  denotes  a  more  recent  and  closer  associa- 
tion between  the  various  parts  of  the  British  Isles.     The  day  when 
she  sees  the  same  flag  floating  over  each  of  the  State-aided  schools 
in  England,  she  will  know  that  we  have  abandoned  some  of  our 
national   reserve   in  favour   of   such   an   outspoken   expression  of 
comradeship  as  will   do  much  to  overcome  the  other  difficulties 
in  the  way  of  any  closer  union.     For  when  we  talk  of  the  flag  of 
the  "  United  Kingdom,"  rather  than  of  the  British  Empire,  when 
we  speak  of  "  other  countries  knowing  their  own  business  "  in  such 
a  way  as  apparently  to  include  integral  parts  of  Canada  and  Aus- 
tralia under  the  head  of  other  countries,  we  show  how  remote  from 
the  present  imagination  of  some  of  us  is  that  wider  national  ideal 
which  Colonial  statesmen  already  see  so  clearly.     I  am  far  from 
wishing  to  attach  too  much  importance  to  the  episode  in  the  House 
of  Lords,  for  everyone  knows  that  it  is  our  usual  habit  to  cover 
genuinely  strong  emotion  under  a  laugh.  -Indeed,  to  my  mind -it  is 


Federal  Tendencies  in  Education.  95 

certain  that  the  very  legislators  who  spoke  after  this  fashion,  and 
who  voted  against  the  proposal  about  the  Union  Jack,  would  have 
taken  quite  a  different  tone,  and  hesitated  to  negative  the  motion, 
had  they  realised  the  disappointment  with  which  their  words  might 
be  read  in  the  far  distant  parts  of  Greater  Britain/  Our  Colonies 
may  justly  say  that  other  countries  do  know  their  own  business  in 
flying  the  national  flag  over  their  school-houses,  when  they  find 
among  these  countries  the  United  States  and  Germany,  nations 
which  have  both  surmounted  a  good  many  of  the  obstacles  to  closer 
union  which  still  beset  our  own  path. 

The  first,  then,  of  the  federal  tendencies  in  education  which  I 
wish  to  emphasise  to-night  is  the  growing  tendency,  especially  out- 
side the  British  Isles  themselves,  to  dwell  upon  symbols  of  a  larger 
national  unity.  The  flag  is  not  the  only  symbol  of  this  kind. 
Empire  Day  is  obtaining  a  wide  acceptance  in  the  Colonies  as  a 
school  festival.  We  cannot,  however,  rest  permanently  content  that 
while  among  our  kinsmen  overseas  both  legislators  and  officials  are 
striving  hard  to  create  a  habit  of  mind  in  the  young  favourable  to 
the  ultimate  consolidation  of  our  common  interests  and  responsi- 
bilities, the  same  object  in  the  United  Kingdom  should  be  left  to 
private  associations,  or  to  the  voice  of  individuals  who,  through 
travel  and  intercourse  with  Englishmen  under  other  skies,  realise 
the  importance  of  symbolism  as  a  preservative  of  national  memories 
and  aspirations.  For  these  reasons  many  of  us  would  welcome  a 
government  measure  to  make  compulsory  in  all  State-aided  schools 
the  hoisting  of  the  national  flag  and  the  observance  of  Empire 
Day.  Let  us  not  be  the  last  of  our  kinsmen  to  teach  our  children 
to  rejoice  in  that  great  purpose  which  has  permitted  British  ideals 
of  civilisation  to  extend  to  the  uttermost  parts  of  the  earth. 

II. — INTEECHANGE  OF  TEACHEKS. 

I  will  now  turn  to  another  federal  tendency  in  education  which 
has  also  as  yet  been  only  partially  developed.  You  must  all  retain 
a  vivid  recollection  of  that  period  in  the  history  of  the  late  South 
African  War  when  the  concentration  camps  had  grown  to  a  size 
which  strained  our  civilian  as  well  as  our  military  resources.  The 
camp  schools  for  the  Dutch  children  were  then  increasing  almost 
as  rapidly  as  the  number  of  refugees  themselves,  and  absorbed  not 
only  every  South  African  teacher  who  was  willing  and  able  to  give 
his  or  her  service  in  the  cause  of  education,  but  stood  in  urgent 
need  of  recruits  from  other  sources.  Two  thousand  teachers 


96  Federal  Tendencies  in  Education. 

volunteered  their  services  from  Great  Britain  alone,  and  among 
these  there  would  have  been  no  difficulty  in  selecting  the  whole  of 
the  three  hundred  who  were  required.  But  the  two  great  civil 
administrators  in  whose  hands  the  fortunes  of  the  new  Colonies 
rested  at  that  time,  and  whose  work  in  concert  will  always  be 
remembered  with  admiration  and  gratitude  by  those  who  had  the 
good  fortune  to  serve  under  them,  determined  to  offer  one  hundred 
of  the  appointments  to  teachers  from  Canada,  Australia,  and  New 
Zealand.  This  supply  of  teachers  on  what  may  be  called  a  federal 
basis  had  far-reaching  consequences  of  which  we  have  by  no  means 
yet  seen  the  end.  Nothing  surprised  me  more  at  first  than  the 
way  in  which  Canadian  teachers  in  the  camp  schools  spoke  openly 
and  without  reserve  of  their  pride  in  the  Empire.  It  did  not  seem 
unnatural  that  to  their  fellow- subjects  they  should  declare  the  faith 
which  was  in  them,  though  that  national  reserve  on  which  I  have 
already  dwelt  to-night  sometimes  made  it  difficult  to  respond  to 
their  sentiments  with  the  same  heartiness.  But  they  spoke  in  just 
the  same  way  to  the  Dutch,  who  at  that  time  owned  allegiance 
elsewhere,  and  the  Dutch  seem  to  like  their  frankness.  Doubtless 
the  wives  of  the  burghers  in  the  field  realised  that  the  Canadians 
expected  them  to  be  no  less  fervently  loyal  towards  their  own  re- 
publican governments,  and  so  did  not  feel  wounded  in  spirit  by  an 
unrestrained  expression  of  feelings  from  which  the  note  of  criticism 
was  altogether  absent. 

Of  course  the  supply  of  teachers  from  one  part  of  the  Empire  to 
another  was  no  new  thing.  The  United  Kingdom  has  always  sent 
many  teachers  to  each  of  the  Colonies  in  their  early  stages,  The 
eastern  provinces  of  Canada  have  in  like  manner  been  drawn  upon 
by  the  western  provinces  for  their  school- staff.  New  South  Wales 
is  still  sending  many  of  her  best  teachers  to  Western  Australia  (or 
was  doing  so  quite  recently)  and  so  on.  But  an  over-sea  supply  of 
Colonial  teachers  must  still  be  rare,  and  on  such  a  scale  as  that 
witnessed  during  the  war,  unique. 

It  will  be  observed  that  the  flow  of  teachers  has  hitherto  almost 
always  set  from  the  older  to  the  newer  country.  A  reversal  of  this 
flow,  or  rather  a  real  interchange  of  teachers  between  the  homeland 
and  other  self-governing  British  States,  even  if  for  short  periods, 
would  have  much  to  recommend  it,  and  might  in  course  of  time 
become  not  unusual.  Of  no  less  importance  would  be  an  inter- 
change of  inspectors  of  schools,  and  in  one  instance,  possibly  in 
more,  this  has  actually  been  accomplished.  The  advantages  do  not 
lie  altogether  in  a  more  complete  realisation  by  school-children  of 


Federal  Tendencies  in  Education.  97 

the  conditions  of  life  in  other  parts  of  the  Empire :  each  such 
transfer  also  tends  to  break  down  the  barriers  formed  by  ever  so 
slight  a  difference  in  manners  and  even  in  pronunciation  of  our 
language.  Teachers  study  these  things  as  others  do  not,  and  I 
have  little  doubt  but  that  in  time  there  will  arise  a  school  of 
phonetics  of  which  the  aim  will  be  to  produce  a  standard  pronun- 
ciation of  English  throughout  the  King's  dominions.  One  of  the 
inspectors  of  schools  in  the  Orange  Eiver  Colony  (himself  a 
Scotchman)  observed  to  me  that  it  was  an  awesome  experience 
to  hear  Dutch  children  reciting  Scotch  poetry  taught  to  them  by 
English  women. 

III. — COLLEGIATE  EDUCATION. 

I  pass  on  now  to  movements  especially  characteristic  of  higher 
education.  First  let  us  consider  the  unceasing  stream  of  young 
men  in  good  circumstances  which  flows  from  the  various  parts  of 
Greater  Britain  through  our  ancient  Universities  ;  a  movement 
which  in  the  case  of  Oxford  has  been  so  powerfully  reinforced  during 
the  last  few  years  owing  to  the  bequest  of  the  great  South  African 
whose  loss  we  still  deplore.  If  we  think  of  the  late  Mr.  Rhodes 
and  of  Dr.  Parkin  in  this  connection,  as  a  few  minutes  ago  we 
thought  of  Mr.  Chamberlain  and  of  Lord  Milner,  we  shall  have 
gone  some  way  to  realise  the  sum  of  the  great  personal  forces  which 
in  our  own  day  have  applied  themselves  to  Imperial  federation  and 
to  education  as  two  of  the  main  instruments  for  our  national 
regeneration.  Lord  Curzon  in  India  has  used  his  viceregal  powers 
in  a  similar  direction.  But  it  would  be  an  error  of  the  first  magni- 
tude to  associate  such  beliefs  with  any  party  creed.  Lord  Eosebery 
and  Mr.  Haldane  witness  to  us  that  all  schools  of  political  thought 
look  to  higher  education  as  a  non-party  means  of  bringing  the 
various  parts  of  the  Empire  into  closer  relations. 

From  the  point  of  view  of  our  larger  national  character  it  is 
difficult  to  put  too  great  a  value  upon  the  influence  exerted  by  such 
a  circulation  of  students  through  the  very  heart  of  our  higher 
educational  system.  Especially  is  this  so,  if  we  include,  as  purt  of 
the  college  system,  those  great  collegiate  and  grammar  schools, 
commonly  known  as  the  public  schools,  to  which  our  kinsmen  send 
their  sons  in  ever-increasing  numbers.  But  there  are  also  dangers 
in  this  form  of  education  against  which  we  must  be  ever  watch- 
ful. The  first  is  a  danger  which  was  foreseen  when  for  the 
Rhodes  scholars  the  age  of  entrance  to  the  Oxford  Colleges  was 
generally  placed  as  high  as  twenty-two.  In  the  impressionable 


98  Federal  Tendencies  in  Education. 

years  between  fourteen  and  the  age  just  mentioned,  the  picked 
youth  of  Greater  Britain  who  are  sent  home  for  their  education 
may  easily  acquire  a  point  of  view  unsuited  to  the  life  to  which  they 
will  have  to  return,  a.  point  of  view  which  leads  to  a  very  noticeable 
restraint  of  the  emotions  as  the  first  condition  of  "  good  form." 
Again,  there  is  a  danger  lest  facilities  for  evading  hard  intellectual 
work,  or  for  prosecuting  studies  only  up  to  a  point  at  which  they 
still  remain  barren,  should  militate  against  the  desire  of  young 
men  for  that  effective  and  strenuous  use  of  their  powers  in  the  after 
business  of  life  which  the  descendants  of  all  Colonists  expect  of 
their  children.  We  may  grant  the  existence  of  such  dangers,  and 
yet  perceive  that  in  these  schools  and  colleges  we  have  unexampled 
means  of  handing  on  traditions  of  unselfish  service  in  the  cause  of 
State  and  Empire,  and  of  ridding  our  wealthier  classes — especially 
such  as  possess  riches  without  obvious  responsibilities — of  that 
littleness  of  spirit  which  might  otherwise  be  their  bane.  To  my 
mind  the  question  whether  the  newer,  self-governing  communities 
under  the  Crown  shall  approximate  in  their  growth  to  the  American 
democracies,  or  to  our  own  democratic  forms  of  social  development, 
is  closely  bound  up  with  the  type  of  education  which  their  natural 
leaders  are  destined  to  receive. 

This  type  cannot  be  adequately  ensured  through  the  public  schools 
and  colleges  of  Great  Britain  alone.  There  are  many  well-to-do 
parents  who  for  the  reasons  given  above,  or  because  they  are  not 
prepared  to  face  so  long  a  separation  from  their  children,  now 
prefer  to  have  them  brought  up  in  the  land  of  their  birth.  Assuredly 
the  number  of  Colonial-bred  youths  of  parents  in  easy  circumstances 
will  increase  out  of  all  proportion  to  the  number  of  those  who  are 
thus  sent  home  for  their  education.  Some  of  my  hearers  must 
know  what  extraordinary  efforts  have  been  made  not  only  in 
Canada,  but  also  in  Australia,  in  New  Zealand,  and  in  South  Africa, 
to  reproduce  in  the  Colonies  themselves  the  kind  of  education  which 
we  are  now  considering.  In  this  endeavour  all  the  leading  churches 
have  had  their  part.  I  could  name  schools  and  colleges,  approxi- 
mating more  or  less  to  the  English  type,  which  owe  their  origin  to 
the  Roman  Catholic,  the  Presbyterian,  the  Wesleyan,  and  the  Baptist 
churches.  But  it  will  generally  be  acknowledged  that  in  comparison 
.with  her  insufficient  means,  and  her  small  percentage  of  population 
away  from  home,  the  Church  of  England  has  done  most  in  this 
cause.  In  South  Africa,  during  those  troubled  years  which  are  now 
passing  into  history,  some  of  our  administrators  came  to  realise  that 
the  former  boys  of  St.  Andrew's  College,  Grahamstown  (to  take  one 


Federal  Tendencies  in  Education.  99 

example),  could  be  relied  upon  at  a  pinch.  Doubtless  there  are  here 
to-night  those  who  can  speak  of  other  schools  in  other  parts  of  the 
British  dominions  producing  as  staunch  a  type  of  Englishman. 
Yet  if  I  were  asked  whether  I  thought  it  possible  for  the  Church  of 
England,  or  any  other  church  or  combination  of  churches,  to  supply 
a  sufficient  number  of  the  right  kind  of  these  colleges  and  schools, 
my  answer  would  have  to  be  in  the  negative.  Nor  does  it  seem  to 
me  to  be  probable  that  pious  benefactors  will  ever*give  with  as  free  a 
hand  for  educational  purposes  to  any  of  the  present  denominational 
organisations  over-seas  as  the  benefactors  of  old  gave  to  an  undivided 
national  church. 

There  is,  however,  another  way  by  which  the  same  end  may  be 
reached.  In  my  belief  we  shall  see  before  long  a  tendency  com- 
plementary to  that  which  gathers  our  Colonial  youth  into  English 
institutions.  Oar  great  public  schools  and  colleges  ought  to  realise 
that  at  no  distant  date  they  may  themselves  be  asked  to  extend  into 
Greater  Britain.  Someone  as  far-sighted  as  William  of  Wykeham 
will  find  the  means  to  accomplish  the  task.  Or  another  royal  patron, 
dreaming  even  a  greater  dream  than  the  youthful  Henry  of  Windsor, 
and  realising  that  his  Ministers  of  State  in  the  future  are  likely  to 
be  drawn  no  less  from  his  dominions  beyond  the  seas  than  from 
this  island  realm,  may  devote  his  energies  to  planting  in  the  Colonies 
off-shoots  of  these  nurseries  of  bygone  and  present  statesmen. 

Were  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  newly  endowed  with  property 
sufficient  to  found  another  Trinity  with  the  same  aims  in  Canada, 
will  anyone  tell  me  that  my  old  college  would  decline  the  responsi- 
bility of  associating  herself  with  one  of  the  Canadian  Universities  ? 
If  Winchester  or  Eton  were  left  by  will  the  estate  of  some  mil- 
lionaire to  establish  great  Colonial  schools  in  Australia  and  South 
Africa  after  their  own  model,  should  we  find  the  governing  body 
and  headmaster  shrinking  from  doing  their  utmost  to  carry  into 
effect  the  terms  of  the  benefaction  ?  As  the  wealth  of  our  Colonies 
begins  to  approach  the  present  wealth  of  the  United  States,  we  have 
good  reason  to  suppose  that  the  endowments  of  higher  education  by 
individuals  will  be  equally  princely.  And  I  do  not  think  it  a  far- 
fetched idea  that  such  benefactors  will  avail  themselves  of  agencies, 
which  are  still  moulding  the  character  of  our  English  youth  to  take 
an  honourable  part  in  public  affairs,  in  order  to  sustain  civic  ideals 
at  the  same  high  level  in  their  own  British  territories.  Every  shrewd 
man  of  affairs  knows  the  advantage  of  starting  a  branch  house  of 
business  with  the  credit  and  tradition  of  the  old  firm  rather  than  of 
attempting  to  begin  business  all  over  again  in  a  new  land. 

E  2 


100  Federal  Tendencies  in  Education. 

I  have  been  led  from  the  consideration  of  an  actual  centripetal 
tendency  in  the  higher  education  of  the  English  race  to  the  con- 
sideration of  a  centrifugal  tendency  which  in  certain  aspects  has 
scarcely  yet  begun  to  manifest  itself.  I  may  be  accused  of  having 
urged  this  policy  of  college  extension  on  various  occasions  and  in 
various  ways.  Well,  it  is  King  Charles'  head  to  me,  and  I  fancy 
this  will  not  be  ^ie  last  time  when  I  shall  bring  forward  the  subject 
for  public  discussion,  perhaps  even  less  appropriately  than  to-nighfc. 
Before  changing  the  theme,  I  will  dare  to  add  that  such  a  new 
departure  would  provide  the  Cambridge  Colleges  with  a  Colonial 
interest  no  whit  inferior  to  that  which  Oxford  has  found  in  her 
Rhodes  scholars. 

IV. — THE  LONDON  UNIVERSITY. 

With  your  permission  I  will  now  pass  on  to  quite  a  different 
federal  stimulus  in  education  of  which  the  London  University  in  its 
purely  examinational  aspect  must  be  considered  to  be  a  first  cause. 
From  the  educational  point  of  view  much  fault  may  rightly  be  found 
with  many  of  the  forms  of  study  which  are  promoted  by  external 
examination.  Yet  if  the  choice  lay  between  this  kind  of  knowledge 
and  no  knowledge  at  all,  most  of  us  would  declare  for  an  all-em- 
bracing examination  system.  And  at  any  rate,  from  an  Imperial 
point  of  view,  the  University  of  London  has  centred  the  thoughts  of 
many  of  our  fellow  subjects  in  all  parts  of  the  British  dominions 
upon  the  value  of  some  unity  of  educational  aim,  even  though  it  be 
only  a  unity  of  standard. 

The  success  of  the  London  system  has  been  greatest  in  localities 
in  which  the  tutorial  system  of  Oxford  and  Cambridge  would  be 
established  with  the  most  difficulty.  Thus  not  only  differences  of 
language,  creed  and  colour,  but  also  physical  obstacles  to  locomotion, 
have  made  collegiate  life  difficult  of  attainment  in  India  and  South 
Africa,  and  in  both  these  countries  the  London  University  has  had 
immense  influence.  I  do  not  mean  that  she  has  left  other  parts  of 
the  Empire  untouched;  far  from  it.  But  in  both  the  countries 
named  the  Universities  founded  in  imitation  of  the  London 
University  have  continued  in  a  special  degree  to  do  their  work 
on  the  same  lines  as  their  prototype.  In  India,  above  all,  the 
inherent  weakness  of  any  scheme  of  University  extension  with- 
out adequate  teaching  traditions  has  been  fully  revealed.  The 
claim  to  unity  of  standard  which  was  the  great  federal  strength 
of  the  London  University  has  been  destroyed,  and  the  impulse 


Federal  Tendencies  in  Education*  101 

to  organic  reconstruction  on  an  independent  basis  afforded  by 
the  right  kind  of  collegiate,  or  even  of  civic,  life  is  almost  wholly 
absent. 

It  is  a  pity  that  a  University  which  is  potentially  an  Imperial 
factor  of  such  magnitude  has  been  so  long  in  introducing  reforms 
into  her  own  organisation  which  would  again  have  spread  from 
that  centre  to  the  confines  of  the  British  dominions.  Why  has 
there  been  this  delay  ?  The  truth  is  that  the  University  in 
question,  like  London  herself,  has  suffered  from  the  very  calls 
upon  her  energies  which  the  Empire  in  general  has  made.  Both 
one  and  the  other  have  been  too  busy  with  questions  beyond  their 
own  immediate  borders  to  attend  to  matters  of  internal  reorganisa- 
tion. That  period,  however,  has  come  to  an  end,  and  the  more 
pressing  reforms  in  local  self-government  have  been  effected. 
Internal  students  will  now  have  in  many  ways  extraordinary 
advantages  in  London  for  technical  education  of  all  sorts,  as  has 
been  clearly  pointed  out  by  the  present  Minister  for  War.  A 
period  of  centripetal  action  is  beginning  which  tends  to  draw 
together  students  from  all  parts  of  the  Empire  in  order  to 
study  educational  and  economic  conditions  in  the  vastest  social 
laboratory  which  the  world  can  offer. 

Thus  the  pressing  need  for  the  London  University  has  been 
exactly  opposite  to  the  need  which  the  older  collegiate  societies  left 
unsupplied  :  the  one  never  exerted  its  proper  influence  at  the  centre, 
the  others  neglected  to  carry  abroad  their  splendid  traditions  in 
regard  to  corporate  student  life.  How  far  the  former  is  as  yet  from 
realising  her  present  opportunities  is  shown  by  the  fact  that  a  most 
important  conference  between  University  officers,  having  as  its 
object  the  comparison  of  the  value  of  degrees  in  allied  Colonial 
Universities  and  the  conditions  of  post-graduate  study,  was 
brought  about  a  few  years  ago  by  a  private  member  of  the 
House  of  Commons.  Yet  here  surely  was  the  very  occasion  for 
direct  action  on  the  part  of  the  London  University,  which  by 
making  such  conferences  periodical,  and  by  placing  at  the  service 
of  the  whole  body  of  Universities  her  own  official  organisation, 
would  have  increased  enormously  the  usefulness  of  the  conference 
in  question.  Matters  relating  to  equivalent  standards  of  matricula- 
tion and  to  courses  of  undergraduate  study  should  clearly  also  be 
dealt  with  on  these  occasions.  The  whole  history  of  the  London 
University  marks  this  question  as  her  own.  While  readjusting  her 
internal  economy,  she  must  not  forget  to  look  outwards  at  the 
same  time. 


102  Federal  Tendencies  in  Education. 


V. — ADMINISTRATIVE  FEDERAL  TENDENCIES. 

In  point  of  fact,  all  reformers  have  been  so  closely  occupied  at  home 
daring  the  last  decade,  repairing  the  mechanism  of  their  own  school 
and  university  administration,  that  educational  movements  in  other 
parts  of  the  King's  dominions  making  for  closer  union  have  scarcely 
received  the  consideration  which  they  deserve.  England,  Scotland, 
and  Ireland  have  each  been  busy  with  their  own  reforms  in  different 
directions  and  without  adequate  consultation  with  one  another. 
Had  there  been  any  tendency  towards  the  integration  of  educational 
effort  in  the  United  Kingdom  itself,  these  federal  movements  else- 
where would  doubtless  have  attracted  more  attention. 

Tn  India  the  case  is  very  different  and  is  specially  remarkable. 
She  has  lately  appointed  an  education  officer  to  link  together  the 
school  aims  of  the  various  provinces.  The  Director- General  does 
not  relieve  the  local  Directors  of  Education  of  any  of  their  adminis- 
trative functions,  but  he  collates  their  work  and  enables  the  Viceroy 
and  his  Council  to  keep  adequate  touch  of  educational  progress  in 
each  of  the  great  divisions  of  the  Indian  Empire.  This  in  itself  is  a 
long  step  forward.  It  has  been  suggested  to  me  by  someone  especially 
conversant  with  the  educational  conditions  of  the  Crown  Colonies 
that  a  similar  step  might  be  taken  with  advantage  by  the  Colonial 
Office.  An  Education  Adviser  whose  duty  it  was  systematically  to 
record  and  compare  school  progress  in  the  Crown  Colonies  might 
exercise  great  influence,  especially  upon  the  advancement  of  native 
education.  His  occasional  visits  to  these  Colonies  would  do  much 
co  remove  the  sense  of  isolation  under  which  the  various  Superin- 
tendents of  Education  carry  on  their  work. 

In  South  Africa  the  High  Commissioner  possesses  his  Education 
Adviser  whose  chief  duty  it  has  hitherto  been  to  report  on  native 
education  in  the  various  territories,  such  as  Basutoland,  which 
are  under  direct  Imperial  control.  But  the  influence  of  an 
official  of  this  kind  does  not  end  with  those  territories.  The  pro- 
posal for  a  native  college  supported  financially  by  the  various 
Colonial  governments,  a  proposal  which  is  now  not  unlikely  to  be 
realised,  is  directly  connected  with  the  means  at  the  disposal  of  the 
High  Commissioner  for  investigating  the  condition  of  the  natives, 
not  of  this  or  that  Colony,  or  this  or  that  Imperial  Territory,  but  of 
the  larger  part  of  the  Bantu  tribes  south  of  the  Zambesi. 

Now  given  a  meeting  between  the  Education  Adviser  to  the 
Viceroy  of  India,  the  Education  Adviser  to  the  High  Commissioner 
of  South  Africa,  and  the  suggested  Education  Adviser  for  the 


Federal  Tendencies  in  Education.         -  103 

Crown  Colonies,  each  charged  with  the  duty  of  reporting  to  his 
chief  in  regard  to  possible  common  action  in  the  field  of  native 
education,  there  is  reason  to  think  that  important  results  might 
follow.  For  instance,  let  us  consider  what  these  three  officers 
would  be  likely  to  recommend  with  regard  to  the  two  extremes 
of  school  studies— namely,  university  and  elementary  educa- 
tion. They  might  agree  that  there  ought  only  to  be  one  set  of  Uni- 
versity standards  for  European  sthd  native  graduates  alike,  the  sub- 
jects of  study  and  the  language  being  the  same  for  all.  That  would 
be  equivalent  to  a  declaration  on  their  part,  with  all  the  weight  of 
their  official  experience  and  means  of  knowledge  behind  them,  that 
the  menial  powers  of  the  picked  men  among  the  coloured  races 
should  be  cultivated  by  seeking  the  same  goal  as  the  white  races 
seek  in  the  case  of  their  picked  men.  On  the  other  hand,  they 
might  be  unanimous  in  declaring  that  at  the  outset  of  school  life  it 
was  best  to  employ  different  methods  of  teaching  for  different  races, 
and  that  the  elementary  school  courses  for  natives  ought  in  many 
respects  to  be  distinct  from  the  corresponding  school  courses  for 
Europeans.  In  India  we  know  that  this  is  the  view  which  now 
prevails,  but  in  South  Africa  such  a  conclusion  put  into  practice 
would  work  a  revolution  in  the  school  system.  Thus  results  of  the 
greatest  importance  for  the  happiness  and  development  of  character 
of  the  immense  native  population  \vithin  the  British  Dominions 
might  follow  from  the  recognition  of  the  value  of  a  few  expert 
school  councillors  having  a  sufficiently  wide  outlook. 

Probably  your  minds  have  already  begun  to  travel  beyond  this 
point  to  the  consideration  of  the  importance  of  similar  staff  appoint- 
ments in  connection  with  the  education  of  the  white  races  in  Canada 
and  Australia.  It  is  unfortunate  that  the  federal  constitutions  have 
made  no  provision  for  any  general  oversight  of  education  in  either 
the  Dominion  or  Commonwealth.  In  the  case  of  Canada  education 
is  expressly  placed  under  provincial  control,  while  in  Australia  there 
is  no  reservation  of  any  educational  responsibilities  to  the  govern- 
ment of  the  Commonwealth,  and  therefore,  according  to  the  consti- 
tution, all  powers  of  this  nature  are  exercised  by  each  State.  It  is 
much  to  be  hoped  that  when  the  federation  of  the  South  African 
Colonies  is  being  practically  considered  some  such  office  as  that 
which  I  have  still  the  honour  to  hold  will  be  attached  to  the  esta- 
blishment of  the  Governor-General. 

By  means  of  a  very  small  number  of  appointments  of  this  sort,  the 
work  of  any  central  Bureau  of  Education  which  may  be  established 
hereafter  would  be  much  lightened,  and  the  conclusions  to  be 


104  Federal  Tendencies  in  Education. 

drawn  from  the  mass  of  school  statistics  obtained  under  a  great 
variety  of  conditions  would  be  placed  upon  a  sounder  basis.  More- 
over, there  would  be  a  greatly  increased  probability  that  these 
conclusions  would  be  actually  utilised,  since  the  Education 
Advisers  would  have  an  amount  of  leisure  to  study  documents 
issued  by  the  central  office,  such  as  no  administrator  of  a  large 
school  system  could  possibly  possess.  At  the  same  time  he  ought 
to  be  sufficiently  in  touch  with  Individual  heads  of  departments 
to  be  able  to  urge  with  effect  the  value  of  the  conclusions  applicable 
to  their  schools  respectively.  To  my  mind  this  would  be  an 
improvement  upon  the  type  of  Bureau  at  Washington.  As  regards 
the  constitutional  difficulty  that  Canada  and  Australia  would  be 
unable  to  vote  supplies  towards  the  organisation  of  an  educational 
General  Staff,  a  difficulty  which  may  not  previously  have  occurred 
to  some  of  my  hearers,  I  feel  no  little  confidence  that  if  the  arrange- 
ments for  a  central  office  for  the  whole  Empire  were  in  actual 
contemplation,  the  various  legislatures  within  the  Dominion  and 
the  Commonwealth  would  make  it  legally  possible  for  the  States 
which  they  represented  to  share  the  advantages  of  what  may 
perhaps  be  called  "the  brain  of  the  educational  army."  Such 
a  bureau  could  not,  however,  be  merely  an  appendage  of  the 
English  Board  of  Education,  as  is,  for  instance,  the  present  De- 
partment of  Special  Inquiries.  It  would  have  to  be  placed  upon 
some  federal  basis. 

But  without  so  great  a  step  in  advance  as  this,  involving  con- 
stitutional changes,  it  might  still  be  possible  to  make  the  depart- 
ment last  mentioned  the  rallying-point  for  the  various  educa- 
tional establishments  of  the  British  Isles,  the  expenses  of  its 
maintenance  being  chargeable  no  longer  to  the  English  Board  of 
Education,  but  to  the  Privy  Council  Office.  Its  head  would  then 
become  an  Education  Adviser  for  the  United  Kingdom,  having 
functions  similar  to  the  education  officers  of  whom  I  have  already 
spoken.  He  would  probably  also  be  responsible  (as  at  present)  for 
gathering  less  detailed  information  about  changes  in  the  educa- 
tional systems  of  continental  nations,  since  the  Foreign  Office 
(though  most  ably  served  by  some  of  its  Consular  officers  in  regard 
to  commercial  education)  has  no  special  staff  for  the  purpose. 

This,  however,  is  not  all  that  was  desired  by  the  distinguished 
educationist  into  whose  hands  was  entrusted  the  shaping  of  the 
Department  of  Special  Inquiries.  His  volumes  of  reports  on  the 
Colonial  education  systems,  which  are  no  doubt  well  known  to 
most  of  you,  indicate  that  almost  from  the  first  his  mind  had 


Federal  Tendencies  in  Education.  105 

begun  to  foresee  the  need  of  some  central  office  which  would  bring 
the  various  education  departments  throughout  the  British  Empire 
into  closer  co-operation  with  one  another. 

No  official  means  of  attaining  this  end  having  hitherto  presented 
themselves,  the  heads  of  these  departments  have,  in  characteristic 
British  fashion,  taken  advantage  of  a  private  association  to  effect  their 
purpose.  This  association,  called  "  The  League  of  the  Empire," 
seems  to  have  been  started  at  the  beginning  of  the  present  century 
in  a  very  modest  way,  principally  to  bring  school  children  in 
different  parts  of  the  Empire  into  touch  with  one  another 
through  correspondence.  The  League  probably  had  other  federal 
objects  in  view  from  the  first,  but  certainly  no  one  could  have 
dreamed  that  in  these  few  years  it  should  have  become  accepted 
by  a  number  of  Colonial  Education  Departments  as  their  official 
agency.  Nor  could  its  founders  have  anticipated  that  in  the 
year  1907  the  League  would  be  organising  a  federal  conference  on 
Education  for  the  whole  Empire,  or  that  the  Minister  of  Education 
for  Ontario  in  writing  to  approve  of  that  conference  would  make 
a  special  recommendation  that  the  valuable  work  of  the  League 
should  "  develop  into  a  formally  constituted  Education  Bureau 
like  that  at  Washington."  The  conspicuous  ability  and  devotion 
to  her  work  shown  by  the  honorary  secretary  doubtless  count  for 
much  in  the  success  of  the  League.  The  quiet  influence  exerted 
by  the  distinguished  vice-presidents  and  members  of  the  Council 
in  London  also  counts  for  much.  But  success  in  almost  every  part 
of  the  British  Dominions  so  phenomenal  as  this  indicates  that  those 
officially  responsible  for  education  in  the  Colonies  feel  the  isolation 
in  which  they  stand  one  with  regard  to  another,  and  are  determined, 
if  need  be,  to  storm  the  central  position  which  will  bring  them  all 
into  touch.  If  we  turn  to  the  list  of  subjects  proposed  for  discus- 
sion at  this  conference  we  must,  I  think,  agree  with  the  Superin- 
tendent of  Public  Instruction  for  Quebec  that  "  representatives 
of  the  Education  Departments  throughout  the  Empire  will  have 
most  unusual  opportunities  to  discuss  general  educational  problems, 
and  to  acquire  knowledge  from  the  experience  of  people  working 
towards  the  same  end  under  a  great  variety  of  conditions."  Almost 
all  the  matters  on  which  I  have  spoken  to-night  as  federal  ten- 
dencies in  education  are  included  in  the  aims  of  the  League  and  in 
the  programme  of  the  Conference.  The  value  of  the  flag  and 
Empire  Day,  the  need  for  the  interchange  of  teachers,  the  com- 
parison of  standards  of  education — you  will  find  these  subjects,  and 
many  more,  dealt  with  in  the  last  general  Report  of  the  League. 

E3 


106  Federal  Tendencies  in  Education. 

But  perhaps  the  most  significant  matter  for  discussion  at  the 
Conference  relates  to  the  provision  for  the  supply  and  training  of 
teachers  and  the  conditions  of  their  work  throughout  the  British 
Dominions.  Most  of  us  know  how  lamentably  short  of  some  other 
nations  we  come  in  our  standard  of  training  for  the  profession  of 
teaching.  One  of  the  main  uses  of  a  conference  such  as  that  which 
we  are  considering  is  to  set  a  higher  standard  for  every  part  of 
the  Empire  than  would  be  accepted  without  some  such  federal 
discussion  and  agreement.  Indeed,  I  believe  that  Imperial  fede- 
ration as  a  conception  must  ultimately  stand  or  fall  by  the  test  of 
its  power  to  raise  our  national  ideals.  If  it  can  do  that,  it  is  worth 
fighting  for  at  every  sacrifice  :  if  it  cannot,  there  is  no  such  urgent 
mora  incentive  for  the  struggle  for  unity.  Not  the  mere  material 
advantages  which  we  shall  reap  from  closer  association,  but  the 
higher  sense  of  responsibility  which  it  would  bring,  ought  to  be  the 
final  argument  of  every  statesman  who  is  its  advocate. 

This  is  not  the  proper  occasion  on  which  to  go  carefully  into 
the  matter  of  the  training  of  teachers.  I  will,  therefore,  ask  you  to 
accept  the  statement  that  Germany  without  doubt,  and  the  United 
States  also — certainly  some  of  the  States — have  a  school-staff 
better  equipped  for  their  professional  duties  than  is  the  school- staff 
of  the  British  Isles  or  of  the  rest  of  our  Empire.  I  have  no  doubt 
that  this  fact  will  be  made  abundantly  clear  at  the  Conference 
either  by  myself  if  necessary,  or  as  I  hope,  by  some  other  speaker. 
But  to  my  mind  the  representatives  will  achieve  comparatively 
little  if  they  merely  pass  resolutions  affirming  this  deficiency  in  our 
educational  systems  and  asking  that  it  should  be  remedied.  I  want 
them  to  indicate  the  machinery  by  means  of  which  concerted  action 
can  be  taken  to  raise  the  level  of  professional  qualifications  for  teach- 
ing steadily  and  surely  throughout  the  whole  British  Dominions.  A 
very  little  pressure  of  the  right  sort  would  produce  a  marked  result. 
When  educational  budgets  were  being  prepared,  the  knowledge 
that  there  existed  an  authority  common  to  the  whole  Empire,  to 
which  was  entrusted  the  duty  of  reporting  upon  the  means  ot 
training  and  the  attainments  of  teachers,  and  the  conditions  of  their 
work  would  tend  almost  insensibly  to  increase  the  amount  of  the 
grants  allocated  to  that  purpose.  The  education  advisers  of  whom 
I  have  already  spoken  would  naturally  be  the  foremost  members  of 
such  a  body,  and  with  them  should  be  associated  a  sufficient  number 
of  inspectors,  interchangeable  between  the  different  British  States 
concerned,  to  carry  out  the  duties  assigned  to  them.  That,  then,  is 
qf  tlje  main  objects  tljat  may  be  placed  before  the  Conferepce  ; 


Federal  Tendencies  in  Education.  107 

the  creation  of  an  education  authority  of  this  kind  to  which  all 
parts  of  the  Empire  should  contribute  of  their  means  and  also  of 
their  best  men.  The  constitutional  difficulties  can  be  overcome 
in  one  way  or  another.  The  League  of  the  Empire  may  be  given 
such  an  official  standing  as  to  do  the  work  itself.  Or  the  London 
University  could  be  made  a  truly  Imperial  University  for  this  pur- 
pose. Or  again,  the  Privy  Council  may  throw  off  another  educa- 
tional offshoot  to  replace  the  Committee  for  England  alone  which 
has  now  become  the  Board  of  Education. 

If  the  Conference  were  to  separate  without  achieving  more  than 
this,  it  would  have  been  well  worth  the  while  of  every  Superinten- 
dent or  Director  of  Education  himself  to  be  present,  and  to  use  all 
his  abilities  and  authority  to  put  the  proposal  into  such  a  shape 
as  would  make  it  acceptable  to  his  own  government.     But  there 
is  much  more  than  this   for   the  consideration  of  members,  and, 
therefore,  the  Superintendent  of  Education  for  Nova  Scotia  strikes 
the  right  note  in  saying  that  he  has  arranged  to  accept  the  invita- 
tion himself.     According  to  the  monthly  record  of  the  "  League  of 
the  Empire  "  for  December,  some  permanent  heads  of  Education 
.  Departments  will   be   present   in   person,    others,   as   at   present 
arranged,  will  be  represented  by  deputy.     This  does  not  indicate  by 
any  means  that  the  latter  would  not  generally  be  glad  to  attend 
themselves.    Bat  as  Civil  Servants  they  have  to  obtain  the  leave  of 
their  respective  governments,  and  before  Ministers  of  Education  or 
Prime  Ministers*  will  consent  to  a  certain  dislocation  of  business  in 
the  departments  concerned,  they  want  some  assurance   that  the 
conference  will  be  so  representative  in  character  as  to  make  it  worth 
while  to  give  the  requisite  leave  of  absence.     In  the  case  of  South 
Africa,  I  know  from  private  sources  that  there  is  the  strongest  wish 
on  the  part  of  the  majority  of  heads  of  Education  Departments — 
those  representing  by  far  the  largest  total  of  the  white  population — 
to  be  present  and  to  help  to  guide  the  decisions  of  the  Conference. 
Indeed,  the  Superintendent-General  of  Education  for  Cape  Colony 
himself  appears  to  have  suggested  the  value  of  a  conference  of  this 
nature  on  the  occasion  of  Mr.  Chamberlain's  visit  to  South  Africa. 
The  question,  then,  which  I  wish  to  bring  into  prominence  is  as 
to  the  security  given  to  the  various  Colonial  Governments  that  the 
conference  will  be  thoroughly  representative.     It  is  gratifying  to 
note  that  the  Resident  Commissioner  of  Irish  National  Education 
and  the    Vice-President  of   the    Department   of  Agriculture   and 
Technical  Instruction  for  Ireland  have  both  said  they  will  come 
and  that  they  approve  the  programme.     The  English   Board  of 

£4 


108  Federal  Tendencies  in  Education. 

Education  will  (according  to  the  authority  already  quoted)  be  fully 
represented,  and  its  President  will  preside  at  the  opening  meeting. 
It  remains  apparently  for  the  Scotch  Education  Department  to  make 
a  similar  announcement.  In  the  matter  of  the  training  of  teachers 
the  head  of  that  department  would  speak  with  quite  unusual 
authority. 

What  I  dread  most  is  the  attendance  of  some  heads  of  depart- 
ments at  this  Conference,  while  others  are  represented  by  deputies  ; 
and  then  a  second  meeting  some  years  later  at  which  the  position 
might  be  reversed.  Such  a  result  would  make  both  Conferences 
comparatively  ineffective.  The  success  of  this  inaugural  gathering 
depends  in  truth  on  our  putting  on  one  side  some  of  that  national 
reserve  on  which  I  have  already  dwelt  this  evening.  When  once  our 
home  authorities  have  experienced  the  welcome  which  will  greet  them 
as  soon  as  the  venue  is  changed  to  Montreal  or  Toronto,  to  Sydney  or 
Melbourne,  to  Cape  Town  or  Johannesburg,  this  attitude  will  change. 
I  do  not  mean  that  the  hospitality  shown  to  visitors  will  be  so  much 
greater  in  any  of  these  cities  than  in  London.  What  I  do  mean,  and 
what  I  know  to  be  true  from  my  experience  as  a  mere  unofficial 
inquirer  into  the  educational  work  of  Canada  and  Australia,  is  that 
purely  domestic  concerns  will  be  put  on  one  side  in  preparation  for  the 
Conference,  that  for  the  time  the  principal  officials  will  devote  their 
whole  energies  to  getting  the  greatest  possible  amount  of  good  out  of 
the  various  discussions,  that  they  will  not  only  themselves  speak 
during  the  progress  of  the  Conference,  but  that  they  will  seize  every 
opportunity  outside  the  regular  sessions  to  get  at  the  ideas  of  their 
visitors  and  to  give  them  information  as  to  the  directions  in  which 
they  are  themselves  working  most  hopefully. 

May  we  not  hope  that  the  United  Kingdom  will  set  such  an 
example  upon  this  occasion  as  need  only  be  followed  at  subsequent 
gatherings  of  a  like  nature  ?  If  members  of  the  Eoyal  Colonial 
Institute  who  are  here  to-night,  or  who  read  these  words  in  their 
printed  form,  will  only  help  to  bring  about  this  result,  something 
will  have  been  gained  for  the  closer  union  of  the  Empire 
through  a  channel  which  has  only  lately  been  opened  out.  You, 
who  are  acquainted  with  so  many  phases  of  Colonial  and  home 
thought  in  regard  to  federation,  know  that  the  difficulties  of  the 
problem  are  not  to  be  attacked  from  one  side  or  the  other  only,  and 
that  those  tendencies  in  education  of  which  I  have  spoken  to- 
night (and  others  which  subsequent  speakers  will  doubtless  indicate) 
may,  if  carefully  fostered,  have  an  important  influence  upon  the 
destinies  of  our  race. 


Federal  Tendencies  in  Education.  109 

DISCUSSION. 

THE  CHAIRMAN  :  (The  Right  Hon.  Sir  George  T.  Goldie,K.C.M.G.) : 
I  dare  say  most  of  you  are  aware  that  our  lecturer  had  been  occu- 
pied with  educational  subjects  long  before  he  went  to  South  Africa 
in  1900,  at  Lord  Milner's  special  request.  That  was  a  very  interest- 
ing time  ;  and  when  I  had  the  pleasure  of  meeting  Mr.  Sargant  out 
there,  education  was  very  much  in  the  air  in  connection  with  the 
Concentration  Camps.  As  regards  his  Paper,  there  may  be  some 
differences  of  opinion,  but  I  am  sure  we  shall  all  agree  that  it  is  the 
outcome  of  a  great  deal  of  thought  and  experience,  and  that  it  sug- 
gests even  more  than  it  says.  That  valuable  quality  makes  it 
difficult  to  discuss.  As  to  Empire  Day,  I  would  point  out  that,  so 
far  back  as  1894,  the  Royal  Colonial  Institute  sent  a  memorial  to 
Lord  Rosebery,  who  was  at  that  time,  and  I  believe  is  still,  a  great 
apostle  of  Imperialism.  We  got  a  good  deal  of  sympathy  but  no 
result.  The  country  was  not  ripe  for  it.  Seven  years  afterwards 
we  sent  another  memorial  to  Lord  Salisbury,  who  received  it  in  the 
same  sympathetic  manner.  Nothing  came  of  that,  and  I  think  a 
great  deal  of  education  is  needed  before  the  country  awakes  to  the 
importance  of  this  matter,  or  of  Mr.  Sargant' s  other  proposal  that 
every  school  should  fly  the  Union  Jack  during  school  hours.  Once 
the  nation  is  taught  to  appreciate  the  value  of  such  symbols,  it  will 
be  admitted  that  the  school-house  is  the  proper  place  ;  for  in  most 
villages  throughout  the  Empire  there  are  no  other  public  build- 
ings, except  the  church  (or  chapel),  and  the  public-house.  We 
none  of  us  wish  to  see  emblems  of  secularism  on  the  church  or 
chapel,  and  I  do  not  know  that  the  public-house  is  the  best  place 
with  which  to  associate  Imperialism.  I  shall  not  discuss  the  ques- 
tion whether  the  flag  should  fly  during  school  hours  or  out  of 
school  hours,  as  I  think  that  it  should  fly  all  day  long,  as  aboard 
ship,  until  sunset.  Coming  to  the  question  of  the  interchange 
of  teachers,  Mr.  Sargant  has  himself  pointed  out  the  real 
difficulty.  Hitherto  the  flow  has  been  from  the  old  countries  to 
the  new.  That  is  almost  a  law  of  nature,  like  the  running  of 
water  down  hill.  I  quite  appreciate  the  importance  of  this 
question;  but  I  think  there  will  be  much  difficulty  in  creating. a 
steady  flow  of  teachers  from  newer  countries  into  our  more 
crowded  societies.  The  question  of  collegiate  education  is  of 
special  interest  to  me.  It  is  a  fine  idea,  that  our  great  Institutions 
in  England  should  put  out  young  branches,  representatives  of 
themselves.  I  believe  Mr.  Sargant's  millionaires  will  be  found 


110  Federal  Tendencies  in  Education. 

when  the  idea  is  properly  put  before  them.  '  The  difficulty  is  not  in 
getting  money  but  in  getting  people  to  express  their  ideas  definitely 
and  clearly,  and  to  show  that  they  are  practical.  Really  sound  ideas 
always  find  support,  and  I  hope  what  Mr.  Sargant  says  may  bear  fruit 
later.  As  regards  administrative  federal  tendencies  tbe  subject  is  too 
technical  for  me  to  deal  with.  I  can  only  express  hearty  good  wishes 
for  the  forthcoming  Conference.  Speaking  for  myself,  I  cordially 
sympathise  with  the  general  principles  underlying  Mr.  Sargant's 
paper.  It  is  obviously  of  immense  importance  that  all  the  different 
parts  of  the  Empire  should  have  their  educational  systems  in  close 
relations  with  each  other  rather  than  that  each  should  shut  itself 
within  a  Chinese  wall.  Forty  years  ago  we  were  still  suffering  in 
this  country  under  a  Chinese  system  of  education  which,  happily, 
has  gradually  broken  down  under  the  stimulus  afforded  by  vast 
territorial  expansion.  I  also  recognize  the  importance  of  different 
parts  of  the  Empire  furnishing  the  results  of  their  knowledge  and 
experience  to  some  common  body  which  can  collect  all  the  facts 
and  then  advise  upon  them.  I  believe  that  these  Federal  ten- 
dencies of  education  will  also  tend  to  produce  a  closer  political 
federation,  and  I  am  glad  to  take  the  chair  at  the  reading  of  a 
paper  of  such  value  not  only  to  the  cause  of  education  but  also  to 
the  cause  of  the  Empire. 

Mr.  FABIAN  WARE  :  It  is  rather  a  formidable  task  to  open  a  dis- 
cussion on  Mr.  Sargant's  Paper.  As  anyone  knows  who  has  been 
associated  with  him  he  "  thinks  Imperially,"  and  that  necessitates 
travelling  over  an  enormous  sphere.  First  of  all,  which  is  perhaps 
a  matter  of  detail,  he  referred  to  the  popsibility  of  establishing  some 
standard  of  phonetics  or  pronunciation  throughout  the  Empire.  I 
think  I  know  the  circumstance  which  suggested  that  idea,  because, 
when  in  South  Africa,  I  remember  quite  well  going  to  one  of  the 
Camp  schools  where  we  had  little  Dutch  children  being  taught 
English,  and  in  the  first  tent  they  got  the  Scotch  pronunciation, 
in  the  second  the  Canadian,  in  the  third  the  Yorkshire,  in  the 
fourth  cockney,  and  in  the  fifth  the  Dutch.  In  regard  to  tbe  inter- 
change of  teachers  I  think  we  shall  all  be  glad  Mr.  Sargant  has  not 
ignored  the  fact  that  in  this  matter  the  Mother  Country  has  a  great 
deal  to  learn  from  the  Colonies  as  well  as  to  teach  them.  It  has 
often,  in  fact,  occurred  to  me  we  might  be  helped  in  solving  the 
difficult  question  of  rural  education  if  we  were  only  able  to  bring 
over  some  of  those  Canadian  teachers  particularly  associated  with 
rural  districts.  In  regard  to  federal  tendencies  in  education,  one 
cannot,  of  course,  overlook  certain  tendencies  which  might  make 


Federal  Tendencies  in  Education.  Ill 

rather  for  disintegration.     I   do   not   approach   the   subject  as  a 
pessimist,  but  when  Mr.  Sargant  speaks  of  the  training  of  teachers, 
for  example,  and  asks  us  to  assume  that  the  United  States  and 
Germany  are   ahead  of  us   in   certain   respects,  one  cannot  but 
remember  that  there  is  at  present  a  tendency  in  the  Colonies,  just 
as  Mr.  Mosely  will  tell  us  there  is  in  the  United  States,  to  look  rather 
to  Germany  for  guidance  in  these  matters,  and  certainly  in  the 
matter  of  secondary  education,  and  we  may  have  to  put  our  own 
house  in  order  before  we  are  able  to  go  into  conference  entirely  as 
equals  with  the  Colonies.     It  is  most  encouraging  to  those  of  us 
who  are  inclined  to  consider  Imperialism  has  fallen  on  evil  times 
to  know  that  two  of  the  foremost  educationists  of  the  country,  Mr. 
Sadler  and  Mr.  Sargant,  are  both  devoting  their  attention  to  the 
question  of  an  Imperial  bureau  of  education,  and  we  must  all  wish 
them  success.     Then  there  is  the  question  of  the  Conference.     Mr. 
Sargant,  with  his  practical  instinct,  has  pointed  out  that  little  is  to 
be  gained  from  these  conferences  unless  they  lead  to  definite  results. 
As  he  says,  "  to  my  mind  the  representatives  will  achieve  compara- 
tively little  if  they  merely  pass  resolutions  affirming  certain  defi- 
ciencies in  our  educational  system,  and  asking  that  they  be  remedied." 
That  is  a  point  I  should  like  to  discuss  in  connection  with  the  posi- 
tion of  the  education  advisers  who,  Mr.  Sargant  says,  "  ought  to  be 
sufficiently  in  touch  with  individual  heads  of  departments  to  be 
able  to  urge  with  effect  the  value  of  the  conclusions  applicable  to 
their  schools  respectively."     There  I  think  we  come  to  an  intricate 
and  difficult  question  of  administration.     There  is  raging  at  present 
a  controversy  in  connection  with  the  Education  Department  of  the 
London  County  Council  just  as  formerly  in  connection  with  the 
Intelligence  Branch  of  the  Board  of  Education — a  discussion  as  to 
how  far  it  is  wise  to  separate  administrative  and  advisory  functions. 
In  this  matter  I  should  not  be  inclined  altogether  to  support  his  pro- 
posals.    At  any  rate  they  want  carefully  thinking  out.     Advisory 
and  administrative  functions  cannot  be  separated,  and  those  who  are 
responsible  to  the  people  in  the  different  Colonies  for  educational 
administration  must  be  those  who  meet  together  and  confer  and 
pledge  their  respective  Colonies  to  definite   reforms.     I  think  in 
connection  with  all  questions  affecting  Imperial  organisation  at  the 
present  time  the  great  need  is  that  both  the  Mother  Country,  and 
even  to  a  greater  extent  the  Colonies,  should  recognise  their  respon- 
sibilities.   We  have  had  only  recently  difficulties  over  Newfound- 
land and  New  Hebrides.     There  are  questions  where  I  think  every- 
body will  agree  that  the  Colonies  do  not  recognife  what  are  the 


112  Federal  Tendencies  in  Education. 

responsibilities  with  regard  to  the  action  they  wish  to  be  taken. 
Therefore  do  not  let  us,  when  we  are  suggesting  any  establishment  of 
educational  machinery,  start  by  ignoring  the  great  principle  of  full 
responsibility.  I  feel  that  we  are  greatly  indebted  to  Mr.  Sargant  for 
his  valuable  Paper  and  that  we  shall  all  give  him  all  the  support  in 
our  power  in  carrying  out  many  of  the  ideas  which  he  has  mooted. 
Sir  AETHUE  RUCKEE,  F.R.S. :  I  desire  to  thank  Mr.  Sargant 
most  heartily  for  his  paper,  which  to  me  personally  has  been  most 
helpful  and  useful,  and,  in  support  of  the  general  point  of  view  he 
has  adopted,  to  say  a  few  words  about  our  Colonial  work  in  con- 
nection with  the  University  of  London  ;  and  I  would  first  of  all 
point  out  that,  although  London  has  for  long  been,  and  still  is, 
associated  with  an  examining  system,  that  system  is  now  carried  out 
by  a  senate  which  is  already  one  of  the  largest  teaching  bodies  in 
the  country.  In  the  last  five  years  we  have  seen  the  establishment 
of  a  great  teaching  University  in  London  ;  we  have  no  fewer  than 
twenty-seven  colleges  attached  to  us  on  conditions  very  similar  to 
those  which  obtain  at  Oxford  and  Cambridge.  In  those  colleges 
we  have  3,000  internal  students  all  going  through  a  full  three  years' 
course.  There  is,  therefore,  now  a  real  living  teaching  University 
in  London,  and  the  relations  between  the  University  and  teaching 
are  growing  still  closer.  In  regard  to  the  work  we  do  in  the 
Colonies,  there  are  two  ways  of  co-operation.  The  first  is  by 
making  it  easy  for  Colonial  students  to  come  to  the  Mother 
Country ;  the  second  is  for  British  Universities  to  recognise  or  even 
to  take  some  part  in  educational  work  in  the  Colonies.  As  regards 
the  first,  anyone  who  has  got  a  degree  at  one  of  our  leading 
Colonial  or  Indian  Universities  and  comes  to  London  and  studies 
for  two  years  under  recognised  teachers,  we  put  aside  all  other  ex- 
aminations ;  and  if  he  produces  a  piece  of  original  work  which  is 
considered  worthy,  we  give  him  our  doctorate.  As  to  the  second 
method,  the  University  of  London  does  what  it  can  to  carry  on 
work  in  the  Colonies.  But  here  a  difficulty  arises.  If  a  Colonial 
University  is  already  established,  the  authorities  naturally  show  a 
certain  amount  of  jealousy  if  an  English  University  tries  to 
enter  their  territory  and  do  what  they  regard  as  their  work ; 
and  therefore  we  do  not  attempt  any  work  in  this  direction 
unless  we  are  asked  by  the  Government  of  the  Colony  concerned 
to  do  so.  As  the  result  of  this  rule,  our  examinations  are 
chiefly  carried  on  in  certain  smaller  Colonies — Jamaica,  Mauritius 
and  Lagos  (Southern  Nigeria).  At  such  places  we  hold  examina- 
tions every  year  for  those  who  wish  to  enter  for  them.  Though 


Federal  Tendencies  in  Education.  118 

the  numbers  are  not  great  the  thing  is  important,  because  we  can 
boast  that  in  any  dominion  of  the  crown  it  is  possible  for  a 
candidate  to  test  himself  by  a  high  standard,  and  see  whether  he 
has  succeeded  in  attaining  a  standard  equal  to  that  attained  by  a 
good  English  schoolboy  or  by  a  good  undergraduate.  That  is  an 
Imperial  work  and  we  are  prepared  to  carry  it  on  so  far  as  we  are 
encouraged  to  do  so.  Let  me  give  three  examples  of  our  Colonial 
work.  In  London  we  have  established  a  very  successful  non- 
sectarian  theological  faculty,  and  I  believe  at  the  present  time  at 
the  Cape  there  are  some  eight  or  ten  future  Dutch  pastors  at 
Stellenbosch  who  are  preparing  for  this  degree  of  the  University  of 
London.  There  is,  of  course,  a  difficulty  in  carrying  on  practical 
examinations  over  sea.  But  the  Government  of  Ceylon  recently 
approached  us  and  asked  us  to  carry  out  examinations  for  them 
and  introduce  our  degree  system.  They  were  anxious  we  should 
carry  on  practical  examinations,  and  under  a  scheme  which  I 
prepared  we  are  now  actually  carrying  out  not  only  examinations 
which  require  paper  work  but  also  science  examinations  which 
require  more  than  paper  work.  I  think  that  shows  a  readiness  to 
adapt  ourselves  to  new  conditions.  Again,  Western  Australia  asked 
for  a  university  extension  lecturer  and  we  sent  two  in  two  consecu- 
tive years.  The  reports  we  have  received  show  that  their  lectures 
were  attended  with  great  success.  I  have  been  credibly  informed 
that  students  travelled  a  hundred  miles  to  listen  to  them.  I  would 
further  point  out  that  there  is  already  in  a  quiet  way  a  great  drift 
of  Colonial  students  to  London.  There  are,  I  believe,  something 
like  seventy  Colonists  or  Indians  working  at  University  colleges, 
and  when  the  new  Technological  Institute  is  opened  there  may  be 
a  still  further  development  in  that  direction.  We  shall  certainly 
wish  to  take  part  in  the  forthcoming  Conference.  I  trust  some- 
thing practical  may  come  out  of  it.  I  would  remind  you  there  is 
one  body  that  has  already  gone  to  the  Colonies  several  times,  I 
mean  the  British  Association,  and  that  there  is  connected  with 
that  association  a  good  educational  department.  We  are  going  to 
Winnipeg  in  1909,  and  I  think  these  periodic  visits  to  the  Colonies 
ought  to  be  taken  advantage  of  by  educationists  for  the  purpose  of 
interchanging  ideas,  as  Mr.  Sargant  has  suggested.  In  this  con- 
nection I  would  remind  you  that  some  years  ago  Mr.  Rutherford 
came  from  New  Zealand  to  Cambridge,  where  he  greatly  dis- 
tinguished himself ;  that  he  was  afterwards  appointed  to  the 
Professorship  of  Physics  at  Montreal.  From  thence  he  gained  the 
Fellowship  of  the  Royal  Society  of  London,  and  within  the  last 


114  Federal  Tendencies  in  Education. 

few  days  he  has  been  recalled  to  this  country  as  Professor  in 
the  University  of  Manchester.  That  is  an  instance  of  the  unity  of 
Imperial  education  which  I  trust  may  be  multiplied  a  hundredfold. 
MB.  ALFRED  MOSELY,  C.M.G. :  I  may  say  in  the  first  place  that 
having  lately  returned  from  the  United  States  I  came  here  rather 
as  a  listener  in  order  to  gauge  public  opinion  with  regard  to  this 
question  of  education  which  is  so  much  agitating  our  minds.  I 
was  much  impressed  with  all  that  I  saw  with  regard  to  the  appre- 
ciation of  education  both  in  the  United  States  and  Canada. 
Touching  this  question  of  the  flag.  It  is,  I  think,  of  paramount 
importance  that  the  young  generation  should  be  taught  what  the 
Union  Jack  really  stands  for.  We,  who  have  had  the  privilege  of 
travelling  over  different  parts  of  the  Empire,  realise  that  that  flag 
means  liberty  and  justice  for  all  classes,  all  colours  and  all  denomi- 
nations, but  the  boy  in  the  street  in  London  does  not  realise  that 
fact,  and  I  trust  the  day  is  not  far  distant  when  we  shall  salute  the 
flag  every  day  in  the  public  schools  as  they  do  in  New  York,  and 
even  perhaps  give  some  instruction  as  to  the  meaning  of  that 
emblem.  I  have  been  closely  associated  with  the  interchange  of 
teachers  between  the  Old  and  the  New  World.  At  present  there 
are  some  150  British  teachers  over  there,  something  like  100  re- 
turned, and  there  are  still  some  200  to  go.  Those  who  have 
returned  Come  back  full  of  enthusiasm  for  all  they  have  seen  and 
are  delighted  with  the  enormous  amount  of  kindness  and  hospitality 
showered  011  them.  They  all  come  back  feeling  they  have  learnt 
something  if  it  is  only  the  great  belief  in  education  in  the  New 
World,  a  belief  that  education  stands  for  something  bigger  than 
dollars,  although  the  dollars  are  very  necessary  if  we  are  to  have  a 
thoroughly  thinking  and  civilised  race.  If  you  want  a  man  to 
think  ethically  you  must  first  of  all  give  him  three  meals  a  day  and 
a  comfortable  home,  and  therefore  we  must  teach  our  children  how 
to  earn  an  honest  livelihood  without  which  we  cannot  look  for  any- 
thing in  the  way  of  higher  ethics.  A  large  percentage  of  teachers 
have  gone  to  Canada.  It  is  a  good  thing  they  should  have  some 
glimpse  of  that  great  country.  It  is  indeed  surprising  what  little 
advantage  we  are  taking  of  that  vast  stretch  of  fertile  territory 
while  the  rest  of  the  world  is  gobbling  it  up  and  taking  the  best 
parts  of  it.  People  are  trooping  over  from  the  United  States  and 
other  countries,  whereas  we  are  hardly  taking  any  notice,  and  as 
usual,  after  all  our  work  and  sacrifice,  allowing  others  to  reap  the 
reward.  I  am  in  hopes  that  before  long  we  shall  see  a  larger  flow 
from  the  British  Islands  in  that  direction,  for,  in  my  opinion,  Canada 


Federal  tendencies  in  Education.  115 

is  the  gem  of  the  British  Empire.  I  am  heartily  in  sympathy  with  the 
suggestions  for  interchanging  views,  not  only  between  the  teachers 
of  this  country  and  the  Colonies  and  the  United  States,  but  also 
between  our  teachers  and  those  of  the  Continent.  The  people  in 
the  United  States  have  been  enormously  interested  in  these  Eng- 
lish teachers.  It  has  in  fact  taken  such  a  hold  upon  them  that 
negotiations  are  going  on  between  some  of  the  great  magnates  in 
the  United  States  and  Canada  and  the  shipping  companies  to  bring 
a  large  number  of  teachers  to  this  side  of  the  Atlantic  and  I  can 
only  hope  the  shipping  companies  will  give  the  same  generous 
support  as  did  Mr.  Bruce  Ismay,  with  his  strong  Imperial  instincts, 
who  agreed  to  arrange  500  free  passages  to  the  States  and  Canada. 
It  is  of  paramount  importance  that  we  should  train  those  who  are 
to  train  others,  and  I  hope  we  shall  not  forget  also  that  if  we  want 
to  attract  the  best  brains  we  must  pay  for  them  in  an  adequate 
manner.  As  I  have  said,  in  the  New  World  they  are  realising  the  value 
of  education.  I  think  we  see  the  same  influence  being  awakened  in 
this  country.  We  are  late,  of  course,  but  somehow  the  material  is 
so  good  that  we  generally  come  out  on  the  top  in-  the  long  run. 

Mr.  W.  L.  GRANT  :  I  should  like  to  begin  by  thanking  Mr. 
Sargant  for  his  admirable  paper,  and  especially  to  congratulate 
him  not  only  on  its  matter,  but  on  its  manner.  It  was  delivered 
with  that  restrained  enthusiasm  which  is  surely  the  proper  manner 
of  dealing  with  Imperial  problems,  but  a  manner  not  always  em- 
ployed, for  in  certain  recent  official  utterances  regarding  Imperial 
problems  I  have  noticed  that  the  restraint  has  been  more  obvious 
than  the  enthusiasm,  while  in  certain  unofficial  comments,  both 
written  and  spoken,  the  enthusiasm  has  perhaps  been  more  obvious 
than  restrained.  I  should  like  to  correct  a  misstatement  concerning 
Canada.  Mr.  Mosely  says  that  Great  Britain  is  doing  very  little  to 
take  up  the  available  portions  of  that  country  as  compared  with 
other  countries,  and  especially  the  United  States.  Now  I  have 
gone  into  the"  statistics  and  found  that  the  rush  of  emigration 
which  began  in  1901  has  sent  into  Canada  a  much  larger  number 
of  inhabitants  of  the  British  Islands  than  of  citizens  of  the  United 
States,  of  which,  as  a  Canadian,  I  am  very  glad.  Moreover,  of  those 
so-called  American  emigrants  many  were  born  in  England  or  Scot- 
land, or  are  the  sons  of  Canadians  settled  in  the  United  States.  It 
is  therefore  a  little  unfair  to  represent  Great  Britain  as  having  sent 
so  comparatively  few  emigrants  in  recent  years;  As  to  the  paper 
itself,  I  think  the  subject  of  Imperial  education  is  the  questioner 
excellence  in  which  every  Imperialist  should  be  interested,  Iu 


116  Federal  tendencies  in  Education. 

this  connection  I  wish  to  criticise  a  recent  utterance  of  a  mail 
whom  usually  I  regard  with  respect,  almost  reverence — I  mean 
Lord  Milner.  Speaking  at  Manchester  on  December  14  he  said 
that,  while  of  course  inter-Imperial  knowledge — knowledge  by  the 
Mother  Country  of  the  Colonies,  and  vice  versd — was  all  very  well, 
it  was  equally  our  duty  to  know  as  much  about  foreign  nations ;  and 
he  went  on  to  say  that  the  proper  subject  for  reciprocal  preference 
was  trade.  It  seems  to  me  that,  under  present  conditions,  that  is 
almost  the  reverse  of  the  truth  ;  that  our  duty  is  to  have  good  tariff 
relations  with  all  countries,  whereas  those  to  which  we  should 
afford  an,  intellectual  preference  are  those  which  compose  the 
British  Empire.  The  Empire  is  not  going  to  amount  to  much 
unless  the  ordinary  voter  in  Britain  and  throughout  the  Colonies 
has  a  knowledge  of  and  a  sympathy  with  the  various  countries 
which  compose  the  Empire  and  their  various  problems.  As  yet  we 
have  not  that  knowledge.  It  is  a  commonplace  in  the  Colonies 
how  little  we  know  of  them.  I  may  mention  that  some  years  ago 
the  British  Government  appointed  a  Commission  to  inquire  into 
secondary  education.  This  Commission  sent  out  a  series  of  ques- 
tions to  various  Colonial  authorities,  and  I  have  in  my  possession 
an  envelope  addressed  to  my  father  as  follows: — "The  Rev. 
Principal  Grant,  Queen's  University,  Kingston,  Ontario,  Canada, 
U.S.A."  On  the  other  hand  there  is  an  ignorance  equally  blama- 
ble  that  has  been  a  great  deal  less  spoken  of,  and  that  is  the 
ignorance  in  the  Colonies  of  the  Mother  Country,  and  of  each  other. 
I  should  dearly  like  to  ask  how  many  Australians  in  this  audience 
can  name  all  the  provinces  of  the  Canadian  Dominion,  and  how 
many  Canadians  can  name  the  States  of  the  Australian  Common- 
wealth. There  is,  I  fear,  growing  up  a  type  of  Colonial  Philistine, 
ignorant  of  the  past  and  careless  of  the  present,  who  knows 
nothing  about  the  Empire.  I  notice  the  ridiculous  comments  made 
by  large  portions  of  the  Canadian  Press  on  the  Newfoundland 
affair.  It  was  assumed  that  the  Mother  Country  must  be  wrong 
because  she  did  not  choose  to  back  up  the  extreme  pretensions  of 
Newfoundland  and  her  rather  parochial  legislature — I  was  going 
to  say,  her  Gilbert  and  Sullivan  legislature.  I  see  no  way  so  well 
calculated  to  promote  Imperial  education  as  this  Conference  of 
which  Mr.  Sargant  has  spoken.  It  should  be  taken  up  by  the 
Imperial  Government,  and  I  hope  that  Lord  Elgin,  whom  I  am 
proud  to  consider  a  Canadian,  for  he  was  born  in  Canada,  will 
bring  the  matter  prominently  before  the  coming  Conference  of 
Colonial  Premiers. 


Federal  Tendencies  in  Education.  117 

• 

The  Hon.  T.  A.  BBASSEY  :  The  last  speaker  referred  to  the 
ignorance  which  he  said  prevailed  in  different  portions  of  the 
Empire  regarding  other  portions  of  the  Empire.  That  remark  was, 
I  think,  infinitely  more  true  some  eighteen  years  ago  when  I  was 
associated  with  Dr.  Parkin  and  others  in  the  work  of  the  old 
Imperial  Federation  League.  I  remember  giving  a  good  many 
evenings  when  I  left  the  University  to  lecturing  with  a  magic 
lantern  on  the  voyage  of  the  Sunbeam  with  a  view  to  spreading  a 
knowledge  of  the  Empire  amongst  the  working  classes.  I  am  con- 
vinced that  the  state  of  knowledge  to-day  concerning  the  Empire  is 
vastly  different  amongst  all  classes  of  society  than  it  was  at 
that  time.  The  special  point,  however,  on  which  I  wish  to  say  one 
or  two  words  is  that  there  has  recently  been  formed  in  Montreal  an 
association  of  public  school  men,  of  which  one  of  the  objects  is  to 
give  to  young  men  who  go  out  to  Canada  from  this  country  friendly 
advice  and  assistance  in  finding  employment.  The  Headmasters' 
Conference  here  suggested  that  certificates  should  be  issued  to  such 
young  men  showing  that  they  are  bona  fide  public  school  men  and 
that  they  left  their  schools  with  a  good  character.  To  those  who 
bear  these  credentials  the  Association  in  Canada  is  prepared  to  give 
a  helping  hand.  I  think  that  movement  may  justly  be  considered 
a  federal  tendency  of  education.  Perhaps  I  may  be  allowed  to 
refer  to  another  effort  with  which  I  am  connected.  I  think  few 
people  realise  all  that  is  necessary  in  order  to  bring  some  of  our 
older  institutions  in  this  country  up  to  the  mark.  A  few  years  ago 
Mr.  Ehodes  left  a  large  part  of  his  fortune  to  bring  scholars  from 
the  Colonies  to  Oxford.  He  provided  the  funds  to  maintain  the 
scholars  during  residence,  but  did  not  think  of  the  University  which 
had  to  teach  them.  Few  understand  how  poor  Oxford  is  or  how 
great  is  the  strain  upon  its  resources  in  various  ways.  They  do  not 
realise  that  she  has  not  only  to  provide  for  all  the  new  demands 
made  upon  her  by  the  progress  of  learning  and  science,  but  that 
she  is  unable  to  keep  up  her  older  institutions  in  a  proper  state  of 
efficiency.  Many  new  demands  have  been  made  on  the  University 
owing  to  the  fact  that  this  large  number  of  Rhodes  scholars  have 
gone  there  to  be  educated.  It  is  incumbent,  I  would  urge,  upon  all 
those  who  have  been  connected  with  the  University  to  keep  it  up  to 
the  mark  in  all  respects  and  to  make  it  fitted  to  occupy  its  proper 
place  as  one  of  the  central  teaching  institutions  of  the  Empire. 

Dr.  ALFRED  HILLIER  :  Mr.  Sargant  was  good  enough  to  invite 
suggestions  in  connection  with  the  subject  of  his  most  interesting 
and  instructive  Paper,  and  there  is  just  one  which  half  a  lifetime's 


118       .  Federal  Tendencies  in  Education. 

•& 

experience  of  the  Colonies  leads  me  to  venture  to  make.  It  is  that 
not  only  should  we  bring  Colonial  students  to  our  Universities  in 
the  home  country  and  arrange  for  the  interchange  and  Conference 
of  teachers,  but  that  we  should  have  some  arrangement  whereby 
students  in  our  great  Universities  would  be  able  to  spend  a  term  in 
the  Colonies  themselves.  It  might  be  optional,  I  think,  for  a  man 
who  contemplated  a  career  in  the  outer  marches  of  the  Empire  to 
proceed  while  a  student  to  the  Colonies,  and  there  on  the  spot 
acquaint  himself,  at  a  time  when  his  mind  is  most  receptive,  with 
what  Colonial  life  means  and  what  the  resources  of  our  Colonies 
really  are.  He  would  be  encouraged  to  study  the  ways  and  manners 
of  the  Colonies,  their  history  and  political  constitution,  and  not 
least  their  economical  development.  Such  a  scheme  would  tend 
to  promote  those  Federal  relations  which  we  all  wish  to  see 
developed.  I  would  suggest  that  our  Universities  should  consider 
the  feasibility  of  sending  students  for  a  term  to  the  Colonies,  in 
charge  of  a  Professor  and  tutor,  as  part  of  the  regular  University 
Course. 

The  Hon.  J.  G.  JENKINS  (Agent-General,  South  Australia)  :  In 
reference  to  the  proposed  Advisory  Board  and  general  system  of 
education  I  may  perhaps  state,  as  a  member  of  the  League  of  the 
Empire,  which  has  had  a  good  deal  to  do  with  the  organising  of 
the  Conference,  that  some  of  the  points  touched  upon  to-night  are 
exactly  what  we  wish  to  see  remedied  as  the  result  of  that  Con- 
ference. Keference  has  been  made  to  our  ignorance  of  other  parts 
of  the  Empire.  I  know  the  lamentable  ignorance  of  Australians  in 
reference  to  Canada,  of  Canadians  in  reference  to  Australia,  and 
of  Englishmen  in  reference  to  both,  and  one  of  the  aims  of  the 
Organising  Committee  is  to  establish  some  universal  system  of 
geographical  and  constitutional  education  by  which  students  in 
every  part  of  the  British  Empire  should  know  every  other  part. 

On  the  motion  of  the  Chairman  a  hearty  vote  of  thanks  was 
given  to  Mr.  Sargant  for  his  lecture. 

Mr.  SARGANT  :  I  beg  to  thank  you  for  your  resolution.  We  have 
listened  to  a  really  excellent  discussion  and  to  speeches  which  must 
influence  us  all.  I  feel  that  we  have  had  fresh  lights  thrown  upon 
the  subject.  I  will  now  ask  you  to  give  a  vote  of  thanks  to  the 
Chairman  for  presiding.  It  is  pioneers  and  administrators  like  our 
Chairman  who  have  done  so  much  for  the  extension  of  the  Empire 
and  towards  making  the  people  who  come  under  our  rule  under- 
stand what  British  dominion  means — who  are,  in  fact,  the  truest 
educators  qf  our  coloured  fellow  subjects. 


119 


A  LINK   OF  EMPIRE* 
THE   KOYAL  COLONIAL   INSTITUTE 

ON  March  10,  1869,  at  Willis's  Rooms,  the  inaugural  dinner  took 
place  of  what  was  then  named  the  Colonial  Society.  Among  the 
distinguished  men  who  attended,  the  name  of  the  then  Prime 
Minister,  Mr.  Gladstone,  is  the  one  most  familiar  to  a  short- 
memoried  generation.  Of  those  gathered  on  that  occasion  hardly- 
one  is  now  left.  With  ^peculiar  felicitude  Mr.  Reverdy  Johnson, 
the  American  Minister,  was  a  guest  of  the  evening,  and  "  The 
Prosperity  of  the  United  States"  was  the  toast  first  drunk  after 
that  of  "  Her  Majesty  the  Queen." 

The  speeches  which  followed  are  of  unusual  interest  to-day, 
especially  when  vfewed  in  the  broad  light  and  improved  perspective 
which  even  a  third  of  a  century  gives  to  history.  This  was  a 
period  in  which  the  Little  Englander,  too  common  to  excite  notice, 
had  hardly  yet  realised  his  political  mission.  In  1869  such  ideas 
as  "  Imperial  organisation  "  and  "  Colonial  nationalism,"  which  are 
now  almost  commonplaces,  would  have  been  regarded  as  revolu- 
tionary in  character.  Several  provinces  of  Canada,  it  is  true,  had 
just  received  a  Constitution,  but  the  majority  of  men  who  advocated 
that  step  regarded  it  as  merely  another  stage  on  the  road  to  separa- 
tion. Goldwin  Smith  had,  in  season  and  out  of  season,  preached 
his  doctrine  of  disintegration  with  far-reaching  effect ;  the  Perma- 
nent Under  Secretary  of  the  Colonial  Department,  known  later  as 
Lord  Blachford,  was  decidedly  favourable  to  this  drastic  method  ot 
settling  Imperial  difficulties,  as  shown  by  an  article  in  the  Nine- 
teenth Century  published  in  1877 ;  even  Sir  George  Cornewall 
Lewis  could  see  no  remedy  for  an  unsatisfactory  condition  of  affairs 
save  amputation.  The  great  alternative  seemed  to  most  men  to  be 
a  choice  between  the  old  '•  Plantation  "  theory  of  Colonies  and  the 
"  cut  the  painter  "  policy.  In  view  of  this  state  of  public  opinion 
the  presence  of  a  group  of  men  at  Willis's  Rooms  to  seek  a  new 
bond  to  bind  Colonies  and  Mother  Country  argued  in  them  a  spirit 
of  Imperialism  greater,  perhaps,  than  they  themselves  were  aware 
of,  Darker  days  were  yet  to  come,  when  the  "  burdens  of  Empire  " 

*  Reprinted  by  permission  from  the  Morning  Post, 


120  A  Link  of  Empire. 

were  denounced  on  many  sides,  but  the  seed  bore  fruit  which, 
though  it  languished  for  a  time,  never  altogether  withered. 

To  realise  the  general  political  outlook  of  the  speakers  at  this 
banquet  we  must  remember  that  it  was  still  necessary  for  a  United 
States  Minister  to  remind  his  British  audience  that  ''although 
there  may  be  considerable  evidences  of  unldndness  (in  the  United 
States)  towards  the  Mother  Country,"  yet  there  still  existed  "  a 
fixed  and  determined  love  and  adoration  "  for  her  in  the  hearts  of 
sober  and  reflecting  Americans  !  Mr.  Keverdy  Johnson  added  that 
although  the  United  States  was  "not  now  the  owner  of  Colonies," 
there  was  nothing  in  her  Constitution  to  prevent  her  becoming  so, 
either  by  conquest  or  by  treaty,  and  he  hinted  that  in  time  to  come 
some  of  the  British  Colonies  even  might,  with  mutual  consent,  pass 
under  the  Stars  and  Stripes  and  find  a  government  as  free  and 
liberal  as  under  the  Union  Jack.  While  the  first  part  of  his  speech 
induces  the  belief  that  Mr.  Johnson  was  as  much  in  advance  of  his 
average  contemporaries  as  the  far-sighted  gentlemen  who  founded 
the  Colonial  Society,  the  last  (with  its  obvious^  reference  to  what 
another  speaker,  oblivious  of  the  then  new  title  of  "  Dominion," 
called  "  Our  North  American  Colonies  ")  is  an  illustration  of.  how 
time  changes  and  yet  brings  all  things  to  pass.  Alter  the  date  to 
1906  and  we  at  once  think  not  of  Canada  but  of  the  Caribbean. 

The  speeches  at  this  banquet  are  of  singular  interest  to-day. 
Mr.  Gladstone's  reminiscence  of  the  "  Colonial  Department "  (in 
which  he  had  worked  thirty  years  before),  the  very  atmosphere  of 
which  was  pervaded  by  the  disembodied  spirit  of  "  Mr.  Mother 
Country  "  ;  Sir  George  Cartier's  brave  attempt  to  explain  Canadian 
nationalism  without  wounding  the  susceptibilities  of  prejudiced 
Britons,  and  his  challenge  to  the  United  States  as  to  the  freedom 
of  Canada  under  representative  rather  than  democratic  institutions; 
the  reminder  by  Mr.  Childers  that  sea-power  and  the  Colonies  are 
intimately  connected  (" '  Ships,  Colonies,  and  Commerce '  is  a 
famous  old  toast  in  our  country  ")  and  that  the  sea  is  the  connecting 
link  and  not  a  barrier  between  the  sons  of  a  sea-going  race — all 
these  long-forgotten  speeches,  these  syllables  which  rang  on  the  ear 
and  provoked  applause,  but  are  now  dead  and  cold  as  the  lips  that 
spoke  them,  well  repay  the  attention  of  the  historical  student  who 
cares  to  trace  the  great  dynamic  forces  of  the  century  to  their 
mustard- seed  origin. 

I  like  to  think  that  this  dinner  and  the  many  meetings  that 
followed  it  have  helped  to  make  history.  It  is  certain  that  many 
of  the  thoughts  and  ideas  expressed  (half  uncertainly)  at  such 


A  Link  of  Empire.  121 

meetings  have  crystallised  and  developed,  and  may  be  found  to-day 
in  the  shape  of  a  national  policy  or  a  great  Imperial  movement. 
The  little  society  formed  under  such  happy  auspices  was  allowed  a 
few  months  later  to  assume  the  prefix  Koyal,  and  for  convenience 
sake,  altered  its  name  to  The  Royal  Colonial  Institute.  It  was  not 
the  first  attempt  in  this  direction.  A  little  Colonial  society,  which 
lived  only  five  years,  was  founded  as  early  as  1837,  and  in  1855  an 
Australian  association  was  formed  which,  after  an  existence  of 
seven  years,  left  hardly  a  trace,  save  some  books  and  documents, 
which  were  later  handed  over  to  the  Colonial  Institute.  In  the 
early  days  of  its  existence  the  Institute  was  obliged,  for  financial 
reasons,  to  leave  the  original  Pall  Mall  quarters  for  a  humble  office 
over  a  shop  in  the  Strand,  but  after  1869  it  had  found  its  legs.  In 
1878  the  President  was  the  present  King,  then  Prince  of  Wales, 
and  in  1882  a  Royal  charter  was  granted.  To-day  it  has  a  building 
which  cost  £20,000  and  a  freehold  site  to  the  tune  of  £30,000  fully 
paid  for. 

The  initial  idea  of  the  foundation  was  to  provide  a  centre  for  the 
scattered  possessions  of  the  British  Crown,  and  India  *was  included 
with  the  Colonies.  A  place  of  meeting  for  all  over-sea  Britons  and 
others  interested  in  the  Empire  Beyond  the  Seas,  a  reading-room, 
library,  and  museum  devoted  to  Indian  and  Colonial  subjects — these 
were  the  main  features  of  the  scheme.  The  reading  of  papers  and 
discussions  on  Colonial  and  Indian  subjects  (specially  avoiding  any- 
thing tending  towards  -party  politics),  and  the  undertaking  of 
scientific,  literary,  or  statistical  investigation  were  expansions  of 
the  main  idea.  Briefly,  the  Royal  Colonial  Institute  was  to  take 
the  place  in  the  Colonial  and  Indian  field  that  the  Royal  Geogra- 
phical and  Royal  Societies  hold  in  geography  and  science. 

It  must  be  said  at  once  that  these  rather  too  comprehensive  aims 
have  not  all  been  realised.  The  inclusion  of  the  Indian  Empire 
with  the  Colonies  is  open  to  obvious  objections.  Some  subsidiary 
portions  of  this  field  are  covered  by  the  Asiatic  Society  and  the  East 
India  Association,  but  India  still  lacks  a  representative  institution* 
in  London  worthy  of  her  place  in  the  Empire  and  the  varied 
problems  she  presents.  The  Imperial  Institute  has  a  so-called 
museum,  but  the  Colonial  Institute  Museum  has  never  materialised, 
although  serious  efforts  have  been  made,  in  which  the  name  of  Dr. 
Forbes  Watson,  who  actually  spent  some  £6,000  out  of  a  modest 
private  fortune,  should  not  be  forgotten.  Nor  have  the  funds  of  the 
Institute  made  possible  the  scientific  or  other  investigations  which 
were  projected  by  its  founders. 


122  A  Link  of  Empire. 

The  Colonial  Institute  to-day  is  more  of  a  social  and  educational 
influence  than  anything  else,  but  in  this  direction  its  work  is 
extremely  important  and  useful.  It  possesses  a  library  quite 
unique  in  its  way  and  admirably  organised  for  the  purposes  of 
the  students  of  Colonial  affairs.  In  1873  there  were  only  300 
volumes ;  to-day  there  are  70,000,  covering  every  possible  field  of 
interest  or  research  in  the  Colonies  and  brought  up  to  date  in 
admirable  catalogues.  The  Institute  is  prepared  to  answer  the 
queries  of  members  on  all  subjects  of  Colonial  interest,  nor  is  it 
niggardly  in  this  respect  to  outsiders.  Foreigners  or  Americans 
can  be  seen  in  the  reading-rooms  engaged  on  research,  and  many 
important  works  could  hardly  have  been  completed  without  the 
facilities  thus  offered.  The  reading-rooms  also  supply  files  of  all 
the  leading  Colonial  papers,  and  these  are  sent  to  the  British 
Museum,  which,  without  this  provision,  would  be  deprived  of  an 
important  aid  to  the  historical  and  political  students.  The  British 
Museum  itself  has  a  Colonial  and  an  Indian  section,  but  for  obvious 
reasons  the  Institute  library  is  far  easier  of  access,  and  is  much 
more  complete  and  up  to  date,  including  not  only  English  and 
American  books  on  Colonial  topics,  but  French  and  German  works 
and  those  printed  in  the  Colonies,  as  well  as  Blue-books,  Gazettes, 
proceedings  of  societies,  review  and  magazine  articles,  and  Colonial 
directories  and  handbooks.  In  fact,  this  remarkable  library  is  a 
triumph  of  completeness,  and  deserves  a  wider  fame  than  its  quiet, 
unostentatious  work  has  as  yet  commanded.  It  is  one  of  the  faults 
of  our  educational  system  that  few  men  have  learnt  how  to  use  a 
library,  the  admirable  object-lessons  in  this  subject  given  in  the 
United  States  being  almost  an  unknown  quantity  of  our  pedagogues. 
Were  this  not  the  case  this  library  would  be  more  appreciated  by 
Our  home  people,  and  a  far  greater  number  of  politicians  and 
writers  who  are  in  the  habit  of  lucubrating  on  Colonial  topics 
would  take  advantage  of  the  facilities  offered  to  gain  a  deeper 
insight  into  their  subject. 

The  meetings  held  at  intervals  during  the  year,  when  very 
interesting  papers  are  sometimes  read,  do  not  command  such  in- 
fluential audiences  as  their  importance  would  warrant,  but  each 
paper,  reprinted  in  the  monthly  journal,  reaches  a  far  wider 
audience  than  that  gathered  in  the  room,  and  of  recent  times  good 
reports  of  these  meetings  have  appeared  in  the  Press  and  have 
sometimes  given  rise  to  public  discussions.  The  influence  exercised 
in  this  way  is  far-reaching  and  growing. 

Since  the  Jubilee  year  it  has  been  quite  a  fashionable  occupation 


A   Link  of  Empire.  123 

to  entertain  some  of  the  Colonials  who  are  "home"  for  a  time, 
and  good  work  has  been  done  by  the  Victoria  League  and  other 
bodies,  but  the  Colonial  Institute  provides  something  far  more 
useful  than  spasmodic  hospitality.  All  day  and  every  day  its  doors 
are  open,  and  the  Colonial,  who  by  the  payment  of  a  very  small 
subscription  is  free  to  enter,  finds  apart  from  the  reading-room,  the 
comforts  of  a  club  and  a  sympathetic  greeting,  if  he  wishes  to  make 
himself  known.  He  cannot  get  drinks  or  foofl,  except  afternoon 
tea,  but  the  absence  of  this  convenience  is  perhaps  compensated  for 
by  the  welcome  absence  of  all  ceremony.  The  number  of  Fellows 
of  the  Institute,  resident  and  non-resident,  is  over  4,600,  and 
reached  the  high -water  mark  in  Coronation  year,  when  many 
Colonials  joined  temporarily  while  on  a  visit  home.  The  member- 
ship ought  to  be  much  larger,  and  undoubtedly  would  be  if  the 
nature  of  the  Institute  were  only  better  known. 

There  is  a  general  feeling  among  all  thoughtful  men  that  this  is  a 
most  critical  period  in  our  Imperial  development,  and  a  tendency  is 
noticeable,  especially  among  some  of  our  younger  men  who  do  not 
remember  an  earlier  and  darker  period,  to  take  a  somewhat  pessi- 
mistic view  of  the  future.  The  great  ideal  of  Imperial  unity  seems 
to  be  regarded  as  Utopian  and  impossible,  and  yet  it  is  surely  more 
nearly  in  sight  now  than  in  the  years  which  saw  the  birth  of  the 
Royal  Colonial  Institute.  Lord  Milner,  in  his  splendid  confessions 
of  faith  at  Wolverhampton  and  Manchester,  has  given  us  the  defini- 
tion of  a  sane  and  thoughtful  Imperialism,  and,  moreover,  has 
shown  us  that  all  who  profess  to  hold  the  creed  should  not  be  content 
with  a  laissez-faire  attitude,  but  should  look  round  for  opportunities 
of  forging  new  links  and  strengthening  old  ones  to  bind  the  scattered 
States  of  the  Empire  together. 

This  is  the  spirit  which  animated  the  little  band  whose  first 
meeting  has  been  described,  and  in  the  far  from  ostentatious 
building  in  Northumberland  Avenue,  which  is  now  the  visible 
embodiment  of  their  dream,  we  find  a  genuine  step  in  the  right 
direction — a  piece  of  constructive  statesmanship,  a  solid  brick  in  the 
fabric  of  Empire.  The  possibilities  of  the  Eoyal  Colonial  Institute 
are  by  no  means  realised,  nor  has  it  nearly  reached  the  limits  of 
its  usefulness. 

ARCHIBALD  B.  COLQUHOUN. 


124 


RHODESIA  AND   ITS   RESOURCES. 

AN  AFTERNOON  MEETING  was  held  at  the  Whitehall  Rooms,  Hotel 
Metropole,  on  Tuesday,  January  29,  1907,  when  a  Paper  was  read 
by  Mr.  Edward  H.* Miller  on  "  Rhodesia  and  its  Resources."  The 
Right  Hon.  Sir  Albert  H.  Hime,  K.C.M.G.,  presided. 

The  CHAIRMAN  sjbated  that  Mr.  Miller  returned  only  about  six 
months  ago  from  Rhodesia,  where  he  spent  ten  years — ten"  strenu- 
ous years  during  which  he  had  many  opportunities  of  making  him- 
self acquainted  with  the  country  and  the  people.  When  Mr.  Miller 
first  went  out  the  railway  only  extended  a  little  beyond  Mafeking, 
and  he  showed  his  energy  and  pluck  by  tramping  the  rest  of  the 
journey  to  Bulawayo,  some  hundreds  of  miles,  on  foot.  He  had 
occupied  many  positions  of  more  or  less  importance  in  Rhodesia, 
journalistic,  secretarial  and  otherwise,  and  he  had  wielded  not  only 
the  pen  but  the  sword,  for  he  no  sooner  got  out  than  he  took  part 
in  the  measures  for  the  suppression  of  the  rebellion  in  Matabele- 
land,  and  he  also  took  part  in  the  recent  war  as  a  member  of  the 
Southern  Rhodesian  Field  Force. 

Mr.  E.  H.  MILLER  then  read  his  Paper. 

Let  me  first  frankly  admit  that  I  have  no  scientific  or  technical 
knowledge  to  bring  to  bear  on  the  remarks  I  am  about  to  make, 
neither  do  I  wish  to  pose  as  an  expert  on  the  mining  or  agricultural 
industries ;  my  only  qualification,  or  excuse,  being  a  lengthy 
residence  in  Rhodesia,  where  I  occupied  positions  which  brought 
me  into  personal  contact  with  all  classes  of  the  community, 
enabling  me  to  assimilate  a  certain  amount  of  general  knowledge. 

It  should  not  be  necessary  for  me  to  mention  the  geographical 
position  Rhodesia  occupies  in  Africa,  but  I  trust  you  will  pardon  me 
should  I  mention  a  few  facts  which  you  may  think  superfluous.  I 
received  the  encouragement  so  to  do  at  your  last  meeting,  when 
several  speakers  emphasised  the  fact  that,  generally  speaking,  the 
people  at  home  still  had  but  vague  ideas  of  the  constituent  parts  of 
our  great  Empire. 

The  area  of  Rhodesia  is  about  750,000  square  miles,  or,  roughly 
speaking,  thirteen  times  as  large  as  England  and  Wales.  Of  this 
vast  tract  Matabeleland  occupies  70,835  and  Mashonaland  72,995 
square  miles,  less  than  one-tenth  each.  The  two  provinces  mentioned 


Rhodesia  and  its  Resources.  125 

are  known  as  Southern  Rhodesia,  and  are  divided  from  Northern 
Rhodesia  by  that  great  natural  barrier,  the  Zambesi  river. 

The  whole  country  is  on  the  great  central  plateau  of  Africa 
which  stands  from  3,000  to  6,000  feet  above  sea  level. 

The  climatic  conditions  vary  considerably,  as  will  be  readily 
understood  ;  there  are,  however,  only  two  well-defined  seasons — viz. 
summer  and  winter,  generally  known  as  the  wet  and  the  dry  seasons. 
3?he  figures  I  have  to  give  cover  a  period  of  eight  years,  and  convey 
the  idea  in  the  most  concise  manner. 

The  wet  season — say  October  to  March — averaged  5  months  and 
5  days,  with  22-19  inches  of  rain — rain  falling  on  62  days.  The 
dry  season,  6  months  and  25  days,  with  1*12  inches  of  rain  and  9 
rainy  days.  These  figures  refer  to  Matabeleland,  the  rainfall  in 
Mashorialand  being  about  9  inches  more,  the  division  about  the  same. 

Owing  to  the  altitude  the  heat  is  rarely  oppressive,  and  as  the 
period  of  greatest  heat  synchronises  with  the  wet  season,  it  loses 
much  of  its  terror,  while  at  this  time  cool  easterly  winds  prevail. 
I  have  never  known  the  thermometer  to  rise  above  92  for  more 
than  a  few  consecutive  days. 

The  mean  maximum  temperature  for  a  large  portion  of  Southern 
Rhodesia  is  79'5,  with  a  minimum  of  55,  while  the  highest 
readings  average  96  in  October  and  November  and  the  lowest 
38  in  June  and  July.  Generally  speaking  the  climate  is  superb, 
except  in  the  low-lying  valleys  to  the  east. 

The  progressive  development  of  the  country  cannot  be  said  to 
date  from  the  occupation  in  1890.  So  varied  and  numerous  were 
the  vicissitudes  of  the  pioneer  that  we  must  allow  a  few  years' 
grace,  and  not  fail  to  remember  that,  without  undue  exaggeration, 
his  afflictions  were  equal  to  the  ten  plagues  of  Egypt,  culminating 
in  the  Boer  War.  6w- ' 

At  the  present  date  there  are  only  1,500  miles  of  railway  within 
this  vast  area,  or  one  mile  of  line  to  every  500  square  miles.  To 
realise  what  this  means  let  us  imagine  the  position  of  England  and 
Wales  with  a  line  from  London  to  Bournemouth  or  London  to 
Birmingham.  I  must  refer  to  the  question  of  railways  again  when 
dealing  with  produce. 

I  hardly  know  if  the  mineral  or  agricultural  resources  should 
receive  first  attention.  It  is  certain  that  but  for  the  mines  we 
should  not  have  had  our  present  railway  system  for  many  years  to 
come.  For  the  same  reason  the  country  would  not  have  received 
the  attention  of  capitalists — a  by  no  means  unmixed  blessing,  but 
very  necessary.  As  the  strong  should  give  way  to  the  weaker,  I 


126  Rhodesia  and  its  Eesources. 

will  deal  with  agriculture  first.  But  first  let  me  premise  with 
every  confidence  that  the  country  has  not  yet  been  systematically 
or  scientifically  prospected  for  minerals,  neither  have  its  agricultural 
possibilities' been  thoroughly  exploited. 

Although  only  a  percentage  of  the  surface  of  Ehodesia  offers  the 
essential  conditions  for  agriculture,  the  amount  of  land  suitable  for 
profitable  cultivation  is  sufficient  to  make  Rhodesia  the  largest 
supplier  of  agricultural  produce  of  any  of  the  South  African 
Colonies. 

The  main  crop  throughout  Southern  Rhodesia  is  undoubtedly 
maize  or  mealies.  The  natives  have  planted  mealies  for  years,  and 
have  obtained  fair  results  despite  the  most  primitive  methods. 

Wonderful  advances  have  been  made  of  recent  years,  certain 
varieties  have  been  well  established,  and  the  various  requirements 
of  the  different  varieties  are  better  understood.  Yet  even  now  I 
find  an  official  of  the  Agricultural  Department  writing  in  October 
last  that  "  we  have  no  record  of  carefully  conducted  experiments, 
and  as  a  result  are  largely  working  in  the  dark." 

I  should  state,  before  proceeding  farther,  that  experiments 
conducted  in  other  countries  are  most  unreliable,  and  frequently 
mislead  the  Rhodesian  settler,  who  is  unable  to  make  full  allowance 
for  difference  in  soil,  rainfall,  altitude,  wind,  &c. 

The  mealie  crop,  and  the  cost  of  production  of  the  same,  have 
been  the  cause  of  much  controversy. 

A  poor  crop  consists  of  four  sacks  per  acre — with  average  luck 
it  should  be  eight.  In  the  Mazoe  district  ten  sacks  are  considered 
a  good  average  crop,  while  under  particularly  favourable  conditions 
twenty  have  been  obtained.  The  cost  of  production  on  the  basis  of 
ten  sacks  per  acre,  including  interest  on  all  machinery  and  live 
stock  employed,  is  given  in  minute  detail  by  Mr.  Sketchley,  of 
Mazoe,  at  2s.  3d.  per  sack.  The  retail  price  is  from  15s.  to  22s. 
per  sack ;  but  the  serious  item  of  transport  has  to  be  dealt  with 
before  considering  profits.  The  principal  deterrents  to  a  good  crop 
are  rust  and  locusts.  The  standard  varieties  can  now  be  described 
as  .fairly  rust-resistant,  while  some  are  quite  free.  The  locust 
plague  is  by  no  means  as  bad  as  it  was,  and  with  more  country 
occupied  and  further  facilities  for  co-operative  attack  could  be 
effectually  dealt  with. 

I  do  not  wish  it  to  be  supposed  that  Rhodesia  will  be  able  to 
compete  with  Australia  and  America  in  the  grain  market,  but  it  is 
certain  that  ere  long  she  will  be  able  to, supply  not  only  her  own 
wants,  but  those  of  the  neighbouring  states. 


Rhodesia  and  its  Resources.  127 

Among  other  crops  may  be  mentioned  Mabele,  N'yauti,  Rapoko, 
Munga,  and  various  millets.  Munga  has  the  advantage  of  being 
immune  to  the  attacks  of  locusts  ;  it  is  not,  however,  a  favourite 
crop,  either  with  the  Amandebele  or  the  Mashuna. 

Wheat  and  oats  are  grown  with  good  results,  but  are  affected  by 
rust ;  it  is  doubtful,  therefore,  if  Rhodesia  will  ever  be  a  great 
wheat-growing  country,  but  the  local  demand  could  be  easily  met. 
At  present  large  quantities  are  imported  from  the  Cape. 

Rhodesian  hay  is  already  well  known  as  far  south  as  Kimberley ; 
there  was  a  plentiful  supply  last  year  of  a  good  quality,  which 
realised  £3  per  ton. 

Market  gardening. — This  work  receives  some  attention  from 
Indians  and  Chinese  in  the  vicinity  of  towns  and  villages,  but  few 
Europeans  do  more  than  cater  for  their  own  immediate  supplies. 
The  profits,  if  any,  are  ridiculously  small,  although  the  middle-man 
reaps  a.  rich  harvest.  The  local  demand  is  naturally  limited,  and 
cost  of  production  and  transport  prevents  any  attempt  to  compete  in 
other  markets.  Tomatoes  can  be  grown  everywhere  with  astound- 
ing results,  while  in  some  districts,  particularly  in  Mashonaland, 
potatoes  can  be  grown  without  irrigation. 

There  are  still  many  ways  in  which  the  land  may  be  made  to 
increase  in  value,  the  cultivation  of  cotton,  tobacco,  castor-oil  plant, 
rubber,  coffee,  ramie,  rice  and  ground-nuts — to  mention  but  a  few. 
Many  of  the  attempts  which  have  been  made  to  obtain  a  cotton 
crop  failed,  owing  to  lack  of  practical  experience  either  of  cotton- 
growing  or  of  the  country.  Cotton  may  be  found  growing  wild. 
An  early  frost  is,  as  far  as  I  am  aware,  the  only  chance  of  failure, 
and  if  the  seed  is  planted  sufficiently  early  there  is  ample  time  for 
the  plants  to  arrive  at  maturity  and  the  crop  to  be  gathered  before 
the  first  frost  is  due.  I  have  grown  a  small  experimental  patch  for 
three  years  which  has  not  yet  been  touched  by  frost.  I  am  not 
prepared  to  discuss  the  economic  side  of  the  question,  but  I  believe 
the  railway  rates  are  of  greater  importance  to  this  industry  than 
the  cost  of  machinery  or  the  procurement  of  labour. 

There  is  no  doubt  now  that  in  almost  every  part  of  Rhodesia 
tobacco  can  be  grown  with  most  excellent  results :  not  only  the 
coarse,  dark  leaf,  generally  known  as  Boer  tobacco,  but  the  finest 
light  qualities,  even  those  suitable  for  cigar  wrappers. 

The  Government  have  given  considerable  assistance  to  tobacco 
growers  in  many  ways,  and  every  season  the  crops  are  larger  and  of 
higher  grade. 

Considerable  improvement  can  still  be  made,  as  the  majority  of 


128  Rhodesia  and  its  Resources. 

tobacco  growers  are  but  novices.  The  best  men  will  make  mistakes 
for  a  year  or  two,  but,  as  the  Government  expert  remarks,  "  the  man 
who  makes  the  same  mistake  three  years  in  succession  should  take 
on  a  wood-cutting  contract."  The  Ehodesian  Tobacco  Warehouse 
has  proved  an  unqualified  success,  and  enables  the  smallest  grower 
to  obtain  the  best  possible  return  on  his  crop. 

The  castor-oil  plant  is  one  of  the  Rhodesian  weeds.  Little  has 
been  done  to  develop  the  possibilities  of  this  plant  by  culture,  but  a 
syndicate  has  been  formed  for  this  purpose,  and  an  extraction  plant 
is  to  be  sent  out.  There  is  a  large  market  for  the  oil  in  a  rough 
state  as  a  lubricant. 

Ramie  can  be  grown  in  all  parts  of  the  country  with  little  atten- 
tion, and  as  the  fibre  is  now  used  extensively  in  the  manufacture  of 
incandescent  gas  mantles,  canvas,  tapestry,  &c.,  its  commercial  value 
has  increased. 

Ground-nuts  are  grown  extensively  by  the  natives  in  all  districts  ; 
the  oil  is  extracted  in  a  rough  and  ready  manner ;  but  on  one  of 
the  Jesuit  Mission  farms  machinery  has  been  erected  for  this 
purpose. 

Rubber,  coffee,  and  rice  I  will  mention  when  dealing  with 
Northern  Rhodesia,  although  I  must  not  omit  to  state  that  a  good 
deal  of  rice  has  been  grown  in  Mashonaland,  both  with  and  without 
irrigation. 

Fruit  culture. — There  are  few  farmers  without  a  small  orchard, 
while  some  have  extensive  areas  covered  with  fruit  trees  of  every 
description. 

Apples,  peaches,  figs,  plums,  pine-apples,  bananas,  and  many 
varieties  of  sub-tropical  fruits  well  repay  attention,  but  citrus 
culture  proves  particularly  attractive.  Experiments  are  still  being 
made  for  the  purpose  of  ascertaining  which  varieties  will  be  of  the 
greatest  commercial  value.  Oranges  are  generally  grafted  on  a 
rough  lemon  stock,  and  are  thus  rendered  comparatively  immune 
to  mal-di-gomma,  which  is  found  in  all  parts  of  South  Africa. 
Fruit-drying  has  not  been  neglected,  as  the  difficulties  attached  to 
the  transportation  of  fresh  fruit  are  still  very  considerable. 

While  Mashonaland  is  better  adapted  for  the  cultivation  of  farm 
produce  and  fruit,  Matabeleland  is  par  excellence  a  cattle  country. 
It  is  peculiarly  rich  in  suitable  indigenous  grasses,  the  study  of 
which  will  do  much  to  increase  the  already  large  tracts  of  pasture 
land.  During  the  reign  of  Lobengula  the  country  has  been 
described  as  black  with  cattle.  Rinderpest,  however,  created  fear- 
ful havoc  among  native  herds,  the  loss  from  this  scourge  being 


Rhodesia  and  its  Resources.  129 

estimated  as  high  as  90  per  cent.  Before  the  country  could  be 
properly  restocked,  lung- sickness  and  "  red- water,"  or  African 
coast  fever,  appeared.  The  efforts  made  in  the  first  instance  to 
check  the  spread  of  this  highly  contagious  disease  were  feeble,  and 
wholly  ineffectual. 

It  is  only  during  the  last  few  years,  since  the  reorganisation  of 
the  Agricultural  Department,  that  African  coast  fever  has  been 
checked.  At  present  there  is  every  probability  of  its  being  effec- 
tually stamped  out.  The  last  returns  show  that  in  ten  districts  in 
Southern  Rhodesia  there  was  not  a  single  fresh  outbreak,  while  the 
deaths  from  existing  outbreaks  all  occurred  in  one  district,  and 
numbered  fifteen,  as  against  forty- two  for  the  corresponding  month 
of  the  previous  year. 

During  last  year  four  agricultural  shows  were  held  in  Southern 
Rhodesia,  and  the  cattle,  sheep,  goats,  and  pigs  exhibited  at  the 
different  centres  prove  my  contention  that  the  future  of  Rhodesia 
as  a  stock-farming  country  can  hardly  be  exaggerated. 

Although  large  districts  are  well  suited  for  horse-breeding,  we 
have  yet  to  wait  for  a  sure  remedy  for,  or  a  preventive  of,  horse 
sickness  before  any  encouragement  can  be  given  to  this  class  of 
business.  The  same  remark  does  not,  however,  apply  to  either 
donkeys  or  mules.  The  former  enjoy  immunity  against  horse  sick- 
ness, while  mules  may  be  successfully  inoculated,  thanks  to  the 
recent  discovery  of  Dr.  Theiler. 

I  must  not  omit  reference  to  the"possibilities  of  ostrich  fanning. 
These  birds  are  to  be  found  in  small  numbers  running  wild,  and 
thrive  exceedingly  well.  Several  I  farmers  have  obtained  birds  from 
the  Cape,  with  satisfactory  results.  The  principal  drawback,  in 
this  and  in  all  cases  where  live  stock  is  running,  is  the  large  initial 
expenditure  on  good  strong  fencing. 

Gold-mining  cannot  be  said  to  have  commenced  in  Rhodesia — 
that  is,  as  far  as  this  generation  is  concerned — until  1891.  It  was 
already  well  known  that  there  were  considerable  ancient  or  mediaeval 
workings  throughout  the  land,  but  I  cannot  enter  into  this  question 
this  evening. 

The  first  rough  survey  led  to" the  belief  that  there  existed  payable 
gold-bearing  reefs  in  the  Victoria,  Manica,  Hartlev,  Belingwe, 
Mazoe  and  Lomagunda  districts,  and  about  1,500  individuals 
were  supposed  to  be  engaged  in  the  industry  at  this  time.  Pro- 
gress was  encouraging  until  1893J  when  the  Matabele  War  put  a 
etop  to  prospecting  and  development  work.  At  the  conclusion  of 
the  war,  work  was  recommenced,  and  the  Gwanda  district  opened 


180  Rhodesia  and  its  Resources. 

up.     Many  companies  were  formed,  and  one  is  almost  afraid  to 
compute  the  total  capital  subscribed. 

The  same  difficulties  which  beset  the  path  of  the  farmer  proved 
obstacles  to  the  miner,  and  during  the  first  seven  years — that  is,  up 
to  August  1898 — the  total  amount  of  gold  declared  was  only  6,532 
ounces.  The  tide  then  turned,  and  in  1899  the  output  for  January 
was  nearly  equal  to  that  of  the  seven  years  just  mentioned.  The 
strain  had,  however,  been  too  great,  and  a  large  number  of  the 
mining  companies  had  to  be  reconstructed,  or  absorbed,  or  to  cease 
to  exist.  The  British  public,  soured  by  losses,  roundly  denounced 
everything  Khodesian ;  they  had  expected,  not  perhaps  without 
some  encouragement,  that  the  gold  industry  would  develop  in  the 
same  marvellous  manner  as  that  of  the  Transvaal,  and  were 
naturally  disappointed. 

Despite  want  of  support,  adverse  criticism,  and  innumerable 
and  exasperating  local  difficulties,  the  output  steadily  increased. 
6,000  ounces  per  month  became  10,000,  which  was  shortly  increased 
to  15,000 ;  to  be  brief,  the  total  for  last  month  was  over  48,000 
ounces,  while  the  grand  total  up  to  December  31, 1906,  is  2,011,462, 
representing  roughly  £7,300,000. 

In  addition  to  the  gold  output  we  have  298,611  ounces  of  silver, 
1,804  tons  of  lead,  44  tons  6f  copper,  beside  other  valuable  minerals, 
such  as  wolframite,  chrome  ore,  &c. 

The  number  of  small  properties  being  opened  up  is  increasing 
rapidly.  There  are  probably  thousands  of  reefs  which,  though  too 
small  to  be  worked  profitably  by  companies  with  a  large  capital, 
will  take  a  three-  or  five-stamp  battery,  and,  in  the  hands  of  a  few 
hard-working  men,  show  splendid  returns. 

I  have  not  given  the  space  to  this  all-important  industry  which 
it  might  justly  claim;  my  excuse  is  that  I  think  it  sufficiently 
strong  and  healthy  to  speak  for  itself. 

The  latest  output,  that  of  diamonds,  may  at  no  distant  date 
eclipse  the  gold  returns.  The  output  to  date  is  valued  at  about 
£9,500.  The  indications  are  most  favourable  to  the  discovery 
of  a  pipe  similar  to  that  at  Kimberley.  The  stones  to  hand  are  of 
high  quality,  while  the  quantity  of  semi-precious  stones  found 
of  various  descriptions  is  very  encouraging.  The  claim  of  the 
De  Beers  Company,  under  an  old  agreement,  to  control  the 
diamondiferous  area  is  at  present  a  matter  awaiting  judicial 
decision. 

Coal  exists  in  Southern  Ehodesia  in  very  large  quantities.  The 
Wankie  coal-field,  212  miles  north-west  of  Bulawayo,  on  the  Cape 


Rhodesia  and  its  Resources.  131 

to  Cairo  line,  has  yielded  307,542  tons  of  excellent  coal,  only 
slightly  less  in  calorific  power  than  the  best  Welsh.  The  Sengwe 
coal  area  is  about  120  miles  from  the  railway,  and  has  therefore 
not  been  developed.  The  same  remark  applies  to  the  Tuli  coal- 
fields on  the  southern  border.  Should,  however,  the  line  from  the 
Gwanda  be  continued  south,  or  the  Pietersburg  railway  be 
extended  northwards,  this  field  would  be  of  considerable  importance. 

NOETHEBN  RHODESIA. 

Many  writers  have  affirmed  that  North-Western  Rhodesia  is  not 
a  "  white  man's  country."  I  am  not  quite  sure  of  the  exact  defi- 
nition of  this  phrase,  but  will  challenge  its  justice  by  stating  that 
there  is  at  present  in  one  little  corner  an  area  almost  equal  to  that 
of  England  awaiting  the  European  settler — not  bleak  veldt  or 
dismal  swamp,  but  a  well-watered  country  with  a  generous  soil.  I 
refer  to  the  Batoka  plateau,  or  that  portion  situated  between  the 
Zambesi  and  Kafue  rivers.  On  crossing  the  Zambesi  the  country 
rises  rapidly,  and  within  fifty  miles  of  the  Falls  the  altitude  is  nearly 
4,000  feet,  and  the  average  altitude  of  the  plateau  is  4,500  feet.  The 
Gape  to  Cairo  railway  runs  right  through  the  choicest  agricultural 
portion,  while  the  pick  of  the  cattle  country,  the  Mashukulumbwi 
district,  is  at  no  great  distance  from  the  line. 

The  climatic  conditions  are  very  similar  to  those  prevailing  in  the 
southern  portions  of  Rhodesia.  The  heat  in  the  Zambesi  Valley  is 
not  conducive  to  hard  work,  but  on  the  plateau  it  is  rarely  oppres- 
sive, and  it  is  but  seldom  the  thermometer  drops  to  freezing  point. 
The  seasons  are  not  so  pronounced,  the  rainfall  being  spread  over  a 
greater  portion  of  the  year,  and  there  is  no  drought. 

The  agricultural  possibilities,  although  well  known,  cannot  be 
proved  by  startling  statistics,  as  sufficient  work  has  not  been  done. 
The  best  crops  have  been  mealies,  Kaffir  corn,  and  general  garden 
produce,  with  wheat  and  oats  in  parts.  Fruit  will  undoubtedly  prove 
successful,  especially  figs,  apples,  and  peaches.  Cotton  is  culti- 
vated by  the  natives  with  good  results,  while  tobacco  is  being 
grown  by  European  settlers  and  will  shortly  become  a  recognised 
industry. 

The  cattle  in  this  portion  of  Rhodesia  is  generally  known  as 
Mashukulumbwi  cattle.  It  is  a  small  but  handsome  breed,  with 
a  characteristic  formation  of  flesh  on  the  shoulder  somewhat 
similar  to  that  found  in  Malagaysian  cattle.  Cattle  disease  is 
unknown ;  and,  as  the  importation  of  stock  from  the  south  is 

r2 


132  Rhodesia  and  its  Resources. 

prohibited,  there  is  little  chance  of  infection.  There  is  no  fear  of 
tsetse-fly,  as  this  is  restricted  to  well-defined  areas  which  are  not 
in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  cattle  country,  neither  do  they 
interfere  with  the  export  of  stock  either  north  or  south. 

The  settler  would  have  to  acquire,  therefore,  native  cattle,  and 
with  due  attention  during  the  winter  should  be  able  to  improve  the 
breed  and  so  considerably  raise  its  commercial  value. 

Crossing  the  Kafue  river  we  reach  a  highly  mineralised  area  of 
vast  extent,  which  is  at  present  the  scene  of  much  activity.  The 
Khodesia  Copper  Company  has  a  concession  of  640  square  miles  in 
this  district,  and  has  done  considerable  development.  The  Rhodesia 
Broken  Hill  Mine,  the  property  of  the  Northern  Copper  Company, 
ife  at  present  the  terminus  of  the  Cape  to  Cairo  railway,  about 
350  miles  north  of  the  Victoria  Falls.  Copper,  lead,  and  zinc 
deposits  are  being  laid  bare,  and  as  yet  not  one-tenth  of  the 
country  has  been  properly  explored,  It  is  known,  however, 
that  the  mineralised  area  stretches  as  far  north  as  the  Congo 
Free  State,  and  there  merges  into  the  Katanga  copper  belt  of 
the  Tanganyika  Concessions.  There  is  no  gold  output  as  yet  from 
North-East  Rhodesia,  but  a  battery  was  recently  erected  at  Fort 
Jameson,  so  that  this  province  may  shortly  be  reckoned  among 
gold-producers. 

As  far  as  agriculture  is  concerned  the  same  remarks  hold  good 
as  for  the  Batoka  plateau,  and  there  is  a  large  supply  of  intelligent 
and  willing  native  labour. 

In  both  North-Western  and  North-Eastern  Rhodesia  there  is  a 
large  quantity  of  indigenous  rubber  trees  and  creepers,  and  I  say, 
without  fear  of  contradiction,  that  the  rubber  industry  will  even- 
tually flourish  exceedingly  in  these  provinces,  as  well  as  in  many 
districts  in  Southern  Rhodesia.  Seed  has  been  imported  from 
Ceylon  and  South  America,  but  it  has  yet  to  be  determined  which 
will  yield  the  most  favourable  results.  I  believe  certain  species 
belonging  to  the  Euphorbiacese  family1  show  great  promise ;  they 
have  certainly  done  well  in  Southern  Rhodesia,  where  the  climatic 
conditions  and  natural  features  are  not  so  similar  to  those  of  Brazil 
as  is  the  case  farther  north. 

I  have  already  shown  that  by  far  the  greater  portion  of  Rhodesia 
is  situated  on  a  high  plateau,  and  it  may  be  safely  affirmed  that 
this  plateau  is  extremely  well  suited  to  European  settlement. 

Ten  years  ago  Southern  Rhodesia  was  considered  a  fever- 
stricken  country  ;  it  can  now  be  justly  described  as  a  health  resort. 

1  Hevea  brasiliensis  and  Manihot  Glaziovii. 


Ehodesia  and  its  Eesources.  133 

With  proper  nourishment,  housing,  and  very  ordinary  precautions 
the  settler  has  little  to  fear,  and  may  regard  with  cheery  optimism 
the  predictions  of  well-meaning  friends  as  to  the  shortness  of  his 
existence.  The  prospector,  however,  searching  every  hill,  vale, 
nook  and  corner  for  his  reef,  sleeping  in  the  open  without  proper 
covering,  and  subsisting  on  Boer  meal  and  bully  beef,  must  not  be 
blamed  too  much  for  his  pessimistic  views  as  regards  the  healthi- 
ness of  the  land. 

The  northern  provinces  are  more  tropical,  and  greater  care  is 
necessary,  although,  as  the  country  is  brought  under  cultivation, 
the  risks  are  minimised. 

Protection  against  mosquito  bites,  and  good  but  temperate 
living,  may  be  considered  sure  preventives. 

LAND  SETTLEMENT. 

Having  briefly  sketched  the  possibilities  of  the  land,  let  me  even 
more  briefly  make  some  notes  as  to  its  development.  Good 
land  is  obtainable  in  Southern  Rhodesia  from  2s.  Qd.  per  acre,  and 
I  have  seen  well-situated  farms  sold  by  auction  in  Bulawayo  at  5d. 
and  9d.  per  acre,  but  these  must  fie  considered  exceptional  cases. 
The  B.S.A.  Company  have  recently  taken  up  the  question  of 
assisted  settlement,  and  are  apparently  moving  in  the  right  direction. 
The  experience  required  for  successful  farming  in  Rhodesia  cannot 
be  acquired  outside  that  territory.  To  render  any  degree  of  success 
possible  within  a  reasonable  time  limit,  some  well- organised  scheme, 
thoroughly  carried  out  in  a  scientific  and  practical  manner,  is 
necessary,  such  as,  I  think,  has  now  been  inaugurated.  An  area 
has  been  selected  which  should  prove  particularly  attractive  for 
general  farming,  and  within  this  area  a  central  farm  and  experi- 
mental station  will  be  established.  Farming  is  to  be  carried  on  on 
co-operative  principles,  and  the  settler  will  have  the  opportunity 
to  undergo  a  year's  training  prior  to  taking  up  his  holding.  The 
Company  will  give  assistance  to  provide  live  stock,  implements,  &c., 
payments  for  land  will  be  spread  over  a  number  of  years,  and  the 
produce  will  be  handled  at  the  central  farm  to  the  best  advantage 
of  the  producer. 

It  is  difficult  to  say  much  more  at  present,  as  only  a  preliminary 
report  has  been  made,  in  which  there  is  no  mention  as  to  the  price 
of  the  farms,  although  it  is  stated  that  the  capital  required  by  the 
settler  would  be  .£700.  That  amount  does  not  apparently  include 
the  purchase  price  of  the  farm,  but  only  the  first  year's  rent.  In 


134  Rhodesia  and  its  Resources.. 

my  opinion,  the  scheme  depends  firstly  on  the  local  manager,  and 
secondly  on  the  class  of  settler.  Personally,  I  think  the  young 
men  of  the  other  South  African  Colonies  should  be  freely  canvassed, 
as  they  might  stand  better  chances  of  success  than  fresh  importa- 
tions from  home.  It  is  only  natural  that  they  have  less  to  learn  or 
unlearn,  are  already  acclimatised,  and,  moreover,  come  from  good 
tested  pioneer  stock.  They  are  well  represented  in  Rhodesia  at 
present,  particularly  Natal,  some  of  the  finest  farms  being  in  the 
hands  of  Natal  men.  To  be  perfectly  just  I  must  admit  that  the 
home-born  farmer  is  also  well  to  the  fore,  but  he  is  the  pick  of  his 
class.  There  is  a  good  stamp  of  man  in  the  country  now,  and  it  is 
to  be  hoped  that  in  its  anxiety  to  prove  the  new  scheme  the 
Company  will  not  over-act  the  part  of  foster-mother,  and  thus  sap 
any  of  the  pioneer  spirit  with  which  the  new  settlers  may  be 
imbued.  Enthusiasm,  pluck,  and  real  British  bulldog  characteristics 
have  already  pulled  our  farmers  through  innumerable  trials  under 
which  more  capable  men,  without  the  above  qualities,  would  pro- 
bably have  succumbed.  Too  much  importance  cannot  be  given  to 
this  point,  for,  given  the  wrong  men,  the  B.S.A.  Company  may 
speedily  find  themselves  in  the  position  of  the  Irish  landlord,  and 
the  prestige  of  the  country  will  not  have  been  improved. 

Land  settlement  in  Northern  Rhodesia  is  a  very  different  matter  ; 
the  would-be  settler  cannot  look  forward  to  anything  but  hard 
work  and  little  return  for  three  or  four  years.  It  is  not  the 
Country  for  the  idler  or  the  pauper,  and  the  emigrant  without  a 
small  capital  has  no  chance  of  success. 

In  the  North-West  province  land  is  to  be  obtained  for  from  Bd. 
^o  Is.  6d.  per  acre.  Farms  are  only  sold  under  a  beneficial  occupa- 
tion clause,  which  will  prevent  the  land  being  locked  up  by  specu- 
lative companies,  as  was  the  case  in  the  south. 

I  had  intended  speaking  of  the  chance  Southern  Rhodesia  had 
in  the  future  of  competing  in  the  Cape  and  Transvaal  markets  or 
over  seas,  but  space  will  not  permit.  I  must  not,  however,  omit 
some  reference  to  the  supply  of  electrical  power  to  the  Rand  con- 
templated by  the  Victoria  Falls  Power  Company.  The  Company 
proposes  to  convert  a  portion  of  that  vast  wasted  natural  force  into 
250,000  electrical  horse-power,  and  convey  the  same  to  the  Trans- 
vaal. The  benefits  derived  by  Rhodesia  would  not  be  very  great 
were  it  not  for  the  fact  that  about  200  miles  of  transmission  line 
will  run  through  the  country.  This  line  can  be  tapped  en  route, 
and  cheap  power  will  be  brought  to  the  aid  of  the  farmer  and 
miner.  Rhodesians  must  see  that  the  beauty  of  this  grand 


Rhodesia  and  its  Resources.  185 

«B 

natural  spectacle  be  not  diminished  or  marred  in  any  way.  The 
names  of  the  engineers  for  the  Power  Company  are,  however,  I 
think,  a  perfect  safeguard  in  this  direction. 

In  conclusion  let  me  state  that  I  have  done  my  best  to  repress 
my  enthusiasm,  and  have  not  tried  to  minimise  the  disadvantages 
of  opening  up  a  new  country.  Rhodesia  is  not  yet  the  most 
precious  gem  of  the  Empire  ;  the  cutting  and  polishing  are  still  in 
progress,  but  there  exists  an  incentive  to  do  this  work  with  care. 
I  may  say  with  all  reverence  that  the  soul  of  Rhodesia  is  in  that 
solitary  but  majestic  grave  in  the  Matopos.  We  have  set  our- 
selves a  high  standard — namely,  to  realise  the  dreams  of  our  great 
founder.  He  looked  far  ahead,  and  we  are  perhaps  anxious  to 
bring  about  too  quickly  the  consummation  of  those  dreams.  We 
are  proud  of  our  heritage,  we  are  British  to  the  core,  and  prouder 
still  to  be  called  Rhodesians. 

DISCUSSION. 

Sir  LEWIS  MICHELL  considered  they  were  very  much  indebted 
to  Mr.  Miller  for  his  able  and  sympathetic  treatment  of  a  very 
interesting  subject.  It  was  not  brought  home  to  the  minds  of 
people  as  it  should  be  that  Rhodesia  was  a  country  enjoying  a 
magnificent  climate,  and  that  the  territory  was  thirteen  times  as 
large  as  Great  Britain.  We  ought  to  try  to  realise  the  enormous 
possibilities  of  such  a  territory  in  view  of  our  overcrowded  popula- 
tion. Indeed,  when  we  remembered  the  vast  area  at  the  disposition 
of  the  Empire  generally,  it  ought  to  stimulate  us  to  do  everything 
in  our  power  to  place  settlers  where  they  were  most  wanted.  Mr. 
Miller  had  mentioned  that  there  were  only  1,500  miles  of  railway  in 
Rhodesia,  a  country  750,000  square  miles  in  extent.  He  himself 
would  prefer  to  put  the  fact  in  another  way,  and  instead  of  thinking 
that  the  railways  were  insufficient  for  the  magnitude  of  the  country 
he  would  like  to  regard  them  from  the  point  of  view  of  population. 
In  Rhodesia  there  were  now  nearly  2,000  miles  of  railway,  and  we 
had  a  white  population  of  only  12,000  souls.  In  other  words, 
Rhodesia  had  a  mile  of  railway  for  every  six  white  inhabitants.  He 
thought  that  in  these  matters  they  should  go  slowly,  and  exercise  a 
certain  amount  of  caution.  At  the  same  time  he  believed  Rhodesia 
was  going  as  fast  in  railway  progress  as  could  be  expected.  The 
Paper  read  by  Mr.  Miller  was  written  in  a  conservative  and  tem- 
perate spirit,  reflecting  the  facts  of  the  country  very  fairly,  and  as 
a  director  of  the  Chartered  Company  and  knowing  Rhodesia  well, 


136  Rhodesia  and  its  Resources. 

— 

he  felt  much  indebted  to  Mr.  Miller  for  the  trouble  he  bad  taken  in 
the  matter. 

Mr.  F.  J.  NEWTON,  C.M.G.  (Treasurer  of  Rhodesia),  was  glad 
to  bear  witness  to  the  excellent  Paper  contributed  by  Mr.  Miller. 
It  showed  that  Rhodesia  had  the  advantage  of  a  splendid  climate, 
and  further  that  the  country  had  tremendous  possibilities.     There 
was  already  an  organised  industry,  the  mining  industry,  and  to 
those  who  had  sons  who  were  thinking  of  settling  abroad  he  would 
suggest  the  desirability  of  their  going  out  there  with  a  capital  of  a- 
few  hundred  pounds,  and  taking  up  some  of  these  small  mining 
properties.     Southern  Rhodesia  was  teeming  with  small  reefs,  and 
some  of  them  were  being  worked  very  profitably  indeed  by  perhaps 
one  or  two  men— not  more,  because  white  labour  ran  away  with 
profits  ;  they  had  twenty  to  fifty  or  sixty  Kaffirs  working  on  each, 
kept  a  five-stamp  mill  going  day  and  night,  and  they  earned  hand- 
some profits.     Here  were  very  encouraging  prospects  opened   out 
to  energetic  young  men.     It  was  not  to  be  denied  that  Rhodesia, 
though  a  very  fine  country  for  the  growth  of  mealies,  tobacco,  and 
the  like,  was  first  and  foremost  a  cattle  country.     It  was  to  cattle 
a   man  who  went  out  there   must   look   for  support.     It  was  no 
exaggeration  to  say  that  in  the  time  of  Lobengula  the  country  was 
black  with  cattle,  and  in  places  where  there  was  plenty  of  water 
every  hill  was  covered  with  them.     Cattle  supplied  the  farmer  with 
meat,  milk,  leather,  manure,  and,  above  all,  power.     When  one 
thought  how  enormously  reproductive  cattle  of  all  kinds  were  in 
that  country  he  thought  anyone  who  went  out  there  must  resolve 
to  go  in  for  that  branch  of  farming.     He  must  at  any  rate  have 
cattle  either  as  the  main  factor  of   his  farming  operations  or  as 
ancillary  to  tobacco  or  mealies.     With  regard  to  stock  raising,  and 
more   especially   as   regarded  mule   breeding,  a   very   clever   and 
industrious  veterinary  surgeon  in  the  Transvaal,  Dr.  Theiler.  had 
been  for  nine  or  ten  years  working  at  the  discovery  of  an  antidote 
to   the   horse   sickness  that   had   committed  such  ravages  in  the 
•  northern  part  of  South  Africa.     He  had  now  found  a  serum  that 
gave  immunity  to  mules.     He  (Mr.  Newton)  did  not  know  how 
long  that  would  last,  but  there  was  every  reason  to  believe  that  the 
remedy  would  be  permanent,  and  undeniably  it  was  capable  of  much 
further  development  as  regarded  horses.     If  all  the  expectations  on 
this  subject  were  realised  it  was  obvious,  remembering  the  large 
sums  which  farmers  in  the  Transvaal,  Bechuanaland,  and  Rhodesia 
spent  on  the  renewal  of  their  stock,  that  this  improved  condition  of 
things  must  have  a  very  important  effect  indeed  on  their  economies. 


Rhodesia  and  its  Resources.  137 

He  suggestecTto  anyone  interested  in  the  three  Rhodesias  to  pay  a 
visit  to  the  excellent  museum  at  London  Wall. 

Sir  FREDERICK  YOUNG,  K.C.M.G. :  As  Chairman  of  the  North 
Charterland  Exploration  Company,  I  wish  to  say  how  much 
interested  I  have  been  in  Mr.  Miller's  Paper.  It  has  given  us,  I 
think,  a  very  good  idea  indeed  of  the  possibilities  of  the  future  of 
this  great  country.  I  might  mention  that  in  the  territory  with 
which  I  am  connected  we  have  10,000  square  miles  of  the  750,000 
mentioned  by  Mr.  Miller,  a  large  herd  of  cattle  which  is  quite 
immune  from  disease  and  flourishing  in  every  way,  and  I  agree 
with  the  last  speaker  that  the  raising  of  cattle  will  be  a  most 
important  element  of  success  in  the  future  development  of  the 
country.  In  regard  to  gold  mining  his  Company  had  some  little 
machinery  already  at  work  in  a  mine  called  the  "  Sassare  "  Mine, 
from  which  they  were  expecting  good  results  ere  long.  Of  course 
the  difficulty  in  all  new  countries  was  the  long  time  that  was 
required  for  development ;  and  the  large  expenditure  of  capital, 
very  frequently  without  any  immediate  successful  result.  Many  of 
those  present,  no  doubt,  have  been  acting  as  pioneers,  and  up  to 
this  time  they  have  met  with  disappointment ;  but  I  believe  that 
will  only  be  for  a  time,  and  I  have  every  confidence  that  this 
wonderful  country  is  going  some  day  to  be  one  of  the  valuable 
gems  of  the  British  Crown. 

Major  A.  ST.  HILL  GIBBONS  differed  from  Mr.  Miller  in  the  view 
that  North-West  Rhodesia  was  not  yet  ripe  for  settlers.  He  himself 
had  visited  this  country  twice  as  explorer,  and  had  travelled  many 
thousands  of  miles  over  it.  At  the  beginning  of  last  year  he  took 
up  land,  and  had  already  started  cotton,  tobacco,  &c.  This  he  did 
in  view  not  of  the  present  but  of  the  future  outlook,  for  the  joining 
up  of  the  Lobita  Bay  railway,  already  under  construction,  with 
the  Transcontinental  line  will  give  N.  W.  Rhodesia  an  advantage 
in  European  markets  over  any  South  African  Colony.  He  thought 
the  country  as  a  whole  was  superior  for  agricultural  purposes  to 
Southern  Rhodesia,  partly  because  they  had  larger  tracts  of  good 
soil  and  partly  because  of  the  much  more  stable  rainfall.  He 
heartily  agreed  that  the  land  settlement  of  the  country  was  the  bed 
rock  of  its  prosperity.  Gold  and  diamonds  and  minerals  were 
useful  stimulants  to  colonisation,  but  on  the  whole  he  preferred 
agricultural  settlers  who  would  make  the  country  their  home  to  the 
hundred  and  one  kinds  of  people  of  all  racas  and  countries  who 
were  attracted  by  gold,  people  who  went  out  to  make  what  they 
could  and  then  left  the  country  to  itself. 

F    3 


138  Rhodesia  and  its  Resources. 

The  CHAIRMAN  (The  Eight  Hon.  Sir  Albert  H.  Hime,  K.C.M.G.) 
remarked  that  one  thing  stood  out  pre-eminently,  which  was  that 
the  more  we  knew  of  Rhodesia  the  greater  should  be  our  debt  of 
gratitude  to  that  great  statesman,  Mr.  Cecil  Ehodes,  who  by  his 
foresight,  courage,  and  Imperial  spirit  added  to  the  British  Empire 
this  vast  territory.  It  was  as  yet  only  in  its  infancy — a  large 
portion,  indeed,  had  scarcely  been  explored — but  as  regarded  both 
minerals  and  agriculture  we  knew  that  the  country  had  wonderful 
possibilities.  He  did  not  himself  think  that  young  men  should  be 
induced  to  go  out  there  with  the  idea  that  they  would  at  once  be 
able  to  earn  a  living.  He  thought,  in  fact,  that  the  lecturer  should 
give  a  little  note  of  warning  on  that  point.  The  young  men  who 
went  out  there  must  have  a  certain  amount  of  capital — he  was  not 
prepared  to  say  how  much— and  if  they  had  a  certain  amount  of 
brainb  as  well  all  the  better ;  but  they  must  be  prepared  to  work. 
The  country  did  not  want  any  wasters  or  ne'er-do-wells.  It  was 
the  men  who  would  work  with  hands  and  brains  who  would 
succeed,  but  they  must,  as  he  had  said,  have  a  certain  amount  of 
capital.  It  was  no  use  a  father  saying  to  his  son  :  "  There  is  a 
hundred  pounds,  my  boy.  God  bless  you  ;  go  to  Rhodesia,  you're 
sure  to  get  on  very  well,"  and  then  wash  his  hands  of  the  matter, 
because,  as  he  had  said,  other  things  were  required.  The  same 
remark  applied  to  other  Colonies,  and  he  would  urge  that  anyone 
who  thought  of  sending  his  son  or  relative  abroad  should  bear  these 
things  in  mind.  He  moved  a  hearty  vote  of  thanks  to  Mr.  Miller. 

Mr.  MILLER  stated  that  a  man  without  capital  could  only  go  to 
Ehodesia  if  he  had  a  billet.  The  best  way  was  to  endeavour 
to  obtain  a  position,  however  small,  and  a  living  wage.  He  would 
thus  be  able  to  acquire  the  experience  that  was  necessary,  and  if  he 
had  brains  and  muscles  he  would  be  sure  to  make  money.  It  was 
not  everybody  who  had  sufficient  capital  to  start  at  once  as  a 
farmer. 


189 


FOURTH   ORDINARY   GENERAL   MEETING. 

THE  Fourth  Ordinary  General  Meeting  of  the  Session  was  held  at 
the  Whitehall  Rooms,  Hotel  Metropole,  on  Tuesday,  February  12, 
1907,  when  a  Paper  on  "  Some  Reflections  on  Modern  India  "  was 
read  by  Lieutenant- Colonel  Sir  Donald  Robertson,  K.C.S.I. 

The  Right  Hon.  Lord  Ampthffl,  G.C.S.I.,  G.C.I.E.,  presided. 

The  Minutes  of  the  last  Ordinary  General  Meeting  were  read 
and  confirmed,  and  it  was  announced  that  since  that  Meeting  15 
Fellows  had  been  elected,  viz.,  3  Resident  and  12  Non-Resident. 

Resident  Fellows  : — 

Byron  Brenan,  C.M.O.,  Robert  U.  Moffatt,  C.M.G.,  M.B.,  C.M.,  Alexander 
Allan  Shand. 

Non-Resident  Fellows  : — 

Wm.  Hodgins  Biggar,  K.C.  (Canada],  Charles  C.  Bowring  (British  East 
Africa),  W.  Alvin  Brooks  (Southern  Nigeria),  Maurice  Casey  (New  Zealand), 
John  W.  Collett,  M.D.,  L.R.C.P.  and  S.  (Southern  Nigeria),  J.  Burtt  Davy, 
F.L.S.,  F.R.G.S.  (Transvaal),  His  Excellency  Lt.-Col.  Sir  Percy  Girouard, 
K.C.M.G.,  D.S.O.  (High  Commissioner,  Northern  Nigeria],  Cuthbert  Fether- 
stonhaugh  (British  Columbia),  Joseph  A.  King  (British  Guiana),  Hon.  Mr. 
Justice  F.  H.  Phippen  (Canada),  Richard  Scott- Atkinson  (British  North 
Borneo),  Leo  M.  Wolff  (Transvaal). 

It  was  also  announced  that  Donations  to  the  Library  of  books, 
maps,  &c.,  had  been  received  from  the  various  Governments  of  the 
Colonies  and  India,  Societies  and  public  bodies  both  in  the  United 
Kingdom  and  the  Colonies,  and  from  Fellows  of  the  Institute  and 
others. 

The  CHAIEMAN  :  Before  calling  on  Sir  Donald  Robertson,  I  should 
like  to  refer  in  the  fewest  possible  words  to  the  sad  loss  which  the 
Institute  has  sustained  through  the  death  of  Lord  Goschen.  There 
would  be  no  point  in  my  adding  anything  to  the  general  and  unani- 
mous tribute  which  has  been  paid  to  his  memory  by  public  opinion 
throughout  the  country.  Suffice  it  to  say  that  public  life  and  the 
nation  at  large  have  sustained  a  very  serious  loss,  for  there  are  not 
many  men  in  any  one  generation  who  have  the  same  great  ability 
and  force  of  character  as  had  Lord  Goschen.  It  is  appropriate  to 
mention  that  he  was  one  of  the  original  founders  of  this  Institute 
and  a  consistent  supporter  of  its  objects.  On  one  of  the  latest 
occasions  when  he  spoke  at  a  meeting  of  this  Institute  he  used  these 

p  4 


140  Some  Reflections  on  Modern  India. 

characteristic  words :  "  We  must  not  only  look  at  our  financial 
balance-sheets ;  there  are  items  in  the  National  power  that  cannot 
be  counted  in  pounds  sterling — cannot  be  represented  in  millions  of 
treasure,  but  which  are  precious  treasure  all  the  same.  They  con- 
sist in  the  attachment  of  our  Colonies,  in  the  determination  of  our 
Colonies  to  assist  us  in  maintaining  the  interests  of  this  United 
Empire."  I  think  those  few  words  expressed  very  concisely  what 
was  the  attitude  of  Lord  Goschen  towards  the  great  Imperial 
questions  of  the  day.  The  Council  of  the  Institute,  at  their 
meeting  this  afternoon,  passed  a  resolution  of  condolence  with  the 
family,  and  I  feel  sure  you  will  heartily  endorse  it.  I  have  now 
the  pleasure  of  introducing  Sir  Donald  Eobertson,  who,  I  am  proud 
to  say,  is  an  old  friend  of  mine.  We  met  in  India,  but  his  service 
there  was  a  good  deal  longer  and  more  important  than  mine.  He 
has  served  both  in  the  military  and  civil  branches  of  the  public 
service,  and  his  last  appointment  in  India  was  the  important  one  of 
Eesident  in  Mysore.  Now  a  Political  Officer  (and  a  Resident,  as 
you  know,  belongs  to  what  is  called  the  Political  Department  in 
India)  requires  a  combination  of  the  qualities  of  a  diplomatist  and 
administrator,  and  you  will  recognise  at  once  that  the  effective 
combination  of  these  qualities  must  be  very  rare  indeed.  I  will 
only  say  that,  to  the  best  of  my  knowledge,  Sir  Donald  Robertson, 
notwithstanding  the  many  difficult  circumstances  in  which  his 
duties  necessarily  placed  him,  never  made  an  enemy  during  the 
whole  of  the  long  time  he  was  in  India — a  matter  of  something  like 
forty  years,  while  I  do  know  for  certain  that  he  made  many  friends. 
Few  men,  therefore,  are  better  qualified  than  he  is  to  speak  with 
authority  on  those  Indian  questions  which  are  steadily  attracting 
more  and  more  interest  and  attention  in  this  country,  and  concern- 
ing which  it  is  so  important  that  we  should  be  rightly  informed. 

Lieutenant -Colonel  Sir  Donald  Robertson,  K.C.S.I.,  then  read 
his  Paper  on 

SOME   REFLECTIONS   ON  MODERN  INDIA. 

I  CHOSE  the  title  of  "  Some  Reflections  on  Modern  India  "  because 
no  lecturer  can  pretend  to  do  more  than  touch  lightly  upon  a  few 
questions  in  such  a  vast  field  as  that  of  the  Indian  Administration. 
It  would  be  almost  as  easy  to  lecture  comprehensively  upon  Europe 
as  to  deal  satisfactorily  at  one  sitting  with  all  the  important  problems 
with  which  we  are  confronted  in  Hindustan.  I  stand  before  you 
an  ex-official  of  hirty-eight  years'  service  in  the  military,  civil,  and 


Some  Reflections  on  Modern  India.  141 

political  departments,  a  "  sun-dried  bureaucrat,"  if  you  will,  who, 
having  nothing  but  pleasing  reminiscences  of  India,  not  unnaturally 
adopts  a  friendly  attitude  towards  the  Government  whose  salt  he 
has  eaten.  I  make  this  admission  at  once  in  order  that  there  may 
be  no  mistake  as  to  the  colours  under  which  I  sail. 

There  are  some  truths  about  India  which,  though  quite  elementary, 
cannot  be  too  clearly  reiterated.  It  is  an  enormous  country  with  a 
huge  population,  seven  times  as  large  as  that  of  the  United  Kingdom, 
composed  of  discordant  elements,  forming  not  one  nation  but  an 
assortment  of  nations,  speaking  many  languages,  animated  by  irre- 
concilable customs  and  ideas,  and  with  widely  different  traditions. 
Not  to  dwell  upon  the  divergent  views  between  Hindus  and  Moham- 
medans, and  the  determination  of  the  latter  not  to  be  left  behind  in 
the  race  for  existence — of  which  we  have  heard  something  recently 
and  shall  doubtless  soon  hear  more— it  is  difficult  to  imagine  people 
living  in  one  country  who  are  more  widely  apart  than  the  Sikhg, 
Mahrattas  and  Rajputs  on  the  one  hand,  and  the  Bengalis  and 
Madrasis  on  the  other.  I  have  had  some  recent  experience  of  how 
the  people  of  one  country  in  India  persisted  in  regarding  the  inhabi- 
tants of  contiguous  districts  as  strangers  and  foreigners,  though 
to  the  ordinary  British  observer  there  seemed  to  be  no  material 
difference  in  appearance,  characteristics,  religion,  or  even  language. 
These  facts  are  of  special  significance  at  the  present  time  when 
there  is  much  agitation  and  not  a  little  disaffection  promoted  by  a 
small  and  noisy  educated  class,  which  affects  to  speak  as  with  the 
voice  of  all  India.  Again,  it  must  be  remembered  that  India  is  in 
the  main  an  agricultural  country  ;  the  bulk  of  the  population  is 
illiterate,  with  no  experience  of  life  beyond  the  confines  of  their 
villages,  being  further  so  childlike  and  ignorant  that  they  can  easily 
be  led  astray  by  designing  agitators.  Of  the  ordinary  villager  it  is 
no  exaggeration  to  say  that  he  cannot  understand  any  authority 
higher  than  the  District  Officer,  he  appreciates  vaguely  that  there 
are  other  luminaries  who  occasionally  descend  upon  and  ruffle  the 
serenity  of  his  uneventful  existence,  but  of  their  powers  and  share 
in  official  life  he  is  supremely  ignorant. 

•  These  preliminary  observations  bring  me  to  a  question  which  a 
public  speaker  cannot  well  ignore  at  the  present  time,  though  it 
seems  unnecessary  to  invest  it  with  any  special  weight  or  urgency. 
I  allude  to  the  Congress  Meeting  at  the  end  of  December  last  in 
Calcutta,  and  Mr.  Dadabhai  Naoroji's  speech  as  president.  This 
gentleman  is  a  veteran  orator,  who  no  doubt  thoroughly  believes 
in  the  cause  he  advocates ;  I  should  be  very  sorry  to  appear  to 


142  Some  Reflections  on  Modern  India. 

question  his  honesty  of  purpose,  but  how  with  his  long  experience 
of  politics  he  can  persuade  himself  that  his  mission  and  the  methods 
employed  to  support  it  are  just  and  necessary  it  is  difficult  to  under- 
stand. His  panacea  for  the  ills  of  India  is  expressed,  according  to 
the  published  report  of  his  address,  in  the  peroration  as  follows  : — 

"  I  say  be  united,  persevere  and  achieve  self-government,  so  that 
the  millions  now  perishing  by  poverty,  famine  and  plague,  and  the 
scores  of  millions  that  are  starving  on  scanty  subsistence  may  be 
saved,  and  India  may  again  occupy  the  proud  position  of  yore 
amongst  the  greatest  and  civilised  nations  of  the  world." 

The  self-government  here  indicated  is  described  in  an  earlier  part 
of  the  address  as  the  complete  power  and  rights  which  the  British 
electorate  enjoy  over  here.  Now  it  is  not  necessary  to  have  any 
special  knowledge  of  Indian  affairs  to  recognise  that  it  can  hardly  be 
reasonable  to  saddle  the  present  Administration  with  responsibility 
for  the  dreadful  tale  of  mortality  and  suffering  brought  about  by 
visitations  of  plague,  a  mysterious  malady  the  origin  of  which  has 
vexed  the  scientific  mind  for  some  years.-  Nor  does  it  appear  to  be 
-consistent  with  fair  argument,  even  under  the  temptation  to  say 
what  would  be  palatable  to  the  audience  he  was  addressing,  for  the 
President  to  have  grouped  in  one  category  of  evils,  which  the 
magic  wand  of  self-government  would  remove,  such  matters  as 
general  poverty  under  normal  conditions,  and  famine ;  an  indict- 
ment which,  if  true,  would  brand  the  Government  of  India  as  dis- 
gracefully inefficient  and  indeed  infamous.  Mr.  Dadabhai  Naoroji 
fortified  his  case  by  extracts  from  the  speeches  of  various  eminent 
personages,  such  as  Bright,  Macaulay,  Gladstone,  the  Duke  of 
Devonshire,  Sir  Henry  Campbell-Bannerman,  and  Mr.  Morley, 
ingeniously  brought  in  at  the  right  time  in  order  to  round  off  his 
periods.  Am  I  too  bold  in  suggesting  that  the  renowned  states- 
men whose  authority  he  so  copiously  invokes  would  be  more  than 
surprised  to  learn  that  detached  portions  of  their  utterances  had 
been  made  to  do  duty  in  support  of  a  cause  which  they  had  never 
advocated  ?  Mr.  Morley,  for  instance,  whom  the  President  often 
quotes  approvingly,  has  recently  expressed  himself  in  terms  which 
admit  of  no  doubt  as  to  his  opinion,  as  follows  :  "  I  have  said  I  shall 
not  be  taken  to  indicate  for  a  moment  that  I  dream  you  can  trans- 
plant British  institutions  wholesale  into  India.  That  is  a  fantastic 
and  ludicrous  dream."  If  I  may  say  so  without  appearing  dis- 
respectful, the  borrowing  process  adopted  by  Mr.  Dadabhai  Naoroji 
appears  to  bear  som'e  resemblance  to  the  device  for  pushing  the 
sale  of  a  book  by  clipping  a  few  favourable  expressions  from  the 


Some  Ee flections  on  Modern  India.  143 

reviews,  regardless  of  all  that  may  not  be  flattering  or  accom- 
modating. I  do  not  believe  that  anyone  who  knows  India,  and 
is  not  blinded  by  prejudice,  will  agree  with  Mr.  Dadabhai  Naoroji 
as  regards  either  the  desirability  or  the  practicability  of  his  scheme, 
whilst  I  am  confident  that  few  sober  politicians  will  be  found  on 
his  side  in  estimating  the  glowing  results  he  foreshadows  as  likely 
to  flow  therefrom.  That  there  is  unfortunately  considerable 
poverty  in  India,  though  of  a  different  degree  to  what  we  hear  of 
in  England,  is  well  known,  but  that  millions  perish  from  famine 
whose  lives  could  be  saved,  and  scores  of  millions  are  continually 
starving,  can  only  be  described  as  gross  exaggerations.  It  would 
probably  be  nearer  the  truth  to  say  that  judging  by  such  tests  as 
are  available,  and  they  are  fairly  convincing,  the  prosperity  of 
India  is  steadily  advancing,  and  without  attempting  to  contrast 
the  present  and  the  past  condition  of  the  people  which  would  be 
futile,  seeing  that  there  is  no  definite  starting  point,  it  is  not  rash 
to  argue  that  if  those  favourable  causes  affect  the  ordinary  life  of 
the  people — and  why  should  they  not  do  so  ?— their  case  does  not 
seem  to  call  for  heroic  measures,  and  Affords  no  justification  for 
Mr.  Dadabhai  JSaoroji's  gloomy  strictures.  Did  time  permit  I 
should  have  liked  to  refer  in  detail  to  a  Resolution  recorded  by  Lord 
Curzon  in  1902  on  the  Land  Eevenue  Policy  of  India,  which  com- 
pletely demolishes  the  theories  then  put  forward,  attempting  to 
fasten  some  responsibility  on  the  Government  of  India,  if  not 
for  the  occurrence  of  famines,  at  least  for  their  resultant  mortality. 
If  a  failure  of  the  monsoon  occurs  and  blights  agricultural  pro- 
spects, there  is  no  escape  from  scarcity  and  distress  ;  all  that  can  be 
done  is  to  afford  relief  locally,  and  to  limit  the  area  affected,  by  the 
application  of  well-considered  remedial  measures.  This  is  of  course 
freely  done.  Several  committees,  composed  of  the  best  men  in 
India,  have  been  assembled  to  consider  and  amend  the  famine  code 
from  time  to  time.  The  last  one  was  presided  over  by  Sir  Antony 
MacDonnell,  and  the  Government  of  India  may  justly  claim  that 
their  famine  policy,  and  the  methods  of  dealing  with  these  dreadful 
visitations,  are  now  as  perfect  as  human  ingenuity  can  make 
them. 

Though  I  disagree  with  Mr.  Dadabhai  Naoroji's  proposals,  as 
being  unsuitable  and  unnecessary,  I  recognise  that  the  time  has 
arrived  for  careful  consideration  of  the  claims  made  by  educated 
Indians  that  they  should  receive  a  larger  share  of  executive  ap- 
pointments. I  specify  executive  advisedly,  because  as  is  well 
known  they  already  enjoy  many  of  the  upper  and  lower  judicial 


144  '  Some  Reflections  on  Modern  India. 

posts.  Moreover,  they  perform  with  signal  devotion  and  success 
most  of  the  clerical  work  required  by  the  administration.  It  is  not, 
however,  to  be  inferred  that  they  do  not  at  present  hold  several 
important  executive  offices  ;  further,  the  Civil-Service  is  open  to  any 
Indian  who  passes  the  examination  in  London.  Everyone  must 
sympathise  with  the  desire  of  ihose  who  have  sufficient  enlighten- 
ment in  India  to  undertake  some  share  in  the  administration  of 
their  country,  but  it  is  essential  that  Government  should  proceed 
with  the  utmost  caution.  They  are  compelled  in  the  first  place  to 
consider  the  interest  of  the  many  inarticulate  millions  who  have 
never  expressed  any  desire  for,  and  might  conceivably  resent,  a 
change  in  the  direction  of  substituting  Indian  for  European  agency. 
Experiments  in  the  nature  of  leaps  in  the  dark  in  an  eastern 
country,  where  the  people  hang  upon  the  acts  of  the  Government, 
are  apt  to  prove  mischievous.  Moreover,  it  is  above  all  things 
essential  that  we  should  maintain  the  highest  possible  level  of 
efficiency  in  the  administration.  There  are  other  more  important 
qualifications  for  Government  officials  than  the  mere  ability  to 
satisfy  literary  tests,  and  whatever  the  future  may  disclose,  and 
progress  justify,  I  am  merely  stating  what  is  a  well  known  fact 
when  I  assert  that  up  to  the  present  time,  except  in  a  limited 
degree,  the  requisite  capacity  for  successful  administration  is  not 
conspicuous  amongst  those  Indians  whose  claims  are  founded  solely 
upon  the  possession  of  university  distinctions.  I  hope  that  I  shall 
not  be  misunderstood.  I  have  lived  for  years  in  the  closest  and 
most  friendly  intercourse  with  Indians,  and  should  be  the  last  to 
deny  to  many  of  those  with  whom  I  have  had  social  and  official 
relations  the  possession  of  various  excellent  qualities.  Aptitude  for 
governing  is  not,  however,  acquired  merely  by  book  learning,  and 
those  now  foremost  in  proclaiming  their  fitness  are,  unfortunately, 
not  of  the  class  who  are  likely  to  prove  themselves  masterful 
officials  and  leaders  of  men,  regardless  of  the  part  of  India  in  which 
they  may  be  employed.  I  believe  that  it  would  be  thoroughly 
unsafe  to  entrust  some  of  them  with  appointments  in  districts 
where  trouble  may  at  any  time  arise,  and  the  population  are  law- 
abiding  citizens  only  so  long  as  they  are  able  to  look  up  to  and 
respect  those  in  authority  over  them.  It  may  be  of  course  and  indeed 
has  been  argued  that  the  Indians  have  not  as  yet  been  given  a  fair 
chance  to  qualify  themselves  for  high  posts.  This  is  not  quite 
correct;  look,  for  instance,  at  the  statutory  civil  service,  composed 
of  men  recruited  in  India,  whilst  evidence  is  not  wanting  that  the 
Government  of  India,  who  must  necessarily  be  in  the  best  pos- 


Some  Eeflections  on  Modern  India.  145 

sible  position  to  judge  when  and  how  to  move,  have  taken 
advantage  of  opportunities  gradually  to  increase  the  number  of 
appointments  open  to  Indians.  I  believe,  notwithstanding  the 
very  limited  success  which  the  statutory  civil  service  secured,  the 
best  solution  of  the  difficulty  will  be  found  in  competition  amongst 
carefully  selected  candidates.  This  will  secure  the  elimination  of 
those  who,  though  able  by  cramming  to  pass  almost  any  examina- 
tion, are  otherwise  unfitted  to  assume  responsible  positions  in  the 
public  service. 

It  must  be  remembered  that  Lord  Kipon's  plan  for  local  self- 
government  which  was  launched  twenty  years  ago  would,  without 
continuous  Government  backing  and  support,  have  been  long  ago 
extinct,  and  has  so  far  produced  few  men  of  whom  it  can  be 
said  that,  having  graduated  in  what  should  have  been  a  very 
useful  school,  they  are  fit  to  embark  upon  more  extended  responsi- 
bilities. Nor  is  the  outlook  more  promising  when  the  search  for 
those  who  have  developed  capacity  for  administrative  work  is  ex- 
tended to  the  Native  States,  where  talent  and  governing  capacity 
have  a  more  or  less  independent  chance,  unfettered  by  our  hard 
and  fast  system,  which  necessarily  damps  initiative,  and  restricts 
opportunities  for  special  distinction.  I  am  not  here  speaking  of 
Mysore,  one  of  the  .principal  States,  where  the  conditions  are  quite 
exceptional ;  elsewhere  the  number  of  those  who  have  come  promi- 
nently to  the  front  in  these  Principalities  is  small.  Speaking  generally 
all  that  they  have  as  yet  accomplished  is  the  imitation  and  adapta- 
tion of  our  ideas.  I  hope  I  have  made  it  clear  that  I  do  not  deny 
the  potential  capacity  of  Indians  for  administrative  work,  still  less 
is  it  possible  to  dispute  that  their  ability  is  often  of  a  high  order ; 
my  argument  is  that  a  genius  for  organisation  has  yet  to  be 
created,  which  can  only  develop  slowly,  and  that  though  changes 
are  inevitable  they  must  be  introduced  cautiously. 

As  most  of  you  know,  India  is  divided  for  administrative  purposes 
into  British  territory  and  Native  States.  The  latter  offer  an 
interesting  field  for  study  both  as  historical  relics  and  also  as  repre- 
senting indigenous  methods,  even  though  with  an  admixture  of 
Western  ideas.  The  form  of  administration  is  feudal  and  patriarchal, 
with  an  attachment  to  forms  and  ceremonies  which  are  to  be  seen 
nowhere  else  in  the  country.  In  Hindu  States,  where  the  ruler  has 
not  escaped  from  the  thraldom  of  priestly  influence,  the  astrologers 
are  paramount.  A  chief's  life  is  largely  regulated  by  his  horoscope, 
and  wherever  he  goes  or  whatever  he  does  it  is  necessary  to  ascer- 
tain beforehand  how  the  omens  are  likely  to  work.  In  one  State  of 


146  Some  Reflections  on  Modern  India. 

which  I  had  charge  during  a  minority  we  maintained  a  staff  of 
Brahmins,  in  various  shrines  of  repute,  who  were  continually  en- 
gaged in  intercessions  that  the  evil  possibilities  foreshadowed  in  the 
horoscope  for  certain  years  of  the  prince's  life  should  be  neutralised. 
Their  services  were  not  rendered  for  nothing,  and  it  was  a  constant 
struggle  for  the  keeper  of  the  state  purse-strings  to  discover  how 
cheaply  we  could  secure  immunity  from  unpleasant  planetary  con- 
junctions. So  far  I  am  happy  to  say  the  results  have  been  all  that 
could  be  desired. 

It  is  the  settled  policy  of  our  Government  to  preserve  these  chief- 
ships  intact.  In  default  of  natural  heirs  their  rulers  are  allowed 
to  adopt,  our  interest  being  confined  to  securing  for  the  people, 
competent  rulers.  It  would  be  unsuitable  to  have  anything  in 
the  shape  of  constitutional  government  in  a  Native  State,  for  the 
chiefs  are  personally  responsible  to  the  British  Government  for 
efficient  management,  and  they  cannot  divide  this  responsibility 
with  their  subjects.  Enlightened  government,  according  to  our 
Western  notions,  is  expensive,  and  though  the  important  States 
have  adopted  many  of  our  ideas,  in  the  smaller  chiefships  it  would 
be  impossible  to  afford  the  ameliorations  which  up-to-date  methods 
involve.  The  relations  between  the  rulers  and  their  subjects  afford 
scope  for  personal  kindliness,  such  as  the  bestowal  of  individual 
favours,  contributions  towards  marriage  expenses,  or  other  domestic 
ceremonies,  though  they  also  call  for  reciprocal  assistance,  when, 
for  instance,  the  Rajah  goes  on  a  pilgrimage  and  is  short  of  cash. 
In  Rajput  States  the  Chief  is  merely  the  first  among  the  brother- 
hood, and  the  sort  of  paternal  authority  he  exercises  is  quite  in 
accordance  with  Oriental  customs,  as  is  also  the  elasticity  which 
relieves  pressure  upon  the  defaulter,  and  renders  it  possible  to 
obtain  special  treatment  by  the  exertion  of  personal  interest. 
Religious  disturbances  are  almost  unknown,  for  the  rigid  neutrality 
to  which  we  very  properly  adhere  in  our  territory  would  be  out 
of  place  and  misunderstood,  the  principal  personages  would  gene- 
rally be  on  one  side  of  the  dispute,  and  this  condition  exerts  a 
steadying  and  pacifying  influence  wanting  in  British  India,  where 
we  take  upon  ourselves  the  attitude  of  Gallio,  a  tolerance  which 
lasts  until  heads  are  broken.  The  manner,  more  accommodating 
than  ours,  in  which  land  revenue  is  levied  in  Native  States,  accords 
closely  to  the  principle  by  which  all  cultivators  yield  a  certain 
portion  of  the  produce  to  the  governing  authority,  whilst  the 
spectacle,  so  often  seen  in  British  India,  of  a  man  sold  up  for  debt 
by  the  operation  .of  a  civil  decree  is  rarely  met  with.  What  is 


Some  'Reflections  on  Modern  India.  147 

possible  in  a  country  gentleman's  estate,  or  the  restricted  area  of  a 
Native  State,  in  the  way  of  direct  personal  government  would  be 
impracticable  on  a  larger  scale  with  us.  I  do  not  for  a  moment 
suggest  that  the  administration  of  Native  States  is  free  from  defects, 
but  there  is  a  tendency  in  some  quarters  to  regard  them  as  hope- 
lessly out  of  date,  and  it  is  only  fair  that  the  other  side  of  the 
picture  should  be  examined.  In  contrasting  the  relative  popularity 
of  English  and  Native  administration  it  may  be  admitted  that  our 
officers  find  it  impossible  to  compete  with  natural  rulers,  who  repre- 
sent the  nobility  of  the  land,  in  securing  the  attachment  of  the 
people,  but  at  least  we  in  British  India  can  comfort  ourselves  with 
the  reflection  that  there  is  probably  no  district  under  our  control 
which  would  not  regard  a  transfer  to  native  rule  as  an  intolerable 
hardship. 

Few  people  will  see  again  what  those  who  attended  the  Delhi 
Durbar  of  1903  were  privileged  to  witness  in  the  display  of  pomp 
and  pageantry,  when  the  retainers  of  almost  every  important  chief 
in  India  passed  in  review.  Gaily  caparisoned  camels,  large  carriages 
drawn  by  elephants,  mounted  warriors  in  mail  armour,  armed  men 
on  stilts,  a  party  of  devil  dancers  with  pantomime  masks,  and  an 
endless  variety  of  gaudily  attired  servants  who  came  along  in  motley 
array.  Before  there  is  another  Delhi  Durbar,  and  we  all  devoutly 
hope  that  there  may  be  no  necessity  to  hold  one  for  many  years  to 
come,  native  chiefs  will  have  realised  that  the  retention  of  these 
remnants  of  mediaeval  splendour  are  too  expensive  if  the  claims 
which  modern  administration  makes  upon  their  purses  are  also  to 
be  satisfied,  and  hordes  of  wild  and  fantastic  followers  will  have 
been  replaced  by  mounted  and  foot  soldiers,  dressed,  may  be,  in  the 
soberer  garb  of  our  cast  off  uniforms,  who,  though  more  useful 
even  in  diminished  numbers,  will  not  contribute  to  any  spectacular 
show. 

A  matter  of  great  moment  nowadays  is  the  upkeep  by  several 
leading  chiefs  of  cavalry,  infantry,  and  transport  trains,  which  are 
collectively  styled  the  Imperial  Service  Troops.  Some  States  have 
both  cavalry  and  transport,  some  cavalry  alone,  others  infantry, 
comprising  a  body  of  several  thousand  men,  who  form  part  of  the 
state  force  to  which  they  belong;  well- disciplined,  armed  with 
breech-loaders,  and  worked  up  to  a  high  condition  of  efficiency  under 
the  constant  inspection  of  British  officers.  This  scheme  was  started 
about  twenty  years  ago  as  the  result  of  a  spontaneous  offer  of 
assistance  by  the  chiefs  to  provide  military  assistance  for  the 
British  Government  during  campaigns  on  the  frontier,  and  on 


148  Some  Reflections  on  Modern  India. 

various  occasions  the  Imperial  Service  Troops  have  co-operated 
successfully  with  our  army.  It  has  never,  I  believe,  been  necessary 
to  formally  requisition  any  of  these  troops  for  field  service,  the 
difficulty  has  rather  been  to  deal  with  the  many  requests  for  their 
employment  by  the  chiefs.  At  one  time  I  remember  that  military 
critics  doubted  the  soundness  of  allowing  Native  States  to  maintain, 
otherwise  than  under  the  immediate  command  of  British  officers, 
bodies  of  troops  entrusted  with  arms  of  precision,  but  not  much 
has  been  heard  of  this  objection  during  recent  years,  and  I  feel  sure 
that  no  one  acquainted  with  native  chiefs,  and  their  deep  attach- 
ment and  loyalty  to  the  British  crown,  has  ever  entertained  the 
smallest  doubt  that,  should  troublous  times  ever  come,  we  may 
very  confidently  depend  upon  these  auxiliary  forces  to  render  true 
and  ready  service. 

Intimately  connected  with  the  attitude  of  the  British  Government 
towards  Native  States  are  the  attempts  made  to  provide  a  suitable 
education  by  means  of  chiefs'  colleges  for  nobles  and  embryo 
rulers.  One  of  the  many  excellent  reforms  inaugurated  by  that 
eminent  statesman,  Lord  Curzon,  during  his  viceroyalty,  was  to 
thoroughly  reorganise  the  arrangements  for  training  this  class. 
His  lordship  was  not  slow  to  recognise  that  it  was  unreasonable 
to  expect  native  rulers  to  play  their  part  in  the  body  politic  (his 
colleagues,  as  he  called  them)  unless  they  were  adequately  instructed 
and  trained,  not  only  from  the  ordinary  literary  standpoint,  but 
also  in  administrative  business.  Four  chiefs'  colleges  had  been  in 
existence  for  many  years,  but  they  were  badly  organised,  and  filled 
very  indifferently  that  place  in  the  educational  system  of  India 
which  they  were  intended  to  occupy.  The  system  throughout  was 
thoroughly  overhauled  and  remodelled,  and  now  there  are  ample 
facilities  for  imparting  a  liberal  education  to  the  princes  and 
nobles  of  India.  It  is  often  found  to  be  an  advantage  to  withdraw 
a  young  chief  from  an  atmosphere  in  his  palace  where  he  is  sur- 
rounded by  sycophants  and  temptations  to  idleness  and  dissipation, 
and  to  provide  him,  under  suitable  discipline  and  restraint,  with  the 
society  of  other  young  men  of  his  class,  who  all  meet  together  on 
neutral  ground  under  circumstances  where,  not  only  can  their 
mental  faculties  and  physical  culture  be  satisfactorily  developed, 
while  they  imbibe  what  is  good  of  Western  training  without  any 
sacrifice  of  essential  caste  and  family  customs,  but  where  they 
must  perforce  learn  that  experience  of  life  is  not  bounded  by  the 
horizon  of  their  own  territories.  Part  of  this  system  of  training 
has  been  to  set  back  the  age  at  which  a  young  chief  was  invested 


Some  Reflections  on  Modern  India.  149 

with  full  ruling  powers.  Formerly  eighteen  was  considered  a  suit- 
able age,  but  though  youths  in  the  East  develop  early,  it  came 
to  be  recognised  that  with  a  period  of  tutelage  often  lasting  barely 
four  years,  and  dealing  at  the  stait  with  very  backward  boys,  not 
only  was  there  insufficient  time  for  training,  and,  what  was  more 
undesirable,  to  entrust  vast  and  practically  uncontrolled  powers  to 
a  youth  of  that  tender  age,  was  almost  to  court  disaster  in  the  early 
stages  of  his  career,  before  he  had  acquired  sufficient  discernment 
to  judge  whom  he  could  safely  trust,  amongst  the  advisers  who 
were  often  interested  in  leading  him  astray  for  their  own  ad- 
vantage. 

The  word  "  Swadeshi  "  is  now  often  heard  in  India,  and  has  come 
to  be  understood  as  being  necessarily  associated  with  political 
agitation.  There  is,  however,  no  obvious  connection  between  the 
two  ;  if  "  Swadeshi  "  means  the  promotion  of  indigenous  commerce 
and  manufactures,  not  only  is  it  an  entirely  innocent  movement, 
but  the  idea  has  been  constantly  commended  and  encouraged  by 
our  Government.  Unfortunately,  a  scheme  entirely  advantageous 
to  India  has  become  mixed  up  with  the  agitation  against  the  par- 
tition of  Bengal  which  is  fostered  by  bellicose  cries  and  much  tall 
talk.  This  movement,  admittedly  hostile  to  our  Government,  is 
constantly  encouraged  by  the  Native  Press,  the  conductors  of  which 
appear  to  have  no  sense  of  the  responsibility  attaching  to  them  as 
public  men.  I  will  not  stop  to  discuss  whether  it  is  wise  to  tolerate 
the  inflammatory  sentiments  which  appear  week  after  week,  and 
must  necessarily  permeate  to  the  uneducated  masses,  who  are 
amazed  to  hear  such  dreadful  misconduct  attributed  to  the  Govern- 
ment whom  they  have  hitherto  respected,  and,  may  be,  admired. 
It  can,  of  course,  be  argued  that  we  ought  not  to  keep  the  safety 
valve  fastened  down,  and  that  it  is  better  to  allow  the  malcon- 
tents to  blow  off  without  restraint ;  but  the  affair  is  one  which 
obviously  requires  careful  watching,  and  this  it  is,  we  may  hope, 
receiving. 

I  trust  there  is  no  one  in  this  hall  who  is  inclined  to  accept  the 
pessimistic  views  which  too  often  appear  in  the  Press  about  India, 
or  to  believe  that  the  title  adopted  by  one  writer — "  Our  Dead 
Failure  in  India  " — represents  anything  more  than  a  prejudiced 
and  misguided  opinion.  Anyone  who  devotes  his  time  towards 
the  examination  of  public  affairs  out  there  will  find  plenty  of  occu- 
pation, but  the  farther  he  goes,  the  more,  if  reasonably  impartial, 
he  will  understand  and  appreciate  the  difficulties  which  our  officers 
have  to  face  in  doing  their  duty — a  task  which  is  not  made  easier 


150  Some  Reflections  on  Modern  India. 

by  the  persistent  hostility  shown  by  some  writers  and  speakers  in 
England,  who  seem  to  be  indifferent  to  the  effect  which  their 
action  may  produce  in  India.  I  am  sorry  to  see  that  Mr.  Dadabhai 
Naoroji,  who  ought  to  know  better,  repeats  the  hoary  old  fallacy 
that  the  payments  for  home  charges,  continually  spoken  of  as  the 
"  drain  from  India,"  comprise  merely  disbursements  in  England 
incidental  to  the  alien  administration — pay,  leave  allowances,  &c., 
without  reference  to  the  fact  that  they  also  include  interest  on  the 
capital  expenditure  provided  in  England  for  those  productive  works, 
such  as  railways  and  irrigation  canals,  without  which  the  improve- 
ment of  the  country  must  have  been  indefinitely  retarded.  As  an 
Indian  newspaper  has  lately  pointed  out,  if  the  "  Swadeshi "  leaders 
are  really  in  earnest,  they  might  devote  their  money  towards  acquiring 
as  much  as  possible  of  the  Indian  stock  now  held  in  England. 
This  would,  to  some  extent  at  least,  check  the  "  drain  "  which  is 
now  so  constantly  paraded  as  a  grievance . 

I  have  had  the  privilege  of  reading  an  excellent  lecture  which 
was  delivered  before  this  Institute  by  Mr.  Sawtell  in  May  last. l  It 
seems  to  me  very  satisfactory  that  a  gentleman,  with  doubtless  a 
keen  critical  faculty,  who  has  studied  Indian  problems  in  that 
country  for  some  years,  should  entertain  ideas  which  were  very 
deservedly  applauded  by  all  those  present.  He  dwelt  with  some 
emphasis  on  the  question  of  sympathy  between  the  rulers  and  the 
ruled,  a  matter  of  vital  importance.  In  my  opinion  there  is  little 
room  for  criticism  as  to  the  relations  between  British  officials  and 
the  villagers  or  others  of  the  poorer  classes.  Look  at  the  manner 
in  which  our  settlement  officers  work  amongst  the  people,  and  at 
the  conduct  of  British  officers  in  dealing  with  famine,  and  com- 
bating epidemics  such  as  cholera  and  plague.  It  is,  then,  with  their 
lives  in  their  hands,  scorning  all  personal  danger,  that  our  officers 
are  seen  at  their  best.  Nothing  in  the  shape  of  a  V.C.  or  a  D.S.O. 
is  to  be  got  out  of  it.  No  one  expects  to  receive  anything  special  for 
doing  his  duty,  though  its  successful  performance  involves  a  high 
order  of  personal  courage,  indicating  also  deep  sympathy  with  the 
sufferers.  There  are  other  causes  operating,  besides  the  frequent 
transfer  of  officers,  though  this  is  bad  enough,  and  the  facility  of 
coming  over  on  leave  to  England,  which  make  for  less  sympathy 
between  officials  and  some  of  the  educated  classes.  The  blame  is 
almost  always  laid  at  the  door  of  the  Englishman,  who  is  naturally 
a  somewhat  reserved  person.  But  what  about  the  Indian? 

1  Proceedings,  Royal  Colonial  Institute,  vol.  xxxvii.  p.  289,  "  India  under 
British  Rule,"  by  Arthur  Sawtell. 


Some  Reflections  on  Modern  India.  151 

Speeches  made  by  agitators,  and  newspaper  articles  published  in 
the  Native  Press,  adopt  a  most  contemptuous  attitude  towards  the 
European.  Is  this  calculated  to  promote  sympathy  ?  Nowadays 
the  newly-fledged  University  graduate  believes  and  practises  the 
theory  that  civility  and  servility  are  spelt  in  the  same  way,  and, 
anxious  to  avoid  the  latter,  he  sometimes  appears  barely  polite. 
An  old  Hindu  minister  in  a  Native  State,  when  I  remarked  that  no 
English  was  taught  in  the  State  School,  replied,  "  Sahib,  when 
boys  learn  English  they  develop  bad  manners."  I  do  not  quote 
this  as  entirely  agreeing  with  the  sentiment,  but  ~  it  contains  some 
grains  of  truth.  When  young  India  tries  to  express]  himself  in  a 
language  he  imperfectly  understands  he  necessarily  forsakes  the 
polite  Oriental  metaphors  which  sound  so  pleasant,  and  talks  in  an 
abrupt  and  staccato  style  which,  though  he  may  have  no  intention 
of  being  rude,  does  not  tend  to  further  familiar  intercourse.  This 
failing  of  the  few  is  the  more  remarkable,  because  a  well-bred 
Indian  gentleman  is  ordinarily  the  pink  of  politeness.  In  the  old 
days,  when  Civil  Officers  remained  for  years  in  one  district,  there 
were  certainly  closer  bonds  of  intimacy ;  I  am  afraid  those  conditions 
may  not  return,  but  there  is  no  reason,  provided,  of  course,  that 
reasonable  advances  are  made  both  by  the  European  and  the  Indian, 
why  there  should  not  be  mutual  feelings  of  friendliness  and  respect. 
I  am  now  approaching  the  limits  of  my  time  and  must  cut  short 
these  more  or  less  desultory  reflections.  It  is  sometimes  said  that 
we  Anglo-Indians  are  too  autocratic  and  unduly  optimistic.  Auto- 
cracy, if  it  be  a  failing,  may  be  regarded  as  one  of  the  incidents  of 
our  position  as  a  governing  class.  But  it  is  thoroughly  under- 
stood and  appreciated  by  the  natives,  so  long  as  it  is  exercised  with 
consideration  for  them  and  their  feelings,  and  we  should  not,  I 
take  it,  maintain  a  commanding  status,  so  essential  to  successful 
administration,  if  our  authority  were  exercised  in  a  doubtful  or 
halting  manner.  To  optimism  in  the  past,  for  the  present,  and 
the  future,  most  of  us  would  at  once  plead  guilty.  He  who  runs 
may  read.  Let  the  inquirer  go  out  to  that  great  country  in  a 
frame  of  mind  which  enables  him  to  form  independent  impressions 
of  what  he  observes,  without  the  preconceived  idea  which  animates 
some  travellers  that  everything  has  been  mismanaged,  and  I  am 
confident  that,  allowing  room  for  differences  of  opinion,  and  ad- 
mitting freely  that  some  mistakes  have  been  made,  he  will  not  fail 
to  recognise  what  splendid  work  has  been  done  by  our  Government 
for  India. 


152  Some  Reflections  on  Modern  India. 

DISCUSSION. 

Sir  CHAKLES  ELLIOTT,  K. C.S.I. :  I  should  like  in  the  first  place 
to  thank  the  Council  for  inviting  me,  who  am  not  a  Fellow  of  this 
Institute,  to  be  present  this  evening  and  to  take  a  share  in  the 
discussion  and  I  should  like  to  thank  Sir  Donald  Eoberston  for 
the  interesting  reflections  he  has  presented  to  us  on  many  points 
connected  with  the  well-being  of  the  country  with  which  he  has 
been  so  long  and  honourably  connected.  The  chief  reason  for 
which  I,  and  probably  many  of  the  audience,  have  looked  forward 
to  the  reading  of  this  Paper  was  the  hope  that  the  lecturer's 
wide  experience  of  India,  and  especially  of  Native  States,  might 
enable  him  to  contribute  something  towards  the  solution  of  the 
difficult  problem  which  is  agitating  so  many  minds  at  present — the 
problem  how  to  allay  the  bitterness  of  discontent  which  has  of  late 
spread  over  the  whole,  or  at  any  rate  over  the  larger  part,  of  India, 
and  this  hops  I  think  has  not  been  disappointed.  He  has  touched 
on  several  of  the  complaints  which  have  been  made  and  suggestions 
which  have  been  offered  ;  but  I  propose  to  confine  myself  to-night 
to  the  one  topic,  how  far  the  example  of  the  Native  States  can 
be  utilised  by  us  in  dealing  with  this  question.  He  has  spoken 
of  the  aspirations  of  those  who  aim  at  obtaining  the  full  power 
and  rights  which  the  British  electorate  enjoy,  and  has  quoted 
Mr.  Morley's  description  of  this  as  a  ludicrous  and  fantastic 
dream.  But,  at  the  same  time,  he  has  shown  sympathy  with  those 
aspirations,  and  he  feels  that  we  ought  to  search  earnestly  to 
find  a  scheme  which  might  go  some  way  towards  satisfying  the 
ambition  of  those  who  claim  that  the  educated  classes  should 
have  a  larger  share  in  the  government  of  their  own  country. 
Now  I  have  always  felt  that  this  claim  is  reasonable  and  natural, 
and  one  that  must  gradually  and  in  due  time  be  satisfied; 
but  that,  if  the  British  Government  is  called  upon  to  opon  roads 
for  the  admission  of  these  classes  to  larger  powers,  still  more  are 
the  rulers  of  the  Native  States  called  upon  to  do  so,  seeing  that 
they  must  understand  the  wants,  and  sympathise  with  the  wishes 
of  their  fellow  countrymen  more  than  a  foreign  Government  can 
be  expected  to  do.  If  any  large  step  in  the  direction  of  self- 
government  or  representative  government  is  to  be  made,  surely 
it  is  in  the  Native  States  that  the  experiment  should  first  be  tried, 
as  that  is  where  it  would  be  done  under  the  most  favourable 
conditions,  where  there  would  be  least  opposition  from  existing 
interests  and  where  least  risk  would  be  incurred  if  the  experiment 


Some  Beflections  oil  Modern  India.  153 

is  unsuccessful.  Now  what  has  Sir  Donald  Kobertson  told  us  of 
the  rulers  of  these  States  ?  He  has  spoken  on  the  one  hand  of 
superstitious  astrology  and  narrow  Brahminical  influences ;  but 
these  disadvantages  will,  we  may  presume,  be  removed  with  the 
progress  of  education  and  enlightenment.  On  the  other  hand,  these 
Princes  possess  great  advantages,  in  being  of  the  same  blood  as  their 
people,  and  exercising  a  sort  of  paternal  or  elder  brother's'  influence 
over  them,  in  being  able  to  bestow  favours  on  individuals,  such  as 
contributions  towards  marriage  expenses,  without  the  trammels  of 
a  budget  or  code  of  rules — in  having  an  elastic  system  of  collecting 
land  revenue  and  in  being  able  to  pacify  and  compose  religious 
difficulties  better  than  any  alien  Government,  which  is  bound  to 
adopt  the  part  of  a  Gallic.  All  these  advantages  bring  them  closer 
to  their  subjects  than  our  Government  can  ever  hope  to  be,  and 
if  representative  institutions  are  good  for  the  people,  they  need 
have  less  fear  than  we  of  associating  the  masses  with  themselves 
by  giving  them  such  institutions,  and  allowing  them  to  influence 
legislation  and  administration.  But  who  among  them  have  taken 
any  steps  in  this  direction?  Even  the  Gaikwar  of  Baroda,  who  is 
prominent  among  those  who  set  up  a  claim  for  the  grant  of  greater 
power  of  self-government  for  residents  in  British  territory,  has,  as 
far  as  I  know,  done  nothing  of  the  kind  in  his  own  territory.  It  is 
true  that  in  one  State,  Mysore,  something  was  done  twenty-five 
years  ago  by  setting  up  the  National  Assembly,  which  was  con- 
vened once  a  year,  to  listen  to  the  reading  of  a  report,  but  had  no 
power  beyond  that  of  giving  advice  or  suggestions.  Of  late  years 
we  have  heard  little  of  this  Assembly,  and  I  have  searched  through 
the  last  Mysore  Report  without  finding  any  mention  of  it,  however 
slight,  so  that  it  can  hardly  have  been  reckoned  a  great  success. 
The  example  has  been  imitated  in  Travancore,  but  the  latest 
information  I  have  from  that  State  on  the  subject  was  to  the  effect 
that  at  the  meeting  held  last  January  there  were  eight  hundred 
questions  down  on  the  paper,  and  that  the  Dewan  would  not 
permit  members  to  make  speeches  advancing  arguments  for  repre- 
sentation, whence  much  dissatisfaction  arose.  It  seems  evident 
that  our  critics  who  advocate  the  giving  in  British  territory  of  all 
the  rights  which  the  electorate  enjoy  in  Great  Britain  as  a  panacea 
for  discontent  and  a  means  for  the  better  government  of  the 
country,  are  not  able  to  refer  to  these  National  Assemblies  of 
Mysore  and  Travancore  as  an  instance  of  the  good  such  an  institu- 
tion can  do.  We  cannot  therefore  look  to  the  Native  States  to 
give  us  a  lead  as  to  how  to  allay  the  prevailing  discontent :  indeed, 


154  Some  Reflections  on  Modern  India. 

the  lecturer  has  rightly  said  that  their  characteristic  feature  is 
imitation  and  adoption  of  our  ideas,  and  therefore  I  hold  that  the 
logical  answer  to  those  who  urge  us  to  make  this  great  alteration 
in  our  system  of  government  is  :  first  persuade  your  own  people, 
the  chiefs  and  rulers  of  Native  States,  and  then  come  to  us  when 
the  working  out  of  your  ideas  has  been  tested  there.  I  do  not 
wish  to  be  understood  as  saying  that  a  logical  reply  is  always  the 
best  and  most  suitable  reply,  or  even  a  complete  reply ;  still  less 
would  I  wish  to  take  up  a  non-possumus  attitude.  I  am  convinced 
that  the  present  ferment  of  discontent  contains  elements  of  serious 
danger,  .and  that  it  is  the  duty  of  our  Government  to  take  all 
reasonable  means  for  removing  it.  What  those  reasons  should  be 
deserves  prolonged  thought  and  discussion,  or  even  if  I  had  any 
suggestions  ready  to  submit,  there  is  no  time  for  it  to-day.  But  I 
trust  that  a  memory  of  the  importance  of  the  subject  will  remain 
in  our  minds  and  bear  fruit,  and  at  any  rate  we  must  thank  Sir 
Donald  Eobertson  for  showing  us  what  lessons  we  may  draw  from 
the  practice  of  the  chiefs  and  rulers  of  the  Native  States,  and  with 
what  care  and  deliberation  we  ought  to  walk  in  introducing  any 
radical  reforms  into  the  system  of  administration  in  British 
territory. 

Mr.  ARTHUR  SAWTELL  :  I  feel  it  an  honour  to  be  asked  to  speak 
to  this  assembly  on  this  important  question,  and  I  have  to  thank 
the  lecturer  for  the  kind  reference  to  the, Paper  I  had  the  honour  of 
reading  before  the  Institute  a  few  months  ago.  With  regard  to  the 
opinions  expressed  in  the  Paper  I  am  almost  entirely  at  one  with 
Sir  Donald  Robertson's  standpoint.  Our  Government  in  India,  so 
far  from  being  a  dead  failure,  is  in  most  essential  respects  a  very 
remarkable  success.  There  are,  of  course,  defects,  and  in  the  Paper 
I  read  in  May  last  I  pointed  out  as  the  principal  defect  a  certain 
absence  of  sympathy,  which  I  believe  is  generally  acknowledged  to 
exist,  between  the  ruling  classes  and  the  ruled.  A  great  many 
people,  when  that  point  is  raised,  rush  to  the  conclusion  that  the 
speaker  necessarily  considers  that  this  lack  of  sympathy  could  be 
remedied  by  the  establishment  of  popular  institutions.  To  my 
mind  the  two  questions  stand  in  different  categories.  I  do  not 
think  I  have  ever  suggested  that  this  defect  could  be  well  met 
by, extending  popular  government,  either  local  or  Imperial,  or  by 
admitting  a  larger  number  of  Indians  to  the  Legislative  Council, 
or  the  Executive  Council,  or  the  Secretary  of  State's  Council  in 
England.  It  is  a  very  difficult  question  I  know,  and  I  shrink 
from  proposing  any  cut  and  dried  plan  of  dealing  with  the  problem. 


Some  Reflections  on  Modern  India.  155 

But  I  think  something  might  perhaps  be  done  to  counteract  the 
effects  of  such  agitations  as  those  which  have  recently  been  carried 
on  in  Bengal,  and  which,  judging  from  the  Indian  mail  news,  one 
is  glad  to  notice  seem  to  be  dying  down  at  the  present  time.  In  a 
Paper  I  had  the  honour  of  reading  before  the  East  India  Association 
recently  I  made  a  suggestion  which  did  not,  I  think,  meet  with 
much  favour,  but  it  seems  to  me  to  be  worth  repeating,  and  that  is 
that  the  Government  of  India  might  do  something  to  set  itself  right 
with  the  masses  of  the  people  as  against  the  extreme  criticisms 
and  frequent  misrepresentations  of  its  critics  in  India.  I  suggested 
that  the  Government  might  employ  the  medium  of  the  manifesto, 
if  you  like  to  use  that  word,  as  a  means  of  bringing  home  to  the 
people  the  real  character  of  its  intentions,  and  its  real  aims  in  the 
carrying  on  of  Government.  Now  I  think  the  extent  of  the  influence 
of  the  native  Press  in  India  is  hardly  realised  here.  There  is 
a  tendency  amongst  Englishmen  rather  to  underrate  that  Press 
because  its  circulation  is  comparatively  small,  and  because  very 
often  its  tone  is  not  such  as  to  excite  very  high  feelings  of  respect. 
I  fancy  that  within  the  last  three  years  a  good  many  of  us  have 
been  led  to  revise  our  impressions  on  that  score.  It  has  been  found 
that  the  Press  is  a  very  potent  factor  in  the  formation  of  such 
public  opinion  as  exists,  and  that  there  are  open  to  the  conductors 
of  the  Press  considerable  possibilities  for  good  or  evil.  Nearly 
every  village  contains  some  man  who  can  read,  and  from  him  the 
opinion  of  the  newspapers  published,  not  only  in  Calcutta  but  in 
every  considerable  town,  filter  down  to  the.  illiterate  masses,  and  in 
the  course  of  filtration  these  opinions  very  often  acquire  a  great 
deal  of,  I  was  going  to  say,  poisonous  substance.  So  far  as  I  can 
see  there  seems  to  be  no  reason  why  the  Government  should  not 
endeavour  to  meet  hostile  criticism  and  misrepresentation  by 
issuing,  in  some  form,  statements  of  its  policy  and  its  real  aims  and 
intentions  in  regard  to  the  government  of  the  people.  I  have  been 
told  that  something  of  this  sort  was  done  fifteen  or  more  years  ago 
in  Bombay,  when  the  Government  replied  to  criticisms  through  its 
official  Gazettes.  But  that  seems  to  me  to  be  a  quite  futile  way  of 
attempting  to  meet  criticisms  passed  from  mouth  to  mouth,  which 
really  get  down  to  the  masses  of  the  people.  No  Government  in 
England  would  think  of  making  its  intentions  known  through  the 
medium  of  the  London  Gazette.  In  England,  when  the  Govern- 
ment wishes  to  reach  immediately  the  ears  of  the  public,  it  uses 
courses  which  are  well  understood  to  be  open  to  it,  and  the  medium 
selected  for  making  its  views  known  is  certainly  not  the  official 


156  Some  Reflections  on  Modern  India. 

Gazette.  There  are  many  other  ways  which  might  be  suggested 
for  meeting  this  defect  of  sympathy.  There  is  a  proposal,  for 
instance,  to  make  the  Viceroyalty  a  Koyal  Office,  and  there  is  an 
article  by  the  Aga  Khan  in  one  of  this  month's  reviews  in  which 
that  idea  is  put  forward  very  powerfully.  It  is  certainly  worthy  of 
discussion.  But  with  regard  to  the  general  success  of  our  rule  in 
India  one  point  occurs  to  me.  We  are  now  about  fifty  years  distant 
from  the  Mutiny,  and  the  interval  has  been  one  of  unbroken  peace 
in  the  Indian  Empire,  exclusive  of  Burma  and  the  frontier.  Speak- 
ing offhand  I  cannot  say  whether  within  the  historical  period  there 
has  been  in  India  such  a  term  of  unbroken  peace,  but  I  am  pretty 
certain  that  the  Punjab,  at  any  rate,  has  never  enjoyed  such 
another  period  of  unbroken  peace,  and  that  in  itself  is  a  great 
testimony  to  the  success  of  British  rule.  I  think  something  ought 
to  be  done  by  people  in  this  country  who  are  connected  with  India  — 
some  movement  should  be  started,  on  as  popular  a  basis  as  possible 
as  a  memorial — not  of  the  Indian  Mutiny,  but  of  the  new  era  which 
then  commenced  in  India,  and  of  the  fact  that  since  then  the  peace 
of  the  King  has  not  been  broken  in  the  whole  of  India  proper. 

SHAIKH  ABDUL  QADIR  :  I  have  listened  with  peculiar  interest, 
as  was  quite  natural,  to  Sir  Donald  Robertson's  able  Paper. 
Speaking  as  an  Indian  Mussulman,  a  member  of  the  community  to 
which  the  lecturer  has  made  a  passing  but  significant  reference,  I 
may  say  I  do  not  belong  to  the  class  which  has  come  in  for  some 
pointed  allusions  in  the  Paper,  and  therefore  whatever  I  say  on  that 
point  may  be  taken  as  an  impartial  and  unselfish  opinion.  To  my 
mind  Sir  Donald  Robertson  would  have  done  much  better  if  he 
had  avoided  those  prominent  references  to  the  recent  meeting  of 
the  Congress  and  to  the  address  of  Mr.  Naoroji  in  the  interests 
of  that  sympathy  and  friendship  which  so  many  speakers  have 
expressed  their  desire  to  develop  between  Englishmen  and  Indians. 
This  is  particularly  desirable  at  a  time  when,  as  we  have  been  told, 
the  feeling  in  certain  quarters  in  India  is  bitterer  than  it  has  ever 
been.  I  hold  no  brief  for  Mr.  Naoroji,  but  I  think  Sir  Donald 
Robertson  does  that  orator  and  old  Indian  statesman  an  injustice 
when  he  says  that  his  address  was  objectionable  to  the  extent  that 
he  makes  it  out  to  be.  Mr.  Naoroji  had  to  fill  a  very  difficult 
position,  one  which  I,  as  an  outsider,  may  say  no  President  of  that 
body  has  had  to  fill  before,  because  a  very  strong  party  inside  the 
Congress  was  clamouring  for  open  hostility  to  England,  and  for 
preaching  at  whatever  risk  the  cause  of  independence.  People  may 
laugh  at  this  ideal  or  may  regard  it  as  impracticable  ;  but  there  it 


Some  Reflections  on  Modern  India.  157 

was  before  a  considerable  number  of  earnest  men,  ready  to  sacrifice 
whatever  might  be  necessary  for  it.  There  was  that  party  on  the 
one  hand,  and  on  the  other  the  old  Congress  party,  the  party  which 
has  been  dubbed  by  the  name  of  moderatists,  and  to  which  Mr. 
Naoroji  still  belongs.  Between  them  his  position  was  extremely 
difficult ;  but,  so  far  as  I  can  judge,  he  tried  to  be  very  moderate  and 
very  careful  in  that  remarkable  address.  Passing  to  the  observa- 
tions made  on  Indian  journalists  I  may  say  I  happen  to  be  one  of 
them.  I  think  the  remark  that  the  conductors  of  the  Indian  Press 
have  no  sense  of  their  responsibility  as  public  men  was  a  very 
sweeping  remark  which  we  had  not  expected  in  such  a  Paper. 
There  are,  I  am  proud  to  say,  several  Indian  journalists,  whom  I 
could  name,  who  can  hold  their  own  in  keeping  their  pen  in  check, 
and  in  realising  their  sense  of  responsibility,  with  the  journalists  of 
any  other  country.  They  have  given  their  support  to  the  Govern- 
ment of  India  in  all  reasonable  measures,  and  have  often  received 
the  recognition  of  this  fact  from  the  Government.  I  wish,  there- 
fore, that  some  exception  had  been  made  in  favour  of  these  gentle- 
men. With  regard  to  others,  even  they  are  not  so  bad  as  one 
would  conclude  from  the  remarks  made  in  the  Paper.  They  go  to 
extremes  sometimes,  but  at  times  there  are  causes  which  give  them 
grave  provocation,  and  then  they  are  not  the  only  journalists  in  the 
world  guilty  of  the  mistake  of  running  to  extremes.  There  are 
journals  here  equally  open  to  blame  in  that  respect.  It  is  merely 
chance  remarks  like  these  which  create  misunderstandings  and  lead 
to  the  difficulties  which  we  lament.  A  word  now  as  to  the  sugges- 
tion made  by  Sir  Charles  Elliott  that  the  Indian  chiefs  should  first 
set  an  example  of  constitutional  Government  and  sympathise  with 
the  aspirations  of  their  countrymen.  Few  persons  know  what  are 
the  conditions  of  the  Indian  States  better  than  Sir  Charles  Elliott. 
The  Indian  States  unfortunately  are  most  backward  in  education. 
There  is  that  work  yet  to  be  done,  but  I  think  the  Princes  are  now 
awakening  to  their  responsibility  in  that  matter,  and  the  peoples 
also.  We  must  wait  till  education  has  done  its  work  in  Indian 
States  to  see  their  peoples  developing  the  same  desires  with  which 
English  education  has  inspired  their  brethren  in  British  territory. 
There  is  one  other  factor,  and  that  is  that  the  Indian  chief,  though 
theoretically  independent,  in  nine  cases  out  of  ten  is  a  person  with 
his  hands  very  fairly  tied,  and,  even  if  he  were  to  desire  to  try 
experiments  on  the  lines  suggested,  I  am  not  quite  sure  if  he  would 
be  allowed  to  do  so.  Thus  we  cannot  look  to  the  Indian  States  for 
any  application  of  those  modern  principles  which  we  have  learnt 


158  Some  Reflections  on  Modern  India. 

from  the  West,  and  which  we  expect  the  West  to  introduce  in  our 
country  and  to  try  as  experiments.  Reverting  to  Sir  Donald 
Robertson's  Paper,  and  especially  to  the  share  of  Indians  in  execu- 
tive or  administrative  work,  I  need  not  say  anything  with  regard  to 
the  general  capacity  of  Indians,  as  it  has  been  admitted,  but  I  have 
to  take  exception  to  the  statement  that  they  have  been  given  a  fair 
chance  of  showing  it.  The  statutory  Civil  Service  has  been  cited 
as  one  example  of  the  chance  that  has  been  given  to  the  Indians, 
independently  of  those  few  men  who  have  been  able  to  come  to 
England  and  compete  for  the  Civil  Service  ;  but  the  statutory  Civil 
Service  has  had  a  very  short  spell  of  existence,  and  no  Indian  can 
now  enter  the  higher  branches  of  administration  through  it.  But 
what  I  expected  from  Sir  Donald  Robertson,  as  a  distinguished 
military  officer,  was  that  he  would  have  pointed  out  the  disability 
under  which  Indians  labour  in  the  Army.  They  have  long  been 
desiring  to  be  promoted  to  the  higher  offices  of  the  Army,  but  as 
a  rule  they  do  not  rise,  and  after  serving  many  years  they  are  not 
where  the  commissioned  officer  starts.  Now  I  believe,  if  there  is 
any  department  of  life  in  which  the  Indians  deserve  better  con- 
sideration, it  is  the  military  department.  They  have  proved  them- 
selves to  be  accomplished,  brilliant,  and  devoted  soldiers.  Their 
bravery  on  the  battlefield  under  trying  circumstances  is  admitted. 
Their  loyalty  is  above  question.  Indeed  their  loyalty  has  been  put 
to  the  test  to  which  the  loyalty  of  few  armies  in  the  world  has  been 
put ;  that  is  to  say,  they  have  sometimes  had  to  fight  against  men  of 
their  own  religion  or  of  their  own  continent,  and  they  have  stuck 
loyally  to  the  colours,  sacrificing  their  lives  in  hundreds  and 
thousands.  If  after  all  this  they  cannot  rise  above  certain  ranks  I 
think  nothing  could  be  more  disappointing  to  them.  To  my  mind  the 
secret  to  the  sympathy  which  we  all  so  much  wish  to  create  between 
Englishmen  and  Indians  lies  in  the  word  "  confidence."  It.  lies  in 
showing  that  in  every  way  you  have  full  confidence  in  us,  at  least 
in  those  who  have  shown  themselves  worthy  of  it. 

Mr.  W.  COLDSTREAM:  As  a  retired  member  of  the  Indian  Civil 
Service  I  have  felt  very  much  since  I  retired  that  here  in  London 
we  do  not  quite  realise  the  great  inheritance  we  have  in  the  Indian 
Empire.  When  we  consider  that  out  of  every  four  of  King  Edward's 
subjects  three  belong  to  the  continent  of  India,  when  we  consider 
that  out  of  every  five  persons  in  the  world  one  is  an  Indian,  it  brings 
home  to  one's  mind  the  great  part  which  the  continent  of  India  is 
destined  to  play  in  the  world's  history,  and  the  serious  responsibility 
which  lies  upon  us  as  a  nation  to  see  that  we  discharge  our  duty 


Some  Reflections  on  Modern  India.  159 

to  that  land.  It  is  an  opinion  I  share  with  many  that  in  London, 
the  metropolis  of  the  Empire,  India  has  no  adequate  present- 
ment of  itself  as  a  great  dependency  of  that  Empire.  Surely  we 
ought  to  have  something  more  substantial  than  any  public  and 
popular  representation  that  now  exists — "  some  local  habitation  and  a 
name."  This  Royal  Colonial  Institute  has,  I  believe,  some  4,500 
members,  a  number  which  greatly  exceeds  the  aggregate  member, 
ship  of  all  the  Indian  Societies  in  London  which  have  for  their 
object  the  study  of  India  and  its  people  ;  and  I  think  we  ought  to 
be  grateful  to  this  great  Institute  for  now  and  then  at  least  turning 
its  attention  to  the  land  of  India.  The  criticisms  made  on  some 
points  in  the  lecture  by  Shaikh  Abdul  Qadir,  no  doubt,  deserve 
attention.  As  one  who  comes  from  the  same  part  of  India  as  he'does, 
for  I  lived  in  the  Punjab  close  on  thirty-four  years,  I  ought  to  bear 
testimony  to  the  fact  that  he,  as  a  journalist,  maintained  a  moderate 
and  commendable  attitude  with  reference  to  the  Government  and 
various  administrative  questions.  Sir  Donald  Robertson's  lecture 
must  be  deemed,  on  the  whole,  an  excellent  presentment  of  the  sober 
and  common-sense  view,  in  most  respects,  of  the  Political  situa- 
tion ;  but,  while  I  say  that,  I  have  every  hope  that  the  situation  is 
gradually  undergoing  a  change — that  the  step  forwards  which  he 
and  Mr.  John  Morley  also  have  spoken  of  may  really  be  taken,  and 
that  we  shall  gradually  be  able  to  associate  our  fellow-subjects  in 
India  more  freely  with  the  administration  of  the  country.  One 
point  in  the  lecture  struck  me  as  worthy  of  special  note,  namely,  the 
great  importance  to  the  Indian  Empire  of  the  Native  States.  They 
constitute  indeed  a  very  important  estate  of  the  realm.  Most 
Englishmen,  perhaps,  do  not  know  that  there  are  some  700  or  more 
of  these  Native  States,  great  and  small,  and  that  they  contain  some 
60,000,000  of  people,  or  about  one-fifth  of  the  total  population  of 
India  ;  and,  having  had  something  to  do  with  them  in  a  small  way, 
I  should  like  to  bear  my  testimony  also  to  the  considerable  progress 
they  are  making  and  to  their  steadfast  loyalty.  I  am  sure  our 
spirits  were  stirred  by  the  last  words  addressed  to  us  by  Mr.  Abdul 
Qadir  on  the  subject  of  the  native  army,  for,  whatever  we  may 
think  on  military  questions  in  India,  we  are  all  agreed  as  to  the 
loyalty  and  steadfast  devotion  of  our  Indian  soldiery  of  all  ranks. 
Lastly,  I  wish  to  say  that  we  are  all  hoping  that  this  unrest  which 
has  shown  itself  among  one  section  of  the  people  in  India  is  going 
to  die  away.  As  an  old  Indian,  and  one  who  tries  ,to  keep  up  his 
relations  with  Indians,  I  can  bear  my  testimony  to  the  necessity 
and  importance  of  cultivating  that  sympathy  which  was  so  strongly 


160  Some  Reflections  on  Modern  India,. 

insisted  upon  by  the  Prince  of  Wales,  in  his  Guildhall  speech,  and 
by  Mr.  John  Morley,  in  a  late  great  speech  in  Parliament. 

Mr.  M.  C.  SINHA,  B.A.,  M.Sc.  :  I  have  to  thank  you  for  your 
courtesy  in  inviting  me  to  address  you,  although  you  do  not  know 
what  I  am  going  to  say.  Indeed,  in  Japan,  America  and  England, 
I  have  been  much  struck  with  the  fact  that  freedom  of  speech  exists 
to  a  larger  extent  than  in  any  other  nation  with  which  I  am  ac- 
quainted. The  Paper  has  given  candid  expression  to  what  an  Eng- 
lishman thinks  about  the  affairs  of  India.  Reference  has  been  made 
to  the  "  superstition  "  of  India.  With  that  I  do  not  agree.  In 
America  I  was  introduced  to  President  Roosevelt  just  because  of 
religion,  and  I  do  not  believe  such  intelligent  people  would  like  any- 
thing bound  up  with  superstition.  I  would  remind  you  that  the 
same  superstitious  customs,  as  they  are  called,  predominate  in  Japan 
as  in  India.  For  instance,  during  the  war  we  read  of  people  tying 
knots,  believing  that  every  knot  would  save  a  man  from  a  bullet ; 
but,  because  of  this,  people  did  not  say  that  the  Japanese  were  unfit 
for  Government.  Something  has  been  said  about  sympathy.  It  is 
not  possible,  I  think,  that  for  the  people  over  whom  we  rule  we 
can  have  the  same  respect  as  for  our  own  class,  and,  in  the  nature 
of  the  case,  I  do  not  see  how  sympathy  and  rule  can  exist  together. 
I  do  not  want  to  criticise  the  Paper.  If  there  is  one  thing  which 
gives  a  man  a  stimulus  to  work  it  is  a  common  pride  in  a  common 
thing.  It  is  said  that  there  are  very  many  languages  in  India, 
but  that,  I  hold,  is  no  reason  why  India  should  not  be  considered 
a  nation.  In  Japan  there  are  also  different  languages,  and  yet 
they  are  considered  one  nation. 

Captain  R.  JOHNSTONE  (King's  Royal  Rifles) :  I  have  really  come 
to  ask  a  question,  and  would  not  dream  of  putting  my  opinions 
against  those  of  men  like  Sir  Charles  Elliott  and  Sir  Donald 
Robertson.  There  is  one  thing  that  has  often  struck  me  about  India 
which,  I  think,  is  not  appreciated  sufficiently  at  home,  and  that  is, 
that  India  consists  of  many  races  ;  but  that  you  can,  for  many  pur- 
poses, especially  administrative,  divide  the  people  into  two  classes, 
the  fighting  and  the  peaceful.  When  you  talk  of  self-government 
for  India,  I  know  that  people  do  not  understand  the  term  as  we  do 
here ;  but  I  see  a  great  difficulty  in  the  way,  because  you  have  to 
reconcile  people  of  totally  opposite  dispositions.  Supposing,  for 
example,  you  put  a  peaceful  Bengali  over  a  lot  of  Sikhs,  Pathans, 
or  Ghoorkas — I  am  afraid  the  arrangement  would  not  altogether 
work.  As  regards  native  officers,  no  one  can  possibly  deny  the  ex- 
cellent work  they  have  done,  but  there  are  many  reasons  why  they 


Some  Reflections  on  Modern  India.  161 

have  not  got  on  better.  In  bravery  and  all  military  virtues  they 
excel,  but  there  are  other  things  besides  bravery  which  are  essen- 
tial in  soldiers  of  the  present  day,  and  these  include  knowledge  of 
strategy  and  tactics.  Unfortunately,  the  fighting  races  of  India,  of 
whom  we  are  so  proud,  are  not  gifted  with  any  learning  in  that  way  ; 
but  when  they  do  show  such  qualifications,  I  am  sure  no  one  will 
wish  to  stand  in  the  way  of  their  promotion. 

The  CHAIRMAN  (The  Right  Hon.  Lord  Ampthill,  G.C.S.I., 
G.C.I.E.) :  I  think  you  will  agree  we  have  had  an  extremely 
interesting  lecture,  and  also  a  highly  •  interesting  and  repre- 
sentative discussion.  After  a  delightfully  unconventional  and 
charming  exposition  of  his  views  by  one  of  the  most  eminent 
members  of  the  Political  Service  in  India,  we  have  heard  the 
views  of  another  who  attained  the  highest  rank  in  that  splendid 
corps  d' elite  the  Indian  Civil  Service  ;  and  then,  again,  the  views  of 
other  representative  speakers.  I  think  everybody  who  has  heard 
the  discussion  must  feel  that  he  has  learnt  something  this  evening. 
We  have  heard  extremely  perplexing  and  important  problems  dis- 
cussed from  different  points  of  view,  but  all  in  an  extremely  mode- 
rate and  conciliatory  tone.  It  is  the  experience  of  everyone  who 
has  to  do  with  India,  that  the  longer  he  is  in  India  the  less  he  feels 
he  kn'ows  about  her.  Indeed,  the  man  who  is  most  ready  to  confess 
that  he  knows  very  little  about  India  is  the  man  who  has  spent 
thirty  or  forty  years  in  the  work  of  Indian  administration.  It  is 
in  that  spirit  I  wish  to  make  a  few  remarks  on  the  Paper.  I  feel 
that  my  short  five  years  in  India,  although  spent  in  positions  of 
some  responsibility,  have  by  no  means  given  me  omniscience  on 
Indian  questions.  Sir  Donald  Robertson  spoke  of  the  Congress, 
and  of  this  year's  President,  Mr.  Naoroji.  There  can  be  no  ques- 
tion that  in  the  Indian  National  Congress  unreasonable,  intem- 
perate, and  violent  language  is  sometimes  used ;  but-  as  one  speaker 
rightly  pointed  out,  you  often  hear  such  language  in  this  country, 
and,  what  is  more,  used  by  even  the  most  eminent  statesmen  and 
the  leading  journals.  I  have  always  said  to  people  who  complain 
of  these  things  in  India,  "  Look  at  your  own  country  and 
your  own  politicians !  "  I  do  not  wish  to  do  anything  so  in- 
vidious as  to  give  you  personal  instances,  but  every  one  of  you 
can  without  effort  call  to  mind  scores  of  occasions  when  respon- 
sible politicians  in  this  country  have  attacked  our  National  insti- 
tutions and  the  characters  of  our  public  servants  in  language  even 
more  exaggerated  than  that  of  the  "  Congress- Wallahs  "  in  their 
moments  of  excitement.  The  same  remark  applies  to  the  Native 


162  Some  Reflections  on  Modern  India. 

Press  ;  and  I  am  sure  Sir  Donald  Robertson  will  admit  he  would 
have  done  better  to  make  some  qualifying  statement  on  that  point. 
In  regard  to  all  Indian  matters  you  must  always  be  looking  for 
exceptions — you  cannot  make  any  general  rule  with  regard  to  a 
Continent  which  contains  greater  differences  of  race,  religion  and 
custom  than  the  whole  Continent  of  Europe.  It  is  to  be  remem- 
bered that  we  ourselves  have  taught  the  people  of  India  everything 
they  know  of  the  principles  and  methods  of  politics.  What  they 
are  doing  is  to  imitate  what  they  believe  to  be  the  ways  of  our  own 
public  life.  If  we  wish  them  to  change  their  tone  and  the  methods 
by  which  they  think  it  advisable  to  press  their  views,  we  must  set 
them  a  different  example  in  this  country,  by  being  more  fair  in  the 
manner  in  which  we  criticise  our  political  opponents  and  more 
moderate  in  the  demands  we  make  on  the  Government  of  the  day, 
and  the  promises  we  hold  out  to  the  electors.  As  regards  the  un- 
rest and  discontent  which  unfortunately  prevail,  they  do  not  cause 
me  any  grave  alarm.  It  is  natural  in  a  country  where  education 
is  making  great  progress,  and  where  every  kind  of  development  is 
taking  place,  that  men  should  aspire  to  higher  and  better  things, 
particularly  to  a  greater  share  in  the  management  of  public  affairs. 
That  is  what  the  people  of  India  are  doing,  and  entirely  because  we 
have  encouraged  them  and  taught  them  to  do  so.  Of  course  the 
great  question  is :  Why  have  we  riot  yet  managed  to  do  more  to 
satisfy  these  aspirations — to  redeem  those  pledges  which  the  peo- 
ple of  India  have  from  the  declarations  of  our  Sovereign,  and  the 
speeches  of  our  statesmen  ?  One  reason,  no  doubt,  is  that,  while 
education  has  advanced  and  Indians  have  become  more  capable  of 
taking  part  in  a  Western  system  of  administration,  the  complexity 
of  Government  and  the  demands  for  increased  efficiency  have 
advanced  at  an  even  greater  rate.  Nothing  is  more  striking  than 
the  fact  that  -almost  everybody  has  begun  to  admit  that  some 
change  is  inevitable  and  desirable.  This  is  of  course  the  first  step 
to  the  realisation  of  change.  I  have  felt  for  a  long  time  that  some- 
thing ought  to  be  done  to  meet  the  aspiration  of  the  educated 
sections  of  Indians.  I  have  my  own  views  as  to  what  can  and 
ought  to  be  done.  But  I  cannot  enter  into  an  explanation  which 
would  not  be  clear  unless  it  were  made  at  greater  length  than  is 
permissible  on  this  occasion.  It  is  immensely  difficult — there  is  no 
question  so  difficult — but  I  rejoice  sincerely  to  see  that  this  ques- 
tion is  being  seriously  considered,  and  that  Mr.  Morley's  first  act 
was  to  suggest  to  the  Government  of  India  that  they  should  take 
active  steps  to  decide  what  could  be  done  with  advantage  to  India 
and  the  security  of  our  rule,  I  have  now  to  move  to  propose  that 


Some  Reflections  on  Modern  India.  1 63 

we  give  a  hearty  vote  of  thanks  to  Sir  Donald  Robertson  for  his 
address. 

Sir  DONALD  ROBERTSON,  K. C.S.I. :  It  would  be  difficult  to  write 
anything  in  a  wide  range  of  Indian  subjects  that  did  not  call  forth 
some  differences  of  opinion  ;  I  have,  however,  no  reason  to  be  other- 
wise than  well  satisfied  with  the  kind  manner  in  which  my  lecture 
has  been  received.  I  only  propose  to  notice  three  points  which  were 
raised  by  Mr.  Abdul  Qadir.  In  the  first  place,  I  unreservedly  with- 
draw anything  which  might  convey  the  idea  that  I  wished  to  include 
the  whole  Native  Press  in  my  remarks  about  the  responsibility  of 
Editors.  I  had  no  intention  of  alluding  to  more  than  one  section — 
a  noisy  and  mischievous  one — of  that  institution,  and  I  think  he 
was  quite  right  in  taking  the  lecturer  to  task  for  what  seemed  to  be 
an  undeservedly  wholesale  condemnation.  Mr,  Abdul  Qadir  is 
fully  entitled  to  do  this,  inasmuch  as  he  edited  a  paper  in  the 
Punjab  which  had,  I  believe,  an  excellent  record.  He  deprecates 
my  having  criticised  Mr.  Dadabhai  Naoroji's  proceedings  at  the 
Congress  ;  it  was,  I  admit,  a  wonderful  tour  deforce  for  a  gentle- 
man of  his  mature  age  to  have  undertaken  the  trip  to  India,  and  all 
that  it  entailed ;  but  while  I  admire  the  resolute  character  which 
impelled  him  to  accept  such  a  mission,  I  cannot  admit  that  his 
attempt  to  compose  the  differences  out  there  between  rival  factions 
absolves  him  from  liability  to  criticisms,  especially  as  he  publicly 
advocated  a  thoroughly  impracticable  scheme,  and  incidentally 
launched  most  serious  and  baseless  indictments  against  the  Govern- 
ment of  India.  Mr.  Abdul  Qadir  in  referring  to  the  stage  of  pro- 
gress in  the  Native  States  said  that  they  were  backward,  but  that 
if  the  chiefs  attempted  to  introduce  reforms  they  would  be  checked 
by  our  Government.  Now  I  do  know  something  about  Native 
States,  and  I  maintain  that  this  is  an  absolutely  mistaken  view — 
any  ruler  who  seeks  to  improve  his  administration,  and  introduces 
ameliorations  for  this  purpose,  deserves  and  receives  encouragement 
and  commendation  from  the  Government  of  India.  I  will  conclude 
by  asking  you  to  accord  a  hearty  vote  of  thanks  to  Lord  Ampthill 
for  his  able  and  statesmanlike  conduct  of  business  as  our  chairman. 
I  had  frequent  opportunities  when  Resident  in  Mysore  of  gauging 
the  measure  of  his  popularity  with  all  classes  as  Governor  of 
Madras,  and  if  I  may  dare  to  say  so  in  his  Lordship's  presence,  I 
should  like  to  add  that,  when  he  laid  down  that  responsible  office 
his  departure  was  marked  by  a  spontaneous  and  genuine  manifesta- 
tion of  affection  and  regret,  on  the  part  both  of  the  Native  and 
European  communities. 

The  CHAIRMAN  briefly  replied. 

G   2 


164 


THIRTY-NINTH   ANNUAL   GENERAL   MEETING. 

THE  Thirty-ninth  Annual  General  Meeting  of  Fellows  was  held  in 
the  Library  of  the  Institute  on  Tuesday,  February  26,  1907,  Sir 
Nevile  Lubbock,  K.C.M.G.,  a  member  of  the  Council,  presided. 
Amongst  those  present  were  the  following  :— 

MESSRS. E. A' ABABRELTON,J.  H.ADAMS,  T.J.  ALLDRIDGE,  I.S.O.,EEV.  W.  OSBORN 
B.  ALLEN,  MR.  EGBERT  BEWLEY,  ADMIRAL  SIR  N.  BOWDEN. SMITH,  K.C.B.,  MR. 
J.  J.  BROWN,  SIR  CHARLES  BRUCE,  G.C.M.G.,  SIR  HENRY  E.  G.  BULWER, 
G.C.M.G.,  MR.  ALLAN  CAMPBELL,  EEV.  W.  J.  CONYBEARE,  MESSRS.  C.  V. 
CREAGH,  C.M.G.,  F.  H.  DANGAR,  HENRY  DAVIES,  J.  BURTT  DAVY,  J.  E.  DAW- 
SON,  FREDERICK  DUTTON,  H.  EARNSHAW,  J.  H.  GALBRAITH,  E.  GLEDDEN,  JOHN 
GOODLIFFE,  P.  F.  HART,  GENERAL  SIR  EICHARD  HARRISON,  E.E.,  G.C.B., 
C.M.G.,  MR.  G.  N.  HOOPER,  SIR  HUBERT  E.  H.  JERNINGHAM,  K.C.M.G.,  MR. 
E.  J.  KENT,  SIR  GEORGE  S.  MACKENZIE,  K.C.M.G.,  C.B.,  MESSRS.  E.  D.  DOUGLAS 
MCLEAN,  JAMES  MARTIN,  E.  N.  MOIR,  CAPT.  S.  MUGFORD,  MR.  E.  D.  NOBLE, 
SIR  MONTAGU  F.  OMMANNEY,  G.C.M.G.,  K.C.B.,  I.S.O.,  SIR  J.  EOPER  PARKING- 
TON,  MESSRS.  H.  M.  PAUL,  E.  G.  PERRY,  J.  G.  POOLE,  J.  P.  QUINTON,  ARTHUR 
H.  EEID,  MAJOR-GENERAL  C.  W.  EOBINSON,  C.B.,  MESSRS.  E.  E.  F.  TARTK, 
T.  A.  WALL,  SIR  E.  NOEL  WALKER,  K.C.M.G.,  SIR  FREDERICK  YOUNG, 
K.C.M.G.,  MR.  J.  S.  O'HALLORAN,  C.M.G.  (SECRETARY). 

The  Secretary  read  the  notice  convening  the  meeting. 

The  Minutes  of  the  last  Annual  Meeting  were  read  and  con- 
firmed. 

The  Chairman  nominated  two  scrutineers  to  conduct  the  ballot 
for  the  election  of  the  Council, — Mr.  Frederick  Dutton,  on  behalf 
of  the  Council,  and  Mr.  T.  J.  Alldridge,  I.S.O.,  on  behalf  of  the 
Fellows. 

It  was  agreed  to  take  the  Annual  Report  as  read. 

REPOBT. 

The  Council  have  much  pleasure  in  presenting  to  the  Fellows 
their  thirty-ninth  Annual  Report. 

The  historic  tour  through  India  of  His  Royal  Highness  the  Prince 
of  Wales — President  of  the  Institute — and  Her  Royal  Highness  the 
Princess  of  Wales  came  to  a  termination  in  March  after  an  unbroken 
series  of  loyal  demonstrations  and  memorable  experiences  that 
evoked  feelings  of  deep  interest  throughout  the  Empire. 

The  number  of  candidates  elected  during  the  past  year  com- 
prised 54  Resident  and  206  Non-Resident,  or  a  total  of  260,  as 
compared  with  81  Resident  and  223  Non-Resident  Fellows,  or  a 
total  of  304  in  1905.  On  December  81,  1906,  the  list  included 


Thirty -ninth  Annual  General  Meeting. 


165 


1,480  Resident,  3,044  Non-Resident,  and  13  Honorary  Fellows,  or 
4,487  in  all,  of  whom  1,303  have  compounded  for  the  Annual 
Subscription  and  qualified  as  Life  Fellows. 

The  following  table  indicates  the  number  of  Fellows  and  the 
annual  income  in  each  year  since  the  foundation  of  the  Institute  in 
1868 :— 


Date 

No.  of 
Fellows 

Annual  income  (exclusive  of 
Building  and  Conversazione  Funds, 
but  inclusive  of  Life  Compositions 
and  Entrance  Fees) 

£         s.      d. 

To  June 

11,  1869 

174 

1,224  14     5 

?> 

1870       . 

275 

549  10     8 

1871 

210 

503  16     4 

>? 

1872 

271 

478  10     4 

(| 

1873 

349 

1,022     9     1 

M 

1874 

420 

906  12  11 

M 

1875 

551 

1,038  15     8 

M 

1876       . 

627 

1,132     3     3 

i 

1877       . 

717 

1,222  18     3 

1878 

796 

1,330  13  11 

1879       . 

981 

1,752  18     2 

j 

1880 

1,131 

2,141     8  10 

t 

1881 

1,376 

2,459  15     6 

n 

1882 

1,613 

3,236     8     3 

II 

1883 

1,959 

3,647  10     0 

B 

1884 

2,306 

4,539     0  10 

1885 

2,587 

5,220  19     0 

}) 

1886 

2,880 

6,258  11     0 

To  Dec. 

31,  1886       . 

3,005 

6,581     2     5 

M 

1887 

3,125 

6,034     3     0 

II 

1888 

3,221 

6,406  11     5 

1889 

3,562 

7,738     7  11 

M 

1890 

3,667 

6,919     7    6 

,, 

1891 

3,782 

7,362     2  10 

» 

1892       . 

3,775 

6,966  12     4 

M 

1893 

3,749 

6,458  18     6 

jj 

1894 

3,757 

6,691  19     0 

n 

1895 

3,767 

6,854     2  11 

J? 

1896       . 

3,929 

7,315     5     9 

1) 

1897 

4,133 

7,588  15     7 

11 

1898       . 

4,139 

7,114     4     2 

il 

1899 

4,153 

7,053  10     2 

1900 

4,208 

7,142     8     3 

1, 

1901 

4,228 

7,154     1     9 

II 

1902 

4,407 

*8,042     5     1 

M 

1903 

4,460 

7,740     4     9 

?J 

1904 

4,472 

7,628  15     8 

jj 

1905        . 

4,491 

7,536  10     9 

11 

1906 

4,487 

7,323     6     7 

*  Coronation  year. 

The  Honorary   Treasurer's   statement  of  accounts  is  appended, 
a  noteworthy  feature  being  that  the  loan  of  £35,020,  which  was 


166  Thirty -ninth  Annual  General  Meeting. 

raised  in  1886  to  enable  the  acquirement  of  the  freehold  of  the 
Institute  premises,  has  been  paid  off  in  full.  The  Council  exercised 
their  right  to  anticipate  certain  statutory  payments,  and  the  final 
instalment  having  been  paid  on  July  1,  1906,  the  building  was  freed 
from  all  debt  within  twenty  years,  instead  of  forty  years,  as  originally 
stipulated.  A  saving  of  more  than  ^15,000  in  interest  was  thus 
effected,  and  the  title  deeds  of  the  freehold  are  now  in  possession 
of  the  Institute.  When  the  Admiralty  lease  expires  it  is  proposed 
to  occupy  the  upper  floors  as  well  as  the  Craven  Street  premises 
after  the  necessary  reconstruction.  This  will  involve  considerable 
outlay  and  an  increased  cost  in  maintenance,  but  the  Council  are 
sanguine  that  additional  facilities  can  thus  be  provided  which  will 
widely  extend  the  usefulness  of  the  Institute  and  enlarge  its 
capacity  for  increased  membership. 

The  obituary  of  1906  comprises  89  names,  as  given  below  :— 

T.  E.  Leslie  Alldridge  (Gold  Coast  Colony),  Frank  Bailey,  Borthwick  R. 
Baird  (late  of  New  Zealand],  Sydney  Hilton  Barber  (Transvaal),  Alfred 
Barlow  (Orange  River  Colony),  Rev.  Henry  E.  Beech,  M.A.,  T.  Durant 
Beighton  (late  of  India),  Alfred  Beit,  John  Bell,  Edgar  V.  Bensusan  (Gold 
Coast  Colony),  Major  Alfred  E.  B.  Blaine  (Transvaal),  James  Bonwick, 
Oswald  Brown,  M.Inst.C'.E.,  Sir  Walter  L.  Buller,  K.C.M.G.,  F.R.S.  (New 
Zealand),  Walter  S.  Carew  (Fiji),  W.  W.  Clarke  (New  South  Wales),  James 
Cochran  (late  of  New  South  Wales),  Moses  Cornwall  (Cape  Colony),  The  Right 
Hon.  the  Earl  of  Cranbrook,  G.C.S.I.  (a  Vice-President  since  1872),  Hon.  Alfred 
J.  Crawford,  M.L.C.  (Natal),  James  Gumming  (Natal),  Rev.  Joseph  J.  Curling, 
M.A.,  Sir  Samuel  Davenport,  K.C.M.G.  (formerly  Hon.  Corresponding 
Secretary,  South  Australia),  William  B.  Davies,  M.D.  (Sierra  Leone),  David 
Don  (Natal),  Arthur  Dudgeon,  Kingsley  Dunbar- Anderson  (Transvaal), 
Walter  H.  Duncan,  M.P.  (South  Australia),  W.  P.  Dunlop  (New  South 
Wales),  Colonel  Wm.  J.  Engledue,  R.E.,  Edward  Evison,  Hon.  John  Ferguson, 
M.L.C.  (Queensland),  Richard  I.  Finnemore(  Natal),  Hon.  Charles  J.  George, 
M.L.C.  (Lagos),  James  Gibberd  (late  of  Cape  Colony),  Robert  Govett  (Queens- 
land), Henry  F.  Gray,  W.  S.  Sebright  Green,  Frederick  W.  Haddon  (Hon. 
Corresponding  Secretary,  Victoria),  The  Right  Hon.  Viscount  Hampden, 
G.C.M.G.  (formerly  Governor  of  New  South  Wales),  Edward  C.  Healey, 
David  W.  Johnston,  M.D.  (Transvaal),  John  T.  Keith  (Cape  Colony),  George 
Lansell  (Victoria),  John  M.  Lefevre,  M.D.,  CM.  (British  Columbia),  R.  D. 
McGibbon,  K.C.  (Canada),  Daniel  J.  Mackay  (late  of  Western  Australia) 
Angus  Mackinnon  (Rhodesia),  John  Mathieson,  John  Moore,  Thomas  Moore 
(Western  Australia),  Rev.  Viscount  Molesworth,  Edmund  B.  Muspratt  (Fiji), 
Robert  Nisbet  (Transvaal),  Randolph  Nott  (New  South  Wales),  Hon.  J.  A. 
Otonba  Payne,  M.L.C.  (Southern  Nigeria),  J.  Baddeley  Poole,  George  E. 
Porter  (Victoria),  Major-General  A.  J.  M.  Rainey,  Keith  Ramsay  (New 
Zealand),  Wybert  Reeve  (late  of  South  Australia),  William  H.Rogers  (Trans- 
vaal), J/.  Graf  ton  Ross  (late  of  New  South  Wales),  John  Purvis  Russell 
(New  Zealand),  T.  Purvis  Russell  (Neiv  Zealand),  Henry  Rutherford  (Natal), 
John  Saioers  (Victoria),  A.  G.  M.  Scott  (Northern  Nigeria),  Henry  Seivell 
(Jamaica),  Walter  Sharpe,  Frederick  C.  Shaw  (Surgeon- Superintendent 
Indian  Emigration  Service),  Bruce  Shepherd, I.S.O.  (Hong  Kong),  J.  B.  Lintorn 
Simmons  (late  of  Western  Australia),  E.  H.  Dean  Smith  (Western  Australia), 
General  Sir  Henry  A.  Smyth,  K.C.M.G.,  Harry  Douglas  Solomon  (Transvaal), 
Horatio  W.  Stockham  (Cape  Colony),  Sir  Richard  Tangye,  John  E.  Tanner, 


Thirty-ninth  Annual  General  Meeting.  167 

C.M.G.,  M.Inst.C.E.  (late  of  Trinidad),  Richard  D.  Thomas  (New  Zealand), 
E.  Symes  Thompson,  M.D.,  F.R.C.P.,  S.  de  Courcy  Thompson,  Cornelius 
Thorne  (late  of  China),  Charles  Thornton,  Jacobus  Van  Ryn  (Cape  Colony), 
James  L.  Veendam,  M.D.  (late  of  British  Guiana),  Philip  Wales  (Southern 
Nigeria),  George  Wills,  James  J.  Wilson,  M.D.  (West  Africa). 

The  death  of  the  Eight  Hon.  B.  J.  Seddon,  for  many  years 
Premier  of  New  Zealand,  deprived  the  Empire  of  a  far-seeing 
statesman,  whose  able  services  and  patriotic  sentiments  were 
universally  recognised  and  respected. 

Vacancies  on  the  Council  have  arisen  through  the  deaths  of 
the  Earl  of  Cranbrook,  G. C.S.I.,  a  Vice-President,  and  (quite 
recently)  the  Hon.  Sir  James  F.  Garrick,  K.C.M.G.,  K.C.,  a 
Councillor,  and  the  resignation  of  Walter  H.  James,  Esq.,  K.C.,  a 
Councillor,  on  his  return  to  Australia.  They  have  been  filled 
up  ad  interim,  and  subject  to  confirmation  by  the  Fellows  under 
the  provisions  of  Rule  6,  by  the  appointment  of  the  Right  Hon. 
the  Earl  of  Elgin,  E.G.,  G.C.S.I.,  G.C.I.E.,  the  Hon.  C.  H.  Rason, 
and  Henry  Birchenough,  Esq.,  C.M.G.  The  following  retire  in 
conformity  with  Rule  7,  and  are  eligible  for  re-election  :  — Vice- 
Presidents  :  H.R.H.  Prince  Christian,  E.G.,  G.C.V.O.,  the  Duke  of 
Argyll,  K.T.,  G.C.M.G.,  G.C.V.O.,  the  Duke  of  Devonshire,  E.G., 
G.aV.O.,  Lord  Strathcona,  G.C.M.G.,  and  the  Right  Hon.  Sir 
George  T.  Goldie,  E. C.M.G.  Councillors  :  Admiral  Sir  Nathaniel 
Bowden-Smith,  E.C.B.,  Major-General  Sir  Henry  Green,  E.C.S.L, 
C.B.,  Major-General  C.  W.  Robinson,  C.B.,  Allan  Campbell,  Esq., 
Dr.  Alfred  Hillier,  and  W.  Eeswick,  Esq.,  M.P. 

The  Annual  Dinner  took  place  at  the  Whitehall  Rooms  on 
April  25,  under  the  presidency  of  the  Earl  of  Elgin,  E.G., 
Secretary  of  State  for  the  Colonies,  who  made  an  important  speech 
on  Colonial  policy,  which  is  fully  reported  in  the  Proceedings. 

The  Annual  Conversazione  was  held  at  the  Natural  History 
Museum,  Cromwell  Road,  on  June  28,  by  permission  of  the  Trustees 
of  the  British  Museum,  and  was  largely  attended. 

The  following  Papers  have  been  read  and  discussed  since  the 
date  of  the  last  Annual  Report  :— 

Ordinary  Meetings. 

"  The  Products  of  Australia."     The  Hon.  J.  G.  Jenkins 
(Agent-General  for  South  Australia). 

"  Our  Policy  in  the  West  Indies."     Miss  C.  de  Thierry. 
"Australian    Immigration."      Walter    H.    James,    E.G. 
(Agent- General  for  Western  Australia). 

"  India  under  British  Rule."     Arthur  Sawtell. 


168  Thirty -ninth  Annual  General  Meeting. 

"The  Development  of  our  British  African  Empire.' 
Lionel  Decle. 

"  Notes  on  Imperial  Organisation."     Richard  Jebb. 
"The  Colonial  Press."     Arthur  W.  a'Beckett  (Past  Pre- 
sident of  the  Institute  of  Journalists  and  the   Newspaper 
Society). 

"  Federal   Tendencies    in   Education."      E.   B.    Sargant 
(Education  Adviser   to  the  High  Commissioner  of   South 
Africa). 
Afternoon  Meetings. 

"  Our  Emigration  Plans."  General  Booth  (Salvation 
Army). 

"The  New  Agricultural  Movement  in  Cape  Colony." 
P.  J.  Hannon. 

"  The  Oilfields  of  Trinidad."  E.  H.  Cunningham  Craig, 
B.A.,  F.G.S.  (Government  Geologist  in  Trinidad  and 
Tobago). 

"St.  Helena."     J. -C.  Melliss  (formerly  Commissioner  of 
Crown  Property  and  Engineer  in  the  Colony). 
The  special  facilities  which  the  Institute  possesses  for  imparting 
trustworthy  information  on  all  subjects  relating  to  the  Colonies  and 
India  are  becoming  more  widely  known  and  appreciated,  and  year 
by  year  a  steadily  increasing  number  of  inquiries  are  received  and 
replied  to. 

The  Library,  which  contains  a  most  complete  collection  of 
historical,  scientific,  official,  and  general  literature  regarding  the 
Colonies  and  India,  has  received  a  large  number  of  valuable  addi- 
tions, both  old  and  new,  which  have  in  several  instances  filled  up 
gaps  among  the  earlier  published  works  and  at  the  same  time  made 
readily  accessible  the  most  recent  and  authentic  intelligence  upon 
Colonial  and  Indian  subjects.  Its  general  usefulness  has  been 
widely  recognised  by  officials  and  private  individuals  engaged  in 
research,  as  well  as  by  students  of  Colonial  affairs  and  educational 
authorities,  who,  by  means  of  a  comprehensive  and  up-to-date 
catalogue,  can  easily  ascertain  what  has  been  written  upon  any 
particular  subject  regarding  the  progress,  history,  and  ever- 
increasing  importance  of  all  parts  of  the  Empire.  The  Parlia- 
mentary section  has  been  considerably  augmented  by  the  acqui- 
sition of  several  of  the  earlier  series  of  publications  which  are  now 
available  for  reference  purposes.  The  Colonial  Law  Reports  which 
have  been  gathered  together  in  the  Library  are  of  great  interest  to 
those  engaged  in  legal  affairs  in  this  country,  as  they  contain  all 


Thirty-ninth  Annual  General  Meeting.  169 

the  important  decisions  of  the  judges  of  the  various  Colonial 
Courts.  For  those  engaged  upon  Privy  Council  cases  the  collec- 
tion is  invaluable,  and  the  knowledge  that  the  Reports  are  accessible 
in  a  central  position  in  London  has  been  much  appreciated  by 
barristers  and  others  visiting  the  United  Kingdom,  who  in  former 
years  experienced  considerable  inconvenience  owing  to  the  want 
of  these  very  necessary  works  of  reference.  The  collection  of  news- 
papers, magazines,  and  other  periodicals  has  been  considerably 
increased,  the  number  of  such  publications  which  are  regularly 
filed  being  528,  the  majority  of  which  are  at  the  expiration  of 
twelve  months  sent  to  the  British  Museum,  where  they  are  per- 
manently preserved  and  always  accessible  to  Fellows  of  the  Insti- 
tute. The  Reference  department  has  been  much  extended,  and 
now  affords  easy  access  to  the  most  recent  information  regarding 
the  trade,  resources,  and  general  development  of  all  parts  of  the 
Empire.  The  additions  to  the  Library  numbered  1,524  volumes, 
1,814  pamphlets  and  parts,  37  maps,  228  photographs,  47,375 
newspapers.  The  Council  have  again  to  acknowledge  the  liberality 
of  a  large  number  of  donors,  including  the  Imperial,  Colonial,  and 
Indian  Governments,  societies  and  various  public  institutions,  the 
proprietors  of  newspapers  and  other  periodicals,  and  a  large  number 
of  Fellows  of  the  Institute,  a  complete  list  of  whom  is  appended. 
On  December  31,  1906,  the  Library  contained  64,632  volumes  and 
pamphlets  (all  relating  to  the  Colonies  and  India)  and  528  files  of 
newspapers,  magazines,  &c. 

The  Council  are  arranging  on  behalf  of  the  Institute  to  extend 
a  cordial  welcome  to  the  Delegates  who  will  shortly  arrive  in  London 
to  take  part  in  the  Colonial  Conference.  Previous  gatherings  have 
paved  the  way  for  friendly  and  mutual  concessions  in  the  interests 
of  the  Empire  at  large,  and  the  Conference  of  1907  bids  fair  to  be 
one  of  the  most  important  of  these  assemblies  that  has  yet  been 
brought  together  in  this  country. 

For"  many  years  past  the  Council  have  made  representations 
to  His  Majesty's  Government  as  to  the  hardship  of  levying  double 
Income  Tax  on  money  invested  in  British  Colonies,  and  they  trust 
the  subject  will,  among  others,  come  under  consideration  at  the 
Colonial  Conference  with  a  view  to  such  duplication  being  prevented 
in  the  future. 

The  prosperity  of  Canada  and  the  development  of  its  great 
natural  resources  continue  without  interruption.  Commercial 
activity  prevails,  the  manufacturing  industries  are  expanding  with 
much  rapidity,  the  opening  up  of  the  mineral  resources  of  the 

G  3 


170  Thirty-ninth  Annual  General  Meeting.- 

country  is  attracting  much  attention,  and  new  railways,  and 
extensions  of  existing  lines,  are  being  constructed  as  quickly  as 
the  labour  conditions  will  permit.  Agriculture,  and  its  sister 
industries,  fruit-growing  and  dairying,  are  increasing  in  import- 
ance year  by  year.  The  great  advantages  of  the  Dominion,  the 
opportunities  that  it  affords  to  suitable  men  and  women  in  all  the 
Provinces,  and  the  liberal  terms  offered  by  the  Government,  are 
attracting  an  increased  flow  of  settlers  from  the  United  Kingdom, 
the  United  States,  and  the  Continent  of  Europe.  It  is  announced 
that  His  Majesty's  Postmaster-General  has  made  certain  proposals 
to  the  Dominion  Government  with  the  object  of  placing  the  postage 
rate  on  periodicals,  magazines,  and  newspapers  published  in  this 
country  and  sent  to  Canada  on  a  more  satisfactory  basis  than  at 
present,  especially  when  compared  with  the  rates  charged  on  publi- 
cations sent  from  the  United  States. 

It  is  interesting  to  note  that  the  Governor- General  of  Canada 
has,  for  the  first  time,  paid  a  visit  to  the  neighbouring  Colony  of 
Newfoundland — an  auspicious  event  which  will  doubtless  prove 
beneficial  to  the  people  of  both  countries. 

The  outlook  in  Australia  is  most  encouraging,  a  succession 
of  good  seasons  having  contributed  to  the  rehabilitation  of  stock 
and  caused  a  remarkable  expansion  in  production  as  well  as  in  trade 
conditions.  Steps  are  being  taken  by  some  of  the  States  to  encourage 
suitable  emigration  from  the  United  Kingdom,  and,  as  large  areas 
of  land  are  being  resumed  by  various  State  Governments  for  pur- 
poses of  closer  settlement,  a  great  stimulus  will  thus  be  given  to 
the  farming  industry. 

The  New  Zealand  International  Exhibition,  now  being  held  at 
Christchurch  under  the  auspices  of  the  Government,  displays  to 
visitors  from  all  parts  of  the  world  a  striking  illustration  of  the 
resources  and  home  industries  of  that  attractive  and  prosperous 
Colony,  as  well  as  exhibits  from  the  Mother  Country,  Australia, 
Canada,  and  Fiji. 

The  South  African  Exhibition,  which  His  Majesty  the  King 
has  graciously  consented  to  open  in  Westminster  on  February  23, 
will  bring  prominently  under  public  notice  the  varied  products 
of  that  important  part  of  the  Empire.  A  reciprocal  treaty 
has  recently  been  arranged  between  South  Africa  and  New 
Zealand  to  encourage  the  interchange  of  the  produce  of  the  two 
countries. 

The  promptitude  with  which  the  native  rising  in  Natal  was 
isolated  and  suppressed  by  the  local  military  forces  of  South  Africa 


Thirty-ninth  Annual  General  Meeting.  171 

reflects  much  credit  on  the  self-reliance  and  resourcefulness  of  the 
Colonial  authorities  at  a  critical  juncture. 

The  grant  of  responsible  government  to  the  people  of  the 
Transvaal,  and  the  announcement  that  a  similar  constitution  will 
shortly  be  applied  to  the  Orange  Eiver  Colony,  are  regarded  with 
anxious  interest  by  the  Council,  who  earnestly  hope  that  these 
measures  will  tend  to  promote  the  prosperity  of  both  communities 
and  advance  Imperial  unification. 

The  Cape  to  Cairo  Railway  is  steadily  progressing,  there  now 
being  a  regular  train  service  from  Cape  Town  to  Broken  Hill,  a 
distance  of  2,100  miles.  It  is  manifest  that  this  important  line  has 
already  given  a  stimulus  to  the  expansion  of  trade  and  the  occupa- 
tion  of  the  country  by  white  settlers,  as  predicted  by  its  distinguished 
originator,  Mr.  Cecil  Rhodes. 

During  the  year  the  agricultural  industries  of  the  West  Indies 
continued  to  show  improvement,  and  there  are  indications  that 
these  Colonies  are  now  attracting  more  attention  as  a  field  for  the 
investment  of  capital  than  they  have  done  for  many  years  past. 
The  sugar  industry  naturally  felt  somewhat  the  low  prices  which 
prevailed  ;  but,  as  a  result  of  the  Brussels  Convention,  confidence 
is  being  restored,  and  several  more  central  sugar  factories  have 
been  erected  in  this  part  of  our  Empire.  Jamaica  has  recovered 
completely  from  the  disastrous  effects  of  the  hurricane  'of  1903,  L 
while  the  extension  of  cacao  cultivation  in  Trinidad  has  added 
materially  to  the  wealth  of  that  island,  which  is  showing  signs  of 
rapidly  increasing  prosperity.  Thanks  to  the  successful  establish- 
ment of  the  Sea  Island  cotton  industry,  several  of  the  smaller 
islands  advanced  still  further  towards  regaining  their  former 
position. 

Vigorous  efforts  are  being  made,  with  highly  promising  results, 
to  promote  the  growth  of  an  independent  supply  of  cotton  in  other 
parts  of  the  British  Empire,  where  extensive  areas  are  available 
for  that  purpose. 

A  process  of  industrial  development  is  proceeding  in  India 
which  bids  well  for  the  future  of  its  people,  and  the  past  year  has 


one  of  growing  trade  and  prosperous  finance. 


The  celebration  of  Empire  Day  provides  a  great  educational  force 
.'or  consolidating  and  strengthening  the  Empire,  and  is  obtaining 
general  acceptance  throughout  the  Colonies.  The  Council  have 
for  many  years  past  given  their  earnest  support  to  the  movement, 

1  Intelligence  of  the  disastrous  earthquake  at  Kingston  had  not  been 
received  when  this  Keport  was  drawn  up. 

G  4 


172  Thirty -ninth  Annual  General  Meeting. 


1 


and  in  1894  and  again  in  1903  memorialised  His  Majesty's  Govern- 
ment in  favour  of  its  being  accorded  official  recognition. 

The  Council  take  this  opportunity  of  reminding  the  general 
public,  as  well  as  the  Fellows,  that  nearly  forty  years  have  elapsed 
since  the  Institute  was  founded,  on  a  self-supporting  basis,  for  the 
purpose  of  disseminating  a  better  knowledge  of  the  Colonies  and 
fostering  cordial  relations  between  the  people  of  these  isles  and  their 
kinsmen  beyond  the  seas.  Such  is  still  the  keynote  of  its  work, 
and  the  Council  are  resolved  to  do  all  in  their  power  to  cherish  and 
maintain  a  permanent  union  between  the  Mother  Country  and  her 
daughter  States  as  partners  in  a  great  and  world-wide  inheritance. 

By  Order  of  the  Council, 

J.  S.  O'HALLORAN, 

Secretary. 
January  15,  1907. 


Thirty-ninth  Annual  General  Meeting. 


173 


174  Thirty -ninth  Annual  General  Meeting. 


STATEMENT  OF  EECEIPTS 
FOR  THE  YEAB  ENDING 


RECEIPTS. 

£    s. 

d. 

Bank  Balance  as  per  last  Account  

£657 

6 

2 

24 

15 

8 

682     1 

10 

9    Life  Subscriptions  of  £20  

180 

0 

0 

49  Life  Subscriptions  of  £10  and  under  to  com- 

plete   

481 

17 

0 

51  Entrance  Fees  of  £3  

153 

0 

0 

201          „            „        £1.  Is  

211 

1 

0 

10          „            „        £1.  195.  to  complete   

19 

10 

0 

112 

16 

0 

1,233  Subscriptions  of  £2  for  1906  

2,466 

0 

0 

1,506                  ,              £i.  Is.  for  1906  

1,581 

6 

0 

10                „             £1  or  less  to  complete  

2 

16 

6 

218                „              195.  to  complete    

207 

2 

0 

31                 „               £2  for  1907,  in  advance  ... 

62 

0 

0 

87                „              £1.  Is,  for  1907,  in  advance 

91 

7 

0 

„                      ,,        1908,         .„' 

1 

1 

0 

5  569  16 

a 

Annual  Dinner,  received  in  connection  with  

261     0 

0 

Conversazione,  ditto    .,,  

156     2 

6 

Rent  for  one  year  to  December  25,  1906  (less  Property  Tax)  

1,290    0 

0 

Insurance  repaid  

7     7 

0 

Proceeds  of  Sale  of  Papers,  &c  , 

54  13 

3 

Library  Catalogue  (Sale  of)  

1  11 

6 

17     5 

7 

Journal  

382  12 

<) 

£8,422  10  11 
Examined  and  found  correct 


F,  H.  DANGAR 
Jamiary  21,  1907. 


„ 
II.  F.  BILLINGHURST  }   Hon' 


Thirty-ninth  Annual  General  Meeting.  175 


AND  PAYMENTS 
DECEMBER  31,  1906. 


PAYMENTS. 

I     s.    d. 

Salaries  and  Wages 2,196  19    4 

Proceedings — Printing,  &c 286     5     5 

Journal — 

Printing £401     8     4 

Postage  153    6    8 

559  15     0 

Printing,  ordinary  69     311 

Postages,  ordinary  205     8    5 

Advertising  Meetings 26  10     2 

Meetings,  Expenses  of  204    8    0 

Reporting  Meetings    3019    6 

Stationery 143     4     0 

Newspapers 126    0    3 

Library- 
Books  £149  19     0 

Binding  71  16     8 

Maps    250 

224     0     8 

Fuel,  Light,  &c 15214     5 

Building— Furniture  and  Repairs 108  19  10 

Guests' Dinner  Fund  33     7     8 

Rates  and  Taxes 390  11     9 

Fire  Insurance 23  15     3 

Law  Charges    , 2  12     6 

Telephone 17    0    0 

Annual  Dinner 270  17     0 

Conversazione — 

Refreshments £128     3    0 

Electric  Lighting,  &c 5417     3 

Floral  Decorations    20    0    0 

Music  43     4     6 

Printing  ; 19  18    0 

Fittings,  Furniture,  &c 2317     6 

Attendance,  &c 25     6     6 

315     6     9 

Clerical  Assistance  to  the  Hon.  Treasurer 100    0    0 

Miscellaneous 77     1     7 

Subscriptions  paid  in  error  refunded  10    3    0 

Payments  on  Account  of  Mortgage — 

Interest   £67     8     4 

Principal 2,448     1     8 

2,515  10    0 


8,090  14     5 

Balance  at  Bank , £3u5     8  11 

„      in  hands  of  Secretary 26     7     7 

331  16     6 

£8,422  10  11 

M.  F.  OMMANNEY, 

Honorary  Treasurer. 
January  21,  1907. 


176 


Thirty-ninth  Annual  General  Meeting. 


LIST  OF  DONORS  TO  THE  LIBRARY-1906. 


Aborigines'  Protection  Society 

Adelaide,    University    (South     Aus- 
tralia) 
Admiralty,  The 

Africa,  Proprietors  of 

African  Book  Co.  (Cape  Colony) 

African  Insurance,  Banking  and  Com- 
mercial Gazette  (Cape  Town),  Pro- 
prietors of 

African  Society,  The 

African  Standard  (Mombasa),  Pro- 
prietors of 

African  World,  Proprietors  of 

Agricultural  Reporter  (Barbados), 
Proprietors  of 

Alberta,  Canada,  Government  of 

Allen,  George 

Alleyn,  H.  M.  (Ceylon) 

Amalgamated  Press,  Ltd. 

American  Colonisation  Society  (Wash- 
ington) 

American  Geographical  Society  (New 
York) 

Anthropological  Institute 

Anti-Tea  Duty  League 

Antigua  Standard,  Proprietors  of 

Appointments  Gazette,  Proprietors  of 

Argosy  (British  Guiana),  Proprietors 
of 

Argus  Printing  and  Publishing  Co. 

Armidale  Express  (N.S.  Wales),  Pro- 
prietors of 

Arnold,  Edward 

Ashburton  Mail  (New  Zealand),  Pro- 
prietors of 

Aspinall,  A.  E, 

Auckland  Star,  Proprietors  of 

Auckland  University  College,  New 
Zealand 

Australasian  (Melbourne),  Proprietors 
of 

Australasian  Chamber  of  Commerce 
in  London 


Australasian     Hardware     and     Ma- 
chinery, Proprietors  of 

Australasian  Insurance  and  Banking 
Eecord,  Proprietors  of 

Australasian  Journal  of    Pharmacy, 
Proprietors  of 

Australasian  Medical    Gazette,  Pro- 
prietors  of 

Australian  Book  Co. 

Australian     Field     (Sydney),     Pro- 
prietors of 

Australian     Journal     of     Education, 
Proprietors  of 

Australian  Mining  Standard  (Sydney), 
Proprietors  of 

Australian  Museum   (Sydney),   Trus- 
tees of 

Australian  Mutual  Provident  Society 
(Sydney) 

Australian    Stock   Exchange   Intelli- 
gence, Proprietors  of 

Australian  Trading  World,  Proprietors 
of 

Automobile  Club  Journal,  Proprietoi  s 
of 

Bahamas,  Government  of  the 

Ballarat  Star,  Proprietors  of 

Balme,  Messrs.  C.,  &  Co. 

Bank  of  Australasia 

Bankers'  Institute  of  Australasia 

Barbados  Globe,  Proprietors  of 

Barbados,  Government  of 

BataviaaschGenootschap  van  Kunsten 
en  Wetenschappen,  Batavia 

Baynes,  Hon.  Joseph,  C.M.G.,  M.L.C. 
(Natal) 

Beadnell,  H.  J.  L.  (Egypt) 

Beaufort  Courier  (Cape  Colony),  Pro- 
prietors of 

Bedford    Enterprise    (Cape  Colony), 
Proprietors  of 

Beira  Post,  Proprietors  of 

Bell,  W.  H.  Somerset,  (Transvaal; 


Thirty -ninth  Annual  General  Meeting. 


177 


Bemrose  &  Sons,  Messrs. 

Bendigo  Advertiser  (Victoria),  Pro- 
prietors of 

Bengal,  Asiatic  Society  of 

Bengal  Chamber  of  Commerce 

Bengal,  Secretary  to  Government 

Bermuda,  Government  of 

Bermuda  Colonist,  Proprietors  of 

Birmingham  University 

Black,  Messrs.  A.  &  C. 

Blackwood  &  Sons,  Messrs.  W. 

Bligh,  Harris  H.,  K.C.  (Canada) 

Board  of  Trade 

Bobbili,  The  Maharajah  of,  K.C.I.E. 
(India) 

Bombay  Gazette,  Proprietors  of 

Bombay,  Government  of 

Boos6,  James  K. 

Boston  Public  Library 

Boucaut,  Hon.  Sir  James  Perm, 
K.C.M.G.  (South  Australia) 

Bradbury,  Agnew  &  Co.,  Messrs. 

Brassey,  Hon.  T.  A. 

Brassey,  Rt.  Hon.  Lord,  G.C.B. 

Brisbane  Chamber  of  Commerce 

Brisbane  Courier  (Queensland),  Pro- 
prietors of 

Britannia,  Proprietors  of 

British  and  South  African  Export 
Gazette,  Proprietors  of 

British  Australasian,  Proprietors  of 

British  Central  Africa,  H.M.'s  Com- 
missioner 

British  Columbia,  Government  of 

British  Columbia  Minister  of  Mines 

British  Columbia,  Law  Society  of 

British  Columbia  Mining  Exchange, 
Proprietors  of 

British  Columbian,  Proprietors  of 

British  Empire  League 

British  Guiana  Directory,  Publishers 
of  the 

British  Guiana,  Government  Geologist 

British  Guiana,  Government  of 

British  Guiana  Chamber  of  Com- 
merce 

British  Guiana  Immigration  Depart- 
ment 

British  Honduras,  Government  of 

British  North  Borneo  Co. 

British  North  Borneo,  Governor  of 

British  South  Africa  Co. 

British  Trade  Journal,  Proprietors 
of 

British  Women's  Emigration  Associa- 
tion 

Brooks  &  Co.,  Messrs.  W.  (New  South 
Wales) 


Browne- Searle  Printing  Co.,  The 
(Canada) 

Bruce,  Sir  Charles,  G.C.M.G. 

Bucknill,  John  A. 

Budget  (New  Plymouth,  New  Zea- 
land), Proprietors  of 

Bulawayo  Chronicle,  Proprietors  of 

Bureau  of  Statistics,  Washington, 
U.S.A. 

Burma,  Government  of 

Burt,  Miss  Rosalie  (Rhodesia) 

Cambridge  University  Press 

Cameron,  Prof.  J.  H.  (Canada) 

Campbell,  Wilfred  (Canada) 

Canada,  Department  of  Agriculture 
and  Statistics 

Canada,  Department  of  Labour 

Canada,  Department  of  the  Interior 

Canada,  Geographic  Board  of 

Canada,  Geological  Survey  of 

Canada,  Government  of 

Canada,  High  Commissioner  for 

Canada  Law  Book  Co. 

Canada  Newspaper  Cartoonists'  Asso- 
ciation 

Canada  Permanent  Mortgage  Cor- 
poration 

Canada,  Royal  Society  of 

Canada,  The  Hon.  the  Minister  of 
Justice  for 

Canadian  Bankers'  Association  (To- 
ronto) 

Canadian  Forestry  Association 

Canadian  Law  Review  Co. 

Canadian  Magazine  (Toronto),  Pro- 
prietors of 

Canadian  Municipal  Journal,  Proprie- 
tors of 

Canadian  Pacific  Railway  Co. 

Canadian  Preference  League 

Canterbury  Agricultural  and  Pastoral 
Association  (New  Zealand) 

Canterbury  College  (New  Zealand) 

Canterbury  Times  (New  Zealand), 
Proprietors  of 

Cantlie,  Dr.  James 

Cape  Argus,  Proprietors  of 

Cape  Church  Monthly,  Proprietors 
of 

Cape  Daily  Telegraph,  Proprietors 
of 

Cape  Mercury,  Proprietors  of 

Cape  of  Good  Hope,  Agent-General 
for 

Cape  of  Good  Hope,  H.  M.'a  Astrono- 
mer 

Cape  of  Good  Hope,  Department  of 
Agriculture 


178 


Thirty-ninth  Annual  General  Meeting. 


Cape  of  Good  Hope  Government 
Biologist 

Cape  of  Good  Hope,  Government  of 

Cape  of  Good  Hope  University 

Cape  Times,  Proprietors  of 

Cape  Town  Chamber  of  Commerce 

Capitalist,  Proprietors  of 

Capricornian  (Queensland),  Proprie- 
tors of 

Carswell  Co.,  The  (Canada) 

Casgrain,  Philippe- Baby,  K.C.,  Canada 

Cassell  &  Co.,  Messrs. 

Central  African  Times  (Blantyre, 
B.C.A.),  Proprietors  of 

Central  Provinces  of  India,  Govern- 
ment of  the 

Central  South  African  Railways, 
General  Manager  of 

Ceylon  Association  in  London 

Ceylon,  Government  of 

Ceylon  Independent,  Proprietors  of 

Ceylon  Observer,  Proprietors  of 

Ceylon,  RoyaJ  Botanic  Gardens 

Ceylon  Standard,  Proprietors  of 

Ceylon,  Surveyor- General 

Ceylon,  Times  of,  Proprietors  of 

Ceylon  University  Association 

Chapman  &  Hall,  Messrs. 

Charlottetown  Herald  (P.E.I.),  Pro- 
prietors of 

Charters  Towers  Chamber  of  Com- 
merce  and  Mines,  Queensland 

Chatto  &  Windus,  Messrs. 

Chemist  and  Druggist  of  Australasia, 
Proprietors  of 

China  Mail  (Hong  Kong),  Proprietors 
of 

Christchurch  Press  (New  Zealand), 
Proprietors  of 

Christian  Literature  Society  for  India 

Chronicle  (South  Australia),  Pro- 
prietors of 

Church  Missionary  Society 

Churchill,  Messrs.  J.  &  A. 

Citizen,  Proprietors  of 

Civil  &  Military  Gazette  (Lahore), 
Proprietors  of 

Clarendon  Press 

Clarion  (British  Honduras),  Proprie- 
tors of 

Clark,  T.  Sealey 

Clougher,  J.  P. 

Clougher,  Thomas  R. 

Cold  Storage  and  Ice  Association 

Cold  Storage,  Proprietors  of 

Collens,  J.  H.  (Trinidad) 

Colombo  Museum  (Ceylon) 

Colonial  Bank 


Colonial  Consignment  and  Distribut- 
ing Co. 

Colonial  Guardian  (British  Honduras), 
Proprietors  of 

Colonial   Mining    News,    Proprietors 
of 

Colonial  Nursing  Association 

Colonial  Office 

Coloniser,  Proprietors  of 

Comite  de  1'Afrique  Fran?aise  (Paris) 

Commercial  (Manitoba),    Proprietors 
of 

Commercial  Intelligence,  Proprietors 
of 

Commonwealth  of  Australia,  Govern- ' 
ment  of  the 

Commonwealth    of     Australia,    The 
Officer  representing  the 

Companhia  de  Mozambique 

Coombs,  H.  R.  (Western  Australia) 

Coolgardie  Miner,  Proprietors  of 

Coorg,  Chief  Commissioner  of 

Copp  Clark  Co.,  The  (Canada) 

Cotton,  E.  P  (Southern  Nigeria) 

Cowen,  Charles 

Cox,  Horace 

Cox,  W.  Gibbons  (Queensland) 

Creamery  Journal,  Proprietors  of 

Criminal  Law  Journal  of  India,  Pro- 
prietors of  the 

Critic,  Proprietors  of 

Cronbach,  R. 

Crown  Agents  for  the  Colonies 

Cundall,  Frank  (Jamaica) 

Cyprus,  Government  of 

Cyprus  Journal,  Proprietors  of  the 

Dagnaud,  Le  Pere  P.  M. 

Daily   British  Whig   (Canada),   Pro- 
prietors of 

Daily    Chronicle    (British    Guiana), 
Proprietors  of 

Daily  Mail  (Queensland),  Proprietors 
of 

Daily  News  (Newfoundland),  Proprie- 
tors of 

Daily  Record  (Queensland),  Proprie- 
tors of 

Daily   Telegraph    (Launceston,  Tas- 
mania), Proprietors  of 

Daily  Telegraph  (Napier,  N.Z.),  Pro- 
prietors of 

Daily    Telegraph   (New  Brunswick), 
Proprietors  of 

Daily   Telegraph    (Quebec),  Proprie- 
tors of 

Dalgety  &  Co.,  Messrs.  (New  South 
Wales) 

Daniels,  Dr.  C.  W. 


Thirty-ninth  Annual  General  Meeting. 


179 


Davey,  Flack  &  Co.,  Messrs. 

Davis  &  Sons,  Messrs.  P.  (Natal) 

Davis,  Hon.  N.  Darnell,  C.M.G. 
(British  Guiana) 

Dawe,  M.  T. 

Dawn,  Proprietors  of 

De  Gaye,  Jules  A.  (Seychelles) 

Deherain,  Henri 

Dennett,  K.  E.  (Southern  Nigeria) 

Dent  &  Co.,  Messrs.  J.  M. 

Deutsche  Kolonialgesellschaft 

Diamond  Fields  Advertiser  (Kim- 
berley),  Proprietors  of 

Digby,  Long  &  Co.,  Messrs. 

Dionne.  Dr.  H.  E.  (Canada) 

Dominica  Guardian,  Proprietors  of 

Dominican,  Proprietors  of 

Dowler,  Leo  (Calgary) 

Drane,  Henry  J. 

Dublin  University 

Dundee  Free  Libraries 

Durban  High  School 

Dutton,  Frederick 

Dutton  &  Co.,  Messrs.  E.  P.  (New 
York) 

East  Africa  Agricultural  and  Horti- 
cultural Society  (Nairobi) 

East  Africa  Protectorate,  H.M.'s 
Commissioner 

East  End  Emigration  Fund 

East  India  Association 

East  London  Dispatch  (Cape  Colony), 
Proprietors  of 

Eastern  Bengal  and  Assam,  Govern- 
ment, of 

Eastern  Province  Herald  (Port  Eliza- 
beth), Proprietors  of 

Eaton,  Kev.  Dr.  A.  W.  H.  (New York) 

Edmonton  Bulletin  (Canada),  Pro- 
prietors of 

Edwards,  Rev.  Arthur  W.  (New  York) 

Edwards,  Stanley 

Edwards,  W.  B. 

Egerton,  Professor  Hugh  E. 

Egmont  Star  (New  Zealand),  Proprie- 
tors of 

Egypt,  Government  of 

Emigrants'  Information  Office 

Empire  Club  of  Canada 

Engineering  Association  of  New 
South  Wales 

Engineering  Journal  of  Canada,  Pro- 
prietors of 

Engineering  Times,  Proprietors  of 

Evening  Herald  (Newfoundland),  Pro- 
prietors of 

Evening  Post  (New  Zealand),  Proprie- 
tors of 


Evening   Telegram  (Newfoundland), 
Proprietors  of 

Eyre  and  Spottiswoode,  Messrs. 

Falkland     Islands,     Government    of 
the 

Farmers'  Union  Advocate  (New  Zea- 
land), Proprietors  of 

Farming  World  (Canada),  Proprietors 
of 

Federalist  (Grenada),  Proprietors  of 

Federated  -Malay   States,    Resident- 
General 

Federation  for  the  Defence  of  Belgian 
Interests  Abroad 

Ferguson,  Hon.  John,  C.M.G.,  M.L.C. 
(Ceylon) 

Ferguson,     Messrs.     A.     M.     &     J. 
(Ceylon) 

Field,  D. 

Fiji,  Government  of 

Fiji  Times,  Proprietors  of 

Financial  Times,  Ltd.,  The 

Financier  and  Bullionist,  Proprietors 
of 

Fitzgerald,  W.  W.  A. 

Fleming,    Sir     Sandford,     K.C.M.G. 
(Canada) 

Fort  Beaufort  Advocate,  Proprietors 
of 

Fort  St.  George,  India,  Secretary  to 
Government 

France,  Ministere  des  Colonies 

Freeman,  Mrs. 

Freeman,  W.  G. 

Free  Press  (Newfoundland),  Proprie- 
tors of 

Frere,  A.  G.  (India) 

Friend  (Orange  River  Colony),  Pro- 
prietors of 

Frowde,  Henry 

Gagnon,  Ernest  (Canada) 

Gambia,  Government  of 

Gardner,  Darton  &  Co.,  Messrs.  Wells 

Garvin,  J.  W.  (Canada) 

Gay  &  Bird,  Messrs. 

Geelong  Advertiser,  Proprietors  of 

Geeson,  Miss  Jean  E.  (Canada) 

Geographical  Association 

Geological  Institution  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  Upsala 

Geraldton    Express    (W.   Australia), 
Proprietors  of 

Germany,  Government  of 

Gibraltar,  Government  of 

Gilchrist,  G.  (Cape  Colony) 

Gill,  Thomas  (South  Australia) 

Gold  Coast  Colony,  Director  of  Agri- 
culture 


180 


thirty -ninth  Annual  General  Meeting. 


Gold  Coast  Colony,  Government  of 
Gold  Coast  Leader,  Proprietors  of 
Goldsbrough,  Mort  &  Co.,  Ltd.,  Messrs. 

(Victoria) 

Gordon  &  Gotch,  Messrs. 
Gough,  E.  H. 

Gow,  Wilson  &  Stanton,  Messrs. 
Grahamstovvn     Journal,    Proprietors 

of 

Grand,  Dr.  J.  Le 
Grant,  John. 
Grenada,  Government  of 
Greytown  Gazette  (Natal),  Proprietors 

of 

Griffin,  Martin  J.  (Canada) 
Grffiin  &  Co.,  Messrs.  Charles 
Grimaldi,  Rev.  A.  B. 
Grocott's  Mail   (Cape  Colony),   Pro- 
prietors of 
Gwelo  Times  (Rhodesia),  Proprietors 

of 

Hacking,  F.  L.  (British  Columbia) 
Haffkine,  W.  M. 
Hall,  Rev.  Alfred  (Natal) 
Hall,  Maxwell  (Jamaica) 
Harbor  Grace   Standard  (Newfound- 
land), Proprietors  of 
Harrison  &  Sons,  Messrs. 
Hat  he  way,  W.   Frank   (New   Bruns- 
wick) 

Haynes,  T.  H. 

Health  Resort,  Proprietors  of 
Heidelberg  News,  Proprietors  of 
Henniker,  F.  C. 
H.  M.'s  Government 
H.M.'s  Stationery  Office 
Hitchcock,  W.  M. 
Hitchins,  R.  L.  (Natal) 
Hobart  Mercury,  Proprietors  of 
Hodder  &  Stoughton,  Messrs. 
Home  and  Colonial  Mail,  Proprietors  of 
Home  and  Farm  (N.S.W.),  Proprietors 

of 

Hong  Kong  General  Chamber  of  Com- 
merce 

Hong  Kong,  Government  of 
Hong  Kong  Daily  Press,  Proprietors 

of 

Hong  Kong,  Medical  Department 
Hong  Kong    Telegraph,    Proprietors 

of 

Hopper,  Mrs.  R.  P.  (Canada) 
Houston,  W.  R.  (Canada) 
Horden,  Lieut.  Lionel  H. 
Hurst  &  Blackett,  Messrs. 
Ice  and  Cold  Storage,  Proprietors  of 
Imperial  Department  of  Agriculture 
for  the  West  Indies  (Barbados) 


Imperial  Institute 
Imperial  Library,  Calcutta 
Imperial  South  African  Association 
India,  Government  of 
India,  Geological  Survey  of 
India,  Secretary  of  State  for 
Indian  and   Eastern  Engineer,  Pro- 
prietors of 
Indian     Church     News,    Proprietors 

of 

Indian  Museum 
Indian  Opinion  (Natal),   Proprietors 

of 
Inglewood    Record    (Nev»fc  Zealand), 

Proprietors  of 
Institut  Colonial  International,  Brux- 

elles 

Institute  of  Bankers 
Institute  of  Bankers  in  South  Africa 
Institution  of  Civil  Engineers 
Institution  of  Mining  and  Metallurgy 
Institute  Coloniale  Italiano 
Intercolonial    Medical     Journal     of 

Australasia,  Proprietors  of 
International        Buddhist       Society 

(Burma) 
International   Federation   of   Master 

Cotton  Spinners  and  Manufacturers 

Association 

Irish  Times,  Proprietors  of 
Iron  &   Steel    Trades   Journal,   Pro- 
prietors of 

Jack,  D.  R.  (New  Brunswick) 
Jamaica  Agricultural  Society 
Jamaica  Church  Aid  Association  in 

England 

Jamaica  Churchman,  Proprietors  of 
Jamaica  Daily  Telegraph,  Proprietors 

of 

Jamaica  Department  of  Agriculture 
Jamaica,  Director  of  Public  Gardens 

and  Plantations 

Jamaica  Gleaner,  Proprietors  of 
Jamaica,  Government  of 
Jamaica  Institute 
Jamaica  Times,  Proprietors  of 
Jamaica,  Weather  Office 
Japan  Society 

Jarvis,  Mrs.  Edgar  J.  (Canada) 
Johannesburg  Chamber  of  Commerce 
Johannesburg  Young  Men's  Christian 

Association 

Johnston,  Messrs.  W.  &  A.  K. 
Jolly,  Leslie  (Tasmania) 
Joske,  Major  A.Brewster  (Fiji) 
Jouve,  Le  Pere  Odoric  M.  (Canada) 
Just,  C.  T. 
Juta  &  Co.,  Messrs.  (Cape  Town) 


Thirty -ninth  Annual  General  Meeting. 


181 


Kalgoorlie  Miner  (Western  Australia), 

Proprietors  of 
Kalgoorlie  Western  Argus  (Western 

Australia),  Proprietors  of 
Katiresu,  S.  (Ceylon) 
Kegan  Paul,  Trench,  Triibner  &  Co., 

Messrs. 

Kelly,  Charles  H. 

Kennard,  Dr.  C.  P.  (British  Guiana) 
Kew  Guild 

Kew  Royal  Gardens,  Director  of 
Kimberley  Corporation 
Kimberley     Public     Library,     Cape 

Colony 

King  &  Son,  Messrs.  P.  S. 
Koloniaal  Museum  (Haarlem) 
Kolonial- Wirtschaf  tliches      Komi  tee 

(Berlin) 

Koninklijk  Instituut  ('s  Gravenhage) 
Krugersdorp  Standard,  Proprietors  of 
La  Belgique  Maritime  et  Colonial, 

Proprietors  of  (Brussels) 
Labuan,  Governor  of 
Lacroix,  Prof.  A. 
Lagos  Standard,  Proprietors  of 
Lagos    Weekly   Record,    Proprietors 

of 

La  Ligue  Maritime  (Paris) 
Lamprey,  Lieut.-Colonel  J.  J. 
Lane,  John 

Lang,  Dr.  W.  R.  (Canada) 
Langelier,     Hon.     Mr.     Justice     F. 

(Canada) 

La  Nouvelle  France  (Canada),  Pro- 
prietors of 

Launceston  Examiner,  Proprietors  of 
Laurie,  T.  Werner 
Law  Book  Company  of  Australia  (New 

South  Wales) 

Lazarus  &  Co.,  Messrs.  E.  J.  (India) 
Leeds  University 

Leeward  Islands  Free  Press,  Proprie- 
tors of 

Leeward  Islands,  Government  of 
Le  Journal  de  Francaise  (Montreal), 

Proprietors  of 
Le  Mois  Colonial  et  Maritime  (Paris), 

Proprietors  of 

Levy,  Daniel  (New  South  Wales) 
Leymarie,  A.  Leo 
Library    of    Congress,    Washington, 

U.S.A. 

Library  Syndicate  (Cambridge) 
Life  (Melbourne),  Proprietors  of 
Lindley,  Percy 
Lister,  H.  (Zanzibar) 
Little,  J.  Stanley 
Liverpool  Geographical  Society 


Liverpool  Incorporated  Chamber  of 
Commerce 

Liverpool  University 

Liverpool  University  Institute  of 
Commercial  Research  in  the  Tropics 

Livingstone  College 

Lock  wood  &  Sons,  Messrs.  Crosby 

London  School  of  Tropical  Medicine 

London  Chamber  of  Commerce 

London  University 

Long,  John 

Long,  J.  Robert  (Canada) 

Longmans,  Green  &  Co.,  Messrs. 

Low,  Marston  &  Co.,  Messrs.  Sampson 

Lucas,  C.  P.,  C.B. 

Lumsden,  Rev.  James  (Nova  Scotia) 

Lydenburg  News,  Proprietors  of 

Lyttelton  Times  (New  Zealand),  Pro- 
prietors of 

Maasdorp,  Sir  Andries  F.  S.  (Orange 
River  Colony) 

MacGeorge,  David  (Canada) 

Mackay  &  Co  ,  Messrs.  John  (Canada) 

MacLeod,  Mrs.  Elizabeth  S.  (Prince 
Edward  Island) 

McAlpine  Publishing  Co.  (Nova 
Scotia) 

McCluskie,  E.  T.  (India) 

McGibbon,  R.  D.  (Canada) 

McGill  College  and  University 
(Montreal) 

McLean,  J.  S. 

McMillan,  R.  (New  South  Wales) 

Mackay  Mercury  (Queensland),  Pro- 
prietors of 

Mackay  Standard  (Queensland),  Pro- 
prietors of 

Macmillan  &  Co.,  Messrs. 

Madras  Chamber  of  Commerce 

Madras  Mail,  Proprietors  of 

Mafeking  Mail,  Proprietors  of 

Maitland  Mercury  (New  South  Wales), 
Proprietors  of 

Malta  Chronicle,  Proprietors  of 

Malta,  Government  of 

Manawatu  Standard  (New  Zealand), 
Proprietors  of 

Manchester  Geographical  Society 

Manitoba  Free  Press,  Proprietors  of 

Manitoba,  Government  of 

Manitoba  Historical  and  Scientific 
Society 

Manson,  Sir  Patrick,  K.C.M.G.,  M.D., 
LL.D. 

Marconi's  Wireless  Telegraph  Co, 

Marlborough  &  Co.,  Messrs.  E. 

Marks,  Percy  J.  (New  South  Wales) 

Marsh,  Oswald 


182 


Thirty-ninth  Annual  General  Meeting. 


Marshall,  Dr.  P.  (New  Zealand) 

Martin,  Alfred  J. 

Maryborough  Colonist,  Proprietors  of 

Mather  &  Crowther,  Messrs. 

Mauritius  Chamber  of  Commerce 

Mauritius,  Government  of 

Mauritius  Institute 

Mauritius  Station  Agronomique 

Mavorogordato,  T.  C.  (Transvaal) 

Melbourne  Age,  Proprietors  of 

Melbourne  Argus,  Proprietors  of 

Melbourne  Leader,  Proprietors  of 

Melbourne  Public  Library,  Museum, 
&c. 

Melbourne  Punch,  Proprietors  of 

Melbourne  University 

Melrose,  Andrew 

Melville  &  Mullen,  Messrs. 

Mercantile  Guardian,  Proprietors  of 

Midland  News  (Cape  Colony),  Pro- 
prietors of 

Miles,  Henry  (Canada) 

Military  Gazette  (Canada),  Pro- 
prietors of 

Miller,  Hon.  W.  (Canada) 

Mining  Record  (British  Columbia), 
Proprietors  of 

Mining  Journal,  Proprietors  of  the 

Mirror  (Trinidad),  Proprietors  of 

Missouri  Botanical  Garden  (U.S.A.) 

Mombasa  (British  East  Africa) 
Trading  and  Development  Syndi- 
cate 

Monetary  Times  (Canada),  Proprietors 
of 

Montreal  Daily  Star,  Proprietors  of 

Montreal  Pharmaceutical  Journal, 
Proprietors  of 

Montreal  Weekly  Herald,  Proprietors 
of 

Montreal  Witness,  Proprietors  of 

Montserrat  Herald,  Proprietors  of 

Montserrat,  H.M.'s  Commissioner 

Morang  &  Co.,  Messrs.  George  N. 
(Canada) 

Morel,  E.  D. 

Morgan,  S.  Vaughan 

Moring,  Ltd.  Messrs.  Alexander 

Morning  Chronicle  (Nova  Scotia), 
Proprietors  of 

Morning  Herald  (Western  Australia), 
Proprietors  of 

Morning  Post  (Bloemfontein),  Pro- 
prietors of 

Morning  Telegram  (Winnipeg),  Pro- 
prietors of 

Morris,  Sir  Daniel,  K.C.M.G.  (Bar- 
bados) 


Murdoch,  G.  G.  (New  Brunswick) 
Murraj%  John 

Musee  du  Congo  (Bruxelles) 
Nassau    Guardian    (Bahamas),   Pro- 
prietors of 

Natal,  Agent-General  for 
Natal,'  Commissioner  of  Mines 
Natal  Department  of  Agriculture 
Natal,  General  Manager  of  Railways 
Natal,  Government  of 
Natal   Government   Railways   Maga- 
zine (Durban),  Proprietors  of 
Natal  Harbour  Department 
Natal  Mercury,  Proprietors  of 
.  Natal,  Port  Captain 
Natal  Witness,  Proprietors  of 
Nateson  &  Co.,  Messrs.  G.  A.  (India) 
National  Geographic  Society  (Wash- 
ington, U.S.A.) 
National      Monthly     and     Canadian 

Home,  Proprietors  of 
Natural  History  Museum 
Navy  League 

Negri  Seinbilan,  British  Resident 
Nelson  &  S.ons,  Messrs.  T. 
Nelson  Evening  Mail  (New  Zealand), 

Proprietors  of 

New  Brunswick,  Government  of 
New    Brunswick,     Natural    History 

Society  of 
Newcastle     Morning    Herald    (New 

South  Wales),  Proprietors  of 
Newfoundland,  Government  of 
Newnes,  Ltd.,  Messrs.  George 
New  South  Wales,  Agent-General  for 
New  South  Wales  Bobkstall  Co. 
New     South     Wales,     Comptroller- 
General 
New   South    Wales,   Department    of 

Lands 

New  South  Wales,  Geological  Survey 
New  South  Wales,  Government  of 
New  South  Wales,  Public  Library 
New  South  Wales  Railway  Commis- 
sioners 
New    South    Wales   Sheep-breeders' 

Association 

New  York  Public  Library 
New   Zealand   Department   of   Agri- 
culture 

New  Zealand  Department  of  Labour 
New  Zealand  Farmer,  Proprietors  of 
New  Zealand,  Government  of 
New  Zealand,  Government  Geologist 
New  Zealand  Graphic,  Proprietors  of 
New  Zealand  Herald,  Proprietors  of 
New    Zealand,    High    Commissioner 
for 


Thirty-ninth  Annual  General  Meeting. 


183 


New  Zealand  Institute 

New  Zealand  International  Exhibi- 
tion, British  Government  Com- 
mittee 

New  Zealand  Building,  Engineering, 
and  Mining  Journal,  Proprietors  of 

New  Zealand,  Registrar- General  of 

New  Zealand  Tourist  and  Health 
Resorts  Department 

New  Zealand  Trade  Review,  Proprie- 
tors of 

News  (New  Brunswick),  Proprietors 
of 

News  of  the  Week  (Geelong),  Pro- 
prietors of 

Nigeria,  Northern,  The  High  Commis- 
sioner 

Nigeria,  Southern,  The  High  Commis- 
sioner 

Nor'  West  Farmer  (Winnipeg),  Pro- 
prietors of 

North  Borneo  Herald,  Proprietors  of 

North  China  Herald  (Shanghai),  Pro- 
prietors of 

North-Eastern  Rhodesia,  The  Ad- 
ministrator 

Northern  Territory  Times  (S.  Aus- 
tralia), Proprietors  of 

North  Queensland  Herald,  Proprietors 
of 

North  Queensland  Register,  Proprie- 
tors of 

North- West  Territories  of  Canada, 
Law  Society  of  the 

Notman  &  Co.,  Messrs.  W.  (Canada) 

Nova  Scotia,  Attorney-General 

Nova  Scotia,  Government  of 

Nova  Scotian,  Proprietors  of 

Nyassa  Co.,  The 

Oamaru  Mail  (New  Zealand),  Pro- 
prietors of 

Obalski,  J.  (Canada) 

Ons  Land  (Cape  Town),  Proprietors  of 

Ontario  Association  of  Architects 

Ontario  Department  of  Agriculture 

Ontario,  Government  of 

Ontario  Historical  Society 

Ontario,  Minister  of  Education 

Ontario  Provincial  Museum 

Orange  River  Colony,  Government  of 

Oriental  University  Institute 

Oronhyatekha,  Dr.  (Canada) 

Otago  Daily  Times  (New  Zealand), 
Proprietors  of 

Otago  Witness,  Proprietors  of 

Ottawa  Daily  Citizen,  Proprietors  of 

Ottawa  Free  Press,  Proprietors  of 

Over- Seas,  Proprietors  of 


Owl  (Cape  Town),  Proprietors  of 

Pahang,  British  Resident 

Paltsits,  Victor  H. 

Papua,  Territory  of,  the  Administrator 

Pastoralist's  Review  (Melbourne), 
Proprietors  of 

Pat  on,  Messrs.  J.  &  J. 

Patrick,  A.  P.  (Calgary,  Canada) 

Pearson,  Messrs.  C.  Arthur 

Perak,  British  Resident 

Perth  Chamber  of  Commerce  (Western 
Australia) 

Perthes,  Justus 

Petrolea  Advertiser  (Canada),  Pro- 
prietors of 

Philip  &  Son,  Messrs.  G. 

Pinang  Gazette,  Proprietors  of 

Pitot,  Albert  (Mauritius) 

Planters'  &  Commercial  Gazette  (Mau- 
ritius), Proprietors  of 

Planters'  Association  of  Ceylon 
(Kandy) 

Pohl,  H. 

Polynesian  Gazette  (Fiji),  Proprie- 
tors of 

Polynesian  Society  (New  Zealand) 

Port  Elizabeth  Chamber  of  Com- 
merce 

Port  Elizabeth,  Public  Library,  Cape 
Colony 

Port,  of  Spain  Gazette,  Proprietors  of 

Post  Office  Directory  Co.  (Transvaal) 

Poverty  Bay  Herald  (New  Zealand), 
Proprietors  of 

Pretoria  News,  Proprietors  of 

Prince  Edward  Island,  Government  of 

Prince  (Transvaal),  Proprietors  of 

Progress  (New  Zealand),  Proprietors 
of 

Public  Works,  Proprietors  of 

Punjab,  Government  of  the 

Quebec,  General  Council  of  the  Bar  of 

Quebec,  Government  of 

Quebec,  Literary  and  Historical 
Society  of 

Queen's  College  and  University,  Kings- 
ton, Canada 

Queensland,  Agent-General  for 

Queensland  Country  Life,  Proprietors 
of 

Queensland  Geological  Survey  Depart- 
ment 

Queensland,  Government  of 

Queensland  Government  Statistician 

Queensland  Grazier,  Proprietors  of 

Queensland  Law  Journal,  Ltd. 

Queensland  Mercantile  Gazette,  Pro- 
prietors of 


184 


Thirty-ninth  Annual  General  Meeting. 


Queensland,  Koyal  Society  of 
Queenslander,  Proprietors  of 
Rand  Daily  Mail,  Proprietors  of 
Rand  Pioneers  Association  (Johannes- 
burg) 
Rangitikei  Advocate  (New  Zealand), 

Proprietors  of 

Rangoon  Gazette,  Proprietors  of 
Rangoon  Times,  Proprietors  of 
Rathbone,  E.  P.  (Transvaal) 
Reed,     Hawthorne     (Orange     River 

Colony) 

Rees,  Ltd.,  Messrs.  Hugh 
Religious  Tract  Society 
Rendle,  J.  J.  (Victoria) 
Rentell,  S. 
Representative  and  Free  Press  (Cape 

Colony),  Proprietors  of 
Review  of   Reviews  for   Australasia, 

Proprietors  of 

Review  of  Reviews,  Proprietors  of 
Rhodesia      Advertiser,       Proprietors 

of 

Rhodesia  Herald,  Proprietors  of 
Rhodesia  Museum 

Rhodesia  Scientific  Association 

Rhodesian  Chamber  of  Mines 

Richardson  &  Bishop,  Messrs.  (Mani- 
toba) 

Rivers  Ltd.,  Messrs.  Alston 

Roaf,  James  R.  (Canada) 

Robertson,  H.  H.  (Canada) 

Rod  and  Gun  and   Motor  Sports  in 
Canada,  Proprietors  of 

Roles,  F.  C.  (Ceylon) 

Root,  J.  W. 

Rothier,    Hon.    Mr.    Justice    A.    B. 
(Canada) 

Rousseau,  James  T.  (Tobago) 

Royal  Asiatic  Society 

Royal  Asiatic  Society  (Straits  Branch) 

Royal  Bank  of  Canada 

Royal  Engineers'  Institute,  Chatham 

Royal  Geographical  Society 

Royal  Geographical  Society  of  Aus- 
tralasia (South  Australian  Branch) 

Royal  Institution 

Royal  Scottish  Geographical  Society 

Royal  Society 

Royal  Society  of  Literature 

Royal  Statistical  Society 

Royal  United  Service  Institution 

Riicker,  Marshall,  Messrs.  S.  &  Co. 

Russell,  H.  C.,  C.M.G.  (N.S.  Wales) 

Salvation  Army,  the 

Sands  &  McDougall,  Ltd.,  Messrs. 

Sarawak,  Government  of 
Saskatchewan,  Government  of 


Saturday  Night  (Toronto),  Proprietor 

of 

Savona,  S.  (Malta) 
St.  Andrew's  Society,  New  Brunswick 
St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital  Journal, 

Editor  of 
St.  Bride's  Press 
St.  Christopher  Advertiser,    Proprie 

tors  of 

St.  Christopher  and  Nevis,  Adminis- 
trator of 
St.    George's    Chronicle    (Grenada), 

Proprietors  of 

St.  Helena  Guardian,  Proprietors  of 
St.    John's    Ambulance    Association 

(New  South  Wales  Centre) 
St.  Kitt's  Daily  Express,  Proprietors  of 
St.    Louis    Exposition,    1904,    Royal 

Commission 

St.  Lucia,  Administrator  of 
St.  Lucia,  Inspector  of  Schools 
St.  Vincent,  Administrator  of 
St.  Vincent  Times,  Proprietors  of 
Scandlin,  Mrs.  Christiana 
Scarborough  Co.,  The  (Canada) 
Schoenfeld,  Prof.  Dr.  E.  D. 
Sealey,  Bryers  &  Walker,  Messrs. 
Seeley  &  Co.,  Messrs. 
Selangor,  British  Resident 
Seychelles,  Government  of 
Sherriff,  P.  M.  C.  (St.  Lucia) 
Sidey,  Charles 
Siegfried,  Dr.  Andr6 
Sierra  Leone,  Government  of 
Sierra  Leone  Weekly  News,  Proprie- 
tors of 
Simpkin  Marshall,  Hamilton,  Kent  & 

Co.,  Messrs. 

Singapore  Bar  Committee 
Singapore  Chamber  of  Commerce 
Singapore  Free.  Press,  Proprietors  of 
Skeffington  &  Son,  Messrs. 
Smily,  F.  (Canada) 
Smith,  B.  T.  K. 

Smith,  James  C.  (Sierra  Leone) 
Smith,  J.  H.  (Canada) 
Smithsonian    Institution    (Washing- 
ton, U.S.A.) 
SocietA,  Italiana  d'  Esplorazione  Geo- 

grafica  e  Commerciale  (Milan) 
Societe    d'Etudes   Coloniales   (Brux- 

elles) 
Societ6  Francaise  d'Imprimerie  et  de 

Librairie 
Society  of  Arts 

Society  of  Comparative  Legislation 
Somerset  Budget  (Cape  Colony),  Pro- 
prietors of 


Thirty-ninth  Annual  General  Meeting. 


185 


Sonnenschein  &  Co.,  Messrs.  Swan 
South  Africa,  Proprietors  of 
South    African    Law    Journal,    Pro- 
prietors of 
South  African  Mines  Commerce  and 

Industries,  Proprietors  of 
South    African  News   (Cape    Town), 

Proprietors  of 

South  African  Philosophical  Society 
South  African  Public  Library  (Cape 
•    Town) 
South    African     Railway    Magazine, 

Proprietors  of 

South  African  Review,  Proprietors  of 
South  Australia,  Agent-General  for 
South  Australia,  Government  of 
South  Australia,  Government  Meteor- 
ologist 

South   Australia,   Railways  Commis- 
sioner 

South  Australia,  Royal  Society  of 
South    Australian    Advertiser,     Pro- 
prietors of 
South  Australian  Register,  Proprietors 

of 
South  Australian  School  of  Mines  and 

Industries 

South  Australian  Zoological  and  Ac- 
climatisation Society 
Southern  Rhodesia,  Government  of 
Southland  Times  (New  Zealand),  Pro- 
prietors of 
Spiers,  James 

Spottiswoode  &  Co.,  Messrs. 
Standard  (Montreal),  Proprietors  of 
Stanford,  Edward 
Star  (Johannesburg),  Proprietors  of 
Star  of  East  Africa,  Proprietors  of 
State  Correspondent,  Proprietors  of 
Steam  Car,  Proprietors  of 
Stock,  Elliot 

Stevens  &  Haynes,  Messrs. 
Stirling's  and  Glasgow  Public  Library 
Stopford,  Hon.  J.  Richard  (Transvaal) 
Storz,  C. 

Straits  Echo,  Proprietors  of 
Straits  Settlements,  Government  of 
Straits  Times  Press  (Singapore) 
Straits  Times,  Proprietors  of 
Street  &  Co.,  Messrs.  G. 
Sturt,  Major-General  Charles  S. 
Surveyor,  Proprietors  of 
Sydney  Chamber  of  Commerce 
Sydney  Daily  Telegraph,  Proprietors 

of 

Sydney  Mail,  Proprietors  of 
Sydney  Morning  Herald,  Proprietors 
of 


Sydney  Public  Library 

Sydney  Stock  and   Station  Journal, 

Proprietors  of 

Sydney  Trade  Review,  Proprietors  of 
Sydney  University 
Symons's   Meteorological    Magazine, 

Editor  of 

Table  Talk  (Melbourne),  Proprietors  of 
Tangye,  Sir  Richard 
Tarte,  Mrs.  E.  E.  F. 
Tasmania,  Agent-General  for 
Tasmania,  Government  of 
Tasmanian  Mail,  Proprietors  of 
Tasmanian  Tourists'  Association 
Temple,  Lt.-Col.  Sir  Richard  C.,  Bart., 

C.I.E. 

Tennant,  Hercules  (Transvaal) 
Thacker,  Spink  &  Co.,  Messrs.  (India) 
Thompson,   Hon.   W.    A.    (Falkland 

Islands) 

Timaru  Herald,  Proprietors  of 
Timber  News,  Proprietors  of 
Timber,  Proprietors  of 
Timber  Trades  Journal,  Proprietors  of 
Times  (Medicine  Hat,  Canada),  Pro- 
prietors of 

Times  of  East  Africa,  Proprietors  of 
Times  of  Malaya,  Proprietors  of 
Times  of  Natal,  Proprietors  of 
Times  of  Swazieland,  Proprietors  of 
Todd,  Sir  Charles,  K.C.M.G.  (South 

Australia) 

Toronto  Board  of  Trade 
Toronto  Globe,  Proprietors  of 
Toronto  News,  Proprietors  of 
Toronto  University  (Canada) 
Torres  Strait  Pilot,  Proprietors  of 
Tourist,  Proprietors  of 
Tramway  and   Railway  World,  Pro- 
prietors of 

Transvaal  Advertiser,  Proprietors  of 
Transvaal  Chamber  of  Mines 
Transvaal  Department  of  Agriculture 
Transvaal,  Geological  Survey 
Transvaal,  Government  of  the 
Transvaal    Inter- Colonial    Irrigation 

Commission 

Transvaal  Leader,  Proprietors  of 
Transvaal  Publishing  Co.  (Johannes- 
burg) 

Transvaal  Technical  Institute 
Trinidad  Agricultural  Society 
Trinidad.  Botanical  Department 
Trinidad,  Government  of 
Trinidad,  Registrar- General 
Tropical  Agriculturist  (Ceylon),  Pro- 
prietors of 
Tropical  Life,  Proprietors  of 


186 


Thirty -ninth  Annual  General  Meeting. 


Turks  and  Caicos  Islands,  The  Com- 
missioner 

Uganda  Protectorate,  H.  M.'s  Com- 
missioner 

Union  Coloniale  Fran^aise  (Paris) 

Union  of  Canadian  Municipalities 

United  Provinces  of  Agra  and  Oudh 
(India),  Government  of 

Union  Publishing  Co.  (Canada) 

Union  Steamship  Co.  of  New  Zealand 

United  Commercial  Travellers'  Asso- 
ciation of  Australasia 

United  Service   Gazette,  Proprietors 
of 

United  Service  Institution  of  New 
South  Wales 

United  Service  Magazine,  Proprietors 
of 

United  States,  Department  of  State 

Universal  Congress  of  Lawyers  and 
Jurists,  St.  Louis,  U.S.A. 

Unwin,  T.  Fisher 

Upsala,  University  of  (Sweden) 

Vacher  &  Sons,  Messrs. 

Vancouver  Board  of  Trade   (British 
Columbia) 

Vancouver  Daily  Province,  Proprietors 
of 

Vaux,  P. 

Vedanta  Society,  The  (New  York) 

Vedy,  Dr.  Louis 

Verein  der  Geographen  in  der  Univer- 
sitat  in  Wien 

Vermeersch,  Dr.  A. 

Victoria  Colonist  (British  Columbia), 
Proprietors  of 

Victoria,  Department  of  Agriculture 

Victoria,  Government  of 

Victoria,  Government  Statist 

Victoria  Institute 

Victoria  League 

Victoria  Medical  Board 

Victoria  Public  Library,  Museum,  &c. 

Victoria    Public     Library,     Western 
Australia 

Victoria,  Royal  Society  of 

Victoria  Times   (British  Columbia), 
Proprietors  of 

Voice  (St.  Lucia),  Proprietors  of 

Vryheid  Herald,  Proprietors  of 

Waghorn,  J.  R.  (Winnipeg) 

Waimate  Times  (New  Zealand),  Pro- 
prietors of 
Wairoa    Guardian     (New     Zealand), 

Proprietors  of 

Wales,  University  College  of 
Wanganui    Herald    (New   Zealand), 
Proprietors  of 


War  Office 

Waterlow  &  Sons,  Messrs. 

Watkins,  Dr.  Arnold  H.  (Cape  Colony) 

Watkins,  Frank  (British  East  Africa) 

Way,  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  Samuel  J.,  Bart. 
(South  Australia) 

Weddel  &  Co.,  Messrs.  W. 

Weedon,  Warren  (Queensland) 

Weekly    Courier    (Launceston,   Tas- 
mania), Proprietors  of 

Weekly    News    (British    Columbia), 
Proprietors  of 

Weekly    Official    Intelligence,    Pro- 
prietors of 

Weekly    Recorder    (Barbados),  Pro- 
prietors of 

Wei-hai-wei,  The  Commissioner 

Wellington    Harbour    Board     (New 
Zealand) 

West  African  Mail,  Proprietors  of 

West  Australian,  Proprietors  of 

West  Australian  Mining,Building,  and 
Engineering  Journal,  Proprietors  of 

Western  Australia,  Agent-General  for 

Western  Australia,  Attorney-General 

Western  Australia,  Chamber  of  Mines 
of  (Kalgoorlie) 

Western    Australia,    Department  of 
Agriculture 

Western         Australia,        Geological 
Survey 

Western  Australia,  Government  of 

Western    Mail    (Western  Australia), 
Proprietors  of 

Western  Pacific  Herald  (Fiji),  Pro- 
prietors of 

West  India  Committee 

West  Maitland  School  of  Arts,  New 
South  Wales 

Westminster  Co.,  The  (Canada) 

Westminster  Press 

Westminster  Review,  Proprietors  of 

Weston,  Miss 

Whitaker,  W. 

Whitcombe  &  Tombs,  Ltd.,  Messrs. 
(New  Zealand) 

Wickham,  H.  A. 

Wicksteed,  R.  J.  (Canada) 

Wilkinson,  R.  J. 

Wilson  &  Lafleur,  Messrs.  (Canada) 

Wilson,  Effingham 

Winship,  T.  (Natal) 

Witherby  &  Co.,  Messrs. 

Wood,  J.  Dennistoun  (Tasmania) 

Woodhouse,  Messrs.  C.  M.  &  C. 

Woodville  Examiner  (New  Zealand), 
Proprietors  of 

World  (Vancouver),  Proprietors  of 


Thirty-ninth  Annual  General  Meeting. 


187 


Wright,  Herbert  (Ceylon)  Young,  Sir  Frederick,  K.C.M.G. 

Wynberg  Times,  Proprietors  of  Zanzibar  Gazette,  Proprietors  of 

Year  Book  of  Australia  Publishing  Co.       Zoutpansberg     Review,     Proprietors 


Yeoman     (Wanganui,     N.Z.),     Pro- 
prietors of 


of 


ADDITIONS   TO   THE   LIBKARY   DURING   THE   YEAR   1906. 


Mode  of  Acquisition 

Volumes 

Pamphlets, 
&c. 

Newspapers, 
&c. 

Maps 

Photographs, 
&c. 

1,199 

1,363 

34,933 

36 

58 

325 

451 

12,442 

1 

170 

Total 

1,524 

1,814 

47,375 

37 

228 

The  HON.  TREASURER  (Sir  Montagu  F.  Ommanney,  G.C.M.G., 
K.C.B.,  I.S.O.)  :  The  Report  of  the  Council  refers  to  the  only  inci- 
dent of  great  interest  connected  with  the  accounts,  and  it  is  some- 
what superfluous  that  I  should  obtrude  myself  upon  you  at  all.  It 
is,  however,  the  custom,  and  I  think  a  sound  and  salutary  custom, 
that  at  your  annual  meeting  the  Honorary  Treasurer  should  person- 
ally render  some  account  of  the  stewardship  you  have  done  him 
the  honour  to  entrust  to  his  hands.  I  am  glad  also  of  this  oppor- 
tunity of  expressing  my  regret  that  in  recent  years,  under  the 
pressure  of  a  somewhat  strenuous  official  life,  I  have  had  too 
frequently  to  be  absent  on  these  occasions,  but  I  trust  that  now, 
when,  after  something  like  forty-five  years  of  varied  service  for  the 
Crown,  I  find  myself — well,  in  a  position  of  greater  freedom  and 
less  responsibility — I  may  be  better  able  to  discharge  this  part  of 
my  duty  towards  the  Fellows  of  this  Institute,  at  all  events  for  so 
long,  probably  not  a  very  long  period,  as  the  passing  of  the  inexor- 
able years  will  enable  me  to  discharge  the  duties  of  the  office.  I 
will  now  ask  you  to  turn  to  the  accounts  for  1906.  I  think  I  may 
without  presumption  say  that  they  seem  to  be  everything  that 
accounts  ought  to  be.  At  all  events  they  are  extremely  short  and 
simple,  and  altogether  satisfactory  in  their  outcome,  and  I  do  not 
think  any  accounts  can  have  higher  virtues  than  these.  If  you  will 
look  in  the  first  place  at  the  statement  of  receipts  you  will  find  that, 
excluding  the  balance  brought  forward  from  1905  and  cash  in 
hand,  our  income  for  the  year  is  £7,740.  This  sum  compares  with 
a  similar  figure  for  last  year  of  £8,046,  showing  a  slight  diminution 
of  our  receipts — a  diminution  of  £306.  I  do  not  think  that  with 
regard  to  this  amount  or  the  cause  to  which  the  diminution  is  due 
any  explanation  is  called  for  from  me,  or  that  the  decrease  represents 
to  the  Fellows  any  matter  for  the  slightest  anxiety  or  disquietude. 


188  Thirty -ninth  Annual  General  Meeting. 

It  is  due  mainly  to  the  smaller  number  of  life  contributions 
received  during  the  year,  and  partly  also  to  an  increase  in  the 
amount  of  subscriptions  remaining  unpaid.  Looking  through  the 
list  of  our  contributors  distributed  by  Colonies,  I  have  found 
these  causes  have  been  most  markedly  operative  among  our  South 
African  friends.  It  is  probably  due  to  that  depression  which  has 
resulted  from  the  political  uncertainty  which  has  prevailed  since 
the  war.  I  am  one  of  those  who  believe  that  the  grant  of  responsible 
government  to  the  Transvaal,  which  is  shortly  to  be  followed  by  the 
grant  of  a  constitution  to  the  Orange  Eiver  Colony,  whatever  may 
be  their  results  in  other  respects,  will  most  certainly  have  the  effect 
of  pushing  to  the  front  in  the  near  future  the  great  question  of  the 
federation  of  South  Africa,  and  I  believe  there  is  nothing  so  emi- 
nently calculated  to  remove  the  trouble  of  racial  distinction  and 
racial  difference,  and  to  promote  the  prosperity  and  development  of 
His  Majesty's  dominions  in  South  Africa,  as  this  federation  of  the 
different  Colonies.  With  that  federation  I  am  sure  we  shall  see  a 
complete  revival  of  the  very  laudable  desire  to  join  this  Institute 
which  our  South  African  friends  have  shown  in  the  past.  The 
statement  of  payments  calls  for  very  little  comment.  The  items 
are  of  much  the  same  nature,  and  of  the  same  amount  as  in  pre- 
ceding years.  Now  I  pass  on  to  the  statement  of  assets.  This  is  a 
remarkable  statement.  You  will  see  that  our  only  liability  is  one 
of  €483  to  "  sundry  accounts  "  ;  and  that  the  total  of  our  assets 
amounts  to  no  less  than  £61,986.  This  is  a  very  satisfactory  state- 
ment, because  the  amount  of  the  single  liability  is  absolutely  beyond 
question,  whereas,  on  the  other  side,  the  statement  of  assets  is 
necessarily  subject  to  some  extent  to  estimate,  and  an  estimate  has 
been  made  on,  I  think,  a  thoroughly  safe,  sound  and  conservative 
basis.  The  item  of  £679  for  subscriptions  outstanding  we  have 
written  down  to  one  quarter  that  amount,  and  that,  as  I  say,  is  a 
very  prudent  calculation.  As  regards  the  freehold  of  the  property 
upon  which  the  Institute  stands,  we  have  taken  that  simply  at  its 
cost  price,  making  no  allowance' for  its  undoubted  yearly  increase 
in  value. .  Merely  as  a  matter  of  the  manner  in  which  statements 
of  liability  and  assets  should  be  drawn  up,  this  statement  is,  I  think, 
an  eminently  satisfactory  one.  It  is  something  more  than  that,  for 
it  speaks  most  eloquently  of  the  success  which  attended  the  efforts 
of  your  Council  during  the  last  twenty  years,  in  which  period,  which 
is  only  one  half  of  the  stipulated  time,  they  have  succeeded  in 
altogether  extinguishing  the  debt  incurred  for  the  purpose  of 
acquiring  this  freehold  and  building  the  Institute,  with  the  result 


Thirty -ninth  Annual  General  Meeting.  189 

that  you  now  stand  masters  of  your  own  freehold  possession,  firmly 
established  in  a  home  which  has  proved  so  admirably  adapted  to 
your  purpose.  It  relieves  you  so  far  as  the  coming  years  are  con- 
cerned from  all  payments  of  interest  and  instalments  of  debt,  which 
certainly  might  be  taken  at  a  moderate  computation  at  something 
like  £2,000.  It  gives  to  the  Institute  at  all  events  material  relief 
from  heavy  charges  which  it  has  had  to  meet  hitherto,  and  leaves 
it  free  to  develop  and  extend  the  scope  and  area  of  its  usefulness  to 
the  Empire.  I  do  not  think  I  can  conclude  my  remarks  on  the 
accounts  of  the  year  in  any  different  way  from  that  which  I  have 
adopted  in  former  years — that  is,  by  congratulating  you,  as  I  do 
most  sincerely  and  warmly,  on  the  eminently  satisfactory  position 
in  which  the  Institute  stands.  That  position  is  a  most  emphatic 
testimony  to  the  foresight,  wisdom,  and  soundness  of  the  policy  of 
your  Council — a  policy  which  has  been  most  effectively  seconded  by 
your  very  able  and  energetic  Secretary,  Mr.  O'Halloran,  and  by 
those  who  work  so  admirably  under  his  direction. 

The  CHAIRMAN  :  It  is  now  my  duty  to  move  the  adoption  of  the 
Report  and  accounts.  In  the  first  place,  I  feel  called  upon  to 
express  regret  at  the  loss  of  so  many  Fellows  during  the  past 
twelve  months.  We  have  lost  a  Vice- President,  Lord  Cranbrook  ; 
a  Councillor,  Sir  James  Garrick,  who  was  a  most  useful  member 
of  the  Council  and  who  will  be  very  much  missed  by  his  colleagues  ; 
and  in  addition  we  have  to  deplore  the  loss  of  Lord  Goschen  who, 
although  he  was  not  a  Vice-President  or  Councillor,  was  one  of  the 
founders  of  this  Institute.  The  Report  records  the  loss  of  about 
the  usual  number  of  Fellows,  but  there  is  one  other  who  has 
passed  away  since  January  1,  whose  loss,  I  am  sure,  we  all  deplore. 
I  mean  Sir  James  Fergusson,  who  was  so  tragically  killed 
during  the  earthquake  at  Kingston.  Among  the  points  touched 
upon  in  the  Report  is  one  of  considerable  interest  to  the  Fellows.  I 
refer  to  the  fact  that  the  lease  to  the  Admiralty  of  that  portion  of 
our  premises  we  do  not  ourselves  occupy  will  expire  on  June  30 
next  year,  provided  we  give  six  months'  notice,  which  it  is  the  hope 
of  the  Council  they  will  feel  themselves  in  a  position  to  do.  The 
idea  is  that  we  should  take  over  this  portion  of  the  premises  and 
adapt  it  to  the  wants  and  conveniences  of  the  Fellows.  I  learn 
from  the  Secretary  that  by  so  doing  we  should  about  double  our 
present  area.  It  is  obvious  that  this  would  in  an  eminent  degree 
enlarge  the  conveniences  and  comforts  of  the  members.  But  there 
are  one  or  two  points  to  be  considered  before  the  Council  can 
finally  make  up  its  mind.  These  points  are  entirely  of  a  financial 


190  Thirty-ninth  Annual  General  Meeting. 

character.  The  taking  over  of  these  premises  would,  of  course, 
involve  a  considerable  expenditure  for  structural  alterations.  We 
paid  off  our  debt  last  July,  and  consequently  saved  the  payment 
we  should  otherwise  have  had  to  make  for  that  half-year,  and  we 
shall  also  save  a  payment  for  this  year,  so  that  I  think  we  may 
fairly  hope  we  shall  be  in  a  position  to  pay  for  the  necessary  struc- 
tural alterations,  or  if  we  cannot  pay  for  them  in  toto,  the  balance 
we  might  require  to  raise  for  the  purpose  would  not  be  a  matter  of 
any  great  concern.  I  think,  therefore,  under  that  head  we  might 
safely  say  the  Council  will  be  in  a  position  to  see  its  way  in  the 
matter.  But  the  next  point  is  more  serious  and  important.  If 
we  take  over  this  portion  of  the  premises  we  at  once  lose  the  rent 
we  were  receiving  from  the  Admiralty.  Moreover,  the  occupa- 
tion of  enlarged  premises  would  undoubtedly  entail  a  further 
annual  expenditure,  so  that  we  may  say  that  the  taking  over  of 
these  premises  would  involve  a  considerable  extra  expenditure. 
The  question  is  whether  we  are  in  a  position  to  face  the  extra 
expenditure.  This  would  very  largely  depend  upon  whether  we 
are  safe  in  estimating  the  existing  number  of  Fellows  will  con- 
tinue. My  own  opinion  is  that  it  is  not  unreasonable  to  expect 
that  the  existing  Fellowship  will  continue.  Of  course,  in  the 
ordinary  course  of  events,  we  should  naturally  hope  that  the  roll 
would  be  largely  increased.  I  was  much  struck,  in  looking  over 
the  list  of  Colonies  from  whom  our  "  Non-Kesident "  Fellows 
hail,  to  find  how  very  backward  some  of  our  Colonies  appear  to  be, 
for,  while  we  have  1,152  Fellows  in  South  Africa,  we  have  only  126 
in  Canada.  That  seems  to  be  out  of  all  proportion.  In  the  West 
Indies  even  we  have  actually  got  188,  and  there  are  567  in  Australia, 
which  seems  more  reasonable.  Again,  in  India  we  have  only 
33  members.  What  I  want  to  impress  upon  you  is  that  this  very 
important  question  of  taking  over  the  extra  premises  depends  on 
the  maintenance  of  the  number  of  Fellows,  and  anything  you  can 
do  towards  maintaining  or  increasing  the  number  will  be  so  much 
to  the  good  in  increasing  the  amenities  of  this  building.  The  next 
point  alluded  to  in  the  Report  is  the  Colonial  Conference,  which  is 
to  take  place  in  a  month  or  two.  The  Council  have  thought  it 
their  duty  to  do  what  they  could  to  give  a  hearty  welcome  to  the 
Premiers  who  are  coming  over  from  the  different  Colonies,  and  we 
have  therefore  decided  that  this  year  our  annual  dinner  shall  be 
given  in  their  honour.  I  am  glad  to  be  able  to  add  that  we  have 
succeeded  in  getting  Lord  Elgin  to  take  the  chair  at  the  dinner. 
Without  going  into  the  questions  which  will  be  raised  at  the  Con- 


Thirty -ninth  Annual  General  Meeting.  191 

ference,  I  will  express  the  hope  that  its  results  may  be  to  strengthen 
the  bonds  which  hold  the  Empire  together,  and  perhaps  I  may  say 
not  only  strengthen,  but,  if  possible,  make  them  permanent.  I 
think  on  the  whole  the  past  year  has  been  a  favourable  one  for  the 
Colonies.  Canada  certainly  appears  to  have  advanced  "  by  leaps 
and  bounds."  I  have  no  doubt  that  last  year  was  the  most  pros- 
perous Canada  has  ever  had.  There  is  good  reason  to  believe 
that  that  prosperity  will  continue.  The  opening  up  of  these  great 
western  lands  is,  in  fact,  certain  to  increase  the  importance  and 
wealth  of  Canada.  Australia,  I  believe,  has  had  a  very  good  year, 
and  at  this  we  must  all  rejoice,  knowing  as  we  do  how  severely  she 
was  hit  a  few  years  ago  by  the  long  period  of  drought.  From  all  I  can 
learn,  Australia  is  now  highly  prosperous.  As  regards  South  Africa, 
I  can  only  echo  what  our  Honorary  Treasurer  has  said.  No  doubt  since 
the  war  and  the  state  of  uncertainty  which  has  prevailed  since  the  war, 
we  cannot  wonder  that  things  have  not  been  very  prosperous,  but 
I  think  we  may  fairly  hope  that  the  day  is  not  far  off  when  South 
Africa  again  will  prosper  as  the  other  Colonies  have.  Since  our 
Report  was  written  a  terrible  earthquake  has  occurred  in  Jamaica. 
Its  effects  seem  to  have  been  most  devastating.  It  appears  that 
Kingston  has  ceased  to  exist,  and  a  very 'careful  estimate  made  of 
the  loss  incurred  puts  the  figure  at  one  million  sterling.  I  am 
afraid  the  subscriptions  to  the  Lord  Mayor's  fund,  which  amount  to 
upwards  of  £50,000,  will  be  but  a  drop  in  the  ocean  towards  meet- 
ing this  terrible  loss,  but  none  the  less  the  people  of  Jamaica  are 
exceedingly  grateful  to  the  Lord  Mayor  for  having  done  what  he 
could  to  promote  subscriptions.  I  must  express  my  hope  that  the 
Government  of  this  country  will  recognise  their  responsibility  in 
this  matter  and  do  something  on  a  large  scale  towards  meeting  it. 
I  read  a  few  days  ago  that  the  Governor  in  Council  recommended 
our  Government  should  make  a  grant  of  £150,000,  and  advise 
Parliament  to  grant  a  loan  of  one  million  sterling.  I  can  only 
express  a  sincere  hope  that  our  Government  will  see  its  way  to 
carry  out  this  recommendation.  There  are  one  or  two  other  points 
in  connection  with  this  earthquake  upon  which  I  should  like  to  say 
a  word.  In  the  first  place,  we  must  all  deeply  sympathise  with  the 
sufferers.  In  the  next  place,  I  think  we  may  all  express  our  admira- 
tion at  the  manner  in  which  everybody  on  the  spot,  from  the 
Governor  downwards,  tackled  the  matter  and  did  their  utmost  to 
minimise  the  effects  of  the  disaster.  I  think  we  may  congratulate 
ourselves  also  upon  the  orderly  behaviour  of  the  population  gene- 
rally. You  can  understand  how  terribly  the  negro  mind  must  have 


192  Thirty -ninth  Annual  General  Meeting. 

been  upset  by  the  disaster — staggered  and  stunned — and  one  could 
not  have  been  surprised  had  anything  happened,  but  I  am  glad  you 
hear  from  all  sides  of  the  excellent  manner  in  which  they  conducted 
themselves.  There  is  another  feature  not  so  satisfactory.  It  was 
no  less  than  a  week  after  the  earthquake  before  any  British  flag 
was  seen  sailing  into  the  harbour  of  Kingston.  Now  I  think  that 
our  West  Indian  Colonies  are  of  some  importance,  and  that,  when 
the  Panama  Canal  is  opened,  they  will  become  of  considerably  more 
importance,  and  therefore  this  is  not  exactly  the  moment  in  which 
the  British  Government  is  wise  in  treating  them  as  if  they  were 
hardly  existing.  It  is  only  within  the  last  year  or  two  the  Govern- 
ment decided  to  withdraw  the  troops  from  the  West  Indies.  They 
also  withdrew  one  or  two  cruisers  which  were  in  the  habit  of  going 
there.  All  that  the  West  Indies  now  depend  upon  for  protection  is, 
I  believe,  one  solitary  cruiser.  When  I  tell  you  that  the  distance 
from  British  Guiana  to  Jamaica  is  1,500  miles,  you  will  easily  under- 
stand that  a  cruiser  that  happens  to  be  stationed  at  British  Guiana 
is  not  of  very  much  use  when  a  disaster  like  this  occurs  in  Jamaica. 
It,  of  course,  takes  the  cruiser  some  considerable  time  to  get  there. 
Moreover,  the  telegraphic  system  of  the  West  Indies  is  in  a  very  in- 
efficient condition,  which  is  partly  due  to  the  peculiar  bottom  of  the 
sea.  It  might  be  that  a  fortnight  would  elapse  before  any  cruiser 
could  get  to  one  of  the  Colonies  where  some  disaster  had  occurred. 
I  am  not  blaming  the  present  Government,  because  as  a  matter  of 
fact  the  decision  was  come  to  by  the  late  Government,  but  I  do  say, 
because  I  was  instrumental  in  doing  it,  that  the  late  Government  was 
warned  that  what  has  happened  in  Jamaica  was  what  very  possibly 
might  be  expected  to  happen,  and  I  do  hope  that  the  Government 
will  take  some  means  to  repair  the  deficiency.  It  would  not  be  a  very 
costly  affair  to  have  three  cruisers  there  instead  of  one,  and  that  would 
make  the  West  Indies  safe.  Reference  is  made  in  the  Report  to 
Empire  Day  which  has  been  pretty  well  established  now  through- 
out the  Colonies,  and  the  growing  practice  of  flying  the  British  flag 
during  school  hours  is  worthy  of  attention.  This  is  not  done  in 
this  country,  because,  I  suppose,  patriotism  here  is  not  thought  to 
be  much  of  a  virtue.  For  my  part  I  think  it  is,  and  I  am  sorry  we 
don't  adopt  the  same  system.  I  think  you  all  know  that  we  are  in 
possession  of  a  very  valuable  library — the  most  important  Colonial 
library  which  exists,  and  I  am  told  it  is  utilised  largely  not  only  by 
the  Fellows  but  by  the  general  public.  The  Report  winds  up  by  re- 
minding you  that  the  Institute  has  been  nearly  forty  years  in  existence. 
In  those  forty  years  the  Empire  has  made  very  great  progress.  I 


Thirty-ninth  Annual  General  Meeting.  193 

think  we  may  congratulate  ourselves  that  during  the  same  period 
the  Institute  has  made  very  great  progress,  and  in  conclusion  I 
can  only  express  the  hope  that  forty  years  hence  those  who  come  after 
us  may  he  equally  able  to  congratulate  themselves  on  the  continued 
progress  of  the  Empire  and  also  of  this  important  Institute. 

Sir  CHAELES  BBUCE,  G.C.M.G. :  I  have  much  pleasure  in 
seconding  the  motion,  and  in  doing  so  I  would  like  to  make  one 
remark  in  reference  to  the  sentiment  expressed  in  the  final  para- 
graph of  the  Report,  which  says  "  that  the  Council  are  resolved  to  do 
all  in  their  power  to  cherish  and  maintain  a  permanent  union  with 
the  Mother  Country  and  her  daughter  States  as  partners  in  a  great 
and  world- wide  inheritance."  I  was  not  one  of  the  original  members 
of  this  Institute,  though  I  have  been  a  member  for  more  than  a 
quarter  of  a  century.  I  entered  the  Colonial  service  in  1868,  so  that 
my  connection  with  the  Colonies  coincides  exactly  with  the  date  of 
the  foundation  of  the  Institute.  It  is  not  easy  for  those  who  have 
not  lived  through  that  period  and  been  in  close  connection  with  the 
Colonies  to  realise  what  an  extraordinary  change  there  has  been  in 
public  sentiment  in  reference  to  the  Colonies.  I  have  been  looking 
over  some  of  the  earlier  "  Proceedings."  It  was  called  the  Colonial 
Society  originally,  but  after  a  few  preliminary  meetings  we  very 
properly  organised  ourselves  at  a  dinner  of  some  importance,  because 
the  Prime  Minister,  Mr.  Gladstone,  was  present,  and  the  then 
Colonial  Secretary,  Lord  Granville.  Among  the  guests  was  Mr. 
Reverdy  Johnson,  the  United  States  Ambassador,  who  made  an 
admirable  speech  and  congratulated  the  Society  on  the  very  friendly 
relations  which  then  existed  between  the  United  States  and  our 
Colonies,  and  he  went  on  to  say  that  although  it  would  be  absurd 
to  suppose  there  would  be  any  violent  disruption  between  Great 
Britain  and  her  Colonies,  the  United  States  would  be  perfectly 
ready  and  willing  to  admit  into  the  States  certain  of  those  Colonies 
which  might  wish  to  separate  themselves  from  us.  It  is  almost 
inconceivable  that  at  the  present  day  a  foreign  Ambassador  should 
make  such  a  statement  in  all  seriousness  at  a  dinner  at  which  the 
Prime  Minister  of  England  was  present  and  the  Prime  Minister 
should  make  no  observation  on  the  subject.  The  Prime  Minister's 
speech  was,  of  course,  a  very  cautious  one.  He  referred  rather  to 
the  extinction  of  what  was  called  "  Mr.  Mother- Country."  All  this 
certainly  shows  what  a  remarkable  change  has  passed  over  public 
opinion  in  these  matters.  With  reference  to  the  Report,  we  have 
every  reason  to  congratulate  our  Honorary  Treasurer  on  the  state- 
ment he  has  been  able  to  make,  and  I  am  sure  that  the  thanks  of 


194  Thirty-ninth  Annual  General  Meeting. 

the  Fellows  are  due  to  the  Council  for  the  prudence  with  which 
they  have  managed  our  affairs  and  brought  them  to  the  very  satis- 
factory condition  in  which  we  are  to-day.  In  reference  to  the  pro- 
posed Jamaica  Loan,  I  may  remind  you  that  when  I  had  the  honour 
of  reading  a  Paper  to  the  Institute  on  the  subject  of  Crown  Colonies, 
I  pointed  out  what  a  great  advantage  it  is  to  them  when  the 
Imperial  Government  consents  to  guarantee  a  loan.  In  Mauritius, 
when  the  Imperial  Government  guaranteed  a  loan,  we  raised  money 
at  about  1  per  cent,  less  than  if  it  had  been  a  loan  merely  assented 
to  by  the  Government.  I  think  the  sum  mentioned  as  being 
necessary  in  the  case  of  Jamaica  is  one  million  pounds.  It  is 
obvious  that  if  the  Government  will  induce  Parliament  to  agree  to 
guarantee  that  loan,  the  result  will  be  a  saving  to  the  Colony  of 
some  £10,000  a  year  without  adding  a  single  farthing  of  risk  to  the 
liability  of  this  country.  I  am  quite  sure  that,  had  our  Honorary 
Treasurer  still  been  at  the  Colonial  Office,  he  would  have  looked 
into  this  point,  but  I  do  hope  that  a  matter  of  such  importance  will 
be  brought  before  the  Secretary  of  State.  Reference  is  made  in  the 
Report  to  the  resources  of  the  tropical  Colonies,  but  nothing  is  said 
about  the  great  rubber  industry.  I  notice  that  Mr.  Herbert 
Wright,  of  Ceylon,  is  expected  in  this  country  in  a  few  days, 
and  I  would  suggest  that  he  should  be  asked  to  read  a  Paper  on 
the  subject. 


The  CHAIRMAN  announced  the  result  of  the  ballot  as  follows  : 

President. 
H.B.H.  The  PRINCE  OF  WALES,  E.G.,  G.C.M.G. 

Vice -Presidents. 

FIELD-MARSHAL  H.K.H.  The  DUKE  OF   I  EARL  OF  JERSEY,  G.C.B.,  G.C.M.G. 

CONNAUGHT,  K.G.,  G.C.M.G.  EARL   OF   MINTO,  G.C.S.I.,    G.C.M.G., 

H.K.H.      PRINCE     CHRISTIAN,     E.G.,          G.C.I.E. 


G.C.V.O. 
DUKE    OF    ARGYLL,    E.T.,    G.C.M.G., 

G.C.V.O. 

DUKE  01.'  DEVONSHIRE,  E.G.,  G.C.V.O. 
DUKE  OF  MARLBOROUGH,  E.G. 
MARQUESS     OF      LINLITHGOW,      E.T., 

G.C.M.G.,  G.C.V.O. 
EARL  OF  ABERDEEN,  K.T.,  G.C.M.G. 
EARL  OF  DUNRAVEN,  E.P.,  C.M.G. 


EARL  OF  ONSLOW,  G.C.M.G. 

EARL  OF  EOSEBERY,  E.G.,  E.T. 

LORD  BRASSEY,  E.C.B. 

LORD  STRATHCONA  AND  MOUNT  EOYAL, 

G.C.M.G. 
EIGHT   HON.  Sir  GEORGE   T.   GOLDIE, 

E.C.M.G. 

SIR  HENRY  E.  G.  BULWER,  G.C.M.G. 
SIR  CECIL  CLEMENTI  SMITH,  G.C.M.G. 


EARL  OF  ELGIN,  E.G.,  G.C.S.I.,  G.C.I.E.   {  SIR  FREDERICK  YOUNG,  E.C.M.G. 
EARL  GREY,  G.C.M.G. 


Thirty-ninth  Annual  General  Meeting. 


195 


Councillors. 


HENRY  BIRCHENOUGH,  ESQ.,  C.M.G. 
ADMIRAL    SIR     NATHANIEL     BOWDEN- 

SMITH,  K.C.B. 
THE  HON.  T.  A.  BRASSEY. 
ALLAN  CAMPBELL,  ESQ. 
Sir     GEORGE    S.    CLARKE,    G.C.M.G., 

F.B.S. 

J.  G.  COLMER,  ESQ.,  C.M.G. 
F.  H.  DANGAR,  ESQ. 
FREDERICK  DUTTON,  ESQ. 
LIEUT. -GENERAL  SIR  J.  BEVAN  EDWARDS, 

K.C.M.G.,  C.B. 

SIR  THOMAS  E.  FULLER,  K.C.M.G. 
MAJOR-GENERAL  SIR    HENRY    GREEN, 

K.C.S.I.,  C.B. 
ALFRED  P.  HILLIER,  ESQ.,  B.A.,  M.D. 


The  RT.  HON.  SIR  ALBERT  H.  HIME, 

K.C.M.G. 
SIR     HUBERT     E.     H.     JERNINGHAM, 

K.C.M.G. 

WILLIAM  KESWICK,  ESQ.,  M.P. 
SIR  NEVILE  LUBBOCK,  K.C.M.G. 
SIR  GEORGE  S.  MACKENZIE,  K.C.M.G., 

C.B. 

S.  VAUGHAN  MORGAN,  ESQ. 
SIR  E.  MONTAGUE  NELSON,  K.C.M.G. 
G.  K.  PAKKIN,  ESQ.,  C.M.G.,  M.A., LL.D. 
SIR  WESTBY  B.  PERCEVAL,  K.C.M.G. 
HON.  C.  H.  RASON. 
BIGHT  HON.  SIR  J.  WEST  RIDGEVAY, 

G.C.B.,  G.C.M.G.,  K.C.S.I. 
MAJOR-GENERAL  C.  W.  ROBINSON,  C.B. 


Honorary  Treasurer. 
SIB  MONTAGU  F.  OMMANNEY,  G.C.M.G.,  K.C.B.,  I.S.O. 

Sir  FREDERICK  YOUNG,  K.C.M.G.  :  With  reference  to  the  point 
just  raised  by  Sir  Charles  Bruce  relative  to  the  Jamaica  Loan,  I 
may  say  that  that  is  precisely  one  of  those  questions  which  the 
Council  would  feel  it  their  duty  from  time  to  time  to  take  up,  and  in 
fact  they  would  endeavour  to  induce  the  Government  to  act  in  the 
way  most  beneficial  to  the  Colony. 

The  CHAIRMAN  :  I  may  say  we  have  not  yet  learnt  exactly  what 
is  the  nature  of  the  recommendation  made  by  the  Governor.  I 
entirely  agree  that  a  guaranteed  loan  would  mean  a  saving  of 
1  per  cent,  as  compared  with  the  Colonial  loan,  and  when  we 
know  what  the  Governor  has  actually  recommended  we  may  con- 
sider what  course  to  adopt. 

The  Report  and  Accounts  were  then  agreed  to. 
On  the  motion  of  Mr.  C.  V.  CREAGH,  C.M.G.,  a  vote  of  thanks 
was  given  to  the  Honorary  Treasurer,  the  Honorary  Corresponding 
Secretaries  in  the  various  Colonies,  and  the  Honorary  Auditors. 

Sir  MONTAGU  F.  OMMANNEY  ;  On  behalf  of  myself  and  other 
Honorary  officials  included  in  this  vote  I  have  to  thank  you  very 
sincerely,  and  assure  you  that  such  small  services  as  we  are  able 
to  render  are  most  ungrudgingly  given. 

Mr.  F.  H.  DANGAR  :  On  behalf  of  Mr.  Billinghurst  and  myself  I 
have  to  thank  you  for  your  thanks  to  the  Auditors.  I  think  the 
Fellows  have  every  reason  to  congratulate  themselves  on  the  pre- 
sent position  of  the  Institute.  The  only  thing  to  which  I  would  call 
attention  is  the  estimate  of  amount  of  subscriptions  outstanding. 

H2 


196  Thirty-ninth  Annual  General  Meeting. 

That  is  a  matter  we  cannot  control.  As  a  rule  the  receipts  come 
up  to  the  estimate.  The  accounts  were  presented  to  the  Auditors 
as  usual  in  excellent  form,  and  everything,  in  fact,  was  found  in 
capital  order. 

Mr,  B.  D.  DOUGLAS  McLEAN  (New  Zealand)  :  I  have  had  great 
pleasure,  in  common  with  other  Corresponding  Secretaries,  in  act- 
ing on  behalf  of  the  Institute.  When  I  have  known  of  Colonists 
on  their  way  home  I  have  generally  advised  them  to  become 
members  of  the  Institute,  because  one  is  aware  from  one's 
own  and  other  members'  experience,  how  useful  it  will  be  to 
them.  It  is,  I  think,  somewhat  disappointing  that  even  a  larger 
number  of  Colonists  do  not  join  the  Institute.  It  is  now  a  good 
many  years  since  I  myself  joined.  The  Institute  was  then  in  a 
very  small  way  in  the  Strand,  but  with  the  foresight  and  optimism 
of  youth  I  saw  that  it  was  going  to  be  a  very  big,  powerful 
and  useful  body  for  the  Colonists.  I  was  only  a  youngster  in 
those  days,  and  I  thought  the  best  thing  I  could  do  was  to  become 
a  life  member,  so  that  I  have  found  it  a  very  good  investment. 

Mr.  J.  GOODLIFFE  :  Before  we  separate  I  wish  to  propose  a  vote 
of  thanks  to  our  Secretary  and  the  Staff  of  the  Institute  for  their 
unvarying  kindness  and  the  consideration  and  help  which  they  are 
at  all  times  ready  to  show  to  members.  I  think  the  Institute  is 
exceedingly  fortunate  not  only  in  having  such  an  admirable 
Council,  but  in  having  such  excellent  officers  to  carry  out  their 
directions. 

Mr.  ARTHUR  H.  KEID  :  I  may  safely  say  that  the  preponderance 
of  membership  from  South  Africa  is  due  very  largely  to  the 
urbanity,  the  courtesy  and  kindness  of  our  Secretary  and  the  Staff. 
As  South  Africans  we  have  the  character  of  being  great  travellers, 
but  whenever  we  come  here  we  never  fail  to  receive  kindness  and  at- 
tention from  our  Secretary  and  Staff,  and  when  we  go  back  we  never 
fail  to  speak  about  them.  In  this  way  others  are  encouraged  to 
become  members  of  the  Institute.  I  think  Mr.  O'Halloran  will 
agree  that  none  have  worked  harder  to  increase  the  membership 
than  South  Africans  and  make  it  a  point  of  individual  effort. 

The  SECRETARY  (Mr.  O'Halloran)  :  I  thank  you  on  behalf  of  my 
colleagues  and  myself  for  your  very  cordial  vote  of  thanks.  We 
have  been  accustomed  to  hear  so  many  appreciative  remarks  as  to 
the  usefulness  of  this  Institute,  and  to  derive  so  much  advantage 
from  the  individual  efforts  of  Fellows,  that  I  hope  we  may  continue 
to  count  on  their  using  their  influence  to  increase  its  membership 
in  every  part  of  the  Empire. 


Thirty-ninth  Annual  General  Meeting.  197 

Mr.  T.  J.  ALLDEIDGE,  I.S.O.,  moved  a  vote  of  thanks  to  the 
Council,  and  the  motion  was  agreed  to. 

The  CHAIRMAN  :  The  Council  at  all  times  take  the  greatest  pains 
to  do  what  they  can  in  the  interests  of  the  Institute,  and  if  at  any 
time  any  of  the  Fellows  have  anything  they  wish  to  bring  forward, 
the  Council  will  be  glad  to  give  it  their  attention. 


ROYAL  COLONIAL  INSTITUTE. 

Non-Resident  Fellows. 

South  Africa,  1,152;  Australia,  567;  West  Africa,  260;  West  Indies, 
&c.,  188  ;  New  Zealand,  187 ;  Canada,  126 ;  Straits  Settlements,  73  ; 
Ceylon,  66  ;  Fiji,  42  ;  India,  38  ;  Mauritius,  26  ;  Hong  Kong,  24  ;  Cyprus, 
19  ;  East  Africa,  17  ;  British  Honduras,  16  ;  British  North  Borneo,  16  ; 
British  Central  Africa,  15  ;  Uganda,  11 ;  Malta,  11 ;  Falkland  Islands,  7; 
Newfoundland,  7  ;  Miscellaneous,  181.  Non-Resident  Fellows,  3,044. 
Resident  Fellows.  1,430.  Honorary  Fellows,  13.  Total,  4.487. 


198 


FIFTH   ORDINARY   GENERAL   MEETING. 

THE  Fifth  Ordinary  General  Meeting  of  the  Session  was  held  at 
the  Whitehall  Rooms,  Hotel  Metropole,  on  Tuesday,  March  12, 
1907,  when  a  Paper  on  "  The  Resources  of  Western  Australia  "  was 
read  by  the  Hon.  C.  H.  Rason  (Agent- General  for  Western 
Australia). 

Admiral  Sir  N.  Bowden-Smith,  K.C.B.,  a  member  of  the  Council 
of  the  Institute,  presided. 

The  Minutes  of  the  last  Ordinary  General  Meeting  were  read 
and  confirmed,  and  it  was  announced  that  since  that  Meeting  16 
Fellows  had  been  elected,  viz.,  7  Resident,  9  Non-Resident. 

Resident  Fellows  : — 

Edward  Courtis,  diaries  King,  Captain  Colmer  W.  D.  Lynch,  Lieut.- 
Colonel  Sir  Donald  Robertson,  K.C.S.I.;  Frederick  Wm.  Verney,  M.P.,  Julius 
L.  F.  Vocjel,  Arthur  E.  Williams,  C.E. 

Non-Resident  Fellows  : — 

Adam  S.  Barnard  (Ceylon),  Hugh  W.  Boby  (Rhodesia),  Frederick  Chesterton 
(Rhodesia),  Alec  F.  Churchill  (Ceylon],  Mortimer  Giles  (South  Australia), 
Thomas  B.  Holway  (Argentine  Republic),  Neville  R.  Howse,  V.C.,  F.R.C.S.E. 
(New  South  Wales),  Stevenson  F.  B.  Martin,  M.A.,  LL.B.  (Straits  Settle- 
ments), George  de  Vial  Pilcher  (New  South  Wales). 

It  was  also  announced  that  Donations  to  the  Library  of  books, 
maps,  &c.,  had  been  received  from  the  various  Governments  of  the 
Colonies  and  India,  Societies  and  public  bodies  both  in  the  United 
Kingdom  and  the  Colonies,  and  from  Fellows  of  the  Institute  and 
others. 

The  CHAIRMAN  :  I  have  now  the  pleasure  of  introducing  to  you 
Mr.  Rason,  who  is  going  to  read  us  a  Paper  on  Western  Australia. 
Nearly  fifty  years  ago  I  was  serving  on  the  China  station  as  a 
young  officer  and  we  had  for  some  time  past  been  engaged  in  a  war 
with  the  Chinese  :  however,  in  the  summer  of  1858  a  treaty  of 
peace  had  been  arranged  at  Tientsin  and  we  hoped  our  troubles 
were  over.  The  following  season  the  Admiral  with  a  squadron, 
accompanied  by  the  British  minister,  proceeded  to  the  Pei  Ho  River 


Fifth  Ordinary  General  Meeting.  199 

with  the  intention  of  ratifying  the  treaty  at  Peking,  but  on  arrival 
at  the  mouth  of  the  river  we  found  the  forts  armed  and  a  boom 
laid  across  to  prevent  any  vessels  passing.  The  gunboats  were 
therefore  ordered  to  open  fire  on  the  forts,  and  a  party  of  seamen 
and  marines  were  landed  to  endeavour  to  take  them  by  assault ;  but 
the  British  force  was  too  small,  and  after  an  action  which  lasted 
several  hours  was  obliged  to  retire  with  over  a  third  of  its 
number  killed  or  wounded  and  leaving  five  gun -vessels  sunk  in 
the  river.  One  of  these,  named  the  Plover,  carrying  the  Admiral's 
flag,  was  amongst  those  sunk  by  the  fire  of  the  Chinese.  She  was 
commanded  by  Lieut.  Kason,  who  was  killed  before  his  vessel  was 
sunk,  and  was  one  amongst  the  many  others  who  gave  his  life  for 
his  country.  I  little  thought  at  that  time  that  so  many  years  after- 
wards I  should  find  myself  taking  the  chair  at  the  Whitehall  Rooms 
for  his  nephew,  who  is  our  lecturer  to-night.  When  serving  on  the 
Australian  station  in  1892-95  nothing  gave  me  greater  pleasure 
than  visiting  some  of  the  beautiful  harbours  on  that  station,  such  as 
Sydney  in  New  South  Wales,  Auckland  in  New  Zealand,  and 
Hobart  in  Tasmania.  Where  there  were  natural  harbours  the 
people  improved  them,  and  where  there  were  none  and  one  was 
required,  they  made  one.  The  greatest  example  of  this  enterprise 
on  the  part  of  the  people  of  Australia  is  the  lately  constructed 
harbour  at  Fremantle  at  the  mouth  of  the  Swan  River,  about  which 
Mr.  Rason  will  give  us  some  interesting  information.  During  my 
period  of  service  Fremantle  was  only  an  open  roadstead,  conse- 
quently I  never  visited  Perth  or  any  other  place  in  Western  Australia 
except  Albany,  a  beautiful  land-locked  harbour  in  St.  George's 
Sound,  but  with  somewhat  too  shoal  water.  I  will  now  ask  Mr. 
Rason  to  read  his  Paper  on 


WESTERN   AUSTRALIA   AND   ITS   RESOURCES. 

IT  has  been  said  that  "  blessed  is  the  country  which  has  no  his- 
tory "  ;  and,  if  this  be  so,  it  may  perhaps  be  to  the  advantage  of 
Western  Australia  that  she,  in  common  with  the  sister  members 
of  the  Australian  Commonwealth,  has  no  history  in  the  sense  in 
which  the  word  is  used  in  connection  with  other  great  countries  of 
the  world. 

Though  held  by  geologists  to  be  of  ancient  origin  as  a  portion  of 
the  earth's  surface,  Australia  is  comparatively  new  as  a  land  of 
settlement ;  and  its  history,  from  the  time  of  its  incorporation  with 


200  Western  Australia  and  its  Resources. 

the  dominions  of  the  British  Crown,  a  little  over  a  century  ago,  up 
to  the  present  day,  is  almost  entirely  one  of  pioneering  effort  and 
steady  internal  development.  Situated  far  from  the  European 
centres  of  the  world's  activity,  and  surrounded,  like  her  parent 
country,  by  the  "  inviolate  sea,"  Australia  has  never  yet  been  made 
a  bone  of  contention  between  the  great  nations,  and  has  remained 
free  from  hostile  invasion  or  piratical  raids. 

It  may,  I  think,  safely  be  said  that  so  long  as  the  Empire  main- 
tains supremacy  on  the  seas,  no  danger  of  any  hostile  invasion  of 
Australia  need  be  apprehended.  Happy,  then,  in  its  isolation— 
though  not  devoid  of  certain  drawbacks  resulting  from  that  isola- 
tion— this  great  southern  portion  of  the  Empire  has  seen  nothing 
but  peaceful  progress  within  its  borders.  And  although  the  adven- 
tures of  the  early  intrepid  explorers,  and  the  struggles  and  vicissi- 
tudes of  the  pioneering  colonists  as  they  gradually,  through  the 
years,  extended  the  area  of  settlement  along  the  shores  and  towards 
the  interior  of  Australia,  make  intensely  interesting  reading  and 
speak  of  dangers  and  difficulties  bravely  faced  and  bravely  con- 
quered, they  do  not  quite  come  within  the  scope  of  true  world- 
history. 

Western  Australia  has  had  its  full  share  of  the  vicissitudes  that 
are  common  to  all  new  Colonies  in  the  making.  It  was  founded  as 
a  British  possession  in  1829  by  Captain  James  Stirling,  of  the 
Eoyal  Navy,  as  the  result  of  his  own  explorations  in  the  aptly 
named  frigate  "  Success  "  of  the  west  coast  of  Australia  some  three 
years  previously.  And.  having  been  appointed  Lieutenant-Governor 
of  the  new  Colony,  he  brought  out  with  him  from  England  the  first 
batch  of  pioneering  Colonists  to  what  was  then  known  as  the  "  Swan 
River  Settlement."  They  arrived  at  the  mouth  of  the  river-,  the 
site  of  the  present  port  of  Fremantle,  in  June  1 829,  and  on  the 
18th  of  that  month  Governor  Stirling  issued  his  proclamation  of 
the  King's  authority  over  the  Settlement.  He  could  not  have 
made  a  better  selection  than  he  did  of  a  site  for  the  centre  of 
operations  in  the  Colony.  Pursuing  its  way  in  boats  up  the 
beautiful  reaches  and  broad  sweeps  of  the  Swan  River  (so  named 
from  the  discovery  on  the  stream  of  that  rara  avis  the  Black  Swan) 
the  party  of  inspection  came  upon  the  magnificent  expanse  of 
Perth  water,  some  twelve  miles  up  from  the  mouth  of  the  river, 
and  no  further  search  for  a  site  for  the  capital  was  necessary. 
Governor  Stirling  established  his  headquarters  on  the  north  bank 
of  this  broad  spread  of  the  river,  and  on  this  spot,  in  a  situation  of 
unique  scenic  beauty,  the  city  of  Perth  now  stands.  Time  will  not 


Western  Australia  and  its  Resources.  201 

permit  me  to  deal  with  the  difficulties  met  with  by  the  early 
Colonists,  suffice  ic  to  say  that  the  inherent  pluck  and  colonizing 
genius  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  were  sufficient  to  prevent  the  abandon- 
ment of  the  Colony  as  was  at  one  period  contemplated.  Progress, 
however,  was  very  gradual  for  over  sixty  years  after  its  founda- 
tion. 

In  all  that  time  and  with  limitless  land  open  for  selection  and 
occupation,  affording  every  opportunity  for  extensive  settlement, 
the  population  of  the  Colony  only  attained  to  a  total  of  46,000 
souls. 

The  awakening  of  Western  Australia,  which  has  led  to  its  present 
comparatively  high  state  of  development,  began  in  the  year  1890. 
Two  potent  quickening  influences  were  then  at  work.  The  one 
was  the  conviction,  in  consequence  of  the  discoveries  of  large 
quantities  of  gold,  first  in  the  Kimberley  district  and  subsequently 
in  other  parts,  notably  Coolgardie  and  Kalgoorlie,  that  there 
existed  wide  and  extensive  auriferous  areas  in  the  Colon^  only 
needing  opening  up  to  yield  vast  stores  of  the  precious  metal. 

The  other  awakening  impulse  was  the  establishment  of  autonomy. 
In  that  year  (1890)  Western  Australia  was  raised  to  the  rank  of 
a  self-governing  Colony,  Sir  William  Robinson  being  the  then 
Governor,  while  Sir  John  Forrest — certainly  the  most  commanding 
figure  in  connection  with  the  development  of  the  Colony  during  the 
subsequent  decade — assumed  office  as  the  first  Premier.  Principally, 
however,  to  the  gold  discoveries  is  due  the  marvellous  metamor- 
phosis effected  in  the  Colony  from  the  year  1890  up  to  the  present 
time.  Touched  by  the  fairy  wand  of  the  golden  metal,  Western 
Australia  awoke  to  a  condition  of  almost  feverish  activity,  the  pro- 
secution of  gold  mining  bringing  in  its  train  agricultural  and 
industrial  developments  of  all  kinds. 

Let  me  show  by  a  few  comparative  figures  the  enormous  general 
advancement  of  the  State  I  have  the  honour  to  represent,  and  the 
development  of  its  productive  industries  since  its  renascence,  so  to 
speak,  in  1890.  As  I  have  stated,  in  that  year  the  population  only 
totalled  46,000  (I  give  round  figures)  ;  last  year  it  was  262,000  ;  so 
that  in  the  last  sixteen  years  the  number  of  people  has  attained  to 
a  figure  considerably  more  than  five  times  as  large  as  it  reached  in 
the  first  sixty-two  years  of  settlement.  That  in  itself  is,  I  ^submit, 
convincing  proof  of  enormous  advancement.  There  are  now  about 
70  females  to  every  100  males,  and  a  pleasing  feature  in  regard  to 
the  increase  in  numbers  is  that  the  proportion  of  females  to  males 
has  steadily  increased.  In  1895  the  ratio  was  only  51*91.  In  1900 

H  3 


202  Western  Australia  and  its  Resources. 

it  was  63-49,  while  now  it  is  69*94.  I  lay  stress  upon  these  figures 
because  they  go  to  show  that  a  large  number  of  men  who  were  at 
first  content  to  test  what  Western  Australia  was  like  by  themselves 
have  been  so  satisfied  that  their  wives  and  families  have  joined 
them.  As  is  natural  to  expect,  the  production  of  gold  has  risen 
from  a  comparatively  mere  trifle  in  value  of  £86,000  in  1890  to  the 
huge  figure  in  value  of  over  seven  and  a  half  millions  in  1906 ;  while 
in  the  same  time  the  annual  dividends  paid  by  the  various  mining 
companies  have  risen  from  an  insignificant  £1,250  in  1890  to  a  sum 
of  about  two  millions  per  annum  at  the  present  time.  Taking  the 
public  revenue,  we  find  that  in  the  period  of  sixteen  years  from  1890 
to  last  year  the  increase  was  from  £414,000  to  four  millions.  That 
is  very  nearly  tenfold  ! 

General  bank  deposits,  another  indication  of  the  well-being  of 
the  people,  rose  from  just  over  a  million  to  over  five  millions ;  while 
the  Saving  Banks  deposits,  which  mirror  the  prosperity  of  the 
masses,  sprang  from  £34,000  to  over  two  and  a  quarter  millions. 

An  idea  of  the  general  prosperity  of  the  country  is  conveyed  by 
the  fact  that  a  people  numbering  a  little  over  a  quarter  of  a  million 
have  at  their  command  on  deposit  in  the  banks  of  the  State  nearly 
seven  and  a  half  millions  of  money. 

With  the  exception  of  the  Midland  Railway  and  some  timber 
lines  the  whole  of  the  railways  of  Western  Australia  are  the  property 
of  the  State.  In  1890  there  were  only  188  miles  of  Government  rail- 
way, and  the  gross  earnings  were  £45,000  ;  in  1906  there  were  1,612 
miles  opened  for  traffic,  and  the  gross  earnings  were  £1,634,000.  A 
further  162  miles  of  Government  railway  have  either  been  com- 
pleted or  are  approaching  completion.  An  additional  203  miles 
have  been  authorised,  and  a  still  further  increase  of  about  325  miles 
will  shortly  be  constructed.  This  largely  increased  mileage  is  being 
undertaken  in  the  interests  of  the  various  gold-fields,  and  also  to 
meet  the  ever-increasing  requirements  of  agricultural  settlement. 

Turning  to  the  trade  returns  the  same  marvellous  record  of  pro- 
gress is  shown.  During  the  sixteen  years  under  review  the  tonnage 
of  the  shipping  in  and  out  of  Western  Australian  ports  increased 
from  some  900,000  tons  to  something  like  4,000,000  tons,  the  value  of 
the  imports  from  £874,000  to  nearly  seven  millions  sterling,  and  the 
value  of  the  exports  from  £671,000  to  nearly  ten  millions  sterling. 

Gold  is  of  course  the  principal  item,  but  if  we  take  the  list  of 
exports  covering  the  progressive  period  since  1890,  we  find  that 
under  every  head  the  same  rapid  upward  tendency  is  shown.  Of 
the  famous  hard  woods  of  Western  Australia,  the  chief  of  which  are 


Western  Australia  and  its  Resources.  203 

Jarrah  and  Karri,  both  so  well  and  favourably  known  in  connection 
with  street  paving  and  other  works  in  London  and  other  great 
cities,  the  export  in  1890  amounted  in  value  to  £82,000,  while  in 
1905  it  had  been  multiplied  over  eight  times,  the  figure  for  the 
latter  year  being  £690,000.  Or,  if  we  include  sandal-wood  and 
mallet-bark,  to  £882,000.  Mallet-bark,  I  may  mention,  is  used  for 
tanning,  as  it  contains  a  very  high  percentage  of  tannic  acid ;  the 
principal  export  is  to  Germany,  that  nation  being  apparently  the 
first  to  realise  its  commercial  value.  It  is  estimated  that  the  value 
of  the  known  matured  timber  growing  in  the  forests  of  the  State, 
after  allowing  for  waste  in  cutting,  amounts  to  no  less  than 
124  millions  sterling. 

Wool,  another  of  the  leading  products  of  the  State,  shows  nearly 
a  threefold  increase  between  1890  and  1905,  the  quantities  exported 
in  these  years  being  7,000,000  Ibs.  and  17,000,000  Ibs.  respectively. 
This  is  a  very  large  increase  when  it  is  borne  in  mind  that  the 
pastoral  industry  is  necessarily  one  of  comparatively  slow  growth, 
and  cannot  be  expected  to  expand  at  the  same  rapid  rate  as  indus- 
tries such  as  mining,  or  even  timber-cutting. 

The  export  of  hides  and  skins  also  rose  from  a  value  of  £24,000 
in  1890  to  £168,000  in  1905.  Pearls  and  pearl-shell,  the  recovery 
of  which  from  the  ocean  bed  by  means  of  divers  forms  an  important 
industry  on  the  north-west  coast,  also  doubled  in  the  exported  value 
during  the  same  period. 

Western  Australia  is  rich  in  minerals  other  than  gold — notably 
copper,  tin,  and  a  coal  of  a  very  useful  type,  though  not  perhaps  of 
the  highest  class — and  the  increase  in  the  production  of  these 
minerals  has  been  very  marked  during  the  period  we  are  examining. 
Although  copper  was  discovered  in  the  Colony  as  far  back  as  the 
"  fortieg,"  and  several  mines  were  at  one  time  or  the  other  worked 
successfully  prior  to  1890,  by  that  year  the  yield  had  fallen  practi- 
cally to  nil.  But  the  renascence  of  the  Colony  and  the  rise  in 
market  value  gave  a  fresh  start  to  that  among  other  industries,  with 
the  result  that  the  value  of  the  export  for  1905  reached  £65,000. 
Tin,  which  is  found  of  high  quality  and  abounding  in  quantity  in 
various  parts  of  the  State,  was  in  1905  exported  to  the  value  of  over 
£76,000,  whereas  in  1890  only  a  little  over  £5,000  worth  was  raised. 
The  coal  industry  is  quite  of  recent  origin  in  Western  Australia, 
none  of  the  mineral  having  been  brought  to  the  surface  before  1899. 
During  that  year  some  £54,000  worth  was  raised,  and  that  figure 
was  comfortably  doubled,  or  rather  more  than  doubled,  by  the 
output  for  1905  (£127,000).  I  may  state  that  the  Government 


204  Western  Australia  and  its  Resources. 

Railways  Department  is  the  chief  customer  of  the  Collie  Mines, 
the  coal-producing  centre  of  the  State,  although  the  coal  is  gradu- 
ally but  surely  being  brought  into  more  general  consumption. 

It  is  when  we  come  to  the  applications,  by  intending  settlers,  for 
Government  land  on  which  to  establish  farms  and  make  homes  for 
themselves,  that  we  obtain  the  most  satisfactory  evidence  of  what 
the  dawning  of  the  golden  era  has  meant  for  Western  Australia  as 
a  producing  country.  Holding  that  settlement  on  the  land  is  the 
solid  permanent  basis  of  prosperity  for  any  new  country,  the 
Government  of  Western  Australia  has  framed  its  policy  especially 
of  recent  years  to  encourage  immigration  and  the  cultivation  of  the 
enormous  tracts  of  arable  land  which  the  State  has  at  disposal.  It  is 
the  aim  of  the  Government  to  promote  the  establishment  on  all  the 
cultivable  areas  of  a  class  of  yeomen,  each  owning  and  working  his 
own  farm,  and  holding  no  larger  area  then  he  can  utilise  to  the 
best  advantage  of  the  State  and  of  the  individual.  With  this  view 
sections  adapted  for  cultivation  in  suitable  parts  of  the  best  rain- 
served  country  are  offered  on  such  easy  terms  of  conditional 
purchase  as  to  be  well  within  the  reach  of  men  of  even  very  limited 
means.  During  past  years  the  land  laws  and  regulations  have  been 
repeatedly  amended,  always  in  the  direction  of  making  the 
conditions  under  which  the  lands  of  the  State  may  be  acquired 
easier  for  would-be  settlers,  until  now  it  can  fairly  be  claimed 
that  these  conditions  are  as  liberal  as  those  offered  by  any  other, 
and  more  liberal  than  those  offered  by  almost  any  other  co.untry 
in  the  world.  The  free  grant  of  a  homestead  block  of  160  acres 
can  be  obtained,  and  larger  areas,  up  to  1,000 ./acres  in  extent, 
may  be  acquired  on  easy  terms  of  conditional  purchase,  the 
payments  extending  over  a  long  term,  twenty  to  forty  years, 
and  the  price  payable  being  as  low  as  10s.  per  acre,  while  the 
obligations  are  residence  on  the  selection,  and  the  carrying 
out  of  a  certain  amount  of  improvements.  The  latter  are, 
of  course,  to  the  advantage  of  the  settler  quite  as  much"  as  that  of 
the  Government.  So  popular  and  attractive  have  these  terms 
proved,  that  whereas  in  1890  the  number  of  acres  applied  for  was 
129,000,  in  1905  applications  were  approved  for  no  less  than 
1,235,000  acres. 

And  the  result  of  this  acquisition  of  land  on  a  large  scale  ?  It 
must  be  remembered  that  the  agricultural,  like  the  pastoral,  industry 
is  necessarily  a  plant  of  somewhat  slow  growth.  You  cannot  expect 
to  find  in  this  department  the  same  rapid  producing  development 
you  may  anticipate  from  mining  or  other  industries.  It  takes  time 


Western  Australia  and  its  Resources,  205 

to  clear  the  surface  of  trees  and  bush,  plough  and  sow,  and  reap 
the  harvest. 

Nevertheless  the  expansion  of  agriculture  in  Western  Australia 
is  remarkable,  and  by  no  means  out  of  keeping  with  the  develop* 
meiit  of  the  other  productive  industries.  Whereas  the  area  under 
crops  was  73,500  acres  in  1890,  of  which  about  half  was  sown  with 
wheat,  in  1906  it  had  expanded  to  365,000  acres — a  five-fold 
increase. 

In  the  same  period  the  annual  yield  of  wheat  concomitantly  rose 
from  505,000  bushels  to  2,300,000  bushels— not  far  short  of  a  five- 
fold increase.  I  should  state  that  Western  Australia,  unlike  her 
neighbours  on  the  Island- Continent,  has  not  yet  quite  arrived  at 
the  wheat  exporting  stage.  But  that  point  will  very  shortly  be 
reached.  The  wheat-grower  has  almost  overtaken  the  requirements 
of  local  consumption ;  and  at  the  present  rate  of  increase  in  the 
production  a  year  or  so  at  most  should  see  the  State  seriously 
entering  the  ranks  of  the  suppliers  of  the  world's  bread.  In  the 
meantime  trial  shipments  of  wheat  have  been  made  to  England, 
and  it  is  gratifying  to  know  that  the  quality  is  admitted  to  be  of  the 
highest  class. 

The  cereals  other  than  wheat  raised  in  Western  Australia  are 
maize,  oats,  barley,  and  I  may  add  here  peas  and  beans.  In  the 
case  of  these  products  also,  with  the  single  exception  of  maize,  the 
increase  in  production  during  the  progressive  period  which  opened 
in  1890  has  been  enormous.  In  1890  orcharding  was  hardly  a 
systematized  industry  at  all,  and  even  seven  years  later  only  2,300 
acres  were  planted  with  fruit  trees.  Now  there  are  over  11,000 
acres  bearing  fruits  of  almost  every  description.  With  both  soil 
and  climate  in  the  fertile  south-western  division  so  eminently 
suitable  for  the  growth  of  citrous  fruits,  of  grapes,  apples,  pears, 
peaches,  quinces,  apricots,  plums,  figs,  strawberries,  cherries,  and 
indeed  fruits  of  all  kinds,  Western  Australia  is  bound  to  become  in 
the  very  near  future  one  of  the  fruit-exporting  countries  of  the 
world.  Apples  sent  last  year  to  the  London  and  German  markets 
realised  top  prices,  and  were  very  highly  spoken  of  by  experts.  It 
must  not  be  forgotten  that  Western  Australia  has  the  advantage  of 
being  the  nearest  to  England  of  any  of  the  Australian  States. 

As  a  tt?me-producing  country  Western  Australia  is  also  bound  to 
figure^  largely  in  the  future.  At  present  in  this,  as  in  so  many 
other  i  lines  of  production  and  spheres  of  development,  this  golden 
land  is  only  in  "the  morning  of  its  days."  It  is  to  the  future, 
Western  Australia  confidently  looks  for  her  true  greatness — a 


206  Western  Australia  and  its  Resources. 

greatness  that  will  render  insignificant  by  comparison  even  all  the 
marvellous  progress  of  the  last  years.  She  has  advanced  from  the 
days  of  the  single  units  of  production  to  those  of  the  hundreds. 
Immediately  ahead  are  the  days  of  the  thousands  and  beyond 
them,  in  the  never-ceasing  course  of  progress  are  the  days  of  the 
millions  1 

I  will  conclude  my  review  of  the  progress  in  the  productive 
industries  of  the  State  by  showing  how  the  live  stock  has  increased 
during  the  last  sixteen  years. 

In  1890  there  were  44,000  horses,  in  1905  there  were  97,000. 
In  1890  there  were  130,000  cattle,  in  1905  632.000.  In  1890  there 
were  2,500,000  sheep,  in  1905  3,250,000,  while  the  homely  but 
useful  porker  was  represented  in  1890  by  28,000  of  his  kind  and 
in  1905  by  75,000. 

Public  Debt. — Just  a  brief  reference  to  the  public  debt.  The 
gross  public  debt  on  June  30,  1906,  was,  in  round  figures,  eighteen 
millions,  of  which  over  fourteen  and  a  half  millions  have  been  spent 
in  distinctly  reproductive  works  such  as  railways,  tramways,  har- 
bours, water  supply  (including  the  great  goldfields  water  scheme), 
sewerage,  &c.,  all  works  that  more  than  pay  working  expenses, 
maintenance,  and  interest  on  the  cost  of  construction.  Therefore 
no  one  can  justifiably  say  that,  on  the  whole,  the  money  borrowed 
has  not  been  judiciously  expended.  For  myself,  I  am  satisfied  that 
by  the  disposal  of  a  few  of  its  most  important  public  works — in 
other  words,  by  disposing  of  a  few  of  its  assets,  Western  Australia 
could  wipe  out  its  public  debt,  or,  in  other  words,  get  rid  of  its 
liabilities.  I  must  not  forget  to  add  that  Western  Australia  pro- 
vides a  sinking  fund  to  meet  its  borrowing  obligations  at  maturity 
of  the  loans.  This  sinking  fund  anlounts  to  £1 ,320,000,  so  that 
the  public  debt  is  really  the  less  by  that  amount. 

Having  pointed  out  to  you  the  progress  made  in  sixteen  years, 
and  having,  I  trust,  satisfied  you  that  the  financial  position  of 
Western  Australia  is  thoroughly  sound,  let  me  refer  briefly  to  some 
of  the  public  works  of  Western  Australia.  Time  will  not  permit 
me  to  mention  more  than  two. 

There  are  two  very  large  individual  public  works  in  Western 
Australia  which,  on  account  of  their  magnitude,  their  supreme  use- 
fulness, and  the  boldness  of  their  conception,  deserve  special  recog- 
nition, even  if  the  time  at  my  disposal  allows  little  more  than  a 
cursory  mention.  They  are  (1)  the  Goldfields  Water  Supply  and 
(2)  the  Fremantle  Harbour.  Both  were  the  outcome  of  the  neces- 
sities created  by  the  awakening  of  the  Colony  in  1890  under  the 


Western  Australia  and  its  Resources.  207 

stimulus  of  the  gold  discoveries,  and  both  were  designed  and  carried 
a  long  way  towards  completion  by  the  genius  of  the  same  man,  the 
late  Mr.  C.  Y.  O'Connor,  who  was  engineer-in-chief  of  the  Colony 
during  those  stirring  times  and  until  his  lamented  death  in  1902. 
Briefly  put,  the  Goldfields  Water  Supply,  originally  designated  the 
"  Coolgardie  Water  Scheme,"  is  an  undertaking  on  a  gigantic  scale 
for  pumping  water  through  a  line  of  steel  pipes,  following  the  course 
of  the  Eastern  Railway,  from  the  coastal  range  to  reservoirs  on  the 
eastern  goldfield ;  and  the  scheme  is  unique  in  respect  to  the  dis- 
tance over  which  the  water  is  pumped,  viz.,  351  miles,  while  a 
notion  of  some  of  the  difficulties  to  be  overcome  may  be  gained 
from  the  fact  that  the  main  service  reservoir  on  the  goldfield,  from 
which  other  towns  and  districts  on  all  sides  are  supplied,  is  about 
1,200  feet  higher  than  the  source  of  the  supply  to  the  coastal  range. 
This  source  is  a  reservoir  or  lake  formed  by  a  retaining  wall  of 
solid  concrete  and  100  feet  high,  which  is  carried  across  the  Helena 
River,  a  tributary  of  the  Swan,  the  width  between  the  banks  at  this 
point  being  760  feet.  The  dam  has  a  holding  capacity  of  4,600 
million  gallons,  and  the  scheme  can  supply  5,000,000  gallons  a 
day  throughout  the  year.  The  surplus  water  flows  directly  over  the 
Weir  crest  and  continues  the  course  of  the  stream  below,  this  being 
the  highest  overflow  weir  in  the  world.  The  works  were  begun  in 
1896,  when  it  became  evident  that  both  the  advent  of  a  large  popu- 
lation and  the  development  of  the  mining  industry  on  the  eastern 
goldfield  rendered  an  adequate  water-supply  imperative ;  and  the 
whole  undertaking  was  completed  early  in  1903,  at  a  total  cost  of 
about  three  millions  sterling.  For  the  financial  year  last  ended 
the  income  derived  from  sale  of  the  water  thus  supplied  amounted 
to  £159,000,  and  the  working  expenses,  inclusive  of  a  reserve  fund 
to  provide  for  the  upkeep  of  the  pipe  track,  to  .£55,500,  leaving  a 
substantial  balance  to  set  against  the  charges  for  interest  and 
sinking  fund  in  connection  with  the  loan  raised  as  capital  for  con- 
struction. As  the  undertaking  is  proving  of  the  utmost  benefit, 
and  the  amount  of  water  consumed  is  increasing  appreciably  every 
year— it  rose  from  510,000,000  gallons  in  1905  to  600,000,000  in 
1906 — it  is  safe  to  predict  that  at  no  distant  date  this  great  work 
will  prove  directly  profitable  as  well  as  indirectly  of  immense  benefit, 
as  at  present,  both  to  the  railway  department,  the  mines,  and  the 
population  of  the  Eastern  Goldfield,  which  includes  Kalgoorlie, 
Boulder,  Coolgardie,  Southern  Cross,  and  other  important  centres. 

The  other  monumental  engineering  work  of  Western  Australia, 
also  planned  by  the  late  Mr.  O'Connor,  is  the  Fremantle  Harbour ; 


208  Western  Australia  and  its  Resources. 

and  the  result  has  been  the  provision  of  a  safe  and  commodious 
haven  at  the  mouth  of  the  Swan  River  for  the  largest  ocean-going 
steamers  trading  with  Australia.  Formerly  the  vessels  of  the  mail 
lines  would  not  venture  to  touch  at  Fremantle,  as  there  was  only 
an  open  roadstead,  subject  to  violent  storms  from  the  Indian  Ocean, 
for  their  accommodation.  Smaller  craft  that  did  call  at  this  port 
were  greatly  inconvenienced  by  the  exposed  situation  and  the  lack  of 
proper  facilities  for  loading  and  unloading.  Nowadays  vessels  of 
any  burden  may  venture  in  by  the  buoyed  channel  at  any  state  of 
tide,  and  be  berthed  in  perfect  safety  alongside  the  quays.  This 
security  has  been  attained  by  carrying  out  two  moles  westward  into 
the  ocean,  giving  a  safe  means  of  access  to  the  harbour  proper  at 
the  mouth  of  the  river.  The  estuary  here  was  formerly  crossed  by 
a  rocky  bar  ;  and  a  great  deal  of  blasting  and  dredging  was  neces- 
sary to  open  a  way  in  and  out  and  provide  an  inner  basin  for  ships. 
The  present  channel  is  450  feet  wide  and  30  feet  deep  at  lowest  low 
water,  the  same  being  the  depth  of  the  inner  basin.  To  provide 
for  quayage  in  the  basin  it  was  necessary  to  reclaim  seventy-four 
acres  of  land  from  the  shallows  of  the  estuary.  The  length  of  the 
north  mole,  the  principal  protecting  arm,  is  8,450  feet ;  and  at  the 
outer  end  it  stands  12  feet  clear  of  the  highest  known  tide.  The 
width  increases  from  30  feet  at  the  shore  end  to  over  50  feet  at 
the  outer  end.  The  south  mole  runs  out  a  distance  of  2,040  feet. 
This  great  work  of  converting  a  rock-infested  and  shallow  estuary 
into  a  safe  and  commodious  harbour,  together  with  all  necessary 
wharves,  goods  sheds,  railway  sidings,  &c.,  was  started  in  1892,  and 
has  been  carried  out  with  complete  success.  The  harbour  and 
shipping  business  of  the  port  is  administered  by  a  Board  of  Harbour 
Trust  Commissioners  ;  and  the  total  earnings  for  the  half-year 
ended  with  June  30  last  amounted,  in  round  figures,  to  ^47,000, 
while  the  expenditure  totalled  .£20,000,  the  surplus  going  to  meet 
the  charges. 

The  resources  of  Western  Australia  are  like  the  territory — almost 
unbounded. 

Area. — The  area  of  Western  Australia  is  no  less  than  975,920 
square  miles,  or  624,588,800  acres.  Its  greatest  length  is  1,480 
miles,  and  its  breadth  about  1,000  miles,  with  a  coastline,  follow- 
ing known  indents,  of  approximately  5,200  miles. 

The  whole  continent  of  Australia  contains  roughly  3,000,000 
square  miles.  Western  Australia  therefore  comprises  about  one- 
third  of  the  whole  of  Australia. 

Some  better  idea  of  the  size  of  Western  Australia  will,  perhaps, 


Western  Australia  and  its  Eesources.  209 

# 

be  realised  when  I  say  that  it  contains  more  square  miles  of  terri- 
tory than  do  the  United  Kingdom,  Germany,  France,  Hungary, 
Norway,  Italy,  Portugal,  Switzerland,  Denmark,  and  Belgium  all 
put  together  ;  another  comparison  being  that  it  is  more  than  sixteen 
times  as  large  as  England  and  Wales,  and  eight  times  as  large  as 
the  whole  of  the  British  Isles. 

Climate. — With  such  a  large  area  of  territory  it  is  only  natural 
that  there  should  be  great  variety  of  climate.  In  fact,  one  may 
truly  say  you  can  get  any  climate  you  like  except  extreme  cold — 
temperate,  semi-tropical,  or  tropical ;  temperate  in  the  south  and 
south-west,  getting  warmer  as  you  leave  the  coast  and  travel 
inland  ;  semi-tropical  in  the  north ;  and  tropical  in  the  extreme 
north  and  north-west.  Dealing  with  the  south-west,  and  taking  a 
seventeen  years'  average  of  the  temperature  at  Perth,  the  capital 
of  Western  Australia,  I  find  the  mean  maximum  temperature  was 
74*9  degrees,  and  the  mean  minimum  54§3  degrees.  The  highest 
temperature  ever  recorded  during  that  period  was  112  degrees,  and 
the  lowest  33'6  degrees.  It  will  be  understood  that  the  climate 
necessarily  varies  according  to  latitude  and  distance  from  the  sea- 
board, but  it  is  generally  healthy  throughout. 

What  is  more  important  still  to  the  settler  on  the  soil,  there  is 
no  period  of  enforced  idleness.  Agricultural  and  kindred  operations 
can  be  carried  on  all  the  year  round. 

The  seasons  are  in  the  main  the  reverse  of  those  in  Europe,  the 
summer  being  from  December  to  March  and  the  winter  from  June 
to  August. 

Rainfall. — The  rainfall  of  course  varies,  as  does  the  climate, 
according  to  latitude  and  distance  from  the  coast.  In  the  south- 
west division,  although  there  have  been  occasional  dry  seasons,  no 
drought,  in  the  ordinary  acceptance  of  the  term,  has  ever  been 
experienced.  In  this  division  the  readings  at  Perth  for  the 
last  thirty  years  give  an  average  rainfall  of  33  inches  per 
annum,  but  the  average  of  the  whole  division  during  the  same 
period  was  about  23  inches.  It  is  important  that  the  agriculturist 
should  have  some  idea  of  the  minimum  rainfall  necessary  to 
successfully  grow  wheat  in  this  portion  of  Western  Australia.  Let 
me  quote  you  the  sworn  evidence  (taken  before  a  Royal  Com- 
mission on  Immigration  in  1904)  of  a  settler  residing  about  eighty 
miles  in  a  straight  line  from  the  coast. 

The  witness  stated  he  was  sure  that  with  seven  inches  of  rain 
falling  in  the  growing  months  (April  to  September)  he  could  grow 
a  crop  of  wheat  successfully,  provided  the  land  was  fallowed,  In 


210  Western  Australia  and  its  Resources. 

i 

the  report  of  the  same  Commission,  referring  to  the  agricultural 
lands  of  the  State,  it  is  declared  "  Eegular  rains  occur  spread  over 
about  seven  months  of  the  wheat-growing  period." 

"  It  is  a  remarkable  fact  that  during  the  seventy-six  years  of  the 
white  man's  occupation  of  Western  Australia  nothing  worse  than  a 
partial  failure  of  crops  has  been  experienced,  the  worst  being 
caused  by  rust  (previously  unknown)  in  1&68-9.  This  blight  has 
never  recurred  with  any  severity,  and,  as  a  matter  of  fact,  has  long 
since  passed  out  of  serious  consideration." 

Of  the  624  and  odd  millions  of  acres  forming  the  total  area  of 
Western  Australia,  some  460  millions  of  acres  are  totally  un- 
occupied— neither  alienated  nor  leased  in  any  shape  or  form.  Of 
course,  a  great  deal  of  this  virgin  land  is  not  suitable  for  any  kind 
of  cultivation — or,  at  least,  has  not  yet  been  found  to  be  so.  Much 
of  it  is  outside  the  limits  of  the  regular  rainfall.  But  after  deduct- 
ing all  the  unusable  land  from  the  huge  total  of  unused  land,  there 
yet  remain  millions  of  acres  of  arable  areas  available,  and  only 
awaiting  the  attention  of  the  husbandman  to  bring  forth  "  the 
fruits  of  the  earth  in  due  season."  The  farmer  who  combines  the 
growth  of  cereals  or  fruit  with  the  breeding  of  cattle,  pigs,  and 
general  farmyard  live  stock  is  likely  to  do  best  in  most  parts  of 
Western  Australia. 

The  other  great  productive  industry — akin  to  agriculture — for 
which  there  are  limitless  possibilities  in  Western  Australia — is  the 
pastoral  industry — the  raising  of  sheep  for  wool  and  mutton,  of 
horned  cattle  for  food,  and  of  horses  for  local  use  and  export.  Up 
to  date,  over  150  millions  of  acres  of  grazing  land  have  been  taken 
up  on  lease  in  the  State,  principally  in  the  Kimberley  division  in  the 
far  north,  where  the  conditions  are  particularly  favourable  for  the 
maintenance  of  flocks  and  herds.  But  there  are  many  millions 
more  of  pastoral  lands  available  for  stocking. 

Land  available. — It  will  be  seen  that  the  State  possesses  large 
areas  of  land  suitable  for  agriculture,  fruit-growing,  and  sheep  and 
cattle  raising,  besides  vast  stretches  of  mineral-bearing  country.  It 
is  stated  on  reliable  authority  that  there  are  180  millions  of  acres 
of  land  in  the  southern  portion  of  the  State  on  which  wheat  could 
be  profitably  grown,  while  there  are  over  300,000  square  miles  of 
territory  suited  to  the  pastoralist  and  the  stock-raiser ;  manifestly 
plenty  of  room  for  many  hundreds  of  thousands  more  people  than 
are  in  Western  Australia  to-day. 

I  have  endeavoured,  within  the  limits  of  this  short  paper,  to  give 
you  borne  idea  of  Western  Australia  and  its  resources.  In  conclu- 


Western  Australia  and  its  Resources.  211 

sion,  let  me  remark  that  the  greatest  need  of  Western  Australia  at 
present  is,  as  I  have  said,  more  people  upon  the  land,  and  for  the 
farmer,  grazier,  orchardist,  market  gardener,  agricultural  labourer, 
and  industrious  men  of  all  kinds  who  are  able  and  willing  to  work 
on  the  land,  and  have  a  little  capital  (the  more  the  better),  I  know 
of  no  country  offering  greater  opportunities. 

The  actual  conditions  which  the  new  arrival  will  meet  with 
and  what  the  country  is  really  like  will  be  demonstrated  by  some  of 
the  views  which  will  be  shown  at  the  conclusion  of  my  paper. 

Let  me  add  but  this.  The  new  settler  in  Australia,  just  as  the 
new  settler  in  any  other  part  of  the  world,  will  have  trials,  difficul- 
ties, and  disappointments  to  contend  with  and  to  overcome.  One 
cannot  expect  to  reap  all  the  advantages  of  emigration  without  some 
of  the  disadvantages  also.  But  if  the  emigrant  to  Australia,  when 
he  leaves  these  shores,  will  only  carry  with  him  the  same  British 
pluck,  energy,  and  determination  which  have  made  the  Empire 
what  it  is  he  will  find  that  there  are  no  difficulties  that  are  not 
surmountable  and  that  the  advantages  altogether  outweigh  the 
disadvantages. 

In  Australia  there  is  plenty  of  elbow-room  and  there  is  plenty  of 
opportunity.  The  newcomer  to  Australia  will  be  welcomed  by 
people  who  are  bone  of  his  bone  and  flesh  of  his  flesh.  He  will 
find  the  Australians  a  warm-hearted,  generous  people,  ready  to  hold 
out  the  hand  of  fellowship,  ready  to  give  the  new  settler  advice 
which  is  the  outcome  of  experience,  if  only  the  advice  will  be 
accepted  in  the  same  friendly  spirit  as  it  is  offered. 

He  will  find  in  the  Australians  a  free  and  independent  people — 
proud  of  their  country,  determined  to  build  up  a  nation  worthy  of 
the  Empire ;  a  people  who  share  with  you  all  the  glories  of  the 
Empire's  past  and  desire  to  share  with  you  what,  we  trust,  will  be 
the  equally  great  and  glorious  future  ;  a  people  who  feel  that  this 
great  Empire  of  ours  could  be  self-contained  and  maintained,  and 
to  that  end  are  willing—ay  anxious.— to  come  closer  still  to  .the 
Mother  Country;  a  people  who  confidently  hope  (to  use  the 
language  of  an  English  statesman)  that  in  their  closer  union  with 
yourselves  in  time  to  come,  "  the  British  Empire,  founded  on 
freedom,  buttressed  by  affectionate  sentiment,  fortified  by  mutual 
interest,  shall  stand  impregnable,  unassailable,  four-square  io  all  the 
winds  that  blow." 


The   Paper    was  illustrated  by   a  number  of  lime-light   views 
exhibited  by  Mr.  E.  T.  Scammell. 


212  Western  Australia  and  its  Resources. 


DISCUSSION. 

The  Hon.  E.  A.  HARNEY  :  I  only  voice  the  common  sentiment 
when  I  say  that  we  have  all  been  entertained  and  interested,  not 
only  by  the  address  but  by  the  very  enlightening  views  on  the 
screen  which  followed.     Mr.  Bason,  though  he  gave  us  a  good  deal 
of  information,  has  in  one  sense  told  me  nothing  new,  because  I 
had  the  good  fortune  to  spend  ten  years  of  my  life  in  Western 
Australia  ;  but  even  to  me  it  was  exceedingly  interesting  to  have 
to-night  that  far  distant  land  drawn  almost  within  the  range  of 
actual  observation.     He  has  indulged  in  no  rhetoric  ;  he  has  given 
us  facts  and  figures,  and  leaves  them  to  make  their  own  appeal. 
To-night  he  has  only  repeated  what,  greatly  to  the  advantage  of 
Western  Australia,  he  has  been  doing  elsewhere.     He  addresses 
himself  to  the  populations  of  these  islands,  and  shows  them  a  land 
in  which  there  are  millions  of  cultivable  acres  of  virgin  soil,  crying 
out  for  the  transforming  touch  of  labour.     He,  speaking  to  this 
landless  people,  points  to  this  manless  land — a  land  to  which  they 
may  go  without  passing  from  under  the  protecting  regis  of  their 
flag,  where  they  shall  not  have  to  accustom  themselves  to  institu- 
tions, to  manners,  or  to  habits  different  from  those  in  which  they 
have  been  reared.   He  has  given  us  two  pictures — Western  Australia 
as  she  was  in  1890  and  Western  Australia  to-day — and  he  contrasts 
the  rich  colouring  of  the  one  picture  with  the  feeble  outlines  of  the 
other,  and  impliedly  he  asks  you  whence  came  those  pigments, 
whence  this  enlivening  brush.     It  is  due  to  the  energy  of  our  race, 
though  the  pigments  dwelt  in  the  soil  itself.     But  he  has  gone 
further,  and  by  statistics  made  it  clear  that  the  increase  of  wealth 
has  been  in  far  greater  proportion  than  the  increase  of  numbers. 
In  the  sixteen  years  he  gave,  while  you  multiply  the  population  by 
five  you  multiply  the  revenue  by  ten  and  the  trade  by  twelve,  making 
it  perfectly  obvious  that  each    newcomer   adds   something  to  the 
general  stock  which  he  with  all  others  shares.     For  my  part,  I  care 
not  whether  he  be  British,  or  Italian,  or  of  any  other  European  nation 
so  long  as  he  abides  by  their  laws  and  institutions.     What  is  the 
lesson  of  his  address  ?     Population  is  what  Western  Australia  needs. 
It  is  too  slow  to  trust  to  the  process  of  birth ;  that  is  a  product 
which,  however  prolific  that  country  may  be  in  other  respects,  is 
not,  at  all  events,  quite  up  to  the  mark,  and  though  the  people  may 
advance  very  rapidly  as  a  community,  I  am  afraid  the  individual 
takes  quite  as  long  to  grow  there  as  here.     How,  then,  are  we  to 
force  emigration  ?    That  involves  the  consideration  of  three  difficult 


Western  Australia  and  its  Resources.  218 

problems — (1)  the  selection  of  emigrants ;  (2)  assisted  passages  ; 
and  (8)  assisted  settlement.  With  regard  to  the  first,  I  think — and 
I  see  that  Mr.  Rason  is  of  the  same  opinion — they  should  be  taken 
from  the  agricultural  classes.  The  town  bird  or  the  distributors  of 
the  produce  that  others  create  are  always  in  abundance,  and  as  for 
the  miner,  he  can  only  find  employment  when  a  capitalist  has 
gone  before  and  opened  up  the  mines.  In  that%department  I  think 
Western  Australia  is  already  overmanned,  but  the  agriculturist 
goes  to  a  mine  always  open,  always  undermanned.  His  mines  are 
the  millions  of  acres  referred  to  by  Mr.  Rason.  We  who  have 
been  in  Western  Australia  know  the  capacity  of  the  land  ;  we  know 
the  marvellous  metamorphosis  that  can  be  brought  about,  and  that 
given  requisite  skill,  industry  and  patience,  success  is  a  certainty 
with  the  agricultural  emigrant.  The  second  point  is  assisted 
passages.  The  Government  do  a  good  deal  in  this  direction  ;  but, 
after  all,  that  is  only  a  small  item  in  initial  expense.  Yet  it  is  a  first 
item,  and  therefore  has  a  disproportionate  deterring  effect.  It  is 
the  first  plunge,  the  first  thing  for  which  it  is  necessary  to  dip  your 
hand  in  your  pocket,  and  it  arises  in  this  country  at  a  time  and 
place  where  the  allurements  to  the  venturesome  spirit  have  not  yet 
begun  to  operate,  and  therefore  I  think  the  flow  of  emigrants  would 
be  greatly  increased  if  the  Government  were  to  undertake,  not  half 
as  now,  but  the  whole  of  this  expense.  As  to  assisted  settlement, 
Mr.  Rason  says  that  at  present  the  farming  emigrant  is  given  free 
160  acres.  True  ;  but  how  ?  He  is  dumped  down  in  the  midst  of 
his  acres,  and  whatever  may  be  the  potentialities  of  the  soil  and 
beauties  of  the  bush,  I  can  tell  you  that  I  know  no  aspect  more 
disheartening  than  is  presented  by  the  mulga  and  undergrowth 
and  artistic  wildness,  if  you  wish,  the  bush  of  Western  Australia 
affords.  And  what  is  the  consequence  ?  Assuming  the  farmer  is 
able  to  feed  himself  while  the  grass  is  growing,  he  starts  dis- 
pirited, and  the  stamp  of  despondency  is  set  on  his  future 
efforts,  and  during  that  period  of  suspense  and  depression  he 
writes  letters  to  his  friends  in  this  country  carrying  back  the 
mood  of  gloominess  and  dejection  bred  in  him.  I  believe  that, 
more  than  any  other  cause,  dams  the  flow  of  emigration  to 
Western  Australia.  If  the  Government  were  to  undertake  this 
initial  expense,  so  that  when  the  farmer  arrived  he  should  find 
himself  placed  in  the  possession  of  a  tract  of  land  in  the  condition 
shown  in  the  pictures  on  the  screen,  he  would  enter  on  his  career 
in  a  different  spirit  and  there  would  be  no  reason  for  the  sad  fore- 
bodings which  make  his  arrival — so  far  from  being  an  advertisement 


214  Western  Australia  and  its  Resources. 

to  friends  to  follow — the  occasion  for  letters  unfair  to  the  Govern- 
ment, unfair  to  the  people  of  Western  Australia,  and  unfair  also 
to  those  at  home.  We  see  this  land  to-night,  we  see  what  the 
energy  of  our  race  can  make  it,  and  there  is  no  reason,  if  proper 
encouragement  is  given  to  those  at  home,  why  we  should  not  have 
settled  there  the  hundreds  of  thousands  Mr.  Kason  referred  to, 
presiding  over  sucja  prosperous  farms  as  Mr.  Scammell's  pictures 
have  brought  before  us. 

The  Hon.  Sir  HORACE  TOZER,  K.C.M.G.  (Agent- General  for 
Queensland)  :  I  congratulate  Mr.  Rason  on  his  excellent  Paper. 
Western  Australia  has  been  shown  to  be  prolific  ;  certainly  she  has 
been  most  prolific  in  the  matter  of  Agents-General.  Since  I  have 
been  in  this  country  there  have  been  six  ;  but  I  can  say  that  one 
and  all  have  rendered  the  best  possible  assistance  to  their  colleagues, 
as  Mr.  Rason  has  shown  to  be  his  claim  to-night.  In  his  Paper 
there  is  not  one  invidious  comparison  which  could  affect  a  sister 
State,  and  in  that  respect  he  sets  an  example  of  what  should  be  the 
Federal  duty  of  an  Agent- General  in  this  country.  It  was  my 
privilege  on  one  occasion  to  represent  Western  Australia  in  some 
conference,  and  I  do  hope  facilities  will  be  soon  given  to  their 
people  so  that  they  may  get  in  some  easier  way  to  the  central 
government  of  Australia,  and  achieve  in  time  their  desire  to  be 
brought  in  closer  contact  with  the  States  of  the  Commonwealth. 
Another  observation  I  wish  to  make  is  this :  All  honour  to  those 
who  have  made  Western  Australia  what  it  is  ;  and  in  that  connec- 
tion I  desire  to  refer  particularly  to  the  leader  who  piloted  Western 
Australia  from  1890  down  almost  to  the  present  time — the  Right 
Hon.  Sir  John  Forrest.  We  gratefully  recognise  that  he  has  given 
his  life,  not  only  to  the  service  of  that  State ;  he  has  given  it  to 
the  service  of  Australia.  One  final  observation  by  way  of  history. 
In  his  patriotic  peroration  Mr.  Rason  has  told  you  plainly  what  his 
Imperial  tendencies  are.  I  agree  with  him.  There  is  a  powerful 
section  in  Australia  who  are  Imperial  in  the  sense  you  understand 
it  here  ;  but  there  is  a  very  much  larger  numerical  section  who  are 
simply  National.  It  would  be  idle  for  me,  wrong  for  me,  to  say 
that  patriotism  does  not  exist  in  Australia — it  would  be  a  slander 
on  the  community  ;  but  in  the  sense  of  framing  a  policy  with 
regard  to  the  Empire  as  a  whole,  I  think  the  majority  are  not 
impressed  with  that  idea  ;  and  if  you  are  of  opinion  that  there  is  a 
reserve  of  what  I  shall  call  sentimental  loyalty  in  the  people  of 
Australia  upon  which  you  can  draw  to  the  extent  you  have  been 
drawing  lately,  you  may  dismiss  that  idea.  There  are  bonds  of 


Western  Australia  and  its  Resources.  215 

Empire  which  need  to  be  forged,  and  you  in  England  have  got  to 
assist  in  forging  them.  Commerce  is  one  of  those  bonds  ;  and  it 
behoves  you  to  secure  this  for  the  Empire,  or  a  large  share  of 
Australian  trade  will  be  diverted  to  the  foreigner ;  then  self-interest 
will  resolve  any  doubt.  You  must  have  a  tariff,  and  I  hope,  in  the 
interests  of  Empire,  a  preferential  one. 

Mr.  A.  P.  MATHESON  :  I  thought  that  after  twelve  years'  expe- 
rience of  Western  Australia  it  would  be  easy  to  find  many  topics  on 
which  I  could  address  you,  but  after  listening  to  Mr.  Bason's  able 
Paper  I  find  he  has  left  very  little  for  me  to  say.  Most  audiences 
look  with  some  tinge  of  suspicion  upon  the  utterances  of  an  Agent- 
General,  naturally  thinking  that  he  has  got  to  make  the  best  case 
he  can  for  his  State.  One,  in  fact,  is  reminded  of  the  old  definition 
of  an  Ambassador — a  man  sent  to  lie  abroad  for  the  good  of  his 
country.  This  is  where  I  come  in  ;  for,  as  a  man  who  went  out  to 
Australia  some  twelve  years  ago,  I  can  assure  you  Mr.  Rason's 
picture  is  not  in  any  degree  highly  painted  ;  indeed,  I  was  agreeably 
surprised  to  find  how  absolutely  he  spoke  the  truth  (laughter). 
Well,  it  is  just  as  well  to  admit  it.  Now  I  have  travelled  nearly  all 
over  the  world,  and  in  Western  Australia  for  the  first  time  I  found 
a  climate  which,  while  being  hot — extremely  hot  in  summer — 
was  nevertheless  perfectly  endurable.  To  those  who  have  travelled 
in  the  East  that  is  a  great  boon.  A  dry  heat  such  as  obtains  in 
Western  Australia  is  perfectly  endurable  at  a  higher  temperature 
than  damp  heat  which  prevails  in  some  other  countries.  There  is 
another  point  on  which  I  cannot  lay  too  much  stress,  and  that  is 
the  certainty  in  the  wheat-growing  districts  of  getting  a  sufficient 
rainfall.  As  far  as  my  recollection  goes,  there  has  rarely  been  a 
year  during  the  time  statistics  have  been  taken  that  there  has  not 
been  sufficient  rainfall  in  those  parts  given  up  to  wheat  cultivation 
to  enable  the  crops  to  be  securely  grown  and  harvested.  You 
know  the  extent  to  which  during  the  last  ten  or  twelve  years  the 
Eastern  States  have  suffered  from  drought.  That  has  never  taken 
place  in  Western  Australia  ;  as  far  as  we  can  see,  Western  Australia 
is  provided  by  nature  against  anything  of  the  sort  in  future.  That 
in  itself  is  a  very  great  recommendation.  As  regards  industries, 
the  production  of  wine  is  one  of  the  most  encouraging  that  came 
under  my  notice.  There  is  just  one  fly  in  the  ointment — one  little 
trouble — Mr.  Rason  I  think  will  do  well  to  warn  his  Government 
against,  and  that  is  with  regard  to  borrowing.  He  has  given  figures 
which  I  believe  prove  that  the  debt  represents  something  like  £68 
to  £70  per  head  of  the  population.  That  is  far  in  excess  of  the 


216  Western  Australia  and  its' Resources. 

liability,  so  far  as  I  am  aware,  of  any  other  State  in  the  world,  and 
it  is  impossible  to  imagine  settlers  going  out  there  will  feel  at  all 
comfortable  when  they  consider  that  circumstance.  Mr.  Bason 
will  do  well  to  urge  that  on  his  Government,  and  you  will  do  well 
to  enforce  the  fact  that  you  are  not  prepared  to  lend  money  to  that 
State  as  freely  as  you  have  done  in  the  past.  It  is  not  to  your 
advantage  or  to  the  advantage  of  residents  in  the  State — I  speak  as 
a  person  with  large  interest  in  Western  Australia  when  I  say  it  is 
extremely  unwise  for  the  Government  to  go  on  adding  to  the  debt 
and  increasing  the  responsibilities  which  we  have  towards  money- 
lenders in  England  ("  There  are  productive  works  "  ;  "  they  repre- 
sent assets").  My  friend  may  think  so;  undoubtedly  a  large 
portion  does,  but  if  he  knew  Western  Australia  as  well  as  I  do,  he 
would  know  that  a  very  large  proportion  of  the  debt  does  not 
represent  assets.  Mr.  Bason  himself  does  not  claim  it  all  represents 
assets.  Well,  we  need  not  go  into  particulars ;  I  say  it  does  not 
represent  assets.  A  certain  amount  of  the  expenditure  does ;  a 
certain  amount  is  revenue-producing,  but  the  bulk  of  it  is  certainly 
not  revenue-producing,  and  I  think  it  is  most  desirable  the  British 
public  should  impress  upon  the  Government  that  they  are  not 
going  to  lend  money  freely  while  the  debt  represents  such  an 
enormous  proportion  per  head  of  the  population. 

HON.  J.  G.  JENKINS  (Agent- General  for  South  Australia). — As 
representing  a  State  which  borders  on  Western  Australia  for  nearly 
2,000  miles,  I  naturally  take  a  deep  interest  in  anything  relating  to 
the  State  which  Mr.  Bason  represents.  I  have  pleasure,  therefore, 
in  congratulating  him  upon  his  excellent  paper ;  it  has  been 
exceedingly  interesting  and  full  of  most  valuable  information.  I  do 
not  agree  with  all  the  remarks  that  have  fallen  from  Messrs.  Harney 
and  Matheson,  but  time  will  not  permit  me  to  go  into  the  questions 
raised  at  any  length.  Mr.  Matheson  playfully  alluded  to  the  duties 
of  an  Agent-General.  WThatever  used  to  be  considered  their  duties,  I 
can  assure  him  that  now  all  the  Agents- General  representing 
Australia  act  entirely  free  and  removed  from  any  partisan  spirit  or 
vain  and  unreliable  boastfulness  relating  to  the  States  they  have  the 
honour  to  represent.  The  duty  which  they  endeavour  to  perform  is 
to — so  far  as  they  are  able — lay  the  plain  unvarnished  facts  relating  to 
their  country  and  its  prosperity  before  the  people  of  Great  Britain. 
Beferring  to  our  debts,  they  may  look  large  to  those  who  do  not 
appreciate  the  exact  position  ;  if,  however,  the  valuable  assets  of  the 
Australian  States  were  disposed  of  at  their  present  worth,  our  debt 
per  head  would  be  reduced  to  a  very  small  amount.  The  British 


Western  Australia  and  its  Resources.  217 

investor  need  have  no  alarm  regarding  the  value  of  his  securities, 
arid  can  continue  to  subscribe  for  our  loans  with  perfect  safety  so 
long  as  we  are -wise  in  the  expenditure  of  the  money  in  proper 
development  and  productive  works.  That  wisdom  and  caution  has 
guided  Australia's  Legislators  in  most  cases,  for  several  years  past, 
no  one  who  has  studied  the  budgets  of  the  various  treasurers  can 
deny.  We  are  often  severely  criticised  for  our  socialistic  measures 
by  those  who,  with  all  due  respect,  I  would  say  are  not  conversant 
with  Australia's  undertakings.  Many  of  what  are  termed  socialistic 
works  are  in  reality  profitable  business  arrangements  for  the  mutual 
advantage  of  the  people. 

Mr.  ANDREW  WILLIAMSON  :  As  one  who  has  been  in  Western 
Australia  and  for  many  years  has  had  business  connections  with  it, 
I  feel  personally  grateful  for  the  way  in  which  Mr.  Rason  has  set 
out  the  facts  and  figures  regarding  the  remarkable  progress  of  that 
State.  It  is  always  a  satisfaction  to  us  Fellows  of  the  Royal 
Colonial  Institute  to  have  as  lecturer  on  these  occasions  a  man  like 
Mr.  Rason  who  knows  his  subject  from  top  to  bottom,  and  who 
himself- has  taken  a  leading  and  honourable  part  in  the  making  of 
the  history  which  he  describes.  It  has,  I  am  sure,  been  a  delight  to 
us  all  to  know  that  during  the  last  seventeen  years  there  has  been 
such  marvellous  progress,  and  we  hope  that  during  the  seventeen 
years  to  come  the  progress  will  be  even  greater  than  in  the  past. 
When  we  look  at  the  vast  country,  when  we  consider  the  resources 
Mr.  Rason  has  indicated,  we  must  admit  that  in  order  to  bring 
these  resources  to  full  fruition,  they  need  the  help  of  British  capital. 
Notwithstanding  Mr.  Matheson's  strictures,  I  think  British  investors 
who  want  to  lend  their  money  on  good  security,  and  a  colony  which 
wants  to  borrow  for  the  development  of  resources  which  have  been 
proved  to  exist,  may  wisely  enter  into  such  reciprocal  transactions 
for  their  mutual  benefit  ;  but  there  is  one  essential  condition  which 
I  wish  to  emphasise,  which  is, -that  in  order  that  this  may  be  done 
to  the  ultimate  satisfaction  of  both  parties,  there  must,  on  the  part 
of  the  British  investor,  be  a  profound  conviction  that  he  will  be 
fairly  and  justly  treated.  It  has  not  always  been  the  case  in  the 
past  of  this  State  that  all  the  responsible  Ministers  have  adopted  an 
attitude  in  their  legislation  productive  of  that  feeling.  Mr.  Rason, 
I  am  glad  to  say,  is  not  in  that  category  ;  on  the  contrary,  on  his 
assuming  power,  the  attitude  which  I  have  indicated  was  reversed 
and  has  remained  reversed,  and  I  hope  will  continue  reversed  to  all 
time,  and  I  trust  that  instead  of  there  being  anything  in  the  way  of 
misgiving  on  the  part  of  British  investors,  there  may,  in  the  future, 


218  Western  Australia  and  its  Resources. 

be  ground  for  a  steadily  growing  and  deepening  conviction  as  to 
the  absolute  security  in  dealing  with  fellow-countrymen  across  the 
seas.  We  hope  to  see  Mr.  Bason's  fine  peroration  realised.  But  if 
that  is  to  come  about,  these  relations  will,  as  I  have  said,  need  to  be 
founded  upon  a  complete  and  mutual  sense  of  perfect  equality  of 
treatment  and  of  scrupulous  justice  on  the  part  of  the  borrower 
towards  the  lender.  Mr  Rason  has  but  recently  come  among  us  ; 
we  give  him  a  most  cordial  welcome  and  wish  him  a  very  successful 
tenure  of  office  as  Agent-General  for  Western  Australia. 

Mr.  RASON  :  I  should  be  altogether  lacking  in  ordinary  courtesy 
if  I  did  not  thank  the  various  speakers  for  their  kind  appreciation 
of  my  Paper.  With  some  of  the  remarks  made  I  cannot  say  I  quite 
agree  ;  for  instance,  I  can  hardly  go  as  far  as  Mr.  Harney  when  he 
says  a  man  "  dumped  down  "  in  the  bush  is  necessarily  disheartened 
and  gloomy,  and  necessarily  writes  letters  full  of  complaint  to  his 
friends  in  the  Mother  Country.  It  may  sometimes  happen,  but  very 
seldom,  I  think.  A  man  who  is  so  placed  in  the  bush  surely  has 
this  knowledge— that  every  man  who  has  succeeded  on  the  land  in 
Australia,  and  there  are  so  many,. was  similarly  "dumped  down," 
and  what  one  man  can  do,  another  man  can,  if  he  is  made  of  the 
right  stuff.  Mr.  Matheson  was  shocked  to  discover  that  I  was  able 
to  tell  the  truth.  I  am. not  surprised.  Many  of  you  will  know  that 
both  he  and  I  have  been  politicians  (laughter).  In  regard  to 
borrowing,  depend  upon  it  that  what  you  have  lent  is  amply  secured. 
There  are  tangible  available  assets  for  every  copper,  and  a  good 
many  millions  more,  and  over  and  above  these  realisable  assets  you 
have  the  word  of  men  who  never  go  back  on  their  bond,  which  itself 
is  worth  a  good  deal  in  the  way  of  security.  So  far  as  Western 
Australia  is  concerned,  and  I  believe  as  far  as  the  whole  of  the 
Australian  States  are  concerned,  there  is  ample  security  for  every 
penny  borrowed,  and  for  every  penny  that  will  be  borrowed,  and  if 
we  are  to  carry  out  the  improvements  which  are  recommended,  I 
would  like  to  ask  how  we  are  to  do  it  unless  we  borrow  some  money 
to  do  it  with.  However,  at  this  late  hour,  I  must  not  be  led  away 
into  a  personal  discussion  with  Mr.  Matheson,  and  so  I  will  only 
once  again  thank  you  for  your  kindness. 

On  the  motion  of  the  CHAIRMAN,  a  vote  of  thanks  was  given  to 
Mr.  Rason  for  his  Paper ;  and  a  like  compliment  was  paid  to  the 
Chairman  for  presiding. 


219 


THE    COMMERCIAL   POSSIBILITIES   OF   WEST   AFRICA. 

AN  afternoon  meeting  was  held  at  the  Whitehall  Rooms,  Hotel 
Metropole,  on  Tuesday,  March  19,  1907,  when  a  Paper  was  read  by 
the  Right  Hon.  Viscount  Mountmorres  on  "The  Commercial  Possi- 
bilities of  West  Africa."  Sir  Frederick  Young,  K.C.M.G.,  presided. 
The  CHAIRMAN,  in  opening  the  proceedings,  said  that  Lord 
Mountmorres  was  so  well  Imown  throughout  the  Empire  as  an 
expert  upon  certain  questions,  that  his  Lordship  scarcely  required 
any  introduction  from  himself.  He  need  only  recall  the  fact  that 
he  was  director  of  the  Institute  of  Commercial  Research  in  the 
Tropics  in  connection  with  the  Liverpool  University,  and  that  he 
had  pursued  several  important  investigations  in  connection  with 
trade  in  West  Africa.  He  might  add  that  his  Lordship  had  only 
recently  returned  from  a  scientific  mission  in  the  West  Indies,  and 
that  he  happened  to  be  at  Kingston  at  the  time  of  the  recent  earth- 
quake in  Jamaica.  Considering  the  interest  we  had  in  the  develop- 
ment of  trade  and  in  finding  new  outlets  for  the  employment  of  our 
great  population  at  home,  he  thought  the  audience  would  agree  that 
the  Paper  dealt  with  a  subject  of  the  greatest  interest  and  import- 
ance to  us,  and  one  that  was  particularly  opportune  at  a  time  when 
other  nations  also  were  making  such  efforts  and  taking  so  much 
interest  in  promoting  their  own  trade  in  all  directions  throughout 
the  world.  With  these  few  words,  he  would  now  call  upon  Lord 
Mountraorres  to  read  his  Paper. 

Perhaps  I  ought  rather  to  have  entitled  my  Paper  this  afternoon 
"The  Commercial  Possibilities  of  British  West  Africa,"  because  it 
is  of  them  more  particularly  that  I  purpose  to  speak.  To-day  it  is 
very  generally  recognised  that  these  possibilities  are  practically 
limitless,  but  only  a  few  years  ago  quite  a  different  state  of  mind 
prevailed.  Scarcely  anyone  outside  those  actively  engaged  in  com- 
merce on  "the  Coast  "  knew  or  cared  about  the  place.  It  was  a 
terra  incognita,  imperfectly  mapped,  and  of  no  pleasant  repute  as  a 
health  resort.  Its  existence  would  probably  have  been  a  source  of 
annoyance  to  the  ministries  of  those  days  had  they  ever  given  it  a 


220  The  Commercial  Possibilities  of  West  Africa. 

moment's  thought.  Some  of  the  ^persons  directly  concerned  did, 
indeed,  worry  them  with  deputations  to  protest  against  the  policy 
of  neglect,  but  they  were  merely  told  that  the  Government  could 
not  see  its  way  to  undertake  any  further  responsibilities  in  that 
part  of  the  world,  and  protests .  were  answered  with  sneers  about 
the  lightness  of  the  soil  and  the  proximity  of  the  Sahara  Desert. 
Nothing,  that  those  whose  interests  were  being  jeopardised  could 
do,  seemed  to  have  any  effect  in  arousing  the  general  public  from 
its  apathy  concerning  what  it  was  pleased  to  dub  the  white  man's 
grave. 

To-day  a  complete  change  has  come  over  the  spirit  of  our  dream. 
That  sapient  fellow,  the  man  fin  the  street,  is  still,  it  is  true, 
splendidly  ignorant  and  vastly  indifferent  as  to  West  Africa.  I 
happened,  only  a  day  or  two  back,  to  refer  to  "  the  capital  of  the 
Gold  Coast  "  in  talking  to  a  man  in  a  large  way  of  business,  who  is 
exceptionally  well-informed  in  most  subjects.  "Let  me  see,"  he 
broke  in,  "  Sierra  Leone  is  the  capital  of  the  Gold  Coast,  isn't  it  ?  " 
just  as  one  may  trip  a  schoolgirl  unawares  into  saying  that  Norway 
is  the  capital  of  Sweden. 

But  despite  the  fact  that  the  population  of  this  island  as  a  whole 
still  takes  mighty  little  interest  in  West  Africa,  there  is  amongst 
public  men  an  ever-growing  realisation  of  its  potentialities  and  of 
its  importance,  and  an  increasing  interest  in  its  development ; 
whilst  for  some  time  back  the  Colonial  Office,  under  the  last 
administration  as  well  as  under  the  present,  has  shown  itself  keenly 
and  jealously  alive  to  the  welfare  of  this  Cinderella  of  the  British 
Empire.  The  Under- Secretary  of  State  now  not  unfrequently  pre- 
sides at  the  meeting  of  the  Joint  West  African  Committee,  a  body 
representing  the  Chambers  of  Commerce  of  London)  Liverpool  and 
Manchester ;  almost  weekly  fresh  steps  are  announced  as  being 
taken  for  the  development  of  one  or  other  of  the  Colonies  in  ques- 
tion. And  this  sympathetic  interest  in  these  long  neglected 
possessions,  coupled  with  the  energy,  and  enterprise,  and  devotion 
of  the  local  administrations,  is  going  far  to  make  up  for  the  precious 
time  lost  in  the  past.  There  is,  in  short,  every  reason  for  looking 
forward  with  confidence  to  the  future. 

Now,  then,  let  us  see  in  what  consists  British  West  Africa.  There 
is,  working  away  from  home,  first  the  Gambia  Colony  and  Pro- 
tectorate— merely  a  strip  of  river  bank  of  almost  negligible  extent. 
Then  we  come  to  Sierra  Leone,  Colony  and  Protectorate,  covering 
somewhere  about  34,000  square  miles.  Ireland  is  31,000  square 
miles  in  area.  Next  we  have  the  Gold  Coast  Colony,  and  the 


The  Commercial  Possibilities  of  West  Africa.  %  221 

Protectorates  of  Ashanti  and  the  Northern  Territories  grouped 
under  one  general  administration,  and  embracing  about  119,000 
square  miles.  The  United  Kingdom  amounts  to  118,000  square 
miles.  A  little  further  we  come  to  the  Colony  and  Protectorates 
of  Lagos  and  Southern  Nigeria,  now  linked  up  for  administrative 
purposes  into  one  territory  of  77,000  square  miles.  England  and 
Scotland,  without  Wales,  amount  to  81,000  square  miles.  Finally, 
north  and  inland  of  Southern  Nigeria  is  the  largest  and  newest 
Protectorate  of  all — Northern  Nigeria — a  solid  block  of  256,000 
square  miles,  more  than  double  the  size  of  the  British  Isles.  The 
total  area  of  British  West  Africa  is  then  somewhere  about  486,000 
square  miles,  or  nearly  two  and  a  half  times  the  size  of  France. 
Large  though  this  may  seem,  it  is  of  course  trivial  compared  with 
France's  vast,  almost  limitless  domain  in  the  same  region  of  the 
world,  into  which  the  British  possessions  are  notched  along  one 
seaboard. 

But  if  British  West  Africa  is  small  compared  with  the  compact 
mass  of  French  possessions,  it  has  at  least  one  very  great  advantage, 
and  that  is  that  it  embraces  every  important  river  mouth  in  the 
northern  section  of  West  Africa,  with  the  exception  of  the  Senegal. 
The  Gambia,  the  only  river  in  these  parts  navigable  by  ocean-going 
ships  at  every  season,  the  Sherbro,  the  Tano,  the  Ankobra,  the 
Volta,  and  the  great  network  of  waterways  composing  the  Niger 
Delta,  are  all  at  their  outfalls  British.  The  importance  of  this  fact 
can  scarcely  be  exaggerated.  What  it  means  to  the  development 
of  a  new  country  need  not  be  laboured. 

In  addition,  however,  to  this  advantage  possessed  by  the  British 
colonies,  there  is  the  further  fact  that  of  the  only  two  natural 
harbours — other  than  river  mouths — of  any  real  value  on  the  whole 
of  the  West  Coast,  Dakar  and  Freetown,  the  larger  and  finer 
is  British.  Though  it  has  not  been  developed  as  the  French  have 
developed  Dakar,  it  is  capable  of  being  made  one  of  the  best 
harbours  in  the  world.  In  natural  havens  for  shipping  the  Old 
Guinea  or  Leeward  coast  is  singularly  deficient,  but  most  of  them 
are  to  be  found,  such  as  they  are,  in  British  territory.  They  are 
all  of  second  to  tenth-rate  importance  and  value,  most  of  them 
closed  to  the  larger  ocean-going  ships  by  surf-swept  bars;  but 
several  afford  a  good  anchorage  for  smaller  vessels,  and  are  a  great 
advantage  to  local  and  river  shipping.  Speaking  in  the  widest 
generalities,  it  may  be  said  that  from  Freetown  to  Kotonou,  along 
nearly  1,000  miles  of  coast,  the  only  havens  and  creeks  that  break 
the  level  monotony  of  the  low-lying  shore,  are  all,  with  the  excep- 


222  The  Commercial  Possibilities  of  West  Africa. 

tion  of  Monrovia,  in  British  territory.  Once  we  reach  Nigeria  the 
whole  coast  is  made  up  of  one  unbroken  series  of  indents  and  river 
mouths,  most  of  them,  it  is  true,  unavailable  for  ocean-going 
navigation,  but  still  of  considerable  benefit  to  commerce,  and  of 
these,  two,  Forcados  and  Calabar,  are  by  nature,  and  a  third,  Lagos, 
can  easily  be  made  into,  really  good  harbours  for  large  vessels. 

In  British  West  Africa  we  have  then  a  considerable  territory  for 
the  most  part  easy  of  access  by  shipping.  In  the  case  of  the  Gold 
Coast,  where  harbours  are  non-existent  and  where  passengers  and 
cargo  must  alike  run  the  risk  of  crossing  the  surf  in  open  boats,  the 
British  Colony  is  at  least  rather  better  off,  with  Axim,.Elmina, 
Addah,  and  Quitta,  than  the  French  Ivory  Coast  on  the  one  side, 
and  than  Togoland  on  the  other. 

The  next  thing  to  take  into  account  in  reckoning  up  the  future 
possibilities  of  the  West  Coast  is  the  nature  of  the  country  itself, 
and  what  its  natural  resources  are.  Imagine  to  yourselves  a  long, 
somewhat  wavy  ridge  of  hills  and  mountains,  at  points  little  more 
than  gradual  inclines,  as  along  a  great  part  of  Liberia  and  the  Ivory 
Coast,  at  others  almost  precipitous  and  imposing  mountains,  as  on 
the  Eastern  part  of  the  Gold  Coast  and  in  the  Cameroons.  This 
range  or  ridge  follows  the  curve  of  the  Gulf  of  Guinea.  At  some 
points,  Sierra  Leone,  for  instance,  at  one  end,  the  Cameroons  at  the 
other,  and  in  the  Tano  district  in  the  centre,  this  range  rises  almost 
direct  out  of  the  sea.  But  along  most  of  its  length  there  is,  between 
it  and  the  ocean,  a  flat  monotonous  plain,  fringed  by  the  white 
sand  of  the  foreshore.  This  coastal  plain  is  almost  everywhere 
barren,  arid,  and  parched.  The  rainfall  on  it  is  scanty.  At  Accra, 
for  instance,  they  get  far  less  rain  than  in  London,  and  in  some  years 
the  rainfall  has  not  exceeded  thirteen  inches.  For  the  most  part 
this  coast  plain  is  either  solid  laterite  rock  or  bleak  sand.  Through- 
out its  length  are  found  at  intervals  expanses  of  brackish  water — 
the  lagoons  ;  some  of  them  mere  pools  on  the  shore,  but  others  of 
vast  size,  as,  for  instance,  the  Great  Lagoon  stretching  almost  the 
whole  length  of  the  Ivory  Coast,  fed  by  three  rivers,  and  discharging 
at  its  two  ends  and  also  at  Grand  Bassam  into  the  ocean.  As 
a  rule  these  lagoons  are  separated  only  by  a  narrow  spit  of  sand 
from  the  sea,  and  round  their  landward  margin  there  is  usually 
luxuriant  vegetation.  But  as  I  have  said,  for  the  most  part  the 
coastal  plain  is  a  desert  in  which  nothing  but  a  rank  tough  grass 
will  grow. 

Inland  of  the  coast  range  or  backbone  one  finds  a  series  of  some- 
what similar  ranges,  in  some  parts  a  quick  succession  of  high 


The  Commercial  Possibilities  of  West  Africa.  223 

mountains  and  deep  valleys,  in  others  long  sweeping  undulations, 
broken  at  points  by.  high  ridges.  This  mountain  country  is  the 
country  of  real  value  in  West  Africa.  It  is  the  forest  belt,  covered 
with  dense  vegetation,  watered  by  mountain  streams  and  heavy 
dews,  with  a  plentiful  rainfall  in  clearly  marked  seasons,  and  a  sub- 
soil composed  for  the  most  part  of  stiff  rock  clay,  through  which 
laterite,  in  some  places,  conglomerate,  in  others,  outcrops.  The 
surface  soil  here  is  deeper,  and,  of  course,  richer  in  humus  than  in 
any  other  part.  Nowhere  in  West  Africa  is  there  any  great  depth 
of  surface  soil ;  in  the  plains  on  the  coast  and  in  the  savannah 
inland,  it  is  measurable  almost  in  tenths  of  an  inch.  In  the  forest 
belt,  more  particularly  in  the  wider  valleys  and  along  river  banks, 
it  varies  in  depth  from  three  or  four  inches  up  to  as  much  as 
three  feet,  and  fifteen  inches  to  two  feet  is  a  very  normal  depth. 
The  width  of  the  forest  belt  varies  enormously.  In  some  places 
where  it  comes  down  to  the  coast,  as  in  the  east  of' Sierra  Leone,  in 
the  west  of  Liberia,  the  east  end  of  the  Ivory  Coast  and  the  west 
end  of  the  Gold  Coast,  it  extends  for  something  like  two  hundred 
miles.  In  other  places,  the  east  side  of  the  Gold  Coast,  for 
instance,  it  is  only  from  thirty'  to  forty  miles  wide.  Its  northern 
limit  runs  in  an  almost  perfectly  straight  line,  due  east  and  west 
along  the  eighth  parallel  of  latitude  ;  it  is  its  southern  border  which 
undulates.  It  runs  out  to  an  apex  just  west  of  Freetown  where  the 
two  edges :  meet,  so  that  along  the  Senegambiam  coast,  running 
north  and  south,  it  is  practically  non-existent,  and  you  get  direct 
from  the  sea  into  the  succeeding  vegetable  and  physical  belt. 

This  is  a  wide  band  of  very  regular  width  of  savannah,  or  open 
bush,  a  rolling  down-like  formation  of  grass  land  interspersed 
with  clumps  of  scrub,  and  freely  sprinkled  with  various  kinds  of 
trees  of  stunted  growth  and  a  certain  number  of  noble  cotton-woods 
and  baobabs.  The  subsoil  is  laterite  rock,  and  the  surface  soil  is 
scant  in  the  extreme.  Away  from  the  immediate  neighbourhoods  of 
the  Senegal,  the  Gambia  and  the  great  Niger  system,  there  is  an 
entire  absence  of  rivers,  and  even  small  streams  are  few  and  far 
between.  The  seasons  are  irregular,  and  the  rainfall  scant.  The 
conditions  in  short  are  not  unlike  those  prevailing  in  the  coastal 
plain.  This  resemblance  increases  as  one  gets  further  northward, 
until  one  comes  to  the  irregular  line  of  plains  which  fringe  the 
Soudan,  vast  expanses  of  undulating  waste,  whose  sorry  monotony 
is  only  emphasised  by  the  Shea  butter  trees  and  Meni  trees  which 
crowd  the  nearly  naked  laterite  with  their  grotesquely  distorted 
shapes. 


224  The  Commercial  Possibilities  of  West  Africa. 

The  savannah  is  the  pastoral  belt  of  West  Africa,  and  where,  as 
in  Nigeria  on  the  one  hand,  or  Senegambia  on  the  other,  it  is 
watered  by  large  rivers,  it  is  a  country  of  great  wealth  in  herds  and 
in  flocks.  It  is  a  belt  which  year  by  year,  mile  by  mile  is  eating  its 
way  south  into  the  Forest  belt,  owing  to  the  native  habit  of  firing 
the  vegetation  to  clear  the  land.  This  burning  consumes  all  the 
seedlings  and  younger  plants,  gnarls  and  stunts  and  shrivels  the 
established  trees,  and  makes  the  way  later  for  the  all  conquering 
grass  which  strangles  all  fresh  growth  but  its  own.  In  the  Soudan 
and  its  possibilities  this  country  has  unfortunately  no  interest 
except  in  the  extreme  north  of  Northern  Nigeria — using  the  name 
Soudan  in  its  proper  application,  that  is,  and  not  as  a  name  for 
Upper  Egypt. 

Such  then  is  roughly  the  physical  character  of  the  country. 
With  its  mineral  resources  I  do  not  purpose  to  deal  at  any  length  ; 
the  wealth  of  the  Gold  Coast  has  been  recognised  in  its  name  since 
the  seventeenth  century.  Iron  and  copper  are  known  to  exist  in 
large  quantities  and  are  extensively  worked  by  the  natives  and  have 
been  almost  from  time  immemorial.  Tin,  the  deposits  of  which 
also  were  not  neglected  by  the  aborigine,  is  now  of  course  being 
extracted  by  the  Niger  Company.  Oil  exists  and  is  now  being 
exploited  for  the  first  time.  Coal  has  been  reported  from  Adrar  and 
the  Soudan,  and  a  vast  number  of  other  forms  of  mineral  wealth 
occur  in  the  northern  sections  of  the  British  Possessions.  They, 
however,  are  a  study  in  themselves,  and  in  a  general  paper  of  this 
description  it  is  not  possible  to  do  more  than  call  attention  to  the 
fact  that  in  mineral  resources,  British  West  Africa  is  not  far  behind 
any  other  section  of  the  world  of  a  similar  area,  and  is  vastly  richer 
than  most. 

When  we  turn  to  vegetable  wealth  we  reach  a  department  in 
which  West  Africa  has  always  been  recognised  as  holding  first  rank. 
Rubber,  gums,  palm  oil  and  kernels,  shea  butter,  and  many  other 
sources  of  vegetable  oils,  fibres,  valuable  timbers,  fruits,  coffee,  and 
a  large  variety  of  pharmaceutical  drugs,  are  among  the  many  gifts 
of  Nature  independent  of  man's  assistance.  They  are  the  wild 
products,  forest  products,  indigenous  to  the  country,  as  even 
botanists  allow,  I  believe  ;  for — poor  tropical  Africa  ! — the  botanists, 
as  a  rule,  deny  that  anything  scarcely  is  indigenous  to  it,  and  it  is 
a  mystery  what  early  man  lived  on  when  we  are  taught  that  every 
food-stuff  in  the  country  was  introduced  in  comparatively  recent 
times.  But  dealing  with  these  forest  products  alone  for  the  moment. 
We  have  in  them  almost  limitless  sources  of  wealth,  if  they  are 


The  Commercial  Possibilities  of  West  Africa.  225 

properly  developed  and  properly  husbanded.  At  the  present  time 
they  represent  a  value  of  nearly  three  millions  sterling  out  of  the 
total  exports  from  British  West  Africa  of  about  ^4,000,000,  ex- 
cluding bullion  and  specie  ;  and,  so  far  as  many  of  the  products 
mentioned  are  concerned,  we  are  at  present  getting  only  a  tithe  of 
the  yield  of  the  known  supplies.  Vast  areas  still  remain  untapped, 
unexploited.  I  would  mention  the  enormous  untouched  palm  belts 
in  Sierra  Leone,  the  huge  tracts  of  shea-butter  trees  in  Northern 
Nigeria.  But,  beside  this,  there  are  every  year,  almost  every  month, 
being  revealed  to  our  astonished  eyes  fresh  sources  of  supply  in  this 
marvellous  tropical  treasure-house  ;  fresh  sources,  both  botanically 
and  geographically.  The  list  of  oil-producing  plants  alone  is  being 
constantly  added  to,  so  that  West  Africa  is  becoming  a  veritable 
widow's  cruse  which  faileth  not. 

Having  now  got  some  very  slight  idea  of  what  Nature  has  done 
for  this  Tom  Tiddler's  ground,  let  us  see  how  man  is  backing  her 
up.  And  first  we  must  look  at  the  native,  and  take  stock  of  him. 
It  is  very  difficult  to  generalise  about  him  ;  one  might  as  well  try 
to  generalise  about  a  "  European,"  bearing  in  mind  that  the  term 
would  cover  a  Laplander  and  a  Greek,  a  Russian  peasant  and  a 
French  wit.  But  one  can  safely  say  of  the  West  African  at  home — 
away  from  European  influence — that  he  is  not  so  black  as  he  is 
painted.  On  the  coast,  too  close  contact  with  white  civilisation  has 
undoubtedly  had  an  effeminating  effect  on  him.  Always  excepting 
those  riotous,  cheery  water-babies,  the  Kroos  and  the  Drouins, 
whose  hardy  independence  and  breezy  inherent  lawlessness  have 
preserved  their  characters,  the  coast  native  is,  as  a  rule,  an  indolent, 
impudent  creature,  whose  one  aim  is  an  office  stool  and  whose 
highest  ambition  is  to  be  a  leader  of  fashion.  Their  days  are 
devoted  to  a  careful  avoidance  of  exertion,  their  evenings  to  dances, 
and  parties,  and  clubs,  and  lodges,  and  their  nights  often  to  debauch 
and  licence.  They  are  libertines  at  twelve,  roues  at  eighteen,  and 
senile  at  twenty-five.  They  have  exchanged  the  rude  but  rigorous 
morals  of  their  ancestors,  their  honesty,  their  unswerving  loyalty, 
their  sobriety,  their  open-handed  generosity,  and  their  manliness 
for  the  dishonesty,  meannesses,  and  vice  of  a  Levantine  slum. 
Many  of  their  own  kith  and  kin  admit  that  this  is  the  case  ;  the 
more  thinking,  more  responsible  of  them  view  the  state  of  affairs 
with  openly  expressed  alarm.  But  it  is  to  be  hoped  that  the  present 
is  only  an  evolutionary  stage — a  transition  state.  Fine  characters 
are  found  here  and  there— Africans,  full-blooded,  not  ashamed  to 
hold  by  the  blood  of  their  clan,  men  who  are  a  credit  to  any  race. 

i 


226  The  Commercial  Possibilities  of  West  Africa. 

And  always  there  are  on  the  coast  those  Celts  of  Africa,  the  Kroos 
and  Drouins,  who  furnish  a  large  supply  of  coast  labour  of  the  very 
highest  description.  They  are  of  the  finest  type  of  manhood, 
powerful  as  oxen,  will  work  till  they  drop  for  anyone  who  has  the 
gift  of  handling  them,  are  skilful  to  the  verge  of  genius  in  all  that 
concerns  boats  and  the  handling  of  cargo  and  seacraft  generally. 
They  have  their  disadvantages,  of  course,  but  taken  all  round  they 
form  as  fine  a  supply  of  labour  as  could  be  desired. 

The  coastal  plain,  where  it  is  of  the  barren  character  I  have 
described — as  for  instance  near  Accra — is  of  course  uninhabited 
except  on  the   extreme   coast   fringe.     But   wherever  vegetation 
flourishes — and,  therefore,  particularly  in   the   forest  belt — West 
Africa,  if  not  densely  peopled,  is  at  least  well  populated.     The  in- 
habitants of   the  Forest  belt — a  vast  variety   of  tribes,  of   every 
imaginable  standard  of  physical  quality,  mental  and  moral  character, 
and   social   development — are    almost  all  of  them   agriculturists. 
They  live  in  villages  or  settlements  in  clearings  in  the  forest,  either 
natural  or  artificial,  and  depend  for  their  living  on  the  produce  of 
mother  earth.     As  a  whole  they  are  a  fine  set  of  people,  with  a 
certain  inherent  dignity,  who  have  been  sufficiently  long  in  touch 
with  the  white  man  to  have  left  the  age  of  pristine  savagery  far 
behind  them,  and  yet  have  not  been  in  such  close  contact  with  the 
debasing  influences  of  town  life  to  have  become  effeminate.     You 
will  often  hear  it  stated  that  the  black  man  is  lazy  and  indolent. 
That  is  a  charge  that  cannot  fairly  be  brought  against  the  better 
tribes  of  the  Forest  belt  in  West  Africa.     The  negro  does  not,  it  is 
true,  work  in  quite  the  same  fashion  as  we  are  used  to  :  they  have 
their  own  habits  and  methods.     It  is  no  good  expecting  them  to 
work  by  the  clock,  to  keep  regular  hours,  or  work  by  shifts  and 
relays.     They  will  work  in  their  own  way  :  one  man  may  stick  to  a 
job  for  twenty  hours  on  end  without  a  break,  and  then  take  twelve 
hours  off.     Another  will  take  a  few  minutes'  rest  every  half  hour. 
But  admitting  this,  recognising  that  their  way  is  not  our  way,  they 
are  still  fine  workers  when  they  have  sufficient  inducement  to  work  ; 
and  if  you  understand  how  to  handle  them,  you  can  get  as  good  labour 
as  you  can  desire.     A  man  who  will  entrust  a  job  to  the  natives 
and  leave  them  to  carry  it  out  in  their  own  fashion  will  not  have  to 
complain  of  their  indolence  or  ineptitude.     It  will  in  the  long  run 
be  done  in  as  short  a  time  and  as  well  as  it  could  be  done  by  the 
most  systematically  regulated  labour  in  Europe,  and  of  course  at  a 
less  cost. 

African  labour  is  a   highly  intelligent  labour.     The  more  one 


The  Commercial  Possibilities  of  West  Africa.  227 

sees  of  the  black  man,  the  more  intimately  one  gets  to  know  him, 
the  more  one  comes  to  realise  that  his  mind,  if  cast  in  a  very 
different  mould  from  the  white  man's,  is  of  a  much  higher  order 
than  one  at  first  imagined.     In  any  branch  of  labour  with  which 
they  have  been  for  any  length  of  time  acquainted,  they  are  extra- 
ordinarily skilled.     The  ability  of  the  Kroo  or  the  Drouin  in  all 
that  concerns  the  sea  is  paralleled  by  the  capacity  of  the  Yoruba, 
the  Krobo,  the  Mandingo,  and  other  tribes  in  agriculture.     They 
are   not   merely   agriculturists,  but   skilled   agriculturists.      They 
have  arrived,  presumably  empirically,  at  a  very  real  understanding 
of  the  principles   of  agriculture,  and  more  particularly,  of  those 
principles  as  applied  to  the  local  conditions  prevailing  in  their  own 
country.     Often  the  white  man  when  he  visits  them  for  the  first 
time  imagines  that  he  can  improve  their  methods,  only  to  find  that 
in  almost  every  case  there  is  some  very  definite  good  reason  for 
those  methods.     At  first  sight  the  agriculture  of  the  native  appears 
to  the  European  a  casual  and  haphazard  affair,  and  often  one  hears 
remarks  about  his  simply  putting  seed  in  the  ground  and  sitting 
down  to  wait  for  Nature  to  do  the  rest.     As  a  matter  of  fact  this  is 
utterly  untrue.     He  has  a  very  regular  system  and  a  very  strict 
routine,  and  much  of  what  appears  at  first  sight  to  be  chance  is  the 
result  of  generations  of  experience,  and  one  finds  that  not  only  is 
the  black  man  skilled  in  those  forms  of  agriculture  to  which  he  has 
for  long  been  habituated,  but  also  that  he  is  extraordinarily  quick  to 
learn  new  cultivations,  the  growth  and  preparation  of  exotic  crops. 
I  need  only  cite  one  case,  that  of  cocoa  on  the  Gold  Coast.     Only  a 
few  years  ago  the  total  export  of  cocoa  from  the  Gold  Coast  was 
80  Ibs  ,  experimentally  grown  in  the  botanical  gardens.     Up  to  the 
end  of  December,  the  shipments  of  cocoa  from  the  Gold  Coast  for 
the  present  season  had  amounted  to  no  less  than  21,000,000  of 
Ibs.,  and    the   whole   of  this   enormous   export   is   the   result   of 
native  agriculture.     It  was  my  good  fortune  recently  in  Africa  to 
spend  two  months  living  on  the  native  farms  examining  the  methods 
of  the  farmers  and  studying  their  characters,  and  I  was  immensely 
struck  with  the  high  level  to  which  they  attained,  both  in  their 
calling  and  in  their  general  personal  attainments. 

When  one  has  passed  through  the  Forest  belt  and  reached  the 
savannah  and  open  country  beyond,  one  comes  to  races  and  tribes 
which  are  more  particularly  pastoral  and,  therefore,  as  is  invariably 
the  case  with  pastoral  peoples,  inherently  nomad  in  their  instinct. 
It  is  true  that  in  many  cases  they  have  settled  down  into  towns  or 
villages,  or  possessed  themselves  of  large  tracts  of  territory,  founding 

i  2 


228  The  Commercial  Possibilities  of  West  Africa. 

countries,  such  as  the  Haussa  States  on  the  one  hand,  or  the  Futa 
Jallon  on  the  other.  But  if  their  mode  of  life  has  changed,  they 
still  possess  in  their  characters  most  of  those  traits  which  are 
usually  associated  with  nomad  races.  Physically  they  are,  speaking 
generally,  a  fine  and  well-developed  people,  of  great  personal 
courage,  much  dignity,  with  a  strong  sense  of  the  laws  of  hospitality, 
and  devoted  to  their  domestic  animals  ;  on  the  other  hand,  they  are 
cunning,  unscrupulous  in  barter,  and  of  a  generally  unruly,  lawless 
disposition  ;  and  it  is  in  these  northern  tribes,  whether  in  their  own 
homes  or  when  they  have  settled  amongst  other  races  further  south, 
that  the  principal  difficulties  arise  in  governance  and  in  the  mainte- 
nance of  order.  They  are  not  at  the  present  time  a  supply  of 
labour  that  can  be  relied  on,  except  in  the  one  calling  to  which  they 
are  accustomed — that  of  stock-raising. 

Now,  in  considering  the  commercial  possibilities  of  a  country, 
scarcely  less  important  than  the  character  of  its  inhabitants  is  the 
political  and  social  development  that  they  attain  to.  And  there  is 
one  great  advantage  which  the  British  colonies  possess  in  this 
respect.  Comparisons,  I  know,  are  odious,  but  I  have  so  often  had 
occasion  to  speak  favourably  of  the  benefits  conferred  by  France  on 
her  colonies,  that  it  is  only  fair  to  allude  to  the  other  side  of  the 
medal.  In  the  French  colonies,  you  have,  first  of  all,  in  Senegal 
proper,  the  black  man  admitted  to  the  full  republican  franchise  and 
returning  a  deputy  to  the  Chamber  in  Paris,  a  thing  undreamed  of 
in  our  own  Colonies.  Then  you  have,  in  both  Dakar  and  St.  Louis, 
an  elected  municipality  ;  you  find  in  all  the  administrative  offices  in 
Senegal  and  in  Guinea,  and  to  a  less  extent  on  the  Ivory  Coast, 
blacks  and  mulattoes  occupying  positions  of  the  utmost  responsi- 
bility, and  in  the  first-named  Colony  almost  monopolising  govern- 
ment posts.  Yet  I  doubt  very  much  whether  the  bulk  of  the  black 
population  in  the  French  possessions  has  been  materially  raised  in 
the  scale  of  civilisation  by  reason  of  French  administration.  I  will 
give  an  instance  of  what  I  mean.  It  is  practically  impossible  for  a 
private  individual  to  engage  a  caravan  of  voluntary  carriers  any- 
where up  country  in  the  French  possessions.  He  is  forced  to  apply 
to  the  local  administrator,  who  sets  in  motion  a  beautifully  con- 
trived and  beautifully  controlled  organisation,  which  results  in  his 
obtaining  next  morning  a  gang  of  forced  labour.  He  must  start 
with  at  least  ten  per  cent,  more  men  than  he  requires  to  allow  for 
desertions,  and  he  must  take  one  or  more  policemen  with  him  to 
reduce  the  desertions  to  a  minimum.  Almost  anywhere  in  the 
British  colonies  one  can  engage  carriers  by  the  ordinary  process  of 


The  Commercial  Possibilities  of  West  Africa.  229 

bargaining,  and  everywhere  along  one's  road  one  will  receive  appli- 
cations for  employment.  We  may  have  moved  slowly,  we  may  not 
be  as  quick  in  opening  up  the  country,  or  in  developing  its  resources 
as  our  neighbours,  but  we've  made  a  man  of  the  black.  We  had,  I 
fancy,  rather  better  material  to  deal  with  in  the  first  instance,  if  we 
except  the  WToloffs,  Toucouleurs,  Saracolese,  and  Pules  of  Senegal, 
and  the  Foulani  of  Guinea.  But,  however  this  may  be,  we  have 
taught  the  black  man  that  he  is  a  free  agent,  and  that  he  must 
shift  for  himself.  That  is  a  very  great  point.  All  over  the  French 
colonies  you  will  find  white  traders  established,  but  never  a  black. 
In  the  British  colonies,  the  white  trader — speaking  generally — still 
hugs  the  coast,  but  everywhere,  in  almost  every  village,  you  will  find 
the  black  regularly  engaged  in  trade.  The  negro  in  the  republican 
colonies,  although  in  some  cases  he  has  the  vote  and  is  a  French 
citizen,  is  nevertheless,  with  the  exception  of  a  very  small  minority, 
a  barbarian  in  subjection  to  a  foreign  race  :  in  the  British  colonies 
he  may  have  no  paper  rights,  but  he  is  an  independent  Britisher, 
engaged  in  business  "  on  his  own,"  and  capable  of  competing  with 
the  white  man  in  his  midst. 

In  considering  the  population  of  British  West  Africa  from  the 
point  of  view  of  the  available  supply  of  labour,  we  have  one  very 
peculiar  factor  to  take  into  consideration.  The  black  man  in  one 
respect  presents  an  economic  paradox.  In  most  parts  of  the  world 
when  the  demand  either  for  a  commodity  or  for  labour  increases, 
the  price  is  raised,  and  the  supply  increases,  once  more  depressing 
the  price  until  equilibrium  is  established.  But  in  West  Africa  this 
rule  cannot  be  said  to  apply,  and  for  a  very  simple  reason.  The 
needs  of  the  native,  over  and  above  those  which  are  supplied  by 
nature  without  any  exertion  on  his  part,  are  few  and  easily  satisfied. 
Wealth  in  itself  to  him  is  at  the  present  time  no  incentive  to  work. 
He  has  not  yet  felt  the  greed  of  possession.  The  consequence  is 
that  all  he  requires  is  just  sufficient  money  to  satisfy  those  wants 
which  nature  does  not  already  fill.  This  calculated  on  the  Euro- 
pean scale  is  a  very  small  amount  indeed.  At  the  present  time,  if 
we  take  the  rate  of  wages  on  the  West  Coast  of  Africa  at  an 
average  of  about  a  shilling  a  day,  we  find  that  the  labourer  can 
earn  in  one  day  sufficient  to  keep  him  for  from  six  days  in  a  town 
to  four  weeks  in  the  bush.  The  town  labourer  has  therefore  no 
incentive  to  work  more  than  one  day  in  six,  or  the  country  man  more 
than  one  day  a  month.  This  perhaps  is  the  extreme  case,  but  one 
can  safely  say  that  the  black  man  need  only  work  a  very  small  pro- 
portion of  his  time  to  earn  sufficient  to  keep  him  in  comfort.  Now 


230  The  Commercial  Possibilities  of  West  Africa. 

if  you  raise  the  price  of  labour,  the  increase  does  not  offer  the 
negro  the  smallest  inducement  to  work  any  longer  but  rather  the 
reverse.  He  earns  in  a  shorter  time  all  that  he  needs,  and  the 
consequence  is  that  he  is  only  disposed  to  work  for  a  less  time 
than  when  wages  were  lower.  Similarly,  with  commodities, 
merchants  have  actually  found  that  when  the  price  of,  say,  rubber, 
goes  up  in  Europe,  so  that  they  are  able,  in  competing  amongst 
themselves  as  buyers  on  the  coast,  to  offer  a  greater  price  for  the 
raw  produce  to  the  native,  they  obtain  a  less  quantity  of  it.  And 
why  ?  Because  the  native  rubber  gatherer  finds  that  whereas 
before  he  had  to  bring  in  a  pound  of  rubber  to  earn  enough  to  keep 
him  for  a  month,  he  now  need  only  bring  in  twelve  ounces.  It  is 
no  advantage  to  him  to  get  the  extra  remuneration  for  bringing  in 
a  full  pound,  and  therefore  he  contents  himself  with  bringing  in 
the  twelve  ounces  ;  and  so  the  tendency  is  for  an  increase  of  price 
to  curtail  the  supply  rather  than  to  enlarge  it. 

At  the  present  time  on  the  West  Coast  of  Africa  there  is  a 
terrible  waste  of  labour  due  to  the  existing  method  of  transport. 
Indeed,  the  main  problem  in  the  commercial  development  of  West 
Africa  may  be  said  to  be  the  labour  problem,  and  this  hinges 
absolutely  and  completely  on  the  transport  problem.  At  the  present 
time  up-country  produce  has  to  be  carried  to  the  coast  on  men's 
heads  in  loads  of,  at  the  outside,  seventy  to  eighty  pounds,  and  in 
the  majority  of  cases  sixty  pounds  is  a  fair  average.  Even  when 
carrying  his  own  produce  for  his  own  benefit  the  native  carrier 
cannot  do  much  more  than  twenty  to  twenty-five  miles  a  day,  and 
certainly  thirty  miles  would  be  his  maximum.  It  therefore 
takes  forty  men  a  day  to  carry  every  ton  of  produce  twenty-five 
miles.  Just  imagine  what  this  means.  It  would  take  forty  men 
eight  days  to  carry  a  ton  from  London  to  Liverpool.  In  other 
words,  it  occupies  a  far  greater  amount  of  labour  to  carry  produce 
to  the  coast  than  to  raise  and  prepare  it.  The  bulk  of  the  labour 
in  the  country  is  occupied  in  transport.  Once,  by  introducing 
modern  methods  of  transport,  you  have  set  this  labour  free,  you 
have  an  ample  supply  for  the  commercial  development  of  the 
country.  The  first  step  in  this  direction  is  the  construction  of 
good  roads.  At  the  present  time  native  paths  are  as  a  rule 
circuitous  and  narrow,  the  reason,  of  course,  being  that  in  the  days 
when  these  paths  were  first  followed,  the  dictates  of  security  in  a 
country  where  every  village  was  at  hostility  with  its  neighbour, 
necessitated  the  approaches  to  the  villages  being  as  secluded  and  as 
difficult  of  traversing  as  possible.  Tradition  is  strong  with  the 


The  Commercial  Possibilities  of  West  Africa.  231 

West  African  native,  and  he  continues  to  follow  these  narrow 
twisting  paths  long  after  this  need  has  passed  away.  Straight,  wide 
roads  would  in  themselves  effect  a  great  saving  of  labour,  first  by 
shortening  the  route,  and,  secondly,  by  enabling  the  use  of  wheel 
traffic  and  the  rolling  of  barrels.  But  a  far  greater  and  more  im- 
portant advance  would  be  made  by  the  extension  of  railways,  and 
more  particularly,  of  light  railways  and  tramways.  Much  is  already 
being  done  in  both  these  directions,  in  almost  all  the  British 
colonies,  but  much  remains  yet  to  be  done.  Even  a  De  Cauville 
tramway  worked  by  human  traction  effects  an  enormous  saving  of 
labour,  as  by  this  means  one  native  instead  of  only  carrying  sixty 
pounds  for  twenty-five  miles  in  a  day  can  push  a  truck  containing 
ten  times  the  amount  almost  double  the  distance  ;  in  other  words, 
he  does  the  work  of  eighteen  men,  and,  of  course,  not  only  is  there 
an  enormous  amount  of  labour  thus  set  free  from  a  wasteful 
occupation  for  useful  employment,  but  also  produce  is  brought  down 
country  at  an  infinitesimal  fraction  of  the  present  cost  of  transport. 
Now,  in  viewing  the  commercial  possibilities  of  West  Africa 
there  are  two  distinct  aspects  from  which  we  may  look  at  the 
question.  There  is  first,  the  increase  possible  in  those  departments 
of  commerce  which  are  at  present  exploited ;  and  there  is, 
secondly,  the  opening  up  of  new  fields  of  enterprise.  In  almost 
every  department  of  West  African  commerce  as  at  present  existing 
there  is,  it  is  scarcely  any  exaggeration  to  say,  limitless  scope  for 
increase  in  extension.  The  making  of  roads,  railways,  and  tram- 
ways, such  as  I  have  indicated,  would  enable  produce  which  at 
present  cannot  profitably  be  exported,  to  be  brought  from  the 
far-off  interior.  There  are  millions  of  tons  of  palm  kernels 
annually  rotting  because  they  are  too  far  from  the  coast  to  bear  the 
cost  of  transport.  There  are  thousands  of  square  miles  covered 
with  fibre-producing  plants,  with  Shea  butter-trees,  with  Meni 
trees,  which  are  entirely  unexploited  for  the  same  reason  ;  and 
there  are  vast  regions  capable  of  producing  an  enormous  mass  of 
agricultural  crops  which  are  at  present  untouched  by  the  hand  of 
man,  because  the  farm  produce  from  them  would  be  worth  its 
weight  in  gold  by  the  time  it  reached  the  coast  if  it  had  to  bear 
the  cost  of  transport.  Already  the  progress  which  is  being  made 
in  opening  up  the  British  colonies  by  means  of  roads  and  railways 
is  having  an  astounding  effect  on  the  increase  of  the  commerce  of 
these  countries.  The  trade  in  British  West  Africa,  although  not 
advancing  in  geometrical  progression,  is  at  any  rate  increasing  in 
something  more  than  arithmetical  progression.  In  1901  the  total 


232  The  Commercial  Possibilities  of  West  Africa. 

exports  of  British  West  Africa  were  valued  at  three  and  a  quarter 
million  sterling.  In  1905  they  reached  a  value  of  not  far  short 
of  five  and  a  half  millions ;  and  for  last  jear  they  probably 
exceeded  six  and  a  quarter  millions — that  is,  in  five  years  they 
have  all  but  doubled  in  value,  and  at  the  present  day  we  are  touch- 
ing a  mere  fraction  of  the  wealth  in  the  narrowest  fringe  of  these 
vast  possessions.  As  a  whole,  British  West  Africa  has  scarcely 
begun  to  be  exploited.  With  every  new  area  that  is  opened  up  by 
a  road  or  railway  we  may  confidently  anticipate  an  additional 
increase  in  the  commerce  of  the  colony  in  which  it  is  situated. 

As  to  the  possibilities  of  new  forms  of  enterprise  we  are  on  far 
less  certain  ground.  The  obvious  opening  for  enterprise  would 
appear  to  be  in  planting ;  but  if  by  this  is  to  be  understood  white 
planters  establishing  themselves  on  the  West  Coast  of  Africa,  it 
must  always  be  borne  in  mind  that  the  climate  has  to  be  taken  into 
consideration.  There  are  no  doubt  many  parts  in  West  Africa, 
more  particularly  in  the  Gold  Coast  Colony,  which  are  not  less 
healthy  than  many  parts  in  other  tropical  countries  where  white 
men  have  established  themselves,  and  there  are  one  or  two  points 
which  are  possibly  as  healthy  as  can  be  desired.  There  are  indeed 
at  the  present  time  several  white  planters  established  in  this 
colony.  But  when  all  is  said  and  done  the  fact  still  remains  that 
West  Africa  as  a  whole  is  not  a  white  man's  country.  In  the 
French  colonies,  it  is  true,  there  is  a  large  white  population,  many 
of  whom  are  to  all  intents  and  purposes  permanent  residents.  The 
officials  go  out  for  lengthy  periods  into  the  far-off  interior,  taking 
their  families  with  them,  and  establish  themselves  in  permanent 
homes,  much  as  our  own  people  do  in  India  ;  and  in  parts  of 
French  West  Africa  the  mortality  rate  has  been  reduced  as  low  as 
a  fraction  over  ten  per  thousand.  But  it  will  certainly  be  a  very 
long  time  before  similar  results  are  achieved  in  the  British  colonies, 
partly  from  natural  causes  and  partly  owing  to  our  entirely  diffe- 
rent political  system.  And  so  we  must  not  look  forward  to  the 
prospect  of  white  planters  settling  in  any  large  numbers. 

The  line  upon  which  the  development  of  British  West  Africa 
should  proceed,  so  far  as  agriculture  is  concerned,  is  the  encourage- 
ment and  education  of  native  planters.  The  native,  just  as  he  has 
been  introduced  on  the  Gold  Coast  to  cocoa  cultivation,  can  be 
taught  and  induced  to  grow  an  enormous  number  of  other  forms  of 
tropical  produce  for  which  the  country  is  suited,  but  which  at 
present  are  not  raised  in  it.  The  white  man  must  content  himself 
with  making  his  profit  by  trading  in  this  produce.  The  list  of 


The  Commercial  Possibilities  of  West  Africa.  233 

forms  of  cultivation  which  might  be  established  in  West  Africa,  with 
an  almost  certainty  of  success,  is  as  long  as  that  in  any  other  tropical 
country,  with  the  possible  exceptions  of  Java  and  Ceylon  ;  and  in 
many  cases  West  Africa  will  produce  crops  in  a  higher  state  of 
excellence,  or  more  easily,  than  they  can  be  raised  elsewhere  in  the 
Tropics.  Lagos  maize  is  a  case  in  point.  There  is  no  reason  why 
Southern  Nigeria  should  not  at  a  very  early  date  be  one  of  the  great 
maize-producing  countries  of  the  world.  It  is  capable  of  producing 
a  maize  of  a  quality  superior  to  almost  any  other,  and  of  producing 
it  in  vast  quantities.  And  it  must  always  be  borne  in  mind  that,  in 
the  development  of  a  new  country,  a  staple  product,  such  as  maize, 
is  of  far  greater  economic  advantage  than  even  high-priced  com- 
modities, such  as  cocoa  and  rubber,  of  variable  and  comparatively 
restricted  demand.  Again,  almost  all  over  the  British  colonies 
ground  nuts  could  be  raised.  The  French  Colony  of  Senegal 
exports  ^600,000  worth  of  ground  nuts  annually,  principally  for  the 
manufacture  of  olive  oil.  The  Gambia  is  the  only  British  colony 
which  exports  any  ground  nuts  to  speak  of,  and  a  great  part  of  this 
export  is  derived  from  the  French  colonies  on  its  border.  The 
possibilities  of  Northern  Nigeria  as  a  cotton-producing  country  are 
already  being  proved  by  the  British  Cotton-growing  Association, 
with  every  prospect  of  enormous  success.  There  are  very  many  other 
fibre-producing  plants  known  to  thrive  in  West  Africa,  which  might 
be  cultivated  at  a  highly  satisfactory  profit.  In  one  or  two 
places  experiments  are  now  being  tentatively  made  with  some  of 
them.  British  WTest  Africa  at  present  imports  large  quantities  of 
rice,  yet  both  hill  and  paddy  rice  grow  luxuriantly  almost  all  over 
the  West  Coast  colonies,  and  the  produce  is  declared  to  be  of  a 
higher  dietetic  value  than  East  Indian  rice.  Rubber  is  so  obvious 
a  suggestion  that  I  need  scarcely  allude  to  it,  beyond  uttering  a 
word  of  warning  to  prospective  planters  that  they  would  be  well 
advised  very  carefully  to  consider  whether  it  is  not  better,  in  those 
parts  in  which  the  Funtumia  elastica  is  indigenous,  to  plant  it, 
rather  than  the  exotic  Para,  seeing  that  the  success  of  the  former  is 
assured,  even  though  it  may  take  longer  to  come  to  maturity  than 
the  latter,  whilst  the  prospects  for  Hevea  brasiliensis  are  still,  to 
say  the  least  of  them,  somewhat  problematic  in  West  Africa. 
Without  dealing  in  detail  with  all  the  possible  cultivations  for 
which  West  Africa  is  suitable,  I  would  merely  suggest  that  there 
are  parts,  at  any  rate,  where  camphor,  tobacco,  or  tea  can  be  grown 
on  a  commercial  scale.  Of  plants  which  are  at  present  cultivated 
but  are  not  exploited  as  they  might  be  in  the  interests  of  commerce, 

13 


234  The  Commercial  Possibilities  of  West  Africa. 

I  would  mention  chillies,  ginger,  a  large  number  of  native  cereals, 
cassava  (for  starch),  coconuts,  kolas,  and  possibly  coffee  ;  though 
the  conditions  prevailing  almost  preclude  the  growing  of  the  last- 
mentioned  at  present  market  prices.  It  is  of  course  indigenous  in 
West  Africa,  and  grows  to  perfection  and  without  trouble,  but  it 
cannot  be  placed  on  the  market  to  compete  with  the  produce  of 
countries  which  are  not  handicapped  by  the  system  of  head 
porterage.  This,  however,  is  a  matter  of  time  only.  Similarly,  in 
the  not  very  distant  future,  there  is  a  long  list  of  tropical  fruits, 
more  particularly  oranges,  pineapples,  and  bananas,,  which  can  be 
grown  in  a  finer  quality  in  West  Africa  than  almost  anywhere  else, 
but  are  at  the  present  debarred  from  commercial  exploitation  owing 
to  local  conditions. 

Finally,  there  is  one  last  factor  which  will  go  far  to  ensure  the 
commercial  prosperity  of  British  West  Africa,  and  that  is  the 
extraordinary  cheapness  of  administration.  The  credit  that  is  due 
to  the  devoted  officials  who  carry  on  the  government  of  British 
West  Africa  can  best  be  brought  home  perhaps  by  a  simple  com- 
parison. British  West  Africa  is  as  nearly  as  possible  forty  times 
the  extent  of  the  British  West  Indies — 486,000  square  miles  against 
12,000  square  miles.  The  commerce  of  British  West  Africa,  which, 
as  I  have  said,  is  increasing  by  leaps  and  bounds,  is  now  over 
£11,000,000,  or  not  far  short  of  the  commerce  of  the  West  Indies 
which  has  remained  stationary  for  some  fifteen  years  at  about 
£14,000,000  sterling. 

The  former  is  a  vast,  practically  undeveloped  and  barbarian 
country,  whilst  the  latter  are  old-established,  highly  civilised  and 
thoroughly  organised  islands.  There  is,  therefore,  in  British  West 
Africa  a  drain  on  its  resources  for  development  and  for  military 
establishments  which  is  unknown  in  the  West  Indies.  Presumably 
the  West  Indies  which  are,  at  any  rate  according  to  popular 
impression,  not  as  prosperous  as  once  they  were,  are  as  cheaply 
administered  as  possible.  Yet  with  all  these  differences  between 
the  two,  the  486,000  square  miles  of  British  West  Africa  are 
administered  for  within  a  pound  or  two  of  exactly  the  same  sum  as 
the  12,000  square  miles  of  the  West  Indies,  and  the  debt  of  the  one 
is  almost  exactly  the  same  as  the  debt  of  the  other. 

Given  a  large  area  of  productive  tropical  land,  within  easy  access 
of  Europe,  provided  by  Nature  with  many  river  mouths  and 
harbours,  peopled  by  a  sufficient  population  of  skilful  and  intelli- 
gent workers,  capable  of  easy  development,  and  of  being  administered 
more  cheaply  than  any  other  part  of  the  British  dominions,  and  we 


The  Commercial  Possibilities  of  West  Africa.  235 

are   fully  justified  in   viewing,  with   confident   anticipation  of   a 
brilliant  success,  the  commercial  future  of  British  West  Africa. 


DISCUSSION. 

Sir  E.  NOEL  WALKER,  K.C.M.G.,  observed  that  he  had  no  per- 
sonal acquaintance  with  the  Colonies  under  discussion,  but  having 
served  thirty-nine  years  in  the  tropical  Crown  Colonies  and  being 
the  son  of  one  whose  services  went  back  thirty-seven  years  before 
that  time,  he  could  not  but  have  an  interest  in  every  part  of  our 
Colonial  possessions.  He  was  grateful  to  the  lecturer  for  the 
interesting  way  in  which  he  had  brought  these  Colonies  before  us 
— Colonies  which  were  not  sufficiently  known  in  this  country.  The 
map  hardly  gave  one  a  true  impression  of  the  extent  of  these 
possessions,  which  he  found  aggregated  in  extent  500,000  square 
miles,  with  a  population  of  27^  millions,  a  revenue  of  2J  millions, 
and  a  trade  of  11  millions — figures  which  corroborated  what  the 
lecturer  had  stated  as  to  the  manner  in  which  these  possessions 
were  administered.  There  was  no  doubt  that  through  the  agency 
of  Sir  Alfred  Jones  and  the  Cotton-growing  Association,  and 
others,  these  countries  would  be  largely  developed,  and  in  another 
generation  we  should  find  they  had  taken  vast  strides  upwards.  In 
regard  to  transport,  as  to  the  importance  of  which  he  entirely  agreed, 
he  was  reminded  of  a  story  told  by  Charles  Kingsley,  who,  when  on 
a  visit  in  Trinidad,  asked  the  Governor,  Lord  Stanrnore,  then  Sir 
Arthur  Gordon,  what  were  the  three  requirements  of  a  Colony, 
and  the  reply  was  "Roads,  Eoads,  and  again  Roads."  He  entirely 
agreed  with  the  remarks  about  the  native  races.  He  thought  they 
were  not  understood  here.  It  was  very  much  the  custom  to  speak 
of  the  "  dashed  lazy  nigger."  That  was  not  his  experience  of  him. 
When  the  native  got  fair  treatment  (he  was  not  meaning  to  make  any 
imputation  on  any  class)  and  knew  that  he  would  get  fair  regular 
wages  if  he  worked,  he  was  as  good  a  labourer  as  could  be  found 
anywhere.  He  remembered  in  Jamaica  a  railway  contractor,  at 
the  conclusion  of  some  railway  extension,  made  a  speech  not 
altogether  acceptable  to  those  who  took  the  lazy  nigger  view,  and 
said,  "  Give  me  the  Jamaica  black  man  and  Is.  a  day,  and  I  will 
get  as  good  a  day's  labour  as  I  have  got  anywhere  else."  He  would 
only  further  remind  the  meeting  that  the  Jamaica  negro  did  the 
hard  work  in  the  Panama  Canal,  and  the  material  work  on  the 
Panama  Railway.  He  felt  grateful  to  the  lecturer  for  the  trouble 


236  The  Commercial  Possibilities  of  West  Africa. 

he  had  taken  in  this  matter,  and  he  felt  sure  the  audience  would 
join  in  a  cordial  expression  of  thanks. 

Sir  FRANCIS  LOVELL,  C.M.G.,  remarked  that  he  was  engaged  on 
the  West  Coast  for  five  years  thirty  years  ago,  but  he  still  kept  up 
an  interest  in  that  part  of  the  world  and  kept  himself  acquainted 
with  its  progress.  It  was  a  pleasure  to  him  to  hear  of  the  advances 
made,  not  only  in  connection  with  agriculture  and  minerals,  but  in 
many  other  matters.  It  was  in  connection  with  the  medical  service 
that 'he  spent  his  time  in  that  part  of  the  Empire.  At  that  time 
(1873-78)  the  health  generally  of  Europeans  was  most  unfavourable, 
but  since  then  he  was  glad  to  say  a  great  benefit  had  been  con- 
ferred on  the  people  through  the  researches  made  in  connection 
with  tropical  diseases,  notably  by  the  Schools  of  Tropical  Medicine 
in  London  and  Liverpool.  He  was  glad  to  hear  Sir  Noel  Walker 
speak  as  he  did  with  regard  to  the  African  negro.  When  he 
himself  was  there  he  used  to  think  the  negro  was  badly  treated 
— very  badly  treated  by  many  men  who  ought  to  have  treated  him 
better — but  he  was  glad  to  think  that  kind  of  treatment  was  now 
dying  out.  Give  him  a  fair  chance,  treat  him  properly,  and  the 
African  negro,  not  only  on  the  West  Coast  but  in  the  West  Indies, 
was  equal  to  any  other  man.  With  regard  to  the  products  on  the 
West  Coast,  he  had  often  wondered  why  sugar  was  not  produced  to 
any  large  extent.  He  recollected  that  at  Sierra  Leone  sugar  would 
grow  well.  The  canes  were  magnificent,  but  they  were  not  culti- 
vated for  commercial  purposes.  He  was  quite  sure  the  soil  and 
climate  generally  of  the  West  Coast  lent  themselves  to  the  production 
of  sugar.  In  the  West  Indies  the  cultivation  of  sugar  for  many  years 
had  been  carried  on  principally  by  coolie  labour  from  the  East 
Indies,  and  had  answered  extremely  well.  Trinidad  was,  perhaps, 
the  only  exception  to  the  rule  that  the  West  Indies  did  not  pay,  and 
as  long  as  the  introduction  of  coolie  labour  continued  from  the 
East  Indies  he  felt  sure  the  cultivation  of  sugar  and  cocoa  would 
keep  up  the  prosperity  of  Trinidad.  On  the  West  Coast  there 
might  be  a  difficulty  because  expensive  machinery  was  necessary, 
but  in  the  matter  of  climate  there  was  no  reason  why  the  coolies 
should  not  be  as  healthy  there  as  in  the  West  Indie?. 

Mr.  W.  H.  LEVER,  M.P.,  agreed  that  the  key  to  the  situation  in 
West  Africa  was  improved  transport.  That  depended  on  roads, 
and  railways  were  a  very  efficient  form  of  roads.  It  would  not  be 
desirable  that  every  trader  should  be  allowed  to  go  there  and  build 
railways,  because  monopolies  would  be  created.  If  the  Government 
would  help  with  these  railways  in  some  way,  he  did  not  see  why 


The  Commercial  Possibilities  of  'West  Africa.  "2'67 

they  could  not  get  an  ample  return,  and  the  railways  be  made 
available  for  all  traders.  It  was  unquestionable  that  the  railways 
were  necessary  to  the  development  of  the  country.  With  improved 
conditions  he  did  not  think  the  labourer  would  long  be  content 
with  his  present  rate  of  pay.  His  wants  would  be  increased,  and 
that  would  be  better  for  trade.  He  feared  our  own  Government 
did  not  take  a  proper  view  of  these  things.  He  had  had  some 
small  relations  with  the  Government  in  the  Pacific,  and  they  seemed 
unnecessarily  alarmed  lest  money  should  be  made  there.  It  was 
very  probable  that  in  the  near  future  Germany  would  be  doing 
more  for  her  Colonies  in  the  Pacific.  It  was  to  be  hoped  her 
example  would  stimulate  our  own  Government. 

The  CHAIRMAN  (Sir  Frederick  Young,  K.C.M.G.),  in  moving  a 
vote  of  thanks  to  the  lecturer,  said  that  he  was  particularly 
interested  in  the  references  which  had,  both  by  the  noble  lecturer 
and  others,  been  made  not  only  to  the  commercial  development 
of  West  Africa,  but  to  the  improvement  in  the  condition  of  the 
natives  of  that  vast  territory  under  the  sway  of  Great  Britain. 
That  was  one  of  the  things  amongst  others  that  we,  who  claimed 
to  be  pioneers  of  civilisation,  might  sincerely  congratulate  ourselves 
upon.  As  regarded  the  advances  made  in  late  years  to  promote 
health  in  tropical  regions,  he  might  mention  that  he  was  a 
member  of  the  London  Committee  of  the  Tropical  School  of 
Medicine,  as  well  as  of  the  Seamen's  Hospital  Society,  to  which 
it  was  attached ;  and  he  felt  quite  assured  that  that  institution,  as 
well  as  the  similar  great  Tropical  School  in  Liverpool,  were  doing 
immense  good  in  discovering  the  causes  of  tropical  diseases,  and 
endeavouring  to  ameliorate  the  conditions  generally  of  health  both 
of  natives  and  Englishmen  in  tropical  countries. 

In  reply,  LOUD  MOUNTMORRES  stated  that  a  large  quantity  of 
sugar  was  grown  in  certain  parts  of  the  West  Coast.  It  was  not, 
however,  exploitable  from  a  commercial  point  of  view,  because,  no 
doubt,  of  the  difficulties  suggested — namely,  the  necessity  of  in- 
stalling expensive  machinery,  and  the  fact  that  the  means  of 
transport  in  the  up-country  districts  were  not  good.  There  had 
been  at  different  times  movements  for  the  introduction  of  coolie 
labour.  About  1,000  Chinamen  were  at  one  time  imported,  and 
there  was  one  left.  The  climate  did  not  suit  them.  He  believed 
the  Imperial  Government  were  a  little  shy  of  allowing  experiments 
to  be  tried  with  East  Indians. 

A  cordial  vote  of  thanks  was  given  to  the  Chairman  for  presiding. 


238 


SIXTH   ORDINARY   GENERAL   MEETING. 

THE  Sixth  Ordinary  General  Meeting  of  the  Session  was  held  at 
the  Whitehall  Rooms,  Hotel  Metropole,  on  Tuesday,  April  9,  1907, 
when  a  Paper  on  "  Some  Federal  Tendencies  in  Australia  "  was 
read  by  the  Hon.  J.  W.  Hackett,  M.L.C.,  LL.D. 

Lieut.-General   Sir   J.    Bevan   Edwards,    K.C.M.G.,    C.B.,    a 
member  of  the  Council  of  the  Institute,  presided. 

The  Minutes  of  the  last  Ordinary  General  Meeting  were  read  and 
confirmed,  and  it  was  announced  that  since  that  Meeting  20 
Fellows  had  been  elected,  viz.  8  Resident,  '.12  Non-Resident. 

Resident  Fellows: 

Frederick  Anderson,  Gerald  M.  Browne,  E.  Gwelo  Goodman,  Frederick 
Green,  Edward  S.  Grigson,  Arthur  Hassam,  F.G.S.,  Richard  Lilienf eld,  John 
C.  Mackay,  AMJnst.C.E. 

Non-Resident  Fellows : 

Morris  Alexander  (Cape  Colony],  Gordon  Beves  (Transvaal),  John  Court 
(New  Zealand),  Wm.  Markhdm  Dean  (Falkland  Islands),  Win.  H.  de  Silva, 
M.B.,  F.R.C.S.E.  (Ceylon),  Patrick  Duncan,  C.M.G.  (Transvaal),  Wm.  E. 
Fairbridge  (Transvaal),  Edward  Harris  (New  Zealand),  George  C.  Irving 
(Borneo),  Jacob  Rosen  (Transvaal),  Arthur  Sims  (New  Zealand),  J.  Henry 
Stanford  (Canada}. 

It  was  also  announced  that  Donations  to  the  Library  of  books, 
maps,  &c.,  had  been  received  from  the  various  Governments  of  the 
Colonies  and  India,  Societies,  and  public  bodies  both  in  the  United 
Kingdom  and  the  Colonies,  and  from  Fellows  of  the  Institute  and 
others. 

The  CHAIRMAN  :  Before  I  introduce  the  lecturer  I  desire,  on 
behalf  of  the  Institute,  to  extend  a  hearty  welcome  to  several  dis- 
tinguished Statesmen  who  have  come  to  this  country  for  the 
purpose  of  attending  the  Colonial  Conference,  and  who  are  present 
here  this  evening.  There  is  Sir  Joseph  Ward,  Prime  Minister  of 
a  Colony  which  those  who  have  visited  it  know  to  be  one  of  the 
most  beautiful  spots  on  earth  ;  there  is  Sir  William  Lyne,  who  has 
come  to  us  from  New  South  Wales,  and  we  have  several  members 


Sixth  Ordinary  General  Meeting.  289 

of  the  conference  on  the  Navigation  Laws,  who  have  also  come  to 
this  country.  (Subsequently  the  Chairman  extended  the  same 
hearty  welcome  to  Mr.  Alfred  Deakin,  who  arrived  in  the  course 
of  the  discussion.) 

It  gives  me  great  pleasure  to  be  in  the  chair  on  this  occasion,  for 
one  reason  because  I  had  the  pleasure  of  making  the  acquaintance 
of  Dr.  Hackatt  many  years  ago  in  Australia.  He  will  speak  to  you 
with  exceptional  authority  on  the  subject  of  his  Paper,  because, 
besides  being  a  member  of  the  Legislative  Council  of  Western 
Australia,  he  was  a  member  of  the  Federal  Convention  at  Sydney 
in  1891,  and  of  the  Convention  which  framed  the  Commonwealth 
Constitution  in  1897-8.  He  was  also  a  delegate  to  the  Federal 
Council  of  1895,  1897,  and  1899.  At  a  very  short  notice  he  has 
taken  the  place  of  a  distinguished  Australian,  Mr.  Wise,  who  was 
to  have  read  a  Paper  to  us  to-night. 

The  Hon.  Dr.  J.  W.  Hackett  then  read  bis  Paper  on 

SOME   FEDERAL   TENDENCIES   IN   AUSTRALIA. 

I  have  first  to  invite  you  to  regret  with  me  the  indisposition  of 
my  friend  Mr.  B.  R.  Wise,  which  has  prevented  so  well-qualified 
an  authority  giving  us  his  views  to-night  on  the  all-interesting  sub- 
ject of  Colonial  Conferences.  It  is  unfortunate  also  that  this  has 
allowed  of  so  brief  an  intimation  being  given  me  that  I  can  in  no 
wise  do  more  than  feeble  justice  to  this  question.  '  From  the  heading 
which  has  been  supplied  to  me  I  understand  I  am  not  so  much  to 
make  some  observations  on  the  new  democracy  which  for  the  past  six 
years  has  been  established  in  Australia,  as  to  consider  some  of  the 
more  interesting  points  in  its  Federal  development.  And  I  further 
take  it  that  I  am  indebted  for  this  opportunity  to  the  supposition  that 
a  residence  of  over  thirty  years  shared  among  most  of  the  Australian 
States,  and  where  the  course  of  my  business  as  a  journalist  gave 
me  many  glimpses  behind  the  scenes,  ought  in  any  event  to  have 
qualified  me  to  observe  and  in  some  degree  appraise  the  value  of  the 
main  facts  of  Australian  history  during  that  period.  My  subject  is 
of  the  widest,  but  I  desire  at  present  to  refer  to  but  a  very  few  of 
these  points  of  interest  which  more  immediately  concern  the  pre 
sent.  I  am  afraid,  indeed,  that  at  the  outset  a  foremost  Federal 
tendency  which  will  occur  to  only  too  many  is  that  the 
Federation,  as  it  has  grown,  has  not  gathered  round  it  that 
preponderance  of  sympathy  and  popular  approval  which  at  one 
time  it  was  generally  accepted  would  be  hers ;  and  that  the 


240  Some  Federal  Tendencies  in  Australia. 

success  of  the  Commonwealth  bears  a  somewhat  different  aspect 
for  many  Australian  eyes  compared  with  the  views  taken  in  1900, 
when  the  all-important  vote  was  taken,  is  hardly  to  be  disputed. 
Few,  at  least,  can  suppose  that  the  majority  secured  on  Referendum 
Day  would  not  be  appreciably  reduced  in  most  of  the  States  if  the 
poll  were  to  be  taken  once  more.     To  numbers  who  were  once  its 
sanguine  believers,  the  words  Australian  Federation  now  imply  a 
mistake — an  experiment  made  too  soon  and  whose  results,  financial, 
political,  and  above  all,  federal,  are  more  than  doubtful.     Nor  in 
reply  to  words  of  encouragement  will  they  admit  that  there  is  any 
analogy  in  the  early  failures  recorded  in  the  history  of  the  American 
Union.     It   is   of  no  service   to   close   our   eyes   to  facts   around 
us,   however    their    significance   may  be   discounted.     The   Par- 
liament of   one   State   has  already  put  on  record  its  opinion   in 
carrying,  by  substantial  majorities  in  both  Houses,   a  resolution 
practically  favouring  a  revision  of  the  Referendum  vote,  a  proceed- 
ing to  which  it  is  equally  possible  to  attach  too  much  or  too  little 
value.     Perhaps  far  too  much  was  expected  at  first.    It  is  certain 
that    the    anticipations    of   many    of    the    leaders    were    simply 
boundless   in   their   extent.     Yet    behind    all    evidences    of    dis- 
satisfaction  one   can   hardly    doubt    that    there    lies    a    general 
conviction    too   firmly  rooted   to   be   easily  overthrown,  that  not 
only  has  Australian  Federation  come  to  stay,  but  that  the  time  has 
fully  arrived  when  the  position  and  needs  of  Australia  imperatively 
demand  all  the  strength  and  support  which  can  be  given  by  the  union 
of  the  six  States  of  the  Commonwealth.     The  effective  treatment 
of  the  great  questions  referring  to  her  external  relations,  both  im- 
perial  and   foreign,   the  business  of   defence,  the  opportunity  of 
making  the  full  weight  felt  of  the  great  political  and  social  experi- 
ments over  which  she  is  now  busy,  the  need  of  a  common  fiscal 
policy,  borrowing,  the  developments  of  the  imperial  tie,  and  a  dozen 
other  subjects,  demand  something  different  from  our  isolated  weak- 
nesses of  the  past,  and  forbid  us  even  to  dream  of  returning  to  the 
unorganised   conditions  of  the   pre -Federation  division  and  con- 
fusion.    As  to  the  hostile  vote  just  mentioned,  it  may  be  suggested 
were  any   State  profoundly  and  persistently  determined  to  retire 
from  the  Union,  that  in  spite  of  the  emphatic  words  in  the  Con- 
stitution Act  proclaiming  an  indissoluble  union,  Secession  might 
be  found  to  be  very  feasible.     A  resolved  refusal  to  acknowledge 
the  authority  of  the  Commonwealth  (passive  resistance,  I  believe 
it  is  called)  would,  it  is  safe  to  say,  never  be  met  by  coercion,  or 
armed  intervention  on  the  part  of  either  Federation  or  Mother 


Some  Federal  Tendencies  in  Australia.  241 

Country.  The  dissenting  State  would  in  such  an  improbable  case 
be  in  all  likelihood  allowed  to  travel  its  own  course.  But  does 
anyone  doubt  that,  long  prior  to  this  stage  being  reached,  such  real 
grievances  as  existed  would  have  been  redressed,  and  the  disagree- 
ment fairly  and  amicably  arranged  by  Australians  and  in  Australia 
in  such  a  fashion  as  to  remove  all  rancour  or  sense  of  injurious 
treatment  ?  Nevertheless,  it  has  to  be  admitted  the  Federation  has 
yet  to  convert  large  parties  in  the  States  before  it  can  hope  to  be 
that  centre  of  patriotic  attachment,  and  the  means  of  diffusing 
common  advantages,  which  it  was  never  doubted  at  the  time  of  the 
Referendum  the  Commonwealth  would  become.  To  my  mind, 
and  I  speak  as  one  who  voted  against  the  resolution  above  mentioned, 
there  is  little  to  fear  as  the  Federal  idea  develops  and  all  sides 
grow  wiser  and  more  full  of  public  spirit. 

Meantime  the  Federation  has  to  grapple  with  difficulties  especially 
its  own.  And  among  these,  none  is  more  serious,  and  I  may  add  more 
unexpected,  than  the  refusal  of  so  many  who  are  well- qualified  to 
take  part  in  the  work  of  Federal  administration  and  law-making. 
The  man  in  business  cannot  afford  the  risks  of  placing  1,000  or 
2,000  miles  between  his  work  and  his  home.  Others,  as  fortune 
comes  to  them,  leave  our  shores  for  what  they  believe  are  the 
superior  attractions,  the  pleasanter  conditions  of  residence  in  other 
countries.  Moreover  there  is  ground  to  fear  that  large  sections 
of  our  best  material  decline  to  offer  themselves  as  targets  to 
the  unmeasured  and  often  dishonest  invective  and  public  mis- 
representation which  they  must  face  from  platform,  Press,  and 
even  Parliament.  By  the  smaller  States  these  conditions  are  felt 
most  acutely  owing  to  their  distance  from  the  seat  of  Govern- 
ment. The  fact  that  the  services  of  many  of  the  most  com- 
petent of  our  citizens  should  not  be  duly  available  for  the 
higher  work  of  their  country  is  so  much  a  source  of  alarm  to 
Federalists  that  proposals  are  likely  to  be  seriously  made  that  the 
honorarium  for  membership  in  each  of  the  houses,  fixed  by  the 
Constitution  Act  at  £400,  should  be  raised  to  £500  or  £600,  and 
even  £750  a  year  ;  and  it  is  more  than  probable  a  move  in  this  direc- 
tion will  be  made  in  the  present  Parliament,  and  if  the  higher 
salary  does  not  bring  out  the  men  who  are  wanted,  there  will  be 
added  one  more  cause  of  grave  anxiety  for  the  well-wishers  of  the 
future  of  Australia.  But  for  the  moment  no  difficulty  looms  larger 
in  the  minds  of  Australians  than  the  division  of  the  popular,  or 
rather  the  population  Chamber,  the  House  of  Kepresentatives,  into 
so  many  independent  sections.  Yet  the  last  election  has  shown 


242  Some  Federal  Tendencies  in  Australia. 

that  the  electors  still  approve  of  the  three-party  representation,  in 
which  so  many  see  the  leading  danger  at  this  juncture  which  the 
Federation  has  to  face.  Where  three  not  unequal  and  mutually 
antagonistic  forces  are  drawn  up  in  the  same  Afield,  each  seeking 
supremacy  at  the  expense  of  the  other  groups,  one  may  readily 
picture  the  long  chapter  of  influenced  decisions,  of  policy  dictated 
by  other  considerations  than  those  of  personal  conviction,  of  the 
sacrifice  at  times  of  the  interests  of  the  State  to  the  exigencies 
of  party  engineers.  Where  the  three  groups  approach  equality 
of  numbers,  the  three-party  system  must  have  a  tendency  fatal 
to  that  form  of  party  government,  a  Ministry  in  the  majority  and 
an  Opposition  in  the  minority,  on  which,  in  its  turn,  responsible 
government  essentially  depends.  Yet  it  must  be  repeated  that 
twice  now  have  the  electors  of  the  Commonwealth  deliberately 
sanctioned  the  continuance  of  this  state  of  things  by  their  recorded 
votes.  But  so  weary  has  Parliament  and  country  become  of  the 
prospect  of  barren  or  bad  results  from  a  minority  Government  kept 
in  office  at  the  will  and  pleasure  of  a  second  minority,  that  a  move- 
ment has  been  set  on  foot,  and  is  being  strenuously  urged  in 
Parliament  and  by  the  press,  to  find  a  remedy  in  one  of  the  most 
trenchant  innovations  in  the  English  system  of  government  that 
can  be  imagined.  It  is  not  merely  suggested,  but  claimed  in  some 
of  the  most  thoughtful  and  influential  quarters,  that  a  saving 
hint  may  well  be  taken  from  the  constitutional  practice  of  the 
little  State  of  Switzerland,  and  Ministers  be  appointed  who  shall 
be  directly  elected  from  and  by  the  Houses  of  Parliament.  And 
it  is  explained  that  when  the  members  of  this  Cabinet  differ  in 
opinion,  as  they  are  certain  to  do,  the  two  Houses  shall  act 
as  umpire.  The  analogy  appealed  to  is  that  of  a  board  of 
directors.  But  it  is  quite  as  easy  to  see  the  objections  as  the 
advantages  of  this  new  proposal.  The  remedy  appears  to  offer 
a  maximum  of  difficulty  in  its  working  with  a  minimum  of 
strength  and  cohesion  in  its  effects.  That  it  is  revolutionary  seems 
to  be  accepted,  but  it  is  a  strong  course  to  wholly  set  aside  a  pre- 
rogative which  has  for  the  most  part  worked  so  well,  and  to  destroy 
the  immense  advantages  of  the  influence  of  the  Crown  if  wisely 
directed  in  the  formation  of  Ministries.  There  are  other  objections. 
There  would  be  no  natural  head  to  the  Cabinet ;  each  Minister  would 
bear  allegiance  to  the  group  or  to  the  House  to  which  he  owed  his 
election,  and  who,  it  may  be  assumed,  will  either  change  him  at 
short  notice  should  he  be  held  to  be  false  to  his  House  or  his  electors, 
or  make  his  continuance  in  office  impossible.  Moreover  the  divisions 


Some  Federal  Tendencies  in  Australia.  243 

which  may  make  a  House  practically  unworkable  would  all  be  trans- 
lated to  and  be  reflected  in  the  new  Ministry.  Instead  of  a  compact, 
single-minded,  and  powerful  Executive,  we  should  merely  obtain  a 
fortuitous  gathering  of  disorganised  political  atoms.  That  the  system 
is  in  force  in  municipalities,  as  it  is  asserted,  may  be  true  enough, 
but  it  appears  either  to  be  adapted  only  to  municipalities,  including 
those  States  whose  politics  are  of  the  municipal  order,  or  for 
semi-absolute  monarchies,  where  the  Sovereign  is  in  practice  as 
in  theory  the  head  of  the  Ministry.  It  may  be  questioned  if  this 
proposal  is  not  really  suggestive  of  an  earlier  stage  of  our  history, 
where  the  King  was  at  liberty  to  select  his  Ministers  as  he  pleased, 
and  where  conflicting  voices  were  harmonised  and,  if  necessary, 
silenced,  by  the  Sovereign  at  the  head  of  his  Council  Board.  If  an 
approach,  however,  is  made  to  the  system  of  elective  Ministries,  I 
may  make  bold  to  venture  two  predictions.  If  we  are  to  see  the 
principle  of  election  applied  to  the  Executive,  and  if  responsible 
government  fails  to  respond  to  the  true  Federal  environment,  as 
obviously  it  may  do,  then  we  are  likely  to  see,  not  the  Ministry, 
surely  an  impracticable  proposition,  but  the  Head,  call  him  Prime 
Minister  or  what  you  will,  the  elected  unit.  And  further,  the  election 
will  be  placed  in  the  hands,  not  of  party  wire-pullers,  or  of  the 
intriguers  of  Parliamentary  factions,  but  of  the  nation  as  a  whole, 
who  will  vote  equally,  directly,  and  individually.  Of  that  there 
seems  no  reasonable  doubt.  If  the  choice  is  to  be  taken  out  of  the 
hands  of  the  Crown,  it  will  assuredly  not  be  handed  to  the  sections 
of  Parliament,  it  will  be  taken  as  their  natural  right  and  preroga- 
tive by  the  nation. 

To  dispose  of  the  difficulties  arising  from  so  many  of  the  best 
men  in  the  Commonwealth  being  unable  or  unwilling  to  take  an 
active  part  in  its  politics,  to  appease  the  persistence  of  provincial 
feelings  of  State  pride,  a  not  extraordinary  condition  of  things  con- 
sidering the  past  of  the  Australian  States,  but  one  certain,  we  may 
hope,  at  no  long  period  to  give  way ;  to  be  prepared  for  the  un- 
guessed  results  which  may  readily  follow  upon  the  working  of  what 
may  be  called  a  registered  Constitution— these  are  some  samples  of 
the  difficulties  the  new  Federation  has  before  it.  But  there  are  many 
other  matters  of  importance.  It  is  quite  probable  that  questions 
will  be  raised  as  to  whether  certain  articles  of  the  Constitution  may 
not  be  more  freely  open  to  revision  than  others,  which  in  accordance 
with  the  terms  of  the  Constitution  Act  must  be  considered  obligatory 
conditions,  engagements  on  the  strength  of  which  one  or  more 
States  waived  their  objections  and  joined  in  establishing  the 


244  Some  Federal  Tendencies  in  Australia. 

Commonwealth.  An  undoubted  instance  of  conditions  of  a  funda- 
mental character  was  to  be  found  in  the  special  tariff  granted  to 
Western  Australia  for  five  years,  and  which  has  now  expired  ;  but 
there  still  exist  conditions  which  appear  to  stand  on  a  special 
footing  such  as  the  minimum  representation  of  each  State 
in  the  House  of  Eepresentatives,  the  equality  for  all  time  of  the 
representation  of  the  original  States  in  the  Senate,  guaranteed 
by  Imperial  Act,  the  granting  of  similar  and  equal  powers  to  both 
Houses  save  in  one  or  two  points  of  detail  of  a  value  more  apparent 
than  substantial,  and  in  the  declaration  that  a  metropolis  must  be 
provided  for  the  Federation  which  will  be  established  by  and  shall 
belong  to  the  Commonwealth  —  not  simply  a  converted  State 
capital — and  which  shall  be  within  the  borders  of  the  State  of  New 
South  Wales.  How  far  such  questions  may  travel  experience  alone 
will  show.  But  it  is  certain  that  what  her  people  held  to  be  a 
breach,  not  indeed  of  a  legal  provision,  but  of  what  she  admitted 
was  no  more  than  a  conditional  understanding,  it  was  that  gave 
rise  in  a  primary  degree  to  the  Secession  resolutions  of  Western 
Australia  which  were  carried  so  earnestly  last  session  by  both 
Chambers  in  that  State. 

But,  without  pausing  over  these  and  similar  points,  perhaps 
somewhat  speculative  in  their  character,  I  desire  to  invite  your 
attention  to  the  grafting  of  a  wholly  new  principle  on  the  terms 
of  the  Australian  Constitution,  and  the  consequences  likely  to 
ensue.  That  Constitution  is  fixed  as  bicameral  by  law,  but  of  a 
bicameral  character  unknown  to  all  other  double- chambered 
Governments  existing  now  or  most  probably  in  the  past.  Both  the 
Australian  Houses  are  founded  on  the  same  franchise — that  is,  on 
the  most  unrestricted  and  unconditional  application  of  adult  suffrage, 
I  fancy,  known  to  the  historian.  If  we  omit  some  difference  of  pro- 
cedure in  regard  to  the  legislative  treatment  of  financial  measures,  and 
which  in  practice  are  found  to  be  of  little  if  any  fundamental  value, 
there  is  no  operative  distinction  between  the  two  Chambers  save  that 
one  represents  the  population,  and  the  other  represents  the  States  of 
the  community.  There  are  the  same  electors,  voting  practically  off 
the  same  register,  and  under  identical  conditions.  In  other  words, 
the  Senate,  like  the  House  of  Representatives,  is  a  purely  demo- 
cratic institution,  in  actual  fact  even  more  democratic  than  its 
sister  Chamber.  Now,  if  I  may  be  allowed  the  word,  this  demo- 
cratising of  the  Senate  at  its  very  birth  point  seems  the  special 
innovation,  the  capital  experiment  of  the  Federal  Constitution. 
It  is  an  event  of  tbe  first  order  in  the  evolution  no  less  of  the 


Some  federal  Tendencies  in  Australia.  243 

Federal  than  of  the  Unified  State.  It  involves  of  itself  a  revolution, 
inasmuch  as  by  the  Commonwealth  Constitution  Act,  the  distinc- 
tions in  the  position  and  the  functions  hitherto  associated  with 
the  conception  of  a  second  Chamber  are  obliterated.  For  the 
former  idea  of  a  second  Chamber  with  merely  revising  and  restraining 
powers,  the  new  principle  substitutes  two  Houses  co-equal  and 
co-terminous  in  privilege  and  rule,  and  identical  in  the  popular  origin 
of  their  authority.  Now,  co-ordination  created  by  law  between  two 
such  Houses  implies  something  much  more  than  a  mere  difficulty  in 
securing  unity  of  legislative  action.  There  is  no  principle  or  pre- 
cedent to  limit  the  view  the  members  are  entitled  to  take  of  their 
authority  or  field  of  action.  We  have  thus  one  more  lion  in  the  path 
of  responsible  government.  That  form  of  administration  naturally 
stipulates  for  a  single  master  as  an  essential  condition  precedent 
to  its  satisfactory  working.  A  Ministry  fully  responsible 
to  two  Chambers  is  almost  inconceivable,  and  the  position 
would  be  probably  much  worse  in  a  Federal  than  in  a  simple 
State.  So  clearly  did  Sir  Henry  Parkes  realise  the  consequences 
of  granting  equal  bicameral  powers,  that  in  the  resolutions  he  sub- 
mitted to  the  Australian  National  Convention  in  1891,  he  inserted 
a  provision  declaring  that  the  Ministry  of  the  Federation  should  be 
responsible  to  the  population  Chamber.  This  principle  he  thought 
it  essential  to  make  a  fixture  of  the  Constitution.  The  proposal 
was  opposed  by  the  Convention  as  at  once  unduly  restrictive,  and 
certain  in  any  event  to  prove  futile.  It  was  recognised  that  in  the 
long  run  the  better  and  stronger  House  would  rise  superior,  and 
that  the  people  of  Australia  should  always  be  left  with  free  minds 
and  hands  untied  to  work  out  their  own  constitutional  salva- 
tion. So  far,  the  preconceived  idea  in  Australia  of  the  limited 
sphere  of  operation  proper  and  even  necessary  to  the  position  of  a 
second  Chamber  if  the  latter  is  to  live,  and  probably  the  restricted 
Ministerial  representation  in  the  Senate,  an  influential  feature 
it  may  be  in  the  situation,  have  suspended  constitutional  development 
in  this  quarter,  but  this  attitude  may  not  continue  long. 

As  the  Senate  represents  the  States,  the  lesser  members  of  the 
Federation  are  not  likely  to  consent  to  the  status  of  their  main 
bulwark  being  reduced  in  value.  It  is  even  conceivable  it  may 
become  the  better  equipped  and  more  effective  House,  once  the 
atmosphere  is  cleared  of  that  sense  of  subordination  which  commonly 
surrounds  the  Australian  idea  of  the  functions  of  a  second  Chamber. 
The  lesser  members  cannot  bnt  recognise  that  two  States  alone 
may  count  a  population  of  some  2,800,000  against  1,300,000  for  the 


246  Some  Federal  Tendencies  in  Australia. 

other  four.  It  is  perfectly  possible  indeed  that  a  party  in  a  minority 
of  the  House  of  Representatives  may  command  a  majority  in  the 
Senate,  or  vice  versa.  The  former  result  was  very  nearly  achieved 
at  the  recent  elections  when  the  Labour  group  secured  in  all 
sixteen  seats  out  of  thirty-six  in  the  Senate,  with  but  a  following  of 
twenty-six  out  of  a  total  of  seventy-five  in  the  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives. Already  in  a  considerable  number  of  instances  the 
Senate  has  either  directly  or  in  effect  vetoed  measures  sent  from 
the  House  of  Representatives,  or  has  fundamentally  altered  their 
complexion  with  hostile  intention.  Australia  therefore,  it  may  be 
accepted,  will  have  to  face  the  spectacle  of  two  Houses  claiming, 
and  at  will  exercising,  each  supreme  and  independent  powers. 
And,  as  mentioned,  the  co-equal  representation  of  the  present  States 
in  the  Senate  has  been  made  indefeasible  by  imperial  enactment, 
which  equal  powers  have  been  granted  substantially  in  regard  to 
finance,  and  subsfcantively  as  to  legislative  or  administrative  control. 
It  is  obvious  we  will  have  to  provide  for  a  more  than  usually  com- 
prehensive reserve  of  surprises  for  the  developments  of  the  new 
Constitution. 

This  democratising  of  the  Senate  may  lead  to  other  results  of 
moment.  It  may  play  an  all-important  part  in  the  political  history, 
not  alone  of  the  Commonwealth,  but  in  that  of  State  rights,  a  sub- 
ject of  leading  interest  in  all  federations.  By  the  Constitution  Act 
the  Commonwealth  has  been  given  possession  of  large  if  in  many 
respects  somewhat  undefined  powers.  The  residue  of  what  was 
not  transferred  remains  subject  to  the  authority  of  the  States. 
This  residue  is  still  very  considerable  ;  it  covers  such  subjects  as 
self-government,  and  local  government,  land,  mines,  taxation, 
public  works,  education,  police,  and  many  others.  Over  these  the 
State  has  in  some  cases  exclusive,  in  others  concurrent,  rights.  In 
dealing  with  all  these  questions  the  States  have  proceeded  on  com- 
paratively conservative  lines  in  the  past.  This  attitude  arises  from 
the  part  played  by  the  second  Chamber,  which  at  all  times  has 
allowed  it  to  be  depended  upon  to  act  upon  a  Chamber  of  review  in 
the  fullest  sense,  which  has  been  generally  interpreted  by  these  bodies 
to  mean  a  Chamber  of  very  slow  and  very  deliberate  action.  So 
long  as  this  characteristic  exists,  so  long  must  the  advanced  party 
in  Australia  find  themselves  limited  in  their  State  activities.  It  is 
otherwise  with  the  Commonwealth.  In  place  of  a  Chamber  of 
authority  and  a  Chamber  of  review,  as  in  the  case  of  the  States, 
both  Federal  Houses  are  directly  founded  on  the  widest  and  freest  of 
all  forms  of  adult  suffrage.  It  is  therefore  the  interest  of  the  advanced 


Some  Federal  Tendencies  in  Australia.  247 

party  (I  am  not  going  to  speak  of  this  party  at  any  length  this 
evening,  I  merely  make  this  reference  to  them  for  the  purpose  of 
my  argument) — I  repeat,  it  is  to  their  gain  to  extend  the  authority 
of  the  Commonwealth  and  to  diminish  that  of  the  State.  And 
for  this  reason  :  in  their  work  they  have  to  consider  whether  the 
easier  and  more  expeditious  measure  is  to  conduct  six  difficult  and 
prolonged  campaigns  in  an  endeavour  to  capture  six  different  anti- 
popular  upper  Houses,  or  to  make  use  of  the  democratic  Chamber 
which  lies  ready  prepared  to  their  hand  by  the  Federal  Constitution, 
and  in  all  directions  enforce  the  claim  of  the  Commonwealth  to 
larger  authority.  And  this  movement  is  one  likely  to  be  favoured 
by  the  existence  of  a  natural  ambition  to  rise  to  Federal  life  from 
the  politics  of  the  States  and  by  the  loss  of  so  many  of  the  leading 
politicians  of  these  last,  a  position  of  things  which  to  all  appear- 
ance the  States  will  have  inevitably  to  accept.  The  popularising  of 
the  Senate  may  therefore  lead  to  unexpected  results :  it  may  alter 
the  whole  face  of  State  politics  ;  it  may  go  a  long  way  towards  the 
unification  of  Australia  ;  it  may  mortally  wound  responsible  govern- 
ment as  understood  and  practised  in  Australia  since  popular 
government  was  first  introduced.  And  although  at  a  first  glance 
it  might  seem  that  the  strengthening  of  the  Senate  or  State  House 
would  aid  the  believers  in  the  preservation  of  local  privilege,  in 
this  case  we  have  to  reckon  on  that  great  advanced  movement 
in  which  the  Labour  Party  is  most  in  evidence,  and  of  which  I  say 
no  more  now  than  to  recognise  its  existence  and  its  aims.  I  believe 
I  shall  in  another  place  be  permitted  to  speak  at  greater  length  in 
reference  to  this  party. 

But  in  leaving  this  branch  of  my  remarks,  I  hope  you  will  think 
me  justified  in  reasserting  that  the  establishing  of  a  thoroughly 
popular  Chamber  in  place  of  the  old  Council  of  Eeview,  the  creation 
of  a  second  democratic  Chamber  in  the  truest  sense  and  of  the  first 
order,  is  the  leading  feature  of  interest  among  all  the  novel  pro- 
visions contained  in  the  Constitutional  machinery  created  for  the 
government  of  Federated  Australia. 

There  are  some  other  tendencies  to  which  I  may  here  very  briefly 
allude.  If  we  pay  a  close  and  impartial  regard  to  the  movements 
of  Commonwealth  opinion  so  far  as  this  is  in  evidence,  we  are 
surely  led  to  the  conclusion  that  protection  for  Australian  industries 
is  becoming,  and  is  even  now,  one  of  the  main  articles  of  the 
political  creed  of  the  people  of  Australia.  It  is  natural,  and  it  is 
also  for  the  good  of  the  whole,  that  the  first  thought  of  an  Australian 
should  be  for  his  own  country  ;  though  he  may  not  reason  about  it, 


248  Some  Federal  Tendencies  in  Australia. 

he  must  feel  that  every  point  by  which  Australia  moves  forward  is 
so  much  gained  to  the  strength,  the  permanence,  and  the  resources 
of  the  Empire.  It  is  probably  safe  to  state  that  with  this  strong 
tendency  to  belief  in  protection  in  view,  no  system  of  trade  arrange- 
ments, no  diplomatic  arguments  in  the  economic  field  will  be  allowed 
to  defeat  or  even  to  check  the  ever  forward  movement  of  Federal 
protective  principles.  Certain  preferences  may  well  and  justly  be 
bestowed ;  but  it  may  be  expected  that  all  who  wish  for  the  welfare 
of  Australia  will  recognise  it  as  their  first  duty  that  even  in  the 
granting  of  preferences  the  object  should  be  primarily  the  develop- 
ment and  advance  of  the  Commonwealth.  So  marked  is  this 
tendency  in  the  Federation,  that  it  is  needless  to  dwell  on  it.  For 
good  or  for  evil,  the  Commonwealth  must  be  added  to  the  protective 
people  of  the  world. 

Again,  we  may  take  it  that  Australia  will  persevere  in  the  steps 
she  is  taking  to  enrol  herself  on  the  list  of  defended  nations,  yet 
the  omens  all  seem  to  point  to  the  conclusion  that  her  purpose  will 
be  to  have  her  coasts  and  her  people,  if  I  may  so  put  it,  self- 
defended.  That  is,  her  system  of  defence  will  in  the  main  be  local. 
This  is  no  place  for  a  reference  to  the  conflict  of  views  on  this 
grave  subject,  but  I  would  like  to  be  permitted  to  express  a  con- 
viction, without  even  touching  upon  the  merits  of  either  side  of  the 
dispute,  that  whatever  may  be  the  inevitable  settlement  which  must 
be  arranged  between  the  controllers  of  the  imperial  forces  and  of  the 
subordinate  auxiliaries  of  the  Britannic  group  of  States  in  the  Empire, 
in  the  ca  se  of  the  Commonwealth  her  peace  contribution  to  imperial 
defence,  whether  in  ships  or  men,  will,  if  the  popular  wish  is  given 
effect,  for  the  time  being,  be  manned,  officered,  commissioned,  paid 
and  stationed  as  the  Commonwealth  may  see  fit  to  direct.  Perhaps, 
so  far  as  ships  are  concerned,  she  will  even  desire  to  see  these 
constructed  wholly  or  partially  in  Australia.  In  regard  to  her  land 
forces  it  is  stated  authoritatively  that  there  are  half  a  million  of 
men  and  boys  undergoing  some  training  in  military  drill  and  who  have 
attained  a  still  more  considerable  degree  of  proficiency  with  the  rifle. 

Further,  there  cannot  be  a  doubt  about  the  Federal  tendency  as 
to  the  peopling  of  Australia.  In  the  phrase,  a  White  Australia, 
she  proclaims  in  a  couple  of  words  her  determination  to  preserve 
the  purity  of  her  European  blood,  to  avert  at  any  cost  those  troubles 
which  are  already  showing  above  the  horizon  of  the  great  Republic 
of  America,  as  well  as  in  front  of  our  South  African  fellow-citizens,  and 
if  necessary  by  extreme  measures  to  keep  away  from  her  shores  the 
conflict  which  in  all  probability  must  await  the  close  association 


Some  Federal  Tendencies  in  Australia.  249 

of  our  own  with  an  inferior  but  a  more  prolific  race.  It  means, 
further,  that  she  has  resolved  to  maintain  one  of  her  fairest 
ideals — the  dignity  of  work — in  declining  to  subject  her  people 
to  the  companionship  and  personal  rivalry  of  races,  among  whom 
labour  bears  no  title  of  honour.  If  Australia  has  made  up  her 
mind  on  one  point,  it  is  that  she  is  to  be  enabled  to  work  out 
her  own  problems  in  the  light  of  and  under  the  direction  of  those 
civilisations  which  are  to  the  Australian  of  to-day  the  worthiest 
and  most  desirable  within  his  knowledge.  These,  it  may  be  said 
without  temerity,  are  distinctly  among  the  foremost  of  Australian 
aspirations.  She  desires  that  there  should  be  defence  without 
militarism  ;  hence  her  conception  of  the  form  in  which  the  Com- 
monwealth should  assist  in  the  defence  of  the  Empire ;  that  there 
should  be  development  of  her  country  and  employment  for  her 
people ;  hence  her  feeling  towards  protection  ;  that  there  should  be 
no  infiltration  of  undesirable  aliens  and  low- waged  workers  ;  hence 
her  immigration  restrictions.  I  may  add  she  requires  that  there 
should  be  equality  of  opportunity  for  all ;  hence  the  contribution 
of  millions  yearly  by  the  States  to  the  cause  of  education.  And  all 
these  purposes  it  is  impossible  not  to  see  she  is  prepared  to  urge 
forward  as  national  objects,  with  such  light  and  means  as  she  may 
find  at  her  disposal. 

It  is  time  to  bring  these  remarks  to  a  close.  But  before  con- 
cluding, let  me  bring  before  you  a  couple  of  incidents  which  give  us 
a  fair  glance  at  some  of  the  methods  of  Commonwealth  action. 
The  one  shows  the  pains  the  Commonwealth  Parliament  is  at  to 
secure  right  results  in  her  fiscal  policy,  the  other  illustrates  a  point 
I  have  been  somewhat  solicitous  in  pressing  upon  you,  the  deter- 
mination of  the  advanced  party  to  push  so  far  as  it  can  be  made  to 
travel,  Federal  activity  into  the  domain  of  the  State.  That  Aus- 
tralia is  adopting  protection  as  the  national  policy  has  been  proved 
in  the  recent  Federal  elections  as  distinctly  and  irrevocably  as  the 
last  elections  to  the  House  of  Commons  can  be  claimed  to  show 
that  the  Mother  land  remains  wedded  to  free  trade.  Now  in 
voting  as  they  did,  the  electors  of  the  Commonwealth  desired,  so 
far  as  the  land  is  concerned,  to  people  its  unoccupied  wilderness, 
and  to  encourage  closer  settlement  over  fertile  but  half-used  areas 
already  alienated  ;  for  her  towns,  which  she  recognises  will,  as  in 
the  Mother  Country,  become  more  and  more  the  main  seats  of 
population,  the  stimulating  of  urban  industries,  and  increased 
employment.  But  of  the  evils  which  have  too  often  followed  pro- 
tection she  is  by  no  means  unconscious,  and  has  set  herself  to  the 


250  Some  Federal  Tendencies  in  Australia. 

best  of  her  judgment  to  avert  such  abuses  as  the  formation  of  com- 
mercial combinations,  or  the  sacrifice  of  the  wage  earner  bring  in 
their  train.  These  are,  if  it  be  possible,  to  be  excluded  from  the  new 
State.  In  granting,  therefore,  special  protection,  the  precedent  has 
been  established  that  where  the  aid  of  protective  duties  is  invoked, 
there  shall  be  a  contract  to  give  the  worker  the  best  terms  secured 
by  Federal  industrial  law.  There  may  be  some  doubt  as  to  the  perfect 
feasibility  of  applying  the  principle,  there  should  be  none  as  to  its 
being  worthy  of  our  respect  and  of  a  fair  trial.  The  other  incident 
strikingly  bears  out  the  supposition  that  the  policy  of  the  advanced 
party  will  be  especially  to  capture  the  outworks  of  the  State  under 
cover  of  the  Federal  siege  guns.  No  greater  invasion  of  State  rights 
could  be  conceived  than  for  the  Federation  to  draw  the  control  of 
the  public  servants  of  a  State  within  the  purview  of  a  Federal  law, 
and  submit  their  wages,  hours,  and  conditions  of  work  to  a  Federal 
tribunal,  the  Parliament  and  taxpayers  of  the  State  meanwhile  having 
to  find  the  money  to  the  order  of  the  Federal  Court.  All  this  no  doubt 
has  been  declared  unconstitutional,  but  their  success  in  this  direction 
so  far  is  indeed  a  memorable  achievement  for  the  advanced  party. 

Now  in  all  this  there  may  be  many  errors,  but  whether  there 
are  or  not  Australia  firmly  believes,  however  mistaken  some  may  think 
her  creed  or  her  doings,  that  she  is  building  so  as  to  avoid  the  mistakes 
of  the  past.  She  knows  well  that  she  will  make  mistakes  herself, 
but  she  also  holds  with  an  unalterable  conviction  that  she  will  discover 
them  in  time,  and  as  soon  as  they  are  discovered  she  will  redress 
them.  It  has  to  be  always  borne  in  mind  in  speaking  of  a  nation  of 
colonists  where  the  great  majority  have  never  seen  the  northern  hemi- 
sphere—that it  will  be  difficult  to  find  a  people  more  self-centered, 
less  concerned  with  the  voice  of  outside  criticism  or  suggestion,  and 
yet,  as  I  believe,  more  determined  honestly,  industriously,  and 
patriotically,  if  a  little  selfishly,  to  do  her  best  and  leave  to  time 
and  common  sense  the  judgment  which  will  be  passed  on  the 
fruits  of  her  trials.  But  this  young  giantess  throned  in  the 
Southern  seas  seems  to  know  strangely  little  and  heed  less  of  any 
censure  or  applause  which  may  be  measured  out  to  herself  and  her 
works.  Her  experiments  in  the  social  and  the  Federal  spheres  of 
politics  are  perhaps  the  most  interesting  of  the  kind  in  the  present 
day,  certainly  among  the  most  interesting  in  history,  and  these 
problems  she  will  work  out,  so  far  as  political  influences  are  con- 
cerned, if  need  be  in  solitude  and  independence.  All  that  is  worthy 
in  her  work  will  live,  the  rest  will  go ;  but  we  may  well  cherish  a 
hope  that  before  her  hour  strikes  she  will  have  added  something  new 


Some  Federal  Tendencies  in  Australia.  251 

and  lasting  to  that  political  heritage  of  her  people  which  we  may 
trust  are  among  the  last  of  the  things  which  men  of  the  Anglo-Saxon 
race  would  willingly  lose. 

DISCUSSION. 

Hon.  Sir  JOSEPH  G.  WAKD,  K.C.M.G.  (Prime  Minister  of  New 
Zealand) :  I  should  have  preferred  had  the  privilege  of  speaking 
first  been  extended  to  my  friend  Sir  William  Lyne,  who  is  a  Respon- 
sible Minister  in  the  Commonwealth  Government.  I  may  be  allowed 
to  trespass  on  your  attention  with  a  few  words,  however,  in  appre- 
ciation of  Dr.  Hackett's  most  interesting  lecture.  Whether  you 
agree  or  disagree  with  his  sentiments,  you  will  recognise  in  the 
address  the  voice  of  a  representative  of  one  of  the  States  of  the 
great  Commonwealth,  expressing  what  he  believes  to  be  the  general 
opinion  of  the  peoples  in  the  several  States,  which  make  such  a 
powerful  Commonwealth  to-day,  and  which  is  destined  to  be  still 
more  powerful  in  the  future.  Dr.  Hackett  is  a  man  respected  by  every 
class  of  the  community.  He  has  helped  to  mould  public  opinion 
in  Western  Australia,  and  is  one  who  has  been  recognised  as  in  the 
forefront  of  every  movement  he  believes  to  be  in  the  best  interests 
of  the  States.  I  am  persuaded  that  those  in  the  Australian  States 
who  read  the  address  will  find  ample  food  for  reflection  in  it.  We 
in  New  Zealand  are  outside  the  Federal  Commonwealth,  and  may  I, 
without  offence,  say  how  happy  we  are  to  be  in  an  independent 
position  under  the  British  flag,  free  from  those  troubles  and 
anxieties  which,  for  many  years  to  come,  must  affect  the  great 
Commonwealth,  from  the  very  fact  that  each  State  for  a  lifetime 
has  had  in  its  midst  such  brilliant  intellects  controlling  their 
respective  Parliaments  and  Governments  ?  These  States,  covering 
a  vast  continent,  are  now  fused,  so  to  speak,  in  a  central  authority. 
It  is  therefore  impossible  that  there  should  not  be  some  clogging  of 
the  superior  machinery — that  there  should  not  exist  to  some  extent 
also  natural  jealousies  on  the  part  of  minor  States  towards  this 
great  overruling  authority  of  the  central  Government.  But  these  are 
all  difficulties  which  the  future  will  overcome.  I  am  persuaded  the 
people  of  Australia  are  determined  to  make  the  Commonwealth  a 
powerful  portion  of  the  Empire  of  which  all  of  us  will  in  future  years 
have  reason  to  be  proud.  I  sincerely  hope  they  will  not  in  Australia 
give  effect  to  the  idea  of  an  elective  executive.  You  cannot  have  a 
better  illustration  than  that  referred  to  in  the  lecture — the  case  of 
Switzerland  and  of  Great  Britain.  There  you  have  the  different  systems 
running  concurrently  for  a  long  period  of  years,  and  what  man  is  there 


252  Some  Federal  Tendencies  in  Australia. 

who  claims  to  be  a  son  of  the  British  Empire  who  would  hold  the  results 
of  the  system  which  prevails  in  Switzerland  are  at  all  comparable 
with  the  results  of  the  party  system  of  government  existing  in 
Great  Britain  ?  Under  the  system  of  party  government  the  men 
who  are  "  out  "  watch  the  doings  of  the  men  who  are  "  in,"  and 
when,  in  due  course,  the  former  take  up  the  reins  of  government 
they  are  determined  to  do  as  well  as  their  predecessors.  With  that 
spirit  of  emulation  which  exists  in  the  breasts  of  public  men  of 
different  countries,  we  shall,  I  hope,  go  on  under  the  system  of 
party  government,  always  putting  first,  of  course,  the  interests 
of  the  State  or  country,  and  if  we  do  that  I  feel  that  any  comparison 
that  could  be  made  between  the  two  systems  would  in  many  par- 
ticulars to  which  I  could  refer  be  found  to  be  entirely  on  the  side  of 
party  government  as  it  is  understood  in  Great  Britain.  At  any  rate, 
speaking  for  New  Zealand,  I  hope  the  present  system  will  continue 
to  obtain.  As  a  delegate  to  the  two  Conferences — one  sitting  already, 
and  one  which  is  to  sit  in  the  course  of  next  week — I  come  here  as 
a  public  man  without  anything  passing  through  my  mind  of  a  party 
nature.  I  am  here  to  help  with  others  in  solving  some  of  the 
great  Imperial  problems  which  now  lie  before  us.  No  party  should 
be  allowed  to  come  into  such  a  matter.  It  would  be  utterly  out 
of  place  for  me  to  attempt  to  discuss  those  problems  on  this  in- 
teresting occasion,  but  I  do  wish  to  take  the  opportunity  of  saying 
that  while  in  Great  Britain  I,  for  one,  know  no  party  upon  these 
matters.  I  go  to  the  Conference  with  the  determination  of 
advocating  and  urging,  from  the  point  of  view  of  New  Zealand, 
what  we  believe  to  be  best  calculated  to  promote  the  general 
interests  of  the  Empire.  Parties  may  come,  and  parties  may  go, 
but  the  Empire  ought  to  be  regarded  as  living  for  ever.  We  go 
there  irrespective  of  what  your  fiscal  decisions  have  been  a  year 
ago,  recognising  that  your  representatives  have  nothing  to  do  with 
the  fiscal  decisions  we  have  come  to  in  our  country.  We  come 
here  with  the  determination  of  impressing  on  representative  men 
what  we  believe  to  be  best  calculated  to  weld  the  whole  Empire 
together.  These  are  matters  upon  which  we  can  express  our 
opinion  freely,  fairly  and  determinedly,  and  I  firmly  believe  that  the 
outcome  of  these  deliberations  must  be  beneficial,  and  that  we 
shall  have  done  good  work  even  if  we  only  interchange  our 
opinions.  I  do  not  believe  any  man  who  goes  there  will  do  other- 
wise  than  realise  that  the  spirit  of  Federation  should  be  the  spirit 
which  should  permeate  the  Conference,  a  spirit  which  is  dictated 
not  merely  by  sentiment,  but  by  ties  of  blood  and  kinship.  I  hope 


Some  Federal  Tendencies  in  Australia.  253 

that  during  the  time  we  are  in  England  receiving  hospitalities  on 
all  sides  we  shall  not  become  what  one  may  term  "  public  nuisances." 
So  many  kindnesses  have  already  been  extended  to  us  that  we  shall 
carry  away  the  happiest,  recollections  of  our  short  visit. 

Hon.  Sir  WILLIAM  LYNE,  K.C.M.G.  (Minister  of  State  for  Trade 
and  Customs,  Commonwealth  of  Australia)  :  I  am  pleased  to  have 
been  here  and  listened  to  Dr.  Hackett's  well-thought-out  lecture. 
I  give  him  credit  for  having  devoted  a  considerable  amount  of  time 
to  that  lecture.  But  I  do  not  agree  with  him  in  it  all,  and  as  one 
who  was  in  each  of  the  Conventions  before  Federation  took  place, 
as  one  who,  with  the  exception  of  a  short  interval,  has  been  a 
Minister  of  the  Commonwealth  ever  since  its  inauguration,  and  as 
one  who  opposed  the  Federal  Bill  in  some  points,  I  hope  I  may  be 
allowed  to  say  a  few  words  in  answer  to  statements  in  the  lecture. 
I  fear  Dr.  Hackett  is  speaking,  so  to  say,  from  the  wrong  end  of  a 
railway  ;  though  he  protects  himself  from  the  history  he  describes, 
I  admit  he  has  ground  of  complaint  in  the  fact  that  in  the  Con- 
ventions which  took  place  previous  to  Federation  there  was  un- 
doubtedly a  common  understanding  that  the  trans-continental 
railway  should  be  made  to  Western  Australia.  This  I  have  said 
many  times.  It  is  a  breach  of  the  compact  then  entered  into  not 
to  have  carried  out  that  work,  the  prospect  of  which  to  a  large 
extent  induced  Western  Australia  (away  at  the  other  side  of  our 
continent)  to  enter  into  our  Federation.  In  that  matter  Western 
Australia  has  a  grievance,  and  I  have  done  my  best  during  the 
whole  time  I  have  been  a  Minister  to  give  her  what  in  my  judgment 
is  her  just  due,  and  I  hope  before  this  year  is  out  a  step  will  be 
taken  towards  the  accomplishment  of  the  object  he  has  so  much  at 
heart.  I  venture  to  say  there  would  not  have  been  a  Federation  of 
the  Australian  Colonies  to-day  but  for  the  extension  of  our  railway 
system,  and  there  never  will  be  true  Federation  with  the  West  until 
we  have  railway  extension  carried  to  that  part  of  our  continent.  It 
has  been  mentioned  that  both  Houses  in  Western  Australia  have 
carried  resolutions  to  secede  from  the  Commonwealth  ;  I  think  they 
were  very  foolish.  I  have  always  felt  that  Federation  was  the 
ultimate  destiny  of  Australia ;  but  so  far  as  the  Bill  was  concerned 
I  did  not  think  the  scheme  was  matured.  There  were  two  points 
to  which  I  took  exception — one,  equal  State  representation  in  the 
Senate,  and  the  other,  the  impossibility  of  altering  our  Constitution. 
Despite  what  others  may  say,  we  have  an  iron-bound  Constitution, 
more  iron-bound  even  than  that  of  the  United  States  of  America. 
It  is  moreover  indissoluble.  At  the  same  time — although  as  I  have 


254  Some  Federal  Tendencies  in  Australia. 

said,  I  disapproved  of  some  of  the  provisions  of  the  Bill — I  have 
done  my  best  to  make  the  Constitution  a  workable  instrument,  and 
to  bring  legislation  into  the  proper  groove.  I  hear  people  talk  of 
dissatisfaction  in  the  States — what  is  it?  The  dissatisfaction 
mainly  is  in  the  minds  of  some  politicians.  If  you  were  to  go 
straight  to  the  heart  of  the  people  to-morrow,  you  would  get  a  vote 
in  favour  of  the  Commonwealth.  Depend  upon  this,  there  is  going 
to  be  no  bursting  up  or  dissolution  of  our  Commonwealth.  As 
regards  equal  State  representation,  we  have  had  trouble  because  a 
small  State,  or  a  big  State  with  a  small  population,  has  got  as 
much  power  in  the  Senate  as  a  powerful  State  like  New  South 
Wales.  Now  you  can  only  alter  our  Constitution  by  way  of  a 
referendum— by  getting  a  majority  of  votes  in  a  majority  of  States, 
and  when  all  are  put  together  a  majority  of  the  whole,  which  means 
that  three  small  States  will  never  allow  alteration  in  anything 
which  touches  the  vital  point  of  equal  State  rights.  I  do  hope 
there  is  no  fear  of  an  alteration  being  attempted  at  the  point  of  the 
bayonet ;  I  do  not  think  that  is  likely  to  happen  whilst  in  our  sane 
senses.  We  are  there  as  Commonwealth  Ministers  to  deal  with  the 
problems  which  are  before  us  ;  and  when  the  statement  is  made  that 
people  are  dissatisfied  with  our  legislation,  and  when  I  hear  those 
who  are  away  from  the  shores  of  Australia  repeating  that  state- 
ment, I  ask  what  legislation  they  want  repealed,  and  they  cannot 
tell  me.  Now,  Sir,  we  have  a  difficult  task ;  we  had  to  lay  the 
foundations  of  the  whole  of  our  legislation — the  basis  of  our  legisla- 
tion for  the  Commonwealth.  We  have  built  up  statute  upon 
statute  during  the  whole  time  we  have  been  members  of  the 
Ministry,  and  I  venture  to  say  there  is  scarcely  one  Act  that  has 
been  passed  that  is  not  of  a  truly  progressive  character.  Perhaps 
those  Acts  are  a  little  more  progressive  than  the  staid  old  country 
of  Great  Britain  likes ;  but  I  would  remind  you  that  we  are 
a  young  people,  and,  if  I  may  say  so  without  offence,  we 
are  perhaps  more  British  than  those  living  in  Great  Britain 
itself.  When  I  heard  Dr.  Hackett  talking  about  the  Swiss 
system  of  government — well,  I  do  not  think  any  Britisher 
will  ever  live  under  it.  I  believe  in  the  good  old  system  of 
party  government,  and  you  will  never  get  proper  legislation  unless 
you  have  a  good  strong  Opposition  as  well  as  a  good  strong  Ministry. 
It  has  been  said  by  one  of  your  leading  men,  Disraeli  or  Gladstone 
I  believe,  that  there  is  as  much  necessity  for  His  Majesty's  Opposi- 
tion as  for  His  Majesty's  Government ;  and  so  it  is,  as  Sir  Joseph 
Ward  has  said,  you  cannot  have  true  party  government  unless  you 


Some  Federal  Tendencies  in  Australia.  255 

have  a  fairly  strong  and  active  Opposition  to  keep  the  Government 
in  order.  Then  you  get  good  and  true  legislation.  In  reference  to 
the  remarks  made  with  regard  to  the  three  party  system  I  would 
like  those  who  are  listening  to  me  to  tell  me  of  any  parliament 
where  there  are  not  more  than  two  parties.  In  the  British  House 
of  Commons  you  have  four  or  five,  and  in  some  Continental  parlia- 
ments more.  It  is  not  to  my  mind  a  practicable  thing  to  have 
only  two  parties.  In  the  Commonwealth  we  have,  as  you  know,  a 
Labour  party,  and  I  hope  I  am  not  offending  your  ears  when  I  say 
they  are  no  discredit  to  our  Parliament.  They  are  a  party  of  active- 
minded,  intelligent,  and  for  a  large  part  professional  men  who 
devote  almost  all  their  time  and  attention  to  the  work  they  are  sent 
there  to  do.  Their  presence  has  done  no  harm  to  the  progressive 
legislation  of  Australia,  and  I  feel  they  are  going  to  play  a  great 
part  in  the  development  of  Australia.  I  venture  to  think  that  you 
will  find  they  are  not  as  bad  as  sometimes  they  are  painted.  One 
remark  more.  We  in  our  Government  are  protectionists ;  we  believe 
in  protection.  I  have  often  said  I  was  in  favour  of  preferential 
trade  with  Great  Britain,  I  say  it  again  now,  and  I  say  further 
that  a  majority  of  people  in  Australia  are  in  favour  of  it.  When 
we  commenced  and  offered  a  portion  of  what  we  hoped  to  carry  still 
further  we  did  not  ask  the  British  people  to  give  us  anything  in 
return.  If  and  when  they  see  fit  to  give  anything  we  shall  be 
glad  to  receive  it,  but  in  the  meantime  we  want  to  show  the  British 
people  that  we  are  proud  of  holding  the  position  we  do  to-day,  and 
that,  though  we  cannot  give  absolute  free  trade,  we  want  to  make 
such  an  arrangement  as  will  allow  us,  in  this  immense  continent, 
to  supply  you  with  more  than  4^  per  cent,  of  the  food-stuffs  you 
consume.  This  year  we  exported  nearly  seventy  million  pounds 
worth  of  various  things,  and  imported  forty-four  million  pounds 
worth.  I  should  have  liked  to  go  step  by  step  over  the  statement 
so  ably  delivered  by  Dr.  Hackett.  I  know  where  the  complaints 
come  from  regarding  extravagance.  It  is  a  mistaken  idea  altogether. 
We  never  can  in  Australia  keep  up  the  State  machinery,  our 
Governor-General  and  the  other  Governorships  in  the  various 
States,  without  considerable  expense.  That  is  where  economy  has 
to  come.  It  should  not  be  blamed  on  the  heads  of  the  Ministry  or 
the  Commonwealth  Parliament.  I  hope,  as  Minister  of  Customs,  I 
shall  have  an  opportunity  of  dealing  with  some  of  these  questions 
under  debate,  and  that  within  the  next  twelve  months  you  will 
know  positively  in  Great  Britain  that  we  are  a  Protectionist  country, 
looking  after  our  industries,  and  wanting  to  make  arrangements 


256  Some  Federal  Tendencies  in  Australia. 

with  the  British  people  of  such  a  character  as  will  still  farther  knit 
together  the  old  country  and  the  new. 

Hon.  W.  M.  HUGHES  (M.P.,  Commonwealth  of  Australia) :  I 
find  myself,  unlike  Sir  William  Lyne,  almost  entirely  in  accord 
with  the  lecturer,  and  I  am  indeed  greatly  surprised  this  should 
be  so.  It  is  a  little  difficult  to  understand  how  a  man  who  ought 
to  think  so  differently  manages  to  think  and  speak  as  he  has  done. 
The  party  to  which  Dr.  Hackett  belongs  regards  the  party  to 
which  I  belong  as  far  from  perfect,  and  I  notice  he  proposes  to  deal 
with  us  later  on.  But  as  regards  the  ideals  put  forward  by  Dr. 
Hackett  I  think  they  are  fairly  representative  Australian  ideals, 
although  I  do  fail  utterly  to  conceive  how  they  are  to  be  achieved 
if  Dr.  Hackett's  party  gets  into  power,  whereas  nothing  can  be  more 
certain  than  ihat  if  our  party  were  in  power  they  would  be  realised 
without  trouble.  Now,  in  reference  to  protection,  I  have  been  a 
notorious  free-trader  all  my  life.  But  I  find  myself  now  like  one 
crying  in  the  wilderness,  and  I  find  no  man  to  say  one  good  word 
for  free  trade.  Free-traders  are  left  without  platform  or  leader,  and 
without  any  hope  of  effecting  fiscal  reform.  On  the  subject  of 
defence  I  am  in  agreement  with  Dr.  Hackett,  but  I  cannot  accept 
his  statement  that  there  are  half  a  million  people  in  Australia,  more 
or  less,  proficient  in  the  use  of  arms.  I  do  not  believe  Australia 
has  anything  like  a  sufficient  number  to  defend  herself,  and  I  take 
some  sort  of  credit  for  throwing  in  my  lot  with  those  who  believe 
in  the  compulsory  training  of  all  adult  males  in  the  country. 
Sooner  or  later  Great  Britain  too  will  have  to  adopt  it.  As  regards 
the  subject  of  aliens,  although  you  here  cannot  understand  our 
attitude  towards  coloured  labour,  which  does  not  affect  you,  if  you 
were  in  Australia  you  would  believe  as  we  do  ;  but,  whether  we  are 
right  or  wrong,  Australia  has  committed  herself  to  that  policy 
irrevocably.  As  to  party  government  I  would  remark  the  only 
point  of  difference  between  the  various  parties  on  that  head  is  the 
abolition  of  the  party  that  happens  to  be  on  the  Treasury  bench. 
In  conclusion  I  would  say  that  Dr.  Hackett  has  presented  a  fair 
and  impartial  statement  of  the  opinions  and  ideals  of  Australia. 

Hon.  DUGALD  THOMSON  (M.P.,  Commonwealth  of  Australia) :  I 
would  first  take  the  opportunity  of  congratulating  the  lecturer  on 
his  able,  thoughtful,  and,  from  his  standpoint,  fair  presentation  of 
the  subject  with  which  he  has  dealt.  His  experience  qualifies  him 
to  speak  with  a  great  deal  of  knowledge,  and  his  position  as  editor 
of  one  of  the  leading  journals  in  Australia  enables  him  to  feel  the 
pulse  of  the  people  to  a  greater  extent  perhaps  than  politicians, 


Some  Federal  Tendencies  in  Australia.  257 

although   they  are   supposed  to  feel  that  pulse  rather  carefully. 
Allow  me  to  thank  the  Royal  Colonial  Institute  for  its  hospitality 
in   entertaining   the   representatives   of   Australia   to-night.      We 
recognise  the  good  objects  the  Institute  has  in  view.     It  is  endea- 
vouring to  build  up  and  maintain  the  interest  of  Great  Britain  in 
its  Empire  Colonies,  and  endeavouring  also  to  increase,  if  that  be 
possible,  the  attachment  and  loyalty  of  the  people  beyond  the  seas 
to  the  great  Mother-land.     Sir  William  Lyne  has  made  a  statement 
to-night  I  never  heard  him  make  before  ;  he  said  he  believed  in  a 
strong  Opposition,  which  he  considers  as  important  almost  as  a 
strong  Ministry,  and  that  the  Opposition  should  keep  the  Ministry 
up  to  the  mark.     I  have  had  a  good  deal  to  do  in  assisting  in  that 
work,  but  I  never  knew  Sir  William  Lyne,  on  the  other  side  of  the 
table,  to  acknowledge  his  sense  of  gratitude,  or  to  appear  to  regard 
our  efforts  with  the  slightest  favour.     I  agree  to  this  extent  with 
Sir  William  Lyne — 1  am  not  one  of  those  who  think  the  Federation 
of  Australia  came  too  soon.     I  worked  with  others  for  that  Federa- 
tion, and  would  work  for  it  again  to-morrow.    I  maintain  that  some 
of  the  difficulties  of  to-day  are  not  the  result  of  Federation  coming 
too  soon,  but  the  result,  if  anything,  of  its  coming  too  late.     Look 
at  the  map ;  imagine  six  rival  States  not  acting  in  unison,  not 
under  a  common  tariff,  but  their  borders  more  or  less  impassable  to 
the  goods  of  the  neighbouring  States,  and  you  will  at  once  see  how 
such  a  condition  of  separation,  such  an  absence  of  uniform  effort 
to  build  up  a  nation  would  retard  the  progress  of  any  country, 
and  cause   antagonisms   to   take   root    and   flourish.     Therefore, 
the    sooner    that    condition    of    affairs   was    stopped  the  better, 
If,  in  attempting  that  task,  we  had  to  compromise  and  to  accept  a 
constitution  imperfect  in  some  respects,  we  have  to  remember  that 
all  constitutions  must  have  time  to  grow.     It  has  been  the  case 
with  the  British  Constitution,  which  is  not  to-day  that  of  500  or 
even  of  100  years  ago,  and  so  with  the  Constitution  of  Australia ; 
however  many  its  imperfections  to-day,  it  will,  in  the  hands  of  the 
people,  be  moulded  to  changed  ideals  and  new.  conditions  just  as 
yours  has  been.     In  reference  to  the  suggestion  by  Mr.  Hughes 
that  the  leader  of  the  free  trade  party  in  Australia  has  deserted  free 
trade,  I  would  ask  Mr.  Hughes— who,  though  a  free-trader,  belongs 
to  a  party  which  places  many  things  before  free  trade — how  he  can 
blame  the  leader  of  the  free  trade  party  if,  after  a  tariff  had  been 
adopted,   and  further  immediate   agitation   would   only  continue 
industrial  disturbance,  he  put  forward  something  else  for  the  time 
being  as  being  more  immediately  urgent,  stating  that  in  doing  so 

K 


Some  Federal  Tendencies  in  Australia. 

he  neither  abandoned  his  free-trade  principles  nor  the  right  to 
re-open  the  question  when  a  sufficient  time  had  elapsed  ?  I  do  not 
think  protection  is  irrevocably  attached  to  the  Commonwealth.  It 
is  undoubtedly  true  that  the  imposition  of  protection  makes  the 
difficulty  of  its  removal  the  greater.  The  development  of  interest 
under  a  protective  tariff  tends  to  assist  the  maintenance  of  that 
tariff ;  but  I  say  that  there  are  no  inconsiderable  number  of  free- 
traders in  Australia,  for  the  State  of  New  South  Wales  to-day,  as 
in  the  past,  contains  a  majority  in  favour  of  free  trade,  while 
throughout  the  other  States  there  are  large  numbers  of  free-traders 
who  are  not  prepared  permanently  to  abandon  their  policy.  I  do 
not  stay  now  to  argue  that  or  any  policy,  but  will  conclude  by  a 
brief  reference  to  the  question  of  preference.  Sir  W.  Lyne  said 
the  majority  of  the  people  of  Australia  are  in  favour  of  preference 
for  the  Mother  Country.  I  believe  he  is  correct  in  that  statement. 
The  one  great  difference  is  that  a  large  portion  of  the  population, 
embracing  most  of  the  free-traders  at  any  rate,  is  in  favour  of 
preference  by  reducing  the  tariff  to  Great  Britain  and  leaving  it  as 
it  is  against  the  foreigner  ;  whilst  a  large  number  of  other  people 
are  in  favour  of  keeping  the  tariff  up  against  Great  Britain  and  in- 
creasing it  against  the  foreigner.  These  are  the  differences  of  view 
which  exist  amongst  those  who  are  in  favour  of  preference,  and, 
though  I  cannot  stop  to  discuss  it,  you  will  see  there  is  a  very 
important  difference  indeed.  I  will  only  add  that  whilst  Australia, 
as  a  young  country,  may  be  impetuous  and  eager  to  try  experiments, 
she  will,  I  believe,  have  the  good  sense  to  abandon  those  experiments 
if  she  finds  them  to  the  disadvantage  of  her  people,  and  I  do  hope 
she  will  always  consider,  together  with  her  own  interests,  the 
interests  of  the  British  Empire.  Nowhere  throughout  the  Empire 
can  you'  find  greater  loyalty  than  in  Australia,  and  if  sometimes 
our  legislation  seems  to  be  inconsiderate,  it  is  not  because  of  lack 
of  sympathy  or  affection  for  the  older  land.  Australia  recognises 
what  she  has  received  from  Great  Britain — how  freely  it  has  been 
given,  and  she  hopes  under  Great  Britain  to  uphold  a  rampart  of 
the  Empire  in  those  southern  lands  behind  which  there  will  be  a 
people  that  will  maintain  the  characteristics  of  the  British  race 
and  the  best  traditions  of  British  history. 

Hon.  ALFRED  DEAKIN  (Prime  Minister  of  the  Commonwealth 
of  Australia)  (who  had  arrived  in  the  course  of  the  discussion) : 
This  is  not  the  first  occasion  on  which  I  have  had  the  privilege 
of  enjoying  the  hospitality  of  the  Koyal  Colonial  Institute.  I 
should  explain  that  I  had  understood  the  reading  of  the  Paper 


&ome  Pederal  Tendencies  in  Australia* 

Would  not  commence  until  nine  o'clock,  and  had  arranged,  as  I 
thought,  to  hear  my  friend,  brother  barrister,  and  old  political 
associate  of  many  years  ago  deliver  his  address.  I  have  to  apologise 
for  the  apparent  discourtesy  of  arriving  late,  as  a  further  result  of 
which  I  have  lost  the  benefit  of  the  criticisms  directed  to  the  Paper 
by  the  qualified  speakers  who  have  addressed  you.  Without  further 
apology,  let  me  say  that,  having  had  the  opportunity  of  perusing 
the  Paper  in  print,  I  feel  once  more  how  valuable  an  asset  to  our 
country  men  like  Dr.  Hackett  are.  He  is  a  man  trained  in  the 
best  school  of  English  thought,  familiar  with  its  University,  its 
social,  its  professional  life,  and  transplanted  to  a  new  country,  he 
has  proved  himself  open-minded  enough  to  adjust  himself  by  careful 
study  to  its  circumstances,  and  to  form  from  his  own  experience 
conclusions  as  to  the  principles  upon  which  the  affairs  of  that 
country  should  be  guided.  He  belongs  to  a  comparatively  rare 
school  nowadays — a  school  which  before  his  time  was  known  as  the. 
Philosophical  Radicals.  A  good  many  people  in  Australia,  like  my 
friend  Sir  William  Lyne,  think  the  Radicalism  is  diminishing  and 
the  philosophy  is  increasing  with  the  lapse  of  time ;  but  that,  as  I 
understand,  is  not  an  unfamiliar  phenomenon  in  any  part  of  the 
world.  I  know  few  men  throughout  the  Commonwealth  able  and 
willing,to  take  the  independent  position  which  Dr.  Hackett  has  at 
all  times  taken,  and  as  a  member  I  can  bear  testimony  to  the 
influence  his  thought  had  on  the  earlier  Conventions  in  which  the 
present  Commonwealth  Constitution  was  shaped.  As  I  read  his 
Paper  to-day  some  of  his  old  familiar  phrases  returned  to  me — 
especially  what  he  was  pleased  to  term  the  democratising  of  the 
Senate,  in  which  he  took  a  large  part,  and  the  consideration  of  its 
effects  on  the  future  of  responsible  Government.  (Hear,  hear.) 
The  mellifluous  "hear,  hear"  of  my  friend  Sir  John  Cockburn 
reminds  me  that  he  was  one  of  the  Philosophical  Radicals  who 
ventured  to  assert  the  same  class  of  ideals.  It  is  impossible  in  the 
time  at  my  disposal  to  make  more  than  a  few  observations  on  the 
Paper.  In  the  first  place,  I  would  remark  that  I  find  Dr.  Hackett 
going  with  the  stream  rather  than  with  his  own  general  inclina- 
tion, when  he  takes  the  view  which  some  persons  of  the  Common- 
wealth adopt  as  to  the  loss  of  popularity  of  Federation.  So  far  as 
that  feeling  exists  at  all,  it  arises  in  my  opinion  from  confusion  of 
thought  and  a  misapprehension  of  the  real  circumstances.  What 
is  ^objected  to  is  not  Federation,  but  the  legislation  which  the 
Federal  Parliament  is  giving  us — an  absolutely  different  matter.  I 
believe  that  Australia,  polled  to-day  on  the  question  of  Union,  would 

K2 


260  Some  Federal  Tendencies  in  Australia. 

give  an  even  stronger  vote  than  ever  before.  No  doubt  Australia 
to-day,  giving  a  vote  on  the  form  of  Union,  would  try  for  a  more 
complete  and  finished  Constitution  than  that  which  we  now  enjoy. 
Indeed,  I  agree  with  Mr.  Thomson  in  saying  we  confess  to  imper- 
fections in  the  Constitution  ;  but  I  do  believe,  I  think  I  may  say  I 
know,  if  it  were  a  choice  between  that  Constitution,  with  all  its 
imperfections  on  its  head,  and  the  former  condition  of  internecine 
strife  and  separation,  there  would  be  a  larger  majority  than  ever  in 
favour  of  Federation  as  we  have  it.  The  real  point  of  departure  is 
that  exception  is  taken  to  the  legislation  of  the  Commonwealth. 
The  majority  in  Parliament  and  the  majority  of  the  States  have 
not  taken  the  course  which  the  minority  desire.  That  does  not 
prove  that  what  has  been  done  is  wrong.  It  simply  proves  the 
minority  ought  to  recognise  that  what  they  object  to  is  not  Union 
but  the  will  of  the  majority  of  those  with  whom  they  are  united, 
to  which,  under  any  form  of  Government,  they  would  have  to  bow. 
There  is  a  great  deal  of  truth  in  what  Mr.  Thomson  has  said  as  to 
certain  differences  of  opinion  between  New  South  Wales  and  else- 
where, but  I  do  not  happen  to  agree  with  him  as  to  the  present 
state  of  that  opinion.  I  think  protection,  even  in  New  South 
Wales,  is  either  in  a  majority  or  something  so  near  almost  as  to 
be  effective  as  a  majority,  and  I  am  certain  that  protection 
will  soon  have  a  sweeping  majority  there  as  everywhere  else. 
I  am  not  here  to  discuss  party  politics,  and  I  only  allude  to  them 
because  I  am  speaking  to  what  I  may  call  an  informed  colonial 
audience  ;  but  I  may  say  that  my  reason  for  holding  these  opinions 
is  that  I  believe  the  actual  circumstances  and  needs  of  Australia 
make  protection  inevitable.  When  I  was  at  the  University  I  was 
taught  the  doctrines  of  free  trade,  but  I  found  they  did  not  fit  the 
country  and  the  circumstances  I  was  called  upon  to  face,  and  I 
believe  the  same  process  of  thought  which  I  underwent  has  led 
scores  and  hundreds  of  my  contemporaries  who  had  nothing  but 
free  trade  doctrines  taught  to  them  in  the  Universities  and  else- 
where to  lay  aside  those  doctrines  as  inapplicable  to  our  circum- 
stances, and  has  led  the  people  of  the  Commonwealth  to  take  the 
same  course.  But  I  pass  on  to  emphasise  one  point  I  desire  to 
make,  which  is  that  what  is  called  dissatisfaction  with  Federation 
in  Australia  discovers  itself  on  an  even  superficial  analysis  to  be 
dissatisfaction  with  the  immediate  fruits  of  Federation  in  its  first 
years  and  with  what  the  Federal  Parliament  has  thought  fit  to  do. 
Can  you  find  me  any  country  in  the  world  in  which  the  minority 
arc  willing  to  accept  the  principles  and  measures  against  which 


Some  Federal  Tendencies  in  Australia.  261 

they  have  fought?  Are  we  to  he  told  that  by  fighting  against 
those  measures  they  are  condemning  the  Constitution  of  the 
country?  If  so,  what  Constitution  in  the  world  could  claim  a 
majority  measured  on  those  terms  ?  On  the  second  page  of  the 
address  you  will  find  a  sentence  which  has  one  considerable  de- 
merit, and  that  is  that  it  is  a  long  sentence.  Dr.  Hackett  says : 
"  Yet  behind  all  evidences  of  dissatisfaction  one  can  hardly  doubt 
that  there  lies  a  general  conviction  too  firmly  rooted  to  be  easily 
overthrown,  that  not  only  has  Australian  Federation  come  to  stay, 
but  that  the  time  has  fully  arrived  when  the  position  and  needs  of 
Australia  imperatively  demand  all  the  strength  and  support  which 
can  be  given  by  the  union  of  the  six  States  of  the  Commonwealth." 
If  I  know  anything  of  Australia,  if  I  have  not  lived  my  life  there 
in  vain  and  studied  its  circumstances  fruitlessly,  I  should  say  that 
that  is  an  absolutely  correct  and  faithful  summary  of  its  conditions 
to-day.  I  thoroughly  agree  with  Mr.  Thomson  that  Federation 
took  place  rather  too  late  than  too  early.  In  the  last  pages  of  the 
Paper  those  who  are  sufficiently  interested  will  find  a  very  brief 
epitome  of  Dr.  Hackett's  study  of  existing  colonial  conditions. 
The  speculations  in  which  Dr.  Hackett  and  Sir  John  Cockburn  used 
to  indulge  find  their  place,  but  in  the  brief  recital  of  the  creed  of 
Australia  to-day  I  believe  Dr.  Hackett's  statements  in  regard  to  the 
adoption  of  protection,  in  regard  to  our  development  of  our  own 
defence,  in  regard  to  our  insistence  upon  a  white  Australia,  in 
regard  to  our  endeavours  to  raise  and  keep  raised  the  standard  of 
living  for  all  Australians— I  believe  these  aspirations  are  all  unim- 
peachably  and  most  accurately  expressed.  In  these  circumstances 
my  criticism  of  the  Paper  resolves  itself  into  endorsement  and 
eulogy  except  as  regards  certain  minor  parts  to  which  I  have 
already  alluded.  I  may  add  that,  in  view  more  especially  of  the 
work  which  is  before  me,  I  ought  not  perhaps  to  have  been  here 
to-night,  but  an  invitation  from  the  Colonial  Institute  to  listen  to 
a  distinguished  Australian  dealing  with  pressing  and  urgent  pro- 
blems constituted  an  appeal  I  could  not  possibly  resist.  As  an 
Australian  I  am  happy  and  proud  to  have  been  able  to  listen  to 
such  an  exposition  of  these  subjects  before  an  audience  whose 
character  enables  them  to  appreciate  as  few  can  possibly  appreciate 
such  an  exposition  of  the  matter.  We  ourselves  are  too  near  to 
the  picture — you  are  too  far  off.  That  is  to  say  you  who  are 
British  born  and  bred  are  not  acquainted  with  the  circumstances  of 
the  great  territory  which  is  so  conspicuously  represented  on  that 
map.  I  believe  the  judgment  of  men  ten  or  twenty  years  hence 


262  Some  Federal  Tendencies  in  Australia. 

will  heartily  endorse  that  of  Dr.  Hackett.  I  believe  that  the  sound 
and  robust  faith  in  the  future  of  that  country  and  its  people  will 
be  justified  by  events.  The  steps  we  have  taken,  though  I  am  far 
from  insinuating  that  none  have  been  mistaken,  and  that  some 
have  not  been  aside  from  the  true  path — the  steps  we  have  taken 
one  by  one  have  all  been  steps  forward.  We  are  a  young  people  ; 
we  have  expected  a  too  early  realisation  of  our  ideals.  This  is 
natural  to  youth,  and  when  one  is  past  youth  one  begins  to  recog- 
nise how  much  one  is  forced  to  discount  one's  expectations  of  the 
possibilities  of  immediate  achievement.  I  have  the  firmest  and 
deepest  faith  in  the  foundations  we  have  laid,  in  the  stock  from 
which  we  have  sprung,  and  in  the  traditions  we  have  inherited — 
also  in  the  work  we  have  to  do,  not  only  for  ourselves  but  for  the 
Empire  to  which  we  belong — a  work  which  shall  establish  an 
Australia  more  united  than  it  is  to-day,  not  only  in  itself  but  with 
the  kindred  peoples  in  the  Empire. 

Sir  FREDERICK  YOUNG,  K.C.M.G. :  We  have  had  the  privilege 
to-night  of  listening  to  a  very  fine,  remarkable,  and  I  would  say 
with  Sir  Joseph  Ward  a  very  splendid  Paper.  It  is  a  great  thing 
that  we  in  this  country  should  have  from  time  to  time  the  advantage 
of  hearing  the  opinions  of  such  experts  as  Dr.  Hackett  on  the 
questions  with  which  he  has  dealt.  I  think  myself  that  the  appre- 
hensions with  regard  to  the  permanence  of  the  Commonwealth 
have  been  very  much  exaggerated.  It  has  undoubtedly  come  to 
stay.  No  such  great  movement  can  be  entirely  successful  all  at 
once.  It  is  indeed  remarkable  that  such  progress  should  already 
have  been  made,  and  we  may  confidently  trust  to  time  to  remove 
such  inevitable  defects  as  are  discovered  in  it.  On  my  own  advent 
into  life  Great  Britain  had  very  few  important  Colonies  within  her 
realm.  Most  of  the  great  Colonies,  in  fact,  of  which  we  are  so 
proud  to-day  have  sprung  into  existence,  and  progressed  within  the 
span  of  my  single  life.  I  have  endeavoured  for  many  long  years 
to  the  best  of  my  ability  to  make  a  study  of  the  questions  affecting 
them,  political,  social,  and  commercial,  and  have  come  to  the  con- 
clusion that  we  must  no  longer  in  the  present  day  regard  them  as 
Colonies  but  as  rapidly  becoming  nascent  natione.  After  federating 
amongst  themselves,  they  will,  I  firmly  believe,  be  ready  to  join  in 
a  larger  federation  ;  but  this  will  be  brought  about  by  time.  In  the 
old  country,  if  this  is  to  be  the  case,  we  must  treat  them  as  equals 
in  every  possible  respect.  I  have  read  with  the  greatest  delight  a 
remarkable  article  in  to-day's  Times  on  the  subject  of  Federation. 
It  does  my  heart  good  in*  my  old  age  ;  it  is  indeed  a  great  encourage- 


'Some  Federal  Tendencies  in  Australia.  263 

ment  to  see  that  the  question  of  Imperial  Federation,  to  which  I 
have  devoted  so  many  years  of  my  life,  is  making  such  marked 
progress  and  advance  in  public  opinion.  I  trust  it  will  prove  to  be 
an  accomplished  fact,  if  not  before,  in  the  course  of  another 
generation. 

Hon.  Sir  JOHN  COCKBUEN,  K.C.M.G.,  M.D. :  I  should  like  to 
say  what  a  pleasure  it  is  to  stand  on  the  same  platform  with  so 
many  of  my  old  colleagues  in  the  Federal  Conventions.  Although 
Mr.  Deakin  claims  to  have  passed  the  period  of  youth,  we  rejoice 
that  the  years  which  have  elapsed  since  his  last  visit  have  left 
upon  him  no  visible  record.  It  is  appropriate  that  General  Sir  J. 
Bevan  Edwards  should  be  the  Chairman  on  this  occasion,  because 
in  the  Federal  history  of  Australia  it  will  always  have  to  be  recorded 
that  it  was  his  report  on  the  defence  problem  of  Australia  which 
kindled  the  flame  of  Federal  enthusiasm.  I  listened  with  much 
interest  to  the  critical  analysis  of  the  results  of  Federation ;  vital 
processes  are,  however,  somewhat  impatient  of  analytical  criticism. 
Australia  should  be  viewed  sympathetically  as  a  whole,  and  in  that 
light  I  have  never  had  any  misgiving  as  to  its  future  under 
Federation.  I  have  never  regretted  the  vote  I  gave  at  the  Conven- 
tion. 1  quite  believe  that  had  we  not  federated  at  leisure  under  no 
pressure  of  external  circumstances,  we  should  have  had  to  federate 
in  haste,  because  Australia,  which  used  to  be  the  Ultima  Thule  of 
the  world,  far  removed  from  the  clash  and  rivalry  of  other  nations, 
is  now  situated  in  the  region  perilous,  and,  although  Federation 
might  not  have  been  a  prime  necessity  at  the  time,  it  is  to-day 
absolutely  necessary  for  the  existence  of  Australia.  I  do  not 
altogether  agree  with  the  lecturer's  criticisms  on  one  or  two  points. 
In  my  opinion  there  is  no  reason  to  complain  that  the  Common- 
wealth fails  to  attract  the  best  intellects  of  Australia.  As  a  close 
student  and  observer  of  everything  which  has  taken  place  since  its 
initiation,  I  confess  I  rejoice  that  the  Commonwealth  Parliament 
includes  the  best  men  from  the  States.  What  do  we  see  ?  We  see 
in  the  Commonwealth  Cabinet  Mr.  Deakin,  who  was  always  the 
recognised  leader  of  public  opinion  in  Victoria,  and  the  best  ex- 
ponent of  true  Australian  patriotism.  We  see  Sir  W.  Lyne,  who  at 
the  time  of  Federation  was  Premier  of  the  State  of  New  South 
Wales,  and  Sir  John  Forrest,  who  was  perpetual  Premier  of  Western 
Australia.  Sir  F.  Holder,  who  at  the  date  of  Federation  was 
Premier  of  South  Australia,  is  now  Speaker  of  the  Commonwealth 
Parliament.  I  do  not  think  therefore  there  is  any  really  serious 
reason  for  reiterating  this  old  complaint.  I  must  confess  I  am  no 


264  Some  Federal  Tendencies  in  Australia. 

such  worshipper  of  the  system  of  party  government  as  many  who 
have  addressed  the  meeting.  My  colleagues  in  the  Convention  will 
remember  that  I  always  maintained  that  the  election  of  Ministers 
was  bound  to  be  adopted  in  Australia,  and  I  believe  still  that  by 
the  election  of  Ministers  many  of  the  difficulties  which  face  the 
Commonwealth  Parliament  will  be  solved.  I  do  not  regret  the 
failure  of  the  two-party  system  to  take  root  in  Australia.  I  have  no 
great  love  for  the  party  system,  especially  in  the  last  few  years, 
when  we  see  the  mischief  wrought  in  this  country,  throwing  as  it 
were  to  the  dogs  of  party  relationships  which  ought  to  exist  between 
the  mother  and  daughter  nations,  and  introducing  the  bitterness  of 
party  feeling  into  the  question  of  true  synthesis  of  the  Empire,  so 
that  if  any  man  pronounces  the  word  "  Empire  "  or  "  Imperial  "  he 
runs  the  risk  of  being  stigmatised  as  a  Conservative.  I  believe  Fede- 
ration will  go  on  from  good  to  better.  I  do  not  believe  the  Govern- 
ment and  Parliament  have  performed  their  task  in  anything  but  the 
best  manner,  in  accordance  with  the  best  traditions  of  our  race  ; 
indeed  the  wonder  is  not  that  there  should  be  occasional  difficulties, 
but  that  the  instrument  of  government  has  succeeded  in  working 
so  well,  and  that  the  causes  of  offence  should  be  so  few. 

Lord  BRASSEY,  G.C.B. :  It  was  my  privilege  to  occupy  the 
benign  position  of  a  representative  of  the  old  country  at  the  time 
when  the  Federation  of  the  Commonwealth  was  consummated. 
Watching  the  proceedings  with  the  deepest  and  most  sympathetic 
interest,  and  having  through  my  Ministers  the  means  of  knowing 
what  were  the  moving  forces  in  forming  the  public  opinion  of  the 
hour ;  looking,  I  say,  at  what  was  going  on,  I  am  profoundly  con- 
vinced that  the  motives  which  prompted  the  people  of  Australia  to 
form  themselves  into  one  great  Commonwealth  were  the  loftiest 
which  could  prompt  political  action.  I  believe  they  came  to  that 
decision  in  the  firm  belief  that  it  was  the  best  and  only  means  by 
which  the  people  of  Australia  could  enjoy  in  the  fullest  degree  the 
privileges  of  civil  and  religious  liberty,  and  could  make  that 
progress  materially,  morally,  and  intellectually  which  it  should  be 
the  aim  of  every  people  to  achieve.  If  there  was  to  be  a  Common- 
wealth formed  in  Australia  it  was  bound  to  be  on  a  democratic 
basis.  We  are  told  that  Labour  has  held,  perhaps,  too  large  a  sway 
in  the  conduct  of  affairs.  I  have  not  the  information  to  enable  me 
to  judge  how  far  that  has  been  the  case  in  Australia ;  but  this  I 
know,  that  we  have  in  our  own  country  in  an  increasing  degree  a 
representation  of  Labour  in  Parliament.  There  has  in  fact  been  for 
many  years  a  direct  representation  of  Labour  in  our  Parliament. 


Some  Federal  Tendencies  in  Australia.  2C5 

When  I  first  entered  the  House  of  Commons  in  1868  we  had  Labour 
Members  who  were  not  the  least  useful  members  of  that  assembly. 
In  times  past  I  have  had  close  personal  relations  with  the  Labour 
leaders  of  this  country.  They  may  have  their  faults,  their  prejudices, 
their  limitation.  It  is  recognised  fully,  and  on  every  hand,  that  the 
representatives  have  taken  their  part  well  and  worthily  in  our  public 
life.  If  in  Australia  there  are  among  those  who  belong  to  the 
Labour  Party  some  who  display  imperfect  knowledge  or  want  of 
experience,  I  would  remind  you  that  the  remedy  is  for  those  who 
have  more  training  in  affairs  not  to  withhold  their  teaching. 
Those  who  are  taking  part  in  the  working  out  of  the  Government 
of  Australia  are  born  of  our  own  British  race,  which  has  never 
failed  in  any  of  the  undertakings  of  self-government.  I  have  the 
most  profound  faith  that  with  the  lapse  of  time  and  the  gathering 
up  of  experience  there  will  be  a  successful  issue  for  the  Common- 
wealth of  Australia. 

The  CHAIRMAN  (Lieut.-General  Sir  J.  BEVAN  EDWARDS,  K.C.M.G., 
C.B.) :  I  will  now  ask  you  to  give  a  vote  of  thanks  to  Dr.  Hackett. 
It  is  only  six  or  seven  days  ago  that  he  was  asked  to  take  the  place 
of  Mr.  Wise,  who  was  to  have  read  us  a  Paper,  and  I  am  sure  we 
are  all  greatly  indebted  to  him  for  the  time  and  trouble  he  has 
given  to  the  subject.  At  this  late  hour  I  will  not  myself  offer  any 
remarks  on  the  Paper,  much  as  I  should  have  liked  to  do  so,  and 
I  will  only  add  that  we  have  had  a  most  admirable  Paper,  and  an 
excellent  discussion. 

Dr.  HACKETT  :  I  think  the  vote  of  thanks  should  be  directed 
towards  my  audience,  who  have  put  up  so  good-naturedly  with  what 
I  feel  must  have  been  a  somewhat  dry  treatment  of  a  dry  subject. 
It,  however,  puts  good  heart  into  a  man  to  hear  such  words  as 
those  that  were  used  by  some  of  the  speakers,  especially  by  that 
kindest  and  most  earnest  of  politicians,  and  most  patriotic  of  Austra- 
lians, Mr.  Deakin.  But  the  highest  compliment  of  all  perhaps 
was  paid  to  me  by  Sir  William  Lyne,  who  stated  in  the  most 
positive  way  that  while  he  saw  some  good  points  in  the  address,  he 
did  not  agree  with  it.  When  I  listened  to  those  points  of  dis- 
satisfaction I  found  that  they  had  resolved  themselves  into  some 
remarks  on  the  three-party  system.  The  other  points  to  which 
he  took  exception  were  the  result  of  his  own  thought  and  not  mine, 
for  they  had  no  place  in  my  Paper. 

A  vote  of  thanks  was  also  given  to  the  Chairman  for  presiding. 


K3 


266 


COLONIAL   CONFEEENCE   BANQUET. 

A  Banquet  in  honour  of  the  Prime  Ministers  and  other  representa- 
tive statesmen  visiting  this  country  in  connection  with  the  Colonial 
Conference  was  held  at  the  Whitehall  Eooms,  Hotel  Metropole,  on 
Wednesday,  April  24,  1907.  The  Right  Hon.  the  Earl  of  Elgin, 
KG.,  G.C.S.L,  G.C.I.E.,  Secretary  of  State  for  the  Colonies, 
presided. 

The  following  is  a  complete  list  of  those  present : — 

A.  W.  a'Beckett,  J.  F.  Aldenhoven,  Eobert  Allen,  Et.  Hon.  Lord  Alverstone, 
G.C.M.G.,  Frederick  Anderson,  Gilbert  Anderson,  Kenneth  S.  Anderson,  R.  L. 
Antrobus,  C.B.,  Hon.  Sir  Wm.  Arbuckle,  C.  N.  Armstrong,  A.  E.  Aspinall, 
J.  Auerbach,  J.  Barr,  E.  Bedford,  George  Beetham,  J.  Berlein,  Charles 
Bethell,  H.  F.  Billinghurst,  Sir  Arthur  N.  Birch,  K.C.M.G.,  A.  S.  Birch, 
H.  Birchenough,  C.M.G.,  F.  Beckett  Birt,  Hon.  R.  K.  Bishop,  M.L.C.,  Sir 
James  Blyth,  Bart.,  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  Robert  Bond,  K.C.M.G.,  J.  R.  Boose, 
Rt.  Hon.  Charles  Booth.  Hon.  Sir  F.  W.  Borden,  K.C.M.G.,  R.  A.  Bosanquet, 
Sir  Samuel  B,  Boulton,  Bart.,  R.  W.  Bourne,  Admiral  Sir  N.  Bowden-Smith, 
K.C.B.,  Rt.  Hon.  Lord  Brassey,  G.C.B.,  B.  Brenan,  C.M.G.,  H.  H.  Bridge, 
Charles  E.  Bright,  C.M.G.,  Hon.  L.  "P.  Brodeur,  C.,  M.  Brothers,  James  J. 
Brown,  Gerald  M.  Browne,  Leonard  G.  Browne,  Sir  Charles  Bruce,  G.C.M.G., 
A.  Bruce- Joy,  G.  E,  Buckle,  Henry  Bull,  Sir  Henry  Bulwer,  G.C.M.G.,Rt.  Hon. 
John  Burns,  M.P.,  J.  F.  Burstall,  A.  R.  Butterworth,  Sir  T.  Fowell  Buxton, 
Bart,  G.C.M.G.,  D.  Byrne,  Sir  Vincent  Caillard,  His  Grace  the  Archbishop  of 
Canterbury,  G.C.V.O.,  W.  Chamberlain,  Alfred  A.  Clark,  Cumberland  Clark, 
Sir  George  Clarke,  G.C.M.G.,  T.  R.  Clougher,  Hon.  Sir  John  Cockburn, 
K.C.M.G.,  Capt.  R.  M.  Collins,  R.N.,  C.M.G.,  G.  W.  Compton,  B.  F.  Conigrave, 
Rev.  W.  J.  Conybeare,  S.  Cook,  R.  A.  Cooper,  W.  F.  Courthope,  C.  T.  Cox, 
C.M.G.,  H.  Bertram  Cox,  C.B.,  C.  Czarnikow,  D.  R.  Dangar,  F.  H.  Dangar, 
Sir  H.  K.  Davson,  Hon.  Alfred  Deakin,  C.  F.  De  Nordwall,  Henry  Denton, 
T.  L.  Devitt,  F.  Dewsbury,  F.  H.  Dixon,  Hon.  A.  Dobson,  C.M.G.,  Sir  Arthur  P. 
Douglas,  Bart.,  J.  S.  Duncan,  R.  Duncan,  M.P.,  Rt.  Hon.  Earl  of  Dunraven, 
K.P.,  C.M.G.,  Frank  M.  Dutton,  Frederick  Dutton,  F.  Eckstein,  C.  S.  Edmond- 
son,  Lieut.-Gen.  Sir  J.  B.  Edwards,  K.C.M.G.,  C.B.,  D.  Finlayson,  Lieut.-Col. 
R.  A.  Finlayson,  C.M.G.,  Sir  Francis  Fleming,  K.C.M.G.,  Sydney  Ford,  James 
Fowler,  J.  H.  Galbraith,  J.  A.  Game,  G.  Glanfield,  Rt.  Hon.  Lord  Glantawe, 
Rt.  Hon.  Lord  Glenesk,  T.  A.  Glenny,  A.  R.  Goldring,  G.  Goodsir,  G.  W. 
Gordon,  John  Gordon,  W.  L.  Grant,  Melville  Gray,  Major-Gen.  Sir  Henry 
Green,  K.C.S.I.,  C.B.,  R.  N.  Grenfell,  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  Edward  Grey,  Bart.,  M.P., 
W.  L.  Griffith,  Capt.  J.  N.  Griffiths,  E.  P.  Gueritz,  A.  Haes,  John  Halliday, 
Rt.  Hon.  Earl  of  Halsbury,  J.  G.  Hamilton,  Sir  W.  Baillie Hamilton,  K.C.M.G., 
C.B.,  H.  de  Courcy  Hamilton,  Capt.  J.  de  Courcy  Hamilton,  T.  J.  Hanley, 
V.  Hansen,  John  Hardy,  Robert  Harper  (M.P.  Australia),  Lewis  Haslam,  M.P., 
R.  E.  Haslam,  W.  Hawthorn,  M.  G.  Heeles,  J.  A.  Leo  Henderson,  J.  C.  A.  Hen- 
derson, F.  E.  Hesse,  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  Albert  Hime,  K.C.M.G.,  Bernard  Holland,  C.B., 
John  Hopkins,  Lieut.  L.  H.  Hordern,  R.N.,  Alfred  H.  Houlder,  Augustus  F. 
Houlder,  Frank  Hunt,  G.  Imroth,  Sir  Thomas  Jackson,  Bart.,  Isaac  Jacobs, 
Richard  Jebb,  R.  J.  Jeffray,  E.  G.  Jellicoe,  Hon.  J.  G.  Jenkins,  Rt.  Hon.  Earl  of 


Colonial  Conference  Banquet.  267 

Jersey,  G.C.B.,  G.C.M.G.,  G.  Lawson  Johnston,  Henry  Joslin,  H.  W.  Just,  C.B., 
C.M.G.,  Isaac  Kaufman,  Eonald  Keep,  D.  J.  Kennelly,  K.C.,  Wm.  Keswick, 
M.P.,  Baron  Kikuchi,  Sir  Henry  Kimber,  Bart.,  M.P.,H.D.  King,  R.N.R.,  Montague 
Kirkwood,  T.  M.  Kirkwood,  Sir  James  Knowles,  K.C.V.O.,  Major-Gen.  Sir  E.  B. 
Lane,  K.C.V.O.,  C.B.,  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  Wilfrid  Laurier,  G.C.M.G.,  Robertson 
Lawson,  H.  Ledger,  J.  T.  Lempriere,  Charles  Leonard,  Isaac  Lewis,  Hastings 
Likely,  R.  Lilienfeld,  R.  Little  John,  the  Hon.H.  S.Littleton,  SirR.  B.  Llewelyn, 
K.C.M.G.,  F.  Graham  Lloyd,  W.  McN.  Love,  C.  P.  Lucas,  C.B.,  Brig.-Gen.  Sir 
Frederick  Lugard,  K.C.M.G.,  C.B.,  D.S.O.,  Hon.  Sir  Wm.  Lyne,  K.C.M.G.,  Gen. 
Hon.  Sir  Neville  Lyttelton,  K.C.B.,  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  Claude  MacDonald,  G.C.M.G., 
G.C.V.O.,  K.C.B.,  Wm.  McFarlane,  J.  B.  Mclvor,  Sir  James  L.  Mackay,  G.C.M.G., 
K.C.I.E.,  J.  C.  Mackay,  Sir  George  Mackenzie,  K.C.M.G.,  C.B.,  Douglas  McLean, 
W.  Marden,  H.  B.  Marshall,  E.  P.  Mathers,  Frederick  Mead,  S.  Mendelssohn, 
T.  D.  Merton,  Harry  Millar,  R.  U.  Moffatt,  C.M.G.,  M.B.,  Capt.  R.  H.  Croft- 
Montague,  Rt.  Hon.  Lord  Monk-Bretton,  C.B.,  Sir  Ralph  Moor,  K.C.M.G.,  S. 
Vaughan  Morgan,  James  K.  Morrison,  John  S.  Morrison,  C.  H.  Harley  Moseley, 
C.M.G.,  G.  J.  S.  Mosenthal,  the  Hon.  C.  G.  Murray,  Capt.  Henry  Musgrave, 
R.E.,  Harold  Nelson,  Sir  Montague  Nelson,  K.C.M.G.,  S.  Neumann,  C.  E.  Nind, 
R:  Nivison,  R.  D.  Noble,  His  Grace  the  Duke  of  Norfolk,  K.G.,  G.C.V.O., 
J.  S.  O'Halloran,  C.M.G.,  C.  H.  Ommanney,  C.M.G.,  P.  T.  J.  Parfitt, 
Dr.  G.  R.  Parkin,  C.M.G.,  Sir  J.  Roper  Parkington,  T.  W.  Parkin- 
son, M.D.,  Lieut.-Col.  J.  H.  Patterson,  D.S.O.,  George  Peacock,  Edward 
Pearce,  W.  S.  Pearse,  Col.  Ernest  Pemberton,  R.E.,  Sir  J.  Denison  Pender, 
K.C.M.G.,  Edward  C.  Penney,  Sir  Westby  B.  Perceval,  K.C.M.G.,  R.  W. 
Perks,  M.P.,  E.  A.  Petherick,  Rev.  S.  Gordon  Ponsonby,  J.  G.  Pocle, 
Archdeacon  B.  Potter,  J.  W.  Potter,  R.  B.  Powell,  J.  J.  Pratt,  junr.,  J. 
W.  Previte,  Gilbert  Purvis,  Rt.  Hon.  the  Earl  of  Ranfurly,  G.C.M.G.,  Hugh  W. 
Reeves,  H.  M.  Ridge,  H.  A.  Ridsdale,  Col.  C.  F.  Roberts,  C.M.G.,  A.D.C.,  C.  J. 
Roberts,  C.  R.  Robertson,  Lieut.-Col.  Sir  Donald  Robertson,  K.C.S.I.,  Major- 
Gen.  C.  W.  Robinson,  C.B.,  Sir  J.  Clifton  Robinson,  J.  R.  Robinson,  C.  D.  Rose, 
M.P.,  T.  L.  Rose,  J.  Rosen,  Arthur  Ross,  Arthur  Ross,  junr.,  James  W.  G. 
Ross,  C.  Rous-Marten,  Com.  R.  M.  Rumsey,  R.N.,  I.S.O.,  Thomas  Russell, 
Thomas  J.  Russell,  W.  Cecil  Russell,  J.  Sadler,  Sir  Edward  Samuel,  Bart., 
Henry  Samuel,  Wm.  Sandover,  E.  B.  Sargant,  Ernest  E.  Sawyer,  E.  T. 
Scammell,  Capt.  G.  C.  Sconce,  R.  Scott-Atkinson,  C.  Short,  David  Sinclair, 
W.  Banks  Skinner,  F.  G.  Smart,  Hon.  Dr.  T.  W.  Smartt,  M.L.A.,  Rt.  Hon.  Sir 
C.  Clementi  Smith,  G.C.M.G.,  Lieut.-Col.  Sir  Gerard  Smith,  K.C.M.G.,  Henry 
F.  Smith,  Thomas  Smith,  Sir  W.  F.  Haynes  Smith,  K.C.M.G.,  E.  A.  Smith- 
Rewse,  Edward  Snell,  A.  F.  Somerville,  Wm.  Statham,  C.  W.  A.  Stewart,  A.  H. 
P.  Stoneham,  Rt.  Hon.  Lord  Strathcona,  G.C.M.G.,  G.  Sturgeon,  E.  P.  F.  Sutton, 
Leonard  Sutton,  M.  H.  F.  Sutton,  Major-Gen,  the  Hon.  Sir  R.  Talbot,  K.C.B., 
Hon.  J.  W.  Taverner,  W.  P.  Taylor,  P.  Tennyson-Cole,  Lieut.-Col.  S.  R.  Timson, 
V.D.,  T.  S.  Townend,  Hon.  Sir  Horace  Tozer,  K.C.M.G.,  Sir  William  H.  Treacher, 
K.C.M.G.,  Gordon  Turner,  Rt.  Hon.  Lord  Tweedmouth,  Arthur  Verdon,  F.  W. 
Verney,  M.P.,  Sir  C.  E.  Howard  Vincent,  K.C.M.G.,  C.B.,  M.P.,  Hermann  Voss 
Edmund  Walker,  Frank  Walker,  E.  A.  Wallace,  G.  W.  Wallace,  E.  W.  Wall' 
ington,  C.M.G.,  Hon.  Sir  Joseph  Ward,  K.C.M.G.,  F.  J.  Waring,  C.M.G.,  W. 
Weddel,  B.  B.  Weil,  J.  Weil,  J.  West,  A.  E.  Williams.  A.  Williamson,  J.  B. 
Williamson,  J.  H.  Charnock  Wilson,  J.  H.  Witheford,  A  E.  Wynter,  M.D.,  Sir 
Frederick  Young,  K.C.M.G. 

Field-Marshal  Sir  Frederick  P.  Haines,  G.C.B.,  G.C.S.I.,  C.I.E., 
and  Mr.  Walter  Morrison  were  unable  to  attend,  but  kindly 
contributed  towards  the  expenses  of  the  banquet. 

The  guests  were  received  by  the  Earl  of  Elgin  (a  Vice- 
President)  and  the  following  Vice- Presidents  and  Councillors  :  — 

K  4 


268  Colonial  Conference  Banquet. 

The  Kt.  Hon  the  Earl  of  Dunraven,  K.P.,  C.M.G.,  the  Rt.  Hon.  the  Earl  of  - 
Jersey,  G.C.B.,  G.C.M.G.,  the  Kt.  Hon.  Lord  Brassey,  G.C.B.,  the  Kt.  Hon. 
Lord  Strathcona,  G.C.M.G.,  the  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  Cecil  Clementi  Smith,  G.C.M.G., 
Sir  Henry  E.  G.  Bulwer,  G.C.M.G.,  Sir  Frederick  Young,  K.C.M.G.,  Henry 
Birchenough,  Esq.,  C.M.G.,  Admiral  Sir  Nathaniel  Bowden-Smith,  K.C.B., 
Sir  George  S.  Clarke,  G.C.M.G.,  F.  H.  Dangar,  Esq.,  Frederick  Button,  Esq., 
Lieut.-Gen.  Sir  J.  Bevan  Edwards,  K.C.M.G.,  C.B.,  Major-Gen.  Sir  Henry 
Green,  K.C.S.I ,  C.B.,  the  Right  Hon.  Sir  Albert  H.  Hime,  K.C.M.G.,  William 
Keswick,  Esq.,  M.P.,  Sir  George  S.  Mackenzie,  K.C.M.G.,  C.B.,  Sir  E.  Montague 
Nelson,  K.C.M.G.,  Dr.  G.  R.  Parkin,  C.M.G.,  Sir  Westby  B.  Perceval,  K.C.M.G., 
Major-Gen.  C.  W.  Robinson,  C.B. 

The  hall  was  decorated  with  the  flags  of  the  various  parts  of  the 
Empire,  and  that  of  the  Institute,  bearing  the  motto,  "  The  King 
and  United  Empire." 

His  Grace  the  Archbishop  of  Canterbury  said  grace. 

The  CHAIRMAN  proposed  the  toast  of  "  His  Majesty  the  King," 
which  was  duly  honoured. 

The  Eight  Hon.  Sir  ROBERT  BOND,  K.C.M.G.  (Premier  of  New- 
foundland) :  I  have  been  entrusted  with  the  second  toast  on  the 
list,  viz.  "  Her  Majesty  Queen  Alexandra,  the  Prince  and  Princess 
of  Wales,  and  the  other  Members  of  the  Royal  Family."  It  is  an 
honour  of  which  any  man  might  be  justly  proud  to  be  asked  to 
propose  this  toast.  I  do  not  accept  it  so  much  as  an  honour  to 
myself  as  to  the  country  I  represent,  England's  oldest  Colony.  A 
toast  such  as  this  requires  no  eloquence  to  commend  it  to  Britishers 
in  any  part  of  His  Majesty's  wide  dominions,  or,  indeed,  the  world 
over,  because  our  gracious  Queen  and  her  distinguished  family  are 
universally  respected,  honoured,  and  beloved.  For  fifty  years  or 
more  the  toast  of  the  Queen  was  synonymous  with  the  words  "  Our 
Mother  Land,"  and  since  the  good  and  great  Queen  Victoria  passed 
away  the  toast  is  honoured  throughout  the  Empire  with  a  keen 
appreciation  of  the  never-failing  kindness  and  thoughtfulness  of 
the  beautiful  and  gracious  lady  who  is  now  the  Consort  of  the 
King.  The  affection  that  goes  out  towards  Her  Majesty  the  Queen 
is  extended  to  her  distinguished  son  the  Prince  of  Wales,  as  was 
fully  displayed  during  the  memorable  tour  of  their  Royal  High- 
nesses throughout  the  Colonies  a  few  years  ago,  for  the  manner  in 
which  His  Royal  Highness  discharged  the  important  duty  entrusted 
to  him  by  his  august  Father — viz. 'that  of  the  bearer  of  a  message 
of  peace  and  goodwill  and  affection  to  every  part  of  the  great 
Empire — won  for  him  the  affectionate  regard  of  the  whole  of  His 
Majesty's  subjects. 

Hon.  Dr.  T.  W.  SMARTT  (Commissioner  of  Public  Works,  Cape 
of  Good  Hope)  :  I  am  extremely  sorry  my  friend  Mr.  Moor,  the 


Colonial  Conference  Banquet.  269 

Premier  of  Natal,  who  was  to  have  proposed  this  toast,  is  unable 
to  attend,  and  he  has  asked  me  to  express  to  the  Fellows  of  this 
Institute  his  deep  regret  at  the  circumstance.  I  think  we  are  all 
falling  out  one  by  one — yes,  we  are  succumbing  to  the  hospitality 
of  the  British  people  !  Nobody  woukt  have  been  better  fitted  to 
propose  the  toast  of  the  "  Naval  and  Military  Forces  of  the  Empire  " 
than  the  Prime  Minister  of  the  Colony  known  as  "  Loyal  Little 
Natal."  We  who  come  from  the  Colonies  are  glad  to  see  that  the 
days  of  the  old  toast  of  the  "  Army  and  Navy  "  are  gradually  pass- 
ing away,  its  place  being  taken  by  that  of  the  "  Naval  and  Military 
Forces  of  the  Empire" — thereby  showing  that  it  is  not  solely  an 
army  and  navy  of  the  people  of  these  islands  but  an  army  and 
navy  of  every  portion  of  the  British  Dominions.  While  some  of 
us  might  perhaps  desire  to  advance  matters  more  quickly  than  they 
are  advancing,  I  think  we  must  recognise  the  great  step  which  has 
been  taken  at  the  Conference  in  the  establishment  of  an  Imperial 
General  Staff  on  which  officers  from  the  various  portions  of  the 
British  Dominions  shall  be  able  to  render  assistance,  and  over  and 
above  that,  we  in  the  Colonies  shall  be  able  to  receive  great  military 
assistance  from  the  men  in  the  centre  of  the  Empire.  I  believe  a 
spirit  is  springing  up  in  the  Colonies  whereby  we  recognise  not 
alone  the  privileges  and  advantages  of  British  citizenship,  but  also 
the  obligations  of  that  citizenship ;  and  while  we  do  not  desire  a 
policy  of  aggression  or  conquest,  we  recognise,  owing  to  the 
enormous  extent  of  the  Empire  and  its  great  resources,  the  absolute 
responsibility  which  rests  upon  us  in  doing  all  that  we  can  in  our 
small  way  to  lighten  the  burdens  which  have  in  the  past  fallen  too 
heavily  on  the  people  of  the  United  Kingdom,  and  to  show  we  are 
prepared,  while  asking  that  the  Army  and  Navy  should  be  kept  up 
to  the  strength  necessary  to  maintain  the  interests  of  the  Empire, 
to  in  some  way  contribute  to  its  upkeep.  In  the  Cape  Colony,  a 
small  Colony,  we  are  already  making  an  advance.  It  gave  me 
great  pleasure  the  other  day  to  inform  the  First  Lord  of  the 
Admiralty  (when  discussing  the  position  of  the  Cape  Royal  Naval 
Volunteers)  that  when  a  draft  Bill,  which  it  is  the  intention  of  the 
Cape  Government  to  introduce  into  Parliament  next  session,  was 
read  out  to  the  men,  making  provision  for  the  Admiralty  to  call 
upon  their  services  in  any  part  of  the  world  should  the  occasion 
demanding  such  unfortunately  arise,  the  Volunteers  unanimously 
accepted  the  situation,  recognising  that  they  were  not  established 
simply  for  the  defence  of  Cape  -waters,  but  as  a  portion  of  the 
general  defence  of  the  Empire.  We  shall  intrpduce  a  Bill  into  the 


270  Colonial  Conference  Banquet. 

House  of  Assembly  (which  I  believe  will  become  law)  whereby 
everybody  in  that  force  will  be  liable  to  serve  wherever  he  may  be 
required.  I  hope  with  regard  to  the  Army  we  shall  move  in  the 
same  direction  also.  Some  short  time  ago  a  conference  was  held 
in  Johannesburg,  under  the  Residency  of  Lord  Selborne,  when  the 
various  Governments  represented  in  South  Africa  agreed  that  they 
should  have  a  certain  section  of  their  forces  interchangeable  .for 
the  general  defence  of  South  Africa,  and  over  and  above  that  a 
certain  section  enrolled  for  service  in  any  part  of  the  world  should 
Great  Britain  require  such  services.  I  hope  that  is  a  policy  which 
will  commend  itself  to  my  friend  General  Louis  Botha,  the  Prime 
Minister  of  the  Transvaal,  because  before  the  establishment  of 
responsible  Government  the  policy  was  accepted,  and  I  have  no 
reason  to  doubt  that  he  will  subscribe  to  the  recommendations 
arrived  at  by  the  Defence  Commission.  To  Fellows  of  the  Royal 
Colonial  Institute  who  are  acquainted  with  the  greatness  of  the 
British  Empire  and  the  vastness  of  its  problems,  and  to  your 
guests  from  the  Colonies  to-night,  it  is  unnecessary  for  me  to  say 
we  all  recognise  the  absolute  necessity  of  maintaining  the  high 
traditions  of  the  Army  and  the  Navy,  and  also  the  necessity  of  the 
Colonies  and  Dependencies  beyond  the  seas  doing  everything  they 
can  to  maintain  and  strengthen  those  traditions  upon  which  the 
safety  of  the  Empire  depends. 

The  Eight  Hon.  Lord  TWEEDMOUTH  (First  Lord  of  the 
Admiralty) :  I  am  proud  indeed  to  stand  in  this  distinguished 
company  to  answer  for  the  defence  forces  of  the  Empire.  Si  vis 
pacem,  para  bellum.  That  is  a  trite  quotation,  but  solid,  sterling 
truth,  and  this  truth  comes  more  upon  us  in  these  days  than  when 
that  quotation  first  took  effect,  for  by  the  increase  of  our  scientific 
inventions  and  by  the  extraordinary  increase  of  the  power  of 
communication,  we  cannot  afford  to  wait  for  the  time  of  war,  but 
must  prepare  for  war.  You  must  anticipate  the  possible  outbreak 
of  war,  and  when  the  time  comes  be  ready  to  meet  it.  If  you 
cannot  so  meet  it  your  Empire  will  go  down.  We  have  the  last 
few  days  been  talking  about  the  defence  of  the  Empire  at  the 
Colonial  Conference.  We  have  been  talking  of  the  Dominions  of 
the  King  beyond  the  seas,  not  in  the  future,  not  a  hundred  years 
hence,  not  even  twenty-five  years  hence,  but  under  conditions 
which  now  exist.  Those  dominions  have  progressed  by  leaps  and 
bounds,  and  I  believe  that  progress  will  continue  so  long  as  those 
dominions  feel  that  they  have  the  whole  arm  of  the  Empire  behind 
them,  and  that  they  might  trust  the  power  of  the  Empire  as  a 


Colonial  Conference  Banquet,  271 

whole  to  support  them.  If  it  were  the  case  that  the  relations 
which  now  exist  between  the  Mother  Country  and  the  Colonies  np 
longer  existed,  that  there  grew  up  between  them  the  relations  of 
States  which  at  one  time  were  in  friendly  intercourse  and  at 
another  time  in  antagonism,  then  I  believe  that  progress  would  be 
checked.  But  that  cannot  be  the  case ;  it  will  not  be  the  case. 
We  do  not  require  for  our  Empire  an  Army  or  a  Navy  that  is 
broken  to  fragments ;  we  want  one  united  Navy  and  one  united 
Army;  we  want  an  Army  and  a  Navy  which  shall  be  full  of 
mobility,  which  may  be  moved  from  place  to  place  wherever  their 
services  are  required.  It  may  be  if  you  break  your  Navy  and  Army 
up,  a  little  bit  in  one  place  and  a  little  bit  in  another,  it  might  be 
good  enough  to  defend,  though  I  think  but  imperfectly,  that  little 
bit  of  the  Empire.  But  that  is  not  the  object  of  our  defence  forces. 
Our  defence  forces  are  intended  to  defend  the  Empire  as  a  whole, 
and  to  fight  wherever  they  may  be  called  upon  in  any  part  of  the 
Empire.  That  defence  can  only  be  secured  under  two  conditions, 
liberty  and  unity — liberty  to  the  individual  part  of  the  Empire  to 
have  its  say  as  to  what  is  best  for  that  particular  part  of  the 
Empire,  and  unity  between  all  parts  of  the  Empire  when  the  time 
of  danger  comes. 

Hon.  Sir  F.  W.  BORDEN,  KC.M.G.  (Minister  of  Militia  and 
Defence,  Canada) :  I  feel  it  a  great  honour  to  have  my  name 
coupled  with  that  of  the  distinguished  First  Lord  of  the  Admiralty 
in  the  reply  to  this  toast.  The  Empire  owes  its  existence  as  it  is 
to-day  to  the  fact  that  Great  Britain  has  had  a  Navy  and  an  Army. 
On  the  one  hand  their  achievements  are  typified  by  Trafalgar,  and 
on  the  other  by  Waterloo.  It  is  only  necessary  to  mention  those 
two  events  to  justify  the  existence  of  a  Navy  and  an  Army.  It  is 
not  simply  that  this  Empire  as  it  is  owes  its  existence  to  the  fact 
of  the  glorious  achievements  of  the  Army  and  Navy,  but  the  world 
at  large,  civilisation  and  freedom  throughout  the  world,  owe  a  debt 
to  the  British  Navy  and  the  British  Army.  When  we  are  con- 
sidering the  necessity  for  the  maintenance  of  these  powerful  forces 
we  should  not  forget  that  the  Navy  particularly  is  required  not 
simply  for  the  protection  of  the  shores  of  Great  Britain  or  of  the 
various  territories  which  make  up  this  vast  Empire,  but  is  required 
for  the  maintenance  of  peace  throughout  the  world.  I  was  glad  to 
hear  the  First  Lord  use  the  term  "  defence."  It  is  in  no  hostile 
spirit  towards  the  rest  of  the  world  that  Britain  maintains  her 
fleet  and  her  Army.  It  is  with  no  desire  for  conquest  or  depriving 
others  of  that  which  properly  belongs  to  them,  but  rather  for  the 


272  Colonial  Conference  Banquet. 

purpose  of  seeing  that  on  all  hands  British  subjects  and  weaker 
nations  are  protected,  no  matter  where  they  may  be.  The  pro- 
posal suggested  by  my  friend  Dr.  Smartt  is  a  difficult  and  complex 
one,  and  possibly  might  be  somewhat  controversial  as  to  details. 
This  Empire  of  ours  is  loosely  held  together  so  far  as  any  written 
bond  is  concerned,  and  it  had  better  remain  so.  It  is,  however, 
closely  bound  together  by  the  strongest  feeling  of  sentiment  and  of 
love  for  the  British  people  and  British  institutions,  and  loyalty  for 
the  King  of  this  Empire.  I  venture  to  say  that  we  need  have  no 
misgivings  in  these  circumstances  as  to  the  future.  I  cannot  say, 
speaking  for  my  own  country,  and  I  doubt  if  any  one  of  the 
gentlemen  here  representing  different  parts  of  the  Empire  would 
care  to  say  or  is  authorised  to  say  by  his  people  that  so  many 
legions  shall  be  ready  to  march  to  war  if  they  are  required.  But  I 
will  say  that  what  happened  within  a  few  short  years  ago,  when 
for  the  moment  British  power  and  authority  seemed  to  be  in 
question — what  happened  then  will  happen  again,  and  ten  times 
more  so  if  the  British  power  and  British  authority  is  threatened,  so 
long  as  it  is  founded  on  freedom  and  justice  as  it  has  always  been — 
so  long  as  that  is  the  case  you  may  count  upon  the  loyal  support 
of  the  King's  subjects  throughout  every  portion  of  this  wide 
Empire. 

The  CHAIRMAN  :  I  rise  to  propose  the  toast  which  has  always 
been  accepted  at  meetings  of  this  Institute  with  enthusiasm,  that 
of  "  The  United  Empire."  I  would  draw  your  attention  to  a 
special  claim  which  this  Institute  has  in  presenting  this  particular 
sentiment.  We  are  incorporated  by  Royal  Charter,  which  was 
granted  to  us  by  our  late  beloved  Queen  on  the  application  of  his 
present  Majesty,  then  Prince  of  Wales,  and  in  that  charter  I  find 
the  following  statement  of  the  objects  of  the  Institute :  "  To 
promote  the  increase  and  diffusion  of  knowledge  respecting  as  well 
our  Colonies,  Dependencies,  and  Possessions  as  our  Indian  Empire, 
and  the  preservation  of  a  permanent  union  between  the  Mother 
Country  and  the  various  parts  of  the  British  Empire."  I  think 
that  sentence  might  almost  be  taken  as  an  expression  of  the 
objects  of  the  Colonial  Conference.  At  least,  I  can  say  this,  that 
having  been  present  at  all  its  deliberations,  I  am  willing  to  testify 
that  no  word  has  been  spoken  which  could  have  any  other  inten- 
tion than  to  consolidate  and  to  strengthen  the  British  Empire. 
Sometimes  the  manner  of  speaking  is  as  important  as  the  matter, 
and  I  say  deliberately,  and  speaking  with  some  experience  of 
conferences  and  meetings  of  various  kinds,  that  I  cannot  conceive 


Colonial  Conference  Banquet.  273 

any  meeting  which  has  been  more  characterised  by  good  feeling 
and  good  temper — good  feeling  and  good  temper  between  Colony 
and  Colony,  and  good  feeling  and  good  temper  between  Colony  and 
the  Mother  Country.  If  you  ask  me  whether  it  is  not  rash  to 
make  a  statement  of  that  kind  when  we  are  only  half-way  through 
our  work,  I  turn  to  my  right  hon.  friend  on  my  right,  Sir  Wilfrid 
Laurier ;  he  made  a  profession  before  we  met  at  all,  and  I  am 
not  too  rash  in  confirming  his  estimate.  I  believe  that  when  our 
meetings  are  completed  we  shall  have  proved  that  we  have  con- 
tinued to  the  end  the  spirit  of  which  I  have  spoken.  If  I  had 
any  doubt  at  all,  I  think  it  might  come  from  the  other  side  ;  I  think 
I  might  be  tempted  to  ask  myself,  Is  it  worth  while  to  speak  of 
this  ?  Is  it  not  obvious  that  everyone  would  take  this  attitude  at 
the  Conference  ?  Well,  I  would  venture  to  remind  you  that  we 
have  to  deal  with  matters  of  material  interest ;  we  have  been 
discussing  our  own  constitution  in  the  future ;  we  have  been  dis- 
cussing the  means  of  defence,  both  naval  and  military ;  and  it  is, 
I  think,  well  that  I,  on  my  own  responsibility,  should  be  willing 
and  anxious  to  testify  to  this  company  that  so  far  we  have  shown 
good  temper  and  good  feeling  in  those  discussions  upon  which  we 
have  entered.  But  if  you  press  me  further,  if  you  ask  me  what  I 
say  of  the  bond  of  sentiment — the  bond  of  sentiment  which,  as 
the  Prime  Minister  reminded  us  at  the  first  meeting,  Mr.  Chamber- 
lain thought  so  strong — then  I,  for  my  part,  avow  myself  a 
thorough  believer.  I  think  myself  that  perhaps  this  bond  has 
been  undervalued  from  our  own  fault.  It  is  possible  that  we  have 
pressed  too  hardly  on  occasions  the  claim  which  we  in  the  Mother 
Country  may  perhaps  not  unreasonably  pat  forward  to  the  alle- 
giance of  our  children.  But  I  agree  with  what  was  said  in 
Westminster  Hall  by  the  Speaker  this  afternoon,  that  our  children 
are  growing  up,  and  that  we  must  look  rather  to  the  attachment 
of  the  family  than  to  the  allegiance  of  the  child.  I  am  aware 
that  illustrations  or  metaphors  from  nature  are  not  always  very 
safe  to  make,  but  we  do  use  a  number  of  them  from  the  movement 
of  water  in  connection  with  social  and  political  affairs.  We  speak 
of  the  current  of  events  and  of  the  flowing  tide,  but  I  think  that  in 
using  these  metaphors  and  illustrations  we  sometimes  forget  that 
nature  provides  for  itself  compensations.  Now,  a  current  which  is 
strong  meets  with  an  obstacle.  From  its  very  strength  it  discloses 
that  obstacle  and  is  diverted  in  a  different  direction.  Of  the  tides 
we  have  before  us  constantly  the  ebb  and  flow,  and  though,  no 
doubt,  we  sometimes  attribute  the  alterations  which  result  from 


274  Colonial  Conference  Banquet. 

the  movements  of  the  tide  rather  to  the  flow  than  to  the  ebb,  I  am 
not  sure  that  this  is  scientifically  accurate.    We  have  currents  and 
we  have  the  ebb  and  flow  in  such  things  as   emigration.      We 
have  them  in  the  movements  which  have   gone  to  the  creation 
and  development  of  the  Dominions  of  the  King  beyond  the  Seas. 
We  have  had  from  the  first,  no  doubt,  compensations  ;   we  have 
had  them  in  increase  of  trade,  increase  of  influence  in  various 
ways ;    but  I  am  speaking  now  more  of  the  question  of  popula- 
tion,  and   I  think   that  perhaps   the   ebb   in  this   question   was 
not  always  borne   in   mind  in  connection   with   this   movement. 
I  was  very  much  struck  the  other  day  in  noticing  in  the  formidable 
list  of  social  engagements  which  stood  in  the  face   of  our  dis- 
tinguished guests  that  they  were  to  be  invited  to  an  entertainment 
by  members  of  Parliament  who  had  been  born  in  the  Colonies. 
That  was  a  fact  which  was  referred  to  by  Sir  Wilfrid  Laurier  this 
afternoon  in  terms  which  I  would  not  venture  to  endeavour  to 
equal,  but  I  would  say  that  it  seemed  to  me  to  be  a  significant  fact, 
and  one  which  was  probably  likely  to  increase   and  to  have  an 
increasing  influence  in   the    days   to   come.      For  individuals   I 
believe  that  this  is  not  altogether  entirely  a  novelty.     I  would  ask 
you  to  imagine  a  man  who,  born  in  a  Colony,  re-emigrated,  if  I 
might  coin  a  word,  to  the  Old  Country  at  an  early  age,  and  who 
therefore  had,  in  the  Colony  of  his  birth,  neither  position  nor 
possession  nor  privileges,  and  who  is  absorbed  in  the  life  of  the  Old 
Country,  and  in  its  interests,  private  and  political.     But  I  venture 
to  say  that  that  man  ought  to  and  would  take  up  the  challenge 
which  Sir  Wilfrid  Laurier  gave  him,  and  profess  himself  loyal  to 
the  country  of  his  birth.     I  speak  with  conviction  on  this  subject, 
because  I  have  already  avowed  myself  in  the  face  of  this  Institute 
a  Canadian  born.     All  I  can  say  is  that  I  take  up  Sir  Wilfrid 
Laurier's  challenge,  and  I  profess  myself  loyal  and  true  to  the 
country  of  my  birth.     I  have  always  felt  so,  and  would  wish  Sir 
Wilfrid  Laurier  to  believe  that  there  is  nothing  in  the  Colonial 
Office  which  detracts  from  my  ambition  to  act  up  to  that  profes- 
sion.    I  do  venture  to  say  that  though  the  subjects  which  have 
been   and  are  to  be  brought  before  the  Imperial  Conference   are 
great  and  important,  and  great  and  important  in  regard  to  the 
Imperial  unity  which  is  the  subject  of  my  toast ;  and  though  the 
results  of   the  discussions   of  that  Conference  may  well  be  far- 
reaching,  still  I  do  think  that  not  the  least  importance  is  to  be 
attached  to  those  personal  relations  which  may  well  be  the  out- 
come of  meetings  of  this  kind.      When  our  work  is  completed 


Colonial  Conference  Banquet.  275 

I  venture  to  think  that  there  will  be  no  doubt  on  any  hand  of  the 
intention  of  us  all  to  recognise  the  freedom  and  independence  of 
each  and  every  Government.  I  would  fain  hope  that  the  recog- 
nition of  that  principle  will  be  followed  and  accompanied  by 
the  recognition  of  freedom  and  independence  and  friendliness  in 
the  communications,  whether  written  or  verbal,  which  may  pass 
between  the  several  Governments,  and  if  that  is  the  result  I 
venture  to  think  that  that  in  no  small  degree  will  contribute  to 
the  objects  which  are  so  well  described  in  the  passage  from  the 
Charter  of  this  Institute  which  I  quoted  at  the  beginning. 

The  Eight  Hon.  Sir  WILFRID  LAUBIEB,  G.C.M.G.  (Premier  of 
the  Dominion  of  Canada) :  The  Chairman  has  said  that  this 
Institute  owes  its  existence  to  a  Royal  Charter.  I  think  I  am  well 
within  the  truth  when  I  say  that  the  Institute  is  the  oldest  of  those 
associations,  now  so  numerous,  whose  object  is  to  bring  together 
the  component  parts  of  the  British  Empire  with  a  better  under- 
standing and  appreciation  of  one  another.  The  Royal  Colonial 
Institute  has  been  a  pioneer  in  this  line.  All  honour  therefore  to 
the  Institute,  and  the  honour  is  all  the  greater  since  it  is  a  well- 
known  fact  that  the  members  who  compose  it  have  given  the  best 
of  their  hearts  and  souls  to  the  promotion  of  one  idea,  the  unity  of 
the  British  Empire.  Good  reason  have  they  to  be  proud  of  the 
work  they  have  achieved.  You  have  only  to  look  at  the  spectacle 
presented  to-day  to  measure  the  distance  travelled  in  the  few  years 
of  their  existence.  You  see  Canada,  my  native  country,  one 
composed  of  provinces  separated  from  each  other  by  physical 
obstacles,  separated  perhaps  by  the  still  deeper  cleavage  of  race, 
now  a  united,  happy,  prosperous  confederation — a  nation  in  truth, 
but  still  remaining  a  jewel  of  the  British  Crown.  You  see 
Australia,  once  separated  into  small  and  perhaps  jarring  provinces, 
now  also  a  strong  and  prosperous  confederation.  You  see  New 
Zealand,  free  from  the  difficulties  which  Canada  and  Australia  had 
to  contend  with,  compact  in  territory,  united  in  population,  able 
to  devote  its  energies  to  the  solution  of  problems  which  have 
baffled  other  nations,  and  exhibiting  an  example  to  the  world  of 
social  reform.  Still  better,  you  see  South  Africa,  the  classical 
land  of  bondage,  now  emerging  at  last  into  the  light  of  freedom, 
endowed  to-day  with  British  institutions,  and  to-morrow  united 
after  the  example  of  Australia  and  of  Canada.  Let  me  ask  you  to 
go  back  some  pages  in  history.  Who  would  have  supposed,  after 
the  conclusion  of  the  American  War  in  1783 — who  would  have 
supposed,  only  seventy  years  after  the  close  of  the  Canadian  rebellion, 


276  Colonial  Conference,  Banquet. 

that  in  the  early  days  of  the  twentieth  century  the  British  Empire 
would  give  to  the  world  the  example  it  is  now  giving  ?  The  man 
who  ventured  to  predict  that  in  the  twentieth  century  the  British 
Empire  would  be  such  a  fact  would  have  been  called  a  visionary. 
But  the  miracle  has  been  performed.  It  exists.  We  are  living 
witnesses  of  it.  And  what  is  the  principle  which  has  performed 
that  miracle  ?  It  is  the  fact  that  England  has  not  hesitated  at 
one  moment  of  her  history  to  trust  those  distant  nations  which 
are  her  daughters.  She  did  not  hesitate  to  trust  not  only  those  of 
her  own  kith  and  kin,  but  those  of  foreign  blood  like  myself.  This 
policy  has  been  chiefly  the  work  of  two  men — two  of  the  greatest 
men  of  English  birth  in  the  nineteenth  century — Lord  Durham, 
who  conceived  the  policy,  and  Lord  Elgin,  the  illustrious  father  of 
our  Chairman,  who  first  applied  it.  You  are  true,  my  lord,  to  the 
land  of  your  birth,  and,  if  you  were  not  true,  as  you  are  to  Canada, 
your  native  land,  you  could  not  be  the  true  son  of  your  father, 
because  no  one  ever  lived  to  whom  Canada  owes  more  than  to  your 
illustri6us  father.  If  the  statesmen  of  the  eighteenth  century  had 
had  the  wisdom  of  the  statesmen  of  the  nineteenth,  the  history  of 
England  probably  would  have  been  differently  written.  If  the 
complaints  of  the  American  Colonies  of  the  eighteenth  century 
had  been  listened  to,  probably  the  Congress  which  assembled  in 
Philadelphia  in  1776  would  not  have  proclaimed  separation,  and 
the  American  Colonies  would  be  part  of  the  British  Empire. 
A  moment  ago,  while  listening  to  Dr.  Smartt,  I  was  reminded  of  a 
page  of  American  history,  which  compares  in  some  respects  to  the 
English.  At  the  close  of  the  Civil  War  in  1865  the  task  before  the 
American  statesmen  of  that  day  was  to  construct  the  Union.  It 
took  them  ten  years  to  bring  back  the  Union  as  a  family.  At  the 
end  of  ten  years  the  Union  had  been  reconstructed,  but  it  was  more 
a  Union  on  paper  than  of  hearts.  A  few  years  afterwards,  in  1898, 
when  it  was  supposed  the  Kepublic  was  in  danger,  when  war  had 
been  proclaimed  with  Spain,  a  thrill  passed  over  the  whole  American 
States — those  who  had  been  Secessionists  and  those  who  had  been 
loyal,  and  men  who  had  fought  against  each  other,  forgetting  their 
old  feuds,  claimed  to  take  their  place  under  the  flag  of  the  American 
Republic.  Some  four  years  after,  the  South  African  War,  England, 
true  to  the  policy  inaugurated  by  Lord  Durham  and  Lord  Elgin, 
gave  the  franchise  to  the  men  who  had  fought  her  and  whom  she 
had  fought.  No  nation  but  England  would  have  had  that  courage. 
If  anything  could  justify  that  policy  it  is  the  presence  of  General 
Botha  in  your  midst  to-day.  If  the  surmise  of  Dr.  Smartt  were  to 


Colonial  Conference  Banquet.  277 

come  true,  and  England  were  called  upon  once  more  to  draw  the 
sword  from  the  scabbard  (which  God  forbid),  from  my  heart  I 
believe  we  should  see  this  glorious  example — that  those  men  who 
fought  against  one  another  on  the  battlefield  of  South  Africa  would 
be  found  in  that  war  under  the  same  flag  fighting  the  battle  of  old 
England.  Because  the  human  heart  is  the  same  everywhere,  man 
is  generous,  and  if  he  is  treated  with  generosity  he  will  answer  to 
generosity.  You  have  trusted  the  people  of  South  Africa,  and  I 
believe  you  have  not  trusted  them  in  vain.  The  British  Empire 
covers  men  of  many  races,  but  its  foundations  are  broad  enough  to 
give  them  all  an  equal  sum  of  justice  and  fairplay. 

Hon.  ALFRED  DEAKIN  (Premier  of  the  Commonwealth  of 
Australia)  :  Lord  Elgin,  listening  to  your  admirable  and  generous 
statement  of  the  results  of  the  Conference,  and  also  to  the  apolo- 
getic terms  in  which  our  several  occasional  absences  from  festive 
gatherings  have  been  mentioned,  I  find  myself  encouraged  to  repeat 
the  somewhat  ungracious  remark  which  I  ventured  on  at  the  outset 
of  our  proceedings.  Let  me  once  more  express  sincere  regret  that 
a  Conference  of  business  men  assembled  together  for  business 
purposes  of  national  importance  should  be  so  gracefully  but  so 
absolutely  smothered  in  courtesies.  I  admit  to  the  full  the  value 
of  occasions  such  as  the  present,  which  enable  us  to  meet  the 
leading  representative  men  of  this  metropolis  and  this  country. 
They  are  to  be  prized,  but  I  do  urge  most  seriously  that  the  next 
Conference,  though  not  less  cordially  received  than  we  have  been, 
will  be  permitted  to  be  summoned  quite  apart  from  the  full  blaze  of 
a  London  season.  When  the  buds  break  in  your  country  hedges 
your  capital  breaks  out  into  a  perpetual  series  of  dinners ;  if  we 
were  to  devote  ourselves  to  them  all  we  should  find  ourselves 
incapable  of  devoting  ourselves  to  anything  else.  The  Conference 
is  in  danger  of  suffering,  and  is  suffering,  though  the  fact  can 
scarcely  be  perceived  as  yet,  because  unhappily  it  is  a  Conference 
with  closed  doors.  A  tiny  precis  is  slipped  out  day  by  day  through 
some  crevice,  which  conveys  an  intimation  more  or  less  cold  and 
indifferent  to  the  outside  world  that  the  Conference  is  still  in  exist- 
ence, and  engaged  upon  its  labours.  It  is  therefore  almost  a  relief 
that  if  the  Conference  doors  are  closed,  the  banqueting  doors  are 
open.  We  are  at  least  permitted  here,  without  breach  of  confi- 
dence, to  express  our  own  opinions  in  public  upon  some  of  the 
matters  which  come  before  that  body.  Hence  some  of  the  hospi- 
talities which  threaten  to  become  our  undoing  may  at  the  same 
time  be  coerced  into  a  moderately  useful  purpose.  Even  in  this 


278  Colonial  Conference  Banquet. 

whirlpool  of  gaieties,  this  tempest  of  entertainments,  there  are 
gatherings  organised  deliberately  in  view  of  our  meeting,  which 
intimate  to  the  public  that  the  leading  statesmen  of  this  country, 
and  those  associated  with  them,  welcome  with  no  common  ardour 
and  with  unfeigned  sympathy  our  efforts  to  do  the  work  we  have 
been  sent  to  do.  Your  greatest  political  clubs  have  honoured  us 
with  demonstrations,  of  which  no  expression  of  ours  can  adequately 
express  our  appreciation.  Beyond  that  we  have  been  still  more 
honoured  by  the  privilege  of  assembling  in  your  ancient  halls,  rich 
to  us  with  the  story  of  our  fathers,  saturated  with  imperishable 
memories,  with  history,  romance  and  tradition — the  Guildhall  and 
the  Hall  of  Westminster.  Thus  surrounded  and  encouraged  to 
speak  our  minds,  we  do  so  in  the  confidence  that  it  will  not  be  mis- 
taken for  self-assertion  when  we  put  aside  all  apologies  in  order  to 
come  straight  to  some  of  the  matters  now  in  hand.  We  have  had 
during  the  Conference  the  privilege  of  learning  from  the  Secretary 
for  War  and  the  First  Lord  of  the  Admiralty  the  broad  principles 
of  action  upon  which  Imperial  defence  is  to  be  continued.  In  that 
defence  we  have  at  least  as  deep  an  interest  as  you,  but  we  neces- 
sarily regard  it  from  the  other  side  of  the  shield.  It  is  with  you 
and  not  with  us  that  rests  the  whole  responsibility  for  putting 
those  means  of  defence  into  operation.  You  control  in  this  way 
the  whole  military  and  naval  force  of  the  Empire.  We  for  our 
part,  recognising  our  increase  of  responsibilities  as  we  increase  in 
growth,  feel  that  the  first  of  these  we  are  called  upon  to  face  is 
that  of  providing  for  our  own  defence.  It  is  but  a  few  years  since, 
within  my  own  memory,  it  was  regarded  as  an  important  step  to 
invite  the  self-governing  communities  to  undertake  the  guardian- 
ship of  their  own  lands  by  means  of  military  forces  of  their  own 
raising.  Since  the  Imperial  troops  were  withdrawn  that  responsi- 
bility has  been  gradually  accepted,  and  will  be  in  every  year  more 
adequately  fulfilled.  Now  the  time  has  come  when  we  learn  from 
the  lips  of  your  naval  advisers  that  an  exactly  parallel  course  may 
require  to  be  pursued  in  regard  to  the  great  naval  forces.  Upon 
us,  then,  in  precisely  the  same  fashion,  will  devolve  the  responsi- 
bility for  coast  and  harbour  defences  of  our  own.  We  realise  this 
necessity,  although  no  people  more  imbued  with  the  love  of  peace 
can  be  found  on  this  planet.  We  quite  recognise  that  adventurous 
and  martial  nations  seeking  war  can  easily  find  it,  but  we  also 
recognise  that  nations  too  timid  to  face  the  realities  of.  the  times 
cannot  avoid  it — that  a  policy  of  drift  no  less  than  a  policy  of 
aggression  may  thrust  us  face  to  face  with  it.  Consequently, 


Colonial  Conference  Banquet.  279 

realising  the  perils  we  run,  our  aim  is  to  commence  in  a  modest 
fashion  floating  defences,  which  we  trust  will  expand  until  they 
become  sufficient  for  our  portion  of  the  Empire.     To  accomplish' 
this  task  is  a  necessary  and  essential  condition  of  the  enjoyment  of 
the  privilege  of  self-government,  which  we  have  received  from  the 
Mother  Country.     We  hope  to  see  the  creation  of  citizen  forces, 
not  for  the  sake  of  what  is  sometimes  termed  militarism,  but  for 
the  securing  of  peace.     We  are  attempting  the  establishment  in  a 
perfectly  pacific  people  of  a  force  which  shall  some  day  represent 
the  whole  of  its  available   manhood  in  arms.     WThat   has   been 
hitherto  lacking  will  steadily  be  supplied  by  degrees  of  development. 
Mr.  Haldane   has  explained  in  a  speech,  which   fortunately  has 
become  public,  the  principles  upon  which  the  land  organisation  of 
the  Empire  is  for  the  future  to  proceed.     He  has  suggested  the 
establishment  of  a  general  staff  of  the  most  competent  and  capable 
military  advisers  of  the  Empire,  which  will  not  only  be  available 
to  calls  from  any  part  of  the  Empire,  but  which  shall  allow  its 
officers  to  acquire  a  personal  acquaintance  with  the  circumstances 
of  those  parts,  however  remote.     More  than  this,  true  to  those 
principles  of  self-government  which  have  been  so  well  expounded 
to-night,  the  scheme  will  encourage  the  officers  of  those  Govern- 
ments to  come  to  this  country,  taking  their  place  with  the  general 
staff,   and  learning  its  methods  by  personal  observation  and  par- 
ticipation  in   them.     By  these  means,  in  consonance  with  every 
principle  of  self-government,  we  can  unite  in  providing  that  brain 
of  the  Army  and  military  forces  whose  operations  require  to  be  as 
effective  in  the  most  distant  portions  as  in  the  centre.     In  time  of 
need  those   who,   taking    our    destiny  in   their  hands,   are   pre- 
pared to  accept  the  dread  arbitrament  of  war  must  rely  upon  it,  as 
must  those  who  occupy  our  outlying  territories.      All  will  be  at 
stake.     This  general  staff  in  war  may  possibly  come  to  be  associated 
with  an  analogous  association  in  relation  to  naval  defence,  by  whose 
means  the  whole  Empire  shall  be  linked  together  for  the  common 
purposes  of  sea  defence.     If  nothing  else  were  accomplished  but 
that,  a  great  and  necessary  advance  will  have  been  made.     But 
among  the  younger  and  more  ardent  peoples  of  the  Empire  we  shall 
not  be  content  to  stop  there.     The  necessity  of  applying  the  whole 
of  the  resources  of  the  intelligence  and  the  effective  power  of  the 
nation  for  the  purposes  of  national  defence — this  we  can  under- 
stand.    But  we  cannot  understand  why  you  stop  short  at  that  kind 
of  defence ;  is  there  to  be  a  brain  for  the  Army  and  Navy,  and  no 
brain  for  our  commerce,  shipping  and  trade  ?     Are  we  to  be  capable, 


280  Colonial  Conference  Banquet. 

in  consonance  with  the  principles  of  self-government,  of  standing 
shoulder  to  shoulder  on  the  battlefield,  of  fighting  side  by  side  on 
the  battleship,  and  pass  each  other  by  as  strangers  on  the  field  of 
peace  ?  What  need  have  we  of  defence  if  not  for  these  ?  What 
have  we  to  defend  ?  An  immense  and  an  enormous  territory  with 
uncounted  riches  and  resources,  in  many  respects  as  yet  imperfectly 
developed.  Surely  the  same  people  which  is  capable  of  bringing  to 
bear  its  united  intelligence  on  the  arts  of  war  is  not  incapable 
of  employing  it  in  the  arts  of  peace.  What  our  Army  and  Navy 
exist  to  defend  is,  first  our  liberties,  and  next  the  means  which  we 
now  acquire  in  liberty  fruitful  to  us,  and  to  those  who  come  after  us. 
What  is  life  without  the  means  of  life,  or  industry  without  its 
fruits?  We  possess  to-day  the  richest  heritage  the  wide  world 
over.  Are  we  content  to  leave  more  than  half  of  it  uncultivated  ? 
What  we  desire  is  not  that  we  shall  attempt  to  cultivate  it  by  force 
but  that  we  shall  defend  those  who  can  and  do  cultivate  our  pro- 
duce. We  must  defend  our  merchants,  farmers,  shipowners,  manu- 
facturers, traders,  and  all  others  who  minister  to  the  greatness  of  this 
country.  Many  of  them  are  now  exposed  to  a  competition  which  is 
unfair,  which  is  subsidised  so  that  in  the  scales  of  commerce  a  false 
weight  is  used  against  us.  Surely  the  least  we  can  do  is  to  insist 
upon  equal  treatment  for  our  own  people  and  protection  for  their 
honest  labours.  Why  not  create  a  brain  for  the  trade  and  commerce 
of  the  Empire  as  well  as  for  its  soldiers  and  sailors  ?  Why,  if  a 
Roman  citizen  was  proud  of  his  citizenship,  shall  we  neglect  to  add 
yet  another  laurel  to  those  conferred  upon  our  ancestors  by  their 
long  roll  of  heroic  achievements  in  the  field  ?  Let  us  make,  in  peace 
as  well  as  in  war,  our  Imperial  citizenship  a  reality  as  well  as  a 
name. 

Hon.  Sir  JOSEPH  G.  WAKD,  K.C.M.G.,  Premier  of  New 
Zealand  :  If  I  were  to  put  into  words  what  is  probably  passing 
through  your  minds,  I  should  say  that  after  the  speeches  we 
have  already  heard  we  might  very  well  disperse.  Listening  to 
the  excellent  addresses  that  have  been  delivered  this  evening,  I 
have  been  much  impressed,  as  most  of  you  I  am  sure  have  been, 
with  the  reality  of  an  United  Empire.  I  am  justified  in  saying 
this  from  the  unusual  circumstances  of  finding  the  Prime  Ministers 
of  so  many  self-governing  portions  of  the  Dominions  present  as  the 
guests  of  the  Royal  Colonial  Institute  this  evening.  We  have 
had  the  representatives  of  Newfoundland,  Natal,  Cape  Colony, 
Australia,  and  Canada,  all  voicing  the  same  sentiments,  and  giving 
expression  to  the  earnest  desire  for  the  bringing  closer  together  all 


Colonial  Conference  Banqnct.  281 

portions  of  the  vast  Dominions  of  which  we  are  all  so  proud  and 
happy  to  be  members.  My  task  at  this  hour  of  the  evening  is  made 
none  the  less  light  from  the  fact  that  I  have  to  follow  the  eloquent 
and  historical  speech  of  Sir  Wilfrid  Laurier,  lofty  in  tone  and  high 
in  its  ideals  ;  as  well  as  the  able  speech  of  my  friend  Mr.  Deakin, 
cogent,  argumentative,  and  breathing  a  fervent  desire  of  the  people 
whom  he  represents  in  regard  to,  at  least,  one  important  aspect  of 
matters  that  are  now  exercising  closely  the  attention  of  the  Sons  of 
Empire  throughout  its  vast  territories.  I  desire  to  express  my 
indebtedness  to  the  members  of  the  Koyal  Colonial  Institute  for 
myself  and  the  people  of  New  Zealand,  for  whom  it  is  my  honour 
to  attend  as  their  representative  at  the  important  Colonial  Con- 
ference in  London.  I  want  to  say  how  much-  we  appreciate  the 
valuable  work  that  for  some  years  the  Eoyal  Colonial  Institute  has 
been  engaged  in.  They  have  given  many  opportunities  to  visiting 
statesmen  to  meet  representative  men  in  every  walk  of  life  belong- 
ing to  this  great  Metropolis,  and,  thanks  to  their  courtesy  and  con- 
sideration; we  have  a  most  representative  gathering  of  citizens  of 
the  Empire,  the  guests  of  the  Royal  Colonial  Institute  this  evening. 
The  fact  that  so  many  gentlemen  meet  here  from  time  to  time  and 
place  on  record  their  desire  to  see  the  outlying  portions  of  the 
Empire  brought  more  closely  together,  and  that  they  voice  this 
sentiment  in  season  and  out  of  season,  cannot  fail  to  have  a  good 
effect,  and  I  feel  assured  that  whatever  good  results  they  have 
materially  helped  to  achieve  in  the  past,  the  opportunity  afforded 
upon  the  occasion  of  the  visit  of  the  Premiers  of  the  various  por- 
tions of  the  King's  distant  possessions  should  ensure  that  further 
beneficial  results  will  accrue.  I  take  the  opportunity  of  expressing 
my  deep  regret  that  I  was  unable,  owing  to  my  attendance  at  the 
Imperial  Conference,  to  attend  the  meeting  at  the  Guildhall  the 
other  day  on  the  subject  of  education  in  relation  to  the  Empire.  I 
have  a  firm  belief  that  the  future  destiny,  both  of  the  old  country 
and  of  the  new,  depends  to  a  large  extent,  and  will  do  so  to  an 
even  greater  degree  in  the  future,  upon  knowledge  being  imparted 
to  the  rising  generation  in  relation  to  all  portions  of  the  Empire. 
There  is  nothing  more  important  than  that  the  rising  generation 
should — as,  indeed,  also  all  the  men  and  women  in  all  parts  of  the 
British  Empire — have  a  greater  knowledge  of  the  people  of  the 
different  portions  of  it,  and  the  great  potentialities  that  lie  before 
it.  Empire  education  would  tell  a  powerful  tale  in  this  respect, 
and  it  is  worthy  of  the  assistance  and  the  cordial  co-operation  of 
the  whole  of  us  who  are  working  with  the  common  object  of 


282  Colonial  Conference  Banquet. 

making  the  Old  World   and   its   mighty   possessions   stronger   in 
reality.     I  should  like  to  acknowledge  how  much  in  the  matter  of 
Empire  education  the  people  of  New  Zealand  are  indebted  to  a 
distinguished  gentleman  now  resident  in  this  country,  and  who 
filled  for  a  number  of  years  the  important  position  of  Governor  of 
New  Zealand,  with  credit  to  himself,  with  satisfaction  to  the  people 
of  that  country,  and  with  honour  to  the  King.     I  may  mention 
that   in   our  country   we  have  at  our  various  schools  a  flagstaff 
erected,  and  on  that  staff  from  time  to  time  floats   the   British 
Ensign  and  the  Union  Jack,  and  the  children  in  our  schools  are 
taught  to  respect  and  to  revere  this  flag,  not  in  a  spirit  of  boasting, 
but  to  recognise  it  as  an  emblem  of  freedom  and  as  a  visible  indi- 
cation  of    the   attachment   of    New  Zealand   to  the   old  Mother 
Country.     I  may  be  allowed  to  say  that,  in  my  opinion,  a  vast 
amount  of  good  is  being  done  in  this  way,  and  when  the  children 
attending  our  schools  attain  to  manhood  or  womanhood  estate,  the 
impressions  of  their  early  years  of  their  being  subjects  of  a  great, 
powerful,  and  free  Empire  cannot  fail  to  make  them  better  citizens  ; 
and  it  cannot  do  other,  during  the  years  of  their  scholastic  training, 
than  help  them  to  appreciate  the  vast  advantages  that  are  theirs  as 
being  members  of  a  British  country.     Kegarding  the  Imperial  Con- 
ference, my  belief  is  that  the  outcome  of  its  deliberations  must  be 
for  the  good  of  the  Empire  as  a  whole.     I  do  not  propose  to  go 
into  the  various  questions  that  are  before  it  for  consideration,  but 
I  want  to  take  this  opportunity  of  alluding  to  some  matters  of  a 
practical   character,    which   I   am   certain   will    have   a   material 
effect,  if  we  give  them  attention  and  endeavour   to   bring   them 
into   operation,   of  bringing  our   peoples    closer   together.      The 
importance   of  having  the  highways   across  the    ocean  free  and 
unrestricted  for  the  navigation   of    our  ships   will  be   recognised 
by  all,  even  those  who  give  it  but  passing  consideration.     I  would 
remind   you   that   there   is   a  great   highway  between   here   and 
Australia  known  as  the  Suez  Canal.     The  interest  obtained  by  the 
British  people  in  that  Canal  will  always  remain  a  tribute  to  the 
far-sightedness  of  that  great  statesman,  Disraeli,  and  will,  among 
other  matters,  keep  him  in  memory  of  the  citizens,  not  only  of 
Great  Britain,  but  of  all  portions  of  its  belongings.     That  Canal 
has  served  a  magnificent   purpose ;    but   the  time   arrives   when 
circumstances  require  a  review  with  the  object  of  seeing  whether 
the  best  possible  good  is  being  done.     I  ask  what  are  the  custodians 
of  the  Canal  doingf  now  towards   making  it   available  for  ships 
under  the  best  conditions  possible  trading  through  it  to  Australia 


Colonial  Conference  Banquet.  283 

and  New  Zealand,  to  say  nothing  of  the  enormous  advantage  it 
would  be  to  traders  with  the  Far  East  were  the  conditions  made 
easier,  and  less  restrictive  for  the  free  interchange  of  trade  ?  I  have 
already,  since  my  arrival  in  England,  urged  that  some  representa- 
tion of  Australia  and  New  Zealand  should  be  given  upon  the  Board 
of  Control  of  the  Suez  Canal.  It  would  be  a  good  thing,  I  venture 
to  suggest,  for  the .  British  Government  to  invite  the  Governments 
of  Australia  and  New  Zealand  to  take  an  interest  in  the  Canal  by 
buying  a  portion  of  the  shares  now  held  by  the  Suez  Canal  pro- 
prietors to  enable  them  to  have  a  voice  in  its  administration,  and 
thereby  grant  these  great  outlying  and  progressive  portions  of  the 
Empire — growing  in  influence  and  in  power  daily,  and  destined  in 
the  years  to  come  to  be  amongst  the  most  powerful  of  the  British 
possessions— representation  on  the  Canal,  and  so  permit  their 
representatives  to  assist  in  bringing  about  a  better  condition  of 
affairs  in  connection  with  this  important  highway.  To-day  it  is  in 
the  position  of  a  toll-bar  at  sea.  The  time  has  long  passed  away 
for  that  objectionable  method  of  treating  the  transit  of  either 
human  beings  or  the  products  required  for  their  sustenance,  and 
this  could,  with  great  advantage  to  the  trade  of  the  Empire,  and 
certainly  to  the  development  of  the  Colonies,  be  effected  in  connec- 
tion with  the  Suez  Canal.  Again,  I  suggest  that  Great  Britain 
and  her  self-governing  Dominions  of  Canada,  Australia,  and  New 
Zealand,  could  with  enormous  advantage  to  the  people  of  these,  as 
well  as  to  those  in  the  countries  I  have  named,  enter  into  a  joint 
agreement  for  an  improved  mail  and  passenger  service,  by  which 
the  people  in  far  distant  New  Zealand  could  be  brought  to  England 
within  twenty  days,  and  from  Australia  in  about  the  same  time,  if 
not  less — and  those  from  England  to  these  countries,  of  course,  in 
the  same  time.  I  may  be  asked  how  this  could  be  done.  I  reply 
that  it  could  be  carried  into  effect  from  England  to  Canada,  across 
the  Dominion  of  Canada,  and  from  Canada  over  the  Pacific  to 
Australia  and  New  Zealand.  A  service  from  England  to  Canada 
could  be  carried  out  easily  in  four  days,  and  across  the  Continent 
of  Canada  by  train  quite  easily  in  four  days,  and  from  Vancouver 
to  one  of  the  important  New  Zealand  ports  without  difficulty  in 
twelve  days.  This  is  not  an  imaginary  idea,  but  is  quite  capable 
of  practical  accomplishment  with  vessels  of  the  size  and  speed  now 
trading  from  England  to  America.  It  would  cost  money  to  do  it, 
and  for  that  reason  I  say  that  the  advantages,  direct  and  indirect, 
to  the  people  of  England  and  of  the  Colonies,  whether  it  be  from  a 
trade  aspect  or  from  a  social  or  domestic  one,  would  be  of  such 


284  Colonial  Conference  Banquet. 

immense  value  that  it  would  pay  them  to  join  hands  in  giving  the 
necessary  subsidies  towards  steamship  owners  in  providing  a 
modern,  up-to-date  steam  service  both  for  the  Atlantic  and  the 
Pacific.  By  such  means  I  venture  to  affirm  the  tie  of  Empire  with 
these  Colonies  would  be  more  closely  tightened,  and  the  latter 
would  be  brought  to  within  such  easy  distances  of  the  Old  World 
that  thousands  of  people,  instead  of  hundreds  as  at  present,  from 
these  countries,  would  avail  themselves  of  the  improved  means  of 
transit  to  visit  England,  and  vice  versa.  This  important  subject 
is  one  that  could  be  helped  forward  by  the  gentlemen  now  round 
this  table,  in  giving  it  the  weight  of  their  advocacy  and  the  benefit 
of  their  support.  As  a  practical  and  feasible  proposal  I  would 
suggest  the  desirability  of  bringing  about  a  further  reduction  of 
the  present  rates  for  cabling  between  Great  Britain  and  her 
Dependencies.  At  present  the  rates  for,  at  least,  the  bulk  of  the 
peoples  in  our  respective  territories  are  prohibitory.  I  am  not 
suggesting  this  with  any  mischievous  intention  of  hurting  the 
shareholders  owning  the  cable  companies,  who  have  the  right  to  be 
protected,  and  to  have  their  interests  conserved.  What  I  urge  is 
that  to  enable  this  valuable  achievement  to  be  accomplished,  the 
several  Governments  of  Britain,  Canada,  Australia  and  New 
Zealand  should  combine,  if  the  cables  are  to  remain  in  the  hands 
of  private  owners  as  against  that  of  the  Governments  of  the 
various  portions  with  which  they  connect — and  guarantee  to  the 
owners  of  the  cables  to  the  extent  of  the  revenue  they  now  receive 
under  the  present  high  tariff;  this  should  be  assured  to  them 
under  the  lower  basis  of  cable  charges  which  I  suggest  should  be 
adopted,  and  in  this  way  a  loss  to  the  cable  owners  would  be 
impossible.  My  observations  in  this  respect,  so  far  as  a  guarantee 
of  loss  is  concerned,  apply  equally  to  the  Pacific  cable,  which  as  you 
know  is  State  owned,  as  to  that  of  cables  owned  by  the  enterprising 
companies  that  have  so  long  carried  on  a  large  portion  of  the  cable 
traffic.  Such  a  proposal  would,  I  am  sure,  if  carried  into  effect  be 
a  splendid  thing  for  the  Empire  from  a  business  point  of  view,  as 
by  the  cheapening  and  quickening  of  market  communications  great 
good  would  be  done  towards  uniting  and  bringing  into  closer  har- 
mony in  their  every-day  life  the  British  people  who  are  scattered 
and  separated  by  many  thousands  of  miles  of  ocean.  I  am  much 
impressed  with  the  work  going  on  at  the  Imperial  Conference.  I 
have  already  said  that  I  look  for  good  results  from  its  deliberations, 
and  I  do  so  in  more  ways  than  the  most  sanguine  members  who  sit 
round  the  Conference  table  can  contemplate.  The  fact  of  it  having 


Colonial  Conference  Banquet.  285 

been  decided  that  the  Conference  is  to  meet  permanently  every  four 
years  is  in  itself  a  good  thing.  It  is  a  beginning,  and  must  grow, 
and  though  I  personally  favour  its  being  termed  an  Imperial 
Council,  in  deference  to  the  matured  opinion  of  other  gentlemen 
present,  I  subscribe  to  the  term  "  Conference."  So  long  as  its 
duties  are  denned  it  does  not  matter  much  what  it  ig  termed.  One 
result  already  of  the  meeting  of  the  Imperial  Conference  has  been 
to  obtain  from  the  Secretary  of  State  for  War — Mr.  Haldane— a 
sketch  of  what  is  proposed  to  be  done  in  relation  to  matters  of 
Imperial  Defence,  the  development  and  carrying  out  of  which,  on 
practical  lines,  is  of  very  vital  consequence  to  the  Old  World  and  to 
the  New.  Supplemented  as  that  statement  was  by  an  outline  from 
the  First  Lord  of  the  Admiralty,  of  what  is  aimed  at  in  the  great 
work  of  the  Naval  Defence,  I  can  say,  speaking  for  New  Zealand, 
that  there  will  be  from  end  to  end  of  our  country  a  cordial  desire 
on  the  part  of  the  people  to  support  to  the  fullest  possible  extent 
the  carrying  into  effect  upon  practical  lines,  both  in  the  Army 
and  Navy,  of  a  system  that  goes  for  the  improvement  and  the 
strengthening  of  both.  For  in  New  Zealand  the  people  feel  that 
it  is  on  the  powerful  right  arm  of  the  British  Navy  that  that  im- 
portant possession  would  to  a  large  extend  depend  for  its  defence 
in  times  of  trouble.  I  do  not  suggest  that  the  decision  by  a  trial 
of  strength  of  the  Navy  is  likely  to  take  place  in  New  Zealand 
waters.  I  hold  the  contrary  opinion.  All  the  same,  as  a  portion 
of  the  British  Empire  we  feel  that  in  having  an  up-to-date,  per- 
fected Navy  in  every  respect,  that  wherever  and  whenever  the 
decisive  moment  arrives  for  a  struggle  between  powerful  rivals 
of  Britain  and  her  Dependencies,  that  New  Zealand  will,  as 
England  does,  depend  most  really  upon  the  work  and  effective- 
ness of  that  branch  of  our  defences  which  has  a  warm  place  in 
the  hearts  of  the  British  people,  wherever  they  are  located.  The 
proposed  interchange  of  army  officers,  as  outlined  by  Mr.  Haldane, 
will  help  us  to  realise  that  we  are  not  mere  fragments  of  the 
Empire,  and  it  will  give  the  opportunity  to  officers  both  at  home 
and  abroad  of  having  a  more  intimate  knowledge  of  the  detailed 
working  and  of  the  local  circumstances  so  necessary  to  the  obtaining 
of  the  most  practical  results  of  the  best  organised  scheme.  I  am 
exceedingly  glad  that  this  system  is  to  be  put  into  operation  so  that 
those  who  are  responsible  at  the  head  of  the  Empire  for  its  main- 
tenance may  have  the  same  scheme  in  operation  in  all  parts  of  it, 
so  that  when—and  we  all  hope  it  is  far  distant — the  necessity 
should  arise  we  will  be  ready  at  all  points,  and  I  may  say  that  it 


28(j  Coloniallponference  Banquet. 

will  be  found  that  the  Colonies  which  came  to  the  assistance  of  the 
Old  Land  in  recent  troubles  will  again  send  out  their  bone  and 
sinew  to  co-operate,  upon  sea  or  on  land,  for  the  purpose  of  mutual 
defence.  The  wars  of  the  future,  I  think,  will  not  be  for  the 
purpose  of  acquiring  fresh  territory.  Great  Britain  has  no  special 
desire  to  add  to  its  possessions.  It  wants  to  retain  those  that  it 
possesses,  and  to  see  them  developed  in  times  of  peace  for  the 
general  uses  of  mankind.  The  wars  of  the  future  will  circle 
round  the  battle  of  Commerce.  It  is  the  necessity  of  the  various 
nations  that  is  pressing  them  out  in  all  directions  to  add  to  their 
commerce,  and  to  take  away  from  one  another  portions  of  what  the 
more  successful  have  already  obtained,  that  seems  to  be  the  most 
likely  cause  in  the  future  to  bring  into  existence  effort  for  supremacy 
in  the  commercial  world.  It  was  a  matter  of  great  satisfaction  that 
the  extraordinary  large  proportion  in  the  carriage  of  the  commerce 
of  the  world  was  now  being  done  by  British  ships,  and  they  should 
feel  assured  that  the  work  of  developing  the  Army  and  strengthen- 
ing the  Navy  makes  for  peace  and  for  the  continuance  of  peace. 
It  is  well,  however,  that  in  time  of  peace  we  should  bring  into  use 
the  methods  for  the  protection  of  our  great  Empire,  both  in  the  Old 
Country  and  in  its  self-governing  Dominions  beyond  the  seas. 

Major-General  the  Hon.  Sir  KEGINALD  TALBOT,  K.C.B.  (Governor 
of  Victoria)  :  I  confess  to  some  feelings  of  surprise  when  I  received 
the  invitation  to  propose  the  important  toast  of  the  Chairman,  a 
toast  involving  in  this  case  the  speech  of  a  subordinate  about  his 
superior.  I  can  only  imagine  the  selection  was  made  from  feelings 
of  consideration  to  the  audience,  because,  from  the  nature  of  the 
case,  my  speech  must  be  brief  and  devoid  both  of  criticism  and  of 
admiration.  I  may,  however,  say  that  we  all  recognise  that  in  the 
Secretary  for  the  Colonies  we  have  a  man  of  absolute  devotion  to 
his  office  and  to  the  Empire ;  a  statesman  who  has  shown  great 
tact  and  ability  in  presiding  over  the  Conference  which  is  now 
sitting,  so  far  as  we  are  able  to  judge  from  the  limited  amount  of 
knowledge  that  is  given  to  us  of  what  is  going  on  in  that  Chamber. 
We  all  know  the  enormous  importance  that  now  attaches  to  the 
office  which  he  holds,  and  we  have  every  confidence  that  he  will 
conscientiously  perform  his  high  and  difficult  duties.  A  serious 
feature  nowadays  is  the  heavy  strain  imposed  upon  the  holders  of 
high  Government  offices,  under  which,  alas  1  so  many  break  down. 
It  is  no  empty  compliment,  therefore,  to  drink  to  the  health  and 
strength  of  the  Secretary  of  State  for  the  Colonies,  in  order  that 
he  may  be  enabled  to  carry  on  his  onerous  task  with  satisfaction  to 


Colonial  Conference,  Banquet*  287 

himself  and  to  the  benefit  and  binding  together  of  GUI'  great 
Empire. 

The  CHAIRMAN  :  It  is,  I  assure  you,  extremely  gratifying  to  one 
in  my  position  to  have  a  toast  of  this  kind  proposed  by  one  of  the 
distinction  of  Sir  Eeginald  Talbot,  though  he  does  describe  himself 
as  my  subordinate.  I  recognise  that  in  our  relations  we  have  mutual 
responsibilities  which  we  can  only  discharge  fully  by  having  con- 
fidence in  each  other.  It  is  my  desire  and  hope  that  in  the 
discharge  of  the  duties  of  this  responsible  office  I  shall  be  able  to 
justify  the  words  which  he  has  spoken,  and  the  kind  reception 
which  this  Institute  has  given  me,  not  only  on  this  but  on  former 
occasions. 

The  proceedings  then  terminated. 


288 


SEVENTH   ORDINARY  GENERAL  MEETING. 

THE  Seventh  Ordinary  General  Meeting  of  the  Session  was  held  at 
the  Whitehall  Rooms,  Hotel  Metropole,  on  Tuesday,  May  14, 
1907,  when  a  Paper  on  "  Some  Phases  of  Canada's  Development  " 
was  read  by  Mr.  W.  L.  Griffith  (Secretary  to  the  High  Commis- 
sioner's Office,  Dominion  of  Canada). 

The  Right  Hon.  Lord  Strathcona,  G.C.M.G.,  a  Vice-President  of 
the  Institute,  presided. 

The  Minutes  of  the  last  Ordinary  General  Meeting  were  read 
and  confirmed,  and  it  was  announced  that  since  that  Meeting  48 
Fellows  had  been  elected,  viz.,  12  Resident,  36  Non-Resident. 

Resident  Fellows : 

Arthur  C.  Allan,  Wm.  Donald  Angier,  Edgar  G.  Edgar,  William  B.  Felton, 
Douglas  L.  Foxwell,  Samuel  C.  Gilmour,  Thomas  D.  Merton,  Harold  L. 
Pen/old,  Wm.  Burton  Steivart,  L.C.C.,  Thomas  F.  Smith,  Surgeon-General 
Sir  William  Taylor,  K.C.B.,  M.D.,  d-c.,  Rev.  Gardner  E.  Titley. 

Non -Resident  Fellows  : 

CJiarles  A.  M.  Anderson  (British  East  Africa),  Jack  P.  Armstrong  (Congo 
Free  State),  Alexander  B.  Bennie,  M.A.,  M.B.  (Victoria),  Frederick  B. 
Brown  (Natal},  Bernard  Chambers  (New  Zealand),  T.  Mason  Chambers 
(New  Zealand),  Richard  William  Chase  (Neio  South  Wales],  Moss  Davis 
(Neio  Zealand),  B.  Graham  Derry  (Rhodesia),  Francis  H.  Derry  (Rho- 
desia), Edward  W.  Douglass  (Transvaal),  Charles  Elgar  (New  Zealand), 
Charles  Ellison  (New  Zealand),  H.  Marcus  Fernando,  M.D.,  B.Sc.  (Ceylon), 
Daniel  Frame  (Cape  Colony),  George  R.  Garnett  (British  Guiana),  Robert 
Gray  (Natal),  H.  Guthrie-Smith  (New  Zealand),  Hon.  John  W.  Hackett, 
M.L.C.,  LL.D.  (Western  Australia),  Julius  N.  Heyman  (Transvaal),  Thomas 
Hodgson  (New  Zealand),  Francois  J.  Jansen  (Cape  Colony),  Edwin  G. 
Jellicoe  (New  Zealand),  Frederick  W.  Medhurst  (Tasmania),  Ben  M.  Osborne 
(New  South  Wales),  Henry  C.  Osborne  (New  South  Wales),  Oliver  T.  Osborne 
(New  South  Wales),  James  W.  Robertson  (Orange  River  Colony),  Eliphalet  E. 
Sharpe  (Canada),  Richard  Strelitz  (Western  Australia),  Hon.  Dugald 
Thomson  (M.P.  New  South  Wales],  Joseph  Thome  (New  Zealand),  CJiarles 
W.  Welman  (Transvaal),  Robert  H.  Wilkins  (Victoria],  Arthur  M.  Workman 
(Malaya],  Archibald  York  (Canada]. 

It  was  also  announced  that  Donations  to  the  Library  of  books, 
maps,  &c.,  had  been  received  from  the  various  Governments  of  the 
Colonies  and  India,  Societies,  and  public  bodies  both  in  the  United 
Kingdom  and  the  Colonies,  and  from  Fellows  of  the  Institute  and 
others. 

The  CHAIRMAN  :  I  have  to  announce  that  the  following  resolu- 
tion was  passed  by  the  Council  of  the  Institute  this  afternoon  : 
"  The  Council  of  the  Royal  Colonial  Institute  observe  with  much 


Seventh  Ordinary  General  Meeting.  289 

satisfaction  the  announcement  of  a  reduction,  from  May  1,  1907,  in 
the  postal  rate  for  newspapers,  magazines,  and  trade  journals  be- 
tween the  United  Kingdom  and  Canada — a  reform  that  cannot  fail 
to  prove  of  great  advantage  to  Imperial  commerce,  and  to  promote 
the  closer  unity  of  the  different  parts  of  the  Empire."  I  will  only 
add  that  I  hope  we  shall  be  able  to  congratulate  ourselves  on 
measures  being  taken  to  give  us  what  many  of  us  have  long  been 
looking  for,  namely,  a  fast  Atlantic  service — that,  in  fact,  within 
three  or  four  years  from  this  time  we  shall  be  able  to  travel  from 
this  country  to  Halifax  within  four  days.  It  is  now  my  pleasant 
duty  to  introduce  to  you  Mr.  Griffith,  who  knows  Canada  so  well, 
and  I  am  sure  we  shall  all  listen  with  interest,  to  what  he  has  to 
tell  us. 

Mr.  W,  L.  Griffith  then  read  his  Paper  on 

SOME  PHASES  OF  CANADA'S  DEVELOPMENT. 

Some  years  ago  a  writer  in  one  of  the  London  periodicals  said  : — 
"  As  the  reign  of  Elizabeth  marks  the  real  beginning  of  England's 
literary  greatness,  so  it  marks  the  real  beginning  of  England's 
naval,  commercial,  and  territorial  greatness — Shakespeare  was  the 
founder  of  one,  Drake  was  the  founder  of  the  other.  He  first  saw 
clearly  the  only  possible  source  of  strength  for  England — the  pillar 
of  her  very  existence — her  power  on  the  ocean,  and  did  not  rest 
until  he  ruled  the  seas.  For  England  he  flung  wide  the  gates  of 
the  far  West,  he  forged  the  key  that  was  to  open  the  door  of  the 
sunny  South,  he  laid  his  hand  on  the  frost-bound  barrier  of  the 
desolate  North.  He  tumbled  to  ruin  the  greatest  Empire  of  his  day, 
upon  the  wreck  of  which  he  made  it  possible  for  his  brethren  to 
build  a  mightier,  a  juster,  a  more  righteous  Empire,  where  commerce 
should  flourish  in  the  place  of  conquest,  progress  in  the  place  of 
priestcraft,  and  liberty  in  the  place  of  despotism." 

We  have  all  on  many  a  festive  and  glowing  occasion  listened, 
not  without  a  certain  pleasure,  to  such  statements  as  the  one 
which  has  just  been  read,  no  doubt  feeling  at  the  same  time  that 
there  was  much  more  to  be  said  on  the  subject,  tending  to  sobriety 
and  to  reflection. 

Drake  and  Frobisher  went  forth  carrying  the  English  flag  with 
courage  and  with  honour.  It  is  nothing  against  their  glorious 
memories  for  us  to  recall  that  the  main,  if  not  the  only  object  of 
their  expeditions,  was  to  bring  back  gold  and  treasure  which  would 
make  England  a  richer  and  greater  country.  The  same  ambition 
Doubtless  dominated  |3ir  Walter  Raleigh  when  he  founded  the 


290  Some  Phases  of  Canada's  Development. 

Colonies — the  same  idea  was  present  when  the  Indian  Empire  was 
being  founded  at  the  beginning  of  the  eighteenth  century.  Much 
the  same  idea  blighted  our  relations  with  the  United  States  of 
America — created  unpleasant  memories  in  respect  of  Australia  — 
and  there  are  some  who  say  that  it  has  tainted  our  actions  in  South 
Africa. 

However  legitimate  it  may  have  been  in  the  days  of  Queen 
Elizabeth  that  the  relations  between  the  United  Kingdom  and 
the  then  practically  unknown  and  uninhabited  territories,  to 
which  but  a  precarious  title  was  held,  should  be  based  upon  a 
regard  for  the  interests  of  the  British  Isles  alone,  it  has,  in  the 
evolution  of  affairs,  been  borne  in  upon  the  British  people  that  equal 
liberty  and  consideration  must  be  extended  to  those  who  have 
become  sister  nations.  That  this  principle  has  been  permanently 
admitted  is  evidenced  by  the  recent  extension  of  self-government  to 
the  Transvaal ;  and,  in  passing,  one  may  perhaps  be  permitted  to 
express  regret  at  the  derogatory  remarks  which  have  been  made 
regarding  the  fact  that  General  Botha  delivered  his  public  speeches 
in  London  in  his  native  tongue.  It  may  be  remarked  in  this 
connection  that  there  are  within  a  few  hours  of  London  tens  of 
thousands  of  loyal  Welsh  subjects  of  the  King  who  would  acclaim 
Mr.  Lloyd  George  to  the  skies  did  they  hear  he  had  addressed  the 
Imperial  Conference  in  Welsh. 

In  the  records  of  British  statesmanship  in  respect  of  Canada 
there  are  notable  triumphs  which  have  redounded  to  the  glory  of 
England,  and  to  the  eternal  benefit  of  Canada.  But  there  is  no 
finality  in  human  affairs,  and  the  relations  between  Great  Britain 
and  the  Dominion  have  demanded  in  the  past,  and  will  in  the  future 
require,  adjustment  from  time  to  time.  In  tbese  days  when  self- 
government  is  accorded  to  a  State  with  which  only  as  yesterday  we 
were  at  war,  it  seems  strange  when  we  recall  that  HO  recently  as  during 
the  Governor-Generalship  of  Lord  Dufferin,  a  Liberal  Minister — 
Lord  Kimberley — advised  Lord  Dufferin  that  it  was  not  necessary 
for  him  to  consult  his  Ministers  except  when  it  suited  his  purpose 
to  do  so.  It  was  about  this  time  when  the  Eon,  Edward  Blake, 
tKen  Minister  of  Justice  of  Canada,  made  a  report  upon  which  the 
Governor- General's  instructions  were  amended.  For  instance,  in 
regard  to  capital  cases  clemency  was  vested  in  the  Governor-General, 
and  this  power  was  taken  away  and  vested  in  the  Executive  Council. 
Recognition  was  also  accorded  the  Dominion  in  the  negotia- 
tion of  all  treaties  in  which  she  was  concerned,  and  it  will  be 
remembered  that  Sir  Charles  Tupper,  when  High  Commissioner  for. 


Some  Phases  of  Canada's  Development.  291 

Canada  in  London,  negotiated  a  treaty  on  behalf  of  Canada  with 
France,  and  that  Canada  was  represented  on  the  Behring  Sea 
Arbitration  Board.  The  requests  which  Canada  has  made  for  more 
direct  powers  of  negotiation  has  not  involved,  as  some  would 
attempt  to  prove,  a  tendency  to  separation.  They  are  simply  the 
natural  accompaniments  of  the  growth  of  Canadian  power.  In  the 
light  of  past  experience  there  can  be  no  possible  ground  to  fear  that 
anything  but  good  will  ensue  to  both  Great  Britain  and  the  Dominion 
from  the  compliance  with  the  aspirations  of  the  people  of  Canada. 

Without  offering  any  opinion  as  to  the  justice  or  otherwise  of 
the  Alaska  boundary  decision,  it  is  an  unfortunate  fact  that  it 
deeply  aroused  Canadian  feeling,  which  for  years  had  been  in  a 
most  susceptible  state  in  regard  to  British  and  American  diplomacy 
affecting  Canada. 

It  was  doubtless  as  much  in  the  interests  of  the  Old  Country  as 
of  the  Dominion  that  at  this  time  Sir  Wilfrid  Laurier  publicly 
recommended  that,  subject  to  the  veto  of  the  King,  the  Govern- 
ment of  the  Dominion  should  be  vested  with  more  power  in  the 
negotiation  of  any  treaties.  So  far  back  as  1870  the  Canadian 
Liberal  party  contended  that  Canada  should  be  accorded  that  right, 
subject  to  such  conditions  which  every  Canadian  realises  England 
would  have  the  right  to  control. 

For  many  years  the  leading  statesmen  of  Canada,  on  both  sides 
cf  politics,  have  stated  in  the  plainest  possible  terms  their  sense  of 
dissatisfaction  at  the  methods  pursued  by  English  diplomacy  when 
negotiations  in  respect  of  Canada  were  on  foot  with  the  United 
States  of  America.  Sir  John  A.  Macdonald,  the  great  Conserva- 
tive Premier  of  Canada,  wrote  concerning  the  Washington  Treaty, 
when  he  was  a  member  of  the  Joint  High  Commission  in  1871 : 
"  I  am  much  disappointed  at  the  course  taken  by  the  British  Com- 
missioners ;  they  seem  to  have  only  one  thing  on  their  minds — to 
go  home  to  England  with  a  treaty  in  their  pockets,  settling  every- 
thing, no  matter  at  what  cost  to  Canada." 

Mr.  Alexander  Mackenzie,  the  Liberal  Premier  from  1873  to 
1878,  said  in  the  Parliament  of  Canada  that  he  "  could  not  recall  a 
single  treaty  managed  by  British  statesmen — and  they  were  all 
managed  by  British  statesmen — in  which  Canada  and  British 
America  did  not  get  the  worst  of  it." 

In  1903  Sir  Wilfrid  Laurier  is  reported  to  have  said  :  "  Canada 
is  mightier,  more  populous  by  far  than  she  was  in  1882.  There 
are  to-day  nearly  six  million  of  people,  who  believe  with  passionate 
conviction,  that  tfrev  have  tk§  right  tp  determine  the  course  of 

ft? 


292  Some  Phases  of  Canada's  Development. 

matters  relating  to  their  commerce  and  their  boundaries.  More- 
over, we  have  convincing  proof  that  the  existing  system  is  persistently, 
fatally  hostile  to  Canadian  interests.  In  1871  the  question  arose  in  con- 
nection with  the  '  Alabama  '  claims.  By  the  Fenian  raid,  organised 
and  launched  from  the  United  States,  Canada  suffered  more  than 
did  America  by  the  depredations  by  the  *  Alabama.'  Our  Govern- 
ment of  that  day  besought  the  Imperial  Government  to  insert  in 
the  Washington  Treaty  a  clause  that  would  have  brought  the 
Canadian  claims  under  the  purview  of  the  Court.  England,  afraid  of 
offending  the  United  States,  turned  a  deaf  ear  to  the  plea,  leaving 
her  Colonies  in  the  lurch.  Much  the  same  thing  has  happened  in 
respect  of  the  boundary  of  Alaska.  As  I  have  said,  had  we  had 
the  power  to  arrange  the  preliminaries  of  inquiry  with  the  United 
States,  we  should  at  once  have  put  our  foot  down  in  protest  against 
the  appointment  of  three  partisans  to  serve  in  the  capacity  of  jurists, 
and  the  result  of  the  inquiry  would  have  been  very  different." 

And  on  another  occasion  Sir  Wilfrid  Laurier  said :  "  The 
difficulty,  as  I  conceive  it  to  be,  is  that  so  long  as  Canada  remains 
a  dependency  of  the  Britisn  Crown  the  present  powers  that  we 
have  are  not  sufficient  for  the  maintenance  of  our  rights.  It  is 
important  fhat  we  should  ask  the  British  Parliament  for  more 
extensive  powers,  so  that  if  ever  we  have  to  deal  with  matters  of  a 
similar  nature  again  we  shall  deal  with  them  in  our  own  way,  in 
our  own  fashion,  according  to  the  best  light  that  we  have." 

In  Toronto,  the  great  centre  of  British  Canadianism,  we  find  that 
a  work  on  this  very  subject,  written  by  Judge  Hodgins,  has  exercised 
much  influence.  The  substance  of  Judge  Hodgins' s  writings  may 
be  judged  by  the  following  extract : — "  The  diplomatic  disasters 
through  which  Canada  has  lost  some  of  the  best  agricultural 
portions  of  her  original  heritage  explain  why  Canadians  now  look 
with  intense  anxiety  for  the  just  settlement  of  the  Alaska  boundary 
controversy ;  for,  as  has  been  said  by  Sir  Charles  Dilke,  in  his 
'  Problems  of  Greater  Britain,'  '  It  is  a  fact  that  British  diplomacy 
has  cost  Canada  dear.'  " 

Professor  John  King,  addressing  the  students  in  the  Law  School 
of  Toronto  in  October  1903,  said  :  "  The  entire  history  of  British 
negotiations  with  the  Western  States  is  punctuated  with  a  series  01 
tombstones  beneath  which  our  rights  have  been  buried." 

In  a  recent  speech  in  the  Canadian  Parliament,  Mr.  George 
Foster,  one  of  the  leaders  of  the  Opposition,  said :  "  Whilst  we 
desire  to  live  in  the  greatest  amity  and  peace  with  our  neighbours, 
whilst  we  do  recognise  that  Great  Britain  bears  the  burden  of  the 


Some  Phases  of  Canada's  Development.  293 

Empire,  that  it  is  a  struggling  burden  at  times,  that  the  outside 
British  possessions  must  realise  that  and  assist  the  Mother  Country 
in  the  burdens  which  she  has  to  bear,  yet  I  think  it  ought  to  be 
pretty  well  understood  in  Canada  from  this  time  forward  that  we 
have  given  up  about  all  that  we  propose  to  give  up  unless  we  get 
the  quid  pro  quo  of  a  compensation  or  an  advantage ;  that  our 
resources,  great  though  they  are,  are  none  too  great  for  our  own 
people— that  they  are  not  great  enough  to  allow  us  to  give  ad- 
vantages in  the  way  of  gratuities  and  favours  to  even  our  good 
neighbour  the  United  States  to  the  south  of  us,  and  that  what  we 
have  we  believe  to  be  ours.  We  live  largely  under  the  sense  that 
we  have  had  taken  from  us,  for  one  reason  and  another,  what  should 
have  properly  belonged  to  this  Dominion  to-day,  and  we  do  not 
want — I  am  certain  that  is  the  feeling  of  this  country  from  one  end 
to  the  other — to  be  forced  to  be  asked  to  give  up  what  are  our 
rights,  or  a  part  of  our  resources  that  we  need  for  our  own  develop- 
ment in  the  future  even  to  insistent  neighbours,  and  I  think  we 
must  also  come  to  the  conclusion  that  our  neighbours  themselves 
will  have  just  as  much  respect  for  us  if  they  see  us,  fairly  and 
strongly,  but  at  the  same  time  reasonably,  insist  upon  those  rights 
which  we  have,  and  maintain  them  against  all  comers." 

Mr.  Henri  Bourassa,  the  well-known  French-Canadian  member 
of  the  Dominion  House  of  Commons,  argues  strongly  for  the 
securing  by  Canada  of  the  power  to  negotiate  her  own  commercia 
treaties — "one  of  the  essential  prerogatives  of  self-government." 
"It  has  become  fashionable  in  Canada,"  says  Mr.  Bourassa,  "to 
boast  that  we  are  a  nation — and  to  resent  the  name  of  Colonists. 
We  should  rather  be  called  a  self-governing  Colony,  and  as  a  self- 
governing  Colony  enjoy  all  the  rights  and  advantages,  than  claim 
the  title  of  a  nation  and  be  deprived  of  one  of  the  most  essential 
prerogatives  of  a  nation.  The  unimpaired  right  of  contracting  our 
own  treaties  is  the  real  test  of  freedom.  Anything  short  of  it  is  a 
form  of  slavery  or  vassalage.  Light  and  beneficent  the  bondage 
may  be.  Freely  it  may  be  accepted,  and  for  a  time  only  it  may  be 
safer  than  liberty.  But  as  it  is,  good  or  bad,  as  long  as  it  stands, 
it  is  something-— call  it  the  way  you  like — which  proceeds  from  a 
principle  directly  antagonistic  to  the  principle  of  liberty.  Mr. 
Bourassa  admits  "  that  this,  carried  to  its  logical  conclusion,  means 
political  independence,  or  secession  from  the  British  Empire  "  ;  and 
he  further  admits  that  "  the  immense  majority  of  the  Canadian 
people  do  not  claim  at  present  the  dangerous  privileges  of  absolute 
independence.  Let  us  then,"  says  he,  "  be  sensible  ;  let  us  frankly 


294  Some  Phases  of  Canada's  Development. 

acknowledge  that  we  are  not  yet  prepared  to  be  a  nation  ;  that,  not 
being  desirous  of  risking  all  the  dangers  of  liberty,  we  renounce 
some  of  its  rights.  But  whether  we  admit  that  we  are  still  a 
Colony,  or  whether  we  pride  ourselves  in  the  innocent  delusion  that 
we  are  a  nation,  I  presume  that  we  all  agree  on  one  point — that  we 
should  be  self-governing  in  every  respect,  except  in  that  which 
involves  as  its  direct  consequence  the  severance  of  British  connec- 
tion. That  we  cannot  enjoy  the  sovereign  right  to  make  treaties 
for  peace  or  war,  for  the  cession  or  the  acquisition  of  territory,  I 
readily  admit.  What  I  claim  is,  that  as  long  as  we  do  not  possess 
the  right  to  make  our  commercial  treaties  we  are  not  even  a  self- 
governing  Colony  in  the  true  sense  of  the  word." 

The  Hon.  Edward  Blake  in  1882  moved  the  following  resolution 
in  the  Canadian  Parliament  in  favour  of  Canada  having  the  right 
to  make  commercial  treaties  with  British  possessions  and  with 
foreign  countries : — 

"  .Resolved,  that  Canada  no  longer  occupies  the  position  of  an 
ordinary  dependency  of  the  Crown ;  she  numbers  four  millions  of 
free  men  trained  in  principles  of  constitutional  Government ;  she 
comprises  one- half  of  the  North  America  Continent,  including 
seven  Provinces  federally  united  under  an  Imperial  Charter,  which 
recites  that  her  Constitution  is  to  be  similar  in  principle  to  that  of 
the  United  Kingdom  ;  and  that  she  possesses  executive  and  legis- 
lative authority  over  vast  areas  in  the  North-west,  out  of  which  one 
Province  has  already  been  created,  and  in  time  others  will  be  formed. 

"  That  special  and  increasing  responsibilities  devolve  upon  the 
Government  and  Parliament  of  Canada  in  connection  with  the 
development  of  her  resources,  the  improvement  of  her  condition, 
her  general  progress-  in  the  scale  of  nations,  and  her  geographical 
situation  which  render  her  even  more  responsible  than  the 
Government  of  the  United  Kingdom  for  the  maintenance  of  inter- 
national relations  with  the  United  States. 

"  That,  having  regard  to  these  considerations,  there  is  no 
possession  of  the  Crown,  beyond  the  limits  of  the  United  Kingdom, 
which  is  entitled  to  such  an  ample  measure ^of  self-government,  or 
so  full  an  application  of  the  principles  of  constitutional  freedom,  as 
the  Dominion  of  Canada. 

"  That  it  would  be  for  the  interest  of  Canada  to  obtain  freer 
access  to  the  markets  of  the  world  ;  and  that  a  more  extended 
interchange  of  commodities  with  other  countries  would  augment 
the  national  prosperity. 

"  -That  in  most  of  the  treaties  of  commerce  entered  into  by 
England,  reference  has  only  been  had  to  their  effect  on  the  United 


Some  Phases  of  Canada's  Development.  295 

Kingdom,  and  the  Colonies  have  been  excluded  from  their  opera- 
tion, a  fact  which  has  been  attended  with  unfortunate  results  to 
Canada,  especially  as  relates  to  France. 

"  That  the  condition  of  Canada,  and  the  system  on  which  her 
duties  of  Customs  have  been  and  are  now  imposed,  vary  widely 
from  those  existent  in  the  United  Kingdom,  and  open  to  the  basis 
and  negotiation  of  commercial  arrangements  with  other  States  or 
British  possessions  views  and  considerations  which  do  not  apply  to 
the  case  of  or  harmonise  with  the  policy  of  the*  United  Kingdom ; 
which  it  is  difficult  for  the  Government  of  the  United  Kingdom  to 
advance ;  and  which  can  be  best  realised  and  presented  by  the 
Government  of  Canada  through  a  negotiator  named  by  her  for  the 
purpose  of  providing  separate  trade  conventions  with  countries  with 
which  Canada  has  or  may  expect  distinct  trade. 

"  That  the  complications  and  delays  involved  in  the  reference  to 
the  departments  of  the  Government  of  the  United  Kingdom  of 
points  arising  in  the  course  of  trade  negotiations  enhance  the  diffi- 
culties of  the  situation,  and  diminish  the  chances  of  success  ;  and 
have  already  resulted  in  loss  to  Canada. 

"  That  it  is  expedient  to  obtain  all  necessary  powers  to  enable 
Her  Majesty,  through  her  representative,  the  Governor- General  of 
Canada,  acting  by  and  with  the  advice  of  the  Queen's  Privy  Council 
for  Canada,  to  enter  by  an  agent  or  representative  of  Canada  into 
direct  communication  with  any  British  possession  or  foreign  State, 
for  the  purpose  of  negotiating  commercial  arrangements,  tending 
to  the  advantage  of  Canada,  subject  to  the  prior  consent  or  the 
subsequent  approval  of  the  Parliament  of  Canada  signified  by  Act." 

In  the  course  of  his  speech  Mr.  Blake  contended  that,  as  condi- 
tions in  the  Colonies  change  from  time  to  time,  so  must  the  condi- 
tions of  self-government,  and  therefore  the  relations  between  the 
Colonies  and  the  Empire  must  be  one  of  change  and  progress. 
Allusion  was  also  made  to  the  negotiations  with  France  in  1870,  in 
which  Sir  Alexander  Gait  represented  the  Dominion,  when  con- 
cessions of  moment  obtained  by  him  were  rendered  futile  by  reason 
of  the  fact  that  official  authority  from  London  was  wanted  to  make 
them  formal  and  binding. 

In  the  course  of  the  debate  which  followed,  the  Hon.  David 
Mills,  subsequently  the  Minister  of  Justice  for  Canada,  said  :  "  That 
the  power  to  negotiate  commercial  treaties  ...  so  far  from  sever- 
ing the  ties  which  bound  Canada  to  the  United  Kingdom,  would 
tend  to  prolong  the  existing  relations  between  Canada  and  the 
Mother  Country." 

Mr.  Alexander  Mackenzie,  to  whom  reference  has  already  been 


296  Some  Phases  of  Canada's  Development. 

made,  said :  "  I  believe  that  everything  that  accords  to  Canada  and 
her  statesmen  greater  breadth  of  view  in  managing  their  own 
affairs  is  more  likely  to  conduce  to  the  advancement  of  Imperial 
interests  than  any  policy  which  keeps  us  down  to  the  grindstone," 
and  also,  "  I  think  it  is  of  the  first  importance  that  our  statesmen 
should  manage  our  own  affairs.  One  thing  is  perfectly  certain, 
that  we  can  understand  our  own  affairs.  And  another  thing  is 
equally  certain,  there  would  be  a  method  contrived  by  which  the 
general  assent  of  the  British  Crown  could  be  obtained  to  any  such 
negotiations." 

Last  month  Mr.  Bryce,  the  newly  appointed  British  Ambassador 
to  Washington,  visited  Canada.  Permit  me  to  read  a  newspaper 
summary  of  the  proceedings  at  a  dinner  tendered  Mr.  Bryce  by  the 
Canada  Club,  at  Ottawa,  on  which  occasion  Sir  Wilfrid  Laurier  was 
present  :— 

"At  last  night's  Canada  Club  dinner  in  honour  of  the  Right 
Hon.  James  Bryce,  Sir  Wilfrid  Laurier  spoke.  The  Ambassador 
naturally  was  circumscribed  by  his  official  position,  but  the  Premier 
talked  of  what  the  audience  had  in  mind,  spoke  with  exceptional 
bluntness  as  well  as  felicity,  and  carried  his  audience  with  him  every 
syllable  of  the  way.  His  speech  was  outspoken  to  a  degree  seldom 
heard  when  international  issues  are  under  discussion,  and  the  Premier 
is  a  cautious  man,  who  knows  what  words  mean,  and  usually  knows 
what  point  he  wishes  to  make.  He  voiced  with  exceptional  vivacity 
and  with  an  almost  vicious  wit  the  standing  complaint  of  Canada 
that  British  Ambassadors  to  Washington  hitherto  have  not  paid 
much  attention  to  the  Dominion. 

"  Mr.  Bryce  had  turned  a  new  leaf  in  the  history  of  British 
diplomacy  on  this  continent — he  had  visited  Canada.  No  other 
British  Ambassador  had  visited  Canada  so  far  as  the  Premier 
recollected.  If  one  had,  his  visit  had  been  like  the  flight  of  a 
meteor,  one  moment  seen,  the  next  moment  gone,  and  leaving  no 
trace  behind.  The  Premier  repeated  the  familiar  complaint  as  to 
British  diplomacy.  John  Bull's  diplomatic  record  on  this  continent 
was  not  the  brightest  page  in  English  history ;  they  had  only  to 
look  at  the  map  to  see  that  John  Bull  had  not  always  done  his  full 
duty  to  his  Canadian  sons — from  the  Treaty  of  1783  to  the  Treaty 
of  1903,  from  the  surrender  on  the  Ohio  boundary  to  the 
surrender  of  the  Alaska  frontier,  the  record  was  not  particularly 
cheerful." 

Then  came  the  Prime  Minister's  message  to  the  United  States. 
After  noting  that  they  wanted  Mr.  Bryce  to  acquire  a  full  knowledge 


Some  Phases  of  Canada's  Development.  297 

of  Canadian  wishes  and  desires,  Sir  Wilfrid  Laurier  made  the 
declaration  that  "  we  have  no  quarrel  with  our  neighbours ;  at 
the  same  time  we  think  that  the  concessions  ought  not  to  be 
altogether  on  one  side,"  and  again  his  audience  agreed. 

"  He  referred  to  the  recent  American  newspaper  surmises  that 
'  we  are  yearning  for  reciprocity  with  the  United  States,'  and  said 
the  editor  of  that  paper  is  about  twenty-five  years  behind  the 
times." 

"  Once  we  had  leave  given  our  right  arm  for  reciprocity,  now 
conditions  are  changed,  our  looks  and  our  hopes  are  turned  towards 
the  motherland,  not  that  Canada  does  not  value  American  trade, 
not  that  she  does  not  wish  her  relations  with  the  United  States  on 
a  better  footing.  But  this  is  a  matter  on  which  we  shall  have  no 
more  pilgrimages  to  Washington." 

From  the  foregoing  extracts  the  Canadian  attitude  will  be  fully 
understood.  The  expressions  which  have  been  quoted  from  those 
who  occupied  in  the  past,  or  who  do  so  now,  the  highest  positions  in 
Parliament  reflect,  there  can  be  no  reasonable  doubt,  the  strong 
convictions  of  the  Canadian  people  on  matters  of  paramount  import- 
ance to  both  Great  Britain  and  to  Canada. 

It  may  be,  as  Mr.  Bryce  and  Mr.  Goldwin  Smith  both  contended 
at  a  meeting  held  in  Toronto  a  day  or  two  after  the  Ottawa  function, 
that  British  diplomacy  has  not  been  so  unfortunate  in  its  results  to 
Canada  as  has  been  alleged,  but  the  significant  fact  remains  that 
the  Canadian  people  stand  prepared  to  record  their  emphatic  con- 
viction to  the  contrary.  In  dealing  with  this  matter  and  in  setting 
forth  the  utterances  on  this  question  from  the  lips  of  the  King's 
responsible  Canadian  Ministers  and  others,  at  some  length,  and 
perhaps  at  the  risk  of  tediousness,  there  has  been  no  disposition  to 
indulge  in  morbid  retrospect,  but  only  a  desfre  to  place  before  the 
Eoyal  Colonial  Institute  a  phase  of  Canadian  feeling  which  cannot 
be  too  well  appreciated  in  this  country,  having  regard  for  the  circum- 
stances of  to-day. 

There  is  sometimes  a  disposition  shown  by  our  friends  from  the 
Dominions  beyond  the  Seas  to  dwell  upon  the  "  colossal  ignorance  " 
of  Englishmen  as  to  Greater  Britain.  It  cannot  be  said,  at  any  rate 
of  late  years,  that  there  is  very  much  in  this  contention.  The 
British  people  have  shown  such  a  strong  sympathy  for  Canada — 
the  community  of  interest  set  up  by  travel,  by  emigration,  and  by 
commerce  during  recent  times  has  become  so  vast— that  we  compla- 
cently smile  when  a  distinguished  writer  informs  us  that  "less 
than  forty  years  ago  there  might  te  seen  posted  up  in  England  a 

L3 


298  Some  Phases  of  Canada's  Development. 

proclamation  of  the  Privy  Council  in  which  the  Province  of  Ontario 
was  called  *  that  town.' '  There  are  doubtless  many  Canadians  in 
Eastern  Canada  whose  knowledge  of  British  Columbia  is  not  distin- 
guished by  precision,  and  it  should  not  be  a  matter  of  surprise 
that  there  is  a  disposition  on  the  part  of  some  in  this  country  to 
question  the  claim  that  "  Canada  shall  be  the  country  of  the  twen- 
tieth century,"  on  the  ground  that  the  progress  she  has  made 
during  the  past  century  holds  out  no  hope  that  she  will  do  much 
better  in  the  next.  In  this  connection  it  may  be  well  to  draw 
attention  to  the  fact  that  for  many  years  after  the  American  Revo- 
lution trade  between  the  United  States  and  Canada  was  prohibited 
by  the  Colonial  policy  of  England.  Since  then,  with  the  exception 
of  twelve  years  when  the  Reciprocity  Treaty  of  1854  was  in  force, 
the  United  States  had  taxed  all  Canadian  imports.  The  effect  of 
the  abrogation  of  the  Reciprocity  Treaty  by  the  United  States  Con- 
gress was  such  that  the  Canadian  Government  declared  "  it  was 
impossible  to  express  in  figures  the  extent  to  which  it  had  contri- 
buted to  the  wealth  and  prosperity  of  the  country,"  and  that  "  it 
would  be  difficult  to  exaggerate  the  importance  which  the  people  of 
Canada  attached  to  its  continued  enjoyment."  This  will  be  realised 
when  it  is  borne  in  mind  that  at  that  time  the  United  States  of 
America  was  Canada's  chief  market.  All  too  at  the  time  of  the 
great  expansion  in  the  United  States  of  America,  when  the  dazzling 
opportunities  afforded  in  that  great  country  to  all  able-bodied  men 
resulted  in  a  great  migration  thither  from  the  Dominion.  The 
population  of  Canada  to-day  is  about  6,000,000  ;  had  we  retained 
since  1861  even  our  natural  growth  it  would  have  been  nearer 
10,000,000,  and  to  this  would  have  been  added  the  increase  by 
immigration.  It  has  been  said  that  the  intention  of  the  United 
States  policy  towards  Canada  was  to  drive  her  into  annexation.  If 
so,  it  signally  failed. 

About  this  time  too  it  may  be  shortly  said  that  that  marvellously 
fertile  area  which  is  now  comprised  in  the  Provinces  of  Manitoba, 
Saskatchewan,  and  Alberta  was  in  danger  of  being  lost  by  us  to  the 
United  States  of  America.  England  was  entirely  oblivious  to  the 
situation,  and  that  it  was  averted  was  largely  due  to  the  then  Chief 
Officer  in  Canada  of  the  Hudson's  Bay-Company — Lord  Strathcona, 
the  present  High  Commissioner  for  Canada — who,  acting  as  one  of 
the  Canadian  Government  Commissioners  to  the  Red  River  Settle- 
ment, succeeded  by  great  patience  'and  by  consummate  tact  in  so 
guiding  affairs  during  a  most  critical  period  that  a  peaceful  and 
unchallenged  cession  to  the  Crown  of  the  vast  territory  in  question 


Some  Phases  of  Canada's  Development.  299 

was  made  possible.     This  must  be  deemed  to  be  one  of  the  great 
turning-points  in  the  history  of  the  Dominion  of  Canada. 

The  Dominion  now  extended  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific 
Ocean.  The  treatment  accorded  her  by  the  U.S.A.  had  ruffled  her 
pride,  and  the  effect  produced  was  the  reverse  of  that  expected, 
and  we  find  her  adapting  herself  to  the  seriously  altered  circum- 
stances, caused  by  the  loss  of  her  chief  market,  with  energy  and 
intelligence,  and  with  such  success  that,  as  you  well  know,  Canadian 
food  products  are  now  in  several  important  lines  largely  replacing 
supplies  to  the  United  Kingdom  which  formerly  came  from  the 
Republic. 

Not  many  years  after  the  events  which  have  just  been  recorded 
there  commenced  a  great  rush  of  settlers  to  the  newly  acquired 
North- West  Territories,  and  this  movement  has  gone  on  until 
to-day  it  has  attained  such  proportions  as  to  excite  the  interest  of 
all  civilised  nations.  One  effect  of  this  immigration  has  been  to 
create  a  great  and  growing  and  not  fully  satisfied  demand  in 
Western  Canada — an  agricultural  country — for  the  manufactured 
products  of  Eastern  Canada,  and  the  result  is  that  affairs  in  Canada 
are  aboundingly  prosperous,  so  much  so  that  we  are  annually 
attracting  and  heartily  welcoming  to  our  boundaries  tens  of 
thousands  of  the  splendid  people  of  that  very  Republic  which,  it  is 
stated,  little  more  than  a  generation  back  strove  to  starve  us  into 
annexation  by  the  ungenerous  withdrawal  of  the  Reciprocity  Treaty. 
These  facts  only  need  to  be  recited  to  elicit  the  sympathy  of  every 
just  man  with  Canada's  attitude  towards  the  United  States,  and 
which  has  been  so  eloquently  recorded  by  Sir  Wilfrid  Laurier  and 
others  in  the  notable  extracts  which  have  been  quoted. 

Canadians  are  glad  to  know  that  there  is  a  general  awakening 
in  the  United  States  and  in  England,  as  well  as  in  the  rest  of  the 
globe,  to  the  great  part  which  Canada  is  destined  to  play  in  the 
history  of  the  world,  and  that  official  recognition  of  this  fact, 
although  somewhat  belated,  has  practically  been  accorded  by  the 
recent  visits  of  Mr.  Root  and  of  Mr.  Bryce  to  Ottawa.  For  "  their 
brethren  and  countrymen  in  the  United  States  of  the  same  laws, 
language,  liberties,  and  religion  "  Canadians  entertain  the  most 
friendly  feeling.  At  the  same  time  the  one  outstanding  feature  of 
Canadian  sentiment,  subscribed  to  by  all  parties  and  classes  in  the 
Dominion,  is  the  fixed  determination  that  in  all  negotiations  as 
between  Great  Britain  and  Canada  and  the  American  Republic 
substantial  justice  shall  be  meted  to  the  Dominion. 
Lord  Strathcona's  prediction  that  by  the  end  of  the  present 


300  Some  Phases  of  Canada's  Development. 

century  the  Dominion  of  Canada  shall  have  a  population  of 
80,000,000  has  heen  much  criticised.  In  Great  Britain  the  density 
of  population  is  344  to  the  square  mile  ;  in  Canada  it  is  but  a  little 
more  than  one  to  the  square  mile.  Upon  the  former  basis  the 
population  of  Canada  would  be  over  twelve  hundred  millions.  Let 
it  at  once  be  admitted  that,  even  in  the  optimistic  city  of  Winnipeg, 
there  is  no  expectation  of  this  in  the  immediate  future  ;  there  yet 
still  remains  the  assurance  of  an  immense  increase  at  no  distant 
period.  In  1840  the  white  population  of  the  United  States  was 
14,000,000  ;  by  the  last  census  it  was  76,356,000. 

In  1840,  and  for  a  generation  subsequent,  the  facilities  of 
emigration  as  they  exist  to-day  were  unknown.  The  emigrant  of 
that  day  had  to  face  at  the  outset  a  long  perilous  journey,  and  one 
full  of  hardships,  to  an  almost  unknown  land.  The  steerage 
passenger  of  to-day  is  often  better  provided  for  than  when  in  his 
home,  and  has  more  comforts  en  voyage  than  was  formerly 
provided  for  the  saloon  passengers.  In  addition,  the  number  and 
capacity  of  passenger  vessels  have  enormously  increased.  To  the 
land  hungry,  the  attractions  of  Canada  remain  perhaps  as  great  as 
those  of  the  United  States  of  1840.  It  must  also  be  borne  in  mind 
that  there  is  a  large  and  growing  immigration  from  the  United 
States  of  America  to  the  Dominion  of  Canada.  Even  from  this 
incomplete  statement  of  the  case  it  will  be  seen  that  there  is  every 
reasonable  ground  for  anticipating  that  the  population  of  Canada 
will  expand  much  more  rapidly  than  was  the  case  even  in  the 
history  of  her  friendly  neighbour  to  the  south.  The  Englishman 
is  proud  of  the  past  history  of  his  country.  The  Canadian  looks 
forward  proudly  and  confidently  to  tbe  time  when  his  beloved 
Dominion  shall  occupy  that  great  position  in  the  world  for  which 
she  was  preordained.  It  is  with  his  eye  upon  the  future  that  he 
makes  his  national  plans,  and  he  hopes  the  same  considerations 
will  influence  Great  Britain  in  dealing  with  those  affairs  which  she 
disposes  of  as  in  trust  for  Canada. 

The  question  of  immigration  is  of  course  one  of  the  greatest  im- 
portance to  Canada.  In  1874  Lord  Randolph  Churchill  in  an  election 
address  to  the  constituency  of  Woodstock  said  :  "  The  Colonial 
Empire  of  Great  Britain,  offering  as  it  does  a  field  of  development 
for  the  latent  energy  and  labour  of  the  sons  of  our  overburdened 
island,  will  continually  demand  the  attention  of  the  legislature.  I 
would  support  all  efforts  which  would  tend  to  facilitate  the  means  of 
emigration,  and  would  at  the  same  time  strengthen  and  consolidate 
the  ties  which  unite  the  Colonies  with  the  Mother  Country." 


Some  Phases  of  Canada's  Development.  801 

It  would  have  been  extremely  interesting  to  know  how  far  in  that 
direction  Lord  Randolph  Churchill  was  prepared  to  go.  Would 
Lord  Randolph  Churchill  have  supported  a  proposal  for  free 
passages  to  the  unemployed  who  were  willing  and  able  to  work, 
from  one  place  within  the  King's  dominions,  where  their  presence 
was  unproductive,  to  another  place,  also  within  the  King's  dominions, 
where  there  was  profitable  scope  for  their  energies,  which  would  in  all 
probability  transform  them  and  their  families  into  efficient  citizens  ? 
One  of  the  most  pathetic  figures  on  earth  is  that  of  the  man  who  is 
willing  to  work  but  cannot  find  employment,  or  even  partial  or  pre- 
carious employment.  It  is  hard  enough  to  slave,  as  many  are  forced 
to  do,  for  only  a  bare  living  ;  but  conditions  which  deny  any  human 
being  even  this  melancholy  and  miserable  opportunity  are  intolerable. 
I  know  that  it  is  the  fashion  to  say  that  there  are  no  genuine  cases 
of  unemployment.  Notwithstanding  this  contention,  it  is  strongly 
suspected  that  in  the  aggregate  the  number  of  persons  in  the 
United  Kingdom  who  suffer  from  want  because  of  insufficient 
employment  is  numerous.  It  is  tragical  that  while  the  fertile 
prairies  of  the  West  are  crying  out  for  workers,  there  should  be  in 
this  country  thousands  of  unemployed,  or  only  partially  employed. 
Fifty  years  hence  our  descendants  will  scornfully  dwell  upon 
our  timidity  and  feebleness  in  dealing  with  the  problem.  This 
ought  not  to  be  beyond  the  resources  of  British  civilisation. 
Could  it  not  be  arranged  that  such  men  with  their  families  should 
be  able  to  procure  transportation  to  whatever  part  of  the  Empire 
where  their  labour  could  be  profitably  utilised  that  they  desired 
to  go  to  ?  It  would  seem  to  be  desirable  to  retain  so  far  as 
practicable  within  the  boundaries  of  the  Empire  every  British  man 
and  woman. 

In  the  opinion  of  those  who  are  well  qualified  to  speak  a 
regular  service  between  British  ports  by  steamers  excelling  in 
speed  those  which  now  cross  the  Atlantic  would  constitute  an 
important  step  in  the  interests  of  both  Great  Britain  and  Canada. 
For  some  twenty  years  past  a  proposal  for  the  establishment  of  a 
fast  line  of  steamers  between  England  and  Canada  has  been  under 
consideration.  The  Canadian  Government  has  offered  a  subsidy 
up  to  £150,000  per  annum,  and  the  British  Government  have  in 
the  past  been  willing  to  assist.  By  an  agreement  made  in  1903 
between  .the  British  Government  and  the  Cunard  Steamship  Com- 
pany it  was  provided  that  the  Company  shall  construct,  if  possible, 
steamers  which  shall  be  capable  of  maintaining  a  minimum  average 
ocean  speed  of  24  to  25  knots  an  hour  in  moderate  weather.  The 


802  Some  Phases  of  Canada 's  Development. 

British  Government  advanced  the  Cunard  Company  up  to 
£2,600,000  at  2|  per  cent.  The  justification  for  a  similar  conces- 
sion in  order  to  procure  a  service  between  British  ports  seems 
equally  strong.  The  distance  between  Liverpool  and  a  Canadian 
port — say  Halifax — is  2,465  miles.  Therefore  a  vessel  with  a 
speed  of  25  knots  an  hour  would  make  the  journey  in  a  little 
over  four  days  from  port  to  port.  From  Galway  to  Halifax 
is  2,160  miles,  and  the  same  vessel  could  accomplish  this  journey 
in  a  little  over  three  days  and  a  half.  As  you  all  know,  the  Atlantic 
passenger  traffic  has  increased  by  leaps  and  bounds,  and  this 
increase  is  likely  to  be  at  least  maintained.  A  very  considerable 
portion  of  these  passengers  is  affected  by  sea  sickness,  and  it  may 
be  fairly  assumed  that  a  majority  of  them  would  travel  by  a  route 
which  afforded  a  very  considerable  curtailment  of  misery.  Then 
there  would  be  business  people  to  whom  time  is  all  important,  and 
altogether  it  may  be  assumed  that  with  such  a  line  of  boats  as  has 
been  indicated,  a  traffic — passenger  and  freight — would  cross  by  the 
Canadian  route  such  as  would,  having  regard  for  all  circumstances, 
be  of  incalculable  value  to  British  interests,  and  would  put ,  our 
alternative  route  to  the  East,  Australia,  and  New  Zealand  on  a 
thoroughly  satisfactory  basis.  When  this  proposed  Canadian  fast 
line  does  become  an  accomplished  fact,  let  us  hope  that  in  each 
vessel  a  certain  amount  of  passenger  space  shall  be  available  free 
to  State-selected  emigrants  who  desire  to  transfer  themselves  from 
the  congested  centres  of  England  to  the  healthy  life  of  the  open 
prairie,  but  are  unable  to  do  so  for  lack  of  funds. 

Looking  to  developments  which  must  be  expected  in  Japan, 
and  especially  in  China,  it  will  be  of  the  first  consequence 
to  both  the  United  Kingdom  and  Canada  that  the  means  of  com- 
munication with  these  countries  should  be  as  convenient  and  as 
rapid  as  possible.  We  are  told,  by  men  qualified  to  speak  on  the 
question,  that  the  recent  triumph  of  Japan  in  her  conflict  with 
.Russia  has  stirred  China  as  nothing  else  could  possibly  have  done. 
In  conversation  some  short  time  ago  with  an  English  officer  from 
Tokio,  he  informed  me  that  there  were  at  the  present  time  some 
thirteen  thousand  Chinamen  in  Tokio,  who  had  come  there  for  the 
express  purpose  of  eliciting  the  great  secret  underlying  Japan's 
success.  These  men  were  laboriously  and  honestly  striving  to 
discover  the  reasons  responsible  for  Japan's  great  victory.  It  cannot 
be  doubted  that  this  important  body  of  men  will  return  to  their 
native  country  to  impart  to  their  kind,  with  all  the  zeal  of  converts 
to  a  new  gospel,  what  they  conceive  to  be  the  great  and  precious  secret 


Some  Phases  of  Canada's  Development.  303 

of  Japan's  victory  over  the  white  man,  and  so  assist  in  hastening 
that  great  awakening  in  the  East  which  for  many  years  has  been 
foretold.  In  whatever  direction,  military  or  industrial,  China  may 
exert  her  energy  when  she  arises,  it  must  be  evident  that  the  better 
our  means  of  communication  with  her,  the  stronger  will  be  our  posi- 
tion amid  the  new  conditions  which  no  intelligent  person  doubts 
are  likely  to  transpire. 

In  concluding  this  Paper,  it  may  be  said  that  the  present  position 
of  the  Dominion  of  Canada  marks  a  tremendous  aggregation  of 
achievement,  in  the  contemplation  of  which  all  nationalities  and 
all  parties  within  its  boundaries  find  some  special  cause  of  greatest 
pride. 

The  Canadian  of  French  descent  illumines  with  enthusiasm  as 
he  recounts  the  heroic  part  which  his  countrymen  played  in  the 
early  exploration  and  history  of  Canada,  and  he  is  no  less  proud 
as  he  observes  the  commanding  position  which  Sir  Wilfrid 
Laurier,  under  the  freedom  of  British  institutions,  as  Prime  Minister 
of  the  Dominion  of  Canada,  has  occupied  in  the  recent  Imperial 
Conference  at  Westminster. 

The  Canadian  of  Scottish  descent,  that  race  so  prolific  of  patriotic 
business  men  of  statesmenlike  qualities,  whose  temperament  of 
blended  caution  and  enterprise  has  operated  so  efficiently  in 
establishing  on  sound  bases  those  great  institutions  which  affect 
so  closely  the  welfare  of  civilised  communities,  permits  himself 
proudly,  in  spite  of  his  cautious  temperament,  to  express  his  sense 
of  the  satisfactory  state  of  the  material  and  moral  affairs  of  the 
Dominion  of  Canada. 

The  Canadian  of  English  descent,  with  Saxon  phlegm,  will  dis- 
passionately dwell  upon  those  events  which  resulted  in  the 
grea.t  accomplishment  which  is  called  the  Dominion  of  Canada,  in 
which  he  has  greatest  cause  for  pride,  for  has  he  not  imposed  his 
institutions,  in  this  self-governing  Colony,  upon  the  descendants  of 
almost  every  nation  in  Europe  ?  And  he  can  rightly  claim  that  no 
people  ever  had  so  sound  a  grasp  of  the  science  of  political  economy, 
nor  have  been  so  unswervingly  tolerant  in  all  matters  of  govern- 
ment, as  the  British  nation. 

There  are,  of  course,  cynics  who  glibly  tell  us  that  the  present 
state  of  the  United  Kingdom  and  the  self-governing  Dominions 
has  been  arrived  at  by  a  process  of  what  Lord  Rosebery  would  call 
"  muddling  through."  An  American  writer,  dwelling  upon  the 
fascinating  topic  of  female  loveliness,  and  upon  the  saying  that 
beauty  was  only  skin  deep,  said,  "  Yes,  but  that  is  deep  enough  for 


304  Some  Phases  of  Canada's  Development. 

most  of  us,"  and  we,  too,  feel  in  regard  to  the  British  Constitution 
that  while  it  has  not  yet  reached  the  final  fulness  of  perfection, 
yet  it  is  "  good  enough  "  for  most  of  us  to  deem  it  to  be  an  honour 
to  strive  for  its  betterment  by  doing  our  duty  in  whatever  sphere 
destiny  has  placed  us. 

As  has  been  said  in  the  history  of  Canada,  all  nationalities 
and  all  parties  within  it  find  some  special  cause  for  pride.  But 
whatever  special  pride  of  race  or  party  may  well  up  within  a 
citizen  of  Canada,  there  are  two  classes — the  Pioneers  and  the 
Apostles  of  Freedom  at  Westminster — whose  memories  arouse 
within  all  the  deepest  feelings  of  gratitude  and  reverence  and 
pride.  Many  of  us  have  heard  in  Canadian  homes,  from  the 
children  and  grandchildren  of  those  noble  men  and  women  who 
went  forth  into  the  forests  and  the  plains  of  those  vast  territories 
which  are  now  known  as  the  Dominion  of  Canada,  how  those  brave 
men  and  women  fought  with  and  conquered  "  the  luxuriance  and 
confusion  of  uncultivated  nature,"  and  by  self-sacrificing  and  most 
strenuous  effort  made  possible  the  high  state  of  civilisations  and 
of  great  material  prosperity  which  to-day  so  happily  abound  in  the 
Dominion.  No  monument  stands  erected  to  the  memory  of  the 
Pioneers,  but  the  story  of  their  long  and  insufficiently  recorded 
fight  with  Nature  is  precious  to  every  Canadian  of  whatever 
national  extraction.  It  is  an  irony  of  fate  that  while  military 
achievement  is  always  fully  appreciated,  and  properly  so,  the 
Pioneer,  waging  long-sustained  and  bravest  battle  demanding 
qualities  of  the  rarest  strenuousness,  resulting  in  great  and  per- 
manent benefits  for  mankind,  for  the  most  part  should  pass  away 
unremernbered,  unwept,  and  unmourned.  Sharing  with  the 
Pioneers  the  honours  of  Empire  are  those  great  champions  01 
freedom  and  justice  who  arose  in  and  seem  to  be  indigenous  to 
Westminster.  It  is  a  crowning  glory  of  England  that  she  has 
produced  a  succession  of  great  men  whose  conception  and  sym- 
pathies, whose  tolerance  and  passion  for  freedom  and  justice,  have 
been  such  as  to  become  potential  in  the  uttermost  parts  of  the 
Empire— men  who  inspired  the  hope  which  saved,  when  narrower 
counsels  were  making  for  disruption. 

DISCUSSION.! 

Professor  S.  B.  LEACOCK,  Ph.D.,  Canada  :  I  need  hardly  say  as 
a  Canadian  I  have  listened  with  a  singular  degree  of  interest  and 
pleasure  to  Mr,  Griffith's  able  and  scholarly  Paper,  and  if  I  rise  to 
discuss  certain  points  in  that  paper  I  would  like  it  to  be  clearly 


Some  Phases  of  Canada's  Development.  305 

understood  that  anything  I  have  to  say  is  directed,  not  against  any 
opinions  he  has  expressed,  but  merely  against  certain  statements 
(more   or   less  typical   expressions   of    Canadian   opinion)    which 
occurred  in  the  body  of  the  Paper.      Mr.  Griffith  has  presented 
these  to  us  as  opinions  which  are  current,  unfortunately  current,  I 
should    say,   in    my   own    country,    but   which   he    himself    has 
scrupulously  avoided  substantiating.     I  centre  my  remarks  on  the 
quotation   from    Sir  Charles   Dilke,    "It   is   a   fact   that   British 
diplomacy  has  cost  Canada  dear."    It  is  well,  as  Shakespeare  says, 
to  give  the  whole  wealth  of  one's  wit  in  a  moment,  and  what  I 
have  to  say  is  a  flat  and  simple  denial  of  that  statement.     This 
matter  of  what  British  diplomacy  has  done  is  a  matter  of  fact  and  his- 
tory, and  I  should  be  willing  to  review  the  history  of  the  great  treaties 
in  which  our  relations  have  been  concerned,  and  to  show  that  we 
have  not  lost  one  cent  of  money  or  one  acre  of  territory  through 
the  errors  or  incompetence  of  British  diplomacy.     We  have  first  of 
all  the  Treaty  of  1783,  which  separated  us  finally  and  for  ever  from 
the  Republic.     That  treaty  gave  to  the  United  States  the  Valley  of 
the  Ohio.     It  was  a  cession  which  passed  undisputed  at  the  time, 
and  nothing  except  an  overdriven  national  aspiration  could  create 
a  blunder  or  fault  in  the  diplomats  who  made  that  treaty.     Canada 
was  at  the  time  a  more  or  less  French  country,  and  the  Valley  of 
the  Ohio  was  settled  to  the  extent  of  ninety-one  to  one  by  English 
settlers  from  the  United  States,  and  I  am  not  aware  that  there  is 
any  serious  historical  controversy  with  regard  to  that  treaty.   Later 
we  had  the  cession  in  regard  to  the  Maine  boundary.     Here  is  one 
of  the  ticklish  and  oft-disputed  points  of  our  Canadian  history.     It 
is  said  that  a  larger  part  of  the  State  of  Maine  ought  to  have  been 
ours.     I  am  quite  willing  to  admit  that  it  does  seem  a  great  pity  we 
have  not  any  more  territory  in  the  southern  part  of  the  St.  Lawrence 
Valley  than  it  is  our  lot  to  possess,  but  it  is  also  at  the  same  time  a 
great  pity  we  do  not  own  part  of  New  York,  and  that  we  have  no 
outlet  on  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  no  proper  land  connection  with 
South  America.    But  when  you  come  to  the  interpretation  of  treaty 
rights  you  must  consider  more  factors  of  the  proposition  than  what 
we  should  like  to  own.    The  Treaty  of  1842  was  simply  a  settlement 
of  what  we  did  own  under  the  antecedent  Treaty  of  1783,  and  the 
people  who  made  the  latter  treaty  did  it  without  any  adequate  per- 
sonal knowledge  of  the  territory  referred  to.     It  was  done  largely 
by  reference  to  watersheds  and  the  like  in  regard  to  a  country  as 
yet  unknown   and  unexplored,   and  therefore  they  constructed  a 
document  which  was  perhaps  in  some  degree  ambiguous.     It  was 


BOG  Some  Phases  of  Canada's  Development. 

the  business  of  the  negotiators  of  the  Treaty  of  1842,  Lord  Ash- 
burton  and  £iir_  Daniel  Webster,  to  make  the  best  interpretation  of 
the  antecedent  treaty,  and  it  would  have  been  quite  impossible  for 
them  to  enter  fully  into  the  rights  and  wrongs  of  that  treaty.  If 
you  were  to  take  the  gist  of  the  Treaty  of  1783  as  it  presents  itself 
plainly  and  simply,  you  would  find  that  what  it  gave  us  was  the 
watershed  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  and  to  the  Eepublic  the  watershed 
of  the  Atlantic.  It  is  a  great  pity  the  one  is  singularly  short  and 
the  other  very  much  longer  than  it  ought  to  be,  but  it  is  none  the 
less  the  fact  that  the  treaty  was  a  treaty,  and  since  we  had  the 
short  end  of  the  stick  it  was  the  part  of  wisdom  and  dignity  to 
admit  the  Americans  had  got  the  long  end  of  it.  Unfortunately 
the  circumstances  of  that  treaty  were  perhaps  not  such  as  to  suit 
the  overdriven  patriotism  of  some  people.  It  was  objected  that 
the  treaty  was  made  in  sultry  summer  weather  with  Lord  Ash- 
burton  sitting  in  his  shirt  sleeves.  The  lesson  would  seem  to  be 
that  treaties  ought  to  be  made  during  winter,  and  as  far  north  as 
possible,  and  that  the  protocols  should  stipulate  that  the  Ambassa- 
dor must  not  appear  in  his  shirt  sleeves.  But  I  do  not  think  the 
vitality  of  the  treaty  is  impaired  by  the  fact  that  Sir^  Daniel 
Webster  and  Lord  Ashburton  were  on  terms  of  great  friendship. 
Coming  to  the  Treaty  of  Oregon  you  will  find  we  got  decidedly  the 
long  end  of  the  stick  under  British  diplomacy,  and  that  the 
Americans  had  to  be  content  with  the  singularly  short  end.  If  we 
in  Canada  had  had  to  settle  that  by  ourselves  without  recourse  to 
British  diplomacy,  I  conceive  the  boundary  might  nowadays  have 
been  54  and  40,  and  not  the  parallel  of  49  degrees.  To  mention 
•  the  recent  Alaska  question  is  like  touching  a  live  wire,  but  the 
ordinary  Canadian  person  on  the  street  who  waxed  eloquent  about 
our  rights  in  Alaska  and  the  wickedness  and  sacrifices  made  under 
that  arrangement  knew  absolutely  nothing  of  the  question.  He  did 
perhaps  now  and  again  make  a  praiseworthy  attempt  to  read  the 
articles  in  the  "  Law  Review,"  but  it  made  his  head  ache,  and  it 
was  simpler  for  him  instead  of  trying  to  understand  the  Russian 
treaty  and  the  subsequent  negotiations  to  shout  "  Canada  for  the 
Canadians  !  We  are  being  cheated !  "  and  to  take  the  whole  con- 
troversy for  granted.  I  have  spoken  of  what  I  believe  to  be  the 
historical  points  involved  in  certain  quotations  in  the  Paper,  and 
without  in  any  sense  seeking  to  cast  aspersions  on  the  Paper,  which, 
as  I  have  already  said,  is  a  singularly  able  and  scholarly  interpre- 
tation of  a  certain  phase  of  feeling  which  is,  alas  !  only  too  common 
in  the  Dominion. 


Some  Phases  of  Canada's  Development  807 

Dr.  G.  B.  PARKIN,  C.M.G. :  I  have  listened  to  this  Paper  with 
very  great  interest,  as  I  am  sure  all  of  you  have.  There  is  no 
question  in  my  mind  that  the  chief  turning  point  of  British  history 
lies  to-day  in  Canada.  The  reason  is  perfectly  manifest.  Canada 
is  the  first  of  our  great  Colonies  which  has  reached  a  stage  on  the 
edge  of  full  manhood  as  a  nation,  and  the  questions  of  the  way  in 
which  Canada  turns  in  the  future  will  largely  determine  the  future 
of  the  British  Empire.  If  you  can  reconcile  this  condition  of 
national  manhood  in  a  country  which  covers  an  area  thirty  times 
as  great  as  the  United  Kingdom  with  close  political  association 
with  the  United  Kingdom,  you  will  solve  the  whole  question.  That 
question  is  directly  in  front  of  us.  You  have  had  your  Imperial 
Conference  meeting  here,  and  have  had  discussions  going  on  with 
regard  to  free  or  preferential  trade  and  the  like.  But  behind  those 
questions  is  one  infinitely  greater — that  is,  the  question  which  I 
.propound  as  to  whether  a  nation  with  an  immense  future  before  it 
can  hold  its  relation  to  this  Empire  and  still  keep  the  dignity  of 
nationhood.  That  is  a  very  large  subject.  Mr.  Griffith  has  treated 
that  question  from  a  point  of  view  which  prevails  very  widely  in 
Canada.  It  is  a  question  on  which  I,  as  a  Canadian,  hold  a  very 
critical  attitude  towards  my  own  Canadian  fellow-subjects,  and  I 
have  never  hesitated  to  speak  to  them  as  I  feel.  It  is,  of  course, 
perfectly  natural  for  our  Canadian  people,  like  other  peoples,  to 
look  at  things  from  their  own  point  of  view.  For  instance,  when 
these  complaints  are  made  of  English  diplomacy  the  question  may 
be  asked,  "  Where  did  you  get  this  country  from  about  which  you 
are  talking  ?  Who  gave  it  to  you  ?  At  whose  expense  did  you  get 
Canada?"  I  believe  that  to-day  at  least  £150,000,000  of  the 
National  Debt  which  bears  heavily  upon  this  country  was  spent  in 
those  wars  which  finally  secured  Canada  for  the  Canadians,  and 
the  charge  of  that  debt  is  paid  by  the  British  people  to-day  exclu- 
sively. I  think  in  view  of  that  Canadians  might  well  bear  even 
an  occasional  break  in  English  diplomacy.  They  have  had  that 
country  handed  over  to  them  by  people  who  conquered  it  at  their 
own  expense  in  money  and  blood.  These  are  all  bygones,  and  yet 
perhaps  such  things  should  influence  Canadian  thought.  I  will 
tell  you  what  I  think  the  position  is  to-day.  We  are  on  the  edge, 
as  I  have  said,  of  being  a  great  nation.  I  have  myself  very  little 
doubt  that  the  statement  I  heard  Lord  Strathcona  make  last 
winter  is  a  reasonable  one,  namely,  that  before  the  end  of  this 
century  Canada  will  have  twice  as  many  people  within  its  borders 
as  the  United  Kingdom  has  to-day.  I  look  back  125  or  130  years 


308  Some  Phases  of  Canada's  Development. 

ago  and  see  the  United  States  of  America  starting  with  3,000,000 
people.  But  then  the  United  States  had  none  of  the  appliances 
of  modern  civilisation,  no  steamships,  no  railroads,  no  means  of 
swift  transmission,  such  as  are  now  pouring  into  Canada  1,000 
people  a  day.  They  had  then  to  feel  their  way  slowly  across  the 
continent.  To-day  we  have  these  great  means  of  communication 
ready  to  our  hand,  and  with  all  the  pressure  of  British  population 
you  are  going  to  have  that  country  with  its  enormous  capacities 
rapidly  occupied.  Very  well,  suppose  the  prophecy  of  Lord  Strath- 
cona  comes  true.  Does  any  man  believe  the  relations  of  this 
country  and  Canada  can  remain  the  same  ?  These  islands  bear  the 
tremendous  burden  of  Empire.  They  have  to  support  an  immense 
military  force  to  enforce  treaties.  Mr.  Griffith  has  quoted  a 
number  of  Canadian  statesmen  who  have  asked  for  the  right  of 
making  treaties.  That  is  one  thing,  but  enforcing  those  treaties  is 
another  thing.  A  while  ago  I  was  addressing  a  large  audience  in 
Toronto  ;  I  pointed  out  how  they  were  extending  their  commerce 
all  over  the  world,  to  Asia,  Australia,  South  America,  the  East  and 
West  Indies,  and  South  Africa.  I  said  that  the  friend  on  my  right, 
a  large  banker,  might  be  investing  his  capital  in  South  America. 
Suppose,  I  said,  that  to-morrow  he  goes  to  Venezuela  and  is  clapped 
into  prison.  The  strong  arm  of  Canada  would  then  of  course  be 
put  forth  to  save  him.  But  where  is  that  strong  arm  so  far  as 
Canada  itself  is  concerned  ?  We  can  never  in  the  long  run,  I  hold, 
be  a  self-respecting  nation,  pace  Sir  Wilfrid  Laurier  and  all  our 
great  political  authorities,  if  we  have  not  and  do  not  take  our  fair 
share  in  the  defence  of  this  Empire  and  in  the  means  which  enable 
the  Empire  to  enforce  treaties.  We  have  no  right  to  ask  for  the 
power  to  make  these  treaties  as  we  like,  and  then  ask  England  at 
her  own  expense  to  enforce  them  for  us.  It  is  contrary  to  common  • 
sense.  My  judgment  is  that  we  have  reached  the  stage  of  national 
consciousness,  but  we  have  not  yet  reached  the  stage  of  national 
responsibility,  and  it  is  that  great  lesson  of  responsibility  which 
we  must  learn.  Reference  has  been  made  to  the  remarks  of 
Mr.  Bourassa,  a  young  man  of  great  force  and  energy  and  a  rising 
power  in  Canada.  I  had  the  opportunity  of  a  conversation  with 
him.  He  remarked  that  Great  Britain  would  be  compelled  in  any 
case  to  maintain  a  great  navy,  and  why,  he  asked,  should  Canada, 
even  if  she  did  get  from  it  equal  advantages,  contribute  to  a  navy 
which  Britain  had  in  any  case  to  support  ?  On  the  other  hand,  he 
remarked,  the  Monroe  doctrine  is  well  understood  as  regards  this 
part  of  the  world,  and  the  United  States  would  never  allow  Canada 


Some  Phases  of  Canada's  Development.  £09 

to  be  attacked.  Then,  I  said,  you  have  brought  us  to  this  position. 
A  self-respecting  Canada  can  grow  up  under  the  necessities  of  the 
Motherland  on  the  one  side  and  the  protection  of  the  Monroe 
doctrine  on  the  other.  Now  I  maintain  that  no  country  can  grow 
up  under  such  conditions  and  maintain  its  self-respect.  Canada 
has  come  to  a  position  where  she  must  soon  take  her  place  among 
the  great  nations  of  the  world,  and  she  must  not  only  claim  her 
rights  but  assume  her  responsibilities.  The  day  is  rapidly  approach- 
ing, I  believe,  when  the  Canadian  farmer  who  sends  his  wheat  and 
meat  and  other  food- stuffs  across  the  seas  will  be  ashamed  to  have 
it  said  that  the  workmen  of  England  should  bear  the  whole  cost  of 
the  protection  given  to  it.  The  same  will  be  true,  I  believe,  of  the 
whole  of  the  Colonies  of  the  Empire.  It  is  not  fair,  they  would  say, 
that  the  people  of  the  great  Motherland  should,  in  their  generosity, 
bear  a  burden  of  which  the  young  Titans,  growing  up  under  her 
protection,  are  not  as  yet  taking  a  full  or  fair  share.  It  is  only  a 
question  of  time,  education,  and  rising  national  spirit.  We  must 
not  move  too  rapidly,  but  we  must  steadily  set  our  faces  in  the 
right  direction. 

Hon.  RICHARD  McBEiDE  (Premier  of  British  Columbia) :  Your 
Secretary  was  kind  enough  to  send  me  yesterday  an  invitation  to 
this  meeting,  and  at  the  same  time  an  advance  copy  of  the  excel- 
lent address  to  which  we  have  listened.  On  glancing  over  that 
copy,  and  with  the  eloquence  of  the  Canadian  Ministers  that  I 
have  had  the  pleasure  of  listening  to  in  London  still  ringing  in  my 
ears,  I  felt  I  could  not  add  much  that  would  be  of  interest  and 
productiveness  to  your  discussion.  However,  to-night  Mr.  O'Halloran 
renewed  his  request,  and  asked  me  to  say  a  word  or  two  as  a 
Canadian.  You  well  know  the  section  of  Canada  from  which  I 
come  is  the  furthest  removed  from  this  great  Imperial  metropolis, 
and  probably  because  of  this  great  distance  there  may  be  some 
disposition  on  the  part  of  people  resident  here  to  imagine  we  do 
not  keep  so  closely  in  touch  with  Imperial  conditions  as  perhaps 
our  brother  Canadians  who  live  further  eastward.  But  if  there  are 
any  who  believe  this  to  be  the  case,  a  visit  to  British  Columbia 
would  at  once  convince  them  that  of  all  sections  of  the  Empire 
that  great  province  which  I  am  proud  to  represent  in  an  official 
capacity  here  this  evening  is  just  as  loyal  as  any  other  section, 
and  perhaps  loyaler.  It  is  a  "  large  contract  "  to  say  that,  but  one 
which  I  do  not  hesitate  to  accept,  and  I  say  you  may  place  the 
great  province  of  British  Columbia  in  the  front  rank  of  loyalty 
and  Imperialism.  The  eloquent  address  which  we  have  heard 


310  Some  Phases  of  Canada's  Development. 

from  Mr.  Griffith  was  to  me  of  more  than  passing  interest.  It  is 
replete  with  interesting  data,  and  the  facts  were  so  splendidly 
marshalled  as  to  at  once  attract  and  hold  the  interest  of  this 
splendid  audience.  Unless  people  visit  Canada,  unless  they  come 
amongst  us,  they  can  scarcely  realise  the  tremendous  development 
the  great  Dominion  is  now  experiencing.  You  have  read  the 
magnificent  utterances  of  Sir  Wilfrid  Laurier  and  his  colleagues. 
They  tell  the  story  of  Canada — -its  present  greatness  and  its 
magnificent  future.  There  may  be  some  who  would  doubt  that 
there  is  such  promise  for  the  future  ;  but  let  me  say  that  the 
evidence  is  at  hand  which  will  prove  to  the  world  the  utterances 
this  great  metropolis  has  been  listening  to.  The  growth  of  Canada 
has  been  more  than  marvellous ;  at  the  same  time  it  is  permanent, 
and  the  statement  made  by  our  Prime  Minister  some  months  ago 
that  this  would  be  the  century  for  Canada  is  one  which  I  believe 
will  verify  itself.  I  was  much  taken  by  the  splendid  address  given 
by  Professor  Leacock,  whose  mission,  as  we  understand,  will  take" 
him  through  all  sections  of  this  great  Empire.  The  name  of 
Dr.  Parkin  is  pretty  nearly  a  household  word  in  Canada.  We  hear 
his  lectures  and  read  his  speeches,  and  we  are  proud  to  think  he 
has  met  with  such  splendid  recognition  in  England.  One  cannot 
help  thinking  that  his  utterances  have  been  made  after  great 
thought  and  study.  Last,  but  not  least,  let  me  testify  to  the  privi- 
lege I  feel  in  being  permitted  to  sit  on  this  platform  with  our 
distinguished  chairman,  Lord  Strathcona.  I  would  only  say  in 
conclusion  you  may  rest  assured  that  Canada  is  alive  to  its  respon- 
sibilities as  a  great  section  of  this  Empire,  alive  to  the  tremendous 
problems  which  we  are  trying  to  solve ;  and  that,  behind  the 
efforts  put  forth  by  our  great  Imperial  statesmen,  there  is  a  strong 
desire  that  we  shall  keep  together — that  in  the  future,  as  in  the 
past,  these  splendid  ties  and  relationships  shall  be  continued,  and 
nothing  be  left  undone  which  will  tend  to  promote  the  permanency 
of  the  British  Empire. 

Mr.  DONALD  MACMASTER,  K.C.,  Canada  :  I  am  pleased  indeed 
to  add  my  humble  word  in  praise  of  the  admirable  address  which 
we  have  listened  to.  I  do  not  think  the  earlier  part  of  the  address 
suffered  in  comparison  with  the  later  parts.  As  regards  the  earlier 
part  I  was  reminded  of  an  observation  made  by  an  unscholarly 
individual,  that  he  was  very  fond  of  Shakespeare  because  it  con- 
tained so  many  quotations.  Mr.  Griffith's  address  contained  many 
quotations — interesting  from  an  historical  and  from  many  other 
points  of  view — but  I  do  not  think  that  even  the  wise  sayings  of 


Some  Phases  of  Canada's  Development.  311 

the  men  whom  he  quoted  had  any  supremacy  over  his  own  obser- 
vations at  the  close.  You  have  heard  some  wise  words  with  regard 
to  treaties,  and  some  most  opportune  observations  with  regard  to 
our  duties  as  Canadians.  Now  in  regard  to  the  treaty-making 
power,  with  all  deference  to  Mr.  Griffith,  I  sympathise  largely  with 
the  view  of  those  who  think  that  with  the  treaty-making  power 
must  go  the  responsibility  of  enforcing  treaties.  It  is  altogether 
premature  for  us  in  Canada  to  pretend  to  have  the  absolute  right 
of  making  treaties  unless  we  are  going  to  back  up  our  pretensions 
with  the  moral  and,  if  necessary,  the  physical  force  essential  to 
maintaining  them.  Nor  do  I  agree  with  the  proposition  that 
British  diplomacy  has  been  a  failure  in  the  past.  It  is  undoubtedly 
true  that  a  great  many  people  in  Canada  are  dissatisfied  with  the 
results  of  the  Alaska  Boundary  Commission.  Now  in  that  case  we 
had  the  nomination  of  the  commissioners  ourselves.  It  is  true  the 
Americans  made  nominations  which  many  people  thought  were 
not  those  of  "impartial  jurists  of  repute,"  but  Canada  had  not 
then  made  her  nominations,  and  she  might  either  have  withdrawn 
from  the  arbitration  or  made  nominations  which  would  suit  the 
new  conditions  apparently  imposed  upon  her.  We  preferred  what 
was  probably  the  dignified  course  and  appointed  impartial  jurists 
of  repute.  We  went  into  the  conflict  and  the  issue  was  decided 
against  us.  I  am  not  able  to  say  that  it  was  the  result  of  any 
failure  of  British  diplomacy.  It  is  true  that  on  a  certain  point,  a 
small  point,  one  of  our  commissioners  sided  with  the  Americans, 
the  result  of  which  was  to  throw  the  balance  against  us.  It  was 
disappointing,  and  much  was  made  of  the  division,  and  great 
excitement  prevailed.  But  surely,  when  we  agreed  to  go  into  the 
struggle,  and  named  our  own  commissioners,  we,  as  honourable 
people,  should  accept  the  result  whether  we  won  or  lost.  There  is 
one  point  to  which  I  would  like  to  direct  attention.  I  think 
Mr.  Griffith  gave  the  impression  that  the  182nd  clause  of  the 
British  North  America  Act  was  intended  to  have  much  larger 
powers  in  treaty-making  than,  I  think,  were  there  contemplated. 
That  clause  does  not  mean  that  we  shall  have  the  initiation  of 
treaties.  At  that  time  there  were  many  treaties  with  different 
countries  throughout  the  world,  and  the  object  was  to  allow  the 
legislature  of  the  self-governing  Colonies  to  enact  local  legislation 
to  givp  effect  to  those  treaties.  It  was  not  contemplated  that 
Imperial  legislation  should  be  set  aside,  but  that  it  should  remain 
in  force  until  the  different  Colonies  adopted  legislation  of  their 
own  to  give  effect  to  the  carrying  out  of  the  treaties — such  as 


312  Some  Phases  of  Canada's  Development. 

extradition,  for  example.  As  regards  the  wider  questions  that  have 
been  raised,  I  agree  that  we  as  Canadians  must  take  our  share. 
The  question  is,  when  is  the  proper  time  to  take  our  share  of  the 
burden?  ("Now.")  It  maybe  now,  and  probably  we  shall  soon 
take  a  share.  If  that  was  to  be  determined  by  my  individual 
opinion,  I  should  say  now.  But  you  must  remember  that  our 
public  men  in  the  Colonies  must  have  regard  to  the  people  for 
whom  they  have  to  legislate,  and  must  consider  how  advanced 
public  opinion  is  on  those  great  subjects  on  which  they  are  asked 
to  commit  themselves.  I  would  remind  you  that  in  Canada  great 
public  works  have  been  carried  out  and  enormous  sums  have  been 
spent  for  its  internal  development,  so  that  possibly  just  at  the 
moment  Canada  as  one  of  the  Colonies  may  not  be  prepared  to 
take  so  large  a  degree  of  financial  responsibility  as  it  certainly  will 
at  a  later  date.  Unquestionably  the  day  will  come  when  the  people 
of  Canada  will  rise  to  a  sense  of  their  responsibility.  In  his  open- 
ing remarks  Mr.  Griffith  referred  to  Drake  and  the  early  pioneers 
opening  the  way  to  the  Far  West.  That  was  true,  and  I  would 
remind  you  that  there  were  brave  men  before  Agamemnon,  but  we 
must  not  forget  that  our  distinguished  chairman,  Lord  Strathcona, 
was  one  of  the  five  or  six  men  who  had  the  courage,  the  capital, 
and  the  enterprise  to  open  up  our  great  West  territory.  As 
Mr.  Kipling  has  said,  he  and  his  comrades  were  the  men  "  who  rode 
the  iron  stallions  down  to  drink  through  the  cafions  to  the  waters 
of  the  West." 

Mr.  WT.,STALEY  SPABK:  Mr.  McBride  has  told  you  that  few 
Englishmen  realise  the  vast  possibilities  of  Canada,  and,  indeed,  I 
do  not  think  that  anybody  can  adequately  realise  the  vast  resources 
of  the  Dominion  from  the  agricultural,  the  mining,  and  the  sporting 
point  of  vie w—  three  things  so  important  to  Englishmen.  The 
possibilities  of  Canada  in  regard  to  agriculture  especially  cannot  be 
exaggerated,  and  this  I  say  after  having  for  some  three  years  lived 
in  the  Dominion,  and  having  for  some  time  had  the  privilege  of 
serving  with  the  Board  of  Agriculture.  When  you  consider  that 
only  about  thirty  millions  of  acres  are  as  yet  under  cultivation,  and 
that  there  are  some  seventy  or  eighty  millions  of  acres  of  splendid 
soil  remaining  to  be  cultivated,  I  think  you  will  agree  with  me  that 
we  do  not  want  good  Englishmen  to  go  to  Germany  to  find  work 
when  they  can  go  to  such  a  Colony  as  that.  Last  week  I  came 
across  a  young  man,  a  skilled  workman,  who  had  saved  £52.  He 
had  got  his  discharge  from  Woolwich  and  was  going  to  Germany, 
but  I  am  glad  to  say  he  is  now  on  his  way  to  Canada.  He  is  one 


Some  Phases  of  Canada's  Development.  813 

of  our  producers,  and  the  sooner  we  realise  that  we  cannot  afford  to 
lose  producers,  or  to  send  them  to  foreign  countries  to  make  guns 
that  may  be  used  against  us,  the  better  for  the  Empire.  It  is  said 
Canadians  have  made  great  sacrifices  for  the  Empire,  and,  indeed, 
we  must  remember  that  during  the  South  African  war  they  did 
sacrifice  hundreds  of  lives  for  the  Empire.  I  think  that  is  one 
reason  why  we  should  consider  this  great  question  of  Preference 
from  an  Imperial  and  not  from  a  party  point  of  view.  I  think 
there  is  another  great  reason  why  we  should  give  Preference  to  the 
Colonies,  and  that  is  that  it  would  strengthen  our  market  in  the 
time  of  war,  for  then  we  should  have  a  sure  source  of  supply  for  all 
the  wheat,  all  the  beef,  and  all  the  cheese  we  want. 

Mr.  J.  Gr.  COLMEE,  C.M.G. :  I  desire  to  express  my  appreciation 
of  the  admirable  Paper  to  which  we  have  listened.  Mr.  Griffith 
deals  with  an  interesting  chapter  of  Canadian  history.  It  is  quite 
right,  in  my  opinion,  that  every  part  of  the  Empire  should  have 
aspirations  in  that  direction — that  they  should  wish  to  have  a  voice 
in  the  making  of  treaties  which  concern  their  interests  ;  but  I 
believe  that  the  question  now  is  altogether  one  of  the  past.  In  the 
last  fifteen  or  twenty  years  in  every  treaty  of  a  commercial  or 
other  character  in  which  Canada  has  been  interested  she  has  not 
only  had  a  voice  in  the  discussions,  but  has  had  representatives  to 
take  part  in  those  discussions.  And  we  may  take  it  for  granted 
that  no  treaty  is  likely  to  be  made  now  concerning  or  affecting 
Canadian  interests  in  which  Canadians  will  not  be  represented  in 
the  Commissions  which  discuss  them.  It  is  to  be  remembered,  too, 
with  regard  to  past  treaties  that  we  seldom  hear  of  those  which 
favoured  Canadian  interests.  For  instance,  there  was  the  Halifax 
Commission,  twenty  or  thirty  years  ago,  arising  out  of  the  Treaty 
of  1871,  when  the  arbitration  was  in  Canada's  favour,  and  a  large 
sum  of  money  was  paid  to  Canada.  Again,  the  Reciprocity  Treaty 
of  1854,  which  lasted  until  1866,  was  not  unfavourable  to  Canada ; 
and  there  are  others.  More  recently  there  has  been  an  International 
Commission  in  connection  with  matters  in  dispute  between  the 
United  States  and  Canada.  Canada  has  been  represented  on  that 
Commission.  I  believe  that  in  the  future  in  all  matters  affecting 
the  self-governing  Colonies  they  will  be  consulted,  and  that  no 
decisions  will  be  arrived  at  affecting  their  interests  without  their 
having  a  considerable  voice  in  the  matter.  On  the  subject  of 
steamship  communication,  I  dare  say  you  have  seen  in  the  papers 
to-night  that  the  proposal  made  by  Sir  Wilfrid  Laurier  for  im- 
proved communication  between  England  and  Canada  and  between 


314  Some  Phases  of  Canada's  Development. 

Canada  and  Australia  has  practically  been  accepted  by  the  Con- 
ference, and  that  a  committee  has  been  appointed  to  see  what  it 
will  cost  and  to  consider  the  best  means  of  carrying  it  out.  I  think 
that  is  a  very  good  proposal,  and  I  would  like  to  say  that  we  owe 
more  perhaps  to  Lord  Strathcona's  persistent  advocacy  of  improved 
Imperial  communication  than  many  people  are  aware  of.  The 
emigration  question  is  also  of  much  importance.  I  have  known 
Canada  now  for  nearly  thirty  years.  The  great  outstanding  feature 
of  the  last  ten  or  twenty  years  has  been  the  remarkable  growth 
which  has  taken  place  there.  One  has  seen  one  trans-Continental 
line  after  another  authorised  until  now  we  have  practically,  in 
addition  to  the  Canadian  Pacific  Railway,  two  others  under  weigh, 
and  the  general  impression  is  that  there  is  room  for  all  of  them. 
I  have  no  doubt  we  shall  find  the  emigration  movement  will  continue 
to  grow,  and  that  Canada  generally,  and  Western  Canada  in 
particular,  is  bound  to  play  a  very  important  part  in  the  growth 
of  the  Empire. 

The  CHAIRMAN  (the  Eight  Hon.  Lord  Strathcona,  G.C.M.G.)  :  I 
think  we  shall  all  agree  we  have  had  not  only  an  interesting  Paper, 
but  an  interesting  discussion.  Further,  we  shall  all  agree  that 
Canada  is  a  country  worth  thinking  about,  a  great  country,  and 
there  is  nothing  which  shows  it  is  a  good  country  more  than  the 
fact  that  each  one  who  lives  in  any  part  of  it  believes  he  himself  is 
really  in  the  best  portion  of  the  whole  Dominion.  It  is  pleasant  to 
think  that  whether  we  are  there  or  whether  we  are  here  we  are 
equally  at  home,  and  I  am  glad  to  think  that  when  next  Mr. 
McBride  comes  amongst  us,  three  or  four  years  hence,  he  will  be 
able  to  travel  backwards  and  forwards  in  about  half  the  time  it  has 
taken  on  this  occasion.  I  have  been  to  British  Columbia  again  and 
again,  and  I  long  to  see  it  once  more.  I  have  now  to  propose  a 
vote  of  thanks  to  Mr.  Griffith.  I  am  sure  while  he  thinks  we  ought 
to  make  our  own  treaties,  he  would  wish  at  the  same  time  to  have 
the  best  advice  and  assistance  from  those  Englishmen  who  up  to 
this  time  have  done  so  much  in  making  the  different  treaties.  He 
has  no  idea  of  Canada  going  out  for  itself,  and  imposing  conditions 
which  she  could  not  carry  out  without  the  influence  of  Great 
Britain.  But  happily  there  is  no  such  thought  on  one  side  or  the 
other.  We  feel  we  are  one  and  the  same  people.  We  have  one 
object  and  one  only  in  view — that  of  doing  the  best  for  the 
Dominion  and  the  Mother  Country,  and  we  are  each  and  all  for  the 
Empire. 

Mr.  GRIFFITH  :  I  will  not  detain  you  at  this  hour,  and  will  only 


Some  Phases  of  Canada's  Development.  315 

say  that  if  we  came  to  discuss  matters  closely,  and  having  regard  to 
what  was  said  in  the  Paper,  I  am  sure  we  should  not  be  far  apart. 
I  feel  keenly  the  honour  of  being  permitted  to  give  this  Paper  under 
the  auspices  of  the  Institute,  and  also  under  the  chairmanship  of 
Lord  Strathcona,  to  whom  it  is  my  privilege  to  propose  a  vote  of 
thanks. 

The  Hon.  Dr.  J.  W.  HACKETT  (M.L.C.,  Western  Australia), 
seconded  the  vote  of  thanks  to  Lord  Strathcona,  whom  he  described 
as  one  of  the  veterans  of  the  Empire. 

The  CHAIRMAN  responded,  and  the  proceedings  then  terminated. 


THE   AGRICULTURAL   AND  PASTORAL   POSSIBILITIES 
OF   THE   TRANSVAAL. 

AN  AFTERNOON  MEETING  was  held  at  the  Whitehall  Rooms, 
Hotel  Metropole,  on  Wednesday,  May  29,  1907,  when  a  Paper 
by  Mr.  Joseph  Burtt-Davy,  F.L.S.,  Government  Agrostologist 
and  Botanist  of  the  Transvaal,  was  read.  Sir  Godfrey  Lagden, 
K.C.M.G.,  presided. 

The  CHAIRMAN  explained  that  a  letter  had  been  received  from 
Sir  Richard  Solomon,  Agent-General  for  the  Transvaal,  expressing 
his  deep  regret  that  in  consequence  of  a  pressing  engagement  he 
would  be  unable  to  be  present.  He  had  also  to  explain  that  the 
author  of  the  Paper  would  be  unable  himself  to  read  the  Paper 
because  of  a  hoarseness  which  was  contracted  as  a  result  of  his 
exertions  in  connection  with  the  South  African  Products  Exhibition, 
and  the  Secretary  (Mr.  O'Halloran)  had  therefore  undertaken  the 
duty.  Mr.  Burtt-Davy,  the  Chairman  added,  occupied  a  very 
important  post  under  the  Transvaal  Government,  and  there  were 
few  people  more  competent  to  speak  on  the  subject  of  his  Paper. 

THE  title  of  this  paper,  as  announced,  should  be  altered  to  include 
the  pastoral  as  well  as  the  agricultural  possibilities,  to  avoid  mis- 
understanding. 

The  selection  of  the  term  "  possibilities"  is  itself  a  little  unfortu- 
nate, and  at  the  outset  I  wish  to  make  it  quite  clear  that  though  I 


316   Agricultural  and  Pastoral  Possibilities  oj  the  Transvaal. 

am  an  optimist  as  regards  the  Colony  of  my  adoption,  I  have  no 
intention  of  inflicting  upon  you  a  disquisition  upon  the  crops 
which  might  be  produced  if  economic  conditions  were  different. 
I  may  say  in  a  word  that  practically  every  sub-tropical  crop,  and 
most  of  those  of  temperate  regions  also,  can  be  grown  in  some  part 
of  the  Transvaal. 

My  object  this  afternoon  is  to  discuss  only  the  crops  now  avail- 
able, and  the  best  method  of  developing  the  agricultural  resources 
of  the  country. 

I  do  not  wish  to  boom  the  Transvaal  as  an  agricultural  region 
well  adapted  for  settlement  by  any  and  every  class  of  available 
settler.  Under  present  conditions  the  Transvaal  is  not  the  place 
for  the  man  without  capital  to  engage  in  farming.  There  is  a  lot 
of  hard  spade  work  to  be  done  in  dealing  with  diseases  and  pests, 
and  otherwise  improving  present  conditions,  before  it  can  be  called 
a  prosperous  agricultural  region. 


FIRST  A  PASTORAL  COUNTRY. 

As  has  been  the  case  with  most  new  countries,  the  Transvaal 
began  its  rural  development  as  a  stock  country.  Having  no  coast- 
line, and  without  rapid  means  of  communication  with  the  outside 
world,  the  Voortrekkers  had  to  learn  to  be  practically  self- 
supporting. 

They  first  established  themselves  along  the  streams,  or  where  they 
could  make  dams  from  which  to  irrigate  small  patches  of  winter 
wheat  for  the  year's  supply  of  flour  and  a  little  green  oats  or  barley 
for  winter  forage  for  their  ponies.  In  summer  they  grew  a  few 
mealies,  pumpkins,  water-melons,  and  peaches  for  domestic  use. 
Game  was  plentiful,  and  in  addition  their  cattle,  sheep,  goats, 
and  poultry  kept  them  supplied  with  meat,  milk,  butter,  cheese, 
and  eggs. 

The  farms  were  large — four  thousand  to  eight  thousand  acres — 
and  unfenced,  and  there  was  plenty  of  grass  for  the  relatively  small 
flocks  and  herds.  In  winter,  when  the  high-veld  grass  became  dry, 
brown,  and  less  nutritious,  the  stock  were  driven  down  to  the 
warmer  climate  of  the  middle  veld,  where  another  farm  was  main- 
tained for  this  purpose,  and  where  there  was  plenty  of  green  grass 
even  in  the  winter  months. 

This  was  the  state  of  agriculture  in  the  Transvaal  at  the  time  of 
the  discovery  of  the  Rand  reefs.  The  conditions  were  almost 


Agricultural  and  Pastoral  Possibilities  of  the  Transvaal.     317 

identical  with  those  prevailing  in  California  when  gold  was 
discovered  there  in  1848. 

With  the  influx  of  white  miners  to  the  Rand,  a  market  was 
created  for  milk,  fruit,  potatoes,  and  other  vegetables  for  the 
miners,  mealies  for  the  "boys,"  green  forage  and  bedding  for  the 
stabled  horses  employed  on  the  mines  and  in  the  towns  which 
rapidly  sprang  up  along  the  sixty  odd  miles  of  reef.  The  more 
enterprising  farmers  living  in  proximity  to  the  Rand  began  to  grow 
mealies  and  forage  for  sale.  With  the  extension  of  railways  and 
reduction  of  freight  rates,  outlying  districts  enjoying  a  warmer 
climate  than  that  of  Johannesburg  began  to  send  early  vegetables 
and  fruit  from  long  distances,  which  always  commanded  a  high 
price  among  the  well-to-do  mining  population. 

Since  the  war,  enterprising  Scotch,  English,  and  Colonial-born 
farmers  have  leased  farms  from  the  mining  companies,  and  grow 
large  quantities  of  forage,  mealies,  and  potatoes.  Vegetable 
growing  has  been  taken  up  chiefly  by  Italians  and  a  few  Chinese 
from  Cape  Colony. 

A  few  mine-owners  around  Johannesburg  have  planted  large 
blocks  of  trees  to  furnish  mine-props,  wisely  selecting  Australian 
sorts  as  being  suited  to  the  local  climatic  conditions,  but,  unfor- 
tunately, often  choosing  species  either  unsuitable  for  mine-props,  or 
not  sufficiently  hardy  to  withstand  the  rigours  of  a  high-veld  climate. 

A  few  farmers  on  the  Eastern  High  Veld  planted  trees  around 
their  home  fields  to  act  as  wind-breaks,  but,  as  a  rule,  the  high- 
veld  farms  are  bleak  and  unplanted. 

The  growth  of  the  mining  towns  has  been  so  rapid  that  the 
farmers  of  the  Transvaal  have  never  succeeded  in  keeping  pace 
with  the  increasing  markets,  and  there  has  been  an  enormous 
importation  of  foodstuffs  and  baled  forage  from  Cape  Colony,  Natal, 
and  even  from  oversea.  After  the  occupation  by  British  troops 
this  importation  received  a  tremendous  impetus,  for  the  farming 
industry  of  the  Transvaal  was  disorganised,  and  the  farms  were 
depleted  of  stock  and  produce.  The  coast  Colonies  took  advantage 
of  this  temporary  "boom,"  and  reaped  a  rich  harvest.  Unfor- 
tunately, they  forgot  that  every  "  boom  "  is  followed  by  a  corre- 
sponding depression,  and  they  are  now  suffering  severely  in  con- 
sequence, though  they  usually  attribute  the  depression  to  anything 
but  the  real  cause. 


818     Agricultural  and  Pastoral  Possibilities  of  the  Transvaal. 

PRESENT  CONDITIONS  AND  MARKETS. 

Many  Boers  who  went  to  Ceylon  or  the  West  Indies  as  prisoners 
of  war  returned  with  broader  ideas  of  the  possibilities  of  agriculture 
and  the  means  of  attaining  them,  which  in  some  cases  have  borne 
fruit  in  a  firm  desire  and  effort  to  better  their  condition. 

The  Department  of  Agriculture,  which  was  established  by  Lord 
Milner,  has  demonstrated,  through  its  Experiment  Farms,  as  no 
private  enterprise  could  have  done,  the  possibilities  of  Transvaal 
agriculture  under  good  management  combined  with  a  sound  and 
thorough  training  in  scientific  agriculture  and  with  the  assistance 
of  trained  experts.  These  farms  are  annually  visited  by  hundreds 
of  farmers  of  all  classes — Dutch,  Colonial,  and  English  born.  The 
Africander  is  more  quick  to  follow  example  than  precept,  and  it  is 
instructive  to  note  how  many  are  gradually  putting  into  practice 
on  their  own  farms  the  methods  which  they  see  in  vogue  at  the 
Experiment  Farms. 

A  new  era  has  undoubtedly  dawned,  and  whatever  happens  to  the 
Transvaal  Department  of  Agriculture,  the  Transvaal  farmer  can 
never  return  to  the  state  of  things  which  prevailed  before  the  war. 

It  is  but  the  dawn,  however,  and  the  change  of  condition  and 
possibility  of  improvement  are  only  perceived  by  the  few  more 
advanced  farmers.  Whether  the  majority  will  rise  and  follow  their 
lead  will  now  have  to  depend  on  the  attitude  and  action  of  the  new 
Government.  The  Department  of  Agriculture  has  gained  the  con- 
fidence and  sympathy  of  the  most  enterprising  and  progressive 
farmers,  and  they  support  it  heartily.  But  the  back-veld  Boer  is 
more  difficult  to  reach  and  to  convince.  It  is  to  be  hoped  that  the 
new  Ministry  will  not  allow  itself  to  be  led  by  the  unprogressive 
element'  in  the  farming  community,  and  reverse  or  thwart  the 
policy  of  the  Department.  Such  an  attitude  would  be  fatal  to 
development.  The  great  mass  of  agricultural  opinion  has  at  last 
been  started  in  the  direction  of  progress ;  to  stop  it  now  would 
mean  that  agricultural  development  would  be  set  back,  probably 
for  another  fifty  years. 

THE. PRESENT  MARKET. 

Much  has  yet  to  be  done  before  we  can  begin  to  supply  the 
present  demand  of  the  mining  communities  for  farm  and  garden 
produce.  We  import  annually  over  £2,500,000  worth  of  agricul- 
tural produce.  This  bill  includes ; 


Agricultural  and  Pastoral  Possibilities  of  the  Transvaal.     319 


TRANSVAAL  IMPORTS  OF  AGRICULTURAL  PRODUCE  FOR  1906. 

Meat,  preserved  and  fresh £754,861 

Butter  and  Cheese 259,076 

Tobacco,  Snuff,  &c 249,604 

Fruits,  dried  and  fresh 231,425 

Milk,  preserved 193,910 

Poultry  and  Eggs 149,704 

Vegetables 142,833 

Mealies  (maize,  Indian  corn) 141,300 

Oathay  and  Oats 137,627 

Lucerne  and  Fodder 67,985 

Jams  and  Preserves 47,591 

Pickles  and  Chutneys          .         .         .         .         .        '.  22,707 

Beans  and  Peas 15,019 

Kaffir  Corn  and  Millet 10,167 

Barley  and  Eye 1,349 

Honey 1,014 

£2,426,172 


No  one  will  question  but  that  the  whole  of  the  items  on  this  list 
could  be  produced  within  the  Transvaal  itself,  and  to  it  could  be 
added  numerous  small  items,  making  at  least  £2,500,000  which 
should  go  into  the  pockets  of  the  Transvaal  farmer. 

Prices  continue  to  be  good,  but  whether  they  can  be  maintained 
is  not  certain.  With  increased  acreage  there  will  be  greater  com- 
petition— which  is  by  no  means  undesirable — and  a  consequent 
tendency  to  reduction  in  price.  The  cost  of  living  is  so  unreasonably 
high  in  the  Transvaal  that  there  is  a  strong  desire  to  reduce  the  price 
of  foodstuffs  for  the  benefit  of  those  compelled  to  live  in  towns.  On 
the  other  hand,  farmers  are  naturally  anxious  to  get  the  best  possible 
return  for  their  produce,  and  are  likely  to  bring  pressure  to  bear  on 
the  Government  to  put  a  protective  tariff  on  foodstuffs,  not  only 
from  abroad  but  also  from  the  sister  Colonies.  This  could  scarcely 
act  otherwise  than  to  make  living  still  more  expensive,  and  it  is  not 
certain  that  it  will  be  carried.  But,  in  either  case,  the  Transvaal 
farmer  will  find  it  to  his  advantage  to  learn  how  to  reduce  the  cost 
of  production  of  his  goods,  rather  than  to  depend  solely  on  tariff 
reform — with  its  tendency  to  frequent  change  with  change  of  popular 
Government — to  improve  his  financial  condition.  It  is  one  of  the 
objects  of  a  Department  of  Agriculture  and  School  of  Agriculture 
to  investigate  and  teach  ways  and  means  of  reducing  the  cost  of 
production  of  farm  produce. 


320    Agricultural  and  Pastoral  Possibilities  of  the  Transvaal. 

FUTURE  MARKETS. 

But  we  must  look  forward  to  the  time  when  the  mines  cease  to 
produce,  and  the  present  local  demand  for  agricultural  and  horti- 
cultural produce  falls  off  and  finally  ceases.  Then  the  farmer  will 
be  face  to  face  with  a  new  problem:  some  other  market  must  be 
found  for  his  produce.  It  will  become  a  problem  of  export  and  of 
growing  stuff  suitable  for  export. 

It  will  not  do  to  wait  until  the  problem  is  at  our  doors  before 
making  preparation  for  it,  or  we  shall  be  faced  with  such  an  abrupt 
transition  as  cannot  fail  to  bring  with  it  much  suffering  and  hard- 
ship. We  want  to  build  on  a  broad  and  durable  foundation,  not 
merely  on  the  existence  of  a  temporary  and  abnormal  market. 
Similar  changes  have  been  met  in  other  countries,  and  we  might 
draw  a  lesson  from  them. 

Distance  from  the  coast  and  the  long  sea  voyage  to  the  markets 
of  Europe  materially  reduce  the  number  of  available  articles  of  export. 
Vegetables  and  forage  are  out  of  the  question  for  this  purpose. 

The  most  promising  agricultural  products  for  export  are  wool, 
mohair,  hides,  horns,  skins,  meat,  tobacco,  fruit  (especially  oranges 
and  lemons),  cotton,  maize  or  mealies,  and  ostrich  feathers. 

Our  present  agricultural  exports  are  very  small,  and  confined  to 
the  following  :  — 

Wool .  £85,128 

Skins,  Hides,  and  Horns 51,623 

Tobacco,  Snuff,  &c 72,949 

Fresh  Fruit 5,101 

£214,801 

Before  we  can  hope  to  export  profitably  in  any  quantity  it  will 
be  necessary  to  improve  greatly  both  the  quality  and  yield  of  our 
produce.  It  would  certainly  not  pay  us  to  export  mealies  at  an 
average  yield  of  only  four  bags  (800  Ib.)  per  acre,  costing  6s.  per 
bag  to  produce.  But  increase  the  yield  to  twenty-four  bags 
(4,800  Ib.)  per  acre,  which  is  the  average  in  the  corn-belt  of  the 
United  States,  and  it  may  be  possible  to  do  an  export  trade,  and 
even  to  manufacture  by-products  such  as  glucose. 

I  am  informed  by  large  fruit-dealers  in  London  that  there  is 
an  excellent  opening  for  our  oranges  and  lemons  at  good  prices  if 
we  put  them  on  the  London  market  in  September  and  October  or 
at  Christmas.  Although  Christmas  is  not  the  Transvaal  season 
for  oranges,  the  Horticulturist  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture. 


•  Agricultural  and  Pastoral  Possibilities  of  the  Transvaal,     321 

has  recently  shown  that  it  is  possible  to  keep  our  oranges  through 
the  hot  Christmas  season,  without  injury  to  the  fruit,  and  without 
any  special  care.  If  kept  in  cold  storage  it  would  therefore  be  quite 
possible  to  put  ripe,  sweet  oranges  on  the  English  market  in  good 
condition  at  Christmas  time.  But  before  we  can  export  at  a  good 
price  we  must  have  a  much  larger  producing  area  than  at  present, 
in  order  to  satisfy  the  demand  when  once  established.  We  shall  also 
have  to  learn  to  grow  oranges  of  improved  quality,  and  to  combat 
the  scale  insects  and  diseases  to  which  our  orange  trees  are  subject. 
Excellent  tobacco,  for  pipe,  cigarette,  and  cigar,  can  be  grown  in 
the  Transvaal,  but  our  recent  South  African  Products  Exhibition 
has  demonstrated  that  in  its  present  condition  it  is  not  suited  for 
export  trade.  Among  other  defects  it  lacks  uniformity,  the  yield  is 
not  sufficiently  heavy  to  make  it  profitable  for  export  at  a  com- 
petitive price,  and  the  system  of  curing  needs  great  improvement. 

Much  work  will  have  to  be  done  in  the  selection  and  breeding  of 
cotton  for  seed,  in  order  to  put  cotton-growing  on  a  sound  basis. 
There  is  a  good  and  permanent  market  for  the  right  class. 

There  is  an  unlimited  demand  for  Transvaal  merino  wool  at 
remunerative  prices,  if  we  improve  the  quality  and  maintain  a  high 
grade,  properly  classed.  By  increasing  the  yield  per  sheep  the 
profits  will  be  increased. 

To  make  our  beef  and  mutton  suitable  for  export,  the  quality 
must  be  improved,  and  we  must  learn  to  feed  specially  for  slaughter 
purposes.  When  we  learn  how  to  fatten  slaughter-stock  quickly  and 
economically  we  ought  to  be  able  to  capture  not  only  the  £755,000 
now  sent  out  of  the  country  for  meat,  but  also  to  export  profitably. 
To  raise  good  meat  and  wool,  and  to  be  successful  with  ostrich- 
farming,  we  must  also  learn  to  grow  hay,  ensilage,  and  root  crops 
in  summer  and  store  them  for  winter  use,  to  establish  suitable 
pastures  for  winter  grazing,  to  provide  shelters  for  the  stock  in  cold 
weather,  and  to  plant  wind-breaks  of  suitable  trees  on  the  bleak 
high-veld  farms. 

HAY,  FOEAGE,  ENSILAGE,  AND  BOOT  CHOPS. 

Winter  Pastures. — The  Division  of  Botany  of  the  Department 
of  Agriculture  has  given  much  time  and  attention  to  the  search 
for  grasses  suitable  for  the  formation  of  winter  pastures.  It  has 
been  by  no  means  easy  to  find  species  that  would  remain  green 
and  continue  to  grow  through  an  almost  rainless  winter  of  nearly 
five  months,  and  with  from  fifteen  to  twenty -five  degrees  of  frost. 
But  by  dint  of  persevering  search  in  every  country  of  the  world 

M 


822    .Agricultural  and  Pastoral  Possibilities  of  the  Transvaal. 

having  a  climate  approaching  that  of  the  Transvaal,  I  have  found 
some  dozen  or  so  of  plants  which  answer  these  requirements,  and 
which,  when  mixed  in  proper  proportions,  will,  I  believe,  form 
admirable  winter  pastures. 

Lucerne. — We  have  also  introduced  and  fostered  the  planting  of 
lucerne  on  an  extensive  scale.  This  crop  does  not  remain  green 
in  winter,  bat  its  deep-rooting  habit  enables  it  to  start  growth  very 
early  in  spring,  and,  with  irrigation,  eight,  nine,  and  even  ten 
cuttings  have  been  secured  in  a  season.  We  have  also  proved  that 
it  is  possible  to  grow  lucerne  as  a  dry  land  crop,  obtaining  four 
or  five  cuttings  by  this  means. 

The  enormous  yields  and  high  nutritive  value  of  lucerne  make  „ 
it  a  crop  of  immense  value  to  the  stock-raisers  of  the  country.     It 
has  proved  one  of  the  very  best  crops  for  ostriches. 

Ensilage. — The  making  of  silage  has  been  successfully  intro- 
duced by  the  Department,  and  the  practice  of  siloing  is  being 
adopted  by  the  more  progressive  farmers  all  over  the  country.  We 
have  introduced  new  varieties  of  mealies,  which  are  specially  suited 
for  ensilage  on  account  of  their  heavy  yield  and  leafy  habit  of 
growth.  Sweet  sorghum,  pearl  millet,  and  Japanese  millet  have 
also  been  introduced  for  this  purpose. 

Hay. — The  practice  of  making  hay  from  the  veld  grasses  has 
been  introduced  with  success,  and  is  spreading  among  the  farmers. 
The  natural  Rooi-grass  of  the  country  does  not  make  a  perfect  hay, 
and  Teff  grass  from  Abyssinia  has  been  introduced  for  this  purpose. 
Hoot-crops. — The  recent  introduction  of  mangel-wurzels  by  the 
Department  has  provided  an  admirable  source  of  food  supply  for 
the  winter  ;  the  crop  is  well  suited  to  the  climate,  but  needs  special 
care  and  treatment  such  as  few  farmers  in  the  country  are  yet  able 

to  give. 

STOCK. 

Sheep.— The  most  prosperous  Boers  have  been  sheep -farmers, 
and  at  the  present  time  merino  sheep  are  the  most  profitable  source 
of  farm  revenue.  Unfortunately,  merino  sheep  do  not  thrive 
everywhere  alike ;  the  region  best  suited  to  them  is  the  Eastern 
High  Veld,  comprising  the  districts  of  Wakkerstroom,  Ermelo, 
Standerton,  and  parts  of  Heidelberg,  Middelberg,  Pretoria,  Carolina; 
and  Piet  Retief.  Even  here  there  are  farms  and  parts  of  farms 
where  the  merino  does  not  thrive. 

Fleeces  exhibited  at  the  recent  South  African  Products  Exhibi- 
tion have  been  pronounced  equal  to  Australian  merino  wool,  and 
superior  to  that  produced  in  Natal  and  the  Orange  Eiver  Colony. 


Agricultural  and  Pastoral  Possibilities  of  the  Transvaal.     328 

But  prices  realised  by  growers  are  not  as  good  as  they  should  be, 
owing  to  lack  of  uniformity  and  proper  classing  and  grading.  The 
Department  of  Agriculture  has  secured  the  services  of  a  thoroughly 
trained  and  practical  wool-classer  from  Australia,  who  devotes  his 
time  to  travelling  among  the  sheep-farmers,  instructing  them  in 
the  best  method  of  handling  wool  for  the  market,  in  order  to  secure 
the  best  price. 

Another  reason  for  the  poor  prices  obtained  has  been  the  fact 
that  our  wools  have  been  bought  up  by  local  storekeepers,  passed 
on  to  produce  merchants  in  the  towns,  who  in  turn  consigned  to 
agents  at  Maritzburg  and  Durban.  By  these  latter  all  the  small 
lots  have  been  baled  together — good  and  poor  alike — and  exported 
under  the  name  of  Natal  wool.  Not  only  has  the  price  suffered  in 
consequence,  but  the  margin  for  the  grower  has  been  further 
reduced  by  passing  through  the  hands  of  three,  four,  and  even  five 
dealers,  each  of  whom  required  a  percentage.  If  growers  will  con- 
sign direct  to  a  reliable  shipping  house  at  the  coast,  or  combine  to 
form  co-operative  wool  associations  for  the  grading  and  disposal  of 
their  produce,  much  of  this  leakage  of  profits  will  be  saved. 

There  are  some  excellent  flocks  of  merinos  in  the  country,  but 
there  are  also  some  very  poor  ones.  There  is  great  need  to  raise 
the  standard  in  order  that  the  quality  of  the  wool  exported  may  be 
better  and  more  uniform.  There  have  been  no  stud  flocks  in  the 
country,  and  one  of  the  great  difficulties  experienced  by  sheep - 
farmers  has  been  to  secure  breeding-stock  uniform  in  class  and 
grade,  as  it  has  been  required.  Farmers  have  had  to  buy  a  ram 
here,  a  couple  of  ewes  there,  another  ram  elsewhere,  and  so  on  ;  or 
have  had  to  depend  on  odd  lots  of  culls  brought  from  Australia, 
America,  or  Cape  Colony,  and  picked  over  many  times  en  route 
from  the  coast  to  the  Transvaal  markets.  The  farmers  have  been 
too  busy  getting  their  farms  and  flocks  in  order  to  go  far  in  search 
of  good  stock.  The  result  has  been  a  great  lack  of  uniformity, 
even  in  the  best  flocks,  and  corresponding  difficulty  in  breeding  up 
to  type. 

To  meet  this  need  the  Department  of  Agriculture  has  imported 
several  fine  pedigree  stud  flocks  from  Rambouillet,  Saxony, 
Tasmania,  and  New  South  Wales  to  meet  the  varying  requirements 
of  the  different  growers.  No  expense  has  been  spared  to  secure  the 
very  best  animals  obtainable.  These  flocks  will  be  kept  pure,  and 
are  stationed  at  the  Experiment  Farm  at  Ermelo,  in  charge  of  a 
well-trained  and  thoroughly  practical  sheep-man  from  Australia. 
To  obviate  any  suspicion  of  favouritism,  and  to  secure  that  the 

M2 


324    Agricultural  and  Pastoral  Possibilities  of  the  Transvaal. 

sheep  shall  be  distributed  as  widely  as  possible  and  remain  within 
the  Colony,  the  progeny  of  these  flocks  is  sold  only  by  public 
auction  and  under  a  guarantee  that  it  will  not  leave  the  Colony. 

Looked  at  all  round,  there  is  probably  no  industry  in  the  Trans- 
vaal more  certain  of  producing  permanent  and  good  return  for  the 
outlay  than  sheep -farming.  But  the  area  suited  to  merino  sheep- 
farming  has  always  been  the  best  settled  of  the  pastoral  areas  of 
the  Colony,  and  it  is  becoming  increasingly  difficult  to  secure  first- 
class  sheep-farms.  It  is  perhaps  well  here  to  issue  a  note  of  warn- 
ing, that  successful  sheep-farming  is  not  by  any  means  as  easy  and 
simple  as  it  may  seem  to  the  uninitiated :  it  requires  aptitude, 
training,  and  capital ;  and  I  should  advise  anyone  who  wishes  to 
undertake  it,  and  who  has  not  previously  had  experience  with 
sheep  under  similar  conditions,  to  undergo  at  least  a  year  of 
training  with  a  practical  and  successful  sheep-farmer  before  start- 
ing for  himself. 

Other  Sheep. — Though  the  low  veld  has  not  proved  suitable 
for  merinos,  the  sheep  of  the  country — commonly  called  the 
Bastard  or  Kaffir  sheep  (with  thick  tail  and  hair  instead  of  wool) — 
does  well,  and  makes  a  useful  mutton  animal.  The  true  Persian 
is  being  tried,  and  is  doing  well  in  several  places. 

I  have  recently  been  carrying  out  some  agricultural  investigations 
in  Algeria  and  Tunisia,  and  was  much  interested  to  find  there  two 
hardy  races  of  sheep — one  with  thick  and  the  other  with  thin  tail 
— both  producing  wool  and  making  nice  sweet  mutton.  On  account 
of  the  scarcity  of  water  and  herbaceous  vegetation  and  the  long, 
dry  summer  season,  these  sheep  have  to  travel  great  distances  in 
search  of  both  food  and  water.  They  seem  to  thrive  equally  on  the 
cooler  mountain  slopes  among  the  oak  scrub  and  on  the  borders  of 
the  hot  Sahara  Desert,  so  that  I  see  no  reason  why  they  should  riot 
succeed  in  the  middle  veld  of  the  Transvaal.  Being  producers  of 
wool,  they  might  then  replace  the  Kaffir  sheep,  which  gives  no  wool. 
It  is  true  that  they  would  require  careful  selection  and  breeding 
up,  for  there  is  great  diversity  in  the  quality  of  the  wool  produced, 
in  some  cases  being  very  inferior,  in  others  almost  equal  to  merino. 
Hundreds  of  thousands  of  acres  in  the  middle  veld  now  lie  idle, 
which  might  perhaps  by  this  means  be  able  to  produce  their  quota 
of  mutton  and  wool. 

Dr.  Theiler  now  reports  having   obtained  a  remedy  for  blue- 
tongue  in  sheep,  which  will  materially  assist  the  sheep-farmer. 

Mohair. — An  extensive  area  of  high  veld  in  the  South-Western 
Transvaal,  not  well  suited  to  merino  sheep,  is  proving  suitable  for 


Agricultural  and  Pastoral  Possibilities  of  the  Transvaal.     825 

Angora  goats,  and  many  farmers  are  taking  up  mohair  growing. 
As  is  too  often  the  case  when  a  new  industry  is  started,  not 
sufficient  care  has  been  taken  to  secure  the  best  Angora  stock. 
Farmers  have  been  so  anxious  to  stock  their  farms,  and  in  some 
cases  have  known  so  little  about  the  mohair  industry,  that  they 
have  been  glad  to  pay  good  prices  for  any  animals  they  could  get. 
Cape  Colony  growers  have  naturally  taken  advantage  of  this  demand 
to  off-load  the  culls  of  their  flocks.  I  am  informed  by  one  of  the 
largest  buyers  of  mohair  that  the  first  samples  of  Transvaal  and 
Orange  River  Colony  mohair  which  have  reached  this  country  show 
that  they  come  from  poor-grade  animals. 

Now  that  the  attention  of  growers  has  been  called  to  it,  this  fault 
will  doubtless  be  remedied,  and  I  fully  anticipate  that  a  large 
mohair  industry  will  be  established.  At  the  same  time  the  demand 
for  mohair  is  not  unlimited,  and  depends  somewhat  on  the  vagaries 
of  fashion.  When  mohair  dress-goods  are  in  vogue,  the  demand  is 
naturally  much  greater  than  when  it  is  mainly  required  for  braids 
and  shoe-strings. 

Horses  and  Mules. — Horses  do  well  on  the  Eastern  High  Veld. 
The  stock  of  breeding  animals  was  much  depleted  during  the  war, 
and  in  order  to  re-stock  the  country  with  a  good  type  of  animal, 
the  Department  of  Agriculture  has  established  a  stud  farm  at 
Standerton,  and  imported  a  large  number  of  fine  stallions  and 
brood  mares.  Some  of  the  stallions  are  let  out  to  farmers  in 
different  districts,  and  some  kept  at  stud  at  Standerton,  a  low  fee 
being  charged  for  service.  Some  150  mares  were  received  at 
Standerton  for  service  last  season,  in  addition  to  those  served  on 
private  farms. 

This  importation  of  stud  horses  is  already  making  its  mark  in 
the  country,  and  some  fine  young  horses  of  two  and  three  years  of 
age,  descended  from  them,  are  now  seen  at  nearly  all  of  the  local 
agricultural  shows. 

In  order  to  encourage  mule -breeding,  the  Department  has 
imported  ten  fine  Spanish  jackasses.  The  mule  is  one  of  the 
most  useful  animals  of  the  country,  and  I  am  glad  to  see  that 
Mr.  Lionel  Phillips  is  taking  a  practical  interest  in  mule-breeding. 

Horse-sickness  has  played  great  havoc  with  both  horses  and 
mules,  but  my  colleague,  Dr.  Theiler,  has  succeeded  in  immunising 
mules  against  this  fell  disease,  and  hopes  within  a  very  short  time 
to  perfect  a  similar  remedy  for  horses.  Hundreds  of  immunised 
mules  are  being  distributed  over  the  country,  and  thrive  even  in 
the  districts  where  horse-sickness  is  at  its  worst,  and  the  demand 


326    Agricultural  and  Pastoral  Possibilities  of  the  Transvaal. 

for  mules  has  increased  tremendously  in  consequence,  with  a  corre- 
sponding increase  of  price ;  this  will,  however,  regulate  itself  in 
accordance  with  the  laws  of  supply  and  demand. 

Cattle. — Except  for  the  ravages  of  such  diseases  as  rinderpest, 
East  Coast  tick  fever,  &c.,  the  Transvaal  is  an  excellent  country  for 
cattle.  Grass  is  plentiful.  Rinderpest  is  no  longer  a  cause  of 
alarm,  and  the  Department  of  Agriculture  has  on  hand  a  supply  of 
serum  sufficient  to  cope  with  any  new  outbreak  should  it  occur. 
East  Coast  tick  fever — better  known  as  Ehodesian  redwater — has 
been  kept  in  check,  and  is  being  slowly  but  surely  stamped  out  by 
means  of  the  Stock  Regulations  introduced  by  my  then  colleague, 
Mr.  Stewart  Stockman — whose  loss,  I  may  add,  we  feel  greatly. 

Other  diseases  are  receiving  careful  and  patient  investigation  in 
Dr.  Theiler's  laboratory. 

The  Department  has  introduced  and  acclimatised  a  fine  herd  of 
English  pedigree  stock,  including  Lincoln  Reds,  Coates's  Short- 
horns, Herefords,  Red  Polls,  Ayrshires,  Sussex,  and  Jerseys.  The 
acclimatised  progeny  of  these  animals  is  sold  annually  by  public 
auction,  and  is  eagerly  bought  by  farmers  of  all  classes  from  all 
parts  of  the  country,  at  good  prices,  and  is  giving  excellent  results. 
Large  numbers  of  Frieslands  have  been  imported  by  private  enter- 
prise. 

Many  farmers  believe  that  the  best  breed  for  producing  draught 
animals,  which  at  present  are  so  necessary  to  the  development 
of  the  country,  is  the  old  Africander  type.  It  is  thoroughly 
acclimatised,  is  accustomed  to  roaming  far  in  search  of  food  and 
water,  gets  into  condition  very  quickly,  and  keeps  in  condition  on  a 
minimum  of  food.  The  Department  has  established  a  herd  of 
some  fifty  picked  animals  of  this  breed,  in  order  to  raise  a  pedigree 
herd  true  to  type. 

OSTRICH  FARMING. 

Ostrich  farming  is  being  tried  on  a  small  scale  by  a  number  of 
farmers  in  the  Bush  veld.  Much  of  that  part  of  the  country 
appears  to  be  eminently  suited  to  the  ostrich  ;  in  fact,  wild  ostriches 
are  still  found  there,  and  this  may  prove  a  profitable  industry  for  a 
large  area  of  country  at  present  unoccupied.  Some  difficulty  has 
been  experienced  on  account  of  lack  of  winter  feed,  but  with  the 
cultivation  of  sainfoin,  sulla,  burnet,  salt  bushes,  &c.,  it  is  expected 
that  this  difficulty  will  be  overcome.  Lucerne  under  irrigation  will 
afford  winter  feed  in  the  more  sheltered  places. 


Agricultural  and  Pastoral  Possibilities  of  the  Transvaal.     327 

POULTRY. 

There  is  a  good  market  for  eggs  and  poultry,  and  it  will  take 
some  effort  to  supply  the  £150,000  worth -of  poultry  and  eggs  at 
present  imported  into  the  country.  Good  work  is  being  done  by 
local  poultry  clubs  in  stimulating  interest  both  in  show  birds  and 
"  utility  "  breeds.  The  Department  maintains  poultry  yards  on  two 
of  its  Experiment  Farms,  where  pedigree  birds  and  eggs  are  sold  to 
farmers. 

CROPS. 

Maize  or  "Mealies"  forms  the  staple  crop.  The  average  price 
obtained  is  about  12s.  per  bag  of  200  lb.,  and  the  cost  of  production 
about  6s.  per  bag.  The  yield  varies  from  1|  to  12  bags  per  acre, 
according  to  season,  soil,  and  care  bestowed  on  cultivation  ;  the 
average  for  the  country  is  only  about  4  bags  per  acre.  The  Depart- 
ment has  demonstrated  that  by  the  use  of  the  best  varieties,  proper 
selection  of  seed,  and  good  cultivation,  the  yield  can  be  increased  to 
18  and  even  26  bags  per  acre.  It  requires  more  skill  and  attention 
to  raise  a  good  crop  than  a  poor  one,  but  the  actual  money  cost  of 
production  is  scarcely  any  more,  and  the  increased  yield  is  prac- 
tically all  profit. 

We  are  now  endeavouring  to  breed  a  quick-maturing  sort,  suited 
to  the  climate,  which  will  not  be  in  such  danger  from  early  autumn 
frosts  as  are  the  varieties  now  generally  grown.  We  are  also  breed- 
ing for  increased  yield. 

Potatoes. — There  is  a  large  demand  on  the  Band  for  potatoes,  and 
the  prices  are  good  ;  in  1906  they  averaged  about  20s.  per  bag,  but 
the  normal  price  is  about  15s.  Four  enterprising  farmers  near 
Standerton  last  year  produced  15,000  bags  between  them,  clearing 
excellent  profits. 

Tobacco. — This  will,  perhaps,  be  the  most  important  of  the  future 
crops  of  the  Transvaal,  and  is  best  suited  to  sheltered  parts  of  the 
Bush  veld,  along  the  Magaliesberg  Mountains  and  the  foot  hills  of 
the  Drakensberg.  Magaliesberg  tobacco  has  obtained  a  good 
reputation  in  South  Africa  ;  but,  owing  to  the  fact  that  each  farmer 
cures  his  own  crop,  there  is  a  serious  lack  of  uniformity  in  the 
product,  which  reduces  its  commercial  value. 

Successful  experiments  in  the  growing  of  cigarette  and  cigar 
tobacco  have  been  carried  out  at  the  Tzaneen  Experiment  Farm  of 
the  Department  of  Agriculture,  and  cigars  and  cigarettes  of  very 
fair  quality  have  been  produced,  for  which  there  is  an  excellent 
demand  in  South  Africa.  There  is  every  reason  to  believe  that, 


328    Agricultural  and  Pastoral  Possibilities  of  the  Transvaal. 

under  the  direction  of  Mr.  Van  Leenhoff,  the  recently  appointed 
tobacco  expert,  who  has  had  a  long  and  thorough  training,  a  good 
export  article  will  soon  be  produced. 

A  factory  and  curing  houses  of  the  most  approved  type  are  being 
put  up  near  Kustenburg,  in  the  heart  of  the  Magaliesberg  tobacco 
country,  and  the  Department  intends  to  buy  up  the  tobacco  from 
the  farmers  for  treatment  on  scientific  lines. 

Cotton. — Good  cotton  has  been  produced  in  the  Bush  veld  east 
of  the  Drakensberg,  and  I  brought  home  with  me  twenty- seven 
bales,  being  the  first  export  from  the  Transvaal.  This  cotton  was 
grown  from  Transvaal  seed,  saved  from  small  lots  grown  last  year 
from  imported  seed.  As  the  various  sorts  had  been  grown  near 
together,  the  produce  was  not  true  to  type,  and  the  result  has  not 
been  as  satisfactory  as  was  the  case  last  year  with  pure  seed. 

That  we  can  grow  excellent  cotton,  worth  \d.  to  \\d.  per  Ib. 
more  than  the  American- grown  staple  of  the  same  class,  has  been 
amply  demonstrated.  But  if  we  are  to  grow  it  profitably  we  can 
only  afford  to  produce  a  high-grade  fibre.  To  do  this  we  must 
grow  only  one  sort  of  cotton  in  one  place,  and  keep  it  pure.  We 
must  also  breed  up  pure  strains,  suited  to  the  climate,  to  avoid  the 
necessity  for  and  risk  of  importing  fresh  seed  from  America  each 
year. 

Sea  Island  and  Egyptian  cottons  have  not  given  good  results 
with  us,  and  I  do  not  think  they  are  worth  further  attention.  But 
some  of  the  long-stapled  American  Uplands,  especially  Cooke's, 
Allen's,  Doughty's,  and  Russell's  Big-boll,  have  given  highly 
encouraging  results,  and  are  worth  serious  attention. 

In  the  Bush  veld  west  of  the  Drakensberg  the  growing  season  is 
too  short  and  labour  too  scarce  and  expensive  to  make  cotton  a 
remunerative  crop.  But  east  of  the  Drakensberg  labour  seems  to 
be  sufficiently  plentiful  and  cheap ;  native  women  and  girls  enjoy 
the  work  of  picking,  which  gives  them  a  little  pocket-money  for 
trinkets. 

It  is  possible  that  cotton  may  not  be  found  profitable  as  an 
industry  by  itself,  but  as  a  rotation  crop  with  tobacco  it  will  probably 
prove  very  useful. 

DISEASES  AND  PESTS. 

It  would  not  be  fair  to  my  audience  to  close  without  referring  to 
the  diseases  and  pests  which  have  ravaged  the  country  and  caused 
such  terrible  losses  of  stock  and  crops. 

To  those  who  have  suffered  most  severely  it  is  scarcely  remarkable 


Agricultural  and  Pastoral  Possibilities  of  the  Transvaal.  329 

that  these  seem  insuperable  obstacles  to  agricultural  development. 
We  cannot  blame  men  who  have  lost  their  all  from  these  causes  for 
going  elsewhere,  and  I  agree  with  them  that  unless  aided  by  the 
Government  it  will  be  impossible  to  cope  with  these  plagues.  If 
the  Transvaal  is  to  become  a  prosperous  agricultural  Colony  these 
must  be  fought  and  overcome  ;  this  is  easier  said  than  done,  and  it 
cannot  be  done  by  the  individual  farmer,  unaided.  But  the  Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture  has  fully  demonstrated  that  given  properly 
equipped  laboratories,  thoroughly  trained  men,  and  time  to  carry 
out  its  experiments  and  investigations  unhampered  by  interference, 
the  work  can  be  accomplished.  I  have  already  alluded  to  some  of 
the  work  which  has  been  done  by  Dr.  Theiler.  My  colleague, 
Mr.  Pole  Evans,  who  was  formerly  associated  with  the  late  Professor 
Marshall  Ward  at  Cambridge,  is  engaged  in  research  upon  the  rusts 
of  cereals  and  other  plant  diseases.  The  Division  of  Entomology, 
under  the  direction  of  my  late  colleague,  Mr.  Simpson,  who  died  in 
harness  but  a  few  weeks  ago,  and  whose  loss  is  keenly  felt,  organised 
a  splendid  campaign  against  locusts,  and  was  successful  in  destroying 
a  large  part  of  the  Voet-gangers  of  the  Transvaal.  Unfortunately, 
we  were  not  heartily  backed  up  by  the  neighbouring  Colonies,  and 
have  since  received  their  locusts  in  such  vast  swarms  that  they  have 
destroyed  a  large  part  of  the  Transvaal  crops.  If  the  South  African 
Colonies  co-operate,  this  terrible  plague  can  be  cleared  from  the 
land,  and  that  is  the  only  way  to  treat  it  effectively. 

If  it  is  desirable,  as  it  certainly  is,  for  the  five  South  African 
Colonies  to  co-operate  for  the  eradication  of  the  locust  plague,  why 
should  not  they  unite  for  the  investigation  of  other  agricultural 
problems,  pests,  diseases,  experiments,  &c.  ?  There  can  be  no 
question  that  more  effective  work  could  be  accomplished  for  South 
African  agriculture  as  a  whole  if  the  Colonies  were  to  unite  and 
establish  a  federal  research  laboratory  and  experiment  station,  in 
which  the  larger  problems  common  to  all  could  receive  thorough 
investigation  at  the  hands  of  thoroughly  trained  men.  One  central 
laboratory,  well  equipped,  well  endowed,  and  under  competent 
direction,  will  be  more  effective  than  five  separate  laboratories  could 
be  if  poorly  equipped  and  subject  to  the  vicissitudes  of  changing 
policies  and  fluctuating  revenues.  But,  to  be  effective,  such  an 
establishment  should  be  supported  from  a  federal  revenue,  or  en- 
dowed in  such  a  way  as  to  be  independent  of  annual  contributions 
from  the  supporting  States,  which  otherwise  would  be  sure  to  give 
rise,  sooner  or  later,  to  jealousy  and  friction. 

We  have  in  South  Africa  at  the  present  time  well- trained  and 

M  3 


830    Agricultural  and  Pastoral  Possibilities  of  the  Transvaal. 

capable  men  who  have  done  good  work  for  the  agriculture  of  the 
country ;  whether  they  remain  to  carry  on  this  work,  or  whether 
they  will  be  handicapped  for  lack  of  funds  to  continue  their  in- 
vestigations, now  depends  entirely  on  the  will  of  popularly  elected 
Ministries. 

No  one  can  be  more  fully  alive  to  the  great  drawbacks  under 
which  the  Transvaal  farmer  is  working,  on  account  of  the  number 
of  diseases  and  pests  which  attack  every  kind  of  farm  stock  and 
crop  which  he  raises.  Yet  after  four  years'  residence  in  the  Colony, 
in  which  time  I  have  visited  every  part  of  the  country,  I  am  more 
than  ever  impressed  with  the  vast  possibilities  awaiting  the  intelli- 
gent investment  of  capital  in  the  development  of  its  agricultural 
resources. 

If  I  might  draw  a  simile  from  the  mining  industry,  I  would 
liken  this  wealth  to  the  gold  which  lies  hidden  in  the  Rand  reefs. 
Three  things  are  essential  for  the  recovery  of  the  Rand  gold  : — 
(1)  Trained  scientific  research  ;  the  Rand  claims  to  have  in  its  em- 
ploy some  of  the  ablest  men  in  their  professions.  (2)  Skilled  labour. 
(3)  Capital.  Precisely  the  same  three  requisites  are  needed  for 
agriculture,  and  I  can  assure  you  that  without  them  it  will  be  im- 
possible to  adequately  develop  the  agricultural  wealth  of  the  Colony. 

Only  by  the  painstaking  research  of  thoroughly  trained  scientific 
men  can  we  overcome  these  diseases  and  pests  to  which  I  have 
referred.  We  have  already  shown  that  they  are  steadily  yielding, 
one  by  one,  to  the  patient  and  persistent  research  of  men  like  Dr. 
Theiler. 

As  regards  'skilled  labour,  there  is  perhaps  no  country  in  the  world 
where  it  is  more  necessary  for  farmers  to  have  thorough  training 
for  their  work,  and  I  may  say  that  there  are  very  few  men  farming 
to-day  in  the  Transvaal  who  know  how  to  get  the  most  out  of  the 
soil.  They  should  receive  this  training  at  an  Agricultural  College 
in  the  country,  in  order  to  learn  on  the  spot  how  to  meet  local 
peculiarities  of  soil  and  climate; 

Capital  is  required  to  paddock  and  fence  the  farms,  erect  good, 
durable  buildings  and  shelter  for  stock,  develop  the  water  supply, 
put  up  dipping  tanks  and  silos,  plant  wind-breaks  and  woodlets, 
and  buy  pedigree  stock  and  good  labour-saving  machinery.- 

I  can  imagine  no  more  effective  assistance  to  agricultural  deve- 
lopment in  South  Africa  than  for  some  wealthy  gentleman  who  has 
made  his  money  there,  and^who_has  the'welfare  of  the  country  at 
heart,  to  endow  an  Institute  for  Agricultural  Research  and 
a  College  for  Agricultural  Training,  as  has  recently  been  done  for 


Agricultural  and  Pastoral  Possibilities  of  the  Transvaal.    331 

India  by  a  wealthy  gentleman  of  private  means.  This  would  place 
agricultural  investigation  beyond  the  range  of  party  politics  and 
inter- State  jealousies,  and  would  go  far  towards  ensuring  steady 
progress  in  the  development  of  the  agricultural  resources  of  the 
country. 

The  Paper  icas  illustrated  by  a  number  of  limelight  views. 


DISCUSSION. 

Mr.  PATRICK  DUNCAN,  C.M.G.,  stated  that  he  was  connected 
with  the  administration  of  the  Transvaal  from  the  time  when 
British  administration  was  beginning  to  be  formed  while  the  war 
still  continued  up  to  the  time  when  Crown  Colony  Government 
was  superseded  by  responsible  Government,  and  had,  therefore,  had 
an  opportunity  of  watching  the  growth  of  the  Agricultural  Depart- 
ment from  its  inception.  He  was  stating  the  bare  truth  when  he 
said  that  by  sheer  devotion  to  duty,  and  the  good  results  which  had 
attended  its  efforts,  the  Department  had  not  only  succeeded  in  over- 
coming the  most  deep-seated  prejudices,  but,  by  the  time  the  Crown 
Colony  system  came  to  an  end  had  firmly  established  itself  in  the 
confidence  of  the  farming  population.  This  gave  good  ground  to  hope 
that  the  new  Government  would  be  no  less  sensible  of  the  value  of 
the  services  of  the  Department.  He  was  quite  sure  that  if  for  any 
reason,  financial  or  political,  the  work  of  the  Department  was 
allowed  to  languish,  the  loss  to  the  future  development  of  the 
Colony  would  be  incalculable.  The  Paper  had  explained  the  extent 
to  which  the  future  agricultural  development  of  the  Transvaal  was 
dependent  on  continued  scientific  work.  Until  the  Department 
came  into  existence  the  country  had  not  been  explored,  so  to  speak, 
from  the  point  of  view  of  agricultural  possibilities  ;  nothing  had 
been  done  to  test  what  crops  the  soil  was  capable  of  producing,  or 
how  far  crops  grown  with  great  profit  in  other  parts  of  the  world 
would  succeed  there.  Again,  practically  nothing  had  been  done 
to  deal  with  the  pests  of  the  'country  and  the  various  obstacles  to 
agricultural  success.  It  would  be  difficult  to  describe  to  anyone 
who  had  not  actually  lived  there  the  discouraging  effects  which 
these  pests  had  upon  agricultural  development.  Take,  for  instance, 
the  particular  pest  that  had  afflicted  the  Transvaal  since  the  end  of 
the  war — the  cattle-disease  known  as  the  tick  fever.  It  was  not 
to  be  expected  that  any  man  would  put  his  capital  into  cattle- 
farming  with  any  confidence  until  he  was  satisfied  either  that  this 

M4 


382    Agricultural  and  Pastoral  Possibilities  of  the  Transvaal. 

disease  had  been  exterminated  or  that  some  easy  means  had  been 
provided  of  keeping  it  in  check.  The  same  remark  applied  to  other 
pests.  The  individual  farmer  could  not  deal  with  these  pests,  for 
he  had  not  the  money  or  the  extended  field  necessary  for  research, 
but  the  Agricultural  Department  had  shown  that  it  was  capable  of 
doing  such  work.  Dr.  Theiler  had  done  work  that  already  had 
been  of  enormous  value  in  discovering  a  process  of  immunising 
mules  against  horse-sickness.  When  the  farming  population  saw 
that  plague  stopped  by  a  simple  process,  they  would  be  encouraged 
to  think  that  the  same  thing  could  be  done  elsewhere,  and  it  would 
get  rid  of  that  habit  of  mind  which  hitherto  in  too  many  cases  had 
induced  them  to  look  upon  these  visitations  as  the  acts  of  an  all- 
wise  and  mysterious  Providence.  The  Department  had  been  trying 
to  show  them  that  if  these  visitations  were  sent  by  an  all-wise 
Providence,  so  also  were  the  means  of  getting  rid  of  them.  Again, 
the  Transvaal  was  practically,  certainly  on  the'  high  veld,  denuded 
of  trees,  and  the  illustration  which  had  been  thrown  on  the  screen 
showed  what  enormous  denudations  went  on  as  a  result  of  rains  in 
the  absence  of  afforestation.  The  afforestation  of  a  country  like 
the  Transvaal  was  one  of  those  things  which,  because  it  was  every- 
body's business,  was  nobody's  business,  and  to  be  done  at  all  it 
must  be  done  by  the  Government.  The  individual  farmer  did  not 
know  what  to  plant.  The  Department  had  been  trying  to  show 
him.  Some  of  the  nurseries  had  been  in  working  order  for  some 
years,  and  supplied  the  farmers  at  low  rates  with  trees  for  different 
parts  of  the  country.  Another  thing  equally  wanted  was  a  market. 
At  present  they  had  a  market  in  the  country — that  was  to  say, 
there  was  a  demand  for  agricultural  produce  which  could  be 
supplied  inside  the  country,  but  which  at  present  was  supplied 
from  the  outside.  The  demand  was  largely  created  by  the  industrial 
population  along  the  Witwatersrand.  Before  that  population  col- 
lected there  was  little  or  no  market  for  agricultural  produce  in  the 
Transvaal — certainly  not  such  a  market  as  to  induce  farmers  to 
make  any  exceptional  efforts  to  get  the  best  results  out  of  the  soil, 
because  the  farmer,  as  a  rule,  could  live  in  the  sort  of  way  that  life 
went  on  there.  His  wants  were  few  and  the  climate  was  good,  and 
without  a  large  industrial  market  there  was  not  that  stimulus  which 
came  from  the  prospects  of  large  profits  to  make  him  put  his  back 
into  hard  agricultural  work.  Therefore,  a  condition  was  the  con- 
tinuance of  this  industrial  population,  which  at  present,  he  was  sorry 
to  say,  was  labouring  under  severe  depression.  Another  point  not 
to  be  overlooked  was  labour.  It  was  at  present  almost  entirely  Kaffir 


Agricultural  and  Pastoral  Possibilities  of  the  Transvaal.    333 

labour  of  the  most  undeveloped  kind.  The  Kaffir  on  the  ordinary 
farm  was  a  child  of  nature  in  the  most  literal  sense  of  the  word — 
practically  a  barbarian.  Agricultural  development  on  a  high  scale 
required  intelligent  labour,  and  that  must  come  from  the  European 
population.  There  had  been  too  little  done  in  the  Transvaal  up  to 
the  present  time  in  the  form  of  skilled  European  farm  labour.  He 
hoped  that  one  of  the  good  results  of  the  Department's  work  would 
be  to  get  young  men  on  the  farms  and  give  them  a  training  such 
as  was  described  in  the  Paper.  On  the  subject  of  combined  efforts 
on  the  part  of  South  African  Colonies,  Mr.  Duncan  said  he  could 
not  say  whether  it  would  be  possible  to  combine  in  laboratory 
work,  for  instance,  because  different  parts  of  the  country  had  their 
peculiar  needs  and  special  opportunities  for  research ;  but  he  was 
convinced  that  no  real  effective  work  would  be  done  in  the  matter 
of  research  for  checking  diseases  until  the  different  Colonies  did 
combine.  The  locusts  had  set  them  an  object-lesson  in  the  matter 
of  federation.  They,  at  any  rate,  showed  no  respect  for  artificial 
State  boundaries.  It  was  futile  for  the  Governments  of  different 
Colonies,  divided  by  purely  artificial  boundaries,  to  attempt  to 
combat  diseases  which  did  not  recognise  these  boundaries,  and  he 
hoped  that  one  result  of  the  development  of  interest  in  agricultural 
pursuits  would  be  to  turn  men's  minds  into  the  channels  of  federa- 
tion, so  to  speak,  and  that  as  a  result  various  matters  would  be 
dealt  with  by  the  people  as  a  whole  instead  of  by  different  Govern- 
ments in  separate  compartments. 

Sir  FREDERICK  YOUNG,  K.C.M.G.,  was  of  opinion  that  there 
never  had  been  an  occasion  more  opportune  than  the  present  for 
the  presentation  of  a  paper  of  the  character  under  discussion.  It 
was,  indeed,  most  important  that  not  only 'the  people  of  South 
Africa  themselves  but  of  this  country  should  know  more  about 
South  Africa  and  its  possibilities  of  future  development.  He  him- 
self felt  very  strong  personal  interest  in  the  question  from  the 
circumstance  that  he  had  for  many  years  been  Chairman  of  one  of 
the  large  Transvaal  land  companies — a  company  owning  some 
80  or  90  farms  of  6,000  acres  each.  They  had  looked  to  the 
development  of  that  great  territory  with  anxiety  and,  he  must  say, 
some  disappointment.  He  himself  had  travelled  extensively  in  the 
Transvaal,  and  he  remembered  shortly  before  the  war  going  over  a 
farm  of  6,000  acres  on  the  borders  of  the  Transvaal,  owned  by  a 
gentleman  of  Dutch  extraction,  and  he  saw  sufficient  there  to  con- 
vince him  of  the  great  resources  of  the  country  if  only  the  right 
people  were  put  on  the  soil.  What  was  wanted,  as  the  Paper  had 


834    Agricultural  and  Pastoral  Possibilities  of  the  Transvaal. 

abundantly  shown,  was,  first,  that  the  people  should  be  taught — 
that  they  should  be  given  the  education  necessary  to  make  them 
expert  farmers  ;  and,  next,  that  they  should  be  assisted  by  capital. 
He  had  long  thought  that  the  Government  of  the  country  ought  to 
assist  the  proper  description  of  farmers — Britons  and  Boers  alike 
— by  lending  them  capital  through  the  medium  of  land-banks  or 
in  some  way  of  that  kind,  and  he  was  glad  to  see  from  a  recent 
speech  of  General  Botha  that  he  was  evidently  in  favour  of  some- 
thing of  that  sort  being  done.  On  the  subject  of  the  pests  which 
visited  the  country,  Sir  Frederick  reminded  the  meeting  that  a  few 
years  ago  a  very  interesting  paper  was  read  before  the  Institute  by 
a  gentleman  from  Cyprus,  who  was  now  in  the  Transvaal,  showing 
the  success  which  attended  the  efforts  made  in  that  island  under 
the  auspices  of  the  Government  for  the  extermination  of  locusts. 
There  could  be  little  doubt,  he  thought,  although  the  evil  in  South 
Africa  was  on  a  much  larger  scale,  that,  if  the  different  Govern- 
ments co-operated,  measures  might  be  carried  out  in  South  Africa 
with  very  gratifying  results. 

Mr.  J.  G.  VAN  BOESSCHOTEN,  as  one  who  had  been  born  and  had 
lived  in  the  Transvaal  all  his  life,  was  glad  to  be  able  to  testify  to 
the  excellent  work  done  by  the  Agricultural  Department.  He  could 
have  wished  that  Mr.  Burtt-Davy  had  gone  a  little  more  fully  into 
the  question  of  irrigation.  The  few  farms  in  the  Transvaal  which 
were  irrigable  were  for  the  most  part  held  firmly  by  a  few  wealthy 
individuals,  but  the  greater  part  of  the  area  was  really  dry  land. 
His  own  idea  was  in  favour  of  smaller  irrigation  works — works  not 
in  one  particular  area,  but  over  the  whole  country.  By  that  means 
he  believed  they  would  not  only  aid  the  different  farmers  who  were 
fortunate  enough  to  £et  the  works,  but  would  strengthen  the  foun- 
tains and  rivers  all  over  the  country.  He  did  not  think  anybody 
who  had  not  been  in  South  Africa  could  realise  the  demoralising 
effects  of  the  various  pests  with  which  the  country  was  plagued. 
Shortly  before  he  left  the  Transvaal  there  was  a  swarm  of  locusts, 
the  largest  he  had  ever  seen.  It  was  from  twenty-five  to  thirty 
miles  wide,  and  they  flew  over  Pretoria  for  nearly  a  week,  going 
about  with  the  wind.  He  was  not  a  farmer  by  profession,  but  he 
had  a  farm  close  to  Pretoria.  A  crop  of  maize  was  coming  nicely 
on  when  a  first  swarm  of  locusts  appeared  and  finished  it.  There 
was  still  time  to  put  in  another  crop,  and  the  second  crop  was 
standing  nearly  ripe,  with  beautiful  cobs,  when  there  came  this 
second  flock  of  locusts  of  which  he  had  spoken,  and  finished  this 
also.  The  meeting  would  appreciate  the  demoralising  effect  of  that 


Agricultural  and  Pastoral  Possibilities  of  the  Transvaal.    335 

sort  of  thing  on  the  minds  of  men  who  had  to  make  their  living  out 
of  farms.  It  was  rather  hard  lines  that  they  should  have  to  suffer 
for  the  sins  of  others,  for  if  other  Colonies  had  taken  the  matter  in 
hand  at  the  same  time  as  they  did,  and  helped  to  kill  off  these 
swarms  of  locusts  in  the  hopping  stage,  the  saving  of  valuable 
crops  would  have  been  immense.  As  it  was,  in  places  which  the 
locusts  had  not  visited  they  were  going  to  have  heavy  crops. 

Mr.  H.  A.  BAILY  desired  to  endorse  all  that  had  been  said  in 
praise  of  the  Agricultural  Department,  the  initiation  of  which  he 
believed  was  due  to  Lord  Milner. 

Mr.  EDGAK  P.  EATHBONE  also  desired  to  testify  to  the  excellent 
work  done  by  the  Department.  Of  all  the  departments  connected 
with  the  Transvaal,  he  had  heard  the  greatest  possible  praise 
amongst  the  Boers  themselves  of  this  Department.  He  urged  the 
importance  of  having  good  laboratories,  in  order  to  ascertain, 
among  other  things,  the  character  of  the  soils,  and  expressed  the 
opinion  that  afforestation  would  nave  a  very  good  effect  in  pre- 
venting the  denudation  of  the  soil. 

The  CHATRMAN  (Sir  Godfrey  Lagden,  K.C.M.G.),  in  moving  a 
vote  of  thanks  to  Mr.  Burtt-Davy,  stated  that  from  his  personal 
knowledge  and  experience  of  the  country  he  was  able  to  endorse 
largely  what  had  been  said  in  the  Paper.  It  was  brimful  of  the 
most  useful  suggestions,  and  would,  he  believed,  be  read  with 
extreme  interest  and  instruction  by  all  the  Fellows  of  the  Institute. 
He  thought  the  development  of  agriculture  in  the  Transvaal  had  a 
very  good  prospect.  In  the  first  place,  General  Botha  (the  Prime 
Minister)  and  his  colleagues  were  all  very  keen  on  helping  the 
development  of  agriculture,  which  they  believed  to  be  their  standard 
industry,  and,  in  the  next  place,  the  work  would  have  behind  it  the 
services  of  the  able  body  of  men  who  have  collected  together  in  the 
Agricultural  Department  of  Pretoria.  That  Department  had  been 
only  a  few  years  in  existence,  but  had  already  done  excellent  work, 
and  he  believed  it  had  a  bright  future  before  it. 

Mr.  BURTT-DAVY  returned  his  thanks  to  the  meeting,  and  said 
he  should  also  like  to  express  his  thanks  to  Mr.  O'Halloran  (the 
Secretary)  for  having  got  him  out  of  a  serious  difficulty  by  reading 
the  Paper  for  him.  The  Agricultural  Department  had  been  working 
under  tremendous  difficulties,  and  if  they  succeeded,  as  he  believed 
they  would,  provided  they  were  allowed  to  continue  their  work 
unhindered,  their  great  satisfaction  would  be  that  they  had  accom- 
plished something  in  a  new  country  beset  with  these  difficulties 

perhaps  the  greatest  any  country  had  ever  been  faced  with. 


836 


EIGHTH   ORDINAEY   GENERAL  MEETING. 

THE  Eighth  Ordinary  General  Meeting  of  the  Session  was  held  at 
the  Whitehall  Rooms,  Hotel  Metropole,  on  Tuesday,  June  11, 
1907,  when  a  Paper  on  "  The  Trend  of  Victoria's  Progress  V  was 
read  by  the  Hon.  Tliomas  Bent,  Premier  of  Victoria. 

The  Right  Hon.  the  Earl  of  Jersey,  G.C.B.,  G.C,M.G.,  a  Vice- 
P resident  of  the  Institute,  presided. 

The  Minutes  of  the  last  Ordinary  General  Meeting  were  read 
and  confirmed,  and  it  was  announced  that  since  that  Meeting  26 
Fellows  had  been  elected,  viz.,  3  Resident  and  23  Non-Resident. 

Resident  Fellows  : — 

William  H.  Allen,  J~.P.,  Sir  Richard  Solomon,  K.C.B.,  K.C.M.G.,  Arthur 
H.  Tickle, 

Non-Resident  Fellows  : — 

Wm.  A.  Caldecott,  B.A.,  F.C.S.  (Transvaal),  His  Honour  Judge  Ernest  B. 
Docker  (New  South  Wales),  James  Fairbairn  (Transvaal),  Frank  Fraser 
(Gold  Coast  Colony),  Alfred  Giblin  (New  Zealand),. H.  Danvers  Godden  (Neiv 
South  Wales),  Frederick  T.  Hall  (Hong  Kong),  George  E.  Hands  (Natal), 
E.  C.  Higginson  (Fiji),  Harry  G.  Holmes  (Gold  Coast  Colony),  John  D. 
Hughes  (Liberia),  Wilson  Johnson  (Transvaal),  Richard  W.  Jonklaas  (Ceylon), 
John  J.  Keevil  (Brazil),  Professor  Stephen  B.  Leacock,  Ph.D.  (Canada), 
\  William  Millar  (Transvaal),  Henry  J.  O'Leary  (Cape  Colony),  Henry  N. 
Ridley,  M.A.,  F.R.S.  (Straits  Settlements),  A.  Hamilton  Russell  (New 
Zealand),  Lieut. 'Colonel  Achilles  Samut,  C.M.G.  (Malta),  George  F. 
Shepley,  K.C.  (Canada),  Charles  F.  Stallard  (Transvaal),  Sidney  W.  Whit- 
more  (Transvaal). 

It  was  also  announced  that  Donations  to  the  Library  of  books, 
maps,  &c.,  had  been  received  from  the  various  Governments  of  the 
Colonies  and  India,  Societies  and  public  bodies  both  in  the  United 
Kingdom  and  the  Colonies,  and  from  Fellows  of  the  Institute  and 
others. 

The  CHAIRMAN  :  No  words  are  necessary  to  introduce  Mr.  Bent 
to  an  audience  which  takes  an  interest  in  Victoria  or  in  Australia. 
I  believe  he  will  put  before  you  a  very  true  and,  at  the  same  time, 
glowing  story  of  the  prosperity  of  Victoria.  After  all,  the  gifts 


Eighth  Ordinary  General  Meeting.  337 

of  Nature  alone  cannot  make  a  people  really  prosperous,  for  their 
prosperity   must   depend  to  a  large  extent  upon  the   ability  and 
honesty  and  earnest  character  of  their  statesmen. 
The  Hon.  Thomas  Bent  then  read  his  Paper  on 


THE    TREND    OF    VICTORIA'S     PROGRESS. 

Before  commencing  the  reading  of  his  Paper  Mr.  BENT  said  : 
"  I  have  been  asked  to  read  a  paper  on  '  Victoria.'  Now,  I  observe 
on  the  wall  a  map  of  the  whole  of  Australia,  and  what  I  say 
regarding  Victoria  to-night  you  may  apply  to  Australia  pretty 
generally.  The  reason  I  have  not  given  a  paper  about  Australia 
is  because  I  find  that  even  in  this  great  city  of  London  there  are 
jealousies  among  people  who  are  interested  in  that  country,  and 
therefore  I  will  confine  myself  to  my  own  State  of  Victoria.  I 
have  to  thank  you,  my  Lord,  for  taking  the  Chair  this  evening. 
You  were  Governor  in  New  South  Wales— a  very  popular  Governor 
too— and  Lady  Jersey  has  left  behind  her  a  name  for  charity  and 
good  works.  It  has  been  suggested  we  should  have  local  men  as 
Governors.  Now  I  say  what  we  want  is  men  of  the  type  of  Lord 
Jersey — a  connecting  link,  a  silver  thread  that  binds  us  to  the 
Empire.  For  thirty  years  I  have  been  a  member  of  Parliament  in 
Victoria,  and  have  known  nearly  every  Governor  we  have  had 
from  the  first  down  to  the  present  Governor,  who  is  quite  as 
popular  and  does  as  grand  a  work  as  those  who  have  gone  before 
him." 

JOHN  BATMAN,  who  in  1835  ascended  the  River  Yarra,  marked 
oat  the  future  site  of  Melbourne,  and  in  his  diary  entered  the 
famous  legend,  "This  will  be  the  place  for  a  village."  Now, 
seventy-two  years  after,  Greater  Melbourne,  with  an  area  of 
163,500  acres  and  a  population  of  over  half  a  million,  stands  there. 
Until  1851  the  district  formed  a  part  of  New  South  Wales  under 
the  name  of  Port  Phillip,  when  it  became  a  separate  Colony,  and, 
at  her  express  wish,  took  the  name  of  our  late  beloved  Sovereign, 
Queen  Victoria.  In  1856  our  State  was  granted  responsible 
government. 

Victoria  occupies  the  south-eastern  portion  of  the  Australian 
Continent,  being  bounded  on  the  north  and  north-east  by  New 
South  Wales,  and  on  the  west  by  South  Australia.  Its  extreme 
length  from  east  to  west  is  about  420,  its  greatest  breadth  250, 
and  its  extent  of  coast-line  nearly  GOO  geographical  miles.  Its 


838  The  Trend  of  Victoria's  Progress. 

area  is  87,884  square  miles,  or  56,245,760  acres,  and,  as  the  whole 
Continent  of  Australia  is  estimated  to  contain  2,972,906  square 
miles,  Victoria  therefore  occupies  a  thirty-fourth  part  of  its  surface. 
Still,  it  contains  one-third  of  the  whole  population. 

Great  Britain,  exclusive  of  the  islands  in  the  British  Seas, 
contains  88,729  square  miles,  or  56,786,560  acres,  and  is  therefore 
slightly  larger  than  Victoria.  It  is  interesting  to  glance  at  the 
relative  amounts  of  production  between  the  two  countries  at 
the  present  time,  as  such  a  comparison  will  serve  to  indicate  the 
potential  resources  of  Victoria  and  her  sister  States  : 

Great  Britain.  Victoria. 

Wheat  (bushels)           .         .  58,902,000  23,417,670 

Oats      (      „      )           .  116,437,000  7,232,425 

Barley  (      „      )           .  58,110,000  1,062,139 

Potatoes  (tons)    .         .         .  3,763,000  115,352 

Horses         ....  1,572,433  385,513 

Cattle          ....  6,987,020  1,737,690 

Sheep          ....  25,257,196  11,455,115 

Pigs 2,424,919  273,682 

With  her  salubrious  climate  and  bountiful  soils  it  should  be 
quite  possible  to  make  Victoria  as  productive  as  Great  Britain  in 
the  items  specified,  especially  as  there  is  an  unlimited  market  for 
her  products  with  British  and  other  countries. 

To  demonstrate  to  the  people  of  the  United  Kingdom  (to  whom, 
generally,  the  States  of  Australia  are  almost  unknown  lands)  how 
great  is  the  wealth  and  variety  of  their  inexhaustible  resources, 
and  to  enable  the  richness  and  fruitfulness  of  our^country  to  be 
realised,  I  propose  to  give  a  broad  review  of  Victorian  progress, 
especially  that  made  within  the  last  few  years,  and  my  story  will 
equally  reflect  the  advancement  made  by  the  other  Australian 
States. 

FINANCES. 

The  finances  of  our  State  are  in  a  most  sound  and  flourishing 
condition.  We  have  had  an  account  with  the  London  and  West- 
minster Bank  here  for  many  years,  and  a  number  of  people  who 
went  to  London  used  to  come  back  and  tell  us  that  that  bank  was 
no  help  to  us  at  all.  Now  I  find  still  in  this  city  there  are  a  few 
interested  persons  who  wish  to  cause  bad  feeling,  and  I  wish  to 
take  this  opportunity  publicly  of  saying,  notwithstanding  what  these 
gentlemen  say,  that  we  came  here,  we  saw  these  bankers,  and 


The  Trend  of  Victoria's  Progress.  889 

although  I  did  not  get  all  that  I  thought  I  was  entitled  to  get,  yet 
I  was  received  with  such  consideration,  and  matters  were  placed 
before  me  in  such  a  manner,  that  I  am  able  to  tell  you  to-night  we 
have  settled  on  friendly  terms,  and  instead  of  having  any  cause  of 
offence  against  this  bank,  we  intend,  as  far  as  Victoria  is  concerned, 
to  stick  to  it.  Our  revenue  has  increased  year  by  year  for  some 
time  ;  last  year  it  was  £7,803,915,  of  which  the  railways  returned 
£8,797,766,  which  is  an  indication  of  the  prosperous  nature  of  the 
country.  Our  public  debt,  of  which  94  per  cent,  has  been  expended 
on  public  works,  such  as  railways,  water  conservation  and  irrigation, 
ports  and  harbours,  roads,  &c.,  has  been  reduced  by  £797,000  during 
the  last  three  years,  and  it  now  stands  at  £52,537,286,  and  our  rail- 
ways alone  are  worth  over  sixty  millions.  We  have  done  no  borrowing, 
except  for  redemption  purposes,  for  years  past,  and  the  borrowing 
we  have  done  has  been  chiefly  within  our  own  borders,  which  is  a 
further  proof  of  the  prosperity  of  our  people.  Payment  of  the 
loans  falling  due  on  July  1  and  April  8  next  year  (amounting  to  six 
millions)  is  provided  for,  and  we  then  have  no  loans  to  meet 
untir  1913.  Our  railway  service  and  all  our  public  works  are 
being  improved  every  year. 

The  net  burden  of  the  public  debt  upon  the  people  at  June  30, 
1906,  was  only  £3,288,101,  as  the  balance  was  all  interest-earning  ; 
and  although  the  debt  as  a  whole  represented  £43  5s.  9d.  per  head 
of  the  population,  each  person  had  only  to  find  the  interest  on 
£2  12s.  Wd.  of  that  amount,  less  than  2s.  each  for  the  year,  for  the 
money  which  has  so  greatly  developed  Victoria. 

Since  1903  our  annual  imports  have  increased  by  £7,374,940, 
or  41  per  cent.,  and  exports  by  £9,216,000,  or  47  per  cent. ;  our 
Inter- State  imports,  which  chiefly  comprise  raw  materials  for 
manufacture  or  for  transfer  to  oversea  markets,  exceeded  those  of 
1903  by  £4,861,979,  or  88  per  cent. ;  while  on  the  other  hand  the 
Inter- State  exports,  which  are  mainly  in  a  manufactured  form  and 
are  for  consumption  in  the  other  States,  thus  illustrating  the  growing 
importance  of  Melbourne  as  a  distributing  and  manufacturing 
centre  for  the  neighbouring  States,  increased  by  £2,287,114,  or 
27  per  cent.  While  our  exports  "  oversea "  have  increased  by 
£6,928,900,  or  62  per  cent.,  the  imports  only  increased  by 
£2,512,960,  or  20  per  cent. 

Taking  seven  articles  of  rural  production— as  live  stock,  butter 
and  cheese,  wheat  and  flour,  frozen  meats,  wool,  hides  and  skins, 
and  tallow— exported  oversea,  the  progress  made  in  three  years  is 
startling.  During  that  short  time  oversea  trade  has  increased 


840  The  Trend  of  Victoria's  Progress. 

from  €5,136,000  in  1903  to  £12,371,000  in  1906,  an  increase  of 
£7,235,000,  or  140  per  cent.  To  this  has  to  be  added  the  value  of 
exports  to  other  States,  which  advanced  from  €3,349,400  in  1903  to 
€4,671,000  last  year,  an  increase  of  €1,321,600,  or  39  per  cent. 

The  increase,  in  exports  from  1903  to  1906  in  the  seven  items 
referred  to  tells  in  itself  on  what  a  sound  basis  our  great  advance- 
ment rests.  The  value  of  exports  had  increased  in  three  years  in 
this  manner : 

Live  stock   ....  from     £57,261  to  £174,725 

Butter  and  cheese        .         .  „         860,674  „  1,638,125 

Wheat  and  flour  .  74,742  „  2,763,987 

Frozen  meats       .  342,233  „  633,468 

Wool „      3,147,829  „  6,026,940 

Hides  and  skins  .  607,244  „  928,767 

Tallow „          46,499  .  204,776 


£5,136,482      £12,370,788 


A.n  increase  in  three  years  of  £7,234,306. 

The  value  of  the  production  of  four  of  Victoria's  great  industries 
for  the  ten  years  ending  1905  was  :— Gold,  €32,214,455  (the  total 
value  of  gold  produced  in  Victoria  to  the  end  of  1906  amounted  to 
€276,517,000);  wool,  €26,933,000;  wheat,  €22,979,000;  and 
butter,  €18,754,000. 

There  is  scarcely  any  branch  of  rural  industry  which  has  not 
been  firmly  established.  Wool  forms  the  main  staple  of  Australian 
exports,  to  which  Victoria  contributes  her  share.  The  sheep-raising 
industry  was  within  a  few  years  ago  in  the  hands  of  a  comparatively 
few  men  who  owned  flocks  from  10,000  upwards  ;  but  the  mixed 
system  of  farming  and  the  greater  distribution  of  land  which  are 
supervening  have  made  sheep-breeding  a  most  important  adjunct  to 
the  operations  of  almost  every  farmer.  The  raising  of  fat  lambs 
for  the  export  market  is  becoming  an  increasingly  important  branch ; 
and,  instead  of  relying  entirely  upon  natural  grasses,  the  system  of 
growing  special  crops,  chiefly  rape  and  lucerne,  is  coming  more 
and  more  into  favour,  as  it  is  found  that  the  keeping  of  flocks  of 
sheep  of  from  500  to  3,000  works  in  admirably  with  wheat-growing. 

It  is  a  most  impressive  fact  that  more  than  one-half  of  the  eleven 
million  sheep,  in  flocks  from  3,000  downwards,  are  held  on  the  52, 000 
average-sized  holdings,  which,  in  addition,  depasture  much  more 
than  half  of  the  beef  cattle.  Consequently  our  farmers,  in  addition 
to  their  profits  from  cereals,  dairy  and  other  products,  take  the 


The  Trend  of  Victoria's  Progress.  341 

greater  share  of  the  frozen  meat  and  wool  industries,  and  benefit 
proportionately  in  other  respects.  Owing  to  the  mild  and  equable 
climate  animals  spend  the  whole  of  their  lifetime  in  the  open  air. 
There  is  no  housing  during  the  winter  months  and  no  purchasing 
of  food  for  stall  feeding. 

Wheat  forms  the  next  most  important  of  Victorian  exports. 
Highly  profitable  results  are  obtained  from  the  large  areas  of 
nearly  level  land  in  the  northern  parts  of  the  State.  Cultivation 
and  harvesting  are  carried  out  by  labour-saving  appliances,  such  as 
ploughs  with  four  to  ten  furrows,  combined  seed  and  manure  drills, 
strippers  or  harvesters,  the  last  two  being  peculiarly  Australian. 
In  the  case  of  the  harvesters,  the  threshing,  winnowing,  grading, 
and  bagging  are  all  done  by  the  one  machine.  Over  large  areas  of 
Victoria  it  is  estimated  that  a  return  of  four  or  five  bushels  per  acre 
will  pay  the  whole  cost  of  raising  the  crop,  so  that  anything  above 
this  extremely  small  yield  is  profit  to  the  farmer. 

The  possibilities  of  development  of  the  butter  industry  alone  are 
enormous.  Since  1888  it  has  been  phenomenal.  Then  the  pro- 
duction only  amounted  to  £50,000  a  year,  but  within  a  period  of 
sixteen  years  it  had  grown  to  £1,654,000.  Now  substantial  pro- 
gress is  to  be  seen  on  every  side  by  reason  of  a  system  of  intense 
culture,  which  each  year  shows  an  increasing  number  of  dairymen 
and  an  increasing  profit  per  cow.  The  Government  fully  recog- 
nises its  right,  and  is  continually  exercising  it,  to  educate  and  assist 
the  producer  in  every  way,  not  only  by  strict  supervision  of  the 
industry,  but  by  the  provision  of  perfect  cold  storage  and  excellent 
marketing  facilities. 

The  extended  areas  devoted  to  dairying  and  the  gradual  adoption 
of  advanced  systems  of  breeding  and  feeding  dairy  stock,  together 
with  the  manufacturing  and  marketing  of  products  being  almost 
entirely  on  a  co-operative  basis,  are  largely  responsible  for  the  head- 
way made. 

Recent  years  have  been  fruitful  in  regard  to  legislation  relating 
to  the  industry.  The  Milk  and  Dairy  Supervision  Acfy  the  Pure 
Foods  Act,  and  the  Commerce  Act,  are  all  operating  to  ensure  that 
in  every  case  only  the  cleanest,  purest,  and  most  wholesome  of 
products  shall  be  produced  for  the  local,  as  well  as  the  export,  trade. 
The  basic  principles  of  these.  Acts  are  that  each  article  shall  be 
what  it  purports  to  be — that  is  to  say,  as  well  as  providing  standards 
of  composition  and  limits  of  foreign  contents,  specific  brands 
and  labels  must  be  attached,  giving  certain  particulars  which  are 
in  accordance  with  fact,  and  not  even  liable  to  mislead.  The 


The  Trend  of  Victoria's  Progress. 

pursuance  of  this  policy  will  soon  earn  for  Victoria  exporters  a 
reputation  for  honesty  and  reliability  for  products  that  will  com- 
mand a  strong  preference  and  increased  prices  for  our  goods. 

Of  cheese  the  British  people  import  £6,375,000  worth.  Till 
now  Victoria's  contribution  is  practically  nothing;  yet  there  is 
ample  scope  for  a  large  cheese  as  well  as  butter  export  trade,  and 
dairymen  are  now  wisely  giving  it  their  attention.  Then  there  is 
a  great  opportunity  for  concentrated  milk  and  cream,  of  which 
Victoria,  a  great  milk-producer  herself,  imports  £200,000  worth 
annually.  Oversea  steamers  calling  at  ports  in  England  and  the 
Continent  are  in  a  unique  position  to  ship  supplies  thereat,  but 
when  they  prefer  to  patronise  Australian  concentrated  milk  rather 
than  other  brands  it  is  paying  a  high  compliment  to  the  Victorian 
product. 

There  is  a  very  bright  side  to  the  ever-increasing  development 
of  Victorian  products  which  neither  time  nor  economic  disruption 
can  ever  tarnish,  and  that  is  our  geographical  position,  which 
gives  seasons  diametrically  opposite  to  those  of  the  other  great  pro- 
ducing countries  of  the  middle  and  northern  latitudes  which  send 
their  produce  to  the  British  market.  This  is  our  great  national  asset, 
of  value  incalculable,  of  expansion  inexhaustible,  and  it  is  being 
highly  developed  along  its  own  peculiar  lines.  It  provides  against 
the  possibility  of  over-production  of  our  staple  products,  which  are 
also  our  exportable  products.  It  compensates  us  many  times  over 
for  the  greater  distance  we  are  from  your  markets,  in  itself  only  a 
slight  handicap  as  regards  freight,  for  with  perfected  systems  of 
cold  storage  our  products  more  than  hold  their  own  with  those  of 
the  world. 

This  great  fact  makes  us  realise  that  the  foundation  of  all  our 
wealth  is  our  fertile  soil,  and  we  are  working  out  our  destiny  on 
this  great  primary  principle  aided  by  exceptionally  advantageous 
physical  conditions.  Victorian  exports  must  be  '  enormously 
increased  before  any  limit  appears,  and  altogether  the  prospects  of 
the  great  Victorian  dairying  industry  are  very  encouraging. 

PHYSICAL  FEATURES. 

Koughly  speaking,  one-fifth  of  Victoria  consists  of  mountain 
ranges,  one-fifth  is  a  vast  field  of  volcanic  soil,  only  surpassed  in 
area  by  similar  fields  in  Africa  and  North  America,  while  for 
fertility  it  is  without  a  rival ;  and  the  remaining  three-fifths  are 
alluvial  plains,  sloping  to  the  sea  on  the  south,  with  a  rainfall 


The  Trend  of  Victoria's  Progress.  343 

exceeding  40  inches,  and  to  the  River  Murray  on  the  north,  an 
area  in  which  on  account  of  the  lighter  rainfall  the  great  water 
conservation  and  irrigation  works  to  which  I  will  refer  are  being- 
carried  out.  Originally,  nearly  the  whole  surface  of  the  country 
was  covered  with  dense  forests ;  and  although,  judged  by 
European  standards,  the  rangy  country  is  still  heavily  timbered, 
it  has  been  found  that  in  every  direction  where  the  forest  has 
been  cleared  the  valleys  and  the  hill-slopes  will  grow,  in  addition  to 
other  products,  almost  every  kind  of  European  fruit  and  deciduous 
tree  luxuriantly.  All  the  English  fruits  are  grown  in  abundance 
throughout  the  State ;  and  the  export  of  apples  has  already  reached 
large  proportions.  In  the  northern  districts  grapes  from  which 
our  beautiful  wines  are  made,  oranges,  lemons,  and  figs  are  grown 
to  perfection ;  and  throughout,  oats,  barley,  potatoes,  root  crops, 
maize,  tobacco,  &c.,  are  all  extensively  cultivated.  We  have  great 
forests  of  magnificent  commercial  timber  in  Australia,  and  many 
of  the  eucalypts  reach  tremendous  dimensions.  Trees  with  trunks 
as  large  as  Nelson's  Column,  Trafalgar  Square,  are  plentiful,  while 
some  have  been  measured  over  300  feet  in  height,  and  others 
75  feet  in  circumference  at  6  feet  from  the  ground. 

CLOSER  SETTLEMENT. 

One  of  the  greatest  factors  in  rural  development  in  Victoria  is 
the  comparatively  small  dairy  farm  which  is  being  made  the  corner- 
stone of  a  system  of  very  intense  culture.  By  the  resumption  of 
large  areas  of  private  land,  previously  only  devoted  to  grazing, 
we  are  replacing  sheep  by  men,  women,  and  children,  and  in  place 
of  a  few  shepherds'  huts  are  putting  dozens  of  happy,  contented 
homes,  surrounded  by  compact  blocks  of  arable  land  sold  on 
terms  extending  to  thirty-three  years.  Every  man  who  works 
intelligently  and  industriously  has  every  chance  of  meeting 
his  payments,  even  though  he  should  encounter  one  or  two  bad 
seasons. 

In  no  country  outside  Australasia  has  the  agriculturist  a  better 
chance  of  rising.  In  the  days  of  Old  England  her  joy  in  prosperity 
and  her  mainstay  in  adversity  were  her  peerless  yeomanry,  who 
owned  and  cultivated  their  own  holdings.  In  these  days  young 
Victoria,  constitutionally  only  fifty  years  old,  has  laid  the  foundation 
of  hers  in  the  owners  of  the  general-purpose  farms.  These  are  the 
wealth-makers  of  the  Antipodes— many  cases  can  be  quoted  where 
in  a  season  returns  have  been  sufficient  to  purchase  the  farms 


341  The  Trend  of  Victoria's  Progress. 

worked — and  though,  in  our  very  short  past,  our  farmers  have  not 
made  the  most  of  their  enviable  opportunities,  now  they  are 
responding  in  a  whole-souled  manner  to  the  lessons  of  experience, 
which  is  the  mother  of  all  agricultural  wisdom,  and  the  teachings 
of  science,  and  are  bringing  their  lands  to  the  advanced  state  of 
productivity  their  fertility  warrants.  When  the  actual  conditions 
of  our  land  settlement  are  studied,  and  the  small  amount  of  culti- 
vation of  the  occupied  area  is  disclosed,  the  remarkable  thing  is 
that  the  average  return  per  holding  should  be  so  great  as  £344. 
This  fact,  which  should  always  be  borne  in  mind,  indicates  uncon- 
testably  the  tremendous  and  profitable  scope  there  is  for  agri- 
cultural development  in  Victoria,  which  possesses  one  of  the  few 
highly  favoured  climates  of  the  world,  which  approximates  very 
closely  to  that  of  the  South  of  France. 

In  Victoria  we  were  faced  with  the  problem  of  the  dwindling  of 
rural  populations  and  centralisation  in  cities.  We  looked  for  years 
to  the  individual  to  create  agricultural  progress  ;  and  when  no 
advance  was  made,  the  necessity  for  a  vital  economic  readjustment 
was  recognised  and  promptly  met.  During  the  past  six  years  the 
Government,  under  the  powers  of  the  Closer  Settlement  Acts,  has 
already  expended  €1,574,000  in  resuming  private  estates  amounting 
to  164,000  acres,  situated  in  fertile  and  settled  districts,  always 
within  easy  reach  of  a  railway  station,  and  often  within  100  miles 
of  the  capital.  These  lands  have  been  subdivided  into  over 
1,300  farms,  and  agricultural  labourers'  and  workmen's  holdings, 
on  which  there  is  settled  a  population  of  4,152  persons.  In  course 
of  preparation  for  occupation  there  are  70,160  acres. 

Under  the  Closer  Settlement  Acts  the  Government  is  empowered 
to  spend  £500,000  per  annum  in  acquiring  estates  for  Closer  Settle- 
ment purposes.  Another  Act,  called  the  Small  Improved  Holdings 
Act,  was  passed  last  year  to  provide  small  agricultural  holdings  close 
to  centres  of  population  for  persons  without  capital.  In  this  connec- 
tion the  Government  may  expend  £150,000  per  annum.  The  land 
is  sold,  not  leased,  thus  maintaining  private  ownership,  in  infinitely 
greater  diffusion  than  ever  before,  on  terms  extending  to  thirty - 
three  years,  with  the  option  of  obtaining  a  clear  title,  free  of  any 
latent  defect,  within  six  years. 

Under  the  Closer  Settlement  Act  of  Victoria  a  farmer  gets  an 
allotment  of  land,  most  carefully  selected  by  experts,  worth  £1,500, 
by  paying  a  deposit  of  half  a  year's  rent,  generally  about  £40, 
and  paying  the  balance  in  half-yearly  payments,  equal  to  3  per 
cent,  of  the  value  of  the  allotment,  or  about  £40  every  half-year. 


The  Trend  of  Victorias  Progress.  345 

Within  six  years  he  must  effect  improvements  equal  to  one-fifth  of 
the  total  value  "of  j  the  allotment,  and  within  three  years  fence 
external  boundaries. 

In  the  last  session  of  Parliament  an  Act  was  passed  authorising 
the  reservation  of  parts  of  some  of  the  estates  acquired  for  the 
settlement  of  approved  British  settlers,  who  by  paying  the  small 
deposit  could  acquire  the  same  from  the  Agent-  General  for  Victoria 
in  London. 

In  addition  to  the  larger  holdings,  the  Closer  Settlement  Act 
provides  for  agricultural  labourers'  holdings.  An  approved  man 
gets  £200  worth  of  land  situated  in  the  heart  of  progressive  and 
prosperous  farming  districts,  where  work  is  plentiful  and  wages 
good,  on  the  same  liberal  extended  payments,  and  the  Government 
advances  pound  for  pound  up  to  £50  for  fencing  and  building ;  or 
in  lieu  of  such  advance  puts  up  a  cottage  not  exceeding  £100  in 
value,  which  sum  is  to  be  repaid  in  sixteen  years,  with  5  per  cent. 
on  the  unpaid  portion. 

The  effect  of  the  Closer  Settlement  policy  has  been  greater  than 
the  scope  of  the  Act  permits.  One  of  its  most  gratifying  effects 
has  been  the  voluntary  conversion  of  great  privately  owned  fertile 
areas  from  grazing  to  intense  culture.  Many  large  estates  have 
been  subdivided  and  sold,  some  on  extended  terms,  and  many 
others  have  been  converted  into  compact  dairy  farms  and  let  on 
the  share  system — the  owner  finding  the  house  and  outbuildings, 
stock  and  equipment,  and  the  tenant  the  labour,  and  taking  a  share 
of  the  proceeds.  'Phis  system  has  been  the  means  of  giving  many 
men  their  start  to  independence. 

There  are  many  improved  holdings  privately  held  in  the  State 
only  waiting  the  advent  of  energetic  men  with  moderate  means  to 
yield  immediately  an  attractive  and  profitable  return.  Farms 
suitable  for  every  branch  of  agriculture  are  offered.  On  all  of  these 
holdings  the  pioneering  work  has  been  done,  the  great  benefits  of 
which  the  incomer  will  profit  by. 

There  are  still  great  areas  of  undeveloped  country  to  be  opened 
up ;  but,  quite  apart  from  this,  the  possibilities  that  present 
themselves  may  be  gathered  from  the  fact,  with  an  area  of 
56,245,760  acres  there  are  34,518,000  acres  occupied  by  54,275 
persons,  who  only  cultivate  4,269,877  acres,  yet  during  1906  the 
products  of  the  soil  reached  the  comparatively  great  sum  of 
£18,565,831,  averaging  £344  per  holding,  which  stands  pre- 
eminently high  when  compared  with  other  countries.  It  is  said, 
with  every  justification,  that,  without  -touching  the  great  areas  of 


346  The  Trend  of  Victoria's  Progress. 

undeveloped  Crown  lands,  Victoria  can  easily  treble  the  number 
of  producers  on  her  occupied  lands  with  great  profit. 

In  the  Western  District,  the  richest  agricultural  province  in  the 
State,  with  a  most  copious  rainfall  and  easy  access  to  many  ports, 
containing  6,359,000  acres,  there  are  only  236,362  acres  cultivated, 
195,500  acres  sown  in  grasses,  and  5,801,000  acres  in  natural  grass, 
just  in  the  same  condition  as  it  was  when  given  to  us  in  1856, 
fifty  years  ago. 

Notwithstanding  its  close  proximity  to  four  shipping  ports  and 
railway  facilities,  and  its  wonderful  fertility  that  won  for  it  the 
name  of  Australia  Felix  by  the  first  explorers,  it  only  contributes 
5-54  per  cent,  of  the  cultivated  land,  while  it  contains  18'42  per 
cent,  of  the  total  occupied  area.  In  every  100  acres  only  about 
four  acres  are  cultivated,  the  balance  being  sheep-runs  in  little 
more  than  a  natural  condition. 

In  the  Wimmera  and  Northern  Districts  and  the  Mallee,  which 
are  drier,  and  consequently  less  inviting  to  the  husbandman,  the 
percentages  of  cultivation  to  the  total  land  occupied  are  23-78, 
25-90,  and  14'99  respectively.  In  four  years  the  cultivated  area 
has  increased  by  5-59,  5*46,  and  4"51  per  cent.,  as  against  an  increase 
of  only  1'59  per  cent,  in  the  most  desirable  district  in  the  State. 

Although  the  holders  of  land  in  the  districts  mentioned  form 
but  30-42  per  cent,  of  the  holders  of  land  of  the  State,  no  less 
than  79 '01  per  cent,  of  the  area  cultivated  belongs  to  them. 

The  holders  of  much  of  these  great  fertile  areas  have  done  very 
little  in  the  way  of  development.  Naturally,  they  have  obtained 
an  enormous  increment  through  the  expenditure  of  public  money 
in  the  development  of  the  State  ;  and  the  Government  has  deter- 
mined to  resume,  with  just  and  equitable  compensation,  a  great 
part  of  this  district,  and,  after  opening  it  up  by  a  railway,  to  dispose 
of  the  land  on  Closer  Settlement  terms. 

The  great  influence  exerted  by  the  Closer  Settlement  and  other 
Acts  making  for  rural  development  was  added  to  by  the  Water 
Act  in  1905.  By  the  initiation  of  a  comprehensive  and  business- 
like policy  of  water  conservation  and  irrigation — the  outgrowth  of 
lengthy  and  costly  experience — great  changes  have  been  brought 
about.  The  obligations  placed  on  the  landowners  to  recoup  to  the 
State  the  annual  expenditure  on  works  has  caused  the  holders  to 
use  the  water  allotted  to  their  lands  to  the  best  advantage,  which 
consequently  necessitates  the  employment  of  much  labour,  as  the 
cultivation  of  cereals,  mainly  carried  on  by  machinery,  is  giving 
way  to  intense  culture. 


The  Trend  of  Victoria's  Progress.  347 


The  increased  productiveness  resulting  from  irrigation  is  in- 
evitably tending  to  reduce  the  size  of  farms  by  enabling  a  smaller 
area  to  maintain  a  family  in  comfort,  as  dairy  farming  is  most 
profitably  carried  on  when  the  farm  is  comparatively  small,  and 
can  be  worked  by  the  owner  and  his  family  with  little  outside 
assistance. 

WATER  CONSERVATION. 

The  expenditure  upon  what  may  be  called  our  new  water-con- 
servation policy  in  Victoria  up  to  date  has  been  over  £3,000,000 
sterling ;  and,  particularly  during  the  last  few  years,  the  Govern- 
ment of  Victoria  has  developed  a  vigorous  irrigation  policy,  and 
has  passed  an  Act  by  which  the  whole  of  the  waters  of  the  State 
have  been  nationalised  for  the  public  benefit,  thus  determining  the 
common  law  of  England,  which  had  previously  been  in  force. 

This  remarkable  achievement  has  not  been  consummated  in  any 
other  part  of  the  civilised  world.  The  Government,  aware  of  the 
huge  cost  of  obtaining  the  water  in  England  and  the  millions  of 
pounds  spent  in  litigation  in  America,  determined  upon  this  course, 
so  that  all  schemes  of  water  conservation  and  irrigation  should  be 
established  upon  a  firm  and  permanent  basis. 

Many  irrigation  schemes  had  been  established  and  working  for 
the  past  twenty  years,  and  in  order  to  control  them  and  the  large 
works  being  initiated  the  States  Eivers  and  Water  Supply  Com- 
mission was  appointed. 

At  the  present  time,  although  we  are  comparatively  but  a  small 
population,  the  sum  of  £350,000  a  year  is  being  spent  in  the  con- 
struction of  channels  and  reticulation  works,  and  within  the  next 
five  years  we  hope  to  have  an  a.rea  skirting  the  River  Murray  of 
1,500,000  acres  completely  reticulated  with  irrigation  channels. 
This  will  be  the  largest  irrigation  scheme  in  Australia,  and  will 
provide  settlement  in  the  most  permanent  form  for  a  very  large 
population. 

In  connection  with  its  land  settlement  policy  the  Government 
has  determined  to  see  that  there  is  no  doubt  as  to  the  necessary 
supply  of  water,  to  guard  against  the  ill-effects  of  drought. 
Although  in  our  State  we  have  large  areas  of  great  fertility,  with 
a  rainfall  equal  to  that  of  England,  yet  in  these  irrigation  areas, 
which  we  are  so  firmly  establishing,  there  will  be  a  fruitfulness 
and  productiveness  greater  than  in  a  country  dependent  upon  a 
more  copious  yet  erratic  rainfall.  Experience  in  every  part  of  the 
world  has  proved  that  land  with  a  low  rainfall,  but  commanded  by 


343  The  Trend  of  Victoria's  Progress. 

water  which  can  be  applied  just  at  the  time  it  is  required,  gives  the 
most  profitable  results. 

There  is  one  feature  connected  with  the  Victorian  irrigation 
schemes  which  is  of  striking  consequence  to  settlers.  They  have 
the  great  advantage  of  dealing  with  the  Government  itself,  and 
not'with  private  individuals,  as  in  Canada  and  America,  where  the 
whole  of  the  water  rights  have  been  absorbed  by  companies  and 
individuals  largely  for  the  purpose  of  speculation.  In  many 
cases  ruin  has  been  brought  to  the  settlers,  But  throughout 
Victoria  the  whole  of  the  irrigation  schemes  are  under  direct 
Goverment  control,  the  irrigation  rate  is  a  fixed  rate,  paid  direct  to 
the  Government  through  the  Commissioners  appointed,  and  assist- 
ance is  rendered  to  the  farmer  by  educating  him  as  to  the  best  use 
he  can  make  of  the  water. 

In  addition  to  the  large  area  of  1?>  million  acres  which  will  be 
controlled  by  channels  within  the  next  five  years,  the  Government 
has  several  other  more  isolated  schemes  in  actual  development  and 
construction.  At  the  present  time  the  works  initiated  involve  an 
expenditure  of  from  1J  to  2  million  pounds. 

The  Government  is  not  solely  relying  upon  the  diversion  of  water 
from  running  streams,  but  is  building  large  reservoirs  to  hold 
enormous  quantities  of  water.  It  may  astonish  the  people  of 
England  to  know  that  plans  are  being  got  out  for  the  building  of 
one  of  the  largest  reservoirs  in  the  world — a  reservoir  twice  as 
large  as  the  celebrated  Assouan  reservoir,  which  is  well  known 
to  you  as  one  of  the  wonders  of  the  world,  and  you  are  also  aware 
of  the  development  consequent  upon  irrigation  which  has  taken 
place  in  Egypt  during  the  last  few  years.  The  great  Victorian 
reservoir  is  being  initiated  by  the  Government  at  Traawool,  on  the 
River  Goulbourn,  and,  although  practically  yet  unknown,  will  in  the 
near  future  be  a  national  work  of  which  Victoria  will  be  justly 
proud.  I  wish  to  impress  upon  you  this  very  important  fact : 
that  though  we  have  great  areas  which  do  not  need  irrigation,  as 
they  have  plentiful  and  consistent  rainfalls,  yet  in  the  northern 
parts,  where  the  climate  is  sunny  and  dry  and  the  rainfall  low  and 
erratic  and  the  soil  most  fertile,  the  Government  is  laying  the  basis 
for  enormous  settlement  and  great  population. 

In  addition  to  the  irrigation  works,  we  have  schemes  in  actual 
operation  for  supplying  domestic  and  stock  water  to  great  areas  of  the 
State  of  Victoria,  and  are  at  present  busy  with  a  scheme  for  supply- 
ing stock  and  domestic  water  to  about  8,000  square  miles  of  the 
finest  wheat  lands  in  the  world. 


The  Trend  of  Victoria  s  Progress.  349 

When  I  tell  you  that  many  of  the  settlers — not  a  few,  but  many 
scores  of  them— have,  through  their  wheat  crops  and  the  raising  of 
lambs,  actually  made  in  one  year  the  price  which  they  paid  for  their 
land,  you  will  perceive  the  golden  opportunities  offered. 

Another  great  subject   which   has  been  discussed  for   the   last 
twenty-five  years  has  been  the  control  of  the  waters  of  the  greatest 
river  in  Australia — the  River  Murray.      But  the  question  is  now 
settled,  for  by  an  agreement   made  between   New   South  Wales, 
South  Australia,  and  Victoria,  it  has  been  decided  to  lock  this 
magnificent  stream  and  one  of  its  tributaries,  the  Murrumbidgee, 
for  nearly  1,500  miles,  thus  establishing  permanent  navigation  in 
the  very  heart  of  Australia.      This  great  river  has  its  source  in 
the  snow-clad  mountains  of  New  South  Wales.      You  may  be  sur- 
prised that  we  have  any  snow-clad  mountains  in  our  lands  of  nearly 
perpetual  sunshine,  but  the  fact  remains.      This  river,  which  flows 
many  miles  wide  at  certain  times  of  the  year,  is  now  about  to  be 
put  under  complete  control,  and  its  waters  conserved  on  a  huge 
scale,  thus  enabling  irrigation  to  be  developed  to  any  extent.     In 
short,  when  these  national  water-conservation  schemes,  now  being 
rapidly  developed,  are  completed,  the  fear  of  drought  will  pass  from 
Victoria  for  ever,  for  the  land  is   being   completely  intersected, 
wherever  necessary,   by   artificial  rivers   completely  under  man's 
control. 

In  order,  as  a  start  in  a  small  way,  to  utilise  the  Murray  waters, 
the  Government  is  establishing  two  irrigation  colonies  similar  to 
Mildura.  Many  of  my  audience  have  heard  of  Mildura,  which, 
standing  in  an  area  with  only  a  rainfall  of  about  10  inches  per 
annum,  has  been  made  one  of  the  most  delightful  spots  on  earth. 
Though  its  climate  is  so  dry,  in  no  place  would  you  find  more 
beautiful  orchards  and  more  prosperous  and  contented  homes.  In 
this  spot  we  have  on  British  soil  all  of  the  advantages  of  the  climate 
of  Southern  Europe. 

There  still  remain  four  million  acres  of  land  along  the  Murray, 
in  addition  to  that  which  we  are  bringing  under  irrigation,  which 
can  be  easily  irrigated  ;  so,  therefore,  there  is  an  immense  develop- 
ment which  can  be  made  in  the  future  for  all  products,  especially 
fruits  and  raisins,  for  which  there  is  an  unlimited  possibility  of 
expansion  in  the  export  trade  to  the  United  Kingdom.  You  will 
appreciate  this  when  I  say  that  Victoria  at  present  only  supplies 
about  1^  per  cent,  of  your  total  imports. 

The  possibilities  for  stock  and  sheep  raising  and  dairy  products 
are  truly  illimitable. 


850  The  Trend  of  Victoria's  Progress, 

I  have  simply  and  very  sincerely  sketched  what  we  have  in  view 
in  regard  to  our  great  water- conservation  projects,  steps  in  national 
progress  which  we  are  undertaking  steadily  and  surely,  and  which, 
as  they  proceed,  carry  with  them  commensurate  increases  in  our 
national  wealth. 

RAILWAYS. 

The  whole  of  the  railways  of  Victoria  are  State-owned.  Their 
length  is  3,400  miles,  and  the  capital  expenditure  up  to  1906  was 
£88,866,197.  As  they  are  estimated  to  be  worth  £60,000,000, 
they  are  consequently  worth  £7,500,000  more  than  our  public  debt. 
Though  the  State  does  not  desire  to  make  money  out  of  the  railways, 
as  it  looks  to  the  indirect  benefit  resulting  from  the  opening-up  of 
the  country  and  conveying  the  produce  of  the  farmer  cheaply  to 
the  coast,  yet  for  the  last  three  years,  notwithstanding  considerable 
freight  concessions,  all  interest  and  working  expenses  have  been 
paid,  the  sum  of  £603,000  expended  for  improvements  made  within 
recent  years,  and  a  profit  of  £200,000  paid  into  the  Consolidated 
Revenue.  We  are  now  considering  the  advisability  of  converting 
from  steam  to  electricity  our  network  of  suburban  railways,  which 
will  involve  an  expenditure  of  £3,000,000. 

DIFFUSION  OF  WEALTH  IN  VICTORIA. 

To  refute,  by  facts  which  cannot  be  denied,  the  malignant 
slanders  on  Australian  stability,  I  will  give  particulars  of  the 
diffusion  of  wealth  in  Victoria  and  her  sister  States. 

Three  of  the  Australian  States—  i.e.  New  South  Wales,  Victoria, 
and  South  Australia — stand  above  all  other  countries  in  the  world, 
with  the  exception  of  the  United  Kingdom,  in  regard  to  private 
wealth  per  head,  and  New  Zealand  is  only  exceeded  by  the  United 
Kingdom  and  France.  The  figures  are :  United  Kingdom,  £302 ; 
New  South  Wales,  £266  ;  Victoria,  £261  ;  South  Australia,  ^260 ; 
France,  £252  ;  New  Zealand,  £246. 

The  diffusion  of  wealth  in  Victoria  is  very  great,  as  during  the 
five  years  1898  to  1902  357  persons  per  thousand  of  deaths 
left  on  the  average  property  amounting  to  £482  per  person. 
The  increase  in  the  number  of  estates  has  been  remarkable,  as 
proved  by  official  figures,  and  goes  to  show  that  the  economic 
conditions  prevalent  in  Victoria  during  the  last  twenty-eight  years 
have  led  to  a  wide  and  growing  diffusion  of  wealth  amongst  the 
people.  In  1905  there  were  3,853  estates,  amounting  to  £6,003,478, 
which  passed  through  the  Probate  Office,  thus  showing  that,  on  the 


The  Trend  of  Victoria's  Progress.  351 

average,  more  than  one  in  e'very  three  of  the  adults  who  died  left 
an  estate  worth  £1,558.  In  1885  the  proportion  was  one  in  four 
persons  with  an  estate  of  £2,218,  which  goes  to  show  that  since 
then  wealth  has  become  much  greater  and  more  diffused.  Victoria 
is  not  singular  in  this  respect,  as  it  is  the  same  with  each  of  her 
sister  States. 

A  further  indication  of  the  stability  of  our  progress  is  to  ^be 
found  in  the  banking  returns,  as  the  amount  on  deposit  at  the 
close  of  1905  was  £4,500,000  greater  than  during  1903. 

The  best  evidence  of  the  growing  habit  of  thrift,  as  well  as  the 
wide  diffusion  of  wealth  amongst  the  middle  and  poorer  classes  in 
Victoria,  is  contained  in  the  Savings  Banks  returns,  the  number  of 
depositors,  according  to  population,  having  increased  by  23  per 
cent,  since  1899.  At  the  end  of  1905  more  than  one  person  out 
of  every  three  in  the  State  (including  children  and  infants,  who 
.themselves  number  more  than  one-third  of  the  population)  was  a 
depositor,  with  an  average  credit  balance  of  just  £25. 

Glancing  back  over  Victorian  figures  for  the  past  twelve  years 
an  extraordinary  advance  is  shown.  In  not  a  single  phase  can 
anything  be  seen  but  steady,  substantial  increase  in  wealth,  not 
distributed  amongst  the  few,  but  more  and  more  every  year 
amongst  the  people. 

Further  evidence  of  the  wealth  and  thrift  of  the  people  of 
Victoria  is  afforded  by  the  fact  that  over  18  per  cent,  of  the  total 
population,  including  women  and  children,  have  their  lives  insured 
for  an  average  sum  of  £139.  Every  year  shows  a  steady  increase. 

In  a  land  so  favoured  by  Nature,  where  wages  are  high,  hours 
of  work  short,  and  the  necessaries  of  life  cheap,  it  is  only  natural 
that  Australians  are  happy  and  contented.  The  poorer  people 
count  as  necessaries  what  the  same  class  in  some  countries  look 
upon  as  luxuries.  For  instance,  in  Australia  the  consumption  of 
meat  reaches  a  total  of  233  Ib.  per  head  per  annum.  In  other 
countries  the  next  highest  is  the  United  States  with  150  Ib., 
Great  Britain  109  Ib.,  and  Canada  90  Ib.  Perhaps  in  no  country 
in  the  world  will  there  be  found  so  high  a  percentage  of  the  people 
owning  their  own  homes,  nor  such  a  clear  way  to  advancement. 

EDUCATION  OF  THE  PEOPLE.. 

In  Australia  the  Governments  and  the  municipalities  undertake 
many  of  the  functions  left  to  private  enterprise  in  Great  Britain. 
For  instance,  since  1872  Victoria  has  mainly  borne  the  charge  of 


352  The  Trend  of  Victoria's  Progress. 

educating  its  people.  Education  is  free  to  all  willing  to  accept 
it ;  it  is  compulsory,  in  the  sense  that,  whether  accepted  or  not, 
evidence  must  be  produced  that  all  children  are  educated  up  to  a 
certain  standard,  and  where  not  attending  a  State  school,  of  which 
there  are  over  2,000  scattered  through  the  State,  and  established  even 
in  the  most  remote  and  thinly  populated  districts,  are  receiving 
efficient  instruction  elsewhere  ;  and  it  is  secular. 

Instruction  is  absolutely  free  as  regards  the  ordinary  course, 
which  includes  drill,  singing,  drawing,  elementary  science,  manual 
training,  gymnastics,  swimming,  lessons  on  the  laws  of  health  and 
temperance,  needlework,  and  cookery  and  domestic  economy  for 
girls.  The  cadet  system  is  general.  The  Government  liberally 
subsidises  the  Melbourne  University,  and  also  gives  scholarships 
annually  for  State  school  children  for  facilitating  their  higher 
education  in  University  or  technical  science  schools,  or  to  enable 
them  to  proceed  to  a  diploma  or  degree  in  agriculture  or  mining. 
The  sons  and  daughters  of  poor  people  are  offered  annually  free 
studentships  to  enable  them  to  take  up  a  course  of  training  in  the 
continuation  school,  and,  in  addition,  receive  free  allowances  for 
board  and  residence.  There  are  many  technical  schools,  art  schools, 
and  schools  of  mines  subsidised  by  the  State.  The  results  of  this 
fine  educational  system  are  plainly  to  be  seen  now,  as  97  per  cent. 
of  the  people  can  read  and  write.  The  annual  cost  to  the  State  is 
£736,000,  for  an  average  attendance  of  142,000  scholars. 

SOCIAL  ADVANCEMENT. 

Australians  have  gone  far  towards  the  solution  of  great  social 
problems  which  in  many  other  countries  have  yet  to  be  faced. 
During  the  brief  space  of  only  fifty  years  of  responsible  govern- 
ment they,  virile  and  self-dependent,  have  moved  from  the  old 
world  of  thought  and  deed  and  proceeded  a  goodly  distance  into 
the  newer  world  of  enlightened  and  more  advanced  life. 

In  addition  to  hospitals,  asylums  for  the  very  old  and  infirm, 
homes  for  consumptives  and  inebriates  and  neglected  children 
financed  by  the  State,  Victoria  has  some  great  humane  systems. 
For  instance,  there  is  our  Old  Age  Pension  system,  which  gives  to 
old  people  a  weekly  pension  of  10s.,  not  in  the  nature  of  charity, 
but  as  an  absolutely  moral  right ;  our  factories  and  shops  legisla- 
tion, accepted  as  a  model  by  the  world,  which  uplifts  the  life  of 
the  workers  by  limitation  of  hours  of  labour,  by  compulsory 
holidays,  by  stringent  regulations  as  to  healthy  and  sanitary  work- 


The  Trend  of  Victoria's  Progress.  353 

places,  and  by  the  payment  of  proper  wages,  thereby  preventing 
pernicious  sweating.  The  wages  of  nearly  50,000  of  our  workers 
are  regulated  by  special  boards,  which  have  prevented  unrestricted 
competition  amongst  the  poor  and  disorganised,  who  previously 
worked  long  hours  for  wretched  pay,  in  circumstances  of  extreme 
penury.  The  clothing  trade,  for  instance,  was  one  of  the  worst, 
now  it  is  one  of  the  best.  Although  the  general  minimum  wages 
mutually  determined  by  employers  and  employees  in  conference 
was  fixed  at  45s.  per  week  for  males,  and  20s.  per  week  for  females, 
actually  every  man  and  woman  has  received  on  the  average  con- 
siderably above  the  lowest  rate. 

The  last  of  the  great  innovations  to  be  brought  about  for  the 
amelioration  of  the  industrial  classes  in  Victoria  is  the  Small 
Improved  Holdings  system,  the  aim  of  which  is  to  assist  deserving 
persons  to  acquire  small  improved  holdings  in  rural  districts  as 
close  as  possible  to  centres  of  population  where  industrial  employ- 
ment may  be  obtained  by  them,  to  enable  them  to  provide  homes 
for  their  families  and  profitably  use  their  time  when  out  of  employ- 
ment. This  movement  attacks  the  unemployed  problem,  and 
quickens  the  development  of  our  natural  resources,  and  is  supple- 
mentary to  the  other  economic  evolutions — the  Closer  Settlement 
Act,  with  its  holdings  for  farmers,  agricultural  labourers,  workmen 
and  clerks,  and  the  Water  Act. 

CONCLUSION. 

I  would  say,  in  conclusion,  that  in  the  past  in  Australia,  as  in 
every  young  country  working  out  its  destiny  under  conditions  so 
dissimilar  to  those  under  which  its  pioneers  acquired  their  rural 
lore,  farming  was  a  neglected  science.  Our  lands  responded  so 
bountifully  to  primitive  methods,  and  so  much  land  was  held  by  so 
few,  that  then  muscles  were  all  that  were  required  to  bring  success. 
It  was  a  few  years  ago  that,  in  obedience  to  the  careful  fostering 
and  encouragement  by  the  State,  and  a  progressive  Press  always 
teaching  from  the  practical  points  of  view,  that  our  producers 
emerged  from  the  rough-and-ready  era  of  the  pioneering  period  to 
that  of  the  higher  agriculture,  the  period  of  the  educated  agri- 
culturist— the  man  who  listens  eagerly  to,  and  at  once  applies,  the 
teachings  of  science.  Directly  following  this  natural  movement 
there  ensued  a  readjustment  of  the  national  responsibility  in  regard 
to  primary  production ;  and  since,  by  conservative  and  economic 
methods,  rural  pursuits  have  been  placed  in  the  very  forefront  of 
Antipodean  life, 

N 


354  The  Trend  of  Victoria's  Progress. 

Now,  self-contained  and  confident,  with  their  great  primary 
industries  well  disciplined,  handled,  and  directed,  with  every  food- 
product  rigorously  maintained  by  State  supervision  at  a  high 
standard,  Victoria  and  her  sister  Australian  States  extend  a  wel- 
coming hand,  with  the  promise  of  particular  attention  and  every 
consideration,  to  more  British  men  and  women  of  just  the  same 
sort  as  our  fathers  and  mothers  were. 


DISCUSSION. 

Major-General  the  Hon.  Sir  REGINALD  TALBOT,  K.C.B.  (Governor 
of  Victoria) :  It  is,  I  think,  almost  marvellous  on  a  subject  so  full  of 
statistics  that  Mr.  Bent  should  have  managed  to  hold  our  attention 
for  so  considerable  a  time.  As  he  has  said  he  has  been  "  cribbed, 
cabined,  and  confined  "  by  having  to  read  from  a  printed  paper, 
and  we  can  only  picture  to  ourselves  what  he  is  able  to  do  when 
he  is  not  so  confined,  and  is  able  to  give  full  vent  to  his  powers  of 
speech,  I  will  not  say  powers  of  imagination,  for  there  is  nothing 
here  said  which  is  not  founded  on  fact.  My  experience  has  taught 
me  how  little  I  know  of  the  State  in  which  it  is  my  good  fortune 
to  live  at  the  present  time,  but  I  cannot  lose  the  opportunity  of 
saying  that  on  a  great  many  points  on  which  Mr.  Bent  has  touched 
I  can  vouch  from  personal  knowledge  of  the  absolute  accuracy  of 
what  he  has  told  us.  In  the  three  years  I  have  been  there,  there 
is  hardly  a  district  in  the  country  which  I  have  not  visited,  and  I 
have  learnt  a  great  deal  of  the  actual  facts  from  my  mode  of 
travelling  about,  and  have  become  acquainted  with  the  people  in 
a  way  one  cannot  be  when  one  merely  rushes  through  on  the  rail- 
way, even  though  in  some  districts  you  travel  at  the  exhilarating 
rate  of  only  nine  miles  an  hour.  It  is  true  Mr.  Bent  has  compared 
the  journey  from  Brisbane  to  Adelaide  with  the  journey  from 
London  to  Liverpool,  and  I  think  in  that  respect  perhaps  he  has 
drawn  just  a  little  bit  on  his  imagination.  Mr.  Bent  told  us  of  his 
difficulty  in  finding  Victorian  products  in  London,  and  how  he 
searched  through  150  shops  and  could  not  find  a  pat  of  Victorian 
butter.  It  reminds  me  of  rather  an  amusing  story  I  heard  the 
other  day  from  a  Victorian  gentleman  which  corroborates  that 
statement,  and  perhaps  gives  some  reason  why  Mr.  Bent  could  not 
find  what  he  wanted.  This  gentleman  went  into  a  butcher's 
shop  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Piccadilly,  and  said  :  "  Have  you 
got  any  Australian  beef  or  mutton?"  The  butcher,  with  some 


The  Trend  of  Victoria's  Progress.  355 

indignation,  replied  that  he  would  not  have  such  beastly  stuff  in 
his  shop,  upon  which  my  friend  said,  "  Will  you  bet  me  ten 
pounds  that  you  have  not  a  single  Australian  carcass  in  your 
shop?"  With  some  dignity  the  butcher  said,  "  I  am  a  butcher, 
my  trade  is  selling  meat,  not  betting."  My  friend  asked,  "  Well 
will  you  bet  sixpence?"  "I  think  I  can  go  as  far  as  that,"  said 
the  butcher.  Upon  which  my  friend,  pointing  to  a  carcass,  said, 
"  That  sheep  was  bred  within  ten  minutes'  walk  of  where  I 
live,  and  there  is  the  brand."  The  butcher  had  to  admit  he  was 
vanquished,  but  he  showed,  unlike  some  butchers,  that  he  had  a 
conscience,  for  during  the  whole  time  my  friend  remained  in 
London  he  received  every  Saturday  the  best  leg  of  mutton  in 
the  shop.  As  to  Victorian  butter  I  believe  the  article  is  mixed 
with  inferior  articles  and  sold,  but  by  another  name,  and  that 
some  people  have  the  audacity  to  charge  the  highest  price  for  it. 
I  think  a  great  deal  can  be  done  in  that  respect,  and  I  hope  that 
when  the  proposed  new  premises  are  opened  in  London  something 
may  be  done  to  remove  a  real  grievance,  which  is,  that  our  goods 
(which  are  good)  are  sold  here  under  another  name,  or  worse 
still  are  sometimes  adulterated  with  inferior  material  and  still 
sold  at  the  same  price.  I  am  sure  you  will  join  with  me  in 
thanking  Mr.  Bent  for  his  interesting  address.  Nobody  could  have 
heard  him  without  feeling  that  we  were  listening  to  a  man  of  great 
capabilities.  He  has  been  entrusted  with  the  fortunes  of  one  of  the 
greatest,  most  prosperous,  and  most  rising  of  the  States  under  the 
British  Crown,  and  I  am  sure  you  will  join  with  me  in  wishing  him 
long  life  and  strength  to  guide  the  ship  of  State  which  he  has  so 
ably  steered  for  so  many  years. 

Sir  MALCOLM  D.  MCEACHABN  :  I  would  only  add  a  word  by 
way  of  confirmation  of  what  our  Governor  has  said  concerning 
the  admirable  address  Mr.  Bent  has  given  us.  In  short  compass 
he  has  provided  us  with  facts  which  I  am  sure  everybody  will  read 
with  interest  and  pleasure.  Mr.  Bent  made  a  reference  to  the 
trees  of  Victoria  and  the  enormous  size  which  some  of  them 
attain,  though  he  seemed  to  have  little  doubt  in  his  mind  as  to 
whether  he  was  quite  correct  on  the  latter  point.  I  can  assure  him 
he  has  only  to  go  to  a  place  beyond  Healsville  to  find  many  trees 
such  as  he  has  described,  and  in  many  cases  even  larger.  The 
progress  of  Victoria  we  must  look  upon  as  something  marvellous. 
As  you  remember,  a  few  years  ago  we  were  all  in  great  trouble  and 
distress  in  consequence  of  the  bank  difficulties ;  but  the  state  of 
things  at  the  present  time  shows  that  we  have  not  only  a  good 

N 


356  The  Trend  of  Victoria's  Progress. 

country  but  men  who  can  stand  up  against  difficulties,  for  I  assure 
you  these  difficulties  were  not  ordinary  difficulties,  but  such  as  one- 
half  the  population,  had  they  not  been  really  strong  men,  would 
have  lain  down  under.  But  they  stood  to  their  guns  and  came  to 
the  help  of  those  who  were  likely  to  go  to  the  wall ;  and  now,  instead 
of  trouble  and  adversity,  we  are  in  such  splendid  condition  that 
Mr.  Bent  almost  feels  inclined  to  buy  the  Bank  of  England.  I  am 
sure  that  Mr.  Bent,  by  the  address  he  has  given  on  this  and  other 
occasions,  has  done  a  great  deal  for  Victoria,  and  you  yourselves 
can  do  a  great  deal  to  help  us  by  assuring  your  friends  that 
Victoria  is  in  a  very  prosperous  condition  at  the  present  time.  I 
am  very  pleased  indeed  to  see  our  Governor  again.  I  think  that 
Victoria  agrees  with  him  better  than  this  country,  for  he  has  been 
ill  since  he  came  here,  and  I  understand  that  whilst  in  Australia  he 
was  always  in  very  good  health.  I  sincerely  trust  he  will  have  a 
pleasant  trip  back  again,  and  he  will  receive,  I  am  sure,  a  very 
hearty  welcome. 

Hon.  J.  W.  TAVERNER  (Agent- General  for  Victoria) :  After  the 
able  address  of  our  Premier,  supported  by  the  speech  of  our 
Governor,  I  feel  that  Victoria  has  had  a  very  good  innings,  and  we 
might  very  well  look  for  a  few  words  from  my  modest  friend  on  my 
left,  the  Agent-General  for  South  Australia,  a  State  which  occupies 
so  much  greater  a  space  on  the  map.  However,  as  our  Premier 
more  than  once  reminded  us,  his  address  would  apply  not  merely  to 
Victoria  but  to  the  whole  of  Australia.  Only  one  word  I  would 
say  with  reference  to  a  remark  which  fell  from  our  Governor.  We 
do  all  that  is  possible  in  our  country  by  legislation  and  otherwise 
to  insure  the  soundness  of  our  food  exports.  It  is  for  you  in  this 
country  to  see  that  the  people  of  this  country  are  not  imposed 
upon.  That  is  a  direction  in  which  you  certainly  can  help 
Australia.  A  Bill  is  now  passing  through  your  Parliament  dealing 
with  butter,  and  I  think  those  of  you  who  are  interested  in 
Australia  will  find  Mr.  Jenkins  and  myself  ready  to  give  all  the 
help  we  can  while  this  Bill  is  passing,  through  Parliament,  with 
the  object  of  insuring  that  the  people  of  this  country  shall  get 
good  supplies  of  food.  We  want  you  to  help  us  in  preserving  for 
the  people  of  the  United  Kingdom  the  food  as  it  leaves  our  shores. 
Our  Premier  came  to  this  country  for  a  bit  of  rest,  and  he  has  been 
going  full  speed  day  and  night.  I  am  glad  indeed  to  find  that  his 
health  is  recovering.  It  is  a  pleasure  to  have  him  here,  so  that  he 
may  see  for  himself  the  great  trade  possibilities  of  this  country, 
and  1  am  sure  he  will  be  able  to  carry  back  to  Australia  good  words 


The  Trend  of  Victoria's  Progress.  357 

and  good  feeling  from  the  people  of  this  country  towards  that  other 
part  of  the  Empire  to  which  we  are  proud  to  belong. 

Hon.  J.  G.  JENKINS  (Agent- General  for  South  Australia)  :  I  have 
been  exceedingly  pleased  in  listening  to  Mr.  Bent's  address.  I  know 
Victoria  very  well,  having  been  through  almost  every  part  of  that 
State,  even  down  to  Gippsland,  where  those  large  trees  grow.  I 
was  blocked  by  one  of  the  trees,  which  was  so  large  that  I  had  not 
time  to  get  round  it.  There  was  one  feature  of  the  Colony  Mr. 
Bent  did  not  touch  upon,  and  that  is  the  beautiful  scenery.  I  would 
advise  all  of  you  here  who  travel  for  pleasure  to  visit  Victoria,  New 
South  Wales,  South  Australia,  or  any  of  the  rest  of  those  States. 
You  will  find  there  scenery  as  beautiful  as  any  you  will  spend  many 
pounds  to  see  in  Switzerland  or  Italy  or  in  other  parts  of  Europe. 
You  will  find  too  that  Australia  is  the  healthiest  country  in  the 
world,  for  fewer  people  die  per  thousand  per  annum  in  New  Zea- 
land and  Australia  than  in  any  other  part  of  the  world,  and  when 
you  consider  that  a  good  many  people  go  out  because  they  would 
die  if  they  remained  in  Europe,  you  can  easily  understand  what  a 
healthy  climate  it  is.  You  have  heard  to-night  what  one  thirty- 
fourth  part  of  Australia  produces  or  is  capable  of  producing.  Just 
imagine  for  yourselves  the  whole  of  Australia  producing  at  the 
same  rate,  and  you  will  readily  understand  that  we  are  capable  of 
becoming  the  feeders  of  the  world.  In  reference  to  what  has  been 
said  about  butter,  we  send  you  the  pure  article,  and  it  rests  with 
the  people  of  England  to  see  that  they  get  it. 

The  CHAIRMAN  (The  Eight  Hon.  the  Earl  of  Jersey,  G.C.B., 
G.C.M.G.) :  I  have  now  to  propose  a  vote  of  thanks  to  Mr.  Bent.  We 
have  heard  a  great  deal  about  the  prosperity  and  future  of  Victoria, 
and  this  platform  has  shown  that  if  there  has  been  any  dispute  near 
the  River  Murray  that  dispute  has  disappeared,  and  I  hope  disputes  of 
that  kind  will  never  crop  up  again  in  Australia.  It  has  been  urged 
that  we  should  pass  some  legislation  for  the  protection  of  our  food 
supplies.  If  I  may  say  so,  the  only  difficulty  in  the  way  is  that 
our  Parliament,  or  at  any  rate  one  portion  of  our  Parliament,  finds 
some  hesitation  in  undertaking  work  of  this  kind,  and  apparently 
prefers  resolutions  to  actions.  But  I  hope  that  the  force .  of  public 
opinion  in  this  country  and  in  other  parts  of  the  Empire  will 
eventually  produce  that  which  we  all  desire,  viz.  that  we  may  know 
what  we  buy  and  may  not  have  to  pay  too  much  for  it.  Mr.  Bent 
has  certainly  earned  the  thanks  not  only  of  us  in  this  country  but 
also  of  Victoria  and  the  whole  of  Australia.  He  hinted  in  the 
opening  part  of  his  address  that  people  here  did  not  know  much 


358  The  Trend  of  Victorians  Progress. 

about  Australia,  but  though  that  might  have  been  true  a  few  years 
ago,  it  cannot  be  said  it  is  true  to  the  same  extent  now,  because 
men  like  Mr.  Bent  have  made  the  people  of  this  country  acquainted 
with  what  is  going  on  in  the  Australian  part  of  the  Empire,  and  I 
would  add  that  nothing  could  be  more  satisfactory  to  a  country 
which  finds  it  necessary  that  some  of  its  children  should  go  beyond 
its  borders  in  order  to  obtain  a  prosperous  livelihood  than  to  feel 
that  they  can  do  so  without  getting  beyond  the  bounds  of  the 
Empire  itself.  Mr.  Bent  called  me  as  a  witness  to  the  prosperity 
of  Victoria.  I  agree  with  him.  Some  fourteen  or  fifteen  years  ago 
there  was  that  rather  uncomfortable  state  of  affairs  which  has  been 
alluded  to.  Less  than  two  years  ago  when  I  went  there  I  found 
the  picture  completely  changed.  Everything  was  most  prosperous, 
and  that  prosperity  has  been  continuing.  One  of  the  men  who 
assisted  to  change  that  picture  is  Mr.  Bent.  I  said  at  the  opening 
and  I  repeat  that  the  prosperity  of  a  country  must  to  a  large  extent 
depend  upon  its  rulers  and  its  statesmen.  You  may  have  any 
amount  of  prosperous  seasons,  but  your  resources  may  be  wasted. 
If  you  get  men  who  have  the  courage  to  use  those  resources  in  such 
a  way  as  to  benefit  the  great  mass  of  the  people  that  country  will 
be  prosperous  and  continue  to  be  prosperous.  That  is  what  is  going 
on  in  Victoria  and  in  other  parts  of  Australia.  We  are  all  glad  to 
know  that  there  are  statesmen  there  who  are  prepared  to  undertake 
what  is  one  of  the  most  necessary  works  which  can  be  undertaken 
in  such  a  country,  viz.  irrigation.  We  feel  confident  they  will 
undertake  that  work  with  due  care  and  prevision.  If  it  is  wisely 
done,  I  can  have  no  doubt  that  the  results  will  be  far  beyond  what 
anyone  can  anticipate  at  the  present  time.  The  dam  at  Assouan 
has  done  wonders  in  Egypt,  and  the  storage  of  water  has  been  of 
immense  benefit  to  India,  and  why  should  not  Australia  be  bene- 
fited in  the  same  way  ?  We  all  know  there  are  times  when  you 
get  more  rain  and  floods  than  you  desire,  and  if  some  of  the  waters 
can  be  impounded  and  used  at  the  right  time  science  will  be  doing 
what  nature  has  so  often  and  so  long  asked  it  to  do.  In  the  course 
of  his  Paper  Mr.  Bent  told  us  that  he  came  here  with  three  millions 
and  a  half  of  money,  and  that  for  six  years  he  does  not  intend  to 
trouble  us  any  more.  I  could  not  see  how  Mr.  Russell  of  the 
London  and  Westminster  Bank  took  that  last  statement,  but  I 
presume  he  is  very  glad  to  know  he  is  connected  with  a  State  which 
is  so  substantial  and  prosperous. 

Mr,  BENT  :  I  beg  to  return  you  my  sincere  thanks  for  the  manner 
in  which  you    istened  to  my  address.     I  did  not  know  Mr.  Russell 


The  Trend  of  Victoria's  Progress.  359 

(or  Mr.  Nivison)  was  here,  but  I  fancy  Mr.  Russell  cannot  object  to 
what  I  said.  I  have  to  thank  the  Council  and  the  other  gentlemen 
connected  with  this  Institute.  I  have  been  asked  to  attend  and 
speak  at  several  places,  but  I  gave  a  promise  here  first  and  have 
performed  it.  I  will  only  add  that  I  am  not  in  this  country  as  a 
bagman,  I  came  for  the  purpose  of  ascertaining  matters  of  import- 
ance to  us.  I  have  been  received  everywhere  with  great  kindness, 
and  have  received  an  abundance  of  information,  which  will  be  most 
useful  to  us.  I  ha-ve  now  to  ask  you  to  give  a  vote  of  thanks  to 
the  Chairman,  and  I  will  only  say  that  no  words  can  express  the 
pleasure  with  which  I  see  him  here  to-night. 


360 


THIRTY-FOURTH  ANNUAL  CONVERSAZIONE. 

THE  Thirty-fourth  Annual  Conversazione  was  held  at  the  Natural 
History  Museum,  by  permission  of  the  Trustees  of  the  British 
Museum,  on  Tuesday,  June  25,  1907,  and  was  attended  by  a  large 
number  of  guests,  representing  all  parts  of  the  British  Empire. 
The  string  band  of  the  Royal  Marines  (Portsmouth  Division), 
conducted  by  Lieutenant  George  Miller,  M.V.O.,  Mus.Bac.Cantab., 
played  in  the  Central  Hall ;  and  the  Meister  Glee  Singers  per- 
*ormed  in  the  Reptile  Gallery. 

The  Central  Hall  was  decorated  with  choice  flowers  and  palms, 
and  refreshments  were  served  throughout  the  evening  in  various 
parts  of  the  building.  The  guests  were  received  in  the  Central 
Hall  by  the  following  Vice-Presidents  and  Councillors : — 

Vice- Presidents :  His  Grace  the  Duke  of  Marlborough,  E.G. ; 
Lord  Brassey,  G.C.B.  ;  Sir  Henry  Bulwer,  G.C.M.G. ;  Sir 
Frederick  Young,  K.C.M.G.  Councillors :  Admiral  Sir  N.  Bowden- 
Smith,  K.C.B.  ;  Mr.  Allan  Campbell ;  Sir  George  S.  Clarke, 
G.C.M.G.,  F.R.S. ;  Mr.  J.  G.  Colmer,  C.M.G. ;  Mr.  F.  H.  Dangar ; 
Mr.  Fred  Dutton ;  Lieut.-General  Sir  J.  Bevan  Edwards,  K.C.M.G., 
C.B. ;  Major-General  Sir  Henry  Green,  K.C.S.I.,  C.B. ;  Mr.  Alfred 
P.  Hillier,  B.A.,  M.D. ;  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  Albert  H.  Hime,  K.C.M.G. ; 
Sir  George  S.  Mackenzie,  K.C.M.G.,  C.B. ;  Sir  E.  Montague 
Nelson,  K.C.M.G.;  Sir  Montagu  Ommanney,  G.C.M.G.,  K.C.B., 
I.S.O.  ;  Dr.  G.  R.  Parkin,  CJ&.G. ;  Major-General  C.  W. 
Robinson,  C.B. 

The  presentation  of  a  testimonial  to  Sir  Frederick  Young, 
K.C.M.G.,  in  recognition  of  his  long  and  zealous  services  to  the 
Institute,  took  place  in  the  Central  Hall.  His  Grace  the  Duke  of 
Marlborough,  K.G.,  who  presided,  in  the  unavoidable  absence  of  the 
Right  Hon.  the  Earl  of  Elgin,  K.G.,  Secretary  of  State  for  the  Colo- 
nies, called  upon  Sir  Francis  Lovell,  Chairman"  of  the  Testimonial 
Committee,  to  read  the  following  address  :— 

"  The  Council  and  Fellows  of  the  Royal  Colonial  Institute 
desire  to  express  their  high  appreciation  of  the  zealous  and  inde- 
fatigable services  rendered  to  the  Institute,  and  thus  to  the  Empire, 
by  Sir  Frederick  Young,  K.C.M.G.,  for  a  period  of  over  thirty-seven 
years. 


Thirty -Fourth  Annual  Conversazione.  361 

"  They  therefore  take  the  opportunity  afforded  them  by  the 
Annual  Conversazione  of  the  Royal  Colonial  Institute  to  offer  for 
his  acceptance  a  testimonial  in  recognition  of  those  services. 

"  As  a  Fellow  of  the  Eoyal  Colonial  Institute,  to  which  he  was 
elected  on  December  20,  1869,  as  a  Councillor,  which  he  became  on 
June  5,  1871,  and  as  Honorary  Secretary,  in  which  capacity  he 
served  from  November  24,  1874,  to  July  27,  1886,  and  since  then 
as  a  Vice-President  of  the  Eoyal  Colonial  Institute,  Sir  Frederick 
Young  has  been  untiring  in  his  efforts  to  promote  the  unity  of  the 
Empire  and  to  bring  the  Institute  to  that  position  of  importance 
which  it  now  occupies. 

"  In  offering  this  testimonial  to  Sir  Frederick  Young  the  Council 
and  Fellows  trust  that  he  may  long  be  spared  to  see  the  benefit 
which  must  continue  to  accrue  from  his  strenuous  work  on  behalf 
of  the  Empire. 

"  Dated  this  June  25,  1907  : 

"  J.  S.  O'HALLORAN*,  GEORGE  P., 

Secretary,  President, 

Royal  Colonial  Institute.  Eoyal  Colonial  Institute. 

ALGEBNON  E.  ASPINALL,  FRANCIS  LOVELL, 

Hon.  Sec.,  Chairman, 

Testimonial  Committee.  Testimonial  Committee." 

His  Grace  the  Duke  of  MARYBOROUGH,  E.G.,  then  said  : — My 
lords,  ladies,  and  gentlemen, — My  first  duty  is  to  read  to  you  a 
telegram  which  has  just  been  received  from  the  Earl  of  Elgin, 
Secretary  of  State  for  the  Colonies,  which  is  as  follows  :  "  I  regret 
much  that  business  in  Parliament  prevents  me  from  assisting  at 
presentation  of  testimonial  to  Sir  Frederick  Young  in  recognition 
of  the  great  services  rendered  by  him  to  the  Institute.  Please 
convey  to  him  my  sincere  congratulations."  It  was  only  some  ten 
minutes  ago  that  this  telegram  was  placed  in  my  hands,  and  I  was 
asked  by  the  Members  of  the  Council  if  I  would  attempt  to  dis- 
charge the  duties  which  the  Earl  of  Elgin  is  unfortunately  unable 
to  perform.  It  is  obvious  in  the  circumstances  that  I  could  only 
discharge  such  duties  in  a  very  inadequate  way,  but  I  replied  that 
I  should  have  great  pleasure  in  attempting  in  the  best  way  in  my 
power  to  express  to  the  great  company  here  assembled  our  recog- 
nition of  the  splendid  services  which  Sir  Frederick  Young  has 
rendered  to  this  Institute.  Before  I  turn  to  those  particular  services, 

\et  me  remind  you  that  in  his  capacity  as  a  British  citizen,  Sir 

••<•' 


362  Thirty-Fourth  Annual  Conversazione. 

Frederick  Young  had  much  to  do  with  the  movement  by  which 
Victoria  Park,  situated  in  this  great  metropolis,  became  a  park  in 
the  possession  of  the  public  for  ever.  I  believe  I  am  also  right  in 
saying  that  through  his  efforts,  or  partly  through  his  efforts, 
Epping  Forest  also  became  a  public  possession  in  perpetuity.  It 
is,  however,  in  regard  to  this  Institute  in  particular  that  you  wish 
to-night  to  express  your  recognition  of  the  great  services  Sir 
Frederick  Young  has  rendered.  It  is  some  thirty-seven  years  ago 
that  he  first  undertook  the  great  labour  of  helping  forward  to  the 
best  of  his  power  the  aims,  the  objects,  and  the  welfare  of  this 
Institute.  Those  who  know  him,  those  who  have  had  the  oppor- 
tunity of  serving  with  him  through  those  long  years,  are  able  to 
testify  to  the  unflinching  character  of  his  labours,  his  unswerving 
loyalty  to  the  Institute,  and  his  sustained  efforts  to  promote  its 
welfare  and  prosperity.  Those  who  have  been  associated  with 
him  know  better  than  many  of  us  here  can  possibly  know  how 
much  this  Institute  owes  to  the  work  he  has  done — how  much  its 
prosperity  and  future  will  depend  on  the  work  he  has  accomplished 
during  those  thirty-seven  years.  It  is  not  for  me  on  this  occasion 
to  point  out  to  you  the  great  service  which  not  only  Sir  Frederick 
Young  but  this  Institute  has  rendered  to  the  country  and  to  the 
various  parts  of  this  great  Empire.  You  know  as  well  as  I  do  the 
enormous  advantage  it  is  to  those  in  the  Colonies  as  well  as  to 
those  at  home  that  there  should  be  opportunities  of  discussing, 
examining,  and  threshing  out  those  many  and  varied  problems 
which  continually  confront  us  in  the  government  of  a  great  empire 
such  as  that  to  which  we  belong.  This  Institute,  begun  on  a  small 
scale — its  beginnings  were  indeed  almost  insignificant — has  during 
the  thirty-nine  years  of  its  history  developed,  enlarged,  and  become 
very  wide-reaching  in  its  influence,  and  I  think  I  am  guilty  of  no 
exaggeration  in  saying  that  many  of  our  Colonial  problems  owe 
their  solution  in  part  at  least  to  the  fact  that  they  have  been  dis- 
cussed and  considered  by  competent  authorities  within  the  walls  of 
the  Eoyal  Colonial  Institute.  My  lords,  ladies,  and  gentlemen, 
I  have  now  the  great  pleasure  of  presenting  this  address  to  Sir 
Frederick  Young,  and  also  a  cheque  for  £1,000,  subscribed  by 
members  of  the  Institute,  in  recognition  of  one  who  has  ever  been 
a  warm  and  true  friend,  one  whom  we  all  recognise  as  a  trusted 
and  a  good  citizen  of  this  Empire,  and  one  who  has  done  so  much 
in  his  life  towards  cementing  good  will  and  good  feeling  between 
the  mother  land  and  the  outlying  parts  of  the  Empire. 

Sir  FREDERICK  YOUNG,  K.C.M.G. :  There  are  times  in  our  lives 
when  the  heart  is  so  overpowered  with   emotion   that  it  seems 


Thirty -Four  tli  Annual  Conversazione,  363 

impossible  for  us  to  give  utterance  to  the  thoughts  we  feel.  Such 
is  my  case  to-night.  My  first  impulse  in  this  embarrassment  is  to 
take  refuge  in  the  simplest  language  I  can  command,  by  saying 
I  deeply  thank  you.  But  I  feel  that  on  this  supreme  occasion 
something  more  than  this  is  required  of  me.  By  an  "  inspiration  " 
implanted  in  me  in  early  life,  and  probably  fostered  by  a  close 
personal  association  with  the  great  founder  of  New  Zealand, 
Edward  Gibbon  Wakefield,  I  was  induced  to  take  a  deep  interest 
in  the  then  rapidly  developing  British  Colonies.  This  interest 
constantly  ripened  in  me,  and  increased  from  that  time  to  the 
present  day.  My  ardent  desire  has  always  been  to  endeavour  by 
every  means  in  my  power  to  bind  the  Mother  Country  and  her 
Colonies  together  in  one  united  Empire,  politically,  commercially, 
and  socially,  as  long  as  it  remained  under  one  Flag  and  one  King. 
Patriotism  has  ever  been  my  motive.  I  have  had  no  personal  or 
private  object  to  serve.  If  in  the  course  of  a  long  life  of  strenuous 
endeavour  I  have  succeeded  in  any  measure  in  infusing  a  spark  of 
my  own  enthusiasm  for  this  great  and  noble  object  among  my 
countrymen  and  countrywomen  at  Home  and  beyond  the  seas, 
I  shall  have  attained  my  utmost  reward.  But  I  should  be  indeed 
unworthy  of  receiving  the  great  compliment  which  has  been 
conferred  upon  me  to-night  by  so  large  a  number  of  my  kind  and 
warm-hearted  friends  of  both  sexes  at  Home  and  in  the  Colonies, 
in  presenting  for  my  acceptance  the  handsome  testimonial  you 
have  given  me,  without  feeling  deeply  touched  and  gratified  at 
their  generosity  towards  me.  My  especial  thanks  are  due  to  the 
Duke  of  Marlborough  for  so  kindly  undertaking  the  presentation 
of  the  testimonial  to  me,  and  who  has  performed  the  duty  in  so 
complimentary  and  eloquent  a  way.  Your  Grace's  distinguished 
position  adds  immensely  to  the  value  to  me  personally  of  your 
goodness  in  making  this  presentation.  I  would  add  also  my 
appreciation  of  the  great  kindness  shown  to  me  by  the  large 
number  of  the  Fellows  of  the  Eoyal  Colonial  Institute,  under  whose 
generous  auspices  this  testimonial  originated,  and  particularly 
to  the  Committee  and  to  Mr.  Algernon  Aspinall,  the  Honorary 
Secretary,  for  the  great  kindness  and  the  trouble  they  have  taken, 
and  which  I  so  highly  appreciate.  Once  more,  my  lords,  ladies, 
and  gentlemen,  I  heartily  thank  you.  As  long  as  I  live,  your  kind- 
ness can  never  be  obliterated  from  my  heart. 

Miss  Ada  Crossley  then  sang  the  patriotic  song,  "  The  Mother- 
land is  calling,"  the  words  of  which  were  written  by  Mr.  Wilfred 
Mills  and  the  music  by  Mr.  Francis  Bohr. 

N4 


365 


a-  IR/  -A.  isr  a? 


UNTO   THE 


ROYAL   COLONIAL  INSTITUTE 


tr  Psjwtp  $ffpl  Charter  flf  $iwrrpratbnr 


DATED   26TH   SEPTEMBEE,   1882. 


Victoria,  by  the  Grace  of  God,  of  the  United  King- 
dom of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  Queen,  Defender  of  the 
Faith,  Empress  of  India,  <Cd  all  to  totjom  these  Presents 
shall  come  Greeting. 


His  ROYAL  HIGHNESS  ALBERT  EDWARD, 
PRINCE  or  WALES,  K.G.,  and  His  GRACE  THE  DUKE  OF 
MANCHESTER,  K.P.,  have  by  their  Petition  humbly 
represented  to  Us  that  they  are  respectively  the  Presi- 
dent and  Chairman  of  the  Council  of  a  Society  esta- 
blished in  the  year  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and 
sixty-eight,  and  called  by  Our  Royal  Authority  the 


366  JZoyal  Colonial  Institute. 

Koyal  Colonial  Institute,  the  objects  of  which  Society 
are  in  various  ways,  and  in  particular  by  means  of  a 
place  of  Meeting,  Library  and  Museum,  and  by  reading 
papers,  holding  discussions,  and  undertaking  scientific 
and  other  inquiries,  as  in  the  said  Petition  mentioned, 
to  promote  the  increase  and  diffusion  of  knowledge 
respecting  as  well  Our  Colonies,  Dependencies  and 
Possessions,  as  Our  Indian  Empire,  and  the  preservation 
of  a  permanent  union  between  the  Mother  Country  and 
the  various  parts  of  the  British  Empire,  and  that  it 
would  enable  the  said  objects  to  be  more  effectually 
attained,  and  would  be  for  the  public  advantage  if  We 
granted  to  His  Eoyal  Highness  ALBERT  EDWARD, 
PRINCE  or  WALES,  E.G.,  WILLIAM  DROGO  MONTAGU, 
DUKE  OF  MANCHESTER,  K.P.,  and  the  other  Fellows  of 
the  said  Society,  Our  Royal  Charter  of  Incorporation. 


ittf)cmi£  it  has  been  represented  to  Us  that  the 
said  Society  has,  since  its  establishment,  sedulously 
pursued  the  objects  for  which  it  was  founded  by  collect- 
ing and  diffusing  information  ;  by  publishing  a  Journal 
of  Transactions  ;  by  collecting  a  Library  of  Works 
relating  to  the  British  Colonies,  Dependencies  and 
Possessions,  and  to  India  ;  by  forming  a  Museum  of 
Colonial  and  Indian  productions  and  manufactures, 
and  by  undertaking  from  time  to  time  scientific,  literary, 
statistical,  and  other  inquiries  relating  to  Colonial  and 
Indian  Matters,  and  publishing  the  results  thereof. 


fcnoto  fje  that  We,  being  desirous  of  encourag* 
ing  a  design  so  laudable  and  salutary,  of  Our  especial 


Charter.  367 

grace,  certain  knowledge  and  mere  motion,  have  willed, 
granted  and  declared,  and  &0  by  these  presents  for  Us, 
Our  heirs  and  successors,  will,  grant  and  declare  in 
manner  following,  that  is  to  say  :  — 

1.  His  ROYAL  HIGHNESS  ALBERT  EDWARD,  PRINCE 
OF  WALES,  and  His  GRACE  THE  DUKE  OF  MANCHESTER, 
and  such  other  of  Our  Loving  Subjects  as  now  are 
Fellows  of  the  said  Society,  or  shall  from  time  to  time 
be  duly  admitted  Fellows  thereof,  and  their  successors, 
are  hereby  constituted,  and  shall  for  ever  hereafter  be  by 
virtue  of  these  presents  one  body  politic  and  corporate 
by  the  name  of  the  Royal  Colonial  Institute,  and  for 
the  purposes  aforesaid,  and  by  the  name  aforesaid,  shall 
have  perpetual  succession  and  a  Common  Seal,  with 
full  power  and  authority  to  alter,  vary,  break,  and  renew 
the  same  at  their  discretion,  and  by  the  same  name  to 
sue  and  be  sued  in  every  Court  of  Us,  Our  heirs  and 
successors,  and  be  for  ever  able  and  capable  in  the  law 
to  purchase,  receive,  possess,  hold  and  enjoy  to  them 
and  their  successors,  any  goods  and  chattels  whatsoever, 
and  to  act  in  all  the  concerns  of  the  said  body  politic 
and  corporate  as  effectually  for  all  purposes  as  any 
other  of  Our  liege  subjects,  or  any  other  body  politic  or 
corporate  in  the  United  Kingdom,  not  being  under  any 
disability,  might  do  in  their  respective  concerns. 


2.  C^C  ftopal  Colonial  3in£titllte  (in  this  Charter 
hereinafter  called  the  Institute)  may,  notwithstanding 
the  statutes  of  mortmain,  take,  purchase,  hold-  and  enjoy 
to  them  and  their  successors  a  Hall,  or  House,  and  any 


868  Itoyal  Colonial  Institute. 

such  messuages  or  hereditaments  of  any  tenure  as  may 
be  necessary  for  carrying  out  the  purposes  of  the 
Institute,  but  so  that.  the  yearly  value  thereof  to  be 
computed  at  the  rack  rent  which  might  be  gotten  for  the 
same  at  the  time  of  the  purchase  or  other  acquisition, 
and  including  the  site  of  the  said  Hall,  or  House,  do 
not  exceed  in  the  whole  the  sum  of  TEN  THOUSAND 
POUNDS.  2Enfc  Wt  bo  hereby  grant  Our  especial 
Licence  and  authority  unto  all  and  every  person  and 
persons,  bodies  politic  and  corporate  (otherwise  com- 
petent), to  grant,  sell,  alien  and  convey  in  mortmain 
unto  and  to  the  use  of  the  Institute  and  their  successors 
any  messuages  or  hereditaments  not  exceeding  the 
annual  value  aforesaid. 


3.  Cftcre  shall  be  a  Council  of  the  Institute,  and  the 
said  Council  and  General  Meetings  of  the  Fellows  to  be 
held  in  accordance  with  this  Our  Charter  shall,  subject 
to  the  provisions  of  this  Our  Charter,  have  the  entire 
management  and  direction  of  the  concerns  of  the 
Institute. 


4.  CljCte  shall   be   a   President,  Vice-  Presidents,    a 
Treasurer,    and   a    Secretary   of    the    Institute.      The 
Council  shall  consist  of  the  President,  Vice-  Presidents, 
and  not  less  than  twenty  Councillors  ;  and  the  Secretary, 
if  honorary. 

5.  His  ROYAL  HIGHNESS  ALBERT  EDWARD,  PRINCE 
OF  WALES,  shall  be  the  first  President  of  the  Institute, 
and  the  other  persons  now  being  Vice-  Presidents  and 


Charter.  360 

Members  of  the  Council  of  the  Institute  shall  be  the 
first  Members  of  the  Council,  and  shall  continue  such 
until  an  election  of  Officers  is  made  under  these 
presents. 

6.  31  General  Meeting  of  the  Fellows  of  the  Institute 
shall  be  held  once  in  every  year,  or  oftener,  and  may 
be  adjourned  from  time  to  time,  if  necessary,  for  the 
following  purposes,  or  any  of  them  :  — 

(a)  The  election  of  the  President,  Vice-  Presidents, 
Treasurer,  and  other  Members  of  the  Council. 


The  making,  repeal,  or  amendment  of  rules 
and  bye-laws  for  the  Government  of  the  Institute, 
for  the  regulation  of  its  proceedings,  for  the 
admission  or  expulsion  of  Fellows,  for  the  fixing 
of  the  number  and  functions  of  the  Officers  of  the 
Institute,  and  for  the  management  of  its  property 
and  business  generally. 

(c)  The  passing  of  any  other  necessary  or  proper 
resolution  or  regulation  concerning  the  affairs  of 
the  Institute. 


7»  Cl)0  General  Meetings  and  adjourned  General 
Meetings  of  the  Institute  shall  take  place  (subject  to 
the  rules  of  the  Institute  and  to  any  power  of  convening 
or  demanding  a  Special  General  Meeting  thereby  given) 
at  such  times  as  may  be  fixed  by  the  Council, 

8.  CJ)C  existing  rules  of  the  Institute,  so  far  as  not 
inconsistent  with  these  presents,  shall  continue  in  force 


370  Royal  Colonial  Institute. 

until  and  except  so  far   as  they  are  altered  by  any 
General  Meeting. 


9.  ^1)0  Council  shall  have  the  sole  management  of 
the  income,  funds,  and  property  of  the  Institute,  and 
may  manage  and  superintend  all  other  affairs  of  the 
Institute,  and  appoint  and  dismiss  at  their  pleasure  all 
salaried  and  other  officers,  attendants  and  servants  as 
they  may  think  fit,  and  may,  subject  to  these  presents 
and  the  rules  of  the  Institute,  do  all  such  things  as 
shall  appear  to  them  necessary  and  expedient  for 
giving  effect  to  the  objects  of  the  Institute. 


10.  Cl)C  Council  shall  once  in  every  year  present  to 
a  General  Meeting  a  report  of  the  proceedings  of  the 
Institute,  together  with  a  statement  of  the  receipts  and 
expenditure,  and  of  the  financial  position  of  the  Institute, 
and  every  Fellow  of  the  Institute  may,  at  reasonable 
times  to  be  fixed  by  the  Council,  examine  the  accounts 
of  the  Institute. 

11.  Cl)C  Council  may,  with  the  approval  of  a  General 
Meeting,  from  time  to  time  appoint  fit  persons  to  be 
Trustees  of  any  part  of  the  real  or  personal  property  of 
the  Institute,  and  may  make  or  direct  any  transfer  of 
such  property  necessary  for  the  purposes  of  the  trust, 
or  may  at  their  discretion  take  in  the  corporate  name  of 
the  Institute  Conveyances  or  Transfers  of  any  property 
capable  of  being  held  in  that  name.     Provided  that  no 
sale,  mortgage,  incumbrance  or  other  disposition  of  any 
hereditaments  belonging  to  the  Institute  shall  be  made 
unless  with  the  approval  of  a  General  Meeting. 


Charter.  371 


12.  $o    iSule,    S&pe^Iato,    involution    or    other 

proceeding  shall  be  made  or  had  by  the  Institute,  or 
any  Meeting  thereof,  or  by  the  Council,  contrary  to  the 
General  Scope  or  true  intent  and  meaning  of  this  Our 
Charter,  or  the  laws  or  statutes  of  Our  Realm,  and 
anything  done  contrary  to  this  present  clause  shall  be 
void. 

5flt   i©itlte££  whereof  We  have  caused   these    Our 
Letters  to  be  made  Patent. 


Ourself  at  Our  Palace  at  Westminster,  the 
Twenty-  sixth  of  September  in  the  Forty  -sixth  year  of 
Our  Reign. 

€ommanb. 


CARDEW, 


LIST    OF    FELLOWS 


patron :  HIS  MAJESTY  THE  KING. 


(Those  marked  *  are  Honorary  Fellows.) 
(Those  marked  f  have  compounded  for  life.) 


RESIDENT    FELLOWS. 

Year  of 
Election. 

1897  I  IA-ABABRELTON,    EGBERT,   F.R.G.S.,  F.R.E.S.,  P.O.  Box  33,    Pretoria, 

Transvaal;  and  Secretary,  lands  Commission,  P.O.  Box  322,  Mariiz- 
burg,  Natal. 

1898  AARONS,  LEWIS,  The  Hayes,  Kenley,  Surrey ;  and%\  Gresham House,  E.C. 

1906  A' BECKETT,  ARTHUR  W.,  33  Eccleston  Square,   S.W. ;  2   Tanfield  Court, 

Temph,  E.G.,  Junior  United  Service  Club,  and  Garrick  Club. 
1891      ABERDEEN,  THE  RIGHT  HON.  THE  EARL  OF,  K.T.,  G.C.M.G-.,  58  Grosvenor 

Street,  W. ;  and  Haddo  House,  Aberdeen,  N.B. 
1886      fAcLAND,   VICE-ADMIRAL  SIR  WILLIAM  A.  DYKE,  BART.,  C.V.O.,  Haync, 

Moreton  Hampstead,  Devon  ;    United  Service  Club,   and  Athen&um 

Club,  Pall  Mall,  S.  W. 
1889      ACUTT,  R.  NOBLE,  Octon,  Torquay. 
1886     fADAM,  SIR  CHARLES  E.,  BART.,  5  New  Square,  Lincoln's  Inn,  W.C.;  and 

Blair-Adam,  Kinross-shire,  N.B. 

1893     ADAMS,  G-EORGE,  108  OaJcwood  Court,  Kensington,  W. 
1905      ADAMS,  WILLIAM  H.,  16  Castellain  Road,  Maida  Hill,  W. 
1901      ADAMSON,  WILLIAM,  C.M.G.,  2  Billiter  Avenue,  E.C.  » 

1886  ADLER,  ISIDOR  H.,  2  New  Church  Road,  Hove,  Sussex. 

1887  AGIUS,  EDWARD  T.,  22  Billiter  Street,  E.C.  ;  and  Malta. 

1879  AITKEN,  ALEXANDER  ~NL.,Birchwood,  Pitlochry,  N.B. 
1895     AKEROYD,  JAMES  B. 

1886     ALCOCK,  JOHN,  111  Cambridge  Gardens,  North  Kensington,  W. 
1885     fALDENHOVEN,   JOSEPH  FRANK,  Messrs.  W.  Eldon  $  Co.,  St.  Dunstan's 
Buildings,  St.  Dunstan's  Hill,  E.C. 

1907  f  ALLAN,  ARTHUR  CAMPBELL,  14  South  Audley  Street,  W. 

1900     ALLCROFT,  WALTER  L.,  97  Wood  Street,  E.C.  ;  and  Sports  Club,  St.  James's 

Square,  S.W. 

1883      ALLDRIDGE,  T.  J.,  I.S.O.,  F.R.G.S.,  F.Z.S.,  The  Cottage,  Harting,  Peters- 
field,  Hants. 
1898      f  ALLEN,  ARTHUR  A.,  M.P. ,  47  Onslow  Square,  S.  W. ;  and  Hillside,  Swanage, 

Dorset. 

1880  f  ALLEN,  ROBERT,  Summerhayes,  Betchworth,  Surrey. 

1907      ALLEN,  WILLIAM  H.,  1  Dean's  Yard,  S.W. ;  and  Bromham,  Bedford. 


374  Royal  Colonial  Institute. 

Year  of 
Election. 

1899  I  ALLEN,  REV.  W.    OSBORN  B.,   M.A.,    Society  for   Promoting    Christian 

Knowledge,  Northumberland  Avenue,  W.C. 

1893  ALSOP,  THOMAS  W.,  FalkirJc  Iron  Co.,  67  Upper  Thames  Street,  E.G. 

1 906  fAMPTHiix,  RIGHT  HON.  LORD,  G. C.S.I.,  G.C.I. E.,  79  Eaton  Square,  S.  W.  ; 

and  MiHon  Ernest  Hall,  Bedford. 
1880     ANDERSON,  F.  H.,  M.D.,  3  Courtfield  Gardens,  S.W. 

1900  ANDERSON,  GEORGE  GRAY,  16  Philpot  Lane,  E.G. 
1875     f  ANDERSON,  EDWARD  R. 

1907  ANDERSON,    FREDERICK,    54    Queen's   Gate,   8.W. ;    and   Oriental   Club, 

Hanover  Square,  W. 

1897  ANDERSON,  KENNETH  S.,  5  Fenchurch  Avenue,  E.G. 

1891  ANDERSON,  W.  HERBERT,  Junior  Carlton  Club,  Pall  Mall,  S.W. 

1905  ANDERSON,  WILLIAM  BAKER,  Ike  Old  Manor  House,  Felpham,  Bognor. 

1905  ANSON,  CHARLES  G.  A.,  c\o  Messrs.  Coutts  $  Co.,  440  Strand,  W.C. 

1905  ANSON,  FREDERICK  A.,  M.A.,  The  Lodge,  Stanton  Harcourt,  Oxford. 

1906  ANSTRUTHER-GRAY,  MAJOR  WILLIAM,  M.P.,  Kilmany,  Fife,  N.B. 

1904     ARBUCKLE,  HON.  SIR  WILLIAM  (Agent- General  for  Natal),  26  Victoria  St., 

1873  A RBUTHNOT,  COLONEL   G.,  R.A.,  Carlton  Club,  Pall  Mall,  S. W.        [8.W. 

1894  ARBUTHNOT,  WM.  REIERSON,  Plaw  Hatch,  East  Grinstead. 

1906     fARBUTHNOT,   WILLIAM   REIERSON,    JUN.,  National  Club,    1     Whitehall 
Gardens,  S.W. 

1898  ARDAGH,  MAJOR-GENERAL  SIR  JOHN  C.,  R.E.,  K.C.M.G.,  E.C.I.E.,  C.B., 

113  Queen's  Gate,  S.W. 

1878  fARGYLL,  His  GRACE  THE  DUKE  OF,  K.T.,  G.C.M.G.,  G.C.V.O.,  Kensington 

Palace,  W. 

1904  ARKELL-HARDWICK,    ALFRED,   F.R.G.S.,    Arkell,  Muswell  Ed.,   Muswell 

Hill,  N. 

1900     tAitKWRiGHT,  JOHN  S.,  M.P.,  85  Vincent  Square,  Westminster,  S.W. 
1883      fARMiTAGE,  JAMES  ROBERTSON. 
1906      ARMSTRONG,   RT.    HON.    LORD,  93  Ea,ton  Square,   8.W.;  and   Crag&ide, 

Eothbury. 

1891      f  ARMSTRONG,  W.  C.  HEATON-,  M.P.,  30  Portland  Place,  W. 
1888      tARMYTAGE,  GEORGE  F.,  35  Kensington  Court  Mansions,  W. 

1888  -J-ARMYTAGE,   OSCAR   FERDINAND,  M.A.,    18   Elvastou  Place,  S.W. ;   and 

New  University  Club,  St.  James's  Street,  S.  W. 

1895  fAsHCROFT,  EDGAR  A.,  M.I.M.M.,  M.I.E.E.,  Vadheim,  Sogn,  Norway. 

1874  ASHLEY,  RIGHT  HON.  EVELYN,  Broadlands,  Eomsey,  Hants. 

1891  fAsHMAN,  REV.  J.  WILLIAMS,  M.A.,  M.D.,  Heathrow  Hall,  Bath  Eoad, 

Hounslow. 

1896  ASHTON,  RALPH  S.,  B.A.,  19  Belmont  Park,  Lee,  S.E. 

1898     ASPINALL,  ALGERNON  E.,  West  India  Committee,  15  Seething  Lane,  E  C. 

1889  ASTLE,  W.  G.  DEVON,  Hamilton  House,  Bickley,  Kent. 

1883     fAsTLEFORD,  JOSEPH,  National  Liberal  Club,  Whitehall  Place,  S.W. 
1874      f  ATKINSON,  CHARLES  E.,  Algoa  Lodge,  Brackley  Eoad,  Beckenham,  Kent. 

1905  f  ATKINSON,  JOHN,  Civil  Service,  Half  Assinee,  Gold  Coast  Colony. 

1892  ATTENBOROUGH,  MARK,  57  Mount  Ephraim  Eoad,  Strcatham,  S.W. 

1879  ATTLEE,  HENRY,  10  Billiter  Square,  E.G. 

1902  AUERBACH,  JULIUS,  Messrs.  Dreyfus  $  Co.  Ltd.,  101.  Leadcnhatt  St.,  E.  C. 
1871  AVEBURY,  RT.  HON.  LORD,  6  St.  James's  Sq.,  S.  W. ;  and  1 5  Lombard  St. ,  E.  C. 
1902  AYERS,  EBENEZER  W.,  27  Clement's  Lane,  E.C. 


Resident  Fellows.  375 

Tear  of 
Election. 

I860  |  BADCOCK,  PHILIP,  4  Aldridge  Road  Villas,  Bay  swat  er,  W. 

1893  •  BAILEY  ALLANSON,  Rothesay,  Lensford  Road,  St.  Allans. 

1888  i  BAILLIE,  JAMES  R. ;  1  Akenside  Road,  Fitzjohn's  Avenue,  N.W. 


1882 
1902 
1902 
1885 


1884 
1906 


1879 
1893 
1890 
1890 


1885 


1884 
1899 


1890 
1896 
1904 


1901 
1884 


1884 


1889 


+BAILWARD,  W.  A.,  64  Victoria,  Street,  8.  W. 

BAIN,  ROBERT,  126  Queen's  Gate,  S.W. 

BAIN,  WILLIAM  P.  C.,  Lochrin  Ironworks,  Coatbrid.ge,  N.B. 

tBALDWiN,     ALFRED,    M.P.,     Kensington  Palace   Mansions,    W.       and 

Wilden  House,  near  Siourport. 
BALFOUR,  B.  R.,  Townley  Hall,  Drogheda,  Ireland. 


BALLANTINE,  JAMES  BAIN,  A.I.M.M.,  A.M.I.E.E.,  54  Priory  Road,  Kew 
Gardens,  Surrey. 

1905  I  BALLANTTNE,  ROBERT,  5  Whittingehame  Drive,  Kelvinside,  Glasgow;  and 

50  Cannon  Street,  E.G. 

1906  BALLAHDIE,  GEORGE  M.,  31  Bassett  Road,  Notting  Hill,  W. 
1885  |  BALMB,  CHARLES,  61  Basinghall  Street,  E.G. 

1881  I  t BANKS,  EDWIN  HODGE,  High  Moor,  Wigton,  Cumberland. 
1892     BARBER,  ALFRED  J.,  Castlemere,  Hornsey  Lane,  N. ;  and  Midland  Railway 
Company  of  Western  Australia,  14  Queen  Victoria  Street,  E.G. 


BARCLAY,  HUGH  GURNEY,  Colney  Hall,  Norwich. 

BARCLAY,  JOHN,  Junior  Constitutional  Club,  Piccadilly,  W. 

f  BARING-GOULD,  F.,  Merrow  Grange,  Guildford. 

BARNARD,  H.  WYNDHAM,  62  St.  George's  Square,  8.  W. 

BARRATT,  WALTER,  Armsyde,  Padstow. 

BATLEY,  SIDNEY  T.,  16  Great  George  Street,  S.W. ;  and,  St.  Stephen's  Club, 

Westminster,  S.  W. 

BATTY,  JAMES  H.,  40  Barley  House,  Marylebone  Road,  N.W. 
BAYLISS,  THOMAS  A.,  The  High  House,  King's  Norton,  Birmingham. 
BAYNES,  DONALD,  M.D.,  43  Hertford  Street,  W. 

,  GARDNER  SEBASTIAN,  Hatherop  Castle,  Fairford,  Gloucestershire. 


BEALEY,  SAMUEL,  55  Belsize  Park  Gardens,  N.  W. 

\,  GEORGE  A.,  3  Stormont  Terrace,  Mannam,ead,  Plymouth. 

BEARE,  SAMUEL  PRATER,  The  Oaks,  Thorpe,  Norwich. 

BEARE,  PROF.  T.  HUDSON,  B.Sc.,  Engineering  Laboratory,  The  University, 
Edinburgh. 

,  JOHN  A.  BELL,  Gordon  Lodge,  St.  Andrews,  N.B. ;  and  Consti- 
tutional Club,  W.C. 

BEATTIE,  WM.  COPLAND,  The  Wilderness,  Milltimber,  Aberdtenshire,  N.B. 

tBEAucHAMP,  THE   RIGHT  HON.  EARL,  K.C.M.G.,    13  Belgrave  Square, 
S.  W.  ;  and  Madres field  Court,  Malvern  Link. 

BEAUCHAMP,  HENRY  HERRON,  The  Retreat,  Park  Hill,  Bexley,  Kent. 

fBECK,  A.  CECIL,  M.P.,  Devonshire  Club,  St.  James's  Street,  S.W. 

BEDFORD,  His  GRACE  THE  DUKE  OF,  K.G.,  15  Belgrave  Square,  S.W.  ;  and 
Woburn  Abbey,  Beds. 

BEDFORD,  EDWARD,  C.E.,  Delbrook,  Picardy  Road,  Belvedere,  Kent. 

BEDWELL,  COMMANDER  E.  P.,  R.N.,  33  Church  Street,  Southport ;  and 
National  Liberal  Club,  Whitehall  Place,  S.  W. 

BEETHAM,  GEORGE,    7   Wetherby   Gardens,  S.W.;  and   Wellington,  New 
Zealand. 

BEGG,  F.  FAITHFULL,  Bartholomew  House,  E.  C. 


376  Royal  Colonial  Institute. 

Year  of 
Election. 

1906  i  BEIT,  OTTO,  49  Belgrave  Square,  S.W. 

1900  |  BELILIOS,  RAPHAEL  E.,  134  Piccadilly,  W. 

1900      BELL,  ROBERT  M.,  2  Cardigan  Gate,  Richmond,  Surrey. 

1890  BELL,  THOMAS,  47  Belsize  Avenue,  N.W. 

1902      BELL,  WILLIAM,  Hill  Crest,   Walmer,  Kent;  and  Junior  Constitutional 

Club,  Piccadilly,  W. 

1906     BENNETT,  ALDERMAN  ARTHUR,  J.P.,  Paddington  House,  Warrington. 
1886      fBBNSON,  ARTHUR  H.,  62  Ludc/ate  Hill,  E.C. 

1891  BENSON,  MAJOR-GENERAL  F.  W.,  C.B.,  Army  and  Navy  Club,  Pall  Mall, 

S.W. 

1894     JBERLEIN,  JULIUS,  39  Bishopsgate  Street  Within,  E.C. 
1898      BERRILL,  W.  JM  Messrs.  Gordon  $  Gotch,  15  St.  Bride  Street,  E.C. 
1885      tBBRTRAND,   WM.  WICKHAM,    Westboume   Station,  Roy  Cove,  Falkland 

Islands. 

CHARLES,    Cheam   Park,    Cheam,   Surrey;    and   22   Billiter 


1868 


1883 

1884 
1881 

1904  j  BEWLEY,  ROBERT,  16  Beacon  Hill,  Camden  Road,  N. 
1894  j  BHUMGARA,  JAMSITJEE  S.,  8  Loudoun  Road,  St.  John's  Wood,  N.W. 
1886     BIDDISCOMBE,  J.  R.,  Elmington,  91  Eltham  Road,  Lee,   S.E.;  and  101 
Leadenhall  Street,  E.G. 


Street,  E.G. 

BEVAN,  FRANCIS  AUGUSTUS,  1  Tilney  Street,  May/air,  W. 
BEVAN,  WILLIAM  ARMINE,  11  The  Bolions,  South  Kensington,  S.  W. 


fBiLLiNGHURST,  H.  F.,  7  Oakcroft  Road,  BlacJcheath,  S.E. 
GEORGE,  4D  Station,  Quirindi,  New  South  Wales. 


1889 
1891 
1895  i  BIRBECK,  JOHN,  Stillyans  Tower,  Horeham  Road,  Sussex. 


BIRCH,   SIR  ARTHUR  N.,  K.C.M.G.,  Bank  oj  England,  Burlington    Gar- 
dens, W. 
BIRCHENOUGH,  HENRY,  C.M.G.  79  Eccleston  Square,  S.W..;  and  Reform 


1897 

Club,  Pall  Mall,  S.  W. 
1898     BIRT,  F.  BECKETT,  The  Copse,  Wimbledon,  S.W. 
1902 
1887 
1890 
1882 
1883 


BISHOP,  ALBERT  E.,  1  Metal  Exchange  Buildings,  E.G. 

BLACK,  SURGEON-MAJOR  WM.  GALT,  2  George  Square,  Edinburgh. 

BLACKWOOD,  GEORGE  R.,  St.  James's  Club,  Piccadilly,  W. 

fBLAGROVE,  COLONEL  HENRY  J.,  C.B.,  Army  and  Navy  Club,  Pall  Mall,  S.  W. 

BLECKLY,  CHARLES  ARNOLD,  61  Gracechurch  Street,  E.C. 
1902  j  fBLYTH,    RT.    HON.   LORD,    33   Portland  Place,    W. ;    and  Blythwood, 

Stansted,  Essex. 
1902      BOHN,  HENRY,  17  Holland  Villas  Road,   W. ;  and  Junior  Carlton  Club, 

Pall  Mall,  S.W. 

1881      Bois,  HENRY,  5  Astwood  Road,  South  Kensington,  S.W. 
1898  i  BOLTON,  JOHN,  15  Cramey  Gardens,  Muswell  Hill,  N. 
1897      tBooTH,  ALFRED  E.,  Finsbury  Circus  Buildings,  18  Eldon  Street,  E.C. 
1905  ;  BOOTH,  RT.  HON.  CHARLES-,  F.R.S.,  D.C.L.,  24  Gt.  Cumberland  Place,  W. 
1883  |  tB°BTON,  REV.  N.  A.  B.,  M.A.,  Burwell  Vicarage,  Cambridge. 
1894  |  BOSANQ.UET,  RICHARD  A.,  Bank  House,  Windsor. 

1886     fBosTOCK,  SENATOR  HON.  HEWITT,    The   Ranch,   Monte   Creek,   British 
Columbia. 


1889 
1890 
1882 


fBosTOCK,  SAMUEL,  Lainston,  near  Winchester. 
BOSWELL,  W.  ALBERT,  4  Campden  House  Terrace,  W. 
tBouLTON,  HAROLD  E.,  M.A.,  M.V.O.,  64  Cannon  Street,  E.C. 


Resident  Fellows. 


377 


fBouLTON,  SIR  SAMUEL  B.,  BART.,  Copped  Hall,  Totteridge,  Herts. 

BOUENE,  H.  R.  Fox,  Albany  House,  Caterham,  Surrey. 

BOURNE,  ROBERT  WILLIAM,  C.E.,  18  Hereford  Square,  S.W. 

t Bo WD EN-SMITH,   ADMIRAL  SIR   NATHANIEL,  K.C.B.,    16    Queen's     Gate, 

Terrace,  S  W. 

BOWMAN,  GEORGE  MILLAR,  Logie,  Cupar,  N.B. 
BOWRING,  COLONEL  F.  T.  N.  SPRATT,  R.E.,  C.B.,  6  Nevill  Park,  Tunbridge 

Wells. 

BOXALL,  E.  T.,  62  London  Wall,  E.C. 

BOYLE,  COLONEL  GERALD  E.,  48  Queen's  Gate  Terrace,  S.  W. 
fBoYLE,  FRANK,  Que-que,  Rhodesia. 
BOYLE,  LEWIS  C.,  Imperial  Hotel,  Barn&taple. 
fBRADBERRY,  THOMAS  R.,  3  Copthall  Buildings,  E.C. 
BRAMSTON,  SIR  JOHN,  G.C.M.G,,  C.B.,  18  Berkeley  Place?  Wimbledon,  S.W. 
BRASSEY,  LEONARD,   Apethorpe,    Wansford,   Northants;    and    40    Upper 

Grosvenor  Street,  W, 

BRASSEY,  RT.  HON.  LORD,  G.C.B.,  24  Park  Lane,  W. 
BRASSEY,  THE  HON.  THOMAS  ALLNUTT,  Park  Gate,  Battle. 
BRAUND,  FREDERICK  W.,  96  Leadenhall  Street,  E.C. 
BREITMEYER,  LUDWIG,  29  &  30  Holborn  Viaduct,  E.C. 
BRENAN,  BYRON,  C.M.G.,  10  Astwood  Road,  South  Kensington,  S.W. 
BRIDGE,  H.  H.,  Union  Club,  Trafalgar  Square,  S.  W. 
BRIDGES,   REAR-ADMIRAL    WALTER    B.,   cjo   Messrs.    Woodhead  $    Co., 

44  Charing  Cross,  S.W.;  and  United  Service  Club,  Pall  Mall,  S.W. 
BRIGHT,  CHARLES  E.,  C.M.G..  98  Cromwell  Road,  S.  W. ;  and  Wyndham 

Club,  S.W. 
BRIGHT,  SAMUEL,  5  Huskisson  Street,  Liverpool;  and  Raleigh  Club,  Regent 

Street,  S.W. 

BRISCOB,  WILLIAM  ARTHUR,  Longstowe  Hall,  Cambs. 
BROCK,  JOHN  E.,  c\o  Messrs.  Beckett,  Son  #  Morton,  Suffolk  House,  E.G.; 

and  Standerton,  Transvaal. 

BROCKLEHURST,  EDWARD,  J.P.,  Kinnersley  Manor,  Reigate. 
BROOKE,   MAJOR-GENERAL   EDWARD   T.,   65    Wynnstay    Gardens,  Ken- 

sington,  W. 

BROOKE,  STOPFORD  W.  W.,  M.P.,  34  De  Vere  Gardens,  W. 
f  BROOKMAN,  HON.  GEORGE,  M.L.C.,  Adelaide,  South  Australia. 
tBfiooKS,  HERBERT,  17  Prince's  Gardens,  S.W. ;  and  11  St.  Benet  Place, 

Gracechurch  Street,  E.C. 

BROOKS,  H.  TABOR,  11  St.  Benet  Place,  Gracechurch  Street,  E.C. 
BROWN,  ALEXANDER  M.,  M.D.,  50  St.   Julian's  Farm  Road,   West  Nor* 

wood,  S.E. 

BROWN,  EDWARD  0.  FORSTER  ;  M.E.,  Springfort,  Stoke  Bishop,  Bristol. 
BROWN,  JAMES  B.,  Hamersly,  Frensham,  Farnham. 
BROWN,  THOMAS,  119  Finsbury  Pavement,  E.C. 
BROWN,  THOMAS,  59  Mark  Lane,  E.  C. 

BROWN,  WILLIAM,  M.A.,  M.B.,  40  Highburgh  Road,  Dowanhill,  Glasgow. 
BROWN,  WM.  CARNEGIE,  M.D.,  32  Barley  Street,  W. 
BROWNE,  ARTHUR  SCOTT,  Buckland  Filleigh,  Highampton,  North  Devon. 
BROWNE,  GERALD  M.,  7  Walbrook,  E,C. 
BROWNE,  LEONARD  G.,  Springfield,  Parkstone,  Dorset. 


378  Royal  Colonial  Institute. 

Year  of 
Election. 

*  1906  |  BROWNE,  COLONEL  ROBERT  A.,  13  Queen  s  Terrace,  Southampton. 
1898      BROWNING,  ARTHUR  HERVE,  16  Victoria  Street,  S.W. 
1877      BROWNING,  S.  B.,  Roby,  Crescent  Wood  Road,  Sydenham  Hill,  S.E. 
1904     BRUCE,  COLONEL  DAVID,  C.B.,  F.R.S.,  K.A.M.C.,  68  Victoria  Street,  S.W. 
1884  :  BRUCE,  SIR  CHARLES,  G.C.M.G.,  Arnot  Tower,  Leslie,  N.B. 
1898  |  BRUCE,  VICE-ADMIRAL  SIR  JAMES  A.  T.,  K.C.M.O.,  United  Service  Club, 

Pall  Mall,  S.W. 
BRUCE-JOT,   ALBERT,  K.H.A.,    F.R.G.S.,  The  Studio,  Beaumont   Road, 

West  Remington,  W.  ;  and  Athenceum  Club,  S.  W. 
BRUNING,  CONRAD,  22  SiUiter  Street,  E.G. 
fBRUNNER,  JOHN  F.  L.,  M.P.,  23  Wetherby  Gardens,  S.  W. 
BUCHANAN,  BENJAMIN,  2  Ulster  Terrace,  Regent's  Park,  N.W. 
BUCHANAN,  JAMES,  6  Sussex  Square,  Hyde  Park,  W.;  and  24  Holborn,  E.G. 
BUCKLAND,  JAMES,  1 6  Cheyne  Court,  Chelsea,  S.  W. 
f  BUCKLAND,  THOMAS,  cjo  Bank  of  New  South  Wales,  64  Old  Broad  Street, 

E.G. 
BUDD,  JOHN  CHAMBRE,  International  Banking  Corporation)  31  Bishopsgate 

Street,  E.G. 
BULKELEY,  CAPTAIN  HENRY,  41  Lower  Belgrave   Street,   S.W. ;  and  11 

Waterloo  Road,  Dublin. 

BULL,  HENRY,  1  Queen's  Gate  Terrace,  S.W. ;  and  28  Milton  Street,  E.G. 
BULL,  JAMES,  I  Albion  Road,  Clapham,  S.  W. 
BULWER,  SIR  HENRY  E.  G-.,  G.C.M.G.,  17 A  South  Audley  Street,  W.;  and 

AthencBum  Club,  Pall  Mall,  S.  W. 

BURN,  JOHN,  17  Upper  Philhrtiore  Place,  Kensington,  W. 
BURST  ALL,  JOHN  F.,  57  Gracechurch  Street,  E.G. 
BURT,  FREDERICK  N.,  Inworth  Grange,  Kelvedon,  Essex. 
BURT,  T.  Boss,  B.E.,  A.M.I.M.E  ,  Whare-koa,  Polworth  Road,  Strcatham 

Common,  S.W. 
BUTTERWORTH,  ARTHUR  K.,  7  Fig  Tree  Court,  Temple,   E.G.;  and  47 

Campden  House  Road,  W. 
fBuxTON,  NOEL  E.,  Brick  Lane,  E. 
BUXTON,  SIR  T.  FOWELL,  Bart.,  G.C.M.G-.,  2  Prince's  Gate,  S.W. ;  and 

Warlies,  Waltham  Abbey,  Essex. 

fBuxTON,  T.  F.  VICTOR,  M.A.,  J.P.,  Woodredon,  Waltham  Abbey,  Essex. 
BYRNE,  J.  0.,  12  New  Court,  Lincoln's  Inn,  W.C. 

BYRON,  JOHN,   Wyefield,  4   The  Knoll,  Beckenham ;  and  4  East  India 
Avenue,  E.G. 


1895 


1892 
1906 
1884 
1889 
1896 
1898 


1891 


1902 


1886 
1902 
1869 


1900 
1897 
1889 
1903 


1890 


1894 
1878 


1897 
1898 
1903 


1902 
1903 
1904 
1904 


1890 
1889 
1896 
1895 
1881 


CADBURY,  RICHARD,  Rose  Hill,  Worcester. 
CAILLARD,  SIR  VINCENT  H.  P.,  J.P.,  42  Half  Moon  Street,  W. 
CAIRD,  JAMES,  112  Fenchurch  Street,  E.G. 

tCALDECorr,  REV.  PROFESSOR  ALFRED,  D.D.,  1  Longton  Avenue,  Syden- 
ham, S.E. 

•J-CALDICOTT,  HARVEY,  Sports  Club,  St.  James's  Square,  iS.  W. 
CALVERT,  JAMES,  Highfield,  Dane  Hill,  Sussex. 

CAMERON,  SIR  EWEN,  K.C.M.G-.,  41  Maresfield  Gardens,  Hampstecd,N.W. 
tCAMERON,  MAJOR  MAURICE  A.,  R.E.,  C.M.Gr.,  27  Brunswick  Gardens,  W. 
ALLAN,  21  Upper  Brook  Street,  W. 


Resident  Fellows. 


379 


CAMPBELL,  FINLAY,  Brantridge  Park,  Balcombe,  Sussex. 

CAMPBELL,  G-OBDON  H.,  cjo  Messrs.  Weddelfy  Co.,  16  St.  Helen's  Place,  E.G. 

CAMPBELL,  HENRY  E.,  Messrs.  Burns,  Philp$  Co.,  61  Gracechurch  St.,  E.G. 

CAMPBELL,  J.  STUABT,  1  Gresham  Buildings,  Basinghall  Street,  E.G. 

fCAMPBELL,  W.  MIDDLETON,  23  Eood  Lane,  E.G. 

CAMPBELL-JOHNSTON,  CONWAY  S.,  3  Morpeth  Terrace,  Victoria  Street,  S.  W. 

fCAMPBELL. JOHNSTON,  MALCOLM.  2  Paper  Buildings,  Temple,  E.C. 

CAPPEL,  SIR  ALBERT  J.  LEPPOC,  K.C.I.E.,  27  Kensington  Court  Gardens,  W. 

CARLILL,  ARTHUR  J.  H.,  Exchange  Chambers,  24  St.  Mary  Axe,  E.C. 

CARRICK,  AITKEN,  Hotel  Riposo,  Bexhill-on-Sea. 

CARRINGTON,  EIGHT  HON.  EARL,  KG.,  G.C.M.G.,  53  Princes  Gate,  S.  W. 

•J-CARRINGTON,  SIR  JOHN  W.,  C.M.G.,  Kentons,  Tilehurst  Road,  Reading. 

CARRUTHERS,  JOHN,  M.  Inst.  C.E.,  19  Kensington  Park  Gardens,  W. 

CARTER,  FREDERIC,  Marden  Ash,  Ongar,  Essex. 

CARTER,  GILLMORE  T.,  Lowther  Villa,  Rockleaze  Av.,  Sneyd  Park,  Bristol. 

{CARTER,  WILLIAM  H.,  B.A.,  7  Ironmonger  Lane,  E.C. 

CAUTLEY,  COLONEL  HENRY,  K.E.,  United  Service  Club,  Pall  Mall,  8.W. 

CAYFORD,  EBENEZER,  Huntsland,  Grawley  Down,  Sussex. 

CHADWICK,  OSBEBT,  C.E.,  C.M.G.,  16  West  Halkin  Street,  S.W. 

CHALLINOR,  E.  J.,  7F  Cornwall  Residences,  Clarence  Gate,  N.  W. 

,  FREDERICK  D.,  80  Sinclair  Road,  Wet>t  Kensingson,  W. 
,  HOLROYD,  B.A.,  29  Palace  Gardens  Terrace,  W. 
CHAPMAN,  MAJOR  WILLIAM  E.,  49  Lancaster  Gate,  W. 
tCnARBiNGTON,  ARTHUR  F.,  East  Hill,  Oxted,  Surrey;  and  Oxford  and 

Cambridge  Club,  Pall  Mall,  S.W. 

fCnARRiNGTON,  HUGH  SPENCER,  Dow  Cliff,  Burton-on-Trent. 
I-CHEADLE,  FRANK  M.,  The  Poplars,  Mill  Lane,  Chadwell  Heath,  Essex. 
CHRISTIAN,  H.K.H.  PRINCE,  K.G.,  G.C.V.O.,  Cumberland  Lodge,  Windsor 

Great  Park. 

CHURCH,  WALTER,  19  Nevern  Mansions,  Earl's  Court,  S.W. 
•{•CHURCHILL,  COLONEL  MACKENZIE,  Suffolk  House,  Cheltenham  ;  and  Army 

and  Navy  Club,  Pall  Mall,  S.W. 
CLARENCE,  LOVELL  BURCHETT,  Coaxden,  Axminster. 
CLARK,  ALFRED  A.,  FirfieJd,  Weybridge  Heath,  Surrey  ;  and  St.  Stephen's 

Club,  Westminster,  S.W. 

CLARK,  CHARLES,  45  Lee  Road,  Blackheath,  S.E. 
CLARK,  CUMBERLAND,  29  Chepstow  Villas,  Bayswater,  W. 
fCLARK,  EDWARD  G.  U.,  Ashley  Croft,  Walton-on-Thames. 
CLARK,  ERNEST,  1  Coleherne  Court,  S.  W. 
CLARK,    LIEUT.-COLONEL  SIR   JAMES   K.   A.,    BART.,  C.B.,    F.E.C.S.E., 

Tidmarsh  Manor,  Pangbourne. 

CLARK,  JONATHAN,  IA  Devonshire  Terrace,  Portland  Place,  W. 
CLARKE,  GENERAL  SIR  CHARLES  MANSFIELD,  BART.,  G.C.B.,  G.C.V.O., 

20  Lennox  Gardens,  S.W. 
CLARKE,    COLONEL    SIR    GEORGE    SYDENHAM,  B.E.,   G.C.M.G.,    F.K.S., 

101    Onslow  Square,  S.W. 

tCLARKE,  HENRY,  J.P.,  Cannon  Hall,  Hampstead,  N.  W. 
CLARKE,  COLONEL  SIR  MARSHAL  J.,  E.A.,  K.C.M.G.,  St.  Marks,  Clondalkin, 

Co.  Dublin. 
tCLARKE,  STRACHAN  C.,  Messrs.  J.  Morrison  $  Co.,  5  Fenchurch  Street,  E.C. 


380  Royal  Colonial  Institute. 


Yearol 

Election, 

1882 
1886 
1896 
1893 
1902 
1906 
1896 
1903 
1881 
1903 
1895 


1898 


1905 


1901 
1886 


1891 
1885 
1900 
1888 
1902 
1882 


1880 
1882 
1872 


1894 
1902 


1905 


1889 


1899 


1880 
1874 
1901 
1886 
1903 


1882 
1899 

1884 


,  J.  STEWART, c\o  Messrs.  Finney,  Isles 4*  Co.,  Brisbane,  Queensland. 
,  REGINALD  B.  B.,  88  Bishopsgate  Street,  E.C. 
CLEAVES,  WILLIAM,  Ballard  Coombe,  Kingston-on-Thames. 
CLEGHORN,  ROBERT  C.,  14  St.  Mary  Axe,  E.C. 
CLOUGHER,  THOMAS  R.,  "  Toronto  Globe"  225  Strand,  W.C. 
f  CLUNIES,  R.  Ross,  Junior  Constitutional  Club,  Piccadilly,  W. 
tCoATES,  MAJOR  EDWARD  F.,  M.P.,  99  Gresham  Street,  E.C. 
COATES,  JOSEPH,  79  Queen  Victoria  Street,  E.C. 
COBB,  ALFRED  B.,  52  Penn  Road  Villas,  Holloway,  N. 
COBB,  E.  POTVYS,  Nythfa,  Brecon. 
COCHRANE,  HON.  THOMAS  H.,  M.P.,  Crawford  Priory,  Springfield,  Fije, 

N.B. 
COCKBTJRN,  HON.  SIR  JOHN  A.,  M.D.,K.C.M.G.,  10  Gatestone  Road,  Upper 

Norwood,  S.E. 
COGHLAN,  TIMOTHY  A.,  I.S.O.  (Agent- General  for   New   South    Wales}, 

125  Cannon  Street,  E.C. 

fCoHEN,  CHARLES  WALEY,  1 1  Hyde  Park  Terrace,  W. 
t  COHEN,  NATHANIEL  L.,  11  Hyde  Park  Terrace,  W.;  and  Round  Oak, 

Englefield  Green,  Surrey. 

COLEBROOK,  ALBERT  E.,  Aldenham  Lodge,  Radlett,  Herts. 
COLES,  WILLIAM  R.  E.,  1  Adelaide  Buildings,  London  Bridge,  E.C. 
COLLARD,  JOHN  C.,  16  Grosvenor  Street,  W. 

f  COLLEY,  THE  VEN.  ARCHDEACON  THOMAS,  Stockton  Rectory,  Rugby. 
COLLIER,  REV.  HENRY  K,  M.A.,  The  Vicarage,  East  Finchley,  N. 
tCoixuM,  REV.    HUGH    ROBERT,    M.R.I.A.,    F.S.S.,   35    Oakley   Street, 

Chelsea,  S.  W. 

COLLYBR,  WILLIAM  R.,  M.A.,  I.S.O.,  Hackford  Hall,  Reepham,  Norfolk. 
COLMER,  JOSEPH  0-.,  C.M.G.,  29  Eldon  Road,  W. 
COLOMB,  RT.  HON.  SIR  JOHN  C.  R.,  K.C.M.G.,  Dromquinna,  Kenmare, 

Co.  Kerry,  Ireland;  75  Belgrave  Road,  8.W. ;  and  Carlton  Club, 

Pall  Mall,  8.W. 

COLQUHOUN,  ARCHIBALD  R.,  25  Bedford  Gardens,  Kensington,  W. 
COMPTON,  GEORGE  W.,  c\o  De  Beers  Consolidated  Mines,  15  St.  Swithins 

Lane,  E.C. 

CONNACGHT,     FlELD    MARSHAL    H.R.H.    THE    DuKE    OF,"   KG.,    G.C.M.G. 

Clarence  House,  St.  James's,  S.  W.  ;  and  Bagshot  Park,  Surrey. 

CONNOR,  EDWIN  C.,  Holmhurst,  Sherbrook  Avenue,  Maxwell  Park,  Glas- 
gow;  and  Belize  Estate  and  Produce  Co.,  27  Austin  Friars,  E.C. 

CONYBEARE,  REV.  WM.  JAMES,  M.A.,  Cambridge  House,  131  Camberwell 
Road,  S.E. 

COODE,  J.  CHARLES,  C.E.,  19  Freeland  Road,  Ealing,  W. 

tCooDE,  M.  P.,  cjo  Messrs.  A.  Scott  $  Co.,  Rangoon,  Burma. 

COOKE,  SIR  CLEMENT  KINLOCH,  B.A.,  LL.M.,  3  Mount  Street,  W. 

fCooxE,  HENRY  M.,  12  Friday  Street,  E.C. 

COOKE-TAYLOR,  RICHARD  WHATELEY,  F.S.S.,  F.R.JIist.S.,  Teak  House, 
Branksome  Chine,  Bournemouth. 

COOPER,  REV.  CHARLES  J.,  20  Hertford  Street,  Cambridge. 

COOPER,  RICHARD  A.,  Ashlyns  Hall,  BerJchamsted. 

COOPER,  ROBERT  ELLIOTT,  C.E.,  44  Princes  Gate,  S.W. ;  and  8  The 
Sanctuary,  Westminster,  S.  W. 


Resident  Fellows.  381 


COOPER,  WILLIAM  C.,  Whittlebury  Lodge,  Towcester. 

CORDING,  GEORGE,  304  Camden  Road,  N.  W. 

COTTON,  SYDNEY  H.,  la  Chesterfield  Street,  Mai/fair,  W. 

COURTHOPE,  WILLIAM  F.,  National  Club,  1  Whitehall  Gardens,  S.W. 

COURTIS.  EDWARD,  Tavy  Cleave,  Campden  Road,  South  Croydon. 

fCouTTs,  WILLIAM  SCOTT,  3  Bricket  Road,  St.  Albans  ;  and  2  Billiter 

Avenue,  E.G. 

COWEY,  W.  R.,  44  Compayne  Gardens,  Hampstead,  N.W. 
COWIE,  ARCHIBALD,  Barrs,  Cardross,  N.B. 

COWIE,  GEORGE,  1 1  Courtfield  Road,  S.  W. ;   and  113  Cannon  Street,  E.  C. 
Cox,  ALFRED  W.,  30  St.  James's  Place,  S.W. 
Cox,  FRANK  L.,  118  Temple  Chambers,  E.G. 
Cox,  GEORGE  CURLING,  Burnbrae,  College  Road,  Ripon. 
fCoxHEAD,  COLONEL  J.  A.,-R.A.,  C.B.,  Rawal  Pindi,  India. 
f  CRAWLEY-BOEVEY,  ANTHONY  P.,  Birchgrow,  Crosswood,  Aberystwyth;  and 

Oriental  Club,  Hanover  Square,  W. 
CREAGH,  CHARLES  VANDELEUR,  C.M.G.,  32  Charlton  Road,  Blackhcath, 

S.E. 

CRESSEY,  GEORGE  H.,  M.R.C.S.,  Oak  Manor,  Tonbriage. 
CREW,  JOSIAH,  Tavistock  Hotel,  Covent  Garden,  W.C. 
CRICHTON,  ROBERT,  The  Mardens,  Caterham  Valley. 
CRITCHELL,  J. TROUBRIDGE,  105  Rodenhurst  Road,  Clapham  Park,  S.W. 
CROOKSHANK,  EDGAR  M.,  J.P.,  Saint  Hill,  East  Grinstead. 
CROSS,  ANDREW  L.,  19  Murray  field  Avenue,  Murray  field,  Edinburgh. 
CROW,  JAMES  N.  HARVEY,  M.B.,  C.M.,  Ardrishaig,  Argyleshire. 
CUFF,  WILLIAM  SYMES,  34  Lambolle  Road,  Hampstead,  N.  W. 
CULVER,  ROBERT,  34  Newark  Street,  Stepney,  E. 
CUNINGHAM,  GRANVILLE  C.,  37  Craven  Hill  Gardens,  W. 
CUNLIFFE,  WM.  GILL,  c\o  Natal  Bank,  18  St.  Swithiri's  Lane,  E.G. 
CUNNINGHAM,  ANDREW,  15  Bramham  Gardens,  S.W. 
f  CURLING,  ROBERT  SUMNER,  92  Mount  Street,  W. 
CUBRIE,  SIR  DONALD,  G.C.M.G.,  4  Hyde  Park  Place,  W. 
f  CURTIS,  SPENCER  H.,  24  Longridge  Road,  Earl's  Court,  8.  V/. 
*CURZON  OF  KEDLESTON,  RT.  HON.  LORD,  G.C.S.I.,  G.C.I.E.,   1   Carlton 

House  Terrace,  S.  W. 
CUSTANCE,  VICE-ADMIRAL  SIR  REGINALD  N.,  K.C.M.G.,  C.V.O.,  42  Half 

Moon  Street,  W. 
CZARNIKOW,  CJESAR,  103  Eaton  Square,  S.W. 


DALTON,  REV.  CANON  JOHN  NEALE,  M.A.,  C.V.O.,  C.M.G.,  The  Cloisters, 

Windsor. 

D'AMico,  CARMELO  D.,  M.D.,  M.R.C.S.,  34  Brunswick  Square,  W.C. 
DANGAR,  D.  R.,  Holkham,  Inner  Park  Road,  Wimbledon  Common,  S.  W. 
DANGAR,  F.  H.,  Lyndhurst,  Cleveland  Road,  Ealing,  W. 

tDANGERFIELD,  JAMES. 

DANIELL,  COLONEL  JAMES  LEGEYT,  United  Service  Club,  Pall  Mall,  S.  W. 
DARBYSHIRE,  EDWARD,  Stoneleiah,  Bedwardine  Road,  Upper  Norwood,  S.E. 
D'ARCY,  WILLIAM  KNOX,  42  Grosvenor  Square,   W.  ;  and  Stanmore  Hall, 
Stanmore. 


382  Royal  Colonial  Institute. 


Year  of 
Election. 

1889 
1897 
1902 
1904 
1899 
1884 


1901 


1897 
1878 
1880 
1903 
1904 
1904 
1882 
1883 
1906 


1902 
1891 
1883 
1880 
1897 
1898 
1881 
1905 
1904 


1885 


1882 
1890 
1895 
1879 


1902 
1896 
1883 
1906 


1900 
1903 
1889 
1891 


1902 
1882 
1894 
1894 


DARLEY,  CECIL  W.,  I.S.O.,  M.  Inst.  C.E.,  9  Victoria  Street,  S.W. 
DARNLEY,  RIGHT  HON.  THE  EARL  OF,  Cobham  Hall,  Gravesend. 
DAUBNEY,  HORACE,  Leeuw  House,  Wilford  Lane,  W.  Bridgford,  Nottingham. 
DAVIDSON,  LEYBOURNE  F.,  York  Villa,  Cullen,  N.B. 
fo'AviGDOR-GoLDSMio,  OSMOND  E.,  Somerhill,  Tonbridgc,  Kent. 
DAVIS,  CHAHLES  PERCY,  23  Lowndes  Street,  S.  W. ;  and  Conservative  Club, 

St.  James's  Street,  8.  W. 
DAVIS,  VICE-ADMIRAL  E.  H.  M.,  C.M.G.,  Rathedmond,  Amherst  Road, 

Bexhill-on-Sea  ;  and  Naval  and  Military  Club,  Piccadilly,  W. 
fDAvsoN,  EDWARD  R.,  20  Ennismore  Gardens,  S.W. 
fDAvsoN,  SIR  HENRY  K,  20  Ennismore  Gardens,  S.  W. 
DAVSON,  JAMES  W.,  42  Lansdowne  Crescent,  Notting  Hill,  W. 
DAW,  JOHN  W.,  Walreddon  Manor,  Tavittock,  Devon. 
|D AWES,  HENRY  HALFORD,  112  Fenchurch  Street,  E.G. 
DA  WES,  WILLIAM  C.,  Mount  Ephraim,  Faversham,  Kent. 
tDAWSON,  JOHN  EUGENE,  F.R.G.S.,  4  Park  Place,  St.  James's,  S.  W. 

,  RANKINE,  M.A.,  M.D.,  35  Lansdowne  Crescent,  Notting  Hill,  W, 
DAY,  VEN.  ARCHDEACON  CHARLES  V.  P.,  M.A.,  The  Abbey  School,  Becken- 

ham. 
DEANE,  HERMANN  F.  W.,  M.A.,  F.S.A.,  Gower  Lodge,  Windsor. 

,  ERNEST  R.,  17  Melbury  Eoad,  Kensington,  W. 
DEBENHAM,  FRANK,  F.S.S.,  1  Fitzjohn's  Avenue,  N.  W. 
fDE  COLYAR,  HENRY  A.,  K.C.,  24  Palace  Gardens  Terrace,  W. 
DEED,  WALTFR,  C.E.,  Newquay,  Bigbury,  Kingsbridge,  Devon. 
D'EGVILLE,  HOWARD  H.,  2  Dr.  Johnson's  Buildings,  Temple,  E.G. 
DELMEQE,  EDWARD  T.,  17  St.  Helen's  Place,  E.G. 
DE  MATTOS,  EDGAB  GUY,  Swiss  Cottage,  Dacre  Park,  Blackheath.  S.E. 
DE  NORDWALL,  CHARLES  F.    2  Observatory  Gardens,  W. ;  and  A.  E.  G. 

Electrical  Co.  of  South  Africa,  605  Caxton  House,  S.W. 
f DENT,  SIR  ALFRED,  K.C.M.G.,  Belgrave  Mansions,  S.W. ;  and  Ravens- 
worth,  Eastbourne. 

D'EsTERRE,  J.  C.  E.,  Elmfield,  Hill,  Southampton. 
fDE  VILLIERS,  JACOB  N.,  Bel  Air,  Avenue  Road,  Sevenoaks. 
DEVITT,  THOMAS  LANE,  12  Fenchurch  Buildings,  E.G. 
DEVONSHIRE,  His  GRACE  THE  DUKE  OF,  K.G.,  G.C.V.O.,  Devonshire  House, 

78  Piccadilly,  W. 

DEWSBURY, FREDERICK,  36  Newgate  Street,  E.G. 

DICKINSON,  JAMES  W.,  Queensland  National  Bank,  8  Princes  Street,  E.G. 
DICKSON,  RAYNES  W.,  23  Cambridge  Road,  Hove,  Sussex. 
DIXON,  FRANK  H.,  c\o  Messrs.   Alexander,  Fletcher  <$•   Co.,  2  St.  Helen's 

Place,  E.G. 

DIETZSCH,  FERDINAND,  652  Salisbury  House,  London  Wall,  E.G. 
DILLON,  CORMAC  CRONLY,  80  Coleman  Street,  E.G. 
DOBREE,  HARRY  HANKEY,  6  Tokenhouse  Yard,  E.  C. 
DOBSON,  HON.  ALFRED,  C.M.G-.  (Agent- General  for  Tasmania),  5  Victoria 

Street,  S.W. 

DOBSON,  WILLIAM  H.,  24  Pity  dell  Avenue,  Upper  Norwood,  S.E. 
DONNE,  WILLIAM,  18  Wood  Street,  E.G. 
DOOLETTE,  GEORGE  P.,  9  St.  Mildred's  Court,  Poultry,  E.G. 
DOUGLAS,  ALEXANDER,  83  St.  Mark's  Road,  W. 


Resident  lellows. 


383 


Tear  of 
Election. 

1894 
1905 
1901 
1897 
1889 
1890 
1901 

1868 
1894 
1879 
1889 
1895 
1892 
1903 

1885 
1894 

1885 
1885 
1878 

1896 

1897 
1880 

1880 

1887 
1887 

1890 
1902 


1905 
1895 
1895 

1889% 
1894 
1907 
1887 

1904 
1890 


DOUGLAS,  JOHN  A.,  Trinity  Gask,  Auchterarder,  N.B. 

DOUGLAS,  SIR  ARTHUR  PERCY,  BART.,  6  Glendower  Place,  S.W. 

DOUGLAS,  PROFESSOR  EGBERT  LANGTON,  M.A.,  110  Piccadilly,  W. 

DOWLING,  JOSEPH,  Ridgewood  House,  Uckfield,  Sussex. 

DRAGE,  GEOFFREY,  United  University  Club,  Pall  Mall  East,  8.  W. 

DRAYSON,  WALTER  B.  H.,  Daneshill,  Stevenage. 

DRYSDALE,    GEORGE  R.,    c\o   Australian  Mortgage   Co.,   13   Leadenhall 

Street,  E.G. 

tDuciE,  RIGHT  HON.  THE  EARL  OF,  G.C.V.O.,  Tortworth  Court,  Falfield,  Glos. 
fDuDLEY,  RIGHT  HON.  THE  EARL  OF,  G.C.V.O.,  7  Carlton  Gardens,  8.W. 
DUNCAN,  CAPTAIN  ALEXANDER,  2  Downie  Terrace,  Grail,  Fife,  N.B. 
DUNCAN,  JOHN  S.,  Natal  Bank,  18  St.  Swithin's  Lane,  E.G. 
•f- DUNCAN,  ROBERT,  M.P.,  Rodona,  Dumbreck,  Glasgow,  N.B. 
DUNCAN,  WM.  H.  GREVILLE,  Oriental  Club,  Hanover  Square,  W. 
DUNDAS,    THE    VEN.    ARCHDEACON    CHARLES   L.,    M.A.,     Charminster 

Vicarage,  Dorchester. 
DUNDONALD,  LiEUT.-GENERAL  THE  EARL  OF,  K.C.V.O.,  C.B.,  34  Portmatt 

Square,  W. 
f DUNELL,  OWEN  R.,  Garboldisham  Manor,  East  Harling,  Norfolk  ;  and 

Junior  Carlton  Club,  Pall  Mall,  S.  W. 
DUNN,  SIR  WILLIAM,  BART,  Broad  Street  Avenue,  E.  C. 
fDuNN-  YARKER,  H.  W.,  12  Eversley  Park,  Chester. 
fDuNRAVEN,  RIGHT  HON.  THE  EARL  OF,  K.P.,  C.M.G.,  10  Connaught  Place, 

W.;  Kenry  House,  Putney  Vale,  S.W.;  and  Carlton  Club,  S.W. 
DUREANT,  WM.   HOWARD,   Ellery   Court,    Beulah    Hill,   8.E.;  and   26 

Milton  Street,  E.G. 

fDuRLACHER,  ALFRED  F.,  Crosby,  Wald( grave  Park,  Twickenham. 
J-DUTTON,   FRANK  M.,  74   Lancaster  Gate,  W.;  and  Conservative  Club, 

St.  James's  Street,  S.  W. 
DUTTON,  FREDERICK,  112   Gresham  House,  Old  Broad  Street,  E.G.;  and 

Birch  Hall,  Windlesham,  Surrey. 
DYER,  CHARLES,  31  The  Drive,  Hove,  Sussex. 
DYER,  FREDERICK,  The  Pentlands,  Park  Hill  Road,   Croydon ;  and  17 

Alder  manbury,  E.G. 

fDYER,  JOSEPH,  c\o  Messrs.  A.  H.  Wheeler  $  Co.,  Temple  Chambers,  E.  C. 
DYMOCK,  WILLIAM,  9  Kensington  Court  Place,  W. 


EARNSHAW,  HENRY,  Tantallon,  Park  Hill  Road,  Shortlands,  Kent. 
EATON,  HENRY  F.,  95  Parliament  Hill  Mansions,  Lissenden  Gardens,  N.W. 
ECKERSLEY,  JAMES  C.,  M.A.,  Ashfield,  Wig  an ;   Carlton  Manor,  Yeadon, 

Leeds ;  and  United  University  Club,  Pall  Mall  East,  S.  W. 
fEcKSTEiN,  FREDERICK,  1 8  Park  Lane,  W. 
EDE,  N.  J.,  Oakhurst,  Netley  Abbey,  Hants. 
EDGAR,  EDGAR  GALSTAFN,  4  Kensington  Court,  W. 
fEowARDES,  T.  DYER,  5  Hyde  Park   Gate,  S.  W. ;  and  Prinknash  Park, 

Painswick,  Stroud. 

EDWARDS,  HARRY  WOODWARD,  Stapleton,  Brackley  Road,  Beckenham. 
EDWARDS,  LIEUT.-GENERAL  SIR  J.  BBVAN,  K.C,M,G.?  C.B.,  9  Wilbraham 

Place,  S.W, 


384  Royal  Colonial  Institute. 


Year  of 
Election. 

1876 
1906 
1882 
1882 
1906 


1889 


1905 
1905 
1889 
1902 
1895 
1874 
1886 
1885 
1904 
1885 
1896 


1898 
1883 
1899 
1885 
1889 
1900 
1883 
1895 
1879 
1900 
1893 
1891 
1883 


1889 
1899 


1898 
1906 
1889 
1901 
1895 


1891 
1905 


J881 


fEDWARDS,  S. 

EGERTON,  PJBOFESSOR  HUGH  E.,  14  St.  Giles',  Oxford. 

R,  FREDERICK,  21  Cleveland  Gardens,  Hyde  Park,  W. 


•ELDER,  WM.  GEORGE,  7  St.  Helen's  Place,  E.G. 

ELGIN  &  KINCARDINE,  EIGHT  HON.  THE  EARL  OF,  K.G.,  G.C.S.I.,  G.C.I.  E., 

18  Ennismore  Gardens,  S.W.  ;  and  Broom  Hall,  Dunfermline,  N.B. 
ELIAS,    COLONEL  EGBERT,   Rendham  Barnes,    Saxmundham  ;  and  Army 

and  Navy  Club,  Pall  Mall,  S.W. 

,  MAJOR  E.  H.  M.,  Wolf  dee,  Hawick,  N.B. 
ELLIS,  HENRY  VAUGHAN,  19  St.  Andrew  s  Mansions,  Dorset  Street,  W. 
EL  WELL,  WM.  ERNEST,  Hey  ford  Hills.  Weedon. 
ELWELL,  WILLIAM  E.  G.,  3  Downside  Road,  Clifton,  Bristol. 
EMETT,  FREDERICK  W.,  22  Birch  Grove,  Ealing  Common,  W  . 
ENGLEHART,  SIR  J.  GARDNER  D.,  K.C.B.,  28  Curzon  Street   W. 
f  ENGLISH,  FREDERICK  A.,  Addington  Park,  East  Croydon. 
ERBSLOH,  E.  C.,  21  Great  Winchester  Street,  E.G. 
EVERSON,  WALTER  H  ,  cfo  Puranice  Foods,  Ltd.,  34  Percy  Street,  W. 
EWART,  JOHN,  Messrs.  James  Morrison  $  Co.,  5  Fenchurch  Street,  E.C. 
EYLES,  GEORGE  LANCELOT,  C.M.G.,  M.Inst.C.E.,   12  Dean's  Yard,  West- 

minster, S.  W. 


FAIRBAIRN,  ANDREW  D.,  64  Cannon  Street,  E.C. 
FAIRCLOUGH,  E.  A.,  25  Kensington  Palace  Gardens,  W. 
FAIRFAX,  CHARLES  B.,  Oriental  Club,  Hanover  Square,  W. 

,  E.  Eoss,  Macquarie,  Tunbridge  Wells. 
•FAIRFAX,  J.  MACKENZIE,  Junior  Carlton  Club,  Pall  Mall,  S.W. 
fFARRAR,  SIDNEY  H.,  4  London  Wall  Buildings,  E.C. 
FAWNS,  EEV.  J.  A.,  c\o  Messrs.  H.  Meade-King  $  Son,  Bristol. 
FEARNSIDES,  JOHN  WM.,  4  Brick  Court,  Temple,  E.  C. 
FELL,  ARTHUR,  M.P.,  46  Queen  Victoria  Street,  E.C. 
FENTON,  EEV.  HERBERT  0.,  B.A.,  96  Newlands  Park,  Sydenham,  S.E. 
FERGUSON,  A.  M.,  Frognal  House,  Frognal,  Hampstead,  N.W. 
FERGUSON,  JOHN  A.,  Green  Bank,  Tunbridge  Wells. 
FERGUSSON,  COLONEL  JOHN  A.,   St.   Philip's  Lodge,    Cheltenham;  and 

Junior  Carlton  Club,  Pall  Mall,  S.  W. 
FERNAU,  HENRY  S.,  21  Wool  Exchange,  E.C. 
FESTING,  MAJOR  ARTHUR  H.,  C.M.G.,  D.S.O.,  Zungeru,  Northern  Nigeria  ; 

and  Naval  and  Military  Club,  Piccadilly,  W. 

FIFE,  His  GRACE  THE  DUKE  OF,  K.T.,  G.C.V.O.,  15  Portman  Square,  W. 
FINLAY,  ET.  HON.  SIR  EGBERT  B.,  K.C.,  G.C.M.G.,  ZIPhillimore  Gardens,  W. 
FINLAYSON,  DAVID,  48  Redcliffe  Square,  S.W. 

FINLAYSON,  JOHN,  c\o  Anglo-Egyptian  Bank,  27  Clements  Lane,  E.C. 
•{•FITZGERALD,  WILLIAM  W.  A.,  Carrigoran,  Newmarket- on- Fergus,  Clare, 

Ireland ;  and  Carlton  Club,  Pall  Mall,  S.  W. 

FINUCANE,  MORGAN  I.,  M.E.C.S.E.,  10  Ashley  Place,  Victoria  Street,  S.W. 
FLEGG,  JAMES   MINTER,  Fairview,  Stanmorc;  and  3  Laurence  Fount ncy 

Hill,  E.C. 
FLEMING.  SIR  FRANCIS,  K.C.M.G.,  9  Sydney  Place,  Onslow  Square,  S.  W. ; 

and  Oriental  Club,  Hanover  SquarejJY. 


Resident  Fellows. 


385 


Year  of 
Election. 

1883  )  FLETCHER,  HENRY,  14  The  Paragon,  Blackheath,  8.E. 

1900  FLINT,    JOSEPH,    C.M.G-.,    Rosemount,  Sanderstead   Road,    Bander  stead, 

Surrey ;   and    The  Niger    Company,   Ltd.,   Surrey  House,    Victoria 
Embankment,  W.C. 

1901  FLOWER,  ALFRED,  23  Buckler sbury,  E.C. 

1884  FLUX,  WILLIAM,  Waterton,  Cirencester. 

1901  FORGAN,  THOMAS  H.,  The  Ley,  Northwich. 

1889  FORLONG,  CAPTAIN  CHARLES  A.,  R.N".,  Gore  Vale,  Emsworth,  Hants. 
1905  FORSHAW,  CHARLES  F.,  M.D.,  F.E.S.L.,  Baltimore  House,  Bradford. 
1868  FORTESCUE,  THE  HON.  DUDLEY  F.,  9  Hertford  Street,  May  fair,  W. 
1898  FOSTER,  ARTHUR  L.,  Sandy,  Limpsfteld,  Surrey. 

1890  FOWLIE,  WILLIAM,  15  Coleman  Street,  E.C. 

1904  Fox,  FRANCIS  DOUGLAS,  M.A.,  M.Inst.C.E.,  19  Kensington  Square,  W. 

1902  Fox,  HENRY  WILSON,  4  Halkin  Street,  S.W. 

1907     FOXWELL,  DOUGLAS  L.,  28  Lyndhurst  Road,  Hampstead,  N.W. 
1888      FRANCIS,  DANIEL,  139  Gresham  House,  E.C. 

1903  tF^8811*  JOHN  C.,  Bracknowe,  Dundee;  and  Messrs.  Stephen,  Fraser  $•  Air, 

65  London  Wall,  E.C. 

1905  FREEMAN,  REGINALD  F,  LYNE,  63  Elisabeth  Street,  Eaton  Square,  S.W. 

1900  fFREMANTLE,     ADMIRAL     THE    HON.     SlR      EDMUND     R.,     G.C.B.,     C.M.G., 

44  Lower  Sloane  Street,  S.  W. 

\ 898     FRERE,  THR  VES.  ARCHDEACON  HUGH  CORRIE,  Leighterton  Rectory,  JYotton- 
under-Edge,  S.O.,  Gibs. 

1901  FULLER,  SIR  THOMAS  E.,  K.C.M.G-.  (Agent- General  for  Cape  of  Good 

Hope),  100  Victoria  Street,  S.W. 
1883      FULLER,  W.  W.,  24  Burlington  Road,  Bayswater,  W. 
1881      FULTON,  JOHN,  26  Upper  Phillimore  Gardens,  Kensington,  W. 


1898     GALBRAITH,  JOHN  H.,  32  Victoria  Street,  S.W. 

1885     GAME,  JAMES  AYL WARD,  Yeeda  Grange,   Trent,  New  Barnet,  Herts;   and 
2  Eastcheap,  E.C. 

1889  GAMMIDGE,    HENRY,    Standard   Bank    of   South   Africa,    10    Clement's 

Lane,  E.C. 

1902     GARDINER,  EDWARD  B.,  4E  Bickenhall  Mansions,  Portman  Square,  W. 
1907      GARDNER,  REV.  RICHARD  TITLEY,  M.A.,  Church  Hov.se,  Dean's  Yard,  S.W. 
1879     fGARDNER,  STEWART,  Georgetown,  British  Guiana. 
1894     GARNETT,  WILLIAM  J.,  The  Red  House,  Narborough,  Leicester. 

1890  GARRISON,  W.  HERBERT,  F.R.G.S.,  46  Albany  Mansions,  Albert  Bridge 

Road,  S.W. 

1891  GATTY,  SIR  STEPHEN  H.,  45  Onslow  Gardens,  S.W. 

1891      GEOBGE,  DAVID,  Bank  of  New  South  Wales,  64  Old  Broad  Street,  E.C. 
1902     GEORGE,  MAJOR  F.  NELSON,  Lovell  House,  Crawley  ;  and  Junior  Athenaum 

Club,  Piccadilly,  W. 
1902     GIBBINGS,   MAJOR  HENRY  CORNWALL  C.,  Junior   United  Strvice   Club, 

Charles  Street,  S.  W. 

1905     fGiBBONS,  WILLIAM  PIKE,  J.P.,  Ruiton  House,  Dudley. 
1891      GIBSON,  FRANK  WM.,  8  Finsbury  Square,  E.C. 

1 882     tGiFFEN,  SIR  EGBERT,  K.C.B.,  F.R.S.,  Chanctonlmry,  Hay  vards  Heath. 
1898      GILBERT,  ALFRED,  Mutual  Life  Association  of  Australasia,  5  Lothbury,  E.  C. 


386  Royal  Colonial  Institute. 


Year  of 
Election. 

1899 
1886 


1882 
1902 
1897 
1903 
1907 
1903 
1903 
1889 
1883 
1902 
1892 
1883 
1902 
1888 
1888 


1894 
1894 
1869 
1899 


1891 
1880 
1885 
1882 


1874 
1907 
1885 


1893 
1890 


1885 
1904 
1893 
1892 
1886 
1886 
1885 
1884 
1903 
1905 
1880 
1891 
1881 


fGfiLBERTsoN,  CHARLES,  16  Gloucester  Walk,  Kensington,  W. 
fGiLCHRisT,  WILLIAM,  c\o  Standard  Bank  of  South  Africa,  10  Clement's 

Lane,  E.G. 

fGiLCHRisT,  WILLIAM  OSWALD,  200  Queen's  Gate,  8.  W. 
GILFILLAN,  SAMUEL,  2  Billiter  Avenue,  E.C. 
GILT  ANDERS,  JAMES,  41  Tooley  Street,  S.E. 
GILLESPIE,  WILLIAM,  23  Crutched  Friars,  E.C. 
GILMOUR,  SAMUEL  C.,  3  Vernon  Chambers,  Southampton  Row,  W.C. 
GINSBERG,  ISRAEL,  84  Greencroft  Gardens,  Hampstead,  N.W. 
GIRDLESTONE,  NELSON,  cjo  Messrs.  H.  Chaplin  <f  Co  .,  9  Fenchurch  St.,  EC. 
GIRD  WOOD,  JOHN,  J.P.,  121  Oakwocd  Court,  W. 
GLANFIKLD,  GEORGE,  Hale  End,  Woodford,  Essex. 
GLANTAWE,  RIGHT  HON.  LORD,  The  Grange,  Swansea. 
GLASGOW,  RT.  HON.  THE  EARL  OF,  G.C.M.G.,  Kelburne,  Fairlie,  N.B. 
GLENESK,  RIGHT  HON.  LORD,  139,  Piccadilly,  W. 
GOAD,  SAMUEL,  35  Vicarage  Road,  Hastings. 
GODBY,  MICHAEL  J.,  cjo  Union  Bank  of  Australia,  71  Cornhill,  E.C. 

,  RAYMOND,  F.R.G.S.,  F.R.A.S.  (late  of  Ceylon),  79  Cornhill, 


KG. 

GODSAL,  CAPTAIN  WILLIAM,  R.E.,  Wootton  Bassett  S.O.,  Wilts. 
GODSON,  EDMUND  P.,  Castlcwood,  Shooter's  Hill,  Kent. 
GODSON,  G  EO  RGB  R.,  Kensington  Palace  Mansions,  Kensington,  W. 
GOLDIE,  RIGHT  HON.  SIR  GEORGE  T.,  K.C.M.G.,  Naval  and  Military  Club, 

Piccadilly,  W. 

GOLDMANN,  C.  SYDNEY,  421  Salisbiiry  House,  E.C. 
GOLDNEY,  SIR  JOHN  T.,  J.P.,  Monks  Park,  Cor  sham,  Wilts. 
GOLDRING,  A.  R.,  Transvaal  Chamber  of  Mines,  202  Salisbury  House,  E.G. 
GOLDSWORTHY,   MAJOR-GENERAL   WALTER   T.,   C.B.,    Yaldham   Manor, 

Wrciham,  Kent. 

GOODLIFFE,  JOHN,  Essex  View,  Muswell  Hill,  N. 
GOODMAN,  R.  GWELO,  3  New  Road,  Campden  Hill,  W. 
GOODMAN,  SIR  WILLIAM  MEKJH,  K.C.,  Clavadel,  Pit  Farm  Road,   Guild- 

ford. 

GOODSIR,  GEORGE,  Messrs.  W.  Weddel  $  Co.,  16  St.  Helen's  Place,  E.C. 
tGoRDON,  CHARLES  G.,  A.M.InstC.B.,   Church  Farm,  Antingham,  North 

Walsham. 

f  GORDON,  GEORGE  W.,  The  Brewery,  Caledonian  Road,  N. 
{GORDON,  JOHN  WILLIAM,  11  King's  Bench  Walk,  Temple,  E.C. 
f  GORDON,  JOHN  WILTON,  9  New  Broad  Street,  E.  C. 
Gow,  WILLIAM,  13  Rood  Lane,  E.C. 
f  GOWANS,  Louis  F. 

GRAHAM,  SIR  FREDERICK,  K.C.B.,  St.  Stephen's  Club,  Westminster,  S.W. 
tGRANT,  CARDROSS,  Bruntsfield,  Bromley  Road,,  Bvckenham,  Kent. 
GRANT,  HENRY,  Sydney  Hyrst,  Chichester  Road,  Croydon. 
GRANT,  WILLIAM  TARVER,  Blenheim  Club,  12  St.  James's  Square,  S.W. 
GRAVES,  DAVID  SYDNEY,  Radnor  House,  Beckcnham. 
GRAY,  AMBROSE  G.  WENTWORTH,  31  Great  St.  Helen's,  E.C. 
GRAY,  BENJAMIN  G.,  4  Inverness  Gardens,  Kensington,  W. 
GRAY,  ROBERT  J.,  27  Milton  Street,  E.C. 


)898  j  fGRAY,  ROBERT  KAYE,  M.Inst.C.E.,  Lcssness  Park,  Abbey  Wood,  Kent. 


Resident  Fellows.  387 


Year  of 
Election 

1907      GREEN,  FREDERICK,  13  Fenchurch  Avenue,  B.C. 
1888 


1881 
1902 
1901 
1905 
1882 


1882 


1889 


1906 


1876 
1903 
1887 
1907 
1885 
1879 
1892 
1878 
1886 
1885 
1887 


1891 
1898 


1897 
1899 
1882 
1905 
1900 


1902 
1885 
1889 
1884 
1891 
1905 
1905 
1888 
1892 


1903 
1897 
1898 


GREEN,    MAJOR-GEN.   SIR   HENRY,    K.C.S.L,  C.B.,    93    Belgrave  Road, 

S.W. 

IGREEN,  MORTON,  J.P.,  322  Loop  Street,  Maritzburg,  Natal. 
GREENER,  CHARLES  E.,  Si.  Mary's  Square,  Birmingham. 
GREIG,  HENRY  E.  W.,  Spynie,  Elgin,  N.B. 
GRENFELL,  R.  N.,  16  George  Street,  Mansion  House,  E.C. 
GRESWELL,  KEV.  WILLIAM  H.  P.,  M.A.,  Dodington  Rectory ',  near  Bridg- 

water,  Somerset. 
GRETTON,  LIEUT.-COLONEL  GEORGE  LE  M.,  49  Drayton   Gardens,  South 

Kensington,  S.W. 
tGREY,  HE.  RT.  HON.   EARL.   G.C.M.G.,    Government  House,    Ottawa, 

Canada. 
fGREY,  GEORGE,  Falloden,  Christen  Bank,  Northumberland. 


1897  !  GRIEVE,  NORMAN  "W.,  Cozleigh,  Groombridge,  Sussex. 


GRIFFITH,  W.  DOWNES,  4  Bramham  Gardens,  Wetherby  Eoad,  8.  W, 
GRIFFITH,  W.  L.,  Canada  Government  Office,  17  Victoria  Street,  S.W. 

WILLIAM,  Oldwell,  Penylan,  Cardiff. 
GRIGSON,  EDWARD  SNAPE,  16  Ashley  Place,  Westminster,  S.W. 
GRINLINTON,  SIR  JOHN  J.,  Rose  Hill,  Middle  Wallop,  Stockbridge,  Hants. 
GUILLEMARD,  ARTHUR  G.,  Eltham,  Kent. 

GULL,  SIR  WILLIAM  CAMERON,  BART.,  10  Hyde  Park  Gardens,  W. 
GUTHRIE,  CHARLES,  Queen  Anne's  Mansions,  S.W.       -:v~' 
JGwiLLiAM,  REV.  S.  THORN,  Hampton  Poyle  Rectory,  Oxford. 
GWYN,  WALTER  J.,  22  Billiter  Street,  E.  C. 
GWYTHER,  J.  HOWARD,  13  Lancaster  Gate,  W. 

fHAGGARD,  EDWARD,  6  Porche&br  Place,  Oxford  Square,  W. 

HAINES,  FIELD-MARSHAL  SIR  F.PAUL,  G.C.B.,  G.C.S.I.,  C.I.E.,    United 

Service  Club,  Pall  Mall,  S.W. 
HALCROW,  JAMES,  18  Coleman  Street,  E.C. 

HALLIDAY,  JOHN,  5  Holland  Park,  W.;  and  Chicklade House,  near  Salisbury. 
HALSWELL,  HUGH  B.,  J.P.,  26  Kensington  Gate,  Hyde  Park,  W. 
HAMBLING,  WILLIAM  G.  A.,  Forest  House,  Queen's  Road,  Reading. 
HAMILTON,    CAPTAIN  JAMES  DE   COURCY.   R.N.,   82    Southwark   Bridge 

Road,  S.E. 
HAMILTON,  FREDERICK  H.,  10  Austin  Friars,  E.C. 

,  JAMES  G.,  cjo  Post  Office,  Cape  Town,  Cape  Colony. 
HANHAM,  SIR  JOHN  A.,  BART.,  St.  Stephen's  Club,  Westminster,  S  W. 
HANKEY,  ERNEST  ALERS,  Notion  House,  Chippenham: 
HANLEY,  THOMAS  J.,  66  Gloucester  Terrace,  Hyde  Park,  W. 
HANNAN,  CHARLES  J.,  F.C.I.S.,  Swan  Brewery,  Blackburn. 
HANSON,  CHARLES  A.,  39  Hans  Mansions,  S.W. 
HARDIE,  GEORGE,  17  Ravenscroft  Park,  High  Barnet. 
HARE,  REGINALD  C.,  Western  Australian   Government   Office,  15   Victoria 

Street,  S.W. 

fHARE,  SHOLTO  H.,  F.R.G.S.,  7  Lifield  Place,  Clifton,  Bristol. 
HAREWOOD,  RT.  HON.  THE  EARL  OF,  Harewood  House,  Leeds. 
HARPER,  REGINALD  TRISTRAM,  Church  Hill  House,  Merstham,  Surrey;  and 

Royal  Societies  Club,  63  St.  James's  Street,  S.  W. 

o  2 


388  Royal  Colonial  Institute. 


Year  of 

Election. 

1900 
1895 

1877 
1889 

1886 

1884 
1893 
1889 
1881 
1896 
1901 
1884 
1902 
1886 
1881 

1884 

1902 
1893 
1900 
1902 

W.  ;  and  United  Service  Club,  Pall  Mall,  8.W. 

1896  fHAY,  COLONEL  CHARLES,  Robin's  Croft,  Chilham,  Canterbury. 
1886     HAY,  SIR  JAMES  SHAW,  K.C.M.G.,  42  Lexham  Gardens,  W. 

1899     HA  YES -SADLER,  COLONEL  SIR  JAMES,  K.C.M.G.,  73  Queen's  Gate,  8.W. 

1892  HAYMAN, HENRY,  18  Pembridge  Square,  W. ;  and  3  Coleman  Street,  E.G. 
1890      HAYNES,  T.  H.,  1  Endsleigh  Terrace,  Tavistock ;  and  Montebello  Islands, 

North- West  Australia. 

1882      HAYWARD,  J.  F.,  Aroona,  Freshford,  Bath. 

1903      HEAD,  JAMES,  40  Lowndes  Square,  S.W.;  and  Invcrailort,  Inverness-shire. 
1899      HBALEY,  GERALD  E.  CHADWYCK,  B.A.,  20  Rutland  Gate,  S.W. 
1890      HEATH,  COMMANDER  GEORGE  P.,  E.N.,  30  Bramham  Gardens,  S.W, 

1888  HECTOR,  ALEXANDER,  2  Lovcday  Road,  Ealing,  W. 

1901  HEDGES,  GEORGE  A.  M.,  43  Gwendolen  Avenue,  Putney,  S.W. 

1886  HEDGMAN,  W.  JAMES,  Santa  Clara,  Highland  Road,  Bromley,  Kent. 
1906  HEELES,  MATTHEW  G.,  11  Kensington  Gore,  S.W. 

1887  HEGAN,  CHARLES  J.,  Oxford  and  Cambridge  Club,  Pall  Mall,  S.W. 

1893  HEINEKEY,  ROBERT  B.,  36  Egerton  Gardens,  S.W. 

1897  fHENDERSON,  GEORGE  T.,  7  Billiter  Square,  E.C. 

1903     HENDERSON,  JAMES  A.  LEO,  Ph.D.,  F.G.S.,  120  Bishopsgate  Street,  E.C. 

1889  HENDERSON,  J.  C.  A.,  120  Bishopsgate  Street,  E.C. 
1897     tHENNiNG,  RUDOLF  H.,  2  Mount  Street,  W. 

1889      HENWOOD,  PAUL,  Moorgate  Court,  Moorgate  Street,  E.C. 
1886      HEPBURN,  ANDREW,  24  St.  Atari/  Axe,  E.G. 

1884  I    HERIOT,    MAJOR-GENERAL    JAMES  A.    MACKAY,   R.M.L.I.,  cfo    Messrs. 
Stilwell  $  Sons,  42  Pall  Mall,  S.W. 


HARRIS,  REV.  EDWARD,  D.D.,  Bullinghope  Vicarage,  Hereford, 

HARRIS,  WALTER  H.,  C.M.G.,  29A  Cornhill,  E.G.;  and  Junior  Carlton 
Chtb,  Pall  Mall,  S.W. 

f HARRIS,  WOLF,  197  Queen's  Gate,  S.W. 

HARRISON,  ARTHUR,  L.R.C.P.  (Surgeon  Superintendent,  Indian  Emigra- 
tion Service'),  Grove  Avenue,  Yeovil. 

•(•HARRISON,  GENERAL  SIR  RICHARD,  R.E.,G.C.B.,  C.M.G.,  Ashton  Manor, 
Dunsford,  Exeter. 

HARROLD,  LEONARD  FREDERICK,  57  Graccchurch  Street,  E.C. 

HARROWER,  G.  CARNABY,  College  Hill  Chambers,  E.C. 

HARRY,  CAPTAIN  THOMAS  Row,  Morwenstow,  St.  Ives,  Cornwall. 

•J-HARSANT,  SYDNEY  B. 

HART,  E.  AUBREY,  Spencer  House,  Adelaide  Road,  Surbiton. 

HARVEY,  THOMAS  EDWIN,  Kenmore,  Shepherd's  Hill,  Highgate,  N. 

HARWOOD,  JOSEPH,  90  Cannon  Street,  E.C. 

HASLAM,  LEWIS,  M.P.,  44  Evelyn  Gardens,  South  Kensington,  S.W. 

fHASLAM,  RALPH  E.,  Park  Lodge,  Church  Street,  Chelsea,  S.W. 

HATHERTON,  RIGHT  HON.  LORD,  C.M.G.,  55  Warwick  Square,  S.W. ;  and 
Teddesley,  Penkridge,  Staffordshire. 

HAVELOCK,  SIR  ARTHUR  E.,  G.C.S.I.,  G.C.M.G.,  G.C.I.E.,  Bishopstowe, 
Babbacombe,  Torquay ;  and  Junior  Carlton  Club,  Pall  Mall,  S.W. 

HAWKER,  REV.  BERTRAM  R.,  M.A.,  7  Egerton  Terrace,  S.W. 

•(•HAWTHORN,  REGINALD  W.  E.,  P.O.  Box  1125,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 

tHAWTHORN,  WALTER,  The  Harbour,  Rhyl. 

tHAY,  MAJOR  ARTHUR  E.,  Late  R.A.,  25  Sheffield  Terrace,  Campden  Hill, 


Resident  Felioivs.  389 


Year  of 
Election 

1883 
1895 


1895 

1884 


1902 


1905 


1880 
1885 
1906 
1897 
1895 


1897 
1886 
1903 


1889 
1903 
1902 


1904 


1883 
1883 
1905 
1888 


1903 


1906 
1898 
1879 
1886 
1895 
1887 
1891 


1901 
1906 


1880 
1906 
1888 
1884 
1884 


HERVEY,  DUDLEY  F.  A.,  C.M.G.,  Westfields,  Aldeburgh,  Suffolk. 
HERVEY,  MATTHEW  W.,  M.Inst.C.E.,  East  Bilnty  Hall,   East  Derehaw, 

Norfolk. 

HERVEY,  VALENTINE  S.,  54  Kensington  Court,  W. 
HESSE,   F.   E.,   Eastern  Extension,  $c.,    Telegraph  Co.,  Limited,  Eicctra 

House,  Moorgate,  E.  C. 
HIDDINGH,  P.  C.  v.D.  P.,  c\o  Standard  Bank  of  South  Africa,  10  Clement's 

Lane,  E.G. 
HILL,  SIR  CLEMENT  LLOYD,  K.C.B.,  K.C.M.G.,  M.P.,  13  Chesterfield  Street, 

Mayfair,  W. 

fHiLL,  JAMES  A.,  19  Jones  Street,  Kimberley,  Cape  Colony. 
tHiLL,  SIDNEY,  Langford  House,  Langford,  near  Bristol. 
HILL,  THOMAS  A.,  M.A.,  J.P.,  Normanton  House,  Plumtree,  Nottingham. 
fHiLLiER,  ALFRED  P.,  B.A.,  M.D.,  Markyate  Cell,  Dunstable. 

,  VALENTINE  A.,  C.E.,  Moorambine,  38  Woodstock  Road,  Redland 

Green,  Bristol. 

HILLSON,  JOHN  C.,  The  Bungalow,  Symond's  Yat,  Boss,  Herefordshire. 
fHiLTON,  C.  SHIRREFF  B.,  41  Roland  Gardens,  S.W. 
HIME,  LiEUT.-CoLONEL  EIGHT  HON.  SIR  ALBERT  H.,  K.C.M.G.,  61  Burton 

Court,  Chelsea,  S.  W. 

HIND,  T.  ALMOND,  Goldsmith  Building,  Temple,  E.G. 
HIND-SMITH,  WILLIAM,  The  Chestnuts,  2  Copers  Cope  Road,  Beckenham. 
HIND-SMITH,  WM.  WILSON,  F.E.G.S.,   Tamworth,   196  Kingshall  Road, 

Beckenham. 
fHiNDLip,   EIGHT   HON.  LORD,  9   Grosvcnor  Place,  S.W.  ;  and  Hindiip 

Hall,  Worcester. 
f  HINDSON,  ELD  RED  GRAVE. 

HINGLEY,  SIR  GEORGE  B  ,  BART.,  High  Park,  Droitwich. 
HITCHCOCK,  WALTER  M.,  3  Queen  Street,  Cheapside,  E.G. 
HOARE,  EDWARD  BRODIE,  Carlton  Club,  Pall  Mall,  S.  W.  ;  and  Tenchleys, 

Limpsfield,  Surrey. 
HOATHER,    CHARLES  A.,  Broomfield  House,  Kidmore  Road,   Caversham 

Heights,  Reading. 

HOBLYN,  CHARLES  D.,  25  Upper  Hamilton  Terrace,  N.  W. 
fHoDGSON,  GERALD  TYLSTON,  B.Al}  Blaniyre,  Harptndin,  Hertfordshire. 
fHoDGSON,  H.  TYLSTON,  M.A.,  Harpenden,  Hertfordshire. 
HOFFMEISTER,  C.  R.,  64  Qucensborough  Terrace,  W. 
HOGAN,  JAMES  F. 

•{•HOGARTH,  FRANCIS,  SackvUle  House,  Sevenoaks. 
HOGG,    HENRY    EOUGHTON,    2    Vicarage    Gate,   Kensington,    W.;    and 

Upper  Macedon,  Victoria. 
HOLLAND,  ALFRED  E.,  Leesons,  St.  Pauls  Cray,  Chislehurst,  Kent. 
HOLMES,  FRANK,  c'to  Hong  Kong  $  Shanghai  Bank,  31  Lombard   Street, 

E.C. 

HOLMESTED,  ERNEST  A.,  Falkland  House,  Linden  Road,  Bedford, 
HOOKE,  EEV.  DANIEL  BURFORD,  Bonchurch  Lodge,  Barnet. 
HOOPER,  GEORGE  N.,  F.E.G.S.,  F.S.S.,  Elmleigh,  Hayne  Road,  Beckenham. 
HOPKINS,  EDWARD,  Claremont,  Nut  field,  Surrey. 

HOPKINS,  JOHN,  Little  Boundes,  Southborough,  Tunbridge  Wells  ;    and 
79  Mark  Lane,  E.C. 


390  Royal  Colonial  Institute. 

Year  of 
Election. 

1890      HOPKINS,  T.  HOLLIS,  Leconfield,  Mount  Park  Eoad,  Ealing,  W. ;  and 
9  Fore  Street  Avenue,  E.C. 


1907 


1879 
1903 
1905 
1892 
1895 
1906 
1906 
1876 
1886 


1881 
1880 
1884 
1893 
1902 
1904 


1896 


1897 


1900 
1889 
1902 
1883 


1881 
1880 
1893 


1884 


1883 


1886 
1903 
1889 
1901 
1886 
1900 
1890 


1897 


HOPWOOP,   SIR  FRANCIS  J.  S.,   K.C.B.,  K.C.M.G.,    13  Hornton  Street, 

Kensington,  W, 

HOBA,  JAMES,  123  Victoria  Street,  S.W.  ;  and  147  Cannon  Street,  E.C. 
HORDERN,  LIEUT.  LIONEL  H.,  R.N.,  Chart  Lodge,  Weybridge. 
HORN,  FREDERICK  J.,  Caedsdene,  Brighton  Eoad,  Purley,  Surrey. 
HORN,  THOMAS  SUTHERLAND,  6  St.  Helens  Place,, E.C. 
HORN,  WM.  AUSTIN,  Junior  Carlton  Club,  Pall  Mall,  S.  W. 
HOULDER,  ALFRED  H.,  146  Leadenhall  Street,  E.C. 
HODLDER,  AUGUSTUS  F.,  146  Leadenhall  Street,  E.C. 
fHousTOUN,  GEORGE  L.,  Johnstone  Castle,  Johnstone,  Renfrewshire,  N.B. 
HUGHES,  GEORGE,  F.C.S.,  155  Fenchurch  Street,  E.G.;  and  Bridgetown, 

Barbados. 

tHuoHEs,  JOHN,  F.C.S.,  79  Mark  Lane,  E.C. 
f  HUGHES,  COMMANDER  B.  JUKES,  R.N.,  Whiddon,  Newton  Abbot. 
fHuLL,  "W.  WINSTANLEY,  St.  Ann's  Heath,  Virginia  Water,  Surrey. 
HUMBY,  HENRY  G.,  M.Inst.  C.E.,  50  Campden  Hill  Court,  Kensington,  W. 
HUNT,  FRANK,  Earls  Colne,  Essex. 
HUTCHINSON,  H.  CHARLES,  Messrs.  Millers,  Ltd.,  Surrey  House,   Victoria 

Embankment,  W.C. 
BUTTON,  MAJOR- GENERAL  SIR  EDWARD  T.  H,,KC.M.G.,  C.B.,  Field  Place, 

Horsham  ;  and  United  Service  Club,  Pall  Mall,  S.  W. 
HYAMS,  FRANK,  128  New  Bond  Street,  W. 


IBBS,  PERCY  MA  VON,  83  Upper  Gloucester  Place,  N.  W. 
,  GEORGE  M.,  Ballinagarde,  Limerick,  Ireland. 
,  GUSTAV,  427  Salisbury  House,  London  Wall,  E.C. 
,  CORNELIUS,  M.D.,  252  St.  James's  Court,  S.  W.  ;  and  Athenceum 
Club,  S.W. 

INGRAM,  SIR  WILLIAM  J.,  BART.,  65  Cromwell  Eoad,  S.W. 
IRVINE,  THOMAS  W.,  17  Aldermanbury ,  E.C. 
IRWELL,  HERMAN,  11  Park  Square   West,  Regent's  Park,  N.W.;   and  24 

Coleman  Street,  E.C. 
ISAACS,  JACOB,  9A  Porchester  Terrace,  Hyde  Park,  W. 


JACK,  A.  HILL,  National  Insurance  Co.  of  New  Zealand,  9   Gracechurch 

Street,  E.C. 

f  JACKSON,  JAMES,  J.P.,  42  Campden  House  Court,  W. 
JACKSON,  LIEUT.-COLONEL  ANDREW  M.,  Victoria  Chambers,  Hull. 
•{•JACKSON,  SIR  THOMAS,  BART.,  Stansted  House,  Stansted,  Essex. 
JACOBS,  JOHN  I.,  10  Cumberland  Terrace,  Eegent's  Park,  N.W. 
JACOMB,  REGINALD  B.,  61  Moorgate  Street,  E.C. 
JAMES,  R.  BOUCHER,  Hallsannery,  Bideford. 

,  WILLIAM,  care  of  Broken  Hill  Proprietary  Company,  31  Queen 

Street,  Melbourne,  Victoria. 
JARVIS,  LIEUT.-COLONEL  A.  WESTON,  C.M.G.,  M.V.O.,  66  Park  Street, 

Grosvenor  Square,  W. 


Year  o£ 
Election. 
1898 
1905 
1894 
1884 
1905 


1890 
1895 
1889 


1890 


1903 
1884 
1894 
1896 
1902 
1906 
1893 


1884 
1899 
1892 
1884 
1889 
1898 
1886 
1889 


1898 
1894 
1890 
1885 
1902 
1903 


1871 
1881 


1877 


1898 


1888 
189G 
1894 
1881 
1903 
1874 


Resident  Fellows.  391 


JEANS,  RICHARD  W.,  Bank  of  Australasia,  4  Threadnecdle  Street,  E.G. 

\ JEEB,  RICHARD,  2  Whitehall  Court,  8.  W. 

JEFFERSON,  HARRY  WYNDHAM,  26  Austin  Friars,  E.G. 

t JEFFRAY,  R.  J.,  46  Elm.  Park  Road,  8.  W. 

JENKINS,  HON.  JOHN  G.  (Agent- General  for  South  Australia},  28  Bishops- 
gate  Street,  E.G. 

JENKINSON,  WILLIAM  W.,  6  Moor  gate  Street,  E.G. 

JENNINGS,  GILBERT  D.,  28  Gracechurch  Street,  E.G. 

JERNINGHAM,  SIR  HUBERT  E.  H.,  K.C.M.G.,  1U  The  Albany,  Piccadilly, 
W. ;  and  Longridge  Towers,  Berwick. 

•{•JERSEY,  RIGHT  HON.  THE  EARL  OF,  G.C.B.,  G.C.M.G.,  Osterley  Park, 
Isleworth ;  and  Middleton  Park,  Bicester. 

JOHNSON,  CAPTAIN  J.  VINER,  St.  Julians,  Milborne  Port,  Somerset* 

JOHNSON,  FREDERICK  WM.,  A.M.  Inst.  C.E.,  Maybank,  Staplehurst,  Kent. 

JOHNSON,  GODFREY  B.,  8  Victoria  Street,  S.W. 

JOHNSON,  L.  0.,  1  Snow  Hill,  E.G. 

JOHNSTON,  GEORGE  LAWSON,  29  Port  man  Square,  W. 

JOHNSTONE,  EDWARD,  Cambridge  House,  131  Camberwell  Road,  S.E. 

JONES,  SIR  ALFRED  L.,  K.C.M.G.,  Messrs.  Elder,  Dempster  #  Co.,  Colonial 
House,  20  Water  Street,  Liverpool. 

f  JONES,  HENRY,  Bramley  Dene,  Branksome  Park,  Bournemouth. 

JONES,  CAPTAIN  HENRY  M.,  V.C.,  United  Service  Club,  Pall  Mall,  S.  W. 

JONES,  J.  D. 

JONES,  SIB  W.  H.  QUAYLE,  Barton  Mere,  Bury  St.  Edmunds. 

JONES,  WILLIAM  T.,  Junior  Carlton  Club,  Pall  Mall,  S.  W. 

JOSHUA,  ABRAM,  12  Collingham  Gardens,  S.W. 

JOSLIN,  HENRY,  Gaynes  Park,  Upminster,  Essex.  » 

JUSTICE,  MAJOR-GENERAL  W.  CLIVE,  C.M.G.,  Hinstock,  Farnborotigh, 
Hants. 

•(•KAUFMAN,  CHARLES,  12  Berkeley  Street,  W. 

KEARNE,  SAMUEL  R.,  Kingswood,  Lyndhurst  Gardens,  Hampstead,  N.  W. 

KEARTON,  GEORGE  H.,  Hurst  Dene,  Ore,  Sussex. 

KEEP,  CHARLES  J.,  1  Guildhall  Chambers,  Basinghall  Street,  E.G. 

KEEP,  RONALD,  Woollet  Hall,  North  Cray,  Foots  Cray,  S.O.,  Kent. 

KEHRMANN,  L.,  c\o  Standard  Bank  of  South  Africa,  10  Clement's  Lane, 

E.G. 

KEITH-DOUGLAS,  STEWART  M.,  Oriental  Club,  Hanover  Square,  W. 
KENDALL,  FRANKLIN  R.,    1    The  Paragon,   Blackheath,   8.E. ;    and  St. 

Stephen's  Club,  S.W. 
KENNEDY,  JOHN  MURRAY,  Knockralling,  Dairy,    Galloway,   N.B.;    and 

New  University  Club,  S.W. 
•{•KENNEDY,  PITT,  14  Pembridge  Place,  W. ;  and  United  University  Club, 

Pall  Mall  East,  S.W. 
KENT,  ROBERT  J.,  24  Portland  Place,  W. 

,  JAMES,  Walshaw  Hall,  Bury. 
KESWICK,  JAMES  J.,  Verdley  Place,  Ftrnhurst,  Sussex. 
JKESWICK,  WILLIAM,  M.P.,  Eastwick  Park,  Leatherhead. 
KEY,  REV.  SIR  JOHN  K.  C.,  BART.,  Little  Wittenham  Rectory,  Abingdon. 
KIMBEH,  SIR  HENRY,  BART.,  M.P.,  79  Lombard  Street,  E.G. 


392  Royal  Colonial  Institute. 


Year  of 
Election. 

1907 


1905 
1901 
1886 
1907 
1902 


1906 
1906 
1898 
1903 


1899 
1902 
1902 
1891 


1891 
1895 


1876 
1905 
1887 


1904 
1881 
1883 


1876 
1881 
1904 
1875 


1885 
1886 
1892 
1894 
1896 
1886 
1899 
1896 


1889 
1892 
1889 
1902 


KING,  CHARLES,  Courtlecs,  We&thall  Road,  Upper  Warlingham,  Surrey;  and 

20  Eastcheap,  E.C. 
f  KING,  HENRY  DOUGLAS,  52  Queensborough  Terrace,  W. 

,  HENRY  F.,  Quethiock,  Castle  Road,  Horsell,  Woking. 
KINKAIKD,  EIGHT  HON.  LORD,  1  Pall  Mall  East,  8.  W. 
KINGSTON,  CLEMENT  U.,  Australian  Mortgage  Co.,  13  Leadenhall  Street,  E  C. 
KIRKCALDY.   NORMAN  M.,   A.M.Inst.C.E.,  F.G.S.,    54   Elgin  Mansions, 

Elgin  Avenue,  W. 

KIRKWOOD,  MONTAGUE,  Stoner  House,  Peterffield, 
KIRKWOOD,  TOWNSEND  M.,  12  Egerton  Gardens,  S.W. 
KITCHING,  HENRY,  J.P.,  The  Grange,  Great  Ayton,  Yorks. 
K ITCHING,   JOHN,    Oaklands,   Kingston   Hill,  Surrey;   and   Branksome 

Hall,  Darlington. 

KLEIN,  WALTER  G.,  24  Bdsize  Park,  N.  W. 

KNOWLES,  SIR  JAMES,  K.C.V.O.,  Queen  Anne's  Lodge,  St.  James's  Park,  S.W. 
fKRAuss,  HENRY  J.,  101  Hation  Garden,  E.C. 
KROHN,  HERMAN  A.,  B.A.,  Maldon  Court,  Maldon,  Essex. 


fLAiNG,  JAMES  ROBERT,  7  Australian  Avenue,  E.C. 

LAMINGTON,   THE   RIGHT  HON.   LOED,   G.C.M.G.,   G.C.I.E.,    26   Wilton 

Crescent,  S.W. 

•J-LANDALE,  WALTER,  Oriental  Club,  Hanover  Square,  W. 
LANDAU,  MAX,  47  Victoria  Street,  S.  W. 
LANE,  MAJOR-GENERAL  SIR  RONALD  B.,  K.C.V.O.,  C.B.,  Royal  Hospital, 

Chelsea,  S.  W. 

LANGMORE,  LESLIE  G.,  34  Randolph  Gardens,  Maida  Vale,  W. 
LANQTON,  JAMES,  Hillfield,  Reigate. 

RIGHT  HON.  THE  MARQUIS  OF,  K.G.,  G.C.S.I.,  G.C.M.O., 

G.C.I.E.,  Lansdowne  House,  54  Berkeley  Square,  W. ;  and  Bowood, 

near  Calne,  Wiltshire. 

•J-LARDNER,  W.  G.,  Junior  Carlton  Club,  Pall  Mall,  S.  W. 
LAUGHLAND,  JAMES,  50  Lime  Street, 
LAURIE,  WM.  FORBES,  66  Palace  Gardens  Terrace,  W. 
LAWRENCE,  W.  F.,  27  Eaton  Square,  S.W. ;  Cowesfield  House,  Salisbury; 

and  New  University  Club,  St.  James's  Street,  S.  W. 
LAWRIE,  ALEXANDER,  1  Nutley  Terrace,  Hampstead,  N.  W. 

ALEX.  CECIL,  14  St.  Mary  Axe,  E.C. 
LAWSON,  ROBERTSON,  34  Old  Broad  Street,  E.C. 
LEAKE,  WM.  MARTIN,  Ceylon  Association,  61  Graccchurch  Street,  E.C. 
LEE,  ARTHUR  M.,  Brynbanon,  Bala,  Wales. 
LEE,  HENRY  WILLIAM,  24  Cleveland  Square,  Hyde  Park,  W. 
LEECHMAN,  CHRISTOPHER  A.,  Oriental  Club,  Hanover  Square,  W. 
LEESON,  WILLIAM  F.,   33  and  34  Imperial  Buildings,   Gardiner  Street, 

Durban,  Natal. 
LE  GROS,  GERVAISE,  Seafield,  Jersey. 

LE  MAISTRB,  JOHN  L.  B.,  Messrs.  G.  Balleine  $  Co.,  Jersey. 
LEUCHARS,  JOHN  W.,  24  8(.  Mary  Axe,  E.C. 

(•LEVER,  WM.  HESKETH,  M.P.,  Thornton  Manor,  Thornton  Hough,  Chester; 
and  41  A  Upper  Thames  Street,  E.C. 


Year  of 

Election. 

1873 


1899 
1902 
1885 
1887 
1905 
1907 
1889 


1884 
1886 
1874 
1892 
1888 
1900 
1890 
1899 


1881 
1887 
1886 


1889 
1886 
1884 
1899 
1877 


1886 
1886 
1879 


1907 


1904 
1885 
1906 


1886 


1905 
1885 
1885 


1901 


Resident  Fellows.  393 


LEVEY,  G.  COLLINS,   C.M.G.,  National  Liberal    Club,    Whitehall  Place, 

8.W. 

LEVY,  B.  W.,  Messrs.  D.  Cohen  $  Co.,  17  Tokenhouse  Yard,  E.G. 
LEWIS,  E.  J.,  F.E.S.,  F.L.S.,  Stainmore,  South  Hill,  Bromley,  Kent. 
LEWIS,  ISAAC,  14  Stratton  Street,  W.  ;  and  Threadneedle  House,  E.G. 
LEWIS,  JOSEPH,  53  New  Broad  Street,  E.G. 

LIKELY,  HASTINGS,  Imperial  Mansions,  Charing  Crots  Road^JV.C. 
LILIENFELD,  RICHARD,  3  Hyde  Park  Street,  W. 

MOST  HON.  THE  MARQUIS  OF,  K.T.,  G.C.M.G.,  G.C.V.O., 

Carlton    Club,    Pall    Mall,   S.W.  ;    and    Hopetoun    House,   South 

Queensferry,  N.B. 
LITTLE,  J.  STANLEY,  Authors'  ^Club,  \Whitehall  Court,  S.W. 

,  ROBERT,  8  Cavendish  Square,  W. 
LITTLETON,  THE  HON.  HENRY  S.,  Lovcland?,  \Walton-on-the*  Hill,  Epsom. 
LIVESEY,  SIR  GEORGE,  Shagbrook,  '  Reigate. 
LLEWELYN,  SIR  ROBERT  B.,  K.O.M.G.,  Hartley^  Wintney,  Hants. 
•{•LLOYD,  ARTHUR,  12  Salisbury  Square,  Fleet  Street,  E.G. 
LLOYD,  F.  GRAHAM,  40  King  Street,  Cheapside,  E.G. 
•{•LLOYD,  FRANK,  Coombe  House,  Croydon;  and  4  Salisbury  Court,  Fleet 

Street,  E.G. 
LLOYD,  RICHARD  DUPPA,  2  Addison  Crescent,  Addison  Road,  W. 

LEOPOLD,  126  Princes  Road,  Liverpool. 
•-LONGSTAFF,  GEORGE  B.,  M.A.,  M.D.,  Highlands,  Putney  Heath,  S.W.  ; 

and  Tucitchen,  Morthoe,  near  Ilfracombe. 
LORING,  ARTHUR  H.,  18  Nevern  Square,  S.W. 

,  MAURICE  JOHN,  Redwood,  Spylaw  Road,  Edinburgh. 
LOVE,  WILLIAM  MCNAUGHTON,  8  Bunhill  Row,  E.G. 
LOWE,  SAMUEL,  Meadowbank,  Hadley  Wood,  Middlesex. 
LUBBOCK,  SIR  NEVILE,  K.C.M.G.,    20   Eastcheap,  E.G.;  and  65   Earl's 

Court  Square,  8.  W. 

LUMGAIR,  GEORGE,  Kildare,  Hove  Park  Villas,  Hove,  Sussex. 
LYALL,  ROGER  CAMPBELL,  United  University  Club,  Pall  Mall  East,  8.  W. 
CAPTAIN  FRANCIS  H.,  2  Elvaston  Place,  S.  W.  ;  and  Naval  and 

Military  Club,  Piccadilly,  W. 
LYNCH,  CAPTAIN  C.  W.  D.,  c\o  London  $  Westminster  Bank,  1  St.  James's 

Square,  8.  W. 

LYNN,  HCGH  SPENCER,  118  Palace  Chambers,  Westminster,  S.W. 
fLYON,  GEORGE  0.,  Eton,  Berwick,  Victoria. 
LYTTELTON,   THE  RIGHT  HON.   ALFRED,   K.C.,  M.P.,   16    Great   College 


Street,  S.  W. 


THE  HON.  G.  W,  SPENCER,  C.B.,  49  Hill  Street,  Berkeley 


Square,  W. 


MABY,  JOSEPH,  The  Oaklands,  White  Cross  Road,  Hereford. 
MACALISTER,  JAMES,  Ethelstane,  32  Maresfield  Gardens,  Hampstead,  N.  W. 
fMACAN,  J.  J.,  M.A.,  M.D.,  M.R.C.S.,  Crossgates,  Cheam,  Surrey ;  and 

Rockhampton,  Queensland. 
fMACARTNEY,  REV.  HUSSEY  B.,  M.A.,  25A  Rua  Bom  Retire,  San  Paulo, 

Brazil. 

08 


394  Royal  Colonial  Institute. 

Year  of 
Election. 
1899  MACCAW,  WILLIAM  J.  M.,  194  Queen's  Gate,  S.W. 


1896 
1900 
1873 
1889 
1889 
1881 
1881 
1893 
1897 


1907 
1885 
1890 
1899 
1903 


1902 
1896 
1905 


1905 
1887 
1892 
1882 
1869 
1886 
1883 


L892 
1893 
1890 
1883 
1882 
1882 


1882 
1898 
1899 
1879 
1884 
1905 
1905 


1886 
1899 
1895 
1883 
1901 
1892 


MACDONALD,  GEORGE,  2  Amhcrst  Park,  Stamford  Hill,  N. 

f  MACDONALD,  HECTOR,  481  Bourke  Street,  Melbourne,  Victoria. 

f  MACFARLAN,  ALEXANDER,  Rosemount,  Tain,  N.B. 

J-MACFARLANE,  JAMES  GK,  Messrs.  W.  Dunn  $  Co.,  Broad  St.  Avenue,  E.C. 

f  MACFIE,  JOHN  W.,  Rowton  Hall,  Chester. 

,  DAVID,  M.P.,  16  Brunswick  Street,  Liverpool. 
MACK  AY,  A.  MACKENZIE,  50  Lime  Street,  E.C. 
MACKAY,  DONALD,  Reay  Villa,  Bodenham  Eoad,  Hereford. 
tMACKAY,  Sm  JAMES  L.,   G.C.M.G.,  K.C.I.E.,   Oriental  Club,  Hanover 

Square,  W. 

MACKAY,  JOHN  C.,  A.M.Insfc.C.E.,  Bitterley,  Ludlow. 
f  MACKENZIE,  COLIN. 

MACKENZIE,  Sm  GEORGE  S.,  K.C.M.G.,  C.B.,  23  Gt.  Winchester  Street,  E.C. 
f  MACKINNON,  DUNCAN,  16  Hyde  Park  Square,  W. 
f  MACKINNON,  JOHN,  8  Hyde  Park  Gardens,  W.  ;  and  Balinakill,  Clachan, 

Argyleshire. 
MACKINTOSH,  DUNCAN,  5  Adamson  Road,  Hampstead,  N.W. 

,  SINCLAIR,  Messrs.  D.  MacneUt  $  Co.,  Winchester  House,  E.C. 
MACMARTIN,  J.  M.,  c\o  Messrs.  Lyall,  Anderson  Sf  Co.,  16  Philpot  Lane, 

E.C. 

MACMASTEII,  DONALD  (K.C.  OF  CANADA),  IA  Cockspur  Street,  S.W. 
MACMILLAN,  MAURICE,  St.  Martin's  Street,  Leicester  Square,  W.C. 
MACPHAIL,  ALEXANDER  J.,  35  Ltwisham  Park,  S.E. 
MAcRosTY,  ALEXANDER,  West  Bank  House,  Esher. 
Me  ARTHUR,  ALEXANDER,  79  Holland  Park,  W. 
MCARTHUR,  JOHN  P.,  18  Silk  Street,  Cripplegate,  E.C. 
Me  ARTHUR,  WM.   ALEXANDER,  M.P.,  12  Buckingham  Gate,  S.W.;  and 

18  £  19  Silk  Street,  Cripplegate,  E.C. 

fMcCoNNELL,  ARTHUR  J.,  8  Collingham  Gardens,  South  Kensington,  S.  W. 
McCoNNELL,  FREDERICK  V.,  37  Cranley  Gardens,  S.W. 
fMcCuLLOCH,  GEORGE,  184  Queen's  Gate,  S.W. 
MCDONALD,  JAMES  E.,  4  Chapel  Street,  Crippkgate,  E.  C. 
MCDONELL,  ARTHUR  W.,  2  Rectory  Place,  Portsmouth  Road,  Guildford. 
MCEACHARN,    SIR  MALCOLM   D.,    Overstone  Park,  Northampton;     and 

Billiter  Square  Buildings,  E.C. 
McEuEN,  DAVID  PAINTER,  24  Pcmbridge  Square,  W. 
MCFARLANE,  WILLIAM,  Messrs.  W.  Dunn  $  Co.,  43  Broad  Street  Avenue,  E.  C. 
McGAw,  JOHN  THOBURN,  Broomhall,  Warnham,  Horsham. 
MclLWRAiTH,  ANDREW,  Billiter  Square  Buildings,  E.C. 

J.  P.,  3  New  Basinghall  Street,  E.C. 
McKENziE,  FREDERICK  A.,  15  Museum  Mansion,  Great  Russell  Street,  W.C. 
MC.KERROW,  WILLIAM,  1  Minster  Road,   West    Hampstead,  N.  W. ;  and 

72  Fenohurch  Street,  E.C. 

MCLEAN,  NORMAN,  West  Hall,  Sherborne,  Dorset. 

MAGUIRE,  THOMAS  MILLER,  M.A.,  LL.D.,  12  Earl's  Court  Square,  S.W. 
MALCOMSON,  DAVID,  care  of  Messrs.  Coutts  $  Co.,  440  Strand,  W.C. 
MANLEY,  WILLIAM,  50  Croydon  Grove,  Croydon. 
t  MANNERS,  CHARLES,  237  King's  Road,  Chelsea,  S.W. 
MARDEN,  WILLIAM,  5  East  India  Avenue,  E.C. 


Year  of 
Election, 

1886 
1904 


1885 


1881 
1889 
1901 
1882 
1889 


1884 


1886 
1901 


1893 
1886 
1894 
1894 
1903 
1899 


1899 
1878 
1886 
1906 


1906 
1907 
1892 
1889 


1877 
1904 
1878 


1899 
1905 
1903 
1889 
1901 
1903 


1901 


1897 
1895 


1901 


Resident  Fellows,  395 


MARKS,  DAVID,  cjo  National  Provincial  Bank,  88  Cromwell  Road,  8.  W. 
MAHLBOROUGH,  His  GRACE  THE  DUKE  OF,  K.G  ,  38s  Curzon  Street,  W. ; 

and  Blenheim  Palace,  Woodstock. 
MARSDEN,  THE  EIGHT  REV.  BISHOP,  D.D.,  Dyrham  Lodge,  Clifton  Park, 

Bristol. 

MARSHALL,  ERNEST  LUXMOORE,  9  St.  Helen's  Place,  E.G. 
f MARSHALL,  HENRY  B.,  3  Throgmorton  Avenue,  E.G. 
MARSHALL,  LEGH  R.  H.,  Blackie  House,  University  Hall,  Edinburgh. 
f  MARTIN,  FRANCIS,  The  Grange,  Wroxham,  Norfolk. 
MARTIN,  JAMES,  Sunnyside,  58  Palace  Road,  Streatham  Hill,  8.  W. ;  and 

Suffolk  House,  Laurence  Pountney  Hill,  E.G. 
MATHERS,  EDWARD  P.,  6  Queen's  Gate  Terrace,  8.  W. ;  and  50  Old  Broad 

Street,  E.G. 

tMATHESON,  ALEX.  PERCEVAL,  National  Liberal  Club,  Whitehall  Place,  8.  W. 
MATHIESON,   JAMES    FRANCIS,  M.A.,    13    Langland    Gardens,  Finchley 

Road,N.W. 

MATON,  LEONARD  J.,  B.A.,  15  Cornwall  Gardens,  S.W. 
MATTHEWS,  JAMES,  Lemington  Hall,  Scotswood  R.S.O.,  Northumberland. 
MAURICE,  JOHN  A.,  Elm  Grove,  Dawlish. 
MEAD,  FREDERICK,  The  Moorings,  St.  Albans. 
f  MED  HURST,  FRANCIS  HASTINGS,  13  Victoria  Street,  S.W. 
JMEESON,  EDWARD   TDCKER,   K.N.,   2  Marchmont  Gardens,  Richmond, 

Surrey. 

tMEESON,  FREDERICK,  2  Marchmont  Gardens,  Richmond,  Surrey. 
MEINERTZHAGEN,  ERNEST  Louis,  4  Cheyne  Walk,  Chelsea,  S.  W. 
MELHUISH,  WILLIAM,  Constitutional  Club,  Northumberland  Avenue,  W.C. 
MELLISS,  JOHN  C.,  M.Inst.C.E.,   F.G.S.,   Denewood,   Hollycroft  Avenue, 

Hampstcad,  N.  W. 

MERCER,  WM.  ALEXANDER,  85  London  Wall,  E.G. 
MERTON,  THOMAS  D.,  32  Parliament  Hill,  N.  W. 
MESSER,  ALLAN  E.,  14  Old  Jewry  Chambers,  E.G. 
METCALFE,  SIR  CHARLES  H.  T.,  BART.,  Junior  Carlton  Club,  Pall  Mall, 

S.W. 

fMETCALFE,  FRANK  E.,  Gloucester  House,  Stonebridge  Park,  N.  W. 
METCALFE,  JOSEPH,  c\o  Bryant  Trading  Syndicate,  Broad  Street  Avenue,  E.  C. 
MEWBURN,  WILLIAM  K.,  J.P.,  cjo  Union  Bank  of  Australia,  71   CornhiH, 

E.G. 

fMicHAELis,  MAX,  Tandridge  Court,  Oxted,  Surrey. 
MICHELL,  SIR  LEWIS  L.,  Powyslea,  Halfitld  Road,  St.  Albans. 
MIGNON,  CAPTAIN  JEPSON  G.,  78  Elsham  Road,  Addison  Road,  W. 
MILLER,  CHARLES  A.  DUFF,  9  Warwick  Square,  8,W. 
MILLER,  EDWARD  H.,  142  Long  Acre,  W.C. 
MILLER,  JAMES,  The  Cottage,  Highwood  Hill,  Mill  Hill,  Middlesex;  and 

2  Billiter  Avenue,  E.G. 
tMiLLiGAN,  GEORGE,  Messrs.  Debenhams,  Limited,  18  St.  Helen's  Street, 

Montreal,  Canada. 

tMiLLs,  THOMAS,  Longdown  House,  Sandhurst,  Berks. 
MILNER,  THE  EIGHT  HON.  VISCOUNT,  G.C.B.,  G.C.M.G.,  47  Duke  Street, 

St  James',  S,  W. ;  Brooks 's  Club,  S.  W.  ;  ar.d  Slurry  Court,  Canterbury. 
MILNEH,  THOMAS  J.,  25  Albany  Road,  Stroud  Green,  N. 

o4 


396  Royal  Colonial  Institute. 

Year  of 
Election. 

1898 


1902 


1898 
1895 
1878 
1907 
1885 
1895 
1904 


1884 
1885 
1903 


1894 
1885 
1903 
1891 
1903 
1898 


1883 


1887 


1885 
1903 


1891 
1894 
1900 
1868 


1900 
1903 
1897 
1900 


1887 
1886 
1868 
1904 
1904 
1902 
1885 
1896 
1906 
1903 


MINTO,  H.E.  RT.   HON.  THE  EARL  OF,   G.M.S.I.,  G.C.M.G.,  G.M.I.E., 

Government,  House,  Calcutta  ;  and  Minto  House,  Hawick,  N.B. 
MITCHELL,  ERNEST  J.  D.,  M.A.,  M.B.,  M.R.C.S.,  IF  Oxford  and   Cam- 
bridge Mansions,  W. 

fMiTCHELL,  JAMES,  Lanherne,  Shillingford  Hill,  Wallingford,  Berks. 
fMiTCHELL,  JOHN  STEVENSON,  8  Chiswell  Street,  E.  C. 
MOCATTA,  ERNEST  G-.,  4  Throgmorton  Avenue,  E.G. 
MOFFAT,  ROBERT  UNWIN,  C.M.G.,  M.B.,  C.M.,  146  Harley  Street,  W. 
fMom,  ROBERT  N.,  5  Lyncroft  Gardens,  Hampstead,  N.  W. 
MULTENO,  PERCY  ALLPORT.  M.P.,  10  Palace  Court,  Bayswater,  W. 
MONK-BRETTON,  RIGHT  HON.  LORD,  C.B.,  16  Princes  Gardens,  S.W.;  and 

Conyboro,  Lewes. 

MONTEFIORE,  HERBERT  B.,  7  Belsize  Avenue,  N.  W. 
MONTEFIORE,  JOSEPH  G.,  14  Westbourne  Park  Road,  W. 
MONTGOMERY,  RT.  REV.  BISHOP  H.  H.,   D.D.,  Society  for  Propagation 

of  the  Gospel,  19  Delahay  Street,  S.W. 
fMooN,  EDWARD  R.  P.,  6  Onslow  Gardens,  S.  W. 
MOORE,  ARTHUR  CHISOLM,  23  Essex  Street,  Strand,  W.C. 
MOORE,  MAJOR  ARTHUR  T.,  R.E.,  The  Grange,  Gillingham,  Kent. 
MOORE,  YORK  T.  G.,  M.R.C.S.E.,  L.R.C  P.,  1  Lewisham  Hill,  8.E. 
MOORHEAD,  EDWARD,  P.  0.  B^>x  638,  Cape  Town,  Cape  Colony. 
MOORHEAD,  JAMES,  F.R.G.S.,  F.S.A.,  Royal  Societies  Club,  63  8t.  James  s 

Street,  S.W. 
fMooRHQUSE,  EDWARD,  care  of  Bank  of  New  Zealand,  1  Queen  Victoria 

Street,  E.G. 
MOOR-RADFORD,   ALFRED,  59    Queen's    Gardens,  Hyde  Park,  W.;  and 

2  Hare  Court,  Temple,  E.  C. 

MOREING,  CHARLES  ALGERNON,  M.Inst.C.E.,  F.G.S.,  Moore  Place,  Esher. 
MORGAN,  BENJAMIN  H.,  Queen  Anne's  Chambers,  Broadway,  Westminster, 

S.W. 

MORGAN,  LIEUT.-COLONEL  A.  HICKMAN,  D.S.O.,  14  Grosvenor  Place,  S.W. 
fMoRGAN,GwYN  VAUGHAN,  5  St.  James's  Street,  S.W. 
MORGAN,  PENRY  VAUGHAN,  7  Park  Lane,  W. 
MORGAN,  SEPTIMUS  VAUGHAN,  37  Harrington  Gardens,  South  Kensington, 

S.W.;  and  42  Cannon  Street,  E.G. 

MORGAN,  ALDERMAN  SIR  WALTUR  VAUGHAN,  BART.,  2  Whitehall  Court,  S.  W. 
MORSE,  GILBERT,  Crown  Brewery,  Lowestoft. 

,  JOHN  BOWES,  30  St.  Mary's,  York. 
MORRISON,   JAMES  K.,  10  Eton  Eoad,  South  Hampstead,   N.W. ;  and 

Thatched  House  Club,  St.  James's  Street,  S.  W. 

t  MORRISON,  JOHN  S.,  Thatched  House  Club,  St.  James's  Street,  S.W. 
MORRISON,  WALTER,  Malham  Tarn,  Settle ;  and  77  Cromwell  Eoad,  S.W. 
MORT,  WILLIAM,  1  Stanley  Crescent,  Notting  Hill,  W. 
MORTON,  RICHARD  F.,  38  Grange  Crescent,  Sharrow,  Sheffield. 
MOSELY,  ALFRED,  C.M.G.,  West  Lodge,  Hadley  Wood,  Barnet. 
MOSENTHAL,  GEORGE  J.  S.,  190  Queen's  Gate,  S.W. 
MOSENTHAL,  HABRY,  19  Green  Street,  W. 
MOULSDALE,  WILLIAM  E.,  24  Chapel  Street,  Liverpool. 
MUGFORD,  CAPTAIN  SAMUEL,  42  Cressida  Road,  Whitehall  Park,  N. 
MUIR,  WILLIAM  CLARK,  Royal  Exchange,  Glasgow. 


Resident  Fellows.  397 

Year  of 
Election. 

1902  '  MULLEB,  KOBERT,  52  New  Broad  Street,  E.G. 
1897      MUNN,  WINCHESTER,  Laver&toke,  near  Whitchurch,  Hants. 
1902   !  MURDOCH,  JOHN,  52  Leadenhall  Street,  E.G. 
]  896      MURE,  SIR  ANDREW,  4  McLaren  Road,  Newington,  Edinburgh. 
1899  '•  MURRAY,  THE  HON.  ALEXANDER  0.  (MASTER  OF  ELTBANK),  M.P.,  Juniper. 
Bank,  Walkerburn,  Peeblcsshire ;  and  Brookes  Club,  St.  James's  Street, 
•  S.W. 
1885      f  MURRAY,  CHARLES,  Eastcote  Place,  Pinner,  Middlesex. 


1904 
1901 


1901 


1875 
1906 
1889 
1887 
1885 
1881 
1886 
1894 
1888 
1903 
1881 
1893 
1904 


1882 
1889 
1888 
1896 
1896 
1886 
1904 


1891 
1903 
1896 
1889 
1878 
1894 


1891 


1904 
1906 
1897 
1888 


MURRAY,  COLIN  A.,  I.S.O.,  e\o  National  Provincial  Bank,  Folkestone. 
MURTON,  SIR  WALTER,  C.B.,  Saxbys,  Chislehurst ;  and  Devonshire  Club, 

St.  James's  Street,  S.  W. 
fMusGRAVE,  CAPTAIN  HERBERT,  R.E.,  Burst-on- Clay '6 ,  East  Grinstead. 


{NAIRN,  JOHN,  Napier,  New  Zealand. 

NATHAN,  FRANK  B.,  29  Brundenell  Avenue,  Leeds. 

NATHAN,  GEORGE  I.,  c\o  Messrs.  I.  Salaman  $•  Co. ,46  Monkrvell  Street,  E.G. 

{NATHAN,  JOSEPH  E.,  23  Pembridge  Gardens,  W. 

NATHAN,  Louis  A.,  Dash  wood  House,  9  New  Broad  Street ,  E.G. 

NATHAN,  N.  ALFRED,  28  Finsbury  Street,  E.G. 

,  ARTHUB,  Woodlands,  Selling,  Faversham. 
NEIL,  WILLIAM,  35  Walbrook,  E.  G. 

INEISH,  WILLIAM,  The  Laws,  Dundee;  and  Hogarth  Club,  Dover  Street,  W. 
NELSON,  SEPTIMUS  G-.,  Messrs.  Merry  weather  $  Song,  Greenwich  Road,  S.£. 
NELSON,  SmE.  MONTAGUE,  K.C.M.G.,  3  Whitehall  Court,  S.W. 
NELSON,  HAROLD,  15  Dowgate  Hill,  E.G. 
NESBITT,  ROBERT  C.,  2t3  Palace  Court,   W.;  and  7  Devonshire  Square, 

Bishopsgate,  E.G. 

NESS,  GAVIN  PARKER,  19  Porchester  Terrace,  Hyde  Park,  W. 
NESTLE,  WILLIAM  D.,  Winterbourne,  Brighton  Road,  Sutton,  Surrey. 
NEUMANN,  SIGMUND,  146  Piccadilly,  W. 
NEVILLE,  GEORGE  W.,  18  Sussex  Place,  Regent's  Park,  N.W. 
tNEWMARCH,  JOHN,  Chasewood,  Caterham  Valley,  Surrey. 
NICHOL,  ROBERT,  57  Eltham  Road,  Lee,  S.E. 
fNiCHOLAs,   WILLIAM,   F.G.S.,   c\o   National   Bank  of  Australasia,  123 

e  Street,  E.G. 
NICHOIXS,  ALFRED  M.,  8  Courtfield  Gardens,  S.W. 
NICHOLLS,  HORACE  W.,  9  Amkerst  Avenue,  Ealing,  W. 
NICHOLS,  ABTHUB,  Bank  of  Egypt,  26  Old  Broad  Street,  E.G. 
fNivisoN,  ROBEBT,  76  Cornhill,  E.  C. 

NORTH,  FREDERIC  WILLIAM,  F.G.S.,  142  Portsdown  Road,  W. 
NORTHCLIFFE,  RT.  HON.  LORD,  36  Berkeley  Square,  W. ;  and  Elmwood, 

St.  Peters,  Kent. 
fNoRTHESK,  RIGHT  HON.  THE  EARL  OF,  6  Hans  Crescent,  S.  W. 

OAK,  WILLIAM  PERCIVAL,  M.Inst.C.E.,  13  Colvil'e  Gardens,  Bayswater,  W. 
O'FABBELL,  THOMAS  A.,  J.P.,  30  Landowne  Road,  Dublin. 
OMMANNEY,  CHARLES  H.,  C.M.G.,  3  Great  Winchester  Street,  E.G. 
OMMANNEY,   SIB  MONTAGU  F.,  G.C.M.G.,  K.C.B.,  I.S.O.,  10  Prince  of 
Wales  Terrace,  W. 


398  R'rijal  Colonial  Institute. 


Year  of 
Election. 

1889 


1904 
1903 
1904 
1883 
1897 


1889 
1872 


1904 


1897 
1902 
1897 
1899 
1880 
1889 
1879 
1890 


1889 
1893 
1885 


1902 
1897 
1888 
1886 
1902 
1887 


1898 
1881 
1877 
1885 
1877 
1896 


1896 
1903 
1894 


1907 


1886 


1884 


ONSLOW,  RT.  HON.  THE  EARL  OP,  G.C.M.G.,  7  Richmond  Terrace,  White- 
hall, 8.  W. ;  and  Clandon  Park,  Guildford. 

OPPENHEIMER,  BERNARD,  7o  Bickenhall  Mansions,  W. 

OKFORD,  CHARLES  T.,  43  Bloomsbury  Square,  W.C. 

OSBORN,  EDWARD  B.,  41  Grove  End  Road,  N.W. 

fOsBORNE,  CAPTAIN  FRANK,  Harbury  Hall,  Leamington. 

OSTROROG,  COUNT  STANISLAUS  J.,  F.R.G.S.,  5  Netherton  Grove,  Chelsea, 
S.W. 

OTTERSON,  ALFRED  S.,  Durward  House,  Kensington  Court,  W. 

OTWAY,  RIGHT  HON.  SIR  ARTHUR  JOHN,  BART.,  34  Eaton  Square,  £.  W.  ; 
and  Athencsum  Club,  Pall  Mall,  8.  W. 

OWEN-JONES,  JOHN,  Trigfa,  Shortmead  Street,  Biggleswade. 


PACE,  DAVID  S.,  Marieville,  Newton  Stewart,  N.B. 
fPALioLOGus,  AUGUSTUS  L.,  47  Beckenham  Road,  BecJcenham. 
PALMER,  CAPT.  RICHARD  E.,  Oaklands  Park,  Newdigate,  Surrey. 

THOMAS. 
PARBURT,  CHARLES,  3  De  Vere  Gardens,  Kensington,  W. 

CAPTAIN  JAMES  L.,  Logan,  Blake  Hall  Road,  Wanstead,  N.E. 
PARFITT,CAPTAIN  WILLIAM,  62Foyle  Road,  Westcombe  Parl,Blackhea.th,  S.E. 
tPARKER,  SIR  GILBERT,  M.P.,  20   Carlton  House   Terrace,  S.W. ;   and 

Homestall,  East  Grinstead. 

fPARKER,  HENRY,  Vale  View  Cottage,  Tring  Hill,  Tring. 
f  PARKIN,  GEORGE  R.,  C.M.G.,  M.A.,  LL.D.,  17  Waterko  Place,  S.W. 
PARKINGTON,  SIR  J.  ROPER,  J.P.,  D.L.,  24  Crutched Friars,  E.G.  ;  6  Devon- 
shire Place,  W.  ;  and  United  Service  Club,  Pall  Mall,  S.W. 
PARKINSON,  THOMAS  W.,  M.D.,  77  Sloane  Street,  S.W. 
PARR,  REV.  EDWARD  G-.  C.,  1  Bolton  Gardens,  South  Kensington,  S.W. 
PASTEUR,  HENRY,  Wynches,  Much  Hadham,  Herts. 
f  PATERSON,  J.  GLAISTER,  27  Pembridge  Gardens,  Bayswater,  W. 
PATBRSON,  JAMES  GOWANS,  Billiter  Buildings,  E.G. 
f  PATTERSON,  MYLES,  Southover,  Tolpuddle,  Dorchester  ;  and  Oriental  Club, 

Hanover  Square,  W. 

PAUL,  ALEXANDER,  32  Upper  Park  Road,  Haverstock  Hill,  N.W. 
fPEACE,  SIR  WALTER,  K.C.M.G.,  I.S.O.,  83  Victoria  Street,  S.W. 
PEACOCK,  GEORGE,  27  Milton  Street,  Fore  Street,  E.G. 

GEORGE  HERBERT,  B.A.,  LL.B.,  Bawtry  Hall,  Yorks. 
f  PEARCE,  EDWARD,  Oriental  Club,  Hanover  Square,  W. 
f  PEARSON,  SIR  WEETMAN  D.,  BART.,  M.P.,  Paddockhurst,  Worth,  Sussex ; 

and  10  Victoria  Street,  S.  W. 

f  PEMBERTON,  COLONEL  ERNEST,  R.E.,  6B  The  Albany,  Piccadilly,  W. 
PEEL,  THE  HON.  GEORGE,  M.A.,  3  Cleveland  Square,  St.  James's,  S.  W. 
PENDER,  SIR  JOHN  DENISON,  K.C.M.G.,  Eastern  Telegraph  Co.,  Electra 

House,  Moor  gate,  E.G. 
PENFOLD,   HAROLD   L.,   St.   John's    College,    Cambridge ;    and  Bendigo, 

Victoria. 
I-PENNEFATHER,  F.  W.,  LL.D.,  Rathsallagh,   Colbinstonm,  Co.  Wicldow, 

Ireland. 
PENNEY,  EDWARD  C.,  8  West  Hill,  Sydenham,  S.E. 


Resident  Fellows.  399 

Year  of 
Election. 

1899  PERCEVAL,  SPRNCER  A.,  16  Southsea  Terrace,  Southsea. 

1892  PERCEVAL,  SIR  WESTBY  B.,  K.C.M.G.,  20  Copthall  Avenue,  E.G. 

1895  PERKS,    EGBERT     WM.,    M.P.,     A.M.Inst-.O.E..    11     Kensington    Palace 

Gardens,  W. 

1880  PERRING,  CHARLES,  Oxford  and  Cambridge  Club,  Pall  Mall,  S.W. 

1902  PERRY,  EOBTNSON  G.,  Glendyne,  Eaton  Rise,  Ealing,  W. 

1879  fPETHERicK,  EDWARD  A.,  18  Hopton  Road,  Streathnm,  S.W, 

1872  fPiiiLipsoN-STOW,  SIR    FREDERICK   S.,  BART.,  Blackdown  House,    Fern- 

hurst  ,  Sussex  ;  and  Union  Club,  Trafalgar  Square,  S.  W. 

1884  f  PHILLIPS, LIONEL,  P.O.  Box  149,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
1901  PICK.WOAD,  EOBERT  W.,  16  Comeragh  Road,  West  Kensington,  W. 
1897  PIPER,  WILLIAM  F.,  cjo  J.  A.  Smallbones,  Esq.,  27  Milton  Street,  E.G. 
1897  PITTS,  THOMAS,  C.B.,  St.  Stephen's  House,  Victoria  Embankment,  S.W. 
1888  IPLANT,  HON.  EDMUND  H.  T.,  M.L.C.,  Charters  Towers,  Queensland. 
1882  PLEYDELL,  T.  G.,  63  St.  James's  Street,  S.W.  ;  and  East  Sussex  Club,  St. 

Leonards-on-Sea. 

1904  PLUMPTRE,  JOHN  VALLIS  NICHOLL,  133  Thurlow  Park  Road,  West  Ditlwich. 

S.E. 

1905  f  POLLOCK,  SIR  FREDERICK,  BART.,  21  Hyde  Park  Place,  W. 

1897  fPoNSONBY,  EEV.   S.    GORDON,    The  Rectory,  Devonport ;    and    57    St. 

James's  Street,  S.  W. 

1900  PONTIFEX,  ARTHUR  E. 

1869  tPooRE,  MAJOR  E.,  Old  Lodge,  Salisbury. 

1892  PORTER,  EOBERT,  37  Chalmers  Street,  Edinburgh. 

1885  tPoTTER,  JOHN  WILSON,  2  Fenchurch  Avenue,  E.G. 

1873  PRANCE, EEGINALD  H.,  The  Ferns,  Frognal,  Hampstcad,  N.W. 

1882  PRANKERD,  PERCY  J.,  Woolacombe,  Park  Hill,  Carshalton,  Surrey. 
ii>04     PRATT,  ED\VIN  A.,  Mount  Bank,  Farnborough,  S.O.,  Kent. 

1868     PRATT,  J.  J.,  79  Queen  Street,  Cheapside,  E.G. 

1901  PRATT,  J.  JERRAM,  JUN.,  The  Eagles,  West  Hill,  Highgate,  N. 

1885  PREECE,  SIR  WM.   HENRY,  K.C.B.,   F.E.S.,  M.Inst.C.E.,   Gothic  Ledge, 

Wimbledon,  S.W. 

1883  PREVITE,  JOSEPH  WEEDON,  Oak  Lodge,  Pond  Road,  Blackheath,  S.E. 

1 898  f  PKICE»  HENRY  J. 

1906  PRIESTLEY,  W.  E.  BRIGGS,  M.P.,    Queen  Anne's  Mansions,  S.W.;  and 

65  Vicar  Lane,  Bradford. 

1 886  PRILLEVITZ,  J.  M.,  Margaret  Lndge,  94  Finchley  Road,  N.  W. 
1875      PRINCE,  JOHN  S.,   28  De  Vere  Gardens,  W. 

1891     PRITCHARD,  LIEUT.-GENERAL  SIR  GORDON  D.,  E.E.,  K.C.B.,  United  Service 

Club,  Pall  Mall,  S.W. 
1882     PROBYN,  SIR  LESLEY,  K.C.V.O.,  79  Onslow  Square,  S.W. 

1899  PROBYN,  LIEUT. -COLONEL  CLIFFORD,  J.P.,  55  Grosvenor  Street,  W. 

1901     PUCKLE,  HENRY  LEONARD,  North  Queensland  Insurance  Co.,  Ingram  Court, 

Fenchurch  Street,  E.G. 

1894     PTJLESTON,  SIR  JOHN  HENRY,  2  Whitehall  Court,  S.W. 
1882     PURVIS,  GILBERT,  5  Bow  Churchyard,  E.G. 

1905     QUILTER,  FREDERIC  E.,  68  Victoria  Street,  S.W. 

1899      QUILTER,  SIR  W.  CUTHBERT,  BART.,  74  South  Audley  Street,   W.;  and 
Bawdsey  Manor,  Woodbridge. 


400  Royal  Colonial  Institute. 


Year  of 
Election. 

1884 


RADCLIFFE,  P.  COPLESTON,    Derriford,  Crown  Hill  B.S.O.  Devon;  and 

Union  Club,  8.W. 

RAIT,  GEORGE  THOMAS,  70  $•  71  Bishopsgate  Street  Within,  E.G. 
RALEIGH,  SIR  THOMAS,  K.C.S.I.,  Athen&um  Club,  Pall  Mall,  S.W. 
RALLI,  PANDELI,  1 7  Belgrade  Square,  S.  W. 
RAMSAY,  ROBERT,  Howletts,  Canterbury. 
RAMSDEN,  RICHARD,  Siddinghurtt,  Chiddiwgfold,  Godalming. 
tRANDALL,  EUGENE  T.,  cjo  Commercial  Bank  of  Sydney,  18  BircMn  Lane, 

E.G. 
fRANKiN,  SIR  JAMES,  BART.,  35  Ennismore  Gardens,  8.  W. ;  and  Bryngwyn, 

Hereford. 

RANSOME,  BERTRAM  C.,  Shirleigh,  St.  Edmund's  Road,  Ipswich. 
RASON  HON.   CORNTHWAITE  H.  (Agent- General  for   Western  Australia}, 

15  Victoria  Street. 

fRAW,  GEORGE  HENRY,  96  Gresham  House,  Old  Broad  Street,  E.G. 
RAWES,  LiEUT.-CoLONEL  WM.  WOODWARD,  R.A.,  Junior  United  Service 

Club,  Charles  Street,  S.W. 

RAWSON,  WM.  STEPNEY,  M.A.,  M.I.E.E.,  23  Fitzroy  Square,  W. 
READMAN,    JAMES    BURGESS,   D.Sc.,   Mynde   Park,  Tram   Inn,    P.S.O., 

Hereford. 

JREAY,  RT.  HON.  LORD,  G.C.S.I.,  G.C.I.E.,  6  Great  Stanhope  Street,  W. 
REEVES,  HUGH  WM.,  42  Old  Broad  Street,  E.G. 
REEVES,  HON.  WILLIAM  PEMBER  (High  Commissioner  for  New  Zealand), 

13  Victoria  Street,  S.W. 

REID,  EDWARD  V.,  Messrs.  Dalgety  $  Co.,  94  Bishopsgate  Street,  E.G. 
REMINGTON,  JOHN  S.,  Aynsome,  Grange-over- Sands,  Lanes. 
RENNIE,  GEORGE  B.,  20  Lowndes  Street,  S.  W. 
RENNIE,  GEORGE  HALL,  6  East  India  Avenue,  E.  C. 
fRENTON,  J.H.,  5  Whittington  Avenue,  E.G. 
REYNOLDS-BALL,  EUSTACE  A.,  B.A.,  16  Eaton  Rise,  Eating,  W.;  and  27 

Chancery  Lane,  W.C. 
REYNOLDS,  EDWARD  C.,  National  Bank  of  South  Africa,  London   Wall 

Buildings,  Circus  'Place,  E.G. 

f  RICHARDS,  GEORGE,  3  Kensington  Palace  Gardens,  W. 
RICHARDS,  ROGER  C.,  2  King's  Bench  Walk,  Temple,  E.G. 
RICHARDSON,  CAPTAIN  ERNALD  E.,  J.P.,  Glanbrydan  Park,  Carmarthen- 
shire. 

RICHMOND,  JAMES,  Monzie  Castle,  Crieff,  N.B. 
RIDDELL,  PATRICK,  Messrs.  F.  Bailey  $  Co.,  59  Mark  Lane,  E.G. 
RIDGEWAY,RT.  HON.  SIR  J.  WEST,  G.C.B.,  G.C.M.G.,K.C.S.L,  Athenaum 

Club,  Pall  Mall,  S.W. 

RIPPON,  JOSEPH,  33  Old  Broad  Street,  E.G. 
RIVINGTON,  W.  JOHN,  " British  Trade  Journal,"  24  Mark  Lane,  E.G.; 

and  21  Gledhow  Gardens,  S.W. 
ROBERTS,  G.  Q.,  M.A.,  St.  Thomas's  Hospital,  S.E. 
ROBERTS,  JAMES,  Perran  House,  Perranporth  E.S.O.,  Cornwall. 
ROBERTS,  RICHARD  NEVLLL,  95  Finchley  Road,  N.  W. 
ROBERTSON,  LIETJT.-COLONEL  SIR  DONALD,  K.C.S.I.,  Mylor  House,  Ascot. 
ROBERTSON,  SIR  GEORGE  SCOTT,  K.C.S.I.,  M.P.,  2  Mitre  Court  Buildings, 
Temple,  E.G.;  and  Severe  Cottage,  Claines,  Worcester. 


Year  ol 
Election. 

1869 


1903 
1906 


1894 
1889 


1878 


1896 
1905 


1898 
1885 
1888 
1875 
1897 
1906 
1888 
1878 
1879 


1906 
1881 


1905 
1905 
1905 
1880 


1881 
1883 
1894 
1906 
1890 
1881 
1899 
1883 
1879 
1875 
1907 


1875 
1898 
1891 
1889 


1885 
1881 


Resident  Fellows.  401 


KOBINSON,  MAJOR-GENERAL  C.  W.,  C.B.,  Beverley  House,  38  Eaton  Rise, 
Eating,  W. ;  and  Army  $  Navy  Club,  Pall  Mall,  S.  W. 

ROBINSON,  FREDERICK  A.,  A.Inst.C.E.,  M.I.M.E.,  54  Old  Broad  St.,  KC. 

ROBINSON,  SIR  J.  CLIFTON,  J.P.,  Keith  House,  Porchester  Gate,  W.  ;  and 
16  Great  George  Street,  8.W. 

fRoBiNsoN,  JOSEPH  B.,  Dudley  House,  Park  Lane,  W. 

fRoBiNSON,  THOMAS  B.,  Messrs.  McUwraith,  McEacharn  $  Co.,  Billitcr 
Square  Buildings,  E.C. 

ROBINSON,  SIR  WILLIAM,  G.C.M.G.,  28  Evelyn  Mansions,  Carlisle  Place, 
S.  W. ;  and  Windham  Club,  St.  James's  Square,  S.  W. 

ROBSON,  CHARLES  R.,  Union  Club,  Trafalgar  Square,  S.  W. 

ROGER,  GEORGE,  75  Fitzjohn's  Avenue,  Hampstead,  N.W.;  and  4  Lloyds 
Avenue,  E.C. 

ROLLO,  THE  HON.  GILBERT,  50  South  Eaton  Place,  S.  W. 

ROME,  ROBERT,  2  Harewood  Place,  Hanover  Square,  W. 

•[•RONALD,  BYRON  L.,  14  Upper  Phillimore  Gardens,  W. 

RONALD,  R.  B.,  Pemhury  Grange,  near  Tunbriclge  Wells. 

ROOT,  JOHN,  JUN.,  Fairlawn,  Ewell. 

ROPER,  EDWARD  WM.,  c\o  Bank  of  New  Zealand,  1  Queen  Victoria  St.,  E.C. 

ROPER,  FREEMAN,  M.A.  Oxon.,  Forde  Abbey,  Chard. 

ROSE,  B.  LANCASTER,  1  Cromwell  Road,  South  Kensington,  S.  W. 

ROSE,  CHARLES  D.,  M.P.,  53  Berkeley  Square,  W.  ;  and  Hardwick  House, 
Pangbourne,  Beading. 

ROSE,  THOMAS  L.  MARWOOD,  Queen  Anne's  Mansions,  S.  W. 

fRosEBERY,  RIGHT  HON.  THE  EARL  OF,  K.G.,  K.T.,  38  Berkeley  Square, 
W. ;  and  Dalmeny,  near  Edinburgh,  N.B. 

Ross,  ARTHUR,  St.  Clements,  Carshalton  Road,  Button,  Sumy. 

Ross,  ARTHUR,  JUN.,  F.I.C.,  F.C.S.,  1  Glengall  Road,  Peckham,  S.E. 

Ross,  JAMBS  W.  G.,  143  Mitcham  Lane,  Streatham,  S.W. 

Ross,  JOHN,  Morven,  6  North  Hill,  Highgate,N.  ;  and,  119  Finsbury  Pave- 
ment, E.C. 

fRoTH,  H.  LING,  Briarfield,  Shibden,  Halifax. 

,  A.  A.,  Mill  Hall,  Cuckfield,  Sussex. 

ROTHWELL,  GEORGE,  5  Throgmorton  Avenue,  E.C. 

HENRY  VINCENT,  14  Sumner  Place,  Onslow  Square,  S.W. 

ROYDS,  EDMUND  M.,  Windham  Club,  St.  James's  Square,  S.  W. 

fRuDD,  CHARLES  D.,  8  Old  Jewry,  E.  C. ;  and  98  Mount  Street,  W. 

RUDD,  FRANK  M.,  New  Oxford  and  Cambridge  Club,  Pall  Matt,  S.  W. 

fRuNCHMAN,  M.  S.,  3  Adams  Court,  Old  Broad  Street,  E.C. 

RUSSELL,  CAPTAIN  A.  H.,  Fyning  House,  Rogate,  Petersfield. 

RUSSELL,  G.  GREY,  c\o  Messrs.  Weddel  $  Co.,  16  St.  Helen's  Place,  E.G. 

RUSSELL,  PATRICK  N.,  c\o   Agent-General  for    Transvaal,   72    Victoria 
Street,  S.  W. 

RUSSELL,  THOMAS,  Haremere,  Etchingham,  Sussex. 

RUSSELL,  THOMAS  J.,  London  $  Westminster  Bank,  41  Lothbury*E*C* 

RUSSELL,  WM.  CECIL,  Haremere,  Etchingham,  Sussex. 

RUTHERFORD,  H.  K.,  Saloms  Court,  Banstcad,  Epsom. 

SAALFELD,  ALFRED,  The  Elms,  Bickley,  Kent. 
PHILIP,  87  AMersqaU  Stftre.tut,  E.C. 


402  Royal  Colonial  Institute. 

Year  of 
Election. 

1902 


1902 
1898 
1887 


1873 
1891 


1890 


1898 
1885 
1897 
1904 
1883 


1895 
1885 
1900 
1905 
1896 
1897 
1885 


1884 


1885 


1886 
1885 
1904 


1893 
1906 
1905 
1881 

1904 


1891 


1887 
1871 
1898 


1907 
1888 
1900 
1898 


1885 


SAMUEL,  SIR  EDWARD  L.,  BART.,  3  Lancaster  Gate,  W. 

SAMUEL,  HENRY,  1 1  Cleveland  Square,  Hyde  Park,  W. 

SANDEMAN,  ALASTAIR  C.,  62  Mark  Lane,  E.G. 

SANDOVER,  WILLIAM,  Ashburton,  Richmond  Hill,  Surrey ;  and.  3  Lloyds 

Avenue,  E.G. 

SASSOON,  ARTHUR,  12  Lcadenhall  Street,  E.G. 
fSAUNDERS,  FREDERIC  J.,  F.R.G.S.,  Cambridge  House,   Harmondsworth, 

Yiewsley,  Middlesex. 
SAUNDERS,  SIR  FREDERICK  R.,  K.C.M.G  ,  47  The  Drive,  Hove,  Sussex; 

ani  Conservative  Club,  St.  James's  Street,  S.  W. 
SAVAGE,  PERCY  H,,  Blomfield  House,  85  London  Watt,  E.G. 
SAVAGE,  WM,  FREDK.,  Blomfield  House,  85  London  Wall,  E.G. 
SAVILL,  WALTER,  9  Queen's  Gardens,  West  Brighton. 
SAWTELL,  WILLIAM  ARTHUR,  39  Deauville  Road,  Clapham  Park,  8.  W. 
SAWYER,  ERNEST   E.,    M.A.,    C.E.,    20   Devonshire    Terrace,   Lancaster 

Gate,  W. 

SCAMMELL,  EDWARD  T.,  61  Marmora  Road,  Honor  Oak,  S.E. 
tScARTH,  LEVESON  E.,  M.A.,  84  Oakwood  Court,  Kensington,  W. 
SCHIFF,  ARTHUR,  652  Salisbury  House,  London  Wall,  E.G. 
SCHILLING,  FRANK  J.,  4  Stratford  Place,  W. 

SCHLICH,  WILLIAM,  Ph.D.,  C.I.E.,  F.R.S.,  29  Banbury  Road,  Oxford. 
SCHMIDT,  ROBERT  F.  W.,Ph.D.,  F.R.G.S.,  39  Clarendon  Road,  Putney,  S.W. 
SCHWARTZE,  C.  E.  R.,  M.A.,  8   Cambridge  Gate.  Regent's  Park,  N.W.  ; 

and  Conservative  Club,  St.  James's  Street,  8.  W. 
SCONCE,  CAPTAIN  G-.  COLQUHOUN,  1  Wetherby  Gardens,  South  Kensington, 

S.W. 
SCOTT,  ARCHIBALD  E.,   Rotherfield  Park,   Alton,    Hants;   and     United 

University  Club,  Pall  Mall  East,  S.  W. 
SCOTT,  CHARLES  J.,  Hilgay,  Guildford. 
SCOTT,  WALTER  H.,  M.Inst.C.E.,  Park  Road,  East  Molesey. 
SCRIVENER,   F.   A.,    Commercial  Banking  Co.   of  Sydney,    18   Birchin 

Lane,  E.G. 

SCRUTTON,  JAMES  HERBERT,  9  Gracechurch  Street,  E.G. 
SEBAG-MONTEFIORE,  ROBERT  M.,  B.A.,  East  Cliff  Lodge,  Ramsgate. 

,  ALFRED  M.,  105  Oakwood  Court,  Kensington,  W. 
SELBY,  PRIDEAUX,  Koroit,  Chepstow  Road,  Croydon. 
SKLLAR,  GERARD  H.  CRAIG,  75  Cromwell  Road,  8.  W. ;  and  Littlegreen. 

Petersfield,  Hants. 
SEMPLE,  JAMES  C.,  F.R.G-.S.,  Cranhurst,  Beechwood  Avenue,  Kew  Gardens, 

Surrey. 

SENIOR,  EDWARD  NASSAU,  147  Cannon  Street,  E.G. 
SEROCOLD,  G.  PEARCE,  156  Sloane  Street,  S.W. 
SETTLE,  MAJOR-GENERAL   SIR   HENRY  H.,  R.E.,  K.C.B.,  D.S.O.,  United 

Service  Club,  Pall  Matt,  S.W, 
SHAND,  ALEXANDER  ALLAN,  62  Beulah  Hill,  S.E. 
SHAND,  JOHN  LOUDOUN,  24  Rood  Lane,  E.  C. 
SHELDRICK,  JOHN  S.,  96  Gresham  House,  E.G. 
SHELFORD,   FREDERIC,  B.Sc.,  M.Inst.C.E.,  F.R.G.S.,    35A   Great  George 

Street,  Westminster,  8.  W. 
SHERLOCK,  WILLIAM  H.,  West  Vieiv,  Caterham,  Surrey. 


Resident  Fellows.  403 

Year  of 
Election. 

1874  SHIPSTER,  HENRY  F.,  10  Ladbroke  Square,  W.;  and  Conservative  Club,  St. 

James's  Street,  S.  W. 

1887  fSniRE,  ROBERT  W.,  Penrith,  11  Terrapin  Road,  Upper  Tooting,  S.W. 

1883  SHORT,  CHARLES,  Office  of"  The  Argus"  80  Fleet  Street,  E.G. 

1885  SIDEY,  CHARLES,  8  Upper  Phillimore  Gardens,  Campden  Hill,  W. 

1905  SIDEY,  JAMES  W.,  Rotherhurst,  Rotherfield,  Tunbridge  Wells. 

1883  tSlLVEB>  COLONEL  HUGH  A.,  23  Redcliffe  Square,  S.W. 

1887  SIMEON,  REV.  PHILIP  B.,  M.A.,  Lathbury  Rectory,  Newport  Pagnell. 
1883  tSiMPSON,  MAJOR  FRANK,  Naval  and  Military  Club,  Piccadilly ',  W. 

1892  ^SIMPSON,  T.  BOUSTEAD,  59  Rutland  Gate,  S.W. 

1888  tSiNCLAm,  AUGUSTINE  W.,  L.R.C.P.,  L.R.C.S.  (Edin.),  Rock  House,  South 

Petherton,  Somerset. 
1885     SINCLAIR,  DAVID,  65  Russell  Square,  W.C. ;  and  19  Silver  Street,  E.G. 

1895  SKINNER,  WILLIAM  BANKS,  Scotswood,  Arkley,  High  Barnet. 

1896  SLADE,  GEORGE,  18  Laurence  Pountney  Hill,  E.G. 

1887  fSLADE,  HENRY  G.,  F.R.G.S.,  Heytesbiiry,  Wilts. 

1894  SLADEN,  ST.  BARBE  RUSSELL,  1  Delahay  Street,  S.W. 

1899  SLATTER,  EDMUND  M.,  Hawkmoor,  Bovey  Tracey,  Devon. 
1891      tSMABT»  FKANCIS  G.,  M.A.,  Bredbury,  Tunbridge  Wells. 

1901     SMART,  WILLIAM,  Standard  Bank  of  South  Africa,  10  Clement's  Lane,  KC. 
1901      SMITH.  ALEXANDER  CDRRIE,  Rokeby,  Surbiton. 

1888  SMITH,  RT.  HON.  SIR  CECIL  CLEMENTI,  G.C.M.G.,  The  Garden   House, 

Wheathampstead,  St.  Albans. 

1889  fSMiTH,  D.  JOHNSTONE,  142  St.  Vincent  Street,  Glasgow. 

1900  SMITH,  DANIEL  WARRES,  Birkby  House,  Bickley,  Kent. 
1898     SMITH,  EDWIN,  Coburg  Hotel,  Carlos  Place,  W. 

1872     SMITH,  SIR  FRANCIS  VILLENEUVE,  19  Harrington  Gardens,  South  Kensing- 
*  ton,  S.W. 

1895  SMITH,  LT.-COLONEL  SIR  GERARD,  K.C.M.G.,  Hoi  ford  House,  Baldock, 

Herts. 

1880     tSMITH>  JOSEPH  J.,  Constitutional  Club,  Northumberland  Avenue,  W.C. 
1905      SMITH,  LINDSAY  CLIVE. 

1896  SMITH,  RICHARD  TILDEN,  4  Copthall  Avenue,  E.G. 
1887     SMITH,  THOMAS,  35  Northcote  Avenue,  Ealing,  W. 

1907     SMITH,  THOMAS  F.,  Melford  Lodge,  Manor  Road,  Wellington,  Surrey. 
1898     SMITH,  THE  HON.  WM.  F.  D.,  M.P.,  3  Grosvenor  Place,  S.  W.  ;  and  Green, 
lands,  Henley-on-Thames. 

1 880  fSMiTH,  SIR  WILLLIAM  F.  HAYNES,  K.C.M.G.,  Queens  Acre,  Windsor. 
1887     SMITH-REWSE,  EUSTACE  A.,  Conservative  Club,  St.  James's  Street,  S.W. 

1 893  SMYTH,  REV.  STEWART,  St.  Mark's  Vicarage,  Silvertown,  E. 

1901  SNELL,  CHARLES  R. 

1881  fSoMERviLLE,   ARTHUR   FowNES,   Ditider  House,    Wells,  Somerset;    and 

Oxford  and  Cambridge  Club,  Pall  Mall,  S.  W. 
1907      SOLOMON,   HON.   SIR  RICHARD,   K.C.B.,   K.C.M.G.   (Agent- General  for 

Transvaal),  72  Victoria  Street,  S.W. 

1896     fSoNN,  GUSTAV,  428  Salisbury  House,  London  Wall,  E.G. 
1874     SOPEH,  WM.  GARLAND,  B.A.,  J.P.,   Harestone,    Cater  ham    Valley;  and 

Devonshire  Club,  St.  James's  Street,  S.  W. 
1 886  SPANIER,  ADOLF,  30  Maresfield  Gardens,  N.  W. 
1905^  SPARROW,  REGINALD  G.,  Lenton  Avenue,  The  Park,  Nottingham. 


404  Royal  Colonial  Institute. 


Yea*  of 
Election. 

1899 
1889 
1890 
1905 
1902 
1888 


1887 
1883 
1905 
1881 
1893 
1891 
1895 


1886 


1883 


1903 


1878 


1905 
1904 
1900 
1896 


1902 
1902 
1896 
1882 
1905 
1905 
1881 
1907 
1874 


1899 


1877 


1901 
1893 
1900 
1875 
1873 


1898 
1880 


f SPEAK,  JOHN,  The  Grange,  Kirton,  Boston. 

SPENCE,  EDWIN  J.,  Totara,  20  Lunham  Road,  Upper  Norwood,  S.E. 

SPBNCE,  COLONEL  JOHN,  Biddlesden  Park,  Brackley,  Northants. 

SPENCE,  WILLIAM  R.,  Sunnyside,  Hildavi'.le  Drivi,  Westcliff-on-Sea. 

SPENSLEY,  HOWARD,  Westoning  Manor,  Ampthill. 

SPICER,  Sm  ALBERT,  BART.,  M.P.,  10  Lancaster  Gate,  W, ;  and  Brancepeth 

House,  Woodford,  Essex. 

SPIERS,  FELIX  WILLIAM,  68  Lowndes  Square,  S.  W. 
f  SPROSTON,  HUGH. 

SPROULE,  MILTON,  Noxon  Co.  Ltd ,  81  Bunhill  Row,  E.C. 
SQUIRES,  WILLIAM  HERBERT,  Hilton,  Worcester  Eoad,  Malvern  Link. 
STAMFORD,  EIGHT  HON.  THE  EARL  OF,  Dunham  Massey  Hall,  Altrincham. 
STANFORD,  EDWARD,  12  Long  Acre,  W.C. 

f  STANFORD,   WILLIAM,  %  Lynwilg,   Lanark    Eoad,   Juniper    Green,    Mid- 
lothian, N.B. 
fSTANLET,  WALMSLET,  M.Inst.C.E.,  85  Leigham  Court  Road,  Streatham 

Hill.S.W. 
STANMORE,  RIGHT  HON.  LORD,  G.C.M.G-.,  Athenaum  Club,  Pall  Mall, 

8.W.  ;  and  The  Red,  House,  Ascot. 
STARK,  W.  EMERY,  F.R.G-.S.,  Rydal  Lodge,   New  Park  Road,  Clapham 

Park,  S.W.;  and  Constitutional  Club,  W.C. 
STARKE,  J.  GK  HAMILTON,  M. A.,  F.S.A.  (Scot.),  Troqueer  Holm,  near  Dum  - 

fries,  N.B. 

STARKEY,  RICHARD  WM.,  Penmaen,  Hampton  Wick,  Middlesex. 
STATHAM,  WILLIAM,  The  Redings,  Totteridge,  Herts. 

,  ALFRED,  4  Chelsea  Court,  S.  W. 
STEINTHAL,  ANTON  E.,  7  Harley  Street,  W. ;  and  cjo  Messrs.  A.  Goetz  fy 

Co.,  20  Bishopsgate  Street,  E.C. 

STEPHEN,  NOEL  CAMPBELL,  61  Stanhope  Gardens,  S.W. 
STEPHEN,  THOMAS,  65  London  Wall,  E.C. 
STEVENS,  CHARLES  W.,  16  Great  St.  Helens,  E.C. 
STEWART,  CHARLES  W.  A.,  2  Marchmont  Road,  Richmond,  Surrey. 
STEWART,  HAROLD  C.,  Ebor  House,  East  Sheen,  Mortlakc,  S.W. 
STEWART,  JOSIAH,  94  Queen  Victoria  Street,  E.C. 
STEWART,  ROBERT  M.,  5  Sandrock  Road,  Tunbridge  Wells. 

,  WM.  BURTON,  3  Rutland  Gate,  S.  W. 
f  STIRLING,   SIR  CHARLES  E.    F.,    BART.,    Glorat,    Milton   of    Campsie, 

N.B. ;  and  Junior  Carlton  Club,  Pall  Mall,  S.  W. 
STOKES,  ALFRED  PARKER,  13  Bruton  Street,    W. ;    and  13  Leadenhall 

Street,  E.C. 
STONE,  FREDERICK  W.,  B.C.L.,  Holms  Hill  House,  Ridge,  Barnet ;  and 

10  New  Square,  Lincoln's  Inn,  W.C. 

STONE,  HERBERT,  F.L.S.,  Homelea,  Four  Oaks,  Button  Coldfteld. 
STONEHAM,  ALLEN  H.  P.,  30  St.  Swithin's  Lane,  E.C. 
STOPFORD,  JAMES  T.  A.,  St.  Catherine's  End  Farm,  Ruislip,  Uxbridge. 
f  STRANGWAYS,  HON.  H.  B.  T.,  Shapwick,  Bridgwater,  Somerset. 

fSTRATHCONA    AND    MOUNT    ROYAL,   RlGHT   HON.    LORD,    Gr.C.M.Gr.    (High 

Commissioner  for  Canada},  1 7  Victoria  Street,  S.  W. 
STREET,  ARTHUR,  8  Serle  Street,  Lincoln's  Inn,  W.C. 
•{•STREET,  EDMUND,  Brighstone,  Newport,  Isle  of  Wight. 


Resident  Fellows.  405 

Year  of 
Election. 

1900  I  STRONGE,  W.  CECIL,  34  Westbourne  Gardens,  Folkestone. 

1888      tSrRUBEN,  FREDERICK  P.  T.,  Sfritchwick  Manor,  Ashburton,  Devon. 


1884 
1895 


1896 
1904 


1904 
1891 
1902 
1891 
1896 
1896 
1883 
1889 


1897 
1902 


1885 
1883 


1902 
1888 
1885 
1905 


1881 
1831 


1893 


1905 


1901 
1896 
1896 
1903 
1898 
1881 
1902 
1904 
1892 
1890 
1889 
1897 
1906 


STUART,  JOHN,  F.E.G.S.,  1  Broad  Street  Place,  E.G. 

COLONEL  J.  A.  M.,  C.B.,  C.M.GK,  Dalvenie,  Banchory,  N.B. ; 

and  United  Service  Club,  Pall  Mall,  S.W. 

STURT,  MAJOR-GENERAL  CHARLES  S.,  Muddiford  House,  Barnstaple. 
SUETER,  COMMANDER  MURRAY  F.,  E.N.,  31    Weymouth  Street,  Portland 

Place,  W. 

SUTHERLAND,  DAVID  A.,  F.I.C.,  F.C.S.,  13  Victoria  Street,  S.W. 
SUTTON,  ARTHUR  WARWICK,  Bucklebury  Place,  Woolhampton,  Berks. 
SUTTON,  ERNEST  P.  FOQUET,  Holme  Park,  Sonning,  Reading. 
SUTTON,  LEONARD,  Hillside,  Eeading. 
SUTTON,  M.  H.  FOQUET,  Broad  Oak,  Eeading. 
SUTTON,  MARTIN  J.,  Holme  Park,  Sonning,  Reading. 
SWANZY,  FRANCIS,  1 47  Cannon  Street,  E.  C. 
JSYKES,   GEORGE  H.,  M.A.,  M.Inst.C.E.,  Glencoe,  64  Elmbourne  Road, 

Tootiny  Common,  S.W. 

tSYKEs,  EGBERT  D.,  The  Gables,  Kerdlworth  Road,  Leamington  Spa. 
SYTNER,  ALBERT  H.,  Constitutional  Club,  Northumberland  Avenue,  W.C. 


,  GEORGE  WM.,  B.A.,  49  Warwick  Square,  S.  W. 
TANG  YE,  GEORGE,  Heathfield  Hall,  Handsworth,  Birmingham  ;    and  35 

Queen  Victoria  Street,  E.G. 
TARTE,  ERNEST  E.  F.,  The  Hythe,  Staines. 
ITAYLOR,  JAMES  B.,  Sherfield  Manor,  Basingstoke. 
TAYLOR,  J.  V.  ELLIOTT,  14  King  William  Street,  W.C. 
TAYLOR,  EGBERT  H.,  A.M.Inst.C.E.,  M.I.M.E.,  230  Lewisham  High  Road, 

St.  John's,  S.E. 

THEODORE  C.,  M.P.,  Sunny  Bank,  Batley,  Yorkshire. 
tTAYLOR,  W.  P.  c\o  Messrs.  Ansell,  Mankiewicz  and  Tallerman,  Warn- 

ford  Court,  E.G. 
TEGETMEIER,  CHARLES  G.,  2  Sussex  Gardens,  Thurlow  Park  Road,  West 

Dulwich,  S.E. 
•{•TENNYSON,  EIGHT  HON.  LORD,  G.C.M.G.,  Aldworth,  Haslemere;    and 

Farringford,  Freshwater. 

TENNYSON- COLE,  PHILIP,  6  Addison  Studios,  Blythe  Road,  W. 
TERRY,  JOHN  H.,  Elmcote,  Barnet. 
fTsw,  HERBERT  S. 

f  THOMAS,  D.  C.  J.,  Arlington,  Bassett,  Southampton. 
THOMAS,  EEV.  E.  J.  MOLLARD,  The  Manse,  Brixham,  Devon. 
THOMAS,  JOHN  COLLETT,  Trewince,  Portscatho,  Cornwall. 
THOMAS,  KEITH  J.,  86  Breakspears  Road,  Brockley,  S.E. 
THOMAS,  VIVIAN,  86  Breakspears  Road,  Brockley,  S.E. 
*THOMPSON,  SIR  E.  MAUNDE,  K.C.B.,  I.S.O.,  LL.D.,  British  Museum,  W.C. 
tTHOMPsoN,  SYDNEY,  Wood  Dene,  Sevenoaks. 
THOMSON,  ALEXANDER,  Bartholomew  House,  E.G. 
THOMSON,  ALEXANDER,  Burgie  House,  Forres,  N.B, 

THOMAS  B.  CLARKE-,  3  Carlisle  Place,  S.W. ;  and  Rushton 

Hall,  Kettering. 


406  Royal  Colonial  Institute. 


Year  of 
Election. 

1886 


1877 
1907 
1903 
1897 


1883 
1892 


1902 
1882 
1900 
1905 


1884 
1897 
1892 
1887 


1884 
1888 
1902 
1885 
1903 
1905 
1903 
1899 


1885 
1883 


1905 
1896 
1886 


1898 


1904 


1883 
1888 


1888 
1902 
1895 
1907 
1884 


THOBNE,  SIR  WILLIAM,  M.L.A..,  Busdon,  Eondebosch,  Cape  Colony ;  and 
Messrs.  Stuttaford  $  Co.,  11  New  Union  Street,  Moor  Lane,  E.G. 

THBUPP,  LEONARD  W.,  10  Anglesea  Terrace,  St.  Leonards -on -Sea. 

TICKLE,  ABTHUB  H.,  11  Mount  Street,  W. 

TILLOTSON,  JOHN  LEVER,  Heathfield,  Bebington,  Cheshire. 

TIMSON,  LIEUT.- COLONEL  SAMUEL  ROWLAND,  V.D.,  F.R.G.S.,  cjo  Messrs.  W. 
Cooper  ft  NepJtews,  Berkhamsted. 

tTiNLiNE,  JAMES  MADDEB,  Cliffden,  Teignmouth. 

TIPPETTS,  WILLIAM  J.  B.,  27  Trebovir  Eoad,  Earl's   Court,  S.W.;  and 
11  Maiden  Lane,  E.G. 

TOLEMAN,  R.  J.,  1  Kildare  Gardens,  Bayswater,  W.;  and  22  Walbrook,  E.G. 

TOMKINSON,  GEOBGE  AfiNOLD,  B.A.,  LL.B.,  60  Queen  Victoria  Street,  E.G. 

TOTTENHAM,  HENBY  LOFTUS,  1  The  Boltons,  S.  W. 

fToucHE,  GEORGE  A.,  26  Colling  ham  Gardens,  S.W.;  and  Basil  don  House, 
Moorgate  Street,  E.G. 

tTowN,  HENBY,  1031  Robson  Street,  Vancouver,  British  Columbia. 

TOWNEND,  THOMAS  S.,  c\o  «  Argus"  Office,  80  Fleet  Street,  E.G. 

TOWNSEND,  CHARLES,  J.P.,  St.  Mary's,  Stoke  Bishop,  Bristol 

TOZER,  HON.   SIB  HOBACE,  K.C.M.G.  (Agent-General  for  Queensland), 
1  Victoria  Street,  S.W, 

,  JOHN  AMOBY,  Tortington,  Arundel. 

TREACHER,  SIR  WILLIAM  H.,  K.C.M.G.,  Lawday  Place,  Farnham,  Surrey. 

TRIGG,  HENRY  STIRLING. 

TRINDER,  OLIVER  J.,  87A  Leadenhall  Street,  E.G. 

TROUP,  JAMES,  53  Abingdon  Court,  Kensington,  W. 

TUCKER,  FREDERICK  N.,  Northwood,  Camberley. 

TUKE,  JAMES,  British  Linen  Bank,  Threadneedle  Street,  E.G. 

TUBNEB,  FBEDEBICK  WM.,  The   Grange,  Church  Street,  Stoke  Newington, 
N.;  and  50  Old  Broad  Street,  E.G. 

TUBNEB,  GORDON,  Colonial  Bank,  13  Bishopsgate  Street,  E.G. 

TURNER,  HON.  JOHN  H.  (Agent- General  for  British  Columbia),  818  Salis- 
bury House,  Finsbury  Circus,  E.C. 

TUBNEB,  ROBEBT  J.,  J.P.,  16  St.  Helen's  Place,  E.C. 

TTJSTIN,  J.  E.,  A4  The  Albany,  Piccadilly,  W. 

TWYNAM,  GEOBGE  E.,  M.R.C.S.E.,  L.R.C.P.,  31   Gledhow  Gardens,  South 
Kensington,  S.  W. 

TYSEB,  HENBY  EBSKINE,  16  Fenchurch  Avenue,  E.C. 


fUsHER,  SIR  ROBERT,  BABT.,  37  Drumsheugh  Gardens,  Edinburgh. 


tVALENTiNE,  HUGH  SUTHERLAND,  86  HiaJi  Street,  Dunedin,  New  Zealand. 
VAUGHAN,  R.  WYNDHAM,  M.Inst.C.E.,  Dunmore,  St.   Catherine's  Road, 

Southbourne,  Christchurch,  Hants. 
VEITCH,  JAMES  A.,  Hambleton  House,  Selby. 
VEBDON,  ABTHUR,  A.M.Inst.C.E.,  i2a  Evelyn  Mansions,  S.W. 
VEBNON,  HON.  FOBBES  G.,  Union  Club,  Trafalgar  Square,  S.W. 
VERNEY,  FREDERICK  WM.;  M.P.,  12  Connaught  Place,  W. 
tViNCENT,   SIR   C.    E.   HOWARD,   K.C.M.G.,   C.B.,   M.P.,  1    Grosvenor 

Square,  W. 


livsident  Fellows.  407 

Year  of 
Election. 

1894  |  VINCENT,  SHI   EDGAR,  K.C.M.G-.,  3  Buckingham  Gate,  S.W. ;  and  Esher 
Place,  Surrey. 


1901 


1907 
1880 


1886 


1884 
1897 
1887 
1894 
1897 


VINCENT,    WILLIAM,    Kimberley    Waterworks    Company,    20    Laurence 

Pountney  Lane,  E.C. 

VOGEL,  JULIUS  L.  F.,  Hillersdon,  East  Molcsley,  Surrey. 
Voss,  HERMANN,  Anglo- Continental  Guano  Works,  15  Leadenhall  Street, 

E.G. 
Voss,  HOULTON  H.,  Oriental  Club,  Hanover  Square,  W. 

WADDLNGTON,  JOHN,  Ely  Grange,  Frant,  Tunbridge  Wells. 

WADHAM,  WM.  JOSEPH,  17  Portelet  Road,  Old  Swan,  Liverpool. 

WAGHOBN,  JAMES, 

WALES,  H.K.H.  THE  PRINCE  OF,  K.G.,  G.C.M.G.,  Marlborough  House,  S.  W. 

WALKER,  EDMUND,  8  Langland  Gardens,  Hampstead,  N.W. 


1875      WALKER,  SIR  EDWARD  NOEL,  K.C.M.G.,  52  Warwick  Road,  Earl's  Court, 
S.W. 


1897 
1895 


1885 


1906 
1887 
1903 


1900 


1889 
1882 
1891 
1901 


1896 


1905 


1905 
1889 


1900 


1885 
1895 


1894 
1896 


1901 
1884 


f  WALKER,  FRANK,  36  Basinghall  Street,  E.G. 

f  WALKER,   HENRY  DE  ROSENBACH,  M.P.,  95  Gloucester  Place,  Portman 

Square,  W. 

,  EOBEBT  J.,  F.R.G.S.,  F.R.Hist.S.,  Ormidale,  Knighton  Park 

Road,  Leicester. 

WALKER, ^Sm  JAMES  LEWIS,  C.I.E.,  7  Grosvenor  Street,  W. 
WALKER,  KUSSELL  D.,  North  Villa,  Park  Road,  Regent's  Park,  N.W. 
WALLACE,  GEORGE  W.,  Commercial  Bank  of  Australia,  \   Bishopsgate 

Street,  E.G. 
WALLACE,     PROFESSOR    ROBERT,    F.L.S.,    F.R.S.E.,    The     University, 

Edinburgh. 

WALLACE,  T.  S.  DOWNING,  The  Laurels,  Linkfield  Lane.  Redhill. 
WALLIS,  H.  BOYD,  Graylands,  near  Horsham. 
WALPOLE,  SIR  CHARLES  G.,  M.A.,  Broadford,  Chobham,  Woking. 
WALTON,  JOSKPH,  M.P.,  Reform  Club,  Pall  Mall,  S.W. ;  and  Glenside, 

Saltburn-by-the-Sea. 
WARBURTON,   SAMUEL,    Trenton,    4    Harrington    Villas,   Preston    Park, 

Brighton. 
WARDEN-STEVENS,   FREDERIC  J.,  A.M.I.M.E.,   A.M.I.E.E.,    34   Victoria 

Street,  S.W. 

WARE,  FABIAN,  64  Victoria  Street,  S.W. 
WARING,  FRANCIS  J.,  C.M.G.,  M.Inst.C.E.,  Uva  Lodge,  49  Mount  Avenue, 

Ealing,  W. 
WASON,  JOHN  CATHCART,  M.P.,  6  Evelyn  Mansions,  Carlisle  Place,  S.  W.  ; 

and  Reform  Club,  Pall  Mall,  S.W. 

fWATERHousE,  LEONARD,  49  Leinster  Gardens,  Hyde  Park,  W. 
WATERHOUSE,  P.  LESLIE,  M.A.,  A.R.I.B.A.,  1  Verulam  Buildings,  Gray's 

Inn,  W.C. 

WATKINS,  CHARLES  S.  C.,  Ivy  Bank,  May  field,  Sussex. 
f  WATSON,  COLONEL  SIR  CHARLES  M.,  R.E.,  K.C.M.G.,  C.B.,  16    Wilton 

Crescent,  S.  W. 

WATSON,  JOHN  A.  S.,  Ellangowan,  Caterham  Valley,  Surrey. 
WATSON,  WILLIAM    COLLING,  10   Lyndhurst   Road,  Hampstead,   N.W.  ; 

and  15  Leadenhall  Street,  E.G. 


408  Royal  Colonial  Institute. 


Year  of 
Election. 

1900 
1891 


1906 


1880 
1892 
1893 
1869 


1892 
1878 
1875 
1897 
1877 
1880 
1888 
1902 
1885 


1897 
1891 
1882 
1902 
1893 
1896 


1889 
1896 
1883 


1907 
1895 


1884 
1895 


1889 
1905 
1887 
1903 
1886 


1905 


1891 
1886 
1899 
1901 


x. 


WATT,  ERNEST  A.  S.,  B.A.,  16  Bolton  Gardens,  S.W. 

WEATHERLEF,  CHARLES  H.,  Messrs.  Cooper  Bros.  $  Co.,  14  George  Street, 

Mansion  House,  E.G. 
WEBB,  C.  AUGUSTUS,  Nero  England  Co.,  1  Hatton  Garden,  E.G.;  Bishop's 

House,  Kennington  Park,  S.E.  ;  aud  40  Knatchbull  Road,  Camber- 

well,  S.E. 

WEBB,  HENRY  B.,  Holmdale,  Dorking,  Surrey. 
WEDDEL,  WILLIAM,  16  St.  Helen's  Place,  E.G. 

,  LEONARD,  Oakhyrst,  Caterham,  Surrey. 
WEMYSS  AND  MARCH,  BIGHT  HON.  THE  EARL  OF,  23  St.  James's  Place, 

S.W. 

WEST,  KEV.  HENRY  M.,  M.A.,  Sacombe  Rectory,  Ware. 
fWESTBY,  EDMUND  W.,  Oxford  and  Cambridge  Club,  Pall  Mall,  S.  W. 
WESTERN,  CHARLES  K.,  Broadway  Chambers,  Westminster,  S.W. 
fWESTRAY,  JAMES  B.,  138  Leadcnhall  Street,  E.G. 
WETHERELL,  WILLIAM  S., 
WHABTON,  HENRY,  19  Beaufort  Gardens,  S.  W. 
WHEELER,  ARTHUR  H.,  Glcnside,  Haywards  Heath. 
WHITE,  MAJOR  THE  HON.  EGBERT,  16  Stratton  Street,  W. 
fWmTE,  EEV.   W.  MOORE,   LL.D.,  The   Huon,   Branksome  Hill  Road, 

Bournemouth. 

WHITTLE,  JAMES  LOWRY,  11  King's  Bench  Walk,  Temple,  E.G. 
fWniTTY,  HENRY  TARLTON,  Dewhurst  Lodge,  Wadhurst,  Susse 
WHYTE,  EGBERT,  6  Milk  Street  Buildings,  E.G. 

fWHYTOCK,  WILLIAM,  Messrs.  F.nulie  $  Boden,  15  Coleman  Street,  E.G. 
WICKHAM,  EEGIHALD  W.,  Ebley  Court,  Stroud,  Glos. 

THOMAS,  19  Lyndhurst  Road,  Peckham,  S.E.;   and  21  Great 

St.  Helen's,  E.G. 

WILKINSON,  EICHARD  G.,  Bank  of  Adelaide,  11  Leadenhall  Street  E.G. 
WILLATS,  HENRY  E.,  Spa  Hotel,  Tunbridge  Wells. 
WILLCOCKS,    GEORGE    WALLER,    M.Inst.C.E.,  Redthorn,  Rodway  Road, 

Roehampton,  S.  W. 

WILLIAMS,  ARTHUR  E.,  C.E.,  74  Blenheim  Gardens,  Cricklewood,  N.W. 
WILLIAMS,   His   HONOUR  MR.   JUSTICE  CONDE  (of  Mauritius),  4   Park 

Crescent,  Worthing. 

WILLIAMS,  SIR  HARTLEY,  93  Cadogan  Gardens,  S.W, 
WILLIAMS,  COLONEL  EGBERT,  M.P.,  36  Chester  Square,  S.W.  ;  and  Bride- 

head,  Dorchester. 

fWiLLiAMSON,  ANDREW,  27  Cornhill,  E.G. 

WILLIAMSON,  JOHN  BRUCE,  64  Warwick  Gardens,  Kensington,  W. 
tWiLLiAMsoN,  JOHN  P.  Gr.,  Rothesay  House,  Richmond,  Surrey. 
WILLIS,  ARTHUR  C.,  Union  Bank  of  Australia,  71  Cornhill,  E.G. 
WILLS,  JOHN  TAYLEH,  B.A.,  23  Savile  Row,    W.  ;  and  2  King's  Bench 

Walk,  Temple,  E.G. 
WILLSON,  BECKLES,  60  Acacia  Road,  St.  John's  Wood,  N.  W.  ;  and  Royal 

Societies  Club,  63  St.  James's  Street,  S.W. 

WILSON,  EEV.  BERNARD  E.,M.A.,  The  Vicarage,  Portsea,  Portsmouth. 
WILSON,  COLONEL  Sin  DAVID,  K.C.M.Gf.,  Messina,  Tiverton. 
f  WILSON,  D.  LAND  ALE,  59  Mark  Lane,  E.G. 
WILSON,  JAMES  H.  CHARNOCK,  King's  Leigh,  Wembley,  N.  W. 


Resident  Fellows.  409 


Year  of 
Election. 

1886 
1906 


t  WILSON,  JOHN,  86  Westmoreland  Road,  Bromley,  Kent. 

WILSON,  MAURICE  F.,  M.lNST.C.E.,  11  Astwood  Road,   South  Kensing- 
ton, 8.W. 

f  WINCHILSEA,  KT.  HON.  THE  EARL  OF,  Harkch,  Merioneth. 

WING,  WILLIAM.  King's  Chambers,  Angel  Street,  Sheffield. 

WINGFIELD,  SIR  EDWARD,  K.C.B.,  Mulbarton  Hall,  Norwich. 

MAURICE  E.,  91  Victoria  Street,  S.W. 

RIGHT   HON.  SIB  HENRY  DRUMMOND,  G.C.B.,  G.C.M.G.,   28 
Cadogan  Place,  S.W.  ;  and  Carlton  Club,  Pall  Mall,  S.W. 

WOOD,  ALFRED,  The  Tyrol,  120  Church  Road,  Upper  Norwood,  S.E. 

WOOD,  GEORGE,  The  Oaks,  Cambridge  Road,  Teddington. 

WOOD,  JAMES  SCOTT.  Battledown,  2  Mount  Park  Crescent,  Ealing,  W. ;  and 
Messrs.  M.  B.  Foster  $  Sons,  Ltd.,  242  Marylebone  Road,  N.  W. 

fWooo,  PETER  F.,  Camden  Lodge,  Lubboclt  Road,  Chislehurst. 

WOOD,  T.  ALEXANDER,  Penshurst,  Prince  of  Wales's  Road,  Carshalton, 
Surrey. 

WOOD,  THOMAS,  Cornwallis  House,  Cornwallis  Gardens,  Hastings. 

WOOD,  THOMAS  LETT,  41  Cathcart  Road,  South  Kensington,  S.W.;  United 
University  Club,  Pall  Mall  East,  S.  W. 

WOODALL,  CORBET,  C.E.,  95  Palace  Chambers,  Westminster,  S.W. 

WOODGATE-JONES,  W.,  M.A.,  Hill  Side,  White  Hill,  Bletchingley,  Surrey. 

f  WOODS,  ARTHUR,  18  Lancaster  Gate  Terrace,  W. 

tWooLLAN,  BENJAMIN  M.,  Sherwood  Park,  Tunbridge  Wells. 

fWooLLAN,  FRANK  M.,  Ulundi,  1 1  Langland  Gardens,  Finchley  Road,  N.  W. 

WORSFOLD,  W.  BASIL,  M.A.,  Ridge,  near  Capel,  Surrey. 

fWREN,  CHARLES  H.,  54  Onslow  Gardens,  Highgate,  N. 

WRIGHT,  ARTHUR  G.,  c\o  Messrs.  J.  Buttery  $  Co.,  7  Mark  Lane,  E.G. 

WRIGHT,  LEE,  B.A.,  25  Leadenhall  Buildings,  E.G. 

WYNDHAM,  KT.  HON.  GEORGE,  M.P.,  35  Park  Lane,  W. 

ANDREW  ELLIS,  M.D.,  M.K.C.S.,  43  Oakfield  Road,  Clifton, 
Bristol. 


YERBURGH,  ROBERT  A.,  25  Kensington  Gore,  8.  W. 

fYouNG,  SIR  FREDERICK,  K.C.M.G.,  205  Coleherne  Court,  S.W. 

YOUNG,  GERALD  B.,   Australian  and    New  Zealand   Mortgage   Co.,    22 

Basinghall  Street,  E.G. 

YOUNG,  JASPER,  74  Gloucester  Road,  South  Kensington,  S.  W. 
YOUNG,  COLONEL  J.  S.,  13  Gloucester  Street,  S.W. 
YUILLE,  ANDREW  B.,  Bdlcvue,  bridge  of  Allan,  N.B. 


(1421) 


410 


NON-RESIDENT    FELLOWS. 

Year  of 
Election 

1889  ABBOTT,  DAVID,  470  Chancery  Lane,  Melbourne,  Victoria. 

1884  t ABBOTT,  PHILIP  WILLIAM,  Kingston,  Jamaica. 

1895  t  ABBEY,  HENRY,  Ideal  Farm,  Sydenham,  Natal. 

1901  ABBIT,  W.,  B.A.,  The  College,  Maritzburg,  Natal. 

1905  ABRAHAM,  EDWARD  A.  V.,  America  Street,  Georgetown,  British  Guiana. 

1906  ABRAHAM,  LIONEL  A.,  Palmerston  North,  New  Zealand. 

1906  ABRAMS,  ARTHUR  B  ,  Public  Works  Department,  Accra,  Gold  Coast  Colony. 

1883  tABUBBOW>  CHARLES,  F.R.Gr.S.,  P.O.  Box  534,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal, 

1899  ACHESON-GRAY,  ARTHUR,  Waiwiri,  Ashhurst,  Wellington,  New  Zealand, 

1891  tAcLAND,  HENRY  DYKE,  145  Phillip  Street,  Sydney,  New  South  Wales. 

1906  ACTON- ADAMS,  HERBEBT,  Tipapa,  Canterbury,  New  Zealand. 

]  883  ACTON- ADAMS,  WILLIAM,  J.P.,  Tipapa,  Canterbury,  New  Zealand. 

'  1897  ACUTT,  COTTON,  Connington,  Moot  River,  Natal. 

1905  ACUTT,  COURTNEY,  P.O.  Box  1342,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 

1904  fAcuTT,  ERNEST  LESLIE,  C.M.G.,  Acutt's  Arcade,  Durban,  Natal. 


1893 
1901 
1901 


1894 
1906 
1896 
1897 
1893 
1895 
1897 
1903 
1888 
1897 
1902 
1896 
1902 
1902 
1881 
1897 
1901 
1905 
1901 


1883 
1882 
1904 


ACUTT,  LEONARD,  Aberfoyle,  Tongaat,  Natal. 

ADAMS,  ARTHUR  R.,  Goodwood,  Penang,  Straits  Settlements. 

ADAMS,   EDWARD   C.,   M.R.C.S.,   L.R.C.P.,    Atsistant    Colonial  Surgeon, 

Calabar,  Southern  Nigeria. 
ADAMS,  PERCY,  Barrister -at- Law,  Nelson,  New  Zealand. 

.  N.,  16  Collt/er  Quay,  Singapore. 
IADLAM,  JOSEPH  C.,  P.  0.  Box  2998,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 

HENRY,  P.  0.  Box  1059,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
AGAR,  WALTER  J.,  Lawrence  Estate,  Norwood,  Ceylon. 

,  REV.  MOJOLA,  M.A.,  Ph.D.,  Logos,  Southern  Nigeria. 
Ams  WORTH,  H.  S.,  Belvedere,  Geraldton,  Western  Australia. 
AITCHISON,  PETER  LUGTON 

ALBRECHT,  HENRY  B.,  Brynbella,  Willorv  Grange  Station,  Natal. 
ALCOCK,  RANDAL  J.,  460  Collins  Street,  Melbourne,  Victoria. 
ALDOUS,  REV.  PERCIVAL  M.,  M.A.,  Pietersburg,  Transvaal. 
tALEXANDER,  ABRAHAM  D.,  P.  0.  Box  76,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
ALEXANDER,  J.  M.,  c\o  Messrs.  Millers,  Ltd.,  Axim,  Gold  Coast  Colony. 
ALEXANDER,  CAPTAIN  SCOTT,  New  Club,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
ALISON,  JAMES,  Union  Club,  Sydney,  New  South  Wales. 

,  SIR  HUGH  MONTAGU,  C.V.O.,  Ravenscraig,  Montreal,  Canada. 
f  ALLABD,  J.  H.,  Tanjwg  Malim,  Perak,  Federated  Malay  States. 
f  ALLARDYCE,  KENNETH  JAMES,  Native  Department,  Suva,  Fiji. 
ALIABDYCE,  H.E.  W.  L.,  C.M.G.,   Government  House,  Stanley,  Falkland 

Islands  (Corresponding  Secretary}, 

f  ALLEN,  JAMES,  M.H.R.,  Dunedin,  New  Zealand  (Corresponding  Secretary) 
ALLEN,  TIIAINE,  Kimberley,  Cape  Colony. 
ALLIN,  CEPHAS  D.,   Enterprise,  Ontario,  Canada ;  and   Palo  Alto,  San 


Francisco,  U.S. A 


Royal  Colonial  Institute.  411 

Year  of 
Election, 

ALLISON,  THACKERAY  J.,  241  We$t  Street,  Maritzburg,  Natal. 

fALLPORT,  WALTER  H.,  C.E.,  The  Repp,  Newmarket  P.O.,  Jamaica. 

ALLT,  ALLEN  B.,  Customs  Dept.,  Georgetown,  British  Guiana. 

ALLWOOD,  JAMES,  C.M.G. 

ALSOP,  DAVID  G.  E,,  Messrs.  Bligh  $  Harbottle,  504  Little  Collins  Street, 
Melbourne,  Victoria. 

ALTMAN,  GRANVILLE  J.,  North  Borneo  Trading  Co.,  Sandakan,  British 
North  Borneo. 

AMPHLETT,  GEORGE  T. ,  Standard  Bank,  Cape  Town,  Cape  Colony. 

ANDERSON,  C.  WILGRESS,  J.P.,  Department  of  Lands  and  Mines,  George- 
town, British  Guiana. 

ANDERSON,  CHARLES  A.  M.,  P.O.  Box  14,  Mombasa,  British  East  Africa. 

ANDERSON,  DANIEL  ELIE,  M.D.,  121  Avenue  des  Champs  Elysees,  Paris. 

f  ANDERSON,  DICKSON,  223  Commissioner  Street,  Montreal,  Canada. 

ANDERSON,   GEORGE   C.,   cjo  Hong  Kong   and    Shanghai  Bank,   Hong 
Kong. 

f  ANDERSON,  GILBERT,  Christchurcli  Meat  Co  ,  Christchurch,  New  Zealand. 

ANDERSON,  JAMES,  J.P.,  Bandarapola,  Matale,  Ceylon. 

ANDERSON,  JAMES,  M.L.A.,  P.O.  Box  9,  Vryheid,  Natal. 

t  ANDERSON,  REV.   JAMES  F.,  B.A.,  B.Sc.,  B.D.,  St.  John's,  Port  Lout*, 
Mauritius. 

ANDERSON,  H.E.  SIR  JOHN,  K. C.M.G.,  Government  House,  Singapore. 

ANDERSON,  HON.  JOHN,  M.L.C.,  Messrs.  Guthrie  $  Co.,  Singapore. 

ANDERSON,  MURDOCH,  National  Bank,  Bloemfontein,  Orange  River  Colony. 

f  ANDERSON,  THOMAS  J.,  M.L.A.,  Cape  Town,  Cape  Colony. 

ANDERSON,  WILLIAM  TRAIL,  M.L.A.,  Kimberley,  Cape  Colony. 

t  ANDREW,  DUNCAN  C.,  cjo  Union  Castle  S.S.  Co.,  Cape  Town,  Cape  Colony. 

ANDREWS,  M.  STEWART,  Director  of  Telegraphs,  Accra,  Gold  Coast  Colony. 

f  ANDREWS,  THOMAS,  Rand  Club,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 

f  ANGUS,  JAMES,  32  Elizabeth  Street,  Sydney,  New  South  Wales. 

fANNAND,  GEORGE,  M.D.,  Beaufort  Street,  Perth,  Western  Australia. 

ANSON,  EDWARD  R.,  Stipendiary  Magistrate,  Georgetown,  British  Guiana. 

ANSON,  HON.  FRANK  C.  M.,  Treasurer,  Lagos,  Southern  Nigeria. 

ANTHONISZ,  JAMES  0.,  1st  Magistrate,  Singapore. 

ARCHER,  HON.  F.  BISSET,  Treasurer,  Bathurst,   Gambia  (Corresponding 
Secretary), 

ARCHER,  LEONARD  A.,  Sekondi,  Gold  Coast  Colony. 

ARCHER,  WILLIAM  H.  D.,  Brickendon,  Longford,  Tasmania. 
tARCHiBALD,  R.  BRUCE,  J.P.,  Roxborovgh,  Tobago,  West  Indies. 

ARCHIBALD,  WILLIAM,  Roxborough,  Tobago,  West  Indies. 

ARDERNE,  HENRY  MATHEW,  P.O.  Box  536,  Cape  Town,  Cape  Colony. 

ARDERNE,  HENRY  RALPH,  P.O.  Box  536,  Cape  Town,  Cape  Colony. 

ARMBRISTER,  PERCY  W.  D.,  Resident  Justice,  Inagua,  Bahamas. 

ARMSTRONG,  W.  HARVEY,  J.P.,  Warrigal  Club,  Sydney,  New  South  Wales. 

ARMSTRONG,  CHARLES  N.,  261  Peel  Street,  Montreal,  Canada. 

tARMSTRONG,  GEORGE  S.,  M.L.A.,  Jnanda,  Victoria  County,  Natal. 

ARMYTAGE,  BERT  RAND,  472  Little  Collins  Street,  Melbourne,  Victoria. 

ARMYTAGE,  F.  W.,  472  Little  Collins  Street,  Melbourne,  Victoria. 

ABNELL,  C.  C.,  524  Lonsdale  Street,  Melbourne,  Victoria. 

ARNOTT,  G.  W.  CAMPBELL,  114  Victoria  Street,  Toronto,  Canada. 


412  Royal  Colonial  Institute. 


Year  of 
Election. 

1896 
1905 
1877 
1896 
1905 
1902 
1883 


1896 
1880 


1900 


1885 
1887 


1889 


1901 


1902 
1904 


1893 
1905 
1901 


1896 


1905 


1900 
1883 


1884 
1891 
1889 
1902 
1897 
1904 
1901 
1904 
1884 
1887 
1896 


1900 
1905 
1898 
1882 


ARTHUR,  ALEXANDER  C.,  Gisborne,  New  Zealand. 

ARTHUR,  JOHV,  Messrs.  Brabant  $  Co.,  Brisbane,  Queensland. 

ARUNDEL,  JOHN  THOMAS,  South  Sea  Islands. 

ASHE,  EVELYN  0.,  M.D.,  Kimberley,  Cape  Colony. 

ASPINALL,  HERBERT  H.,  Melbourne,  Victoria. 

ASPINALL,  WALTER  R,  Coleman  House,  Cape  Coast,  Gold  Coast  Colony. 

ASTLES,   HARVEY  EUSTACE,    M.D.,    445     St.    George's    Terrace,    Perth 

Western  Australia. 

ASTROP,  JOHN  H.,  P.O.  Box  430,  Cape  Town,  Cape  Colony. 
f  ATHERSTONE,  G-UYBON  D.,  M.Inst.C.E.,  Government  Railways,  Grahams- 
town,  Cape  Colony. 

,  THOMAS  W.  T.,  Ashanti  Consols,  Ltd.,  Ashanti,  Gold  Coast 

Colony. 

f  ATKINSON,  A.  R.,  14  Brandon  Street,  Wellington,  New  Zealand. 
ATKINSON,  HON.  J.  MITFORD,  M.E.C.,  M.B.,  Government  Civil  Hospital, 

Hong  Kong. 
fATKiNSON,  R.  HOPE  (J.P.  of  N.  S.  Wales},  332  South  Fourth  Avenue, 

Mount  Vernon,  New  York,  U.S.A. 
ATLEE,  PERCY  STEPHENSON,  c\o  Ivory   Coast   Goldjlelds,  Limited,  Grand 

Bassam,  Ivory  Coast. 

JATTRIDGE,  HENRY,  Cape  Town,  Cape  Colony. 
ATTWELL,    CHARLES    G.,   Portswood,    Green    Point,    Cape    Town,    Cape 

Colony. 

f  AURET,  JOHN  GEORGE,  Advocate,  Hand  Club,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
AUSTIN,  EDWARD  N.  L.,  Queenstown,  Cape  Colony. 
AUSTIN,  HENRY  BOASE,  J.P.,  St.  Andrew's  Street,  Bloemfontein,   Orange 

River  Colony. 
AWDRY,  JAMES  A.,  P.O.  .Soar  6451,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 

BABBS,  ARTHUR  T.,  Rhodes  Building,  St.  George's  Street,  Cape  Town,  Cape 

Colony. 

BADOCK,  PERCY  T.,  10  Timber  Street,  Maritzburg,  Natal. 
BADNALL,  HERBERT  OWEN,  J.P.,  Resident  Magistrate,   Woodstock,  Cape 

Colony. 

f BAGOT,  G-EORGE,  Rugby,  St.  Thomas,  Barbados. 
•J-BAGOT,  JOHN,  Adelaide  Club,  South  Australia. 
f  BAILEY,  ABE,  M.L.A.,  P.O.  Box  50,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
{BAILEY,  AMOS,  M.L.A.,  Woodstock,  Cape  Town,  Cape  Colony. 
BAILEY,  EDWARD  T.,  M.Iiist.M.E.,  c\o  Borneo  Co.,  Singapore. 
BAILEY,  HENRY  E.,  W.A.F.F.,  Freetown,  Sierra  I-eone. 
BAILEY,  WILLIAM  J.  GEORGE,  Bromassie  Gold  Mines,  Gold  Coast  Colony. 
f  BAILLIE,  F.  W.,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
BAINBRIDGE,  CAPTAIN  WILLIAM. 

A.  REID,  Stock  Exchange  Club,  Melbourne,  Victoria. 
BAIRD,   ROBERT  TWEED,  Kalgoorlie,    Western  Australia;  and   Brisbane, 


BAKER,  ALFRED,  Messrs.  Mansfield  $  Co.,  Singapore. 

BAKER,  ALFRED  JOHN,  Government  Primary  Schoolt  Greytown,  Natal. 

fBAKER,  WILLIAM  G.,  Musgrave  Road,  Durban,  Natal. 

BAKEWELL,  JOHN  W.,  Korralla,  Mount  Lofty,  Crafers,  South  Australia. 


Non-Resident  Fellows.  413 


Tear  of 

Election 


BAKEWBLL,   LEONARD    W.,   Fitzroy    Terrace,    Fitzroy,   Adelaide,    South 

Australia. 
BALE,  His  HONOUR  CHIEF  JUSTICE  SIR  HENRY,  K.C.M.G.,  115  Loop  Street, 

Maritzburg,  Natal. 

fBALFOUR,  HON.  JAMES,  M.L.C.,  Windclla,  Kew,  Melbourne,  Victoria. 
BALFOUR,  JOHN  FORDYCE,  c\o  Messrs.  Guthrie  $  Co.,  Singapore. 
BALL,  THOMAS  A.,  Lahat  Date,  British  North  Borneo. 
tBALL,  THOMAS  J.,  J.P.,  P.  0.  Box  2536,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
fBALLARD,  CAPTAIN  HENRY,  C.M.G-.,  Durban,  Natal. 
f  BALME,  ARTHUR. 
BAM,  CAPTAIN  SIR  PIETER  C.  VAN  B.,  M.L.A.,  City  Club,   Cape   Town, 

Cape  Colony. 
BANDARANAIKE,  MAHA  MUDALIYAR  SIR  SOLOMON  BIAS,  C.M.G.,  Horogolla, 

Veyangoda,  Ceylon. 

BANGLEY,  LEONARD,  Assistant  Resident  Magistrate,  Bethal,  Transvaal. 
BANKART,  FREDERICK  J.,  Georgetown,  British  Guiana. 

FRANK  M.,  Lavcrton  P.O.,  Western  Australia. 

CHARLES  K.,  cjo  Natal  Bank,  P.O.  Box  1134,  Johannesburg, 

Transvaal. 

BAPTISTE,  GEORGE  A.,  Stipendiary  Magistrate,  Curepipe,  Mauritius. 
tBARBER,  GEORGE  H.,  cjo  R.  J.  Endean,  Esq.,  Claude's  Bungalow,  Cape 

Coast,  Gold  Coast  Colony. 

BARBER,  HILTON,  J.P.,  Hales  Owen,  Cradonk,  Cape  Colony. 
BARBER,  WALTER  M.,  92  Langley  Avenue,  Toronto,  Canada. 
BARBOUR- JAMES,  JOHN  A ,  Postmaster,  TarJcwa,  Gold  Coast  Colony. 
BARFF,  H.  E.,  Registrar,  Sydney  University,  New  South  Wales. 
BARKER,  FRANCIS  HENRY,  Orari,  South  Canterbury,  New  Zealand ;  and 

Christchurch  Club. 

BARKER,  GEORGE  L.,M.R.C.S.E.,L.R.C.P.,  Cape  Coast,  Gold  Coast  Colony. 
BARKER,  HENRY  E.,  Accra,  Gold  Coast  Colony  (Corresponding  Secretary}. 
fBARKLiE,  T.  W.  S.,  Inspector  of  Villages  Office,  Georgetown,  British 

Guiana. 

BARNARD,  SAMUEL,  J.P.,  St.  Lucia,  West  Indies. 
BARNES,  ALFRED  H.,  Town  Hall,  Muitenberg,  Cape  Colony. 
BARNES,  J.  F.  EVELYN,  C.M.G.,  C.E ,  Colonial  Engineer  and  Surveyor- 
General,  Maritzburg,  Natal. 

fBARNES,  ROBERT  S.  W.,  A.M.Inst.C.E.,  Durban  Club,  Natal 
fBARNETT,  CAPT.  E.  ALGERNON. 
BARNETT,  FREDERICK  J.,  British  Solomon  Llands  Protectorate,  Western 

Pacific. 
BARNETT,  Louis  E.,  M.B.,  F.R.C.S.E.,  Stafford  Street,  Dunedin,  New 

Zealand. 

BARNS,  E.  W.,  M.A.,  The  College,  Maritzburg,  Natal. 
BARRAUT,  EDWARD  H.,  District  Officer,  Sandakan,  British  North  Borneo. 
f  BARRETT,  CHARLES  HUGH,  P.O.  Box  335,  Pretoria,  Transvaal. 
f  BARR-SMITH,  ROBERT,  Torrens  Park,  Adelaide,  South  Australia. 
BARR-SMITH,   THOMAS    E.,  Birksgate,    Glen    Osmond,   Adelaide,   South 

Australia. 

•f  BARRY,  ARTHUR  J.,  Pretoria  Club,  Transvaal. 
1902  |  BARTHORP,  JOHN  GRANVILLE.  SilverhofB,  Rangitikci,  New  Zealand. 


414 

Year  of 
Mection. 

1901 
1880 
1892 


1902 
1902 
1896 
1895 
1906 
1904 
1904 

1887 
1905 
1885 

1893 
1906 
1898 
1891 

1880 
1893 

1901 
1889 

1886 
1904 

1889 
1906 
1905 
1877 
1898 
1905 
1897 
1893 
1903 

1896 
1896 
1905 
1902 
1902 
1886 
1889 

1895 


Royal  Colonial  Institute. 

BARTON,  F.  C.  M.,  Audit  Dept.,  Pretoria,  Transvaal. 

BARTON,  WILLIAM,  Barristcr-at-Law,  Trentham,  Wellington,  New  Zealand. 

BATCHBLOB,  FERDINAND  C.,  M.D.,  care  of  Bank  of  New  Zealand,  North 

Dunedin,  New  Zealand. 
f BATEMAN,  PERCY  H.,  1/2  Union  Buildings,  Pretoria,  Transvaal. 
BATEMAN,  WALTER  SLADE,  Prisons  Department,  Pretoria,  Transvaal. 
BATES,  G-.  DUDLEY,  Salisbury,  Rhodesia. 
BATTY,  JAMES  A.,  P.O.  Box  208,  Pretoria,  Transvaal. 
JBAUGHAN,  FRANCIS  WM.,  Messrs.  Smith,  Mackenzie  Sf  Co.,  Zanzibar. 
BAY,  AARON,  P.  0.  Box  5513,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
BAYLY,  CECIL,  c\o  Corporation  of  Western  Egypt,  Karnak,  via  Kharga 

Junction,  Upper  Egypt. 
BAYLEY,  COLONEL  ARDEN  L.,  West  India  Regiment,  Jamaica. 
BAXENDALE,  WALTER,  P.O.  Box  169,  Bulawayo,  Rhodesia. 

,  HON.  JOSEPH,  C.M.G.,  M.L.C.,  J.P.,  239  Chapel  Street,  Maritz- 
burg,  Natal. 
BAYNES,  WILLIAM,  Settle,  Maritzburg,  Natal. 
BEALE,  OCTAVIUS  C.,  474  George  Street,  Sydney,  New  South  Wales. 
•J-BEALEY,  RICHARD  NOWELL,  Haldon,  Hororata,  Canterbury,  New  Zealand. 
BEANLANDS,  REV.  CANON  ARTHUR,  M.A.,  Christ  Church  Rectory,  Victoria, 

British  Columbia. 

BEARD,  CHARLES  HALMAN,  Port  Antonio,  Jamaica. 
BEAUFORT,  His   HONOUR   CHIEF   JUSTICE  LEICESTER    P.,  M.A.,  B.C.L., 

Fort  Jameson,  North-Eastern  Rhodesia. 

BEAUMONT,  HON.  Mr.  JUSTICE  WILLIAM  HENRY,  6  Burger  Street,  Maritz- 
burg, Natal. 
fBECK,  CHARLES    PROCTOR,    Sunny   Side,   Bloemfontein,    Orange   River 

Colony  (Corresponding  Secretary). 

f  BECKETT,  THOMAS  WM.,  Church  Street  East,  Pretoria,  Transvaal. 
BEDDOES,    ALFRED    B.,    c[o    Messrs.  Millers,   Ltd.,   Axim,    Gold   Coast 

Colony. 

fBEDDY,  WILLIAM  HENRY,  Fauresmith,  Orange  River  Colony. 
BEESTON,  PHILIP  E.,  Chaptered  Bank  of  India,  Tientsin,  China. 
BEETHAM,  HUGH  H.,  Brancepeth,  Masterton,  New  Zealand. 
BEETHAM,  WILLIAM  H.,  Wairarapa,  Wellington,  New  Zealand. 
•{•BEIT,  WILLIAM,  Ascot,  Toowoomba,  Queensland. 
BELCHER,  ERNEST  A.,  B.A.,  High  School,  Durban,  Natal. 
BELL,  ALEXANDER,  Makino,  Fcilding,  Wellington,  New  Zealand. 
BELL,  ANTHONY,  Montreux  Club,  Montreux,  Switzerland. 
BELL,  HON.  ARCHIBALD  G.,  M.C.P.,  M.Inst.C.E.,  Colonial  Civil  Engineer, 

Georgetown,  British  Guiana. 
BELL,  FRED,  P.O.  Box  112,  Durban,  Natal. 
BELL,  F.  H.  DILLON,  Barrister-at-Law,  Wellington,  New  Zealand. 
BELL,  GEORGE  P.  CECIL,  Accra,  Gold  Coast  Colony. 
BELL,  H.  HESKETH,  C  M.G.,  H.M.  Commissions,  Entebbe,  Uganda. 
fBELL,  JAMES  EVELYN,  406  California  Street,  San  Francisco,  U.S.A. 
BELL,  LT.-COL.  JOHN  W,,  C.M.G  ,  Nairobi,  British  East  Africa. 
BELL,  HON.  VALENTINE  G.,  C.M.G.,  M.L.C.,  M.Inst.C.E.,  Director  of  Public 

Works,  Kingston,  Jamaica. 
fBELL,  WM.  H.  SOMERSET,  P.O.  Box  4284,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 


Non-Resident  Fellows. 


415 


Year  of 
Election. 

1905  j  BELLAMY,    CHARLES   VINCENT,   M.Inst.C.E.,   Director   of  Public   Works, 
Lagos,  Southern  Nigeria  (Corresponding  Secretary). 

1893      BENINGFIELD,  JAMES  J  ,  Durban,  Natal. 

1901  BENINGFIELD,  I/r.-CoL.  R.  W.,  20  St.  Andrew's  Street,  Durban,  Natal. 

1904  BENNETT,  ARTHUR  L.,  Sycamore  Lodge,  Digby,  Nova  Scotia. 

1905  BENNETT,  CHARLES  E.,  Taquah  and  Abosso   Mines,  Tarawa,  Gold  Coast 

Colony. 

1888     f  BENNETT,  CHRIS.,  Rockmore,  Button  Forest,  New  South  Waks. 
1885     BENNETT,  COURTENAY  WALTER,  C.I.E.,  H.B.M.  Consulate- General,  New 

York,  U.S.A. 

1903     BRNNETT,  RICHARD  C.,  P.O.  Box  967,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
1903      BENNETT,  THOMAS,  M.Inst.C.E.,  Kilham  House,  Muizenberg,  Cape  Colony. 

1902  BENNETT,  THOMAS  RANDLE,   Magistrate,   Umgeni  Division,   Maritzburg, 

Natal. 
1905     BENNETT,  WM.  ERNEST,  Roselres,  Sudan. 

1897  RENNETT,  HON.  WILLIAM  HART,  Colonial  Secretary,  Nassau,  Bahamas. 
1905     BENNETTS,  HAROLD. G.,  M.B.,  C.M.,  Sydney,  New  South  Wales. 

1907      -J-BENNIE,  ALEXANDER  B.,  M.A.,  M.B.,  B.S.,  cjo  Hank  of  Victoria,  Fitzroy 

Melbourne,  Victoria. 

1896      fBENNiB,  ANDREW,  Market  Square,  Kimberley,  Cape  Colony. 
1875     BENSUSAN,  RALPH,  Cape  Town,  Cape  Colony. 
1902     BENTLEY,  EDMUND  T.,  Durban  Club,  Natal. 

1902  BEOR,  WILLIAM  MICHAEL,  Harrismith,  Orange  River  Colony. 
1901      BERKELEY,  HENRY  S.,  Assistant  Resident,  Northern  Nigeria. 

1903  BERKELEY,  HUMPHRY,  Barrister-at-Law,  Suva,  Fiji. 

1900     BERNING,  FREDERICK  S.,  Attorney-at-Law,  Kokstad,  Cape  Colony. 

1898  BERNSTEIN,  LEON  J.,  Port  of  Spain.  Trinidad. 

1900  f  BE RRINGTON,  EVELYN  D.,  Ayrshire  Gold  Mine,  Lomagunda.  Rhodesia. 

1903  BERT,  ALBERT  J.,  Johinne&burg,  Transvaal. 

1904  BERTRAM.  HON.  MR.  JUSTICE  ANTON,  Nicosia,  Cyprus. 

1901  f  BERTRAM,    CHABLES    FULLER,     Galtcemore    Farm,    Pokwani    Station, 

JBechuanaland,  Cape  Colony. 
1893      BERTRAM,  ROBERTSON  F.,  High  Covstantia,  Wynberg,  Cape  Colony. 

1905  BEST,  SENATOR  HON.  ROBERT  W.,  352  Collins  Street,  Melbourne,  Victoria. 
1901      BESWICK,  J.  H.,  New  Kleinfontein  Co.,  Benoni,  Transvaal. 

1887  fBETHUNE,  GEORGE  M.,  Enmore,  East  Coast,  British  Guiana. 

1888  i  fBETTELHEiM,  HENRI,  Rand  Club,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 

1891  |  -J-BETTINGTON,  J.  BRINDLEY,  Brindley  Park,  Merriwa,  New  South  Walts. 

1906  BEVAW  JAMES  F.,  Colonial  Treasury,  Bloemfontein,  Orange  River  Colony. 

1907  BETES,  GORDON,  P.O.  Box  4806,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 

1897      BEYERS,  F.  W.,  M.L.A.,  P.  0.  Box  174,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
1895      BIANCARDI,  LIEUT.-COLONEL  N.  GRECH,  C.V.O.,  A.D.C.,  The  Palace,  Malta. 
1884     fBicKFORD,  WILLIAM,  44  Currie  Street,  Adelaide,  South  Australia. 
1901      BIDDLES,  FRANK,  Fremantle,  Western  Australia. 
1881      fBiDEN,  A  G.,  Port  Elizabeth,  Cape  Colony. 

1 889  f BIDEN,  WILLIAM,  Port  Elizabeth,  Cape  Colony. 

1884      BID  WELL,  JOHN  0.,  J.P.,  Pihaiitea,  Wairarapa,  Wellington,  New  Zealand. 
1907      BIGGAR,  WM.  HODGINS,  K.C.,  726  Pine  Avenue,  Montreal,  Canada. 
1900     BIGGE,  PHILIP  MATTHEW,  Mount  Brisbane,  Esk,  Queensland. 
1900      BINNIE,  THOMA»!.,  C.E.,  Zomba,  British  Central  Africa. 


416  Royal  Colonial  Institute. 

Year  of 
Election. 

1877  I  BIRCH,  A.  S.,  Fitzhcrbert  Terrace,  Wellington,  New  Zealand. 

1906 

1883 


1893 
1873 
1887 
1906 


1906 
1891 
1900 
1898 
1889 


1886 
1889 
1889 
1899 
1888 
1903 
1889 
1902 
1903 
1897 
1896 
1903 
1889 
1905 
1906 
1903 
1890 


1890 
1881 
1892 
1905 


1906 
1906 
1898 
1901 
1906 
1906 


1896 


1906 


1902 


BIRCH,  GEORGE  E.,  c\o  The  Governor's  Office,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
BIRCH,    HON.  JAMES  KORTHIGHT,  Resident    Councillor,  Penang,  Straits 

Settlements. 

BIRCH,  WILLIAM  C.  CACCIA,  Erewhon,  Napier,  New  Zealand. 
BIRCH,  WILLIAM  JOHN,  Thoresby,  Marton,  New  Zealand. 
tBiRCH,  WILLIAM  WALTER,  Georgetown,  British  Guiana. 
BIRTWISTLE,  CHARLES  A.,  Commercial  Intelligence  Officer,  Lagos,  Southern 

Nigeria. 

BISHOP,  HON.  EGBERT  K.,  M.L.C.,  St.  John's,  Newfoundland. 
BLACK,  ERNEST,  M.D.,  Weld  Club,  Perth,  Western  Australia. 
BLACK,  JOHN  H.,  Government  Eailway,  Lagos,  Southern  Nigeria. 

,  STEWART  G.,  Glenormiston,  Noorat,  Victoria. 
f BLACKBURN,  ALFRED  L.,  Messrs.  W.  Anderson  %  Co.,  Tawer  St.  Georges 

Street,  Cape  Town,  Cape  Colony. 

BLACKWOOD,  ROBERT  0.,  Melbourne  Club,  Melbourne,  Victoria, 
IBLAINE,  SIR  C.  FREDERICK,  Port  Elizabeth,  Cape  Colony. 
f  BLAINE,  HERBERT  F.,  K.C.,  Bloemfontein,  Orange  River  Colony. 
BLAIR,  DYSON,  Assistant  Commissioner  of  Lands,  Suva,  Fiji. 
SIR  HENRY  A.,  G.C.M.G. 

K.  H.,  P.O.  Box  102,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
BLAND,  HON.  R.  N.,  Resident  Councillor,  Malacca,  Straits  Settlements. 
BLANE,  WILLIAM,  M.I.M.E.,  P.O.  Box  2863,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
BLELOCH,  ROBERT,  P.O.  Box  6754,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
BLELOCH,  WILLIAM,  P.O.  Box  5754,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
BLENKIRON,  JAMES  E.,  Zomba,  British  Central  Africa. 
BLICK,  GRAHAM  T.,  M.R.C.S.,  L.R.C.P.,  Broome,  Western  Australia. 
f  BLOW,  JOHN  JELLINGS. 

BOAG,  GEORGE  L.,  Government  Railway,  Lagos,  Southern  Nigeria. 
BOBY,  HUGH  WOODS,  Que-que,  Rhodesia. 
BODLE,  LiEUT.-CoLONEL  WILLIAM,  C.M.G.,  Bulawayo,  Rhodesia. 

REV.  Professor  C.  W.  E.,  D.C.L.,  General  Theological  Seminary, 

New  York. 

t BOOGIE,  ALEXANDER,  Bulawayo,  Rhodesia. 
Bois,  FREDERIC  W.,  J.P.,  Colombo,  Ceylon. 
Bois,  SIR  STANLEY,  Colombo,  Ceylon. 
BOLT,  FREDERICK  WILLIAM,  P.O.  Box  133,  Bloemfontein,  Orange  River 

Colony. 

BOLT,  WILLIAM  JAMES,  High  Street,  Roslyn,  Dunedin,  New  Zealand. 
BOLTON,  SIDNEY  A.,  P.O.  Box  512,  Durban,  Natal. 
BOLTON,  FRED  W.,  Farleigh  Plantation,  Mackay,  Queensland. 
BOLUS,  GILHAM,  42  St.  George's  Street,  Cape  Town,  Cape  Colony. 
BOLUS,  PERCY  R.,  M.B.,  M.R.C.S.,  Fox  Bay,  Falkland  Islands. 
BONHAM-SMITH,    ROBERT,    Government    Railway,   Ebute  Metta,    Lagos, 

Southern  Nigeria. 
fBoNAR,   THOMSON,   M.D.,    114    Via   de   Babuino,   Piazza    di 

Rome. 
BONELL,  THOMAS   H.    M.,   B.Sc.,   M.I.Mech.E.,    Government    Railway, 

Lagos,  Southern  Nigeria. 
BONNER,  GEORGE,  San  Carlos,  Falkland  Islands.- 


Non-Resident  Fellows.  417 


BONYTHON,  HON.  SIR  J.  LANGDON,   King  William  Street,  Adelaide,  South 

Australia. 

BOODSON,  HYMAN,  P.O.  Sox  3004,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
BOOKER,  J.  DAWSON,  c\o  National  Bank  of  Australasia,  Melbourne,  Victoria. 
BOOTH,  CHARLES  SPENCER,  Wellington,  New  Zealand. 
BOOTH,  FERDINAND  EGBERT,  P.O.  Box  1037,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
BOOTH,  KARL  E.  0.,  P.O.  Box  1037,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
f  BOOTH,  HON.  EGBERT  M.,  M.L.C.,  Stipendiary  Magistrate,  Naduruloulov^ 

Rewa,  Fiji. 
f BORGHESE,  EDWARD  C.,  Taquah  $  Abosso  G.  M.   Co.,   TarJcwa,    Geld 

Coast  Colony. 

f  BORTON,  JOHN,  Casa  Nova,  Oamaru,  New  Zealand. 
•fBoss,  AARON  A.,  P.O.  Box  562,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
BOTHA,  HERCULES  P.,  Wolvefontein,  Kroonstad,  Orange  River  Colony. 
BOTSFORD,  CHARLES  S.,  P.O.  Box  679,  Peterboro1,  Ontario,  Canada. 
BOTTOMS,  GEORGE,  Tagiiah  and  Abosso  Mines,  Tarkwa,  Gold  Coast  Colony. 
BOURDILLON,  EDMUND. 

BOURHILL,  HENRY,  c\o  J.  Sinclair,  Esq.,  283  Pine  Street,  Durban,  Natal. 
fBouRKE,  EDMUND  F.,  Pretoria,  Transvaal. 

fBouRNE,  E.  F.  B.,  Norfolk  Island,  via  Sydney,  New  South  Wales. 
BOURNE,  CAFIAIN  HENRY  E.  M.,  Colonial  Secretariat,  Pretoria,  Transvaal. 
BOUTELL,  FRANCIS   H.    CHEYALLIER,  564  Avenida  Mayo,  Buenos  Aires, 

Argentine  Republic. 
fBovEix,  His  HONOUR  CHIEF  JUSTICE  SIR  HENRY  A.,  Georgetown,  British 

Guiana. 

BOWDKN,  CYRIL,  Casa  Leone,  Strada  Collegio,  Sliema,  Malta. 
BOWDEN,  WM.  DAVIS,  M.A  ,  Assistant  District  Commissioner,  Surra  Leone. 
tBowEN,  HON.  CHARLES  CHRISTOPHER,  M.L.C.,  Middleton,  Christchurch, 

New  Zealand  (Corresponding  Secretary). 
tBowEN,  EDWARD,  The  Towers,  Port  of  Spain,  Trinidad. 
tBowEN,  WILLIAM,  5  Rainsford  Street,  St.  Kilda,  Victoria. 
tBowER,  DAVID  J.,  East  London,  Cape  Colony. 
fBowKEH,    F.    G.   HINDE,  British    American    Corporation,    Vancouver, 

British  Columbia. 
BOWLES,  LIONEL  0.,  C.E.,  F.E.G.S. 
Bo  WRING,    CHARLES    CALVERT,    The    Treasury,    Mombasa,    British  East 

Africa. 

fBowYER-BowER,  T.,  A.M.Inst.C.E.,  Obuassi,  Gold  Coast  Colony. 
BOYCE,  AUSTIN  A.  EODNEY,  Survey  Department,  Khartum,  Sudan. 
BOYD-CARPENTER,  H.,  M.A.,  Ministry  of  Public  Instruction,  Cairo,  Egypt 

(Corresponding  Secretary). 
BOYLE,  H.E.  SIR  CAVENDISH,  K.C.M.G.,  Government  House,  Port  Lcuis, 

Mauritius. 

f  BOYLE,  MOSES,  Monrovia,  Liberia. 

{BRACKEN,  T.  W.,  Government  Railways,  Lagos,  Southern  Nigeria. 
BRADFIELD,  HON.  JOHN  L.,  The  Grotto,  Rondtbosch,  Cape  Colony. 
BRADFORD,  W.  K.,  Divisional  Council  Office,  Kimberley,  Cape  Colony 

(Corresponding  Secretary). 
BRADLEY,  GODFREY  T.,  M.I.Mech.E.,  c\o  Colonial  Secretariat,  Colombo, 

Ceylon. 

P 


418  Royal  Colonial  Institute. 

Yparol 
Election 


1901 
1900 
1898 
1893 
1900 
1886 
1902 
1884 
1901 
1903 
1903 


1890 
1896 
1896 
1903 
1901 
1905 
1899 
1904 


1888 
1887 
1896 
1901 


1899 
1906 


1897 
1889 
1907 


1903 
1901 


1901 
1892 
1901 
1901 
1903 
1903 
1896 
1896 
1903 


1884 
1888 
1892 
1893 


BRADSHAW,  HERBERT  E.,  c\o  Messrs  Lynch  Bros ,  Ahwaz,  Persia. 
BRAHAM,  I.  F.,  The  Development  Co.,  Monrovia,  Liberia. 
BRAIN,  HERBERT  S.,  Customs  Dept.,  Larnaca,  Cyprus. 
BRAINE,  C.  DIMOND  H.,  A.M.Inst.C.E.,  Irrigation  Dept.,  Pretoria,  Transvaal. 
BRAITHWAITE,  NATHANIEL,  Punta  Gorda,  Toledo,  British  Honduras. 
BRANDAY,  J.  W.,  Kingston,  Jamaica. 

BRATT,  JAMES  H.  DAVSON,  Local  Auditor,  Zungeru,  Northern  Nigeria. 
JBRAUD,  HON.  ARTHUR,  M.C.P.,  Mon  Repos,  British  Guiana. 
fBRAY,  EDWARD  L.,  Tarkwa,  Gold  Coast  Colony. 
*BRAY,  REGINALD  N.,  Tarkwa,  Gold  Const  Colony. 
BRIGHT,  HAROLD  P.,  Messrs.  Allen,  Wack  <$•  Co.,  P.O.  Box  2,  Loiirencu 

Marques,  East  Africa. 

f  BRINK,  ANDRIES  LANGE,  P.O.  Box  287,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
f  BRITTEN,  THOMAS  J.,  P.O.  Box  494,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
BROAD,  ARTHUR  J.,  Mauritius  Assets  Co.,  Port  Louis,  Mauritius. 
BROAD,  CHARLES,  J.P.,  P.O.  Box  3525,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
BROAD,  WALLACE,  B.A.,  F.G.S.,  c\o  Shanghai  Club,  Shanghai,  China. 
BROADBENT,  WALTER  Gr.,  74  Pietermaritz  Street,  Maritzburg,  Natal. 
BROADRICK,  E.  GK,  Police  Magistrate,  Singapore. 
BROCKMAN,  EDWARD  L.,  Colonial  Secretariat,  Singapore  (Corresponding 

Secretary}. 

BRODRICK,  ALAN,  Pretoria,  Transvaal. 
BRODRICK,  ALBERT,  Pretoria,  Transvaal. 

BRODRICK,  HAROLD,  P.O.  Box  3060,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
BRODRICK,  LANCELOT,  Messrs.  Pavey  $   Co.,  Bloemfontein,  Orange  River 

Colony. 

BROOKMAN,  BENJAMIN,  JR.,  Grenfell  Street,  Adelaide,  South  Australia. 
BROOKS,  EDWARD,  M.B.,  C.M.,  Queen  Street.,  Cambridge,  East  London,  Cape 

Colony. 

BROOKS,  GTEORGE  L.,  Superintendent  of  Police,  Freetown,  Sierra  Leone. 
BROOKS,  JAMES  HENRY,  M.R.C.S.E.,  Henley  Villa,  Make,  Seychelles. 
BROOKS,  W.  ALVIN,  Nigeria  Bitumen  Corporation,  Epe,  Lagos,  Southern 

Nigeria. 

BROOKS,  WILLIAM,  17  Castlereagh  Street,  Sydney,  New  South  Wales. 
BROOME,  HENRY  ARTHUR,   Sociedad  Esplotadora  de    Tierra  del   Fuego, 

Ultima  Esperanza,  Punta  Arenas,  Chile. 
BROTHERS,  C.  J.,  Queenstown,  Cape  Colony. 
fBROTHERS,  C.  M.,  Queenstown,  Cape  Colony. 
BROUN,  ALFRED  FORBES,  Forests  Department,  Khartum,  Sudan. 
BROWN,  CAPTAIN  ANDREW  F.,  P.O  Box  23,  Kimberley,  Cape  Colony. 
BROWN,  DAVID  A.  MURRAY,  Sungei  Nebong,  Penang,  Straits  Settlements. 
BROWN,  EDGAR  J.,  M.B,,  B.S.,  Ormonde  College,  Melbourne,  Victoria. 
BROWN,  EDMUND  A.  B.,  Kuala  Lumpor,  Federated  Malay  Stales. 
BROWN,  JAMES  J..  1  South  View  Villas,  Havre  des  Pas,  Jersey. 
BROWN,  JAMES  E.  MYLES,  M.B.,  Ch.B.,  District  Surgeon,  Taiping,  Perak, 

Federated  Malay  States. 

BROWN,  JOHN  CHARLES,  J.P.,  406  West  Street,  Durban,  Natal. 
BROWN,  JOHN  E.,  Glenavon,  Somerset  East,  Cape  Colony. 
BROWN,  J.  ELLIS,  P.O.  Box  39,  Durban,  Natal.  - 
BROWN,  J.  H.,  M.H.A.,  Nassau,  Bahamas. 


Fallows. 


419 


Year  of 
Election. 

1889 
1900 
1904 
1894 
1889 
1906 
1902 

1902  i 

1902 
1892 
1895  I 
1880  i 
1902  • 
1895  \ 
1889  ! 
1897  | 
1889 
1890 
1900 
1904 

1886 
1895 

1896 

1893 

1897 

'  1880 

1883 
1886 
1899 
1899 
1897 
1897 
1905 
1901 
1897 
1881 
1902 

1901 
1892 

1903 
1899 

1906 


•{•BROWN,  JOHN  LA  WHENCE,  Methden,  Bowenfels,  New  South  Walca. 

•{•BROWN,  SIR  JOHN  McLEAVY,  C.M.GK,  Seoul,  Corea. 

•{•BROWN,  LAWRENCE  C.,  Kuala  Lumpor,  Sclangor,  Federated  Malay  States. 

t  BROWN,  LESLIE  E.,  Messrs.  Brown  $  Joske,  Suva,  Fiji. 

BROWN,  His  HONOUR  MR.  JUSTICE  RICHARD  MYLES,  Port  Louis,  Mauritius. 

BROWN,  THOMAS  D.  C.,  P.O.  Box  967,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 

BROWN,  PROFESSOR  W.  JKTHRO,  LL.D.,   The   University,  Adelaide,  South 

Australia. 
BROWN,  CAPTAIN  WILLIA.M  H.,  Bock  Life  Assurance   Co.,  Burg   Street, 

Cape  Town,  Cape  Colony. 

BROWN,  WILLIAM  J.,  Government  Railway  Construction,  Bo,  Sierra  Leone. 
BROWN,  HON.  WILLIAM  VILLIERS,  M.L.C.,  Townsville,  Queensland. 
f BROWNE,  EVERARD,  Cororooke,  Colac,  Victoria. 

JBROWNE,  HON.  C.  MACAULAY,  C.M.GK,  M.L.C.,  St.  George's,  Grenada. 
BROWNE,  NICHOLAS  E.,  J.P.,  Wilberforce  Street,  Freetown,  Sierra  Leone. 
f  BROWNE,  SYLVESTER,  Minembah,  Whittingham,  Ntw  South  Wales. 
f  BROWNE,  THOMAS  L.,  Barrister-  at-Law,  Adelaide  Club,  South  Australia. 
BROWNELL,  WILLIAM  P.,  Liverpool  Street,  Hobart,  Tasmania. 
•{•BRUCE,  GEORGE. 

•{•BRUCE,  J.  R.  BAXTER,  20  Bridge  Street,  Sydney,  New  Smith  Wales. 
BRUCE,  ROBERT  HUNTER,  Amoy,  China. 
BRUCE,   WILLIAM  J.,  M.R.C.S.,  L.R.C.P.,    Government  Medical'  Officer, 

Lagos,  Southern  Nigeria. 

fBRUNNER,  HON.  ERNEST  AUGUST,  M.L.A.,  J.P.,  Eshowe,  Natal. 
BRUNTON,  MAJOR  JOHN  SPENCER,  J.P.,  Winslow,  Darling  Point,  Sydney 

New  South  Wales. 

BRYANT,  ALFRED,  Standard  Bank,  Cape  Town,  Cape  Colony. 
fBRYANT,  ALFRED  T.,  Inspector  of  Schools,  Singapore. 
•(•BRYANT,  JOSEPH,  J.P.,  Mount  Magnet,  via  Geraldton,  Western  Australia. 

BUCHANAN,  HON.  SIR  E.  JOHN,  Judge  of  the  Supreme  Court,  Cape  Town, 
Cape  Colony. 

BUCHANAN,  WALTER  CLARKE,  M.H.R.,  Wairarapa,  Wellington,  New  Zealand. 

fBucHANAN,  W.  F.,  J.P.,  Union  Club,  Sydney,  New  South  Wales. 

BUCK.LAND,  JOHN  MORTIMER,  Hand  Club,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 

BUCKLAND,  COMMANDER  VIRGOE,  R.N.R.,  Calabar,  Southern  Nigeria, 

BUCKLE,  ATHANASIUS,  J.P.,  Carlton  House,  Freetown,  Sierra  Leone. 

BUCKLEY,  G-.  A.  McLfiAN,  Lagmhor,  Ashburton,  New  Zealand. 

BULAU,  Louis,  Beauchamp  Estate,  Mauritius. 

BULL,  CHARLES,  30  Wickstcad  Street,  Wanganui,  New  Zealand. 

tBuLLEN,  WM.  ALFRED,  Star  Life  Assurance  Society,  Cape  Town,  Cape  Colony. 

*Bui/r,  C.  MANGIN,  Cornwall,  Double  Bay,  Sydney,  New  South  Wales. 

BULTEAUX-CARR,  LOUYS  A.,  Bel  Air,  Bois  de  la  Pomponttte,  Lagny,  Seine- 
et-Marne,  France. 

BURBANK,  JOHN  E.,  cjo  Union  Bank  of  Australia,  Melbourne,  Victoria. 

BURBURY,  EDWARD  P.,  New  Zealand  Loan  and  Agency  Co.,  Oamaru,  New 
Zealand. 

BURCHELL,  HERBERT  C.,  Sydney,  Nova  Scotia. 

BURDON,  MAJOR  J.  ALDER,  C.M.GK,  M.A.,  F.R.G.S.,  Resident,  Sokoto  Pro- 
vince, Northern  Nigeria. 

fBuRDW  AN,  THE  MAHARAJA  DHIRAJOF,  The  Palace,  Burdwan,  Bengal,  India. 

p  2 


420  Liotjal  Colonial  Institute. 

Year  of 

Election. 

1888     BURGESS,  HON.  W.  H.,  Hobart,  Tasmania. 

1905 


1905 
1903 
1903 
1894 
1903 


1882 
1903 
1892 
1893 
1903 
1901 
1889 
1904 
1886 
1903 
1888 
1887 


1905 
1882 
1898 


1902 


1893 
1892 
1878 
1879 
1907 


1899 


1905 
1884 
1883 
1903 


1904 


1904 
1906 
1900 
1874 
1899 
1906 


BURNHAM,  MATHER  H.,  cjo  American  Banking  Co.,  Guadalajara,  Jalisco, 
Mexico  (via  Douglas,  Arizona). 

fBuRNS,  COLONEL  JAMES,  Parramatta,  Sydney,  New  South  Wales. 

BURREIX,  PERCY.  Fcilding,  New  Zealand. 

BURROWS,  DONALD,  L.R.C.P.,  L.R.C.S.,  Freetown,  Sierra  Leone. 

BURT,  ALBERT  HAMILTON,  M.R.C.S.E.,  L.R.C.P.,  Port  of  Spam,  Triridad 

fBuRT,  ANDREW,  M.Inst.M.E.,  M.A.I.tf.E.,  P.O.  Box  208,  Shanghai. 
China. 

BURT,  HON.  SEPTIMUS,  K.C  ,  Perth,  Western  Australia. 

BURTON,  ALFRED  R.  E.,  P.O.  Box  6431,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 

BUSBY,  ALEXANDER,  J.P.,  Cassilis,  New  South  Wales. 

BUSH,  ROBERT  E.,  Clifton  Downs,  Gascoyne,  Western  Australia. 

BUSK,  CHARLES  W.,  Nelson,  British  Columbia. 

tBuss,  REV.  ARTHUR  C.,  M.A.,  Germistou,  Transvaal. 

BUSSEY,  FRANK  H.,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 

BQTLER,  FRANCIS  A.,  J.P.,  Police  Department,  Zungeru,  Northern  Nigeria. 

BUTLER,  HENRY,  248  Flinders  Street,  Melbourne,  Victoria. 

BUTLER- WRIGHT,  WILLIAM,  Government  Railway,  Lagos,  Southern  Nigeria. 

BUTT,  J.  M.,  Bank  of  New  Zealand,  Auckland,  New  Zealand. 

BUTT,  JOHN  H.,  cjo  Langlaagie  Estate  Gold  Mining  Co.,  P.O.  Box  98, 
Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 

BUTTERWORTH,  FRANK  NESTLE.  C.E.,  c\o  Post  Office,  Labuan. 

f  BUTTON,  FREDERICK,  Durban,  Nata'. 

BUTTON,  HEDLEY  L.  W.,  Brisbane  Street,  Launceston,  Tasmania  {Corre- 
sponding Secretary'). 

BYRDE,  F.  T.,  c\o  The  Development  Co  ,  Monrovia,  Liberia. 


JCACCIA,  ANTHONY  M.,  M.V.O.,  Hoshangabad,  Central  Provinces,  India. 
f  CAIN,  WILLIAM,  South  Yarra,  Melbourne,  Victoria. 
JCAIRN  CROSS,  JOHN,  J.P.,  De  Hoop,  Somerset  West,  Cape  Colony. 
CALDECOTT,  HARRY  S.,  Eand  Club,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
CALDECOTT,  WM.  A.,  B.A.,  F.C.S.,  Consolidated  Gold  fields  of  South  Africa, 

P.  0.  Box  67,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
CALDER,  CHARLES  W.,  Messrs.  Couche,  Colder  $  Co.,  Fremantle,  Western 

Australia. 

CALDEU,  WILLIAM,  Baku,  Russia. 

CALDER,  WILLIAM  HENDERSON,  Bavelston,  St.  Kilda,  Melbourne,  Victoria. 
CALLCOTT,  JOHN  HOPS,  I.S.O. 
CALVERLEY,  MAJOR  E.  LEVESON,  Government  Offices,  Bloemfontcin,  Orange 

River  Colony. 
CAMERON,  DONALD  C.,  Assistant  Colonial  Secretary,  Port  Louis,  Mauritius 

Secretary). 

•(•CAMERON,  DUNCAN,  J.P.,  Springfield,  Ashburton,  New  Zealand. 
CAMERON,  JOHN  G  ,  San  Carlos,  Falkland  Islands. 
CAMERON,  WILLIAM  M.,  Advocate,  P.O.  Box  3,  Maritzburg,  Natal. 
CAMPBELL,  A.  H.,  17  Manning  Arcade,  Toronto,  Canada. 
CAMPBELL,  HON.  ARCHIBALD  M.,  M.L.C.,  Loudoun,  Berea,  Durban,  Natal. 
CAMPBELL,  HON.  COLIN  H.,  K.C.,  Inveraray,  Winnipeg,  Canada. 


Non-Resident  Fellows.  421 


Year  of 
Election. 

1902 
1890 


1900 


1906 


1896 
1906 
1893 
1900 
1902 
1886 
1899 
1904 


1895 
1889 
1889 


1898 


1906 


1897 
1884 


1891 
1886 


1878 
1905 


1899 


1903 
1878 


1901 
1902 
1895 
1886 
1893 
1906 
1888 
1906 


1887 
1882 


CAMPBELL,  DAVID  WM.,  Messrs.  Elder,  Dempster  cf-  Co,,  Montreal,  Canada. 
CAMPBELL,   JAMES  P.,  Barrister-at-Law,   Featherston  Street,    Wellington, 

New  Zealand. 
CAMPBELL,  JOHN,  F.R.C.S.I.,  L.R.C.P.I.,  Bandau  Estate,  Kudat,  British 

North  Borneo. 
CAMPBELL,  CAPTAIN  JOHN  CATHET,  Chirf  of  Pulice,  Sianlcy,  Falkland 

Islands. 

HON.  MARSHALL,  M.L.C.,  Mount  Edgecumbe,  Natal. 
CAMPBELL,  WILLIAM,  Klerksdorp,  Transvaal. 
CAMPBELL- JOHNSTON,  AUGUSTINE,  Garvanza,  California,  U.8.A. 
CAMPBELL- JOHNSTON,  HARRY  F.,  Rand  Club,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
CANNING,  ARTHUR  R.,  c\o  Tasmanian  Consols,  Mathinna,  Tasmania. 
CAPE,  ALFRED  J.,  Karoola,  Edgecliff  Road,  Sydney,  New  South  Wales. 
GARDEN,  JOHN  CECIL,  Messrs  Elaine  $  Co.,  Port  Elizabeth,  Cape  Colony. 
CARGILL,  FEATHERSTON,  M.B.,  C.M.G.,   The  Residency,  Kano,   Northern 

Nigeria. 
CARGILL,  H.  E.,  Villa  Pescatore,  Frascati,  Rome. 

HENRY  S.,  Quamichan,  Vancouver's  Island,  British  Columbia. 
t  CARGILL,    WALTER,    care  of  Bank  of   New    Zealand,    Dunedin,  New 

Zealand. 
CARMODY,  P.,  F.I.C.,  F.C.S.,  Government  Analyst,  Port  of  Spain,  Trinidad 

(Corresponding  Secretary}. 
CARPENTER,  JOHN  A.,  c\o  Messrs.  Burns,  Philp  $•  Co.,  Samarai,  Papua, 

via  Australia. 
CARR,  SIR  WM.  ST.  JOHN,  P.O.  Box  130,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 

DAVID,  East  Demerara   Water    Commission,   Georgetown, 

British  Guiana. 

CARRUTHERS,  GEORGE  F.,  471  Main  Street,  Winnipeg,  Canada. 
CARTER,   CHARLES    CLAUDIUS,    J.P.,    General    Post    Office,    Melbourne, 

Victoria. 

CARTER,  H.E.  SIR  GILBERT  T.,  K.C.M.G-.,  Government  House,  Barbados. 
CARTWRIOHT,   JOHN  D.,    M.L.A.,   Adderley    Street,    Cape   Town,    Cape 

Colony.  • 

fCARUANA-GATTo,  CoNTiNO  A.,  B.A.,  LL.D.,  Assistant   Crown  Advoca'e, 

59  Strada  Levante,  Valletta,  Malta. 

CASELBERG,  ALFRED,  Pahiatu'a,  Wellington,  New  Zealand. 
fCASEy,  HON.  J.  J.,  C.M.G.,  K.C.,  Ibriclcane,  Acland  Street,  St.  Kilda, 

Melbourne,  Victoria. 

CASHEL,  CAPTAIN  ROWAN,  Gwclo,  RJiodesia. 
CASKIE,  ALEXANDER,  Harrismith,  Orange  River  Colony. 

EVARISTO,  171  Strada  Mercanti,  Valletta,  Malta. 
CATOR,  GEORGE  C.,  Kimberley,  Cape  Colony. 
CATTO,  JOHN. 

CAULFIELD,  WILLIAM  F.,'  P.  0.  Box  608,  Port  Elizabeth,  Cape  Co7ony. 
JCENTENO,  LEON,  Port  of  Spain,  Trinidad. 
CECIL,  LT.-COLONEL  LORD   EDWARD   H.,   D.S.O.,  Ministry  of  Finance, 

Cairo,  Egypt. 
CHABAUD,  JOHN  A.,  Attorney -at -Law,  Port  Elizabeth,  Cape  Colony. 

ROBERT,  Camdcn  Buildings,  418  George  Street,  Sydney,  New 

South  Wales. 


422 

Year  of 
Election. 

1893 
J892 
1902 


1902 
1907 
1886 
1907 
1902 
1902 
1899 
1890 
1897 

1907 
1888 
1889 
1883 
1904 
1907 
1896 
1896 

1874 
1893 
1887 
1880 
1904 
1897 
1896 
1884 

1888 
1905 

1905 
1889 
1901 
1884 
1906 

1906 
1902 
1902 
1902 
1889 

1889 
1895 


Royal  Colonial  Institute. 

*CHAILLEY-.BERT,  JOSEPH,  44  Cha.ussee  d'Antin,  Paris. 
CHALMERS,  NATHANIEL,  Labasa,  Fiji. 

CHALMERS,  NATHANIEL,  JTJN.,  A.M.Inst.C.E.,  Amabelc-Butterworth  Rail- 
way, Komgha,  Eastern  Province,  Cape  Colony. 

f  CHAMBERS,  ARTHUR  F.,  British  Consulate- General,  San  Francisco,  U.S.A. 
•{•CHAMBERS,  BERNARD,  Te  Mata,  Napier,  New  Zealand. 
CHAMBERS,  JOHN  RATCLIFFE,  St.  Kitts,  West  Indies. 
t  CHAMBERS,  T.  MASON,  Tauroa,  Havelock North,  HawJces  Bay,  New  Zealand. 

tCHAMBERLAYNE,  MAJOR  TANKERVILLE  J.,  Nicosia,   CypTUS. 

CHAMPION,  CHARLES  WM.,  Bloemfontein,  Orange  River  Colony. 
•{•CHAPLIN,  THOMAS  W.,  P.O.  Box  53,  Port  Elizabeth,  Cape  Colony. 
CHAPMAN,  CHARLES  W.,  39  Queen  Street,  Melbourne,  Victoria. 
CHAPMAN,  H.  B.  H.,  M.Inst.C.E.,  Minas  de  Rio  Tinto,  Provincia  de  Huclva, 


fCnASE,  RICHARD  W.,  Llanillo,  Walgett,  New  South  Wales. 
CHATER,  HON.  SIR  C.  PAUL,  C.M.G.,  M.L.C.,  Hong  Kong. 
f  CHAYTOR,  JOHN  C.,  Spring  Creek,  Marlborough,  New  Zealand. 
fCHEESMAN,  EGBERT  SUCKLING,  St.  Vincent,  West  Indies. 
CHEKE,  GEORGE  0.  M. 

CHESTERTON,  FREDERICK,  Quc-quc,  Rhodesia. 
CHESTERTON,  LEWIS  B.,  Rand  Club,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
tCHEWiNGS,  CHARLES,  Ph.D.,  F.G.S.,  85  Edward  Street,  Norwood,  South 
Australia. 

fCHINTAMON,  HURRYCHUND. 

CHISHOLM,  JAMES,  Crossfield,  Alberta,  Canada. 

CHISHOLM,  JAMES  H.,  Market  Square,  Kimberley,  Cape  Colony. 

f  CHISHOLM,  W.,  Kimberley,  Cape  Colony. 

CHOMLEY,  CHARLES  H.,  Melbourne,  Victoria. 

CHRISP,  CAPTAIN  THOMAS,  Gisborne,  New  Zealand. 

CHRISTIAN,  CHARLES,  Famagusta,  Cyprus. 

f CHRISTIAN,  OWEN  SMITH,  Port  Elizabeth,  Cape   Colony  (Corresponding 

Secretary}. 

ROBERT,  Lammermoor,  Hughenden,  Queensland. 

,  ANDREW  C.,  cjo  Messrs.  F.  $  A.  Swanzy,  Accra,  Gold  Coast 

Colony. 

CHRYSTAL,  JAMES  H.,  Dropmore,  Seymour,  Victoria. 
•{•CHURCHILL,  FRANK  F.,  M.L.A.,  Wildcroft,  Ennersdale,  Natal. 
tCmiRCHiLL,  FRASER  E.,  Brymedura,  Manildra,  New  South  Wales. 
CITURCHILL,  CAPTAIN  JOHN  SPENCER,  C.M.G.,  Dominica,  West  Indies. 
CHUTE,   MEBVYN   L.,   A.M.I.Mech.E.,  Railway    Department,   Kingston, 

Jamaica, 
CLARK,  ARCHIBALD  McCosn,  Auckland,  New  Zealand. 

CHARLES  CRABB,  424  Point  Road,  Durban,  Natal. 
,  DOUGLAS,  Senegal,  Orange  River  Colony. 
CLARK,  FBANCIS  W.,  M.D.,  Medical  Officer  of  Health,  Hong  Kong. 
fCLARK,  GOWAN  C.  S.,  C.M  G.,  Government  Railways,  Cape  Town,  Cape 

Colony. 

CLARK,  JAMES  A.  R.,  care  of  Messrs.  Ddlgety  $  Co.,,  Melbourne,  Victoria. 
CLARK,  JOHN  MURRAY,  K.C..  M.A.,  LL.B.,  16  King  Street  West,  Toronto, 

Canada. 


Non-Resident  Fellows.  423 

Year  of 
Election. 

1902  CLARK,  EGBERT  DOUGLAS,  M.A.,  Barrister-at-Law,  Victoria  Club,  Marilz- 

burg,  Natal. 

1882     f CLARK,  MAJOR  WALTER  J.,  Melbourne  Club,  Melbourne,  Victoria. 
1900      t^LARKB,  A.  BUTTER,  Universal  Buildings,  Grenfell  Street,  Adelaide,  Soufh 

Australia. 
1885      tCLARKE,  ALFRED  E.,  Coldblo',  Malvern,  Melbourne,  Victoria. 

1887  CLARKE,  His  HONOUR  CHIEF  JUSTICE  SIR  FIELDING,  Kingston,  Jamaica. 

1899  CLAUSON,  MAJOR  HON.  JOHN  E.,  R.E.,  C.M.G.,  Chief  Secretary, 

Cyprus. 

1895  CLAYTON,  ARTHUR  G-.,  Colonial  Secretariat,  Colombo,  Ceylon, 

1888  I-CLEVELAND,  FRANK,  Bolingup,  Western  Australia. 

1900  fCLEVRLAND,  ROBERT  A.,  M.R.C.S.,  L.R.C.P.,  District  Medical   Officer, 

Nicosia,  Cyprus. 

1882  CLIFFORD,  SIR  GEORGE  HUGH,  BART.,  Stony  hurst,  Christchurch,  New  Zea- 

land. 

1896  CLIFFORD,  HON.  HUGH,  C.M.G.,  Colonial  Secretary,  Colombo,  Ceylon. 
1907      CLUBBE,  CHARLES  P.   B.,  M.R.C.S.E.,  L.R.C.P.,   195  Macquarie  Street, 

Sydney,  New  South  Wales. 
1898     tCLUCAs,  EVAN  C.,  J.P.,  Kia  Ora,  North  Adelaide,  South  Australia. 

1903  f  COATES,  ARTHUR  R.,  Suva,  Fiji. 

1905  COCHRANE,  FRANK  S.,  Government  Railway,  Lagos,  Southern  Nigeria. 

1889  COCK,  CORNELIUS,  J.P.,  Peddle,  Cape  Colony. 

1881  COCKBURN,  SAMUEL  A.,  Cape  Gracias  &  Dios,  Nicaragua  (via  New  Orleans}. 

1880  CODD,  JOHN  A.,  Toronto,  Canada. 

1894  CODRINGTON,  ROBERT,  Administrator,  Kalomo,  North- Western  Rhodesia. 

1906  tCooHLAN,  H.  LAKB,  5  Raffles  Place,  Singapore. 

1902      COGTLL,  WILLIAM   H.,  African  Banking  Corporation,  Pretoria,  Transvaal. 

1897  COHEN,  ABNBR,  J.P.,  Krugersdorp,  Transvaal. 

1895  COHEN,  H.  HIRSCHRL,  c\o  P.O.,  Auckland,  New  Zealand. 
1888      tCoHEN,  NAPH.  H.,  P.O.  Box  1892,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 

1883  COHEN,  NEVILLE  D.,  care  of  Messrs.  D.  Cohen  $  Co.,  Maitland  West,  Nev 

South  Wales. 

1902  COKEH,  WILLIAM  Z.,  Kumasi  House,  Cape  Coast,  Gold  Coast  Colony. 

1897  fCoLE,  NICHOLAS,  West  Cloven  Hills,  Camperdown,  Victoria. 
1894  COLE,  WM.  O'CONNOR,  24  Soldier  Street.,  Freetown,  Sierra  Leone, 
1892  fCoLEMAN,  JAMES  H.,  Waititirau,  Napier,  New  Zealand. 

1907  COLENBRANDER,  BENJAMIN,  J.P.,  Nkandhla,  Zuhdand,  Natal. 
1905  COLES,  REV.  CHARLES  E.,  PH.D.,  Queenstoivn,  Cape  Colony. 

1903  COLLET,    HON.   WILFRED,    C.M.G.,   Colonial    Secretary,    Belize,   British 

Honduras, 
1907      COLLETT,  JOHN  WALLACE,  M.D.,  L.R.C.P.&S.,  Government  Medical  Officer, 

Forcados,  Southern  Nigeria. 
1905      COLLETT,  VIVIAN,  The  Treasury,  Pretoria,  Transvaal. 

1905  COLLIER,  F.  J.,  P.O.  Box  734,  Durban,  Natal. 

1898  f  COLLIER,  HERBERT,  Werndew,  Irving  Road,  Toorak,  Melbourne,  Victoria. 
1892      tCoLLiER,  JENKIN,  Werndew,  Irving  Road,  TooraTc,  Melbourne,  Victoria; 

and  Australian  Club. 

1906  COLLINS,  EDWARD  WILLIAM,  Tf and  Club,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 

1885  I  COLLINS,  ERNEST  E.,  Renter's  Telegram  Co.,  Lim.,  Sydney,  New  South  Wales. 
1906  I  COLLINS,  GEORGE  CHIIRTON,  Commerce  Court,  Durban,  Natal. 


424  Royal  Colonial  Institute. 


Year  of 
Election. 

1902 
1900 
1907 


1902 


1905 


1903 
1903 
1884 
1876 
1903 
1898 


1898 
1898 


1902 


1906 
1891 
1903 
1885 
1889 
1895 


1895 
1890 
1904 
1905 
1900 


1900 
1902 
1905 
1902 
1901 


1902 
1889 

1882 


1892 


1906 


1896 


1906 


fCoLLiNS,  HARRY,  Club  Street,  Maritzburg,  Natal. 

COLLINS,  HENRY  M.,  Renter's  Telegram  Co.,  Melbourne,  Victoria. 

COLLINS,  HENRY  RAMSAY,  J.P.,  A.M.Inst.C.E.,  "  Mercury  Office,"  Durban, 

Natal. 
COLLINS,  JAMES  A.,  Registrar  of  the  High  Court,   Bloemfontein,  Orange 

River  Colony. 
COLLINS,  CAPTAIN  ROBERT   MUIRHEAD,  R.N.,  C.M.Gr.,  Melbourne    Club, 

Victoria. 

COLLYNS,  ARTHUR  SHUCHBURGH,  Nelson  Club,  Nelson,  New  Zealand, 
COLQUHOUN,  DANIEL,  M.D.,  44  High  Street,  Dunedin,  New  Zealand. 

EGBERT  A. 

COMISSIONG,  HON.  W.  S.,  K.C.,  M.E.C.,  St.  George's,  Grenada. 
CONDER,  HAROLD,  Beaufort  Street,  Grahamstown,  Cape  Colony. 
CONIGRAVE,  B.   FAIRFAX,  5  Ingle    Chajnbers,   Hay   St.,    Perth,    Western 

Australia. 

fCoNLAY,  WM.  LANCE,  Kuala  Lumpor,  Federated  Malay  States. 
CONWAY,  ALEXANDER,  J.P.,   Glenorchy,  Cheltenham,  near  Feilding,  New 

Zealand. 
fCoocH  BEHAR,  His  HIGHNESS  THE  MAHARAJAH  OF,  G.C.I.E.,  C.B.,  Cooch 

Behar,  India. 

COOK,  ALFRED  LESLIE,  P.O.  Telegraphs,  Colombo,  Ceylon. 
COOK,  E.  BOYER,  J.P.,  Thornhill,  Herbert,  Cape  Colony. 
COOK,  FREDERICK  J.,  Waterworks  Department,  Johannesbury,  Transvaal. 
COOKE,  JOHN,  Australian  Club,  Melbourne,  Victoria. 
COOLEY,  WILLIAM,  Town  Clerk,  Durban,  Natal. 
fCoopE,  CAPTAINT  J.  C.  JESSER,  Bulawayo  Club,  Rhodesia  (Corresponding 

Secretary). 

COOPER,  ARNOLD  W.,  J.P.,  F.R.M.S.,  Richmond,  Natal. 
COOPER,  His  HONOUR  CHIRF  JUSTICE  SIR  POPE  A.,  Brisbane,  Queensland. 
fCooFER,  RICHARD  HENRY,  Hilton  Road,  Natal. 
COOPER,  REV.  CANON  WM.  HENRY,  Temora,  New  South  Wales. 
COPLAND-CRAWFORD,  W.  E.  B.,  Divisional  Commissioner,  Asaba,  Southern 

Nigeria. 

COPLAND,  CHARLES  A.,  Director  of  Public  Works,  Freetown,  Sierra  Leone. 
COPLEY,  WM.DAWN,  P.O.  Sox  260,  Bulawayo,  Rhodesia. 
CORBALLY,  Louis.  37  Nind  Street,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
1  CORBET,  EVERARD  P.,  Dargle  Road,  Natal. 
CORDEROY,  JOHN  W.,  P.O.  Box  22,   Kohstad,  East   Griqualand,  Cape 

Colony. 

fCoRDNER,  E.  J.  K. 

JAMES,  JOHN  H.,  A.M.Inst.C.E. 

CORK,  His  HONOUR  PHILIP  C.,  C.M.Gr.,  Government  House,  St.  Lucia, 
West  Indies. 

CORNER,  CHARLES,  M.Inst.C.E.,  Resident  Engineer,  Rhodcsian  Railways, 
Bulawayo,  Rhodesia. 

CORNISH,  THE  RIGHT  REV.  CHARLES  E.,  D.D.,  Lord  Bishop  of  Grahams- 
town,  Bishopsbourne,  Grahamstown,  Cape  Colony. 

fCoRNiSH-BowDEN,  ATHELSTAN  H.,  Surveyor-General's  Office,  Cape  Town, 
Cape  Colony. 

fCoRPE,  JAMES  R.,  Kingston  Terrace,  North  Adelaide,  South  Australia. 


Year  of 
Election. 

1902 
1901 


1905 
1902 
1902 
1886 
1906 
1905 
1895 


1904 
1903 


1903 
1895 
1889 
1896 
1902 
1902 
1882 


1901 
1902 
1897 
1902 
1902 
1887 


1906 
1906 
1892 
1897 
1890 
1901 
1875 


1907 
1906 
1906 


1884 
1904 
1904 
1901 
1896 
1896 
1903 
1898 
1885 


Non-Resident  Fellows,  425 


f  COBT,  JAMES  E.,  Axim,  Gold  Coast  Colony. 

CORYNDON,  K.  T.,  Rtsident  Commissioner,  M'babane,  Swaziland,  South 

Africa. 

COTTON,  ALFRED  J.,  Hidden  Vale,  Grandchester,  Queensland. 
COTTON,  E.  P.,  Director  of  Surveys,  Lagos,  Southern  Nigeria, 
COTTON,  JOHN  W.,  Hornsby,  New  South  Wales. 
COTTRKLL,  HENRY  E.  P. 

COTTRILL,  GILBERT  ST.  JOHN,  Hand  Club,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
COUBBOUGH,  A.  ADAIR,  M.L.C.,  Levulta,  Fiji. 
tCouLDERY,  WILLIAM  H.,  J.P.,  cjo  Queensland  National  Bank,  Sydney, 

New  South  Wales. 

f  COUSIN,  ROBERT,  Prestea  Block  A.  Mines,  Tarkwa,  Gold  Coast  Colony. 
COUSSEY,  CHARLES  L.  R.  P.,  c\o  Messrs.  Millers,  Ltd.,  Cape   Coast,  Gold 

Coast  Colony.  -,_•,, 

COWEN,  CHARLES,  SENIOR,  P.O.  Box  614,  Cape  Town,  Cape  Colony. 
COWERN,  WILLIAM,  Hawera,  New  Zealand. 

ALEXANDER,  Port  Elizabeth,  Cape  Colony. 
,  W.  H.,  care  of  General  Post  Office,  Colombo,  Ceylon. 
COWLIN,  HERBERT  A.,  Messrs.  J.  Holt  $  Co.,  LoJcoja,  Northern  Nigeria. 
COWPER,  SYDNEY,  C.M.G.,  Civil  Service  Club,  Cape  Town,  Cape  Colony. 
Cox,  HON.  CHARLES  T.,   C.M.G.,    Government   Secretary,  Georgetown, 

British  Guiana. 

tCox,  GEORGE  LIONEL,  Ouvah  Kellie,  Lindula,  Ceylon. 
Cox,  SENATOR  HON.  GEORGE  A.,  Toronto,  Canada. 
Cox,  SIR  LIONEL. 

Cox,  SYDENHAM  E.  S.,  P.O.  Box  3669,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
Cox,  WILLIAM  E. 

,  RALPH  C.,  Bulkeley  Station,  Ramleh,  Alexandria,  Egypt  (Corre 

sponding  Secretary). 
CRAIG,  E.  H.  CUNNINGHAM,  B.A.,  F.G.S. 
CRAIG,  ROBERT  WM.,  Port  Elizabeth,  Cape  Colony. 
f  CRAIGEN,  WILLIAM,  Georgetown,  British  Guiana. 
CRAMER,  HERMANN  J.,  Punta  Gorda,  British  Honduras. 
CRANSWICK,  WILLIAM  F. 

tCRART,  WM.  SAMUEL,  244  Commercial  Road,  Maritzburg,  Natal. 
CRAWFORD,    LIEUT.-COLONEL   JAMES    D.,     Stock    Exchange,     Montreal, 

Canada. 
CRAWFORD,  ROBERT,  259  William  Street,  Mdbourne,  Victoria. 

,  HAROLD  T.,  Public  Works  Department,  Colombo,  Ceylon. 
CBEELMAN,   ADAM    R.,    K.C.,   85    Redpath   Street,    Montreal,    Canada 

(Corresponding  Secretary). 

•J-CREEWELL,  JACOB,  P.O.  Box  469,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
CRESWELL,  ALFRED  T.,  G.P.O.  Bulawayo,  Rhodesia. 
•{•CREWE,  COL.  HON.  CHARLES  P.,  C.B.,  M.L.A.,  Cape  Town,  Cape  Colony. 
CROFTS,  CHARLES  J.,  M.Inst.C.E.,  Point,  Natal. 
f  CROGHAN,  JOHN  G.,  M.D.,  Klipriversoog,  Transvaal. 
CROMBIE,  FRANK  E.  N.,  Northern  Club,  Auckland,  New  Zealand. 
CROMPTON,  ROBERT,  Suva,  Fiji. 

CROSBY,  CAPTAIN  ARTHUR  J.,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
f  CROSBY,  HON.  WILLIAM,  M.L.C.,  Hobart,  Tasmania. 

p 


426  Royal  Colonial  Institute. 


Year  of 
Election. 

1891 
1898 
1899 
1886 
1901 
1887 
1901 
190-5 


1884 
1899 
1903 
1895 


1902 
1892 
1906 
1895 


1903 
1896 
1904 
1903 


1905 
1902 
1906 
1904 
1890 
1879 
1884 
1898 
1900 
1895 


1903 
1902 
1901 
1904 


1902 
1895 
1905 
1887 
1906 
1902 
1886 

1881 
1898 


,  JOHN  WM.,  J.P.,  E.M.,  The  Residency,  Stanger,  Natal. 
f  CROSSE,  THOMAS,  Woodland,  Hastings,  Hawkes  Bay,  New  Zealand. 
CROSTHWAITE,  PONSONBY  M.,  C.E., 

CRUMP,  G.  CRESSWELL,  Bucksteep,  Goombunges,  Queensland. 
CUBITT,  MAJOR  THOMAS  A.,  RA.,  D.S.O.,  Zungeru,  Northern  Nigeria. 
CUDDEFOBD,  WILLIAM,  Audit  )r,  St   George's,  Grenada. 
CCTLLEN,  COMMANDER  PERCY,  C.M.G.,  E.N.R. 

,  THOMAS  M.,  M.L.A.,  Premier  Diamond  Mining  Co.,  P.O.  Box 
148,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 

fCuLMER,  HON.  JAMES  WILLIAM,  M.E.C.,  Nassau,  Bahamas. 
CULPEPER,  SAMUEL  A.  H.,  Georgetown,  British  Guiana. 
CUMBERLAND,  F.  BARLOW,  Dunain,  Port  Hope,  Ontario,  Canada. 
CCNDALL,  FRANK,  F.S.A.,  Institute  of  Jamaica,  Kingston,  Jamaica  (Corre- 
sponding Secretary}. 

CUXDILL,  THOMAS  J.,  31  Searle  Street,  Kimberley,  Cape  Colony. 
CUNNINGHAM,  A.  JACKSON,  Lanyon,  Queanbeyan,  New  South  Wales. 
CUNNINGHAM,  J.  E.  BALFOUR,  P.  0.  Box  4636,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
fCuRRiE,  OSWALD  J  ,M.B.,  M.E.C.S.E ,  24  Longmarket  Street,  Maritzburg, 

Natal. 
tCuRRiE,  EICHAPD,  P.O.  Box  614,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 

,  WALTER,  P.O.  Box  220,  Bulawayo,  Rhodesia. 
CURRY,  EGBERT  H.,  M.H.A.,  Nassau,  Bahamas. 
CUTHBERT,  HON.  SYDNEY,  M.L.C.,  Belize,  British  Honduras. 

DAIN,  C.  K.,  Assistant  Treasurer,  Entebbe,  Uganda. 

DATNTON,  ARTHUR  E.,  Public  Works  Department,  Maritzburg,  Natal. 

DAKINS,  EDWARD  HAMILTON,  Lagos,  Southern  Nigeria. 

DALGETY,  DAVID,  P.O.  Box  2998,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 

fDALRYMPLE,  THOMAS,  East  London,  Cape  Colony. 

D ALTON,  E.  H.  GORING. 

DANGAR,  ALBERT  A.,  Baroona,  Whittingham,  Sydney,  New  South  Wales. 

CHARLES  W.,  M.B.,  M.R.C.S.E. 
DARBY,  WALTER  G.,  Sandakan,  British  North  Borneo. 

,  BENJAMIN  H.,  Barrister-at-Law,  Weld  Club,  Perth,  Western 

Australia. 

DARLING,  JOHN,  M.P.,  64  K-nt  Terrace,  Norwood,  Adelaide,  S.  Australia. 
JDARLOT,  LEONARD  H.,  Perth,  Western  Australia. 
DARRAGH,  EEV.  JOHN  T.,  B.D.,  St.  Mary's,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
DATENPORT,  HOWARD,  Executor,   Trustee,  and  Agency  Co ,  23    Grenfell 

Street,  Adelaide,  South  Australia. 

DAVENPORT,  JAMES  E.,  P.O.  Box  155,  Christchurch,  New  Zealand. 
DAVERIN,  JOHN,  Port  Elizabeth,  Cape  Colony. 
DAVEY,  ARNOLD  E.,  Currie  Street,  Adelaide,  South  Australia. 
f  DAVEY,  THOMAS  J.,  17  Queen  Street,  Melbourne,  Victoria. 
DAVEY,  TOM  H.,  Currie  Street,  Adelaide,  South  Australia. 
DAVIDSON,  A.  A.,  Axim,  Gold  Coast  Colony. 
JDAVIDSON,  H.E.  W.  E.,  C.M.G.,   Government  House,  Mahe,   Seychelles 

(Corresponding  Secretary}. 

DAVIDSON,  W.  M.  (late  Surveyor-  General),  Oxley,  Brisbane,  Queensland. 
DAVIES,  HON.  CHARLES  E.,  M.L.C.,  Hobart,  Tasmania. 


Non-Resident  Fellows.  427 

Year  of 
Election. 

DA  VIES,  CLEMENT,  P.O.  Box  155,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 

DAVIES,  FRANK  A.  O.f  Barrister  (it-Law,  St.  Georges  Street,  Freetown, 

Sierra  Leone. 
DAVIES,  HENRY. 

DAVIES,  MAJOR  J.  G.,  C.M.G.,  M.H.A.,  Hobart,  Tasmania. 
fDAviES,  LEAMA  EGBERT,  Karridale,  Western  Australia. 
DAVIES,  PHILIP  V.,  Karridale,  Western  Australia. 
f  DAVIES,  SIR  MATTHEW  H.,  436  Chancery  Lane,  Melbourne,  Victoria. 
f  DAVIES,  MAURICE  C.,  J.P.  Karridale,  Western  Australia. 
fDAviES,  WALTER  KARRI,  P.O.  Box  2040,  Johannesburg^  Transvaal. 
DAVIES,  WILLIAM  H.,  College  House,  Colombo,  Ceylon. 
DAVIS,  CHARLES,  P.O.  Box  160,  Bulawayo,  Rhodesia. 
fDAvis,  HON.  N.  DARNELL,  C.M.G.,  M.E.C.,  Auditor- General,    George- 
town, British  Guiana. 

fDAvis,  P.,  "  Natal  Witness  "  Office,  Maritzburg,  Natal. 
DAVIS,  Moss,  Princes  Street,  Auckland,  New  Zealand. 
DAVIS,  STEUART  SPENCER,  The  Treasury,  Accra,  Gold  Coast  Colony. 
DAVY,  JOSEPH   BTJRTT,   F.L  S.,   F.E.G.S.,   Department  of   Agriculture, 

P.  0.  Box  434,  Pretoria,  Transvaal. 

DA  WE,  JOHN  GROSVENOR,  Tanosu,  via  Axim,  Gold  Coast  Colony. 
DAWES,    EICHARD    ST.     MARK,    L.E.C.P.,    M.E.C.S.,     Gawler,    South 

Australia. 

DAWES,  WILLIAM  J.,  P.O.  Box  301,  Bulawayo,  Rhodesia. 
DAWSON,  A.  W.,  c\o  James  Dawson,  E*q.,  Bulawayo,  Rhodesia. 

,  W.  H.,  cjo  P.  O.  Rangoon,  Burma. 

Y,  GEORGE  BKRT,  Resident  Engineer's  Office,   Government  Railways, 
Famagusta,  Cyprus. 

DAY,  WILLIAM  HENRY,  Queensland  Club,  Brisbane,  Queensland. 
DEALE,  ARTHUR,  Bloemfontein,  Orange  River  Colony. 
DEAN,  WM.  MARKHAM,  Port  Stephen,  Falkland  Islands. 
DEANS,  JOHN,  Riccarton,  Chrisfchurch,  New  Zealand. 
DBASE,  PATRICK  PAGET,  C.E.,  Les  Sapins,  Dlnan,  France. 
DE  BEER,  EOBIN  B. 
fDE    BOISSIERE,   RAOUL  F.,  L.E.C.P.,   L.E.C.S.,    Government   Medical 

Officer,  Suva,  Fiji. 
DE  HAMEL,  MAJOR  H.  BARRY,  Police  Department,  Kinta,  PeraJc,  Federated 

Malay  States. 

DE  KOK,  KAREL  B.,  P.O.  Box  24,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
DE  LAMARRE,  Louis  BERT,  Port  of  Spain,  Trinidad. 
fDELAurouR,  BRIGADE-SURGEON  LT.-COLONEL  HARRY  A.,  M.K.C.S.,  Reed 

Street,  Oamaru,  New  Zealand. 
DE  LISSA,  OSBORNE  L. 

DE  MERCADO,  CHARLES  E.,  J.P.,  Kingston,  Jamaica. 
DE  LA  MOTHE,  E.  A.,  J.P.,  Cardrona  House,  St.  Andrews,  Grenada. 
DELGADO,  BENJAMIN  N.,  Kingston,  Jamaica. 

DENISON,  LIEUT.-COLONEL  GEORGE  T.,  Heydon  Villa,  Toronto,  Canada. 
DENNETT,  E.  E.,  Forests  Department,  Benin  City,  Southern  Nigeria. 
f  DENNY,  F.  W.  EAMSAY,  Port  Elizabeth,  Cape  Colony. 
DENNY,  GEORGE  A.,  Rand  Club,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
DENNY,  HARRY  S.,  P.O.  Box  4181,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 

p4 


428  Royal  Colonial  Institute. 

Year  of 
Election. 

1905  I  DENT,  E.  COURT,  J.P.,  Messrs.  Dreyfus  $  Co.,  Ltd.,  East  London,  Cape 
Colony. 


DENTON,  H.E.  SIR    GEORGE    C.,  K.C.M.G.,  Government  House,  Bat  hurst, 

Gambia. 

f  DENTON,  HENRY,  P.O,  Sox  36,  Standerton,  Transvaal. 
DE  PASS,  ELLIOT  A.,  F.R.G.S.,  Port  lloyal  Street^  Kingston,  Jamaica. 
DE  PASS,  JOHN,  Kimberley,  Cape  Colony. 
DERRY,  B.  GRAHAM,  P.O.  Box  6,  Salisbury,  Rhodesia. 
DERRY,  FRANCIS  H.,  Nelly  Mine,  Insiza,  Rhodesia. 
DESCROTZILLES,  FRE'D^RIC   V.,   Assistant  Receiver- General,   Port   Louis, 

Mauritius. 
DE  SILVA,  WM.  HENRY,  M.B.,  F.E.C.S.E.,  Victoria  Eye  Infirmary,  Colombo, 

Ceylon. 

fDE  SOUZA,  A.  J.,  P.O.  Box  98,  Shanghai,  China. 
DE  SOYSA,  MUDALIYAR  J.  W.  CHARLES,  M.A.,  J.P.,  Alfred  House,  Colombo, 

Ceylon. 

DE  VILLIERS,  ISAAC  HORAK, 
DE  VILLIERS,  JACOBUS  P.,  P.O.  Box  24,  Lower  Paarl,  Cape  Colony. 


1887 
1892 


1897 
1896 
1903 
1888 
1889 
1898 
1893 
1895 


1906 


1894 
1900 
1899 
1904 
1904 
1904 
1889 
1907 


1890 
1882 


1895 
1903 


DE  WOLF,    Hox.  JAMES  A.,    M.D.,  M.L.C.,  Surgeon- General,   Port   of 

Spain,  Trinidad. 

DIAS,  FELIX  REGINALD,  M.  A.,  LL.M.,  District  Judge,  Colombo,  Ceylon. 
fDiBBS,  THOMAS  A.,  Commercial  Banking  Co.,  347  George  Street,  Sydney, 

New  South  Wales. 

DICEY,  EDWARD  C.,  P.O.  Box  103,  Barberton,  Transvaal. 
DICKINSON,  FRANCIS  M.,  Broken  Hill  Proprietary  Co.,  Melbourne,  Victoria. 
DICKSON,  ALEXANDER,  P.O.  Box  738,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
tDicicsoN,  R.  CASIMIR,  Fort  William,  Ontario,  Canada. 
tDicKSON,  WILLIAM  SAMUEL,  Fauresmith,  Orange  River  Colony. 
DIESPECKER,  CAPTAIN  RUDOLPH,  P.O  Box  5967,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
DIETRICH,  H.,  J.P.,  P.O.  Box  12,  Zeerust,  Transvaal. 
DIGBY-JONES,   C.  K.,   c]o  Jumbo   G.   M.  Co.,  P.O.   Box  94,  Salisbury, 

Rhodesia. 
DIGNAN,  PATRICK  L.,  Kiwi,  Mountain  Road,  Mount  Eden,  Auckland,  New 

Zealand, 

DIXON,  GEORGE  G.,  C.E.,  Colonial  Secretariat,  Colombo,  Ceylon. 
DIXON,  JAMES  DICKSON,  J.P.,  Suva,  Fiji. 

DIXSON,  ARCHIBALD,  Willxmbong,  Mosman,  Sydney,  New  South  Wales. 
fDixsoN,  ROBERT  CRAIG,  45  Park  Street,  Sydney,  New  South  Wales. 
DIXSON,  T.  STORIE,M.B.,C.M.,  151  MacquarieSt.,  Sydney,  New  South  Wales. 
DOBBIE,  EDWARD  D.,  Solicitor- General;  Hobart,  Tasmania. 
DOBSON,  SENATOR  HON.  HENRY,  Hobart,  Tasmania. 
DOCKER,  His  HONOUR  ERNEST  B.,  Eltham,  Edgccliff  Road,  Sydney,  New 

South  Wales. 

DOCKER,  THOMAS  L.,  Commercial  Bank  of  Sydney,  Sydney,  New  South  Wales. 
DOCKER,  WILFRID  L.,  Nyrambla,  Darlinghurst  Road,  Sydney,  New  South 

Wales  (  Corresponding  Secretary). 

DOLLAR,  EDWARD,  P.O.  Box  5200,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
DOLLEY,  HON.  JOHN  F.,  Bleinheim  Houie,  Uitenhagc,  Cape  Colony. 


Year  of 
Election. 

1906 


1896 
1906 
1904 
1897 
1889 


1906 
1902 
1905 


1904 
1907 


1906 
1896 
1903 
1898 
1897 
1904 
1903 


1902 
1905 
1902 
1900 
1903 
1901 
1903 


1904 
1903 
1905 
1880 
1906 
1889 


1902 
1905 
1904 
1902 
1896 
1900 


1889 


1896 
1899 
1888 


Non-Resident  Fellows.  429 


BOLTING,  CALEDON  J.  R.,  Fraser's  Buildings,  Longmarket  Street,  Cape 

Town,  Cape  Color, y. 

DOMVILLE,  LIEUT.-COL.  SENATOR  HON.  JAMES,  Rothesay,  New  Brunswick. 
DONALDSON,  JOHN  S.,  P.O.  Box  1075,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
DONNELLY,  GEORGE  P.,  Crissogc,  Ngatarawa,  Hawkes  Bay,  New  Zealand. 
DONOVAN,  FERGUS,  P.O.  Box  4,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
tDoNovAN,  JOHN   J.,  K.C.,  M.A.,  LL.D.,  Australian  Club,  Sydney,  New 

South  Wales. 

DORNING,  EDWARD  S.,  Dodowah,  Gold  Coast  Colony. 
DOUGLAS,  JAMES,  Natal  Bank,  Maritzburg,  Natal. 
DOUGLAS,  JAMES  ARCHIBALD,  M.  A. ,1) irector  of  Education,  Lagos,  Southern 

.   Nigeria. 

DOUGLAS, ROBERT,  "  Star"  Office,  P.O.  Box  1014,  Johannesburg.  Transvaal. 
DOUGLASS,  ED  WARD  WING  FIELD,  68  Gordon  Road,  Bertrams,  Johannesburg, 

Transvaal. 

DOUGLASS,  JAMES  H.,  Albany  Club,  Grahamstown,  Cape  Colony. 
DOVE,  FREDERICK  W.,  39  East  Street,  Freetown,  Sierra  Leone. 
DOWNER,  ALFRED  WM  ,  Sekondi,  Gold  Coast  Colony. 
DOWNER,  YEN.  ARCHDEACON  GEORGE  W.,  The  Rectory,  Kingston,  Jamaica. 
DOWNES,  S.  TROUNCER,  Durban  Club,  Natal. 

DOWSE,  THOMAS  A.,  M.R.C.S.E  ,  L.R.C.P.,  Fernleigh,  Levuka,  Fiji. 
tDowsETT,  CHARLES,  c\o  Messrs.  Attwell  cf  Co.,   St.  George's  Street,  Cape 

Town,  Cape  Colony. 

,  CAPTAIN  J.  J.,  s.s.  "  Lagoon,"  Lagos,  Southern  Nigeria. 
f  DOYLE,  JAMES  HENRY,  Invermein,  Scone,  New  South  Wales. 
,  FRANK,  Fpe,  Lagos,  Southern  Nigeria. 
,  H.  F.,  Ploesti,  Roumania. 
DRIVER,  THOMAS  HOLLOWAY. 

DROUGHT,  F.  A.,  380  Coojter  Street,  Ottawa,  Canada. 
DROUGHT,  JAMES  J.,  F.C.S.,  A.I.M.M.,  Molo  Station,  via  Mombasa,  British 

East  Africa. 
DRUMMOND,  GEORGE E., 421  Meicalfe Avenue,  Westmount,  Montreal, Canada. 

,  LIEUT.-COLONEL  CHARLES  H.,  V.D.,  Jamaica. 
DODGEON,  SIR  CHARLES  JOHN,  Shanghai. 
DUDLEY,  CECIL. 

DUFF,  JAMES  EBSKINE,  12  Timber  Street,  Maritzburg,  Natal. 
DUFF,  HON.   ROBERT,  Immigration  Agent- General,    Georgetown,  British 

Guiana. 

DUFFILL,  JOHN  HENRY,  C.E.,  Town  Hall,  Durban,  Natal. 
DUFFIN,  BRUCB  WM.,  Legislative  Council  Office,  Pretoria,  Transvaal. 
DUFFUS,  W.,  Guardian  Building,  Addirley  Street,  Cape  Town,  Cape  Colony. 
f DUGMORE,  GEORGE  EGERTON,  M.L.A.,  Indwe,  Cape  Colony. 
DUIRS,  DAVID  P.,  M.D.,  P.O.  Box  610,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
DUKA,  CAPTAIN  A.  T.,  D.S.O.,  M.A.,  M.R.C.S.E.,  Lismore,  New  South 

Wales. 
fDuMAT,  FRANK  CAMPBELL,  Barrister-at-Law,  P.O.  Box  370,  Johannesburg, 

Transvaal. 

DUNCAN,  ALEXANDER  M.  T.,  J.P.,  Suva,  Fiji. 
DUNCAN,  ALISTER,  Imperial  Maritime  Customs,  Hankow,  China, 
tDuNCAN,  ANDREW  H.  F.,  Bulawayo,  Rhodesia. 


430  Royal  Colonial  Institute. 


Year  of 
Election. 

1905  |  fDuNCAN,  EDWARD,  J.P.,  Labasa,  Macnata,  Fiji. 
1904  I  DUNCAN,  JAMES  ALEXE.,  Molteno,  Cape  Colony. 
1883  i  DUNCAN,  JAMES  DENOON,  Attorney -at-Law,  Kimberley,  Cape  Colony. 
1904     fDuNCAN,  JOHN,  Messrs.  Levin  fy  Co.,  Ltd.,  Wellington,  New  Zealand. 
1890     t  DUNCAN,    HON.   JOHN   J.,    M.L.C.,    Hughes   Park,    Watervale,    South 
Australia. 

1901  fDuNCAN,  JOHN,  The  Grove,  Picton,  New  Zealand. 
1907     fDuNCAN,  PATRICK,  C.M.G.,  Pretoria,  Transvaal. 

1902  DUNCAN,  THOMAS  M.,  Messrs.  J.  C.  Jula  $  Co.,  Cape  Town,  Cape  Colony. 
1897     fDuNCOMBE,  H.  F.,  District  Commissioner,  Lagos,  Southern  Nigeria. 

1903  DUNCOMBE,    WALTER    KELSALL,   Customs   Department,  Lagos,   Southern 

Nigeria. 

1895     DUNLOP,  ALEXANDER  R.,  Sandakan,  British  North  Borneo. 
1901      DUNLOP,  J.  M.  M.,  LL.D.,  District  Commissioner,  Lagos,  Southern  Nigeria. 

1904  DUNLOP,  JOHN  SYM,  Ashenhurst,  Burwood,  Sydney,  New  South  Wales. 
1900     DUNSTER,  T.  CHARLES  W.,  West  Australian  Club,  Perth,  Western  Australia. 
1903     DUPIGNY,  E.  G.  MORSON,  Resident,  Yola,  Northern  Nigeria. 

1889     DUPONT,  MAJOR  C.  T.,  Victoria,  British  Columbia. 

1905  DURING,  ABRAHAM  A.,  Paarl,  Cape  Colony. 

1893  i  DUTTON,  HENRY,  Anlaby,  Rapunda,  South  Australia. 

1906  I  DVVYER,  FREDERICK  L.,  B.A.,  A.M.Inst.C.E,,  Government  Railways,  Cape 

Town,  Cape  Colony. 

1894  j  DYETT,  HON.  WM.  C.  L.,  M.L.C.,  Port  of  Spain,  Trinidad. 
1903  j  DYKE,  JAMES  E.,  73  Hbmewood  Avenue,  Toronto,  Canada. 


DYKES,  ARTHUR  J.,  Railway  Department,  Port  Louis,  Mauritius. 
DYKES,  F..1.  B.,  Warden  of  Mines,  Kuala  Lumpur,  Federated  Malay  States. 
DYKES,  JAMES,  Hoetjes  Bay,  Saldanha  Bay,  Cape  Colony. 

EAGLESOME,  JOHN,  C.M.G.,  Public  Works  Department,  Lokcja,  Northern 

Nigeria. 
EAKIN,  J.  W.,  M.D.,  Government  Medical  Officer,   12    Victoria  Avenue, 

Port  of  Spain,  Trinidad. 
tEALES,  WILLIAM  JOHN,  Hyde  Park,  Madras,  India. 


1907 
1900 
1903 

1904 
1894 

1884 

1899  '  EARDLEY-WILMOT,  S.,  Launceston,  Tasmania. 

1905  ;  EARLE,  PERCY  M.,  L.R.C.S.,  L.R.C.P.,  Fort  Canje,Berbice,  British  Guiana. 
1897  |  EARLE,  ROBERT  C.,  M.R.C.S.E.,  L.S.A.,  Wanganui,  New  Zealand. 
1903      EARP,  HON.  GEORGE  F.,  M.L.C.,  Newcastle,  New  South  Wales. 
1901      EASTERBROOK,  ARTHUR  D.,  Karonga,  Lake  Nyasa,  British  Central  Africa. 
1895  I  EASTWOOD,  PHILIP  B.,  Rand  Club,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 

1889  tEBERT,  ERNEST,  Port  Elizabeth,  Cape  Colony. 

1890  I  fEoGsoN,  ARTHUR  B.,  care  of  Stock  Exchange,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
1905  \  JEDINGTON,  THOMAS  D.,  Premier  Diamond  Mining   Co.,  P.O.  Box  148, 

Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 

1900  EDMONDSON,  CRESSY  S.,  Rand  Club,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 

1890     EDWARDS,  DAVID  R.,  M.D.,  care  of  Australian  Mutual  Provident  Society, 

Sydney,  New  South  Wales. 

1899  ;  EDWARDS,  FREDERIC  G.  H.,  M.D.,  Florida  Road,  Durban,  Natal. 
1897  ;  EDWARDS,  G.  BAKKR,  Grand  National  Hotel,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
1876      f  ED  WARDS,  HERBERT,  Oamaru,  New  Zealand. 
1905  i  EDWARDS,  JOHN  TENISON,  Padang  Tjermin,  Bindjei,  Deli,  Sumatra. 


N on-Resident  I allows.  431 

Year  of 
Election. 

1886  [  EDWARDS,  NATHANIEL  W.,  Nelson,  New  Zealand. 

1904      f EDWARDS,  W.  AIOURCROFT,  P.O.  13or  37,  Krugersdorp,  Transvaal. 
1874  j  f  EDWARDS,  HON.  W.T.  A..C.M.G.,  M.D.,  Chambly  Villa,  Curepipe  Road, 
Mauritius. 

1887  !   EGAN,  CHARLES  J.,  M.D.,  King  William's  Town,  Cape  Colony. 

1883      EGERTON,    H.E.  SIR    WALTER,    K.C.M.G.,    Government  House,   Calabar, 
Southern  Nigeria. 


1897 
1889 
1907 


EHRHAHDT,  HON.  ALBERT  F.,  Attorney-General,  Suva,  Fiji. 
EICKE,  ADOLPH,  Berg  Street,  Maritzburg,  Natal. 
ELGAB,  CHARLES,  Featherston,  New  Zealand. 


1902  i  ELGIE,  S.  KELSEY,  M.P.S.,  47  Gardiner  Street,  Durban,  Natal. 

1882  •.  ELLIOTT,  REV.  CANON   F.   W.   T.,   St.  Michael's   Rectory,    West    Coast, 

British  Guiana. 
ELLIOT,  LESLIE. 


fELLiP,  HENRY  REGINALD,  M.P.,  M.R  C.S.,  Government  Medical   Officer, 

Lagos,  Southern  Nigeria. 

ELLISON,  CHARLES,  Dunblane,  Hawkes  Bay,  New  Zealand. 
ELMSLIE,    CHRISTOPHER  TATHAM,  39  Norwich   Chambers,  Hunter   Street, 

Sydney,  New  South  Wales. 
ELWIN,  RT.  KEY.  EDMUND  H.,  M.A.,  D.D.,  Lord  Bishop  of  Sierra  Leone, 

Bishop's  Court,  Sierra  Leone. 

EMBLING,  JAMES,  c\o  Bank  of  New  Zealand,  Wellington,  *New  Zealand. 
fENGELKEN,  EMIL  WILLIAM,  Kimberley  Club,  Cape  Colony, 
{ENGLISH,  THOMAS  ROWE,  De  Beers  Consolidated  Mines,  Kimberley,  Cape 

Colony. 
ESCOTT,  H.E.  SIR   E.  BICKHAM  SWEET,  K.C.M.G.,    Government   House, 

St.  John's,  Antigua  (Corresponding  Secretary). 
ESPEUT,  CLAUDE  V.,  Public  Works  Department,  Mombasa,  British  East 

Africa. 

ESPEUT,  REGINALD  WM..C.E.,  Government  Railway,  Freetown,  Sierra  Leone. 
tEssiEN,  ALBERT  DUKE,  Cape  Coast,  Gold  Coast  Colony. 


1899 
1905 

1907 
1894 

1902 

1903 
1889 
1897 

1883 
1902 

1902 
1897 

1895  I  fEssERY,  EDWIN,  J.P.,  Riet  Valley,  Umhlali,  via  Durban,  Natal. 
1897  ESUMAN-GWIRA,  JOHN  BUCKMAN,  Cape  Coast,  Gold  Coast  Colony. 
1902  ETLINGER,  THOMAS  E.,  C.E.,  Mutual  Buildings,  Durban,  NataL 

1894  ;  tETTLiNG,  CAFTAIN  GUSTAV  A.,  81    Old  Main   Street,  Kimberley,   Cape 
Colony. 

1901  EVANS,  FRAN KLYN  S.,  Gadsema,  Rholisia. 

1880  ;  EVANS,  HON.  FREDERICK,  C.V.O.,  C.M.G.,  Colonial  Secretary,  Gibraltar. 

1889  EVANS,  J.  EMRYS,  C.M.G.,  M.L.A.,  Rand  Club,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 

1902  fEvANS,  MAURICE  S.,C.M.G.,  M.L.A.,  J.P.,  Hill  Crest,  Bereafitdge,  Durban 

Natal. 

1897  |  EVANS,  SAMUEL,  15  Saratoga  Avenue,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
1906      EVANS,  WALTER  Bo  WEN,  Daylesford,  Victoria. 
1883  |  EVANS,  WILLIAM,  Protector  of  Chinese,  Singapore. 

1890  '  EVANS,  WILLIAM  GWYNNE,  P.O.  Box  558,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 

1902  -J-EVERSFIELD,   CAPTAIN  GEORGE   A.,  c\o  Post    Office,   Calgary,    N.W.T., 

Canada. 

1903  tEvES,  CAPTAIN. HUBERT  E.,  J.P.,  Arntully,  Cedar  Valley  P.O.,  Jamaica. 
1903     fEwENS,  CREASY,  36  Queen's  Road,  Hong  Kong. 

1906      EWING,  WM.  LBCKIB,  Rupurara,  Inyxnga,  Rholcsla. 


482  Royal  Colonial  Institute. 


FADELLE,  EDWARD,  C.E.,  Buenos  Ayres  and  Rosario  Railway,  Buenos  Aires, 

Argentine  Republic. 
FAIRBAIRN,    GEORGE,    M.P.,    care    of   Union    Mortgage    and    Agency 

Company,  William  Street,  Melbourne)  Victoria. 
FAIRBAIRN,  JAMES,  P.O.  Box  3182,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
FAIRBRIDGE,   WILLIAM   E.,   Argus  Printing   and  Publishing    Co.,  P.O. 

Box  1014,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
FAIRFAX,   GEOFFREY    E.,    Barrister --at-Law,    Elaine,  New  South   Road, 

Woollahra,  Sydney,  New  South  Wales, 
IFAIRFAX,  JAMES  OSWALD,  Koorali,   Wolseley  Road,  Point  Piper,  Sydney, 

New  South  Wales. 

FAIRFAX,  SIR  JAMES  K.,  Sydney,  New  South  Wales. 

FAITHFULL,  EGBERT  L.,  M.D.,  5  Lyons  Terrace,  Sydney,  New  South  Wales. 
FALCK,  ANOSI,  Postmaster-  General,  Bloemfontein,  Orange  River  Colony. 
,  ARTHUR  W.,  Kingston,  Jamaica. 

,  JOHN  C.,  J.P.,  Garland  Grove,  Montego  Bay,  Jamaica. 
FARRAR,  NICHOLAS,  Postmaster- General,  Zomba,  British  Central  Africa. 
tFAULKNER,  ENOCH,  District  Commissioner,  Waterloo,  Sierra  Leone. 
tFAULKNER,    FREDERICK    C.,    M.A.,   The   High    School,  Perth,   Western 

Australia. 
FAWCETT,  JAMES  HART,  cjo  Messrs.  Bewick,  Moreing  fy  Co.,   Equitable 

Buildings,  Collins  Street,  Melbourne.  Victoria. 
fFAwcETT,  HON. WILLIAM,  M.L.C.,  B.Sc.,  F.L.S.,  Director,  Public  Gardens, 

Hope  Gardens,  Jamaica* 
FAWNS,  SYDNEY,  Launceston,  Tasmania. 

FELL,  HENRY,  Cleveland  House,  Alexandra  Road,  Maritzburg,  Natal. 
tFELL,  W.  SCOTT,  Kilcreggan,  Mosman,  Sydney,  New  South  Wales. 
FELTON,  HON.  J.  J.,  M  E.G.,  Stanley,  Falkland  Islands. 
FELTON,  WM.  BEHTLES,  Melbourne,  Victoria. 
FENTON,  ERNEST  G.,  F.R.C.S.I. 
fFERGusoN,  JAMES  E.  A.,  M.B.,  C.M.,  Belfield  Lodge,  East  Coast,  Demerara, 

British  Guiana. 

FERGUSON,  JAMES  FINLAY,  Kenilworth,  Ridge  Road,  Durban,  Natal, 
f  FERGUSON,  JAMES,  P.O.  Box  98,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
•J-FERGUSON,  HON.  JOHN,  C.M.G.,  M.L.C.,  Cinnamon   Gardens,  Colombo, 

Ceylon  (Corresponding  Secretary). 
FERNANDO,  H.  MARCUS,  M.D.,  B.Sc.,  General   Civil  Hospital,   Colombo, 

Ceylon. 

fFERREiRA,  ANTONIO  F. 
F.ETHERSTONHAUGH,  CuTHBERT,   Summerland,   Okanagan  Valley,  British 

Columbia. 

FETTES,  ALEXANDER,  Port  Elizabeth,  Cape  Colony. 
fFiELD,  A.  PERCY,  P.O.  Box  154,  Pretoria,  Transvaal. 
f  FIELDING,  HON.  WILLIAM  S.,  M.P.,  Ottawa,  Canada. 
FIFE,  GEORGE  R.,  Brisbane,  Queensland. 

fFlNAUGHTY,  H.  J. 

FINCH,  BARNARD,  Durban,  Natal. 

FINCH,  GEORGE  G.,  P.O.  Box  233,  Bloemfontein,  Orange  River  Colony. 

FINLAYSON,  J.  HARVEY,  Adelaide,  South  Australia. 

FINLAYSON,  LIEUT. -COLONEL  ROBERT  A.,  CM.Gr.,Kimbcrlcy,  Cape  Colony- 


Non-Resident  Fellows.  433 


fFiNNiE,  J.  P.,  P.O.  Boa;  46,  Gwelo,  Rhodesia. 

FIRMIN,  CECIL  H.,  Government  Railway,  Bo,  Sierra  Leone. 

f  FIRMINGER,  KEY.  WALTER  K.,  B.D.,  M.A.,  care  of  Messrs.  Grindlay  Sf 

Co.,  Calcutta. 
f  FISHER,  HERBERT  S. 

FISHER,  HUBERT  C.,  P.O.  Box  665,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
FISHER,  JAMES  B.,  197  Gloucester  Street,  Christchurch,  New  Zealand. 
fFiSHER,  JOSEPH,  J.  P.,  Fullarton,  Adelaide,  South  Australia. 
FISHSR,  JOHN  MEADOWS,  39  Stock  Exchange,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
FISHER,  NORMAN 'B.,  B.Sc.,  M.E.,  St.  Clair,  Dunedin,  New  Zealand. 
f  FISKEN,  JOHN  INGLIS,  Corrabert,  Toorak,  Melbourne,  Victoria. 
FITZ&ERALD,  GEORGE  L.,  C.E.,  The  Foliage,  San  Fernando,  Trinidad. 
1902  |  FITZGERALD,  O'CoNNEi.L,  Crane  House,  Bridgetown,  Barbados. 

fFiTzPATRicx,  SIR    J.  PERCY,   M.L  A.,   P.O.   Box    149,  Johannesburg, 

Transvaal. 

f  FLACK,  JOSEPH  H.,  9  Queen  Street,  Melbourne,  Victoria. 
fFLEGELTAUB,  WALTER,  Hamilton,  Brisbane,  Queensland. 
tFLEiscHAcx,  ALBERT  K.,  P.O.  Box  64,  Potcft-efstroom,  Transvaal. 
FLEMING,  CHARLES  D.,  J.P.,  Mining  Commissioner,  Gwelo,  Rhodesia. 
FLEMING,  JOHN,  Charlotte  Town,  Grenada. 
FLEMING,  JOHN  M.,  Great  Diamond  Estate,  British  Guiana. 
f  FLEMING,  KICHARD,  P.O.  Box  393,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
FLEMING,  SIR  SANDFORD,  K.C.M.G.,  Ottawa,  Canada  (Corresponding  Sec.}. 
FLEMING,  THOMAS,  Good  Hope,  Boston,  Natal. 
FLETCHER,  FRANKLYN  H. 

FLETCHER,  WILLIAM,  P.O.  Box  670,  Cape  Town,  Cape  Colony. 
f  FLETCHER,  WM.  HORTON,  c\o  Standard  Bank,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
tFLiNT,  CAPTAIN  WM.  BAFFLES,  Sandakan,  British  North  Borneo. 
FLOYD,  BEV.  WILLIAM,  Levuka,  Fiji. 

FORAN,  W.  BOBERT  UE  B.,  Police  Force,  Mombasa,  British  East  Africa. 
tFoRBES,  CAPT.  DAVID,    D.S.O.,  Swazi  Coal  Mines,  Athole,   Swaziland, 

South  Africa. 

tFoRBES,  FREDK.  WILLIAM,  Rand  Club,  Johannesburg)  Transvaal. 
f  FORBES,  HENRY,  Port  Elizabeth,  Cape  Colony. 
fFoRD,  JAMES  P., 

FORD,  JOSEPH  C.,  117  Duke  Street,  Kingston,  Jamaica. 
fFoRDE,   BOBERT    M.,  L.B.C.P.,    L.B.C.S.,   Principal   Medical   Officer, 

Freetown,  Siena  Leone. 
fFoREMAN,  JOSEPH,  M.B.C.S.,  L.B.C.P.,  215  Macquarie  Street,  Sydney, 

New  South  Wales. 

FORIN,  His  HONOUR  JUDGE  J.  A.,  Nelson,  British  Columbia. 
tFoRREST,  BT.  HON.  SIR  JOHN,  G.C.M.G.,  M.P.,  Perth,  Western  Australia. 
FORSTER,  JULIUS  J., 

FORSYTH,  WILLIAM  T.,  P.O.  Box  1724,  Cape  Town,  Cape  Colony. 
FORTUNO,  JOSEPH,  New  Club,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
FOSTER,  EDGAR  W.,  Oloke  Meji,  Lagos,  Southern  Nigeria. 
FOWLER,  ALPIN  GRANT,  M.Inst.C.E.,  Lagos,  Southern  Nigeria. 
FOWLER,  HON.  GEORGE  M.,   C.M.G.,   M.L.C.,  Comptroller  of  Revenue, 

Colombo,  Ceylon. 
1889  !  tFowLER,  JAMES,  Adelaide,  South  Australia. 


434  Royal  Colonial  Institute. 

Year  of 
Election. 

1903  |  Fox,  GEORGE,  M.K.C.S.E.,  L.R.C.P.,  Gordon  Street,  Suva,  Fiji. 

1902  Fox,  GEORGE  EDWARD,  King  William's  Town,  Cape  Colony. 

1906  Fox,  JOHN,  G.P.O.,  Colombo,  Ceylon. 

1904  f Fox- DECENT,  THOMAS,  714  Langside  Street,  Winnipeg,  Canada. 
1898  fFoxoN,  FRANK  E.,  Resident  Magistrate,  Ixopo  Division,  Natal. 
1893  FRAMES,  PERCIVAL  Ross,  Band  Club,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 

1905  FRANCIS,  PERCY  J.,  Union-Castle  S.S.  Co.,  Port  Elizabeth,  Cape  Colony. 

1892  FRANKLAND,  FREDERICK  W.,  New  York  Life  Insurance  Company,  Broad- 

way, New  York,  U.S.A. 

1895  FRANKS,  GODFREY  F.,  M.A.,  Queen's  College,  Georgetown,  British  Guiana. 
1886      FRASER,  CHARLES  A.,  Commandant  of  Police,  Nassau,  Bahamas. 

1903  fFRASER,  SIR  JOHN  GEORGE,  P.O.  Box  250,  Bloewfontein,  Orange  River 

Colony. 

1896  FRASEH,  JAMES  L.,  P.  0.  Box  429,  Kimberley,  Cape  Colony. 
1898     fFfiASER,  JOSEPH,  Pitakande  Estate,  Matale,  Ceylon. 

1895  FRASEB,  MALCOLM  A.  C.,  Registrar- General,  Perth,  Western  Australia. 

1893  FRASER,  WILLIAM  PERCY,  P.O.  Box  26,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 

1900     FREDERICKS,  J.  HAROLD,   West  African  Contract  and  Supply  Company , 
Tarkwa,  Gold  Coast  Colony. 

1907  FREEHILL,  LT.- COLONEL   FRANCIS  B.,    M.A.,    Citizens'   Chambers,  Moore 

Street,  Sydney,  New  South  Wales. 

1904  FREEMAN,  T.  KYFFIN,  F.G.S.,  F.S.S.,  St.  Johns,  Newfoundland. 

1906  tFfiEMANTLE,  JOHN  MORTON,  Zungeru,  Northern  Nigeria. 

1902     FRERE,   ALLAN  GRAY,  86th    Carnatic  Infantry,   Ootacamund,  Madrat, 

India. 
1900     FRERE,     HAROLD    ARTHUR,     Superintendent    of   Prisons,     Georgetown, 

British  Guiana, 

1894  FRICKER,  WILLIAM  C.,  care  of  Standard  Bank,  Cape  Town,  Cape  Colony. 

1905  FRIEDLANDER,  CHARLES,   Victoria    Chambers,  Burg  Strtet,   Cape  Town, 

Cape  Colony. 

1896  fFROOD,  THOMAS  MORTON,  M.D.,  P.  0.  Box  1032,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
1882     FROST,  HON.  SIR  JOHN,  K.C.M.G.,  M.L.A.,  Queenstown,  Cape  Colony. 

1906  f^Y'  -I^ROLp  A.,  P.O.  Box  46,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 

1902      FULFORD,  HARRY  E.,  C.M.G.,  H.B.M.  Consul- General,  Mukden,  China. 
1889      fFuLLER,  ALFRED  W.,  Southern  Wood,  East  London,  Cape  Colony. 

1900  FULTON,  HERBERT  VALPY,  Outram,  Otago,  New  Zealand. 

1906     FURLEY,    JOHN    TALFOURD,  District  Commissioner,    Accra,    Gold  Coast 
Coloi.y. 

1901  FYNN,  CHARLES  GAWLER,  Native  Commissioner,  Gwelo,  Ehodtsia, 
1878      fFYSH>  Hox-  Sm  PHILIP  0.,  K.C.M.G.,  M.P.,  Hobart,  Tasmania. 


1902     GABBETT,  GERALD  F.  A.,  Marine  Department,  Lokoja,  Northern  Nigeria. 
1892     tGAIKWAD>  SHRIMANT  SAMPATRAO  K,  M.R.I.,  M.R.A.S.,  c\o  Shri  Sayogi 

Library,  Baroda,  India. 
1884      GAISFORD,  HENRY,  Oringi,  Napier,  New  Zealand. 

1 899  GALLETLY,  ARCHIBALD  J.C.,  Bank  of  Montreal,  Victoria,  British  Columbia. 

1900  fGALLEWSKi,  MAURICE,  Stock  Exchange,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 

1901  tGALFiN,  GEORGE  LUCK,  M.D.,  F.R.C.S.,  Cradock  Place,  Port  Elizabeth, 

Cape  Colony. 


Non-Resident  Fellows.  435 


Year  of 
Election. 

1899      GANADO,  ROBERT  F.,  LL.D.,  27  Strada  Zaccaria,  Valletta,  Malta. 

1905 

1902 


1887 
1905 
1907 
1887 
1906 


GARDINEB,  GEORGE,  Government  Storekeeper,  Suva,  Fiji. 

GARDNER,  ASTON  W.,  Kingston,  Jamaica. 

GARLAND,  WALTER  F.,  M.Iiist.C.E.,  Tapah,  Perak,  Federated  Malay  States. 

f GARLICK,  JOHN,  M.L.A.,  Cape  Town,  Cape  Colony. 

GARNETT,  GEORGE  R.,  Georgetown,  British  Guiana. 

GARNETT,  HABRY,  Guanica  Centrale.  Ponce,  Porto  Eico. 

GARRAWAY,  DAVID  G.,  I.S.O.,  Comptroller  of  Customs,  Georgetown,  British 

Guiana. 
GASELEE,   GENERAL   SIB  ALFRED,  G.C.I. E.,   K.C.B.,  Eastern  Command, 

c\o  Railway  Mail  Service,  India. 
GASKIN,  HON.  C.  P.,  M.C.P.,  Berbice,  British  Guiana. 
tGASsoN,  GEOBGE  H.,  Queenstown,  Cape  Colony. 
GATLAND,  GEORGE  J.,  P.O.  Box  278,  Durban,  Natal. 
GAU,  JULIUS,  P.O.  Box  209,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
GAULT,  ALEXANDER,  Suva,  Fiji. 

fGAY,  ARNOLD  E.,  The  Brothers,  Grenada,  West  Indies. 
|GAY,  GEORGE  SINCLAIR,  Coronado,  San  Diego  County,  California,  U.S.A. 
GEARY,  ALFRED,  Gardiner  Street,  Durban,  Natal. 

GEE,  GEORGE  F.,  care  of  National  Bank  of  New  Zealand,  Limited,  Wel- 
lington, New  Zealand. 
GEMMELL,  HUGH  B.,  Government  Eailways,  P.O.  Box  176,  Cape  Town, 

Cape  Colony. 

GEORGE,  ARTHUR,  Kingston,  Jamaica. 
GEOBGE,  EDWARD  C.  S.,  C.I.E.,  G.P.O.,  Rangoon,  Burma. 
GEORGE,  WILLIAM  RUFUS,  318  George  Street,  Sydney,  New  South  Wales. 
GIBBON,  CHABLES,  Goonambil,  Wattegama,  Ceylon. 
GIBBON,  W.  D.,  Kandy,  Ceylon. 

GIBBONS,  MAJOR  ALFBED  ST.  HILL,  Peniba,  North-  Western  Eodesia. 
GIBBS,  CLEMENT  M.,  c\o  Messrs.  H.  Severn  $  Co.,  31  Long  Street,  Cape 

Town,  Cape  Colony. 

GIBBS,  ISAAC,  New  Zealand  Shipping  Co.,  Christchurch,  New  Zealand. 
f GIBBS,  JOHN,  P.O.  Box  1079,  Pretoria,  Transvaal. 
GIBLIN.  ALFBED,  Te  Ante,  Hawkes  Bay,  New  Zealand. 
GIBLIN,  JOHN  SCBUBY,  Napier,  New  Zealand. 
GIBSON,  HON.  FREDERICK  A.,  I.S.O.,  M.C.G.,  Collector  of  Customs,  Port 

Louis,  Mauritius. 
GIBSON,  HABBY,  J.P.,  P.O.  Box  1643,  and  WAdderley  Street,  Cape  Town, 

Cape  Colony  (Corresponding  Secretary). 
GIDEON,  D.  S.,  J.P.,  Port  Antonio,  Jamaica. 
fGiLCHRiST,  THOMAS  B.,  M.D.,  P.O.  Box  161,  Fordsburg,  Johannesburg, 

Transvaal. 

GILES,  EUSTACF,  397  Collins  Street,  Melbourne,  Victoria. 
GILES,  MORTIMER,  Registrar.  General  of  Deeds,  Adelaide,  South  Australia. 
GILES,  THOMAS  O'HALLORAN,  M.A.,  LL.B.,  23  Cowra  Chambers,  Grenfell 

Street,  Adelaide,  South  Australia. 

GILES,  WM.  ANSTEY,  M.B.C.M.,  Adelaide  Club,  South  Australia. 
GILFILLAN,   ALEXANDER,   JB.Sc.,  Stock   Exchange  Buildings,   Melbourne, 

Victoria. 
f  GILFILLAN,  DOUGLAS  F.,  P.O.  Box  1397,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 


436  Royal  Colonial  Institute. 

Year  of 
Election. 

1903  j  GILFILLAN,  EDWARD  T.,  Conway  P.O.,  Middelburg,  Cape  Colony. 

1887  GILLESPIE,  EGBERT,  Montalto,  Grace  Park,  Melbourne,  Victoria, 

1891  f  GILLESPIE,  ROBERT  K.,  J.P.,  Englewood,  Inverleigh,  Victoria. 
1902  GILLOTT,  ABTHUB  G.  M.,  Casilla  385,  San  Jos6,  Costa  Rica. 

1892  GILLOTT,  HON,  SIR  SAMUEL,  9  Brunswick  St.,  Melbourne,  Victoria. 

1900  GILMOUR,  DAVID  "W.,  Chartered  Bank  of  India,  Penan g,  Straits  Settlements. 
1889  fGiRDLESTONE,  MAJOR  NELSON  S.,  c\o  Standard  Bank,   Port  Elizabeth, 

Cape  Colony. 

1907  GIROUARD,    H.E.  LT.-COLONEL   Sm   PERCY,   E.E ,    K.C.M.G.,    D.S.O., 

Government  House,  Zungeru,  Northern  Nigeria. 

1895  GISBORNE,  DUDLEY  G.,  P.O.  Box  13,  Pietersburg,  Transvaal. 

1906  GLADWYN,  WILLIAM  T.,  Liberator  Mine,  St.  Helens,  Tasmania. 

1877  fGLANViLLE,  THOMAS,  Mile  Gully  P.O.,  Manchester,  Jamaica. 

1901  GLASIEB,  F.  BEDFORD,  Government  Railway,  Lagos,  Southern  Nigeria. 
1906  GLEDDEN,  ROBERT,  Kalgoorlie,  Western  Australia. 

1905  fGLENNY,  THOMAS  A.,  Rand  Club,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 

1901  GLOAG,  ANDBEW,  J.P.  Clontarf  Villa,  Park  Drive,  Port  Elizabeth,  Cape 
Colony. 

1901  fGLOAG,  DURANT,  Penhalonga,  Umtali,  Rhodesia. 

1897  JGLUYAS,  CHARLES,  Jubilee  Mine,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 

1902  GLYNN,  HENRY  THOMAS,  Huntingdon  Hall,  Lydenburg.  Transvaal. 

1902  GODDARD,  FREDERICK  D.,  Queen's  Building,  Praya,  Hong  Kong. 

If 07  GODDEN,  H.  DANVERS,  D.D.S.,  The   Albany,  Macquarie  Street,  Sydney, 
New  South  Wales. 

1900  GODFREY,  GEORGE,  Strathmore,  Fitzroy  St.,  St.  Kilda,  Melbourne,  Victoria. 
1895  f GODFREY,  JOSEPH  JAMES,  Civil  Service  Club,  Cape  Town,  Cape  Colony. 

1906  GODSALL,  ROBERT  S.,M.B.,  C.M.,  Tootioomba,  Qu(cnxland. 
1906  GODWIN,  EDWIN  H.,  Nairobi,  British  East  Africa. 

1903  GOLDIE,  AMYAS  LEIGH,  Victor,  Wondf.r,  Nevada,  U.S.A. 

1895  GOLDIE,*  A.  R.,  cjo  Bank  of  Victoria,  Melbourne,  Victoria. 

1896  GOLDMANN,  RICHARD,  M.L.A.,  P.O.  Box  485,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
1902  GOLDREICH,  SAMUEL,  P.O.  Box  933,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 

1905  GOLDSMITH,  HENRY  E.,  F.R.M.S.,  Royal  Engineers'  Office,  Hong  Kong. 

1902  -[-GOLDSMITH,  THOMAS,  Kroonstad,  Orange  River  Colony. 

1906  GOLLEDGE,  GEORGE  H.,  Gikiyanakanda,  Neboda,  Ceylon. 

1901  GOMES,  HARRIS  LLOYD,  Government  Railways,   Tingulab,  British  North 

Borneo. 

1907  GOMM,  HARRY  H.,  H.B.M.  Vice-Consul,  Curityba,  Biazil. 

1878  GOODE,  CHARLES  H.,  48  Grerfell  Street,  Adelaide,  South  Australia. 

1893  fGoooE,  WILLIAM  HAMILTON,  P.O.  Box  176,  Kimberley,  Cape  Colony. 
1907  GOODFELLOW,  ADAM  A.  G.,  London  and  River  Plate  Bank,  Buenos  Aires, 

Argentine  Republic. 

1899  GOODRIDGE,  HON.  A.  F.,  St.  Johns,  Newfoundland. 

1888  GOOLD-ADAMS,    H.E. MAJOR  SIR  HAMILTON  J.,  G.C.M.G.,  C.B.,  Bloem- 

fontein,  Orange  River  Colony. 

1891  f  GORDON,  JOHN,  Messrs.  D.  $  W.  Murray,  Adelaide,  South  Australia. 

1889  {GORDON,  W.  GORDON,  Knowksly,  Queen's  Park,  Trinidad. 

1885  GORDON,  WILLIAM  MONTGOMEBIE,  Assistant  Colonial  Secretary,  Trinidad. 

1895  GORE,  LT.-COLONEL  HON.  J.  C.,  Receiver-General,  Nicosia,  Cyprus. 

1903  GORDON-HALL,  WILLIAM  H.,  M.B.,  Lokoja,  Northern  Nigeria. 


Non-Resident  Fellows. 


437 


Year  of 
Election 

1891      GORTON,  LIETTT.-COLONEL  EDWARD,  J.P.,  Rangiatea,  Bulls,   Wellington 
New  Zealand. 

1900      GOSLING,  J.  T.,  Postmaster-General,  Mombasa,  British  East  Africa. 

1893      GOULDIE,  JOSEPH,  Kimberley,  Cape  Colony. 

1900      GOULTER,  HERBERT  H.,  Barrister-at-Law,  Virden,  Manitoba,  Canada. 

1898  GOTTBLAY,  WILLIAM  DiCKSON,  Dock  Road,  Cape  Town,  Cape  Colony. 
1907     GRAAFF,  HON.  JACOBUS  A.  C.,  M.L.C.,  Cape  Town,  Cape  Colony. 
1902      GRADWELL,  WILLIAM  B.,  J.P.,  Bloemfontein,  Orange  River  Colony. 
1889      GRAHAM,  FRANCIS  G.  C.,  C.C.  and  R.M.,  Grahamstown,  Cape  Colony. 
1873      GRAHAM,  JOHN,  88  Simcoe  Street,  Victoria,  British  Columbia. 

1889      fGRAHAM,  WOODTHORPE  T.,  J.P.,  P.O.  Box  1 155,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 

1899  -J-GRAIN,  ERNEST  A.,  P.O.  Minly,  Sydney,  New  South  Wales. 

1904     GRANT,  DONALD  A.,  c\o  Messrs.  Wilkinson  <$[•  Lavender,  12  Spring  Street, 

Sydney,  Neiv  South  Wales. 

1897     I-GRANT,  DUNCAN,  St.  Kilda,  Melbourne,  Victoria. 
1879     fGRANT,  E.  H. 

1889  GRANT,  HON.  HENRY  E.  W.,  Colonial  Secretary,  Stanley,  Falkland  Islands. 

1896  GRANT,  SIR  JAMES  A.,  M.D.,  K.C.M.G.,  F.G.S.,  150  Elgin  Street,  Ottawa, 

Canada. 

1904  GRANT,  P.  H.  A.,  Assistant  District   Commissioner,   Calabar,  Southern 

Nigeria, 
1 877     GRANT,  COLONEL  THOMAS  HUNTER,<?/O  William Bignell,  Esq. ,  Quebec,  Canada. 

1905  fGRANT,  WM.  LAWSON,  M.A.,  Toronto,  Canada. 

1890  GRANT-DALTON,  ALAN,  M.Inst.C.E.,  Engineer-in- Chief,  Government  Rail- 

ways, Cape  Town,  Cape  Colony. 

1906  GRASSICK,  PETER  A.,  Catte  Bartolome  Mitre  475,  Buenos  Aires,  Argentine 

Republic. 

1897  GRAVES,  SOMERSET  H.,  179  Hereford  Street,  Christchurch,  New  Zealand. 
1884     GRAY,  HON.  GEORGE  W.,  Brisbane,  Queensland. 

1906  GRAY,  MELVILLE,  Timaru,  New  Zealand. 

1907  JGRAY,  ROBERT,  Ellerslie,  Gourton  P.O.,  Natal. 

1888  tGRAY,  ROBERT,  care  of  Messrs.  Dalgety  $  Co.,  Sydney,  New  South  Wales. 
1907  GRAY,  ST.  GEORGE,  B.A.,  M.B.,  Senior  Medical  Officer,  Southern  Nigeria. 
1 892  GRAY,  WENTWORTH  D.,  Salisbury,  Rhodesia. 

1887  tGREATHEAD,  JOHN  BALDWIN.  M.B.    C.M.  (Edin.),  Grahamstcwn,  Cape 

Colony. 

1902  GREAVES,  CAPTAIN  WILLIAM  A.  B.,  Newbold,  Clarence  River,  New  South 

Wales. 
1897     GRECH,  SALVATORE,  M.D.,  31  Strada  Mezzodi,  Valletta,  Malta. 

1904  GREEN,  ALFRED  E  ,  P.O.  Box  340,  Durban,  Natal. 

1888  tGREBN>  DAVID,  Ferndale  Villa,  Musgrave  Road,  Durban,  Natal. 
1896     GREEN,  FRANK  J. 

1905  fGREJ5N,  FRANK  J.  H.,  P.O.  Box  106,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 

1903  GREEN,  HELPERIUS  R.,  Messrs.  E.  K.  Green  $  Co.,  Somerset  Road,  Cape 

Town,  Cape  Colony. 

1906  GREEN,  HENRY,  Mason's  Avenue,  Ponsonby,  Auckland,  New  Zealand. 
1877      fGREEN,  ROBERT  COTTLE,  Pretoria,  Transvaal. 

1905     GREEN,  WILLIAM  J.,  P.O.  Box  1770,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
1880      fGREENACRE,  SIR  BENJAMIN  W.,  Durban,  Natal. 
1896      GREENACRE,  WALTER,  413  West  Street,  Durban,  Natal. 


438  Royal  Colonial  Institute. 


Tear  of 

Election, 
1889 


GREENE,  COLONEL  EDWARD  M.,  K.C.,  M.L.A.,  Maritzburg,  Natal. 
GREENE,  GEORGE,  P.O.  Box  406,  Cape  Town,  Cape  Colony. 
GREENE,  MOLESWORTH,  Greystones.  Melbourne,  Victoria. 

JAMES  NEILSON,  Stock  Exchange,  Johannesburg.  Transvaal. 
T.  DUNCAN,  M.D.,   The  Asylum,  Fort  England,  Grahams- 
town,  Cape  Colony. 

,  GEORGE,  Douglas  Station,  Falkland  Islands. 
GREENSLADE,  FREDERICK  WM.,  c\o  African  Association,  Calabar,  Southern 

Nigeria. 

GREENWOOD,  G.  DEAN,  J.P.,  Teviotdale,  Amberley,  Canterbury,  New  Zealand. 
GREIG,  GEORGE,  Laxapana,  Maskeliya,  Ceylon. 
GRELL,  CHARLES  H.,  Clapham  House,  Dominica,  West  Indies. 
GRENFELL,  ARTHUR  PASCOE,  Agricultural  Dept.,  P.O.  Box  434,  Pretoria, 

Transvaal. 

GREY,  MAJOR  RALEIGH,  C.M.G.,  M.L.C.,  Bulawayo,  Rhodesia. 
f  GREY-WILSON,  H.E.  SIR  WILLIAM,  K.C.M.G.,  Government  House,  Nassau, 

Bahamas. 

f  GRICE,  JOHN,  Melbourne  Club,  Melbourne,  Victoria. 
GRIFFIN,   C.  T.,   M.R.C.S.E.,   L.R.C.P.E.,  Assistant  Principal  Medical 

Officer,  Torrington  Place,  Colombo,  Ceylon. 

HON.  HORACH  M.  BRANDFORD.  C.M.G.,  Colonial  Secretary, 

Bathurst,  Gambia. 
GRIFFITH,   THE  RT.  HON.   SIR   SAMUEL  W.,    G.C.M.G.,  Chief  Justice, 

Federal  High  Court,  Sydney,  New  South  Wales. 
f  GRIFFITH,  His  HONOUR  CHIEF  JUSTICE  SIR  WILLIAM  BRANDFORD,  B.A., 

Accra,  Gold  Coast  Colony. 

HARRY    D.,    A.R.S.M.,    M.I.M.E.,   &c.,  P.O.   Box    2146, 

Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
GRIFFITHS,  CAPTAIN  J.  NORTON,  J.P.,  F.G.S.,  M.I.M.M.,  Salisbury  Club, 

Rhodesia. 

,  THOMAS  GRIFF,  Port  Elizabeth,  Cape  Colony. 
GRIMANI,  EDMUND  HORNBY,  Tamsui,  Formosa,  China. 
GRIMLEY,  ALFRED  G. 

GRIMMER,  WM.  P.,  P.O.  Box  174,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
GRIMSHAW,  HERBERT  C.  W.,  B.A.,  Assistant  District  Commissioner,  Cape 

Coast,  Gold  Coast  Colony. 

HON.  F.  S.,M.L.C.,  Harleston,  Caulfield,  Melbourne,  Victoria. 
GRIMWADE,    MAJOR   HAROLD   W.,    A.F.A.,    Waveney,    Hampden    Road, 

Armadale,  Melbourne*  Victoria. 

GRINTER,  REV.  CANON  JOHN,  The  Rectory,  San  Jose,  Costa  Rica. 
GROOM,  THOMAS  F.,  Moreton  Bay  Oyster  Co.,  Eagle  Street,   Brisbane, 

Queensland. 

f  GROVE,  DANIEL,  Bank  Chambers,  Vryheid,  Natal. 

GROVES,  THOMAS,  A.M.I.Mech.E.,  Kuala  Lumpur,  Federated  Malay  States. 
GROWDER,  JOHN,  Petrolia,  Ontario,  Canada. 
GRUNDY,  EUSTACE  BEARDOE,  K.C.,  Alexandra  Chambers,  Grenfell  Street, 

Adelaide,  South  Australia. 

1902      GUBBAY,  R.  A.,  3  Queen's  Buildings,  Hong  Kong. 
1884  i  GUERITZ,  H.E.  E.  P.,  Government  House,  Sandakan,  British  North  Borneo 

(Corresponding  Secretary}. 


1899( 
1884 
1893 
1894 


1905 
1906 


1895 
1896 
1903 
1903 


1895 
1881 


1879 
1885 


1882 


1881 


1883 


1901 


1900 


1889 
1890 
1904 
1896 
1903 


1884 
1904 


1897 
1905 


1897 
1905 
1906 
1884 


Non-Resident  Fellows.  439 

GULLY,  HUGH,  Barrister- a t-Law,  Wellington,  New  Zealand. 
GUPPY,  ROBERT,  Post  Office,  Accra,  Gold  Coast  Colony. 
fGuTHRiE,  ADAM  W.,  Port  Elizabeth,  Cape  Colony. 
GUTHRIE,  JAMES,  P.O.  Box  581,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
f  GUTHRIE  SMITH,  H.,  Tutira,  Hawkes  Bay,  New  Zealand. 
GTTTTMANN,  JOSEPH  T.,  P.O.  Box  942,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 


•{•HAARHOFF,  DANIEL  J.,  M.L.A.,  J.P.,  Kimberley,  Cape  Colony. 

f  HACKEE,  KEY.  WILLIAM  J.,  Maritzburg,  Natal. 

HACKETT,  Hox.  JOHN  W.,  M.L.C.,  LL.D.,  Perth,  Western  Australia. 

HADDON-SMITH,  HON.  G.  B.,  C.M.G.,  Colonial  Secretary,  Freetown,  Sierra 

Leone. 

HADDON-SMITH,  HENRY  B.,  Govt.  Railway,  Lagos,  Southern  Nigeria. 
HAES,  ARTHUR,  P.O.  Box  198,  Blocmfontein,  Orange  River  Colony. 
HAGGART,  E.  A.  H.,  Kingston,  Jamaica. 

HAGUE,  GEORGE,  Rothenuood,  107  Rcdpath  Street,  Montreal,  Canada. 
HAINES,  CHARLES  H.,  M.A.,  M.D.,  Princes  Street,  Auckland,  New  Zealand. 
HAINES,  ROBERT  T.,  1 02  Peel  Street,  Windsor,  Melbourne,  Victoria. 
f  HAINS,  HENRY,  Rand  Club,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
HALL,  REV.  ALFRED,  City  Baptist  Church,  Durban,  Natal. 
HALL,  GODFREY,  Hororata,  Canterbury,  New  Zealand. 
HALL,  WALTER  R.,  Wild  fell,  Potts  Point,  Sydney,  New  South  Wales. 
HALLAM,  HARRY,  Slavery  Department,  Kordofan,  Sudan. 
fHALLiFAx,  JAMES  W.,  George  Town,  Penang,  Straits  Settlements. 
HAMILTON,    HON.    C.    BOUGHTON,    C.M.G.,    M.E.C.,     Receiver-General, 

Georgetown,  British  Guiana  ( Corresponding  Secretary). 
HAMILTON,  HENRY  DE  COURCY. 

HAMILTON,  H.  W.  B.,  Hannan's  Club,  Kalgoorlie,  Western  Australia. 
HAMILTON,  JOHN  T.,  Equitable  Life  Assurance  Society  of  the  United  States, 

Yokohama,  Japan. 

HAMILTON,  ROBERT  W.  GRIEVE,  R.D.S. 

HAMNETT,  FREDERICK  HARPER,  care  of  Messrs.  Arbuthnot  $  Co.,  Madras. 
fHAMPSQN,  B.,  33  Mutual  Buildings,  Smith  Street,  Durban,  Natal. 
JHAMPSON,  J.  ATHERTON,  Hampson's  Buildings,  South  St.,  Durban, Natal. 
HANBURY-WILLTAMS,  COLONEL  JOHN,  C.V.O.,  C.M.G.,  Government  House 

Ottawa,  Canada. 

tHANCOGK,  EDWARD,  P.O.  Box  156,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
HANCOCK,  H.  R.,  Nafyappa,  Moonta,  South  Australia. 
f  HANCOCK,  STRANGMAN,  Jumpers  Deep,  Limited,  Cleveland,  Johannesburg, 

Transvaal. 

•{•HANCOCK,  SYDNEY,  10  Queen's  Gardens,  Hong  Kong. 
HAND,  CECIL,  c/o  Messrs.  Eolfe,  Crang  $•   Co.,  40  Strand  Street,  Cape 

Town,  Cape  Colony. 

fHANiNGTON,  ERNEST   B.  C.,  M.D.,   Victoria,  British   Columbia  (Corre- 
sponding Secretary). 
fHANKiN,  CHRISTOPHER  L. 

HANNA,  JAMES  C  ,  Northern  Club,  Auckland,  New  Zealand. 
tHANNAM,  CHARLES,  Port  Elizabeth,  Cape  Colony. 


440  Royal  Colonial  Institute. 

Year  of 
Election. 

1906  |  HANNON,  P.  J.,  Civil  Service  Club,  Cape  Town,  Cape  Colony. 

1889    l    -f-HANSEN,  VlGGO  J. 

1888  IHARDIE,  WILLIAM,  Fairmont  P.  0.,  Kootenay  Valley,  British  Columbia. 

1907  i  IHARDING,  J.  WALDROM,  Mount  Vernon,  WaipuJcurau,  New  Zealand. 

1889  |  f  HARDS,  HARRY  H.,  Grahamstown,  Cape  Colony. 


1902 
1905 


1884 


1882 
1904 
1901 
1903 


HARDWICKE,  EDWARD  A.,  L.E.C.P.,  J.P.,  Havcrmere,  Howick  Falls,  Natal. 

HARDY,  JOHN,  Printing  Office  Street,  Maritzburg,  Natal. 

HARE,  FRANCIS  W.  E.,  M.D.,  M.B.C.S.E.,  Brisbane,  Queensland. 

HAREL,  PHILLIBERT  C.,  Land  of  Plenty  House,  Essequebo,  British  Guiana. 

HAKFORD,  FREDERICK,  St.  Andrew's,  Grenada. 

HARMSWORTH,   CAPTAIN   ALFRED    C.,    Rivcrsmead,   Norvals   Pont,   Cape 

Colony. 

HARNEY,  HON.  EDWARD  A.  ST.  AUBYN,  Perth,  Western  Australia. 
f  HARPER,  CHARLES,  M.L.A.,  J.P.,  Guildford,  Western  Australia. 
HARPER,  CHARLES  H.,  B.A.,  Colonial  Secretariat,  Accra,  Gold  Coast  Colony. 
HARPER,  J.  PEASCOD,  F.B.G-.S.,  Taiping,  Peralt,  Federated  Malay  States. 
f  HARPER,  KENNETH  J,,  Matale,  Ceylon. 

HARPER,  HON.  ROBERT,  M.P.,  Myoora,  Toorak,  Melbourne,  Victoria. 
•(•HARRIS,  LIEUT.-COLONEL  DAVID,  C.M.Gr.,  M.L.A.,  Kimberley,  Cape  Colony. 
HARRIS,  EDWARD,  Pleasant  Valley,  Geraldine,  New  Zealand. 
fHARRis,  HENRY  WILLIAM  J.,  Kimberley,  Cape  Colony. 
HARRIS,  SAUL,  P.O.  Box  1473,  Johannesburg \  Transvaal. 
fHARRis,  WM.  DUCKETT,  Harris  Dale,  Barkly  West,  Cape  Colony. 
f  HARRISON,  FRANK,  Nictaux  Falls,  Annapolis  Co.,  Nova  Scotia. 
HARRISON,  GEORGE  A.,  Penhalonga,  Umtali,  Rhodesia. 
HARRISON,  J.  H.  HUGH,  M.R.C.S.E.,  L.R.C.P.,  Colonial  Surgeon,  Belize, 

British  Honduras. 
f  HARRISON,  J.  SP  BANGER. 
HARRISS,  RICHARD  H.,  P.O.  Box  6398,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 


HARTLEY,  JAMES  H.,  Observatory,  Cape  Town,  Cape  Colony. 

HARVEY,  HENRY  FREDERICK,  M.R.C.S.E.,  L.S.A.,  St.   George's   Terrace, 

Perth,  Western  Australia. 
HARVEY,  JAMES,  J.P.,  14  National  Mutual  Buildings,  King  William  Street, 

Adelaide,  South  Australia. 

HARVEY,  HON.  JOHN,  M.L.C.,  St.  John's,  Newfoundland. 
•{•HARVEY,  THOMAS  L.,  Kingston,  Jamaica. 

HARVEY,  WILLIAMS.,  113  Calle  Victoria,  Buenos  Aires,  Argentine  Republic. 
HARWIN,  JOHN,  Sans  Souci,  Maritzburg,  Natal. 
HARWOOD,  HON.  THOMAS  C.,  M.L.C.,  Geclong,  Victoria. 


1 902  |  fHAssALL,  RAYMOND  L.,  9  Castlereagh  Street,  Sydney,  New  South  Wales. 

1906      HASTINGS,  CAPTAIN  WILFRID  C.  N.,  D.S.O.,  Bathurst,  Gambia. 

1906     HATCH,   JOHN   LENNARD,   Department   of  Agriculture,   P.O.   Box    434, 

Pretoria,  Transvaal. 

1898      -J-HATHORN,  FERGUS  A.,  Maritzburg,  Natal. 
1887      HATHORN,  KENNETH  H.,K.C.,  M.L.A.,  P.O.  Box  3,  Maritzburg,  Natal. 


Non-Resident  Fellows.  441 


tHATHORN,  K.  HOWARD,  B.A.,  P.O.  Box  3,  Maritzburg,  Natal. 

HAWES,  CECIL  E.,  Legislative  Council  Office,  Pretoria,  Transvaal  (Corre- 
sponding Secretary.) 

f  HAWKER,  EDWARD  W.,  M.A.,  LL.M.,  Adelaide  Club,  South  Australia. 

HAWKER,  MICHAEL  S.,  Adelaide  Club,  South  Australia. 

HAWKER,  EICHARD  M.,  Adelaide  Club,  South  Australia. 

HAWKES,  GEORGE  WRIGHT,  J.P.,  188  Childers  Street,  North  Adelaide,  South 
Australia. 

HAWKINS,  ISAAC  T.,  A.M.Inst.C.E.,  Public  Works  Department,  Lagos, 
Southern  Nigeria. 

HAWTAYNE,  MAJOR  T.  M.  (N.  Staff.  Regt.},  Mooltan,  India. 

fHAY,  HARRY  ALGERNON,  Collendina,  Corowa,  New  South  Wales. 

f  HAY,  HENRY,  Collendina,  Corowa,  New  South  Wales. 

HAY,  JAMES  DOUGLAS,  Cue,  Western  Australia. 

HAY,  JAMES  M.  ALLAN,  P.O.  Box  48,  Maritzburg,  Natal. 

fHAY,  JOHN,  LL.D.,  Crow's  Nest,  North  Sydney,  New  South  Wales. 

fHAY,  WILLIAM,  Wyuna,  Black  Street,  Brighton,  Melbourne,  Victoria. 

fHAYDON,  LEONARD  G.,  M.B.,  C.M.,  D.p'.H.,  Port  Health  Office,  Point, 
Durban,  Natal. 

HAYES-SADLER,  H.E.  LIEUT.  COL.  JAMES,  C.B.,  Government  House, 
Mombasa,  British  East  Africa. 

HAYFORD,  REV.  MARK  C.,  DJX,  F.R.G.S.,  Cape  Coast,  Gold  Coast  Colony. 

HAYLES,  HA.RRY  S.  H.,  Taquah  $  Abosso  G.  M.  Co,,  Tarkwa,  Gold  Coast 
Colony. 

HAYNE,  CHARLES,  City  Mansion  Club,  Cape  Town,  Cape  Colony. 

HAYTER,  A.  C.,  Transcontinental  Telegraph  Co.,  Fort  Jameson,  North- 
Eastern  Rhodesia. 

JHAYWARD,  FRANK  E.,  Messrs.  J.  Martin  $  Co.,  Adelaide,  South  Australia. 

•J-HAZELL,  CHARLES  S.,  Port  Elizabeth,  Cape  Colony. 

fHEAD,  WM.  BEACHY,  P.  0.  Sox  1146,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 

•J-HEATJJE,  ARTHUR,  B.A.,  M.Inst.C.E.,  Government  Eailways,  Queenstown, 
Cape  Colony. 

HEBDEN,  GEORGE  H.,  Erambie,Molong,  New  South  Wales;  and  Union  Club. 

tHEBRON,  HON.  A.  S.,  M.L.C.,  Barrister -at-Law,  Freetown,  Sierra  Leone. 

HECTOR,  CAPTAIN  G-.  NELSON,  E.N.R.,  Villa  Nelson,  Valescure,  St. 
Raphael,  France. 

*HECTOR,  SIR  JAMES,  K.C.M.GK,  Wellington,  New  Zealand. 

HEDLEY,  T.  LTETCH,  Cape  Forage  Co.,  Newlands,  Cape  Town,  Cape  Colony. 

HEDSTROM,  JOHN  MAYNARD,  Levuka,  Fiji. 

HELY-HUTCHINSON,  H.E.  THE  HON.  SIR  WALTER  F.,  G.C.M.Q-.,  Government 
House,  Cape  Town.  Cape  Colony. 

fHEMERY,  PERCY,  Assistant  Receiver- General,  Berbice,  British  Guiana. 

HEMMING,  JOHN,  Gruhamstown,  Cape  Colony. 

HEMMENS,  CAPTAIN  R.  A.,  Commissioner's  Office,  P.O.  Box  4,  Cape  Town. 
Cape  Colony. 

HENDERSON,  HON.  SAMUEL,  M.L.C.,  Woodford  Lodge,  Trinidad. 

f  HENDERSON,  THOMAS  R ,  City  Club,  Cape  Town,  Cape  Colony. 

tHENDERSON,  THOMSON,  National  Bank,  Pretoria,  Transvaal. 

HENDRIKS,  A.  J.,  Black  River,  Jamaica. 

f  HENNAH,  HENRY  H..  Port  Stephen,  Falkland  Islands. 


442  Royal  Colonial  Institute. 


Year  of 
Election. 

1891 


1896 
1902 
1809 


1905 


1904 
1904 
1903 
1903 


1903 
1904 
1893 
1902 
1906 
1900 
1898 
1888 
1886 
1893 
1907 
1883 
1903 
1892 
1887 
1902 
1901 


1887 
1888 
1891 
1900 
1904 
1904 
1889 
1898 
1903 
1902 
1904 
1888 
1897 
1904 
1906 
1902 
1902 
1902 
1906 


•J-HENNESSY,  DAVID  V.,  M.L.A.,  J.P.,  Sydenham,  St.  Kilda,  Melbourne, 
Victoria. 

HENRY,  HON.  JOHN,  C.M.G.,  Devonport  West,  Tasmania. 

HENSHALL,  THOMAS,  Postmaster,  Port  Elizabeth,  Cape  Colony. 

•{•HERBERT,  REGINALD  F.  DE  COURCY,  J.P.,  Plantation  Springlands, 
Berbice,  British  Guiana. 

HERON,  REGINALD,  M.,  Assistant  District  Commissioner,  Asaba,  Southern 
Nigeria. 

HERRICK,  E.  J.,  Tautane,  Herbertville,  Hawkes  Bay,  New  Zealand. 

HERRICK,  F.  D.,  Tautane,  Herbertville,  Hawkes  Bay,  New  Zealand. 

HERSHENSOHN,  ALLAN  C.,  P.O.  Box  2540,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 

HERTSLET,  PERCY,  I.S.O.,  J.P.,  Collector  of  Customs,  Johannesburg,  Trans- 
vaal. 

HEUSSLRR,  CHRISTIAN  A. 

IHEWAT,  JOHN,  M.B.,  M.L.A.,  Woodstock,  Cape  Town,  Cape  Colony. 

HEWICK,  HON.  MR.  JUSTICE  JOHN  E.,  Georgetown,  British  Guiana. 

HEYDEMAN,  HARRY,  A.M.I.Mech.E. 

HEYS,  FREDERICK  T.,  P.O.  Box  167,  Pretoria,  Transvaal. 

HICKMAN,  W.  ALBERT,  B.Sc.,  St.  John,  New  Brunswick. 

HICKS,  HERBERT  Gr. 

fHlDDINGH,  J.  M.  F. 

,  MICHAEL,  F.C.S.,  Newlands,  Cape  Town,  Cape  Colony. 
HIDDINGH,  WILLIAM,  Barrister-at-Law,  Cape  Town,  Cape  Colony. 
HIGGINSON,  R.  C.,  Suva,  Fiji. 
tHiGHETT,  JOHN  MOORE. 

HILDRETH,  HAROLD  C.,  F.R.C.S.,  K.A.M.C.,  Madras. 
HILL,  CHARLES  WM.,  Assistant  Treasurer,  Accra,  Gold  Coast  Colony. 
HILL,  HON.  EDWARD  C.  H.,  Auditor -General,  Singapore. 
HILL,  J.  WOODWARD,  A.M.Inst.C.E.,  Cai.ra  20,  Manaos,  Amazonas,  Brazil. 
HILL,  LiEUT.-CoLONEL  THOMAS  ALEXANDER,  Blotmfontein,  Orange  River 

Colony. 

HILL,  LTTKEM.,  A.M.Inst.C.E.,  Georgetown,  British  Guiana. 
fHiLL,  THOMAS  HESLOP,  Sungei  Ujong,  Federated  Malay  States. 
HILL,  WARDROP  M.,  Queensland  Club,  Brisbane,  Queensland. 

,  CHARLES  H.,  Resident  Magistrate,  Hanover,  Cape  Colony. 
HILLMAN,  SELTG,  P.O.  Box  2954,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
HILLMAN,  WOLF,  P.O.  Box  2954,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
HILLS,  T.  AGO,  31  Queen  Street,  Melbourne,  Victoria. 
fHiLTON,  THOMAS  J.,  York  Island,  Sherbro,  Sierra  Leone. 
HIRSCH,  AUGUST,  Port  Elizabeth,  Cape  Colony. 

fHiRSCHHORN,  FRIEDRTCH,  1 0  Christian  Street',  Kimberley,  Cape  Colony. 
HIRTZEL,  CLEMENT,  Nairobi,  British  East  Africa. 

•J-HITCHINS,  CHARLES,  M  L.A.,  African  Boating  Co.,  Point,  Durban,  Natal. 
HITCHINS,  JOHN  F.,  Penlee,  Ridge  Road,  Durban,  Natal. 
HIXSON,  EDWARD  M.,  C.E. 

HOBBS,  MAJOR  JOSEPH  J.  TALBOT,  CoUlesloe,  Western  Australia. 
HOCHSCHILD,  SIGMUND,  P.O.  Box  25,  Cape  Town,  Cape  Colony. 
HOCKEN,  THOMAS  M.,  M.R.C.S.E.,  F.L  S.,  Duncdin,  New  Zealand. 
tHocKLY,  DANIEL  EDWARD,  East  London,  Cape  Colony. 
HODDER,  SAMUEL,  Pretoria,  Transvaal. 


Non- Resident  Fellow  f.  443 

HODGSON,  H.E.  SIR  FREDERIC  M.,  K.C.M.G.,  Government  House,  George- 
town, British  Guiana. 

fHoEY,  UNG  BOK. 

fHoFMEYR,  HENRY  J.,  B.A.,  P.O.  Box  3357,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 

HOFMEYR,  HON.  J.  H.,  Awnd  Rush,  Stephan  Street,  Caps  Town,  Cape 
Colony. 

HOLDSWORTH,  JOHN,  Swarthmoor,  Havelock  North,  Napier,  New  Zealand. 

HOLE,  HUGH  MARSHALL,  Civil  Commissioner,  Bulawayo,  Rhodesia. 

HOLLAND,  CUYLER  A.,  care  of  British  Columbia  Land  Co.,  Victoria,  British 
Columbia. 

HOLLAND,  CHARLES  THEODORE,  J.P.,  c\o  Charterland  Goldfields,  Limited, 
Bulawayo,  Rhodesia. 

HOLLANDER,  FELIX  CHARLES,  P.O.  Box  228,  Durban,  Natal. 

fHoLLiNs, ETCHARD R.,  P.  0.  Box  289,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal  and  Pretoria. 

tHoLLis,  A.  CLAUD,  Secretary  to  Administration,  Mombasa,  East  Africa. 

HOLMES,  CHARLES  WILLIAM,  202  Long market  Street,  Maritzburg,  Natal. 

HOLMES,  FRANCIS  A.,  M.R.C.S.E.,  M.H.A.,  Nassau,  Bahamas. 

HOLMES,  HARRY  G-.,  Public  Works  Department,  Accra,  Gold  Coast  Colony. 

HOLMES,  JOHN  R.,  District  Judge,  Limassol,  Cyprus. 

HOLMES,  WM.  J.,  Upington,  Cape  Colony. 

HOLROYD,  HON.  JUSTICE  SIR  EDWARD  D.,  Melbourne,  Victoria. 

f  HOLT,  WALTER  H.,  J.P.,  Australian  Club,  Sydney,  New  South  Wales. 

HOLWAY,  THOMAS  B.,  1753  Calle  Charcas,  Buenos  Aires,  Argentine  Republic. 

tHoMAN,  LEONARD  E.  B.,  P.O.  Box  178,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 

HOOD,  A.  JARVIE,  M.B.,  C.M.,  1 27  Macquarie  St.,  Sydney,  New  South  Wales. 

HOOD,  WM.  ACLAND,  c\o  Bank  of  British  North  America,  Vancouver, 
British  Columbia. 

fHooKE,  AUGUSTUS,  JR.,  Union  Club,  Sydney,  New  South  Wales. 

HOOPER,  RAYMOND  E.,  364  Smith  Street,  Durban,  Natal. 

fHopE,  C.  H.  S. 

fHopE,  JAMES  WILLIAM,  M.R.C.P.,  Fremantle,  Western  Australia. 

HOPLEY,  HON.  MR.  JUSTICE  WILLIAM  M.,  Kimberley,  Cape  Colony. 

fHoRDERN,  EDWARD  CARR,  21 1  Pitt  Street,  Sydney,  New  South  Wales. 

tHoRDERN,  SAMUEL,  Ret  ford  Hall,  Darling  Point,  Sydney,  New  South  Wales, 

fHoRNBY,  WILLIAM  F.,  Chellow  Dean,  Bloemfontein,  Orange  River  Colony. 

HORNBY-PORTER,  CHARLES,  District  Commissioner,  Lagos,  Southern  Nigeria, 

tHoRNABROox,  CHARLES  A.,  Gilles  Street,  Adelaide,  South  Australia. 

HORTON,  ROBERT  C.,  "  N.  Z.  Herald"  Auckland,  New  'Zealand. 

HOSKEN,  WILLIAM,  M.L.A.,  P.O.  Box  667,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 

fHosMER,  LT.-COLONEL  EDWARD  A.  C.,  Virden,  Manitoba,  Canada. 

HOUGH,  T.  F.,  8  Des  V&ux  Rd.  Central,  Hong  Kong. 

HOWARD,  JOHN  WM.,  c\o  "  Natal  Mercury,"  Durban,  Natal. 

HOWELL,  HENRY  SPENCER,  Stonyhur&t,  Gait,  Ontario,  Canada. 

HOWSE,  MAJOR  NEVILLE  R.,  V.C.,  F.R.C.S.E.,  Orange,  New  South  Wules. 

HOY,  G-.  FREDERICK,  Port  Elizabeth,  Cape  Colony. 

fHoYLE,  JAMES  JOHNSON,  P.O.  Box  744,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 

J-HUBBORD,  ARTHUR  G-.,  Government  Railway,  Lagos,  Southern  Nigeria. 

HUDDART,  LINDOW  H.  L.,  M.A.  (Cantab.),  AJi.S.M,,  A.M.Inst.C.E., 
A.Inst.M.M. 

HUDSON,  His  HONOUR  ARTHUR,  Circuit  Judge,  Freetown,  Sierra  Leone. 


444  Royal  Colonial  Institute. 

Year  of 
Election. 
1894  f HUDSON,  WALTER  E.,  P.O.  Box  189,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 


1906 
1903 
1901 


1901 


1887 
1894 
1884 
1902 
1887 
1901 
1903 
1901 
1904 
1901 
1889 
1889 
1884 
1898 
1896 
1903 
1897 
1906 
1903 
1897 


1906 
1901 
1904 
1906 
1893 
1887 


1892 
1885 


1897 
1904 
1898 
1880 


1894 
1896 
1901 
1905 
1895 
1891 


HUFFAM,  SYDNEY,  Colonial  Secretariat,  Pretoria,  Transvaal. 

HUGHES,  FRA.NK  G.,  Town  Hall,  Salisbury,  Rhodesia. 

HUGHES,   LIEUT.-COLONEL  FJREDERIC   G.,  D.A.A.G.,  395   Collins  Street, 

Melbourne,  Victoria. 
f  HUGHES,  HUGH  STANLEY,  c\o  Imperial  Bank  of  Canada,  Prince  Albert, 

Saskatchewan,  Canada. 

f  HUGHES-HUGHES,  T.  W. 

HULETT,  GEORGE  HERBERT,  Advocate  of  the  Supreme  Court,  Verulam,  Natal. 
HULETT,  HON.  SIR  JAMES  LIEGE,  M.L.A.,  J.P.,  Kearsney,  Nonoti,  Natal. 
tHuLETT,  HORACE  B.,  Kearsncy,  Nonoti,  Natal. 
HULL,  GEORGE  H.,  The  Lodge,  Belgravia,  Kimberley,  Cape  Colony. 

HON.  HENRY  C.,  M.L.A.,  The  Treasury,  Pretoria,  Transvaal. 
HULSTON,  JOHN,  P.O.  Box  92,  Durban,  Natal. 

HUMBY,  ALBERT  J.,  M.Inst.C.E.,  Government  Railways,  Maritzburg,  Natal. 
HUMBY,  CHARLES  C.,  Claremont,  Western  Australia. 
HUMPHREYS,  GEORGE,  Cathedral  Square,  Christchurch,  New  Zealand. 
HUNT,  HON.  WALTER  R.,  Receiver-General,  Nassau,  Bahamas. 
HUNTER,  SIR  DAVID,  K.C.M.G.,  Durban,  Natal. 

HUNTER,  HAMILTON,  O.M.G.,  H.B.M.  Consul,  Tonga,  Friendly  Islands. 
f  HUNTER,  JAMES  M  ,  Durban,  Natal. 
tHuNTER,  THOMAS  A.,  27  Octagon,  Dunedin,  New  Zealand. 
HUNTER,  WILLIAM  M.,  161  Loop  Street,  Maritzburg,  Natal. 
HURRELL,  WILLIAM,  Gwelo,  Rhodesia. 
HUSSEY- WALSH,  MAJOR  WILLIAM. 
HUTCHINGS,  C.,  Vita  Rewa,  Fiji. 
HUTCHINSON,  His  HONOUR  CHIEF  JUSTICE  SIR  JOSEPH  T.,  M.A.,  Colombo, 

Ceylon. 

HUTCHINSON,  WALTER  C.,  The  Treasury,  St.  Vincent,  West  Indies. 
HUTSON,  HON.  EYRE,  Colonial  Secretary,  Hamilton,  Bermuda. 
HUTT,  EDWARD,  J.P.,  Maitland,  Cape  Town,  Cape  Colony. 
HUTTON,  ANDHIES  S.,  Grahamstown,  Cape  Colony. 
HUTTON,  EDWARD  M.,  M.A.,  Registrar,  Supreme  Court,  Gibraltar. 
f  HUTTON,  J.  MOUNT,  Johannesburg  Club,  P.O.  Box  3720,  Johannesburg, 

Transvaal. 

HUTTON,  WILLIAM,  Resident  J.P.,  Komati  Poort,  Transvaal. 
fHYAM,  ABRAHAM,  P.O.  Box  234,  Kimbtrley,  Cape  Colony. 

IEVERS,  ROBERT  LANCELOT,  Mount  levers,  Royal  Park,  Melbourne,  Victoria. 
flLLius,  DONALD  W.,  El  Cedro  Mine,  Apartado  25,  Guanajuato,  Mexico. 
IMPEY,  SAMUEL  P.,  M.D.,  C.M.,  Cape  Town,  Cape  Colony. 
IM  THURN,  H.E.  SIR  EVERARD  F.,  K.C.M.G.,  C.B.,  Government  House, 

Suva,  Fiji. 

flNGLis,  JAMES,  60  York  Street,  Sydney,  New  South  Wales. 
INGLIS,  WM.  WOOD,  P.O.  Box  2056,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
•(•INKSETTER,  WM.  ELLSWORTH,  M.D.,  Alajucla,  Costa  Rica. 
INNES,  SIDNEY  NORTH,  Cresswell Downs,  Northern  Territory, South  Australia. 
INNISS,  THOMAS  WALROND,  Britannia  Estate,  Mauritius. 
TONS,    FREDERICK    F.,     Witwatersrand    G.M.    Co.,  P.O.   Knights,   via 

Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 


Non-Besident  Fellows.  445 


IRELAND,  PROFESSOR  ALLEYNE,  St.  Botolph  Club,  Boston,  Mass.,  U.S.A. 
IRELAND,  J.  S.  A.,M.B.(£to$r60M  Superintendent,  [ndian  Emigration  Service}. 
IRVINE,  HANS  W.  H.,  M.P.,  Great  Western  Vineyard,  Victoria. 
•{•IRVINE,  HON.  WM.HILL,  K.C.,  M.P.,  462  Little  Collins  Street,  Melbourne, 

Victoria. 
IRVING,   GEORGE  CLERK,  Department  of  Telegraphs,   Sandakan,  British 

North  Borneo. 

ISAAC,  GEORGE  MICHAEL,  P.O.  Box  3110,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
f ISAACS,  DAVID,  P.O.  Box  490,  Cape  Town,  Cape  Colony. 
ISEMONGER,  FRANCIS  M.,  Government  Secretariat,  Entebbe,  Uganda. 

JACK,  WM.  LANGLANDS,  60  Market  Street,  Melbourne,  Victoria. 

f  JACKSON,  CECIL  GOWER,  J.P.,  Magistrate,  Weenen,  Natal. 

JACKSON,  H.E.  SIR  HENRY  M.,  K.C.M.G.,  Government  House,  Port  of 

Spain,  Trinidad. 

JACKSON,  KOBERT  E.,  K.C.,  Victoria,  British  Columbia. 
•{•JACKSON,  THOMAS  A.,  Native  High  Court,  Maritsburg,  Natal. 
f  JACOB,  WILLIAM  F.,  Feilding,  New  Zealand. 
JACOBS,  DAVID  M.,  P.O.  Box  230,  Salisbury,  Rhodesia. 
| JACOBS,  ISAAC,  Lyndhurst,  Queen's  Road,  Melbourne,  Victoria. 
JACOBS,  SIMEON,  P.O.  Box  167,  Poichefstroom,  Transvaal. 
JAGGER,  JOHN  WM.,  M.L  A.,  Cape  Town,  Cape  Colony. 
JAMES,  EDMUND  M.,  141  Longmarket  Street,  Cape  Town,  Cape  Colony. 
f  JAMES,  J.  WILLIAM,  F.G.S.,  Tan asari,  Blakehurst,  Sydney,  New  South  Wales. 
JAMES,  SIR  WALTER  H.,  K.C.,  Perth,  Western  Australia. 
JAMES,  W.  HERBERT,  Erudina,  Adelaide,  Soiith  Australia. 
JAMESON,  CHARLES  S.,  354  West  Street,  Durban,  Natal. 
JAMESON,  CLARENCE,  Digby,  Nova  Scotia. 

JAMESON,  GEORGE,  Ellerton,  St.  Albans,  Canterbury,  New  Zealand. 
JAMESON,  HENRY  B.  L.,  Customs  Dept.,  Nassau,  Bahamas. 
JAMESON,  HENRY LYSTER,  B. A., Ph.D.,  University  College,  P.O.  Box  1176, 

Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 

f  JAMESON,  KT.  HON.  L.-S.,  C.B.,  M.L. A.,  M.D.,  Cape  Town,  Cape  Colony. 
JAMIESON,  EDMUND  C.,  P.O.  Box  357,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
JAMIESON,  GEORGE,  C.M.G. 

JAMIESON,  JOHN  H.,  P.O.  Box  2576,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
f  JAMIESON,  M.  B.,  C.E.,  39  Queen  Street,  Melbourne,  Victoria. 
JANION,  E.  M.,  Chartered  Bank  of  India,  Penang,  Straits  Settlements. 
JANSEN,  FBANCOIS  J.,  C.C.  &  K.M.,  Murraysburg,  Cape  Colony. 
JAYEWARDENE,  DON  ADRIAN  ST. V.,Jayeuardene  Wallauwa,  Colombo,  Ceylon. 
JEFFARES,  JOHN  L.  S.,  B.Sc.,  A.M.Inst.C.E.,  Komgha,  Cape  Colony. 
JELLICOE,  EDWIN  G.,  Barrister -at- Law,  Wellington,  New  Zealand. 
JENKINS,  ARTHUR  ROGERS,  West  Street,  Durban,  Natal. 
JENKINS,  GEORGE  H.  V.,  Herbert  Park,  Armidale,  New  Soutlt  Wales. 
f  JENKINS,  H.  L.,  Indian  Civil  Service. 

f  JENKINS,  PHILIP  L.,  Library  Buildings,  Bulawai/o,  Rhode&ia. 
•{•JEPPE,  CARL,  Barrister- at-Law,  City  Club,  Cape  Town,  Cape  Colony. 

JULIUS,  Danish  Consul,  32  Shortmarket  Street,  Cape  Town,  Cape 

Colony. 
,  JULIUS,  JUN.,  P.O.  Box  60,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 


446  Royal  Colonial  Institute. 

Year  of 

Election. 

1904  f  JEROME,  CHARLES,  Hazeldene,  Park  Town,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 

1905  JERVOISE,  Gr.  P.  V.,  Hoima,  Unyoro,  Uganda. 

1895  t JOEL,  Louis,  P.O.  Box  232,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
1904      tJ°FJFE>  MAX  F.,  P.O.  Box  326,  Pretoria,  Transvaal. 

1906  JOHNSON,  CAPTAIN  ARTHUR  E.,   D.8.O.,  Police   Department,   Zungeru, 

Northern  Nigeria. 

1904  JOHNSON,  EDWARD  ANGAS,  M.D.,  M.E.C.S.,  56  Franklin  Street,  Adelaide, 

South  Australia. 

1905  JOHNSON,  E.  A.  PASHA,  Gezireh,  Cairo,  Egypt. 

1897  JOHNSON,  HON.  EDWARD  0.,  Colonial  Treasurer,  Freetown,  Sierra  Leone. 

1893  t  JOHNSON,  FRANK  W.  F.,  Salisbury,  Ehodcsia. 

1 904      JOHNSON,  PERCY  VINER,  Assistant  ResidentMagistrate,  Ladybrand,  Orange 

River  Colony. 
1904     JOHNSON,  PHILIP  H.,  South  African  Road  Transport   Co.,  P.O.  Box  45, 

Kroonstad,  Orange  River  Colony. 
1904     t  JOHNSON,  W.  C.  B.,  M.H.A.,  Nassau,  Bahamas. 

1907  JOHNSON,  WILSON,  P.O.  Sox  3022,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 

1906  JOHNSTON,  ALEXANDER,  Public   Works  Department,   Sandakan,   British 

North  Borneo. 

1894  JOHNSTON,  HON.  C.  J.,  M.L.C.,  Wellington,  New  Zealand. 

1896  JOHNSTON,  D.  HOPE,  M.A.,  Barristcr-at-Law,  cjo  Bank  of  Australasia, 

Sydney,  New  South  Wales. 

1889     f  JOHNSTON,  JAMES,  J.P.,  Oakbank,  Mount  Barker,  South  Australia. 
1904     JOHNSTON,  JAMES  LYON,  African  Banking  Corporation,  Kimbtrley,  Cape 

Colony. 
1889     JOHNSTON,  PERCIVAL,  J.P.,  care  of  Messrs.  Jones  fy  Jones,  Royal  Chambers, 

Hunter  Street,  Sydney,  New  South  Wales. 
1885     JOHNSTON,  SYDNEY,  Napier,  New  Zealand. 
1885     JOHNSTON,  HON.  WALTER  WOODS,  Wellington,  New  Zealand. 

1898  JOHNSTONE,  GEORJE  W.,  L.E.C.P.,  L.K.C.S.,  Gresham  House,  Singapore. 

1901  JONES,  EDWARD  LLOYD,  Hatherley,  Homebush  Road,  Strathfield,  Sydney, 

New  South  Wales. 

1889  t  JONES,  EVAN  H.,  J.P.,  Kimberley,  Cape  Colony. 

1898  JONES,  JAMES,  5  Commercial  Street,  Cape  Town,  Cape  Colony. 

1891  f  JONES,  JOHN  E.,  P.O.  Box  966,  Pretoria,  Transvaal. 

1882  JONES,  OSWALD,  Hamilton,  Bermuda. 

1 884  JONES,  SIR  PHILIP  SYDNEY,  M.D.,  1 6  College  Street,  Sydney,  New  South  Wale*. 

1 902  JONES,  RODERICK,  Reuttr's  Telegram  Co.,  Cape  Town,  Cape  Colony. 

1896  JONES,  COMMANDER  K.  D.  PAGET. 

1906  JONES,  STANLEY  E.,  A.R.S.M.,  A.I.M.M.,  Inspector  of  Mines,   Gopeng, 

Perak,  Federated  Malay  States. 

1873      JONES,  HON.  SYDNEY  TWENTYMAN,  Grahamstown,  Cape  Colony. 
1882     JONES,  His  HONOUR  SIR  WM.  H.  HYNDMAN,  Chief  Justice  of  the  Straits 
Settlements,  Singapore. 

1897  f  JONES,  His  GRACE  WILLIAM  WEST,  D.D.,  Lord  Archbishop  of  Cape  Town, 

Bishop's  Court,  Claremont,  Cape  Colony. 

1907  JONKLAAS,  EICHARD  W  ,  Malabar  Street,  Kandy,  Ceylon. 

1906      JORDAN,  FREDERICK  H.,  790  Granville  Street,  Vancouver,  British  Columbia. 

1903  JOSEPH,  SELIM  B.,  P.O.  Box  723,  Cape  Town,  Cape  Colony. 
1905     JOSKE,  ADOLPH  B.,  Suva,  Fiji. 


Non-Resident  Fellows.  447 

Year  of 
Election. 
1906  Jo  WITT,  THOMAS,  C.E.,  Government  Railway  Construction,  Ibadan,  Lagos, 

Southern  Nigeria. 

JUDSON,  MAJOB  DANIEL,  J.P.,  Bulawayo,  Rhodesia. 
JUTA,  HON.  SIR  HENBY  H.,  K.C.,  M.L.A.,  Cape  Town,  Cape  Colony. 


•J-KATEB,  NORMAN  W.,  M.B.,  C.M.,  Australian  Club,  Sydney,  New  South  Wales. 
KAUFMAN,  ISAAC,  P.O.  Box  4291,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
fKAYSEB,  CHABLES  F.,  Port  Elizabeth,  Cape  Colony. 
KEEGAN,  LAUBENCE  E.,  B.A.,  M.D.,  St.  John's,  Newfoundland. 
I-KEENAN,  JAMES,  F.R.C.S.I.,  Rand  Club,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
KEEP,  EBNEST  E.,  Witch  Wood,  South  Yarra,  Melbourne,  Victoria;  and 

Australian  Club. 

KEESING,  ERNEST  A.,  Auckland,  New  Zealand. 
KELLY,  BKN.TAMIN  S.,  182  Loop  Street,  Maritzburg,  Natal. 
f  KELLY,  GEORGE  C.,  Mont  Alto,  Toorak,  Melbourne,  Victoria. 
KELLY,  His  HONOUR  CHIEF  JUSTICE  SIR  HENRY  G.,  Forcados,  Southern 

Nigeria. 

IKELLY,  JAMES  JOHN. 

f  KELTY,  WILLIAM,  Department  of  Public  Works,  Perth,  Western  Australia. 
KEMSLEY,  JAMES,  Port  Elizabeth,  Cape  Colony. 
KENNEDY,  JAMES   HUTCHINSON,    Master  of  the   High    Court,  Salisbury, 

Rhodesia. 

KENNELLY,  DAVID  J.,  K.C.,  Louisburg,  Nova  Scotia. 
KENNY,  W.,  M.D.  (Surgeon  Superintendent,  Indian  Emigration  Service). 
KENWAY,  PHILIP  T.,  Gisborne,  New  Zealand. 
KERMODE,  ROBEBT,  Mona  Vale,  Tasmania. 
KERB,  DAVID,  Abergeldie  Estate,  Watawala,  Ceylon. 
KEBR,  JOHN  WISHART,M.B.,  Government  Medical  Officer,  Cape  Coast,  Gold 

Coast  Colony. 

JKEBBY,  T.  C.,  Sutton  Lodge,  Remuera,  Auckland,  New  Zealand. 
fKESSLEB,  CAPTAIN  ROBERT  C.,  F.R.G.S.,  cjo  Messrs.  King  %  Sons,  Castle 

Buildings,  Durban,  Natal. 

KETTLEWELL,  JOHN  W.,  273  George  Street,  Sydney,  New  South  Wales. 
•J-KEYNES,  RICHARD  R.,  Keyneton,  South  Australia. 
KEYZER,  SIEGFRIED  S.,  Stellenbosch,  Cape  Colony. 

KHAN,  PESTONJEE  D.,  Messrs.  Framjee,  Bhika/jee  $  Co.,  Colombo,  Ceylon. 
KIDDLE,  J.  BEACHAM,  Moultrassie,  South  Yarra,  Melbourne,  Victoria. 
f  KIDDLE,  WILLIAM,  Walbundrie  Station,  Albury,  New  South  Wales. 
KILBY,  HENRY  G.,  Bentham,  Hunters  Hill,  Sydney,  New  South  Wales. 
KII.PIN,  ERNEST  FULLER,  C.M.G.,  Clerk  of  the  House  of  Assembly,  Cape 

Town,  Cape  Colony. 

fKiNG,  ARTHUR  S.,  Nelson,  Cairns,  Queensland. 
KING,  HARVEY,  Florida,  Line'a  a  Limon,  Costa  liica. 
KING,  JOSEPH  A.,  Crown  Solicitor,  Georgetown,  British  Guiana. 
fKiNG,KfcLso,  120  Pitt  St.,  Sydney,  New  South  Wales;  and  Australian  Club. 
KINGSLEY,  GEORGE  E.,  Rossin  House,  Toronto,  Canada. 
fKiRKCALDY,  WM.  MELVILLE,  F.S.S.,  Dunedin,  New  Zealand. 
tKiRKER,  JAMES,  South  British  Insurance  Co.,  Auckland,  New  Zealand. 
KIBTON,  CAPTAIN  GEOHGE,  Feilding,  New  Zealand. 


448  Royal  Colonial  Institute. 


Year  of 

Election. 

1894 


KITCHEN,  JOHN  H.,  c\o  The  Sydney  Soap  and  Candle  Co.,  Ltd.,  337  Kent 
Street,  Sydney,  New  South  Wales. 

1886  KITHER,  WILLIAM,  Glcnelg,  South  Australia. 
1878     KNEVETT,  J.  S.  K.  DE,  2  Rue  de  Loxum,  Brussels. 

1903     KNIFE,  CAPTAIN  RODERICK  E.,  Naval  and  Military   CM,   178    Collins 

Street,  Melbourne,  Victoria. 
1883     KNIGHT,  ARTHUR,  Grassdale,  River  Valley  Road,  Singapore. 
1902     fKNiGHTs,  KICHARD,  A.M.Inst.C.E.,  c\o  Corporation  of  Western  Egypt, 

Ltd.,  Sharia  Kasr-el-Nil,  Cairo,  Egypt. 
1902     tKNOBEL,  JOHAN  B.,  M.B.,  L.R.C.S.,  P.O.  Box  179,  Pretoria,  Transvaal. 

1887  KNOX,  HON.  WILLIAM,  M.P.,  74  Queen  Street,  Melbourne,  Victoria. 
1893  j  fKcENiG,  PAUL,  Beau  Bassin,  Mauritius. 

1890  !  fKoHLER,  HON.  CHARLES  W.  H.,  M.L.C.,  Riverside,  Paarl,  Cape  Colony. 
1896     KOLL,  OTTO  H.,  Grand  Hotel,  Utrtcht,  Natal. 


1905 
1890 
1902 
1876 
1889 


1902 
1883 
1904 
1889 
1905 
1880 
1902 
1898 
1880 
1885 
1901 
1900 
1884 
1894 
1897 
1902 


1882 
1890 
1899 
1900 


1905 
1900 


1905 
1897 


1905 


KOSZBLSKI,  SIGISMUND  A.,  cjo  Eastern  Telegraph  Co. 

fKoTHARi,  JEHANGIR  H.,  Karachi,  India. 

KREGOR,  C.  H.,  P.O.  Box  267,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 

fKRiEL,  REV.  H.  T.,  Worcester,  Cape  Colony. 

•J-KUHR,  HENRY  B.,  Port  Elizabeth,  Cape  Colony. 


LABORDE,  ARTHUR  L.  C.,  District  Commissioner,  Lagos,  Southern  Nigeria. 

•J-LAGDEN,  SIR  GODFREY  YEATMAN,  K.C.M.G. 

LAMB,  HENRY  J.,  P.O.  Box  1244,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 

LAMB,  TOMPSON,  Liverpool  Street,  Dunedin,  New  Zealand. 

LAMBERT,  J.  A.  PEYTON,  Assistant  Treasurer,  Lagos,  Southern  Nigeria. 

LAMPREY,  LIEUT.-COLONEL  J.  J.,  R.A.M.C.,  F.R.G.S. 

LANCE,  CHARLES  C ,  113  Pitt  Street,  Sydney,  New  South  Wales. 

f LANCE,  WILLIAM  F.,  M.L.A.,  P.O.  Box  744,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 

LANDALE,  ALEXANDER,  Aroona,  Toorak,  Melbourne,  Victoria. 

LANDALE,  K.  HUNTER,  Deniliquin,  New  South  Wales. 

LANDAU,  MORRIS  M.,  P.O.  Box  347,  Bulawayo,  Rhodesia. 

LANE,  HON.  ZEBINA,  M.L.C.,  Perth,  Western  Australia. 

•J-LANG,  WILLIAM  A.,  Carlaminda,  Cooma,  New  South  Wales. 

LANGDALE,  HON.  FREDERICK  LENOX,  M.L.C.,  F.R.G.S  ,  Wakaya,  Fiji. 

LANGDON,  CHARLES  P.,  122  William  Street,  Melbourne,  Victoria. 

ILANGDON,  WILLIAM  CHURCHWARD,  J.P.,  Port  Darwin,  Northern  Territory, 

South  Australia. 

LANGE,  HON.  MR.  JUSTICE  J.  H.,  Kimberley,  Cape  Colony. 
fLANGERMAN,  J.  W.  S.,  M.L.A.,  P.O.  Box  253,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal 
LANGERMAN,  JAMES,  Sea  Point,  Cape  Town,  Cape  Colony. 
LANGLEY,  W.   H.,  Barrister-at-Law,   59    Government   Street,    Victoria, 

British  Columbia. 

LANNING,  ROBERT,  J.P.,  Native  Commissioner,  Inyati,  Bulawayo,  Rhodesia. 
LARKINS,  REV.  FREDERICK,   c\o  Messrs.  Ewlngton  $  Baker,  Queen  Street, 

Auckland,  New  Zealand. 

LARYMORE,  MAJOR  HENRY  D.,  R.A.,  C.M.G.,  Borgu,  Northern  Nigeria. 
LASSETTER,  COLONEL  H.  B.,  C.B.,  Redleaf,  New  South  Head  Road,  Woollahra, 

Sydney,  New  South  Wales. 
LAUGHLIN,  MAJOR  CHARLES  E.  H.,  Entebbe,  Uganda. 


Non-Etsident  Fellows.  449 


LAUGHTON,  JOHN  M.,  Town  Engineer,  Bulawayo,  Rhodesia. 

LAURIER,  ET.  HON.  SIR  WILFRID,  G.C.M.G.,  Ottawa,  Canada. 

LAVERTINE,  A.  G-.,  P.O.  Box  679,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 

LAW,  CHARLES  F.,  P.O.  Box  116,  Vancouver,  British  Columbia. 

fLAWLEY,  ALFRED  L.,  P.O.  Bocc  227,  Bulawayo,  Rhodesia. 

LAWLEY,  H.E.  THE  HON.  SIR  ARTHUR,  G.C.I.E.,  K.C.M.G.,  Government 

House,  Madras. 

LAWRENCE,  BROWN,  Barrack  Street,  Cape  Town,  Cape  Colony. 
•{•LAWRENCE,  JOHN  P.,  Villa  Valetta,  Collonge,  Terr it et,  Suisse. 
LAWRENCE,  LAURIE  P.,  Broken  Hill  Chambers,  King  William  Street, 

Adelaide,  South  Australia. 

LAWSON,  PERCY  B.,  Superintendent  of  Telegraphs,  Calabar,  Southern  Nigeria. 
LAWTON,  ALFRED  B.,  P.O.  Box  536,  Cape  Town,  Cape  Colony. 
LAYTON,  BENDYSHE,  Messrs.  Gibb,  Livingston  $  Co.,  Hong  Kong. 
LAZARUS,  SIMEON  L.,  M.L.C.,  Suva,  Fiji. 
fLEA,  JULIAN  AUGUSTUS,  M.B.,F.K.C.S.,  The  Pines,  Bracebridge,  Ontario, 

Canada. 

LEACH,  JOHN  B.,  Poplar  Grovs,  Whittlesea,  Queen stown,  Cape  Colony. 
LEACOCK,  PROFESSOR  STEPHEN  B.,  Ph.D.,  Me  Gill  University,  Montreal, 

Canada. 

LEE,  D.  0.  E ,  Audit  Department,  Panama  Railroad  Co.,  Colon. 
fLEECH,  H.  W.  CHAMBRE,  LL.D.,  Pera.Jc,  Federated  Malay  States. 
f  LEECH,  JOHN  BOURKE  MASSY,  Kinta,  Perak,  Federated  Malay  States. 
LEECHMAN,  GEORGE  BARCLAY,  Colombo,  Ceylon. 
LEFEVRE,  WILLIAM,  P.O.  Box  5772,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
LEFROY,  HON.  HENRY  BRUCE,  C.M.GK,  Walebing,  Western  Australia. 
LEGGATT,  H.  B.,  Casilla  85,  Lima,  Peru. 
LEGGE,  CHART  ES  ARTHUR  ~L.,  Inspector  of  Police,  St.  Georges,  Grenada,  West 

Indies. 
•J-LEGGETT,  MAJOR  E.  H.  M.,  D.S.O.,  c\o  B.E.A.   Corporation,  Mombasa, 

British  East  Africa. 
LE  HUNTE,  H.E.  SIR  GEORGE  KUTHVEN,  K.C.M.G.,  Government  House, 

Adelaide,  South  Aiistralia. 
LEIBBRANDT,  CHRISTOFFEL,  Highfield   House,  The  Gardens,  Cape  Town, 

Cape  Colony. 

LEMBERG,  PHILIP  (Consul  for  Portugal),  Freetown,  Sierra  Leone. 
LE   MESURIER,  CECIL  J.  E.,  Barrister-at-Law,  Moir's   Chambers,  Perth 

We stern  Australia. 

LE  MIERE,  HIPPOLYTE,  JUN.,  Rose  Cottage,  Curepipe,  Mauritius. 
fLEMPRiERE,  JOHN  THOMSON,  Australian  Club,  Melbourne,  Victoria. 
tLENZ,  OTTO,  P.O.  Box  92,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
LEONARD,  CHARLES,  Rand  Club,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
tLEONARD,  HON.  JAMES  W.,  K.C.,  The  Rani  Cltib,  Johannesburg,  Trans- 
vaal. 
LEOPOLD,  LEWIS  J.,  Educational  Institute,    Gloucester   Street,  Freetown, 

Sierra  Leone. 

LESLIE,  ALEX.  STEWART,  The  Treasury,  Maritzburg,  Natal. 
tLESLiE,  J.  H.,  Rand  Club,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
tLE  SUEUR,  GORDON,  Civil  Service  Club,  Cape  Town,  Cape  Colony. 
LE  SUEUR,  SYBRANDT,  Civil  Service  Club,  Cape  Town,  Cape  Colony. 

Q 


450  Royal  Colonial  Institute. 


Year  of 

Election. 

1903 

1898 


1891 
1897 


1882 
1901 
1899 
1906 
1906 
1906 
1883 
1904 
1903 
1906 
1880 


1891 
1884 
1902 
1903 
1904 
1889 
1905 
1889 
1895 
1898 
1903 


1894 
1895 
1896 
1903 
1906 


1899 
1897 
1903 
1897 
1899 
1399 


1899 
1879 


1902 
1892 
1904 


LETT,  ROBERT  E.,  Police  Department,  Sekondi,  Gold  Coast  Colony. 
I-LEUCHARS,    COLONEL    GEORGE,    C.M.G.,    D.S.O.,    Beacken,    Greytown, 

Natal. 

•(•LEVEY,  JAMES  A.,  Bowdon,  South  Yarra,  Melbourne,  Victoria. 
LEVI,  HON.  NATHANIEL,  J.P.,  Liverpool,  Princes  Street,  St.  Kilda,  Mel- 
bourne, Victoria.   , 

LEVY,  HON.  ARTHUR,  M.L.C.,  Mandeville,  Jamaica. 
LEVY,  BARNETT,  P.O.  Sox  240,  Bloemfontein,  Orange  River  Colony. 
LEVY,  G-EORGE,  P.O.  Box  240,  Bloemfontein,  Orange  Ewer  Colony. 
LEVY,  JESSE  HENRY,  P.O.  Box  240,  Bloemfontein,  Orange  River  Colony. 
LEWIN,  PERCY  EVANS,  Public  Library,  fort  Elizabeth,  Cape  Colony. 
LEWIS,  ALFRED,  New  Club,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
LEWIS,  ALLAN  WELLESLEY,  K.C.,  St.  George's,  Grenada. 
LEWIS,  E.  J[,,  Audit  Department,  Pretoria,  Transvaal. 
LEWIS,  HENRY  M.,  Transport  Department,  Sekondi,  Gold  Coast  Colony. 
LEWIS,  IVOR,  Customs  Department,  Accra,  Gold  Coast  Colony. 
tLEWis,   HON.    SIR  NEIL   ELLIOTT,    K.C.M.G.,   M.A.,   B.C.L.,    Hobart, 

Tasmania  (Corresponding  Secretary). 
LEWIS,  EGBERT  E.,  414  Little  Collins  Street,  Melbourne,  Victoria. 

THOMAS,  Hobart,  Tasmania. 
LEWIS,  WILLIAM  MILLER,  171  Hereford  Street,  Cliristchurch .  New  Zealand. 
LEYSON,  WILLIAM,  Johannesburg,  'Transvaal. 
ILEZARD,  HERBERT  L.,  P.O.  Box  2756,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
•fLicHTHEiM,  JACOB,  P.O.  Box  1618,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
LIDDARD,  MONTAGUE  L.,  Assistant  Resident,  Lokoja,  Northern  Nigeria. 
tLiDDLE,  FREDERIC  C.,  EandClub,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
fLiDDLE,  HORACE  S.,  Hand  Club,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
fLiDDLE,  JOSEPH,  Norwich  Union  Buildings,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
LILLY,  FLEET-SURGEON  FREDERICK  J.,  K.N.,  H.M.S.  "King  Edward  VII." 

Channel  Fleet. 

LINCOLN,  GABRIEL,  Colonial  Secretariat,  Port  Louis,  Mauritius. 
f LINDSAY,  HENRY  LILL,  M.L.  A.,  P.  0.  Box  1612,  Johannesburg,  Trantvaal. 
tLiNoup,  WALTER,  Fairview  Tower,  Maritzburg,  Natal. 
LINE,  LEONARD,  196  Loop  Street,  Maritzburg,  Natal. 
fLiNES,    THOMAS  W.,  Brackman-Ker   Milling   Co.,   Edmonton,   Liberia, 

Canada. 

f  LINSCOTT,  REV.  T.  S.,  Brantford,  Ontario,  Canada. 

LIPP,  CHARLES,  3. ~P.,  African  Banking  Corporation,  Cape  Town,  Cape  Colony. 
LISTER,  HERBERT,  Pemba,  Zanzibar. 
LITHMAN,  KARL,  P.O.  B  x  640,  Cipe  Town,  Cape  Colony. 
LITTLE,  ARCHIBALD  J.,  Chungking  Trading  Co.,  Ichang,  China. 
LITTLE,  CHARLES  WM.   Scottish  Australian  Investment  Co.,  Sydney,  New 

South  Wales. 
LITTLE,  JAMES  B.,  Wanderer  Gold  Mines,  Selukwe,  Rhodesia. 

ARCHIBALD,  M.A.,  F.R.S.,  Professor  of   Chemistry,    The 

University,  Sydney,  New  South  Wales. 
LLOYD,  CHARLES,  Lowther  Hotel,  Durban,  Natal. 

LLOYD,  CHARLES  W.,  Hayfield,  Granvilte  Heights,  Sydney,  New  South  Wales. 
LLOYD,  ERNEST  A.,  National  Bank  of  South  Africa,  Louren^o  Marques, 
East  Africa. 


Non-Resident  Fellows. 


451 


Year  of 
Election 

1899 
1894 
1896 
1888 
1904 
1886 
1903 

1906 
1897 
1895 

1883 
1898 
1905 

1903 

1889 
1901 
1888 
1884 
1906 
1878 
1883 

1896 

1898 
1895 
1899 
1895 
1903 
1902 
1895 

'  1888 
1889 
1903 
1901 
1905 
1886 
1898 
1905 
1906 
1901 


t LLOYD,  JOHN  T., 

LLOYD,  LANCELOT  T.,  127  Phillip  Street,  Sydney,  New  South  Wales. 

fLocKWARD,  HENRY,  Hamilton,  Bermuda. 

LOFTIE,  EOWLEY  C.,  Villa  Paradis,  Vevey,  Switzerland. 

LOGAN,  EWRN  E.,  M.A.,  Town  Magistrate,  Nairobi,  British  East  Africa. 

LOGAN,  HON.  JAMES  D.,  M.L.G.,  Matjesfontein,  Cape  Colony. 

LONG,   ARTHUR  TILNEY,   H.B.M.    Collector  of    Customs,   P.O.   Box   7. 

Lourenco  Marques,  East  Africa. 

LONGDEN,  GEORGE  GERARD,  Nairobi,  British  East  Africa. 
LONGDEN,  HERBERT  T.,  Gwelo,  Rhodesia. 
LONGLEY,  HON.  MR.   JUSTICE   J.  WILBERFORCE,  Halifax,   Nova  Scotia, 

(Corresponding  Secretary}, 

Loos,  HON.  F.  C.,  M.L.C.,  Roseneath,  Darley  Road,  Colombo,  Ceylon. 
LORAM,  ALBERT  E.,  21  Timber  Street,  Maritzburg,  Natal. 
LORANS,  HON.  HENRI,  M.C.G-.,  M.B.,  C.M.,  Medical  Department,  Port  Louis, 

Mauritius. 
LORENA,    A.    CHARLES,   L.E.C.P.E.,   L.R.C.8.E.,    Government    Medical 

Officer,  c[o  P.M.O.,  Accra,  Gold  Coast  Colony. 
tLouBSER,  MATTHEW  M.,  Port  Elizabeth,  Cape  Colony. 
LOUGHNAN,  I.  HAMILTON,   Tukihiki,  Hawfces  Bay,  New  Zealand. 
LOVE,  JAMES  E.,  99  Bathurst  Street,  Sydney,  New  South  Wales. 
LOVEDAY,  EICHARD  KfiLSEY,  M.L.A.,  F.E.G.S.,  Pretoria,  Transvaal. 
LOVEGROVE,  LEONARD,  Jesselton,  British  North  Borneo. 
LOVELL,  SIR  FRANCIS  H.,  C.M.G.,  F.E.C.S.E, 
tLovELY,  COLONEL  JAMES  CHAPMAN,   Esplanade,  Largs,  Adelaide,   South 

Australia. 
•{•LOVELY,  WM.  H.  C.,  M.A.I.M.E.,  Esplanade,  Largs,  Adelaide,  South 

Australia. 

LOWRY,  MAJOR  HENRY  WARD,  I.S.C.,  Mandalay,  Burma. 
t  LUCAS  ALEXANDER  B.,  Florida,  Transvaal. 
LUCAS,  FREDERICK  G.  C.,  Ridge  Road,  Durban,  Natal. 
fLucAS,  PHILIP  DE  N.,  Florida,  Transvaal. 

LUDLOW,  HARRY  A.,  Government  Railway,  Ibadan,  Lagos,  Southern  Nigeria. 
LUDLOW,  LIONEL,  Bulawayo,  Rhodesia. 
*LUGARD,  H.E.  BRIGADIER-GENERAL  SIR  FREDERICK  D.,  K.C.M.G.,  C.B., 

D.S.O.,  Government  House,  Hong  Kong. 

LUMB,  HON.  MR.  JUSTICE  C.  F.,  MA.,  LL.D.,  Kingston,  Jamaica. 
tLuMSDEN,  DAVID,  Port  Elizabeth,  Cape  Colony. 

fLuNNON,  FREDERIC  J.,  M.A.,  L.L.M.,  P.O.  Box  400,  Pretoria,  Transvaal. 
tLYLE,  ALEXANDER,  246   Church  Street,  Maritzburg,  Natal. 
LWIN,  MAUNG  TUN,  K.S.M.,  Eastern  Magistrate,  Rangoon,  Burma. 
tLYMAN,  HENRY  H.,  74  McTavish  Street,  Montreal,  Canada. 
fLYNCH,  GEORGE  WM.  A.,  M.B.,  Suva,  Fiji. 
LYNE,  HENRY  A.,  Commerce  Court,  Durban,  Natal. 

LYNE,  EGBERT  NUNEZ,  F.L.S.,  F.E.G.S,  Director  of  Agriculture,  Zanzibar. 
LYNN,  WILLIAM  J. 


1886  I  MAASDURP,  HON.  MR.  JUSTICE  C.  G.,  Cape  Town,  Cape  Colony. 
1904  )  MACALISTER,  G.  IAN,  Rideau  Club,  Ottawa,  Canada. 


Q  2 


452  Royal  Colonial  Institute. 


Year  of 
Election. 

1891 
1893 
1896 
1897 
1905 
1905 
1906 


1885 
1894 


1891 
1892 


1896 


1904 
1904 


1885 
1882 
1891 
1889 
1884 
1890 
1889 
1897 
1903 
1899 


1885 
1891 


1903 
1900 
1895 


1892 
1891 
1890 
1905 
1887 


1902 
1886 
1897 
1897 
1904 
1882 
1891 


MACARTHUR,  DUNCAN,  Reaburn,  Manitoba,  Canada. 

MACARTHY,  THOS.  G.,  Phoenix  Brewery,  Tory  St.,  Wellington,  New  Zealand. 

MACASKIE,  JOHN  C.,  District  Judge,  Famagusta,  Cyprus. 

MACATJLAY,  JOHN  MAY,  P.O.  Box  967,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 

MACDEBMOT,  KODERICK,  Gilbert  Islands  Protectorate. 

MACDONALD,  ALEXANDER,  F.R.G.S.,  Cairns,  Queensland. 

MACDONALD,  ARCHIBALD  C.,  Director  of  Agriculture,  Nairobi,  British  East 

Africa. 

MACDONALD,  CLAUDE  A.,  Wantabadgery,  Wagga  Wagga,  New  South  Wales. 
MACDONALD,  H.E.  COLONEL KT.  HON.  SIR  CLAUDE  M.,  G.C.M.G.,  G.C.V.O., 

K.C.B.  Tokio,  Japan. 

f MACDONALD,  DUNCAN,  P.O.  Box  8.2,  East  London,  Cape  Colony. 
MACDONALD,  EBENEZER,  c\o  Perpetual  Trustee   Co.,   Sydney,  New  South 

Wales. 
MACDONALD,  REV.  J.  MIDDLE-TON,  M.A.  (Senior  Chaplain,  Government  of 

India),  The  Parsonage,  Howrah,  India. 

MACDONALD,  KANALD,  Government  Offices,  Chiromo,  British  Central  Africa. 
fMACDONALD,  RONALD  M.,  Messrs.  Gould,  Beaumont  $  Co.,  Christchurch, 

New  Zealand. 

MACDONALD,  THOMAS  MORELL,  Invercargill,  New  Zealand. 
MACDOUGALL,  JAMES,  365  Collins  Street,  Melbourne,  Victoria. 
tMACDOWALL,  DAY  HORT,  Prince  Albert,  N.W.T.,  Canada. 
MAcE WEN,  ALEXANDER  P.,  Hong  Kong. 

f  MACFARLANE,  SENATOR  HON.  JAMES,  Newlands,  Hobart,  Tasmania. 
MACFEE,  K.  N.,  45  St.  Sacrament  Street,  Montreal,  Canada. 
MACFIE,  MATTHEW,  Tyatta,  Elm  Grove,  Armadale,  Melbourne,  Victoria. 
ROBERT  A.,  Estancia  Perla,  Luquillo,  Porto  Rico,  West  Indies. 
MACGARVEY,  JAMES,  Grosny,  Terek  Province,  Russia. 
fMAcGREGOR,   H.E.  SIR  WILLIAM,  G.C.M.G.,  C.B.,   Government  House, 

St.  John's,  Newfoundland. 

MACGLASHAN,  NEIL,  J.P.,  Mining  Commissioner,  Bulawayo,  Rhodesia. 
MACINTOSH,  JAMES,  c\o  Messrs.  Dalgety  $   Co.,  6   Custom  House  Qita.y, 

Wellington,  New  Zealand. 

MACINTOSH,  WILLIAM,  M.L.A.,  P.O.  Box  20,  Port  Elizabeth,  Cape  Colony. 
MAC!VER,  FERGUS,  Stock  Exchange  Club,  Melbourne,  Victoria. 
fMACKAY,  CAPTAIN  A.  W.,  J.P.,  c\o  W.  Walker,  Esq.,  82  Pitt  Street,  Sydney, 

New  South  Wales. 

fMACKAY,  GEORGE,  Marzelsfontein,  Douglas,  Cape  Colony. 
MACKAY,  JAMES,  Central  Club,  Wellington,  New  Zealand. 
fMACKAY,  JOHN  KENNETH,  Dungog,  New  South  Wales. 
MACKAY,  THOMAS  JAMES,  Port  Elizabeth,  Cape  Colony. 
MACKELLAR,  HON.  CHARLES  K,  M.L.C.,   M.B.,   131   Macquarie   Street, 

Sydney,  New  South  Wales. 

MACKENZIE,  FRANCIS  WALLACE,  M.B.,  C.M.,  Wellington,  New  Zealand. 
MACKENZIE,  JOHN  EDDIE,  M.B.,  C.M.,  Kimberley,  Cape  Colony. 

MURDO  S.,  Coolgardie,  Western  Australia. 
MACKENZIE,  THOMAS,  M.H  R.,  Allan  Grange,  Kaikorai,  New  Zealand. 
MACKERSEY.  CHARLES  L.,  Hastings,  Hawkes  Bay,  New  Zealand. 
MACKIB,  DAVID,  Beach- Clarridge  Corporation,  Niantic,  Conn.,  U.S.A. 
f  MACKINNON,  W.  K.,  Marida,  Yallock,  Boorcan,  Victoria. 


Non-Resident  Fellows.  453 

Year  of 
Election. 

1901  MACKINTOSH,  DONALD,  Maison  Delaplace,  Menton,  France. 

1895  fMAcLAREN,  DAVID,  62  Frank  Street,  Ottawa,  Canada. 

1902  MACLAREN,  JAMES  MALCOLM,  D.Sc.,  F.GKS.,  Geological  Survey,  Calcutta. 
190*3     fMACLEAN,  KAID  SIR  HARRY,  K.C.M.G-.,  The  Court,  Morocco. 

1906     MACPHAIL,  EGBERT  S.,  C.E,,  Irrigation  Department,  Colombo,  Ctylon. 

1882  MACPHERSON,  JOHN,  Corner  of  Twenty-Seventh  and  J.  Streets,  San  Diego, 

California,  U.S.A. 

1903  fMACPHERSON,  WILLIAM  MOLSON,  73  Ste.  Ursule  Street,  Quebec,  Canada. 
1902     JMACSHERRY,  KT.  EEV.  BISHOP  HUGH,  Port  Elizabeth,  Cape  Colon?/. 

1905  MC.AUSLIN,  JAMES,  180  Longmarket  Street,  Maritzburg,  Natal. 

1900     fMcBRYDE,  HON.  D.  E.,  M.L.C.,  Australian  Club,  Melbourne,  Victoria. 
1902     McG'ALLUM,  CLIFFORD  K,  P.O.  Box  4806  and  17  Provident  Buildings, 
Fox  Street,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal  (Corresponding  Secretary}. 

1883  McCALLUM,  H.E.  COLONEL  SIR  HENRY  EDWARD,  E.E.,  G.C.M.G.,  A  D.C. 

Government  House,  Colombo,  Ceylon. 

1897     MCCALLUM,  WILLIAM,  Oceana  Consolidated  Co.,  P.O.  Box  1542,  Johannes- 
burg, Transvaal. 

1904  fMcCARTHY,  JOHN  J.,  P.  0.  Box  34,  Bidawayo,  Rhodesia. 

1896  MCCARTHY,  HON.  EGBERT  H.,  C.M.G.,  M.L.C.,  Collector  of  Customs,  Port 

of  Spain,  Trinidad. 

1886     tMcCAUGHEY,  HON.  SIR  SAMUEL,  M.L.C.,  Coonong,  Urana,  New  South 
Wales. 

1895  fMcCoNNELL,  JAMES,  Ardmore  Hall,  Vuna,  Fiji. 

1897  fMcCowAT, EGBERT L., F.E.I.B.A., P.O. Box 318,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
1902     McCowEN,  JOHN  E.,  I.S.O.,  J.P.,  Inspector- General  of  Constabulary,  St. 

John's,  Newfoundland. 

1882     McCfiAE,  FARQUHAR  P.  G.,  Bank  of  Australasia,  Sydney,  New  South  Wales. 
1 889  j  McCuLLOCH,  ALEXANDER,  Adelaide  Club,  South  Australia. 

1896  I  McCuLLOUGH,  WILLIAM,  High  Street,  Auckland,  New  Zealand. 

1906  !  MCDONALD,  CHARLES,  P.O.  Box  391,  St.  John,  New  Brunswick. 


MCDONALD,  DARENTH. 

MCDONALD,  ERNEST  E.,  Government  Secretariat,  Nicosia,  Cyprus. 
McDouoALL,  FREDERICK  A.,  Benin  City,  Southern  Nigeria. 
fMcDouGALL,  JOHN  A.,  Messrs.  McDougall  $  Secord,  Edmonton,  Alberta, 
Canada. 


1893 
1896 
1906 
1906 


1902 
1895 
1883 
1895 
1889 
1904 
1906 
1894 
1898 
1883 
1895 
1901 


1902 

1883  i  tMcL/EAN,  GEORGE,  Dunedin,  New  Zealand. 


,  WILLIAM,  P.O.  Box  380,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
fMcGouN,  ARCHIBALD,  JUN.,  181  St.  James  Street,  Montreal,  Canada. 
MC(TRATH,  HON.  GEORGE,  Charlemont,  Jamaica. 
McGuiRE,  FELIX,  Mount  Royal,  Hawera,  New  Zealand. 

,  JOHN,  Port  Elizabeth,  Cape  Colony. 
MC!NTYRE,  EGBERT  A.,  P.O.  Box  76,  Cape  Town,  Cape  Colony. 
MC!RVINE,  CHARLES  G.,  BanJc  of  Mauritius,  Beatt  Bassin,  Mauritius. 
MclvoR,  JAMES  BALFOUR,  De  Aar,  Cape  Colony. 

McKJENZiE,  ARCHIBALD,  M.D.,  M.E.C.S.E.,  Musgrave  Road,  Durban,  Natal. 
fMcKiNNON,  NEIL  E.,  K.C.,  Berbice,  British  Guiana. 
MCLAREN,  J,  GORDON,  Dawson,  Y.T.,  Canada. 

MCLAUGHLIN,    JAMES,  11    St.  James    Buildings,    Little    Collins    Street, 
Melbourne,  Victoria. 

J.  TV,  237  West  With  Street,  New  York,  U.S.A. 


454  Royal  Colonial  Institute. 


Year  of 
Election. 

1878 


tMcLEAN,  K.  D.  DOUGLAS,  MaraekaJcaho,  Napier,  New  Zealand  (Corre- 
sponding Secretary"). 

tMcLEOD,  EDWIN,  P.O.  Box  36,  Brooklyn,  Queens  County,  Nova  Scotia. 

MCMILLAN,  DUNCAN,  C.E.,  Derby  House,  Rosenxad  Place,  Colombo,  Ceylon. 

fMcMiLLAN,  MAJOR  F.  DOUGLAS,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 

MCMILLAN,  ROBERT,  "  Stock  and  Station  Journal"  Office,  Sydney,  New 

South  Wales. 

1899     MCMILLAN,  HON.   SIR  WILLIAM,   K.C.M.G.,   Allison  Street,   Randwick, 
Sydney,  New  South  Wales. 


1884 
1905 
1894 
1902 


1892 
1906 
1900 
1906 
1898 
1907 
1896 


1892 
1899 
1906 
1906 


1904 
1884 
1895 


1902 
1880 
1898 
1896 
1906 
1890 
1882 
1904 
1904 
1903 
1902 
1890 
1890 
1893 
1905 
1904 
1887 


1902 
1902 
1894 
1906 
1894 
1901 


McNAUGHTON,  COLIN  B.,  Concordia,  Knysna,  Cape  Colony. 
McNELLAN,  J.  E.,  Eand  Club,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
McPniLLiPS,  ALBERT  E.,  K.C.,  Victoria,  British  Columbia. 
McKAE,  WILLIAM,  Bank  of  New  Scuth  Wales,  Suva,  Fiji. 
McTuRK,  MICHAEL,  C.M,G.,  Kalacoon,  Essequebo,  British  Guiana. 
MADDRELL,  ROBERT  J.  C.,  Bedervale,  Braidwood,  New  South  Wales. 
MAGAREY,  WILLIAM  J.,  Unity  Chambers,  Currie  Street,  Adelaide,  South 
Australia. 


WM.  KELK,  J.P.,  Queenstown,  Cape  Colony. 
MAGUIRE,  CHARLES  E.,  M.D.,  Nukualofa,  Tonga,  Friendly  Islands. 
MAGUIRE,  CAPTAIN  Ross  R.,  Accra,  Gold  Coast  Colony. 
MAIBMAN,  N,  DUNCAN,  c\o  The  Niger  Co.,  Ltd.,  Gana  Gana,  River  Niger, 

Southern  Nigeria. 

MAIN,  FREDERICK  G.,  Transport  Department,  Sekondi,  Gold  Coast  Colony. 
MAIR,  GEORGE,  Groongal,  near  Hay,  New  South  Wales. 
tMALCOLM,  GEORGE  W.,  A.M  I.Mech.E.,  Forges  et  Fonderies  de  Maurice, 

Port  Louis,  Mauritius. 

fMALCOLM,  HARCOURT  G.,  M.H.A.,  Burrister-at-Law,  Nassau,  Bahamas. 
MALCOLM  His  HONOUR  CHIEF  JUSTICE  SIR  ORMOND  D.,  Nassau,  Bahamas. 
MALLESON,  PERCY  RODBARD,  The  Willows,  Hex  River,  Cape  Colony. 
MALLETT,  PERCY  WM.,  Attorney-at-Law,  Kimberley,  Cape  Colony. 
MANARA,  VICTOR  M.,  Assistant  Collector,  Entebbe,  Uganda. 
MANCHEE,  JOHN  C.,  Glen  Moan,  Willow  Tree,  New  South  Wales. 
tMANiFOLD,  W.  T.,  Purrumbete,  Camperdown,  Victoria. 
MANNHEIM,  ERNEST  A.,  A.M.I.M.M.,  M.A.I.M.E. 
JMANSEL,  ROBERT  S.  ADRIAN,  State  Bank,  Nobles  Co.,  Minn.,  U.S.A. 
MANSELL,  WM.  V.,  The  Coaling  Co.,  Freetown,  Sierra  Leone. 
MARAIS,  CHARLES,  Land  Surveyor,  2  Wale  Street,  Cape  Town,  Cape  Colony. 
tMARAis,  CHRISTIAN  L.,  Stellenbosch,  Cape  Colony. 
•t  MARAIS,  JOHANNES  H.,  M.L.A.,  Stellenbosch,  Cape  Colony. 
MAHAIS,  P.  HARMSEN,  Highbury,  Wynberg,  Cape  Colony. 
MARE,  E.  J.  EARDLEY,  Native  Commissioner,  Hartley,  Rhodesia. 
IMARKLEW,  E.  C.,  Frenchay,  Diep  River,  near  Cape  Town,  Cape  Colony. 
,  ALEXANDER,  J.P.,  Consul  for  Japan,  98a  Queen  Street,  Melbourne. 

Victoria. 

,  ELLIA,  Messrs.  Lewis  $  Marks,  P.O.  Box  379,  Pretoria,  Transvaal. 
MARKS,  HON.  HENRY,  M.L.C.,  Suva,  Fiji. 

HERBERT  T. 
MARKS,  OLIVER.  Government  Hill,  Singapore. 

MARKS,  PERCY  J.,B.  A.,  117  Victoria  Street  North,  Sydney,  New  South  Wales. 
,  WALTER  J.,  P.O.  Box  207,  Durban,  Natal. 


Nan- Resident  Fellows.  455 

Year  of 
Election. 

1904  MARSH,  H.  VERNOX,  183  Pietermariiz  Street,  Maritzburg,  Natal. 

1885  f  MARSHALL,  ALFRED  WITTER,  College  Park,  Adelaide,  South  Australia. 

1896  MARSHALL,  ARTHUR  H.,  2  Victoria  Buildings,  Colombo,  Ceylon. 

1902  MARSHALL,   FRANCIS   M.,  c\f)  Capato  $•  Co.,  Suakin,  Sudan. 

1900  MARSHALL,  JAMES  C.,  Dunedin  Club,  Fernhill,  New  Zealand. 

1896  f  MARSHALL,    MAJOR    EGBERT    S.,    Eve    Leary    Barracks,     Georgetown, 

British  Guiana. 
1884      MARSHMAN,  JOHN,  8  Holly  Road,  St.  Alban's,  Christchurch,  New  Zealand. 

1904  MARTEN,  E.  HUMPHREY,  M.B  ,  M.E.C.S.E.,  12    No-th  Terrace,  Adelaide, 

South  Australia. 

1902      tMARTiN,  GEOBGE  F.,  J.P.,  Wagadra,  Nadi,  Fiji ;  and  Fiji  Club,  Suvc,  Fiji. 
1899      MARTIN,  JOHN,  Melbourne  Club,  Melbourne,  Victoria. 

1897  MARTIN,  JOHN  STUART,  Barrister-at-Law,  St.  George's,  Grenada. 
1902      MARTIN,  HON.  WM.  A  ,  M.L.C.,  Rand  Club,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
1907      MARTIN,  S.  F.  BRERETON,  M.A.,  LL.B.,  Ipoh,  Perak,  Federated  Mala^ 

States. 

1896      -J-MARZETTI,  C.  J.,  M.E.A.S.,  Kandahar  Estate,  Balangoda,  Ceylon. 
1879      MASON,  E.  G-.  L.,  Colonial  Bank,  Berbice,  British  Guiana. 

1899  MASON,  J.  HERBERT,  Permanent  Loan  and  Savings  Bank,  Toronto,  Canada. 

1900  f  MASON,  EICHARD  LYTE,  Messrs.  Mason  fy  Whitelaw,  P.O.  Box  677,  Johan- 

nesburg, Transvaal. 

1905  MASSIAH,  C.  A.,  Government  Railway,  Lagos,  Southern  Nigeria. 
1902 

1906 

1890 
1903 

1906 
1898 

1906 
1881 
1906 
1892 
1894 
1889 

1899 
1891 

1904 

1905 
1881 
1905 
1904 
1891 
1903 


MATHEWS,  ABRAHAM  E.,  Anglo-Transvaal  Development  Co.,  P.O. 

Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
MATTEI,  CHARLES,  L.E.C.P.,  L.E.C.S.,    Government   Medical  Officer  of 

Health,  Malta. 

MATTERSON,  CHARLES  H.,  P.O.  Box  4612,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
MATTERSON,    LIEUT.-COLONEL   ARTHUR    W.,   Rosedale,   Mountain    fiise, 

Maritzburg,  Natal. 

MATTHEW,  ALFRED  C.,  Alliawattie,  Moulragalla,  Ceylon. 
•{•MATTHEWS,     FLETCHER,    Colenbrander's    Development    Co.,    Bulawayo, 

Rhodesia. 

MATTHEWS,  HON.  JOHN  BROMHEAD,  Attorney- General,  Nassau,  Bahamas. 
tMATTHEws,  JOSIAH  W.,  M.D.,  Greytown,  Natal. 
MAUGHAN,  THOMAS,  Chamber  of  Mines,  Kalgoorlie,  Western  Australia. 
•J-MATJND,  EDWARD  A. 
MAURICE,  EICHARD  THELWALL,  Adelaide  Club,  South  Australia. 

THEODORE  E.,  J.P.,  Assistant  Commissioner  of  Police, 

Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 

MAW,  HENRY  S.,  L.S.A.,  Tumbfrumba,  New  South  Wales. 
tMAxwELL,  His  HONOUR  CHIEF  JUSTICE   FREDERIC  M.,  Belize,  British 

Honduras. 
MAXWELL,  J.  CRAWFORD,  M.A.,  M.D.,  District  Commissioner,  Bandajuma, 

Sierra  Leone. 

MAXWELL,  JOHN,  Travelling  Commissioner,  Accra,  Gold  Coast  Colony. 
MAXWELL,  MAJOR  THOMAS,  J.P.,  Resident  Magistrate,  New  Hanover,  Natal. 
MAXWHLL,  THOMAS  D.,  Commissioner  of  Lands,  Lagos,  Southern  Nigeria. 
MAT,  AYLMER  WM.,  M.D.,  Livingstone,  North-  West  Rhodesia. 
fiYlAY,  CORNELIUS,  1  Oxford  Street,  Freetown,  Sierra  Leone. 
MAY,  G-EORGE  C.,  Customs  Department,  Accra,  Gold  Coast  Colony. 


456  Royal  Colonial  Institute. 

Year  of 
Election. 

1902  MAY,  HON.  FRANCIS  H.,  C.M.G,,  M.L.C.,  Colonial  Secretary,  Hong  Kong. 
1904     MAYALL,  ROBERT  PERCIVAI  W.,  B.A.,   Government  School,  Accra,  Gold 

Coait  Colony. 

1894  tMAYDON,  HON.  JOHN  G.,  M.L.A.,  Durban  Club,  Natal. 

1399  MAYERS,  HENRY  M.  STEWART,  Selukwe,  Rhodesia. 

Iggg  fMAYNARD,  MAJOR  J.  G.,  Sand  Club,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 

1907  MEDHURST,  FREDERICK  W.,  Ethel  Mount,  Sandy  Bay,Hobart,  Tasmania. 

1894  fMEGGiNSON,  WHARRAM,  Portswood  Estate,  Nuwara  Eliya,  Ceylon. 

1906  MEGSON,  HARRY  BEALFORT,  Sapele,  Southern  Nigeria. 

1903  MEIKLE,  HUGH. 

1902  fMEiKLE,  THOMAS,  Bulawayo,  Rhodesia. 

1901  MEILANDT,  H.  S.,  Ntw  Club,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 

1882  tMELHADO,  WILLIAM.  H.B.M.  Co-nsul,  Truxillo,  Spanish  Honduras. 

1894  fMELViLL,E.  H.  V.,  A.M.Inst.  C.E.,  Land  Surveyor,  P.O.  Box  719,  Johan- 

nesburg, Transvaal. 
1890     f  MENDELSSOHN,  ISIDOR,  Kimberley  Club,  Cape  Colony. 

1890  MENDELSSOHN,  SIDNEY,  Kimberley  Club,  Cape  Colony. 

1896      MENENDEZ,  His  HONOUR  CHIEF  JUSTICE  SIR  MANUEL  R,,  Zungeru,  Northern 

Nigeria. 
1886      MENNIE,  JAMES  C.,  Standard  Bank,  Kimberley,  Cape  Colony. 

1883  f  MEREDITH,  THE  VEN.  ARCHDEACON  THOMAS,  Singapore. 

1885     t  MEREDITH- If  AYE,  CLARENCE  KAY,  Meiringen,  Timaru,  New  Zealand. 
1883      MEREWETHEK,  HON.   SIR   EDWARD    MARSH,    K.C.V.O.,    C.M.G.,    Chiej 
Secretary,  Valletta,  Malta  (Corresponding  Secretary}. 

1881  MERIVALE,  GEORGE  M.,   Messrs.    Gibbs,  Bright   $   Co.,   37   Pitt  Street, 

Sydney,  Ntw  South  Wales. 

1903  tMERRicK,  WILLIAM,  200  Church  Street,  Maritzburg,  Natal. 

1904  MERRILL,  ALFRED  PERKINS,  D.D.S.,  52  Collins  Street,  Melbourne,  Victoria. 

1905  fMERRiN,  CHARLES  E.,  P.O.  Box  242,  Durban,  Natal. 

1889      MEUDELL,    WILLIAM,   Ferry  den,   Princes    Avenue,   Caulfield,   Melbourne, 
Victoria. 

1892  fMiCHAu,  J.  J.,  M.L.A.,  J.P.,  P.O.  Box  194,  Cape  Town,  Cape  Colony. 

1891  MICHELL,  ROLAND  L.  N.,  District  Commissioner,  Limassol,  Cyprus. 

1893  MICHIE,  ALEXANDER,  Bank  of  New  Zealand,  Dunedin,  New  Zealand 

1906  fMicHiE,  DAVID  KINLOCH,  Colombo,  Ceylon. 

1892  fMiDDLEBROOK,  JOHN  E.,  cjo  Messrs.  Bond,  Finney  fy   Co.,  Nelson,  Neu 

Zealand. 
1891      MIDDLETON,  JAMES  GOWING,  M.D.,  8  Rue  des  Capucincs,  Pat  is, 

1882  MIDDLETON,  HON.  MR.  JUSTICE  JOHN  PAGE,  Colombo,  Ceylon. 

1902  fMiDDLETON,  RICHARD  W.,  L.S.A.,  Somkele,  Zululand,  Natal. 
1891      MIDDLETON,  WILLIAM,  Church  Street,  Maritzburg,  Natal. 

1883  MIDDLETON,  WILLIAM  HENRY,  Durban  Club,  Natal. 

1893  MILES,   ALFRED   H.,    Messrs.   Murray,  Roberts  $   Co.,  Wellington,  New 

Zealand. 

1889      tMiLES,  CHARLES  GEORGE,  care  of  Messrs.  T.  Birch  $•  Co.,  Grahamstown, 
Cape  Colony. 

1895  MILES,  HON.  E.  D.,  M.L.C.,  Charters  Towers,  Queensland. 

1891      MTLEY,  WM.  KILDARE,  L.R.C.P.  (Surgeon  Superintendent,  Indian  Emi- 
gration Service}. 
1904  I  fMiLLAR,  HARRY,  Ede'wciss,  Durban,  Natal. 


Non-Resident  Fellows.  457 

Year  of 
Election. 

1905  MILLAE,  WALTER,  Engineer-in- Chief's  Office,  Government  Railways,  Maritz- 

burgr,  Natal.  * 

1907      MILLAR,  WILLIAM,  P.O.  Sox  354.  Pretoria,  Transvaal. 
1896      MILLER,  ALLISTER  M.,  Swaziland  Corporation,  Bremersdorp,  Swaziland, 

South  Africa. 

1903     MILLER,  FREDERICK  A.,  The  Retreat,  Fisher  St.,  Freetown,  Sieira  Leone. 
1903     MILLER,  ROLAND  HENRY,  P.O.  Box  300,  Durban,  Natal. 
1896     MILLS,  E.  C.  EVELYN,  Messrs   E.   W.  Mills  $  Co.,  Ltd  ,  Wellington,  New 

Zealand. 

1903  fMiLLS,  FREDERICK  W.,  Government  Railways,  Durban,  Natal. 
1886     MILLS,  SIR  JAMES,  Dunedin,  New  Zealand. 

1904  MILNE,  DOUGLAS,  New  Rietfontein  Estate  Gold  Mines,  P.O.  Knights,  fid 

Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
1902     MILNE,  GEORGE  T.,  F.E.G.S.,  Casilla  112,  La  Pag,  Bolivia. 

1902  MILTHORP,  BERNARD  T.,  Blantyre,  British  Central  Africa. 
1889      fMiLTON,  ARTHUR  C.,  Port  Elizabeth,  Cape  Colony. 

1898     MILTON,  His  HONOUR  SIR  WILLIAM  H.,  K.C.M.G.,  Salisbury,  Rhodesia. 

1904  MITCHELL,  ERNEST  H.,  A.M.Inst.C.E.,  Apartado  20,  Culiacan,  Sinaloa 

Mexico. 
1885     MITCHELL,  JAMES  G.,  Etham,  Darling  Point,  Sydney,  New  South  Wales.    . 

1900  MITCHELL,  SIB  WILLIAM  W.,  C.M.G.,  Colombo,  Ceylon. 

1896     MOCKFOHD,   F.  PEMBERTON,   P.O.   Box    96,   Pieiersburg,    Zoutpambcrg, 
Transvaal. 

1906  fMoDI>  EDALJI  M.,  D.Sc.,  LL.D.,  Litt.D.,  F.C.S.,  Skater  Road,  Bombay. 
1898      MOFFETT,  FRANCIS  J.,  B.A.,  A.M.I.E.E. 

1883      tMooa,  J.  W.,  P.O.  Box  146,  Pretoria,  Transvaal. 

1903  MOLESWORTH,  THE  HON.  CHARLES   E.,  Hotel   Bel- Air,    Sark,    Channel 

Islands. 

1906     MOLESWORTH,  HON.  ERNEST  A.  P.,  Opoti/d,  New  Zealand. 
1879      MOLONEY,  SIR  C.  ALFRED,  K.C.M.G. 

1902  MOLYNEUX,  PERCY  S.,  Rand  Club,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 

1905  MONRO,  CLAUDE  F.  H.,  Mines  Office,  Bulawayo,  Rhodesia. 

1901  MONTAGUE,  CAPTAIN  E.  H.  CROFT,  43  St.  George's  Street,  Cape  Town, 

Cape  Colony. 

1903  MONTGOMERIE,  ARCHIBALD,   Suva,  Fiji. 

1900     MOOR,  SIR  RALPH  D.  E.,  K.C.M.G. 
1903     fMooR,  JOHN  W.,  Mooi  River,  Natal. 


1889 
1889 


1906 
1883 


1906 
1878 
1902 


1876 
1904 


fMooRE,  ALBERT,  City  Club,  Cape  Town,  Cape  Colony. 

MOORE,  FREDERICK  HENRY,  care  of  Messrs.  Dalgety  $  Co.,  Sydney,  New 
South  Wales. 

fMooRE,  GEORGE  F.,  J.P.,  Freinantle,  Western  Australia. 

tMooRE,  THE  EEV.  CANON  OBADIAH,  Principal,  Church  Missionary  Gram- 
mar School,  Freetown,  Sierra  Leone. 

MOORE,  THOMAS,  P.O.  Box  375,  Pretoria,  Transvaal. 

tMooRE,  WILLIAM  H.,  St.  John's,  Antigua. 

MOORE,  PROFESSOR  WM.  HARRISON,  B.A.,  LL.B.,  The    University,  Mel- 
bourne, Victoria. 

*MORGAN,  HENRY  J.,  LL.D.,  Ottawa,  Canada. 

MORISON,  EEGINALD  J.,  Government  Railway  Construction,  Lagos,  Southern 
Nigeria. 

Q  3 


458  Royal  Colonial  Institute. 

Year  of 

Election. 

1882  |  fMoRRis,  SIR  DANIEL,  K.C.M.Gr.,  M. A.,  D.Sc.,  F.L.S.,  Commissioner,  Impe- 

rial Department  of  Agriculture,  Barbados. 

1896  tMoRRis,  Moss  H.,  J.P.,  Salisbury,  Rhodesia. 

1 888     MORRISON,  ALEXANDER,  Bank  of  Africa,  Port  Elizabeth,  Cape  Colony. 
1881      fMoRRisoN,  JAMES,  J.P.,     Water    Hall,    Guildford,    Western   Australia 

(Corresponding  Secretary}. 
1903     MORTIMER,  WILLIAM,  M.R.C.S.E.,  L.R.C.P.,  Potchefstroom,  Transvaal. 

1903  MORTLOCK,   WILLIAM   T.,    Martindale,    Mintaro,    South   Australia;  and 

Adelaide  Club. 

1897  MORTON,  BENJAMIN  K.,  97  Queen  Street,  Melbourne,  Victoria. 

1890  f  MORTON,  JAMES,  Rand  Club,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 

1904  MORTON,  JOHN  DRUMMOND,  Bulawayo  Club,  Bulawayo,  Rhodesia. 

1881  MOSELEY,  C.  H.  HARLEY,  C.M.G., 
1906     MOSES,  MICHAEL,  Entebbe,  Uganda. 

1886     tMosMAN,  HON.  HUGH,  M.L.C.,  J.P.,  Eastongray,   Toowong,   Brisbane 

Queensland. 

1895      Moss,  E.  J.,  cfo  Messrs.  King,  Son  <$r  Ramsay,  Shanghai,  China. 
1885     fMotiLDEN,  BAYFIELD,  88  Barnard  Street,  Adelaide,  South  Australia. 
1902     JMOUNTFORD,  WILLIAM  H.,    South  African  Milling  Cc.,  Shand  Street, 

Cape  Town,  Cape  Colony. 
1888     tMoYSEY,  HENRY  L.,  I.S.O.      . 

1891  MUECKE,  HON.  H.  C.  E.,  M.L.C.,  J.P.,  Medindie,  Adelaide,  South  Australia. 
1899     MUIRHEAD,  JAMES  M.  P.,  F.S.A.A.,  F.S.S.,  F.R.S.L.,  Civil  Service  Club, 

Cape  Town,  Cape  Colony. 

1898  fMuLLER,  FRANZ,  Saulspoort,  Rustenburg,  Transvaal. 
1902     MULLER,  JOHN, 

1906      MULLER,  JOHN,  B.A.,  Graham&town,  Cape  Colony. 

1902  JMuLLiNS,  A.  Gf.,  Bank  of  Africa,  Cape  Town,  Cape  Colony. 

1883  MULLINS,  JOHN  FRANCIS  LANE,  97  Macleay  Street,  Sydney,  New  South  Wales. 

1899  MUNRO,  ALEXANDER  M.,  M.R.C.V.S. 

1885  tMuNHO,  HON.  JAMES,  J.P.,  High  Street,  Armadale,  Melbourne,  Victoria. 

1880  f  MUNRO,  JOHN,  Melbourne,  Victoria. 

1903  MUNRO,  RICHARD  Ross,  P.O.  Box  684,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
1880  MURPHY,  ALEXANDER  D.,  Melbourne  Club,  Melbourne,  Victoria. 

1900  f  MURPHY,  CECIL  N.,  Broome,  Western  Australia. 

1904  MURRAY,  LiEUT.-CoL.  HONI  ALEXANDER,  V.D.,  M.E.C.,  Colonial  Engineer 

and  Surveyor-General,  Singapore. 

1901  MURRAY,  THE  HON.  CHARLES  G.,  Department  of  Native  Affairs,  P.O.  Bex 

1166,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 

1903  fMuRRAY,  FREDERICK,  M.B ,  C.M.,  Sea  Point,  Cape  Town,  Cape  Colony. 

1901  tMuRRAY,  GEO.  E.,  M.B.,  F.R.C.Sk,  Rand  Club,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
1888     fMuRRAY,  GEORGE  J.  R.,  B.A.,  LL.B.,  Magill,  Adelaide,  South  Australia. 

1902  MURRAY,  HERBERT,  319  Bulwer  Street,  Maritzburg,  Natal. 

1897  MURRAY,  HON.  JAMES,  M.L.C.,  Tamunua,  Navua  River,  Fiji. 

1904  MURRAY,  JAMES  KNOWLES,  Axim,  Gold  Coast 

1898  fMuRRAY,  HON.  SIR  THOMAS  K.,  K.C.M.G.,  Cleland,  Maritzburg,  Natal. 

1 904  t  MURRAY,  WILLIAM,  c\o  African  Association,  Cape  Coast,  Gold  Coast  Colony. 

1903  MURRAY,  WILLIAM  A.,B.A.,M.B.,  Assam-Bengal  Railway,  Chittagong,  India. 

1882  fMuRRAY-AYNSLEY,  HUGH  PERCY,  J.P.,  Christchurch,  New  Zealand. 
1903  Muss,  LEONARD  J.,  Supervisor  of  Customs,  Cape  Coast,  Gold  Coast  Colony. 


Non-Resident  Fellows.  459 

Year  of 
Election. 
1905  I  MtissoN,  CLAUDE,  151  Elizabeth  Street,  Brisbane,  Queensland. 


1907 


1882 
1902 
1886 


MYERS,  LEOPOLD  M.,  c\o  Campbell  $  Ehrenfried  Co.,  Ld.,  Auckland,  New 
Zealand. 

NANCO,  EGBERT  JOHN,  Barrister-at-Law,  Port  of  Spain,  Trinidad. 

fNANTON,  AUGUSTUS  M.,  381  Main  Street,  Winnipeg,  Canada. 

NAPIER,     HON.    WALTER     JOHN,     M.L.C.,     D.C.L.,     Attorney- General, 


1897 
1892 
1898 

1896 

1901 
1883 
1895 

1901 
1896 

1905 
1906 

1884 
1904 

1901 

1895 
1903 
1888 

1889 
1904 

1906 

1893 
1904 
1883 
1889 
1904 
1896  j  NEWNHAM,  FREDERIC  J.,  Department  of  Native  Affairs,  Johannesburg, 

Transvaal. 
1896  ' 
1900 
1893 


f  NAPIER,  WILLIAM  JOSEPH,  Barrister-at-Law,  105  Victoria  Arcade,  Auck- 
land, New  Zealand. 

NASH,  RICHARD  B.,  P.O.  Box  50,  Gwelo,  Rhodesia. 

NASH,  WILLIAM  GILES,  Minas  de  Eio  Tinto,  Provincia  de  Huelva,  Spain. 

f  NATHAN,   EMILE,  Barrister- at- Law,  P.O.  Box  195,  Johannesburg,  Trans- 
vaal, 

NATHAN,  LIONEL,  P.O.  Box  503,  Bloemfontein,  Orange  River  Colony. 

NATHAN,  H.E.  LT.-COLONEL  SIR  MATTHEW,  R.E.,  K.C.M.G.,  Government 
House,  Maritzburg,  Natal.. 

NAUDE,  LORENZO,  Netherlands  Bank  of  South  Africa,  Pretoria,  Transvaal. 

NEAL,  CAPTAIN  HENRY  V.,  D.S.O.,  District  Commissioner,  Lagos,  Southern 
Nigeria. 

NEILL,  PERCEVAL  CLAY,  Dunedin,  New  Zealand. 

NELSON,  MAJOR  ABERCROMBY  A.  C.,  Director  of  Prisons,  Bloemfontein, 
Orange  River  Colony. 

NESER,  JOHANNES  A.,  M.L.A.,  Attorney-at-Law,  P.O.  Box  22,  Klerksdorp, 
Transvaal. 

NEUMANN,  JOSEPH  0.,  Sydney,  New  South  Wales. 

NEVILE,  RBT.  MONTGOMERY,  Homeward  Bound  Mine,  Beechworth,  Victoria. 

NEVILL,  THE  RIGHT  EEV.  S.  1.,  D.D.,  Lord  Bishop  of  Dunedin,  Dunedin, 
New  Zealand. 

,  CHARLES,  Prynnsburg,  Orange  River  Colony. 

NEWCOMB,  GUY,  c\o   Messrs.  J.  H.  Bethune  $  Co.,   Featherston  Street, 
Wellington,  New  Zealand. 

NEWCOMBE,  EDMUND  LESLIE,  K.C.,  Deputy  Minister  of  Justice,  Ottawa, 
Canada. 

NEWDIGATE,  WM.,  De  Beers  Consolidated  Mines,  Kimberley,  Cape  Colony. 

NEWHAM,  REV.  FRANK  D.,  B.  A.,  Inspfctor  of  Schools,  Nicosia,  Cyprus. 

JNEWLAND,  HARRY  OSMAN,  Singapore. 

,  SIMPSON,  Burnside,  Adelaide,  South  Australia. 

NEWMAN,  PERCY  H.,  c\o  Niger  Co.,  Zungeru,  Northern  Nigeria. 


NEWTON,  ARNOLD  C.,  C.E.,  Knysna,  Cape  Colony. 

NEWTON,  FRANK  J.,  C.M.G.,  Treasurer- General,  Salisbury,  Rhodesia. 

fNiCHOL,  WILLIAM,  M.I.M.E.,  De  Beers  Consolidated  Mines,  Kimberley, 

Cape  Colony. 

f  NICHOLS,  ARTHUR,  Commercial  Bank  of  Australia,  Melbourne,  Victoria. 
NICHOLSON,  HENRY,  M.L.A.,  Richmond,  Natal. 
f  NICHOLSON,  W.  GRESHAM,  Golden  Fleece,  Essequebo,  British  Guiana. 


1889      fNiND,  CHARLES  E.,  De  Beers  Consolidated  Mines,  Kimberley,  Cape  Colony. 
1904  j  NISBETT,  HUGH  M.  MORE  Kaoutuna,  Coromandel,  New  Zealand. 


460  Royal  Colonial  Institute. 

Year  of 
Election. 

1879  NITCH,  GEORGE  H.,  cjo  Standard  Bank,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 

1905  NIXON,  FRANK.  A.,  Mines  Department,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 

1889  tN°B:LE>  JOHN,  J.P.,  ShellbanJc,  St.  Leonards,  Sydney,  New  South  Wales. 

1897  tN°BLE»  ROBERT  D'OYLY,  Petrolia,  Ontario,  Canada. 

1873  fNoRDHEiMEH,  SAMUEL,  Toronto,  Canada. 

1896  tNoRRiE,  E.  S.,  P.O.  Box  135,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 

1886  fNoRRis,  LiEUT.-CoL.  R.  J.,  D.S.O.,  West  India  Eegiment,  Jamaica. 

1904  NOERIS,  STEPHEN,  11  Railway  Terrace,  East  London,  Cape  Colony. 

1903  NORTHCOTE,  H.E.  KT.  HON.  LORD,   G.C.M.G.,  G.C.I.E.,  C.B.,  Govern- 

ment House,  Melbourne,  Victoria. 

1905  NORTHCROFT,  GEORGE  A.,  A.M.Inst.C.E.,  11  Markgraf  Street,  Bloemfon- 

tein,  Orange  River  Colony. 

1879  NORTON,  EDWIN,  J.P.,  Grenada,  West  Indies. 

1888  fNouRSE,  HENRY,  P.O.  Box  126,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 

1892  -(-NOYCE,  ETHELBERT  W.,  Boscobello,  Newcastle,  Natal. 

1882  f NOYCE,  F.  A.,  Noycedale,  Heidelberg,  Transvaal. 

1901  NOYES,  HENRY,  15  Queen  Street,  Melbourne,  Victoria. 

1904  NUNAN,  JOSEPH  J.,  Solicitor- General,  Georgetown,  British  Guiana. 

1906  NUNN,  THOMAS  F.,  P.O.  Box  221,  Bulawayo,  Rhodesia. 

1894     NUTTALL,  His  G-RACE  ENOS,  D.D.,  Lord  Archbishop  of  the  West  Indies, 

Kingston,  Jamaica. 
1906      -J-OATS,  FRANCIS,  M.L.A  ,  Kimberley,  Cape  Colony. 

1904  OBEYESEKERE,  DONALD,  B.A.,   Barrister- at-Law,   Batadola,  Veyangoda, 

Ceylon. 

1905  •(•  OBEYESEKERE,  FORESTER  A.,  B.A.,  Hill  Castle,  Colombo,  Ceylon. 

1904  I  OBEYESEKERE,  JAMBS  P.,  B.A.,  Barrister-at-Law,  Batadola,  Veyangoda, 

Ceylon. 

1905  OBEYESEKERE,  STANLEY,  B.A.,  Barrister -at-Law,  Batadola,    Veyangoda, 

Ceylon. 

1902     OBEYESEKERE,  HON.  S.  C.,  M.L.C.,  Hill  Castle,  Colombo,  Ceylon. 
1898      O'BRIEN,  CHARLES  A.,  LL.D.,  Provincial  Commissioner,  Accra,  Gold  Coast 

Colony. 

1895     fO'BRiEN,  WILLIAM  J.,  Burger  Street,  Maritzburg,  Natal. 
1902      O'CoNNELL,  JOHN  HAMILTON,  C.C.  &  K.M.,  Komghat  Eastern  Province 

Cape  Colony. 

1882      O'CONNOR,  OWEN  LIVINGSTONE,  F.R.Met.Soc.,  Curepipe,  Mauritius. 
1898      O'DwYEH,  ARTHUR  W.,  Calabar,  Southern  Nigeria. 
1882     OFFICER,  WILLIAM,  c\o   Messrs.   Goldsbrough,   Mort   $   Co.,  Melbourne, 

Victoria. 
1897      O'FLAHERTY,  C.  R.,  Rand  Club,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 

1901  f  OQILVIE,  ARTHUR  H.,  Suva,  Fiji. 

1902  -J-OGILVIE,  PATRICK  A.,  P.O.  Box  963,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
1901      OGLE,  FRANK  B.,  P.O.  Box  192,  Germiston,  Transvaal. 

1891      OGLE,  GEORGE  REYNOLDS,  c\o  Post  Office,  Campbelltown,  Otago,  New  Zealand. 
1895     fOHLSsoN,  ANDRIES,  10  Adderley  Street,  Cape  Town,  Cape  Colony. 

1903  OLD  FIELD,  FRANK  STANLEY,  Town  Hall,  Durban,  Natal. 

1907  O'LEARI,  HENRY  J.,  Customs  Department,  Port  Elizabeth,  Cape  Colony. 

1901  OLIVER,  HENRY  A.,  C.M.G.,  M.L.A.,  Belgravia,  Kimberley,  Cape  Colony. 

1898  OLIVER,  LIONEL,  13  Merchant  Street,  Rangoon,  Burma. 

1885  OLIVER,  HON.  RICHARD,  Corriedale,  Oamaru,  New  Zealand. 


Year  of 

Election. 

1901 
1904 
1897 
1903 


1901 
1906 


1905 
1903 


1903 
1881 
1894 
1896 
1879 


1897 


1904 


1907 
1892 
1901 
1888 


1881 
1907 
1907 
1902 
1886 
1889 


1904 


1907 


1902 
1887 
1900 


1886 
1896 
1872 


1902 
1890 
1903 
1901 


Non-Resident  Fellows.  461 


O'MEARA,  THOMAS  P.,  M.L.A.,  23  Loop  Street,  Maritzburg,  Natal. 

f  O'NEILL,  CHARLES  E.,  cjo  African  Association,  Calabar,  Southern  Nigeria. 

JONG  LEY,  FRED,  Nicosia,  Cyprus. 

ONGLEY,  HON.  PERCY  A.,  M.L.C.,  Chief  of  Police,  St.  Georges,  Grenada 

(Corresponding  Secretary}. 

tONSLOW,  G.  M.  MACARTHUR,  Camden  Park,  Menangle,  New  South  Wales. 
ONSLOW,  LIEUT.- COLONEL  J.  W.  MACARTHUR,  Gilbulla,  Menangle,  New 

South  Wales,  and  Australian  Club. 

,  ERNEST,  Kimberley,  Cape  Colony. 
ORFORD,  KEY.  CANON  HORACE  WM.,  M.A.,  Old  St.  Andrews,  Bloemfon- 

tein,  Orange  River 
ORKIN,  ABRAHAM,  New  Club,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
f  ORMOND,  GEORGE  C.,  Napier,  New  Zealand. 

ORMSBY,  THE  RT.  KEV.  BISHOP  G-.  ALBERT,  D.D.,  H.B.M.  Embassy,  Paris. 
O'RoRKE,  HON.  SIR  G-.  MAURICE,  M.L.C.,  Onehunga,  Auckland,  New  Zealand. 
f  ORPEN,  JOSEPH  MILLERD,  19  Belvedere  Avenue,  Oranjezicht,  Cape  Town, 

Cape  Colony. 
•(•ORPEN,  REDMOND  N.  M.,  C.M.G.,  M.L.A.,  J.P.,  St.  Glair,  Douglas,  Cape 

Colony. 
OSBORNE,  HON.  ALGERNON  WILLOUGHBY,  Attorney-  General,  Accra,  Gold 

Coast  Colony. 

OSBORNE,  BEN  MARSHALL,  Hopewood,  Bowral,  New  South  Wales. 
OSBORNE,  FREDERICK  G-.,  Lagos,  Southern  Nigeria. 
f  OSBORNE,  FRANCIS  DOUGLAS,  Gopeng,  Perak,  Federated  Malay  States. 
OSBORNE,  GEORGE,  Foxlow,  via  Bungendore,  New  South  Wales  ;  and  Union 

Club,  Sydney. 

OSBORNE,  HAMILTON,  Australian  Club,  Sydney,  New  South  Wales. 
f  OSBORNE,  HENRY  C.,  Hopewood,  Bowral,  New  South  Wales. 

,  OLIVER  T.,  Australian  Club,  Sydney,  New  South  Walts. 
t OSWALD,  JAMES  D.,  Merton,  Cauljield,  Melbourne,  Victoria. 
f  OSWALD,  HERM  E.,  Schlossgartenplatz  41,  Darmstadt,  Germany. 
OUGHTON,  HON.  T.  BANCROFT,  K.C.,M.L.C.,  Attorney- General,  93  Harbour 

Street,  Kingston,  Jamaica. 
OUTHWAITE,  ROBERT  LEONARD,  c\o  H.  G.  Soames,  Esq.,  Carlton  Buildings, 

Commissioner  Street,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
OWEN,   HUBERT   BERRY,    Van   Eyn   G.   M.  Co.,  P.O.  Box   22,  Benoni, 

Transvaal. 

OWEN,  JOHN  WILSON,  Government  Railway,  Freetown,  Sierra  Leone. 
OWEN,  LT.-COLONEL  PERCY,  Wollongong,  New  South  Wales. 
OXLEY,  HORACE,  P.O.  Box  315,  Port  Elizabeth,  Cape  Colony. 


PAGE,  ARTHUR  E.,  P.O.  Box  523,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 

PAGET,  OWEN  FRANK,  M.B.,  Fremantle,  Western  Australia. 

JPAINT,  HENRY  NICHOLAS,  J.P.,  Point   Tupper,  Guernsey,  Cape  Breton, 

Nova  Scotia  (Corresponding  Secretary}. 
PAKEMAN,  CAPTAIN  ANDREW  E.,  East  London,  Cape  Colony. 
PALFREY,  WILLIAM,  New  Club,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
PALK,  DAVID  S.,  C.E.,  Public  Works  Department,  Accra,  Gold  Coast  Colony. 
t  PALMER,  JAMES  D.,  P.O.  Box  250,  Bloemfontein,  Orange  River  Colony. 


462  Royal  Colonial  Institute. 

Year  of 
Election. 
1900  PALMER,  JOHN  E.,  c\o  Messrs.  Lambton  $•  Milford,  2  Bond  Street,  Sydney* 

New  South  Wales. 
1885 
1904 


1906 


1891 
1885 
1903 
1904 
1882 


1890 


1902 
1904 
1899 


1905 


1879 
1902 
1902 
1891 
1900 
1907 
1892 
1888 
1905 
1887 
1889 
1903 
1880 


1904 
1889 


1901 


1906 
1906 


1902 
1903 
1901 
1901 


1892 
1901 


PALMER,  JOSEPH,  Christchurch  Club,  Canterbury,  New  Zealand. 
fPALMER,  THOMAS  NORMAN  P.,  B.A.,  LL.B.,  4  Carlton  Buildings,  Parlia- 
ment Street,  Cape  Town,  Cape  Colony. 
PALMKR,    WM.    JARVIS,   Director   of  Agriculture,    Bloemfontein,    Orange 

River  Colony. 

fPAPENFUS,  HERBERT  B.,  J.P.,  P.O.  Box  5155,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
PARFITT,  P.  T.  J.,  c\o  Bank  of  New  Zealand,  Melbourne,  Victoria. 

ARTHUR,  Grahamstown,  Cape  Colony. 
PARKER,  CHARLES  E.,  P.O.  Box  109,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
fPARKER,  FRED.  HARDYMAN,  M.A.,  B.L.,  F.R.G.S.,  District  Judge,  Nicosia, 

Cyprus  (Corresponding  Secretary). 
fPARKER,  His  HONOUR  CHIEF  JUSTICE  STEPHEN  HENRY,  Perth,  Western 

Australia. 

ROBERT,  26  Lowther  Avenue,  Toronto,  Canada. 
fPARKES,  JOHN  S.,  P.O.  Box  1660,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
•J-PARRATT,   WM.   HEATHER,   M.I.M.E.;  Plantation    Rose   Hall,    Berbice, 

British  Guiana. 
PARSONS,  ALLAN  C.,  M.R.C.S.,  L.R.C.P.,  Government  Medical    Officer, 

Zungeru,  Northern  Nigeria. 

fPARSONS,  CECIL  J.,  Thirlstane,  Moriarty,  Tasmania. 
tPATERSON,  ALEXANDER  S.,  Rattray  Street,  Dunedin,  New  Zealand. 
PATTERSON,  LIEUT.- COLONEL  GEORGE,  Gympie,  Queensland, 
•\ PATTERSON,  D.  W.  HARVEY,  Melbourne  Club,  Melbourne,  Victoria. 
PATTERSON,  LIEUT.-COLONEL  J.  H.,  D.S.O. 

JOHN  HUNTER,  JUN.,  Australian  Club,  Melbourne,  Victoria. 
PATTERSON,  ROBERT  C.,  C.E.,  Vavuna,  Hvbart,  Tasmania. 
PAULING,  GEORGE,  P.O.  Box  185,  Barberton,  Transvaal. 
PAVER,  GILBERT  E.,  National  Rank,  Brandfort,  Orange  River  Colony. 
f  PAWSEY,  ALFRED,  Winchester  Park,  Kingston,  Jamaica. 
JPAYN,  PHILIP  FRANCIS,  F.R.G.S.,  P.O.  Box  92,  Maritzburg,  Natal. 
f  PAYNE,  EDWARD,  F.G.S.,  c\o  Bank  of  Africa,  East  London,  Cape  Colony. 
,  J.  FREDERICK  W.,  Barrister-at-Law,  60  Queen  Street,  Mfflbourne, 

Victoria. 

f  PAYNE,  HON.  THOMAS  H.,  M.L.C.,  Leura,  Toorak,  Victoria. 
JPEACOCKE,  A.  W.   H.,  P.O.  Box  5700,  Johannesburg,    Transvaal,  and 

Queenstown,  Cape  Colony. 
PEAKMAN,  LIEUT.-COLOXEL  THOMAS  C.,  C.M.G.,  Rand  Club,  Johannesburg, 

Transvaal. 

ARTHUR  E.,  Messrs.  Levin  $•  Co.  Ltd.,  Wellington,  New  Zealand. 
PEARCE,  ERNEST  P.,  Prisons   Department,   Bloemfontein,    Orange   River 

Colony. 

PEARCE,  HENRY. 

PEARCE,  HERBERT  G.,  Penhalonga,  via  Umtali,  Rhodesia. 
f  PEARCE,  JOHN,  42  Esplanade  Buildings,  Durban,  Natal. 

SAMUEL  H.,  Elephant  House,  Broad  Street,    Oke-Oloiuogbowo, 

Lagos,  Southern  Nigeria. 

PEARSE,  WM.  SILAS,  Plympton  House,  Fremantle,  Western  Australia. 
f  PEARSON,  JOHN  B.,  Sale,  Victoria. 


^on-Resident  Fellows. 


463 


Year  of 
Election. 

1906 

1898 
1905 

1892 
1901 

1904 
1904 

1904 
1892 

1898 
1899 
1902 

1906 
1906 
1896 
1889 
1905 
1897 

1887 
1886 
1893 
1883 
1904 
1902 

1905 

1906 
1905 
1903 
1905 
1871 
1890 

1875 
1905 

1903 
1901 
1902 
1907 
1902 
1905 


PEARSON,  PROFESSOR  H.  H.  W.,  M.A.,  F.L.S.,  South  African  College, 

Cape  Town,  Cape  Colony. 

fPEARSON,  WILLIAM  E.,  29  Rue  des  Vinaigriers,  Paris. 
PEEBLES,    CAPTAIN    HERBERT   W.,   Assistant  Resident,  Zaria,   Northern 

Nigeria. 

PEEL,  EDMUND  YATES,  P.O.  Box  5055,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
PEET,  HASTINGS  FITZ-EDWARD,  C.E.,  City  Engineer,  Bloemfontein,  Orange 

River  Colony. 

PEKT,  JAMES,  M.I.Mech.E.,  Palmiste,  San  Fernando,  Trinidad. 
PEIRIS,   JAMES,   B.A.,  L.L.M.,  Barrister-at-Law,  Ripplcworth,  Colombo, 

Ceylon. 

PEIRSON,  ALEXANDER  R,  P.O.  Box  561,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
PEIRSON,    JOSEPH    WALDIE,    F.R.G.S.,    P.O.   Box    561,    Johannesburg, 

Transvaal. 

PEMBERTON,  FREDERICK  B.,  Victoria,  British  Columbia. 
PEMBERTON,  JOSEPH  D.,  Union  Club,  Victoria,  British  Columbia. 
PENDLETON,  ALAN  G.,  C.M.G.,  Railway  Commissioner,  Adelaide,  Soufh 

Australia. 

PENNELL,  CAPTAIN  FOLLETT  M.  S.,  G.P.O.,  Cape  Town,  Cape  Colony. 
PENNINGTON,  JAMES,  63  Pittermaritz  Street,  Maritzburg,  Natal. 
PENNY,  G-EORGE  J.,  Ipoh,  Perak,  Federated  Malay  States. 
fPENTLAND,  ALEXANDER,  M.B.,  Terrigal,  Gosford,  New  South  Wales. 
PERCY,  JOSCELYN  B.,  Union  Bank  of  Australia,  Perth,  Western  Australia. 
fPERKiNS,  HUBERT  S.,  Borotigh  Engineer's  Office,  Burg  Street,  Cape  Town, 

Cape  Colony. 

PERKS,  THOMAS,  67  fllova  Sidings.,  Wilhelm  St.,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
PERRIN,  LT.-COLONEL  HARRY  W.,  P.O.  Box  219,  Melbourne,  Victoria. 
PERRINS,  GEORGE  K.,  Grange,  Cape  Road,  Port  Elizabeth,  Cape  Colony. 
PERSSE,  DE  BURGH  F.,  Queensland  Club,  Brisbane,  Queensland. 
PESSEN,  MORRIS  L.,  P.O.  Box  22,  Randfontein,  Transvaal. 
PETERSON,    PRINCIPAL    WILLIAM,    LL.D.,    C.M.G.,   M'Gill     University, 

Montreal,  Canada. 
PETHERBRIDGE,  ROBERT  C.,  Tanjong  Rambutan,  Perak,  Federated  Malay 

States. 

fPETiT,  BOMANJEE  DmsHAW,  Ch&Uau  Petit,  Warden  Road,  Bombay. 
PHARAZYN,  CHARLES  B.,  Longwood,  Wairarapa,  New  Zealand. 
PHILBRICK,  ARTHUR 3., Provincial  Commissioner,  Selcondi.Goid  Coast  Colony. 
PHILIP,  WM.  MARSHALL,  M.B.,  C.M.,  Town  Hall,  Colonlo  Ceylon. 
PHILLIPPO,  SIR  GEORGE,  H.B.M.  Consul,  Geneva. 
PHILLIPPS,   W.   HERBERT,   71    BrooJcmarfs  Buildinas,    Grenfell   Street, 

Adelaide,  South  Australia. 

PHILLIPS,  COLEMAN,  Richmond  Road,  Carterton,  Wellington,  New  Zealand. 
PHILLIPS,    HENRY     DENBIGH,    District     Commissioner,    Belize,  British 

Honduras  (Corresponding  Secretary.) 

PHILLIPS,  CAPTAIN  LLEWELLYN  J.,  P.O.  Box  318,  Krugersdorp,  Transvaal. 
PHILLIPS,  T.  B.,  The  Treasury,  Zungeru,  Northern  Nigeria. 
PHILLIPS,  THOMAS. 

PHIPPEN,  HON.  MR.  JUSTICE  FRANK  H  ,  Winnipeg,  Canada. 
PICKWOAD,  CECIL  A.,  Local  Auditor,  Lagos,  Southern  Nigeria. 
PICKWOAD,  HOWELL,  The  Treasury,  Mombasa,  British  East  Africa, 


464  Royal  Colonial  Institute. 

Year  of 
Election- 

1895     -f-PiEEis,  PAULUS  EDWARD,  M.A.,  Barrister-at-Law,  Civil  Service,  Colombo, 
Ceylon. 


1902 
1899 


1907 
1886 
1906 


1899 


1897 
1904 
1884 
1904 
1903 


1886 
1901 


1893 
1899 
1893 
1892 
1899 


1895 
1903 
1903 
1899 
1904 


1905 
1879 
1891 
1899 
1895 
1897 
1897 
1900 


1903 
]906 
1883 
1906 
1905 
1880 
]  896 
1907 
1906 


PIERS,  PETER  D.  H.,  Blantyre,  British  Central  Africa. 

PIGG,  CUTHBERT  K.,  L.R.C.P.,  L.R.C.S.,  Bogasu,  Himan's   Concessions, 

Tarkwa  P.O.,  Gold  Coast  Colony. 
PILCHER,  GEORGE  DE  VIAL,  Orange,  New  South  Wales. 
f  PILE,  HENRY  ALLEYNE,  Warleigh,  St  Peter,  Barbados. 


tPlLGEIM>  E-    GBAHAM,  M.B.,   C.M.,  c\o  Messrs.  Moore   $    Tudor,    144 

Maipu,  Buenos  Aires,  Argentine  Republic. 
PILKINGTON,    ROBERT  R.,    B.A.,   Barrister  '-at-Law,    Weld    Club,   Perth, 

Western  Australia. 

,  HOWARD,  P.  0.  Box  1331,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
PINGSTONE,  G.  A.,  F.C.S.,  P.O.  Box  445,  Bulawayo,  Rhodesia. 
PINNOCK,  PHILIP,  Brisbane,  Queensland. 

PITT,  ROBERT  G.  CAMPBELL,  P.O.  Box  5400,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
fPiTT,  WILLIAM  A.,  L.R.C.P.,  L.R.C.S.,  233  Hanover  Street,  Cape  Town, 

Cape  Colony. 

PITTENDRIGH,  W.  M.,  Freetown,  Sierra^Leone. 
PITTS,  JOHN,  Consolidated  Investment  Co.,  P.O.  Box  590,  Johannesburg, 

Transvaal. 

PIZZIGHELLI,  RICHARD,  P.O.  Box  2706,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal 
PLANGE,  HENRY,  Barrister-at-Law,  Accra,  Gold  Coast  Colony. 
PLAYFORD,  Louis  L.,  Chief  Magistrate,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
PLUMMER,  JOHN  E.,  Belize,  British  Honduras. 
POBEE,   CHARLES,    c\o  Messrs.  Millers,  Ltd.,  Half  Assinee,   Gold   Coast 

Colony. 

tp°COCK>  w-  F-  H->  CaPe  Town,  Cape  Colony. 
f  POLKINGHORNE,  EDWIN,  Heidelberg,  Transvaal. 

POLLITZER,  PAUL,  Alliance  Buildings,  Gardiner  Street,  Durban,  Natal. 
fPoLLOCK,  HENRY  E.,  K.C.,  Hong  Kmg  (Corresponding  Secretary}. 
PONTIFEX,  REGINALD  D.,  c\o  London  and  Brazilian  Bank,  Buenos  Aires, 

Argentine  Republic. 

POOLE,  CAPTAIN  FREDERICK  C.,  R.A.,  D.S.O.,  Zungeru,  Northern  Nigeria. 
tp°OLE;  JoHN  G->  p-0-  B°x  397,  Kimberley,  Cape  Colony. 
fPooLE,  THOMAS  J.,  P.O.  Box  397,  Kimberley,  Cape  Colony. 
POOLEY,  JOHN,  J.P.,  Park  Road,  Kimberley,  Cape  Colony. 
POPE,  EDWARD,  Gympie,  Queensland. 
POPE,  RUFUS  H.,  M.P.,  Cookshire,  Quebec,  Canada. 
POPE,  WILLIAM,  Eagle  Chambers,  Adelaide,  South  Australia. 
PORTER,    HOLLAND,  Aministrateur    N.I.I.H.M.,   Sanga   Sanga,    Mceara 

Djawa,  Koetei,  Out  Borneo. 

POTTER,  THE  VEN.  ARCHDEACON  BERESFORD,  M.A.,  Nicosia,  Cyprus. 
POUSTY,  WILLIAM  C.,  Government  Railway,  Lagos,  Southern  Nigeria. 
tPOWELL>  FRANCIS,  Penang,  Straits  Settlements. 
POWELL,  JAMES,  Westport,  New  Zealand. 
POWELL,  ROBERT  B.,  Suva,  Fiji. 

POWELL,  WILFRID,  H.B.M.  Consul,  Philadelphia,  U.S.A. 
POWER,  HARRY  SHAKESPEARE,  J.P.,  Arden,  Mid  Illovo  Central,  Natal. 
POWKR,  NORMAN  DANVERS,  68|  Pitt  Street,  Sydney,  Neiv  South  Wales. 
POWER,  WILLIAM,  M.P.,  Quebec,  Canada. 


Non-Resident  Fellows.  465 

POWYS-JONES,  LLEWELYN,  Resident"[Magistrate,  Umtali,  tfhodesia. 

POYNTON,  JAMES  C.,  P.O.  Box  247,  Pretoria,  Transvaal. 

PRATT,  ARTHUR,  P.  0.  Box  3443,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 

tPBEiss,  AUGUST  E.,  cjo  Messrs.  Daldorff,  Schabbel  $  Co.,  Port  Elizabeth, 
Cape  Colony. 

PKIAULX,  FRANK  W.,  Avondale,  Bedford,  Cape  Colony. 

PRICE,  CHARLES  CHICHELEY,  C.E.,  Belize,  British  Honduras. 

PRICE,  D.  E.,  District  Commissioner,  Calabar,  Southern  Nigeria. 

fPRiCE,  T.  E.,  C.M.G.,  Bryn  Tirion,  O'Reilly  Street,  The  Berea,  Johannes- 
burg, Transvaal. 

PRICE,  WILLIAM  C.  B.,  Queenstown,  Cape  Colony. 

PRINCE,  ALFRED  E.  J.,  Rand  Club,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 

fPRiNCE,  J.  PERROTT,  M.D.,  188  Smith  Street,  Durban,  Natal. 

PRINGLE,  HON.  JOHN,  C.M.G.,  M.B.,  M.L.C.,  Aquata  Vale.  Annotta  Bay, 
Jamaica. 

PRIOR,  LiEUT.-CoLONEL  HON.  EDWARD  G.,  Victoria,  British  Columbia. 

fPRiTCHARD,  ALEXANDER  H.,  Mattock,  Charters  Towers,  Queensland. 

PROBYN,  H.E.LESLIE,  C.M.G.,  Government  House,  Freetown,  Sierra  Leone. 

PROCTOR,  CAPTAIN  JOHN,  South  African  College  House,  Cape  Town, 
Cape  Colony. 

PROUT,  WM.  THOMAS,  C.M.G.,  M.B.,  C.M. 

PROWSE,  HARRY,  138  Church  Street,  Maritzburg,  Natal. 

fPuDUKOTA,  H.H.  THE  KAJA  OF,  Pudukota,  Madras,  India. 

PULLAR,  JAMES,  F.F.A.,  A.I.A.,  421  Collins  Street,  Melbourne,  Victoria. 

PUNCH,  CYRIL,  Abeokuta,  Lagos,  Southern  Nigeria. 

PURCELL,  JAMES  E  ,  A.M.Inst.C.E.,  Government  Railway,  Lagos,  Southern 
Nigeria. 

P'URCHAS,  HON.  THOMAS  A.  R.,M.L.C.,  Rand  Club,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 

QADIR,  SHAIKH  ABDUL,  B.A.,  Lahore,  India. 

QUINN,  WILLIAM  D.,  P.O.  Box  1218,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 

QUINSEY,  WILLIAM,  P.O.,  Hobart,  Tasmania. 

fQuiNTON,  FRANCIS  J.,  P.O.  Box  662,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 

QUINTON,  JOHN  PURCELL,  F.R.H.S.,  c\o  Development  Co.,  Monrovia,  Liberia. 

KAE,  JAMES  E.,  Qiieenstown,  Cape  Colony. 

RAJENDRA,  R.,  Barrister-at-Law,  Sukhastan,  Colombo,  Ceylon. 

JRAJEPAKSE,  MUDALIYAR  TUDOR  D.  N.,  Colombo,  Ceylon. 

RALPH,  CHARLES   H.   D.,   M.R.C.S.E.,    L.R.C.P.,    Government   Medical 

Offictr,  Accra,  Gold  Coast  Colony. 
RALPH,  FRED  W.,  Broken  Hill  Chambers,  King  William  Street,  Adelaide, 

South  Australia. 

RAMA-NATHAN,  P.,  C.M.G.,  K.C.,  Colombo,  Ceylon. 
RAMSAY,  LT.-COLONEL  WM.  BOSWELL,  Bulawayo,  Rhodesia. 
RAMSDEN,  HUGH  C.  H.,  Beljteld  Estate,  Hampden  P.O.,  Jamaica. 
RANFDRLY,  RT.  HON.  THE  EARL  OF,  G.C.M.G. 
RANNIE,  D.  N.,  St.  John's,  Antigua. 

RAPAPORT,  ISIDORE,  Stock  Exchange,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
RASON,  CAPTAIN  ERNEST  G.,  R.N.,  British  Resident,  Vila,  New  Hebrides. 
RATHBONE,  EDGAR  P.,  P.O.  Box  2960,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 


466  Royal  Colonial  Institute. 

Year  of 
Election. 

1898  fRATTENBURY,  FRANCIS  M.,  Victoria,  British  Columbia. 

1902  RAWSON,    H.E.   ADMIRAL   SIR  HARRY    H.,  G.C.B.,  Government   House 

Sydney,  New  South  Wales. 

1904  RAY,  ARTHUR  C.,  P.O.  Box  493,  Vancouver,  British  Columbia. 

1899  t^AY,  LIEUT. -COLONEL  S.  WELLINGTON,  Port  Arthur,  Ontario,  Canada. 

1 895  fRAYMOND,  THOMAS,  care  of  Messrs.  Line  $  Hay,  Maritzburg,  Natal. 

1888  RAYNER,  HON.  SIR  THOMAS  CROSSLEY,  K.C.,  Attorney- General,  George- 

town, British  Guiana. 

1902  EEAD,  EDWARD  H  ,   M.R.C.S.,  L.R.C.P.,  Government   Medical    Officer, 

Lagos,  Southern  Nigeria. 

1904  JREECE,  MAURICE  D.,  Tanosu,  via  Axim,  Gold  Coast  Colony. 

1889  REDWOOD,  CHARLES  L.,  P.O.  Box  500,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 

1896  fREED,  REV.  G.  CULLEN  H.,  Bulilima,  via  Plumtree  Siding,  Rhodesia. 
1892  REELER,  JOHN  WM.,  National  Bank  Chambers,  Cape  Town,  Cape  Colony. 

1904  REES,  D.,  Park  House,  Park  Avenue,  East  London,  Cape  Colony. 

1895  REID,  ARTHUR  H.,  C.E.,  F.R.I.B.A.,  P.O. Box  120, Cape  Town,  Cape  Colony. 

1897  tREID>  DAVID,  Kimberley,  Cape  Colony. 

1896  REID,  IRVINE  K.,  M.D.,  C.M.,   Government  Medical  Officer,  Btrbice,  British 

Guiana. 

1892  REID,  JAMES  SMITH,  Mount  Macedon,  near  Melbourne,  Victoria. 
1883  REID,  JOHN,  Elderslie,  Oamaru,  New  Zealand. 

1897  REID,  MALCOLM  D.,  160  Commissioner  Street,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
1896  fREiD,  SIR  ROBERT  GILLESPIE,  275  Drummond  Street,  Montreal,  Canada. 
1901  REID,  ROBERT  SMITH,  King's  Bay,  Tobago,  West  Indies. 

1899  fREiD,  THOMAS  H.,  F.J.I..  c\o  «  Straits  Times,''  Singapore. 

1889  REID,  W.  J.  G.,  Funchal,  Madeira. 

1906  REID,  WALTER,  P.O.  Box  746,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 

1 903  fREiD,  WILLIAM  D.,  Reid  Newfoundland  Co.,  St.  John's,  Newfoundland. 
1889  fRjBiNKftS,  AUGUST,  Port  Elizabeth,  Cape  Colony. 

1898  JRELLY,  CULLIS,  Nairobi,  British  East  Africa. 

1899  fRELLY,  OWEN,  Band  Club,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 

1886  RENNER,  PETER  A.,  Barrister -at-Law,  Cape  Coast,  Gold  Coast  Colony. 
1885  RENNER,  W.,  M.D..  Assistant  Colonial  Surgeon,  Freetown,  Sierra  Leone. 
1899  fRENNiE,  ALFRED  H.,  Queen's  Road  Central,  Hong  Kong. 

1905  RETIEF,  JACOBUS  P.,  Paarl,  Cape  Colony. 

1 893  fREUNERT,  THEODORE,  A.M.Inst.C.E.,  P.  0.  Box  92,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 

1898  fRirx-NOLDS,  FRANK,  M.L.A,  Umzinio,  Natal. 

1893  REYNOLDS,  HENRY,  Calle  Progresso  1449,  Buenos  Aires,  Argentine  Republic. 
1881  fRnoDES,  A.  E.  G.,  Barrister-at-Law,  Christchurch,  New  Zealand. 

1888  f  RHODES,  GEORGE  H.,  Claremont,  Timaru,  New  Zealand. 

1 883  RHODES,  R.  HEATON,  M.H.R.,  Barrister-at-Law,  Christchurch,  New  Zealand. 
1885  fRnoDES,  ROBERT  H.,  Bluccliffs,  Timaru,  New  Zealand. 

1907  RICE,  CECIL  N.,  Government  House,  St.  George's,  Grenada. 
1903  RICHARDS,  FRANK  T.,  364  Smith  Street,  Durban,  Natal. 

1884  RICHARDS,  T.  H.  HATTON,  Assistant  Govt.  Secretary,  Nicosia,  Cyprus. 

1899  RICHARDSON,  EDWARD,  C.E.,  Entebbe,  Uganda. 

1887  fRiCHARDSON,  HORACE  G.,  Queensland. 

1898  RICHARDSON,  J.  ARTHUR,  Wyuna,  Walpole  Street,  Kew,  Melbourne,  Victoria. 

1894  RICHEY,  HON.  MATTHEW  H.,  K.C.,  D.C.L.,  427  Brunswick  Street,  Halifax, 

Nova  Scotia. 


Non-Resident  Fellows.  •       467 


Year  of 
Election. 

1897 
1888 
1890 
1904 
1882 
1907 
1885 
1900 
1905 


RICHMOND,  JAMES,  C.M.G-.,  Railway  Department,  Kingston,  Jamaica. 

RICHTEB,  G-usTAv  H.,  Colowia  House,  Georgetown,  British  Guiana. 

RIOKETTS,  D.  POYNTZ,  A.M.Inst.C.E.,  cfo  H.B.M.  Consul,  Tientsin,  China. 

f  RIDDELL,  HENRY  SCOTT,  Natal  Bank,  Greytown,  Natal. 

RIDDIFORD,  EDWARD  J.,  Fern  Grove,  Lower  Hutt,  Wellington,  New  Zealand. 

RIDLEY,  HENRY  N.,  M.A.,  F.R.S.,  F.L  S.,  Botanical  Gardens,  Singapore. 

fRiDDOCH,  HON.  GEORGE,  M.L.C.,  Glencoe, Mount  Gambier,  South  Australia. 

RIDER,  REV.  W.  WILKINSON,  Uilenhage,  Cape  Colony. 

RIDGE,  H.  M. 
1891  j  fRiDGE,  SAMUEL  H.,  B.A. 

1906      RIDSDALE,  A.  CYBIL,  C.E.,  Public   Works  Department,  Lokoja,   Northern 
Nigeria. 


1902 
1891 
1902 


1881 
1893 
1898 
1892 
1905 
1900 


1890 
1885 
1899 
1905 
1891 
1897 
1900 
1889 
1906 
1906 
1906 
1899 
1890 
1907 


1902 
1906 
1896 
1905 
1899 


1902 
1904 
1899 
1904 


RIDSDALE,  HERBERT  A.,  Coolgardie,  Western  Australia. 

,  GEORGE  OWEN,  M.B.,  F.R.C.S.E.,  High  Street,  Kyneton,  Victoria. 
RILEY,  RT.  REV.  CHARLES  OWEN  L.,  D.D.,  Lard  Bishop  of  Perfh>  Perth, 

Western  Australia. 

fRiMER,  J.  C.,  Kelvin  Grove,  Nerclands,  Cape  Town,  Cape  Colony. 
RISSIK,  CORNELIS,  P.O.  Box  401,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
RITCHIE,  DUGALD,  Gedong  Estate,  Penang.  Straits  Settlements. 
RITCHIE,  JOHN  MACFARLANE,  Dunedin,  New  Zealand. 
fRiVAs,  PHILIP  A.,  Bellevue,  Sea  Point,  Cape  Colony. 
ROBERTON,  ERNEST,  M.D.,  M.R.C.S.E.,  Symond  Street,  Auckland,  New 

Zealand. 

f  ROBERTS,  COLONEL  CHARLES  F.,  C.M.GK,  A.D.C.,  Sydney,  New  South  Wales. 
HON.  CHARLES  J.,  C.M.G.,  M.L.C.,  Sydney,  New  South  Wales. 
fRoBERTs,  CHARLES  J.,  P.O.  Box  1771,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
ROBERTS,  HERBERT,  P.O.  Box  185,  Germiston,  Transvaal. 
ROBERTS,  JOHN,  C.M.G.,  P.O.  Box  304,  Dunedin,  New  Zealand. 
ROBERTS,  PERCY  S.,  Kooingal,  Gladstone,  Queensland. 
ROBERTS,  REGINALD  A.,  Calabar,  Southern  Nigeria. 
fRoBERTS,  R.  "WIGHTWICK,  F.C.S.,  Valparaiso,  Chili. 
ROBERTS,  ROBERT  WM.,  La  Bolsa,  Buenos  Aires,  Argentine  Republic. 
ROBERTS,  THOMAS,  M.Inst.C.E.,  Adelaide  Club,  South  Australia. 
ROBERTS,  WILLIAM  E.,  Sandakan,  British  North  Borneo. 
f  ROBERTSON,  ALEXANDER,  157  St.  James's  Street,  Montreal,  Canada. 
f  ROBERTSON,  JAMES,  Yebir,  North  Pine,  Brisbane,  Queensland. 
ROBERSTON,  JAMES  W.,  Resident  Magistrate,  Thaba  'ncho,  Orange  River 

Colony. 

ROBERTSON,  JOHN,  500  Smith  Street,  Durban,  Natal. 
ROBERTSON,  JOHN  Ross,  "  Evening  Telegram"  Office,  Toronto,  Canada. 
ROBERTSON,  HON.  WM.  SLOANE,  M.L.C.,  San  Fernando,  Trinifl.ad. 

,  RICHARD  WM.,  74  St.  George's  Street.  Cape  Town,  Cape  Colony. 
ROBINSON,     MAJOR     E.     ROKEBY,     F.R.G.S.,     The     Wight,    Oaklands, 

Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 

ROBINSON,  F.  ALLAN  C.,  Postmaster,  Sekondi,  Gold  Coast  Colony. 
ROBINSON,  GEORGE  A.,  Watson's  Bay,  Sydney,  New  South  Wales. 
ROBINSON,  JOHN,  P.O.  Box  1176,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
ROBINSON,  JOHN  R.,  Fort  Jameson,  North-Eastern  Rhodesia. 


1883  i  ROBINSON,  THOMAS,  P.O.  Box  1275,    Winnipeg,  Canada  (Corresponding 
Secretary). 


463 


Year  of 
Election 

1904 
1901 

1882 
1895 
1885 

1899 
1889 
1904 

1896 
1896 
1905 
1884 
1903 

1903 
1900 
1905 
1894 
1902 

1905 
1883 
1901 

1907 
1905 
1896 
1890 

1905 
1898 

1899 
1906 
1885 

1899 
1883 
1892 
1904 
1887 

1902 


Royal  Colonial  Institute. 

ROBINSON,  WM.  VALENTINE,  |C.M.G.,    Minto,  Denbigh  Road,  Armadale, 

Melbourne,  Victoria  (Corresponding  Secretary}. 
fRoBisoN,   JOHN   H.,  139    Vickery's  Chambers,   82   Pitt  Street,  Sydney, 

New  South  Wales. 
ROCHE,  CAPTAIN  W.  P. 

ROCK,  CHARLES  WM.,  Golden  Hills  Farm,  Bowkers,  Natal. 
ROCKWOOD,  HON.  WILLIAM  GABRIEL,  M.L.C.,  M.D.,  M.R.C.S.,  M.R.C.P., 

Colombo,  Ceylon, 
fRooDA,  STANLEY  N.,  Mount  Morgan  Gold  Mine,  P  0.  Box  95,  Barberton, 

Transvaal. 
RODGER,  H.E.  SIR  JOHN  P.,  K.C.M.G.,  Government  House,  Accra,  Gold 

Coast  Colony. 
f  RODGER,  MAJOR  THOMAS  HENDERSON,  D.S.O.,  The  Club,  Kimberley,  Cape 

Colony.       ' 

fRoE,  AUGUSTUS  S.,  Police  Magistrate,  Perth,  Western  Australia. 
ROE  FREDERICK  W.,  19  Herbert  Street,  St.  Kilda,  Melbourne,  Victoria. 
ROE,  JOHN  BLAKEMORE,  Tasmanian  Club,  Hobart,  Tasmania. 
ROGERS,  HENRY  ADAMS,  Rand  Club,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
ROGERS,  JOSEPH  W.,  Mining  Managers'  Association,  Kalgoorlie,  Western 

Australia. 

ROGERSON,  WM.  SCOTT,  Conakry,  Guinee  Franqaise,  West  Africa. 
tRoLES,  F.  CROSBIE,  "  Times  "  Office,  Colombo,  Ceylon. 
ROLT,  FRANK  WARDLAW,  P.O.  Box  1109,  Edmonton,  Alberta,  Canada. 
ROOTH,  EDWARD,  M.L.A.,  P.O.  Box  208,  Pretoria,  Transvaal. 
ROPER,   HENRY   BASIL,    I.S.O.,  Prisons  Department,  Cape   Town,    Cape 

Colony. 

ROSA,  JOHN  CORNELIUS,  Harrismiih,  Orange  River  Colony. 
fRosADO,  HON.  J.  M.,  M.L.C.,  Belize,  British  Honduras. 
ROSE-INNES,  His  HONOUR  CHIEF  JUSTICE  SIR  JAMES,  K.C.M.G.,  Pretoria, 

Transvaal. 

ROSEN,  JACOB,  P.O.  Box  1617,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
fRosETTENSTEiN,  ALBERT  V.,  J.P.,  P.O.  Box  741 ,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
fRosETTENSTEiN,  MAX,  P.O.  Box  49,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
ROSEWARNE,  D.  D.,  c\o  Commercial   Bank   of  Australia,  Perth,   Western 

Australia. 

Ross,  ALEXANDER  C.,  M.P.,  Sydney,  Cape  Breton,  Nova  Scotia. 
Ross,  ALEXANDER  CARNEGIE,  C.B.,  H.B.M.  Consul,  Buenos  Aires,  Argentine 

Republic. 

Ross,  ALEXANDER  J.,  Messrs.  Ross,  Horn  $•  Co.,  Singapore. 
Ross,  CHARLES,  Barrister- at- Law,  Sekondi,  Gold  Coast  Colony. 
fRoss,  HON.  JOHN  K.  M.,  M.E.C.  (Barrister -at-Law},  Collector  of  Customs, 

Suva,  Fiji  (Corresponding  Secretary'). 

Ross,  REGINALD  J.  B.,  Police  Magistrate,  Lagos,  Southern  Nigeria. 
Ross,  HON.  WILLIAM,  M.L.C.,  J.P.,  Cape  Town,  Cape  Colony. 
fRoss,  WILLIAM,  P.O.  Box  151,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
Ross,  WM.  ALSTON,  District  Commissioner,  Lagos,  Southern  Nigeria. 
ROTHE,  WALDEMAR  H.,  c\o  Colonial  Sugar  Refining  Co.,Lim.,  Sydney,  New 

South  Wales. 

ROUSSEAU,  JAMES  T.,  M.A.,  Warden  and  Stipmdary  Justice,  Tobago,  West- 
Indies. 


Non-Resident  fellows.  469 


iouTLEDGE,  ALFRED  WILLIAM,  Jesselton,  British  North  Borneo. 
ilow,  THE  KAJAH  A.  V.  JUGGA,  Vizagapatam,  Madras. 
JOWAN,  ANDREW,  404  Collins  Street,  Melbourne,  Victoria. 
ROWBOTHAM,  H.  J.,  P.O.  Box  72,  Port  Elizabeth,  Cape  Colony. 

THOMAS  J.,  Demerara  Railways,  Georgetown,  British  Guiana. 
ROYCE,  G.  H.,  Fremantle,  Western   Australia. 
(•ROYCE,  WILLIAM,  P.O.  Box  2327,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
ROYLE,  CHARLES  JOHN,  5  Bond  Street,  Sydney,  New  South  Wales. 
RUMSEY,  COMMANDER  R.  MURRAY,  R.N.,  I.S.O. 
RUNCIMAN,  WILLIAM,  M.L.A.,  Simons  Town,  Cape  Colony. 
RUSSELL,  ANDREW  H.,  Tunanui,  Hastings,  New  Zealand. 
RUSSELL,  ARTHUR  E.,  Te  Matai,  Palmerston  North,  New  Zealand. 
RUSSELL,  CHARLES  W.,  Union  Bank  of  Australia,  Melbourne,  Victoria. 
RUSSELL,  ROBERT,  I.S.O. ,  LL.D.,  Maritzburg,  Natal. 
RUSSEIX,  HON.  SIR  WILLIAM  R.,  M.H.R.,  Flaxmere,  Napier,  New  Zealand. 
Russouw,  J.  W.  H.,  Marine  Hotel,  Sea.  Point,  Cape  Colony. 
RUST,  RANDOLPH,  Port  of  Spain,  Trinidad. 
tRuTHEHFOORD,  ARTHUR  F.  B.,  Hand  Club,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 

SACH,  ROBERT,  Goldfields  Corporation,  Kumassi,  Ashanti,  Gold  Coast  Colony, 
t SACHS,  LEO  FERDINAND,  Brisbane,  Queensland. 
tSACHSE,  CHARLES,  Wall  Strasse  5/8,  Berlin,  Germany. 
fSACKE,  SIMON,  P.O.  Box  124,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
tSAEGERT,  FREDERICK  A.,  P.O.  Box  8,  Edmonton,  Alberta,  Canada. 
ST.  LEGER,  FREDERICK  LUKE,  56  St.  George's  St.,  Cape  Town,  Cape  Colony. 
SALAMAN,  FREDERICK  N.,  60  University  Place,  New  York,  U.S.A. 
SALIER,  EDWARD  LUCAS,  5th  Fusiliers,  cjo  Messrs.  Cox  $  Co.,  Hornby 

Road,  Bombay. 

fSALMOND,  CHARLES  SHORT,  Melbourne,  Victoria. 
S ALTER,  THOMAS,  Brynallt,  Hunter's  Hill,  Sydney,  New  South  Wales ;   and 

Australasian  Club. 

•[•SAMUEL,  OLIVER,  Barrister- at- Law,  New  Plymouth,  New  Zealand. 
SAMUT,  LT.-COLONEL  ACHILLES,  C.M.G.,  46  Strada  Ittorri,  Sliema,  Malta. 
SANDERSON,  CHARLES E.F.,  C.E.,  Messrs.  Eiley,  Hargreaves  $  Co.,  Singapore. 
SANDERSON,  EDWARD  MURRAY,  Glenboig,  Strathclyde,  Barbados. 
SANDERSON,  HARRY,  Salisbury,  Rhodesia. 
fSANDOVER,  ALFRED,  Claremont,  Western  Australia. 
ISANDY,  JAMES  M.,  Blenheim,  Queen  St.,  Burwood,  Sydney,  New  South 

Wales. 

SARAM,  F.  J.  DE,  J.P.,  Proctor,  Supreme  Court,  Colombo,  Ceylon. 
E.  B.,  Maseru,  Basutoland,  South  Africa. 
,  HENRY,  Fordett  House,  Wanganui,  New  Zealand. 
SASSE,  A.  R.  G-.,  475  Collins  Street,  Melbourne,  Victoria. 
SAUER,  CHARLES  B.,  New  Club,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
SAUNDERS,  ARTHUR  R.,  M.B.,  F.R.C.S.E.,  Kingston,  Jamaica. 
fSAUNDERS,  HON.  SIR  CHARLES  J.  R.,  K.C.M.G.,  Chief  Magistrate  and 

Civil  Commissioner,  Eshowe,  Natal. 
SAUNDERS,  EDWARD,  Tongaat,  Natal. 

SAUNDERS,  MAJOR  FREDERICK  A.,  F.R.C.S.,  L.R.C.P.,  F.R.G.S.,  Lancing 
House,  Grahamstown,  Cape  Colony  (Corresponding  Secretary}. 


470  Royal  Colonial  Institute. 


1903 
1894 
1898 
1900 


SAUNDERS,  HON.  HENRY  J.,  A.M.Inst.C.E.,  Perth,  Western  Australia. 

JOHN  H.,  M.B.,  M.R.C.S.,  c\o  Bank  of  New   South   Wales, 

Melbourne,  Victoria. 

SAUNDERS,  PHILIP,  P.O.  Box  1863,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
SAVAGE,  GABRIEL  H  ,  Barrister-at-Law,  Sunnyside,  Cape  Coast,  Gold  Coast 

Colony. 
SAVILLE-KENT,   WILLIAM,   F.L.S.,  F.Z.S.,   Weld    Club,    Perth,     Western 

Australia. 

WILLIAM  A.,  Land  Titles  Office,  Perth,  Western  Australia. 
SCAER,  VALENTINE  E.,  SeluJcwe  Columbia  Gold  Mine,  Selukwe,  Rhodesia. 

HENRY,  Salisbury,  Rhodesia. 
fScANLEN,  HON.  SIR  THOMAS,  K.C.M.G.,  M.E.C.,  Salisbury,  Rhodesia. 
SCHEIDEL,  AUGUSTS,  PH.D.,  Union  Club,  Sydney,  New  South  Wales. 
tScHiERiiouT,  MICHAEL  J.,  Bay  View,  Bellevue  Road,  Cape  Town,  Cape 

Colony. 

SCHOSPS,  MAX,  Tcte,  via  Kilimane,  East  Africa. 
tScHOLEFiELD,  WALTER  H.,  Port  Elizabeth,  Cape  Colony. 
SCHOOLES,  His  HONOUR  SIR  HENRY  E.  PIPON,  Chief  Justice,  Gibraltar. 
SCHREINER,  HON.  WILLIAM  P.,  C.M.G.,  K.C.,  Cape  Town,  Cape  Colony. 
SCHULLER,  OSCAR  H.,  P.O.  Box  4427,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
fScHULZ,  J.  A.  AUBEL,  M.D.,  Stamford  Hill  Road,  Durban,  Natal. 
f  SCONCE,  HERBERT  W.,  Inspector  of  Schools,  Georgetown,  British  Guiana. 
tScoTT,  AETHUR  ELDON,   M.R.C.S.,   L.R.C.P.,   cjo   Societe  du   Behera, 

Alexandria,  Egypt. 

SCOTT,  CHARLES,  P.  0.  Box  845,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
SCOTT,  EDWARD  J.,  c\o  Corporation  of  Western  Egypt,  Cairo. 
SCOTT,  ELGIN,  Stryj,  Galizien,  Austria. 

fScoTT,  GEORGE,  P.O.  Box  250,  Bloemfontein,  Orange  River  Colony. 
SCOTT,  HENBY,  J.P.,  Eagle  Chambers,  Pirie  Street, 'Adelaide,  South  Australia. 
SCOTT,  HENRY  MILNE,  Eldon  Chambers,  Suva,  Fiji. 

SCOTT,  SIR  JAMES  GEO.,K.C.I.E.,  Taunggyi,  Southern  Shan  States,  Burma. 
SCOTT,    PERCY  G.,   C.E.,   c\o    Public    Works    Department,  Secretariat, 

Rangoon,  Burma. 

SCOTT,  SAMUEL  TULLOCH,  Launceston,  Tasmania. 
SCOTT,  WILLIAM  A.,  Stipendiary  Magistrate,  Suva,  Fiji. 
SCOTT-ATKINSON,  RICHARD,  Postmaster- General,  Jesselton,  British  North 


SEAKLE,  JAMES,  M.L.A.,  Port  Elizabeth,  Cape  Colony. 

SEAVILL,  CECIL  ELIOT,  P.O.Box  295,  Cape  Town,  Cape  Colony. 

SEDGEFIELD,  ARTHUR  E.,  Murboo  North,  Victoria. 

SEEHOFF,  ADOLPH,  P.O.  Box  47,  Krugersdorp,  Transvaal. 

fSELBORNE,    H.E.   THE  RT.  HON.  THE  EARL  OF,  G.C.M.G.,  Government 

House,  Pretoria,  Transvaal. 
SELMES,  HENRY  P.,  J.P.,  Bulawayo,  Rhodesia. 
*SELOUS,  FREDERICK  C.,  Bulawayo,  Rhodesia. 
SENIOR,  BERNARD,  I.S.O.,  Colonial  Auditor,  Colombo,  Ceylon. 


Louis  C.,  c\o  General  Estate  and  Orphan  Chamber,   Adderley 
Street,  Cape  Town,  Cape  Colony. 


Tear  of 
Election 
1902 
1906 
1898 


Non-Resident  Fellows.  471 


SETH,  ARATHOON,  I.S.O.,  Registrar,  Supreme  Court,  Hong  Kong. 

SETH-SMITH,  WALTER,  Ngapara,  Oamaru,  New  Zealand. 

SEVERN,  CLAUD,  Civil  Service,  Kuala  Lumpor,  Selangor,  Federated  Malay 

States. 

SHAND,  CHARLES  FARQUHAR,'  Moka,  Mauritius. 
SHARPE,  ELIPHALET  E.,  Barrister-at-Law,  144  Roslyn  Road,  Winnipeg, 

Canada. 
SHARP,  J.  W. 
SHARPE,  SIR  ALFRED,  K.C.M.GK,  C.B.,  H.M.  Commissioner,  Zomba, 

British  Central  Africa. 
SHAUGHNESSY,    SIR  THOMAS    G.,    K.C.V.O.,    Canadian  Pacific    Railway, 

Montreal,  Canada. 
fSnAw,  CHARLES  COURTENAY,  Government  House,  Bloemfontein,  Orange 

River  Colony. 

SHAW,  PERCY  A.,  c\o  of  Messrs.  Millers,  Ltd.,  Sekondi,  Gold  Coast  Colony. 
f  SHAW,  THOMAS,  Woorwyrite,  Camperdown,  Victoria. 
SHAWE,  HENRY  B.,  Assistant  Under  Colonial  Sec.,  Cape  Town,  Cape  Colony. 
SHEANE,  J.  H.  WEST,  B.A.,  Native  Commissioner,  Luena,  North-Eastern 

Rhodesia. 
SHEARD,    ABRAHAM,   c\o    Messrs.  Bewick,    Moreing   $    Co.,   Melbourne, 

Victoria. 

SHEFFIELD,  OCTA-VIUS  R.,  c\o  Commercial  Bank  of  India,  Calcutta. 
SHELDON,  THOMAS,  Paarl,  Cope  Colony. 
SHENNAN,  WATSON,  Puketoi  and  Conical  Hill  Stations,  Dunedin,   New 

Zealand. 

fSnENTON,  EDWARD,  J.P.,  Weld  Club,  Perth,  Western  Australia. 
fSnENTON,  HON.  SIR  GEORGE,  M.L.C.,  J.P.,  Crawley,  Western  Australia. 
f  SHEPHERD,  JAMES,  P.O.  Box  518,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
SHILLINGTON,  TOM,  "  Rhodesia  Herald  "  Office,  Salisbury,  Rhodesia. 
fSniRLEY,  HON.  LEICESTER  C.,  Hyde  Hall,  Clnrks  Town  P.O.,  Jamaica. 
SHOLI.,  ROBERT  F.,  Perth,  Western  Australia. 
SHORES,  JOHN  W.,  C.M.GK,  M.Inst.C  E.,  Engineer-in- Chief,   Government 

Railways,  Maritzburg,  Natal. 

,  Louis  W.,  P.O.  Box  663,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 

ISAAC,  28  Dalhousie  Square  West,  Calcutta. 
SHRAGER,  JAMES,  Messrs.  Shrager  Bros.,  Singapore. 
SHRIMPTON,  WALTER,  Matapiro,  Napier,  New  Zealand. 
fSiEDLE,  OTTO,  P.O.  Box  31,  Durban,  Natal. 
SIFTON,  HON.  CLIFFORD,  K.C.,  M.P.,  Ottawa,  Canada. 
,  CHARLES  F.,  Rondebosch,  Cape  Colony. 
EDWARD,  Whitecliff,  Greytown,  Natal. 
SIMMONS,  HON.  C.  J.,  M.L.C.,  St.  Vincent,  West  Indies. 
f  SIMPSON,  EDWARD  FLEMING,  P.O.  Box  285,  Pretoria,  Transvaal. 
fSiMPSON,  G-.  MORRIS,  Australian  Club,  Sydney,  New  South  Wales. 
fSiMPSON,  RICHARD   M.,    Phcenix   Assurance  Co.,    Wellington,  New  Zea- 
land. 

SIMPSON,  ROBERT  M.,  M.D.,  456  Main  Street,  Winnipeg,  Canada. 
SIMS,  ARTHUR,  143  Hereford  Srre:t,  Christchvrch,  New  Zealand. 
SIMS,  C.  J.,  Rand  Club,  Johannesburg,  l^ransvaal, 
SIMSON,  R.  J.  P.,  Melbourne  Club,  Melbourne,  Victoria. 


472  Royal  Colonial  Institute. 


Year  of 
Election. 

1897 


1890 


1892 
1904 
1905 


1901 
1902 
1880 
1896 


1902 


1894 


1905 
1905 
1891 
1903 
1882 
1906 
1904 
1903 
1898 
1883 
1902 
J894 
1882 
1904 
1899 
1895 
1905 
1904 
1888 
1899 
1888 


1884 
1902 
1901 
1902 
1894 
1882 
1889 
1904 
1904 
1898 
1887 


SINCKLER,  EDWARD  G.,  Police  Magistrate,  Gibbes  Plantation,  St.  Peter, 

Barbados. 
SINCLAIR-STEVENSON,  SIR  EDMOND,  M.D.,  Strathallan  House,  Rondebosch, 

Cape  Colony. 
SKEBMAN,  SIDNEY,  M.R.C.S.E..  Marion,  Rangitikei,  New  Zealand. 

,  CHARLES  P.,  Barrister-  at-Law,  Wellington,  New  Zealand. 
SKETCHLEY,  HENRY  G.,  M.Inst.C.E.,  Gerencia,  F.C.S.,  Plaza  Constitu- 
tion, Buenos  Aires,  Argentine  Republic. 
WILLIAM  J.,  Belize,  British  Honduras. 

DAVID  L.,  Green  Hill,  St.  George's,  Grenada. 
f  SLOANE,  ALEXANDER,  Mulwala  Station,  New  South  Wales. 
SLOLEY,  HERBERT  C.,  C.M.G.,  The  Residency,  Maseru,  Basutoland,  Sotith 

Africa. 
SMALL,    JOHN  D.,   L.E.C.S.,  L.S.A,,    Senior    Medical    Officer,    Calabar, 

Southern  Nigeria. 
SMALL,  JOHN   T.,   Barrister-at-Law,  24  Adelaide  Street   East,    Toronto, 

Canada  (Corresponding  Secretary}. 
SMALLWOOD,  HENRY  A.,  Island  Treasurer,  Nicosia,  Cyprus. 

,  ALFRED,  Pacific  Cable  Board,  Fanning  Island. 
SMITH,  PROFESSOR  ALFRED  MICA,  Ballarat,  Victoria. 
SMITH,  ARTHUR  ASHDOWN,  P.O.  Box  141,  Durban,  Natal. 
SMITH,  CHARLES,  Wanganui,  New  Zealand. 

SMITH,  CHARLES  A.,  Harbour  Board,  Port  Elizabeth,  Cape  Colony. 
SMITH,  CHARLES  H.,  33  Eleanor  Street,  Troy  eville,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
SMITH,  CHARLES  H.,  A.R.I.B.A.,  The  Gables,  Rondebosch,  Cape  Colony. 
SMITH,  COLIN,  17  Bayswater  Road,  Sydney,  New  South  Wales. 
fSMiTH,  SIR  EDWIN  THOMAS,  K.C.M.G.,  Adelaide,  South  Australia. 
SMITH,  F.  B.,  Agricultural  Department,  Pretoria,  Transvaal. 
SMITH,  F.  CALEY,  Yalumba,  Angaston,  South  Australia. 
SMITH,  HON.  MR.  JUSTICE  FRANCIS,  Cape  Coast,  Gold  Coast  Colony. 

,  CAPTAIN  GEORGE,  A.G.A.,  Thursday  Island,  via  Queensland. 
SMITH,  HON.  GEORGE,  M.L.C.,  Registrar- General,  Nicosia,  Cyprus. 
SMITH,  HON.  GEORGE  DAVID,  M.L  C.,  Cape  Town,  Cape  Colony. 
SMITH,  GEORGE  DOUGLAS,  C.M.G.,  The  Treasury,  Entebbe,  Uganda. 
SMITH,  H.  JASPER,  P.O.  Box  1006,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 

,  HENRY  FLESHER,  Gordon  Brook,  Graf  ton,  New  South  Wales. 
SMITH,  HENRY  HAVELOCK,  Homidale,  Springwood,  New  South  Wales. 

,  H.  G.  SETH,  Northern  Club,  Auckland,  New  Zealand  (Correspond- 
ing Secretary}. 

iTH,  JAMES  CARMICHAEL,  Post  Office,  Freetown,  Sierra  Leone. 
,  JOHN  CLIFFORD,  Mooroolbark  Ptrk,  Lilydale,  Victoria. 
SMITH,  LAURENCE,  The  Treasury,  Zomba.  British  Central  Africa. 
SMITH,  PROFESSOR  K.  NEIL,  The  University,  Hobart,  Tasmania. 

ROBERT  GEMMELL,  Union  Club,  Sydney,  New  South  Wales. 
SMITH,  ROBERT  MURRAY,  C.M.G.,  Repton,  Toorak  Rd.,  Melbourne,  Victoria. 
SMITH,  R.  TOTTENHAM,  Standard  Bank,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
JSMITH,  SYDNEY,  F.R.G.S.,  Stipendiary  Magistrate,  Suva,  Fiji. 
SMITH,  THOMAS,  St.  Andrew's  Street,  Bloemfontein,  Orange  River  Colony. 
,  WILLIAM,  Salisbury  Club,  Rhodesia. 
,  WILLIAM,  Water  Street,  Georgetown,  British  Guiana. 


n- Resident  Fellows.  473 


Year  of 
E'ectioii. 

1895      SMITH,  W.  E.,  Railway  Department,  SeJcondi,  Geld  Coast  Colony. 
1893     fSMiTH,  WM.  EDWARDS,  M.K.A.C., P.O.  Box  1330,  Sydney, New  SouthWales. 
1906 
1894 


SMITH,  WM.  FERGUSON,  Ehodesian  Club,  Sulawa^o,  Rhodesia. 

SMITH,  His  GRACE  WM.   SAUMAREZ,  D.D.,  Lord  Archbishop  of  Sydney, 

Greenknowe,  Macleoy  Street,  Sydney,  New  South  Wales. 
SMITHEMAN,  CAPTAIN  FRANK  J.,  D.S.O.,  Berbcra,  Somoliland. 
SMITHERS,  HENRY,  Messrs.  J.  Robertson  $  Co.,  P.O.  Box  279,  Cape  Town, 

Cape  Colony. 

SMITHSON,  SAMUEL  F.,  Barrister- at-Law,  Timaru,  New  Zealand. 
fSMUTs,    C.   PETER,   M.B.,    C.M.   (Edin.),    ML.A.,    c\o   South   African 

Association,  6  Church  Square,  Cape  Town,Cape  Colony. 
SMOTS,  JOHANNES,  Deeds  Office,  Pretoria,  Transvaal. 
SMUTS,  Louis  B.,  Civil  Service  Club,  Cape  Town,  Cape  Colony. 
SMYTH,     HERBERT     WARINGTON,     M.A.,     F.G.S.,     Mines     Department, 

Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 

SMYTH,  J.  W.,  New  Club,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
SNELL,  EDWARD,  P.O.Box  235,  Durban,  Natal. 

SNOWDEN,  SIR  ARTHUR,  433  Little  Collins  Street,  Melbourne,  Victoria. 
SOLOMON,   HON.   EDWARD    P.,   M.L.A.,   P.O.   Box    424,  Johannesburg, 

Transvaal. 
SOLOMON,  HON.  ELIAS,  J.P.,  Ocean  View,  Beaconsfield,  Fremantle,  Western 

Australia. 

fSoLOMON,  HARRY,  M.L  A  ,  P.O.  Box  1388,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
SOLOMON,  HON.  JUSTICE  SIR  WILLIAM  HENRY,  Pretoria,  Transvaal. 
fSoMERSET,  EDMUND  T.,  P.O. .Box  43,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
f  SOMERSHIFLD,  OSCAR,  Civil  Service  Club,  Cape  Town,  Cape  Colony. 
SOMERVILLE,  FREDERICK  G.,  8  Change  Alley,  Singapore. 
SONNENBERG,  CHARLES,  P.O.  Box  1311,  Cape  Town,  Cape  Colony. 
SOUTHEY,  CHARLES,  C.M.G.,  Culmstock,  near  CradocJc,  Cape  Colony. 
SOWDEN,  WILLIAM  J.,  J.P.,  Park   Terrace,  Eastwood,  Adelaide,   South 

Australia. 
SPARK,  WILLIAM  STALEY,  Board  of  Agriculture,  138  Queen  Street,  Ottawa, 

Canada. 

SPARKS,  HARRY,  Calthorpe  Hall,  Sydenham,  Durban,  Natal. 
SPEKE,  AUGUSTUS  GRA.NT,  Assistant  Collector,  Entebbe,  Uganda. 
SPENCE,  FRANK,  Stipendiary  Magistrate,  Navua,  Fiji. 
fSpENCE,  ROBERT  H,,  P.O.  Box  564,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
SPENCER,  HAROLD,  P.O.  Box  317,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
SPERLING,  FREDERICK  H,  E.,  Matang,  Perak,  Federated  Malay  States. 
SPIER,  WILLIAM,  Gas  Company,  Rockhampton,  Queensland. 
SPRIGG,  RT.  HON.  SIR  J.  GORDON,  G.C.M.G.,  Cape  Town,  Cape  Colony. 
SPRIGG,  W.  GORDON,  J.P.,  P.O.  Box  4187,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal, 
SPRINGORUM,  W.,  P.O.  Box  43,  Dundee,  Natal. 
SPROULE,  PERCY  J.,  B.A.,  Colonial  Secretariat,  Singapore. 
SPURRIER,  ALFRED  H.,  L.R.C.P.,  Prison  Island  Sanitary  Station,  Zanzibar. 
fSTABLES,  HENRY  L.,  M.Inst.C.E.,  c\o  Chief  Engineer  of  Railways,  Cape 

Town,  Cape  Colony. 

STACK,  REV.  CANON  JAMES  W.,  Casa  Eldreda,  Bordighera>  Italy. 
STALLARD,  CHARLES  F..  P.O.  Box  5156,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
STANFORD,  J.  HENRY,  Department  of  the  Interior,  Ottawa,  Canaia. 


474  Royal  Colonial  Institute. 

Year  of 
Election. 

1892      f STANLEY,  ARTHUR,  Middelburg,  Transvaal. 

1882      STANLKY,  HENRY  C..  M.Inst.C.E.,  23    Royal  Chambers,  Hunter  Street, 
Sydnfy,  New  South  Walts. 


1894 
1905 

1907 
1904 


1895 


1905 
1904 
1888 
1904 
1887 
1905 
1887 


1902 
1905 
1883 
1896 
1883 
1899 
1896 
1888 
1897 


1895 
1897 
1905 
1906 
1905 
1889 
1896 
1889 
1900 
1897 
1902 
1904 
1903 
1901 
1892 
1895 
1884 


1897 
1894 


STANLEY,  JOSEPH  HENRY,  Eton  Vale,  Cambooya,  Queensland. 

fSTAYT,   WILLIAM,  Danebury,    Terrace   Road,   Bertrams,   Johannesburg, 

Transvaal. 

STEADMAN,  VINCENT,  Vindobona,  Orange  Grove  Road,  Singapore. 
STEEDMAN,  MARK   CROMBIE,  c\o   Messrs.   Miller*,  Ltd.,  Saltpond,   Gold 

Coast  Colony. 
STEPHEN,  SIR  HENRY,  cjo  E.  G.  Dawes  Esq.,  28  Castlereagh  Street,  Sydney, 

New  South  Wales. 

STEPHENS,  WM.  FRANCIS,  Mate,  Seychelles. 

STEVENS,  CHARLES,  SchUttes  Draai,  Ficksbwg,  Orange  River  Colony. 
,  DANIEL  C.,  F.R.G.S ,  City  Club,  Cape  Tovm,  Cape  Colony. 
STEVENS,  ERNEST  G.,  C.E.,  Engineer  of  Roads,  Lagos,  Southern  Nigeria. 

FRANK,  C.M.G.,  389  West  Street,  Durban,  Natal. 
STEVENS,  FREDERICK,  Scottsfontcin,  Highlands,  Natal. 
•{•STEVENS,  HILDEBRAND    W.   H.,  Hamerton,  Kangaroo  Point,  Brisbane, 

Queensland.  [Spain,  Trinidad 

STEVENS,  PERCIVAL,   A.M.Inst.C.E.,  Public    Works  Department,  Port   of 
STUVENSON,  FRANCIS  J.,  "  Chi  I  $  Military  Gazette"  Office,  Lahore,  India. 
STEVENSON,  JOHN,  Queensland  Club,  Brisbane,  Queensland. 
STEVENSON,  THOMAS,  P.O.  Box  411,  Port  Elizabeth,  Cape  Colony. 
STEWART,  EDWARD  C.,  c\o  Pout  Office,  Rotorua,  New  Zealand. 
STEWART,  HON.  GERSHOM,  M.L.C ,  Messrs.  Anton  $  Stewart,  Hong  Kong. 
STEWART,  JAMES,  M.Inst.C.E.,  Auckland,  New  Zealand. 
fSTEWART,  McLsoD,  Ottawa,  Canada. 
f  STEWART,    THOMAS,    M.EL,   C.M.,   P.O.   Box   88,    Salisbury,   Rhodesia 

(Corresponding  Secretary). 

HENRY  DE  VILLIERS,  P.O.  Box  174,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
STILL,  WILLIAM  F.,  J.P.,  Dundee,  Natal. 
STIRTON,  PERCY  ERNEST,  Moree,  New  South  Wales. 
•[STOEHR,  FREDERICK  0.,  M.B.,  KonJeanshi,  North-  Western  Rhodesia. 
STOKES,  FREDERICK  W.,  Rand  Club,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 

,  STEPHEN,  Park  Road,  Kimberley,  Cape  Colony. 
STONE,  HARRY,  P.O.  Box  3217,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
STONE,  HENRY,  Montacute,  Evelyn  Scrub,  Herberton,  Queensland. 
STONE,  SAMUEL,  P.O.  Box  234,  Kimberley,  Cape  Colony. 
f  STONESTREET,  GEORGE  D.,  Krugersdorp,  Transvaal. 
STOPFORD,  THE  HON.  JAMES  RICHARD  N. 
STOUGHTON,  WILLIAM  A.,  Rosenroll,  Alberta,  Canada. 
STRACHAN,  JOHN,  Salisbury,  Rhodesia. 
STRANACK,  MORRIS  WM.,  320  West  Street,  Durban,  Natal. 
STRANACK,  WILLIAM,  320  West  Street,  Durban,  Natal. 
f  STREET,  ALFRED  R.,  Union  Club,  Sydney,  New  South  Wales. 
•{•STRICKLAND,  H.E.  SIR  GERALD,  K.C.M.G.,   Government  House,  Bobart, 


fSTRONG,  EDGAR  H.,  M.R.C.S.,  P.O.  Box  193,  Bidawayo,  Rhodesia, 
ISTRUBEN,  ARTHUR  M.  A.,  A.M.INST.C.E.,  Irrigation  Department,  Pretoria, 
Transvaal. 


Non-Resident  Hellows.  475 

Year  of 
Election. 

1903      ISTRUBEN,    CHARLES   F.   W.,    Barrister  at-Law,   Strubcnhcim,  Rosebank. 
Cape  Colony. 

,  H.  W.,  J.P.,  Strubenheim,,  Rosebank,  Cape  Colony. 
,  ROBEBT  H.,  Tafelbcrff  Hall,  Middelburg,  Cape  Colony. 
tSTUART,  ALAN  L.  C.,  LL.D.,  District  Judgi,  Papho,  Cyprus. 
STUART,  CHARLES  EDWARD. 
f  STUART,  JAMES,  Ingwavuma,  via  Eshoii-e,  Natal. 
STUBBS,  WM.  WALTER,  Assistant  District  Commissioner,  Southern  Nigeria. 

W.  H.,  A.R.I.B.A.,  P.O.  Box  2271,  Johannesburg,  Transm-al. 
STUCKEY,  LEONARD  C.,  The  Copiapo  Mini>>cf  Co.,  Ltd.,  Copiapo,  Chile, 
South  America. 

JOHN,  Coldstream,  Hinds,  Christchurch,  New  Zealand. 
f  STUDHOLME,  JOSEPH  F  ,  Ruamii,  Wanganui,  New  Zealand. 
STUBDEE,  H.  KING,  240  State  Street,  Albany,  U.S.A. 
SUTHERLAND,  M.  T.,  Warmbad,  German  South  West  Africa  (via  Steinkop). 
fSuTTON,  CHARLES  W.  M.,  M.H.A.,  Nassau,  Bahamas. 
SUTTON,  HON.  SIR  GEORGE  M.,  K.C.M.G.,  M.L.C.,  Fair  Fell,Eowick,  Natal. 
SWABY,   THE  KT.  KEV.    WILLIAM  P.,   D.D.,  Lord   Bishop   of  Barbados 

Bishopscourt,  Bridgetown,  Barbados. 

fSwAN,  HON.  MR.  JUSTICE  ROBERT  A.,  Port  of  Spain, Trinidad. 
SWANSON,  WILLIAM  G.,  P.O.  Box  IIQ^ulawayo,  Rhodesia. 
SWAYNE,  CHARLES  E.,  C.M.G. 

SWAYNE,  JOSEPH  QUICKE,  Mullens  River,  British  Honduras.  ^    t 

SWORD,  THOMAS  S.,  Land  Court,  Brisbane,  Queensland. 

SENATOR  HON.  SIR  JOSIAH  HENRY,  K.C.M.G.,   K.C.,  Adelaide, 
South  Australia. 

DAVID,  P.O.  Box  469,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
SYMONDS,  HENRY,  M.D.,  Kimberley,  Cape  Colony. 

TAINTON,  JOHN  WARWICK,  Advocate,  233  Church  Street,  Maritzburg, 
Natal. 

TALBOT,  H.E.  MAJOR-GENERAL  THE  HON.  SIR  RKGINALD,  K.C.B.,  Govern- 
ment House,  Melbourne,  Victoria. 

TAMBACI,  C.,  C.  Tambaci  $  Cie.,  Marseilles. 

fTAMPLiN,  LT.-COLONEL  HERBERT  T.,  E.G.,  Kimberley,  Cape  Colony. 

I-TANNAHILL,  THOMAS  F.,  M.D.,  Queenstown,  Cape  Colony. 

•{•TANNER,  THOMAS,  Riverslea,  Napier,  New  Zealand. 

TANNER,  WM.  HUGH,  P.A.S.I.,  Public  Works  Department,  Mombasa, 
British  East  Africa. 

TANNOCK,  JOHN  P.,  M.B.,  C.M.,  Park  Avenue,  East  London,  Cape  Colony. 

TASCHEREAU,  KT.  HON.  SIR  HENRI  E.,  Ottawa,  Canada. 

TAPSCOTT,  GEORGE  A.  M.,  17  Park  Road,  Kimberley,  Cape  Colony. 

TATHAM,  BASIL  ST.  JOHN,  P.O.  Box  1558,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 

TATHAM  CHABLES,  J.P.,  Greytown,  Natal. 

TATHAM,  FREDERIC  SPENCE,  K.C.,  M.L.A.,  7  Timber  Street,  Maritzburg, 
Natal. 

TATHAM,  GEORGE  FREDERICK,  J.P.,  Ladysmith,  Natal. 

TATHAM,  EALPH  H.,  39  Ketings  Buildings  Esplanade,  Durban,  Natal. 

TAVERNEB,  HON.  JOHN  W.,  Melbourne,  Victoria. 

fTAYLOR,  ADOLPHUS  J.,  Arthursleigh,  North  Sydney,  New  South  Wales. 


476  Royal  Colonial  Institute. 


Year  o! 
Election 

1895 
1897 
1898 
1899 
1882 
1901 
1883 


1902 


1900 
1890 


1893 


1904 


1904 
1884 


1883 
1897 
1903 
1897 
1900 
1901 


1899 
1897 
1886 


1884 


1895 
1882 
1884 


1899 
1891 
1881 
1904 
1891 
1884 
1895 
1904 
1886 


1885 
1905 


TAYLOR,  FREDERICK  E.,  Public  Works  Dept.,  Spanish  Town,  Jamaica. 

TAYLOR,  HERBERT  J.,  Chief  Native  Commissioner,  Bulaufouo,  Rhodesia. 

•(•TAYLOR,  J.  HOWARD,  Perth,  Western  Australia. 

TAYLOR,  JOHN,  The  Prison,  Belize,  British  Honduras. 

fTAYLOR,  WILLIAM,  Clarendon  Street  East,  Melbourne,  Victoria. 

TAYLOR,  WTLLTAM,  Hong  Kong  Club,  Hong  Kong, 

TAYTOR,  HON.  W.  F.,  M.L.C.,  M.D.,  8  Wharf  Street,  Brisbane,  Queensland 

(Corresponding  Secretary). 
TAYLOK,  WILLIAM  IRWIN,  M.D.,  M.R.C.S.,  Government  Medical  Officer, 

Lagos,  Southern  Nigeria. 
TAYLOR,  WILLIAM  L. 
TAYLOR,  SIR  WILLIAM  T.,  K.C.M.G-.,  Resident- General  F.M.S.,  Carcosa, 

Sclangor,  Federated  Malay  States  (Corresponding  Secretary). 
TEECE,  RICHARD,  Australian  Mutual  Provident  Society,  Sydney,  New  South 

Wales. 
TENNANT,  DAVID,  J.P.,  Attorney -at- Law,  Civil  Service  Club,  Cape  Town, 

Cape  Colony. 

T,  HERCULES,  C.M.G.,  Law  Department,  Pretoria,,  Transvaal. 
TESCHEMAKER,  CHARLES  DE  V.,  Avondale  Station,  Renwick,  Marlborough, 

New  Zealand. 

TESCHEMAKER,  THOMAS,  J.P.,  Otaio,  Timaru,  New  Zealand. 
*THEAL,  GEORGE  M'CALL,  LL.D.,  P.O.,  Kenilworth,Cape  Toun,Cape  Colony. 
•(THEOMIN,  DAVID  E.  Dunedin,  New  Zealand. 
THEOPHILUS,  DAVID,  P.O.  Box  72,  Port  Elizabeth,  Cape  Colony. 
THISELTON,  ALBERT  E.,  P.  0.  Box  985,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
•(•THOMAS,  CHARLES  C.,  Government  Surveyor,  P.O.  Box  54,  Bethlehem, 

Orange  River  Colony. 
THOMAS,  DAVID  R. 

THOMAS,  EDWARD  H.  L.,  Oonoonagalla,  Madulkelly,  Ceylon. 
tTnoMAS,  HON.  JAMES  J.,  M.L.C.,   WUberforce  House,  Gloucester  Street, 

Freetown,  Sierra  Leone. 
•(•THOMAS,  J.  EDWIN,  Cavendish  Chambers,  Grenfell  Street,  Adelaide,  South 

Australia  (Corresponding  Secretary). 

THOMAS,  JOHN  H.,  J.P.,  Little  East  Street,  Freetown,  Sierra  Leone. 
THOMAS,  M.  H.,  Oonoonagalla,  Madulkelly,  Ceylon. 
THOMAS,    ROBERT    KYFFIN,    Brougham   Place,    North   Adelaide,   South 

Australia. 

fTnoMAssET,  HANS  P.,  Cascade.  Estate,  Mahe,  Seychelles. 
THOMPSON,  FRED  A.  H.,  Charlotte  Street,  Freetown,  Sierra  Leone. 
THOMPSON,  GEORGE  A.,  38  Elizabeth  Street,  Sydney,  New  South  Wales. 
THOMPSON,  HENRY  N.,  Forests  Department,  Calabar,  Southern  Nigeria. 
THOMPSON,  MAX  G.  C.,  George  Street,  Freetown,  Sierra  Leone. 
THOMPSON,  T.  A.,  Registrar  of  the  Courts,  Port  of  Spain ,  Trinidad. 
THOMPSON,  HON.  WILLIAM  A.,  Treasurer,  Stanley,  Falkland  Islands. 
•(•THOMPSON,  WILLIAM  J.,  J.P.,  Verulam,  Natal. 
THOMSON,  ALPIN  F.,   Works  and   Railway  Department,   Perth,    Western 

Australia. 

•(•THOMSON,  ARTHUR  H. 
THOMSON,  GEORGE  WATT,  San  Francisco   del    Oro   Mine,   Apartado   48 

Parral,  Chihuahua,  Mexico. 


Non-Resident  Fellows.  477 

Tear  of 
Election. 
1907      '('THOMSON,  HON.  DUGALD,  M.P.,  Wyreepi,  Milson's  Point,   Sydney,  New 

South  Wales. 

THOMSON,  JOHN  ERSKINE,  MB,  C.M.,  Perth  Club,  Western  Australia. 
THOMSON,  THOMAS  D.,  Middelburg,  Cape  Colony. 
THOMSON,  WM.   BURNS,  J.P.,  Harrismith,  Orange  River  Colony. 
•(•THOMSON,  WILLIAM  CHARLES,  P.O.  Box  676,  Cape  Town,  Cape  Colony. 
THORNE,  GEORGE,  Darcey  Hey,  Castle  Hill,  New  South  Wales. 
THORNE,   THOMAS  LANE,    Attorney-at-La-w,  20  Bureau  Street,  Pretoria, 

Transvaal. 
f  THORNE,  WILLIAM  J.,  c\o  Messrs.  Stuttaford  $  Co.  Adderley  Street,  Cape 

Town,  Cape  Colony. 

THORNTON,  HON.  MR.  JUSTICE  S.  LESLIE,  Penang,  Straits  Settlements. 
f  THORNTON,  WILLIAM,  Maungakawa,  Cambridge,  Auckland,  New  Zealand. 
THORPE,  HEDLEY  W.,  The  Treasury,  Entebbe,  Uganda. 
THYNNE,  HON.   ANDREW  J.,  M.L.C.,   A.M.P.    Chambers,    Queen   Street, 

Brisbane,  Queensland. 

THWAITS,  JAMES  A.,  M.B.,  C.M.,  P.O.  Box  1654,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
TIFFIN,  CHRISTOPHER  H.,  Queenstown,  Cape  Colony. 
TODD,  SIR  CHARLES,  K.C.M.G.,  F.R.S.,  Adelaide,  South  Australia. 
f  TOLHURST,  GEORGE  E.,  Grant  Road,  Wellington,  New  Zealand. 
•J-TOLL,  BENJAMIN,  Charters  Towers,  Queensland. 

TOLLAND,  JAMES  PULTENEY,  C.E.,  Survey  Department,  Entebbe,  Uganda, 
TOOGOOD,  JOHN  F.,  Morven  Mine  Private  Bag,  Consolidated  Gold  Fields  Co., 

Bulawayo,  Rhodesia. 

fTopp,  JAMES,  Bathurst,  Gambia,  West  Africa. 

TOULMIN,  EVELYN  M.  0.,  121  San  Martin,  Buenos  Aires,  Argentine  Re- 
public. 

f TRAILL,  GILBERT  F.,  Kandapolla  Estate,  Ceylon. 
•J-TRAVERS,  BENJAMIN,  District  Commissioner,  Famagusta,  Cyprus. 
•[TRAVERS,  E.  A.  0.,  M.K.C.S.,  State  Surgeon,  Kwala  Lumpor,  Federated 

Malay  States. 

JTRAVERS,  JOHN  EDMUND  DE  LA  COUR,  Pilgrims  Rest,  Tranivoal. 
f TREGABTHEN,  WM.  COULSON,  The  Hermitage,  Queenstown,  Cape  Colony. 
•J-TRELEAVEN,  CHARLES  W.,  Bogue,  Balaclava  P.O.,  Jamaica. 
TREMEARNE,  CAPTAIN  A.  J.  N.,  F.R.G.S.,  Police  Department,  Zungeru, 

Northern  Nigeria. 

TRENCHARD,  HENRY,  58  Pitt  Street,  Sydney,  New  South  Wales. 
•J-TREUSCH,  JOHN  B.,  M.R.C.S.E,  L.R.C.P.,  Pacific  Cable  Board,  Fanning 

hland. 
TRICKS,  FREDERICK  C.,  Taberna,  Malvern   Road,   Armadale,  Melbourne, 

Victoria. 
TRIMINGHAM,  NORMAN  S.  P.,  A.M.Inst.C.E.,  Atlantic,  Quebec  #  Western 

Railway,  Paspebiac,  Quebec,  Canada. 

fTRipp,  C.  HOWARD,  Solicitor,  Timaru,  Canterbury,  New  Zealand. 
TROTTER,  NOEL,  Postmaster- General,  Singapore. 
TRUDE,  F.  B.,  Kalgoorlie,  Western  Australia. 
TXTCHTEN,  JOSE  G.,  P.O.  Box  25,  Cape  Town,  Cape  Colony. 
TUCKKR,  G.  A.,  Mushroom  Valley,  Winburg,  Orange  River  Colony. 
TUCKER,  LIEUT.-COLONEL  J.  J.,  M.P.,  St.  John,  New  Brunswick. 
TUCKER,  W.  J.  SANGBR,  J.P.,  P.O.  Box  122,  Port  of  Spain,  Trinidad. 


478  Royal  Colonial  Institute. 


Year  of 
Election. 

1883 


1905 
1900 
1896 
1883 
1895 
1898 


1905 


1899 
1898 
1899 
1905 
1905 
1902 
1882 


1882 
1904 
1902 
1906 
1881 

1897 
1902 
1889 


1904 


1899 
1902 


1906 


1906 
1892 
1889 
1900 
1906 
1904 


1896 
1887 
1903 
1903 
1905 
1904 


f  TUCKER,  WILLIAM  KIDGEB,  C.M.G.,  M.L.A.,  P.O.  Box  9,  Johannesburg, 
Transvaal. 

TUDOK,  HON.  DANIEL  T.,  M.E.C.,  Attorney- General,  St.  George's,  Grenada. 

TUGMAN,  HERBERT  ST.  JOHN,  New  Club,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 

TUGWELL,  ET.  KEY.  BISHOP  HERBERT,  D.D.,  Lagos,  Southern  Nigeria. 

TUPPER,  HON.  SIR  CHARLES,  BART.,  G.C.M.G.,  C.B.,  Ottawa,  Canada. 
,  A.  DE  SALES. 

ALEXANDER  H.,  ElibanJc,  Wellington,  New  Zealand  (Corre- 
sponding Secretary). 

TURNBULL,  AUBREY  M.  DALWAY,  The  Treasury,  Zomba,  British  Central 
Africa. 

TURNBULL,  ROBERT  MCGREGOR,  Linburn  Station,  Otago,  New  Zealand. 

TURNBULL,  EGBERT  T.,  Wellington,  New  Zealand. 

TURNBULL,  THOMAS,  F.E.I.B.A.,  Wellington,  New  Zealand. 

TURNER,  ALFRED  G.,  Accra,  Gold  Coast  Colony. 

•(•TURNER,  FRANK,  P.O.  Box  539,  Pretoria,  Transvaal. 

fTufiNER,  HON.  GEORGE,  M.L.C.,  Draycott,  Mooi  River,  Natal. 

fTuRNER,    HENRY     GYLES,   Bundalohn,     Tennyson    Street,    St.    Hilda, 
Melbourne,  Victoria. 

•J-TURTON,  C.  D. 

TYARS,  GEORGE  P.,  P.  0.  Box  404,  Cape  Town,  Cape  Colony. 

TYNDALL,  ARTHUR,  Adelaide  Club,  South  Australia. 

TYSSEN,  FRANCIS  D.,  Police  Department,  Nairobi,  British  East  Africa. 

•{•TYSON,  CAPTAIN  THOMAS  G.,  Kimberley  Club,  Kimberley,  Cape  Colony. 

UDAL,  His  HONOUR  CHIEF  JUSTICE  JOHN  S.,  St.  John's,  Antigua. 

UNDERDOWN,  THOMAS  E. 

UNDERWOOD,  EDWARD  WILLIAM,  Tallandoom,  Koogong-Koot  Eoad,  Haw~ 

thorn,  Melbourne,  Victoria. 
UNWIN,  ARTHUR  HAROLD,    Forests  Department,   Benin    City,   Southern 

Nigeria, 

•J-UPPLEBY,  JOHN  G.,  L.E.C.P.,  L.E.C.S.,  Port  Elizabeth,  Cape  Colony. 
USHER,  HON.  ARCHIBALD  E.,  M.L.C.,  Belize,  British  Honduras. 

•(•VALLANCEY,  WM.  BERTRAM,  Junior  Civil  Service  Club,  Cape  Town,  Cape 

Colony. 

VAMADEVA,  EAMANATHAN,  Colombo,  Ceylon. 

VAN  BOESCHOTEN,  JOHANNES  G.,  P.O.  Box  611,  Pretoria,  Transvaal. 
VAN  BREDA,  SERVAAS,  Hauptville,  Constantia  Eoad,  Wynberg,  Cape  Colony. 
VAN  CUYLENBURG,  MAJOR  HECTOR,  Colombo,  Ceylon. 
VANDELEUR,  JOHN  F.  B.,  3  Dineen  Building,  Toronto,  Canada. 
VANDER  BYL,  CHARLES  LE  F.,  68  St.  George's  Street,  Cape  Town,  Cape 

Colony. 

t VANDER  HOVEN,  H.  G.,  P.O.  Box  22,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
VAN  DER  EIET,  THOMAS  F.  ~B.,Attorney-at-Law,Grahamstown,  Cape  Colony. 
VAN  DER  SPUY,  SIEBRANDT  J.,  Scandia,  Eostbank,  Cap'e  Colony. 
VAN  EEDEN,  WALTER  C.,  Supervisor  of  Customs,  Accra,  Gold  Coast  Colony. 
VAN  HEIN,  HKNRY,  Winntbah,  Gold  Coast  Colony. 
•(•VAN  HULSTEYN,   SIR   WILLIAM,   ML. A.,    P.O.   Box  46,  Johannesburg, 

Transvaal. 


Non-Eesident  Fellows. 


479 


Year  of 
Election. 

1896 
1885 
1884 
1895 
1906 
1899 

1899 

1883 
1888 
1891 

1899 

1886 
1901 
1895 
1889 
1902 
1899 
1895 
1903 
1897 
1896 

1903 
1906 
1902 
1904 
1890 
1885 
1889 
1883 

1903 
1898 
1902 
1906 
1899 

1893 
1900 

1881 
1891 

1883 

1897 
1882 


VAN  NIEKERK,  JOHN,  M.B.,  C.M.,  P.O.  Box  1050,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 

VAN  EENEN,  HENRY,  Interlaken,  Kenilworth,  Cape  Colony. 

VAN-SENDEN,  E.  W.,  Ravenscroft,  WalkervUle,  Adelaide,  South  Australia. 

VAN  ULSEN,  DIRK,  Kimberley,  Cape  Colony. 

VARTY,  THOMAS  Bo  YD,  Eiet  Vtei,  Natal. 

•J-VASSALLO,  E.  C.,  M.A.,  LL.D.,  Advocate,  18  Strada  Stretta,    Valletta, 

Malta. 
VAUTIN,   H.   D.,  c\o    Vivien  Gold   Mining  Co ,   Ltd.,   Harris,   Western 

Australia. 

f  VELGE,  CHARLES  EUGENE,  Registrar,  Supreme  Court,  Singapore. 
fVENN,  HON.  H.  W.,  Dardanup  Park,  near  Bunbury,  Western  Australia. 
VENNING,  ALFRED  R. ;  I.S.O.,  Federal  Secretary,  Selangor,  Federated  Malay 

States. 
VERCO,   JOSEPH   C.,   M.D.,   F.R.C.S.,    North    Terrace,   Adelaide,    South 

Australia. 

f  VERSFELD,  DIRK,  J.P.,  Attorney-at-Law,  Riversdale,  Cape  Colony. 
f VICKERS,  ALBERT,  Civil  Service  Club,  Cape  Town,  Cape  Colony. 
fViGNF,  JAMES  TALBOT,  Market  Square,  Kimberley,  Cape  Colony. 
fViNCENT,  MAJOR  WILLIAM  SLADE,  Townsville,  Queensland. 
VINTCENT,  ALWYN  J.,  Mossel  Bay,  Cape  Colony. 
VINTER,  JAMES  H.,  426  California  Street,  San  Francisco,  U.S.A. 
VIRET,  HON.  A.  PERCIVAL,  Collector  of  Customs,  Freetown,  Sierra  Leone. 
VISCHER,  HANS,  Assistant  Resident,  Muri  Province }  North  rn  Nigeria. 
VON  STURMER,  SPENCER  W.,  P.O.  Box  1019,  Sydney,  New  South  Wales. 
VREEDE,  DIRK  E.,  Port  Elizabeth,  Cape  Colony. 

WACKRILL,  HERBERT  J.,  P.O.  Box  885,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
WADDELL,  HON.  WILLIAM  P.,  M.L.C.,  18  Collyer  Quay,  Singapore. 
WADE,  FREDERICK  C.,  K.C.,  P.O.  Box  416,  Vancouver,  British  Columbia. 
W  ADMAN,  REGINALD  F.  C.,  Excise  Department,  Bassein,  Burma. 
WAIT,  JOHN  STUBBS,  M.R.C.S.E.,  Oamaru,  New  Zealand. 
fWAiTE,  PETER,  Urrbrae,  Adelaide,  South  Australia. 
fWAKEFORD,  GEORGE  C.,  Niekerk's  Rush,Barkly  West,  Cape  Colony. 
WALDRON,  DERWENT,  M.B.,  C.M.,  Senior  Medical  Officer,  Accra,  Gold 

Coast  Colony. 

WALE,  WM.  C.,  Government  Railway,  Sekondi,  Gold  Coast  Colony. 
f  WALKER,  A.  BLOFIELD,  P.O.  Box  841,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
f  WALKER,  ALAN  C.,  Huonden,  Macquarie  Street,  Hobart,  Tasmania. 
f  WALKER,  ARTHUR,  Lands  Department,  Pietersburg,  Transvaal. 
t WALKER,    CECIL,  Barrister-at-Law,   Lind field,  Holebrook  Place,  Hobart, 

Tasmania. 

f  WALKER,  HON.  GILES  F.,  J.P.,  Colombo,  Ceylon. 
JWALKER,  SENATOR  HON.  JAMES  T.,  109  Pitt  Street,  Sydney,  New  South 

Wales. 

fWALKER,  JOSEPH,  Hamilton  House,  Port  Elizabeth,  Cape  Colony. 
f  WALKER,  R.  LESLIE,  Hobart,  Tasmania. 
t  WALKER,  LiEur.-CoLONEL  R.  S.  FROWD,  C.M.G.,  Negri  Sembilan,  Federated 

Malay  States. 

WALKER,  WM.  HEWER,  G.P.O.  Windsorton,  Cape  Colony. 
WALL,  T.  A.,  Freetown,  Sierra  Leone. 


480  Royal  Colonial  Institute. 

Year  of 
Election. 

1894     WALLACE,  EDWARD  CLEMENT,  Barrancos,  Portugal. 

1894     WALLACE,  LAWRENCE  A.,  A.M.Inst.C.E.,   Fort  Jameson,   North-Eastern 
Rhodesia. 

1 902  fWALLACE,  WILLIAM,  C.M.G.,  Deputy  High  Commissioner,  Zungeru,  Northern 

Nigeria  (Corresponding  Secretary). 

1903  WALLEN,  CHARLES  E.,  Oil  Springs,  Ontario,  Canada. 
1905      WALLEN,  EDWIN  K.,  Grosny,  Terek  Province,  Russia. 
1901      WALLEN,  JOHN  HENRY,  McLeansboro,  Illinois,  U.S.A. 
1907      fWAixis  ARTHUR  H.,  Gisbo^ne,  New  Zealand. 

1894      JWALLIS,  THE  RT.  EEV.  FREDERIC,  D.D.,  Lord  Bishop  of  Wellington, 

Bishopscourt,  Wellington,  New  Zealand. 
1896      WALLIS,   HENRY   K.,   Assistant  Deputy   Commissioner,   Zomba,   British 

Central  Africa. 

1901      WALPOLE,  R.  H.,  Assurance  and  Trust  Co. ,  Ltd.,  Port  Elizabeth,  Cape  Colony. 
1889     fWALSH,  ALBERT,  P.O.  Box  39,  Cape  Town,  Cape  Colony. 
1900      WALSH,  COMMANDER  J.  T.,  R.N.R.,  Lagos,  Southern  Nigeria. 

1903  WALSH,  FRANK.  B.A.,  Carnarvon,  Cape  Colony. 

1906     WALTON,  GEORGE  L.,  M.I.N.A.,  M.I.M.E.,  Marine  Department,  Lagos, 

Southern  Nigeria. 

1881      fWANLiss,  THOMAS  D.,  Ballarat,  Victoria. 
1879      WARD,  LIEUT. -COLONEL   HON.   CHARLES  J.,  C.M.G-.,  M.P.C.,   Kingston, 

Jamaica. 
1873     WARD,  WILLIAM  CURTIS,  Victoria.,  British  Columbia. 

1904  WARDEN,  WILLIAM,  354  Calle  Cangailo,  Buenos  Aires,  Argentine  Republic. 

1904  WARDROP,  JOHN  GLEN,  Colombo,  Ceylon. 

1903  f WARDROP,  JOHN  NIMMO,  F.R.G.S.,  Messrs.  Darby  $    Co.,  Sandakan, 

British  North  Borneo. 

1885  WARE,  JERRY  GEORGE,  care  of  Ban*  of  Australasia,  Melbourne,  Victoria. 

1879  I-WARE,  JOHN,  Tatyoon,  Yalla-y-Poora,  Victoria. 

1886  fWARE,  JOSEPH,  Minjah,  Carramut,  Victoria. 

1880  fWARE,  J.  C.,  Yalla-y-Poora,  Victoria. 

1905  WARE,  WILLIAM  LAWES,  Brougham  Place,  North  Adelaide,  South  Austrah 

1904  WARLIKER,    LIEUT. -COLONEL    DAMODER    P.,     79M     Curnatic    Infantry, 

Mauritius. 

1886  WARMINGTON,  ARTHUR. 

1882  f  WARNER,  OLIVER  W. 

1905  WARHEN,  NOEL  A.,  Customs  Department,  Georgetown,  British  Guiana. 
1889      fWATERHOUSE,  ARTHUR,  10  Cowra  Chambers,  Grenfell  Street,  Adelaide, 

South  Australia. 

1903       WATERHOUSE,  FRANK  S.,  Mangawhare,  Napier,  New  Zealand. 
1902      WATKEYS,  EVAN  E.,  Bloemfontein,  Orange  River  Colony. 

1902  WATKEYS,  W.  D.  E.,  Bloemfontein,  Orange  River  Colony. 

1883  WATKINS,  ARNOLD  H.,  M.D.,  F.R.C.S.,  Kimberley,  Cape  Colony. 
1901      WATKINS,  FRANK,  Nairobi,  British  East  Africa. 

1901      WATSON,  EDWIN  A.,  Pahang,  Federated  Malay  States. 

1887  f  WATSON,  H.  FRASER,  Rand  Club,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 

1886      f  WATSON,  T.  TENNANT,  Govt.   Surveyor,  Civil  Service  Club,  Cape   Town, 

Cape  Colony. 
1895      fWATT,  EDWARD  J.,  Hastings,  Hawkes  Bay,  New  Zealand. 

1903  I  WATT,  GEORGE,  M.A.,  M.B.,  Union  Club,  Sydney,  New  South  Wales. 


Year  of 
Election. 

1887 
1896 
1891 


1892 
1893 
1905 
1906 


1887 
1902 
1903 
1903 
1900 
1890 
1901 
1906 


1883 
1903 


1897 
1904 
1901 
1902 


1884 
1883 
1884 
1881 
1901 
1903 
1906 
1907 


1902 
1896 


1895 
1887 
1898 
1903 
1887 
1902 
1906 
1903 


1888 
1900 
1890 


Non-Resident  Fellows.  481 


WATT,  WILLIAM  HOIDEN,  7  Bent  Street,  Sydney,  New  South  Wales. 
f  WATTS,  JOHN  WHIDBORNE,  Ivy,  Barberton,  Transvaal. 
fWAY,  THE  ET.  HON.  SIR   SAMUEL   J.,  BABT.,    Chief  Justice,  Adelaide, 
South  Australia. 

,  ARTHUR  E.,  P.O.  Box  4751,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
WAYLANU,  CHARLES  WM.  H.,  J.P.,  Lovedale,  Belmont,  Cape  Colony. 
WEATHERBE,  SIR  EGBERT  L.,  Halifax,  Nova  Scotia. 

tWEATHERiLT,  HENRY  C.,  Issoo,  Lake  Ngami,  via  Palapye  Road,  Bechuana- 
land  Protectorate. 

HENRY  E.,  C.E.,  Caixa  54,  Manaos,  Amazonas,  Brazil. 
WEBB,  CLEMENT  D.,  Hand  Club,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
WEBB,  LEONARD  F.,  6  Derby  Street,  Christchurch,  New  Zealand. 
WEBB,  PERCY  E.,  6  Derby  Street,  Christchurch,  New  Zealand. 
fWEBB,  EICHARD  CAPPER,  J.P.,  Roto,  Hillston,  New  South  Wales. 
WEBBER,  LIONEL  H.,  P.O.  Box  164,  Germiston,  Transvaal. 
WEBBER,  EEGINALD  B.,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
WEBBER,  WALTER  S.,  Barrister-at-Law,   P.O.  Box  1088,  Johannesburg, 

Transvaal. 

WEBSTER,  ALEXANDER  B.,  Brisbane,  Queensland. 

WEBSTER,  G.  W.,  Assistant  Resident,  Keffi,  Nassarawa  Province,  Northern 
Nigeria. 

.  L.,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
•-WEEDON,  WARREN,  Selby  House,  WicJcham  Terrace,  Brisbane,  Queensland. 
WEGE,  PETER  Or.,  J.P.,  7  Hofmeyr  Chambers,  Cape  Town,  Cape  Colony. 
WEIGHTON,  LIEUT. -COLONEL  JOHN,  340  Prince  Alfred  Street,  Maritzburg, 

Natal. 

WEIL,  BENJAMIN  BERTIE,  Mafeking,  Cape  Colony. 
WEIL,  JULIUS,  Maf eking,  Cape  Colony. 
WEIL,  MAJOR  MYER,  Mafeking,  Cape  Colony. 
WEIL,  MAJOR  SAMUEL,  Mafeking,  Cape  Colony. 

WEIR,  CECIL  HAMILTON,  303  Lewis  Buildings,  Pittsburgh,  Pa.,  U.S.A. 
WEISSENBORN,  CHAELES  A.  P.,  Premier  Estate,  Umtali,  Rhodesia. 
WELDON,  HORACE,  P.O.  Box  331,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
fWELMAN,  CHARLES  W.,  Athenaum  Club,  P.O.  Box  6499,  Johannesburg, 
Transvaal. 

ERNEST  T.,  P.O.  Box  10,  Queenstown,  Cape  Colony. 
f WELLS,  EICHARD  NOEL,  Hannan's  Find  Gold  Reefs,  Kalgoorlie,  Western 

Australia. 

WENDT,  HON.  MR.  JUSTICE  HENRY  L.,  Colombo,  Ceylon. 
WENTWORTH,  FITZWILLIAM,  Union  Club,  Sydney,  New  South  Wales. 
WENYON,  WILLIAM  F.,  Hong  Kong. 
WENTZEL,  CHARLES  A.,  Rand  Club,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 

,  GrEORGE  C.,  2  0' Connell  Street,  Sydney,  New  South  Wales. 
WHEELER,  WILLIAM,  C.M.GK,  Treasurer,  Zomba,  British  Central  Africa. 
WHEELWRIGHT,  CHARLES  A.,  C.M.G.,  Pielersburg,  Transvaal. 
WHITE,  ANDREW,  W.S.,  Chief  Registrar  and  Sheriff,  Accra,  Gold  Coast 

Colony. 

t  WHITE,  COLONEL  F.  B.  P.,  Wawrley,  Constant  Spring,  Jamaica. 
WHITE,  WILLIAM,  J.P.,  F.G.S.,  Mount  Alma,  Charters  Towers,  Queensland. 
WHITE,  W.  KINROSS,  Napier,  New  Zealand. 


482  Royal  Colonial  Institute. 

Year  of 
Election. 

1894  fWHITEHEAD,  T.  H. 

1903  WHITELAW  JAMES,  P.O.  Box  106,  Maritzburg,  Natal. 

1906  WHITELEY,  PERCIVAL,  P.O.  Box  1268,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 

1905      WHITEMAN,   REGINALD   J.  N.,   M.B.,    Ch.M.,  8t.  Andrew's  College,  The 
TJniversityt  Sydney,  New  South  Wales. 

1904  WHITESIDE,  HENRY  S.,  Ipoh,  Perak,  Federated  Malay  States. 

1881  WHITEWAY,  KT.  HON.  SIB  WILLIAM  V.,  K.C.M.G.,i^.  John's,  Newfoundland. 

1907  WHITMOBE,  SIDNEY,  W.,  Public  Works  Department,  Pretoria,  Transvaal. 

1905  WHITTAXER,  WILLIAM  LEOPOLD,  14  Timber  Street,  Maritzburg,  Natal. 
1886  tWHTTE»  w-  LESLIE,  P.O.  Box  320,  Adelaide,  South  Australia. 

1884     tWlCKHAM»    H-   AM   J.P-,    Conflict    Group,   vid   Samarai,    Papua,    via 
Australia. 

1895  fVV1ENAND,  C.  F.,  P.O.  Box  1352,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 

1905  WIENAND,  FREDERICK  C.  M.,  Bellevue,  Bedford,  Cape  Colony. 

1883  WIENER,  LUDWIG,  Lower  St.  George's  Street,  Cape  Town,  Cape  Colony. 

1906  WIENHOLT,  FRED  E.,  Rhodes  Inyanga  Farms,  Umtali,  Rhodesia. 
1900  WILEMAN,  HENRY  ST.  JOHN,  Gwelo,  Rhodesia. 

1907  WILKINS,  ROBERT  HM  British  Australian  Tobacco  Co.,  a  ~Beck°M  Street, 

Melbourne,  Victoria. 

1899      WILKINSON,  CHARLES  D.,  Hong  Kong. 

1898      WILKINSON,  E.  F.  W.,  Public  Works  Dept.,  Accra,  Gold  Coast  Colony. 
1890      fWiLKS,  SAMUEL  JERROLD,  C.E.,  Rand  Club,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 

1882  WILLCOCKS,  EDWARD  I.  E.,   25  New  North  Road,  Bourda,  Georgetown, 

British  Guiana. 

1898  WILLIAMS,  ARCHIBALD  JAY,  Zomba,  British  Central  Africa. 

1905     WILLIAMS,  HON.  C.  A.  SAPARA,  M.L.C.,  Barrister-at-Law,  Lagos,  Southern 

Nigeria. 
1888      WILLIAMS,  HON.  CHARLES  EIBY,  C.M.Gr.,   Treasurer,  Accra,   Gold  Coast 

Colony. 
1905     WILLIAMS,  E.  TRUBY,  c\o  Messrs.  Huddart,  Parker  $  Co.,  525  Collins 

Street,  Melbourne,  Victoria. 
1890     fWiLLiAMS,  E.  VAUGHAN,  J.P.,  Gong  Gong,  Barkly  West,  Cape  Colony. 

1897  f  WILLIAMS,  ERNEST,  A.M.Inst.C.E.,  Rand  Club,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 

1899  JWILLIAMS,  FRED.  W.,  Napier,  New  Zealand. 

1900  fWiLLiAMS,  HENRY  WATSON,  Essex  Street,  Fremantle,  Western  Australia. 

1902  WILLIAMS,  Gr.  A.,  P.O.  Box  88,  Harrismith,  Orange  River  Colony. 

1904      WILLIAMS,   JAMES    ALEXANDER,    I.S.O.,    District    Commissioner,   Pram 
Pram,  Gold  Coast  Colony. 

1896  t WILLIAMS,  JAMES  AUGUSTUS,  Bonthe,  Sherbro,  West  Africa. 

1903  WILLIAMS,  JAMES  E.,  High  Level  Road^Sea  Point,  Cape  Town,  Cape  Colony. 

1890  WILLIAMS,  JAMES  NELSON,  Hastings,  Napier,  New  Zealand. 

1898  WILLIAMS,  HON.  MR.  JUSTICE  JOSHUA  S.,  Dunedin,  New  Zealand. 
1902     WILLIAMS,  LUKE,  F.G.S.,  Claremont,  Moonah,  Hobart,  Tasmania. 

1891  WILLIAMS,  ROBERT,  C.E.,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 

1888     t  WILLIAMS,  THOMAS  D.,  3  Union  Buildings,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 

1899  WILLIAMS,  WM.  NANCE,  North  Sheba  Gold  $  Exploration  Co.,  Barberton, 

Transvaal. 
1 886      t  WILLIAMS,  ZACHARIAH  A.,  Apongbon  Street,  Lagos,  Southern  Nigeria. 

1904  WILLIS,   CHARLES]  SAVILL,   M.B.,   C.M.,   J.P.,    St.   Maura,   Annandale, 

Sydney,  New  South  Wales. 


Non-Resident  Fellows.  483 

Year  of 
Election. 
1904  I  WILLMOT,  FREDERICK  C.,  M.Di,  D.P.H.,  The  Hill,  Mowbray,  Cape  Colony. 

WILLS,  GEORGE  F.,  P.O.  Box  551,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 

WILMAN,  HERBERT,  P.O.  Box.  101,  Cape  Town,  Cape  Colony. 

WILMOT,  HON.  ALEXANDER,  M.L.C.,  Cape  Town,  Cape  Colony. 

WILSON,  AIDEN  D.,  P.O.  Box  3358,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 

tWiLsoN,  ALBERT  J.,  70bis  Avenue  d'  lena,  Paris. 

WILSON,  BENJAMIN,  The  Club,  Bulawayo,  Rhodesia. 

f  WILSON,  CHARLES  HERBERT,  J.P.,  Port  Darwin,  Northern  Territory,  South 
Australia. 

WILSON,   GEORGE,    C.B.,   Deputy -Commissioner,   Entebbe,    Uganda    (Cor- 
responding Secretary). 

f  WILSON,  GEORGE  PRANGLEY,  C.E. 

WILSON,  HENRY  F.,  C.M.G.,  Bloemjontein,  Orange  River  Colony. 

WILSON,  JAMES  G.,  Bulls,  Rangitiki,  New  Zealand. 

f  WILSON,  JAMES  W.,  Sandakan,  British  North  Borneo. 

WILSON,  CAPTAIN  JOHN,  Beau  Sejour,  Rosehill  Mauritius. 

f  WILSON,  JOHN  B.,  Lindley,  Orange  River  Colony. 

WILSON,  WM.  STREET,  F.R.I.B.A.,  P.O.  Box  103,  Durban,  Natal. 

f  WILSON,  W.  T.,  City  Club,  Cape  Town,  Cape  Colony. 

fWiNCHcoMBE,  F.  E.,M.L.A.,  Messrs.  Winchcombe,  Carson  $  Co.,  46  Bridge 
Street,  Sydney,  New  South  Wales. 

tWiNDSOR,  PETER  F.,  Windsorton,  Griqualand  West,  Cape  Colony. 

WINGATE,  G.  K.,  Customs  Department,  Lokoja,  Northern  Nigeria. 

WINKFIELD,  HON.  MR.  JUSTICE  JOHN,    Calabar,  Southern  Nigeria  ( Corre- 
sponding Secretary). 

WIRGMAN,  REV.  CANON  A.  THEODORE,  D.D.,  D.C.L.,    Vice-Provost  of  St. 
Mary's  Collegiate  Church,  Port  Elizabeth,  Cape  Colony. 

WIRSING,  H.  FRANK,  P.  0.  Box  1 2,  Maf eking,  Cape  Colony. 

WIRSING,  WALTER  M.,  P.O.  Box  12,  Maf eking,  Cape  Colony. 

WISE,  HON.  BERNHAHD  R.,  K.C.,  Sydney,  New  South  Wales. 

fWisE,  PERCY  F.,  Kuala  Lumpur,  Federated  Malay  States. 

fWiTHEFORD,  J.  H.,  Auckland,  New  Zealand, 

WITTENOOM,  HON.  SIR  EDWARD  H.,  K.C.M.G.,  M.L.C.,  Perth,   Western 
Australia. 

WITTS,  BROOMS  LAKE,  P.O.  Box  4364,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 

f  WOLFF,  HENRY  A.,  M.D.,  501  West  138th  Street,  New  York. 

WOLFF,  LEO  MITFORD,  P.O.  Box  985,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 

WOLFHAGEN,   JOHN  E.,    M.B.,    C.M.,     102   Macquarie    Street,   Hobart, 
Tasmania. 

WOLLASTON,  LT.-COL.  CHARLTON  F.  B.,  The  Club,  Kimberley,  Cape  Colony. 

WOOD,  CHARLES,  33  King  Street,  Melbourne,  Victoria. 

WOOD,  J.  DENNISTOUN,  M.H.A.,  Barrister-at-Law,  Bothwell,  Tasmania. 

tWooo,  PETER,  Burnside,  Adelaide,  South  Australia. 

WOODARD,  HENRY,  Zomba,  British  Central  Africa. 

f  WOODBURN,  MACGREGOR,  P.O.  Box  1303,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 

WOODBURN,  WILLIAM,  Windermere  Road,  Durban,  Natal. 

WOODHOUSE,  ALFRED,  M.  E. 

f  WOODHOUSE,  EDMUND  BINGHAM,  Mount  Gilead,  Campbelltown,  New  South 
Wales. 

tWooDS,  CHARLES,  P.O.  Box  1483,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 

E  2 


484  Royal  Colonial  Institute. 


Year  of 
Election. 

1885 
1898 
1900 
1898 


1907 
1905 
1900 


1903 
1887 
1901 

1893 
1898 


1906 
1893 
1890 
1896 
1885 
1883 


1887 
1907 
1891 


1896 
18*8 
1894 


1883 
1882 


1904 
1906 
1902 
1883 


1887 


1897 


1881 


fWooDs,  HON.  SIDNEY  GOWER,  M.L.C  ,  Belize,  British  Honduras. 
WOOLF,  DAVID  LEWIS,  P.O.  Box  431,  Durban,  Natal 
WOOLLEY,  ADAM  SEDGWICX,  P.O.  Box  2891,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 
WOOLS-SAMPSON,  COLONEL  SIR  AUBREY,  K.C.B.,  M.L.A.,  P.O.  Box  4601, 

Johannesburg,  Transvaal. 

WORKMAN,  ARTHUR  M.,  Duff  Development  Co.,  Kelantan,  via  Singapore, 
WORTHINGTON,  REGINALD  YORKE,  380  Loop  Street,  Maritzburg,  Natal. 
WRAGGE,  CLEMENT  L.,  F.R.G.S.,  E.R.Met.Soc.,  c\o  H.  A.  BRANDT,  Esq., 

352  Collins  Street,  Melbourne,  Victoria. 

WRIGHT,  ARTHUR,  Government  Printer,  Calabar,  Southern  Nigeria. 
WRIGHT,  ARTHUR  JAMES,  56  Matboura  Road,  TooraJc,  Melbourne,  Victoria. 
WRIGHT,  HON.  CLAUDIUS  E.,  M.L.C.  Barrister-at-Law,  Freetown,  Sierra 

Leone. 

JWRIQHT,  G.  H.  CORY,  88  Hardturm  Strasse,  Zurich,  Suisse. 
•J-WRIGHT,  HON.  JAMES  W.,  M.L.C.,  4  Moirs  Chambers,  Perth,   Western 

Australia. 

f  WRIGHT,  JOHN  WM.,  Avonmore,  Eondebosch,  Cape  Colony. 
WYATT,  CHAS.  GUY  A.,  Georgetown,  British  Guiana. 
WYXHAM,  ALFRED  L.,  M.D.,  21  St.  Mary  Street,  St.  John's,  Antigua. 
WYLIE,  SAMUEL,  15  Grosvenor  Street,  Sydney,  New  South  Wales. 
WYLLIE,  BRYCE  J.,  Kalupahani,  Haldumulla,  Ceylon. 
WYNNE,  HON.  AGAR,  M.P.,  Melbourne  Club,  Victoria. 

fYoNGE,  CECIL  A.  S.,  M.L.A.,  Furth,  Dargle,  Maritzburg,  Natal. 

fYoRK,  ARCHIBALD,  Edmonton,  Alberta,  Canada. 

YOUNG,  ALFRED  J.  K,  B.A.,  Attorney- General,  Blantyre,  British  Central 

Africa. 

f  YOUNG,  CAPTAIN  HON.  ARTHUR  H.,  C.M.G.,  Colonial  Secretary,  Singapore. 
•f YOUNG,  CHARLES  G.,  M.A.,  M.D.,  Port  of  Spain,  Trinidad. 
f  YOUNG,  H.  C.  ARTHUR,  cjo  Commercial  Banking  Co.,  Sydney,  New  South 

Wales. 

f  YOUNG,  HORACE  E.  B.,  Fairymead,  Bundaberg,  Queensland. 
fYouNG,   HON.    JAMES  H.,  M.E.C.,  Nassau,    Bahamas   (Corresponding 

Secretary). 

fYouNG,  J.  RONALD  C.,  M.H.A.,  Nassau,  Bahamas. 
YOUNG,  PELHAM  VERNON,  District  Commissioner,  Southern  Nigeria. 
YOUNG,  ROBERT,  England  House,  Penang,  Straits  Settlements. 
YOUNG,  His  HONOUR  WILLIAM  DOUGLAS,  Government  House,  Dominica. 

fZEAL,  HON.  SIR  WILLIAM  AUSTIN,  K.C.M.G.,  Clovelly,  Lansell  Street, 

Toorak,  Melbourne,  Victoria. 
ZIETSMAN,  Louis  F.,  M.L.A.,  Attorney -at-Law,  Civil  Service  Club,  Cape 

Town,  Cape  Colony. 
ZOCHONIS,  GEORGE  B.,  Freetown,  Sierra  Leone. 

(4461) 


485 


LIST  OF  PUBLIC  INSTITUTIONS,  &c.,  TO  WHICH  THE 
PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ROYAL  COLONIAL  INSTI- 
TUTE ARE  PRESENTED. 


GKEAT  BEITAIN. 

The  Advocates'  Library,  Edinburgh. 
African  Society,  London. 
Anthropological  Institute,  London. 
Army  and  Navy  Club,  London. 
Athenaeum  Club,  London. 
Australasian  Club,  Edinburgh. 
Bingham  Public  Library,  Cirencester. 
Bishopsgate  Institute,  London. 
Bodleian  Library,  Oxford. 
British  and  African  Steamship  Co. 
British  Empire  League. 
British  Museum,  London. 
Brown's  Free  Library,  Liverpool. 
Cambridge  University  Library. 
Carlton  Club,  London. 
'Ceylon  Association. 
City  Liberal  Club,  London. 
Colonial  Office,  London. 
Conservative  Club,  London. 
Constitutional  Club,  London. 
Crystal  Palace  Library. 
East  India  Association,  London. 
East  India  United  Service  Club,  London. 
Emigrant's  Information  Office,  London. 
Geographical  Association. 
Guildhall  Library,  London. 
House  of  Commons,  London. 
House  of  Lords,  London. 
Imperial  Institute,  London. 
India  Office  Library,  London. 
Institute  of  Bankers,  London. 
Institution  of  Civil  Engineers. 
Intelligence  Department,  War  Office. 
Japan  Society,  London. 
Junior  Carlton  Club,  London. 
Junior  United  Service  Club,  London. 
Kew  Guild,Kew  Gardens. 
League  of  the  Empire,  London. 
Liverpool  Geographical  Society. 
Liverpool  Institute  of  Commercial  Besearch  in  the 
London  Chamber  of  Commerce.  [Tropics. 

London  Institution. 


486 


Royal  Colonial  Institute. 


The  London  Library. 

London  School  of  Tropical  Medicine. 
Manchester  Geographical  Society. 
Minet  Public  Library,  Camberwell. 
Mitchell  Library,  Glasgow. 
National  Club,  London. 
National  Liberal  Club,  London. 
Natural  History  Museum,  London. 
Naval  and  Military  Club,  London. 
Navy  League,  London. 
New  University  Club,  London. 
Oriental  Club,  London. 

Orient-Pacific  Steam  Navigation  Co.,  London. 
Oxford  and  Cambridge  Club,  London 
Peninsular  and  Oriental  Steam  Navigation  Co.,  London, 
People's  Palace  Library,  London. 
Public  Library,  Barrow-in-Furness. 
»  Birmingham. 

»  Bradford.  • 

»  Bristol. 

»  Cardiff. 

.,  Chelsea. 

M  ClerkenweJJ. 

»  Croydon. 

M  Darlington. 

Derby. 

.1  Dumbarton. 

»  Dundee. 

Fulham. 
»  Great  Yarmouth. 

Hull. 

»»  Ipswich.       *  . 

»>  Kensington. 

„  Kilburn. 

M  Leeds. 

.)  Lewisham. 

Lowestoft. 
Manchester. 
Newington. 
Norwich, 
Nottingham. 
Oldham. 
Plumstead. 
Plymouth. 
Putney. 

St.  George,  Hanover  Square. 
St.  Margaret  and  St.  John,  West- 
St.  Martin's-in-the-Fields.  [minster. 
St.  Pancras. 
Sheffield. 
Stamford. 
Stoke  Newington 
Sunderland. 
Swansea. 
Wigan. 
Reform  Club,  London. 
Royal  Asiatic  Society,  London. 
Royal  Engineer  Institute,  Chatham. 


List  of  Public  Institutions.  487 

The  Koyal  Gardens,  Kew. 

„  Royal  Geographical  Society,  London. 

„  Royal  Institution  of  Great  Britain,  London. 

„  Royal  Scottish  Geographical  Society,  Edinburgh. 

„  Royal  Society  of  Literature,  London. 

,,  Royal  Statistical  Society,  London. 

„  Royal  United  Service  Institution,  London. 

„  St.  Stephen's  Club,  London. 

„  Science  and  Education  Library,  South  Kensington. 

,,  Society  of  Arts,'London. 

,,  Stirling  and  Glasgow  Public  Library. 

,,  Tate  Central  Library,  Brixton. 

,,  Tate  Public  Library,  Streatham. 

„  Thatched  House  Club,  London. 

„  Trinity  College,  Dublin. 

„  Tyneside  Geographical  Society. 

,,  Union  Castle  Steamship  Co.,  London. 

,,  Union  Club,  London. 

„  United  Service  Club,  London. 

,,  United  University  Club,  London. 

„  University  College,  London. 

,,  Victoria  Institute,  London. 

„  West  India  Committee,  London. 

,,  Windham  Club,  London. 


COLONIES. 

BRITISH  NORTH  AMERICA. 

The  Houses  of  Parliament,  Ottawa. 
,,    Legislative  Assembly  of  British  Columbia. 

Manitoba. 

New  Brunswick. 

Newfoundland. 

Nova  Scotia. 

Ontario. 

Prince  Edward  Island. 

Quebec. 

Bureau  of  Mines,  Quebec. 
Bureau  of  Statistics,  Winnipeg,  Manitoba. 
Canadian  Bankers'  Association,  Montreal. 
Canadian  Institute,  Toronto. 
Council  of  Arts  and  Manufactures,  Montreal. 
Education  Department,  Toronto. 
Eraser  Institute,  Montreal. 
General  Mining  Association,  Quebec. 
Geographical  Society,  Quebec. 
Geological  Survey  of  Canada. 
Hamilton  Association. 

Historical  and  Scientific  Society  of  Manitoba,  Winnipeg. 
King's  College,  Windsor,  Nova  Scotia. 
Literary  and  Historical  Society  of  Quebec. 
Literary  and  Scientific  Society,  Ottawa. 
McGill  University,  Montreal. 
MacLeod  Historical  Society,  Alberta,  N.W  Tt 
Natural  History  Society  of  New  Brunswick. 
New  Brunswick  Historical  Society. 

R3 


488 


Boyal  Colonial  Institute. 


The  Nova  Sccrtia  Historical  Society. 

„  Nova  Scotian  Institute  of  Natural  Science. 

„  Ontario  Historical  Society,  Toronto. 

,,  Public  Library,  Hamilton. 

,,  Public  Library,  St.  John,  New  Brunswick. 

„  Public  Library,  Toronto. 

,,  Public  Library,  Victoria,  British  Columbia. 

,,  Public  Library,  Windsor. 

,,  Queen's  University,  Kingston. 

,,  University  Library,  Winnipeg. 

„  University  of  Toronto. 

„  Victoria  University,  Toronto. 


AUSTEALASIAN   COLONIES. 

NEW  SOUTH  WALES. 

The  Australasian  Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science. 
„     Australian  Museum,  Sydney. 
„     Department  of  Fisheries. 
„     Department  of  Mines,  Geological  Survey. 
Engineering  Association  of  New  South  Wales. 
Free  Public  Library,  Bathurst. 
„  Newcastle. 

„  Sydney. 

Houses  of  Parliament,  Sydney. 
Mechanics'.  Institute,  Albury. 

Boyal  Anthropological  Society  of  Australasia,  Sydney. 
Boyal  Geographical  Society  of  Australasia. 
Boyal  Society  of  New  South  Wales. 
School  of  Art,  Grafton. 

„  Maitland  West. 

„  Wollongong. 

Sydney  University. 
United  Service  Institution,  Sydney. 

QUEENSLAND. 

The  Houses  of  Parliament,  Brisbane. 

„     Boyal  Geographical  Society  of  Australasia  (Queensland 
„    Boyal  Society  of  Queensland.  [Branch). 

Public  Library,  Brisbane. 
School  of  Art,  Bowen,  Port  Denison. 
,,  Brisbane. 

„  Ipswich. 

„  Maryborough. 

„  Bockhampton. 

„  Toowoomba. 

United  Service  Institution,  Brisbane. 


SOUTH  AUSTRALIA. 

The  Adelaide  Club. 
„     Houses  of  Parliament,  Adelaide. 
,,     Public  Library,  Adelaide. 

,,    Boyal  Geographical  Society  of  Australasia  (South  Austra- 
„     Boyal  Society,  Adelaide.  [lian  Branch). 

,,     Zoological  and  Acclimatisation  Society,  Adelaide, 


List  of  Public  Institutions.  489 

TASMANIA. 

The  Houses  of  Parliament,  Hobart. 
„     Mechanics'  Institute,  Launceston. 
„    Public  Library,  Hobart. 
„  •  „  Launceston. 

„    Koyal  Society  of  Tasmania. 
,,     Statistical  Department,  Hobart. 

VICTOKIA. 

The  Houses  of  Parliament,  Melbourne. 
,,     Athenaeum  and  Burke  Museum,  Beech  worth. 
„     Bankers'  Institute  of  Australasia,  Melbourne. 
„     Mechanics'  Institute  and  Athenaeum,  Melbourne. 
„     Mechanics'  Institute,  Bendigo. 
Sale. 
Stawell. 

Melbourne  University. 
Public  Library,  Ballarat. 

„  Castlemaine. 

,,  Geelong. 

,,  „  Melbourne. 

,.     Eoyal   Geographical  Society  of   Australasia   (Victorian 
„     Eoyal  Society  of  Victoria.  [Branch). 

„     United  Service  Institution,  Melbourne. 

WESTERN  AUSTRALIA. 

The  Geological  Survey  Office,  Perth. 
,,     Houses  of  Parliament,  Perth. 
„     Registrar-General,  Perth. 
„     Public  Library  of  Western  Australia,  Perth. 

NEW  ZEALAND. 

he  Houses  of  Parliament,  Wellington. 

„  Athenaeum  and  Mechanics'  Institute,  Dunedin. 

,,  Auckland  Institute. 

.,  Canterbury  College,  Christchurch. 

„  New  Zealand  Institute,  Wellington. 

,,  Polynesian  Society,  Wellington. 

„  Public  Library,  Auckland. 

„  ,,  Wellington. 

„  University  of  Otago,  Dunedin. 

CAPE  COLONY. 

The  Houses  of  Parliament,  Capetown. 
„     Chamber  of  Commerce,  Capetown. 
„  „  „  Port  Elizabeth. 

„     Institute  of  Bankers  in  South  Africa. 
,,     Public  Library,  Capetown. 
„  ,,  Grahamstown. 

„  ,,  Kimberley,  Griqualand  West. 

Port  Elizabeth. 
„     South  African  Philosophical  Society,  Cape  Town. 

RHODESIA. 

Public  Library,  Bulawayo. 
Rhodesia  Scientific  Association. 

R4 


490  Royal  Colonial  Institute. 

NATAL. 

The  Houses  of  Parliament,  Pietermaritzburg. 
,,     Public  Library,  Durban. 

„  ,,         Pietermaritzburg. 

ORANGE  EIVER  COLONY. 
The  Government  Library,  Bloemfonfcein. 

TRANSVAAL. 
Government  Library,  Pretoria. 

WEST  AFRICA. 
Lagos  Institute. 

WEST  INDIES. 

The  Agricultural  Society  of  Trinidad. 

„  Agriculture  Office,  Antigua. 

„  Court  of  Policy,  British  Guiana. 

„  Free  Public  Library,  Antigua. 

„  Free  Library,  Barbados. 

„  Institute  of  Jamaica. 

„  Jamaica  Agricultural  Society,  Kingston. 

„  Legislative  Council,  Grenada. 

,,  Eoyal  Agricultural  and  Commercial  Society  of  British 

,,  Victoria  Institute,  Trinidad.  [Guiana. 

MAURITIUS. 

The  Bibliotheque  Municipale,  Port  Louis. 
,,     Public  Library,  Port  Louis. 

INDIA. 

The  Agri-Horticultural  Society  of  Madras. 
,,     Asiatic  Society  of  Bengal. 
„     Geological  Survey,  Calcutta. 

CEYLON. 

The  Planters'  Association  of  Ceylon,  Kandy. 
„    Eoyal  Asiatic  Society  (Ceylon  Branch). 

STRAITS  SETTLEMENTS. 
The  Perak  Museum. 
„    Eoyal  Asiatic  Society  (Straits  Branch). 

AUSTRIA. 
The  Geographical  Society,  Vienna. 

BELGIUM. 

Bibliotheque  de  1'Etat  Independant  du  Congo. 
International  Colonial  Institute. 
Societe  d'Etudes  Coloniales. 

EGYPT. 

National  Printing  Department,  Cairo. 
The  Public  Library,  Alexandria. 


List  of  Public  Institutions.  491 

FRANCE. 

Bibliotheque  de  1'Institut  National  cle  France. 
Comite  de  1'Afrique  Fran^aise,  Paris. 
Comite  de  1' Oceanic  Franchise,  Paris. 
Office  Colonial,  Paris. 

GERMANY. 

The  Imperial  German  Government. 
Deutsche  Kolonialgesellschaft. 
Kolonial-Wirtschaftliches  Komitee,  Berlin. 

HOLLAND. 

Colonial  Museum,  Haarlem. 

Koninklijk  Instituut  voor  de  Taal-,  Land-  en  Volkenkunde 

van  Nederlandsch -Indie. 
State  Archives  Department,  The  Hague. 

ITALY. 

Institute  Coloniale  Italiano,  Home. 

Societa  Africana  d'  Italia. 

Soeieta  d'explorazione  Commerciale  in  Africa. 

JAPAN. 
Formosan  Association,  Tokyo. 

JAVA. 
La  Societ6  des  Arts  et  des  Sciences,  Batavia. 

SWEDEN. 
Royal  University,  Uppsala. 

UNITED  STATER. 

American  Colonisation  Society,  Washington. 

, ,        Geographical  Society,  New  York. 

„        Museum  of  Natural  History,  New  York. 

j,         Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington. 

.,         Bureau  of  Statistics,  Washington. 
The  Commercial  Museum,  Philadelphia. 

Department  of  State,  Washington. 

Missouri  Botanical  Gardens,  St.  Louis. 

National  Geographic  Society,  Washington. 

New  York  Botanical  Garden. 

Smithsonian  Institution,  Washington. 


493 


INDEX   TO    VOLUMES   I.    TO    XXXVIII.   OF  THE  <•  PRO- 
CEEDINGS  OF  THE  EOYAL   COLONIAL  INSTITUTE." 


a'Beckett,    A.   W.,   on    the    Colonial 

Press,  xxxviii.  54 
Aberdeen,  Earl  of,  on   Canada,  xxii. 

136 

Aborigines  of  Australia,  xxii.  32 
Acclimatisation,  vii.  36 
Addresses  :  on  recovery  of  H.E.H.  the 
Prince  of  Wales,  iii.  100 ;  Colonies 
in  Koyal  Title,  vii.  124  ;  attempt  on 
the  life  of  H.M.  the  Queen,  xiii.  204  ; 
death  of  H.R.H.  the  Duke  of  Albany, 
xv.  263  ;  coming  of  age  of  H.K.H. 
Prince  Albert  Victor,  xvi.  146 ;  on 
the  Jubilee  of  H.M.  the  Queen,  xviii. 
188  ;  death  of  H.E.H.  the  Duke  of 
Clarence  and  Avondale,  xxiii.  90  ; 
death  of  H.K.H.  Prince  Henry  of 
Battenberg,  xxvii.  435  ;  Anniversary 
of  Her  Majesty's  Sixtieth  Reign, 
xxviii.  365  ;  Death  of  H.M.  Queen 
Victoria,  xxxii.  105 ;  "  Victoria 
Day,"  xxxii.  316  ;  The  Royal  Tour, 
xxxiii.  349  ;  Coronation  Address  to 
H.M.  the  King,  xxxiii.  350 

Administration  of  Justice  in  South 
Africa,  xxviii.  82 

Africa,  British  East,  xxii.  3  ;  Colonisa- 
tion of  Central,  vii.  274  ;  Extension 
of  British  influence  (and  trade)  in, 
xxvii.  4  ;  Development  of  Tropical, 
xxvii.  218  ;  England's  work  in  Cen- 
tral, xxviii.  50 

Agricultural  and  Pastoral  possibilities 
of  the  Transvaal,  xxxviii.  315 

Agricultural  and  Technical  Education 
in  the  Colonies,  xxii.  65 

Agricultural  movement  in  Cape 
Colony,  xxxvii.  214 

Agriculture  in  South  Africa,  xxxii.  139 

Allardyce,  W.  L.,  on  Fijians  and  their 
Fire-walking,  xxxv.  71 

Alldridge,  T.  J.,  on  SiSrra  Leone  and 
its  undeveloped  Products,  xxxvii.  36 

Allen,  C.  H.,  on  Gold  Fields  of  Queens- 
land, i.  94 

American  Protection  and  Canadian 
Reciprocity,  vi.  205 

Anderson,  J.  F.,  on  the  Sugar  Indus- 
try of  Mauritius,  xxx.  68 

Andrews,  A.  W.,  on  the  Empire  and 
Geographical  Teaching,  xxxi.  41 


Anglo-Australian    Position    from    an 

Australian  point  of  view,  xxxvii.  3 
Angora  Goat  in  British  Colonies,  ix.  326 
Annual  Dinners,  iii.  213  ;  iv.  1 ;  v.  1 ; 
xxiv.   221 ;    xxv.   232      xxvi.   240 ; 
xxvii.  350  ;  xxviii.  228  ;   xxix.  204  ; 
xxx.  298  ;   xxxi.  246 ;   xxxii.   237  ; 
xxxiii.  231 ;  xxxiv.  275  ;  xxxv.  281 ; 
xxxvi.   347 ;   xxxvii.  266 ;    xxxviii. 
266 

Annual  Meetings  :  (1st)  i.  208  ;  (2nd) 
ii.  121 ;  (3rd)  iii.  76  ;  (4th)  iii.  210  ; 
(5th)  iv.  211 ;  (6th)  v.  218 ;  (7th) 
vi.  262  ;  (8th)  vii.  331 ;  (9th)  viii. 
425  ;  (10th)  ix.  392;  (llth)  x.  3"78  ; 
(12th)  xi.  361;  (13th)  xii.  402; 
(14th)  xiii.  407;  (15th)  xiv.  352; 
(16th)  xv.  330;  (17th)  xvi.  358; 
(18th)  xvii.  411 ;  (19th)  xviii.  162 ; 
(20th)  xix.  147;  (21st)  xx.  184; 
(22nd)  xxi.  151 ;  (23rd)  xxii.  163  ; 
(24th)  xxiii.  172  ;  (25th)  xxiv.  177  ; 
(26th)  xxv.  188 ;  (27th)  xxvi.  164 ; 
(28th)  xxvii.  155  ;  (29thj  xxviii.  157  ; 
(30th)  xxix.  139 ;  (31st)  xxx.  171 ; 
(32nd)  xxxi.  103 ;  (33rd)  xxxii.  176 ; 
(34th)  xxxiii.  132  ;  (35th)  xxxiv.  162 ; 
(36th)  xxxv.  153  ;  (37th)  xxxvi.  156  ; 
(38th)  xxxvii.  155;  (39th)  xxxviii. 
164 

Antarctic  Exploration,  xix.  332 
Antipodean  Britain,  State  Socialism 

in,  xxv.  2 
Archer,  Thomas,  on  Queensland,  xii. 

263 

Ashantees,  Our  Relations  with  the,  v.  71 
Ashworth,  C.,  on  Canada,  x.  71 
Australasia  :  A  Vindication,  xxiii.  50  ; 
Telegraphic  Enterprise  in,  xvii.  144  ; 
University  Life  in,  xxiii.  93 
Australasian  Agriculture,  xxiv.  139 
Australasian    Colonies,   Indebtedness 

of  the,  xiv.  13 

Australasian  Defence,  xxii.  195 
Australasian    Development,   Aids   to, 

xxi.  53 

Australasian  Dominion,  xv.  105 
Australasian  Public  Finance,  xx.  229 
Australia,  Aborigines  of,  xxii.  32  ;  and 
Naval  Defence,    xxxiv.   194  ;    As  a 
Food-producing  Country,  xxxv.  79, 


494 


Royal  Colonial  Institute. 


xxxv.  393 ;  As  I  Saw  It,  xxii.  3 ; 
Products  of,  xxxvii.  113  ;  Reduction 
of  Postage  to  and  from,  xxxvi.  401  ; 
Recent  Impressions  in,  xix.  120 ; 
Re-visited,  1874-1889,  xxi.  242; 
Scientific  Exploration  of  Central, 
xxvii.  87  ;  Some  Federal  Tendencies 
in,  xxxviii.  239 ;  Studies  in,  in 
1896,  xxviii.  119  ;  Water  Supply  of, 
xxxiii.  35  ;  Wines  of,  vii.  297 

Australian  Colonies,  Constitutions  of 
the,  ii.  48 

Australian  Enterprise,  Economic  de- 
velopments of,  xxv.  292 

Australian  Immigration,  xxxvii.  227 

Australian  Life,  Social  and  Intellectual 
Development  of,  xxvi.  30 

Australian  Natural  History  Gleanings, 
xxix.  36 

Australian  Outlook,  xxv.  138 

Australian  Stock  Pastures  and  British 
Consumers,  xxvi.  347 


Baden-Powell,  Sir  G.  S.,  on  Imperial 
Defence  in  our  Time,  xiii.  341 ;  on 
National  Unity,  xvi.  43 ;  on  Colo- 
nial Government  Securities,  xviii. 
254 ;  on  Development  of  Tropical 
Africa,  xxvii.  218  ;  on  the  Financial 
Relations  of  the  Empire.  Can  they 
be  improved  ?  xxviii.  306 

Bahamas,  the,  xxxi.  162 

Balance-sheet  of  the  Washington 
Treaty,  iv.  7 

Barnett,  P.  A.,  on  Education  in  South 
Africa,  xxxvi.  130 

Barrett,  H.  J.,  on  Boers  of  South 
Africa,  i.  175 

Basutoland  and  the  Basutos,  xxxii.  255 

Bate,  J.,  on  Opening  of  the  Suez 
Canal,  ii.  78 

Beanlands,  Rev.  Canon,  on  British 
Columbia,  xxiii.  143 

Bechuanaland,  xvii.  5 

Bedford,  Rev.  W.  K.  R.,  on  Malta  and 
the  Maltese  Race,  xxvii.  Ill 

Begg,  Alex.,  on  Canadian  North-West, 
xv.  181 

Bell,  Sir  F.  Dillon,  on  Indebtedness  of 
Australasian  Colonies,  xiv.  13 

Benefits  to  the  Colonies  of  being 
Members  of  the  British  Empire,viii.  3 

Bent,  Hon.  Thomas,  on  the  Trend  of 
Victoria's  Progress,  xxxviii.  337 

Berkeley,  T.  B.  H.,  on  the  Leeward 
Islands,  xii.  9 

Bernier,  Captain  J.  E.,  on  a  Canadian 
Polar  Expedition,  xxxii.  99 


Berry,  Sir  Graham,  on  Colonies  in 
Relation  to  the  Empire,  xviii.  4 

Best  Means  of  Drawing  Together  the 
Interests  of  the  United  Kingdom 
and  the  Colonies,  vi.  5 

Birchenough,  Henry,  on  Some  Aspects 
of  our  Imperial  Trade,  xxix.  104 

Bissett  (Sir)  J.,  on  South  Africa  and 
her  Colonies,  vii.  86 

Blyth,  Sir  Arthur,  on  South  Australia, 
xi.  181 

Boers  of  S.  Africa,  i.  175 

Bonwick,  James,  on  the  Writing  of 
Colonial  History,  xxvi.  270 

Boose,  J.  R.,  on  Library  of  the  Royal 
Colonial  Institute,  xxv.  394 

Booth,  General,  on  Our  Emigration 
Plans,  xxxvii.  137 

Borneo  (British),  xvi.  273 ;  xxix.  61 

Botanical  Enterprise  of  the  Empire, 
xi.  273 

Bourinot,  Sir  J.  G.,  on  Marine  and 
Fisheries  of  Canada,  iv.  55  ;  on  Na- 
tional Development  of  Canada,  xi.  90 

Bourne,  Stephen,  on  Extended  Colo- 
nisation, xi.  8 

Bowen,  Right  Hon.  Sir  G.  F.,  on 
Federation  of  the  Empire,  xvii.  283 

Boyd-Carpenter,  H.,  on  Influence  of 
Commerce  on  the  Development  of 
the  Colonial  Empire,  xxiv.  315 

Boyle,  Sir  Cavendish,  on  Newfound- 
land, the  ancient  Colony,  xxxv.  377 

Braddon,  Sir  E.  N.  C.,  on  Tasmania, 
xx.  319  ;  on  Australasia  :  a  Vindica- 
tion, xxiii.  50 

Brassey,  Right  Hon.  Lord,  on  a  Colo- 
nial Naval  Volunteer  Force,  ix.  355 ; 
on  Recent  Impressions  in  Australia, 
xix.  120  ;  on  Recent  Progress  in 
Victoria,  xxxii.  55  ;  on  Recent  Social 
and  Political  Progress  in  Victoria, 
xxix.  282  ;  on  West  Indies  in  1892, 
xxiii.  323 

Brassey,  Hon.  T.  A.,  on  Studies  in 
Australia  in  1896,  xxviii.  119  ;  on 
Steps  to  Imperial*  Federation, 
xxxiv.  5 

British  African  Empire,  Development 
of  Our,  xxxvii.  311 

British  and  Siamese  Malaya,  xxxiv.  45 

British  Borneo,  xxix.  61 

British  Columbia,  xviii.  189 ;  a  Pro- 
blem of  Colonial  Development,  xxiii. 
143  ;  Goldfields  of,  xxix.  68  ;  Mineral 
Wealth  of,  xxiv.  238 ;  of  To-day, 
xxxiii.  110 

British  Defence,  1800-1900,  xxxi.  208 
British  East  Africa,  xxii.  3 


Index  to  Papers  and  Authors. 


495 


British  Empire,  xxv.  167  ;  in  the  Far 

East,  xxxvi.  366  ;  Money  of  the,  xxi. 

117 

British  Empire  of  To-day,  xvi.  308 
British  Federalism  :  its  Kise  and  Pro- 
gress, xxiv.  95 
British   Guiana,   and    its    Boundary, 

xxxi.    133  ;     Forests    of,    v.    126 ; 

Notes  on,  xxiv.  51 ;  Possibilities  of 

the  North  West  District  of,  xxvi.  33 
British  New  Guinea,  xxiv.  289 ;  xxvi. 

193 ;  xxx.  238 
British  North  America,  Indians  of,  v. 

222 

British  North  Borneo,  xvi.  273 
British  Eule  in  Malaya,  xxvii.  273 
British  South   Africa  and  the   Zulu 

War,  x.  105 
British  West  Africa  and  the  Trade  of 

the  Interior,  xx.  90 
Broome,  Sir   F.   Napier,  on  Western 

Australia,  xvi.  180 
Broome,  H.  A.,  on  Progress  of   Civil 

Administration  in  the  Orange  Eiver 

Colony,  xxxiii.  219 
Bruce,    Sir   Charles,    on   the   Crown 

Colonies  and  Places,  xxxvi.  210 
Bryce,  J.  Annan,  on  Burma,  xvii.  180 
Building,  Purchase  of  Freehold,  xvii. 

210 
Burma,   the  Latest   Addition  to  the 

Empire,  xvii.  180 
Burtt-Davy,   J.,   on   the   Agricultural 

and   Pastoral    possibilities    of    the 

Transvaal,  xxxviii.  315 
Bury,  Viscount  (Earl  of  Albemarle), 

on  Balance-sheet  of  the  Washington 

Treaty,  iv.  7 


Cabinet  and  the  Empire,  The,  xxxiv. 
325 

Calder,  J.  E.,  on  Forests  of  Tasmania, 
iv.  173 ;  on  Woodlands  of  Tasmania, 
v.  166 

Calthrop,  E.  E.,  on  Light  Kailways  for 
the  Colonies,  xxix.  98 

Cameron,  Commander  V.  L.,  on 
Central  Africa,  vii.  274 

Campbell,  W.,  on  Postal  Communica- 
tion with  the  East,  xiv.  223 

Canada,  xxii.  136;  and  Ocean  High- 
ways, xxvii.  398  ;  and  the  States  for 
Settlement,  iii.  148 ;  as  I  remember 
it,  and  as  it  is,  viii.  45;  British 
Association  in,  xvi.  95  ;  Future  of, 
xii.  88 ;  in  Relation  to  the  Unity  of 
the  Empire,  xxv.  325  ;  its  Progress 
and  Development,  x.  71 ;  its  Unde- 


veloped Interior,  ix.  225 ;  Lord 
Dufferin  on,  v.  252 ;  Marine  and 
Fisheries  of,  iv.  55  ;  National  Deve- 
lopment of,  xi.  90  ;  North-West 
Territories  of,  xiv.  59;  North- 
Western,  xxxii.  209  ;  Our  Eelations 
with,  and  Great  Colonies,  xv.  41 ; 
Progress  of,  and  Development  of 
the  North- West,  xiii.  149 ;  Eecent  and 
Prospective  Development  of,  xvii. 
106  ;  Wealth  of,  as  an  Agricultural 
Country,  xxxvi.  28  ;  Western,  Be- 
fore and  Since  Confederation,  xxviii. 
246 ;  Western,  Future  of,  xxxvii.  53 

Canada's  development,  Some  phases 
of,  xxxviii.  289 

Canadian  Community,  Characteristics 
of,  i.  162 

Canadian  Lands  and  their  Develop- 
ment, xx.  273 

Canadian  North- West,  Seventeen 
Years  in,  xv.  181 

Canadian  Polar  Expedition,  xxxii.  99 

Canadian  Questions  of  the  Day,  Notes 
on  some,  xxxv.  198 

Canadian  West  and  North- West,  xxxiv. 
76 

Cape  Colonies  and  Central  Africa, 
Trade  of,  xi.  57 

Cape  Colony,  New  Agricultural  Move- 
ment in,  xxxvii.  214 

Carrington,  Lord,  on  Australia  as  I 
saw  it,  xxii.  3 

Carrington,  George,  on  Our  West 
Indian  Colonies,  xxix.  171 

Carter,  Sir  Gilbert,  on  the  Colony  of 
Lagos,  xxviii.  275 

Castella,  H.  de,  on  Wine-growing  in 
British  Colonies,  xix.  29« 

Cattanach,  A.  J.,  on  Eelations  of 
Colonies  to  the  Parent  State,  ii.  68 

Celebration  of  the  Queen's  Birthday 
throughout  the  Empire,  xxvi.  377 

Census  of  1891 :  Correspondence,  xviii. 
333 

Central  Africa :  England's  work  in, 
xxviii.  50 

Ceylon,  Irrigation  in,  xv.  223;  Tea 
Industry  of,  xix.  85  ;  its  Attractions 
to  Visitors  and  Settlers,  xxiii.  209  ; 
One  Hundred  Years  of  British  Eule 
in,  xxvii.  314;  in  1899,  xxxi.  4; 
From  1896  to  1903,  xxxv.  113 

Chalmers,  Eev.  J.,  on  New  Guinea 
xviii.  89 

Charter  of  Incorporation,  Eoyal,  xiv 
352 

Chesney,  Sir  George,  on  the  British 
Empire,  xxv.  167 


496 


fioyal  Colonial  Institute. 


Chesson,  F.  W.,  on  Fiji,  vi.  89 ;  on 
Manitoba,  iii.  102  ;  on  Polynesian 
Labour  Question,  iii.  34 

Chewings,Dr.C.,on  Geological  Notes  on 
the  Coolgardie  Goldfields,  xxvii.  256 

China,  Expansion  of  Trade  with, 
xxxii.  106 

Christian,  Charles,  on  Cyprus  and  its 
possibilities,  xxviii.  113 

Civilisation  of  the  Pacific,  vii.  149 

Claims  of  Officials  in  Service  of  Colo- 
nial Governments :  Correspondence, 
xviii.  335 

Clarence,  L.  B.,  on  One  Hundred  Years 
of  British  Kule  in  Ceylon,  xxvii.  314 

Clarke,  Lieut.-Col.  Sir  George  S.,  on 
National  Defence,  xxvii.  117 

Clarke,  Hyde,  on  Financial  Kesources 
of  the  Colonies,  iii.  130 ;  on  the 
Utility  of  Establishing  a  Eeporter 
on  Trade  Products  in  the  Colonial 
Office,  ii.  154 

Clayden,  Arthur,  on  New  Zealand,  xvi. 
148;  on  Our  Colonial  Food  Sup- 
plies, xxvii.  392 

Clifford,  Hugh,  on  Life  in  the  Malay 
Peninsula ;  as  it  was  and  is,  xxx. 
369 ;  on  British  and  Siamese  Malaya, 
xxxiv.  45 

Climates  of  the  British  Colonies,  viii. 
180 

Coal  throughout  the  British  Empire, 
Distribution  of,  iii.  167 

Cobb,  E.  Powys,  on  Federation  and  the 
Mercantile  Marine,  xxxv.  227 

Cockburn,  Hon.  Sir  John  A.,  on  South 
Australia  as  a  Federal  Unit,  xxx. 
208 

Colmer,  J»  G.,  on  Development  of 
Canada,  xvii.  106 ;  on  Notes  on 
some  Canadian  Questions  of  the 
Day,  xxxv.  198 

Colomb,  Sir  J.  C.  E.,  on  British  De- 
fence, 1800-1900,  xxxi.208;  Colonial 
Defence,  iv.  217 ;  on  Imperial  and 
Colonial  Responsibilities  in  War,  viii. 
305  ;  on  Imperial  Defence,  xvii.  390 

Colonial  Administration,  xxxiii.  195 

Colonial  Aids  to  British  Prosperity,  v.  13 

Colonial  and  Indian  Trade  of  England, 
ix.  109 

Colonial  Conference  of  1887,  xix.  4 

Colonial  Conference  Banquet,  xxxviii. 
266 

Colonial  Defence,  iv.  217  ;  xxvii.  117 

Colonial  Delegates,  Reception  of,  xviii. 
252 

Colonial  Expansion,  xxvi.  3 

Colonial  Food  Supplies,  xxvii.  392 


Colonial  Government  Securities,  xviii. 
254 

Colonial  History,  the  Writing  of,  xxvi 
270 

Colonial  Literature,  Records  of,  xxvi. 
379 

Colonial  Military  Assistance  and  the 
Soudan,  xvi.  214 

Colonial  Museum  Deputation,  vii.  1 

Colonial  Naval  Volunteer  Force,  ix.  355 

Colonial  Policy,  our  Future,  xxxiii.  301 

Colonial  Press,  The,  xxxviii.  54 

Colonial  Producer,  The,  xxviii.  76 

Colonial  Question,  ii.  58 

Colonial  Reform,  iii.  84 

Colonial  Relations,  iii.  13 

Colonial  Subjects  in  Schools,  xiv.  387 

Colonies  and  the  Century,  xxx.  324 ; 
and  the  English  Labouring  Classes, 
viii.  144  ;  Dairy  Industry  in,  xxviii. 
194;  Extinct  Animals  of,  x.  267; 
Financial  Resources  of  the,  iii.  130 ; 
in  Relation  to  the  Empire,  xviii.  4  ; 
in  the  Royal  Title— Memorial  to  the 
Queen,  vii.  124 ;  Light  Railways 
for  the,  xxix.  98 ;  Political  and 
Municipal  Boundaries  of,  xii.  311 ; 
Women  and  the,  xxxv.  326 

Colonisation,  ii.  124,  xx.  53  ;  and  Ex- 
pansion of  the  Empire,  xxvii.  41 ;  a 
Necessity  to  the  Mother  Country, 
xi.  8 ;  Practical,  xviii.  297  ;  Social 
Aspects  of,  i.  135 ;  and  Utilising  of 
Ocean  Islands,  ii.  117 ;  Systematic, 
xxx.  25 

Colonisation  of  Central  Africa,  vii. 
274 

Colony  of  Lagos,  xxviii.  275 

Colquhoun,  A.  R.,  on  Matabeleland, 
xxv.  45  ;  on  our  Future  Colonial 
Policy,  xxxiii.  301 ;  on  a  link  of 
Empire,  xxxviii.  119 

Colquhoun,  Mrs.  A.  R.,  on  Women 
and  the  Colonies,  xxxv.  326 

Combes,  E.,  on  New  South  Wales,  xvii. 
46 

Commercial  Advantages  of  Federation, 
xiii.  209 

Commercial  Possibilities  of  the 
Sudan,  xxxv.  349 

Commercial  Possibilities  of  West 
Africa,  The,  xxxviii.  219 

Companies  (Colonial  Registers)  Act 
of  1883  ;  Correspondence,  xviii.  334 

Conference  on  Colonial  Subjects  at 
Colonial  and  Indian  Exhibition, 
xvii.  319 

Constitutions  of  the  Australian  Colo- 
nies, ii.  48 


Index  to  Papers  and  Authors. 


497 


Cooke,  C.  Kinloch,  on  Emigration  of 
State  Children,  xxxvi.  264 

Coolgardie  Goldfields,  Geological  Notes 
on  the,  xxvii.  256 

Cooper,  Sir  Daniel,  on  New  South 
Wales,  ix.  86 

Co-operative  system  for  the  defence  of 
the  Empire,  A,  xxix.  223 

Cox,  W.  Gibbons,  on  Water  Supply  of 
Australia,  xxxiii.  35 

Craig,  E.  H.  Cunningham,  on  Oil- 
fields of  Trinidad,  xxxvii.  340 

Critical  Position  of  British  Trade  with 
Oriental  Countries,  xxvi.  105 

Crooks,  Adam,  on  Canadian  Commu- 
nity, i.  162 

Crown  Colonies  and  Places,  xxxvi.  210 

Currie,  Sir  Donald,  on  South  Africa, 
viii.  380,  xix.  223 

Cyprus  and  its  Possibilities,  xxviii. 
113  ;  and  its  Resources,  xxvi.  63 

Dairy  Industry  in  the  Colonies,  xxviii. 

194 
D'Albertis,  Signor,  on  New  Guinea,  x. 

43 

Dalton,  Eev.  Canon,  on  Colonial  Con- 
ference of  1887,  xix.  4 ;  on  the 

Recent  Royal  Tour,  xxxiii.  253 
Dawson,  Dr.  G.  M.,  on  Mineral  Wealth 

of  British  Columbia,  xxiv.  238 
Dawson,  Prof.,  on  Physical  Geography 

of  Nova  Scotia,  ii.  113 
Death  of  H.M.  Queen  Victoria,  xxxii. 

105 
Decle,  Lionel,  on  Development  of  our 

British  African  Empire,  xxxvii.  311 
Decline   of  the   United    States   as   a 

Maritime  Power,  iii.  194 
Defence  of  the  Empire — Co-operative 

system  for  the,  xxix.  223 
Defence  Question  in  Trinidad,  xxvii. 

45 
Denison,  Sir  William,  on  Colonisation 

ii.  124 
Development  of   our  British  African 

Empire,  xxxvii.  311 
Development  of  Tropical  Africa,  xxvii. 

218 

Development  of  West  Africa  by  Rail- 
ways, xxxv.  248 
Dicken,  C.  S.,  on  Mineral  Wealth  of 

Queensland,  xv.  144 
Dixon,  G.  G.,  on  the  Possibilities  of 

the  North- West  District  of  British 

Guiana,  xxvi.  33 
Dobson,  Sir  W.  L.,  on  Tasmania,  xvii. 

252 
Domestie  Prospects  of  India,  i.  Ill 


Dufferin,  Earl  of,  on  Canada,  v.  252 
Dyer,   E.  Jerome,  on  the   Colony   of 

Victoria.     Some   of   its  Industries, 

xxviii.  43 
Dyer,  Sir  W.  Thiselton,  on  Botanical 

Enterprise  of  the  Empire,  xi.  273 

East  Africa  and  Uganda  Protectorates, 
xxxv.  186 

East  Africa  Protectorate,  Progress  and 
Problems  of,  xxxvii.  81 

Eddy,  C.  W.,  on  Distribution  of  Coal 
throughout  the  Empire,  iii.  167  ;  on 
Interests  of  the  United  Kingdom 
and  the  Colonies,  vi.  5  ;  Memoir  of, 
vi.  1 

Education,  Imperial  Aspects  of,  xxvi. 
322  ;  Federal  tendencies  in,  xxxviii. 
93 

Education  in  South  Africa,  Problems 
and  Perils  of,  xxxvi.  130 

Education  of  South  African  Tribes, 
xv.  68 

Educational  Series:  Press  Opinions, 
xxii.  333 

Edwards,  General  Sir  J.  Bevan,  on 
Australasian  Defence,  xxii.  195 

Eliot,  Sir  Charles,  on  Progress  and 
Problems  of  the  East  Africa  Pro- 
tectorate, xxxvii.  81 

Elliot,  R.  H.,  on  Indian  Famines,  ix.  2 

Emigration,  Imperial  and  Colonial, 
Partnership  in,  xii.  178;  of  State 
Children,  xxxvi.  264  ;  Our  Emigra- 
tion Plans,  xxxvii.  137  ;  Practical 
Means  of  Extending,  xix.  49 ;  Self- 
supporting,  ii.  41 ;  to  the  Colonies, 
xvii.  368 

Empire,  A  Gold  Standard  for  the, 
xxix.  94  ;  Relations  of  the  Colonies 
to  the,  xiv.  391 ;  Botanical  Enter- 
prise of  the,  xi.  273 ;  Money  of  the 
Britisn,  xxi.  117  ;  Relative  Growth 
of  the  Component  Parts  of  the,  xxx 
136 ;  and  Geographical  Teaching, 
xxxi.  41 ;  a  link  of,  xxxviii,  119 

Empire  Coronation  Banquet,  xxxiii.330 

"  Empire  Day,"  xxxiv.  354 

Empire's  Parliament,  xi.  136 

England  and  her  Colonies  at  the  Paris 
Exhibition,  x.  6 

England's  Colonial  Granaries,  xiii.  13 

England's  work  in  Central  Africa, 
xxviii.  50 

English  Schools  and  Colonial  Educa- 
tion. How  can  they  be  linked? 
xxxvi.  190 

Essay  Competition  :  Circular,  xv.  312  ; 
Results,  xv.  41,  64 


498 


Royal  Colonial  Institute. 


Expansion  of  Trade  with  China,  xxxii. 

106 
Extension  of  British  Influence  (and 

Trade)  in  Africa,  xxvii.  4 
Extinct  Animals  of  the  Colonies,  x.  267 

Fallon,  J.  T.,  on  Wines  of  Australia, 
^  vii.  297 

Federal  tendencies  in  Education, 
xxxviii.  93 

Commercial  possibilities  of  West 
Africa,  The  xxxviii.  219 

Federalism,  British,  xxiv.  95 

Federation,  Commercial  advantages  of, 
xiii.  209 ;  Fallacies  of,  viii.  79 ; 
Imperial,  iii.  2,  xvii.  319;  of  the 
British  Empire,  xvii.  283  ;  and  the 
Mercantile  Marine,  xxxv.  227 

Ferguson,  John,  on  Ceylon,  xxiii.  209 ; 
on  Ceylon  in  1899,  xxxi.  4 ;  on  Cey- 
lon from  1896  to  1903,  xxxv.  113 

Fiji,  Agriculture  in,  xxi.  362  ;  as  it  is, 
xiv.  160 ;  Islands  and  the  People 
of,  xxxii.  32 ;  Native  Taxation  in, 
x.  173 ;  Past  and  Present,  vi.  89  ; 
Polynesian  Labour  Question  in,iii.  34 

Fij  ians  and  their  Fire-walking,  xxxv.  71 

Financial  Eelations  of  the  Empire : 
Can  they  be  improved  ?  xxviii.  306 

Finucane,  M.  I.,  on  Islands  and  the 
People  of  Fiji,  xxxii.  32 

Fiscal  System,  Our,  xxxv.  45 

FitzGerald,  W.  W.  A.,  on  the  Com- 
mercial Possibilities  of  the  Sudan, 
xxxv.  349 

Fleming,  (Sir)  Sandford,  on  Canada, 
ix.  225  ;  on  Canada  and  Ocean 
Highways,  xxvii.  398 

Flinders'  Voyage  :  Purchase  of  Illus- 
trations, xxi.  47 

Flower,  Sir  William  H.,  on  Whales 
and  British  and  Colonial  Whale 
Fisheries,  xxvi.  79 

Food  Supply  of  England  in  con 
nection  with  Australia,  iii.  26 

Forestry  in  the  Colonies  and  India, 
xxi.  187 

Forests  of  India  and  their  Manage- 
ment, xxxiv.  Ill 

Forster,  William,  on  Fallacies  of 
Federation,  viii.  79 

Fortunate  Isles;  Picturesque  New 
Zealand,  xxvii.  370 

Forty  Years  Since  and  Now,  vi.  22 

Foundation  of  Institute  (see  Inaugural 
Meeting  and  Dinner  and  Preliminary 
Proceedings) 

Fowler,  Henry,  on  Capital  and  Labour 
for  the  West  Indies,  xxi.  328 


Fox  (Sir)  William,  on  New  Zealand,  vii. 
247  ;  on  Treaty  of  Waitangi,  xiv.  100 

Fraser,  Kev.  Dr.  Donald,  on  Canada, 
viii.  45 

Fraser,  Sir  Malcolm,  on  Western 
Australia,  xxiv.  3 

French  Canadians,  The,  xxxiii.  52 

Frere,  Sir  H.  Bartle  E.,  on  Union  of 
various  portions  of  British  South 
Africa,  xii.  134 

Fruit  as  a  Factor  in  Colonial  Com- 
merce, xviii.  124 

Future  of  our  Sugar  Producing  Colo- 
nies, xxvii.  54 

Future  of  Western  Canada,  xxxvii.  53 

Fysh,  Hon.  Sir  P.  0.,  on  Tasmania, 
Primitive,  Present,  and  Future, 
xxxi.  76 

Gait,    Sir    Alexander    T.,   on   Future 

of  Canada,  xii.  88 ;  on  Kelations  of 

the  Colonies  to  the  Empire,  xiv.  391 
Gambia  Question,  Keport  on,  vii.  68  ; 

Memorial  on,  vii.  122 
Gamble,  J.  S.,  on  Forests  of  India  and 

their  Management,  xxxiv.  Ill 
Gatheral,  Gavin,  on  Angora  Goat,  ix. 

326 

Geographical  Teaching,  xxxi.  41 
Geological   Notes   on  the  Coolgardie 

Goldfields,  xxvii.  256 
Gibbons,  Major  A.  St.  H.,  on  Marotse- 

land  and  the  Tribes  of  the  Upper 

Zambezi,  xxix.  260  ;    on  Nile  and 

Zambezi    Systems   as    Waterways, 

xxxii.  79 
Giffen,  Sir   Bobert,   on   the   Eelative 

Growth  of  the  Component  Parts  of 

the  Empire,  xxx.  136 
Gilmore,  Parker,  on  South  Africa,  xiv. 

125 
Gisborne,  William,   on   Colonisation, 

xx.  53 

Glanville,  T.B.,  on  South  Africa,  vi.  155 
Gold  Coast  Colony,  The,  xxix.  31 
Gold  Fields  of  Queensland,  i.  94  ;  of 

Ontario  and  British  Columbia,  xxix. 

68 

Gold  Standard  for  the  Empire,  xxix.  94 
Gordon,  Hon.  Sir  Arthur,  on  Fiji,  x.  173 
Gorrie,  Sir  John,  on  Fiji,  xiv.  160 
Grahamstown,   Bishop   of,   on    some 

Social   Forces   at   Work   in   South 

Africa,  xxvi.  273 
Grant,  Colonel  T.  H.,  on  Canada,  xiii. 

149 
Green,  W.  S.  Sebright,on  Colonisation 

and  Expansion  of  the  Empire,  xxvii. 

41 


Index  to  Papers  and  Authors. 


499 


Greswell,  Eev.  W.  P.,  on  Education  of 

South  African  Tribes,  xv.  68 
Greville,  Edward,   on    Aborigines   of 

Australia,  xxii.  32 
Griffin,  Sir  Lepel,  on  Native  Princes 

of  India,  xx.  360 
Griffith,  T.  Kisely  on  Sierra  Leone, 

xiii.  56 
Griffith,  W.    L.,    on  some   phases  of 

Canada's  development,  xxxviii.  289 
Gueritz,  E.  P.,  on  British  Borneo,  xxix. 

61 

Hackett,  Dr.  J.  W.,  on  some  Federal 
Tendencies  in  Australia,  xxxviii.  293 

Haiderabad,  xiv.  201 

Halcombe,  A.F.,on  New  Zealand,  xi.  320 

Haldane,  Rt.  Hon.  E.  B.,  on  The 
Cabinet  and  the  Empire,  xxxiv.  325 

Haliburton,  E.  G.,  on  Decline  of  the 
United  States  as  a  Maritime  Power, 
iii.  194 ;  on  American  Protection 
and  Canadian  Eeciprocity,  vi.  205 

Hamilton,  Lady,  on  Some  Eecollec- 
tions  of  Tasmania  before  Federa- 
tion, xxxiv.  32 

Hannon,  P.  J.,  on  the  New  Agricul- 
tural Movement  in  Cape  Colony, 
xxxvii.  214 

Harney,  E.  A.,  on  Imperialism  from  an 
Australian  Standpoint,  xxxvi.  88 

Harris,  W.  J.,  on  Commercial  Advan- 
tages of  Federation,  xiii.  209 

Harry,  T.,  on  Northern  Territory  of 
South  Australia,  xiii.  303 

Hazell,  W.,  on  Emigration,  xix.  49 

Heaton,  J.  Henniker,  on  Postal  and 
Telegraphic  Communication  of  the 
Empire,  xix.  171 

Hensman,  A.  P.,  on  Western  Australia, 
xx.  130 

Hickman,  W.  A.,  on  Canadian  West 
and  North-West,  xxxiv.  76 

High  Plateaus  of  Natal,  xxxiii.  85 

Hill,  A.  Staveley,  on  an  Empire  Parlia- 
ment, xi.  136 

Hillier,  Dr.  A.  P.,  on  Native  Baces  of 
South  Africa,  xxx.  30 ;  on  our 
Fiscal  System,  xxxv.  45 

Historical  Sketch  of  the  Institute,  xx. 
225 

Hodgson,  Sir  A.,  on  Australia  Ee- 
visited,  xxi.  242 

Holub,  Dr.,  on  Trade  of  Cape  Colony 
with  Central  Africa,  xi.  57 

Hong  Kong  and  its  Trade-  Con- 
nections, xxi.  84  ;  Trade  routes  of 
South  China  and  their  relation  to 
the  development  of,  xxix.  277 


Honner,  Eev.  Alfred,  xxx.  25 

Horn,  W.  A.,  on  Scientific  Exploration 

of  Central  Australia,  xxvii.  87 
Hotson,   John,   on   Australian    Stock 

Pastures   and    British    Consumers, 

xxvi.  347 
Hull,   H.   M.,   on  Tasmania  and  its 

Timber,   iv.    169 ;    on    Forests    of 

Tasmania,  v.  160 
Hunter,  Sir  W.  W.,  on  New  Industrial 

Era  in  India,  xix.  260 
Hutton,  Colonel  E.   T.  H.,  on  a  co- 
operative system  for  the  defence  of 

the  Empire,  xxix.  223 

Imperial  and  Colonial  Partnership  in 
Emigration,  xii.  178 

Imperial  and  Colonial  Eesponsibilities 
in  War,  viii.  305 

Imperial  Aspects  oi  Education,  xxvi. 
322 

Imperial  Defence,  xvii.  390 

Imperial  Defence  in  Our  Time,  xiii.  341 

Imperial  Federation,  iii.  2,  xvii.  319  ; 
Steps  to,  xxxiv.  5 

Imperial  Institute,  Belations  with  the, 
xxiv.  265 

Imperial  Museum  for  the  Colonies  and 
India,  viii.  232 

Imperial  Organisation,  xxxvi.  288 ; 
Notes  on,  xxxviii.  4 

Imperialism  from  an  Australian 
Standpoint,  xxxvi.  88 

Imperial  Trade,  some  aspects  of  our, 
xxix.  104 

Impressions  of  the  British  West 
Indies,  xxxii.  286 

Im  Thurn,  E.  F.,  on  British  Guiana, 
xxiv.  51 ;  on  British  Guiana  and  its 
Boundary,  xxxi.  133 

Inaugural  Dinner :  Speeches  by  Vis- 
count Bury  (Earl  of  Albemarle), 
Mr.  E.  Johnson  (United  States 
Minister),  Earl  of  Albemarle,  Eight 
Hon.  Hugh  C.  E.  Childers,  Colonel 
Loyd  Lindsay  (Lord  Wantage), 
Eight  Hon.  W.  E.  Gladstone,  Eight 
Hon.  Chichester  Fortescue  (Lord 
Carlingford),  Duke  of  Manchester, 
Sir  John  Pakington,  Sir  George 
Cartier,  M.  Guizot,  Marquis  of 
Normanby,  Earl  Granville,  Sir 
Stafford  Northcote  (Earl  of  Iddes- 
leigh),  Sir  Bartle  E.  Frere,  Hon. 
W.  Macdougall,  Lord  Alfred  S. 
Churchill,  Sir  Charles  Nicholson, 
Sir  Charles  Clifford,  i.  19 
Inaugural  Meeting  :  Speeches  by  Vis- 
count Bury  (Earl  of  Albemarle), 


500 


Royal  Colonial  Institute. 


Eight  Hon.  Chichester  Fortescue 
(Lord  Carlingford),  Marquis  of  Nor- 
manby,  Sir  Charles  Nicholson,  Sir 
J.  C.  Lees,  Mr.  E.  A.  Macfie,  Lord 
Alfred  S.  Churchill,  Captain  Bedford 
Pirn,  Mr.  T.  Briggs,  Mr.  Gregory, 
i.  51 

Incidents  of  a  Hunter's  Life  in  South 
Africa,  xxiv.  347 

Income  Tax,  Payment  of,  by  Colonists 
in  the  United  Kingdom,  xxvii.  436  ; 
xxviii.  363  ;  xxix.  164,  302 ;  xxxv. 
158  ;  xxxvi.  397,  400 

India,  Domestic  Prospects  in,  i.  Ill  ; 
Forests  of,  and  their  Management, 
xxxiv.  Ill  ;  Land  Tenures  of,  iii. 
57  ;  Life  in,  x.  299  ;  Native  Princes 
of,  xx.  360  ;  New  Industrial  Era  in, 
xix.  260 ;  Some  reflections  on 
modern,  xxxviii.  140 ;  Trade  of, 
and  Future  Development,  xviii.  44  ; 
Under  British  Eule,  xxxvii.  288 

Indian  Empire,  Statistics  of,  xii. 
53 

Indian  Famines,  ix.  2 

Influence  of  Commerce  on  the  Develop- 
ment of  the  Colonial  Empire,  xxiv. 
315 

Inglis,  James,  on  Economic  Develop- 
ments of  Australian  Enterprise, 
xxv.  292 

Inter-British  Trade,  xxviii.  4 

Inter-British  Trade  and  the  Unity  of 
the  Empire,  xxii.  265 

Investment  of  Trust  Money  in  Colonial 
Government  Stocks,  xix.  338 

Islands  and  the  Peopleof  Fiji,  xxxii.  32 

Ireland,  Alley ne,  on  British  Empire 
in  the  Far  East,  xxxvi.  366 


Jamaica  for  the  Invalid  and  Settler, 
x.  209 ;  Now  and  Fifteen  Years 
Since,  xi.  225 

James,  Walter,  on  Australian  Immi- 
gration, xxxvii.  227 

Jebb,  Eichard,  on  Notes  on  Imperial 
Organisation,  xxxviii.  4 

Jenkins,  Hon.  J.  G ,  on  the  Products 
of  Australia,  xxxvii.  113 

Jerningham,  Sir  Hubert,  on  Trinidad 
and  its  Future  Possibilities,  xxxii. 
215;  on  Colonial  Administration, 
xxxiii.  195 

Johnson,  Frank,  on  Ehodesia :  its 
Present  and  Future,  xxxiii.  4 

Johnston,  Sir  H.  H.,  on  British  West 
Africa,  xx.  90  ;  on  England's  work 
in  Central  Africa,  xxviii,  50 


Jones,  Kichard,  on    Food    Supply  of 

England,  iii.  26 
Jones,   Professor    T.  E.,   on    Mineral 

Wealth  of  S.  Africa,  xviii.  217 
Jourdain,  H.  J.,  on  Mauritius,  xiii.  62 

Kashmir  Frontier,  On  the,  xxvi.  256 

Kennedy,  H.  A.,  on  the  French  Cana- 
dians, xxxiii.  52 

Keswick,  W.,  on  Hong  Kong,  xxi.  84 

Kidd,  Benjamin,  on  the  State  in  re- 
lation to  Trade,  xxxiv.  248 

Klondike,  xxx.  110;  Klondike  —  a 
Four  Years'  Eetrospect,  xxxiii.  292 

Labilliere,  F.  P.  de,  on  British  Fede 
ralism,  xxiv.  95 ;  on  Constitutions 
of  the  Australian  Colonies,  ii.  48  ; 
on  Permanent  Unity  of  the  Empire, 
vi.  36  ;  on  Political  Organisation  of 
the  Empire,  xii.  346  ;  on  Imperial 
Federation,  xvii.  319 

Lagden,  Sir  Godfrey,  on  Basutoland 
and  the  Basutos,  xxxii.  255 

Lagos,  Colony  of,  xxviii.  275 

Lamington,  Lord,  on  Notes  on  Queens- 
land, xxxiii.  167 

Lance,  C.  C.,  on  Australia  as  a  Food- 
producing  Country,  xxxv.  79,  xxxv. 
393 

Land  Transfer  adopted  by  the  Colonies, 
xvii.  343 

Leeward  Islands,  Colony  of,  xxii.  226  ; 
Past  and  Present,  xii.  9 

Lefroy,  General  Sir  J.  H.,  on  British 
Association  in  Canada,  xvi.  95 

Legacy  and  Succession  Duty  Acts : 
Effect  on  Colonists,  xix.  334 

Library  Catalogue,  viii.  457,  xxv.  408, 
xxvi.  185 

Library  of  the  Eoyal  Colonial  Institute, 
xxv.  394 

Life  in  the  Malay  Peninsula ;  as  it 
was  and  is,  xxx.  369 

Light  Eail  ways  for  the  Colonies,  xxix.  98 

Link  of  Empire,  A,  xxxviii.  119 

Lome,  Marquis  of,  on  Eelations  with 
Canada  and  Great  Colonies,  xv.  41 

Lowe,  Samuel,  on  Dairy  Industry  in 
the  Colonies,  xxviii.  194* 

Lowles,  John,  on  Inter-British  Trade, 
xxviii.  4 

Lubbock,  Sir  Nevile,  on  West  India 
Colonies,  viii.  261,  xvii.  221 

Lugard,  Sir  F.  D.,  on  Extension  of 
British  Influence  (and  Trade)  in 
Africa,  xxvii.  4 

Lugard,  Lady,  on  the  Australian  Out- 
look, xxv.  138;  on  Colonial  Expan- 
sion, xxvi.  3;  on  Klondike,  xxx. 


Index  to  Papers  and  Authors. 


501 


110 ;    on  West  African   Negroland, 
xxxv.  300 

Lynn,  W.  F.,  on  Comparative  Advan- 
tages of  Canada  and  United  States, 
iii.  148 


Macalister,    A.,   on    Queensland    and 

Chinese  Immigration,  ix.  43 
McBean,     S.,    on    Kamiseram    Ship 

Canal,  ix.  337 
MacDonnell,    Sir  E.   G.,  on  Our  Ee- 

lations  with  the  Ashantees,  v.  71 
McDougall,    Eev.    John,    on    North- 
Western  Canada,  xxxii.  209 
Macfie,  M.,  on  Aids   to  Australasian 

Development,  xxi.  53 
Macfie,  E.  A.,  on  Imperial  Federation, 

iii.  2 
MacGregor,  Sir  Wm.,  on  British  New 

Guinea  Administration,  xxvi.  193, 

xxx.  238 
Mackenzie,   G.   S.,   on   British    East 

Africa,  xxii.  3 
McMaster,     Emile,     on     the     High 

Plateaus  of  Natal,  xxxiii.  85 
Malacca,  Settlements  on  Straits  of,  v. 

103 
Malaria   in  India  and   the   Colonies, 

xxxv.  7 
Malay  Peninsula  :  its  Eesources  and 

Prospects,  xxiii.  3  ;  Life  in  the,  xxx. 

369 
Malaya,  British  Eule  in,  xxvii.  273  ; 

British  and  Siamese,  xxxiv.  45 
Malleson,  Col.  G.  B.,  on  Haiderabad, 

xiv.  201 

Malta  and  the  Maltese  Eace,  xxvii.  Ill 
Man,  Col.  Alex.,  on  Defence  Question 

in  Trinidad,  xxvii.  45 
Manchester,   Duke   of,   in    Australia, 

xvi.  388  ;  in  Mauritius,  xv.  359 
Manitoba,  iii.  102 
Mann,  Dr.,  on  Natal,  ii.  93 
Manson,  Dr.  P.,  on  a  School  of  Tropi- 
cal Medicine,  xxxi.  178 
Marotseland  and  the   Tribes   of  the 

Upper  Zambezi,  xxix.  260 
Mashonaland  and    its   Development, 

xxiii.  248 

Matabele,  History  of,  and  Cause  and 

Effect  of  the  Matabele  War,  xxv.  251 

Matabeleland  and  Mashonaland,  xxii. 

305,  xxv.  45 
Matheson,  Senator,  on  Australia  and 

Naval  Defence,  xxxiv.  194 
Maude,    Colonel,    on    Self-supporting 

Emigration,  ii.  41 

Maund,  E.  A.,  on  Mashonaland,  xxiii. 
248 


Mauritius,  xiii.  263 ;  Sugar  Industry 
of,  xxx.  68 

Mavrogordato,  T.  E.,  on  Cyprus  and 
its  Eesources,  xxvi.  63 

Maxwell,  W.  E.,  on  Malay  Peninsula, 
xxiii.  3 

Maydon,  J.  G.,  on  Natal,  xxvii.  183 

Medhurst,  Sir  W.  H.,  on  British  North 
Borneo,  xvi.  273 

Melliss,  J.  C.,onSt.  Helena,  xxxviii.  36 

Merriman",  J.  X.,  on  Commercial 
Eesources  of  S.  Africa,  xvi.  5 

Michie,  Sir  A.,  on  New  Guinea,  vi.  121 

Military  Defence  Forces  of  the 
Colonies,  xxi.  277 

Miller,  A.  M.,  on  Swaziland,  xxxi.  274 

Miller,  E.  H.,  on  Ehodesia  and  its 
Eesources,  xxxviii.  124 

Miller,  Dr.  J.  L.,  on  Tasmania,  x.  333 

Money  of  the  British  Empire,  xxi.  117 

Moore,  H.  F.,  on  Canadian  Lands, 
xx.  273  ;  on  Agricultural  and  Tech- 
nical Education  in  the  Colonies, 
xxii.  65 

Morgan,  Ben.  H.,  on  Trade  and 
Industry  of  South  Africa,  xxxiv.  131 

Morris,  D.,  on  Planting  Enterprise  in 
the  W.  Indies,  xiv.  265 ;  on  Fruit 
as  a  Factor  in  Colonial  Commerce, 
xviii.  124  ;  on  the  Leeward  Islands, 
xxii.  226 

Mosse,  J.  E.,  on  Irrigation  in  Ceylon, 
xv.  223 

Mountmorres,  Viscount,  on  the  Com- 
mercial possibilities  of  West  Africa, 
xxxviii.  219 

Musgrave,  Sir  Anthony,  on  Jamaica, 
xi.  225 

Natal,   xxvii.   183 ;    Glimpses   of,   ix. 

280 ;  High  Plateaus  of,  xxxiii.  85  ; 

in  its  Eelation  to  S.  Africa,  xiii.  103  ; 

Physical  and  Economical  Aspects 

of,  ii.  93 

National  Defence,  xxvii.  117 
National  Unity,  xvi.  43 
Native  Eaces  of  South  Africa,  xxx.  30 
Navy  and  the  Empire,  The,  xxxvi.  40 
Newfoundland  Fisheries,  Eeport  on, 

vii.  6 
Newfoundland  our  Oldest  Colony,  xvi. 

215  ;  the  Ancient  Colony,  xxxv.  377 
New   Guinea   and   Great   Britain,  vi. 

121  ;  and  the  Western  Pacific,  xv. 

7  ;  Annexation  of — Correspondence, 

xiv.  247  ;  British,  xxiv.  289,    xxvi. 

193,    xxx.   238  ;    Deputations,    vi. 

189,  xiv.  250,  xvi.  144 ;  its  Fitness 

for     Colonisation,     x.    43  ;     Past, 

Present,  and  Future,  xviii.  89 


502 


Royal  Colonial  Institute. 


New  Eooms  :  Eeport,  Special  Meeting, 

xiv.  316 
New  South  Wales,  1788-1876,  ix.  86  ; 

Material     Progress     of,     xvii.   46; 

Eeminiscences  of,  xxxi.  46 
New    Westminster,     Bishop     of,    on 

British  Columbia,  xviii.  189 
New  Zealand,  vii.  247,  xi.  320,  xxiii. 

271 ;  and  its  Dependencies,  xxxvi. 

321 ;  and  the  South  Sea  Islands,  ix. 

164 ;    Chapters  in  the   History  of, 

xiv.  100  ;  Fortunate  Isles,  xxvii.  370 ; 

in  1884,  xvi.  148;    in   1895,   xxvi. 

297 ;  Past,  Present,  and  Future,  v.  180 
Nicholson,   Sir  Charles,  on  Political 

and   Municipal  Boundaries   of  the 

Colonies,  xii.  311 

Nile  and  Zambezi  Systems  as  Water- 
ways xxxii.  79 
Noble,  John,  on  British  South  Africa 

and  the  Zulu  War,  x.  105 
Normanby,  Marquis   of,  Banquet   to, 

xv.  360 

North- Western  Canada,  xxxii.  209 
Norton,  G.,  on  Land  Tenures  of  India, 

iii.  57 
Notes     on     Imperial      Organisation, 

xxxviii.  4 
Notes  on  some  Canadian  Questions  of 

the  Day,  xxxv.  198 
Nova    Scotia    and   New    Brunswick, 

Physical  Geography  of,  ii.  113 


Oilfields  of  Trinidad,  xxxvii.  340 
One  Hundred  Years  of  British  Eule  in 

Ceylon,  xxvii.  314 
Onslow,  Earl  of,  on  State  Socialism  in 

Antipodean  Britain,  xxv.  2 
Ontario,  Goldfields  of,  xxix.  68 
Orange  Eiver  Colony,  Progress  of  Civil 

Administration  in  the,  xxxiii.  219 
Osborne,  E.  B.,  on  Future  of  Western 

Canada,  xxxvii.  53 

'Ottawa  Conference,  its  National  Sig- 
nificance, xxvi.  37 

Our  Colonial  Food  Supplies,  xxvii.  392 
Our  Colonial  Kingdoms,  xxxiv.  293 
Our  Emigration  Plans,  xxxvii.  137 
Our  Fiscal  System,  xxxv.  45 
Our  Future  Colonial  Policy,  xxxiii.  301 
Our  Policy  in  the  West  Indies,  xxxvii. 

194 

Our  West  Indian  Colonies,  xxix.  171 
Outlook  in  South  Africa,  xxxi.  305 
Owen,  Col.  J.  F.,  on  Military  Defence 

Forces  of  the  Colonies,  xxi.  277 
Owen,  Prof.  E.,  on  Extinct  Animals  of 

the  Colonies,  x.  267 


Pacific,  Civilisation  of  the,  vii.  149 

Parkin,   Dr.   G.   K.,   on   the    Ehodes 
Scholarships,  xxxvi.  3 

Parsons,  Harold  G.,  on  Our  Colonial 
Kingdoms,  xxxiv.  293 

Perceval,  W.  B.,  on  New  Zealand,  xxiii. 
271 

Permanent  Unity  of  the  Empire,  vi.  3 

Perry,  Bishop,  on  Progress  of  Victoria, 
vii.  214 

Phillips,  Coleman,  on  Civilisation  of 
the  Pacific,  vii.  149 

Phillips,  Lionel,  on  Outlook  in  South 
Africa,  xxxi. -305 

Pinsent,  (Sir)  E.,  on  Newfoundland, 
xvi.  215 

Planting  Enterprise  in  the  West 
Indies,  xiv.  265 

Plummer,  John,  on  Colonies  and 
English  Labouring  Classes,  viii.  144 

Political  and  Municipal  Boundaries  of 
the  Colonies,  xii.  311 

Political  Organisation  of  the  Empire, 
xii.  346 

Pollock,  Sir  Frederick,  on  Imperial 
Organisation,  xxxvi.  288 

Polynesian  Labour  Question  in  Fiji 
and  Queensland,  iii.  34 

Possibilities  of  the  North- West  Dis- 
trict of  British  Guaina,  xxvi.  33 

Postal  and  Telegraphic  Communica- 
tion of  the  Empire,  xix.  171 

Postal  Communication  with  the  East, 
xiv.  223 

Powell,  Wilfred,  on  New  Guinea  and 
Western  Pacific,  xv.  7 

Practical  Colonisation,  xviii.  297 

Practical  Communication  with  Eed 
Eiver  District,  ii.  18 

Preliminary  Proceedings  :  Speeches  by 
Viscount  Bury  (Earl  of  Albemarle), 
Et.  Hon.  Chichester  Fortescue  (Lord 
Carlingford),  Mr.  Leonard  Wray,  Mr. 
A.  H.  Louis,  Marquis  of  Normanby, 
Mr.  Baillie  Cochrane,  Sir  H.  Drum- 
mond  Wolff,  Mr.  Edward  Wilson,  Mr. 
W.  B.  Hume,  Sir  Charles  Nicholson 
Mr.  H.  Elaine,  Mr.  Marsh,  Mr.  S. 
Jackson,  Dr.  Mann,  Mr.  McGarel,  i.  1 

Present  -  day  Administration  in 
Uganda,  xxxvi.  68 

Presentation  of  Proceedings  to  H.M. 
the  Queen,  xviii.  160 

Problems  and  Perils  of  Education  in 
South  Africa,  xxxvi.  130 

Probyn,  L.  C.,  on  Money  of  the  British 
Empire,  xxi.  117  ;  on  a  Gold  Stand- 
ard for  the  Empire,  xxix.  94 
Products  of  Australia,  xxxvii.  113 


Index  to  Papers  and  Authors. 


503 


Progress  and  Problems  of  the  East 
Africa  Protectorate,  xxxvii.  81 

Progress  of  Civil  Administration  in  the 
Orange  Eiver  Colony,  xxxiii.  219 

.Queen's  Commemoration  Banquet, 
xxviii.  346 

Queensland  and  Chinese  Immigration, 
ix.  43  ;  Goldfields  of,  i.  194 ;  History, 
Resources,  &c.,  xii.  263 ;  Its 
Material  Progress  and  Natural  Re- 
sources, xxxv.  28  ;  Mineral  Wealth 
of,  xv.  144  ;  Notes  on,  xxxiii.  167 ; 
Polynesian  Labour  question  in,  iii.34 

Queensland's  Progress,  xxx.  74 

Railway  System  of  South  Africa,  xxix.  3 
Ramiseram  Ship  Canal  between  India 

and  Ceylon,  ix.  337 
Ranfurly,    Earl    of,   on  New  Zealand 

and  its  Dependencies,  xxxvi.  321 
Rason,  Hon.  C.  H.,  on  Western  Aus- 
tralia and  its  Resources,  xxxviii.  199 
Rathbone,  E.  P.,  on  the  Goldfields  of  On- 
tario and  British  Columbia,  xxix.  68 
Reade,  Hubert,   on   English   Schools 

and  Colonial  Education,  xxxvi.  190 
Recent     Observations     in     Western 

Australia,  xxxii.  3 

Recent  Progress  in  Victoria,  xxxii.  55 
Recent  Royal  Tour,  The,  xxxiii.  253 
Recent  Social  and  Political  Progress 

in  Victoria,  xxix.  282 
Red  River    District,    Communication 

with,  ii.  18 
Reeves,  Hon.  W.  P.,  on  the  Fortunate 

Isles :    Picturesque    New   Zealand, 

xxvii.  370 
Relations    of    the    Colonies    to    the 

Empire,  xiv.  391 
Relations    of    the    Colonies    to     the 

Mother  Country,  i.  74 
Relations    of    the    Colonies    to    the 

Parent  State,  ii.  68 
Relative   Growth   of  the   Component 

Parts  of  the  Empire,  xxx.  136 
Rhodes  Scholarships,  The,  xxxvi.  3 
Rhodesia:    its   Present  and  Future, 

xxxiii.  4  ;  and  its  Resources,  xxxviii, 

124 
Richards,    T.    H.    Hatton,    on    New 

Guinea,   xxiv.   289;    on   the   Gold 

Coast  Colony,  xxix.  31 
Robertson,  Lieut. -Colonel  Sir  Donald, 

xxxviii.  140 
Robinson,  Sir  John,  on  Colonisation, 

i.  135 ;    on  Glimpses  of  Natal,  ix. 

280  ;  on  Colonies  and  the  Century, 

xxx.  324 


Robinson,  Sir  William,  on  Trinidad, 
its  Capabilities  and  Prominent  Pro- 
ducts, xxx.  272 ;  on  the  Bahamas, 
xxxi.  162 

Robinson,  Sir  W.  C.  F.,  Western 
Australia,  xxvi.  351 

Rogers,  Alexander,  on  Life  in  India,  x. 
299 

Rogers,  W.  A.,  on  Domestic  Prospects 
in  India,  i.  Ill 

Ross,  Major  Ronald,  on  Malaria  in 
India  and  the  Colonies,  xxxv.  7 

Royal  Charter  :  Special  Meeting,  xiii. 
191,  431,  xiv.  1 

Russell,  Drs.  D.  H.  and  R.,  on  Jamaica, 
x.  209 

Sadler,   Lieut-Colonel    J.   Hayes,   on 
Present  -  day      Administration     in 
Uganda,  xxxvi.  68 
St.  Helena,  xxxviii.  36 
Sargant,  E.B.,  on  Federal  Tendencies 

in  Education,  xxxviii.  93 
Saskatchewan,    Bishop   of,   on  N.-W. 

Territories  of  Canada,  xiv.  59 
Saunders,  J.  R.,  on  Natal,  xiii.  103 
Saville-Kent,     W.,      on      Australian 
Natural  History  Gleanings,  xxix.  36 
Sawtell,    Arthur,     on     India     under 

British  Rule,  xxxvii.  289 
Schlich,    Dr.,     on    Forestry    of    the 

Colonies  and  India,  xxi.  187 
School  of  Tropical  Medicine,  xxxi.  178 
Scientific  Exploration  of  Central  Aus- 
tralia, xxvii.  87 

Self-supporting  Emigration  ii.  41 
Selous,  F.  C.,  on  South  Africa,  xxiv. 
347  ;   on   History  of  the  Matabele, 
xxv.  251 
Selwyn,   Bishop,    on   Islands   in   the 

Western  Pacific,  xxv.  361 
Service,  J.,  Farewell  Banquet  to,  xix.  339 
Shand,  J.  L.,    on    Tea  Industry   of 

Ceylon,  xix.  85 

Shaw,  Miss  Flora  L.  (see  Lugard,  Lady) 
Shelford,  Fred,  on  the  Development  of 
West  Africa  by  Railways,  xxxv.  248 
Shippard,  Sir  Sidney,  on  the  Adminis- 
tration of  Justice  in  South  Africa, 
xxviii.  82 

Sierra    Leone,     Past,    Present,     and 
Future,    xiii.    56 ;    and    its    unde- 
veloped Products,  xxxvii.  36 
Silver  Wedding  of  H.R.H.  the  Presi- 
dent, xix.  348 
Simmonds,  P.  L.,  on  Colonial  Aids  to 

British  Prosperity,  v.  13 
Smith,   Sir  Donald   A.,   on   Western 
Canada,  xxviii.  246 


504 


Royal  Colonial  Institute. 


Smith,  Lieut.-Col.  Sir  Gerard,  on 
Eecent  Observations  in  Western 
Australia,  xxxii.  3 

Smith,  E.  Murray,  on  the  Australasian 
Dominion,  xv.  105 ;  Banquet  to, 
xvii.  432 

Snow,  Parker,  on  Colonisation  of 
Ocean  Islands,  ii.  117 

Social  and  Intellectual  Aspects  of 
Australian  Life,  xxvi.  30 

Some  Aspects  of  Colonisation,  i. 
135 

Some  Aspects  of  our  Imperial  Trade, 
xxix.  104 

Some  Federal  Tendencies  in  Australia, 
xxxviii.  239 

Some  phases  of  Canada's  development, 
xxxviii.  289 

Some  Recollections  of  Tasmania  before 
Federation,  xxxiv.  32 

Some  Reflections  on  modern  India, 
xxxviii.  140 

South  Africa,  vi.  155,  xix.  223; 
Administration  of  Justice  in,  xxviii. 
82 ;  Agriculture  in,  xxxii.  139  ;  and 
her  Colonies,  vii.  86;  and  Central 
and  Eastern  Africa,  viii.  380  ;  and 
the  Zulu  War,  x.  105  ;  as  a  Health 
Resort,  xx.  4 ;  Commercial  Resources 
and  Financial  Position  of,  xvi.  5  ; 
Incidents  of  a  Hunter's  Life  in,  xxiv. 
347  ;  Mineral  Wealth  of,  xviii.  217  ; 
Native  Races  of,  xxx.  30 ;  Our  Por- 
tionin,xvii.5;  Outlookin,  xxxi.305; 
Problems  and  Perils  of  Education 
in,  xxxvi.  130  ;  Railway  System  of, 
xxix.  3  ;  Social  and  Domestic  Life  of 
Dutch  Boers  of,  i.  175 ;  Some  Social 
Forces  at  Work  in,  xxvi.  273  ;  Ter- 
ritories Adjacent  to  Kalahari  Desert, 
xiv.  125;  Trade  and  Industry  of, 
xxxiv.  131 ;  Union  of  Various  Por- 
tions of  xii.  134  ;  Winter  Tour  in 
xxi.  5 

South  African  Tribes,  Education  of, 
xv.  68 

South  African  War  Memorial,  xxxiv. 
192 

South  Australia,  xi.  181 ;  as  a  Fede- 
ral Unit,  xxx.  208 ;  Northern  Terri- 
tory of,  xiii.  303 

Sowden,  W.  J.,  on  Anglo-Australian 
position  from  an  Australian  point 
of  view,  xxxvii.  3 

Spark,  W.  Staley,  on  Wealth  of 
Canada  as  an  Agricultural  Country, 
xxxvi.  28 

Spence,  Miss  C.  H.,  on  Aspects  of 
Australian  Life,  xxvi.  30 


State  in  Relation  to  Trade,  The,  xxxiv. 

248 

State  Socialism  and  Labour  Govern- 
ment in  Antipodean  Britain,  xxv.  2 
Stephen,  Hon.  S.  A.,  on  Reminiscences 

of  New  South  Wales,  xxxi.  46 
Steps  to  Imperial  Federation,  xxxiv.  5 
Straits      Settlements      and      British 

Malaya,  xv.  266 
Strangways,  H.  B.  T.,  on  Forty  Years 

Since  and  Now,  vi.  228 
Stuart,  Prof.  T.  H.  Anderson,  on  Uni- 
versity Life  in  Australasia,  xxiii.  93 
Studies  in  Australia  in  1896,  xxviii.  119 
Sudan,  Commercial  Possibilities  of  the, 

xxxv.  349 
Suez  Canal  Route  to  India,  China, 

and  Australia,  ii.  78 
Sugar  Industry  of  Mauritius,  xxx.  68 
Sugar  Producing  Colonies,  Future  of 

our,  xxvii.  54 
Surridge,  Rev.  F.  H.,  on  Matabeleland 

and  Mashonaland,  xxii.  305 
Swaziland,  xxxi.  274 
Swettenham,  F.  A.,  on  British  Rule  in 

Malaya,  xxvii.  273 
Symons,   G.   J.,   on   Climates  of  the 

Colonies,  viii.  180 
Synge,    Colonel    M.,    on    Red    River 

District,  ii.  18 
Systematic  Colonisation,  xxx.  25 

Tasmania  and  its  Wealth  in  Timber, 
iv.  169  ;  as  it  is,  xvii.  252  ;  Forests 
of,  iv.  173,  v.  160 ;  its  Resources 
and  Prospects,  xx.  319  ;  Past  and 
Present,  x.  333 ;  Primitive,  Present, 
and  Future,  xxxi.  76  ;  Some  Recol- 
lections of,  before  Federation,  xxxiv. 
32  ;  Woodlands  of,  v.  166 

Telegraphic  Communication  with  the 
Australian  Colonies :  Banquet, iii.  225 

Telegraphic  Enterprise  in  Australasia, 
xvii.  144 

Temple,  Sir  Richard,  on  Statistics  of 
the  Indian  Empire,  xii.  53 

Tennant,  Sir  David,  on  Railway  Sys- 
tem of  South  Africa,  xxix.  3 

Thiele,  H.  H.,  on  Agriculture  in  Fiji, 
xxi.  362 

Thierry,  Miss  C.  de,  on  Our  Policy  in 
the  West  Indies,  xxxvii.  194 

Thompson,  Dr.  E.  Symes,  on  South 
Africa  as  a  Health  Resort,  xx.  4 

Thomson,  Dr.  J.  P.,  on  Queensland, 
its  Material  Progress  and  Natural 
Resources,  xxxv.  28 

Todd,  Charles,  on  Telegraphic  Enter- 
prise in  Australasia,  xvii.  144 


Index  to  Papers  and  Authors. 


505 


Torrens,  W.  McC.,  on  Emigration,  xii. 
178 

Tozer,  Sir  Horace,  on  Queensland's 
Progress,  xxx.  74 

Trade  and  Industry  of  South  Africa, 
xxxiv.  131 

Trade,  The  State  in  relation  to,  xxxiv. 
248 

Trade  of  the  Cape  Colonies  with 
Central  Africa,  xi.  57 

Trade  Routes  of  South  China  and 
their  relation  to  the -development  of 
Hong  Kong,  xxix.  277 

Transvaal,  the  Agricultural  and  Pas- 
toral possibilities  of  the,  xxxviii. 
315 

Transvaal  War,  Resolution,  xxxi.  3 

Trend  of  Victoria's  Progress,  The, 
xxxviii.  337 

Trinidad,  and  its  Future  Possibilities, 
xxxii.  215 ;  Defence  Question  in, 
xxvii.  45;  its  Capabilities  and 
Prominent  Products,  xxx.  272  ;  Oil- 
fields of,  xxxvii.  340 

Tropical  Africa,  Development  of,  xxvii. 
218 

Tropical  Medicine,  School  of,  xxxi.  178 

Tupper,  Sir  Charles,  on  Canada  in 
Relation  to  the  Unity  of  the  Em- 
pire, xxv.  325 

Turner,  Hon.  J.  H.,  on  British  Colum- 
bia of  To-day,  xxxiii.  110 

Twenty-first  Anniversary  of  the  Foun- 
dation of  the  Institute  :  Banquet,  xx. 
168,  384 

Uganda,  xxv.  105 ;  xxxv.  186 

Uganda,  Present-day  Administration 
in,  xxxvi.  68 

Unification  of  Time  at  Sea,  xxviii. 
364 

University  Life  in  Australasia,  xxiii. 
93 

Utility  of  a  Reporter  on  Trade  Pro- 
ducts in  the  Colonial  Office,  ii.  154 

Victoria,  Progress  of,  vii.  214 ;  Colony 

of:  Some  of  its  Industries,  xxviii.  4; 

Recent  Progress  in  Victoria,  xxxii. 

55 ;    Recent    Social    and   Political 

Progress  in,  xxix.  282 
"  Victoria  Day,"  xxxiv.  354 
Victoria's    Progress,    The    Trend    of, 

xxxviii.  337 
Vincent,  Sir  C.  E.  Howard,  on  British 

Empire   of   To-day,  xvi.    308 ;    on 

Inter  British  Trade,  xxii.  265 
Vogel,   Sir   Julius,   on  New   Zealand 

and  the  South  Sea  Islands,  ix.  164 


Wade,  F.  C.,  on  the  Klondike— a  Four 
Years'  Retrospect,  xxxiii.  292 

Wales,  H.R.H.  the  Prince  of,  on  Our 
Colonial  Empire,  xxxiii.  80 

Walker,  H.  de  R.,  on  Impressions 
of  the  British  West  Indies,  xxxii.  286 

Walker,  William,  on  West  Indies,  vi. 
70  ;  on  Forests  of  British  Guiana,  v. 
126 

Wallace,  Prof.  Robert,  on  Australasian 
Agriculture,  xxiv.  139  ;  on  Agricul- 
ture in  South  Africa,  xxxii.  139 

Ward,  Hon.  J.  G.,  on  New  Zealand  in 
1895,  xxvi.  297 

Warren,  Sir  Charles,  on  Our  Portion 
in  South  Africa,  xvii.  5 

Washington  Treaty  as  affecting  the 
Colonies,  iv.  187  ;  Balance  Sheet  of 
the,  iv.  7 

Wason,  J.  C.,  on  East  Africa  and 
Uganda  Protectorates,  xxxv.  186 

Water  Supply  of  Australia,  xxxiii.  35 

Watson,  Dr.  J.  F.,  on  Colonial  and 
Indian  Trade  of  England,  ix.  109 

Watt,  Dr.  G.,  on  Trade  of  India,  xviii.  44 

Watts,  H.  E.,  on  the  Washington 
Treaty,  iv.  187 

Wealth  of  Canada  as  an  Agricultural 
Country,  xxxvi.  28 

Webb,  Rt.  Rev.  A.  B.,  on  Some  Social 
Forces  at  Work  in  South  Africa, 
xxvi.  273 

Webster,  R.  G.,  on  England's  Colonial 
Granaries,  xiii.  13 

Weld,  Sir  F.,  on  the  Straits  Settle 
ments,  xv.  266 

Welldon,  Rev.  J.  E.  C  ,  on  Imperial 
Aspects  of  Education,  xxvi.  322 

Wenyon,  W.  F.,  on  Trade  Routes  of 
South  China  and  their  relations  to 
the  development  of  Hong  Kong, 
xxix.  277 

West  Africa,  Commercial  possibilities 
of,  xxxviii.  219 ;  and  the  Trade  of 
the  Interior,  xx.  90 ;  Colony  of  Lagos, 
xxviii.  275 ;  Gold  Coast  Colony, 
xxix.  31  ;  Sierra  Leone,  Past,  Pre- 
sent and  Future,  xiii.  56  ;  Develop- 
ment of,  by  Railways,  xxxv.  248 ; 
and  its  resources,  xxxviii.  199 

West  African  Negroland,  xxxv.  300 

Western  Australia,  xvi.  180,  xxvi.  351 ; 
its  Present  and  Future,  xx.  130 ; 
Present  Condition  and  Prospects 
of,  xxiv.  3 ;  Geological  Not  es  on 
the  Coolgardie  Goldfields,  xxvii. 
256  ;  in  1898,  xxx.  3  ;  Recent  Obser- 
vations in,  xxxii.  3;  and  its  re- 
sources, xxxviii,  199 


506 


Index  to  Papers  and  Authors. 


Western  Canada,  Future  of,  xxxvii.  53 
Western  Pacific,  Islands  of  the,  xxv.  361 
Westgarth,  W.,  on  Eelations  of  the 

Colonies  to  the  Mother  Country,  i. 

74 ;    on   the  Colonial  Question,  ii. 

58  ;  on  Colonial  Eelations,  iii.  13  ; 

on   Colonial   Eeform,   iii.    84 ;    on 

Australian  Public  Finance,  xx.  229 
West    Indian     Colonies,    our,     xxix. 

171  ;  Present  Position  of,  viii.  261 ; 

Social   and  Economic   Position  of, 

iv.  70 
West  Indies,  Capital  and  Labour  for 

the,  xxi.  328  ;   Impressions  of  the 

British,  xxxii.  286  ;  Our  Policy  in 

the,   xxxvii.  194  ;  Planting   Enter  - 

prisein,  xiv.  265  ;  in  1892,  xxiii.  323 
Whales    and    British    and     Colonial 

Whale  Fisheries,  xxvi.  79 
Whitehead,  Hon.   T.  H.,  on  Critical 

Position    of    British     Trade    with 

Oriental  Countries,  xxvi.   105 ;   on 

Expansion  of    Trade   with   China, 

xxxii.  106 
Williams,  Justice  Conde,  on  the  Future 

of   our   Sugar  Producing  Colonies, 

xxvii.  54 
Williams,  Captain  W.  H.,  on  Uganda, 

xxv.  105 
Wilson,  Prof.  D.,  on  Indians  of  British 

North  America,  v.  222 
Wilson,  Edward,  on  Acclimatisation, 

vii.  36 
Wine  Growing   in   British   Colonies^ 

six,  295 


Winton,  Sir  Francis  de,  on  Practical 
Colonisation,  xviii.  297 

Wittenoom,  Sir  E.  H.,  on  Western 
Australia  in  1898,  xxx.  3 

Women  and  the  Colonies,  x  xv.  326 

Wood,  J.  D.,  on  Benefits  to  he  Colo- 
nies of  being  Members  of  t  e  British 
Empire,  viii.  3  ;  on  Lane  Transfer 
adopted  by  the  Colonies,  vii.  343 

Wray,  Leonard,  on  Straits  oj  Malacca, 
v.  103 

Writing  of  Colonial  Histo  y,  xxvi.  270 

Wrixon,  Sir  Henry,  on  the  Ottawa 
Conference :  its  Nati  nal  Signifi- 
cance, xxvi. 

Wyatt,  H.  F.,  on  the  Navy  and  the 
Empire,  xxxvi.  40 

Young,  E.  Burney,  on  the  Colonial 
Producer,  xxviii.  76 

Young,  Sir  Frederick,  on  New  Zea- 
land, v.  180 ;  on  Er  gland  and  her 
Colonies  at  the  Paris  Exhibition,  x. 
6;  on  Emigration,  >\ii.  368;  on 
Winter  Tour  in  South  Africa,  xxi.  5  ; 
Presentation  of  a  testimonial  tor 
xxxviir.  360 

Younghusband,  Capt.  F.  E.,  on  the 
Kashmir  Frontier,  xxvi.  256 

Zambezi  and  Nile  Systems  as  Water- 
ways, xxxii.  79 
Zambezi,  Tribes  of  the  Upper  ^xxix.  2fiQ 


507 


GENERAL   INDEX. 
VOL.    XXXVIII. 


Abdul  Qadir,  Shaikh,  156 

A'Beckett,  A.  W.,  54,  91 

Address  to  Sir  Frederick  Young,  360 

Afternoon  Meetings,  36,  124,  219,  815 

Agricultural  and  Pastoral  possibili- 
ties of  the  Transvaal,  315 

Alldridge,  T.  J.,  164,  197 

Ampthill,  Lord,  139,  161 

Annual  General  Meeting,  164 

Annual  Eeport,  164 

Assets  and  Liabilities,  Statement  of, 
173 

Australia,  Some  federal  tendencies  in, 
239 

Bailey,  H.  A.,  335 

Balfour,  B.  E.,  53 

Beach,  Hon.  M.  H.  Hicks,  50 

Bent,  Hon.  Thomas,  337,  358 

Billinghurst,  H.  F.,  92 

Bond,  Eight  Hon.  Sir  Eobert,  268 

Borden,  Hon.  Sir  F.  W.,  271 

Bowden-Smith,  Admiral  Sir  N.,  198 

Brassey,  Lord,  264 

Brassey,  Hon.  T.  A.,  117 

Bruce,  Sir  Charles,  193 

Burtt-Davy,  J.,  315,  335 

Byles,  A.  E.,  84 

Campbell- Johnston,  M.,  31 

Canada's  development,  Some  phases 

of,  289 
Canterbury,  His  Grace  the  Archbishop 

of,  268 

Charter,  Eoyal,  364 
Clougher,  T.  E.,  79 
Cockburn,  Hon.  Sir  John,  263 
Cohen,  C.  Waley,  30 
Coldstream,  W.,  158 
Colmer,  J.  G.,  313 
Colonial  Conference,  169 
Colonial  Conference  Banquet,  266 
Colonial  Press,  The,  54 
Colquhoun,  A.  E.,  119 
Commercial     possibilities      of      West 

Africa,  219 
Conversazione,  360 
Cook,  Samuel,  88 
Council  of  1906-7,  194 
Cranbrook,  Earl  of,  Death  of,  2 
Creagh,  C.  V.,  195 

Dangar,  F.  H.,  92,  195 

Deakin,  Hon.  Alfred,  258,  277 


Donors  to  the  Library,  176 
Drage,  Geoffrey,  22 
Duncan,  Patrick,  331 
Dutton,  Fred.,  164 

Edwards,  Lieut.-General  Sir  J.  Bevan, 

54,  90,  238,  265 

Education,  Federal  tendencies  in,  93 
Eighth  Ordinary  General  Meeting,  336 
Elgin,  Earl  of,  266,  268,  272,  287 
Eliot,  Sir  Charles,  152 
Exchange  of  Proceedings,  485 

Federal  tendencies  in  Education,  93 
Fellows,  List  of,  373 
Fifth  Ordinary  General  Meeting,  198 
First  Ordinary  General  Meeting,  1 
Form  of  Bequest,  xi 
Fourth  Ordinary  General  Meeting,  139 
Fremantle,  Admiral  the  Hon.  Sir  E. 
E.,  52 

Garrick,  Sir  J.  F.,  Death  of,  93 
Gibbons,  Major  A.  St.  Hill,  137 
Goldie,  Eight  Hon.  Sir  George  T.,  92, 

109 

Goldman,  C.  S.,  29 
Goodliffe,  John,  196 
Goschen,  Lord,  Death  of,  139 
Grant,  W.  L.,  115 
Gratwicke,  Major  G.  F.,  80 
Griffith,  W.  L.,  289,  314 

Hackett,  Hon.  Dr.  J.  W.,  239,  265,  315 

Harney,  Hon.  E.  A.,  212 

Hillier,  Dr.  A.  P.,  117 

Hime,  Eight  Hon.  Sir  A.  H.,  124,  138 

Hughes,  Hon.  W.  M.,  256 

Imperial  organisation,  Notes  on,  4 
Income  Tax  (Double),  169 
Index  to  Vols.  i.-xxxviii.,  493 
India,  Some  reflections   on   modern, 
140 

Jebb,  Eichard,  4,  35 
Jenkins,  Hon.  J.  G.,  84,  118,  216,  357 
Jersey,  Earl  of,  336,  357 
Johnstone,  Captain  E.,  160 

Lagden,  Sir  Godfrey,  315,  335 
Laurier,  Eight  Hon.  Sir  Wilfrid,  275 
Leacock,  Professor  S.  B.,  304 
Lever,  W.  H.,  236 
Library,  Additions  to,  187 
Library,  Donors  to,  176 


508 


Royal  Colonial  Institute. 


Library,  Report  on,  168 

Link  of  Empire,  A,  119 

Lovi'll,  Sir  Francis,  236 

Lubbock,  Sir  Nevile,  164, 189, 195, 197 

Lyne,  Sir  William,  253 

McBride,  Hon.  R.,  309 
McEacharn,  Sir  M.  D.,  355 
McLean,  R.  D.  Douglas,  196 
MacMaster,  Donald,  82,  310 
Marlborough,  Duke  of,  361 
Matheson,  A.  P.,  215 
Melliss,  J.  C.,  36 
Mitchell,  Sir  Lewis,  135 
Miller,  E.  H.,  124,  138 
Mosely,  Alfred,  114 
Mountmorres,  Viscount,  219,  237 

Napier,  W.  J.,  26 

Newton,  F.  J.,  136 

New  Zealand  Exhibition,  170 

Notes  on  Imperial  Organisation,  4 

Obituary  for  1906,  166 
Objects  of  the  Royal  Colonial   Insti- 
tute, ix. 

O'Halloran,  J.  S-,  196,  315 
Ommanney,  Sir  Montagu  F.,  187,  195 
Osborn,  E.  B.,  87 

Parkin,  Dr.  G.  R.,  1,  2,  22,  32,  34,  307 

Pollock,  Sir  Frederick,  33 
Postage,  Canada  and  Great  Britain,  288 
Presentation    of    Testimonial    to    Sir 
Frederick  Young,  360 

Rason,  Hon.  C.  H.,  199,  218 

Rathbone,  E.  P.,  335 

Receipts  and  Payments,  Statement  of. 

174 

Reid,  Arthur  H.,  196 
Report  of  the  Council,  164 
Resources  of  Western  Australia,  199 
Rhodesia,  and  its  resources,  124 
Robertson,  Lieut. -Colonel  Sir  Donald, 

140.  163 

Rons-Marten,  C.,  78 
Royal  Charter,  364 
Royal   Colonial   Institute,    Historical 

Sketch,  119 
Riicker,  Sir  Arthur,  112 


St.  Helena,  36 

Sargant,  E.  B.,  93,  118 

Sawtell,  Arthur,  86,  154 

Second  Ordinary  General  Meetin 

Seddon,  Right  Hon.  R.  J.,  Death  of, 
167 

Seventh  Ordinary  General  Meeting, 
288 

Sinha.,  M.  C.,  160 

Sixth  Ordinary  General  Meeting,  238 

Smartt,  Hon.  Dr.  T.  W.,  268 

Some  federal  tendencies  in  Australia, 
239 

Some  phases  of  Canada's  develop- 
ment, 289 

Some  reflections  on  modern  India,  139 

South  African  Exhibition,  170 

Spark,  W.  Staley,  312 

Strathcona,  Lord,  288,  314 

Talbot,  Major-General  the  Hon.   Sir 

R.,  286,  354 

Taverner,  Hon.  J.  W.,  356 
Third  Ordinary  General  Meeting,  92 
Tho.mas,  Keith  J.,  90 
Thomson,  Hon.  Dugald,  256 
Thynne,  Hon,  A.  J.,  24 
Tozer,  Hon.  Sir  Horace,  214 
Transvaal,  Agricultural  and  Pastoral 

possibilities  of  the,  315 
Trend  of  Victoria's  Progress,  337 
Tweedmouth,  Lord,  270  * 

Van  Boesschoten,  J.  G.,  334 
Victoria's  Progress,  The  Trend  of,  337 

Walker,  Sir  E.  Noel,  235 

Ward,  Right  Hon.  Sir  J.  G.,  251,  280 

Ware,  Fabian,  110 

West  Africa,  Commercial  possibilities 

of,  219 
Western  Australia  and  its  resources, 

199 

Williamson,  Andrew,  217 
Wise,  A.  G.,  52 
Wise,  Hon.  B.  R.,  28 

Young,  Sir  Frederick,  32,  36,  48,  137, 
195,219,  237,  262,  333,  360,  302 


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