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I 


ft 


/ 


PROCEEDINGS 


OF  THK 


ACADEMY  OF  NATURAL  SCIENCES 


OR 


PHILADELPHIA.       Vjvchig^S. 


1  88  O. 


PUBI^ICATION   COMMITTEE: 

Joseph  Leidt,  M.D.,  Geo.  H.  Horn,  M.D., 

William  S.  Vaux,  Thomas  Mebhan, 

John  H.  Redfield. 

Editor  :   EDWARD  J.  NOLAN,  M.D. 


PHILADELPHIA: 

ACADEMY    OF    NATURAL    SCIENCES. 
S.  W.  Corner  Nineteenth  am!  Race  Street?. 

1881. 


A«  AltKMT  or  NaTI  KAI.  SrlK>«  KH  nK  I'Htl.AItKI  I'lllA. 

M.irrh,  IS'^I 


I  lieivl>y  certify  tliat  printeil  copietiof  the  I'rot^tHliujjs  for  I8><n  have  I»ih.mi 
l>reMMil€<l  at  the  moetings  of  the  Academy,  as  follows  :  — 

Pa«e.H      l>  to   56 

'u  to    h*.s 

Hl»  tt>  120 
121  to  152 
15:i  to  2<H) 
2<a  to  21« 
217  to  232 
2:W  to  24H 
249  to  2H» 
2M1  to  :{2H 
:ttl»  t«»  :i52 
35:^  to  :i*<\ 
:iH5to41<» 


March 

23,  \^^K 

March 

30,  isso. 

April 

ft,  18>*'». 

June 

1,  180O. 

July 

27,  ISHi- 

AugUlit 

10,  \s^K 

Au^UKt 

17,    1HH<). 

SeptemlHT  7,  l^sO. 
J?ept**nil>er2s,  lss(i. 
<)ctol>er  12,  1>^**0. 
NovemlKT  l»,  lx>»n. 
Fehniary  22,  ISxl. 
March  1,  \^^\ . 


KDWAHl)  .1.  NOLAN. 


API*   lD^-**     PniH*I« 


LIST  OF  CONTRIBUTORS, 

With  reference  to  the  several  articles  contributed  hy  each. 
For  Verbal  Communicatiuns  see  <Jener}il  Iiulex. 


• 


Allen,  HaiTisou.     Description  of  a  foetal  walrus 88 

On  the  Temporal  and  Masseter  Muscles  of  Mammals 385 

Barbeck,  Wm.     On  the  Development  of  Lemna  minor.  (Plate  XVIII.)  280 
Berfrh,  R.     On  the  Nudibranchiate  Gasteropod  Mollusca  of  the  North 
Pacific  Ocean,  with  special  reference  to  those  of  Alaska.    Part  II. 

(Plates  I.- VIIL). . .  .^ 40 

Chapman,  H.  C.     On  the  Structure  of  the  Or'ang  Outang.     (Plates 

XI.-XVII. ) 160 

Oenth,  F.  A.,  Jr.     The  So-called  Emei-y  Ore  from   Chelsea,   Bethel 

Township,   Delaware  County,  Pa : . .  811 

Hart  man,  W.  D.     Description  of  a  Partula  supposed  to  be  new,  from 

the  Island  of  Moorea *i2J» 

Keilprin,  Angelo.     On  the  Stratigraphical  Evidence  afforded  by  the 

Tertiary  Fossils  of  the  Peninsula  of  Maryland 20 

On  some  new  Lower  Eocene  Mollusca  from  Clarke  Co.,  Alabama, 
with  some  points  as  to  the  Stratigraphical  Position  of  the  Beds 

containing  them  i  Plate  20) . .    804 

Kingsley,  J.  S.     Carcinological  Notes,  No.  1   84 

Carcinological   Notes,  No.  2. — Revision  of  the  Gelasimi.     (Plates 

IX.  and  X.) 185 

Carcinological  Notes,  No.  8. — Revision  of  the  Genus  Ocypoda 179 

Carcinological  Notes,  No.  4.— Synopsis  of  the  Grapsidae 187 

Leidy,  Jos.     Rhizopods  in  the  MovSscs  of  the  Summit  of  Roan  Moun- 
tain, North  Carolina 888 

Lewis,  Henry  Carvill.     The  Optical  Characters  of  some  Micas 244 

On  Siderophyllite,  a  new  Mineral '. 254 

The  Surface  Geology  of  Philadelphia  and  Vicinity 258 

The  Iron  Ores  and  Lignite  of  the  Montgomery  Co.  Valley 282 

On  a  new  Fucoidal  Plant  from  the  Trias 298 

The  Trenton  Gravel  and  its  relation  to  the  Antiquity  of  Man 200 

On  Philadelphite  (Sp.  Nov.  i 818 

Lockington,  W.  N.     On  a  Pacific  Species  of  Caulolatilus 18 

Description  of  a  new  species  of  Hemitripterus  from  Alaska 288 

Description  of  a  new  species  of  Catostomus  (Catostomus  Cypho) 

from  the  Colorado  River 287 

McCook,  Rev.  H.  C.     The  Shining  Slaveniaker. — Notes  on  the  Archi- 
tecture and  Habitsof  the  American  Slave-making  Ant,  Polyergus 

lucidus  (Plate  19) 870 

Rand,  Tlieo.  D.     On  Randite 274 

Report  on  Plants  introduced  by  means  of  the  International  Exhibition, 

1876 \ 182 

Vodges,  Anth.  W.     Description  of  a  new  Cnistacean  from  the  Upper 

Silurian  of  Georgia,  with  i-emarks  upon  Calymene  Clintoni 17<> 


*  9 


10  PROrEEDlNOS   OP  THE   ACADEMY   OP  [1880. 

a  vital  power,  tliat  thoy  were  soon  killed  when  Revere  weather 
oceiirre<l.  In  the  jrni|)e  vine,  for  instance,  the  extreme  ends  of  the 
Htronjx  branches  and  whole  lenp^ths  of  weaker  ones  died  during 
the  winter.  These  remained  on  till  cut  away  hy  the  pruner,  or 
until  they  fell  by  natural  decay.  In  the  Ampehpsis  named  they 
were  thrown  otf  by  an  articulation,  so  that  by  spring  no  dead 
wood  of  the  j)ast  season's  growth  would  l>e  found  on  the  plants. 
Every  ncwle  inclu<ie<l  in  the  dead  jiortion,  separated  ;  so  that  under 
the  plants  the  pieces  may  he  gathered  like  the  separate  vertebne 
in  a  skeleton. 

The  AmpHlopstA,  when  running  up  a  tree  or  wall,  seldom  sent 
out  lateral  bnmches  till  it  reached  the  summit.  When  thest*  side 
branches  were  |)roduced,  they  appeared. after  a  few  years, as  thick 
bushy  masses,  having  the  look  of  a  hedge  annually  pruned.  It 
appears  that  in  these  cases  the  annual  growth  is  disarticulated  at 
just  one  node  alK»ve  that  one  made  last  year— the  branch  thus 
gaining  but  one  node  a  year.  A  bushy  branch  of  a  dozen  years 
old,  will  thus  have  but  a  dozen  nodes  of  living  wood. 

The  observations  were  of  some  interest  just  now,  from  the  dis- 
covery of  a  s|x»cics  of  Vitin  in  the  South  Pacific,  which  produced 
tubers  at  the  end  of  the  branches,  whi(rh  at  the  end  of  the  S€»ason 
were  thrown  off  bv  a  disarticulation,  and  in  this  way  aide<l  in 
propagation  and  distribution.  Though  the  disarticulation  in  the 
neighboring  genus  Am]>t'lopifiif^  as  now  noted,  results  only  in 
ridding  the  plant  at  i)nce  of  useless  woml,  it  showed  a  relation  of 
p4>wers  in  allied  sjH'cies  that  must  Ik'  of  service  to  those  engaged 
ill  studies  of  derivation. 

(ieo.  Vaux  was  ek»cted  a  member  of  the  Council  to  serve  for 
the  unexpired  term  of  (\  Xewlin  Pierce.  Aubrej  H.  Smith  was 
elected  to  M»rve  f(»r  the  unexpire<l  term  of  Edw.  T>.  Coim'. 


January  20. 
The  President,  I>r.  KrsciiENBRRORR,  in  the  chair. 
FoKy  jierscms  present. 

Soiice  of  the  Cruel  Thread  Worm^  FUaria  immitin^  of  the 
Ihxj, — Prof.  Lkii>v  cUrccttHl  attention  to  a  specimen,  presenttMl  by 
Mrs.  Laura  M.  Towne,  of  Beaufort,  S.  (\,  consisting  of  the  heart 
and  part  of  one  lung  of  a  <log,  containing  thread  worms.  The 
right  ventricle  of  the  heart  and  the  pulmonary  artery  contained  a 
iHiuoh  of  the  |Mirasites,  anil  si»veral  also  were  contained  in  the 
lung.  A  similar  s|K>(Miuen,  with  the  ventricle  literally  stutfWi  full 
of  worms,  is  preservi»<l  in  the  musi*um  of  the  University  of  Penu- 


:  ^"O  *;  HiTtiiii    ^ii%*i.«  i-r  riiiMi  I  M-iii  % 


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12  raOCEEDTNQS  OF  THE  ACADEMY  OF  [1880. 

heart,  the  wormH  burst  forth  in  bunches,  slowly  uncoiling  them- 
selves. They  were  white,  stiff  ami  wire-like,  and  not  in  tlie  least 
stained  with  blood.  They  lived  in  water  about  twenty-four  lionrs. 
The  large  blooil-vessels  of  the  lungs  were  filled  densely,  and  even 
from  the  small  ones  long  Filarite  were  with  some  difficulty  with- 
drawn.    No  worms  were  found  in  the  kidneys." 

January  27. 
The  President.  Dr.  RrscHENBEROKR,  in  the  chair. 
Nineteen  jH^rsons  present. 

A  |)aper  entitled  *'  Carcinological  Notes,  No.  2.  Re  vision  of 
the  (lelasimi/'  by  J.  S.  Kingsley,  was  prcsentetl  for  publication. 

The  deatli  of  Thomas  M.  Brewer,  a  corres|>ondent,  w:is  an- 
nounce<l. 

Chas.  W.  Pickering,  John  S.  Jenks,  Wm.  If.  Jenks,  A.  K. 
Thomas,  Ferris  W.  Price,  John  Wagner,  Chas.  P.  Tasker,  Henry 
F.  Formad  and  George  W.  Biddle  were  elected  meml»ers. 

Angelo  lleilprin,  of  New  York,  Dr.  C.  A.  White,  of  Washing- 
ton, Albert  De  Selle,  of  Paris,  R.  Hoemes,  of  Vienna,  (ieorges 
Rolland,  of  Paris,  and  Victor  Raulin,  of  Bordeaux,  were  electtMl 
com^spondenjls. 

The  following  were  onlere«l  to  be  printed  : — 


1880. J  NATURAL   SCIENCES   OF   PHILADELPHIA.  13 


ON  THE  PACIFIC  8PXCIS8  07  CAUL0LATILTJ8. 
BY   W.    N.   LOCKINGTON. 

In  the  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  1865,  pp.  66-68,  Dr.  Gill 
enumerates  four  species  of  his  genus  GaulolatiluH^  one  of  them, 
G,  chrysops  (Latilus  chrysops,  Val.)  from  the  Atlantic,  the  others 
from  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

These  species  are ;  C,  anomalus  {=Dekaya  anomalus^  Cooper), 
G.  princeps  (=Latilus  princeps^  Jenyns),  and  G,  affinis^  Gill. 
The  first  and  second  of  these  are  stated  to  differ  in  the  proportion 
between  the  length  of  the  posterior  dorsal  spines  and  the  distance 
between  the  dorsal  fin  and  the  lateral  line ;  as  well  as  in  the  length 
of  the  pectoral ;  while  the  third  species  (characterized  from  a 
specimen  about  three  inches  long)  is  described  as  follows  :  "  Pro- 
file quadrant,  in  front  almost  vertical;  Greatest  height  less  than 
four  times  (.27)  in  the  length  (exclusive  of  the  caudal),  that  of 
caudal  peduncle  about  nine  times.  Head  more  than  ^j^  of  the 
length,  while  its  height  is  to  its  length  as  22^  :  31.  Diameter  of 
eye  equal  to  almost  ^  the  height  of  the  head.  Preorbital  very 
narrow.  Teeth  of  preoperculum  strong  and  distant ;  those  of  the 
middle  directed  obliquely  upwards.  Sixth  dorsal  spine  equal  to 
I  of  the  length.  Anus  behind  the  middle  of  the  length.  Caudal 
rather  exceeding  the  height  of  the  head.  Pectorals  equal  to  J  of 
the  length.  Ventrals  shorter  (.18)  inserted  beneath  the  base  of 
the  pectoral,  its  spine  at  the  vertical  of  the  upper  axil.  D.,  vii, 
25.  A.,  ii,  22.  P.,  18.  Color  reddish  brown  on  head  and  back, 
lighter  on  the  sides.  A  very  distinct  blackish  spot  above  the 
axilla  of  the  pectoral.  Localit}',  Cape  St.  Lucas."  Dr.  Gill 
states  his  belief  that  the  large  eyes  and  the  narrow  preorbital  are 
characters  of  youth  ;  and,  moreover,  hints  a  doubt  as  to  the  spe- 
cific identity  of  G.  princeps  and  (7.  anomalus,  but  thinks  it 
scarcely  probable  on  account  of  the  few  species  known  to  be 
common  to  Lower  California  and  the  Galapagos,  the  localities 
from  which  the  types  of  (7.  anomalus  and  G,  princeps  were  re- 
spectively procured. 

As  I  have  lately  obtained  two  individuals  of  a  species  of  Gaulo- 
latilus  in  the  markets  of  San  Francisco,  I  contribute  a  tolerably 
full  description,  embodying  the  characters  of  the  two  (which 
eWdently  belong  to  the  same  species)  and  notes  upon  the 
peculiarities  of  each.    The  difference  in  some  of  the  proportions 


14  P1lOCE£DIlfO«   or  THE    ACADEMY   OP  [1880. 

t)etw<*<'ii  these  two  individuals  has  almost  convinced  me  of  the 
identity  of  C.  princepn  and  C.anomalus;  and  I  am  inclined  to 
think  it  prolmlile  that  the  type  of  C.  affinia  is  only  a  somewhat 
abnormal  sjH*eimen  of  the  same  species.  The  chief  differences 
between  the  smaller  of  my  8|>ecimens  and  the  type  of  C,  affinitt 
are  tlie  more  < j uad ran ti form  outline  and  greater  length  of  the  head 
and  tlie  smaller  numlx^r  of  dorsal  spines  and  anal  rays  in  the  latter 

As,  however,  the  form  of  the  head  differs  so  considerably  in 
individuals  evidently  lK»longing  to  the  same  species,  Um  much 
stress  must  not  Ik?  lai<l  on  the  former  character;  and  the  variation 
in  tlie  numlM*r  of  dorsal  spines  (viii-ix)  and  dorsal  and  anal  fin- 
rays  in  s]K*eimens  of  undoubted  C.  anomalus  on  record,  forbid  us 
to  think  the  latter  a  fK>sitive  character. 

It  is  quite  |H)ssible  that  an  individual  may  have  acquired  the 
fonn  of  head  of  the  adult,  while  still  of  small  dimensions.  The 
dorsal  spine  may  l)e  expt»cted  (judging  from  the  two  si)ecimens 
here  deseribed)  to  increase  in  their  projiortional  length  inversely 
to  the  size  of  the  fish. 

If  my  conjecture  l>e  correct  (and  I  only  give  it  as  a  conjecture), 
then  there  is  only  one  Pacific  8j)ecie8  at  ])resent  known,  ranging  at 
least  from  the  (iaIa])agos  to  the  Bay  of  Monterey,  near  Sun  Fran- 
cisco;  representing  in  this  ocean  the  C,  vhrynopH  of  the  Atlantic, 
and  varying  somewhat  accortling  to  age  and  locality.  To  thor- 
oughly settle  the  (piestion,  a  thorough  examination  of  several 
s]KM*iniens  from  the  Gala])agos,  and  a  comparison  of  them  with 
others  from  Lower  and  Up|K*r  California,  will  Ik'  necessary. 

Presuming,  for  the  occasion,  that  they  are  identical,  the 
synonymy  will  Ik*  as  follows: 

OamloUUliii  priaotpt  (Jenjn*),  Gill. 

LttUlui  princepMj  Jeiiyns,  Zool.  Bca^^le,  52,  pi.  11. 
LiidluipriMept,  Giinther,  Cat.  FihIi.  British  Museum,  II,  p.  253. 
Dekayti  anomala^  Cooper,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  1H65,  p.  68. 
Caulolutilui  arwfn4tlui.  Gill,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  8ci.,  Cal.,  1H05,  p.  08. 
CttuUAatilui  tijflniMj  (till,  loc.  cit. 

CauloUttilui  anofiuilui.  Streets,  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  No.  7,  p.  48, 
1S77. 

I>.  viii-ix.  2,V2«.  A.  ii.  24-20.  P.  19-20.  V.  l  i\  ac.  i:i-14. 
i\  13. 

General  DeHvrijttion. — Profile  more  or  less  decurve<l,  the  curva- 
tun*  increasing  with  age;  i>osterior  portion  of  dorsal  outline 
nearly   straight ;  abdominal  outline  regularly  curved.     Greatent 


1880.J  NATURAL   SCIENCES  OF   PHILADELPHIA.  15 

depth  slightly  less  than  four  to  rather  more  than  fives  times  in  the 
total  length  ;  head,  4f-4f  in  the  same.  Greatest  thickness  about 
2^  in  the  greatest  depth.  Eye,  4-5  times  ;  snout,  3-3^  times  in 
the  length  of  the  head.  Interorbital  width,  measured  round  the 
curve  of  the  forehead,  2|-2^  in  the  same.  Caudal  peduncle,  3-4 
times  in  the  greatest  depth.  Distance  from  the  spinous  dorsal  to 
the  lateral  line,  jj-lj  times  in  the  height  of  the  last  dorsal  spine. 
Nostrils  conspicuous,  on  the  horizon  of  the  centre  of  the  pupil,  an- 
terior with  a  valve  posteriorly ;  posterior  larger,  simple,  subcircular, 
distant  from  the  eye  about  one-third  of  the  diameter  of  the  latter. 

Eyes  large,  lateral,  subcircular,  their  posterior  margin  nearer 
the  tip  of  the  operculum  than  that  of  the  snout. 

Mouth  slightly  ascending  forwards ;  tip  of  the  intermaxillary 
level  with  the  lower  margin  of  the  orbit ;  posterior  extremity  of 
maxillary  nearly  vertical  with  the  anterior  orbital  margin.  Max- 
illary narrow  throughout,  its  posterior  portion  free,  but  the 
greater  part  of  its  upper  edge  concealed  behind  the  large  preorbital 
in  the  closed  mouth.  Jaws  equal  in  front  in  the  closed  mouth. 
Teeth  in  jaws  in  several  rows  in  front,  diminishing  to  a  single  row 
farther  back  on  the  sides,  rather  small,  slender,  acute,  recurved  at 
tip,  but  those  in  front  of  the  mandible  in  the  outer  row  inclined 
forwards.  Teeth  in  front  largest,  those  on  the  sides  diminishing, 
but  the  hindermost  tooth  on  each  side  of  each  jaw  more  or  less 
developed  as  a  canine,  though  still  shorter  than  the  anterior  teeth. 

No  teeth  on  vomer  or  palatines.  Upper  pharyngeals  set  with 
sharp, irregularly  spaced,  cardiform  teeth;  lower  pharyngeals  with 
an  outer  and  inner  row  of  similar  teeth,  with  some  irregularly  placed 
teeth  between  the  rows.     Lower  pharyngeals  entirely  separate. 

Gill-rakers  of  front  of  first  branchial  arch  slender,  rather  stiff, 
about  ^  the  diameter  of  the  eye,  all  the  others  tubercular. 

Hinder  border  of  preoperculum  vertical,  very  slightly  curved, 
lower  angle  rounded,  set  with  teeth  which  slightly  increase  in 
size  at  the  angle,  but  do  not  extend  along  the  lower  border. 
Operculum  ending  behind  in  a  broad  flat  spine. 

Dorsal  commencing  above  the  upper  pectoral  axil,  very  long, 
the  tips  of  its  terminal  rays  reaching  the  caudal  accessories ;  the 
length  of  its  base  about  half  the  total  length  of  the  fish ;  spinous 
dorsal  3§-4  times  in  the  total  length  of  the  fin,  and  lower  than  the 
soft  portion.  First  dorsal  spine  shortest,  the  others  increasing 
rapidly  to  the  fifth,  more  slowly  to  the  eighth  or  ninth  ;  the  longest 
6^-8  times  in  the  total  length  of  the  fin. 


H  PEOCKRDINGS   OF  TUE  ACADEMY   Or  [1880. 

Soft  dorsal  continuous  with  the  spinous  portion,  and  aimoet 
equal  in  height  throughout,  the  last  ray  excepted.  Last  raj 
much  shorter  than  the  others.  Height  of  soil  dorsal,  in  front 
5^7  J  times  in  the  total  length  ;  many  of  the  rays  simple,  some 
slightly  bifurcate  at  the  tip,  the  two  or  three  last  rays  twice 
branched. 

Anal  commencing  under  fifth  dorsal  ray,  its  length  about  |  of 
that  of  the  dorsal,  with  which  it  is  coterminous.  Anal  spines  very 
small,  closely  adpresseil  to  the  first  rays ;  rays  similar  and  about 
equal  in  length  to  those  of  the  dorsal,  the  last  much  shorter  than 
the  others.  Pectoral  lanceolate,  the  seventh  ray  longest,  the  rays 
decreasing  rapidly  on  each  side,  the  lowest  scarcely  one-fiflb  as 
long  as  the  seventh.  Length  to  tip  of  longest  ray  l^-lj  in  that 
of  the  head.  Most  of  the  rays  twice  branched,  tip  of  the  longest 
reaching  a  little  beyond  the  anus.  Base  of  pectoral  slightly 
oblique. 

Ventrals  inserted  under  the  hinder  margin  of  the  pectoral  base, 
their  tips  not  reaching  to  the  anus ;  their  length  about  |  tliat  of 
the  pectoral ;  the  last  four  rays  twice  bifurcate. 

Caudal  alK>ut  one-sixth  of  the  total  length,  with  numerous  acces> 
sor}'  rays,  causing  a  widening  of  the  caudal  base ;  principal  rays 
three  times  forked  ;  hinder  border  deeply  and  triangularly  eniar- 
ginate,  almost  forkecl. 

Lateral  line  indistinct,  tubes  simple;  alK>ut  145  scales  in  its 
length,  parallel  or  nearly  so  with  the  dorsal  outline. 

Aliout  fortv  scales  l)etwecn  the  ventrals  and  the  lateral  line,  and 
thirteen  alnivc  the  latter.  Scales  of  body  almost  rectangular,  their 
longitudinal  excH'eding  the  transverse  diameter,  the  free  margin 
finely  ctenoid.  All  the  scales  small,  those  of  the  alxlomen  rather 
smaller  than  the  others,  especially  front  of  the  paired  fins. 

Scales  extending  U|N>n  the  cheeks  and  opercular  apimnitus,  but 
the  snout  and  fon*head  to  alK)ve  the  centre  of  the  eyes,  the  up|>er 
lM»nlor  of  the  orl>its ;  preopercular  margin,  jaws  and  gill-membrane 
healeless. 

No  scales  u|H)n  ilorsal  or  anal ;  caudal  covered  with  small  scales 
*<»ver  the  greater  portion  of  its  surface.  Pectorals  more  or  less 
scaly  exteriorly  near  the  liase,  the  scales  extending  farther  l)etwet»n 
the  (*entRd  than  U'tween  the  lateral  rays. 

Color  leaden-gray,  lH»t»oming  <larker  al>ove,  but  fading  to  a  dirty 
creamy -white  1k»Iow.  Vertical  fins  slaty-gray.  Dorsal  surface  of 
head  darker  than  the  rest  of  the  body. 


1880J 


NATURAL   SCIENCEB  OF   PHILADELPHIA. 


n 


The  two  specimens  on  which  the  above  description  is  principally 
founded  were  procured  in  the  market  of  San  Francisco,  and  were 
bronght  from  the  vicinity  of  Monterey  Bay.  One  is  an  adult,  the 
other  an  immature  individual,  and  the  two  present  considerable 
variation  in  externa)  form,  and  in  the  proportions  of  some  of  the 
parts,  as  will  be  evident  by  the  dimensions  and  further  description 
of  each  specimen  here  appended. 

DufEKsiONs  OF  THE  Two  Specimeks.    No.  1.  No.  2. 

llfCHXS.  INCIIXS. 

.      17.75     10.05 


Total  length,  including  eaudal, 
Length  without  caudal,  .        .        .      14.65 

Greatest  depth  oi  body,          .        .        .  4.50 

Greatest  thickness  of  body,     .        .        .  2.38 

Length  of  bead, 3.74 

Circumference  behind  base  of  pectorals,      10.88 

Longitudinal  diameter  of  eye,        .        .  .80 

Length  of  snout,      .        .        .        .        .  1.35 

Intexorbital  width,  round  curve  of  forehead,  1.75 
From  ti^  of  snout  to  dorsal,  along  dorsal 

outline, 4.75 

Length  of  base  of  dorsal  fin,  .        .        .  8.96 
**-         "         "  spinous  dorsal,  .        .  2.40 
Frmn  tip  of  lower  jaw  to  anal,  along  ab- 
domen^      .        ^        .                .        .  8.'  0 
Length  of  base  of  anal,  ..       ..       .        .  5.02 

Length  of  peetoral  base,          .        ...  .87 

Length  of  pectoral  to  tip  of  longest  ( 7^ ' )  ray,  3.36» 

From  tip  of  snout  to  insertion  of  ventrals,  4.46 
Length  of  ventrals, 


Hei 


ght  of  fii*8t  dorsal  spine. 


i» 


i( 


C4 


u 


iC 


« 


(( 


t( 


it 


4i 


(C 


li. 


iC 


it 


(( 


C« 


i( 


a 


(i 


C( 


Ci 


i( 


second 

t^ird 

foiftrtk 

fifth 

sixth 
"  seventh*' 

eighth  ** 

ninth     " 
Distanee  from  Ist  dorsal  to  lateral  line. 
Height  of  soft  dorsal,  in  front, 
Depth  of  anal,         .        .        ^       . 
Width  of  eaudal  peduncle,     . 
Length  of  lower  jaw, 

*'        **  maxillary,  along  its  curve, 

Rays  of  dorsal^ ix-26 

^'     anal,  .       .       •       .       •       iir25 


2.30 

.25 

.56 

.82 

.03 

11.03 

1.05 

1.0ft 

1.13 

1.10 

1.50 

1.30 

1.30 

t.l2 

1.62 

1.50 


8.30 

1.96 

.92 

2.08 

.52 
.63 
.76 

2.46 
4M 
1.25 

4.39 

3.32 

.45 

1.82 

2.42 

1.20 

.25 

.40- 

.55 

.68 

.70 

.73 

.75 

.77 

.70 

.65 

.90 

.90 

.65 

.82 

.75 

ix-25 

U«2a 


30^ 

16 

25 

5i 
8i 
12 

32^ 

16 

54i 

40. 

23 

30^ 

15i 

H 
4 

5f 

H 

7 

7.2 

^ 

10 
9 
9 

^ 
11 

10 


23^ 
10^ 
24| 

6 

74 
9 

29J1 

14J 

51} 
40 

22 
2& 
14 

3 

5 

H 

7 

H 

9 

H 
H 

10^ 

H 

9i 


18  PRO0EEDINO8   Of   THE   ACADEMY   Of  [1880. 

Further  DeHcrxption  of  No,  1. — Snout  very  declivous,  dorsal 
outline  in  advance  of  the  dorsal  rising  rapidly,  owing  to  a  great 
accumulation  of  adipose  tissue  about  the  upper  part  of  the  bodj* ; 
posterior  part  of  dorsal  outline  regularly  descending  almost  in  a 
straight  line ;  alnlominal  outline  regularly  curved. 

Ureatest  depth  a  little  less  than  four  times;  head,  4 J  times  in 
the  total  length;  greatest  thickness,  IJ  in  the  great4?st  depth. 
Eye,  4JJ  ;  snout,  3,  interorbital  width  (round  curve  of  forehead), 
2}  times  in  the  length  of  the  head.  Caudal  |)eduncle,  four  times 
in  the  greatest  depth.  Distance  from  the  spinous  dorsal  to  the 
lateral  line,  measured  along  the  curve  of  the  side,  one-third  longer 
than  the  longest  spine. 

Denticulations  of  preoperculum  rather  blunt ;  opercular  spine 
blunt. 

Teeth  somewhat  irregular,  canines  less  distinct  th.an  in  the 
young. 

Anal  spines  short  and  weak,  but  stiff,  and  distinctly  rci*og- 
nizable  as  spines ;  the  first  ver}'  short,  the  second  al)out  half  aK 
long  as  the  first  ray. 

Lat4»ral  line  less  conspicuous  than  in  the  young. 

Upi)er  pnrt  of  the  head  and  along  the  line  of  the  l)ack  approach- 
ing a  chocolate  tint. 

Vertical  fins  darker  nearer  the  miirgin.  Xo  black  spot  alK>ve 
peirtoral  axil. 

The  whole' fi'<h  is  exceedinjjlv  oilv,  and  the  abundant  exudation 
of  this  oil  renders  it  exceedingly  disiigreeable  to  handle. 

Further  Description  of  No.  2. — Dorsal  outline  from  tip  of  lower 
jaw  to  vertical  from  posterior  margin  of  eye,«nuch  less  convex 
than  in  the  adult ;  rise  from  thence  to  the  ongin  of  the  dorsal 
very  slight  ;  a  gradual  descent  in  an  almost  stniight  line  from 
thence  to  the  caudal  pcnluncle.  AlMlominal  outline  regularly 
curved  to  caudal  |KHluncle.  Greatest  depth,  5J;  length  of  head, 
42  times  in  the  total  length  ;  eye,  4  times;  snout,  alw^ut  3J  timcH 
in  the  length  of  the  he.«id.  Interorbital  width,  measured  roumi 
it*  curve,  alniut  one-firth  more  than  the  length  of  the  snout,  or 
iy  in  the  length  of  the  head.  Caudal  ]K'duncle,  3  times  in  the 
greatest  depth. 

Distance  from  the  s]>inous  dorsal,  at  its  ]>osterior  part,  to  the 
lateral  line,  nearly  H  in  the  length  of  t-lie  longest  spine,  and  less 


1880.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES   OF    PHILADELPHIA.  19 

than  one-third  of  the  seraicireumference  of  the  body.  Longest 
(9th)  dorsal  spine,  2J  in  the  length  of  the  head. 

Forehead  and  occiput  transversely  much  less  arcuate  than  in 
the  adult,  the  large  deposit  of  fat  on  these  parts  in  the  latter  being 
absent  in  the  young. 

Opening  of  mouth  slightly  less  oblique  than  in  the  adult,  the 
maxillary  extending  a  little  farther  back.  Teeth  much  as  in  the 
adult,  but  the  hindmost  tooth  in  each  jaw,  but  especially  in  the 
upper,  assuming  more  distinctly  the  propoilions  of  a  canine, 
though  still  smaller  than  the  front  teeth. 

Denticulations  of  operculum  proportionately  more  conspicuous, 
and  more  acute  than  in  the  adult,  opercular  spine  ending  in  three 
denticulations. 

Ninth  dorsal  spine,  6^  times  in  the  length  of  the  fin,  about  2^ 
in  the  greatest  depth.  Rays  of  soft  dorsal  about  2^  in  the  great- 
est depth,  the  antepenultimate  ray  slightly  produced.  Anal  spines 
closely  attached  to  the  first  ray,  very  small ^fiexible,  and  scarcely 
recognizable  as  spines. 

A  black  spot  above  the  upper  axil  of  the  pectoral ;  upper  parts 
without  the  warm  tint  of  the  adult.  No  large  development  of 
adipose  tissue. 

Since  the  above  paper  was  written,  a  third  specimen  of  Gaulola- 
iilus  from  the  same  locality  has  come  into  the  possession  of  the 
California  Academy  of  Sciences.  This  example  is  about  equal  in 
length  to  the  larger  of  the  two  described,  but  the  development  of 
fat  upon  the  occiput  is  much  less  marked,  so  that  its  proportions 
are  very  nearly  those  of  the  type  of  G,  anomalus. 

Although  I  am  perfectly  aware  that  specimens  from  the  Gala- 
pagos would  be  required  to  settle  the  question  of  the  identity  of 
G.  princeps  with  G.  anomalus  and  (7.  affinis,  I  believe  that  the 
comparison  of  these  three  examples,  evidently  all  of  one  species, 
and  sharing  among  them  characters  relied  upon  as  specific,  cer- 
tainly throws  great  doubt  upon  the  distinctness  of  the  three  de- 
scribed species.  Dr.  Bean  (in  lit,)  doubts  the  specific  identity  of 
the  two  specimens  described  in  this  paper,  and  draws  attention  to 
certain  differences  of  proportion,  but  the  only  differences  of  mag- 
nitude are  those  caused  by  the  development  of  fat  on  the  occi 


20  PROCEEDINQB   Of   THE   ACADEMY  OP  [1880. 


CM  THE  BTBAnORAPHICAL  SVIDBVCB  A770BDED  IT  THE  TX&TIAXT 
FOSSILS  OF  THE  PEEIHSULA  OF  XABTLAVD. 

BY   ANGGLO   UEILPRIN. 

The  Tertiary  depoaits  of  Maryland  have  from  time  to  time 
iittraotcd  the  attention  of  investigators  more  or  less  eminent  in 
their  special  lines  of  research,  the  results  of  whose  observations, 
owinjf  to  the  then  im|>erfect  state  of  American  geologi(»al  and  |>ale- 
4intologieal  science,  only  very  gradually  tended  to  unfold  the  truif 
relations  existing  K^tween  the  synchronous  formations  of  the 
east-Atlantic  and  west-Atlantic  countries. 

Maclure,  on  the  map  accompanying  his  "  Observations  of  the 
<ieology  of  the  United  States  "  (1817),  classtnl  all  the  late  super- 
ficial deiK)sits  of  Maryland  under  the  general  term  *'  Alluvial," 
which  term  was  likewise  applied  to  almost  the  entire  border 
4le]M>sits  of  the  Atlantic  and  Gulf  8lo|H*8.  In  1824  (J.  A.  X.  8., 
vol.  iv)  Hay  descril)cd  alK>ut  forty  sjK»cie8  of  fossil  shells  collectiMl 
by  Mr.  Finch  from  the  same  state,  but  excepting  some  passing 
retlt»ctions  on  the  nature  of  the  deposit  whence  they  were  obtained, 
and  on  the  great  resemblance  existing  l»etween  some  of  the  formn 
and  forms  still  living  on  the  coast,  no  special  geological  infert»nce« 
wen*  drawn  from  tlie  collection.  From  a  comparative  examination 
of  the  contained  fonsils.  Van  Kcnsselaer  ("  Lecturers  on  (b»ology," 
lH2r>.  p.  2t»l )  subsetiuently  referred  the  deposits  in  <piestion  to 
the  Vp|H*r  Marine  fi»nnation,  which  view  was  concurri'd  In  by 
Morton  in  a  pa|K»r  n»ad  iK'fore  the  Aca<lemy  of  Natural  Sciences 
<»f  IMiiladelphia  in  June,  182H.  In  a  previous  paper  ("Geological 
Observations  on  the  Secondary,  Tertiary,  and  Alluvial  Forma- 
tions." J.  A.  N.  S.,  January,  1828),  published  conjointly  by 
Vanuxem  an<l  Morton,  no  attempt  was  made  to  correlate  the  various 
divisions  of  the  American  and  European  Tertiary  formations. 

Conrad,  who,  more  than  any  other  American  geologist,  con- 
tributed Ut  advance  our  knowlwlge  of  the  geolog>*  and  paliNm- 
t<»t<»gy  of  this  latest  jHTiod,  was  tlu»  f1i*st  to  riHM>gnize  the  exist4»iice 
of  at  least  three  clistinct  |M)st-Secondarv  formations  in  M  dryland, 
the  ohlest  of  which  he  identified  l»y  a  series  of  a  few  fossils  found 
near  Ft.  WashingUm.on  the  Potomac,  as  lM>longing  to  the  KiK»ene, 
and  the  newest,  as  ex|>oscd  on  the  southeast  extrt»mity  of  the 
pt*ninsula,  to  the  Post-lMiocene  (J.  A.  N.  8.,  vol  vi,  and  Bulletin 


1880.] 


NATURAL  SCIENCES  Of  PHILADELPHIA. 


21 


of  the  National  Institution,  1841).  The  intermediate  deposits 
were  classed  as  the  Upper  Marine,  but  subsequently  under  LyelPs 
designation  of  Miocene.  Conrad's  original  observations  were  in 
general  confirmed  by  his  later  researches,  and  the  relations  of  at 
least  a  great  portion  of  the  Miocene  of  Maryland,  as  well  as  of 
almost  the  entire  Atlantic  slope,  were  clearly  pointed  out  by 
Lyell  in  1846  (Proc.  of  the  Geolog.  Soc,  vol.  iv,  p.  547). 

It  is  mainly  in  relation  to  this  last  formation  that  we  wish  to 
draw  special  attention,  there  being  but  little  question  concerning 
the  original  determination  of  the  Eocene  and  Post-Pliocene 
(Pliocene?)  deposits.  That  the  great  bulk  of  the  deposits  known 
as  the  Medial  Tertiary  of  Maryland  are  not  synchronous  with 
the  South  Carolina  deposits  classed  by  Tuoraey  and  Holmes  as 
Pliocene,  an  assumed  fact  insisted  upon  by  Conrad,  and  for  which 
there  appears  to  be  no  evidence,  an  examination  of  the  following 
table  of  mollusca  will  clearly  demonstrate  : 

Lamellibranehiata  of  the  Xedial  Tertiary  Formations  of  Maryland. 


Anomia  ephippiumf*       Cardita  protracta, 
Amphidesma  carinata,*        '*      granulata,^ 

*'  subovata,    Cardium  laqueatum, 

Area  callipleura,  "        acutilaquea- 

(—  A.  dipleura?),  turn. 


It 

(( 

(4 
4( 
(i 
(( 
it 
H 


idonea, 

incile,* 

subrostrata, 

Marylandica, 

triquetra, 

centenaria,* 

improcera,* 


craticuloides, 
leptopleura, 
Corbula  cuneata,* 
'*        idonea, 
"       elevata^ 
"        inequalis,* 

Crassatella  Marylandica, 

li 


Leda  concentrica, 

Lima  papyria, 

Lepton  (?)  mactroides, 

Lueina  anodonta,* 

(— L.  Americana), 
Foreman!, 
subobliqua, 
subplana, 
cribraria,* 
crenulata,* 
contractOf* 
divarieatOf* 


c< 

(< 
it 


a 


stilicidiuro, 
Artemis  acetabulum,* 
'*        concentrica, 

{=  A,  elegansf)f  Cytherea  Sayana,* 
Astarte  vicina, 

cuneiformis, 
obruta, 
perplana, 
exaltata, 
varians, 
distans, 
planulata, 
undulata,* 
Cardita  arata,* 


<< 
(I 
« 

a 

it 
a 

4( 


44 

41 
44 


turgidula,      Mactra  incrassata, 
melina,  '*      ponderosa, 

uudulata,*  *'      fragosa, 

'*      Bubcuneata, 
albaria,*  **      delumbis, 

(=  C.  idonea),  Modiola  Ducatellii, 
Marylandica,     Mya  producta. 


subnasuta, 
Isocardia  fratema, 
"       Markoei, 
Leda  liciata, 
"    acuta,* 
"    (Yoldia)  l»vi8, 
*•    (Nucula)  proxima. 


Mytilus  incurva, 
Ostrea  Virginica,* 
"      percrassa,* 
PanopoM,  Americana, 
reflexa,* 
porrecta, 
(—  P.  Goldfussi  ?') 


44 
(4 


22 


PROrKEDINOS   OF   THE   ACADEMT   OF 


[1880. 


Pect«n  Madisoniuft, 
lluiiiphroysii, 
JefTfrsoniuR, 
concent  ricus, 
Clintoniuis 
fsfptcnarius,* 
IV*ctnnculus  pariliis^ 
Icntifor- 
mis,* 


ii 


(. 


tt 


<t 


Fema  inaxillataf  Tellioa  lenit, 

Petri  col  a  ccntonaria,*      Venus  tetrica, 


Plicatula  marpnata,* 
Pholadoinya  abrupt  a,* 
Pliolas  ovaliR, 

(—  P,  coitatafi* 
S<ixir4tra  rugo$a, 
8oUn  eruii.* 
Tcllina  aHjuistriata, 


<( 


i« 


<t 


«t 


44 


(< 


(4 


Mortoniy 

alveata, 

inoceriformis, 

stamineus^ 

tridacnoidc!!,* 

Rileyi  .* 


44 


Fubovatus  * 


44 


biplicata,* 


The  Rpocies  in  ittilics  are  Ktill  Hvinj;  on  the  American  coasts;  those  fol- 
lowed by  an  *  are  described  by  Tuomey  and  Holmes  as  occurring  in  Cbe 
Pliocene  fonnation  of  South  Carolina. 

[NoTJu — Tlu»  pro(H'(lin<r  tabU*  has  U'eii  rompiled  as  a(*curatelv 
a**  |M)ssibK'  fmin  tlio  various  |»a|H»rs  iHTtaininjr  to  the  i>aliv>ntolog\- 
of  the  StMtr.  hut  owiiii;  to  their  numl»er.  and  to  the  numorouH 
puhlieations  in  whieh  they  have  l>een  spread,  it  has  proved  irnpof^ 
sihle  to  e«>lhMt  theui  all.  and  no  doubt  s<»nie  frw  s|K'eies  will  Ik* 
found  oeeunini;    in   the   State  which    have  eseajxHl    our  notice. 

Thest»  will  probablv  be  vcrv  few  in  numl)er.  and  will  not  tnateriallv 

•  •  •  • 

HlftH't  the  ireiiend  etuieiusion.  The  f(dlowinj[  twenty-two  s|KH*ie!i. 
niainlv  thoM'  dcserilK'd  bv  Sav  from  the  eolleetion  of  Mr.  Fiiioh 

•  •  • 

(.1.  A.  N.  S.,  \(d.  iv),  have  no  statiMl  looalitv  :  Area  f^nirnaria, 
A.  imfro'tTfi^  A,  incilt\  Astartr  tiiainn.^^  CrnsaoteUa  umlnlnta^ 
Lniti  (irnfn,  L.  i'nurt'ntrira^  L.  prarima^  L.  Urvis^  Lnrinn  mn- 
tnirfa^  I.,  tlirnrirnfa,  L.  y»//>«»^//</K/i,  Pannppfa  retlt'xa,  Prcfen 
Jt'fr*'rsnin'(s^  /*.  Cltufonnis.  /\  conrt'iifricua^  P.  ^f7>/#'/Kinwx,  /Vc- 
tnnrulus  sufun-ftfiiM,  Piit-nfula  matyinata,  Trlh'na  /r/yuiWriVi/fl, 
IV/n/."  ilt*f''>rmis  {frui'irnnidrs)^  and   W  7?Jf'v?.] 

It  will  tlui**  Ik*  srrn.  that  «>f  alH>ut  one  hundnNl  8|XH*ies  of 
bivalve^,  only  thirt\-»»i\  {'M\  |H»r  cent.)  Ji re  <*onnnon  to  alxuit  an 
eipial  nmnU  r  (lo.'>)  from  the  South  Carolina  dej>osits :  and 
further.  l!i:it .  >\herea*i,  »>f  the  preeiMlinu  einnueration  of  Maryland 
niollu«»r:i  nhh  nboui    fif'tfru    ikt  cent,  are   ree.'Ut    forms,  no   h'jis 

•  s 

than  /'"/•'/  I  ••!•  <ent,  (or  a«'<M)nlini;  to  Tuomcv  and  Holmes,  nearlv 
fiOy  |wi  niit.)  oftht*  Soutli  rarolina  PlitxM'iU' (Conr*i«rs  MiiH'eno) 
bivalve  inolbi<ra  an*  still  livin*;.  Thrre  remains,  therefore,  no 
question  pf^ardini:  tlie  irlativc  a^res  of  the  two  t'oriuations. 

An  *'\aiiiiuatii»ii  i*\'  tlie  fos»<iliferous  strata  ex|M>sed  in  sections 
at  variouH  jM^int^  on   the  western  shon*  of  rhe?<a|H»ake   Bay,  iu 


1880.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES   OF    PHILADELPHIA.  23 

Anne  Arundel  and  Calvert  Counties,  on  the  Patuxent  River,  near 
Benedict,  and  on  the  St.  Mary's  River,  St.  Mary's  County,  tend 
to  show,  moreover,  that  the  series  of  deposits  intermediate  between 
the  Eocene  of  Fort  Washington  and  the  Pliocene  of  the  south- 
east extremity  of  the  peninsula  belong  to  two  different  periods  of 
formation,  an  older  and  a  newer;  those  belonging  to  the  latter 
period  being  characterized  by  a  fauna,  the  proportion  of  living 
forms  in  which  is  far  in  excess  of  that  in  the  former.  Sections 
of  the  newer  deposits  are  exhibited  in  Calvert  County,  near  Cove 
Point,  on  the  Patuxent  River,  below  Benedict,  at  about  water 
level,  on  the  same  river,  further  north,  in  the  deposits  above  the 
Perna  beds,  and  more  especially  on  the  St.  Mary's  River,  St. 
Mary's  County.  The  older  deposits  are  best  shown  in  the  oyster 
l>ed8,  rising  a  few  feet  above  tide-water,  at  Fair  Haven,  Anne 
Arundel  County  (which  point  was  considered  by  Conrad  as  the 
northern  termination  of  the  peninsular  Miocene  formation),  in 
similar  beds,  also  only  a  few  feet  above  water  level,  at  a  point 
about  twenty  miles  further  south  ("  Colonel  Blake's,"  of  Conrad), 
in  the  sections  exhibited  by  the  Calvert  Cliffs,  and  in  the  Perna 
l)eds  on  both  banks  of  the  Patuxent  River.  There  is,  further, 
strong,  although  not  conclusive  evidence,  for  considering  the  beds 
containing  Perna  maxiUata  and  Ostrea  perci^ansa  as  the  lowest 
of  the  series. 

The  following  tables  exhibit  as  nearly  as  possible  the  distribu- 
tion of  Lamellibranchiata  in  the  deposits  of  both  periods,  those 
of  the  newer  being  for  convenience  ^of  comparison  divided  into 
the  Patuxent  and  St.  Mary's  groups : 

OLDER   PERIOD. 

1  Area  dipleura,  11  Corbula  elevata, 

(=  A.  calilpleuray),        12  Crassatella  melina, 

2  "     Maryland  ica,  13  "  turgidula, 
.S       "     subrostrata,                      14  Cytherea  subnasuta, 

4  "    triquetra,  15  Isocardia  Markoei, 

5  Artemis  acetabulum,  IG  Leda  liciata, 

l>  Astarte  varians,  IT  Lima  papyria, 

7  "       exaltata,  18  Lucina  Foremani, 

8  Cardium  craticuloides,  19        **      subplana, 

9  "        leptopleura,  20        "       crenulata, 
10  Corbula  idonea,  21  Mytilus  incurva, 


S4  raOOEEDIEVOS  OF  THE  ACADEMY  Of  [18M. 

22  Mo<lio1a  Pueatclii,  29  Pcma  maxillata) 

23  Ostri'a  porcrassa^  30  Pholas  ovalis, 

24  Pano|)»^a{K)rrocta((}ol(lfus8i)  (=  P.  cosMaf) 
2«S  IVoton  Humphrcysii,               31  Tcllina  lenis, 

20        '^       Miulisonius,  32  Venns  aloeata^ 

27  Poctiincuhis  parilis  33      ''       stamin^a, 

28  **  lentiformiH,         34       **       Mortonif 

NKWER   PERIOa — K    PATUXENT  GROim 

1  ATiomia  Oonradi,  13  Lueina  Americana,  E^ 

(--  A,rf>fnppinmf)^  (—  Z^  Floridana)^ 

2  Area  idoiion,  SU  M.,  14  Mactm  inorasRata^ 
^  ArU*tut8  acetabulum,  St  M.,   15  Mya  proilucta^ 

4  Astartc  undulata,  ^t.  M.  IG  Panopxa  Americana^ 

^  Canlita  prot facta,  17  **         porrecta  (Gold- 

f>  Cardium  la<pieatuni,  SU  M.,  fussi)^  St«  M.. 

7  Carbula  klonea,  St.  M.,  K,,  18  Peeten  Madi8oniu8,8t.  M.^  K.. 

8  Crassatella  Marylaiidica,  K.,  19  Petricola  centenaria> 
t)  Cythvrea  Sayana^  St.  M.^  20  Pholas  ovalis, 

10  ^         Marylandiea,  {^  P.  coMataJ)^  St  M„ 

11  **         allmria,  21  Tellina  biplicala,  E., 

12  Isocardia  fratema,  8t.  M.,       22  VentiA  Mortonit  St  M. 

IK  ST.  Mary's  group. 

1  Amphidesma  earinata,t  14  Corbula  idonea, 

2  *'  »ul)ovata,t  15   Cytherea  Sayana^ 

3  Area  idonea^  IB  **         (-<! r/^?n in)  con wn- 

4  **     arata,t  trica^f 

6  *•     stiliridiuiii.t  (^  A,  elegannt), 
fi  Artemis  acetabulum^                 17     Isocardia  fraterna, 

7  Astiirte  undulata,  IS     Lueina  cribraria,t 

H         *'        plnnulatn^t  19*  Maetra  ponderosa,f 

( -^  A.  |HTi)lann?),     20  "       Hu)K*uneata,t 

9  '*        vicina.t  21  *'       fVajfosa^f 

10  Canlitu  j:ranulata,t  22  *'       delumbis,t 

11  Canlium  laqueatura«  23  Ostrva  Virgifiicayf 

12  Corbula  inequalis.t  24  Pano|)iea  porrecta, 
13*       **        eune.itn,+  L'5  Pwten  MadinoniuH, 

*  Corbula  cuntaUi  and  Mii^tni  ponderom  are  also  found  in  the  m^wer 
depotiU  of  (*alvert  County,  near  Cove  Pi>int 


1880.]  NATURAL  8CIEN0E8  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  2& 

26  Pholadomya  abrupta,f  30     Venus  aloeata^ 

27  Pliolas  arciiata,  31         '^      Morloni^ 

(=  P,  co8tata\  32        "      tetrica,t 

28  Saxicava  rugosa^lf  33        "      mercenariajf 

29  Solen  ensis  ?f  34        "      inoceriformis.f 

Note. — The  italicized  names  represent  species  supposed  to  he 
identical  with  living  forms;  those  (in  the  Patuxent  gi'oup)  fol- 
lowed by  the  letters  St.  M.  and  E.,  species  common  to  St.  Mary'« 
and  to  Easton  (Choptank  River) ;  and  those  (in  the  St.  Mary's 
group)  followed  by  a  f,  species  peculiar  to  the  locality. 

A  comparison  of  the  foregoing  lists  will  show  at  a  glance,  that 
of  the  thirty-four  bivalves  belonging  to  the  older  formations,  at 
most  only  three  (or  9  per  cent.)  are  found  to  be  living  forms 
{^PhoUu  ovalis  [=  P.  costata  ?],  Venus  cUvecUay  and  Venus  Mortoni)^ 
and  that  only  six  (18  per  cent.)  and  seven  (21  per  cent.)  are  com- 
common  respectively  to  the  Patuxent  and  St.  Mary's  exposures, 
viz. : 

To  Patuxent.  To  St.  Marias. 

Artemis  acetabulum,'*'  Artemis  acetabulum, 

Corbula  idonea,  Corbula  idonea, 

Pholas  ovalis,*  Pholas  arcuata  (=  costata), 

Panopsea  porrecta,  Panopsea  porrecta, 

Pecten  Madisonius,  Pecten  Madisonius, 

Venus  Mortoni,  Venus  Mortoni, 

"      alveata.* 

*  There  appears  to  be  much  confusion  regarding  the  species  of  Artemis 
found  fossil  in  the  Atlantic  tertiary  deposits,  and  their  relation  to  the 
forms  now  living  on  the  Florida  coast.  In  1832  ('* Fossil  Shells  of 
the  Tertiary  FormatioDs,"  p.  20)  Conrad  characterized  the  species  A, 
aeeicUnUum,  which  appears  to  have  been  until  then  confounded  with  the 
A,  eaneenirieaj  Con.,  non  Bom  {A,  discus^  Reeve,  *' Conchologia  Icomca," 
Tol.  vi,  sp.  9),  inhabiting  the  southern  coast.  No  mention  is  there  made 
of  its  being  found  also  in  a  recent  state,  but  subsequently,  1838  (**  Fossils 
of  the  Medial  Tertiary  Formations,"  p.  29),  we  find  the  following  statement : 
"This  fin^  species  is  very  common  in  the  localities  named,  and  also  ooours 
recent  on  the  Florida  coast."  In  the  list  of  shells  inhabiting  the  Florida 
coast,  prepared  by  the  same  author  in  1846  (A.  J.  Science,  2d  series,  ii, 
p.  393),  only  two  species  of  Artemis  are  catalogued,  A.  elegans  and  A,  eon- 
eentriea,  and  it  therefore  appears  highly  probable  that  the  statement  oon- 
sidering  A,  acetabulum  also  as  a  living  form  was  founded  on  a  misoonoep- 
tion,  the  more  especially,  as  an  examination  of  the  recent  shells  in  Uie 
8 


26  PROCEEDINGS  OF   THE   ACADEMY   OF  [1880. 

Deducting  two  or  three  species  that  are  also  found  at  Easton, 
we  still  have  left  twenty-three  (or  68  per  cent,  of  the  whole 
number)  that  are  not  found  in  the  later  deposits. 

Museum  of  the  Academy  fails  to  rereal  anything  anftweting  to  Coarad** 
original  description.  Thin  species  appears  moreover  to  he  identical  with 
the  Venus  eoneentriea  described  by  Tuomey  and  Holmes  in  their  work  on 
the  Pliocene  fossils  of  South  Carolina  (1857,  p.  82),  and  to  which  Conrad, 
apparently  without  good  reason,  applied  the  specific  name  of  inUrmsdia 
(Dainia  [Artemis]  inUrmsdia)  in  his  check  list  of  Miocene  fossils  (Proc 
A.  N.  8.,  1862,  p.  575).  The  A.  acetabulum  is  found  fossil  in  the  tertiary 
deposits  of  Maryland,  Virginia,  North  Carolina  and  South  Carolina,  and 
must  be  carefully  distinguished  from  the  A,  eoneentriea  of  Bom,  to  which 
it  bears  only  a  distant  resemblance.  Another  fossil  species  is  probably  the 
A.  elsganMf  Con.  (living  on  the  Florida  coast) ;  one  almost  perfect  speci- 
men, which  agrees  in  all  essential  respects  with  the  recent  forms,  is  in  the 
Academy  Miocene  collections,  but,  unfortunately,  the  locality  whence  St 
was  obtained  is  not  given.  In  his  account  of  the  geology  and  organic 
remains  of  the  peninsula  of  Maryland  (1830,  J.  A.  N.  S.,  vol.  vi,  p.  212), 
Conrad  mentions  the  Cytherea  (Artemie)  eoneentHcOy  Lam.,  as  occurring  in 
the  St.  Mary^s  exposure,  but  as  subsequently  ("Fossils  of  the  Medial 
Tertiary,*'  1838,  p.  30),  it  is  distinctly  sUted  that  the  same  does  not  ooeor 
in  the  Miocene  formation,  it  is  highly  probable  that  the  original  observa- 
tion was  erroneous.  Certainly  nothing  corresponding  either  to  the  species 
in  question  or  to  il.  diecui  is  to  be  found  in  the  Maryland  Miocene  oolleo- 
tion  of  the  Academy. 

The  common  species  inhabiting  the  southern  coast  is  not  the  A.  eonesn- 
trica  of  Bom,  with  which  it  has  been  frequently  confounded,  and  to  which 
it  bears  only  a  very  slight  resemblance,  but  the  A.  diecui  of  lieeve  (loe.  eit, ). 
A  third  species,  tlie  A.  {Dotinia)  Floridana  Con.,  is  unquestionably  very 
eloeely  allied  to  the  last,  from  which  it  differs  essentially  only  in  the 
greater  obliquity  of  the  pallial  sinus.  In  other  respects  it  agrees  with  the 
figures  and  minute  description  of  Bom*s  species  as  given  by  Agassis  in  his 
**Ie^ographU  dee  Coquillee  Tertiairee'*  (Aour.  Mhn.  de  Ui  SoHete 
SeMOque^  184%  vol.  vii). 

I  am  dispoflod  to  consider  the  various  forms  of  Venue  alveata  and  I'. 
latilirata  as  mere  varieties  of  one  and  the  same  species,  a  series  of  inter> 
mediate  stages  seeming  to  link  them  together.  The  V.  athleta  constituted 
by  Conrad  to  embrace  the  V.  athleta  of  Say,  V.  latilirata  of  Tuomey  and 
Holmes,  and  the  V.  paphia  of  Lamarck,  appears  likewise  to  be  nothing 
but  a  variety  of  the  same  form.  The  V.  alteata  is  included  by  Stimpaon 
among  the  living  moUusca  of  the  Atlantic  coast  (Smithsonian  Check 
Lists,  18^;,  but  this  fact  appears  very  doubtful  in  the  opinion  of  Tryon 
(**  American  Marine  Conchology,*'  1873,  p.  160).  It  must  be  confessed, 
however,  that  there  exists  a  very  striking  agreement  between  the  fossil 
shell  and  specimens  of  the  V.  paphia,  Linn.,  from  St.  Thomas,  the  main 


1880.]  NATURAL    8CIBN0E8  T)F   PHILADELPHIA.  27 

On  the  other  hand,  the  fossils  of  the  newer  deposits  as  exhibited 
in  the  sections  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Patuxent  show  a  very 
decided  similarity  to  those  of  St.  Mary's,  for  out  6f  the  twenty- 
two  species  of  bivalves  occurring  there,  no  less  than  eleven  ( or 
jost  50  per  cent.)  are  also  common  to  the  last  mentioned  locality. 
There  can,  therefore,  I  believe,  be  no  reasonable  doubt  that  the 
deposits  exposed  on  the  Patuxent  River  immediately  above  the 
Pemn  beds  constitute  a  direct  continuation  of  the  highly  fossili- 
ferous  strata  bordering  both  sides  of  the  St.  Mary's  River.  These 
last  number  among  their  fossil  fauna  also  about  thirty-four  species 
of  Lamellibranchs,  the  same  number  as  is  found  in  what  we  have 
designated  as  the  older  group,  but  of  these  thirty-four,  about 
twenty-two  (or,  deducting  Corhula  cuneata  and  Mactra  ponderosa, 
twenty),  or  65  per  cent,  are  peculiar  to  the  locality.  Moreover, 
of  the  entire  number,  about  nine  (or  27  per  cent.)  are  still  living 
on  the  Atlantic  coast.  The  dissimilarity  of  the  two  faunae  cannot 
fail  to  strike  the  least  observant  investigator,  and  Conrad  has 
dwelt  at  some  length  upon  this  curious  manifestation  (A.  J. 
Science,  vol.  xxviii,  p.  282,  and  Bull.  National  Institution,  1841., 
p.  176).  That  paleontologist  singularly  enough  (apparently  not 
having  made  an}'  exact  numerical  estimates  either  of  the  living 
forms,  or  of  tlie  forms  found  in  one  locality  and  not  in  the  other) 
explains  the  differences  as  due  solely  to  variable  local  conditions.' 

difference  being  a  tendency  on  the  part  of  the  latter  to  lose  the  full  solidity 
of  its  ribs  some  distance  before  they  reach  the  posterior  slope.  The  F. 
alteata  exhibits  a  similar  tendency,  but  not  quite  to  the  same  extent. 

I  have  been  unable  to  discover  any  description  of  the  Pholas  ovalu, 
Con.9  nor  is  there  any  mention  made  of  it  either  in  the  Miocene  check 
list  prepared  by  Conrad  in  1862,  (Proc.  A.  N.  8.),  or  in  that  of  Meek,  of 
1864  (Smithsonian  Miscell.  Collectiens).  I  have,  therefore,  only  doubtfully 
referred  it  to  P.  eostata, 

*  Thus  he  states  (A.  J.  8.  loe.  eit) :  "If  our  coast  were  now  suddenly 
elevated,  we  should  find  spots  where  the  shells  would  consist  chiefly  of  an 
immense  number  of  Modiola  demUsa  mixed  with  Littorina  liitorea  and 
MdampiM  lndeniaiu9 ;  these  are  found  on  the  margin  of  the  lagoons  at 
h%h  water  mark,  the  Modiola  imbedded  in  a  tenacious  soil.  At  a  little 
cHstanoe  would  be  found  VenuM  rMrcenariOf  My  a  a/renaria^  8olen  ^nm,. 
80leeurtu$  Ca^ibeiu;  among  these  would  be  Ostrea  Virginiana,  Funts 
eiltereuMf  and  a  few  of  Peeten  concentrieui.  Such  is  the  group  existing  on. 
tbe  sandy  shore  of  the  Estuaries.  Hard  by,  would  be  a  vast  deposit  of 
ojster  shells  with  EcMnui,  and  immense  masses  of  Serpula,  These  live 
OB  tbe  bottom  of  the  lagoons,  which  is  composed  of  a  mixture  of  sand  and 


S8  PKOOKEBINOS  01  THE  ACADEMY  01  [1880. 

This  interpretation  might  very  satisfactorily  account  for  the  phe> 
nomcnon  as  far  as  generic  distribution  alone  is  concerned,  and, 
indeed,  it  would  even  hold  good  in  its  bearings  on  a  limited  number 
of  species,  but  it  would  hardly  apply  to  a  case  such  as  the  present 
one,  where  the  specific  dissimilarity  is  so  vast  in  such  a  compara^ 
tively  very  limited  geographical  extent. 

Now,  if  the  supposition  that  the  deposits  in  question  were 
deposited  at  two  different  periods  be  a  correct  one,  and  paleon- 
tological  evidence  goes  far  to  prove  that  they  were,  we  shonld 
naturally  expect  to  find  also  some  direct  stratigraphical  evidence 
afiforded  by  the  superposition  of  the  strata  themselves.*  The 
following  section  was  obtained  by  Conrad  at  a  point  on  the  Cheaa- 

znud.  Then  would  be  found  another  group  of  shells  which  live  only  in 
deep  water,  the  AstarU  lunulatay  Nueula  Umatulat  N,  ^axima^  Cardita 
borealiMf  Pholoi  eoiiata^  in  company  with  gppeat  numbers  of  M$HU,  Thia 
deposit  we  should  recognise  as  having  been  formed  in  harborsi  like  thoee 
of  Newport  and  Charleston.    ..." 

It  will  be  observed,  that  in  the  above  conception  Conrad  has  confined 
himself  entirely  to  generic  and  not  specific  distribution. 

*  It  may  as  well  be  remarked,  that,  although  in  the  foregoing  examina- 
tion of  the  molluscous  fauna  I  have  dwelt  exclusively  upon  the  LafoeUi-^ 
branehiatOf  the  Oaiteropoda  offer  equal,  if  not  greater  support  to  the 
genersil  conclusion  arrived  at.  On  comparing  the  lists  of  geographical 
distribution  given  by  Conrad  in  the  Bulletin  of  the  National  Institution 
(pp.  lBl-7),  it  will  be  seen,  that  not  a  iingU  recent  form  occurs  among 
the  eighteen  enumerated  from  the  Calvert  cliffs  at  **IIance*s;'*  and 
further,  that  only  two  species,  Voluta  mutabilii  and  F.  iolitaria^  are 
common  to  the  forty-two  found  at  St.  Mary^s.  Of  these  last  eight  (or  19.per 
cent. )  were  considered  by  Conrad  to  be  recent  forms  : 

Buccinum  trivittatum,  Natica  duplicata, 

iunalum,  Dentalium  dentalis, 

quadratum,  Fusus  cinereus, 

Natica  hesus,  8calaria  clathrus. 

Nearly  all  the  species  found  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Patuxent  also 
occur  at  St.  Mary*s,  and  the  same  can  be  said  of  those  collected  in  Calvert 
county  near  C*ove  point  the  sQuthem  extremity.  Singularly  enough,  tliat 
although  three  species  of  TktrriUUa  —  T.  indenta^  T.  ^aUata^  and  T. 
fm-laqutata  ~  wore  collected  fhmi  Calvert  cliffs  in  the  upper  portion  of  Um 
county,  none  of  them  appear  to  have  been  found  near  Cove  Point,  where 
**  vast  quantities**  of  a  new  species.  T.  pUbe.'a,  '*the  common  species  of 
St.  Mary*s  River'*  (loo.  dt  p.  189),  appear  suddenly  to  make  tbair 
appearmnce. 


1880.] 


NATURAL  SCIENCES  OF  PHILADELPHIA. 


29 


peake,  near  "  Beckett's/'  about  twenty-eight  miles  south  of  Fair 
Haven: 


Fui  in  Thickne$a. 


5 
8 


Sand,  without  shells. 


Sand,  with  innumerable  shells. 


20 


Mingled  sand  and  clay,  without  fossils,  or  very  rare. 


8 


Same  as  below,  less  numerous. 


Sand  and  clay,  with  a  group  of  shells  like  that  at  Hance*s. 


The  shells  obtained  at  Hance's,  about  four  miles  further  north, 
were  the  following : 


Bivalves, 

Astarte  varians, 

"       exaltata, 
Artemis  acetabulum, 
Area  subrostrata, 

"     dlpleura, 
Cytherea  subnasuta, 
Cardium  leptopleura, 
Crassatella  melina, 
Corbula  idonea, 

"        elevata, 

Univalves, 

Bonellia  lineata, 
Cancellaria  biplicifera, 

"  engonata, 

Dentalium  thalloides, 
Fissurella  Marylandica, 
Yoluta  mutabilis, 
Infundibulum  perarmatum, 
Marginella  perexigua, 
Pleurotoma  Marylandica, 


Bivalves, 

Isocardia  Marko^i, 
Lima  papyria, 
Lucina  Foremani, 

subplanata, 

crenulata, 
Pectunculus  lentiformis, 
Venus  latilirata, 

Mortoni  ? 

staminea. 


u 


u 


u 


(( 


Univalves, 

Pleurotoma  bellacrenata, 
Scalaria  pachypleura, 
Solarium  trilineatum, 
Sigaretus  fragilis, 
Trochus  peralveatus, 
Turritella  indenta, 
exaltata, 
perlaqueata, 
Yoluta  solitaria. 


(( 


ki 


80  PBO0KEDINQ8  OP  THE  ACADKHT  OP         [1880. 

It  will  be  at  once  noticed  that  in  addition  to  the  lowest  fossil- 
iferous  stratum,  extending  to  about  seven  feet  above  water  leyel, 
a  second  highly  fossiliferous  one  manifests  itself  at  a  height  of 
about  twenty-seven  feet,  in  which  were  recognized  among  other 
shells  Artemis  acetabulum  and  Pecten  Afadisoniue.     The  mineral 
character  of  this  upper  deposit  is  described  by  Conrad  as  being  a 
^  quartzose  sand,verjr  incoherent,"  which  is  exactly  what  we  meet 
with  in  the  arenaceous  deposits  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Patuxent 
River,  near  Benedict,  and  which  we  have  identified  as  equivalents 
of  the  St.  Mary's  deposits.     They  are  described  by  Conrad  as 
being  composed  of  an  *^  arenaceous,  fossiliferous  stratum,"  the 
sand  of  which  is  ^^ quartzose  and  incoherent"  (B.  N.  I.,  p.  185). 
We  have  thus  exposed  in  one  section  two  highly  fossiliferous 
strata,  the  upper  of  which  shows  a  very  decided  analogy  to  what 
we  have  designated  as  the  newer  group,  and  the  lower  of  which 
assumes  a  distinct  personality  for  reason  of  its  position,  and  the 
paleontological  characters  impressed  upon  it.     Proceeding  from 
this  pomt  southeastward,  and  therefore  in  the  general  direction 
of  the  dip  of  the  beds,  we  should  naturally  expect  to  meet  a  point 
where  our  upper  stratum,  or  its  equivalent,  would  descend  nearer 
to  the  level  of  the  Bay,  and  in  fact  we  do  find  just  such  a  point 
near  Cove  Point,  where  *^  the  group  most  characteristic  of  these 
tertiary  deposits,  imbedded  in  sand,"  descends  to  a  height  only 
about   fifteen    feet  above  water  mark  (B.  N.  I.,  p.  183).      The 
fossils  found  here  are  also  nearly  all  found  at  St.  Mary *8,  and  they 
are,  moreover,  ^^  highly  ferruginous,  as  much  so  as  man^'  of  the 
crag  fossils  of  Great  Britaiu,  which  they  greatly  resemble,  also, 
in  other  respects''  (Conrad,  loc.  eit.).     On  the  St.  Mary's  River, 
the  southeasternmost  extension  of  the  formation,  the  same  deposit 
sinks  almost  to  water  level,  as  might  well  be  expecttKi  on  follow- 
ing  the  general  direction  of  the  dip.     Here,  the  Pliocene  deposits, 
well  characterized  by  their  fossils,  make  their  ap|>earance. 

On  proceeding  from  our  first  point  almost  due  northwards,  and 
therefore  at  a  considerable  angle  to  the  line  of  strike,  we  meet 
with  just  the  reverse  phenomena  met  with  on  our  southern 
Journey.  At  Fair  Haven,  where  Conrad  obtained  the  following 
section, 


1880.]  NATURAL   8GIEN0E8   OF  PH1LAD£LPHIA.  31 

F(Ut  in  Thiekneu. 


60 


Whitish  Clay. 


Bones  of  Cetacea. 


8 


Clay^  with  siliceous  casts  of  marine  shells  and  fragments  of  bones. 


Clay,  with  Oatrea  pererasaoj  P&eten  Humphrey bH, 


the  highly  fossiliferous  stratum  found  at  water  mark,  at  Beckett's, 
18  probably  represented  by  a  bed  of  clay  three  feet  in  thickness, 
commencing  at  a  height  of  five  feet,  and  which  contains  ^'  great 
numbers  of  black,  water-worn,  siliceous  casts  of  small  shells, 
chiefly  Turritella^  the  species  not  yet  determined."  Below  this 
an  entirely  new  deposit  now  makes  its  appearance,  a  bed  of  clay 
of  five  feet  thickness,  characterized  by  Oatrea  percrassa  and 
Pecten  Humphreysii,  This  last,  therefore,  probably  represents 
the  most  ancient  post-Eocene  deposit  exhibited  on  the  Chesapeake. 
Ostrea  percrassa  and  Pecten  Humphreysii  were  also  found  by 
Conrad  at  Huntingtown,  Calvert  County,  where  in  a  "  depression 
or  small  valley "  a  race-way  had  been  excavated  through  the 
fossiliferous  "  marls."  The  lowest  member  of  the  section  was 
"  quartzose  sand,  with  casts  of  Perna  maxillatay  On  the  east 
bank  of  the  Patuxent  River,  moreover,  near  the  mouth  of  St. 
Leonard's  Creek,  Conrad  observed  innumerable  casts  of  Perna 
maxillaia  imbedded  in  a  stratum  of  fine  siliceous  sand,  and  rest- 
ing on  the  fragmentary  rock  considered  by  him  as  the  "  founda- 
tion of  the  peninsula  "  (B.  N.  I.,  p.  184). 

We  should  naturally  look  for  some  deposit  contemporaneous 
with  that  occurring  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Patuxent,  at  some 
point  northeast  of  that  locality  where  a  section  may  present  itself. 
This  we  find  at  Easton,  on  the  Choptank,  where  the  mol- 
loscous  fossil  fauna  corresponds  very  closely  with  that  observed 
on  the  former  river.  The  deposits  of  the  older  period,  on  the 
other  hand,  reappear  in  Cumberland  County,  New  Jersey,  in  the 
*^  Miocene  marl "  of  Shiloh,  containing  the  following  assemblage 
of  fossils  (Cook,  "  Geology  of  New  Jersey,"  1868,  p.  29t) : 


39  PB0CEKDIN08  OT  THC  ACADIHT   OF  [1880. 

Bivalves. 

Ofltrea  MturicenBis,  Astarte  Thonuuii, 

"     percrassa,  Tenua  Diic&tellii, 

Fiicatula  densata,  Periploma  alta, 

Carditamera  aculeata,  Corbala  elevata, 

"  arata,  Saxicava  my Kfonnis. 

CnuMatella  melina, 

Four  species  of  the  above  are  also  found  in  Maryland,  three  of 
which,  Ottrea  percraesa,  Crassalella  melina,  and  Corbula  eleoala, 
are  foand,  I  believe,  exclusively  in  (he  deposits  designated  as 
those  of  the  older  period.     None  are  recent  forms. 

The  small  pereeotage  of  li^'ing  forms  occurring  in  the  "  older 
deposits,"  as  compared  with  that  of  the  "  newer,"  leaves  little 
doubt  for  the  inference  that  the  deposits  in  question  were  formed 
ftt  two  different  periods,  the  latest  of  which  clearly  belongs  to  the 
Miocene-  A  comparative  examination  of  some  of  the  pecaliar 
fossil  forms  of  the  older  deposits,  together  with  the  extremely  low 
percentage  of  living  forms,  seems  to  indicate  an  age  more  nearly 
Oligocene  than  Miocene,  although  perhaps  not  a  single  Eocene 
species  is  represented.  This  last  fact  need  not  surprise  us,  howeverT 
as  the  relationship  of  the  Oligocene  to  the  Miocene  appears  to  be 
^eater  in  almost  all  the  localities  of  its  representation  than  to  the 
Eocene.  The  Eocene,  moreover,  of  Maryland  is  represented  only 
by  a  very  limited  number  of  fossils,  and  Conrad,  himself,  has  called 
attention  to  the  Cwt,  that  there  appears  to  exist  a  greater  amount 
of  difference  between  the  Eocene  and  Miocene  formations  than 
obtains  between  the  Secondary  and  Tertiary,  or  between  the 
Devonian  and  Carboniferous  systems  (B.  N.  I.,  p.  111).  The  fol- 
lowing comparison  may  serve  to  throw  some  light  upon  the  rela- 
tive age  of  the  deposits  in  question : 

f«ru  nsxUlata,  Lui. 

This  species  agrees  thoroughly  with  the  figure  and  description 
<>f  the  same  given  by  Ooldfuss  in  the  "  Pectrefacta  Germaniee  " 
(vol.  ii,  p.  106),  and  to  which  the  locality  Weinheim  (Oligocene) 
Is  assigned.  The  sub-Apennine  species,  formerly  classed  under 
the  same  name,  is  considered  by  Deshayes  to  be  distinct,  and  he 
has  applied  to  it  the  specific  name  of  Soldanii  (Lamarck,  "Animavx 
tans  FeWlftres,"2ded.,vol.  vii,p.  79).  A  second  species  of  PerTW, 
the  P.  Sandbergeri,  Deah.,  also  occurs  in  the  Oligocene  locality  of 


18S0.]  NATURAL   80IBN0ES  OP   PHILADELPHIA.  3S 

Weinheim  (Sandberger, "  Conchylien  des  Maimer  TertidrbeckenSy^^ 
p.  367). 

Mjtiliii  ineurra,  Conr. 

This  large  species  of  Mytilus  may  perhaps  be  taken  as  the  rep- 
resentative of  M,  HaidingeH^  Homes  Q^Fossilen  Mollusken  des 
Tertidrbeckens  von  Wien^^^  Abhand,  d,  k,  k.  geolog,  Beichsanstalty 
iv,  p.  356),  found  both  in  the  Oligocene  (Eggenburg)  and  Miocene 
divisions  of  the  Vienna  basin.  Rolle  (Sitzungsberichte  d.  k.  Akad, 
d.  Wissenschaften^  1859,  p.  64)  and  Sandberger  consider  the  M, 
Uaidingeri  as  the  equivalent  of  M.  Faujasi,  Brongn.,  occuiTing  at 
numerous  Oligocene  localities  of  the  Vienna  and  Mentz  basins. 

Isoeordia  ItarkMi,  Conr. 

This  Isocardia  is,  it  appears  to  me,  erroneous!}''  referred  by 
Homes  (loc,  ciL,  p.  165)  to  the  /.  cor^  L.,  from  which  it  is  very 
readily  distinguished  by  it^*  relatively  much  greater  height,  and 
greater  development  of  the  umbones.  It  is  a  singular  fact,  that 
this  species  of  Isocardia  was  followed  in  the  later  period  b}'  the 
/.  /ratema*  Say,  which  is  barely  distinguishable  from  fossil 
examples  of  the  /.  cor  from  Astigiana  and  Sicily. 

It  is  worthy  of  remark,  that  Rolle  (loe.  cit.,  p.  81),  as  early 
as  1859,  only  four  years  after  Beyrich  first  applied  the  term  Oligo- 
cene to  some  of  the  middle  Tertiar}''  deposits  of  northern  Germany, 
hinted  at  the  possible  existence  of  the  same  formation  on  the 
banks  of  the  Patuxent,  his  conclusions  being  drawn  from  an 
examination,  among  other  fossils,  of  specimens  of  Lucina  anodonta^ 
Say,  Area  idonea^  Conr,,  and  Cardium  laqueatum^  Conr. 

*  On  comparison  with  specimens  from  the  English  Crag  this  species  will 
be  found  to  differ  veiy  broadly  from  the  /.  ( Cpprina)  ruaiiea  of  Sowerby, 
with  which  it  has  been  confounded. 


3A  PROCEKDIMOB   Or  THE   ACADEMY   OF  [1880. 


CAECIVOLOOIOAL  VOTES  Va.  I. 
BT   J.    8.    KIN08LEY. 

It  i8  the  intention  of  the  writer  in  this  series  of  notes  to  give 
descriptionH  of  new  species,  rectifications  of  synonym}',  facts 
relating  to  geographical  distribution,  and  other  matters  of  im- 
portance concerning  the  Decapoda.  Unless  otherwise  stated  all 
specimens  are  in  the  collection  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Scienceti 
of  Philadelphia. 

(Jenui  PSEUDOTHKLPHUSA  SMMuro. 
{Potamia  Latr.  et  Botim  Edw.  preoo.) 

FMttdothtlphnta  UtlfroBf. 

Potamia  lat^from   Randall,    Journal   of  the    Academj  of  Natural 
Bdenoes  of  Philadelphia,  yiii.  p.  120. 

Carapax  smooth,  regions  and  sutures  indistinct.  Frontal  crest 
very  prominent,  uninterrupted.  Front  retlexed,  making  with 
the  surface  of  carapax  an  angle  of  about  45^,  its  margin  undu- 
lating and  its  surface  and  margin  granulate.  From  the  front 
arise  procc^sses  which  all  but  join  the  inferior  margin  of  the  orbit. 
Superior  margin  of  orbit  crenulated.  Anterolateral  teeth  more 
prominent  than  in  any  other  of  the  genus  and  extending  back  to 
the  posterior  third  of  the  carapax.  Below,  the  carapax  is  every- 
where granulate  and  e8|H'cially  so  on  the  sub-branchial  regions 
and  near  the  mouth.  Inferior  margins  of  orbits  denticulate. 
ChelipiMls  nearly  equal.  Anterior  surface  of  meros  granulate,  as 
are  the  outer  i)ortionH  of  carpuK  and  upper  portions  of  the  hands. 
The  dactyli  with  rows  of  small  tulK'rcles  above. 

The  s(KH.MeH  is  a  true  PHeitdtplheljfhum,  the  antennae  being  as  in 
that  genus,  but  the  retiexed  front  gives  it  a  peculiar  appearance 
and  with  the  larger  anterolateral  teeth  will  readily  separate  it 
rom  all  other  kn(»wn  forms.  The  emargination  of  the  external 
margin  of  the  orbit  is  no  more  ni:irk«Hl  than  in  I\  rhilennis  (Kdw. 
and  Lucas)  Smith,  the  ty|>e  of  which,  by  the  way,  is  in  the 
Museum  of  the  Academy. 

Fttadothtl^mM  ilBattifroBf  (A.  M.  R  Iw.  >  Smith. 

The  l(K*ality  of  this  species  was  not  known  to  Alphontu*  Milne- 
Kd wards.  There  are  two  males  in  the  Academy's  collection  from 
8an  Domingo  (W.  M.  Uabb\ 


1880.  J 


NATURAL  SCIENCES   OF   PHILADELPHIA. 


35 


Genus  DILOCABCIHITS. 

DUocarcinuB  pardaXinuB  Gtorstsecker,  Archiv  fur  Naturgeschichfe  xxii, 
p.  148,  1856. 

Gerstaecker  gives  doubtfully  South  America  as  the  habitat  of 
this  species.  There  are  specimens  with  the  label  "  ?  Upper 
Amazon,  Dr.  Wilson." 

Dilooaroiani  •pinifroni,  nor. 

Carapax  regularly  arcuate,  regions  obsolete,  sides  arcuate,  armed 
with  four  spines  besides  the  spiniform  angle  of  the  orbit;  the 
margins  of  the  sjnnes  finely  serrate.  Superior  margin  of  the  orbit 
obscurely  crenulate,  inferior  denticulate  with  a  strong  spine  near 
the  interior  angle.  Front  advanced,  with  about  fourteen  spines. 
A  spine  at  the  anterolateral  angles  of  the  buccal  area.  Chelipeds 
sub-equal,  meros  with  two  spines  at  about  the  middle  of  the  pos- 
terior margin  and  a  single  one  on  the  anterior  margin  at  about 
the  middle,  and  one  on  the  distal  portion  of  the  upper  margin ; 
the  spine  on  the  interior  surface  of  the  corpus  long,  slender,  acute. 
Hand  with  an  acute  spine  above  at  the  articulation  of  the  dactylus, 
fingers  with  the  denticulations  fine  but  acute.  Ambulatory  feet 
less  dilated  than  is  usual  in  this  genus.  The  spined  front  readily 
separates  this  from  all  other  species. 

Upper  Amazon^  Dr.  T.  B.  Wilson. 

Genus  THELPHUSA  (inolading  Oeothalphuia  Sim.) 

Of  this  genus  forty-five  species  have  been  described.  The 
localities  from  which  I  have  examined  specimens  are  marked  with 
an  exclamation  point  (I). 

afrieana  A.  M.-Bdw.  West  Africa. 

aneldetSB  Capello.  West  Africa. 

aadarioiiiaiia  Wood-Mason.  Barmah. 
aagoitifroBf  A.  M.-Edw.  Australia. 
ambrji  M.-Edw.    « 

West  Coast  Africa  (!) ;  NaUl  (!). 

aurantia  Herklots. 

flii  HerkloU. 
AfkiAtoiiiaiia  Wood-Mason. 

Northern  India, 
aaateniana  Wood-Mason.  India. 

bayonioa  Capello.  West  Africa. 

bajonioa  Tar.  a  Capello.  Wetst  Africa. 
Wirmrdi  Sarigny. 

Egypt,  Nile  (!);  Red  Sea. 
ddUmis  (Heller)  A.  M.-Edw.        Chili. 


oormgata  Heller. 

Madras,  Jara. 

oraiia  A.  M.-Edw. 

Australia. 

oriitoto  A.  M.-Edw. 

East  IndiesC). 

dahaani  White. 

Japan. 

berardi  DeHaan. 

j'aponica  Herklots. 

dentioiilata  M.-Edw. 

China. 

dapreiia  Kranss. 

Port  NataL 

difformii  M.-Edw. 

Red  Sea. 

adwardtii  Wood  Mason. 

Burmah. 

fluviatiUi  (Boso.)  Latr. 

Mediterranean 

Region,  Greece  (!), 

Gaarda  Sea(!), 

(Museum  Peabody  Academy). 

grapioidei  White. 

Manilla. 

?  $ybquadrata  Gerst. 

gondoti  M.-Edw. 

Madagascar. 

86 


PBOCKEDINOS  OF  THE  ACADEMY   OF 


[1880. 


IndiA. 


•btta  A.  M.Edw. 

•btssipM  (St».)  A.  M.-8d 

Iw. 

Ja|>aa,  Pbi]fppiB««. 

pnUta  Edw.  Soatk  Africa,  PL  HaUl  (!). 

^ilipftlA  yon  MMtcBi. 

PhilippiMi. 

piata  TOD  MArtent. 

Philippinea- 

pUaata  A.  M.-Edw. 

Bonbay. 

=  7  gmerimi  M.  Edir. 

■ia»iimii  A.  M.-Edw. 

Siaa. 

riwtifroM  M.-Edw. 

Unknown. 

•ubqnadraU  Oent. 

=  ?  grapwide^ 

traiiff ena  ron  Martens. 

Australia. 

tumida  Wood-BCason. 

Bormah. 

fMriaiM..Edw.  India, 

kispida  Wood-Mason. 
kydradrvmas  0«rat. 
iadieaLatr. 

emmcmlarit  Westwood. 

?  amraniia  Gersl»eker. 

?  rotMtnda  Frejeinei. 
iaflata  M.Sdw.  Pt.  NataL 

Jagori  Ton  Martens.  Philippines. 

Unria  Wood-Mason.  India, 

laraaiidi  A.  M  -Edw.  8iam. 

laMkanaaltl  Edw. 

IndU  (!),  Maoritins,  Tahita. 
Ingakris  Wood-Mason.  India, 

margaritaria  A.  M.-£dw.  West  Africa. 
miloUea  M.  Edw.  Nile. 

To  this  list  I  would  add  three  more  : 

Tkalpknia  emarginata  dot. 

Carapax  glabrous,  longitudinally  strongly  arched.  Post-frontal 
crest  continuous,  nearly  straight,  obscurely  orenulate,  epibranchial 
tooth  obsolete,  a  tooth  between  the  extremity  of  the  post-frontal 
crest  and  the  angle  of  the  orbit.  Protogastric  region  very  short, 
front  about  one-fourth  the  width  of  carapax,  slightly  sinuate. 
External  angle  of  orbit  slightly  emarginate.  Anterolateral 
margin  cristate ;  crest,  however,  soon  becoming  obsolete.  Chelipeds 
sub-equal,  meros  with  the  margins  tubercutate  and  with  a  strong 
spine  on  the  distal  portion.  Upp)er  and  outer  surface  of  carpus 
with  indistinct  squamae,  inner  portion  two-spined,  the  proximal 
spine  exhibiting  a  tendency  to  become  bifid.  Hands  with  the 
upper  margin  obsoletely  tuberculate,  fingers  roughened,  not 
gaping.     Ambulatory  feet  slender,  compressed. 

Is  very  near  T.  depressa  Krauss,  but  differs  from  that  species  in 
the  narrower  and  straighter  front,  the  tooth  just  behind  the  angle 
of  the  orbit,  and  in  the  non-gaping  fingers  of  the  chelipeds. 

Length  34  mm.,  breadth  56  mm. 

West  Africa,  Du  Chaillu  ;  Port  Nataly  Dr.  T.  B.  Wilson. 

The  name  is  proposed  on  account  of  the  emargination  of  the 
orbit. 

Tkelpknia  enodit  nor. 

Carapax  smooth;  post  frontal  crest  wanting.  Epibranchial 
tooth  very  small.  Front  narrow,  strongly  curved  downward,  its 
margin  concave.     Chelipeds    unequal,  hands   with  the   inferior 


1880.]  NATURAL  SCIENCES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  St 

margin  regularly  arcuate.  Is  very  closely  allied  to  T,  laevis,  but 
differs  in  the  flatter  carapax,  the  concave  front,  and  the  regularly 
arcuate  lower  margin  of  the  hands.  In  all  other  respects  Mr. 
Wood-Mason's  description  and  figures  (Journal  Asiatic  Society  of 
Bengal,  vol.  xl,  p.  201,  PI.  xiv,  fig.  1-6)  would  well  apply  to  it. 

Ceylon. 
Thelphnta  mgoia  dot. 

Carapax  depressed,  cervical  suture  and  post  frontal  crest  well 

marked,  the  crest  interrupted.     Front  nearly  straiglit ;    proto- 

gastric  region  nearly  smooth ;  epibranchial  tooth  small,  directed 

inward,  lateral  portions  of  carapax  with  transverse  rugae  as  in 

many  Grapsi^  the  margin  of  the  anterolateral  portion  obscurely 

crenulate.     Chelipeds  subequal ;  the  outer  surface  of  meros  and 

carpus  with  squamose  rugae,  the  rugae  on  the  hands  indistinct. 

Carpal  joints  of  the  first  three  pairs  of  ambulatory  feet  with  the 

sides  cristate ;   dactyli  pointed. 

Ceylon, 
Length  26  mm.,  breadth  32  mm. 

This  species  is  nearest  T,  denticulata,  but  will  be  readily 
identified  from  that  species  by  the  more  crenulated  margin 
between  the  orbit  and  the  epibranchial  tooth,  and  by  the  rugae  on 
the  lateral  poilions  of  the  carapax. 

Aea&thooyolni  gayi  Edwards  and  Lnoas. 

The  type  of  this  species  is  in  the  museum  of  the  Academy. 


38 


PflOCEEDINOS   or   THE   ACADEMY   OF 


[IMO. 


DI80BIPTI0V  07  A  FCETAL  WALRUS. 


BY    HARRISON   ALLEN,   M.D. 


The  Academy  is  the  possesBor  of  a  fuetal  walrus,  which 
preHented  by  Dr.  I.  I.  Hays,  and  brought  by  him  from  the  Arctic 
ref^ion  of  eastern  North  America.  I  have  thought  that  a  figure 
with  measurements  of  this  rare,  if  not  unique,  specimen  would  be 
of  value. 


The  8|)ecimen  is  straight,  or  nearly  so,  and  it  is  by  this  simple 
test  distinguisluKl  from  other  embryos  of  Carnivora.     There  is 

neither  flexure  of  the  head  upon  the  tnmk, 
or  the  trunk  upon  itself  The  limbs  are 
folded  close  to  the  trunk,  this  feature  being 
most  pronounced  in  the  inferior  pair,  which 
are  inclined  upward  upon  the  ventral  surfacre 
of  the  Ixxiy,  and  carry  between  them  tke 
rudimentary  tail.  The  median  margin  of  the 
first  toe  of  the  anterior  extremity  beam  a 
small,  rounded  membranous  lobe,  or  lappet. 
The  muzzle  exhibits  the  future  position  of 
the  vibrissa*  by  six  rows  of  minute  i)apill». 
The  muzzle  projects  slightly  l)eyond  the  line 
of  the  mouth.  The  i)08ition  of  the  future 
nostrils  is  seen  by  two  slightly  convergent 
slits. 

The  vent  is  a  semicircular  slit-like  opening 
ujKin  the  lateral  and  i>osterior  surfaces  of  a 
rounded  nipple-shaped  organ,  which  is  prob- 
abl}'  the  future  |>enis  or  clitoris. 

The  eye  is  closed,  rather  prominent,  and 
prcHients  a  pal|>obnil  tiHsun»,  which  is  directed  obliquely  upward 
and  forwanl. 


The  auricle  is  repn*sente<l  by  a  membranous  fold  laid  close  to 
the  head.  The  slit-like  opening  defining  its  position  lies  3^'" 
behind  the  eye,  and  extends  slightly  downwards  and  forwards. 
Tlie  aurich*  extends  in  advance  of  this  slit  to  the  distance  of  l"\ 


1880.]  NATURAL  S01ENGSS  OF   PHILADELPHIA.  39 

where  it  ends  in  a  minute  elevation.     A  probe  can  be  readily 
inserted  in  the  slit,  and  can  be  passed  forward. 

The  color  of  the  specimen  is  a  dull  white  or  waxy. 

No  trace  of  hair  is  anywhere  visible. 

MeaiiuremenU. 

Length  of  specimen,  1"  9'". 
Length  of  head,  9". 
Width  of  body  at  widest  part,  1". 
Length  of  anterior  margin  of  anterior  extremit}",  4  J'". 
Length  of  posterior  margin  of  anterior  extremity,  2'". 
Length  of  anterior  margin  of  posterior  extremity,  4'". 
Length  of  posterior  margin  of  posterior  extremity,  4'" 
■  Distance  between  vent  and  navel,  7^'". 


40  PROOBEDINGS  OF  THB  AOADXMT  OP  [1880. 


OV   THE  VTOIBRAVCKIATI  OAtTIBOFOD   M0LLV8CA  Of  THl  VOmi 
PACIFIC  OCIAV,  WITH  BMCIAL  BBnUVOI  TO  THOU  OF  ALASKA. 

BY   DB.   E.   BBBOH,   COPENHAGEN. 

PART  11. 

DIAVLITLA,  Bgh. 

JHaultUot  Bgh.,  Malaoolog.  Untera.  (Semper,  Philipp.II,  ii),  Heitxiii,  1878^ 
p.  5C7 ;  Heft  ziv,  1878,  p.  xxxv.  Qattungen  Dordiacher  Doriden,  Arch, 
f.  Naturg.,  xxxv,  1,  1879,  p.  843. 

Forma  corporis  siibdepressa.  Dorsum  minutissime  yillosam,  holo- 
aericeum,  molle.  Tentacala  digitiformia.  Apertura  branchialia  ro- 
tundata,  crenulata;  folia  branchialia  tripinnata.  Podarium  antiee 
bilabiatum,  labio  superiore  medio  fisso. 

Aimatura  labialis  nulla.  Lingua  rhachide  nuda,  plenris  mnltideii- 
talis,  dentibus  hamatis.     Prostata  magua ;  penis  inermia. 

In  their  general  form  the  Diaulul«}  somewhat  resemble  the  DiMSh 
dorides  and  the  Tliordisxy*  although  their  habitus  still  is  peculiar. 
The  back  is  villous,  as  in  these  genera  and  especially  as  io  the  Thor- 
dutK^  but  finer  and  more  velvet-like.  The  tentacles  are  finger-shaped, 
smaller  than  in  the  DiacodorideH^  larger  than  in  the  Thordism,  The 
branchial-hlit  is  rounded,  crenulated ;  the  branchial  leaves  tripinnate. 
The  anterior  margin  of  the  foot  bilobed,  the  upper  lip  broader,  with  a 
median  figure.  As  in  the  Thordinsr^  there  is  no  armature  of  th« 
lip-dink.  The  radula  nearly  agrees  with  that  of  the  Diticodorides; 
the  rhachiii  is  naked ;  on  the  pleune  there  is  a  rather  broad  series  of 
plates  of  the  usual  hook-shape.  The  stomach  is  enclosed  in  the  liver 
(not  frre,  as  in  the  Discodoridett  and  in  the  Thordism).  As  in  tha 
DiMCtniorideHj  there  is  a  large  prostate  and  an  unarmed  penis. 

Only  the  following  species  appears  to  be  hitherto  known,  from  the 
northern  Pacific. 

1.  D.  SandUgtfuU  (Cooper). 

*  Dinulxu^  medicua,  of.  Martialis,  I,  48,  p.  40. 

*  Cr.  my  MmlacoUig.  Untersuch.  (Semper,  Philipj^  II,  ii),  Heft  xii,  1877» 
p.  51b,  {Ihtcadoru) ;  p.  540  ( Thordisa), 


1S80.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES   OV   PHILADELPHIA.  41 

1.  D.  Sandiegentii,  Cooper.    Plate  Y,  fig.  3-9. 

BorU  (Aetinoeyclus  f)  SandiegensiSf  Cooi>er,  Proc.  of  the  California 
Acad,  of  Nat  Sciences,  ii  (1862),  1863,  p.  204;^  iii  (18(J3);  1868,  p.  58. 

Color  corporis  e  brunneo  lutescens,  annulis  nigris  maculatus;  vel 
brunneus. 

Habitat,  Oceanum  Pacificum  orient.  (San  Diego  Bay ;  Santa  Bar- 
bara; Sitka  Harbor;  Puget  Sound). 

According  to  Cooper,  numerous  specimens  of  this  species  were 
found  from  November  to  May  among  grass  on  mud  flats  in  San  Diego 
Bay,  at  or  near  low  water  mark ;  according  to  Cooper,  it  is  a  very 
**  active  "  species ;  Cooper  later  obtained  two  specimens  at  Santa  Bar- 
bara Island,  on  rocks  at  low  water.  During  the  expedition  to  Alaska 
a  specimen  was  taken  by  Dall  in  Sitka  Harbor,  on  algae,  in  August, 
1865,  at  the  depth  of  six  fathoms  (another  in  August,  1873,  in  Puget 
Sound,  by  Dr.  Kennerly,  on  algse,  at  low  water). 

Through  the  kindness  of  Dall,  I  have  seen  the  original  (rather 
rough )  drawings  of  this  species  by  Cooper ;  a  colored  one  represents 
the  back  bright  chocolate-brown,  with  six  black  rings,  of  which  there 
are  two  smaller  ones  between  the  rhinophoria ;  the  rhinophoria,  the 
gill  and  the  foot  seem  bright-yellowish  ;  one  figure  shows  five,  another 
six  branchial  leaves. 

The  length  of  the  first  specimen,  sent  to  me  preserved  in  spirits, 
was  about  22.0  mm.,  the  height  reaching  9.0  mm.,  and  the  breadth 
13.0  mm. ;  the  breadth  of  the  foot  reached  10.0  mm.,  the  height  of 
the  rhinophoria  2.0  mm.,  the  branchial  leaves  3.3  mm.  The  color 
was  uniformly  brownish-gray ;  nearly  symmetrically  on  each  side  of 
the  true  back  was  an  annular  black  spot. 

The  form  of  the  rather  soft  body  elongate-oval,  not  much  depressed. 
The  head  quite  concealed  between  the  mantle  and  the  foot;  the 
ODter  mouth  had  the  form  of  a  vertical  slit ;  at  each  side  a  short 
finger-shaped  tentacle.  The  margin  of  the  rather  large  rhinophor- 
boles  rather  prominent,  crenulate ;  the  rhinophoria  strong,  the  dub 

*  "Tale  brownish-yellow,  with  large,  annular,  brown  spots,  irregularly 
scattered,  varying  from  twelve  to  twenty,  Or  entirely  brown.  Snrfoea 
slightly  rough ;  sometimes  a  little  tuberculated.  Dorsal  tentacles  conieal, 
retractile ;  branchise  large,  rising  in  five  parts,  which  become  tripinnately 
divided,  expanding  so  as  to  cover  the  posterior  third  of  the  bo^y  like  an 
umbrella.  Mouth  proboscidiform,  with  two  short  lateral  tentacles  Length, 
3J  inches ;  breadth,  2|  inches ;  height,  |  inch.— Coopsb,  1.  c. 
4 


1^  FA0CIBDINQ8   OF   THE   ACADEMT   OF  [1880. 

With  ubout  thirty  leaves  (on  each  side).  The  back  all  over  miniitelj 
mill  (ifiiHely  villous  (tig.  3 ).  The  margin  of  the  rather  wide  (5.0  min.)^ 
ruuudiah  branchial  aperture  like  the  margin  of  the  rhinophor-holest 
pruminunt,  finely  crenulate ;  the  branchial  leaves  (retracted)  six  in 
uumber,  very  strong,  tri-  or  quadripinnate.  The  anus  strong,  about  15 
mill,  high,  cylindrical,  closing  the  branchial  ring  posteriorly ;  the  renal 
pure  as  usual.  The  edge  of  the  mantle  rather  thick,  projecting  about 
i.O  mm.  from  the  body;  the  sides  low.  The  genital  opening  as 
usual,  with  two  distinct  apertures  at  the  bottom.  The  foot  strong, 
broad,  somewhat  narrower  towards  both  ends ;  in  the  anterior  margin 
a  strong  furrow,  towards  the  median  line  deeper  and  forming  two  lipa ; 
the  superior  broader  and  divided  in  the  median  line. 

The  cerebro- visceral  ganglia  kidney-shaped,  tlie  visceral  larger  than 
the  cerebral ;  the  pedal  of  roundish  contour,  scarcely  larger  than  the 
visceral.  The  buccal  ganglia  of  oval  form,  connected  by  a  short 
oomroissure;  the  gastro-ccsophageal  roundish,  short-stalked,  in  tixe 
about  one-fifth  of  the  former,  with  one  very  large  and  one  large  cell. 

The  eyes  short-stalked,  with  black  pigment  and  yellowish  lens.  The 
otocysts  scarcely  smaller  than  the  eyes,  overcrowded  with  otokonia  of 
the  usual  kind.  The  leaves  of  the  rhinophoria  strengthened  with  long, 
perpendicular  spicula,  calcified  at  the  surface.  The  tentacula  with  a 
mass  of  shorter,  but  otherwise  similar  spicules,  lying  irregularly. 
The  villi  of  the  back  closely  set  with  perpendicular  spicula  (fig.  3). 
The  anal  papilla  with  long,  perpendicular  spicules ;  the  stalk  of  the 
branchial  leaves  with  many  shorter  spicula,  irregularly  situated ;  in  the 
leaves  themselves  were  no  spicules.  In  the  interstitial  connective 
tissue  large  spicules  were  seen  rather  sparsely. 

The  oral  tube  was  about  1.5  mm.  long,  wide,  with  strong  longitudi- 
nal folds.  The  bulbus  pharyngeus  only  about  4.0  mm.  long,  by  a 
height  of  2.0  mm.,  and  a  breadth  of  4.0  mm. ;  the  rasp-sheath  very 
prominent  on  the  hinder  part  of  the  under  side  of  the  bulbus ;  the 
inner  mouth  with  a  yellowish,  not  thin,  cuticula.  The  tongue  with 
nine  rows  of  teeth,  in  the  rasp-sheath  also  eleven  rows  of  developed 
and  two  of  not  quite  developed  teeth,  the  total  number  thus  being 
twenty-two.  In  the  posterior  rows  of  the  tongue  the  number  of  plates 
was  twenty-eight  or  twenty-nine,  on  each  side,  and  seemed  in  the  suc- 
ceeding rows  not  to  suqiass  thirty.  The  color  of  the  teeth  horn- 
yellowish  ;  the  height  of  the  outermost  COG  to  0.08  mm.,  the  height 
rising  to  about  0.18  mm.  The  form  of  the  teeth  as  usual ;  the  wing 
rather  narrow  ;  the  innermost  (fig.  5aa,  b)  not  very  diflferent  from  the 


1880.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  43 

Others  (fig.  5,  6),  the  body  of  the  outermost  three  or  four  (fig.  iaay  )), 
as  usual,  of  reduced  size. 

The  glandulae  sali vales  (5.0  or  6.0  mm.)  lon^,  in  the  anterior  part 
about  one-third  larger  than  in  the  rest,  measuring  1.0  mm.  in  diameter, 
yellowish ;  in  the  rest  of  the  length  much  narrower,  whitish. 

The  oesophagus  is  about  9.0  mm.  long,  rather  wide.  The  stomach 
is  included  in  the  liver,  not  spacious.  The  intestine  appears  on  the 
surface  of  the  liver  in  the  usual  manner,  passing  forwards,  forming  a 
short  fiexure,  and  running  straight  backwards  to  the  anal  tube,  which 
has  in  its  interior  many  fine  longitudinal  folds ;  the  total  length  of  the 
intestine  about  20.0  mm.,  with  fine  longitudinal  folds  through  its  whole 
length.  The  cavity  was  empty.  The  liver  yellowish,  about  17.0  mm. 
long,  by  a  breadth  of  8.0  mm.,  and  a  height  of  about  6.0  or  7.0  mm. ; 
the  anterior  end  truncate,  the  posterior  end  rounded ;  on  the  right  side 
of  the  forepart  a  flattened  impression  for  the  anterior  genital  mass. 
The  vesica  fellea,  as  usual,  behind  and  at  the  left  side  of  the  pylorus, 
elongate-pyriform,  grayish,  taken  together  with  its  duct  about  2.5  mm. 
in  length. 

The  heart  as  usual.  The  two  gland,  sanguines  as  usual,  whitish  ; 
the  foremost  more  triangular,  about  3.5  mm.  long;  the  posterior 
broader,  about  2.0  mm.  long. 

The   gland,  hermaphrodisiaca  with   a  rather  thick  yellow  layer 
clothing  the  greater  part  of  the  surface  of  the  liver  (except  the  pos-. 
terior  end)  ;  in  the  lobules  of  the  organ  were  rather  large  o'ogene  cells 
and  masses  of  zo'osperms     The  anterior  genital  mass  large,  com-, 
pressed,  about  10.0  mm.  long,  by  a  height  of  6.3  mm.,  and  a  breadth 
of  3.0  mm.     The  ampulla  of  the  hermaphroditic  duct  strong,  grayish,, 
when  unrolled  about  25*0  mm.  long,  somewhat  coiled  on  the  anterior 
end  of  the  left  side  of  the  mass  and  on  its  inferior  flattened  edge  be-, 
hind  the  large  prostate ;  it  reaches  a  diameter  of  1.2  mm.     The  male 
branch  of  the  ampulla  (fig.  8a)  thin,  white,  passing  into  the  narrow 
inferior  end  of  the  prostate,  thus  forms  the  fore-end  of  the  whole 
genital  mass.     The  prostate  (fig.  86)  is  of  dirty  yellow  color,  flattened- 
and  irregularly  pyriform,  the  length  about  6.3  mm.,  by  a  breadth  of 
as  much  as  3.0  mm.;  the  spermatoduct  (fig.  8c)  issuing  from  the 
upper  part  of  the  posterior  side  of  the  gland,  in  its  first  thicker  part- 
nearly  as  long  as  the  prostate ;  in  the  rest  of  its  length  thinner,  mak-. 
ing  several  coils  and  passing  (^g,  9a)  into  the  male  organ.    The  re« . 
tracted  penis  (fig.  Sd)  strong,  about  2.5  mm.  long,  the  prseputium  with . 
fine  longitudinal  folds  (fig.  9),  from  the  aperture  upwards  and  nearly 


44  rROOEBBINQS   OF  THE  ACADEMT   OF  [1880. 

filled  by  the  glans,  which  had  nearly  the  form  of  a  human  penis,  with 
a  well  developed  head  with  round  aperture ;  this  head  seemed  covered 
with  very  small,  low  and  rounded,  soft  papillas.  The  spermatotheca 
weh)  whitish,  spherical,  of  the  diameter  of  about  2.3  mm.,  filled  with 
epithelium,  fatty  matter  and  altered  semen ;  the  chief  duct  a  little 
longer  than  the  spermatotheca,  gradually  passing  into  the  simple 
vagina,  that  was  about  half  as  much  in  length  (and  was  filled  with 
9pern)a\  The  spermatocysta  of  violet-gray  color,  somewhat  flattened, 
of  oval  outline,  of  the  length  ot  about  2.3  mm.,  filled  with  sperma. 
The  |K>sterior  half,  or  a  little  les^  of  the  large  mucous  and  albuminous 
gland,  chalk*white ;  the  anterior,  more  than  half,  of  grayish  or  (on 
the  leA  fide)  yellowish  color;  the  structure  as  usual. 

A  variety  of  the  species  ^according  to  Dall,  it  also  belongs  to  this 
«|iecu*^)  was,  moreover,  obtnined  by  Dr.  Kennerly,  in  August,  18T3, 
on   alga\   at    low   water,   in   Puget    Sound,    Washington  Territory 

The  single  individual  was  mtber  large ;  the  length  40.0  mm.,  by  a 
breadth  of  :^S.O  mm.,  and  a  height  of  13.0  mm. :  the  breadth  of  the 
fool  l^•0  mm.,  i^  the  margin  of  the  mantle  Il.O  mm. ;  the  height  of 
the  rhinofUuvia  6,0  mm.,  of  the  bnuichial  leaver  nearly  5.0  mm.  The 
color  of  the  tt|>p*T  ;^de  obscure  olive-gray*  with  rather  large  ^diameter 
abottl  4^0  mm.^  black  and  blacklsdi  spoti^ :  the  under  side  yellowish. 
The  ]{^fsne^J  tvcm  and  the  head,  with  the  tentacles^  as  above  described. 
The  \>|^f«ini??  of  the  rhim>phor-lK4os  a<  above,  the  club  with  about 
iwt^ty  6re  lea^irt^  The  branchial  ojxnini:  as  aK^re  diametrr,  3,5 
■tuau"^;  the  Of^mcted  branchial  leavcis  six  in  rumber;  the  anal  tube 
»rtur\v  ;^v*  wnu  hiih.  The  hack.  >ilk^us^  as  in  the  tvptoal  iadividuaL 
TW  r,vi  as  aS>vvw 

*f  t^  >svflt:r^rif  c«'  the  h^art  the  j>fricari:u»  is  Vcv*«r.isiu 

TV  ope.;raI   r>fo\>QS   s>i^«>rta   as   aVxr :    the    rcvxirijl   ovravicrr 
jfWiyhft  StN^^TVK  a  !,;:>  Ur^c  :>.a2:  :he  KxvaI  ;   ;iw  i5>cjil  cot* 

WkXTkl  fay^>*a  cc    cx-al  r^ina  ;    ti?^  cwntt.^i^sm:-?-^   SfC^-rifit  ;irm 

^le  ♦(•Af^'sak  5J!*  jwk»';f^  .-»:  iW  r):".Tftk.tc%S,'CA  a=^i  5.K'  ^  -/,::  ,*c  :*i>^  :*:1  as 
alSn^c^ 

rW  4r%I  T-oSf  >JtT^v  ."C  a  i.tnr;V  aTs\  .^vj^Th.-vvr  ,v  4  ;   tttt^     Tbe 


1880.]  NATURAL   SOIENOES   OF   PHILADELPHIA.  45 

specimen  ;  the  cuticula  of  the  lip  disk  as  above.  The  tongue  with 
ten  rows  of  plates,  further  back  eleven  developed  and  two  younger 
rows,  the  total  number  thus  twenty-three.  In  the  posterior  rows  of 
tbe  tongue  there  were  as  many  as  thirty-four  dental  plates  on  each 
side  of  the  rhachis ;  they  resembled  those  above  described  (fig.  6,  7). 

The  salivary  glands  yellowish,  ribbon-shaped.  The  stomach  as 
above.  The  anteriorly  proceeding  part  of  the  intestine  7.0  mm.  long, 
by  a  diameter  of  about  2.0  mm. ;  the  receding  part  about  20.0  mm. 
long,  by  a  diameter  of  1.5  mm.  In  the  stomach  and  the  rectum  were 
pieces  of  a  Keratospongia  and  different  Diatomacea.  The  liver  23.0 
mm.  long,  by  a  breadth  and  a  height  of  11.0  mm. ;  the  anterior  end 
truncate,  with  a  median  deep  and  narrow  slit  for  the  c&sophagus  and 
for  the  intestine ;  the  right  anterior  half  of  the  liver  rather  excavated, 
especially  beneath  ;  the  substance  of  the  liver  yellow. 

The  foremost  glandula  sanguinea  about  4.5  mm.  long,  by  a  breadth, 
of  2.5  ;  the  posterior  4.0  mm.  long,  by  a  breadth  of  2.5  mm.;  both  very 
flattened  (about  0.8  mm.  thick),  grayish-yellow.  The  kidney  with  its 
whitish  network,  eontrasting  prettily  with  the  yolk-yellow  hermaphro- 
ditic gland  ;  the  urinary  chamber  not  wide ;  the  tube  on  its  floor  thin. 

The  hermaphroditic  gland  clothing  nearly  the  whole  liver  (with  its 
posterior  end),  as  in  the  former  specimen.  The  anterior  genital  mass 
about  11.5  mm.  long,  by  a  height  of  9.5  and  a  breadth  of  5.0  mm.,  the 
ducts  also  projecting  3.0  mm.  The  ampulla  of  the  hermaphroditic  duct 
yellowish-white,  about  35.0  mm.  long,  by  a  diameter  of  1.25  mm.,  run- 
ning across  the  upper  part  of  the  left  side  of  the  genital  mass,  and 
forming  several  windings  on  the  anterior  part  of  the  upper  margin. 

The  large  prostate  as  above  (fig.  86),  dirty  yellow ;  7.5  mm.  long, 
by  a  diameter  at  the  upper  end  of  about  4.0  mm. ;  the  part  (fig.  8c), 
from  which  the  spermatoduct  proceeds,  much  brighter  than  the  rest  of 
the  organ.  The  thin  spermatoduct  forming  (fig.  8)  a  little  coil  at  the 
upper  end  of  the  penis ;  when  unrolled  about  12  mm.  long.  This  last 
(fig,  Sd,  9)  organ  strong,  about  4.0  mm.  long,  by  a  diameter  of  1.5 
mm. ;  the  prominent  orifice  in  the  vestibulum  (fig.  8^)  with  strong 
longitudinal  folds ;  the  glans  conical,  filling  nearly  half  (fig.  9)  of  the 
cavity  of  the  organ,  the  surface  (under  a  power  of  850)  smooth.  The 
spermatotheca  whitish,  spherical,  with  a  diameter  of  3.5  mm. ;  the 
spermatocysta  short,  sausage-shaped,  about  4.0  mm.  long,  of  reddish- 
yellow  color.  Tbe  duct  from  the  spermatotheca  to  tbe  vagina  rather 
thick,  3.5  mm.  long ;  the  vagina  larger  than  the  penis,  6.0  mm.  long, 
by  a  diameter  of  2.5  ;  the  inside  with  fine  longitudinal  folds,  and  with 


46  PROCEEDINGS  OP  THE  ACADEMY  OF  [1880. 

sperma  id  the  cavitj.  The  macous  gUuid  larfi;e,  9.0  mm.  loog,  bj  a 
height  of  7.5, aod  a  thickness  of  4.0  mm.;  whitish,  yellowish  chalk- 
white  and  yolk-yellow ;  the  duct  rather  short,  with  the  usual  strong 
fold.     The  vestibulum  with  longitudinal  folds. 

IDRVraA,  B«rgh. 

Jorunnoy  Bgh.,  Malacolog.  Unten.  (Semper,  Philipp.  II,  ii)  Heft  x,  1876^ 
p.  414,  note.  Oatt.  nord.  Doriden,  Arch.  fQr  Naturges.,  xxxt,  i,  18711, 
p.  346. 

Corpus  subdepressum ;  dorsum  minutissime  granulatum,sub-aspen]m, 
branchia  e  foliis  tripinnatis  formata ;  tentacula  digitiformia ;  poda- 
rium  sat  latum,  margine  anteriore  sulcatum,  labio  superiore  latiore  ei 
medio  fiaso. 

Armatura  labialis  nulla.  Radula  rhachide  nuda,  pleuris  multiden- 
tatis,  dentibus  hamatis.  Penis  stylo  armatus;  glandula  et  hasta 
amatoria. 

This  genus  was  established  by  the  author  on  the  D.  Johnstont  (1876) 
in  reference  to  the  results  of  the  anatomical  examination  of  Hancock 
and  Embleton  ;  he  regarded  it  as  nearly  allied  to  the  Kentrodorides^ 
just  founded  by  him.*  AAer  the  present  examination  of  the  D.  John* 
itoni  by  the  author  he  is  not  entirely  certain  of  a  generic  diflerence 
between  the  Jorunmg!*  and  the  Kentrodorides,  The  latter  have  been 
examined  only  from  rather  insufficient  material,  and  the  basta  has  not 
been  seen  in  any  of  the  species,  only  a  papilla  in. connection  with  a 
peculiar  gland ;  still  the  Kentrodorides  are  of  a  quite  different  habitus, 
Tery  soft,  and  the  upper  lip  of  the  anterior  margin  of  the  foot  is  more  de- 
veloped, while  the  innermost  plate  of  the  tongue  is  somewhat  different 
from  the  others.  If  not  identical  with  the  Kentrodorides,  the  Jorunnm 
are  certainly  very  nearly  allied  to  them. 

The  Jorunmt  are  rather  depressed ;  the  back  finely  granulated, 
eovered  with  equal  minute  papillulae ;  the  retractile  gill  formed  of  tri« 
pinnate  leaves ;  the  tentacles  digitiform  ;  the  foot  rather  broad,  deeply 
grooved  in  the  front  margin,  and  the  upper  lip  of  this  larger  and  cleft 
in  the  middle  line.  The  lip-disk  not  armed,  covered  with  a  simfde 
eaticala.  The  rhachis  of  the  radula  naked,  the  pleune  with  many 
hook-formed  plates.     In  the  vestibulum  genitale  are  four  apertures : 

*  R.  Bergh,  Malacolog.  Unten.  (Semper,  Philipp.  II,  ii)  Heft  x,  1876, 
p.  418  427,  Tab.  XLIX-LI. 

*  Jonmna,  Bjomit  filia.    LaxdalaSaga.  Hafnin,  1826,  p.  21. 


1880.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES   OF   PHILADELPHIA.  47 

one  for  the  penis,  which  is  armed  with  a  stylus ;  another  for  a  haita 
amatorioy  through  which  opens  a  peculiar  gland  (quite  as  in  the  genus 
Asteronotus)  ;*  a  third  for  the  vagina,  and  the  fourth  for  the  duct  of 
the  mucous  gland. 

Only  one  species  of  the  genus  seems  hitherto  known,  belonging  to 
the  northern  part  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean.  The  spawn  of  the  species 
is  known  from  Alder  and  Hancock,  but  nothing  else  is  known  of  the 
biology  of  the  animal. 

1.  J,  John$toni  (A.  et  H.). 

Dorii  Johnttoni,  A.  et  H.    Oceanum  Atlantic,  septentr. 

loniniia  lobnttoni  (A.  et  H.).    Plate  VIII,  fig.  10 ;  Plate  IX,  fig.  1>U. 

Doris  Johmtoni,  Alder  et  Hanc.  Monogr.  Part  1, 1845,  fam.  1,  PI.  5 ;  Part 

V,  1851,  fam.  1,  PL  2.  f.  8-11. 
Dorii  Johmtonif  Hanc.  et  Embleton,  Anat.  of  Doris.  Philos.  Trans.  1858; 

n,  p.  212,  215,  216,  220,  238,  PL  XII,  f.  2,  10 ;  PL  XIV,  f.  9,  10 ; 

PI.  XV,  f.  1-2 ;  pi.  XVII,  f.  2-8. 
Dorii  Johriitoni,  Forbes  and  Hanley,  Hist,  of  Br.  Moll.,  Ill,  1853,  p.  564. 
f  Doris  tomentoiOy  Cuv.,  Fischer.    Joum.  de  Conchyl.,  8me  S^r.,  x,  1870; 

p.  290-293 ;  XV,  1875,  p.  211,  note. 
f  Doris  tomentosoy  C.  Verany,  catalogo.  1846,  p.  16-21.    Ver.,  Hanc.  et 

Embleton,  1.  o.  1852,  p.  220.' 
f  Doris  tomentosOy  C.  Philippi,  En.  Moll.  Sic.  I.,  183,  p.  104 ;  II,  1844,  p. 

79,  Tab.  XIX,  f.  9. 

Color  flavescens,  dorso  interdum  maculis  fuscis  seriatis  omatos; 
rhinophoria  fusco-maculata  ;  branchia  albescens. 
Jffab.     Oceanum  Atlanticum  septentr. 

This  species,  that  was  first  described  by  Johnston  under  the  name 
of  D,  ohvdata  (Miiller),  was  (1845)  established  by  Alder  and  Han- 
oock.  Hancock  gave  a  series  of  anatomical  remarks  upon  this  very 
interesting  form  and  of  figures  referable  to  it.  Since  then  nothing 
new  seems  to  have  been  published  about  the  species ;  but  a  few  months 
ago  I  (1.  c.)  gave  a  short  notice  of  the  generic  characters  of  the 
group. 

Of  this  form  I  have  only  examined  a  single  specimen,  captured  in 
March,  1870,  in  the  neighborhood  of  Hellebak,  on  the  north  coast  oC 
Seeland  (Denmark). 

>  R.  Bergh.  Ueber  das  G^eschlecht  Asteronotus^  Ehrbg.  Jahrb.  der  Deut- 
schen  Malakozool.  (^es.,  iv,  1877,  p.  161-173^  Taf.  I-II. 

'  According  to  Hancock  and  Embleton  (1*  c.»  P*  2^)t  ^ha  dart  (hasta 
amatoria)  in  Doris  Johnstoni  is  straighti  in  D.  tomerUosa,  Ver.,  curved. 


«>  PROi'EKDINUS  or   TUC    ACADEMY   OF  [1880 

'f  ho  9|R*i'imt*n  WHS  of  a  uniform  yellowish  color ;  the  rhinophoria 
ikKKKAy  ilolli'tl  with  hrown  (but  not  the  branchial  leaves).  The  length 
v4'  {\w  ralhvr  cuntracted  and  Aomewhat  contorted  individual  wa«  about 
ICiU  iiiiii.  by  a  greatest  breadth  of  lO.O  and  a  height  of  about  7.0  mm. ; 
ihu  height  o(  the  (retracted)  rhinophoria  2.5,  of  the  tentacles  nearly 
I  .Oi  i>f  the  (retracted )  gill  2.5  mm. ;  the  greatest  breadth  of  the  mantle- 
UiHigtu  «t.f>  mm.,  of  the  foot  ;>  0  mm. 

The  fdriii  id  elongate-oval,  the  mantle-margin  rather  thick,  not  Terj 
bi'dud.  The  haek  covered  all  over  with  very  minute  granules,  some- 
liuiet*!  fhiM'ciHlly  on  the  middle  of  the  back,  crowded  in  irregular  and 
rtiuiidinh  tfuiiill  groups ;  the  under  side  of  the  mantle-margin  smooth. 
Thti  (contracted)  o|»enings  of  the  rhinophor-hole^  appear  as  a  simple 
lrttii5\(ir«e  hlit,  the  granules  of  the  back  reaching  forward  to  the  open- 
ing, those  in  this  neighborhood  not  larger  than  the  rest.  The  club  of 
the  rhinophoria  Htout,  with  about  thirty*  broad  leaves.  The  opening  of 
the  gill-cavity  small,  transverse,  triangular-crescent ic,  with  theconvexitj 
forwards  (as  contracted) ;  the  granules  of  the  back  reachin<t  to  tbe  verj 
margin  of  the  gill-slit,  but  not  larger  than  the  rest.  The  gill  consisting 
of  elitvijn  branchial  leaves,-  five  lateral  pairs  and  an  anterior  unpaired 
li;uf ;  lh«'  anal  tube  low,  truncate,  nearly  c«*ntral;  the  renal  pore  at  ita 
right  side.  The  head  rather  small ;  the  tentacles  digitiform,  somewhat 
Haltened.  The  sides  of  the  body  nearly  impen*eptible ;  the  genital 
u|HUiing  (Hintracti'd.^  The  foot  rather  strong,  somewhat  pointed  at  the 
•ind  ;  ihtf  antiTior  margin  with  a  deep  furro^*,  the  su()erior  lip  rather 
utrong  and  pmniinent,  rleft  in  tht*  median  line. 

Tilt*  |M*ritont>um  with  very  line  dark  points  (brown-black)  spread 
every  whi*n» ;  entin*ly  without  true  spicule-*. 

Tin*  central  nervous  system  showt^l  the  cerebro-vi.-jceral  ganglia 
poniewhat  elongate,  thicker  and  broader  in  the  {Misterior  ;iart,  nearly 
not  excavated  in  the  exterior  margin;  the  pedal  one-*  of  oval  form, 
larger  than  the  visceral.  The  olfactory  ganglia  very  short-stalked, 
liulbitMrni,  a  lilth*  ^nlilller  tlian  the  buccal ;  a  small  optic  ganglion,  the 
o|itic  nt  rve  hlntrt.  At  the  interior  siile  of  the  post«'rior  |iart  of  the 
right  vi-ciTul  (tig  111)  guiigliim  is  a  short->t:ilked  (ti«r.  \h)  ganglion 
genitale  giving  off  sevend  nerves,  one  of  tliem  ha^t  at  its  nnit  another 
ganglion    (fig.    Id.     The    common  commissure  n<»t    hmger  than  the 

'  Alder  «uid  IIiiiiciN'k  mention  men*lv  ton  to  tiftoon  Kmvcs. 
'  AMeruiMl  ]I.iiM-«K'k  nn-ntion  lifterii  Umvcn. 

*  'Mil  ii*pirMMit.ttion  .»f  till*  prnis  (.'>  0-  c.  V\.  \  1*.  U  l»y  Alder  and  Han- 
«'iu'k  I  .inhi't  Ih*  <-«>riei'L 


1880.]  NATURAL   80IENCES   OF  PHILADELPUIA.  49 

transverse  diameter  of  the  pedal  ganglion,  rather  strong.  The  buccal 
ganglia. of  roundish  form,  connected  through  a  very  short  commissure  ; 
the  gastro-ocsophageal  ganglia  short-stalked,  reaching  scarcely  one- 
quarter  of  the  size  of  the  former,  with  one  very  large  and  some 
smaller  cells.  ^ 

The  eyes  with  black  pigment  and  shining,  horn -yellow  lens.  The 
otocysts  at  the  slight  emargination  at  the  outer  margin  of  the  cerebro- 
visceral  ganglia,  crammed  with  otokonia  of  the  usual  kind.  The  broad 
leaves  of  the  rhinophoria  stiffened  in  the  usual  way  by  long,  much 
calcified  spicula,  perpendicular  on  the  free  margin  of  the  leaves.  The 
skin  of  the  back  crowded  with  spicula,^  mostly  very  large  and  much 
calcified;  in  the  rather  low  (height  0.5  mm.)  granules  (fig.  2)  crowded 
erect  spicules.  In  the  interstitial  tissue  of  the  intestines  true  spicula 
are  neither  many  nor  large. 

The  mouth-tube  about  2.0  mm.  long,  strong,  rather  wide,  quite  as 
usual.  The  bulbus  pharyngeus  3.0  mm.  long,  with  a  height  of  2.3 
and  reaching  a  breadth  of  2.5  mm. ;  the  rasp-sheath  also  projecting 
1.0  mm.  from  the  hindermost  part  of  the  under  side  of  the  bulbus.  The 
form  of  the  bulbus  and  its  retractors  as  usual ;  the  lip-disk  whitish, 
clothed  with  a  yellowish  cuticula.  The  tongue  of  usual  form  ;  on  the 
shining  horny-yellow  radula  eleven  rows  of  teeth,  further  backwards 
twelve  developed  and  four  younger  rows ;  the  total  number  of  rows 
thus  twenty-seven.^  The  teeth  of  yellowish  color ;  the  height  of  the 
outermost  0.06,  of  the  next  0.08  mm.  ;  the  height  reaches  at  most 
about  0.22  mm.  The  two  foremost  rows  were  rather  incomplete,  in 
the  fourth  row  were  twenty-four,  and  the  number  of  teeth  then  in- 
creases to  twenty-seven.*  The  rhachis  (fig.  3a)  rather  broad.  The 
plates  of  the  usual  form.^  with  the  usual  wing-like  expansion  of  the 
exterior  part  of  the  body  and  of  the  root  of  the  hook  (figs.  4,  5) ;  the 
first  (fig.  3)  with  lower  hook,  which  on  the  succeeding  teeth  slowly 

^  This  representation  of  the  central  nervous  system  in  most  points  agrees 
with  that  of  Hancock  and  Emblcton  (1.  c.  p.  233,  PI.  XVII,  fig.  2,  3j. 

*  Colliiigwood  (Annals  and  Mag.  of  N.  Hist.,  3  Ser.,  Ill,  1859,  p.  462) 
mentions  the  spicules  of  this  species  (from  the  estuary  of  the  Mersey)  as 
''very  elegant,  consisting  of  a  broad  embossed  plate  with  a  double  and 
beautifully  serrated  edge,  terminating  abruptly  in  a  blunt  apex/' 

'  Aider  and  Hancock  mention  twenty-four  rows,  whereof  eleven  were  on 
the  tongue. 

*  Alder  and  Hancock  mention  twenty-five  plates  in  the  rows. 

*  Cf.  my  ^lalacolog.  Unters.  (Semper,  Philipp.  II,  ii).  Heft  XIV.,  1878, 
(Astcronotus),  p.  636. 


.%U  PR0CBKD1NQ3   OP   THE   ACADEMY   OP  [1880. 


iiiv'rt:4iM?H  ill  height ;  then  the  teeth  keep  the  same  height  and 

iigi4iii  ill  the  outer  part  of  the  rows  (fig.  5) ;  the  four  to  six  interior 

MH;ih  HIV  wore  erect,  with  shorter  body  and  thinner  hook  (figs.  69  6)* 

'Vhi)  luUivary  glands  long,  thin,  whitish.'  The  (csophagufl  about 
0  uiiu.  lung,  rather  wide,  with  strong  longitudinal  folds.'  The  sionweli 
RUtall,  included  in  the  liver ;  the  biliarj  apertures  as  usnaL 

The  iiitetitine  issues  through  the  liver  behind  the  region  of  jiino- 
iiun  uf  the  first  and  second  third  of  the  liver ;  the  first  anteriorly  pro- 
(MH^diiig  |>art  lodged  in  a  groove  on  the  superior  side  of  the  liver,  not 
paMJiiiig  lH*yond  the  anterior  margin  of  that  organ,  about  2.5  mm.  in 
length  ;  the  rest  of  the  intestine  about  10.0  mm.  in  length  ;  the  diameter 
of  the  inte8tine  0.8-1.3  mm.;  the  longitudinal  folds  rather  strong. 

The  liver  of  yellowish  color,  more  grayish  on  the  surface;  9.0  ma. 
in  It^ngtii,  by  a  breadth  of  f)..5  and  a  height  of  4.0  mm. ;  the  posterior 
end  rounded  ;  more  than  the  anterior  half  of  the  under  side,  espectmllj 
itn  right  part,  is  excavated  (for  the  anterior  genital  mass)  and  behind 
this  iri  a  deep  transverse  groove.  The  vesica  fellea  lying  at  the  left 
side  of  the  ofitihoot  of  the  intestine^  rather  small,  in  height  about  l.i5 
niui.,  reaching  nearly  to  the  surface  of  the  liver,  nearly  cylindricaL 

The  heart  as  uausA,  The  sanguineous  glands  whitish,  rather 
flattened  ;  the  anterior  obliquely  triangular  with  the  point,  as  usual, 
adhering  to  the  under  side  of  the  junction  of  the  two  cerebral  ganglia ; 
in  length  2.0  by  a  breadth  of  1.5  mm.;  the  posterior  transversely 
elongate-oval,  with  a  breadth  of  ^^5  by  a  length  of  1.5  mm.  The 
renal  syrinx  melon-shaped,  its  largest  diameter  about  0.75  mm. ;  iU 
free  duct  nearly  three  times  as  long ;  a  strong  continuation  of  it  pass- 
ing along  the  floor  of  the  rather  large  renal  chamber,  to  the  region  of 
the  pylorus. 

The  hermuphroditic  gland  spread  in  large  groups  of  ramifications 
over  nearly  the  whole  liver  and  by  its  brighter  yellowish  color  some- 
what cx>ntra.Hted  with  it ;  in  its  lobules  were  masses  of  zo  )8penns  and 
rather  pniall  o  gene  cells  The  anterior  genital  mass'  in  length  5.0  by 
a  breadth  of  2.5  and  a  height  of  4.0  mm. ;  the  right  side  rather  coo- 
vex,  meeting  th<*  more  flattened  left  side  at  the  sharp  superior  margin, 

•  Tlicy  are  in  this  way  also  mentioned  by  H.  and  E.  (1.  c,  p.  215,  PI,  XII, 
fiR.  24-<r). 

'  Tilt'  dilatation  cm  the  CDAoplia;uA  mentioned  and  fi;^irc<l  by  H.  and  E. 
^1.  c,  p.  «!.*»,  PI.  Xtl,  tig.  '2d'  could  not  bo  seen  in  the  specimen  examined 
by  im». 

'  Cf.  the  PL  XIV.  f.  9,  of  Hancock  and  Embleton. 


1880.]  NATURAL  SCIENCES   OF  PHILADELPHIA.  51 

the  under  side  flattened.  The  ampulla  of  the  hermaphroditic  gland 
resting  on  the  superior  posterior  part  of  the  genital  mass,  whitish, 
making  a  large  curve,  about  5.0  mm.  long,  with  a  diameter  of  nearlj 
1.5  mm.  The  spermatoduct  in  its  first  part,  as  near  as  could  be  de- 
termined, rather  thick  than  thin,  not  very  long,  forming  (fig.  lie,  7«) 
a  little  coil  on  the  upper  end  of  the  penis.  The  penis  (fig.  7/)  cylin- 
drical, curved,  about  2.5  mm.  long,  by  a  diameter  of  about  0.8  mm.  ; 
the  inside  with  many  longitudinal  folds ;  at  the  upper  end  of  its  cavity 
a  low  truncated  conical  prominence  (fig.  lib),  with  a  rather  wide 
aperture  (fig.  lib),  through  which  opens  a  little  bag  (fig.  11),  whose 
inside  was  clothed  with  a  thin  yellowish  cuticula,  and  contained  a 
hollow,  nearly  colorless  tube,  that  could  be  extended  by  tension ;  it 
was  probably  pointed  (the  point  seemed  broken  off)  ;  its  length  was 
about  0.9  mm.;  the  spermatoduct  opened  (fig.  11a)  in  the  upper  part 
of  this  bag.  Hancock  has  (1.  c.  PI.  XIV,  fig.  9c,  10;  PI.  XV,  fig. 
1,  2)  seen  the  penis  and  the  "  stiletto,"  but  he  too  seems  (1.  c.  p.  220) 
not  at  all  clear  about  these  organs.  At  the  side  of  the  opening  for 
the  penis  in  the  vestibulum  genitale  was  another  aperture  which  led 
into  a  bag,  from  whose  bottom  projected  a  hard,  whitish,  somewhat 
compressed  conical  spur  (fig.  *ld,  10),  that  under  the  influence  of  nitric 
acid  grew  more  pellucid,  but  developed  very  little  gas ;  through  the 
axis  of  the  organ  down  to  the  fine  aperture  on  the  point,  passes  a 
slender  tube  (^g,  10),  the  continuation  of  the  fine  coiled  duct  of  the 
gland  of  the  organ.'  This  gland  (glandula  hastatoria,  fig.  7e,  Sd) 
overlies  the  upper  part  of  the  vagina  (fig.  1a,b)  ;  it  is  heart-shaped, 
of  a  transverse  diameter  (breadth)  of  2.0,  and  a  thickness  of  1.0  mm. ; 
the  gland  did  not  contain  any  larger  cavity.  The  spermatotheca  (fig. 
8a)  whitish,  nearly  spherical,  having  a  largest  diameter  of  2.5  mm.  ; 
filled  with  fatty  cells  and  detritus ;  the  two  ducts  (fig.  8c,  e)  as  usual, 
the  vagina  rather  wide  (fig.  7a,  b),  with  longitudinal  folds  on  the  in- 
side. The  spermatocysta  yellowish,  spherical,  1.5  mm.  in  diameter 
(fig.  Sb),  filled  with  zo'Jsperms ;  short-stalked.  The  mucous  gland 
not  forming  quite  half  of  the  anterior  genital  mass,  consisting  of  a 
smaller  anterior  biconvex  part,  and  a  large  flattened  wing-like  poste- 
rior part ;  the  space  between  them  nearly  filled  by  the  spermatotheca 

'  These  organs,  the  gland  and  the  spur,  have  also  been  seen  (1.  c,  PI . 
XV,  fig.  9)  by  Hancock,  but  he  does  not  mention  them  (in  the  text,  and 
explanation  of  the  figures).  In  another  of  his  figures  (fig.  106)  the  spur 
is  designated  (1.  c,  p.  248)  as  ''male  intromittent  organ,"  and  the  (fig. 
lOd,  f)  true  penis  as  "penis-like  organ  furnibhed  with  a  stiletto  " 


52  PROCEEDINGS  OF   THE   ACADEMY   OF  [1880. 

and  the  Fpermatocysta,  the  color  of  the  gland  yellowish-white,  on  the 
left  Bide  of  the  anterior  part  a  central  yellow  mass;  the  doct  of 
the  mucous  gland  rather  short. 

All  the  former  genera  of  Dorididte  belonged  to  the  large  groap  of 
Dorxdidm  cryptohranchiatst  ;*  the  following  are  to  be  registered  in  the 
group  of  Doridida  eleutherohranchtatae  {D,  phanerobranchiattr). 
This  section  is  also  characterized  by  the  non-retractility  of  the  giD, 
by  a  sucking-crop  connected  with  the  bulbus  pharyngeus  and  by  a 
peculiar  armaiure  of  the  tongue,  consisting  usually  of  a  single  large 
lateral  plate  and  a  single  or  several  outer  plates.  This  group  seemi 
chiefly  limited  to  northern  climes,  and  contains  at  present  the  genera 
Akiodon'sj  Aconthodorisy  Adalarin,  LamellidoriSj  Goniodarii  and 
DoridunculuSy'  also  Ancnia^  Drepania^  and  Idalia. 

AKI0D0RI8,  Dergh 
Akiodoriiy  Rgh.    Oattungcn  nordischer  Doriden,  1.  c,  1879,  p.  854. 

Forma  ut  in  LameHtdotidibus.  Notha^um  supra  granuloeam. 
Branchia  non  retractilis,  e  foliis  tripinnatis  non  multis  et  ad  modua 
ferri  equini  i>ositi8  forniata.  Caput  latum,  vcliforme ;  tentacolia 
brevihu.s  lobiformibus.     Apeitune  rhinophoriales  integrse. 

I)i!>cus  labialis  t^ine  armatura.  Ingluvies  buccalis  bulbo  connata. 
Radula  rhaoliide  (juasi  nuda  ;  pleuris  dentibus  lateralibus  depressis  non 
multis;  (12-lo)  quorum  duo  intimi  fortiores,  quasi  subhamati.  Penis 
glande  uncis  Hinipliribus,  furcatis  vcl  palmatis  armatus.  Vagina  in* 
dumento  valloso  iieculiari  instructa. 

TIm»  animals  belonjrinjr  to  this  jrroup  resemble  externally  especially 
the  Lamellidoridrt,  The  back  is  finely  granulat(*d ;  the  head  large, 
veil-shajifd,  with  short  t«ntarl<»s,  whifli  are  lobate  and  |)ointed  The 
openinf^s  of  the  rhiiiophor-holes  with  plain  margins,  surrounded  by 
several  larg«T  papilla*.  The  non  retractile  branchia  nearly  horseshoe* 
sha|H'd,  consisting  of   a  mediocre  number  of   leaves.     The    lip-di(«k 

'  (T.  my  **(;attuii;,'en  nor(lis<'hor  Doriden,"  I.  o.  p.  '^\\, 

'  The  ;^e!»iiH  Ihiridunrulu*  ofCt.  <).  S;ii*s  Moll,  re^ionis  arctit*a»  N«»r>eg., 
IHT^  i».  :iO<i.  Tab.  -JT.  lig.  2/i  rf.  Tab.  XIV.  ti-.  5).  which  externally  ap- 
proaelifH  //.//iiV'J-tm  aiwl  «ither  Doridtdtr  elnithfrobranrhintkr  in  the  char- 
acter or  the  ra<lii1a,  is  liithcito  only  known  U\m\  the  n4»rtheus'eni  part  of 
the  .\tlantie    Lolotfii),  and  by  a  siii;;le  Kpei'irs  "7).  fchinuhituM^  S.  . 

^  In  the  Anru'tr  and  Drepauuf  the  i>cnis  is  aimed  as  in  so  niuuy  Dorididm 
with  a  M'lii-h  of  small  luH>ks. 


1880.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES   OF   PHILADELPHIA.  53 

without  armature.  The  tongue  with  transverse  thickenings  of  the 
rhachis ;  the  lateral  plates  somewhat  depressed  ;  the  two  first  different 
from  the  rest,  larger  and  with  a  denticle  at  the  root  of  the  hook  ;  the  rest 
without  any  such,  the  external  quite  without  a  hook.  A  sucking-crop 
on  the  upper  side  of  the  bulbus  pharyngeus,  but  sessile,  depressed  con- 
ical, and  not  consisting  of  two  symmetrical  halves.  The  large 
ptomach  free  on  the  surface  of  the  liver.  The  glans  of  the  long 
penis  with  a  strong  and  quite  peculiar  armature,  consisting  of  strong 
hooks,  partly  simple,  partly  bifurcate  and  partly  digitate,  with  strong 
digitations.     The  vagina  with  a  peculiar  armature  of  high  palisades. 

This  interesting  genus  externally  most  resembles  the  LamellidortdeSf 
both  in  reference  to  the  nature  of  the  back,  to  the  form  and  size 
of  the  gill  and  in  the  want  of  armature  of  the  lip-disk ;  the  region  of 
the  openings  of  the  rhinophor-holes  difler  in  the  want  of  a  glabella 
and  by  the  presence  of  a  larger  number  of  surrounding  papillao!.  The 
genital  opening  somewhat  recalls  the  AcanthodorideSy  as  do  also  the 
(tripinnate)  branchial  leaves  and  the  sucking-crop,  but  this  is  not 
divided  in  two  distinct  halves  as  in  this  last  genus.  The  armature 
of  the  tongue  is  very  different  from  that  of  the  Lamellldorides^ 
Adalariae  and  Acnnthodoridet ;  the  large  hook-formed  lateral  plates 
of  these  genera  are  wanting,  and  in  their  places  are  two  large  de- 
pressed lateral  plates,  with  small  hooks ;  the  external  plates  somewhat 
recalling  those  of  the  Adalariae ;  the  rhachis  rather  broad,  with 
transverse  thickenings  of  the  cuticula,  corresponding  to  the  rows  of 
plates.  In  the  very  peculiar  form  of  armature  of  the  glans  penis,  and 
by  the  peculiar  clothing  of  the  vagina,  the  Akiodorides  difler  from  all 
the  above-cited  genera. 

Only  a  single  species  of  the  genus  is  hitherto  known,  the  new  oncy 
that  will  be  described  below. 

1 .  Ah,  lulescsM,  Bgli.,  n.  sp.    Oceanum  Pacificum. 

1.  Ak.  Intesoeni,  Bgh.,  n.  sp.    PI.  IV,  fig.  3;  pi.  V,  fig.  ll-U:  pi.  VI,  fig.  1-20; 
pi.  VII,  fig.  1-8;  pi.  VIII,  fig.  1-2. 

Color  lutescens. 

Habitat,     Oceanum  Pacificum  septentrion.  (Nazan  Bay). 

Of  this  form  I  have  had  a  large  single  specimen  for  examination, 
obtained  in  August,  1873,  by  Dall,  on  stony  bottom,  at  low  water,  in 
Nazan  Bay,  Atka  Island,  Aleutians. 

According  to  Dall,  the  color  of  the  living  animal  was  <<  yellowish- 
white  ; "  preserved  in  spirits,  it  was  of  a  uniform  dirty  yellowish  color. 


^  1>R00EKDINQ8  OP  THR   ACADEMY   OW  [1880. 

'  tK    -iuta  wa.'t  32.0  mm.,  bj  a  breadth  of  19.0  mm.,  and  a  height  of 
uut. :  ilio  breadth  of  the  foot  12.5  mm.,  of  the  maDtle-brim  3.0 
.,..4.      .K  luight  of  the  rhinophoria  3.0  mm.,  of  the  branchial  leaves 
'   i.a4. .  tho  length  of  the  genital  opening  2.25  mm. 

I  iK  'oiiii  vvaH  elongate-oval,  somewhat  larger  than  that  of  the  Lam. 

.  ..;.^i.     'Ihe  papillae  of  the  back  relatively  smaller  and  more 

vu»«^vU  ituin  in  that  animal.  The  openings  of  the  rhinophor-holeo 
«..  .'K<K(uc  o\ul  8lit;  the  margins  plain;  several  (six  to  eight)  larger 
^<Jlu  ot'  abiiut  1.0  mm.  in  height)  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the 
»v',i.».  iho  club  of  the  rhinophoria  with  about  thirty  leaves.  The 
ii.4:(v«iiH  v^ith  about  ten  leaves.  The  anal  papilla  low,  with  a  stellate 
^s'^^iiv  ;  tho  renal  orifice  as  usual ;  the  inter  branchial  space  crowded 
H4iU  mthrr  |K)inted  and  high  papilhr.  The  head  and  tentacles  as  in 
•Ulivd  U»i-ni!4.  The  genital  papilla  of  oval  form,  with  a  large,  longitQ- 
.liiirtl,  orvNoentic  slit.  The  rather  broad  foot  with  the  usual  anterior 
iu4ii<nial  furrow.     The  {>eritoneum  colorless,  without  spicula. 

|1u'  central  nervous  system  mon;  flattened  than  in  allied  forms ; 
ihe  eerebro- visceral  ganglia  reniform,  a  little  broader  in  the  anterior 
|kAi( ;  the  pedal  ganglia  less  flattened  than  the  former,  larger  than  the 
\  lAceral  unef»,  of  oval  form,  on  the  outside  of  the  cerebro-visceraL  The 
prttxiniul  olfactory  ganglia  a  little  smaller  than  the  buccal  ones,  bulbi- 
liirni ;  distal  ganglia  could  not  be  found.  The  commissure  not  broad, 
not  hhort.  The  buccal  ganglia  of  oval  form,  closely  connected ;  the 
KHrttro-osopliagenl  roundish,  rather  long-stalked,  in  size  about  one- 
Hixth  t)f  the  former,  with  one  large  cell  and  several  ( three  or  four) 
unuiller  ones. 

'i'he  nervi  optici  rather  long ;  the  eyes  with  yellowish  lens  and 
lilack  pigment.  The  otcH'ysts  in  the  usual  place,  filled  with  otokonia 
of  the  usual  kind.  The  h*aves  of  the  club  of  the  rhinophoria  very 
richly  furni^lled  with  thick  (diameter.  0.04  mm.)  and  long  spicuUu 
more  or  less  calcareous,  and  very  often  giving  off  a  thick  twig  of 
greater  or  less  length  (PI.  V,  fig.  12);  for  the  most  part  set  perpen> 
dicularly  or  ohlicjuely  on  the  free  margin  of  the  leaves.  The  axes  of 
th(*  organs  and  the  short  stalk  stuffed  with  strong  and  very  much  cal- 
riti<*d  spiciih's.  In  the  skin  of  the  back  a  mass  of  spicula  of  the  same 
kind  (PI.  IV,  fig.  l.'>)  as  above,  or  still  more  hardened  ;  the  papilhr  of 
the  back  solidified  in  the  usual  way  ( PI.  V,  fig.  11).  In  the  interstitial 
tissue  ft'wer  and  smaller  spicules. 

The  oHil  tube  rather  short,  wide.  The  bulbus  pharyngeus  of  usual 
form,  about  ^).l)  mm.  long  by  a  height  of  4.5  mm.,  (and  at  the  upper 


1880.]  NATURAL  SCIENGK8   OF   PHILADELPHIA.  55 

put  of  the  sucking-crop  of  5.5  mm.),  and  a  breadth  of  4.75  mm. ; 
the  iheath  of  the  radula  projecting  about  1.3  mm.  backwards  and 
iownwards.     The  lip-disk  large,  clothed  with  a  thick  yellow  cuticula ; 
tktrae  mouth  forming  a  narrow  vertical  slit.     The  cap-shaped  suck- 
of^rop  almost  exactly  as  in  Jc.  pilosay  but  more  conical  and  with- 
•it external  signs  of  duplication  :  on  the  inside  clothed  with  a  yellow- 
iihcoticiila,  opening  into  the  buccal  cavity  through  a  wide  slit.     The 
toagoe  rather  broad  ;  on  the  fine  reddish -yellow  colored  radula  seven- 
teeo  rows  of  teeth,  also  on  the  point  of  the  tongue  were  traces  of  six 
entirely  vanished  rows ;  the  two  first  rows  very  incomplete,  reduced  to 
woe  external  plates.     Further  backwards  were  seen  forty-two  devel- 
oped and  three  younger  rows,  or,  all  in  all,  the  animal  presented  sixty- 
two  rows  of  teeth.     The  most   external  plate  of  each  row  is  quite 
cdorless,  the  next  two  or  three  pale  yellowish,  the  following  all  of 
Iwraj-yellow  color ;  the  rhachis  colorless.     The  length  of  the  most 
external  plate  about  0.035  mm.,  of  the  next  about  0.05  mm.,  of  the 
foUowing  0.07  mm. ;  the  length  of  the  second  large  plate  about  0.2 
n»n.,  of  the  first  0.022  mm. ;  the  breadth  of  the  rhachis  about  0.22 
twn.   The  rhachis  thickened  between  the  rows  and  forming  arched 
elevations  between  them  (PL  VI,  fig.  la,  3 ;  PI.  VIII,  ^g.  la).     The 
firettwo  plates  rather  large  (PI.  VI,  fig.  Ibb,  cc,  4-6 ;  PI.  VIII,  ^g. 
1^  c) ;  with  a  short  strong  hook  and  a  stout  denticle  at  each  side  of 
l^  the  outer  denticle  broader ;  the  hook  of  the  second  plate  somewhat 
^ger  than  that  of  the  first ;  sometimes  a  slight  crenulation  on  the 
outer  margin  of  the  first  plate  (Gg,  5).   All  the  following  ten  or  eleven 
Mes  (PL  VI,  fig.  26,  /;  PL  VIII,  fig.  2a,  6)  of  the  same  type,  by 
^^grees  decreasing  in  size,  consisting  of  a  quadrilateral  basal  part, 
worn  which  (PL  VI,  ^g.  7-13),  in  most  of  them,  rises  a  strong,  short, 
^^d  hook ;  the  two  or  three  outmost  plates  (PL  VI,  fig.  2/;  PL  VIII, 
^*  2)  formed  of  the  basal  part  alone  ;  the  rest  with  the  hook  gradu- 
^'v  Hiore  developed. 

*^e  salivary  glands  yellowish -white,  flattened,  ribbon-shaped,  of 
***Ut  10.5  mm.  in  length,  reaching  to  the  cardia,  where  they 
^  Agglutinated  one  to  another ;  the  breadth  in  the  foremost  part 
**^Ut  0.75  mm.,  in  the  middle  1.5  mm.,  the  posterior  part  again  some- 
^"^t  narrower ;  the  duct  of  the  gland  rather  short. 

^e  oesophagus  rather  wide,  about  13.0  mm.  long,  the  inside  with 

^^er  strong  longitudinal  folds ;  it  opens  into  the  stomach,  which  lies 

^  in  a  cleft  on  the  upper  side  of  the  liver.     This  organ  (PL  VI,  fig. 

17a)  is  of  oval  form,  of  about  6.5  mm.  largest  diameter ;  the  inside 


56  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE   ACADEMY   OP  [1880. 

vrith  rather  strong  longitudinal  folds;  tho  pylorus  (fig.  17)  in  tbe 
neighborhood  of  the  cardia.  The  intestine  advancing  from  the  stoni* 
ach  to  the  fore-end  (fig.  lib)  of  the  liver,  in  this  |>art  about  10.0  mm. 
long ;  funning  a  knee  and  retrograding  to  the  anal  nipple  in  a  length 
of  23.0  mm.  The  contents  of  the  stomach  were  indeterminable  animal 
matter,  mixed  with  some  diatomaceR\ 

The  liver  20.0  mm.  long  by  a  height  of  10.0  mm.  and  a  breadth  of 
about  12.0  mm. ;  the  posterior  end  rounded ;  a  little  more  than  the  an- 
terior half  of  the  under  side  obliquely  flattened  (by  the  anterior  genital 
mass)  showing  the  cardiac  end  of  the  (rsophagus  and  the  root  of  the 
bermuphroditic  duct.  On  the  anterior  part  of  the  upper  surface  is  a 
cleft  for  the  stomach  and  for  the  biliary  sac ;  the  color  of  the  surface 
and  of  the  substance  of  the  liver  is  grayish-yellow.  The  biliarj  sac 
(fig.  17^)  lying  before  the  stomach,  on  the  right  side  of  the  Intestine, 
large  as  the  stomach),  somewhat  flattened,  grayish,  of  rounded  oat- 
line  and  about  4.5  mm.  largest  diameter;  the  contents,  as  in  the 
stonuich. 

The  heart  as  usual.  The  sanguineous  gland  whitish,  entirely  coTer* 
ing  the  nervous  system,  about  (j.O  mm.  long,  by  a  breadth  of  4.5  and  a 
height  of  only  1.0  mm. 

The  hermaphroditic  gland  yolk-yellow,  covering  the  upper  side  of 
the  liver  with  a  thick  layer;  in  its  lobes  large  oigene  cells  and  maaaet 
of  2o  s|)erm8.  The  anterior  genital  mass  large,  about  14.0  mm.  long 
by  a  breadth  of  9.0  and  a  height  of  1 1 .0  mm.,  flattened  and  a  little  ex- 
cavated on  the  left  side,  with  an  excavation  on  the  fore  side,  the  right 
side  very  convex.  The  hermaphroditic  duct  whitish,  rather  thin 
(diameter  al>out  0.75-1.0  mm.),  passing  straight  over  the  left  side  of 
the  genital  mass  to  its  anterior  end,  without  formation  of  any  (distinct) 
ampulla.  The  first  part  of  the  s|>ermatoduct  whitish,  forming  several 
long  windings  on  the  up|MT  part  of  the  forepart  of  the  mass  and  pass- 
ing into  the  yellowish  (1*1.  VI,  flg.  18ri)  continuation;  this,  with  its 
numen»us  coils,  forms  a  large  flattened  layer  on  the  fore-end  of  the 
right  sidf  of  th«*  mass ;  it  then  rather  suddenly  passes  into  a  much 
thinner  whitish  continuation  (fl*?.  \Xh)  about  G  mm.  long,  that  slopes 
(tig.  iNr)  into  the  jwnis,  which  (retracted)  was  lying  on  the  lowest 
antfrior  part  of  tin*  right  side  of  the  mass.  The  penis  was  cylindrical, 
of  the  len;:lh  of  11.0  mm.  by  a  diameter  of  1.5  mm.;  the  tnincated, 
cylin<lriral,  yellowish  (under  a  magnifier  nodulous)  glans  forming 
(PI.  V,  ti^.  l.'I,  H)  a  prominence  of  the  h»ngth  of  neariy  1.0  mm.  in 
the   vfstibuluin.     This  glans   was   partly  covered  on   the  outer  side 


1880.]  NATURAL   80IENGES   OF  PHILADELPHIA.  57 

(fig.  13,  14),  but  especially  on  the  margin  of  the  wide,  gaping  orifice 
and  on  its  inside  for  a  length  of  about  4.0  mm.  (PL  VII,  figs.  2-4), 
with  rather  crowded  and  apparently  irregularly  set  claws.  The  claws 
were  very  strong  and  for  the  most  part  broad  and  high  (fig.  3,  4), 
even  reaching  a  height  of  about  0.3  mm.  (fig.  4).  In  the  interior  of 
the  glans,  especially  in  its  posterior  part  (fig.  5c),  the  claws  were  lesd 
broad  and  simply  uncinate  or  bifurcated,  otherwise  mostly  broader  and 
with  digitations  of  the  margin.  The  body  of  the  claws  was  plain  or 
curved ;  the  end  simply  pointed,  bi-  or  trifurcate  or  with  digitations, 
sometimes  very  strangely  formed.  They  consisted  of  a  cuticula  and 
its  matrix ;  very  often,  especially  on  the  outside  of  the  glans,  the 
cuticula  was  torn  off  and  the  (fig.  20)  rounded  or  pointed  naked  matrix 
was  left.  The  whitish  spherical  spermatotheca  (PL  VI,  fig.  19a)  was 
about  3.5  mm.  in  diameter,  laterally  communicating  tnrough  a  short 
peCiolus  adhering  to  tne  upper  end  of  the  vagina,  with  a  sinuosity  into 
which  opens  the  elongate,  yellowish  spermatocysta  {fig.  19&),  which  had 
a  length  of  about  2.0  mm.,  and  from  which  issues  the  long  duct  of  the 
mucous  gland  (fig.  19c).  The  grayish  vagina  very  strong  (fig«  IS^), 
about  7.0  mm.  long,  elongate-conical ;  the  lowest  part  wide,  having  a 
diameter  of  about  3.25  mm. ;  the  walls  thick,  with  a  very  peculiar 
internal  lining,  consisting  of  cylindrical  palisades  (PL  VII,  fig.  6-8) 
of  a  height  of  about  0.4  by  a  greatest  diameter  of  0.07-0.08  mm. ; 
between  the  larger  were  seen  ssoalLer  and  very  small  ones.  The  pali- 
sades seemed  to  be  densely  clothed  (fig.  8)  with  cilia,  and  showed  a 
nearly  colorless  axis  (fig.  6,  8)  up  to  their  points  ^  the  axes  were  often 
denuded  (fig.  6)  after  the  sheath  has  been  torn  away.  This  lining 
continued  up  to  the  superior  end  of  the  vagina,  but  not  beyond  it. 

The  mucous  gland  large,  whitish,  and  yellowish- white ;  the  anterior 
half  yolk-yellow,  denuded  on  the  fore-end  of  the  genital  mass ;  the  duct 
short. 

A  variety  (PL  VI,  fig.  14-20)  of  this  species  has  also  been  found 
by  Dall,  in  July,  1873,  at  low  water,  in  Kyska  Harbor  (Aleutians). 
According  to  Dall  the  color  of  the  living  animal  was  "  yellowish."  T  he 
animal  preserved  in  spirits  was  of  a  uniform  light  yellowish  color.  The 
length  about  18.0  mm.  by  a  breadth  reaching  8.0  mm  and  a  height  of 
6.0  mm. ;  the  breadth  of  the  foot  at  the  fore-end  5.0  mm.,  the  margin 
of  the  mantle  freely  projecting  1.5  mm. ;  the  height  of  the  rhinophoria 
1.5  mm.,  of  the  branchial  leaves  1.5  mm.  Around  the  plain  margins 
of  the  rhinophor-holes  seven  to  nine  large  conical  tubercles  ;  the  club 
of  the  rhinophoria  with  about  twenty  leaves  Around  the  branchial 
5 


58  PROCEEDINGS   OF   TBE    ACADEMY   OP  [1880. 

ring,  tLF  well  as  in  the  centre  of  it  around  the  Tent,  rather  large  conical 
tubercles  1.5  mm.  in  height;  the  branchial  leaves,  fiflteen  in  number, 
as  far  as  could  be  determined. 

The  oral  tube  strong,  4-5  mm.  long,  wide.  The  bulbus  pharjngeiis 
about  .5.5  mm.  long,  by  a  height  of  3.0,  and  a  breadth  of  3.75  mm. ; 
the  rasp-sheath  about  1 .75  mm.,  freely  projecting,  bent  upward*.  The 
cuticula  of  the  lip-dis^k  yellowi.sh.  The  tongue  with  about  thirty-five 
rows  of  plates  (fig.  14-If) »  ;  further  backwards,  twenty-five  developed 
and  four  younger  rows ;  the  total  number  of  rows  sixty-four  On  the 
posttTior  part  of  the  tongue  fourteen  plates,  the  number  incremsin|t 
backwards  to  fifteen  or  sixteen.  The  ^ve  anterior  rows  very  incom- 
plete, only  represented  by  1,  7,  9,  10,  12  plates  (on  each  side).  The 
plates  as  above.  The  breadth  of  the  rhachis  reaching  to  about  0.17  mm. 
The  glanduhi*  salivales  G.O  mm.  long.  The  stomach  {hg.  11a)  about 
4.0  mm.  long.  The  contents  of  the  digestive  cavity  a  mass  of  sponge^ 
The  vesica  fellea  (fig.  17c )  about  2.5  mm.  high,  with  strong  folds  on 
the  inside.  The  anterior  genital  mass  quite  as  above,  also  the  sper- 
matotheca  and  the  spermatocysta  (fig.  19 s  the  penis  (fig.  18,  20),  and 
the  vagina  (fig.  18,  19). 

LA1UELLID0BI8,  Alder  et  Hancock. 

LameUidortM,  A.  et  H.,  Monogr.  Brit.  Nudibr.  Moll.,  Part  VII,  1855,  p.  xvii. 
Lamellidorii,  A.  et  H.,  K.  Bcrgh,  Malacolog.  Untersuch.  (Semper,  Philipp. 

II,  ii).  Huft  xiv,  1878,  p.  603-Oir). 
LiiiiMidorit.   A.  et  H.,    R.  Bergh,   Gait.    noni.   Doriden,  1.  c,    1879,   p. 

Corpus  vix  dopressum,  nothiro  granulate.  Branchia  (non  retracti> 
lis)  e  foliis  (multis)  simplicita  pinnatis,  ut  plurimum  in  formam  ferri 
equini  diii|>obiti.<,  furmata.  Cuput  latum,  semilunare,  angulis  tcntacu- 
laribui4.  Ap<.'rtuni'  rhino[)huriiile.s,  margine  integro ;  tuberculis  anticit 
2— 'i,  calvitie  postica. 

Cuticulu  apertunr  oralis  infra  asserculis  duobus  incrassata,  et  ante 
annulu'i  papillurum  angustus.  Lingua  rhachide  lamellis  humilibus  in- 
structa ;  pleuris  dt^ntv  int^Tuo  haniifurmi  pi'rmagno  et  externo  com- 
presMj  lamt'llifurnn  unco  niinuto  pradito  armatis.  Ingluvies  buccalit 
friuctoria)  petiolu  hulbo  pharyngeo  connata,  tympanifonnis. 

TeniH  apice  (glande)  eurvatus,  non  armatu.x.     Vagina  brevis. 

TIm*  g»*nus  Lamrfiidnn't  was  established  i  ix^y^))  by  Alder  and  Han- 
r«Mk.  to  riTcive  two  small  groups  of  Doridida\  one  with  the  D,  bilam- 
elhitn  as   t>[K.*,   to  which   especially   the   name  of  the  group  is  here 


1880.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES   OF   PHILADELPHIA.  50 

restricted ;  and  the  other,  characterized  by  a  more  depressed  form  and 
the  naked  rhachis  of  the  tongue,  with  the  D,  depressa,  A.  et  H.,  as 
ijpe.  Hancock  has  given  some  anatomical  remarks  on  the  typical 
form  (2).  bilamellata,  L.)  ;  but  nothing  else  had  been  since  mad<^ 
known  about  these  animals*  until  my  just  cited  notice  and  those  of  G. 
O.  Sars.* 

The  Lamellidorides  approach  the  AcanthodorideSj  but  differ  even 
liere,  externally,  by  the  coarsely  granulated  surface  of  the  back  and 
by  the  larger  number  of  the  branchial  leaves,  which  are  set  in  the 
form  of  a  horseshoe  ;  the  openings  of  the  rhinophor-holes,  the  tenta- 
cles as  well  as  the  genital  opening  are  also  of  a  different  shape. 
More  notable  still  are  the  anatomical  differences ;  the  Lamellidorides 
want  the  armature  of  the  lip-disk,  which  is  found  in  the  other  group  ; 
the  armature  of  the  tongue  is  quite  different  (1,  I — 1 — I,  1 ),  and  the 
buccal  crop  is  connected  with  the  bulbus  pharyogeus  by  a  stalk.  The 
penis  is  quite  different  from  that  of  the  Acanthodorides,  and  without 
true  armature  ;  the  vagina  is  short.  After  all  the  Lamellidorides  are 
much  more  allied  to  the  Adaiaria, 

The  form  of  the  body,  as  in  the  AcanthodorideSy  not  very  depressed. 
The  back  covered  all  over  with  semi-globular  and  short  club-formed 
papillae.     The  openings  of  the  rhinophor-holes  with  plain  margins  and 

^  According  to  H.  &  A.  Adams  (the  Gen.  of  Recent  Moll.,  II,  1858,  p. 
657),  LameUidaris  is  a  synonym  of  ^^  Onchidoris,  Blv.,^'  which  name  is 
employed  by  Adams  for  a  group,  whose  type  should  be  D.  pusilk^^  A.,  et 
H.  (that  scarcely  belongs  to  the  true  Lamellidorides).  CL  also  Gray, 
Guide  I,  1857,  p.  207. 

The  genus  Onchidoris  of  Blainville  (Man.  de  Malac.,  1825,  p.  480, 
PI.  XL VI,  f.  8.),  ought  to  be  rejected  entirely,  as  founded  very  likely  only 
on  bad  observation ;  the  genus  figures  with  nearly  impossible  characters, 
both  in  relation  to  the  tentacles  ("quatre  tentacules  comme  dans  les  Doris, 
outre  deux  appendices  labiaux'^)  and  to  the  anus  (''median  alapartie 
iuf^eure  et  post^rieure  du  rebord  du  manteau").  The  type  of  the  genus 
Blainville  found  in  the  British  Mus.  (London),  where  it  seemed  to  have 
disappeared,  at  least  it  was  not  to  bo  found  in  tlie  collection  of  nudi> 
branchiates  which  I  looked  over  in  May,  1873  (while,  on  the  contrary,  I 
found  the  long-lost  type  of  the  genus  Linguella,  Blv.,  in  his  original  glass, 
and  so  have  re-established  the  denomination  Linguella  for  the  much  later 
(1861)  Saneara,  Bgh.  Of.  my  Malacolog.  Unters.,  Heftvi,  1874,  p.  24«). 
Later,  Mr.  Abraliam  (1.  c.  p.  225)  seems  to  have  found  the  original  speci- 
men again. 

«  G.  O.  Bars,  Moll.  reg.  arct.  Norv.,  1878,  p.  300.  Tab.  XIII,  figs.  5,  6 ; 
Tab,  XIV,  fig.  2,  3. 


00  PR00EEDIN06  OF  TBI  ACADEXT  OF  [18M. 


ouinnionly  two  larger  papillae  before  and  a  bare  space  behind 
The  gill  (not  retractile)  consisting  cbieflj  of  several  (asoallj  20-30) 
iripinnate  leaves,  set  in  tbe  form  of  a  horseshoe.  The  head  largCt 
veil-furmed  (semilunar),  with  produced  and  pointed  side-^iartfly  which 
are  adherent  to  the  foot  nearlj  to  the  point.  The  genital  openings 
not  being  a  slit,  but  on  a  large  tubercle. 

The  cuticula  of  the  oral  aperture  is  thickened  below,  near  the  median 
line,  into  a  ledge;  and  on  the  outside  is  a  ring  of  hard  papSIieu 
The  buccal  crop,  connected  through  a  petiolus  with  the  foremost  pari 
of  the  upper  side  of  the  bulbus  pharyngeus,  is  drum-shaped ;  on  the  in- 
itide  clothed  with  a  strong  cuticula.  The  tongue  has  on  the  rhachia 
ihort  compressed  lameUsc,  on  each  side  of  these  is  a  very  large  iip-> 
right  plate  with  large  compressed  body  and  a  hook  which  on  the  inside 
18  either  plain  or  denticulated ;  at  the  outside  of  this  plate  is  another, 
compressed  but  much  smaller  and  with  a  little  rudimentary  hook.  The 
tialivary  glands  forming  a  short,  coiled  mass  at  each  side  of  the  root 
of  the  oesophagus.  The  oesophagus  without  diverticle  at  its  origin. 
The  spermatoduct  (as  in  the  Acanthodorides)  very  long;  the  penis 
short,  its  glans  curved  and  clothed  with  a  rather  thick  cuticula,  bat 
otherwise  not  armed.  The  spermatocysta  imbedded  in  the  mncont 
gland ; '  the  vagina  short. 

About  the  biological  relations  of  the  animals  belonging  to  this 
group  very  little  is  hitherto  known.  Where  the  species  occur,  they 
Aeem  to  be  rather  abundant  in  individuals  (cf.  about  the  Lam. 
hilamellaiaf  Collingwood,  in  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  3  8.  Ill,  1859,  p. 
4ri3).  The  spawn  of  several  8|)ecie8  (L,  bilamellaia^  L.  diapkcmOy  JL 
inronsptcua,  L.  asperOf  L,  depressoy  L.  ptuiiia)  has  been  described 
by  Alder  and  Hancock,  and  that  of  a  single  species  {L,  muricaid)  by 
Sur8,  Meyer  and  Moebiuti,  etc.  The  first  stages  of  the  development 
of  this  last  form  have  been  followed  by  Sars  ' 

The  group  seems  limited  to  the  northern  part  of  the  Atlantic  and 
«>f  the  Pacitic.  To  the  same  belong  with  certainty  some  properly  ex« 
mmined  specie4,  and,  besides,  several  others  mentioned  in  the  litera- 
ture can,  with  more  or  less  probability,  be  referred  to  it. 


'  'Ilie  ni^ormatocysta  has  not  been  seen  ))y  Alder  and  Hancock.     Cf.  1.  c, 
IW2.     PI.  XIV.  fi^.  8  (p.  219). 

•  Archiv.  Ajf  Nalurges,  1840  p.  210,  Tab.  7. 


1880.]  NATURAL  SCIENCES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  61 

A. 

1.  Z.  bHamellata  (L.).    Oc.  Atlant. 

2.  L.  varians,  Bgh.,  n.  sp.    Oc.  Pacif. 

8.  Z.  hifiirieina,  Bgh.,  n.  sp.    Oc.  Pacif. 

4.  X.  murieata  (d  Fr.  MuUer).    Oc.  Pacif. 

5.  Z.  diaphana  (Aid.  et  Hanc).    Oc.  Atlant. 

D,  diaphana,  A.  et  H.,  Mouogr.  Part  ii,  fam.  1,  PI.  10 ;  Part  vii,  PI. 

46  suppl.  fig.  9. 
d.  L.  oipera  (A.  et  H.).'    Oc.  Atlant. 

2?.  oipera,  A.  et  H.,  1.  c,  Part  v,  fam.  1,  PI.  2,  fig.  15 ;  Pai-t  vi,  fam. 

1,  PL  9,  fig.  1-9;  Part  vii,  PI.  46,  suppl.  text ;  PI.  48,  suppl.  fig.  2. 

ff 

B. 

7.  Z.  ipana  (A.  et  H.).     Oc.  Atlant. 

D,  sparsa,  A.  et  H.,  1.  c,  Part  iv,  fam.  1,  PI.  14 ;  Part  vii,  PI.  46, 
suppl.  text. 

6.  Z.  depreisa  (A.  et  H.).    Oc.  Atlant. 

D,  deprena,  A.  et  H.,  1.  c,  Part  v,  fam.  1,  PI.  12,  fig.  1-8 ;  Part  vii, 

PI.  46,  suppl.  fig  12. 
f  Villiersia  scutigera,  d'Orb.,  Mag.  de  Zool.,  1837,  p.  15,  PI.  109,  fig. 

1-4. 

9.  Z.  incontpieua  (A.  et  H.).    Oc.  Atlant. 

jy.  inconspieuOy  A.  et  H.,  1.  c,  Part  v,  fam.  1.  PI.  12,  fig.  9-16 ;  Part 
vii,  PI.  46,  suppl.  fig.  18. 

10.  Z.  ohlonga  (A.  et  H.).    Oc.  Atlant. 

D,  obUMga,  A.  et  H.,  1.  c,  Part  v,  fam.  1,  PI.  16,  fig.  4-5 ;  Part  vii, 
PI.  46,  suppl.  fig.  10. 

11.  Z.  puHUa  (A.  et  H.).    Oc.  Atlant. 

D.  pusiUa,  A.  et  H.,  1.  c.  Part  ii,  fam.  1,  PI.  18 ;  Part  vii,  PI.  46, 
suppl.  text ;  app.  p.  iii. 

12.  Z.  luteoeineta  (M.  Bars).'    Oc.  Atlant. 

13.  Z.  (.')  ulidiana  (Thomps.).    Oc.  Atlant. 

v.  ulidiana,  Th.,  Ann.  Mag.,  Nat.  Hist.,  xv,  18,  p.  31. 

2>.  ulidiana,  Th.,  Aid.  et  Hanc,  1.  c.  Part  vii,  p.  42,  app.  p.  ii. 
Ii  Z.  (.')  tenella  (Agassiz).    Oc.  Atlant. 

D,  tenella,  Ag.,  Gould,  Rep.  on  the  Inv.  of  Massachusetts,  ed.  Binney, 
1870,  p.  229,  PI.  XX,  fig.  289,  290,  293. 
15.  Z.  (?)  pallida  (Ag.).    Oc.  Atlant. 

D.  pallida,  Ag.,  Gtould,  1.  c,  p.  229,  PI.  xx,  fig.  284,  287,  288,  291. 

*  According  to  Morch  (Synopsis  Moll.  mar.  Danise,  Vidensk.  Meddel.  fra 
naturh.  Foren.  i  Kbhvn.,  1871,  p.  179)  this  species  ought  to  be  identical 
with  the  D,  murieata  of  Meyer  and  Moebius ;  but  this  is,  of  course,  im- 
possible. 

'  The  organs  of  the  bulbus  pharyngeus  of  this  species  have  just  been 
figured  by  G.  0.  Sars  (Moll.  reg.  arct.  Norv.,  1878,  Tab.  xiv,  fig.  8), 


ik 


<>2  PROCEEDINGS  OF   THB   ACADEMY   OP  [18M. 

IG.  L.  (?)  diademata  (Ag. ).    Oc.  Atlant. 

I),  diademata,  Ag.,  Gould,  1.  c,  p.  230,  PI.  xxi,  fig.  298,  900,  301-^04. 
17.  X.  [f)  grUea  iStimps. ).    Oc.  Atlant.     Gould,  1.  c,  p.  232,  PI.  xx,  fif. 

292.  295. 
IS.  L,  (.')  denlicta  i  Fischer >.     Oc.  Atlant. 

1).  derelicUiy  F.,  Jouin.  de  conchyl.,  xv,  1867,  p.  7. 
19.  X.  if)  tubereulata  (Hutton).    Oc.  Pacif.  (Nova  Zeland.). 

OnchidorU  tubereulatus,  Hutton,  cf.  Abraham,  1.  c,  p.  226. 
30.  L,  if)  eubalia  (Fischer).    Oc.  Atlant. 

Dorii  eubalia,  F.,  Journ.  de  conchyl.,  xx,  1872,  p.  10. 

1.  L.  blUmellata  (L.),  rar. /Hici/ica.     Plate  V,  fig.  10  ;  Plate  XT,  fif.  5-9. 

Color  albido-flavescens,  maculis  fuscis  plus  minusve  variegatufi. 

Dentes  latcrales  margine  la^vi. 

I  fab.     Oc.  Pacific.  8e|)entr.  (Mar.  Beringi). 

Six  specimens  of  this  Tarietj  of  the  Atlantic  species  were  taken  bj 
Dall,  in  Bering  Sea  (Hagmcister  Id.),  in  August,  1874,  at  low  water» 
on  a  gravel  beach.  Three  were  sacrificed  for  the  anatomical  examin- 
ation. 

According  to  Dall,  the  color  of  the  living  animal  was  **  yellowish- 
white  with  brown  macula*." 

The  length  of  the  8|>ecimens  preserved  in  spirits  was  11-13.0  mm. 
by  a  height  of  4.r)-r>  5  mm.  and  a  breadth  of  G-10.0  mm. ;  the  height 
of  the  rhinophoria  1.75-2.2,  of  the  branchial  leaves  1-1.2  mm.;  the 
brtfadth  of  the  foot  at  the  fore-end  about  5  8.0  mm.;  the  margin  of 
the  mantle  pn>jceting  freely  about  1.5-2.0  mm.  The  color  of  the 
individuals  on  the  back  was  yellow-white,  murmorated  with  light 
reddi.*»h-brown.  this  marbling  always  occupying  the  spaces  between  the 
tulHTcles,  which  are  nearly  white  •  or  li;;ht  yellowi>h  * ;  the  branchial 
leaves  of  the  same  reddish  color ;  the  club  of  the  rhinophoria  yellowi^h- 
white  ;  the  under  side  of  the  botly  yellowish-white  or  whitish. 

The  form  was  elongate-oval.  The  head  flattened,  nearly  st*micircu- 
lar,  with  the  tentacular  edges  a  little  prominent.  The  vicinity  of  the 
()osterior  margin  of  the  rhinophor-holes  pliiin,  at  the  anterior  two 
large  erect  tubercles ;  the  club  of  the  rhinophoria  with  about  twenty 
leavfi,  the  stem  rather  short.  The  back  covered  all  ovi-r  with  semi- 
globular  and  short  club-sha)K'd  rounded  tubercles  of  ditft-rent  size^, 
mostly  small,  mixeil  with  many  larger  ones  (K75  nun.  in  diameter;  tho 
larg»T  tulwrcles  mostly  showing  a  spinous  surface  ( 1*1.  V,  fig.  iny  when 
magnifit'd. 

'  Cf.  my  •*Malacolog.  Uutcrs.*'  , Semper,  II,  ii)  Tub.  LXVIII,  fig.  l.Vlft. 


1880.]  NAT  ORAL   SCIENCES   OF    PHILADELPHIA.  63 

The  openings  of  the  rhinophor-holes  and  of  the  branchial  area  (fig. 
Sbb)  surrounded  by  large  and  small  tubercles  which  also  were  spread 
over  the  central  part  of  it  (fig.  3).  The  branchial  leaves  (fig.  Saa)  were 
about  twenty-four  or  twenty-five  in  number,  set  in  a  transverse  reni- 
form  ring ;  the  leaves  in  the  front  part  much  larger  than  the  rest. 
The  anus  as  usual,  scarcely  projecting.  The  under  side  of  the  margin 
of  the  mantle  quite*8mooth.  The  genital  openings  always  quite  con- 
tracted.    The  foot  large,  with  a  fine  line  along  its  anterior  margin. 

The  cerebro- visceral  ganglia  short-reniform ;  the  pedal  ones  not 
much  smaller,  of  oval  form,  set  nearly  at  a  right  angle  to  the  inferior 
face  of  the  former ;  Ihe  olfactory  ganglia  bulbiform  or  ovoid.  The 
buccal  ganglia  rather  flattened,  of  roundish  contour,  a  little  larger  than 
the  olfactory  ones;  the  commissure  between  them  very  short;  the 
gastro-oesophageal  ganglia  not  very  short-stalked,  roundish,  in  size 
about  one-quarter  of  the  buccal  ganglia,  with  three  large  cells.  The 
three  commissures  very  distinct,  the  sub-cerebral  and  the  pedal  con- 
nected throughout  most  of  their  length  ;  the  visceral  thin,  not  giving 
off  a  genital  nerve. 

The  eyes  with  black  pigment,  yellowish  lens ;  the  nervus  opticus 
nearly  as  long  as  halt*  the  breadth  of  the  cerebral  ganglion.  The 
otocysts  as  large  as  the  eyes,  crowded  with  otokonia  of  the  usual  kind. 
The  leaves  of  the  rhinophoria  without  spicules ;  the  axis  of  these  organs, 
on  the  other  hand,  were  filled  with  such  spicules,  partly  circularly  and 
concentrically  arranged.  The  tubercles  of  the  back  stuffed  with  ordi- 
nary spicules  (fig.  10)  in  the  usual  way,  the  larger  spicules  mostly  very 
prominent  on  the  surface 

The  oral  tube  as  usual.  The  bulbus  pharyngeus  of  the  usual  form, 
about  2.0  mm.  long;  the  lip-disk  with  a  rather  thick  yellowish  cuticula, 
and  inwards  with  the  same  belt  of  (about  ten  to  fifteen)  rows  of  small 
denticles  as  in  the  Z.  hystricina  (cf.  below)  ;  the  sheath  of  the  radula 
somewhat  bent  upwards,  freely  projecting  behind  the  bulbus  for  as 
great  a  length  as  that  of  the  bulbus  itself.  The  tongue  (in  the  three 
individuals)  with  ten  or  eleven  series  of  plates,  in  the  sheath  ten  or 
eleven  developed  and  three  younger  rows ;  the  total  number  of  rows  being 
thus  twenty  four  or  twenty-five.  The  plates  light  yellowish  in  their 
thicker  parts,  otherwise  nearly  colorless.  The  length  of  the  median 
plates  reaching  about  0.12  mm.,  the  height  of  the  external  ones 
0.10  mm.  The  median  (fig.  Xa)  and  exterior  plates  (fig.  Ih)  quite  as 
usual ;  the  large  ones  of  the  usual  forms  (fig.  76),  sometimes,  especially 


64  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ACADEMY  OF  [1880. 

the  forernost,  with  rather  obtuse  point  (f!g.  9).     The  buccal  crop  (fig. 
4,  5)  as  large  as  the  bulbus,  of  quite  the  usual  form,  rather  petiolate.* 

The  salivary  glands  forming  (on  each  side)  a  large,  thick,  whitub 
mass  between  the  bulbus  and  the  central  nervous  system  (with  the 
glandula'  sanguinete). 

The  (Tsophagus  rather  wide.  The  stomach  and  the  intestine  as 
usual.     The  liver  as  usual,  much  flattened  on  the  right  anterior  half 

The  heart  rather  large.  The  gland,  sanguines^  large,  whitish,  cover- 
ing the  upper  side  of  the  central  nervous  system,  the  foremost  part  in  one 
individual  very  narrow.  The  renal  syrinx  about  1.0  mm.  long,  with 
strong  longitudinal  folds,  its  clothing  as  usual. 

The  anterior  genital  mass  4-4.5  mm.  long  by  a  breadth  of  1.25-1.5 
and  a  height  of  3-3.3  mm.,  yellow-white,  plano-convex  ;  the  anterior, 
and  partly  the  superior  portion  formed  by  the  coils  of  the  whitish  ^per- 
matoduct ;  in  one  individual  one  coil  embraced  the  sheath  of  the  radula. 
The  first  part  of  the  spermatoduct  strong,  when  unrolled  about  25.0  mm. 
long ;  the  succeeding  part  of  the  length  of  4-5.0  mm.,  thinner ;  the 
rest  about  7.0  mm.  in  length,  stronger,  nearly  as  in  the  first  part.  In 
the  beginning  of  this  last  part  the  true  spermatic  duct  was  rolled  up  in 
tight  coils,  the  remaining  part  of  its  length  was  nearly  straight.  The 
penis  about  1.5  mm.  long,  with  the  usual  glans  in  the  interi(»r.  The 
sperroatotheca  (fig.  (>a)  spherical,  its  chief  duct  nearly  twice  as  long  as 
the  bag,  the  vagina  short  (fig.  G^).  The  spermatocysta  appeared 
pyriform  (fig.  i)d) 

In  color  this  form  seems  to  diflfor  from  the  typical  one,  as  that  is 
representc-d  by  Aldor  and  Hanc(H*k  (Monogr.,  Part  vi,  1854,  fam.  3, 
I  1.  9 ) ;  in  the  anatomical  rt^hitions  no  specific  difii'rences  could  be 
detected. 

A  specimen  of  another  variety  was  obtainiHl  by  Dall,  on  a  gravel 
beach,  at  low  water,  in  .June,  ls74,  at  Port  Etches  (Prince  William 
Sound  .     According  to  Dall,  the  mantle  was  of  "brown"  color. 

Th«'  s|M'cinnin  had  a  length  of  l.'i.O  mm.,  by  a  bn>a4lth  of  8.0  mm., 
and  a  height  of  5.0  mm. ;  the  height  of  the  leaves  of  the  gill  was 
about  1.0  mm.  The  color  of  the  back  was  brownish  and  yellowish; 
that  of  the  gill,  as  well  as  of  the  rhinophoria,  yellowish.  The  number 
of  leaves  of  the  gill  was  about  thirty. 

The  bullMK  phuryngeus  alH)ut  1.75  mm.  long,  by  a  height  of  1.5  mm. ; 
the  >heHth  of  the  radula  nearly  as  long  as  the  bulbus  ;  the  buccal  cn>p 

'  I»  one  HjK'rinieii  tlic  form  of  this  or;^jm  w;i.h  entirely  as  fi«;ured  in  my 
Mul;in»l«»g.  I'nlersuch.    SeniiH-r,  lleisen).     Tab.  LXV,  tig.  2. 


1880.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES   OP   PHILADELPHIA.  6& 

a  little  larger  than  the  bulbus.  The  radula  brownish-yellow,  with 
nine  rows  of  teeth,  further  back  fifteen  developed  and  two  younger 
rows,  the  total  number  being  twenty-six.  The  teeth  quite  as  above, 
dark,  horn-colored .  in  their  thicker  parts  ;  the  median  ones  reaching  a 
height  of  0.16  mm.     The  salivary  glands  as  above-mentioned. 

The  biliary  sac  uncommonly  small.  The  black  contents  of  the 
rectum  consisting  of  undeterminable  animal  matter,  mixed  with  larger 
4ii3d  smaller  pieces  of  small  Crustacea.  The  liver  much  flattened  on 
tlie  right  anterior  half. 

The  anterior  genital  mass  large,  about  7.0  mm.  long,  5.0  mm.  high, 

Acd  3.0  mm.  thick.     The  ampulla  of  the  hermaphroditic  duct  whitish, 

forming  a  long  ansa,  about  5.0  mm.  long.     The  spermatoduct  shorter 

tbark    in  the  other  form,  otherwise,  with  the  penis,  as  in  that  form. 

The  spermatotheca  yellowish,  short,  sac-shaped,  of  a  largest  diameter 

of  3.€mm. ;   the  spermatocysts  about  0.3  mm.  long,  pyriform.     The 

mucous  gland  chalk-white  and  brownish-gray. 


another  variety,  Dall,  in  August,  1872,  obtained  six  specimens, 
in   S inborn  Harbor  (Shumagin  Ids.),  on  stony  bottom,  at  low  water. 

-A^ocording  to  Dall,  the  color  of  the  back  of  the  living  animal  is 

"  ''^^ -brown,   with   whitish   papillae."      The   color  of   the   backs   of 

the  specimens  preserved  in  spirits  was  rather  uniformly,  dirty  brown- 

yello^rish,  commonly  much  lighter  on  the  middle,  the  papillae  whitish ; 

the  gill  and  the  rhinophoria  of  the  color  of  the  back ;  the  under  side 

^*      tHe  whole  body  yellowish ;    more  whitish  on   the  mantle.     The 

lengtH  of  the  animals  varied  from  18.0  to  25.0  mm.,  by  a  breadth  of 

1^1 -O    to  16.0  mm.,  and  a  height  of  8.0  to  12  0  mm. ;  the  breadth  of 

^he  Foot  7.5  to  12.0  mm. ;  the  height  of  the  rhinophoria  reaching  3.0 

'*^*'^->  that  of  the  gill  2.0  mm.     The  form  as  usual.     The  horseshoe 

**^pe  of  the  gill  very  pronounced,  the  number  of  leaves,  twenty-eight 

^    thirty.     The  gill  was  surrounded  by  higher  papillae,  which,  in  the 

^'"^est  specimen,  reached  the  height  of  about  2.5  mm. ;  the  space 

*^closed  by  the  gill  closely  set  with  similar  papillae,  the  largest  (as 

^S^  as  the  above  mentioned)  in  the  periphery.     The  gill  can  bo  so 

®^ply  drawn  back  in  its  groove,  that  these  external  and  internal 

P*¥^^lUe  shut  over  and  quite  conceal  it;  the  papillae  of  the  centre 

™^^ller;  a  crest  or  some  few  papillae  in  the  median  line  go  from  the 

^'^^^  backwards,  between  the  incurved  ends  of  the  gill.     The  anus 

^"^HJl^yery  slightly  prominent  i  the  renal  pore  on  the  right  side.     The 

^P^^ings  of  the  rhinophor-holes  as  usual,  before  them  the  two  usual 

P^^ilkc,  behind  them  a  bare  space.     The  papillae  of  the  back  quite  as 


66  PBOCEKDINOS   OF  THE   ACADEMY   OF  [1880. 

in  the  previously  examined  form,  the  largest  (in  the  largest  Bpecimen) 
reachintj:  the  height  and  the  diameter  of  about  1.5  mm.,  ibose  in  ibe 
neighborhood  of  the  gill  somewhat  larger. 

Two  smaller  individuals  were  dissected,  the  larger  being  harder  than 
these  and  not  so  suitable  for  that  purpose.  The  peritoneum  was 
colorless. 

The  central  nervous  system  just  as  in  the  former  specimens,  but  the 
buccal  ganglia  smaller  than  the  olfactory,  and  the  gastro-ccsophageal 
short-stallved. 

The  eyes  as  above.  The  otocysts,  under  the  gla&»,  very  distinct  as 
chalk-white  points  on  the  hinder  and  outermost  part  of  the  cerebral 
ganglia.  The  leaves  of  the  rhinophoria  without  spicula.  The  skin 
and  the  papilLe  of  the  back  as  above  or  still  more  crowded  with  very 
hard  spicula. 

The  oral  tube  large,  (in  both  individuals^  about  2.5  mm.  long.  The 
bnlbus  pharyngeus  of  the  usual  form,  <  in  both  individuals)  about  3.0 
long,  by  a  breadth  of  1.8  mm,  and  the  height  nearly  the  same;  the 
sheath  of  the  radula  projecting  straight  backwards  2.0  mm.  The 
buccal  crop,  lying  to  the  left  side  of  tlie  bulbus,  somewhat  compre«5ed, 
of  alM>ut  .'{.0  mm.  largest  diameter,  the  stalk  nearly  half  as  long  as 
the  largest  diameter  of  the  crop.  The  tongue  with  ten  rows  of  t«-eth, 
furthtr  backwards  aNo  eleven  or  twelve  develojwd  and  three  younger 
n>ws,  ihe  total  number  thus  being  twenty-four  or  twenty-five.  They 
wen*  entirely  as  in  tht*  form  first  examined. 

Thf  salivary  glands,  the  pyloric  part  of  the  intestine,  with  its  biliary 
sac,  and  th<*  liv<'r  as  u<nal.  The  sanguineous  gland  whitish,  much 
fhittfned,  covering  tli<'  whole  iip|M*r  >i(le  of  the  hulbus  phar}'ngeus  and 
the  ei'iitral  nervous  svsteni  :  a  tiattent-d  eavitv  in  its  interior.  The 
hcriiiaphnHlitic  gland,  tlirougli  its  more  reddish  eolor,  contrasting  with 
tht*  •Tavi'ih  e(»h)r  of  the  liver. 

Till'  uritt-rior  genital  ina<s  1 1.0  t(»  ]'2A)  nnn.  long,  by  a  height  n*acb- 
in;:  T.n  to  ^.(»  mm.,  and  a  breadth  of  t.n  to  1.')  mm.  The  ampulla  of 
thf  li*  riiiar»liro(litie  duet  I\in<;  tr:in*>ver>elv  on  the  low«*>t  and  ni0!«t 
ant'  rinr  p.irt  of  th«>  back  of  the  n)nr(»us  ;:Iand,  rather  straight  or 
foriiiiiii;  n<  Mflv  a  eirelf,  about  ;'>.()  to  7.0  nun.  Ion;;,  whitish.  The 
*ipi'nii  itodiiet  making  many  eoiU  on  and  before  the  anterior  part  of 
till- niMriiii>.  ;rhind  ;  the  tirot  part  about  !!.'>. 0  to  4.').0  mm.  long,  the 
-reoiid  marly  *J.'i.O  mm.  long;  the  ptiii^  about  1..')  to  :?.0  mm.,  pro- 
jfctiiig  fr^'i  ly  from  tin*  vi>ti!iuluni,  eoiiifjil  ;  the  glans  seemed  rather 
•khort.     The  ^{K'rmatothe(*a  of  alntut  .'>.U  nim.  diameter,  whitibh.     The 


1880.J  NATURAL   SCIENCES   OF   PHILADELPUIA.  67 

8perraatocy8tn  (fig.  G6)  quite  imbedded  in  and  concealed  by  the  mucous 
gland,  only  a  part  of  its  chief  duct  free  on  the  surface  of  this  last ; 
the  spermatocysta  scarcely  shorter  than  the  spermatotheca,  pear-shaped, 
incurved  ;  the  duct  to  the  mucous  gland  (fig.  ^d)  passing  from  the  end 
of  the  bag,  the  other  strong,  longer  (fig.  6cO,  opening  in  the  duct  of 
the  spermatotheca,  where  it  begins  to  be  wider  (vagina) ;  the  vagina 
(fig.  Ge )  rather  wide,  but  short.  The  mucous  gland  whitish,  yellowish 
and  dirty  yellow.* 

2.  L.  variant,  Bgh.    PI.  XI,  fig.  13,  14 :  PI.  XIII,  fig.  1. 

L.  variant,  B.    R.  Bergh,  Malacol.  Unters.  1.  c,  1878,  p.  613,  G14. 

Color  coerulescens  vel  albescens  vel  flavescens. 

Dentes  laterales  margine  interno  denticulati  fere  usque  ad  apicem. 

Hab.  Oc.  Pacif.  (Ins.  Kyska). 

Of  this  species  six  specimens  were  taken  by  Dall,  in  July,  1873,  at 
Kyska  Island,  on  sandy  ground,  at  a  depth  of  9-14  fathoms.  Four 
specimens  were  sacrificed  to  the  anatomical  examination. 

According  to  Dall  the  color  of  the  living  animal  is  '^  bluish."  The 
animals  preserved  in  spirits  were  of  a  uniform  whitish  color,  so  too 
the  rhinophoria  and  the  branchia.  Their  length  was  9-12.0  mm.  by 
a  breadth  of  5.3-7.0  and  a  height  of  3-4.5  mm.;  the  breadth  of  the 
foremost  part  of  the  foot  3.6-5.0  mm.  The  height  of  the  rhinophoria 
reached  about  2.2  mm.,  of  the  branchial  leaves  1.0  mm. 

1  he  form  almost  entirely  as  in  the  typical  form  and  as  in  the  L. 
hystricina,  'J  he  head  as  in  the  last  species  ;  also  the  openings  of  the 
rhinophor-holes,  with  their  (mostly  three)  larger  tubercles,  set  with 
equal  spaces ;  the  club  of  the  rhinophoria  with  about  twelve  to  fifteen 
rather  thick  leaves.  The  tubercles  of  the  back  as  in  the  Z.  hystrx* 
cina ;  the  number  of  larger  ones  much  exceeding  that  of  the  smaller, 
which  are  scattered  between  them.  The  branchial  disk  as  in  the  Z. 
hystricina,  also  the  branchial  leaves,  whose  number  did  not  surpass 
twelve  to  twenty.     The  foot  as  usual. 

The  central  ntrvous  system  (fig.  1)  nearly  as  in  the  Z.  hystricina. 
The  cerebro-visceral  ganglia  of  roundish  or  oval  form,  as  also  the 
pedal  ones  which  were  not  much  smaller  than  the  former.     The  com- 

»  In  icy  «*Malacolog.  Unters."  (Semper.  Philipp.  IT.  ii,  Heft  xiv,  1878, 
p.  606-613 ;  Tab.  Ixiv,  fig.  13,  14-1^  ;  Tab.  Ixv,  fig.  1-5,  6-18)  I  have  given 
some  anatomical  remarks  on  the  typical  Z.  bilamellata  and  on  the  Green- 
landic  variety  {D,  liturata.  Beck). 


PBOCKEIIIHOB   or   THB   ACADEMT    07  [1880. 

a  pedalia  nearly  aa  long  as  the  diameter  of  the  pedal  gangUa; 
the  Bubcerebral  lying  rather  elose  up  to  the  pedal ;  the  visceral  quite 
free,  much  thinner.  A  very  short-etalked  Bmaller  ganglion  (fig.  le) 
connected  with  the  under  side  of  the  right  visceral  ganglion,  gives  off 
a  nerve  that  swells  into  a  new  ganglion,  which  sends  out  three  nerves 
(N.  genitalis).  The  olfactory  ganglia  short-stalked,  spindle-shaped. 
The  buccal  (fig.  li^  and  the  gaatro-wsophageal  ganglia  (fig.  le),  nearly 
as  in  the  L.  kystridna ;  the  commisiure  between  the  first  extremely 
short,  the  gastro-oesophagea]  somewhat  smaller. 

The  nervi  optici  one  to  one  and  a-balf  times  aa  long  as  the  diameter 
of  the  cerebral  ganglia ;  the  eyes  with  blade  pigment,  yelfowish  lens. 
The  otocysts  (fig.  1)  tying  rather  backwards,  a  little  smaller  than  the 
eyes ;  the  otokonia  of  the  usual  form,  in  number  about  fifty.  The 
leaves  of  the  rbinophoria  without  spicnla.  In  the  skin  were  almost 
no  Fpicula  and  no  larger  or  calcified  ones  on  the  surface  of  the  rigid 
papilla  of  the  back,  which  thus  were  rather  smooth.  In  the  intersti* 
tial  connective  tissue  small  calcified  cells,  but  no  larger  spicula. 

The  mouth-tube  as  in  the  L.  Iiyitridna.  The  hulbus  pharyngeus 
as  in  that  species,  but  the  sheath  of  the  radula  shorter  and  less 
prominent,  bent  upwards,  sideways  or  down  and  forwards.  On  the 
interior  part  of  the  nearly  colorless  lahial  disk,  the  usual  belt  of 
(about  twelve  to  fifteen)  rows  of  small  denticles.  The  tongue  strong, 
rather  long,  with  curved  superior  and  nearly  straight  inferior  margin. 
In  the  mature  radula  twelve  to  fourteen  or  sixteen  rows  of  teeth, 
further  backwards  fifteen  or  sixteen  to  eighteen  rows  of  developed, 
and  three  of  partly  developed  teeth ;  the  total  number  of  rows  thus 
thirty,  thirty-one  or  thirty-five  to  thirty-seven.  The  median  plates 
(fig.  14)  of  nearly  the  usual  form,  in  the  under  side  rather  excavated, 
with  thickened  margins.  The  Urge  lateral  plates  (fig.  13)  formed 
nearly  as  in  the  L.  hy^tridna,  but  larger,  reaching  a  height  of  0.12 
mm.  -,  the  denticulation  of  the  interior  margin  of  the  hook  stronger, 
with  more  (about  twenty)  denticles  and  reaching  farther  out  towardx 
the  end  of  the  hook.  The  exterior  plates  nearly  of  the  same  form  aa 
in  the  last  species,  reaching  to  the  height  of  about  0  6  mm. 

The  sucking-crop  quite  as  in  the  former  species. 

The  saUvary  glands  much  smaller  than  in  the  former  species,  re- 
duced to  a  large,  scarcely  lobed,  whitish  mass  on  each  side  of  the 
root  of  the  (esophagus. 

The  oesophagus  somewhat  spindle-shaped.  The  stomach  included 
in  the  liver.     The  intestine  issuing  from  the  liver  behind  its  middle. 


1880.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES   OF   PHILADELPHIA.  69 

The  liver  of  grayish-white  color,  of  the  length  of  about  9.5  mm.  by 
a  breadth  of  4  and  a  height  of  about  3.75  mm. ;  the  hinder  end 
rounded,  the  fore-end  rather  truncated,  the  anterior  one-third  on  the 
upper  and  right  side  flattened  by  the  anterior  genital  mass. 

The  heart  and  the  renal  syrinx  as  usual ;  the  median  renal  cham- 
ber continued  to  the  fore-end  of  the  liver.  The  sanguineous  glands 
connected  on  the  upper  side  of  the  central  nervous  system  to  a  flat- 
tened whitish  mass. 

The  glandula  hermaphrodisiaca  clothing  the  upper  side  of  the  liver, 
and  scarcely  distinct  from  it  in  color ;  in  its  lobules  were  large  oogene 
cells.  The  anterior  genital  mass  compressed,  plano-convex;  4.0  mm. 
long,  by  a  height  of  about  3.3  and  a  breadth  of  1.2  mm.  The  albumi- 
nous gland  on  the  left  side  of  the  mass  and  forwards,  yellowish,  very 
finely  gyrated  on  the  surface ;  the  mucous  gland  whitish,  pellucid. 
The  spermatoduct  as  well  as  the  (3.0  mm.  long)  penis  as  in  the  Z. 
echinata.    The  spermatotheca  rather  small,  spherical. 

L.  yariani ,  rar. 

To  this  same  species  belonged  certainly  five  specimens  of  a  Lam- 
ellidoris,  which  were  taken  by  Dall  in  July,  1873,  at  Unalashka 
Island  (Aleutians),  at  the  depth  of  sixty  fathoms  on  mud  and  stones. 
Nevertheless,  the  color  of  these  animals  in  the  living  state  was,  accord- 
ing to  Dall,  "  yellowish -white." 

The  size  and  the  particular  measures  accorded  with  those  of  the 
more  typical  individuals,  referred  to  above. 

The  central  nervous  system  as  just  mentioned,  so  even  the  eyes  and 
the  otocysts.  The  bulbus  pharyngeus  of  the  usual  form ;  on  the  tongue 
eleven  rows  of  teeth,  farther  backwards  twenty-six  developed  and  four 
not  quite  developed  rows,  the  total  number  thus  forty -one.  The  plates 
quite  as  formerly  described.  The  sucking-crop  quite  as  in  the  typical 
form,  also  the  salivary  glands.  The  whitish  sanguineous  gland  entirely 
covering  the  central  nervous  system.     The  penis  as  usual. 

Two  specimens  of  another  variety  of  this  form  were  gotten  by  Dall, 
in  July,  1873,  at  Kyska  Island,  on  sandy  bottom,  and  at  a  depth  of 
nine  to  fourteen  fathoms.  In  a  living  state  they  were,  according  to 
Dall,  of  yellowish  color. 

The  length  of  the  animals  preserved  in  spirits  was  8.5  to  9.6  mm., 
by  a  breadth  of  6.0  mm.,  and  a  height  of  about  3.5  mm.  The  color 
was  uoiformly  whitish  or  yellowish-white.  One  individual  was  dis- 
sected. 


70  PROCEEDINGS  07  THE   ACADEMY  07  [1886. 

The  central  nervous  system  was  as  above  mentioned,  and  also  tht 
eyes  (their  nervi  optici  rather  long),  and  the  otocysts  (the  number  of 
the  otokonia  about  one  hundred).  The  bulbus  pharyngeus  as  asual: 
on  ttie  tongue  sixteen  rows  of  teeth,  farther  backwards  eighteen  rowt 
of  developed  and  four  of  younger  teeth ;  the  total  number  of  rowa, 
thirty-eight.  The  plates  as  above ;  the  length  of  the  median  platen 
0.0*')  to  0  058  mm. ;  the  height  of  the  anterior  large  lateral  platet 
about  0.14  mm.,  of  the  posterior  about  0.17  mm. ;  the  number  of  den- 
ticles on  these  plates  mostly  fit  teen  to  twenty.  The  vesica  fellea  waf 
at  the  left  side  of  the  pylorus. 

8.  L.  hystrieina,  Bcrgh. 

X.  hyitricina,  Hergh,  Mai.  Untorauch.,  1.  c,  1878,  p.  614,  Tab.  Izviii. 
tig.  17  23. 

Color  ccerulescens. 

Dentes  Uterales  margine  intcmo  denticulati  sed  non  usque  ad 
apicem. 

Habitat,     Oceanum  Pacificum  (insula  Kyska). 

One  specimen  of  this  species  was  found  by  Dall,  at  Kyska  Inland 
(Aleutians),  on  rocky  bottom,  at  a  depth  of  ten  fathoms,  in  Jane, 
1H7:S.     Acconling  to  Dall,  the  color  of  the  living  animal  is  bluish. 

Tlie  si>ecimen  preserved  in  spirits  was  9.5  mm.  in  length,  reached 
A  breadth  of  i\  0  mm.,  and  a  height  of  tlie  true  Inxly  (without  the 
]Uipill;e^  of  .'{.5  nun.;  the  breadth  of  the  foremost  |mrt  of  the  foot 
was  :')..*{  mm.,  the  height  of  the  rhinophoria  was  about  2.1  mm.,  of  the 
)»ran('hia  alniut  1/2  nun.,  (»f  tli«'  dorsid  papilhe  1.2  mm.  The  cokw 
was  uniformly  wirui>h. 

Thr  form  was  oval,  the  baek  not  very  convex.  Tlie  head  rather 
large,  fonneil  like  a  velum,  that  is  radiately  folded,  and  has  its  side 
parts  eonnet'ted  with  the  vtuU  of  the  anterior  margin  of  the  foot ;  in 
the  middle  of  the  hinder  part  of  the  under  side  of  the  velum  is  a  trani>- 
vtTM*  slit,  in  wliieh  tlie  small  month-|M)re  op«*ns.  The  o{M'ning  of  thr 
rhinophor-lioli's  was  nearly  round,  with  the  mar;rin  rather  thin,  here 
wiTe  three  papilla-  of  the  sanie  kind  as  on  the  back  ;  the  rhinophoria 
stout,  the  club  with  about  twcntv  h-avi'S.  The  back  covennl  all  over 
with  mostly  >tout,  clul>-slia|M*d  papilhe,  apparently  set  without  order. 
and  txtt-ndiii;:  nearly  out  to  th»'  very  margin  of  the  mantle,  which  is 
thin  and  has  on  the  up|MT  >iiie  smaller,  cylindrical  or  club-shapt*d 
papilla-.  The  papilla-  all  tirmly  adhen'nt  to  the  hkin,  the  spicules  shin- 
ing throu;:h  all  over  on  the  back  and  in  the  papilhe.     The  branchial 


1880.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES   OF   PHILADELPHIA.  71 

disk  ratlier  large,  at  the  inarpcin  set  with  about  fourteen  papillae,  irregu- 
larly alternatixig  in  size.  The  branchia  composed  of  twelve  small 
leaves  of  the  usual  kind.  The  centre  of  the  disk  and  the  anus  as 
usual.  The  foot  somewhat  shorter  and  narrower  than  the  back, 
broader  in  front,  with  the  anterior  margin  rather  straight,  rounded 
posteriorly. 

The  cerebro-visceral  ganglia  showed  the  visceral  part  a  little  larger 
than  the  cerebral,  the  pedal  somewhat  smaller  than  the  visceral ;  the 
four  commissures  as  usual ;  the  off:$hoot  of  the  nerva  genitalis  could 
not  be  determined.  The  buccal  ganglia  rounded,  connected  through  a 
short  commissure ;  the  gastro-ocsophageal  having  about  one-quarter  of 
the  size  of  the  latter. 

The  eyes  with  very  rich  black  pigment ;  the  nervus  opticus  not  short. 
The  otocysts  as  large  as  the  eyes,  filled  with  otokonia  of  the  usual 
kind.  In  the  thin  leaves  of  the  rhinophoria  no  spicala.  In  the  skin 
of  the  back  and  in  the  dorsal  papillae  an  enormous  amount  of  irregular 
or  rounded  particles,  often  coalescing  together  in  larger,  irregular 
lumps,  which  very  often  were  crowded  together  in  irregular  heaps ;  in 
the  papillae  also  were  long,  strong  and  very  much  calcified  spicula, 
often  of  uneven  surface,  whose  points,  as  usual,  often  projected  on  the 
surface  of  the  papillae.  In  the  interstitial  connective  tissue,  including 
the  ends  of  the  different  ducts  of  the  genital  organs  (vagina,  mucous 
gland  duct),  masses  of  large  and  long  (as  much  as  0.9  mm.),  calcified 
•picula. 

The  month-tube  was  about  1.0  mm.  long,  rather  wide,  with  strong, 
longitudinal  folds.  The  bulbus  pharyngeus  of  usual,  irregular  form, 
the  bulbus  proper  of  the  length  of  about  1.75  mm. ;  the  sheath  of  the 
radula,  nearly  as  long  as  the  bulbus,  curved  downwards.  .  The  labial 
disk  oval,  at  the  inner  margin  of  darker  color,  and  there  showing 
(^g*  17)  a  narrow  belt  of  small,  yellowish  denticles,  of  a  height  of 
0.007  to  0.015  mm.  ;^  this  belt  seems  continued  a  short  space  up  in 
the  mouth  that  is  otherwise,  like  the  rest  of  the  buccal  cavity,  clothed 
with  a  rather  thick,  yellowish  cuticula.  Q  be  tongue  rather  long  and 
narrow,  in  the  groove  on  its  back  sixteen  rows  of  teeth,  in  the  sheath 
eighteen  developed  and  six  undeveloped  rows,  the  total  number  conse- 
quently forty.  The  color  of  the  true  lateral  teeth  yellowish,  the  others 
nearly  colorless ;  the  height  of  the  outer  pseudo-plates  about  0.075  mm. 
'I  he  median  pseudo-plates  elongate,  narrow  (fig.  21)  ;  the  true  (lateral) 

>  In  the  outer  mouth  was  found  a  little  Caprella,  of  the  length  of  3.0  mm. 


72  PBOCEEDINQS  OF   TUE   ACADEMY  Or  [18M. 

teeth  strong,  finely  denticulated  (with  six  to  eight  denticles)  on  the 
inner  side  of  the  hook,  and  with  a  strong,  rounded  promineoce  al 
the  base  of  this  (fig.  18a,  19,  :^0);  the  external  pseudo-plates  with 
the  usual  curved  points  (fig.  186).  Irregularities  in  the  form  of  the 
last  were  often  observed  (fig.  23).'  » 

The  crop  entirely  as  in  the  typical  species,  the  largest  diameter 
1.3  mm. 

In  tlie  stomach  indeterminable  animal  matter  and  a  little,  undeter- 
miuable  worm,  of  the  length  of  2.0  mm. 

The  hermaphroditic  gland  as  usual ;  the  lobules  filled  with  sperma. 
The  anterior  genital  mass  rather  large,  measuring  in  length  4.5  mm., 
in  height  2.'}  mm.,  and  in  breadth  2.3  mm. ;  the  left  side  fiat  or  a  Utile 
excavated,  the  right  rather  convex.  The  mucous  gland,  as  well  as 
the  albuminous  gland,  white  and  yellowish-white.  The  s|>ermatodiicl 
not  very  long,  but  rather  strong,  continued  in  the  very  strong  penis, 
that  (retracted)  forms  the  fore-end  of  the  wliole  mass.  The  penis  has 
a  length  of  about  3.5  mm.,  by  a  diameter  of  1.3  mm.;  the  inftrrior 
end  rather  constricted ;  the  superior  three-quarters  of  the  organ  com- 
pact, |MTforated  through  the  axis  by  the  dense  coils  of  the  splsrmakK 
duct  pn)|K'r ;  the  inferior  one-third  hollow,  including  the  curved  and 
|K>inted  ghins. 

8.  L.  marioaU  (Mlilltr).     PUte  IX  fig.  IS;  VUU  XT.  Ag.  10-1 :. 

DortM  muricnUi,  ().  F.   Miiller.     ZtK>l.  Dan.  Fa.s.   Ill,   17S9,  p.  7,  TaK, 

LXXXV,  f.  2,  3,  4. 
DorU  muric.aUiy  Mullcr.     Bars,  (forma  w)  I^vt^ii,  Ind.  Moll.  Scand.  1S46. 

p.  5. 
DorU  muricata^  Meyrr  uml  MocbiuH.     Fauna  dor  Kiclor  Bucht,  I,  IMS, 

1».  7:i-7."»,  Taf.  Vc,  H.  1-8. 
f  Lnme^Hdori*  mnricata,    Miiller.     (1.  ().  Sar»,    Moll.  reg.  arct.  Nonr., 

1>*:m,  p.  aoT.  Tab.  XIII,  fig.  0. 

Color  fiavidus  vel  luteo-albus. 

Deiites  laterah*M  niagni  hamo  denticulate  sed  non  usque  ad  apicem. 

llfih.     ()c.  Atlanticum  septentr. 

The  f)ri;:in:il  siM'cimen  on  which  Miiller  founde<l  his  Doris  muriraia 
•loes  not  cxi.Ht  and  by  his  incomplete  <iescription  it  is  now  completely 
im|HMi**il)l«'  with  full  certainty  to  determine  what  .xjtocies  wan  meant  by 
Ills  dt'srriptioii.     In  future  lh»*  .•*pt*ci«\H  described  by  Me\'er  and  Mot*biuj( 

'  Fri>in  tlu*  )>reHi*nceof  only  Olio  individual,  the  examination  of  the  radula 
watt  extivuiely  difticult  and  limited,  as  also  that  of  the  genital  organs. 


1S80.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES   OF  PHILADELPHIA.  73 

and  by  me  ought  to  be  called  by  that  name.  To  the  same  is  without 
doubt  to  be  referred  the  second  variety  (^)'  of  the  D,  muriecUa 
(Miiller,  Sars)  of  Lov^n  (the  first  being  the  D.  LavSnt  of  Alder). 

Of  this  form,  and  under  that  name,  I  have  had  two  well  conserved 
specimens  for  examination,  kindly  sent  me  by  Mr.  Friele,  of  Bergen, 
and  caught  in  the  neighborhood  of  that  place. 

The  individuals  (preserved  in  spirits)  were  of  light  yellowish  color.  ^ 
The  length  9-10  mm.  by  a  breadth  of  5-6.0  and  a  height  of  nearly 
3.0  mm. :  the  breadth  of  the  foot  reaching  3.5  mm. ;  the  height  of  the 
rhinophoria  1.5,  of  the  branchial  leaves  1.0  mm.  The  form  of  the 
animal  as  usual ;  the  warts  of  the  back  not  large,  mostly  truncate, 
clavate.  The  openings  for  the  rhinophoria  as  usual,  with  two  tubercles 
before  them,  or  one  on  each  side ;  the  club  with  about  fifteen  to  twenty 
leaves.'  The  branchial  lelEives  about  twelve,  to  fourteen,  as  far  as  could 
be  determined  ;^  the  space  inclosed  by  the- gill  covered  with  the  usual 
tubercles ;  the  anus  presenting  the  ordinary  features.  The  head  rather 
large,  the  side  parts  adhering  to  the  foot  throughout  their  whole  length. 
The  genital  groove  with  three  openings ;  a  foremost  round,  a  median 
spalt-formed,  and  a  posterior  large  and  round. 

Both  individuab  were  dissected  ;  the  peritoneum  was  colorless. 

In  the  central  nervous  system  the  cerebro-viscend  ganglia  appeared 
rather  short,  reniform ;  the  pedal  ones  of  roundish  form,  somewhat 
larger  than  either  of  the  former ;  the  commissures  rather  short.  The 
olfactory  ganglion  short-stnlked,  nearly  spherical,  situated  rather 
posteriorly  on  the  upper  side  of  the  cerebral  ganglia,  and  nearly  as 
large  as  the  buccal  ones.  The  buccal  ganglia  of  oval  outline,  con- 
nected by  a  short  commissure ;.  the  gastnMBSophageal  nearly  spherical, 
in  size  about  one-quarter  of  the  former,  short-stalked:  a  secondary 
ganglion  lying  above  the  last  on  the  oesophagus. 

The  eyes  not  short-stalked ;  with  rich  black  pign^nt  and  yellow 
lens.  The  otocysts  a  little  smaller  than  the  eyes,,  filled  with  otokonia 
of  the  common  kind.  In  the  leaves  of  the  rhinophoria  rather  few  but 
large  spicula  of  the  same  kind  as  in  the  skin,  more  or  less  perpendicu- 
lar on  the  free  margin ;  the  axes  of  the  club  like  the  stalk  still  more 
richly  endowed  with  smaller  and  larger  spicules.     Under  the  glass  the 

'  Ajccording  to  Lov^  the  color  is  yellowish;  to  Meyer  and  Moebiua  wbite 
or  yellowish- white,  the  rhinophoria  orange-oolored. 

*  Accx)rding  to  Meyer  and  Moebius  the  olub  of  tiie  rhinophoria  ban  but 
nine  or  ten  loaves. 

'  Meyer  and  Moebius  mention  eight  leaves  as  nearly  constant. 
6 


74  PROCKKDINQS   OF   THE   ACADEMY   OP  [iMt. 

•kin  between  the  warts,  as  well  as  the  warts  themselTea,  showed  the 
white  spicules  everywhere  shining  throagh ;  the  spicules  often  prDJee»» 
ing  from  the  surface  of  the  warts  The  spicules  for  the  greater  peit 
▼erj  large,  long,  and  reaching  a  diameter  of  at  least  0.05  moi. ;  tiMj 
were  stronglj  calcified,  mostly  straight  or  slightlj  cunred,  the 
nearly  even.  In  the  interstitial  tissue  were  rather  many  spii 
(as  in  the  rhinophoria)  less  calcified  than  in  the  skin. 

The  mouth-tube  rather  wide.  The  bulbus  pharyngem  of  nearfy 
usual  form,  about  1.6  mm.  long ;  the  sheath  of  the  radula,  moreover, 
projecting  backwards  about  0.4  mm.,  bent  somewhat  upwards  or  down- 
wards ;  the  lip-disk  with  a  rather  thick  yellowish  cuticula ;  the  sucktiif- 
crop  large,  larger  than  the  true  bulbus,  to  which  it  adheres  by  a  Tery 
short  petiolos.  The  tongue  with  nine  rows  of  teeth,  further  bnck 
twenty  to  thirty-two  developed  and  three  younger  rows ;  the  total 
number  of  rows,  thirty- two  to  forty- four.  >  The  yellow  median  f^atet 
(fig.  10a)  about  0.05  mm.  long,  of  the  usual  form.  The  large  lateral 
plates  yellow,  of  about  0.12  mm.  height ;  the  form  as  usual;  the  book 
with  about  fifteen  to  sixteen  fine  denticles,  and  a  strong  tooth  at  the 
inside  of  the  base  (fig.  lObb).  The  external  plate  colorless,  about  0.04 
mm.  in  height,  with  the  usual  rudiment  of  a  hook  (fig.  10^,  11^).' 

The  salivary  glands  white,  rather  thick,  making  two  or  three  short 
ooils  at  the  sides  of  the  (esophagus.  The  oesophagus  as  usuaL  Tbe 
intestine  emerging  from  the  liver  at  about  the  middle  of  its  lengtb : 
the  biliary  sac  (fig,  18)  is  at  the  pyloric  part  of  it,  situated  deeply, 
Acarcely  showing  itself  on  the  surface  of  the  liver  and  opening  (fig. 
i8a)  into  the  stomach  close  to  the  pylorus.  The  liver  about  6.5  mm. 
long  by  a  breadth  of  3.0  mm.  and  a  height  of  2.0  mm.,  deeply  excav- 
ated in  the  anterior  third  of  its  right  side,  and  of  light  yellow  color. 
The  sanguineous  gland  much  flattened,  whitish,  heart-formed,  of  abooi 
1.5  mm.  largest  diameter.  The  renal  chamber  rather  wide,  the  tobe 
on  its  floor  strong. 


'  Meyer  and  Moebius  0-  c.  p.  78^  mention  twenty-nine  rows  ;  Alder 
Hancock  thirty. 

'  The  representations  of  the  external  plate  by  Meyer  and  Moebius  (L  e. 
ti^.  ^f  6)  are  not  natural.  Aider  and  Ilanc.  (1.  c,  Part  VII,  p.  ii,  PI.  4C 
■upplcm.  text)  mention  two  external  plates  in  their  D.  murieata  (as  in  their 
D.  diaphafia) ;  either  the  D.  muricata  of  A.  and  H.  must  be  another  species, 
(>r  Uiey  rouMt  have  fallen  into  errxir  from  the  particular  view  which  is 
timen  had  in  certain  positions  of  the  hind  ends  of  the  lai^  lateral 
with  the  external  ones. 


1880. J  NATURAL   SCIENCES  OF   PHILADELPHIA.  75 

The  lobes  of  the  hermaphroditic  gland  without  developed  sexual 
elements.     The  anterior  genital  mass  about  2.5-3.0  mm.  in  length  by 
«  height  of  2.0  mm.  and  a  breadth  of  1.0-1.5  mm.     The  ampulla  of 
the  hermaphroditic  duct  of  yellowish  color,  rather  thick  ( — 0.75  mm. 
diameter),  making  a  wide  curve,  about  2.5  mm.  long.     The  spermato* 
duct  long ;  its  first  part  thinner,  about  9.0  mm.  long,  then  through  a 
stricture  of  the  length  of  nearly  1  mm.,  passing  into  the  thicker  part, 
which  in  its  last  half  increases  in  thickness,  and,  all  in  all,  has  the 
length  of  about  6.0  mm.  by  a  diameter  of  0.75  mm. ;  the  last  part 
(fig.  12c)  passes  into  the  penis*,  in  whose  cavity  (fig.  1266)  the'glans 
(fig.  12a)  projects  as  a  short  club,  the  proper  seminal  duct  passing 
down  to  the  gland  in  nearly  continual  cork-screw  windings,  and  often 
shining  through  the  walls  of  the  external  coat.     The  spermatotheca 
whitish,  nearly  spherical,  of  about  1.3  mm.  diameter,  filled  with  sem- 
inal matter  and  detritus ;  the  spermatocysta  elongate,  nearly  twice  af« 
long  as  the  former,  yellowish,  deeply  imbedded  in  the  mucous  gland, 
filled  with  ripe  semen ;  its  duct  somewhat  longer  than  the  cysta.     The 
vagina  short.^    The  mucous  gland  yellowish  and  yellow. 

.  The  species  approaches  to  the  Z.  hyitridna  and  L.  variant  (of 
the  Pacific),  but  diflers  entirely  in  its  colors;  still  the  possibility  can- 
not be  denied  that  further  investigations  may  show  both  the  Pacific 
^'species'*  to  be  merely  varieties  of  the  old  LavneUidorit  muricata 
of  the  Atlantic. 

ADALABIA,  Bergb. 

Adalaria,  R.  Bergh.    Malaoolog.  Unters.  (Semper,  Philipp.  II,  ii).    Heft 

XIV,  1878,  p.  xl. 
AdqlariOf  R  Bergh.    Gattongen  nord.  Doriden,  1.  c.  1879,  p.  860. 

Forma  corporis  fere  ut  in  Lamellidoridibus.  Nothseum  papillula- 
turn  vel  subgranulosum.  Branchia  (non  retractilis)  e  foliis  vix  mul- 
tis,  in  formam  ferri  equini  ut  plurimum  dispositis  formata.  Caput  ut 
in  Lamellidoridibus,  latum,  semilunare,  tentaculis  vix  ullis  vel  brevis- 
simis  lobiformibus.  Aperturse  rhinophoriales  integrse,  tuberculis 
anticis  2-3,  calvitie  postica. 

Discus  labialis  non  armatus.  Lingua  rhachide  lamellis  depressis 
instructa  ;   pleuris  dente  lateral!  interne  hamiformi  majore  et  serie 

^  The  exserted  penis  is  figured  by  Meyer  and  Moebius  (1.  c.  taf.  fig.  4) 
and  mentioned  as  cylindrico-conical. 

'  The  upper  end  of  the  vagina  seemed  to  present  a  particular  diverticle. 


76  PROOEXDINQS  OF  THl  ACADBMT  OF  [^^W. 

dentiam  externorum  sat  applanatonim  pnediUs.     Inglaviea  boecttfi* 
bulbo  pharjngeo  petiolo  coDData. 

Penis  glande  parva  iDerroi.     Vagina  brevis. 

The  genus  has  been  established  by  the  author  (1878)  to  recetre 
the  D,  proxima  and  its  allies.  The  Adalaria  externallj  approttck 
nearest  to  the  Lameliidorides  ;  their  branchial  leayea  are  alio  dis- 
posed mostlj  in  horseshoe  form,  but  fewer  in  namber.  The  bead  and 
the  tentacles  are  more  as  in  the  AcanihodoricUt.  The  back  it  nearlj 
a^  in  the  Lamelltfiarides,  but  the  granules  are  someUmea  more  pointed. 
The  opening  for  the  rhinophoria  as  in  the  LameliidarideSy  with  pkun 
margin  ;  before  them  two  to  three  tubercles,  behind  them  the  ^beBa. 
The  lip-disk  onlj  covered  by  a  strong  cuticula.  The  armature  of  Ike 
tongue  approaching  to  that  of  the  Acanthodarides,  The  rhacbis  of  Ike 
tongue  carries  depressed  small  jellow  plates ;  at  each  side  of  these  a 
large  hook-formed  yellow  plate,  and  further  outwards  a  series  of 
smaller,  nearly  colorless  plates,  of  which  the  inner  ones  are  man 
compressed,  the  rest  depressed.  The  sucking-crop  as  in  ike  LamM^ 
df>ride$,  through  a  petiolus  fixed  to  the  bulbus.  The  saliTary  glands 
as  in  the  LameUidor%de$.  The  wsophagus  wider  at  its  root.  Tke 
penis  unarmed ;  the  vagina  short 

The  Adalarict  are  LameUtdorides  with  a  tongue  resembling  that  of 
the  Acanthodarides :  they  form  a  sort  of  connecting  link  between  these 
two  groups. 

Of  the  typical  species,  the  spawn  is  known  (through  Alder  and 
Hancock)  and  some  few  notices  have  been  published  about  their 
biology  (through  Meyer  and  Moebius  i ;  Sars  mentions'  the  swimming 
of  Ad.  Lovtni, 

The  genus  t^tHsms  to  belong  to  the  northern  oceans  ;  only  five  species 
<teem  hitlierto  known. 

1.  Ad.  projeima    A.  et  Hj.    Oc.  AUanticus  aept. 
*J.  Ad.  paeifiea,  Bgh.,  n.  up,     Oo.  Pacif. 
:i.  Ad.  tireseens^  Hgh.,  u.  Hp.    Oc.  Pacif. 
\.  Ad,  albopapi'loia  (Dall).     Oc.  Pacif. 
Ad.  Lptrni  ( h,,  et  11.^.     Oc.  Atlant.  sept. 


I 


AdaUrU  proxima  <  Aider  et  Hancock;.     IM.  IX,  ^g.  12-16. 

DQrit  proxima,  A.  «t  U.    Monogr.  Part  VI,  1854.     Fam.  1,  PI.  9, 
10-16  ;  Part  VII,  IBoft.     PI.  46,  suppl.  f.  8. 

DoriM  proxima^  5Ieyer  u.  MoehiuA,  Fauna  dor  Kieler  Bucht,  I, 
P.  69-71  ;  Uf.  V  b,  %.  l-«. 

>  8ar^  Bidr.  til  Suedyrenes.  Naturhist.  1829,  p.  17. 


4gs^ 

18<5. 


1880.]  NATUBAL  SOIENOSS  Of  PHILADELPHIA.  77 

Color  flavus  vel  e  rubro  flavus. 

DenteB  laterales  (magni)  hamo  edentulo ;  extemi  Dumero  10. 

Hah,  Oc.  Atlant.  septentr. 

Of  this  form  I  have  had  for  examination  three  specimens  of  nearly 
equal  size,  kindly  sent  me  by  Prof.  Moebius  in  Kiel,  and  caught  in 
the  neighborhood  of  that  town* 

The  individuals  were  of  a  uniform  whitish  color,  the  liver  shining 
reddish-gray  through  the  foot.  Alder  and  Hancock  have  already  re- 
marked  this  shining  through  of  the  liver.  The  length  was  7.0-8.0  mm., 
by  a  breadth  of  5.0-5.5,  and  a'  height  of  about  3.5  mm. ;  the  height  of 
the  rhinophoria  about  1.25,  of  the  branchial  leaves  0.75  mm.  The 
form  nearly  as  in  the  Ad.  pctctficc^  also  the  tubercles  (fig.  12)  of  the 
back  and  the  surroundings  of  the  rhinophor-holes ;  the  branchial 
leaves  nine  to  ten  in  number.  The  number  of  branchial  leaves  ac- 
cording to  Alder  and  Hancock  is  eleven,  according  to  Meyer  and 
Moebius  eight  or  nine.  The  rhinophoria  with  about  fifteen  to  twenty 
leaves.  The  lateral  parts  of  the  head  nearly  connate  with  the  foot, 
and  only  slight  traces  of  true  pointed  tentacles.  The  foot  as  in  the 
next  species. 

The  three  individuals  w^re  anatomically  examined.  The  peritoneum 
colorless. 

The  central  nervous  system  as  in  the  Ad.  paeificoy  but  less  de- 
pressed. The  eyes  and  otocysts  as  in  that  species;  the  last  with 
about  200  otokonia  of  very  varying  diameter,  reaching  about  0.02 
mm.  The  spicula  of  the  skin  as  described  by  English  and  German 
authors ;  a  rather  large  quantity  spread  in  the  skin  of  the  head. 

The  bulbus  phar3mgeus  (with  the  crop)  of  the  length  of  about  1.5 
mm.,  by  a  height  of  1.5  and  a  breadth  of  0.8  itim. ;  the  crop  making 
about  half  of  the  bulbus;  the  lip- disk  with  strong  yellowish  cuti^* 
cula;  the  sheath  of  the  radnla  a  little  prominent,  bent  more  or  less 
upwards.  The  tongue  narrow  and  pointed,  with  seven  to  nine  rows 
of  teeth,  further  backwards  thirty  or  thirty-one  rows  of  developed  and 
three  of  younger  teeth;  the  total  number  thus  amounts  to  forty  or 
forty-three.* 

The  teeth  as  in  the  Ad.  pacifica.  The  large  lateral  yellowish,  the 
rest  nearly  colorless.  The  length  of  the  median  teeth  about  0.025  to 
0.03  mm.     Ihe  large  lateral  (fig.  1366,  14)  showed  the  promin^ice 

^  Alder  and  Hancock  notice  forty-one,  Meyer  and  Moebius  thirty-nine 
rows  of  plates. 


"^  pmocuDiNQs  or  thb  acadimt  or  [1880. 

«  r^  «Mii»  of  tlie  root  of  the  hook  quite  as  in  the  Ad,  pacifica. 
TV  rx-wrwl  teeth  (fig.  15)  only  nine  or  ten  in  number,'  fewer  than 
•:  ONI  ^9«K*Mk  always  absent  on  more  than  half  the  tongue. 

*">!  ^varr  elands  as  in  the  next  species,  also  the  oeioplnigm,  the 
<i.Y'«Mft.^>  a»i  the  intestine.  The  liver  also  of  nearly  the  same  fors, 
*^:  (ftiKn^r  part  of  the  posterior  end  continued  as  a  little  oone ;  tlw 
4n*iWv  fNf<>cially  of  the  back  part)  yellowish-white ;  the  iabetanee 
^Hr«  The  vt'sica  fellea  in  its  usual  place,  smalL  The  heart  as 
ifM^i  jlW  the  sanguineous  gland.  The  renal  syrinx  and  the  urinary 
«H%M^«^  as  usual. 

^"^  anterior  genital  mass  rather  compressed,  of  angular-roon^ah 
%««#i)^A  \*f  about  1.75  mm.  largest  diameter.  The  spermatodoet  seemed 
^iw« v^  than  in  the  next  species,  especiaUy  the  second  part ;  the  peak 
^i«/ii.  The  spermatotheca  pyriform  ;  the  spermatocysta  of  more  OTal 
iHHK  having  only  about  one-quarter  of  the  size  of  the  former,  and  filled 
^ii,^  »|ft«trma.     The  mucous  gland  whitish  and  yellowish. 

^  4^UrU  pMiflos,  Bergh,  n.  tp.,  PI.  IX,  flg.  17;  PI.  X,  fig.  1-3;  PL  XI,  flg.  16. 

\\i|ikr  lutescens. 

IWiites  laterales  (magni)  hamo  edentulo;  extemi  numero  15. 

thbilat,     Oceanum  Pacificum  (  Unalashka). 

m'  this  species  Dall  caught  three  specimens,  in  September,  1874,  at 
riinlMHhka,  on  a  bottom  of  mud  and  shells. 

According  to  Dall,  the  color  of  the  living  animal  is  **  yellowish  ;'* 
I  ho  ii|K*cimen8  preserved  in  spirits  were  of  a  uniform  yellowish  color, 
rhti  h'ngth  of  the  two  larger  specimens  about  12.0  to  14.0  mm.,  by  a 
hnrndth  of  8.0  to  9.0  mm ,  and  a  height  reaching  4.5  to  5.0  mm. ; 
ihti  breadth  of  the  foot  0.0  mm.,  the  height  of  the  rhinophoria  about 
|.[i  mm.,  of  the  branchial  leaves  1.2  mm. 

The  form  as  in  the  Ad.  proxima^  a  little  broader  anteriorly.  The 
Imck  covered  all  over  with  a  mass  of  rather  stout,  subglobose  and  sub- 
|i«*tiulate  tubercles  quite  as  in  the  typical  species,  mixed  with  much 
Ifwer  smaller  ones.  The  larger  ones,  under  magnification,  showing 
ih«*  |N*r|>endicu]ar  spicula  shining  through,  while  other  spicula  were 
f|«*tect«*d  irregularly  scattered  in  the  inten*uls  between  the  tubercles. 
The  rhinophor-holes  nearly  without  projecting  margin ;  the  adjoining 
part  of  the  back,  behind,  smooth ;   immediately  before  the  holes,  on 

'  The  numlier  of  external  plates  ia,  according  to  Alder  and  llanoo<^, 
trii,  tu  Mejer  and  Mocbius,  eight  or  nine. 


1880.]  NATUBAL   SCIENCES   OF   PHILADELPHIA.  79 

the  coDlrary,  two  or  three  larger  tubercles ;  the  club  of  the  rhinophoria 
with  about  thirty  leaves.  The  branchial  area  surrounded  by  larger 
tubercles.  The  branchial  leaves  in  number,  eleven  or  twelve ;  imme- 
diately before  the  two  hindermost  was  the  slightly  prominent  anus,  and 
at  its  right  side  the  renal  pore ;  in  the  space  between  the  anus  and 
the  branchial  leaves,  three  or  four  larger  and  two  or  three  smaller 
tubercles.  The  head  large;  the  tentacles  short,  pointed.  The  foot 
broad,  rounded  behind,  a  little  broader  in  front;  the  furrow  on  the 
anterior  margin  very  indistinct.  The  three  individuals  were  all  dis- 
sected.    The  peritoneum  was  colorless. 

The  central  nervous  system  rather  flattened ;  the  cerebral  ganglia 
larger  than  the  visceral,  which  were  lying  at  their  outer  margin  and 
were  a  little  larger  than  the  pedal  ones ;  the  proximal  olfactory  ganglia 
bulbiform,  less  large  than  the  buccal  ones,  which  were  of  short,  oval 
form,  connected  through  a  very  short  commissure ;  the  gastro-oesopha- 
geal  ganglia  short-stalked,  rounded,  nearly  half  as  large  as  the  former, 
with  a  very  large  cell.  The  subcerebral  and  the  pedal  commissures 
connected,  the  visceral  free. 

The  eyes  with  coal-black  pigment,  yellow  lens ;  the  nervus  opticus 
in  one  individual  with  black  pigment.     The  otocysts,  under  a  mag- 
nifier, very  distinct  as  chalk-white  points  at  the  hinder  margin  of  the 
cerebral  ganglia,  nearly  as  large  as  the  eyes,  filled  with  ordinary  oto- 
konia.     In  the  leaves  of  the  rhinophoria  scanty,  scattered  spicules, 
perpendicular  on  the  free  margin,  not  much  more  calcified  than  in  the 
«kin ;  in  the  stalk  of  the  organ  the  spicules  larger  and  less  scanty. 
The  skin,  especially  its  tubercles,  with  many  long  spicules  and  calcified 
'^Mills  and  groups  of  such  cells ;  the  form  of  the  spicules  different  from 
^hat  of  the  Doris  proxima^  as  figured  by  Alder  and  Hancock  (Monogr., 
^art  vi,  fam.  1,  PI.  9,  fig.  15),  and  by  Meyer  and  Moebius  (1.  c,  figs. 
^^,  9),  much  less  calcified,  more  straight  and  of  more  uniform  shape, 
^n  the  interstitial  connective  tissue  of  the  chief  ducts  of  the  anterior 
j^enital  mass  were  scattered  large  spicules. 

The  mouth-tube  wide,  about  1.3  mm.  long.     The  bulbus  pharyngeus 
"^^f  rather  compressed  form,  about  2.0  mm.  long ;  the  sheath  of  the 
^ir-adula  strongly  projecting   from  the  hinder  end,  nearly  as  long  as 
^he  bulbus,  more  or  less  curved  upwards ;   the  lip-disk  oval,  with  a 
'^ery  strong  yellowish  cuticula.     The  tongue  with  ten  or  eleven  rows 
^>f  plates,  further  back  twenty-nine  to  thirty-four  rows  of  developed 
«fcnd  three  of  younger  plates ;  the  total  number  thus  forty-two,  forty- 
three,  forty-seven.     The  median  plate  (PL  IX,  fig.  Ha ;  PI.  X,  fig.  1) 


BO  PR0CXED1NQ8  Of  THE  ACADKMT  OF  [188t« 

jellowish,  of  a  length  of  about  0.045  mm.,  with  a  median  famm 
along  the  upper  side  and  with  thickened  margins.  The  large  laterala 
hom-jellow  in  color,  reaching  the  height  of  about  0.1  mm.  (PI.  IX, 
fig.  1  lb ;  PI.  X,  fig.  2aa)y  hook-shaped,  with  a  strong,  rounded  proM- 
inpnce  at  the  inside  of  the  root  of  the  hook  {fig,  17).  On  each  side 
(PI.  X,  fig.  2b,  e)  of  the  two  large  plates  (in  two  indiyiduala)  ooo- 
8tantly  fifteen  smaller,  nearly  colorless  plates  of  a  length  of  aboot 
0.06  mm.  These  plates  were  all  somewhat  depressed;  the  five  inner 
ones  smaller,  somewhat  compressed  (fig.  2, 3a,  1.5 ) ;  the  others  (fig.  2, 3) 
broader,  with  the  upper  edge  broad  and  irregularly  toothed ;  the  oat€r- 
most  (fig.  2c)  a  little  smaller  than  the  adjoining  plates.  The  bates  in 
each  of  the>e  { fifteen)  plates  large,  forming  nearly  half,  or  at  lea*l 
making  more  than  a  third  of  the  size  of  the  whole  plate.'  The  cro|» 
of  the  bulbus  of  the  usual  form,  as  large  or  a  little  larger  than  the  bulbua 
itself;  with  a  very  short  stalk  with  strong  longitudinal  musculature* 
its  aperture  opening  immediately  behind  th^  lip-dink. 

The  salivary  glands  large,  white,  very  elongate,  in  their  foremost 
part  broader,  and  with  several  coils  filling  the  space  left  between  the 
crop,  the  bulbus  and  the  crsophagus. 

The  (josophagus  long.  The  stomach  small,  enclosed  in  the  liver ; 
the  intestine  rather  short,  forming  its  knee  behind  the  fore-end  of  the 
liver.  The  large  posterior  visceral  mass  about  9.0  mm.  long  by  a 
brt^adth  of  1.3  and  a  height  of  3.5  mm. ;  the  posterior  end  somewhat 
pointed,  though  rounded ;  the  fore-end  broader,  perpendicular,  somewhat 
flattened  on  the  right  side;  the  color  of  the  surface  v hermaphroditic 
«:lund)  AMh-gray,  the  interior  (the  liver)  brown  or  black  brown,  or 
(juite  yellow. 

The  heart  as  usual.  The  sanguineous  gland  irregularly  renifonn, 
situated  somewhat  morif  towards  the  left  side,  rather  thick,  whitish, 
covering  the  central  nervous  system  and  a  large  part  of  the  bulbus 
pharyngeus  from  above.     The  renal  syrinx  as  usual. 

The  hermaphroditic  gland  without  deveh>ped  sexual  elements.  Th** 
anl(*rior  genital  mass  proper  rather  small,  compressed,  of  about  2.5  mm. 
largest  diameter,  but  the  loop  of  the  spermattKluct  (and  the  peni») 
nearly  as  large  as  the  rest  of  the  mass.  The  spermatoduct  long, 
in  its  first  part  white,  rather  strong  ;  nearly  as  long  as  the  second  in 
which  it  passes  thn>ugh  a  stricture;  this  last  ^»art  is  thicker,  cylindrical, 
elongated,  about  .">.()  n.m.  h»ng,  pahsing  without  exact  limits  into  the 

'  In  hoth  in(li\i<liials  tlu*  three  to  live  foremost  rows  were  without  the 
i»nialler  plates,  and  the  following  two  or  three  veiy  incomplete  in  Uiis  respect. 


1$80.]  NATURAL  SCIENCES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  81 

short  penis.  The  spermatotheca  pjriform,  about  1.3  mm.  long ;  the 
spermatocYsta  not  having  one-fourth  of  the  size  of  the  last;  both 
empty.     The  mucous  gland  whitish  and  yellow-whitish. 

This  seems  even  externally  to  differ  somewhat  from  the  typical  form, 
of  which  it  nevertheless  may  prove  to  be  but  a  variety.  Neither  Alder 
and  Hancock,  nor  Meyer  and  Moebius  saw  more  than  eight  to  (nine) 
ten  external  plates  on  the  tongue  of  Ad.  proxima^  while  this  Pacific 
form  always  presented  fifteen. 

S.  AdaUrU  vireseeoa,  Bgh.,  n.  pp.    Plate  X,  fi^.  4,  5. 

Color  virescens. 

Dentes  laterales  ^magni)  hamo  edentulo  ;  externi  numero  15. 

Hah.     Oc.  Pacific,  septentr.     Unalashka. 

Of  this  species  Dall  found  four  specimens  at  Unalashka,  on  gravel, 
io  a  depth  of  nine  to  fifteen  fathoms,  in  September,  1874. 

According  to  Dall  the  color  of  the  living  animal  was  "  greenish," 
and  the  animals  preserved  in  spirits  showed  remains  of  the  same  color 
as  a  uniform  grayish  green.  The  length  of  these  was  11.5-12.0  mm., 
by  a  breadth  of  8.0  mm.  and  a  height  of  5.0  mm, ;  the  height  of  the 
rhin<^horia  about  2.0,  of  the  branchial  leaves  about  1.0  mm. 

The  form,  as  well  as  the  rhinophor-openings,  were  quite  as  usual ; 
the  chib  of  the  rhinophoria  with  about  thirty-five  leaves.  The  gill  not 
large,  with  nine  to  twelve  leaves ;  the  space  within  the  gill  as  usual, 
also  the  arms  and  the  renal  pore.  The  back  covered  with  granula- 
tions apd  short  clubs.  The  head,  with  the  tentaculse  and  the  genital 
opening  as  usual. 

Three  individuals  were  dissected  ;  the  peritoneum  was  colorless. 

The  central  nervous  system  showed  the  cerebral  ganglia  larger  than 
the  visceral,  which  were  lying  on  the  outside  of  and  behind  the  former, 
veij  distinct  from  them ;  the  pedal  ones  being  intermediate  in  size 
between  the  cerebral  and  the  visceral  ganglia.  On  the  exterior  part  of 
each  cerebral  ganglion  a  little  short-stalked  ganglion  (gang,  opticum?) 
was  easily  visible  under  a  hand  magnifier.  The  (proximal)  olfac- 
tory ganglia  bulbiform,  short-stalked,  a  little  larger  than  the  buccal 
ganglia,  which  were  short-oval,  connected  through  a  very  short  com- 
missure ;  the  gastro-oesophageal  being  about  one-fourth  to  one-fifth  of 
the  size  of  the  former.  In  the  neighborhood  of  the  penis  a  little  oval 
ganglion  (g.  penis)  having  a  largest  diameter  of  about  0.25  mm. 
(fig.  5),  containing  only  rather  small  cells. 


82  PB0CEKDI508  OF  THE  ACADXMT  OF  [1880. 

The  ejes  with  black  pigment ;  the  otocysts  with  not  verj  maoj  mad 
not  much  calcified  otokonia.  No  distal  olfactory  ganglioiit  mm  far  aa 
could  be  seen  ;  no  spicula  in  the  leaves  of  the  rhinophoria.  Tbe  akia 
as  in  other  species ;  the  spicula  projecting  on  the  surface  of  the  gnum- 
lations  of  tbe  back. 

The  bulbus  pharyngeus  about  1-1.5  mm.  in  length;  the  sheath  of 
the  radula  projecting  0.75-1.0  mm.,  bent  upwards;  the  sockiDg-^rop a 
little  larger  than  the  bulbus  itself,  short-stalked ;  the  lip-disk  as  osoaL 
The  tongue  compressed,  rather  prominent,  with  six,  eight,  and  nine 
rows  of  teeth,  also  further  back  twenty-four,  thirty-two  and  thirty-tliree 
developed  and  three  younger  rows ;  the  total  number  of  rowa  thus 
being  thirty-five,  forty-one,  forty-five.  The  median  plates,  the  large 
lateral  and  the  (fifteen)  external  ones  scarcely  different  from  thoae  ef 
the  last  species. 

1'he  salivary  glands  rather  strong,  with  two  or  three  short  coils  ftU- 
ing  the  s|)ace  at  the  sides  of  the  oesophagus  (fig.  4),  white.  The 
<i;sophagu8  ( fig,  4a )  wide  in  its  upper  part,  the  rest  narrow.  The  an- 
teriorly proceeding  part  of  the  intestine  2.0  mm.  long,  the  other  retr^ 
ceding  part  >'.0  mm.  long ;  no  biliary  sac  could  be  found  either  at  the 
pylorus  or  higher  up.  The  liver  about  9  0  mm.  long  by  a  breadth  ef 
4.2  and  a  height  of  4.0  mm. ;  of  brownish-gray  color ;  the  anterior  tmi 
truncate,  inclined  downwards  and  backwards ;  the  anterior  one-third  of 
the  right  side  flattened  for  the  anterior  genital  mass ;  the  posterior  end 
M)m<'what  pointed,  rounded  at  the  |)oint. 

The  sanguineous  gland  whitish,  covering  the  anterior  end  of  the 
bulbus  pharyn^^euH  and  the  foremost  part  of  the  central  nervous  system 
or  this  lust  and  the  hinder  part  of  the  bulbus. 

Th<'  anttTior  genital  mass  about  «^5  mm.  lung  by  a  breadth  of  0.76 
and  u  height  of  1.:')  mm.,  a  vt'ry  large  part  of  it  formed  by  the  thick 
part  of  the  spermatoduct.  The  ampulla  of  the  hermaphroditic  doct 
alK)Ut  2.(>  mm.  long,  rathc-r  thin,  whitish.  The  spermatoduct  long; 
tht;  first  part  thinner,  about  H.O  mm.  long ;  the  rest  making  a  large 
curve,  about  .').r>  mm.  long.  alK>ut  thn?e  times  as  thick  as  the  first,  with 
a  diameter  of  0.r>  mm.  ;  the  spermatotluct  pro|M*r  making  many  coils  in 
its  intf'rior  course  downwards  to  the  |)enis,  which  shows  a  little  on- 
arnii  <1  ^lans  in  the  bottom  of  its  orifice ;  in  one  individual  the  penis 
was  exMTtcil  as  a  conical  prominence  of  the  height  of  1.0  mm.  The 
s|HTmatotlifca  pyriform,  about  1.0  mm.  long,  of  grayish  color;  the 
^(M•r^latocy'*ta  a  little  h*ss  large,  s[>hencal ;  the  vagina  rather  short 
The  mucous  gland  rather  small. 


1 880. J  NATURAL   80IENCES   O?   PHILADELPHIA.  83 

Even  this  ppecies  might  perhaps  be  merely  a  variety  of  the  former ; 
^till  it  is  of  a  quite  different  color  and  the  back  much  more  coarsely 
granulated. 

4   Adalaria albopapiUosa  (Dall),  PI.  IX.  fig.  1ft;  PI.  X,  fig.  9-11. 

Alderia  if  f)  albopapillosa,  Dall,  Amer.  Journ.  of  Conch.,  vii,  2,  1872, 
p.  137. 

Color  pallide  flavescens,  papillis  dorsalibus  niveis. 
Dentes  laterales  (magni)  hamo  basi  denticulato. 
Habitat,     Oceanum  Pacificum  septentrion.  (Sitka). 

Of  this  curious  animal  Dall  caught  three  specimens  [in  company 
ymth  the  Doris  (Archidoris)  Montereyensis  and  the  jEolidia  (Her- 
missenda)  opalescens'},  in  July,  1865,  on  algae,  at  the  depth  of  six 
fsthoms,  at  Sitka  (Alaska). 

According  to  the  drawings  of  Dall,  the  color  of  the  living  animal  is 
very  pale  yellow,*  the  back  all  over  covered  with  chalk- white  pa  pills  ; 
tiie  length  was  3,  the  breadth  2  lines.     The  three  original  specimens 
preserved  in  spirits  were  of  a  length  of  5.5  to  7.0  mm.,  of  a  greatest 
t>readth  of  4.0  to  4.5  mm.,  and  a  height  of  2.75  mm.     1  he  color  was 
viXiiformly  translucent  grayish  and  yellowish  whitish.     The  form  of  the 
fl^nimal  was  oval,  the  mantle  a  little  larger  than  and  hiding  the  rest  of 
t.lae  body.     1  he  back  convex,  covered  all  over  with  a  multitude  of 
oylindrical  or  fusiform,  relatively  rather  large  papilke,  reaching  to  the 
tm^ght  of  a  full  millimetre,  and  with  some  few  small  ones  spread 
l>^tween  them.     The  rhinophor-openings  at  their  usual  place,  having, 
m^   usual  (with  retracted  organs ),  thin  margins ;  before  them  always 
t  wo  larger  papillae,  behind  them  a  little  naked  space.'     The  club  of 
tb^  (yellowish)  rhinophoria  with  about  twenty-five  leaves.     The  gill 
.C4ier  small ;  the  branchial  leaves  (yellowish),  as  usual,  set  in  horse- 
form,  lower  or  at  least  not  higher  than  the  dorsal  papillae,  in 
nanber,  ten  to  twelve;  the  anal  papilla  rather  low,  with  one  of  the 
or-^d^inary  papillae  before  and  one  behind  it ;  the  space  between  the 

*     **0f  an  opaque  white,  the  remainder  of  the  animal  except  the  eyes, 
bfei»ig  translucent  yellowish."— Dall. 

^    Dall  did  not  detect  the  retracted  rhinophoria  (''tentacles  none  '*) ;  the 

^^  ^Xack  eyes  sessile  on  the  anterior  surface  of  the  body,  near  the  mantle 

tf^^LTgin,"  did  not  exist  in  the  figure,  but  in  one  individual  two  black  sand- 

p**tiicles  were  lying  there.     The  true  eyes  of  the  animal  could  not  be  de- 

>i^^2^d  through  the  skin,  and  were  lying  more  backwards. 


L 


84  PB0CEEDINQ8  OF  THE    ACADSMT   OF  £18M. 


branchial  leaves  and  the  anas  otherwise  naked.'  The  genital 
ing  as  usuaL  The  foot  rather  large,  with  a  very  floe  furrow  in  tl» 
anterior  margin.  The  head  as  usual ;  the  tentacles  relatirelj  rathn* 
large 

The  three  individuals  were  dissected.  The  peritoneum  was  color- 
less. 

The  central  nervous  system  quite  as  in  the  former  species,  the  vis- 
ceral ganglions  lying  outside  of  the  cerebral;  no  distal  olfactory 
ganglion  could  be  detected ;  the  buccal  ganglia  connected  through  a 
commissure  at  least  as  long  as  the  diameter  of  the  ganglion ;  the 
gastro-a*sophagoal  ganglia  and  the  eyes  as  in  the  former  species. 
The  otocysts  could  not  be  detected.  In  the  leaves  of  the  rhinophoria 
the  spicula  much  more  scanty.  In  the  skin  the  same  kind  of  not 
much  calcified  spicula  as  in  the  former  species ;  the  papillsB  of  the 
back  very  richly  endowed  with  such,  and  commonly  with  a  mass  of 
them  projecting  with  their  points  (PL  IX,  fig.  IG)  on  the  surface  of  the 
papilhe. 

The  bulbus  pharyngeus  as  in  the  former  species ;  the  length  mbont 
1.5  mm.,  two-fifths  of  which  is  the  straight,  backwards  projecting 
sheath  of  the  radula ;  the  cuticjula  of  the  lip-disk  as  usual ;  the 
buccal  crop  somewhat  compressed,  with  rather  long  pedicel.  The 
tongue  with  nine  or  ten  rows  of  plates,  farther  backwards  sixteen  or 
seventeen  developed  and  three  younger  rows ;  the  total  number  ef 
them,  twenty-nine  or  thirty.  The  median  plate.s  \^i\g,  9a,  10a)  nearly 
as  in  the  former  s{K'cie8,  or  a  little  shorter.  The  large  lateral  plates 
{fill,  lM>,  lo/>)  ri>-ing  to  the  heijrht  of  0.12  mm.,  yellow ;  their  form  at 
in  the  former  8|>ecie.«t,  but  at  the  inside  of  the  hook  at  its  root  were 
thrcH*  to  six  or  seven  to  (*ight  small  denticles.  The  external  lateral 
plates  (ti>;.  10<v/,  11  i  further  backwards,  in  number  constantly  eight; 
the  outermost    ti^.  Wn)  wry  small,  the  others  as  in  the  former  species. 

The  salivary  glamls,  as  far  as  could  be  determined,  were  as  in  the 
last  s(H*cies ;  so  also  the  lesopha^us  and  crop ;  also  the  stomach  and 
tlie  iiitfstine,  which  seemed  to  have  the  usual  bag  (pancreas,  biliary 
saoutthe  pyloric  |»art.  The  sttn<;uineous  gland  flattened,  grayihh. 
conlate.     The  liver  of  hrownish-pray  color. 

In  the  heriiiaphnxlitic  jxland  no  ri|M*  eh-ments  were  found,  and  the 
anterittr  genital  mass  wus  very  small 

'  Aceonlinj;  t<»  Dall,  the  '*  .inus  is  tomiinal  under  the  edjje  of  the  mantle.** 
Thi*«u;ii»i>rri»ne<>us.  Heditl  not  s«*o  the  ^ill.  Imt  rcj^inled  tliedorMil  papill* 
as  **braiultial  upi*onda^cs.** 


1880.]  .  NATURAL   8CIENGES   OF   PHILADELPHIA.  85 

The  species  is  ea»y  to  di^^tinguisli  from  the  former,  by  its  color  and 
especiallj  by  the  denticulated  hook  of  the  large  lateral  plates. 

5   AdaUria  Loveni  (Aldtr  et  Hancock).     PI.  X,  fig.  6-8. 

Doris  murieataf    O.   F.  Miiller,  Sars,  Bidr.   til  Soedyrenes  Naturh., 

1829,  p.  15.    Tab.  II,  fig.  7,  8. 
Daru  Loveni,  Alder  et  Hanc.     Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  3  Ser.,  X,  1862, 

p.  262. 
LameUidorii  LovSni^  Friele  et  Arm.  Hansen,  1.  c.  p.  3. 
LameUitUyris  Li^eni,  G.  O.  Sars.    Moll.  reg.  arct.  Norv.,  1878,  p.  364. 

Tab.  XIV,  fig.  1. 
y LameUidaris  muricata  (Miill.)   Abildgaard.      Morch,   Faunula    Moll. 

Ins.  Faroens.    Naturh.  Foi'en.  Yidsk.  Meddel.,  1867,  p.  75.' 
J)orU  muricata,  Miiller,  Sars  (^),  LovCm,  Ind.  Moll.,  1846,  p.  5. 
Darii  murieatay  M.  Sars.    Reise  1  Lofoten  og  Finmarken,  1851,  p.  75.  . 

Odor  dorsi  et  rhinophoriarum  e  brunneo  lutescens,  paginae  inferi<Mns 
e^*     branchiae  lutescens. 

-Dented  laterales  (magni)  hamo  edentulo;  externi  (linguse) 
nrnjA-xnero  12. 

-JIab.  Oc.  Atlant.  septentr. 

*irhis  species  was  first  noticed  by  Sars,  who  hesitatingly  regarded  it 
a^     l)erhaps  the  Doris  muricata  of  Mueller.     It  is,  moreover,  the  prin- 
cipal form  of  the  Doris  muricata  (** Mueller,  Sars")  of  Lovtn  (his 
s^^^ond  variety  being  the  true  L.  muricata) ;   has  been   established 
(1^362)  as  a  species  by  Alder  and  Hancock,  and  has  as  such  been 
*^€>pted  by  Friele  and  Hansen,  as  well  as  by  G.  0.  Sars,  who  lately 
S^v-e  figures  of  the  teeth  on  the  tongue.     The  species  has  been  much 
^^x^founded  with  the  *'  D,  muricata,*^  which  is  a  Lamellidoris ;  it  is 
<^*"tainly  distinct  from  the  Ad,  proximn^  and  seems  also  to  difler  from 
th^  other  described  species. 

Of  this  form  I  have  had  fifteen  individuals  for  examination,  kindly 
^<it  me  by  Mr»  Friele,  of  Bergen,  and  dredged  in  the  neighborhood  of 
^t^ait  place. 

^    According  to  Morch  (Rink,  Gronland,  I,  1857.    TiU»g  4,  p.  78),  the  D, 

*^^rteato,  Sars,  should  be  the  D,  liturata.  Beck  ;  this  last  is  a  mere  variety 

of  the  LameUidoris  bHameUaia,  and  with  this  should,  on  the  other  hand, 

according  to  Morch  (Faunula  Mollusc.  Isl.    Naturh.  Foren.  Yidensk.  Med- 

^^•«  1868,  p.  208),  the  D,prox%ma  of  Meyer  and  Moebius  be  synonymous, 

iv^oh  belongs  to  the  quite  different  genus,  Adalaria,    An  example  more — 

il  such  W9re  needed — of  the  way  in  which  the  Nudibranchiata  have  been 

ifSHMmymized  and  systematized. 


86  PBOCXEDINQS   OF  THE  ACADBMT  OF  £1M9. 

The  color  of  the  animals  preserved  in  spirits  was  imifonnlj  pel- 
lowish.  The  length  was  13-15.0  mm.,  bj  a  breadth  of  8.5-9.5  and  a 
height  of  4-5.0  mm. ;  the  breadth  of  the  foot  6  mir. ;  the  height  wi 
the  rhinophoria  ubout  2.5  mm.,  of  the  branchial  leaves  1.0-1.3 
according  to  M.  Sars  the  height  of  the  rhinophoria  is  four  to  fire 
that  of  the  tubercles  of  the  back,  (1.  c.  p.  16,  also  in  one  of  his  figans 
fig.  7).  The  form  as  usual;  the  back  covered  all  over  with  laigr 
rounded  tubercles,  which  rose  to  the  height  of  1.5  mm.,  and  were  of 
a  similar  breadth ;  thej  were  sessile  or  more  or  less  subpedoncalatc 
sometimes  set  in  indistinct  longitudinal  rows;  between  the  larger 
tubercles  everywhere  were  smaller  ones  of  different  sisea;  on  the 
margin  of  the  back  were  tubercles  of  middle  size  or  smaller;  the 
spicula  rather  indistinct  between  and  in  the  tubercles.  The  rhinoplMir* 
openings  as  usual,  two  large  tubercles  before  them ;  the  club  of  thp 
organs  with  about  twentj-five  leaves.  The  gill  with  eight  to  twelve 
leaves ;  according  to  M.  Sars,  the  number  of  branchial  leaves  is  ten^ 
to  Ix)v^n,  eight  to  ten.  A  large  (high )  tubercle  between  the  hindermosi 
leaves,  before  it  the  low  anal  papilla,  and  to  the  right  side  the  renal 
pore ;  some  few  smaller  papilla'  were  spread  over  the  space  bctweia 
the  anus  and  the  branchial  leaver.  The  head  large,  broad ;  the  ahon 
tentacuUe  pointed.     The  genital  opening  as  usuaL 

Six  individuals  were  dissected.     The  peritoneum  was  oolorleM. 

The  central  nervous  8ystem  rather  flattened,  especially  the  viAoeral 
ganglia,  which  lay  on  the  outer  side  of  and  behind  the  cerebral  one». 
which  were  a  little  larger ;  the  pednl  ones  larger  than  either  of  tbr 
other  ganglia,  situated  p<T|)endicularly  upon  the  former.  The  proxi- 
mal olfactory  ganglia  bulbiforro,  a  little  smaller  than  the  buccal  ones : 
no  difttal  could  be  found.  The  length  of  the  commissures  equal  to  thr 
largent  diameter  of  the  [>edal  ganglia ;  the  subcerebro-pedal  about 
three  tiroes  as  thick  as  the  visceral.  1  he  buccal  ganglia  of  oval  form, 
connected  through  a  short  commissure  ;  the  gastro-ccsophageal  about 
one-Kixth  of  the  former  in  size,  with  one  very  large  cell. 

The  eyes  with  black  pigment,  yellow  lens  ;  the  nervus  opticus  about 
as  long  as  the  largest  diameter  of  the  cerebral  ganglion.  The  oCocyst^ 
of  the  same  size  as  the  eyes,  situated  externally  at  the  junction  ot 
the  cerebral  and  the  visceral  ganglia ;  with  about  fifty  ordinary 
otokonia,  but  among  them  four  to  six  larger  ones,  of  a  diameter  ot 
about  0.025  mm.  The  leaves  of  llie  rhinophoria  nearly  without 
«picula ;  in  the  axes,  and  es|>ecially  in  the  stalks,  on  the  contrary,  an 
fnonnous  quantity  of  large  spicula,  in  great  part  transversely  sit«- 


1880.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES  OF   PHILADELPHIA.  87 

ated.  In  the  skin  a  rather  large  quantity  of  spicula.  The  broad 
eentres  of  the  warts  of  the  back  chalk-white  in  transverse  section,  on 
account  of  the  mass  of  strong  spicula  which  ascend  in  bundles  through 
the  axes  of  the  warts,  their  peripheral  parts  being  free  from  spicula. 
The  spicula,  for  the  most  part,  staff-shaped  or  cruciate,  reaching  a 
diameter  of  about  0.08  mm. ;  small  and  large  rounded  ones  were 
also  very  common ;  the  spicula  mostly  very  strongly  calcified.  In  the 
interstitial  tissue  calcified  cells  were  seen  scantily. 

The  mouth-tube  was  1.5  mm.  long;  the  bulbus  pharyngeus  about 
1.5  mm.  long,  the  sheath  of  the  radula  projecting  about  0  75  mm., 
bent  upwards ;  the  sucking-crop  nearly  as  large  as  the  proper  bulbus, 
abort-stalked.  The  lip-disk  with  the  cuticula  rather  thick,  especially 
at  the  inferior  median  line,  here  sometimes  prominent  and  reminding 
one  of  the  two  blades  in  the  Acanthodorides,  The  tongue  (in  the  six 
individuals  examined)  with  seven  to  nine  rows  of  teeth ;  further  back- 
wards twenty-nine,  thirty-one,  or  thirty-four  (in  three  individuals) 
developed,  and  three  younger  rows ;  the  total  number  of  rows  was 
thiiB  forty-two  to  forty-six.  The  median  plates  (fig.  8a)  and  the  large 
lateral  (fig.  6aa,  T,  86)  ones  quite  as  in  the  Ad.  Pac  'ficay  also  the  ex- 
ternal ones  (fig.  66,  8c),  but  the  number  of  those  never  surpassed  ten 
or  twelve ;'  frequently  all  gone  from  the  tongue,  and  only  existing  in 
the  two  to  four  posterior  rows ;  the  height  of  the  large  lateral  plates 
rising  to  about  0.09  mm. 

The  salivary  glands,  as  usual,  white.  The  oesophagus  somewhat 
.wider  in  its  first  part ;  the  stomach  as  usual ;  the  liver  of  usual  form, 
its  substance  of  yellow  color ;  on  the  first  quarter  of  the  right  side  an 
impression  for  the  anterior  genital  mass.  The  vesica  fellea  rather 
■mailer,  on  the  right  side  of  and  a  little  behind  the  pyloric  part  of  the 
intestine,  with  its  upper  end  appearing  on  the  surface  of  the  liver ; 
the  duct  nearly  as  long  as  the  bag,  opening  in  the  stomach. 

The  sanguineous  gland  of  subquadratic  form,  the  largest  diameter 
about  2.3  mm.,  very  much  fiattened,  whitish.  The  tube  on  the  floor 
of  the  renal  chamber  rather  strong. 

The  hermaphroditic  gland  clothing  the  liver  with  a  thin,  whitish- 
graj  layer.  The  anterior  genital  mass  small,  nearly  undeveloped, 
mach  compressed,  of  about  1.75  mm.  in  length,  the  height  a  little  less. 
Tie  ampulla  of  the  hermaphroditic  gland  thin,  otherwise  as  usual. 

^  Accordinjg  to  Friele  and  Hansen  (1.  c.  p.  8)  the  number  of  external 
plates  is  twelve ;  the  figure  of  these  authors  (Tab.  II,  fig.  1)  is  rather  bad. 
G.  O.  Sars  has  eleven  to  twelve  external  plates  in  his  figure. 


8S  PBOCBRDINQfl  OF  THE   ACADSIfT   OF  [1 

The  spermatodact  as  usual,  also  the  penis.'  The  spermmtotlieca  aod 
the  spermatocysta  as  usual.  The  mucous  gland  Yerj  smmll,  wUciik 
and  yellow. 

ACAHTH0DORI8,  Graj. 

AcanthodorU,  Gray,  Figs,  of  Moll.  Animals,  iv,  1850,  p.  108,  Guide  MoO. 
Brit.  Mas.  1857,  p.  207. 

AcanthodoriM,  Alder  and  Hancock,  Hon.  Brit.  Nad.  Moll.,  Tii,  ISftS,  p.  4t 
app.  p.  zvii.  O.  ().  Sara,  Moll.  reg.  arct.  Nonregi»,  1878,  p.  108, 
Tab.  xiv,  fig.  4. 

Aeanthodoris,  R.  Bcr^h,  Qattung.  Nord.  Doriden,  1.  c,  1870,  p.  856-160. 

Forma  corporis  subdepressa.  Nothffium  supra  sat  grotae  Tillq^WB. 
Hranchia  (non  retractilis)  e  foliis  tripinnatis  non  multiset  in  orbea 
l>osifis  formata. 

Caput  latum,  veliforme ;  tentaculis  brevibus,  lobiformibut.  BImrgo 
apertuni^um  rhinophorialium  lobatus. 

Discus  labialis  armature  e  hamulis  minutis  formata  et  infra  coticulm 
incrassata  prominent!  instructus.  Lingua  rhachide  nuda ;  pleoria  aa- 
fTUstis  dente  latereli,  hamiformi  permagno  et  dentibus  extemis  minotia 
.'4-8'. 

Ingluvies  buccalis  bulbo  pharyngeo  connata. 

Penis  armatura  e  hamulis  minutis  formata  instnidus.  Vagina 
longissima. 

The  genus  Aranthoitoriti  was  established  by  Gray,  to  receive  ibe 
/)uri!<  jfilnsa  with  its  non -retractile  gill.  Alder  and  Hancock  adopted 
the  genuiS  made  an  anatomical  examination  of  the  typical  form  and 
gave  it  natural  chara<;terrt,  which  were  then  adopted  by  Gray.  In 
Tieveral  new  malacological  publications  of  a  systematic  nature  the  gennt 
has  been  omitteil,  and  in  the  last  twenty  years  no  new  information  ha« 
l»een  published,  until  G.  O.  Sars  lately  gave  some  notes  on  the  bulbot 
pharvngeur*. 

The  AriinthodnritL*it  approach  the  Lamellidorides,  yet  differ  ex- 
ternally in  the  scattered  soft  villosities  of  the  back  and  in  the  snudkr 
numbiT  of  the  leave;*  of  the  gill,  which  are  arranged  in  a  circle. 

Int«'rniiliy  they  dilfer  still  more,  in  the  presence  of  a  strong,  oral 
arniatun'.   in  a  ilit1en.»nt  dentition  (4  •  H-f*  1-1-0  »  I  :  8  t  4),  by  a  peca- 

Sam  I.  c.  p.  V\)  iiii'iitioiiH  and  tl^ures  ^tig.  8<  the  penis  as  "a  large, 
%^liite,  C4>nlcal**  organ. 


1880.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  89 

liarlj  armed  penis  and  by  the  imbedding  in  the  pharyngeal  bulbus  of 
the  buccal  crop.^ 

The  Acanthodorides  are  not  much  depressed.  The  back  is  covered 
with  soft  villi  or  papillss  ;  the  openings  for  the  rhinophoria  have  lobed 
margins.  The  gill  is  not  retractile,  and  consists  of  several  (generally 
seven  to  nine)  tripinnate  leaves,  quite  distinct  from  pne  another.^ 

The  labial  disk  is  provided  with  a  densely  set  armature  of  small 
hooks,  passing  backward  on  the  cuticula  of  the  mouth.  This  last  abo, 
in  the  lowest  part  of  the  mouth,  at  each  side  of  the  median  line  is 
thickened  and  projects  like  two  thin,  lancet-shaped  blades  over  the 
bare  space  left  between  the  lower  parts  of  the  prehensile  collar.'  The 
form  of  the  bulbus  pharyngeus  is  as  in  the  Lamellidorides^  but  the 
boccal  crop  is  imbedded  in  the  upper  wall  of  the  bulbus,  opening  into 
it  through  a  slit,  and  is  not  connected  with  it  by  a  short  stalk. 

The  tongue  is  not  broad,  but  nearly  fills  the  buccal  cavity,  with  a  fiat 
farrow  for  the  radula.  This  last  has  a  naked  rhachis,  with  a  low  and 
narrow,  lon^tudinal  fold.  The  pleurae  contain  a  very  large,  com- 
pressed, upright,  lateral  plate,  with  a  large  body  and  a  rather  short, 
strong  hook,  denticulated  or  plain  along  the  inner  margin ;  at  the 
outer  side  of  the  large  plate  are  several  (four  to  eight)  small,  external 
plates  (increasing  in  number  backwards).  The  salivary  glands  long, 
tbicker  in  their  foremost  part.  The  oesophagus  with  a  little,  crop-like 
^iverticle  at  its  root.     Above  the  pyloric  part  of  the  intestine  opens  a 

^  The  genus  Calyeidoris,  of  Abraham  (Notes  on  some  new  genera  of 

Nudibranchiate  Moll.,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  4th  ser.,  xviii,  1876,  p.  132 ; 

and  Revision  of  the  Anthobranchiato  Nudibr.  Moll.,  P.  Z.  S.,  1877,  p.  224), 

which  is  said  to  be  allied  to  the  Acanthodorides  and  LamellidorideSf  still 

dififers  by  its  "  subretractile "  gill,  with  simple  pinnate  leaves,  and  does 

Qot  possess  external  plates  on  the  radula.    The  genus  is  very  probably 

tpocryphal ;  io  the  phanerobranchiate  Doridida  it  often  happens  that  the 

gill  appears  as  if  more  or  less  retracted  in  a  cavity.    A  single  new  species 

is  mentioned,  of  unknown  habitat,  the  (7.  Ountheriy  Abr.,  1.  c,  p.  133,  PI. 

▼i,  fig.  1. 

'  Alder  and  Hancock  mention  and  figure  (1.  c,  PI.  15,  fig.  2,  8)  the 
branchial  leaves  as  "united  at  the  base ;"  so  do  Meyer  and  Moebius  (1.  c, 
p.  65)  ;  this  is  not  the  case.  The  leaves  are  quite  isolated,  but  there  are 
Qsoally  one  or  two  foliola  standing  between  them,  which  might  simulate  a 
coherence  of  the  leaves  (cf.  also  PL  xv,  fig.  6,  A.  and  H.). 

'  These  thickenings  of  the  cuticle  have  been  regarded,  both  by  Alder 
and  Hancock,  and  more  lately  by  Meyer  and  Moebius  (1.  c,  p.  64,  taf.  v 
A,  fig.  8,  E  9),  as  ^^ws,"  but  have  hardly  anything  in  common  with  those 
ofgans  properly  so  called. 
7 


00  PROCEEDINGS   OF  THE   ACADEMY  OF  [1880. 

littlo  sac,  which  seems  to  be  homologous  with  the  biliary  sac  (pancreai. 
milt.)  of  other  Dorididse,  Alder  and  Hancock,  therefore^  haTe  de- 
nominated that  part  of  the  digestive  tract  as  **  stomach/*  although  it 
in  no  essential  respect  differs  from  the  rest  of  the  intestine,  and  it 
just  like  that  part  in  the  Chromodorides,  and  should  be  undoubtedlj 
r(*ganlcd  as  the  pyloric  part  of  the  intestine,  when  that  sac  opened 
lower  down,  as  in  the  Chromodorides,^  in  the  cavity,  which  Is  incloded 
in  the  liver,  and  seems  to  be  the  true  stomach.  The  spermatoduct  and 
the  chief  duct  of  the  8i>ermatotheca  ( vagina )  are  of  very  considerabk 
length  ;  the  former  consisting  of  two  different  parts,  a  superior  softer, 
and  an  inferior  very  muscular  part,  internally  clothed  with  an  annap 
ture,  which  is  continuous  through  the  penis.  This  last  is  rather  short, 
the  superior  part  solid  and  projecting  as  an  armed  glans  into  the  in- 
ferior, hollow  part  (pnpputium>.  The  armature  consists  of  rows  of 
hooks  continued  in  the  interior  of  the  organ,  and,  as  mentioned  above, 
farther  upwards ;  quite  like  that  of  the  Polycerida'^^  Phyllidiidm^ 
Mnd  Ihriopstdir.^ 

About  the  biological  relations  of  these  forms  very  little  is  yet  known 
and  that  only  with  reference  to  the  typical  species,  through  Alder  and 
llancoi^k,  as  well  as  Meyer  and  Moebius.  The  spawn  is  figured  by 
Alder  and  Hancock  (1.  c,  PL  1.'),  fig.  d\  and  by  Meyer  and  Moebius 
(I.  c,  li;;.  l.'{,  14  ^ ;  about  the  development  nothing  is  yet  known. 

TIh*  few  known  s|K'cics  of  this  genus  seem  limited  to  the  northern 
purlM  of  till'  Atlantic  and  of  the  Pacific. 

1.   .lt-fiftrA()(/f/i-M  ;>i7i>«<i  .0.  F.  Mullcr\     Ocoanum  Atlanticumct  Pacificura. 
ihtrin  /»<7i»*ii,  C'uv. 
/>..rii  BUllata  ,Gm.\  Vuv.^ 

'  ri  my  MaIafolt>:;.  I'nters.  Soinivr,  Philipp  ,  H,  ii,  Heft  xi,  1><77,  p. 
till  lUl  ;  Ni'ur  NarktsrliiuvkiMi  iler  Sud>ef,  it,  Journ.  der  Mua.  Gtxleflroy. 
Mill  vHi,  |h;;i.  p.  ;■,»  82;  uifm,  iv,  I.  c.  Heft  xiv.  1S71».  p.  1-21. 

*  t  f    iiiv    M.ilari»lt>j;.   llulors.    .SemiH^r,    Philipp.,    II,   iif,   llefl  xi,  1S77 
VivM  l>.iii.i,  Nriiibrotha). 

'  I  I  iitv  Hull,  til  I'll  Mt»iu»;;r.  af  Pbyllidicrne,  Natiirh.,  Tidskr.  li,  R.  V.« 
I  mm  M.il.nnln;;  I'ntriH.  SiMniK»r,  Philipp.,  II,  ii).  Hcfl  \,  ISTPk  \i.  377- 
mi 

•  I  r  .  I  .  .  Ml  ft  X,  lH7t;,  p.  :tSI  :n:;  ,Ti»uri».  der  Mu*,  GodcfTroy.  Heft 
•  ill     l*«,  ,.  !•    ^-   t»l 

\ iiiit^.'   In  rimluT  (  Nt»to  Mir  iiuoI«iuo.'*  C'^jmoc^  dxi  O.  DoriM^  dtVritfA 

|..ii  •  .ivtii,  Jiiiiiu  ilr  t'oiu"h)l  W  m't.  \.  1^7i»,  p.  21*0,  the  DoHm  iUHata, 
(w.  .iinl  I  III'  ff  /.rrM,  Ciiv  ,  arouloiitioal  with  liis  D.  piloia^  and  this  with 
till   i;|iti  .il  liHiii  mI  Mullrr 

1*    '«    •/«//.i/ii  ill    I'liiltppi  ik'oiuH  a  <piitu  ditferent  form,  a  Ftat^dfH§ 


1880. J  NATURAL   SCIENCES   OF   PHILADELPHIA.  91 

Bori9  l(Bvi8y  Cuv. 

.'  Doris  fuscot  O.  F.  Mull.,  Zool.  Dan.  (descr.).* 
f  Doris  tomentosa^  Loven,  Index  Moll.  1846,  p.  4. 
3.  A,  suhquadrata  (Aid.  et  Hanc).     Oceanum  Atlanticum. 

Doris  suhquadrata^  A.  et  H.    Monogr.,  Part.  V,  1851,  fam.  1,  Plate 

16,  f.  1-3 ;  Part  VII,  1855,  p.  43,  and  III,  Pi.  46,  Suppl.  f.  14. 
f  {D.  stellatOy  Cuv.  ?).     Lebert,  Beob.  iiber  die  Mundung  einiger 

Gasteropoden.    J.  Muller,  Arch.,  1846,  p.  444-446,  Taf.  XII,  fig. 

10-13.^ 

3.  A,  ecBTulescens,  Bgh.,  n.  sp.    Oceanum  Pacificum. 

4.  A,  omata,  Verrill.  Notice  of  recent  additions  to  the  mar.  fauna  of  the 
eastern  coast  of  North  Amer.  XXXVIII ;  Amer.  Joum.  of  Sc.  and 
Arts,  XVI,  1878,  p.  313.     Oc.  Atlant 

0.  A.  stelUita  (Gm.),  Verr.,  1.  c,  p.  313,  D.  bifida,  Ven*.     Oc.  Atlant. 

6.  A.  eitrina,  Verr.,  1.  c,  p.  313.     Oc.  Atlant. 

7.  A.  f  mollicella,  Abraham,  1.  c,  1877,  p,  228,  PI.  XXX,  fig.  1-4.  Oc. 
Pacificum. 

8.  A.  f  globosa,  Abr.,  1.  c,  1877,  p.  228,  PL  XXX,  fig.  5-9.     Oc.  Pacif. 

1.  AeaBthodoris  pilosa  (0.  F.  MUlIer).     Plato  X,  fig.  12-15;    Plate  XI,  fi^^  1-2; 
Plate  XII J  Plato  XIII,  fig.  2-5. 

Acanihodoris  pilosa  (O.  F.  Muller),  Alder  and  Hancock.  Monogr.  Br. 
Nudibr.  Moll.,  Part  V,  1851,  fam.  1,  Plate  I,  f.  1,  3-5,  12;  Plate  2, 
f.  2-6;  Plate  15;  Part  VII,  1855,  Plate  46;  Suppl.  Plate  48,  f.  1. 

Doris  pilosa  (O,  F.  Muller),  Meyer  und  Moebius,  Fauna  der  Kieler  Bucht, 
I,  1865,  p.  63-67  c.  tab,;  taf,  V,  A. 

Color   paginal   superioris   corporis  albus  vel   luteus  vol  fuscus  vel 

iseus  vel  rubro-brunneus  vel  niger. 

Denies  radula;  hamo  pro  parte  denticulate. 

Eah,     Oceanum  Atlanticum  septentr.,  Pacific,  septentr. 

*^yd,  Philippiif  Bgh.).   Cf.  my  Malacolog.  Untersuch.  (Semper,  Philipp. 

ii.).    Heft,  xii,  1877,  p.  507. 

^   It  is  in  most  cases  a  quite  useless  task  to  try  to  elucidate  the  species  of 

*^^^iide8  of  the  elder  authors ;  their  examinations  were  all  too  superficial 

**^<i  their  descriptions  don't  contain  the  data  necessary  for  their  verifica- 

**^^^.    The  best  way  would  be  to  wholly  cancel  these  names  [D.  fusca,  M. ; 

^^    i(S0M,  L.,  etc.)  which  have  given  later  authors  so  much  trouble.    On  the 

*^^^'9ii  fusca  of  O.  Fabricius,  Morch  has  even  formed  a  genus  Proctaporia 

C'ftink.  Gronland.  I,  1857.    Tillag.  4,  p.  78),  that  must  be  cancelled,  too. 

The  short  statements  of  Lebert  about  form  and  color  of  the  animal 

examined  by  him  can  scarcely  entirely  prohibit  the  identification  of  it  with 

^^  species  described  by  Alder  and  Hancock.    The  figures  of  the  (tongue) 

^^^th  given  by  Lebert,  rough  as  they  are,  suffice,  on  the  other  hand,  to 

^^^^tire  the  identification  with  the  2>.  subquadrata^  or  at  least  with  a  nearly 

t^lated  species. 


93  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE   ACADEMY  Off  [I88O. 

Of  this  species  I  have  had  a  lot  of  specimens  for  examinatioD,  aD 
preserved  in  spirits;  partly  (two)  from  the  neighborhood  of  Bergea 
(Norway),  kindly  sent  by  Mr.  Friele,  partly  (one)  from  the  Frith  cf 
Kiel,  sent  by  Prof.  Moebius ;  but  particularly  (seTentcen)  from  the 
coast  of  Denmark  (Striib,  lille  Bait.) 

The  individuals  varied  much  in  color.  The  variability  of  the  edor 
is  noted  by  Alder  and  Hancock.  They  were  whitish,  or  whitish  sprinkled 
witli  brownish,  or  dark  (bluish)  gray,  or  yellowish,  or  brownish,  or 
reddish-brown  on  the  back,  with  whitish  or  yellowish  sides  and  fooC 
The  length  reaching  1 2.0  mm.,  by  a  breadth  of  8.0  and  a  height  of 
5.0  mm. ;  the  foot  then  about  4.0  mm.  broad,  the  branchial  leavefi 
reaching  to  the  height  of  about  1.0  mm. 

The  back  covered  all  over  with  the  soft,  slender,  conical  and  pointed, 
erect  (or  curved)  papilla;  of  very  different  sizes,  most  of  them  small ; 
between  these  are  larger  ones ;'  some  of  the  largest  divided  into  two 
or  three  points,  and  some  of  them  connate  and  forming  small  cretta, 
divided  above  into  two  or  three  points.  The  margins  of  the  theathi 
of  the  rhinophoria  rather  prominent,  divided  into  several  (six  to  eight) 
smaller  and  larger  pointed  lobes  ;  the  club  of  the  rhinophoria  with  about 
twelve  to  twenty  leaves.'  The  brnnchia,  in  both  Norwegian  specimeot, 
with  eight  tripinnate  leaves,  otherwise  with  seven  to  nine  (as  me*- 
tioned  by  Meyer  and  Moebius).  The  anal  papilla  low,  with  several 
papillula*  and  a  atar-sliaped  aperture ;  on  a  low  crest,  issuing  from  its 
posterior,  is  a  Htrong  papilla.  The  head  and  the  tentacles  (Plate  X. 
fig.  Mb)  as  figured  by  Alder  and  Hancock  (1.  c,  Plate  15,  fig.  1  . 
The  anterior  margin  of  the  foot  with  a  fine  transverse  furrow  (Plate  X, 
fig.  1  In).     The  genital  opening  is  a  longitudinal  slit  (Plate  XI,  tig.  2). 

The  |>eritoneum  was  mostly  of  reddish-brown  color. 

The  central  nervous  system  showed'  the  cerebral  ganglia  rounded- 
triangular,  not  much  flattened,  a  little  larger  than  the  more  rounded 
visceral,  which  lie  behind  and  on  the  outside  of  them  and  show  a  slight 
notch  in  the  outside ;  on  the  inferior  side  of  the  visceral  ganglia  the 
pedal  ones  are  set  nearly  ()er{)endicular  on  the  latter,  connected  by  the 

*  .\lder  and  Hancock,  a1»o  Meyer  and  Moebius  give  eighteen  to  twenty 
leaves.     Cf.  the  li^urt»H  7-H  of  Meyer  and  Moebius. 

*  (  ollin^^wood  ^  Ann.  Mag.  N.  II.,  3  scr.  vi,  1850,  p.  463)  remarks  that  it 
*•  whiMi  not  in  motion,  bears  a  great  retieroblance  to  a  miniature  hedgehog.** 

'  The  representation  of  the  syntem  given  by  Hancock  and  EmbletOD  vOn 
the  anatomy  <»f  Doris,  Thilos.  Transact.  MDCCCLII,  Plate  17,  f.  8)  is  not 
very  like  nature. 


1880.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES  OF   PHILADELPHIA.  93 

three  distinct  commissures,  which  are  nearly  as  long  as  the  diameter 
of  the  ganglia.  From  the  outer  part  of  the  right  visceral  ganglion 
issues  a  nerve  nearly  as  long  as  the  transverse  diameter  of  the  whole 
central  nervous  system  and  swelling  to  a  rather  large  ganglion  (gangl. 
penis)  at  the  root  of  the  penis ;  this  ganglion  contains  only  rather 
small  cells  and  gives  off  three  or  four  strong  and  several  thinner  nerves 
(Plate  X,  fig.  15).  The  part  of  the  brain  which  gives  off  the  nervus 
opticus,  simulates  a  ganglion.  The  proximal  ganglia  olfactona  bulbi. 
form,  somewhat  smaller  than  the  buccal  ganglia,  but  much  larger  than 
the  distal  ganglia  olfactoria ;  the  buccal  ganglia  flattened,  rounded,  con- 
nected by  a  rather  short  commissure ;  the  ganglia  gastro-oesophagalia 
rounded,  having  about  one-fifth  of  the  size  of  the  last,  containing  one 
very  large  cell  and  a  few  smaller. 

The  eyes  with  black  pigment  and  yellowish  lens.  The  otocysts 
lying  at  the  hinder  part  of  the  cerebral  ganglia,  as  large  as  the  eyes ; 
with  numerous  small  otokonia,  which  in  the  specimens  from  Kiel, 
were  not  much  calcified.  No  trace  of  spicula  in  the  leaves  or  other 
parts  of  the  rhinophoria.  The  spicula  of  the  skin  were,  so  to  speak, 
limited  to  the  margins  of  the  mantle  and  of  the  foot ;  in  the  last  they 
were  chiefly  arranged  perpendicularly  or  obliquely  against  the  margin, 
except  that  in  the  foremost  and  hinder  part  of  the  sole  some  few  spic- 
ula were  seen  scattered. 

The  amount  of  spicula  in  the  skin  seems  to  vary  notably  in  the 
Acanthodoris  pilosOy  as  seems  to  be  the  case  in  general  in  different 
forms  of  DorididcBy  especially,  as  far  as  hitherto  known,  in  the  Poly- 
eeratidce  (Polycera,  Anciila),  (Cf.  Meyer  and  Moebius,  Fauna  der 
Kieler  Bucht,  I,  1865,  pp.  52,  60.)  Frey  and  Leuckart  (Beitr.  zur 
Kenntn.  wirbellose  Thiere,  1847,  p.  145  i  described  a  very  regular 
position  of  the  spicula,  but  not^  as  it  seems,  in  accordano.e  with  nature. 

In  the  margin  of  the  mantle  the  spicula  were  arranged  as  figured  by 
Alder  and  Hanc,  1.  c.  Part  VII,  PI.  48,  supplem.  fig.  1,  only  more  con- 
centrically at  the  transition  from  the  margin  to  the  side  of  the  body ;  a 
naiTow  belt  of  spicula  crossed  the  back  before  the  region  of  the  gill. 
Some  spicula  were  also  seen  in  the  tentacles.-  The  spicula  reached  a 
notable  length  (at  least  0.6  mm.),  in  old  individuals  they  were  more 
calcified  than  in  younger  ones.  The  skin  was  filled  with  unicellular 
glands,  especially  in  the  dorsal  papillae.^ 

The  mouth-tube  was  wide  and  strong,  about  1.5  mm.  long;  the 
bulbus  pharyngeus  in  the  largest  individuals  about  2.75  mm.  long,  by 

*  Cf.  the  (not  very  good)  fig.  6  by  Meyer  and  Moebius. 


94  PB0C££D1N0S   OF  THE    ACADEMY  OF  [1880. 

a  breadth  of  2.0  and  a  height  of  about  3-0  mm.  i  thu  sheatli  of  the 
radula  projecting  baekward  nearly  1.0  mm.  ;  the  lip-disk  sometimes 
surrounded  by  a  ring  of  black  pigment.  The  armature  of  the  lip- 
disk  entirely  aa  shown  (PI.  XII,  figs.  1-4,  10-11)  by  me  in  the  form 
from  the  Pacific,  also  the  crop  (PI.  Xlll,  fig.  2)  of  the  bulbus.' 
The  tongue  in  the  eight  specimens  examined  was  provided  with  fivje, 
seven,  eight,  nine  rows  of  plates,  farther  backwards  also  sixteen  to 
twenty  developed,  and  three  younger  rows;  the  total  number  amount- 
ing thus  to  from  iwenly-seven  to  thirty.^  The  large  lateral- teeth^  yellow 
in  the  body,  especially  in  the  anterior-inferior  part,  witli  commonly  five 
to  eight  denticles  on  the  inside  of  the  hook  ;  sometimes,  especially  in 
the  younger  plates,  the  number  of  denticles  rose  from  eleven  to  fifteen, 
sometimes  the  three  to  four  oulermost  denticles  were  much  larger  than 
the  rest,  sometimes  the  denticulation  was  quite  irregular  ;  the  height 
of  this  plate  reached  0.4  mm.  The  outer  plates  (PI.  XI,  fig.  1)  com- 
monly four  to  six,  seldom  seven  to  eight ;  in  a  series  of  four  on  the 
hinder  part  of  the  tongue,  the  oulermost  measured  about  0.0.5,  the  next 
0.09,  O.ll,  0.125  mm.;  they  were  quite  colorless,  compressed,  with 
the  upper  side  flattened,  and  rather  erect. 

The  salivary  glands  as  in  the  purple^ colored  form  from  the  Pacific. 
No  constant  dilatation  of  the  middle  of  the  cusophagus  (as  figured, 
Pt.  I,  f.  I2g,  by  Alder  and  Hancock),  but  a  strong,  particular  one  at 
the  root  as  figured  (1.  c.  PI.  I,  f.  12/ )  by  Alder  and  Hancock  and  by 
me  (Gfttt.  nordischer  Doriden,  1.  c.  Taf.  XIX,  fig.  }^c).  The 
stomach  as  in  the  Pacific  form ;  tlie  intestine  sometimi's  dilated  in  its 
first  part,  sometimes  absolutely  of  the  same  caliber  as  the  rest,  and 
neither  externally  nor  internally  different  from  it ;  a  liiile  bag 
(biliary  sac)  which  lias  been  noticed  by  Alder  and  Hancock  (1.  e.  PI. 
I,  fig.  i2k),  opening  into  the  right  side  of  this  part  of  the  intestine. 
The  posterior  visceral  mass  (liver)  flattened  and  excavated  on  the 
anterior- inferior  right  half.  The  sanguineous  gland  whitish,  convexo- 
concave,  short  and  irregularly  kidney-formed,   with   ihe   excavation 

■  Tlic  fust  specimens  of  the  Northern  Atlantic  ]cft  at  my  disposition 
being  too  hmall  nnd  too  few  for  a  tliorou^^h  examination,  I  am  obliged  to 
refer  to  my  examination  given  licrewith  of  the  form  froui  tlie  Pacific.  Cf. 
moreover  my  figures  in  "Gatt.  nord.  Doriden,"  I.  c.  I'l.  XIX,  figs.  10,  II. 
The  crop  i.s  ratlier  well  figured  by  Alder  and  Ilanc.  (1.  c.  PI.  I,  f,  13«). 

'  According  to  Meyer  and  Moebius,  the  number  of  plates  ("of  the 
radula '")  is  thiity-onc,  to  Alder  and  Hancock,  twenty-seven. 

'  Cf.  my  Gattungcu  nordischer  Doriden,  1-  c.  Taf,  XIX,  flg.  13. 


1880.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  95 

forwards,  transversely  situated,  with  a  largest  diameter  of  3.0  mm. 
The  renal  chamber  and  the  syrinx  as  in  the  form  from  the  Pacific. 

The  hermaphroditic  gland  as  in  this  last  variety,  it«  white  color  con> 
trasting  with  the  hue  of  the  liver.  The  anterior  genital  mass  of  short 
pyramidal  form,  with  the  point  outwards,  about  4.75  mm.  long,  the 
breadth  and  the  height  a  little  less.  The  ampulla  of  the  hermaphro> 
ditic  gland  yellowish- white,  forming  a  single  ansa,  about  4.0  mm.  long, 
by  a  diameter  of  0.75  mm.  lying  on  the  upper  part  of  the  back  of  the 
mucous  gland.  The  spermatoduct  yellowish,  about  15.0  mm.  long, 
constricted  a  little  above  the  middle  of  its  length ;  strong,  sloping  into 
the  penis,  which  is  about  1.0  mm.  long.  The  armature  of  the  penis 
entirely  as  in  the  form  from  the  Pacific,  continued  backwards  in  the 
interior  of  the  spermatoduct  for  a  length  of  6.0  mm. ;  the  hooks 
rising  to  the  height  of  about  0.035  mm.,  nearly  colorless.*  The  sper- 
matotheca  (PI.  XI 11,  fig.  5a)  spherical,  of  a  diameter  of  about  2  0 
mm.,  greenish  or  whitish  ;  the  spermatocysta  {^g,  56)  much  smaller, 
pyriform,  yellowish  ;  both  filled  with  sperma.  The  chief  duct  (the 
vagina,  fig.  5dd)  very  long,  with  several  (four)  longitudinal  folds,  which 
are  folded  again  transversely ;  the  structure  seemed  to  resemble  en- 
tirely the  form  from  the  Pacific ;  in  the  cavity  was  more  or  less  sperma. 
The  mucous  gland  yellow  and  yellowish-white ;  the  fold  of  the  duct 
with  brownish-gray  points,  but  no  black  pigment  on  the  lower  part  of 
the  vagina  or  penis. 

One  specimen  of  this  typical  form,  with  "  brown  mantle,"  and  in 
all  respects  agreeing  with  the  Atlantic,  was  dredged  by  Dall  at  Kyska, 
in  June,  1873,  on  rocky  bottom  at  the  depth  of  ten  fathoms. 

An  individual  of  a  (in  living  state)  "  yellowish-white  "  variety  was 
dredged  by  Dall  in  Popoff  Strait  (Shumagin  Islands),  on  rocky  bot- 
tom at  a  depth  of  six  fathoms. 

The  animal  preserved  in  spirits  was  10.0  mm.  long,  by  a  breadth  of 
6.0  and  a  height  of  4.5  mm. ;  the  rhinophoria  1.5  mm.  high,  the  gill 
1.0  mm.,  the  foot  3.0  mm.  broad.  The  color  yellowish- white.  In  the 
club  of  the  rhinophoria  about  thirty  leaves ;  nine  branchial  leaves ; 
the  anal  papilla  with  three  small  protuberances;  the  renal  pore  very 
distinct  on  the  right  side.  The  genital  opening  very  wide  ;  the  bul- 
bus  pharyngeus  2.0  mm.  long ;  the  tongue  with  seven  rows  of  plates, 
the  total    number  of    these    twenty-six  (16    +    3);    five   external 

*  The  armature  of  the  penis  has  been  first  seen  by  H.  Friele  and  G. 
Armauer  Hansen  (Bidr.  til  Kundsk.  om  de  Norske  Nudibranchiar.  Christi- 
ania,  Vidsk.  Selsk.  Forh.,  1875,  extras,  p.  4). 


i' 


96  PBOCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ACADBMT  Off  [18ML 

plates.  The  diverticle  of  the  ccsophagus  nearlj  aa  large  as  Ibe  trat 
bulbus.  The  Bperroatoduct  and  the  penis  as  usual,  also  the  ▼agina; 
the  spennatotheca  of  1.6  mm.  largest  diameter.  No  tmee  <if  pig* 
ment  on  the  vagina  or  penis,  and  the  peritoneum  was  colorlesa. 

Another  variety  of  the  species,  with  *'  brown  mantle  and  jeUowisb* 
white  papilluE*,"  whs  dredged  bj  Dall,  in  Yukon  Harbor  (Shamagins), 
in  August,  1874,  on  sand  and  stones,  at  a  depth  of  six  to  tweotj 
fathoms. 

The  individual  preserved  in  spirits  was  9.0  mm.  long,  bj  a  breadlb 
of  6.5  mm.,  and  a  height  of  4.5  mm. ;  the  breadth  of  the  foot  4.0  mm^ 
the  height  of  the  gill  1.5  mm.  The  back  of  the  animal  densely  brown- 
dotted,  especially  the  circumference  of  the  gill  and  the  free  area  left 
in  the  middle  of  the  gill ;  the  dorsal  papillte  all  whitish ;  the  stalk  Jt 
the  rhinophoria  and  the  inferior  part  of  the  club  densely  dotted  with 
brown,  also,  in  a  somewhat  slighter  degree,  the  outside  of  the  branchial 
leaves.  The  under  side  of  the  mantle  and  the  upper  side  of  the  margia 
of  the  foot  and,  in  a  slighter  degree,  the  sides  of  the  body  and  the  sola 
of  the  foot  dotted  with  an  enormous  quantity  of  brownish-gray  pointa. 
The  form  as  u^ual.  The  gill  with  nine  leaves,  of  which  the  two  po^ 
terior  were  much  smaller  than  the  others. 

The  central  nervous  system  as  usual ;  the  otocysts  very  conspicoooi 
under  the  magnifier  as  chalk-white  points.  The  mouth-tube  2.0  mm. 
long.  The  bulbus  pharyngeus  2.0  mm.  long  ;  the  sheath  of  the  radula 
pn)j<*cting  2.0  mm.,  b<*nl  downwanls.  The  armature  of  thr  lip-di:*k 
.  IM.  XII,  fig.  10,  inverylike  that  of  the  var.  r///>mr;?it  (cf  Pl.XIII, 
tig.  4 ).  The  buccal  cmp  as  usual.  The  tongue  with  nine  row*  of 
platen;  \\w  total  numbt^r  of  rows,  twenty-five  (1.3 '3).  The  large 
lateral  plates  as  usual;  tin*  d.-ntii^ulations  rather  long  and  somewhat 
irrepular.     The  number  of  the  external  plates  (fig.  12)  reaching  to  six. 

The  salivary  glands,  the  o-sophagus  with  its  div«Tticle,  the  pyloric 
part  of  the  intestine  with  its  bag  biliary  sac),  and  the  liv<T,  as  u^ual. 
The  sanguineous  gland  rather  lar;;e,  eovering,  l>esides  the  central 
nervou>  system,  the  whole  of  the  bulbus  pharyngeus. 

In  the  hibes  of  the  hemiaplinMlitic  ^iand,  masses  of  zoisperms.  The 
anterior  genital  nia>s  of  the  usual  form  ;  the  ampulla  of  the  hfrma- 
phnxlitic  duct  somewhat  larg«T.  The  sprrmatfMluet  as  usual ;  so,  too, 
the  (M'nis,  with  its  armature  ;  the  length  of  the  glans  about  0,'>  mm. 
The  sfterniatotheca  and  the  s|>erniat(H'\>ta  as  u^nal ;  also  the  chief 
duet  (vagina),  the  cavity  of  the  last  filled  with  spt^rrna.  The  mucous 
^land  yellowish- white  and  in  the  centre  (albuminous  gland)  brownish- 


1880.]  NATURAL  SCIENCES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  9? 

yellow.  Very  scanty  black  pigment  on  the  inferior  part  of  the  vagina 
and  of  the  penis ;  the  peritoneum  of  the  back,  on  the  contrary,  very 
dark  brown. 

2.  Aoanthodoril  piloia  (0.  F.  MUller),  yar.  albetcem,  PI.  X,  fig.  U,  15 ;  PI.  XI,  fig.  2  ; 
PI.  XII,  fig.  13-16. 

Color  flavescente-albidus. 

Hamus  dentium  (linguae)  edentulus  vel  parce  denticulatus. 

Habitat,     Oceanum  Pacificum  septentrion.  (Aleutian  Islands). 

Two  rather  large  specimens  of  this  variety  have  been  dredged  by 
Dall,  in  June  and  July,  1873,  at  Kyska  Harbor  (Aleutians),  on  sand 
or  on  rocky  bottom,  at  a  depth  of  nine  to  fourteen  fathoms. 

According  to  Dall,  the  color  of  the  living  animal  was  ^^  yellowish- 
white  ; "  that  of  the  specimens  preserved  in  spirits  was  so,  too,  but 
very  likely  much  more  whitish.  The  length  was  16.0  or  17.0  mm., 
by  a  breadth  of  6.5  to  8.0  mm.,  and  a  height  of  6.5  mm. ;  the  height 
of  the  rhinophoria  2.5  to  3.0  mm.,  of  the  gill  3.0  to  4.0  mm. ;  the 
breadth  of  ihe  foot  50  or  6.0  mm.,  the  length  of  the  genital  opening 
2.0  or  3.0  mm.  The  form  as  in  the  typical  D,  pilosa;  the  rhinophoria 
showed  about  twenty-five  broad  leaves  in  the  club ;  there  were  nine 
branchial  leaves  ;  the  anal  papiUa  very  low ;  the  renal  pore  rather  large. 

The  central  nervous  system  as  previously  described.  The  distal 
olfactory  i;anglion  small ;  a  large  (diameter,  0.4  mm.)  ganglion  penis 
{^g.  15).  The  eyes  with  rich,  coal-black  pigment ;  the  otocysts  visible 
under  a  lens  as  chalk-white  points,  with  about  one  hundred  and  fifty 
otokonia. 

The  bulbus  pharyngeus  3.5  mm.  long,  with  the  sheath  of  the  radula 
projecting  1.3  to  1.5  mm.;  the  height  of  the  bulbus,  with  the  crop, 
4.0  to  4.5  mm.,  its  breadth  2.5  to  8.0  mm. 

The  older  elements  of  the  lip-plate  (PI.  XII,  figs.  13,  14)  agreeing 
in  form  with  those  of  the  typical  species,  but  oftener  showing  a  granu- 
lated interior ;  the  said  elements  reaching  a  length  of  about  0.04  mm. 
The  diameter  of  the  disk  and  mouth  about  3.0  mm.  The  breadth  of 
either  half  of  the  disk  0.66  mm. 

The  tongue  showed  nine  or  ten  rows  of  teeth ;  the  whole  number  of 
rows,  twenty-nine  ( 1 6  or  1 7  +  3).  The  large  lateral  teeth  were  as  in  the 
typical  species,  reaching  0.65  mm.  in  height  (PI.  XII,  fig.  15,  16), 
without  or  with  only  a  very  slight  denticulation  of  the  hook  (fig.  15). 
The  number  of  the  outer  teeth,  three  to  ^ye.^ 

'  Cf.  my  Gatt.  nordischer  Doriden,  1.  c,  Taf.  xix,  fig.  18. 


98  PROCEEDINQS   OP  THB   ACADBMT   OF  [1880. 

Tho  salivary  glands  deeply  imbedded  in  the  cavity  for  tbe  cpsophagw 
at  the  fore-end  of  the  liver.  The  oesophagus  with  its  rather  lar^ge 
(l.f)  mm.  long)  diverticle,  the  stomach,  the  intestine  with  its  lilde 
(1.0  mm.  long  bag,  as  above.  The  liver  7.0  to  9.0  mm.  h>ng,  5.0  to  G.0 
mm.  broad,  r).0  to  G.25  mm.  high,  of  yellowish-gray  color.  The  MW- 
guiiieous  gland  of  irregular,  oval  form,  of  a  largest  diameter  of  4.0 
mm.,  by  a  thickness  of  1.0  mm.,  and  of  grayish  color.  The  renal  ftjrinz 
about  ().7r>  mm.  long. 

Th(*  anterior  genital  mass  G.O  or  7.0  mm.  long,  4.0  to  G.O  mm.  high, 
and  .'{.0  or  4.0  mm.  thick.  The  ampulla  as  usual;  al^^o  the  (about 
40.0  nun.  long)  spermatoduct  and  the  (nearly  2.0  mm.  lonj;:  pcnii. 
with  itn  armature ;  the  hooks  often  set  in  pairs.  The  spermatotheca 
(diameter,  -1.0  mm.)  and  the  spiTmato<'yhta  (diameter,  l..^>  mm. >  af 
above;  the  chief  duct,  with  the  vagina  (about  23.0  mm.  long,  b j  a 
diameter  (»f  0.4  to  1.0  mm.  s  us  usual,  and  also  its  internal  cellular 
clothing  <  V\.  X,  fig.  13);  the  yellow  nucleoli  somewhat  brighter;  the 
cavity  nearly  filled  with  sperma.  The  mucous  gland  as  usual.  No 
black  f>igincnt  on  the  inferior  part  of  the  vagina  or  on  the  peni». 

S.  Acanthodoris  pilota  (0.  F.  .MUIIcr),  var.  purpHrett,  PI.  XII,  fig.  1-0. 

Color  i'  purpureo  brunneus  et  flavescente-albidus. 
Jfnhitdt,     Oceanum  Paciticum  septentrion.  Insular  Aleutian;!*  .  Una- 
lash  k  a;. 

Only  two  >pccimens  of  this  species  were  dredged  by  Dall,  in  S**p- 
tenilM  r,  I'^T  1,  on  mud  and  stones,  at  a  <lepth  of  about  sixty  fathoms. 

TIm  eiilur  of  the  living  animal  was,  according  to  Dall,  "  purph-bnkwn 
and  Ti  ll«»wi-li-wliit«*.*'  The  hiigth  of  the  animals  preser\ed  in  spiritit 
was  lM.O  or  -Ti.t)  mm.,  by  a  breadth  of  \K0  or  10.0  mm.,  and  a  h<-ight 
of  7.'>  mill. ;  the  foot  0.0  mm.  broad  ;  the  height  of  the  rhinophoria 
alMMit  •».()  mm.,  of  the  branchial  leaves  ^1,'.\  mm.  The  color  of  the 
barU  n  d'ii^li-lirown  ;  the  >talk  of  the  rhinoplioria  browni>h,  thtr  club 
yellu\\i-h;  tin*  branchial  l«*aves  yellowish-white,  the  hi'^t  brownish  at 
the  rl»a<lii-  :  the  under  ^id«*  of  the  mantle  margin,  with  the  -iides  of 
ihf  ln.'i\.  tin*  h»  ail  arnl  the  foot,  yellowish-white,  dotted  with  brownish- 
irrav  all  ovrr.  tin*  <'olor  much  more  scant v  on  the  si«les  of  the  fo«ti  and 
still  rimn*  ^t»  <»[i  the  head  an<l  on  the  sole  (»f  the  fool. 

T!f  luriii  wa««  •«om«uliat  el  »n;:ate.      The  back  co\rred  all  (jxer  \iith 
|Miii, !••«!.  rail:' r    o.7.'>  mm      hinli,  digitif<irm, -^oft  papill.i*  and  with  int«T 
mix«''l  -iiii!!'  r  Mn«-s.      Tin*  m:ir;^iii  of  llie  rliinoplior-l.o^-s  with  >«-viraI 
point*  •!.  prnj' iiing,  tll^ililorm   process*  s  ;  the  stout  club  of  the  rhino- 


1880.]  NATURAL  SCIENCES  OF  PUILADELPHIA.  99 

phoria  with  aboat  twenty  leaves.  The  branchial  leaves  stroncr,  (in  both 
individuals)  eight  in  number,  the  two  hindermost  separated  by  a  narrow 
crest,  which  rises  into  a  larger  papilla ;  before  this  the  anal  papilla, 
covtTed  with  some  papillae,  at  its  right  side  is  the  r^^nal  pore ;  on  the 
space  before  it  were  several  smaller  pnpilhe.  The  under  side  of  the 
free  margin  of  the  mantle  (about  2.0  mm,  broad)  smooth.  The  head 
larj^o,  the  tentaoles  short.  The  gerrttal  opening  a  rather  large,  cres- 
centic  orifice.     The  foot  rounded  behind. 

The  perit(»ieum  was  richly  dotted  on  the  back  with  brownish-red. 

The  central  nervous  system  nearly  quite  as  in  Ac.  pilosa;  the 
proximal  olfactory  ganglia  of  oval  form,  true  distal  ones  could  not  be 
detected  in  the  root  of  the  rhinophoria,  but  only  a  fusiform  swelling  of 
the  nerve,  with  scattered  nervous  cells.  The  subcerebral  and  pedal 
commi.<sures  connected,  the  visceral  isolated.  The  buccal  ganglia 
larger  than  the  olfactory,  of  oval  form,  connected  by  a  commissure 
nearly  as  long  as  each  ganglion  ;  the  gastro  oesophageal  ganglia  de- 
veloped on  the  side  of  the  nerve,  which  is  a  little  longer  than  the 
ganglion,  and  in  size  about  one-fifth  of  the  fonner ;  the  conteifts  one 
very  large  cell,  three  or  four  smaller  and  several  quite  small  ones. 
On  tlie  upper  part  of  the  penis  the  large  ganglion  genitale,  of  about 
the  diameter  of  0.3  mm.,  rounded,  partly  covered  with  black  pigment^ 
consisting  of  only  rather  small  cells ;  in  the  first  parts  of  the  nerves 
given  off  from  the  ganglion,  one  or  two  rows  of  nervous  cells  of  the 
same  kind  as  in  the  ganglion. 

The  eyes  with  black  pigment,  yellow  lens;  the  optic  nerve  rather 
long.  As  chalk-white  points  the  otocysts  were  situated  on  the  hinder 
part  of  the  ceri'bral  ganglia,  where  they  touched  the  pedal  ones ;  they 
were  filled  with  solid,  yellowish  otokonia  of  about  the  usual  form  and 
size,  but,  in  both  respects,  rather  irregular.  In  the  leaves  of  the 
rhinophoria  no  s'picula.  In  the  margin  of  the  mantle  and  of  the  foot 
almost  no  spi4*ula  at  all,  but  everywhere  in  the  skin,  especially  on  the 
back  and  the  papilla,  were  an  enormous  quantity  of  large  and  small 
glandular  openings.  In  the  interstitial  connective  tissue  were  hardly 
any  calcified  cells  at  all. 

The  mouth-tube  was  about  2.3  mm.  long,  wide,  with  a  glandular  belt 
on  the  outside,  not  closed  below ;  on  the  inside  lined  with  a  yellowish 
caticula.  The  bulbus  pharyngeus  strong,  about  4.0  mm.  long,  and 
the  sheath  of  the  radula  projecting  nearly  1 .0  mm.  from  the  posterior 
part  of  the  fmder  side,  directed  straight  backwards  or  downwards  ;  the 
height  (through  the  buccal  crop)  4.0  mm.,  the  breadth  2.5  mm.     T)ie 


100  PBOCEEDINQS  OF  THE    ACADEMY  OF  [18ML 

buccal  crop  making  nearly  half  of  the  whole  bulbus,  and  of  the  uml 
form ;  the  walls  very  thick ;  the  compressed  and  rather  amall  cavitj 
communicating  through  a  long  cleft  with  the  anterior  half  of  the 
small  buccal  cavity.  The  lip-disk  (fig.  1 )  of  rounded  contour,  clothed 
throughout  its  whole  breadth  (on  each  side  to  about  0.5  mm.)  with  the 
light,  horn-yellow  colored  armature ;  the  lowest  part  of  thic^  as  nsoal 
in  the  AranthodoriJetty  injured  or  wanting;  the  breadth  of  the  bek 
decreasing  towards  the  upper  end,  where  it  is  interrupted  in  the  middk 
line,  also  at  the  lower  end.  The  armature  ( fig.  266,  36,  4 )  composed 
of  hooks,  whose  points  are  directed  forwards  (towards  the  opening  of 
the  mouth ',  nearly  like,  but  still  differing  a  little  from  those  in  the 
typical  Ac,  piloAO^  reaching  the  height  of  about  0.04  mm.,  jellowith, 
with  rounded,  bifid  or  irregularly  clefl  points.  The  lancet-shaped 
(fig.  la,  2a,  Wn)  bta<]es  at  the  inferior  angle  of  the  mouth  as  usual. 
The  tongue  with  nine  or  ten  series  of  plates,  farther  backwards 
thirtt^en  to  (iftet^i  develo|)ed  and  three  undeveloped  series ;  the  total 
number  in  this  way,  twenty-five  to  twenty-eight.  The  large  laterd 
plates  n  lutively  larg(*r  than  in  the  Ac,  piloHaj  and  (fi*^,  [\^  ()>  lets 
thick  in  th<;  anterior-inferior  part  of  the  body,  with  relatively  larger 
hook ;  tlie  denticulation  of  this  last  much  weaker  and  much  more 
irre<;ular;  in  one  spr*eimcn  generally  two  to  four  denticles,  sometimes 
only  a  few  very  insij^nificant  ones  or  none  at  all  (fig.  6) ;  and  this  was 
th(*  c:i<e  witli  tlie  otiier  s(>ecinien,  in  which  only  some  few  plates  showed 
two  >niall  <l<-nticlfsJ  The  outer  lateral  plates  as  in  the  typical  form, 
-icanM'ly  nion*  than  fn)m  four  to  six. 

The  salivary  jrlands  whitisli,  rather  strong  at  their  short  first  part, 
in  the  n  -t  of  their  len<ith  thin  ,  ti«!.  7),  aeeompanying  the  M^tciphagus 
to  the  «*anli:i  ;   the  tliiet  rather  sliort  .  fi*^.  7fi  . 

The  u-o|»ha;iUH  tnrining  a  little  erop,-  with  thin  walls  and  longiia- 
ilinal  f't'hN  on  th«'  iii<iile  ;  in  iUv  rest  of  its  length  rather  thin.  The 
•itoniaeh  rath*  r  <nialK  witli  the  u<ual  biliary  a{H'rtures.  The  inteistine 
■  ti;:.  **'/  »ii»in»what  inthiteil  in  its  first  part,  with  many  rather  strong 
folii"  ami  OIK-  partienhirly  thiek  ;  a  litth'  over  the  point,  where  it 
a|»|M'ar«;  on  thi*  >urtat-e  ot'  the  vi.MMTal  mass,  on  the  right  sitle,  a  little* 
^•■an-»Iy  |M«l«irnMil:itiMl  ha;:  fi^X-  ^f'  .  '»f  th»'  lrn;:th  of  1.0  lo  l.i*."*  mm., 
with  tin*-,  li>n;:itn<liital  loitN  ;  the  re<t  <»r  the  inte>tin«'  fi^:.  Si-  S4»me- 
what  riarruutr;  th<'    total    leni^tli  of  tlie  intestine  about    Ti  (t  to  lo.O 

'  AlMi.Hiuh  v«-ry  liko  thr  phitrs  of  tlio  Athintic  fonn,  they  still  bt»re  a 
.'*4»int'w)i.it  |xM*uliai'  a«>]>e«*t. 

(  f.  my  <iatttin^'rn  iionliM.-her  Dtiridrn,  I.e.,  Taf.  xix,  fig,  14. 


1880.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES   OF  PHILADELPHIA.  101 

mm.,  bj  a  diameter  of  1.0  to  1.5  mm.  The  contents  of  the  stomach 
and  of  the  intestine  indeterminable  animal  matter,  mixed  with  an 
enormous  quantity  of  different  and  partly  very  handsome  forms  of 
Diatomacese,  with  some  polythalamia  and  some  small  copepoda^  and 
fragments  of  the  same. 

The  liver  about  9-9.5  mm.  long  by  a  breadth  (at  the  forepart)  of 
6.5-5.5  and  a  height  of  6.25-6.0  mm. ;  the  posterior  half  somewhat 
pointed,  the  anterior  notably  flattened  and  excavated  on  the  right  side ; 
around  the  cardia  the  liver  appeared  naked  (not  covered  by  the  her- 
maphroditic gland)  of  (greenish)  gray  color,  in  sections  it  was-  yel- 
lowish. 

The  ramifications  of  the  aorta  nearly  as  in  the  typical  DorididcB,^ 
the  root  of  the  posterior  aorta  still  longer  and  the  Art.  syringis  renalis 
stronger  and  more  ramified.  The  sanguineous  gland  yellowish-white, 
rather  flattened,  of  irregular  triangular  form,  lobulated,  about  3.5  mm. 
long. 

The  renal  chamber  large ;  the  yellowish- white  renal  syrinx  about 
0.75  mm.  long,  its  tube  somewhat  more  than  twice  as  long,  imme- 
diately continuous  with  the  tube  on  the  floor  of  the  renal  chamber. 

The  hermaphroditic  gland  easily  distinguishable  from  the  liver 
through  its  more  whitish  color;  the  secondary  (ovigerous)  lobes  rather 
small ;  in  the  lobes  zousperms  and  large  oogene  cells.  The  anterior 
genital  mass  of  plano-convex  heart-shape  with  the  point  down  and 
backwards ;  the  length  about  5.0  mm.  by  a  breadth  of  4.0  and  a  height 
of  5.0  mm.  The  ampulla  of  the  very  thin  and  white  hermaphroditic 
duct  resting  on  the  upper  posterior  part  of  the  mucous  gland,  yellow, 
short  and  thick  (4.0  mm.  long  by  a  diameter  of  about  1.25  mm.  form- 
ing a  simple  ansa.  The  vas  deferens  yellowish,  strong,  resting  upon 
the  upper  side  Of  the  genital  mass  with  its  large  coils  and  freely  de- 
scending before  its  anterior  margin  to  the  penis,  constricted  about  the 
(fig.  9c)  middle  of  its  total  length  (30.0-35.0  mm.).  The  penis  forming 
the  end  of  the  spermatoduct  somewhat  thicker,  about.  2.0  mm.  long, 
somewhat  curved  ;  its  lower  part  hollow,  the  rest  solid  and  prominent 
in  the  cavity  of  the  former  as  a  cylindrical  glans  of  the  length  of  about 
0  6  mm.  The  glans  with  about  ten  series  of  yellowish  hooks,  which 
from  a  rather  large  basis  raised  to  the  height  of  about  0.04  mm. ;  the 
continuation  of  the  armature  reaching  through  the  interior  of  the  glans 
and  of  the  spermatoduct  nearly  up  to  the  stricture  of  the  last,  but  the 

1  Ct  my  Malacolog.  Unters.  (Semper^  Philipp.)  Tab.  XLVin,  fig.  11. 


102  PROCEEDINGS   OF   THE   ACADBMT  OF  [1980. 

number  of  scries  here  smuller,  about  five  to  eight.  The  spennatothecft 
whiti^h,  forming  an  oval  bag  of  3.0  mm.  largest  diameter ;  the  ffperm*- 
tocysta  yellowish,  of  l.:i-1.5  mm.  largest  diameter,  the  ducts  as  in  the 
typical  Ac,  pi'fvsa  The  chi(;f  duct,  too,  very  (about  25.0  mm.)  loii|^ 
rolled  up  in  many  coils,  partly  spirnl,  the  diameter  varying  between  abooC 
0  3  and  0.7r>  mm. ;  the  last  fourth  of  the  duct  (vagina)  with  scattered 
black  pigment,  somewhat  narrower  and  with  a  rather  strong  retractor 
muscle  at  its  commencement ;  the  interior  of  this  duct  with  f<ome  few 
strong  longitudinal  folds,  clothed  with  a  cuticula,  and  under  the  same  a 
very  line  layer  of  round  and  angulated  cells  with  a  large  round  or  otiI 
nucleus  of  the  diameter  of  about  0.4  mm.  and  a  rather  large  yellow 
nucleolus  <  Tl.  X,  fig.  13).  In  the  cavity  of  the  vagina  more  or  lets 
s|>erma.*  The  mucous  gland  yellowish  and  white ;  the  central 
(albuminous  gland)  yellow ;  the  duct  with  scattered  black  pigment 
the  outside  (also  on  the  outside  of  the  lower  part  of  the  |)eni8), 
the  usutil  fold.  The  vestibulum  genitale  with  black  pigment  on  the 
folds,  the  same  pigment  was  seen  in  the  lowest  part  of  the  cavity  of 
the  penis  and  of  the  vagina  and  on  the  folds  of  the  duct  of  the  mucout 
gland. 

A  very  similar  animal,  but  *'  with  brown  mantle,'*  was  dredged  by 
Dall  in  Kyska  Harbor  (Aleutians)  in  July,  1873,  on  sand,  at  a  depth 
of  nine  to  fourteen  fatlioms. 

It  wa5  of  larg<^  size  ;  the  length  21.0  mm.,  by  a  bn'adth  of  1 1.0  and 
a  height  of  IKU  mm. ;  the  margin  of  the  mantle  2.0  mm.  broad,  tlie  fool 
ti.O  mm.  broad  ;  the  height  of  tlie  rhinoplioria  and  of  the  gill  3  mm.; 
the  genital  aprrture  .'!.()  mm.  broad.  The  color  dirty  brown  on  the 
up{KT  >id(' ;  the  rhinoplioria  and  the  branchial  leaves  yrllowi>h,  dotted 
with  ^M'ayi-'li,  i-spi-eially  on  the  stalk  of  the  rhinophoria  ;  the  Side  of 
th<?  foot  \illo\vi>ii,  the  undtT  side  of  the  animal  whiti>li  :  tlie  under 
-iilr  e\rr\\\ln'n*  with  an*  t*nornious  quantity  of  gray  anit  blaek  dot*. 
Thf  nuiithrr  of  hraiiciiial  leaves  nine. 

Til.-  iHTitonciim  lda<-k. brown  ;  the  central  nervous  svstem.  eve*, 
oti»cyst-.  n*  pr  \iou"-ly  dfserihi'd.  The  bulhus  phar} ii^r'n-*  of  the 
l*'ii«:th  of    t..')  iiiin.  by  a  breadth    of  3.0  and  a  height  (with  the  erop) 

•  if  IT.)  mni.  :  tlie  .•*!it-Mtii  of  the  radula  projeeting  1.2.'>  mm.  ;  the  erop 
:iloii>-  (»t'  tli*  leiL'lit  nt'  '2.'\  mm.  and  ',].:lo  mm  broad.  The  li[»-di->k  as 
u!to\e,  till   iliiekt-niii;:^  in  the  lowest  part  of  the  mouth  1.:^  nnii.  long, 

•  »l'  uhieli   ii»:irl\  liulf  freely  projected.     On  the  tongue  nine  n»ws  of 

The   1i-i  i^'th  n|*  t)ie  ^^peiiiiatoiluet  and  the  duct  of  the  speiniatothi^ca 
'. .i;:iii;i    wu-^  iniirh  iiioio  eo:)^idL•r.ilde  than  in  thu  typical  form. 


1880.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES   OF  PHILADELPHIA.  103 

plates,  farther  backwards  eighteen  developed  and  three  younger  rows, 
the  total  number  thirty ;  the  plates  denticulated  as  previously  men- 
tioned, the  height  of  the  large  plates  rising  to  0.7  mm. ;  the  number 
4)f  external  plates  four  to  five.  The  (Esophageal  diverticle  of  a  largest 
<liameter  of  about  3.0  mm.  The  pars  pylorica  of  the  intestine  of  about 
4.5  mm.  length,  with  higher  folds  than  in  the  rest  of  the  intestine,  which 
ttad  a  length  of  about  15.0  mm. ;  the  bag  at  the  first  part  of  the  intes- 
tine 1.5  mm.  long.  The  liver  12.0  mm.  long  by  a  breadth  of  8.0  and  a 
tieight  of  6.0  mm.  The  sanguineous  glands  whitish,  5.0  mm.  long  by 
9.  breadth  of  G.O  mm.  and  2.0  mm.  thick,  convexo-concave,  the  fore-end 
flattened  (by  the  buccal  crop),  the  hinder  end  with  two  transverse  fur- 
rows (produced  by  two  coils  of  the  spermatoduct ;  the  anterior  genital 
mass  8.0  mm.  long  by  a  breadth  of  3.5  and  a  height  of  7.5  mm.  The 
ampulla  of  the  hermaphroditic  duct  5.0  mm.  long,  whitish.  The  coils 
of  the  spermatoduct  and  of  the  vagina  in  this  individual  covering  the 
upper  side  of  the  mucous  gland,  and  ascending  to  the  back  between 
the  pharyngeal  bulbus  and  the  liver ;  a  coil  of  the  former  embraced 
the  sheath  of  the  radula.  The  first  part  of  the  spermatoduct  12.0  mm. 
loDg,  the  last  of  the  length  of  about  25.0  mm  ;  the  penis  about  3.5  mm. 
^ng,  the  armature  as  usual.  The  spermatotheca  nearly  spherical,  of 
3.5  rom.  diameter  ;  the  spermatocysta  yellowish,  round,  with  a  diameter 
^  1.5  mm. ;  the  chief  duct  (vagina)  33.0  mm.  long  with  a  general 
"IOmeter  of  1.2  mm. ;  the  structure  of  the  wall  as  above  ;  the  last,  nar- 
'^''ver  part  (from  the  m.  retractor  downwards),  5.0  ram.  long.     'J  he 

'^^^tibalum,  as  well  as  the  inferior  part  of  the  vagina  and  of  the  penis, 

'•^^tili  very  scanty  black  pigment. 

^eanihodorii  csBmleioeiiB,  Bgh.,  n.  ep.    Plate  XIU,  fig.  6-7;  Plate  XIV,  fig.  16. 

^olor  paginal  superioris  corporis  cffirulescens. 

^Dentes  radulsc  hamo  per  totam  fere  longitudinem  denticulate. 

^^ab.     Mare  Beringianum  (Nunivak  Island). 

^3ne  specimen  of  this  species  was  found  by  Dall  at  the  north  end  of 
^uivak  Island,  Bering  Sea,  in  July,  1874,  on  stony  bottom,  at  the 
^^l>th  of  eight  fathoms. 

-According  to  Dall,  the  color  of  the  living  animal  was  bluish.     The 

•*^^inal  preserved  in  alcohol  had  the  length  of  1 4.0  mm.  by  a  height  of 

^O  and  a  breadth  of  8.0  mm. ;  the  length  of  the  foot  was  12.5  mm.  by 

»  V^readth  of  6.5  mm. ;  the  height  of  the  rhinophoria  2.0,  of  the  bran- 

cViial  leaves  1.5  mm.     The  color  uniformly  yellowish-white,  with  the 

^^ck  of  a  slightly  bluish  hue. 


104  PROCIEDINQS  OF  THE  ACADSMT  OF  [1 

The  form  elongate-oval.  The  back  covered  all  over  with  iiregnlar 
(the  greatest  height  reaching  about  1.5  mm.),  conical,  rmtker  aofl  mai 
flexible  papillae,  in  general  larger  than  in  the  typical  species.  Tbe 
margin  of  the  rhioophor-holes  thin,  somewhat  prominent,  with  two 
anterior  strong  tubercles  and  a  posterior  much  smaller  one ;  the 
of  the  club  rather  low,  the  latter  with  about  twentj-five  to  thirlj  h 
The  branchia  consisting  of  nine  to  ten  leaves,  the  adjacent  border  set 
with  several  strong  tubercles ;  the  branchial  leaves  quite  ts<J«ted  at 
their  base,  apparently  simply  pinnate.  The  anus  prominent,  before 
the  same  a  small  tubercle,  behind  it  a  much  larger  one.  The  marga 
of  the  mantle  rather  thin,  on  the  upper  side  covered  with  a  mass  of 
smaller  and  larger  papilhi?  and  tubercles,  the  under  side  smooth, 
head  broad,  flat,  with  prominent  rounded,  flattened  tentacaUu 
foot  broad,  rounded  behind. 

The  central  nervous  system  as  in  the  typical  species ;  the  buecal 
ganglia  rounded,  the  commissure  between  them  very  short.  The  eyes 
with  black  pigment  and  yellow  lens.  The  otocysts  a  little  smaller 
than  the  eye^,  with  numerous  otokonia  of  the  usual  form,  and  reaching 
a  length  of  0.03  mm.  The  leaves  of  the  rhinophoria  without  spicnla; 
in  the  axes  of  the  organs  large,  molecularly  calcified  cdls  and  groops 
of  smaller  calcified  cells.  In  the  papilhir  of  the  skin  of  the  back  were 
no  spiculu  at  all,  on  -their  surface  the  usual  large  quantity  of  glandular 
cells ;  in  tlie  skin  beneath  the  papill:i>  cells  and  groups  of  cells  as  in  the 
case  of  the  rhinophorin. 

The  mouth-tube  rather  wide,  with  strong  cuticula.  The  bulbw 
pharyn^jf'us  formwl  apparently  as  in  the  typical  species ;  the  lip-platr 
coiii|)os<m1  of  many  rows  of  rather  low  (the  height  rising  to  abool 
0.0'J  mm.),  very  (fig.  0)  finely  striated  columns.  The  tongue  with  ten 
rows  of  te<'tli ;  further  baek,  twenty-six  developed  and  three  andevd- 
0{>ed  rows ;  the  total  number  thus  thirty-nine.  The  lateral  plates 
large,  yellow,  of  usual  form,  with  a  series  of  denticles  along  nearly 
the  whole  of  the  inner  margin  of  the  hook  (fig.  Ifia).  The  external 
plates  c(>l(>rl(*ss,  eight  in  number;  somewhat  depressed  (fig.  7,  16;« 
obliquely  rising  from  the  cuticula  of  the  tongue  (fig.  7  \  of  nearly  equal 
size  cxorpting  the  outermost  (fig   1<)6),  which  is  much  smaller. 

Tiie  salivary  glands  seemed  of  the  usual  form.  The  (esophagus  and 
the  stomiu'h  as  usual.  The  intestine  issuing  from  the  liver  at  the 
roiddlt'  <»f  its  length  on  the  l<*ft  side,  rather  short.  The  liver  of  the 
length  of  about  1).0  mm.  by  a  breadth  and  a  height  of  about  4.3  mm. : 


1880.]  NATURAL  8CIEN0ES   OF  PHILADELPHIA.  105 

the  right  anterior  half  excavated  (on  account  of  the  anterior  genita 
mass) ;  the  color  brownish-gray. 

The  heart  and  the  sanguineous  gland  as  usual,  also  the  renal  cham- 
ber and  the  renal  syrinx. 

The  hermaphroditic  gland  by  its  yellowish  color  contrasting  with 
the  liver,  clothing  the  under  side,  part  of  the  left  side,  and  its  right 
anterior  half.  The  anterior  genital  mass  rather  compressed,  about 
(>.0  mm.  long  by  a  breadth  of  2.0  mm.  The  ampulla  of  the  hermaphro- 
ditic duct  rather  short,  sausage-shaped,  about  2,3  mm.  long,  curved 
and  whitish.  The  larger  part  of  the  penis  was  gone,  but  hooks  were 
seen  in  the  remaining  part  as  in  the  typical  species.  The  sperma 
totheca  rather  large,  bag-shaped,  about  3.5  mm.  long ;  the  vagina 
rather  wide,  about  10.0  mm.  long.  The  mucous  gland  white^  and  the 
albuminous  gland  yellowish-white.^ 

This  species  seems  very  distinct  from  the  typical  one,  by  its  color 
and  by  the  different  form  of  denticulation  of  the  large  plates  of  the 
tongue. 

FOLYCEBA.TIDiB. 

This  large  family,  so  rich  in  generic  forms,  was  found  represented 
in  the  northern  Pacific  only  by  two  generic  types,  Polycera  and 
Iriophcu 

POLYCSEA,  Cuvier. 

Polyura.  Cavier,  (1812?),  Regne-anlm.,  1817,  ii,  p.  390.*    Regn«-anim., 

ed.  2,  ill,  p.  52. 
ThemUto^  Oken,  Lehrb.  der  Zool.,  1815,  p.  278. 
OufotOy  Leach,  Moll.  Britann.  Synopsis,  1852,  p.  21. 
Polycera  C,  Aid.  and  Hanc,  Observ.  on  the*  genus  PolyesrOy  Ann.  Mag. 

of  Nat  Hist.,  vi,  1841.  p.  837-842,  PI.  IX. 
Limaeia,  O.  Fr.  Muller,  Zool.  Dan.,  i,  1781,  p.  05-68.' 
PhanerohranehvM,  A.  Fr^dol  (Moquin-Tandon),  Le  monde  de  la  mer,  1864, 

PI.  xii,  figs.  1,  2. 

*  The  anterior  genital  mass  was  so  hardened  and  altered,  that  the  nature 
of  its  di£ferent  components  could  not  be  determined  with  certainty. 

*  According  to  a  note  of  Hermannsen,  under  the  genus  TJiemisto^  Oken, 
(Ind.  Gkn.  Malacoz.  primordia,  ii,  1849,  p.  572),  the  genus  Polycera  was 
established  by  Cuvier,  1812,  [but  this  is  probably  a  typographical  error, 
•tnce,  under  the  genus  Polycera  itself,  he  indicates  only  the  year  1817— 
Dall,]  (cf.,  1.  c,  p.  314). 

*  Limada,  Hartm.,  Neue  Alpina,  i,  1821,  p.  208  {Arion,  F^r.). 

8 


106  PROCEEDINQS  OF  THE   ACADEMT  OF  [188A. 

LimbuA  frontalis  digitatua  vel  tubercuUtttu.  Branchia  5— 7-foUata. 
A  ppcndices  dorsales  Textrabranchiales)  1-3.  Tentacala  breYia,  lobi- 
tbrmia. 

Lamellii^  mandibulares  latcrales  fortep,  sat  applanatv.  Radda 
rhachide  nuda;  pleuris  dentibus  lateralibus  hamatis  duobns  (margiae 
luevi ),  interno  minore,  externo  majore,  et  dentibus  extemos  4-8. 

Prostata  magna ;  pleuris  ut  in  omnibus  Poljceratis. 

The  genus  Polycera  was  established  by  Cuvier  ( 1812  ?),  to  receive 
the  Dorin  quadrilineata  of  Miiller  and  (in  1830)  allied  forms ;  a  few 
years  afterwards  (1815 ),  and  not  knowing  the  genus  of  Cuvier*  Okeo 
formed  his  ThemiMoy  nearly  identical  with  the  Polycera  of  Cuvier.* 
The  Cuffra  of  Leach  ( 1852),  is  entire-y  congeneric  with  the  genera 
of  Cuvier  and  Oken,  as  is  also  very  likely  the  Phanerobranchus  of 
A.  Fn'dol  ( Moquin-Tandon ).  The  Limacia  of  O.  Fr.  Muller  ( 1781). 
contains  a  whole  series  of  different  Nudibranchiataj  among  them  the 
D.  quadriliueatay  and,  as  first-named  species,  the  D.  verrucosa;  the 
name  cannot  therefore  be  employed  here. 

Although,  til  rough  Cuvier  and  Alder  (1841),  their  external  char- 
acters were  somewhat  made  known,  still  Polycera^  like  so  many 
other  NudibranrhiatOy  remained  very  superficially  known,  until  the 
large  monograph  of  Alder  and  Hancock,*  that  first  really  unveiled 
thv'iT  external  and  internal  structure,  although  Prey  and  Leuckart' 
had  given  some  anatomical  n(>tices  of  these  animaU.  Lately  more 
li^rht  lias  Im'^ii  spread  over  the  northern  s(>ecie8  of  the  group,  through 
the  investigation!*  of  Meyer  and  Moebius,'  and  of  G.  O.  Sars.^ 

The  true  Pofycera  shows  a  form  of  bo<ly  <*ommon  to  the  whoI«* 
family.     The  well-develo|M;d  frontal  margin  is  more  or  Icfls  curved  in 

•  A  i-nreful  8oarch  has  failed  to  find  any  other  ground  for  suppoRin^  that 
Cuvier  de.seribijd  the  j;enuH  Polyreru  in  1812,  or  at  any  date  before  1M|7,  lu 
that  the  1^12  of  HermannHon  is  aliii<»st  certainly  mcivly  a  misprint.  The 
iiaine  ThemiitOf  of  Okcii,  if  congeneric,  should  therefore  take  precedence. 

— I)  ALL. 

'  Alder  un<l  Hanco<'k,  Mono;;r.  Hrit.  Xudibr.  Moll.,  Part  3,  1A4^  fam.  1, 
PI.  j:'. ;  Part  I,  1848,  lam.  1,  PI.  24  ;  Part  .\  1S.")1,  fum.  1,  PI.  22 ;  Part  6. 
I<'i4,  f.4ni.  1,  PI.  17  (aniit.  I)  ;  I*:ut  7,  18.M,  PI.  40  mipplem.  fign.  2i\  21. 

•  Kr^y  and  lA'uckurt,  Beitr.  zur  Kenntn.  wirbelloHC  Thiere,  1847,  p.  (Wl- 
70,  taf.  i.  fi«.  12,  1:J. 

'  M»->er  and  Mo<*bius,  Pauna  der  Kieler  Hucht,  i,  1865.  p.  49-57,  m.  2 
taf.  und  taf.  iv,  A,  H. 

•  <;.  <J.  Sarh,  Moll.  rog.  ant.  Norv.,  187H,  p.  312,  31.%  Tab.  xiv,  fig.  14  \K 


1880.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES   OF   PHILADELPHIA.  107 

the  middle,  with  its  free  margin  tuberculated  or  digitate.  The  frontal 
veil  is  continued  in  a  more  or  less  tuberculated  ridge,  that  limits  the  true 
back,  and  posteriorly  ends  in  a  single  strong  or  in  several  smaller 
dorsal  (branchial)  appendices  on  the  outside  of  and  behind  the  region 
of  the  gill.  The  true  back  with  longitudinal  rows  of  more  or  less 
developed  connected  tubercles,  sometimes  forming  low  longitudinal 
ridges.  The  number  of  leaves  in  the  club  of  the  rhinophoria  is  not 
large.  The  gill  is  composed  of  a  moderate  number  (^ve  to  seven)  of 
leaves,  which  are  either  simply  pinnate  or  composite  (bi-  or  tripinnate). 
The  tentacles  are  small,  flattened  or  auriculate.  The  jaws  or  man- 
dibular plates  in  form  somewhat  recall  those  of  the  .^EoltdiidtE,  strong, 
flattened,  sometimes  with  a  peculiar  superior  process.  The  rhachis  of 
the  radula  naked ;  on  the  pleurae  two  large  hook-formed  lateral  teeth, 
of  which  the  outer  is  much  larger  than  the  inner ;  at  the  outside  of 
the  laterals  are  four  to  eight,  somewhat  flattened  uncinaB.  A  large 
prostate  gives  the  genital  apparatus  a  particular  feature ;  the  arma- 
ture of  the  penis  is  of  the  usual  kind. 

About  the  biological  relations  of  Polycera  Yery  Utile  is  known,  as 
usual  among  the  Nudihranchiata,  The  spawn  of  the  most  common 
northern  species  is  known,  and  a  part  of  the  developmental  history 
Las  been  investigated  by  Ray  Lankester.^ 

A  small  number  of  species  have  been  described  by  different  authors 
In  the  course  of  years.  Alder  and  Hancock  (Monogr.  part  7,  1855, 
p.  45,  XYllI)  established  and  rather  well  characterized  two  groups 
of  Polycera;  according  to  these  authors  Gray  soon  after  (Quide  I, 
1857,  p.  213)  denominated  these  groups  Polycera  (typical)  and  PaitOj 
which  perf^aps  might  be  conserved  as  subgenera. 

I.  POLYCSBA  (striote). 

Margo  limbi  frontalis  digitatus.     Folia  branehialia  simplieiter  pin- 
nata ;  appendices  dorsales  (branchiales)  singula?  majores. 
Lamellse  mandibulares  processu  superiori  alseformi. 

1.  P.  quadrilineata  (O.  F.  Muller).    M.  Atlanticum ;  Mediterraneum. 

2.  P.  horrida,  Hesse.  Joum.  de  Conchyliol.,  8  S.,  XllI,  4, 1873,  p.  845.   M. 

Atlanticum. 

*  Ray  Lankester,  Contrib.  to  the  Developm.  hist  of  Moll^  Philos. 
Trans.,  MDCCCLXXV,  p.  29,  PI.  10,  f.  1-9. 

Meyer  and  Moebius  have,  moreover,  given  a  figure  of  the  shell  of  the 
embiyo  of  their  Pol.  oceUaia  (I.  c,  fig.  10). 


108  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ACADEMT  OF  [1880. 

n.  P,  plebiia,  JjOT^n.    Ind6x  Moll.,  1846,  p.  6.*    M.  Atlantioain. 

4.  P.  doriformii  (Quatref.).    PhaDerobranche  doriforme.    Moqnin-TudM 

(pieud.  A.  Fh^dol)  Le  monde  de  la  mer.,  1864,  PI.  XII,  fig.  1.     M. 

Medi  terraneum . 
T).  P,  eanteriata  {Qutitref,)    Phan^robrancbe  a  clievrODs.    Moqain-Tandott 

(doj  1.  c,  pi.  XII,  f.  2.    M.  Mediterraneum. 

II.  PALIO,  Or»7. 

Margo  limbi  frontalis  tuberculatus.     Folia  branchialia  bi-  Tel  Iri- 
pinnata ;  appendices  dorsales  (branchiales)  minores,  compluref. 
Lamelliu  mandibulares  simplices  (sine  processu  superiori). 

6.  P.  Lesionii  (d'Orb.).    Pol  oedlata,  A.  et  II.    M.  Atlanticinii. 

7.  P.  pudiea^  Lov^.    Ind.  Moll.,  1846,  p.  6.    M.  AUanticum. 

8.  P.  pallida.  Bgb..  n.  sp.    M.  Paciiicum. 

\K  P,  dubia,  San.    Bidr.  til  8uedyron^s.  Naturh.,  1839,  p.  13.     Tab.  t, 
iig.  5,  6.    Loven,  Ind.  Moll.,  1846,  p.  6.    M.  Atlanticam  aapi. 

10.  P.  f  Cookii,  Angas.   Journ.  do  ConcbyL,  3  S.,  IV,  1,  1864»  p.  58 ;  PL  Y, 

f .  6.    M.  Paciflcum. 

11.  P.  rCaperms,  Quoy  et  Gaim.    Voy.  de  rUranie.  Zool.,  1834,  p.  417; 

PI.  66.  f.  4.    M.  Capense.^ 

P.  jMaiida,  Bgh.,  D  fip.     rUte  XV,  fig.  14;  Plato  XVI,  fig.  1-9. 

Color  flayescens.     Brancbia  sexfoliata. 

Lanielhr  mandibulares  fere  ut  in  Pol.  Z^ssontt\  sed  magis  eloDgmt». 
Armatiira  lingualis  fere  ut  in  Pol.  Lessonii;  dentea  extcrni  5. 
I/tth.     Oc.  Paciiicum  septentr. 

Of  tbid  form  Dall  dredged  a  single  individual  in  June,  1873,  at 
Kysku  Harbor  (Aleutians),  at  tbe  deptb  of  ten  fatbom^  on  rocky 
bottom.  According  to  Dull,  tbe  color  of  tbe  living  animal  was  **yel- 
lowibb-wbite." 

Tbe  lengtli  of  tbe  animal  preserved  in  spirits  was  7.0  mm.,  with  a 
beigbt  of  4.0  and  a  breadtb  of  3.0  mm. ;  tbe  beigbt  of  tbe  branchial 
braves  about  1 .0  mm.,  also  that  of  tbe  rbinopboria ;  tbe  breadth  of  the 

'  **  ViridifuM^i,  sulpburco  macuhitii,  papilUs  frontiH  10,  brancbiali 
utrinquc  una  iM>Ktica  maj<»re  ;  11  mm.  Hobus/'  lAtvvn. 

Til  is,  a.s  wrll  as  tliu  other  new  Poly  re  nr  of  I»vi'ii,  bas  not  since  been 
sei'U  (<'!'.  (1.  o.  Sans  Moll.  leg.  artt.  Nor>-.,   1H7S,  p.  \n:\). 

Of  thf  throe  -not  too  naturally  rcpit'soiited)  **  Polyccnu  *'  of  A.  Fredol 
(MtMpiiii  Taiuioii  ,  the  one  (1.  v.  PI.  XU,  tig.  Oi  Si'em.s  to  be  the  P0I. 
Le$ivrtii.  tbe  otbt-r  two  >fig.  3,  4;  belong  undoubtedly  to  tbe  geniu 
Thfcacfra. 


1880.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES   OP   PHILADELPHIA.  109 

foot  2.0  mm.     The  color  of  the  animal  whitish,  that  of  the  rhinophoria 
and  the  branchial  leaves  more  yellow  ;  the  margin  of  the  foot  white. 

The  form  as  usual.  The  head  rounded,  with  a  prominence  on  the 
upper  lateral  part;  the  mouth  a  vertical  slit.  The  margin  of  the 
rhinophor-grooves  plain.  The  stalk  of  the  rhinophoria  nearly  as  high 
as  the  club,  cylindrical ;  the  club  rather  flattened,  with  about  fifteen 
leaves;  before  the  rhinophoria  a  low  transverse  frontal  veil  with 
scarcely  more  than  two  prominences ;  the  veil  continued  backwards  as 
a  rather  indistinct  prominent  line  on  each  side  of  the  smooth  rounded 
back ;  the  pericardial  region  a  little  prominent ;  behind  the  middle  of 
the  length  of  the  back,  the  gill  with  six  tripinnate  leaves  in  a  slight 
curve  ;  behind  them  the  quite  low  anal  nipple,  and  towards  the  right 
side  the  renal  pore ;  behind  the  gill  a  little  flattened  space  with  a  slight 
crest  on  each  side  with  three  papillie.  The  sides  of  the  body  rather 
high.  In  the  region  of  the  anterior  angles  of  the  foot  the  genital 
papilla  with  the  everted  penis  (without  its  recurved  point,  0.75  mm. 
high),  and  below  it  a  folded  lamella,  the  duct  of  the  mucous  gland.  The 
foot  rather  narrow,  of  nearly  the  same  breadth  ;  the  rounded  anterior 
angles  somewhat  prominent ;  a  fine  furrow  in  the  anterior  margin. 

The  intestines  indistinctly  appearing  through  the  walls  of  the  body. 
The  peritoneum  colorless,  nearly  without  spicula. 

The  central  nervous  system  (&g.  1)  very  depressed;  the  cerebral 
ganglia  of  rounded-triangular  form,  a  little  larger  than  the  more 
rounded  visceral  (fig.  la);  the  pedal  ones  more  pyriform,  a  little 
larger  than  the  last ;  the  (proximal)  olfactory  ganglia  bulbiform,  not 
quite  as  large  as  the  buccal  ones,  which  were  {dg.  lb)  of  rounded  form, 
connected  by  a  not  very  short  commissure ;  the  gastro-oesophageal 
ganglia  of  about  one- eighth  of  the  size  of  the  former,  rounded.^  The 
three  inferior  (subcerebral,  visceral,  and  pedal)  commissures  (^or  at 
least  the  visceral  one)  free. 

The  eyes  (fig- 1)  short-stalked,  with  black  pigment  and  pale  yellowish 
lens.  The  otocysts  (fig.  1 )  in  their  usual  place,  very  short-stalked, 
with  about  eighty  otokonia  of  the  ordinary  kind.  In  the  stalk  of  the 
rhinophoria  some  scattered  yellowish  thick  spicula,  of  the  same  kind 
as  in  the  skin  of  the  back ;  none,  on  the  contrary,  in  the  leaves  of  the 
club.  In  the  skin  some  scattered,  yellowish,  thick,  straight  or  curved 
spicula,  mostly  of  about  0.15-0.3  mm.  in  length,  and  of  the  usual 
form.     In  the  interstitial  tissue  very  few  larger  spicula. 

'  In  the  other  species  of  Polycera  I  have  examined.  I  never  saw  gastro- 
CBSophagoal  ganglia,  nor  any  in  Euplocamtu  or  in  Ploeamoph&rui. 


110  PBOCEEDINOS   OF  TOE   ACADEMY   OF  [1880 

The  oral  tube  whitish,  of  about  1.0  niin.  length,  wide.  The  bulbiM 
pharyngcus  clear  brownish-yellow,  somewhat  pyriform,  with  oblique 
flattened  posterior  end,  in  length  about  1.0,  by  a  height  of  oeariy  1.3, 
and  a  breadth  of  1.5  mm. ;  the  sheath  of  the  radula  a  little  promineni 
downwards,  and  to  the  left  from  the  hindemiost  part  of  the  under  «ide  of 
the  bulbus.  The  lip-disk  clothed  with  a  brownish -yellow  cuticula,  that 
is  continued  into  the  two  mandibular  plates  behind  the  lip-disk  at  the 
entrance  of  the  oral  cavity,  the  form  of  the  mandible  could  nol  be 
determined  with  certainty  ;  a  yellowish  cuticula  clothes  the  rest  of  the 
cavity.  The  tongue  with  ten  rows  of  plates,  further  backwards  nx 
developed  and  two  younger  rows ;  the  total  number  eighteen.'  The 
rhachis  (fig.  2)  not  Y&ry  narrow.  The  i>lates  yellow.  The  length  of 
the  first  plate  about  0.11,  of  the  second  0.20,  of  the  inmost  of  the  ex* 
temal  plates  0.14,  of  the  following  0.12,  O.IO,  0  08  and  0.06  mm.  {all 
from  the  hinder  part  of  the  sheath).  The  first  lateral  plate  (fi|(.  ^ao* 
5,  G)  formed  somewhat  as  in  the  P.  J^ssonii,  the  hook  still  smaller; 
the  second  of  the  same  form,  but  larger  (fig.  2bb,  3),  the  hooks  much 
larger,  especially  the  anterior,  which  is  broader  and  excavated  (ti«s.  ?)• 
More  outwards  five  external  plates  (fig.  2cc),  all  with  a  crest,  which  u 
larger  in  the  two  innermost ;  adjoining  the  outermost  of  these  plates 
several  longitudinal  folds  of  the  lingual  cuticula,  which  sometimes 
simulate  one  to  two  plates  more  (fig.  2). 

The  salivary  glands  whitish,  elongate.  The  (rsophagus  rather  wide, 
tlie  stomach  inclosed  in  the  liver.  Tlic  intestine  appearing  at  the 
middle  of  the  length  of  the  liver  a  little  to  tlie  left,  at  the  bottom  of  a 
deep  and  large  cavity  in  the  upper  side  of  the  liver ;  thtj  pyloric  part 

'  Arconling  to  Alder  and  llaiirt>rk  (Muimj;.  Part  VII,  1RV>,  1*1.  41  snp- 
pieiiient,  liu'.  •<^  '-M  *,  the  iiuinl»er  of  rows  was  tiflocn  in  the  Potpcrm  ^uttd- 
rUineata^  Mxtecn  in  the  1*.  ocellata  thirteen  in  the  /*.  Lrnnonii  :  Alder  .ind 
lI:ine<N'k  Kiw  1.  v.  four  external  pl.ites  in  the  Pol.  tjuadrilinenta^  tiw  in 
/'.  oct Until,  and  six  in  /*.  Lfumtnii.  Meyer  and  M<»obius  saw  liv«j  t(»  M*veD 
external  plates  in  their  Potprerti  orfHata,  whiNt  the  nunilter  of  niH>  I.  c. 
1*1.  .')n  is  n«»te<l  as  thirteen  to  fifteen;  in  the  /*.  qnadrUiueiiUi  X\\cy  Iniuid 
fniir  to  fiv(>  «>xternal  plates  and  twi'lve  to  thirteen  rows.  In  four  s|h-4  iniem 
of  /'"/.  ifititlrilinfata  I  saw  six  U*  ei;;ht  i-ows  on  the  ton^^ne,  moie  l>.ick- 
wsids  six  to  seven  developed,  and  one  not  (piite  (1(>vc1o|k-<I  n>w  ;  tlit*  tutal 
iinntlxT  of  rowr«  was  fonrti'en  t^  tifteon.  In  all  siK^einiens  there  wt-ie  l^ut 
four  extrrnal  plates.  In  t'onr  s}K'4*in)ens  nt'  /'"/.  f.e»nohii  I  saw  nine  to  ten 
rt»ws  iiii  tlif  ton^ne,  more  hack  wards  ei^ltt  to  st'\i*n  or  tive  de\fl«i]<d« 
aiwl  a -iii^lc  not  d(-\('lnp((i  iM\\;  tlu-  total  number  «>f  io%%s  was  hixtceu  to 
eiulitecn.     In  all  the  sin'cimens  there  were  ei;;ht  external  i>lates. 


1880.]  NATUBAL   SCIENCES   OF  PHILADELPHIA.  Ill 

i 

of  the  intestine  rather  wide,  its  curve  reaching  to  the  bulbus  pharjn- 
geus.  The  liver  about  5.0  mm.  long  by  a  breadth  of  3.5  and  a  height 
of  d.25  mm. ;  the  form  conical,  the  posterior  end  rounded,  the  anterior 
moeh  broader,  flattened  and  adjoining  another  flattening  on  the  infe- 
rior part  of  the  right  side  of  the  organ  ;  the  color  was  yellowish. 

The  sanguineous  gland  of  quadrangular  form,  of  a  diameter  of  about 
1.5  mm.,  whitish. 

The  hermaphroditic  gland  with  its  yellowish-white  lobes  covering 
nearly  the  whole  surface  of  the  liver :  in  the  lobes  large  odgene  cells. 
The  anterior  genital  mass  of  the  length  of  about  4.0  mm.  by  a  height 
of  3.0  and  a  breadth  of  1.5  mm.  The  ampulla  of  the  hermaphroditic 
dvct  resting  on  the  inferior  margin  of  the  genital  mass,  whitish, 
straight,  of  the  length  of  3.0  mm  by  a  diameter  of  about  0.5  mm. 
At  the  anterior  end  of  the  ampulla  a  flattened  body  (prostate)  that 
freely  projects  before  the  anterior  margin  of  the  rest  of  the  genital 
mass  ;  it  was  of  about  the  same  length  as  the  ampulla,  but  nearly  twice 
as  broad ;  the  cavity  of  the  organ  rather  large  and  the  walls  rather 
thin.  The  prostate  slopes  gradually  into  the  thin  but  strong  spermato- 
duct,  which  is  about  6.0  mm.  long  and  terminates  in  the  penis,  which 
was  short,  conical  (fig.  8a,  9),  about  0.75  mm.  long,  and  terminated 
in  a  somewhat  flexible,  yellowish  glans  (fig.  8,  9,  14),  of  the  length  of 
about  0.37  mm.  by  a  diameter  at  the  base  of  about  0.09,  and  at  the 
point  of  0.037  mm. ;  through  the  largest  part  of  its  length  it  was 
covered  with  (in  all  about  twelve)  series  of  small  chitinized  crests, 
which  did  not  surpass  the  height  of  about  0.0025  mm.  (fig.  14);  the 
armature  only  continued  through  a  short  part  of  the  interior  of  the 
spermatoduct.  The  spermatotheca  spherical ;  the  spermatocysta  pyri- 
form,  filled  with  sperma.  The  cordate  mucous  gland  whitish  and 
yellowish- white  (fig.  Sb), 

This  species  approaches  to  the  PoL  Lessonit,  but  seems  even  dif- 
ferent in  color  from  that  and  the  other  Atlantic  forms,  and  also  diflers 
in  the  slight  development  of  the  frontal  veil  and  of  the  lateral  crests  of 
the  back,  as  well  as  in  the  number  of  the  external  plates  of  tongue, 
and^  in  the  nature  of  the  armature  of  the  penis. 


*  The  armature  of  the  penis  of  Polyc.  quadrilineata  (hitherto  the  only 
species  in  which  an  armature  has  been  described)  as  figured  by  Friele  and 
Hansen  (1.  c.  Tab.  II,  fig.  3)  is  very  di£ferent  from  that  of  the  Pacific  spe- 
cies, and  that  difference  has  been  confirmed  by  my  examination  of  typical 
specimens. 


Hi  pmorm-isG*  rr  the  jicAnsiT  or  [Ir 

TXXOFXA.  B^r^-.,  i-  ^a. 

FoTTLA.  rorp'^rl's  f»-rc-  u:  ia  Tritj^.i*,  »;•.  u:  t|u«>^Ge  iii;ir^  froot*- 

.1.4 :  zZiAr^o  'lontAiis  a('[A:L'ii«.-i'L-ri9  nvomJIid  Qtjdo*U  vrl  Nreve 
ratiO-i-.  TtrfitACulA  cou4j.r»r-?^.«-p-Aul*iorTnt:»  laurifoniiui/ :  rhino- 
pLoriA  rntra^'tilLi.  cLiTu  (jrrfvliato.  Braiivhui  iiniO'iurfuIiAta. 
foli.**  tripirifiati*. 

O-*  lan.'-liii  'i>iab»i'»  f-jrti'-rlb'i*  c  bacilli^  luinuiU  t>»nipi.»s»iti* 
ariiiri*.  i.fii.  Lih:;ii:i  rLnchMv  «It-nLil'ii<»  >piirii««  (4  :  pltruri»  'K'nti- 
be-  iat'-ralibun  i*-l  (corj-oix-  pr'^ov^-^u  aLk*foruii  trt  Luimo  a|>- 
planato  in-triic:I->  et  Mrric  •kntium  t-xternoruiu  (li>-ll>  ariuAtis. 

Pro-iaU  ; 

TU\<  interc-«<tin2  f«>nii,  that  fi»nns  a  link  between  Pol^jctrm 
an'l  Triopa  on  on**  si'lc*.  and  the  £*t/»locnmi  on  the  other*  ap- 
]»709if:\nr^  in  on*  nearly  to  the  latter  than  to  the  former. 

In  the  exterior,  the  Triopha^  resemble  the  Tritfjtit.  but  still 
diffr-r  in  some  |KHntfl  sufficiently.  The  appendicH'^  of  the  l»ack 
:in-  more  eornj^^wite ;  the  tentaHe*«  sc-em  ditferent  from  those  of 
the  TriojtiF  (which  have  them  folde«l  lenirthwise  and  obtuse  at 
the  «-nd  :  »*ee  for  eomparison,  PI.  XV,  fig.  12  ;  thev  are  con*- 
preH-«r|  #-ijp-«i|i:i|»ed  or  aiiriculate.  The  jjill  contains  five  lea\"e«. 
Whil--t  the  Triojur  want  an  armature  of  the  true  mouth.'  the 
Triophti  MH*  |»rovided  with  two  stron;:  plates  (compos<»i!  of 
•  bn-»  ly  *-i'\.  "^tair**).  NVhiUt  th«-  rh:irhis  of  the  touLrue  in  the 
Trt"p*/  !•<  nakid,  tlie  Trtitph(r  show  f«»iir  r:il«i<'  plates,  ("bossies"  of 
|l:ill.  ^iiiipU*  tliickcniiiir*^  of  the  base  iiiembi-ane  of  the  railnlai. 
hi-n- ;  iii-t(ad  of  the  two  |K'eiiliarly  foniifd  lateral  plates  on  tin* 
pli-iiiji*  in  the  7/"7oyw,^  tht*  Triaphtr  have  three  or  four  lat(*ral 
plat  I-  (with  a  wiii^-lik<'  pnK*ess  of  the  btnly  and  a  «leprv>sed 
hook)  :  with,  on  tlie  outside  of  these,  a  series  of  (ten  t«»  eleven) 
iim  iiKil  plat«s,  iirarly   as  in  the    Trinp<i\     Atter  all,  the  Trinj,h^ 

tixv  rlu-«*lv  allifil  t(»  til*'    (*nhiif\*  and  es>fnliallv  ditlor  from  tht'se 

«  »'  » 

'  Iliuin;^'  at  first  and  rather  KniK'Hicially  I'xaiiiined  the  extorior,  I  tint 
r«'t:.iMli«l  tlM"  uiiiiii.il  a*i  a  7Vi"/'<i,  ami  oalU'tl  it  n<>  [s.  part  1,  \*.  V2*<  '  T'J  , 
.iml  !l..'  IMat.H    XIV,  XV   ]. 

•  Si-»-  for  roiiipuriHou  IM.  .XIII,  li«;.  \\K 

•  N'«-  f.ii  rMiiip;iiiMm  ri.   XIV,  tii;.  *21,  22. 

•  Till"  «lia::iniHi?,  of  \hv  Cofnr  wmild  Ik*  : 

Km  ma  rt»riM»rij»  frn*  nt  in  Tiiojiis.  Vatjina*  rliinopliorialcs  caly(.Mf«>nnMi 
«itilii|ii:i'  :  ihiii**iili<iria  irtrartilia.  clavo  {MTfoliato.     Teiitaoula  aunforniia. 


1880.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES   OP   PHILADELPHIA.  113 

only  in  the  armature  of  the  tongue,  which  in  the  Colgce  exhibits 
only  a  single  series  of  (false)  rhachidian  plates  and  (on  each 
side)  two  lateral  plates  in  form  approaching  those  of  Polycera. 
The  nature  of  the  prostate  is  unknown ;  the  armature  of  the 
penis  not  differing  much  from  that  ordinary  in  the  large  group  of 
the  Polyceratidis. 

Although  somewhat  approjiching  to  the  Euplocami  in  the  form 

of  the  appendices  of  the  back,  in  the  armature  of  the  true  mouth 

and  of  the  pleurjB  of  the  tongue,  the  Triophce  still  entirely  differ 

in    the  form  of  the  tentacles,  iu  the  number  of   the  branchial 

/eaves  and  very  likely  in  the  nature  of  the  prostate. 

The   TriophdB  have  hitherto   been  only   found  in  the    Pacific 
0<5«an. 

1.  2V.  modMtOf  Bgh.  n.  sp.     Oc.  Pacificum. 

2.  ^r.  Garpenteri^  Steams.    Proc.  of  the  Cal.  Acad,  of  Sci.,  April  7,  1873, 

p.  2,  fig.  2.    Oc.  Pacificum  (California). 

Tr.     xnodesta,  Bgh.  n.  sp.     PI.  XIV.  fig.  17-20;  PI.  XV,  fig.  1-10. 
f  Triopa  Carpenteriy  Steams.  1.  c.  p.  2,  fig.  2, 


Jolor  e  flavido  albescens.     Appendices  dorsales  pauciv ;  folia 
^'^^•-iiichialia  5. 

fab.     Oc.  Pacif.  septentr. 


►f  this  form  Dall  has  obtained  a  single  individual  at  Yukon 
°^^^:*'bor  (Shumagins),  in  August,  1814,  at  a  depth  of  six  to 
^^^^^^nty  fathoms,  on  a  bottom  of  sand  and  stones.  The  color  of 
^^^^     living  animal  was,  according  to  Dall,  "  yellowish-white." 

^Sr^he  animal  preserved  in  spirits  was  of  whitish  color;  the 
^^^^^^al  appendices,  the  gill  and  the  rhinophoria  more  yellowish. 
'^'^^^  length  of  the  animal  16.0  mm.,  by  a  height  of  T.O  and  a 


l^*^^^*TiSum  papilligerum,  prsesertim  margo  frontalis  et  dorsalis.     Branchia 
;i(4-5)foliata. 
^stndibulse  triangulares,  fortes.    Kadula  fere  ut  in  Polyceratis,  dentibus 
***^^:»^libus  (2)  et  extemis  (7),  sed  prsBterea  dentibus  mcdianis  (spuriis) 
in&^:j^cta. 

^'^^rely  one  species  of  the  genus  is  yet  known,  one  of  the  first  described 

^^^'^ibranehiata,  the  Doris  lacera  of  Abildgaard  (Zool.  Dan.,  IV,  1806, 

p.  ^3,  Tab.  CXXXVIII,  fig.  3,  4),  which  has  been  found  too  on  the  coast 

oC  America  (Cf.  Verrill,  notice  of  recent-  addit.  to  the  Mar.  Fauna  of 

^«»rth  Am.,  XXXVIII.     Amer.  Jour,  of  Sc.  and  Arts,  XVI,  1873,  p.  211>. 


/ 


/ 


114  PROCEEDINGS   QF  THE  ACADEMY   OP  [ISM- 

brca<ltli  of  t)J}  mm. ;  the  height  of  the  branchial  leaves  1.25,  of 
the  rhinophoria  '2.0  mm. ;  the  breadth  of  the  foot  3.5  lum. 

The  form  as  usual.  Tlie  head  flattened  in  front,  semilunar; 
the  tentacles  eom|>ressed-c*ui>-sha|)ed,  rather  short  (alK>iit  1.0  mn. 
long  >,  truncated  at  tlie  end,  longitudinally  folded  and  ufien  at 
the  outer  side.  The  frontal  margin  not  proji»cting  much*  with 
many  smaller  and  larger  short  digitations  and  crenulntions;  in 
front  in  the  median  line  were  two  small  conical  papillae  liefoR 
the  region  of  the  rhinophoria.  The  margin  of  the  rhinophor- 
lioles  somewhat  projecting,  smooth:  the  (deeply  retracto<l)  rhino- 
phoria with  rather  short  st:ilk  ;  the  club  with  thirt^'-five  to  fortr 
rather  broad  and  thin  leaves. 

The  back  rounded  over  from  side  to  side,  without  e<»rtain  limitii 
between  it  and  the  sides  of  the  body.  At  the  latenil  part« 
of  the  b:i(*k  (on  each  side)  five  appendices;  the  first  standing  a 
little  behind  the  end  of  the  frontal  margin;  the  next  alM>ut  in 
the  middle  of  tlie  space  l»etween  the  first  and  third  ;  this  laat  a 
little  before  the  region  of  the  gill;  farther  backwanls  were  sIm) 
two  similar  ones.  The  appendices  were  elub-shaiK»d,  with  simple 
or  com|M)site  nodosities  spread  upon  their  iKxlies,  ami  especially 
at  their  bases:  the  third  was  the  largest,  reaching  the  height  of 
about  2.r>  mm.;  all  the -others  a  little  smaller,  and  all  of  al)oat 
the  same  size.  Much  smaller,  c<>nic:d  or  clul»-formed  simple 
papillM'  w«re  scantily  Mud  inegnlurlv  scattertMl  on  the  back.  The 
irill  (M»n*»i*iting  <»f  live  strong,  tri]>innate,  quite  separate  Iraves,  a 
single  aiitriior  an<l  two  lateral  pairs.  The  anal  nippb*  nearly 
in  tln'cenireof  the  jM.steiiorly  <»pcn  branchial  circle,  a  blunted, 
nearly  i'\  lindric.il  prnnrnhncc,  about  t^.f)  mm.  in  hei;j;lit  ;  at  ittf 
basr  on  iln-  ii;:ht  sid*'  and  a  little  foiwanls  was  the  verv  di**tinet 
n-nal  iM»re.  The  >idcs  of  the  bodv  rather  hiuh  an<l  smooth:  the 
L'«nitMl  niMiiiiiLi  a  ^liort  lMiii:;itiidinal  slit  Ivintr  ratiuT  t'«»rwanl8, 
with  t \\«»  M|.,niiiir^  ;it  it-,  ]M)ttniii.  The  toot  not  verv  narrow,  of 
nearly  tlie  ^:\\\\r  lui-adtli  tliroii^liout  its  whole  len;.xth  ;  theanttrior 
ImimIi  r  »  iiiai'^iiiateil  in  the  middle,  witli  a  line  line. 

Tile  lull  stilus  did  n<»t  •^liine  thnnii^h  the  integumenl>.  The 
peritoih  iiiii  ua-^  eiilorle*»s.  williout  spicula. 

Tlie  «ei,ti:d  ner\nu^  s\>teni  (1*1.  X  \" ,  tig.  1)  flaltcnid:  iho 
•  eii  |iin-\  !^i-,  i;il  .jaiiL:lia  i\\[i.  I//)  reiiit'oini,  a  little  nan^wer  at 
t^'  t'lie  I 'id  ;  tIm-  |M'il:il  oiii"«  (ti;^.  1'/'  rounded,  s»'are«  ly  larger 
f 'i.iu  •!•    \  ■.'»ii  r.d  ;  lli«-  lari^e  eniinni*-siuv     ti;i.    l-  as  usual  :  small 


1880.]  NATURAL  SCI£NG£8   OF   PHILADELPHIA.  115 

optic  ganglia  (fig.  1).  The  proximal  olfactory  ganglia  (fig.  Ic) 
bulbiform,  the  n.  olfactorii  not  very  long;  the  distal  olfactory 
ganglia  inverse  pyriform.  The  buccal  ganglia  (fig.  Idd)  ovoid, 
connected  nearly  without  commissure ;  the  gastro-oesophageal 
ganglia  small  (fig.  le),  with  one  large  cell. 

The  eyes  (fig.  1)  with  coal-black  pigment  and  yellow  lens.' 
The  otocysts  at  the  usual  place  on  the  under  side  of  the  cerebro- 
visceral  ganglionic  mass,  crowded  with  otokonia  of  the  usual 
kind  (fig.  1).  In  the  leaves  of  the  rhinophoria  no  spicula;  in' 
the  axes  and  in  the  stalk,  on  the  contrary,  spicula  of  the  same 
kind  as  in  the  skin  or  often  larger.  The  skin  with  few  and 
small  spicula  and  calcified  rounded  cells,  here  and  there  lying  in 
groups.  The  marginal  dorsal  appendices  covered  all  over  with 
above-mentioned  nodosities ;  at  their  points  perhaps  a  similar 
(but  empty)  bag  as  in  the  typical  species  (Cf.  PI.  XIII,  fig.  16, 17). 

The  anal  tube  large,  3.0  mm.  long.  The  bulbus  pharyngeus 
strong,  of  the  length  of  4.0  by  a  height  of  3.0  and  a  breadth  of 
3.3  mm. ;  the  radula-sheath  projecting  about  1.0  mm.  from  the 
hinder  part  of  the  under  side  of  the  bulbus.  The  lip-disk  rather 
convex,  with  vertical'  oral  slit  (PI.  XV,  fig.  2),  clothed  with  a 
pale  yellow  cuticula,  that  behind  the  oral  slit  on  each  side  is  con- 
tinued in  a  triangular,  brownish-yellow  lip-plate  of  a  greatest 
breadth  of  1.0  mm  (fig.  3),  narrow  at  the  inferior  end,  broader 
at  the  superior,  and  composed  of  simple,  somewhat  cun^ed,  erect 
staffs  {Qg,  4,  5)  about  0.18  mm.  in  height  (fig.  4).  The  tongue 
broad  ;  in  the  amber-yellow  radula,  thirteen  rows  of  plates, 
further  backwards  in  the  sheath,  six  developed  and  two  younger 
rows ;  the  total  number  thus  twenty-one.  The  three  foremost 
rows  of  the  tongue  very  incomplete,  reduced  to  the  outermost 
(four  to  five,  six  to  seven,  nine  to  eleven)  uncinal  plates.  The 
rhachis  rather  broad,  bearing  two  quadrangular  thickenings  of 
the  cuticula  (PL  XV,  ^g.  6a)  of  the  length  of  about  0.18-0.2 
mm.,  more  thickened  and  yellowish  in  the  anterior  margin,  other- 
wise colorless.  At  the  outer  side  of  these  median  plates  is  a 
somewhat  shorter  and  narrower  plate  (fig.  666),  of  yellowish 
color ;  in  the  posterior  rows  (PI.  XIV,  ^g,  20)  much  broader. 
The  three  succeeding  plates  brownish-j-ellow,  book-shaped,  all 
nearly  of  the  same  form  and  of  the  same  but  outwardly  slowly 

'  Alder  and  Hancock  (1.  c.  part  YI)  also  saw  small  optic  ganglia  in  the 
Triopa  elavigera. 


116  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ACADEMY  OF  [1881. 

decreasing  Bizc  (PI.  XV,  fig.  6e<f) ;  the  fourth  lateral  plate,  on 
the  tongue  especial^',  with  a  small  hook  (fig.  7a)  that  is  morr 
clevi»loi>ed  baokwanls,  and  in  tlie  four  youngest  rows  in  <levelo[«d 
quite  ( PI.  XIV,  fig.  17)  as  in  the  throe  plates  mentione^l.  On  tht 
lateral  parts  of  the  pleurie  ten  to  eleven  exti*mal  (uncinal)  plat««w 
the  four  to  five  intt»rior  (fig.  7,  Xah.  10 ;  \1bc)  with  a  more  derel- 
oi)e<l  erest,  the  rest  {i\g,  7ft)  narrower. 

The  salivary  glands  (PI.  XV,  fig.  11a)  nearly  as  long  as  tbr 
ihirX  {r\fr.  lift);  hoth  together  about  ^yS^  mm.  long,  tloscondin^ 
along  the  whole  back  si<le  of  the  bulbus  pharyngeus  ;  the  gland 
whitish,  smooth. 

The  oesophagus  rather  long  (6.5  mm.),  and  wi<le  es|)eciallj 
in  tlie  i>osterior  part  (diameter  2.0  mm.),  entering  into  the  inferior 
part  of  the  liver;  with  rather  strong  and  numerous  fohN:  tbr 
contents  (as  in  the  intestine)  spongiary  masses  and  diffen*nt  Ea- 
diitlnritr  of  a  diameter  of  0.09  mm.  The  intestine  issuing  from  thr 
liver  a  little  before  the  middle  of  the  upi^er  side  of  this  organ- 
the  anteriorly  proceeding  part  reaching  the  anterior  margin  of 
the  liver  and  about  4.5  mm.  long  by  a  diameter  of  1.5  mm.;  the 
retrocessive  part  7.0  mm.  long  by  a  diameter  of  0.75  mm.  The 
liver  divided  by  a  deep  furrow  from  the  right  margin  into  two 
halves  of  nearly  equal  size;  CO  mm.  long  by  a  breadth  of  3.75 
an<l  :i  hfi^ht  of  '5.4  mm.;  the  posterior  extremity  rounded  ;t!h' 
antiTJor  half  of  tlie  inferior  side  obli(pieIy  flattene<l ;  the  «uli>r 
vell'wisli-ijrav :  the  oavitv  of  the  interior  rather  small. 

The  prrieardiuni  of  oval  f«»rni,  large,  having  the  length  of 
:>..'»  nun.  The  sunLTuiiu'cui-i  gland  whili-^h,  of  the  U^ngth  of  2..'»  mm. 
bv  a  brradth  (at  the  anterior  end)  of  2..')  mm.  Tlie  n*nal  svrinx 
sliort-j»\  rif<»rni ;  the  tube  of  tli»»  opj:an  strong. 

Th»*  herma|»]iroditic  gbuxl  not  niurh  <leveloped,  paler  than 
the  livrr,  witli  hirire  oogene  cells.  The  anterior  genital  m^<^ 
small,  abont  l.f)  mm.  loiijr  hy  x\  iu'i'.:ht  of  0.7.'»  and  a  breailth  of 
:ibont  0.r»  nun.  The  ampulla  of  the  hernia]»hroditie  duet  \i  lli»w- 
i^li,  r:»tlirr  loiiir.  foriniii;:  (ork-^irn-w-like  win<lings.  The  ^^pt  rui:*- 
t  i'Iiu'I  not  lonir.  pa-^sing  into  the  short  ]»enis.  This,  with  it> 
arniMtiue  of  vrry  iniiiut*'  hook"^,  the  s]»erinatotheea,  the  sj>«Tm:it(»- 
«vst:i  and  tin'  va'.:ina,  as  far  as  ronhl  l»e  deti'rmined,  as  in  lh« 
tv|»i'"il   7Vi'»;;a.'     Tin*  irland  \viiiti>h. 

'  S'l   fi»r  I'onipariH m,  PI.  W,  llj;.  i:5. 


1680.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES   OF   PHILADELPHIA.  117 

This  species  may  perhaps  be  the  Triopa  Carpenteri  of  Stearns ; 
it  has,  like  that,  five  branchial  leaves,  and  does  not  differ  much  in 
the  number  of  the  dorsal  appendices  (six)  or  the  form  of  the 
frontal  margin ;  but  the  dorsal  nodosities  of  the  last  species  are 
orange-colored,  and  the  rhinophoria,  the  dorsal  appendices,  and 
the  branchial  leaves  tipped  with  orange.  Through  the  great 
kindness  of  Mr.  Dall  I  have  seen  a  drawing  of  the  animal  of 
Stearns,  from  specimens  secured  after  those  he  had  described, 
but  they  do  not  give  more  details  than  the  original  description ; 
and  Steams  seems  not  to  possess  the  original  specimens,  which 
very  likely  are  lost  forever.  On  the  other  side,it  must  be  remem- 
bered that  Sars  (Beretn.  om  en  i  Sommeren,  1849,  foretagen 
zoolog.  Reise  i  Lofoten  og  Finmarken,  1851,  p.  74)  found  '^the 
young  individuals  of  Triopa  lacera  (M.)  entirely  white,  also  on 
the  tentacles  and  gills,  merely  the  liver  shines  brownish  through 
the  skin." 


EXPLANATION  OF  THE  PLATES. 

An  asterisk  denotes  that  the  drawing  is  by  camera  lucida,  the 
fraction  denotes  the  magnification. 

The  serial  numbers  of  the  plates  (Part  I,  plates  i-viii,  Part  II, 
plates  ix-xvi)  are  solely  referred  to  throughout  the  text.  As 
Part  II  appears  in  another  volume  of  the  Proceedings  of  the 
Academy,  the  plates  of  Part  II  have  been  for  that  reason  renum- 
bered with  a  second  set  of  numbers,  Plate  ix  being  Plate  i,  Plate  x 
being  Plate  ii,  etc.,  in  the  new  volume.  The  serial  numbers  re- 
ferrc<l  to  in  the  text,  follow  the  new  numbers  for  Part  II  in 
parentheses  throughout  this  explanation. 


Plate  I  (IX). 

Jorunna  Johnatoni  (A.  and  H.). 

1.  a,  stalk  of  the  (b)  gangl.  genitale;  c,  gangl.  gtnit.  secunda- 

Hum*  ^JA. 

2.  Granules  of  the  back,  stiffened  by  spicula,"*"  ^f^. 

3.  Part  of  the  middle  of  the  radula,  with  the  two  innermost 

lateral  plates ;  a,  rhachis,'*'  ^f  ^. 

4.  The  hook  of  a  plate  from  the  back,"*"  ^{^, 


118  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ACADEMY  OF  f  189ft 

5.  Outer  part  of  two  series  of  plates  with  8  plates,*  *}*;  •«, 

outermost. 

6.  Outer  part  of  another  series  with  3  plates,*  ^}*. 

7.  a-/>,  vagina;  c^  gland,  hastatoria;  d^  opening  of  the  bag  <>f 

the  spur;  e,  si)ennatoduct ;  /,  penis,*  -\^. 

8.  0.  S])ermatotheca ;  e,  its  chief  duct ;  dy  gland,  hcuUaioria :  I. 

H])enmatocyKta ;  e,  <luct  to  the  mucous  gland,*  *y** 

10.  a.  Duct  of  the  gland,  hastatoria;  h^  the  bag  of  the  spar:  •\ 

opening  of  the  hag,*  ^J^. 

11.  a,  spermatofluct ;  6,  o[>ening  of  the  bag  at  the  bottom  c^  the 

ponis;  in  the  interior  a  dart  (?),*  ^J^. 

Adalaria  proxima  (A.  and  H.). 

1 2.  Tul)erclcs  of  the  Imck. 

13.  A  ]>nrt  of  the  rhaehis  from  above;  a,  median  plates;  66*  larg^ 

lateral  plates,*  ij^. 

14.  Part  of  the  radula,  obliquely,  from  the  side,  the  hooks  of  the 

large  lateral  plates  of  both  sides,*  ^{^. 

15.  Two  series  of  (\))  external  plates;  a,  the  innermost;  ft,  th^ 

outermost,*  ^J^. 

Adalaria  albopapillosa  (Dall). 
IC.   Part  of  the*  surfaco  of  a  tul»erde  of  the  back,*  ^J*. 

Adalaria  paci/im^  Bergh. 
17.  r/,  iiHKlian  |»Iat(*;  6,  largo  lateral  plates  from  the  side,*  ^^J*. 

Lamvllidoris  muricata  (O.  Fr.  Miiller}. 
IS.  Tho  vesica  ffllca ;  a,  its  duct. 

Plate  II  (X). 

Adalaria  jtarijira,  Horgh. 

1.   .M<'dian  pwudo-jilatc  (or  boss),  from  the  upjn^r  side,*  ^{^, 
'J.  i*.   Part  of  tlio  ratlula,  with  scries  of  (5-7)  lateral  plates;  a-fl. 
1   2  complete  rows  of  (15)  external  plates,  and  1-2  incom- 
plete  rows;   hb,  innermost   jilati's  of   the   row;  cc^  out»T- 
moHt,*    'J". 
:>.  Outer  |mrt  of  a  row  with  1»  ert^^t  plates;  a,  innermost^*  ^J-. 


1880.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES   OF  PHILADELPHIA.  119 

Adalaria  virescens^  Bergh. 

4.  a,  oesophagus,  with  its  dilatation ;   5,  salivary  gland ;   c,  its 

duct. 

5.  Ganglion  penis^*  -^?^. 

Adalaria  Loveni  (A.  and  H.). 

6.  Median  part  of  the  radula  from  above,  with  (aa)  large  lateral 

plates ;  bb,  innermost  part  of  two  rows  of  external  plates, 
with  1-5  plates,*  ^^K 

7.  'Large  lateral  plate,  from  the  side,*  ^^^. 

8.  Piece  of  the  left  part  of  the  radula;*  ^^  a,  two  median 

pseudo-plates  or  bosses  ;  6,  large  lateral  plates  ;  c,  two  in- 
complete rows,  with  6-7  plates. 

Adalaria  albopapillosa  (Dall). 

9.  a,  (2)  median  pseudo-plates ;  bb,  (2-3)  large  lateral  plates  of 

both  sides,*  ^f  ^. 

10.  a,  (3)  median  pseudo-plates;  bb,  (2-4)  large  lateral  plates  of 

both  sides ;  c,  innermost  part  of  three  (right)  rows  of  ex- 
ternal plates,  with  3-4  plates ;  cZ,  (left)  row  of  T  external 
plates,*  ^K 

11.  Fonr  outermost  plates  of  a  row ;  a,  outermost,*  ^f^. 

Acanthodoris  pilosa  (0.  Fr.  Miiller). 

12.  End  of  the  everted  penis;  a,  opening,*  ^J^. 

13.  Epithelium  of  the  vagina,*  ^f^. 

Acanthodoris  pilosa,  var.  albescens  {Pacifica), 

14.  ff,  anterior  margin  of  the  foot;  6,  edge  of  the  tentacle. 

15.  Ganglion  genitale  from  the  penis,*  i?^. 

Plate  III  (XI). 

Acanthodoris  pilosa  (Miiller). 

1.  Three  external  plates ;  a,  outermost,*  ^J^. 

Acanthodoris  pilosa^  var.  albescens, 

2.  The  genital  opening  with  its  everted  margin  ;  a,  the  two  fore- 

most apertures. 


120  PBOCEEDINQS  OF  TUE  ACADEMY  OF  [1 

Lamellidoris  hilamellata  (L.)  var.  Pacifica. 

;].  Part  of  the  branchial  area  with  {aa)  some  branchial  leaves ;  66, 
some  of  the  larger  surrounding  tubercles.  In  the  centre 
the  anal  nipple,  the  renal  |>ore  and  interbranchial  tubcrelea. 

4.  The  sucking  crop,  from  the  edge. 

r>.  The  half  of  the  Siime,  from  the  inside;  a,  stalk.    • 

Ti.  a,  ^permatotheca  ;  ft,  sperinatocy»ta ;  c,  duct  of  the  last ;  d^ 
duct  to  the  mucous  gland  ;  e,  vagina. 

7.  a,  two  median  pseudo-plates;  6,  a  lateral  plate;  cc^  three 
external  plates,*  -^J^. 

^.  External  phite  from  the  side,*  -^J^. 

9.  Two  of  the  foremost  lateral  plates  with  blunted  end,*  -Zf-^. 

Lamellidoris  muricata  (Miiller). 

10.  a,  Median  pHeu<lo-plate  shining  through  the  left  of  the  lateral 

plates,  bb :  c,  three  external  plates,*  ^}A. 

11.  aa^  Hasul  e<lge  of  three  lateral  plates ;  by  external  plates,*  ^f  *. 

12.  a,  Olans  penis;  66,  pra'putium ;  c,  spermatoduct,*  -^J*. 

Lamellidoris  raria/is,  Bergb. 

13.  Lateral  plate  from  the  side,*  ^{^. 

14.  Mcdijin  i»s«'U'lo-platc,  from  above,*  ^J**. 

Adalnria  Pacifwa^  Bcrgh. 

1.').   lnihTin()--l  part  of  two  rows  of  external  plates,*  -y^\  fl,  two 
iiiiMrnin-t  ;  /*.  thr  thinl  failing  lin  the  anterior  r»)w);  *\ 

tiuhth. 

Plate  IV  (XI 1). 

A'ifi'li'"l"risinln.<n  (O.  F.  Miiller),  var.  purpurea. 

1.   LaMal  'li^^k,  with     n)  the  laiUM't-formcd  blades  project inj  in 

\\n'  iMWf^t  part  olthe  !iH)Uth  pn)|K'r. 
J.  TIh"  hiiui'-fonned  blades  (//)  \\ it h  the    adjoining  part  (/*    i»f 

tin   aiinature  of  the  mouth,*  ''/". 
;.  //.  riif  lijht  lancel-t*'»rined  blade;  A,  the  ailjoining  part  »)f  the 

annnturr,*    *J'". 
I.   MbiiHiit'i  Mt*  tlic  aiinalure,*    'f'*. 
■».    Lateral  pl.ile,  from  the  sitle,*    'J"\ 


1880.]  NATURAL  80IEN0ES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  -     1.21 

6.  The  hook  of  a  plat^,  from  the  side.*  ^^. 

7.  Salivary  gland ;  a,  duct ;  6,  posterior  end. 

8.  a,  parM  pylorica  intestini;   6,  vesica  fellea;   c,  iniestinum 

descendens. 

9.  Part  of  the  vas  deferens^  with  its  stricture,*  ^^K 

Acanthodoris  pilosa  (M.)  var.  brunnea  albopapillosa. 

10.  ab,  Lancet-formed  blades  from  the  under  side,*  ■^?^. 

11.  a.  Part  of  left;  6,  of  right  lancet-formed  blade;  c,  adjoining 

part  of  the  armatur^e  .of  the  mouth,*  ^^^, 

12.  aa^  Upper  part  of  three  lateral  plates  ;  bb,  two  series  of  exter- 

•  nal  plates;  from  the  sheath  of  the.  radula,*  ^f^. 

AcantJiodpris  piloaa  (M.)  var.  albescens, 

13.  Elements  of  the  armature  of  the  mouth,*  ^f  ^. 

14.  Isolated  element,*  x»^. 

15.  Upper  part  of  a  lateral  plate,  from  the  outside,*  ^f^. 

16.  Upper  part  of  a  lateral  plate,  from  the  inside,*  ^f^. 


Plate  V  (XIII). 

Laraellidoris  varians^  Bergh. 

1.  The  central  nervous  system,  obliquely,  from  the  under  side, 
*  \4 ;  a,  ganglia  cerebro-visceralia;  bb,  ganglia  pedalia;  c, 
gangl,  penis  and  gangL  genitale;  d,  ganglia  buccalia;  ee^ 
ganglia  gastro-oesophagalia.  The  eyes  and  the  otocysts 
visible. 

Acanthodoris  pilosa  (M.),  var.  albescens. 

2.  The  bulbus  pharyngeus,  from  the  side ;  a,  cuticula  and  the 

lancet-formed  blades;    bb,  mm,  retractor es  bulbi;  'c,  the 
sucking-crop ;  c2,  salivary  gland^  above  this  the  right  buccal 
and  gastro-cesophageal  ganglion ;  e,  the  sheath  of  the  radula 
/,  the  crop  of  the  oesophagus ;  g,  continuation  of  the  oeso- 
phagus. 

3.  Lateral  plates,  from  the  outside,*  ^^. 

4.  Part  of  the  armature  of  the  sperioatoduct^  with  its  hooks,*  ^  {  . 


'^  PR0C1BDINQ8  OF  THE   AOADBMT  OF  [I 

Acanthodoris  pilosa  (M.). 

>    a«  »pertiiatotheca ;  6,  apermatocjsta ;  c,  duct  to  tbe  mooooi 
gliuid ;  dd,  duct  to  the  vagina. 

AcanlhodoriH  catrulescenSf  Bergh. 

^    l*art  of  the  armature  of  the  mouth,*  ^f^. 

^-  Kxtornal  plates,  from  the  side  ;♦  ^^  a,  innermost. 

Chromodoris  Dalli^  Bergh. 

H.  Tho  upper  part  of  a  branchial  leaf,*  ^\K 
^*.  Part  of  the  lip-plate,  from  above,*  ^p. 

10.  Klements  of  the  lip-plate,*  ^SL. 

11.  Tart  of  the  rhachis,  with  three  (bosses  or)  false  plates,*  -^f*. 
14.  a,  false  plate,  obliquely,  fVom  the  side,*  ^f  A. 

\y  The  13th  plate,  from  the  side,*  ^^. 
14    Tlie  9th  plate,  from  the  side,*  ^^. 

Triopa  clavigera  (0.  Fr.  Miiller). 

1;*.  TulK»rele8  of  the  back. 

1(>.  Vertical  section  of  one  of  the  appendices  of  the  back;  a,  bag 

at  the  point, 
r:    Kli'TOcntH  of  this  last  bag. 
t  s.  Spicnia  of  the  skin.* 
i*».   liOwcHt  part  of  the  mouth,  with  its  cuticula;    a,  the  fVee 

margin,*  ^J-"-. 
io    HiiulermoHt  part  of  th(^  bulbus ;  a,  tongue;  6,  sheath  of  the 

radulu. 

Plate  VI  (XIV). 

ChromodorxB  Dalli^  Bergh. 

I    The  buccal  (a)  and  ga8tro-<csophageal  (6)  ganglia,*  ^f^. 

4.   Tart  of  tho  median  portion  of  the  radula;  a,  false  plates,  on 

vTivXi  side  th«»  2-3  innermost  (lateral)  plates,*  ^f*. 
^    Outer  part  of  two  series  of  plates  with  II  plates;  a,  outer- 
most; 6,  eighteenth,*  ^\K 

^matothi'ca ;   6,  ypermatocyBta ;   c,  duct  to  the  vagina ; 
.*t  tc  the  mucous  gland,*  V'.  * 


1880.]  NATURAL  80IEN01S  OF  PHILADELPHIA.'  123 

Chromodorie  Califomiensis^  Bergh* 

5.  fiinder  part  of  the  body,  from  the  under  side^  with  6  knots 

on  the  mantle-margin ;  a,  foot,*  ^4^. 

6.  Upper  median  part  of  the  true  mouth,*  ^K 

7.  Part  of  4  series  of  hooks  of  the  lip-^plate,  from  above,*  ^^K 
8-10.  Elements  of  the  same,  in  different  positions,*  J^^. 

1 1.  Three  innermost  plates ;  a,  the  first,*  -14^. 

12.  One  of  the  largest  plates,*  ^^. 

13.  Hook  of  3  larger  plates,  obliquely,  from  the  foreside,*  ^4^. 

1 4.  Four  outermost  plates  ;•  a,  outermost,*  ^f  ^. 

15.  Two  irregular  outermost  plates;  a,  outermost,*  -24^. 

Acanthodoris  caerulescens^  Bergh. 

16.  Series  of  plates;  ay  two  lateral  plates;  6,  the  outermost  of 

the  external  plates,*  ^K 

Triopha  modesta^  Bergh. 

1 7.  Part  of  one  of  the  hindermost  series  of  plates  (in  the  sheath), 

with  (a)  4  lateral  plates  and  (6,  c)  2  external  plates,*  ^K 

18.  a,  second  and  5,  third  large  lateral  plates,  from  above  and 

from  the  back,*  ^K 

1 9.  a,  fourth ;  6,  fifth  plate  (as  in  fig.  18  from  the  tongue),*  ^K 

20.  Outer  false  plate  of  the  rhac^his  (from  the  sheath),*  ^f^. 

Triopa  clavigera  (M.). 

21.  a,  second  lateral  plate ;  b,  two  external  plates,*  ^K 

22.  First  lateral  plate,*  ^fa. 

» 

Plate  VII  (XV). 

Triopiia  modesta^  Bgh. 

1 .  Central  nervous  system,*  ^^ ;  a,  ganglia  cerebro-visceralia ; 

bbj  pedal  ganglia ;  c,  ganglia  olfactoria  proximalia ;  dd, 
buccal  ganglia ;  e,  gangL  ga8tr(HB8ophagaL 

2.  The  labial  disk  with  the  true  mouth.    ' 

3.  Upper  commissure  of  the  lip-pUtes,*  ^^. 
•  4.  E^m^nt^of  the  lip^plate,*  ^K 

5.  Upper  ends  of  two  elements,*  xp. 


124  FB0C1EDIN08   OF  THE  ACADXMT  OF  [18811 

C.  Median  part  of  a  series  of  the  teeth ;  a,  (false)  medimn  f^airc 
of  the  rhachis ;  66,  external  plate  of  the  same ;  cCf  first 
lateral  plate ;  rf,  third  lateral  plate,*  ^^. 

7.  Continuation  of  the  former;   a,  fourth  plate;  b^  outermost 

plate,*  ^p. 

8.  Four  (inner)  uncinal  plates;  a,  the  second;  6,  the  fifth,*  -^f*. 

0.  First  lateral  plate,*  ^K 

10.  Seventh  and  eighth  external  plates,*  ^^. 

1 1.  Salivary  gland  ;  a,  gland  ;  b,  duct,*  \'^, 

Triopa  clavigera  (M.). 

12.  Tentacle. 

13.  Part  of  the  armature  of  the  penis.*  ^^. 

Polycera  pallida,  Bergh. 

14.  The  glans  penis,*  -^f^. 

Plate  VIII  (XVI). 

Polycera  pallida^  Bergh. 

1.  Central  nervous  system,  from  the  upper  side,*  Y- ;  aa^  visceral 

ganglia;  6,  ganglia  buccalia  and  gastro-wsophagalia, 
'J.   I'art  of  the  radulii  with  two  rows ;  fla,  interior ;  66,  exterior 

lateral  plates ;  vc^  uncinal  plates,*  ^y-. 
.').   Kxtcrior  lateral  plate,  from  the  si<le,*  '-\-, 
4.   lender  side  of  the  two  lateral  plates:*  aa  and  6,  as  in  fig.  2. 

*   :\  5  0 
1    • 

/S.   P^irst  lateral  plate,  from  the  8i<le,*  ^\^ 

♦;.  The  same,  from  above,*  -'*-J^. 

7.  Hook  of  the  second  lateral  plate,*  'J-. 

H.  (iriiital  papilla  and  evertcMl  \yQ\\\^  with  its  glans;  6,  prominent 

fold  of  the  duet  of  the  mucous  gland. 
*.♦.  (ilans  of  the  |K*ni8,  with   the  end  of  (6)  the  spermaUxluct/ 

'J'-  ;  a,  point  of  the  glans. 

Archidorin  Montrreyetisis  (Coojier). 

1«>.   Large  lateral  platt*.  from  the  side,*  ^J'-. 

11.  Outer  part  of  two  stries  of  plates  with  4  plate**;  aa^  outer- 
most,* ^f«. 


ISSO.]  NATURAL  SCIENCES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  125 

Aphelodoris  Antillensis^  Bergh. 
(Cf.  Malakozoolog.  Blatter,  N.  8.,  i,  1879,  p.  107-113). 

12.  a,  ganglia  buccalia,  with  6,  ganglia  gastro-ossophagalia ;    c, 
'  s(<econdary  ganglion,*  *f^. 

13.  Median  part  of  two  series  of  plates ;  aa^  innermost ;  66,  second 
plates,*  -^4^. 

14.  A  large  lateral  plate,*  -Z-J^- 

15.  Outermost  double  plates  of  two  series,*  ^^. 
J 6.  Outer  part  of  two  series  with  two  plates ;  aa,  outermost,*  -Z^^ 

1 7.  The  sixth  plate  from  the  outer  margin  of  the  radula,*  ^$^. 

1 8.  Outer  part  of  three  series  with  3  plates ;  a,  outermost,*  ^^. 

Polycera  Holholli  (Moll.). 

Ji9.  The  genital  papillae,  from  the  front. 
20   The  same,  from  the  side. 

1.  First  lateral  plate,  from  abo^^e,*  ^f^. 

January,  1880. 

ERRATA  FOR  PART  I. 

On  account  of  the  inability  of  the  author  to  read  the  proofs, 
^^^^nd  from  certain  obscurities  in  the  manuscript,  some  errors  crept 
^  ^»ito  the  first  part  of  this  paper,  and  the  arrangement  of  the  para- 
^^s^raphs  was  somewhat  confused  by  the  printer.  • 

The  delicacy  and  beauty  of  the  plates  in  their  original  state, 
^  ^aWng  been  destroyed  by  the  printer,  the  present  ones  have  been 
^^^*»  teel-surfaced,  to  avoid,  if  possible,  a  similar  misfortune. 

The  specific  name  Galiforniensis  (  Ghromodoris)  was  substituted 
"^  :»  the  printed  text  for  CalensiSy  which  appeared  on  the  plate  and 
^  :m  the  manuscript  under  the  idea  that  the  latter  was  intended 
'*^"iQerely  as  an  abbreviation. 

The  following  list  of  errata  has  been  received  from  the  author ; 
>%  is  believed  that  the  present  concluding  part  of  the  paper  is 
Tnuch  less  in  need  of  such  corrections. 

T^age  128  (  72),  line  15  :  for  Triopa  modeata^  B.,  read  Triopha  mod6$ia^  B. 
*"    129  (  73),  line  22  :  for  mandibu1»  read  .    Mandibul». 
•*    130  (  74),  line   2  :  for  genus  read  penis. 

'*    132  (  76),  line  80  :  a  comma  to  be  put  before  the  parenthesis,  and 

the  comma  after  the  parenthesis  to  be  cancelled. 


PROCKIDINOe  or  TBI  AOADBHT  OF 


Page  135  (  79),  line  11 

"  185  (  78), 

"  185  (  79), 

•'  186  (  80), 

"  186  <  80), 


138  {  83),  1 
1«  (  84),  1 

HI  (  85), 
141  (  85), 
141  (  85), 
HI  (  85), 
141  <  86), 

143  (  86V 

144  (  88), 

145  (  89), 
145  (  89), 
145  (  89), 
14G  {  00), 
147  (  91). 
150  (  94), 
150  (  94), 
153  (  96), 
163  (  971, 

153  (  97), 

154  i  981, 

154  (  99), 

155  (  99), 

156  (100), 
156  (100), 

156  (100),  I 
156  (100),  li 


159  (103),  line  30 


line  1 
line  8 
line  34 


line  37 
line  27 
line  33 
line  11 

line  3 
line  37 


tine  37 
line  15 
line  10 
line  8 
line  11 
line  16 


160(1041 

line 

1 

161  (105) 

line 

33 

let  11061 

line 

38 

163  (106) 

line 

17 

163  (107) 

line 

33 

163(107) 

line 

e 

165  (109) 

line 

35 

[1880. 

:  for  deutibos  medianifl  dentionlati  rtfod  dencibui 

niedliuiis  denticulatis. 
:  for  caducous  read  not  caducous. 
:  a  semicolon  is  needed  before  "  the  foot." 
:  the  comma  after  "latorales !'  to  be  cancelled. 
;  a  comma  is  needed  after  "  1, 5  ";  tba  comma ^fter 

"  rhinophoria  "  to  be  cancelled. 
:  for  Plate  I,  fig.  9,  rtad  PI   I.  fig,  9-12. 
: /or  (fig.  11,  one  to  fourj  rtad  (pi.  I.  f.  11  ;  pi.  II, 

f.  1-4). 

far  The  intestines  are  rtad  The  intestine  is. 

for  anal  papillae  rtad  anal  papilla. 

for  2  w.  pi.  rtad  w.  2  pi. 

for  3t«  Heft  read  3tes  Heft. 

for  ab  rtad  ob. 

for  denticalis  read  denticulis. 

for  M.  retractorlB  read  M.  retractor. 

for  8  R.  J.  rtad  8  B.  I. 

for  Dentes  medians  read  D.  mediani. 

for  altamen  rtad  attamen. 

for  mantle  rtad  muzzle. 

for  anal  read  oral. 

for  Animal  read  Color  auimalis. 

before  Dendron.  Dolli,  B.,  intert  "  %." 

for  Bide,  the  read  side.    The. 

for  Dalzell  read  Dolyell. 

for  Tr.  glau«e  rtad  Tr.  glamae. 

far  cuc«ulata  read  cucullata. 

for  Duvancelia  rtad  Duvaucelia. 

f*r  of  the  papillffi  read  of  the  papilla. 

for  is  contracted  read  was  contracted. 

for  The  larger  mucouB  gland  read  The  larger 
opening  of  the  mucouB  gland. 
;  for  before  which  read ,  below  which. 

for  in  the  hinder  part  rtad  between  the  hinder 

for  The  oardia  were  wide,  etc., read  the  cavity 

for  but  backward  at  the  front  and  end  rtad  bent 
backward  at  the  frontal  end. 
for  Fig.  65  a  rtad  15  a. 
for  bulbus,  and  rtad  bulbus,  or. 
for  Beltr.  read  Bidr. 
for  dentates  read  dcntatis. 
for  leaves  80  read  loaves  8, 
for  Fig.  6,  7,  rend  Fig.  10,  11. 
for  Fig.  1-7  rtad  Fig.  8-U. 


1880.] 


NATURAL  SCIENCES  OF  PHILADELPHIA. 


12Y 


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184  (128),  line  13  : 

184  (128),  line  16  : 

186  (180),  line  12  : 

K« 

186  (130),  line  26  : 

K  A 

186(180),  line  83: 

«c 

187(181),  line  27: 

«C 

188  (132),  line  12  : 

for  Fig,  1  read  Fig,  8. 
for  Fig.  2  read  Pig.  9. 
for  Pig.  8  read  Pig.  10. 
for  Pig.  4  read  Pig.  11. 
for  Pig.  1  a  read  Pig.  2  a. 
for  Pig.  5  read  Pig.  12. 
for  Pig.  4,  5,  read  Pig.  11,  12. 
for  Pig.  6,  7,  8,  read  Fig.  13,  14,  3  b. 
for  Plate  XII  read  PI.  XIV. 
for  punctus  read  punctis. 
for  Pig.  13  read  Pig.  15. 
for  latium  read  latum. 
for  minutissimus  read  minutissimis. 
for  the  gills  read  the  gill. 
for  BranchisB  read  Branchla. 
for  Samso  read  Samso. 
substitute  a  semicolon  for  the  period, 
substitute  a  period  for  the  semicolon. 
for  1.3  read  13. 
for  n.O  read  I'l.e, 
for  the  light  read  the  right. 
for  individual  read  individuals. 
for  leg  read  bag. 
for  branchiffi  read  branchia. 
for  of  the  right  hand  &re  read  of  the  right  hand 
one,  is. 

for  spermatocysts  re€td  sperm  atocyst. 
substitute  a  semicolon  for  the  period. 
for  e  read  a. 

for  (P.)  read  (6.  P.  Mull.) 
for  inside  read  outside. 
for  the  same  read  Uie  same  from  the  inside. 
for  d  read  a. 
for  b  read  a, 
for  of  read  f. 
for  2.  read  2,  2. 
for  e  read  e, 

for  to  the  twelfth  read  to  b,  the  twelfth. 
for  cuticle  read  skin. 


R.  BEROH. 


128  PB0CEEDIN08  OF  THl  ACADlMT  OP  [1881 


Febeuabt  3. 
Mr.  Meehan,  Tice-Pre8ident,  in  the  chair. 

Twenty-one  ))orsond  present. 


February  10. 
The  President.  Dr.  Ri'SCHBNbeboeb.  in  the  chair. 
Twenty-six  |)er»ons  present. 
The  death  of  Adolph  K.  Borie,  a  member*  was  aunoonced. 

S'lrfnritts  Muttcle  of  the  Gorilla, — Mr.  Howard  A.  Kbllv 
de'«<Til»e<l  the  sartorius  niuseh^  in  the  right  leg  of  the  Oorilla 
fnnfffHiijf('t<  (young),  from  the  ()go<le  river.  West  Africa,  partially 
dissected,  and  deseri1>ed  hv  I>r.  Chapman  in  the  Proc.  Actd.  Nat 
Sri..  Phila..  18T9. 

The  niusrleis  10  incites  long,  and  ^  inch  broad.  Tendinoaa  for 
:il>out  4  inch  at  its  origin,  and  its  insertion.  It  arises  fW>iii  the 
iliac  b<me  at  the  lieginning  of  the  middle  third  of  the  diataace 
from  Itetwt^n  tlie  anterior  su|K*rior  spine  of  thfe  iliam,  and  the 
symphysis  pubis.  Its  insertion  is  on  to  the  inner  face  of  the  tibia 
<  which  is  5  J  inches  long),  8  inches  l)elow  the  knee  joint. 

Six  inclir^i  from  its  origin  the  muscle  is  reinforced  by  a  mascular 
•»Iip  \  inrh  in  brea<lth.  This  slip  arises  at  the  lower  part  of  the 
Tiii«Mle  third  of  tlh'  IVniur.  between  the  origin  of  the  qiiadrice|MK 
exti-n-ior.  :iiid  th«*  inseiiioii  of  the  acUluctors,  it  joins  the  sarturiuH 
rmi«»(lr  oppM-iifc  the  knee  joint. 

Ill  coiwultintr  the  liteniture  on  the  tnvolonrv  of  the  Gorilla,  no 
rifftfur*'  \<*  any  such  slip  lias  }\i'vn  foinid.  Among  all  th*^ 
nunnTiMi'*  jinninalies  reconled  of  tliis  muscle,  in  the  human  suK 
i.<  t.  no  (Murr«*|rt»n«linL:  variation  has  b«'en  fonn<1. 


FeBRI  ARY    17. 

The  President.  I>r.  Klsciiknheroer,  in  the  chair. 

Thirty-three  |M*fson>  present. 

A  pajM-r  entitled  *•  Deseription  <»f  a  New  Crustacean  from  th«^ 
rpjMT  Silurian  f>f  (n'<>rL:ia,  with  remarks  upcm  iUihjmrnt*  i^lv  ■ 
.'"/•'."  by  Anthony  W.  Vogd«'s,  was  presented  for  ])ubncation. 

(i*rtnifnitin)i  in  Actrtis. — Mr.  TiioMAS  Mreiian  referre<l  t** 
^.►in«-  intin-itin*^  Uwl^  in  the  irerniination  «»r  ijnfrrua  iirfM**,  a«» 
I"'    jlit   t«»  hi**  attfnti«»n  by  W.  St.  J.  Mazy<k,  of  Georgeti>wn, 


1880.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES  OF   PHILADELPHIA.  129 

South  Carolina.  It  was  generally  known  that  in  this  species  the 
cotyledon  did  not  divide  into  two  lobes  as  usual  in  acorns,  but 
seemed  4io  be  of  one  solid  mass,  without  any  trace  of  a  division. 
In  germination,  however,  two  petioles  were  developed  as  in  other 
acorns,  but  instead  of  these  being  very  short,  indeed  nearly 
sessile,  as  in  the  ordinary  white  oak,  they  were  produced  appar- 
ently in  the  much  advanced  specimens  sent  by  Mr.  Mazyck  to  1^ 
inches  in  length  before  the  plumule  and  hypocotyledonary  portions 
of  the  embryo  commenced  their  growth.  In  respect  to  the  latter, 
a  small  ovate,  striate  tuber,  apparently  as  one  might  judge  from 
the  shrivelled  specimens  on  hand,  nearly  one-foutth  the  size  of  the 
acorn  was  formed,  and  from  this  tuber  the  radicle  proceeded,  and, 
afterwards,  the  plumule  on  its  upward  gtowth. 

Mr.  Meehan  said  he  had  since  examined  sprouting  acorns  of 

Quercus  alba^  Q.  rubra,  Q.  arenaria^  and  Q.  prinoides,  noticing  a 

very  slight  tendency  to  a  tuberous  condition,  only  in  the  last 

n&iiied.     But  in  regard  to  the  lengthefting  of  the  petioles,  he  was 

surprised  to  find  a  variation  in  each  species.     In  Quercus  pri- 

n€>€de8,  the  petioles  were  nearly  an  inch  in  length. 

Ee  believed  the  discovery  would  be  of  great  value  to  systematic 
bot^Anists  in  the  determination  of  species  in  this  very  difficult 
gexB-Us,  and  should  examine  and  report  after  an  examination  of 
VBLSLWiy  other  species,  but  thought  proper  to  call  the  attention  of  the 
Ac^^uiemy  to  the  matter  in  this  early  stage  that  due  credit  might 
be   recorded  to  Mr.  Mazyck  for  his  interesting  discovery. 

Sdr.  Edw.  Potts,  at  the  request  of  Mr.  Meehan,  had  made 

se^^^ions  of  both  the  acorn  and  the  spindle-shaped  radicle,  with  the 

resiidt  of  ^finding  the  cell  structure  of  the  latter  an  almost  exact 

coi]mterpart  of  that  in  the  nut:  i.  e.,  sub-spherical  cells  of  uniform 

i\xt&^  gorged  with  starch  grains.     So  similar  were  they  that  it 

^otxld  be  nearly  impossible  for  an  observer  to  say  which  he  was 

exa^mining  but  for  the  cortical  tissue  surrounding  the  root.     It 

seemed  that  the  food  supply  of  the  young  plant  had  been  thus 

iritlidrawn  from  a  position  exposed  to  hot  sun  and  drying  winds, 

to  one  protected  by  the  earth  and  in  the  direct  line  of  growth. 

No  line  of  specialized  cells  could  be  discovered  in  the  sections  of 

the  nut,  indicating  the  possibility  of  a  separation  as  in  other 

species  into  two  cotyledons ;  so  that  to  all  intents  and  purposes  it 

might  be  called  monocotyledonous. 


February  24. 

The  President,  Dr.  Ruschenbebger,  in  the  chair. 

Twenty-nine  persons  present. 

A  paper  entitled  "  Carcinological  Notes,  No.  3,"  by  J.  S.  Kings- 
ley,  was  presented  for  publication. 


130  PBO0BEDINQ8   OF   THB  ACADEMY   OV  [1B80. 

The  death  of  John  Rice,  a  member,  was  annoimcecL 
R.  S.  Huidekoper,  M.  D.,  David  Townsend,  John  B.  Wood, 
Thos.  Miles,  Frances  Emily  White,  M.  D.,  and  John  S.  Capp  were 
elected  members. 

The  following  were  elected  correspondents : — Robert  Caspary, 
of  Konigsberg,.  Agostino  Todaro,  of  Palermo,  J.  E.  Bommer,  of 
Brussels,  Teodoro  Caruel,  of  Pisa,  H.  T.  Geyler,  of  FrankfortrOn- 
the-Maine,  Robert  Schomburg,  of  Adelaide,  and  A.  Inostranzeff, 
of  St.  Petersburgh. 


March  2. 

The  President,  Dr.  Rusohenbebgeb,  in  the  chair. 

Twenty-eight  persons  present 

The  death  of  Wm.  Maxwell  Wood,  M.  D.,  a  correspondent,  was 
announced. 

On  a  Filaria  Reported  to  have  come  from  a  Man. — Prof.  Leidt" 
exhibited  a  large  thread-worm,  which  had  been  submitted  to  his 
examination  by  Dr.  J.  J.  Woodward,  U.  S.  A.  It  was  recently 
presented  to  the  Army  Medical  Museum,  at  Washington,  by  Dr. 
C.  L.  Gamett,  of  Buffalo,  Putnam  Co.,  West  Virginia.  Accom- 
panying the  specimen,  is  the  copy  of  a  letter  from  Dr.  Gamett  to 
Dr.  Woodward,  from  which  the  following  is  an  abstract :  "  During 
the  winter  of  1876,  a  man,  a  common  laborer,  aged  about  fifty, 
presented  himself  to  me  for  treatment  having  a  gleety  discbarge 
from  the  urethra,  with  a  burning  sensation  during  and  after  mic- 
turition. Previously,  he  had  been  treated  for  gonorrhoea,  and  I 
prescribed  accordingly.  The  patient  not  improving,  applied  .to 
other  practitioners.  In  April,  1878,  he  came  to  me  with  a  round, 
vivid-red  worm,  twenty -six  inches  in  length,  (the  specimen  you 
now  possess)  which  was  alive  and  very  active  in  its  movements, 
instantly  coiling  up  like  a  watch-spring  on  being  touched.  Having 
no  work  on  helminthology  for  reference,  the  only  description  I 
found  which  appeared  to  answer  to  the  worm  was  that  of  Strongy- 
lus  gigas^  in  Niemeyer,  vol.  II,  p.  47.  The  patient  is  an  illiterate 
man,  with  no  motive  for  deception.  He  informed  me  that  he  dis- 
covered the  worm  protruding  from  his  penis  and  drew  it  out 
without  pain  or  difficulty.  He  was  in  much  agitation  and  alarm 
about  the  occurrence,  fearing,  as  he  said,  that  "there  might  be 
more  behind  that  one.'^  For  a  few  days  previous  to  its  passage, 
his  urine  was  of  a  milky  hue  and  some  time  subsequently  of  a  yellow 
cast  and  slightly  tinged  with  blood  and  mingled  with  mucus.  The 
man  is  truthful,  and  no  doubt  exists  in  my  mind,  or  in  the  minds 
of  his  neighbors  as  to  the  correctness  of  his  statements.     I  regret 


1880.]  hatubal  sciences  or  Philadelphia.  131 

exceedingly  that  I  did  not  appreciate  the  scientific  interest  of  the 
sabject,  and  send  you  the  specimen  in  a  fresh  state,  but  the  busy 
roatine  of  a  country  practitioner's  life  leaves  no  time  for  the  study 
of  other  than  subjects  of  practical  value  in  one's  every  day  ex- 
perience." 

The  worm  preserved  in  alcohol  is  much  coiled,  of  a  clay  color 
and  opaque,  or  only  feebly  translucent,  but  more  so  at  the  head  end. 
If  it  is  really  a  human  parasite,  it  appears  to  differ  from  all  those 
heretofore  described,  and  also  seems  different  from  other  known 
parasites.     It  certainly  is  neither  Eustrongylus  gigas^  nor  is  it  the 
.  Guinea-worm,  Filaria  medinensis^  though  nearly  related  to  this. 
Its  characters  are  as  follows :  Body  long,  restiform,  nearly  uni- 
formly cylindrical,  smooth,  shining,  elastic, 
tough,  witht>ut  evident  annulation  other  than 
transverse  wrinkling,  with   the  anterior  ex- 
tremity evenly   tapering  in   the  continuous 
head,  the  end  of  which  is  rounded  and  smooth 
or  without  appendages  of  any  kind ;  the  pos- 
terior extremity  not  tapering,  with  the  caudal 
end  incurved,  bluntly  rounded,  without  ap- 
Ki.  L  Wig.  2,       pendages  and  imperforate  or  without  evident 

i.OwhaHc  eztremi^r;  2- 'anal  or  genital  aperture.     Mouth  a  terminal 
vai  oiarking  indiMtca  the  porc  Without  lips,  papillae,  or  armaturc  of  any 
SSiSLwl^jS^aXlJii  ^^^^'     I'harynx  cylindrical,  and  opening  into 
I.  a  straight  cylindrical  intestine,  apparently 

Boding  in  a  blind  pouch.     Generative  organs  unobserved.    Length 
Df  worm,  26  inches,  greatest  thickness,  1*5  mm.     Width  of  head 
oat  behind  the  rounded  extremity,  0*375  mm. ;  opposite  the  com- 
mencement of  the  intestine,  0*625  mm.;  at  the  middle,  1*5  mm. ; 
the  incurved  caudal  extremity,  1*5  mm.     Length  of  oesopha- 
[08,1-125. 

The  worm,  of  exceedingly  simple  character,  is  clearly  neither  a 
^^^ardius  nor  a  Mermia,  and  though  apparently  more  nearly  allied 
Filaria,  a  more  intimate  knowledge  of  its  structure  may  prove 
to  be  different.  For  the  present  it  was  proposed  to  distinguish 
with  the  name  of  Filaria  restiformis. 


On'  Rochelia  patens, — Mr.  J.  H.  Redfield  remarked  at  the 
^^^^□eeting  of   the   Botanical    Section,  that   Rochelia   patens  was 
^oooded  byNuttall,  upon  a  plant  collected  by  Wyeth  on  Flat 
River,  in  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and  was  described  in  the 
oomal  of  the  Academy,  1st  series.  Vol.  VII,  p.  44,  in  1834. 
Dr.  Gray  in  the  Synoptical  Flora  of  North  America,  II,  p.  197, 
concerning  the  plant  that  it  may  be  an  Eritrichiwm,  but 
not  been  Identified,  nor  was  it  in  the  Academy's  Herbarium. 
Mr.  R.  stated  that  this  specimen  had  been  recently  found  among 
^^e  Academy's  specimens  of  Echinospermum,  and  had  been  pro- 
^oooced  by  Dr.  Gray  to  be  Echinospermum  florihundum^  Lebm.^ 
^  species  widely  diffused  in  Western  North  America. 


f 


» 


132  pftocBBDi.Nos  or  THE  agaduct  or  \\ML 

The  following  report  upon  the  pUnta  introduced  throng  tW 
medium  of  the  Centennial  Exhibition  was  read : 


UCPO£T  OH  PLAXT8  ISTEODTJCKD  BT  XSAn  OF  TKB  XWTEMMkXittUL 

zxHiBinoH,  lare. 

The  committee  appointed  on  the  10th  of  October,  1876.  at  the  re- 
quest of  the  United  States  Centennial  Commission,  to  examine  aad 
report  upon  the  subject  of  the  introduction  of  insects*  and 
through  the  medium  of  foreign  exhibits,  respectfully  reports 
it  has  delayed  reporting  on  the  plants  till  now  in  the  belief  tlMl 
some  solitary  plants  might  be  overlooked,  which  producing  seed 
and  increasing  in  following  seasons,  might  be  then  discovered  bj 
their  greater  numbers.  But  only  those  named  in  the  list  hare  ban 
found,  and  only  in  isolated  s])ecimens  showing  no  dispodtta 
whatever  to  spread  and  remain  with  vl^.  So  far,  therefore,  as  tte 
object  of  the  committee  appointment  is  concerned,  it  may  be  aaU 
in  etfeet  that  no  plant  has  been  introduced,  to  our  knowledge. 
by  the  agency  of  the  exhibition. 

It  is  but  justice  to  say  that  the  ]>lants  have  been  collected  bj 
our  esteemed  fellow  member,  Mr.  Isaac  Burk,  whose  familiaiitj 
with  the  botany  of  Fairmount  Park,  rendered  him  particularly 
fitted  lo  detcx't  any  new  introduction.  Some  of  the  few  pbali 
naiiUNl  an*  from  the  western  ])orti()n  of  our  country,  others  from 
Kuro|M*.  and  a  f<*w  from  Japan. 

L^idHum  mitirum^  L.  Ktllingia  pumila^Mx. 

Bunia$  Erurago.  L.  FimhrutylU  miliaua^  Muhl. 

Crepi$  Uctoruthf  L.  Cppfrui  diandruM^  Torr. 

("€nUiurf'i  nii/ra,  L.  TrUicum  villoium,  Reand. 

Ilyp^ychtPrU  rudirata^  L.  Triiieuin  elaratum^  Stedl. 

DtMUhodium  toiMntoitum^  I).  C.             Leucata  Lang$dorffiana^  St«udl. 
Cycloli/ma  platyphylla,  Moq. 

UesjK'ct fully  submittt^d. 

John  L.  LeConte, 

(Ieo.  II.  Horn, 

Joseph  Leidt, 

J.  (ffiBBoNS  Hunt, 

Thomas  Mebhan. 

C&ni  m  ittef. 

*  The  rt'lMtrt  \\\h}1\  the  insci'ts  was  printed  in  the  Prooeodingii  of  tb« 
Aoadfiny  uf  Natural  Scienceii  of  Philadelphia,  fur  1H7<>,  page  267. 


.^    N 


1880.]  NATT7RAL  8CIBNGES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  133 


March  9. 
The  President,  Dr.  Rusohbnberosr,  in  the  chair. 
Twenty-three  persons  present. 

Mammary  Glands  of  Bats, — Dr.  H.  Allen  exhibited  specimens 
of  bats  dissected,  to  show  the  position  and  peculiarities  of  the 
mammary  glands.  These  bodies  have  been  described  as  post- 
axillary  and  two  in  number.  For  Desmodus  this  account  is  cor- 
rect. For  Fhyllorhina,  Nycteris  and  the  common  red  bat  of  this 
country  {Atalapha  {=  Lasiurus)  naveboracensis)  it  is  incorrect. 
In  the  first  two  the  glands  answering  to  the  axilla  are  low  down 
and  have  their  nipples  on  a  line  with  the  middle  of  the  clavicle.  In  the 
common  red  bat  the  gland  answering  to  the  so-called  post-axillary 
is  outside  and  below  the  axilla,  but  on  a  line  with  it.  It  occupies, 
indeed,  the  lower  third  of  the  side  of  the  chest  and  borders  upon 
the  inferior  line  of  the  chest.  In  addition  to  this  there  is  con- 
stantly present  a  pectoral  gland  situated  as  in  Quadrumana  and 
the  human  species.  .These  glands  resemble  one  another  in  general 
appearance  and  size,  being  circular  in  form,  without  hair,  of  a 
dull  yellow  color,  possessing  a  well-developed  nipple,  and  meas- 
uring 3  lines  in  diameter. 

It  is  interesting  to  observe  that  the  specimens  of  non-lactating 
bats  show  no  external  signs  of  mammse.  The  mammary  regions  are 
covered  with  fur  of  the  same  character  as  seen  elsewhere. 
Neither  in  a  female  with  embryos  2  lines  in  length  is  there  any 
external  development.  If  such  a  specimen  be  dissected,  the 
locality  of  a  rudiment  of  the  gland  can  be  detected  by  the  posi- 
tion of  a  small  circle  of  thin,  dark  skin  with  a  central  white  spot, 
such  structures  representing  the  patch  of  modified  skin  and  nipple 
ready  to  receive  the  future  developing  active  gland.  No  mam- 
mary structure  in  this  stage  is  anywhere  visible,  nor  is  there  any 
subcutaneous  fat.  Dissection  of  the  body  of  the  lactating  female 
on  the  other  hand  shows  the  mamma  to  be  as  large  as  the  external 
conformation,  and  the  pectoral  and  lateral  thoracic  regions  to  be 
occupied  by  a  large  but  sharply  limited  mass  of  fat,  which  runs 
up  into  the  axilla  and  encroaches  upon  the  dorsal  surface  of  the 
tnmk.  The  rest  of  the  under  surface  of  the  animal  is  without  fat. 
It  is  likely  that  there  exists  in  the  bat  the  same  provision  noted 
in  analogous  •  structures  of  many  lower  animals, — namely,  the 
presence  of  secondary  sexual  characters  (among  which  the  milk 
gland  may  be  placed)  which  practically  disappear  in  the  periods 
between  sexual  activity. 


134  PR00BED1NO8  OF  THE  AOADBMT   Or  [IIM- 


March  16. 
Mr.  Vaitx,  Vice-President,  in  the  chair. 
Thirty-ftvo  persons  present. 

A  |Mi|>er  entitled  '^  Carcinological  Notes,  No.  IV/*  by  J.  8. 
KingNley. 

Th«*  death  of  Dr.  Wui.  M.  King,  U.  S.  N.-,  a  member,  vw 
announced. 


March  23. 
The  President,  Dr.  Ruschbmbbrosrj  in  the  ohair. 
One  hundred  and  fifteen  persons  present. 

The  following  papers  were  presented  for  publication  :-^ 

*'  On  the  (testation  and  Generative  Apparatus  of  tbe  Elepbaai,*' 
by  H.  C.  Chapman,  M.  D. 

^'  On  a  New  Species  of  Ileniitriptenis  from  Alaska,**  by  W.  5. 
|jO<*kington. 

The  death  of  IIect<»r  Tyndaie,  a  member,  was  announced. 


March  30. 

Mr.  V A vx.  V ire- President,  in  the  ohair. 

Thirty-c*ight  perKon?^  premMit. 

The  dr:ith  r)f  Jurob  StautfiT,  a  eorreA|>ondent,  was  aunounecd. 
Paris  Ilaldiin:in.(iei>.  R.  Meckel  and  Kmlen  Physic,  M.  I>.,  were 
♦»h»ot«*d  nu'mlK»r». 

Thv  following  won*  onli'n»d  to  l>e  printed  : — 


1980.]  NATUEAL  SeiKirOEa  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  .136 

CAEOnrOLOOICAL  K0TS8,  Ko.  II.— BEVISION  OF  THE  OELASIMI. 

BT   J.   8.   KIN08LET. 

I  have  endeavored  in  this  paper  to  straighten  out  the  species  of 

the  *'  Fiddler  Crabs,"  basing  my  work  on  the  large  collections  of 

the  Academy  of  Natural   Sciences  of  Philadelphia  and  of  the 

Peabody  Academy  of  Sciences  at  Salem,  Mass.    My  material  has 

been  ample,  embracing  more  than  half  the  known  forms,  among 

which  are  types  of  Smith,  Guerin,  Eydoux,  Leconte  and  Say, 

with  other  specimens  from  Guerin 's  collection  which  were  identified 

by  comparison  with  the  types  of  Milne  Edwards.     I  have  reduced 

considerably  the  number  of  specific  forms,  and  in  so  doing  I  have 

been  actuated  not  by  any  desire  to  overturn  the  work  of  others, 

bat  merely  to  arrive  at  the  true  limits  of  the  species.     A  similar 

reciaction  in  other  genera  must  be  made,  and  will  be  made,  by 

anjr  one  who  attempts  to  study  the  forms  of  the  whole  world,  and 

doos  not  limit  himself  to  those  of  a  small  portion  of  its  surface. 

Among  the  important  features  of  this  paper  is  the  extension  of 

the  range  of  many  forms,  which  has  been  accomplished  either 

\>y    finding  new  localities  among  the  specimens  studied,  or  by  a 

iinion  of  two  or  more  so-called  species  which  bore  diflferent  names 

'^   different  portions  of  the  world. 

I  have  endeavored  to  give  descriptions  and  figures  of  all  known 

forms  of  Gelasimi,  and  when  possible  I  have  taken  them  from  the 

specimens  themselves ;  when  I  had  no  specimens,  I  have  given  a 

description  compiled  from  some  other  carcinologist,  and  have 

followed  it  by  the  initial  of  his  name.     The  same  remark  will 

*Pply  to  the  figures.     Localities  from  which  I   have  examined 

specimens  are  followed  by  an  exclamation  point  (I),  and  the 

"■^^laeum  in  which  the  forms  are  preserved  is  indicated  by  an 

*^reviation ;  these  abbreviations  are :  Phila.  Acad.,  Academy  of 

Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia,  Pa.;    Peab.  Acad.,  Peabody 

Academy  of   Sciences,  Salem,  Mass. ;    U.  C,  Union   College, 

Schenectady,  N.  Y. 

Oenna  QZLABIKUB  Latreille. 

^''^cer  (para.)  Linne,  Herbst,  Fabriciu%  De  Geer.     Ocypoda  (pars)  Boec» 
Histdre  Natorelle  des  Crustacea,  ii,  p.   240   (1828)^;   Latreille, 

*  I  have  never  seen  a  copy  of  the  first  edition  of  this  work  published  in 
^  **An  X  "  of  the  first  French  Republic  (1802^  of  accepted  chronology), 
^  my  references  are  either  quoted  firom  the  second  edition  by  Desmarest, 
OTitseoQiid  hand  from  Milne  JSdwards,  or  some  other  author. 


136  PBOCSEDINQB  OF  THE  ACADEHT'Or  [idSO- 

Hutoire  ilea  CnistitceH  et  de  la  losecta,  vi,  p.  37,  "An. XI "  (1803^.) 

Uea  Leach,  Trans.  Linn.  Boc.,  London,  li,  p.  809  (1810).     0*la*imui 

Latreille,   Nouvelle   Dictionnaire  d'Hlatoira  Naturelle,  xii,   p.   017 

(1817) ;  Henri  Hilue-Edwants,  Histoire  Natnrelle  des  Crustacea  ii, 

p.  49  (1887) ;  AtmalM  des  Baieucm  NatnrellM,  III  aerie,  zvlii,  p. 

144  (18S3) ;  Dana,  Cniatacea  of  the  tJtiited  States  Exploring  E:^ 

dition,  pp.  819  and  815  (1B52) ;  Heas,  Ai«hiv  fiir  Natargeeohiohto, 

xxxi,  Pt  II,  p.  145  <13^):   Alphonse  Uiloe-Edwards,   NoanUe 

Archives  du   Museum   d'Histoire   Naturelle,  li,  p.  371  <1878] ; 

Qimoplax  (para.)  Lamarck,  Histoire  Aniroaux  Bans  VertebrM^  r.'p. 

268  (1818). 

The  genuB  Gelasimas  belongs  to  Gyclomelopa  (Ocypodoidea  of 

Dana),  fumily  Afacrophthalmidfe  (Dana),  and  sub-Eamily  Ocypo-, 

dinae  of  the  same  author.     It  ie  characterized  by  the  rhomboidal 

CHrapax,  broader  in  front,  the  elongate  ocular  pedicels,  the  eyes  . 

proper  being  placed  at  the  extremity,  and  by  the  great  inequality 

of  the  chelipeds  in  the  male. 

In  my  studies  I  have  found  the  charaetera  derived  from  the 
larger  cheliped  of  the  male  to  be  the  most  constant,  while  the 
relative  proportions  of  the  carapax,  the  front  and  the  margins  of 
the  orbit,  are  of  but  slight  importance  and  very  variable. 

But  two  species  ever  referred  to  this  ^enus  by  authors,  are 
now  referred  to  other  genera;  Oelasimus  cordi/grmis  forming 
the  type  of  the  genus  Helcecius  of  Dana,  and  Oelasimus  lel- 
escopicus   Owen,   which  belongs  to  the  genus  Marrophthalmus. 

The  genus  may  be  divided  into  two  groupa,  possibly  of  sub- 
generic  value,  according  as  the  front  between  the  eyes  is  wide  or 
narrow,  and  the  wide  fronted  section  again  according  as  the  male 
abdomen  is  seven  or  five  jointed. 

§  A.  Front  very  narrow  between  the  eyes. 
I.  OelmiliBBS  naratotuni  Lfttreille.    PI.  ii,  f.  1. 

Oegpada  maroMani  Latreille,  Hist.  Crust,  et  Ins.,  vi,  p.  46  (1803). 
OfliMimuimaraManiLatreille,  Dict.d'Hist.  Nat.,  xil,  p.  019  (1817); 
Deemarest.  Coneid.  |par«)  p.  123  (1835);  Edw..  Hist.  Nat.  Cruet., 
ii,  p.  GI  (1837) ;  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.,  11^  iviii,  p.  144,  pi.  Ill,  f.  1  (1658)  ; 
■  Dana,  U.  8.  Ex.  Ex.  Cruat.,  p.  318  (1853) ;  White,  List,  Crust,  Brit. 
Mus.,  p.  8Q  (1847).  Qonoplax  maraeoani  Lamarck,  HisL  An. 
Sans  Vert.,  v,  p.  254  (1818).  Otlatimut  armatut  Smith,  Tnuu. 
Owm.  Acad.,  ii,  p.  133,  pi.  ii,  f.  5,  pi.  iii,  f.  4  (1870) ;  Report  Pea- 
bodj  Acad.  Sci.,  iii,  p.  91  (1871). 

Regions  distinct,  each  branchial  ornamented  with  a  longitudinal 
ridge,  from  which  branch  olf  smaller  ones.    Ischium  of  larger 


I880.J  VATVRAh  SCIENCES   OF   PHILADELPHIA.  137 

eheliped  with  a  prominent  tooth  below ;  meros  with  a  tooth  on 
posterior  margin  at  the  articulation  with  the  carpus,  otherwise 
smo6th  and  rounded,  its  upper  and  lower  margins  with  spiniform 
teeth  which  are  more  prominent  above  ;  carpus  elongate,  with  in- 
distinct tubercles.  Hand  very  large,  compressed,  externally 
tubereulate  on  the  basal  portion,  above  with  several  teeth  like 
those  of  meros,  inferior  margin  proximaby  tubereulate,  outer  sur- 
face of  thumb  with  large  shallow  punctae,  the  lower  portion  being 
marginate.  Occludent  margin  with  three  rows  of  tubercles,  the 
middle  one  forming  a  prominence  at  the  basal  two-fifths,  the  other 
rows  undulating,  extremity  contorted,  acute ;  inner  surface  nearly 
Hmooth,  with  a  tubercular  ridge  running  from  the  articulation  of 
dactylus  to  the  middle  of  lower  margin  of  the  palm ;  dactylus 
iainellate,  externally  granulate,  lower  margin  nearly  straight, 
upper  margin  arcuate,  basally  tubereulate,  tip  acute  and  nearly  at 
right  angles  with  occludent  margin,  inner  surface  nearly  smooth, 

somewhat  concave,  with  a  longitudinal  tubereulate  ridge  near  the 

ooclndent  margin. 

Bahii^  Brazil/  Dr.  Wilson.  Natal/  [f]  Dr.  Wilson  (labeled  O. 
tuUalen$i$).  South  America  /  (Phila.  Acad. )  West  Coast  of  Nicara- 
gua/ MeNiel  (Smith's  types  in  Peab.  Acad;).  Cayenne  (Latr. 
Edw.),  Brazil  (Latr.  White),  West  Indies  (White),  Bio  Janeiro 
(Dana). 

The  only  differences  between  Smith's  types  and  specimens 
f2r*<«=>m  other  localities,  are  the  more  crowded  spines  on  the 
.11.  E^P^r  border  of  the  meros  and  the  more  sparse  tuberculation  of 
tftm^  basal  portion  of  the  hand,  characters  surely  not  of  specific 
icK^  ^lM)rtance. 


3>       ^eltsimus  heteroeheles  Ktngslej.    PI.  iz,  f.  2. 

Seba,  Thesaurus,  iii,  pi.  xviii,  f.  8  (1758) ;  Caneer  voeans  major 
Herbst,  Naturgesch. '  Erabben  und  Krebse,  pi.  i,  f.  1  (after  Seba) 
(1790).  Oeypoda  heteroeheles  Bosc,  Edit.  I,  /<tom.  ii,  p.  107,  1802" 
(teste  Auct.)  ;  Edit.  II,  i,  p.  250  (1828)  ;  Caneer  uka  Shaw,  Natur- 
alist's Mibcellany,  XIV,  pi.  588  (after  Seba).^  Oelasimus  maracoani 
(pars)  Desmarest,  1.  c,  p.  123  ( 1825).  Oelasimus  platydaetylus  Edw., 
Hist.  Nat.  des  Crust.,  ii,  p.  51  (1837)  ;  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.,  Ill,  xviii,  p. 

*  I  have  been  unable  to  ascertain  the  date  of  this  volume.    The  first 

tolume  of  the  series  bears  the  date  1700,  the  twenty-fourth  (and  last) 

1^1^,  but  no  others  are  dated  ;  it  would,  however,  seem  probable  that  the 

fourteenth  volume  appeared  in  1808,  while  the  *' An  X,"  in  which  Bosc*s 

iirst  edition  appeared,  embraced  parts  of  1802  and  1803. 

10 


IW  FmoouDiMoe  ot  thb  agammt  ot 


lU  i4.  Ilt»  t  a  {185S) ;  8MMiin»  BmwctlfagMtedtloolagHK 
V.  ]».  911  (1858) ;  Bmith,  TraiM.  Coim.  AcdL,  1^  ^  Itt  (IM^ 
ir#lNi«««it  |»WiMffM  Smitli,  1.  0.,  p.  180^  pL  u;  t  10^  yl.  iii,  £  t-it 
1 1170) ;  Report  Peab.  Acad.,  iii,  p.  81  (1871) ;  UMb^/Umk  P^ 
ITalllbmia  Add.,  vii,  p.  145  (1877). 

(hini|Muc  transversely  nearly  flat;  meroa  of  faugier  chaHpei 
HHiiiiled  posteriorly,  its  lower  margin  ere&iifaifte,  its  nppcr 
(IikhhI  Into  a  broad,  aronate,  laminiform,. dentate  crest; 
4«lott|ratis  externally  toberonlate,  inner  margin  crsnnlale,  ibe 
«u  r  Am^  with  one  or  two  tubercles.  Hand  laige,  oomprsased, 
IHirllun  swollen,  upper  and  lower  margins  tubereolatey  eztttnal 
IHi««  of  |mlm  tnbercnlatei  of  thumb  smooth,  earaept  m 
I'lUge  below.  The  inner  surface  smooth,  with  a  tuberoiilate  ffid||i 
luunlng  flrom  the  lower  margin  at  the  base  of  the  thomb  obHq»4y 
u|iward  and  backward,  and  meeting  a  similar  ridgo  firom  the  bait. 
of  the  dactylus ;  occludent  margins  of  thumb  with  Ihvea  vows  eff 
tulieroles,  (the  middle  the  most  prominent)  and  somewhat  anpdalsi 
lieyond  the  middle.  Dactylus  with  the  upper  maigin  and 
lissal  portion  tubercuUtb,  the  occludent  margin  rather 
in  the  middle. 

Mmdeof  (Goerin-MensvUle).   jMmaiea/  (Dr.  Wilsoa)  FbUa* 
Ca^i^ns.  Edw.    W.  ComH  Niearagua/  (MeNisl.  8Brftb*B  l^fiB 
Paab.  Acad.).    L^mr  California  (Locklngtcm).    Jfiisifaw  (Sns- 

•nre). 

Seba*8  figure  represents  the  carapax  a8  granulate  and  the  froitf 
rather  broad  (in  these  respects  he  has  been  followed  by  Heftet 
ruid  Shaw),  otherwise  his  figure  answers  well.  Bosc  says  that  the 
rt|)ecies  is  black!  Smithes  types  agree  well  with  the  Jamaica 
i4|K*cimcn8  which  1  have  seen,  except  that  the  meral  crest  in  the 
Nicaraguau  specimens  is  more  distinctly  dentate. 

S.  OsUiiatu  btUator  White.    PI.  ix,  f.  ^. 

Petiver,  Opera,  i,  PI.  78,  f.  6  (1767) ;  0^a$imui  btUator  White,  Gala- 
logue  British  Museum  Crustacea,  p.  86  (1847) ;  (sine  deser.)  Vojaft 
of  H.  M.  8.  Samarang,  CrusUcea,  p.  49  (1848) ;  Edw..  Ann.  8d. 
Mat^  III,  xyiii,  p.  146  (1^52). 

Carapax  an^uate,  front  but  little  enlarged  lielow  the  eyes. 
MeroH  of  larger  clieiii>ed  posteriorly  with  an  oblique  rounded 
ridge,  its  ii|)|H*r  and  lower  margins  crenulate,  the  former  even 
denticulate:  carpus  externally  |M>lished,  above  granulate,  inoer 
ffiargin  denticulate,  outside  of  palm  and  basal  portion  of  daotyln^ 
granulate,  inside  of  |>alm  granulate  but  without  tubercular  ridges 


1880.]  NATURAL  SCIENCES  OF  PHILADELPHTA.  139 

except  a  short  curved  one  near  the  occludent  margin ;  thuml)  ex- 
ternally margined  below,  its  occludent  margin  forming  a  promi- 
nence at  the  distal  third ;  dactylus  with  the  margins  nearly 
parallel,  the  occludent  one  with  scattered  larger  tubercles,  tip 
acute. 

Australia  !  (Dr.  T.  B.  Wilson)  Phila.  Acad.     Luzon  (Petiver)  PhU- 
^PfiMM  (White). 

4.  Oelaiimui  itylifema,  Edw.    PI.  ix,  f.  4. 

Qeloiimus  platydaeiylus  Edw.,  111.  Edit.  Regne  Animal,  Crustaces,  pi. 
xviil,  f .  1  a  (without  date) .  Oelasimus »iyliferu»  Edw.,  Am.  Sci .  Nat. 
in,  xviii,  p.  145,  pi.  iii,  f.  8,  (1852) ;  Smith,  Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  ii, 
p.  118,  (1870). 

A  species  very  near  O.  platydaeiylus^  but  having  the  marginal 

crest  of  the  arm  less  developed  and  the  eye  stalks  terminated  by 

a  small  stylet  as  in  the  Ocypodas  (Edw.),     Is  possibly  but  a  variety 

of  heierochelos. 

Ouayaquil,  EquadoTy  (Edw.)* 

i.  Gelftiiavi  heterophtbalmus  Smith.    PI.  ix,  f.  5. 

GeUuimui  heterophthalmus  Smith,  Trans,  Conn.  Acad,  ii,  p.  116,  pi. 
ii,  f.  6,  pi.  iii,  f.  1  (1870)  ;  Rep.  Peab..  Acad.  Sci.  iii,  p.  91  (1871). 

MeroB  of  larger  cheliped  with  posterior  margin  rounded,  the 
inferior  crenulate,  superior  with  a  broad  crest,  carpus  with  the 
upper  outer  surface  granulate,  elsewhere  smooth.     Hand  inflated, 
l)a8al  portion  of  palm  externally  granulate,  thumb  punctate,  with 
^n  external  elevated  ridge.     Inner  surface  of  palm  smooth,  with 
"two  rows  of  tubercles  much. as  in  G.  heterocheles.    Fingers  com- 
3pressed,  the  thumb  with  a  deep  emargination  at  the  base  and  a  prom- 
inent tubercle  just  beyond,  occludent  margin  of  finger  nearly 
i^traight. 

Oulf  of  Fonuca^   West  Coast  of  Nicaragua  /  McNiel  (Smith's  types 
in  Peab.  Acad.). 

This  species  is  closely  allied  to  G.  heterocheles.  When  I  exam- 
ined the  specimens,  the  prolongations  of  the  ocular  peduncles 
described  by  Prof.  Smith  were  broken  off. 

C  OeUfimui  heteropleiinis  Smith.    PI.  ix,  f.  6. 

QdoMimus  h&teropleurus  Smith,  Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  ii,  p.  118,  pi  ii,  f. 
7,  pi.  iii,  f.  2  (1870) ;  Rep.  Peab.  Acad.,  iii,  p.  71  (1871). 

Carapax  but  slightly  convex,  one  side  produced  laterally.  One 
eye  with  a  stylet  about  as  long  as  the  cornea,  similar  to  those 
found  in  certain  Ocypodas.     Meros  of  larger  cheliped  with  the 


ctrpot  gw— late  aboiVL    Haad  t  iUimIIj 

poftioB,  Ite  opprr  aad  kmcr 

&C8  of  the  imIm  has  u  obliqveliaeof  tafacnslis] 

upward  aad  tiadcwaid  fincNB  the  lower 

thaaib  to  aeer  the  artiewletMMi  with  the 

compreeeed,  the  thmib  with  the  lower  —ijiiB 

the  upper  meigiB  of  deetjlm  Bcarlj  etndght  ee  mm  the 

mergiaeof  each. 

gay  tf  FtutmB  I  lUmM  (PHah. 

dea  Bd.  Hat,  IDtzvllil^  lUkll 
lli»  1 4 nSMi;  fltiiipao%  Phie.  Fhiia.  Aa^  IMk  »>  i»(1 
HiOar,  BiiM  dar  Sotaa^  Ciaatitaa^  p.  17  (UM); 
vaa  dar  Oacfctw**  Raiai^  p.  81  (1817) ; 
Jtanr.  Anh.  4a  Mw.  d*Hiil.  Kat^  iz.  p.  tVt  (1811). 
iaiaifaiaaai  WUta^  Crtakfaa  Brit^  MaiL  Ckait,  p.  81^ 
(f8#7)  ;  Vayafa  af  the  Baaunag;  OnwL,  p.  81(1818). 
aMla#Daaap  U.  8w  XipL  Sxped.  GnHl,  p.  81%  FL  X.!  8f1 

Catmpaz  amootb,  areoate.  Meroa  of  laiger  ehaHped  wHh  m 
oMiqoe  ridge  on  the  npper  poaterior  aorfboe  which  giadaal^ 
a|ipeari  before  tiie  articulation  with  the  carpoa;  the 
nomewhat  criatate,  diataUjr  with  a  prominent  tooth  and 
t  races  of  a  aef'ond;  carpus  externally  granulate,  a  portion 
the  articulation  with  the  meros  smooth,  inner  surftce  with  a: 
Hpifiiform  tulicrcle.  Palmar  portion  of  hand  swollen  and  exter- 
nally granulate,  granules  larger  below.  On  the  iQner  anrfi»e  thtie 
i«  an  oblique  tubercular  crest  near  the  lower  margin  hot  not  ex* 
temling  to  it,  and  a  second  near  the  occlodent  margin.  Thnmb 
with  an  impressed  line  on  the  outer  surface,  the  lower  maigia 
)^ranulous,  the  occludent  nuirgin  broadly  excavate ;  thia  exoaTa- 
tion  is  sometimes  regularly  curved,  but  generally  abowa  traoea  of 
a  division  into  two  sinuses;  the  distal  fourth  benda  abtupUy 
downward  to  meet  the  inferior  margin.  Finger  granulate  above 
lioar  the  base,  occludent  margin  nearly  straight. 

Phaippineif  Dr.  T.  B.  Wilflon  ( Phila.  Aoad.)  ;  iferwiaa  B^  ilaf- 
traUmf  E.  Wiliion  (Pliila.  Acad.);  Coa^  of  MaMmr!  QMtia*a 
(dlecUon  (Phila.  Acad.).  This  ipeoimen  ilabellad  ''O. 
manus  Coll.  Mub.*')  has  the  excavation  of  the  thumb  of  the  li 
cheliped  plainly  divided  into  two  parts,  /aea,  JfaMar  (Edw.) ; 
Nieok€r$  (Heller) ;  Zantibar  (HilgeodorO ;  ^^  OiMaai'a  (A. 
M.Edw.). 


18^.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES  OF  PDILADELPHIA.  141 

There  is  a  considerable  confusion  regarding  this  species.  Ed- 
wards considers  this  as  the  Cancer  vocans  of  Linne.  Linne  in 
his  tenth  edition  /p.  62f>,  1757)  quotes  Rumphius,  PL  XIY,  f.  E. ; 
and  Catesby's  Carolina,  ii,  PI.  XXV.  Rumphius'  figure  (of  a 
specimen  from  Amboina)  represents  a  form  with  the  fingers  regu- 
larly tapering,  and  resembling  G^.  tetragonon  more  nearly  than  any 
other  species  with  which  I  am  acquainted,  but  the  figure  is  not 
accurate  enough  to  have  any  systematic  value.  Catesby's  figure 
is  the  well-known  Ocypoda  arenaria  of  North  America.  Linne 
(in  the  Ama3nitates  Academici,  vi,  p.  416)  gives  a  description, 
which  does  not  at  all  apply  to  this  species,  and  quotes  in  addition 
Marcgrave,  Piso,  Rumphius,  Catesby,  and  Seba,  in  the  order 
given,  showing  a  still  greater  confusion.  In  his  12th  edition,  p- 
1041,  Gronovius  and  Petiver  are  added  to  the  list,  but  no  hints 
showing  what  should  be  regarded  as  the  Cancer  vocans.  As  there 
exists  such  confusion,  it  is  impossible  to  apply  the  name  vocarns^ 
with  certainty,  to  any  species,  and  for  that  reason  I  have  thought 
it  best  to  allow  it  to  lapse  into  synonymy  and  take  the  first  recog- 
nisable description  for  this  species. 

8.  Gelasimai  maiionii  Desmarest.    PI.  ix,  f.  8. 

Oekutmui  marionis  Desm.,  Consid.  sur  le  Crust.,  p.  124,  PI.  XIII,  f. 
1  (1825) ;  Edw.,  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.,  Ill,  xviii,  p.  145  (1852). 

Carapax  smooth,  and  with  each  margin  terminated  by  an  acute 
angle  directed  forward  ;  an  H-^^^P^^^  impression  on  the  carapax. 
Ocular  peduncles  slightly  enlarged  at  the  extremity,  and  without 
a  terminal  point.  Inferior  border  of  the  prbit  crenulate.  Right 
hand  greatly  larger  than  the*  left,  greatly  compressed,  basally 
granulate ;  finger  straight,  its  sides  smooth,  its  occludent  margin 
granulate ;  thumb  arcuate  below,  with  its  internal  border  broadly 
excavate  in  the  middle,  and  armed  with  fine  teeth.  Length,  8 
lines;  breadth,  one  inch  (Desmarest). 

Manilla  ( Desm .  ^ .    Malabar  ( Edw.  ^ . 

I  have  not  seen  any  form  corresponding  to  this  description  or 
figure. 

9.  Oelatimns  duMui  Stimpsoo. 

OeUuimui  dubius  Stm.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  1858,  p.  99. 

Carapax  and  front  as  in  G.  cultrimanua.  Inferior  margin  of 
orbit  crenulate,  externally  angulate.  Meros  of  larger  cheliped 
Bpinulose,  hand   stout,  externally  granulate  or   tuberculate ;  in- 


.). 


us  PlOCXEDllfOS  Of  TBM  AOAPSMT  OT 

ternally  with  erests  m  in  0.  eicftrtiiimait,  bal 
IXgito  imtiier  brottd,  externally  snleate;   laner 
straight,  irregularly  dentate,  two  or  three  teeth 
others  (Stm.). 

10.  Oslssittms  Imlpstas  Whit*.    PL  is,  f.  f. 

G§lMaimu9  ffreipaiuM  While,  Catatogne  Brit  Moa.  Crask,  p»  M^ 
dtter.  (1847) ;  Vbgrage  Samarang  Cmst,  >  8d  (1818). 
tfMretelM  Edwaidi,  Ann.  Bd.  KaL,  IIL  srili,  ^  14%  FL  m,  £8 
(1HS3;;  Heller,  Cnistaosen  Sod.  Eniopas,  ^  108  (1888);  MH^/k 
Milna-Edwaids,  Nonv.  Aieh.  dn  Mas.  d*Hlst  Kat,  IZ,  p.  81%  fl 
XII,  f.  4  (1818). 

Carapax  oonyez,  narrowed  behind.  Meroa  of  hufar  oheHpei 
externally  grsnnlate,  its  margins  dentienlate.  Carpns 
inner  margin  prodnoed  hot  without  a  prominoit  tooih. 
externally  granulate,  its  upper  border  slightly  nargiiied,  its 
tuberculate ;  on  the  inside  a  few  tubercles  in  a  eurfed  Una 
the  base  of  the  daotylus,  and  an  oblique  line  tkcm  the  lam 
margin  runs  up  to  the  articulation  with  the  carpoa,  dneijhs 
granulate  at  the  base,  otherwise  the  hand  and  fingers  an  a»oo4k 
Thumb  regularly  tapering,  with  an  external  impressed  Hne,  Mi 
occludent  margin  regularly  arcuate,  with  geneiallya  ptoaiiBsnl 
tubercle  near  the  middle.  Dactylus  with  a  prominent  dislsl 
dentate  lobe. 


[?1  OdMia!  Ouerio  (Phil.  Acad.).  PMippinM!  Drs.  Wllsoa 
Rurrouglis  (Phil.  Acad.>.  Australia/  £.  WilKm  (Phil.  Aesd.). 
Barnio  (Adams  and  White  .  Odeaa  (£dw.).  Jir#ii  CkMMt 
(A.  M.-EdW.). 

I  liave  united  tliese  two  nominal  8|)ecics  from  an  actual  corn- 
pa  riKon  of  MpecimenH.  In  the  collection  of  Onerin-Meneville  now 
in  tlie  posHCHHion  of  the  Philadelphia  Academy,  is  a  apecinwa 
lalK'llcd  **  (hloMmuH  coarctaluH  Kdw.,  Cat.  Mus.,  Paris,  Odessa,'* 
an<l  whioli  waH  pn>l>ably  one  of  the  original  specimens  which  was 
tlu*  foundation  of  Kdwar<l*H  description.  I  am  strongly'  inclined 
to  d<»u)>t  of  the  authenticity  (»f  the  locality  ^^  Odessa,**  aa  I  have 
)H>en  unaMe  to  find  any  other  authority  than  that  of  Bdwardn. 
MarcuHm^n  in  his  Fauna  of  the  Black  Sea  (Archiv.  fiir  Natnr- 
^esrhichto  xxxiii^  pp.  HfiSsiG.S,  18(>7)  docR  not  mention  it.  His 
•»u)»^o<(uent  pa|>er  and  that  of  Tljanin,  I  haye  not  seen.  Heller 
iniTi'ly  (|uotes  from  Milne-Edwardt*. 


1880.]  NATURAL  SCIENCES  OP  PHILADELPHIA.  143 

U.  OeUaimni  arevatvi  De  Haan.    Pi.  ix,  f.  10. 

Oeppode  { Oelanrnm)  areuata  De  Haan,  Fauna  Japonica,  Crustacea,  p. 
58,  PL  VII,  f.  2  (1835).  OeiUinmuB  areuatus  M.-Edw.,  Ann.  Sci. 
Nat.  Ill,  xviii,  p.  146  (1852)  ;  {?)  Krauss,  sud  Afrikanische  Cnia- 
taceen,  p.  39  (1843) ;  A.  M.-Edw.,  Nouv.  Arch,  du  Mus.,  ix,  p.  273, 
(1873;. 

Carapax  with  sides  carinate,  carina  acute,  scarcely  granulate ; 
Inferior  margin  of  orbit  granulate.  Meros  of  larger  cheliped, 
above  concave,  below  flat ;  internally  with  an  acute  granular  ndge. 
Carpus  externally  convex,  above  flat,  hand  twice  the  breadth  af 
the  carapax ,  fingers  compressed,  smooth,  externally  longitudinally 
sulcate  (De  Haan). 

Japan  (De  Haan).    Hew  Caledonia  (A.  M.-Edw.).     [f]  Natal  Bay 
(Krauss;. 

18.  Gelasimvs  tetragonon  Roppell.    PI.  ix,  f.  1 1 . 

Seba  Thesaurus,  iii,  PI.  XIX,  f.  15.  f  Cancer  serratan  Forskal,  Desor. 
Animalium,  etc.,  p.  87  (1775).  Cancer  tetragonon  Herbst  1.  c,  i,  p. 
257,  PI.  XX,  f.  no  (1790).  Oelaeimui  tetragonon  Ruppell,  Beschrei- 
bung  und  Abbildung  24  Erabben  des  rothes  Meeres,  p.  25,  PI.  V. 
f.  5  (1880)  ;  Edw.,  Hist.  Crust.,  ii,  p.  52  (1837) ;  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  Ill, 
xviii,  p.  147,  PI.  Ill,  f.  9  (1859) ;  White,  Cat.  B.  M.  Crust,  p.  36 
(1847)  ;  Guerin,  Voyage  Coquille,  p.  10  (1889*)  ;  Heller  Heise  der 
Novara,  p.  37  (1868j ;  Hilgendorf  in  van  der  Decken,  p.  84  (1867)  ; 
Kossman  Reise  nach  rothen  Meeron,  p.  52  (1877).  Oekiiimue 
* duperreyi  QnenUf  1.  c,  PI.  I  (1826) ;  Dana,  U.  8.  Ex.  Ex.  Crust.,  p. 
817  (1852).  Oelaeimui  dcftjardinii  Guerin,  MS.  Oelaeimue  tetra- 
gonon tar  epiniearpa  Eossmann,  1.  c,  p.  52.  Kossman  gives  a 
reference  to  a  paper  by  Poulson,  but  as  the  title  is  written  in  Russian 
I  have  not  been  able  to  verify  it. 

Carapax  strongly  arcuate,  front  not  expanded  below  the  eyes. 
Meros  of  the  larger  cheliped  with  the  upper  margin  terminating, 
distally  in  a  strong  spine,  carpus  smooth,  the  inner  margin  acute, 
its  basal  portion  sometimes  expanded  into  a  strong  tooth.  Hand 
compressed,  externally  finely  granulate,  a  shallow  pit  with  coarse 
punctae  near  the  base  of  the  thumb;  internally  granulate  but 
without  tubercular  ridges ;  thumb  with  two  prominences  on  the 
distal  half ;  the  finger  regularly  tapering. 

Mauritius  !  Dr.  Wilson,  Guerin's  Collection ;  Tongatahou  !  Wilket 
Expedition ;  Tahiti!  A.  Garrett ;  Sandwich  Is  !  Dr.  W.  N.  Jones 

'  The  title  page  of  the  volume  bears  the  date  1880,  but  the  introduotion 
to  the  Crustacea  and  Aiachnida  is  dated  '*  15  Novembre,  1838,"  so  that  it 
is  probable  that  the  volume  did  not  appear  complete  uutil  1839.  The 
plates  bear  date  1826. 


\ 


144  FBOCKEDlN'Ga   Of   THE  ACADEMY   OF  [18M. 


fVhilsi,  \CA4\    ;    T'lhiti  and  Sandtcieh  Is..'    A.   Gamtt   * 
Acad.    ;    lUd  Hen  and  Xie^bar  /«.  i  Heller  ;   ZamtAar  (Hil 
rlorf  :  B'jurbom  (EUlward>> :  A<ir  Cafedoaiia  lA.  Miliie-Edwaidi). 

IS.  GtUtimvt  mtutua  .^'in. 

GtUi$:rnu$  aeulu$  6im,,  Proc  PhiljL  Acad.,  1858,  p.  M. 

C*ara|iax  narrowcfi  behin<],  anterolateral  angles  prominent,  acnte. 
marginal  line  distinct.  Front  narrow,  not  constricted,  inferior 
margin  of  orbit  crenulatc,  externally  acute,  internal  suborbital 
lolio  convex  ;  a  crest  on  the  8ul»-hepatic  region  parallel  to  the  in- 
ferior margin  of  the  orbit,  the  includeii  surface  smooth.  Larger 
hand  coarnely  granulate,  a  tuliercular  ridge  on  the  inner  surface. 
Fingerrt  not  longer  than  the  palm,  externally  sulcate,  inner  margin 
dentate,  median  tooth  larger,  but  no  sub-terminal  tooth  (  St impsoo). 

M<ua0  (Stimpnoo). 

14.  OeUaiaui  forotpt  Milne- Ed wardi.    PI.  iz,  f.  12. 

Oelaiimui  foreep$  Edw.,  Hist.  Nat.  des  Crust,  ii,  p.  5d  (t8S7) ;  An> 
naleii  des  6cience8  Naturellei.  Ill  serie,  tome  zvili,  p.  148^  PL  III*  f. 
U  (1852j ;  White  Cat.  Brit.  Muk.  Crust.,  p.  36  (1847;. 

(*arapax   narn»wed   liehind,  lateral   angles  prominent,  acute: 

orbitrt  Im'Iow  with  two  denticulate  margins.     Meros  and  carpOK 

Hni<K)th,  the  lower  margin  of  the  meros  crenulate,  upper  cristate, 

flnely  dentate  ;    hand   smooth  or   indistinctly  granulate,  fingen 

long,  slender,  finely  denticnlnte,  tlie  thumb  with  a  distal   loN* 

(Kd  wards). 

Australia  (Kdwarda,  White). 

I  liav4'  not  forms  referable  to  the  two  foregoing  sfjccies. 

15.  GfUsimns  loDfidifitnm  (nov.).    IM.  ix,  f.  1.1. 

Closely  allied  \o /onrpH  in  si»ape  of  carapax, orbits  Ik'Iow  with 
H  Hiinple  smooth  margin.  Meros  and  carpus  smooth,  the  inner 
margin  of  the<*arpiis  acute, ereniilate.  Basal  i)ortion  of  the  hand 
ext4rnally  obscurely  graimlati' ;  internally  with  an  (»bli(|ue  tuber- 
<*iil:ir  ridge,  :ind  a  lew  tubercles  ne:ir  the  base  of  the  fingorn. 
Finders  <'nmpreKM'tl,  lontr,  finely  denticulate,  and  narrowi,»r  near 
the  base  than  at  the  middle  |>oint. 

}foreton  /?f»y,  AuntralM  f  E.    Wilson. 

16    GfUsimns  smithii   mnv  :.     IM.  iz.  f.  It. 

('jii:ip.MX  gibbnu'',  front  n  irrow  ;  uhtos  with  a  stn»ng.  obliqiir 
rid/«'  .'h  tin-  upjM-r  out«'r  surface,  the  inner  upjHT nvirgin  pnNluctHl 
iut«»  :i  piominent  vertical  inst.     <'arpu»*  extern:dly  nearly  sm<Kjth. 


1880.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES   OF   PHILADELPItlA.  145 

the  inner  margin  slightly  produced  and  denticulate.  Palnj  exter- 
nally granulate  above,  smooth  below,  its  up|>er  margin  granulate 
and  indistinctly  indicated  by  an  impressed  line  on  the  outer  sur- 
face, and  its  inner  surface  smooth,  without  tubercular  ridges, 
except  one  at  the  base  of  the  fingers.  Fingers  long,  slender, 
slightly  compressed  and  regularly  tapering,  the  extremity  of  the 
dactylus  somewhat  expanded  and  excavate. 

Natal!  E.  Wilson  (Phila.  Acad.). 

Named  in  honor  of  my  friend  Prof.  S.  I.  Smith,  of  Yale  College, 
who  has  monographed  the  American  species  of  this  genus. 

17.  Oelaaimni  urrillei  M.-Edw.    PI.  ix,  f.  15. 

Oelasimus  urvilUi  M.-Edw.,  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.,  Ill,  xviii  p.  148,  PI.  Ill, 
f.  10  (1852). 

Resembles  closely  G,  forceps,  but  has  the  medio-frontal  sulcus 
nearly  linear,  and  the  fingers  shorter,  the  anterior  border  of  the 
meros  of  the  larger  cheliped  obtuse  and  granulate  (M.-Edw.). 

Vanikoro  (M.-Edw.). 
II.  OelMimni  dniramieri  M.-Edw.    Pi.  x,  f.  16. 

Oelasimui  dutsumieri  M.-£dw.,  Ann.  Sci.  Nat,  III,  xviii,  PI.  TV,  f.  12, 
(1852)?  Hilgendorf  in  van  der  Decken*8  Reise  in  Ost  Afrika, 
Crustaceen,  p.  84,  PI.  IV,  f.  1  (1867) ;  Alph.  M  -Edw.,  Nouv.  Arch, 
du  Mus.  d'Hist.  Nat.  IX,  p.  274  (1873). 

Resembles  closely  O,  urvillei,  but  the  accessory  sub-orbital  lobe 
is  less  marked,  the  median  sulcus  of  the  front  entirely  linear  and 
the  anterior  border  of  the  meros  of  the  larger  cheliped  denticu- 
late. Chela  very  large,  G,  rubripes  is  closely  allied,  but  appears 
to  be  distinguished  by  the  form  of  the  fingers  of  the  larger  hand, 
the  larger  tubercles  of  the  carpus,  etc.,  (Ex.  auct.). 

Malabar  and  Samarang  (Edw.) ;   Ifeto  Caledonia  (A.  M.-Edw.) ; 
Zanzibar  (Hilgendorf). 

19.  OeUiimni  mbripei  Jacq.  and  Lucm.    PI.  z,  f.  17. 

GelaBxmun  rubripeB  Jacquinot  and  Lucas,  Voyage  des  Astrolabe  et  Zelee 
Crustacea,  p.  66,  PI.  VI,  f.  2  (1853) ;  Heller,  Reise  der  Norara  Crus- 
taceen, p.  38  (1867). 

Orbits  granulate  above  and  below,  carpus  of  larger  cheliped 
with  the  external  portion  granulate,  its  margins  finely  denticulate. 
Hand  prominently  granulate,  internally  smooth  except  fine  granu- 
lations at  the  origin  of  the  thumb ;  below  strongly  dentate,  finger 
smooth  except  at  the  base  where  it  is  granulate ;  Uic  inner  margin 
of  the  thumb  with  three  large  teeth,  the  intervals  between  which 


146  PBOCEBDINGS  OF  TUB   ACADBMT  OF  [18M 

are  finvly  denticulate.     Thumb  smooth  below  its   inner  margii 

with  sovoral  rows  of  granulations  and  a  prominent  tooth  nemr  tb^ 

middle  (J.  et  L.). 

Unknown  (J.  and  L.)  Nieobaru  (Heller  . 

90.  Oelaiimui  tigaatiu  Hew,    PI.  z.  f.  IS. 

QeUmmun  aignatui  Hess,  Arciiiv  fiir  Naiurgeseliichte»  zzzi,  p.  lltt*  P 

VI.  f.  6(1865'. 

''  P'roiit  U^tween  the  eves  not  ao  Hmall  as  a  U.  variatum^  cbelipcti 
one  and  u  half  times  the  breiuUh  of  the  body;  arm,  cnrpiu  and 
han<l  bright  red,  Huf^ers  wliite.  Arm  below  with  two  rows  of 
)>early  tidH*rch's,  fingers  with  an  elevation  at  the  middle  uf  tfar 
iTixwv  border,  dintidly  arcuate  and  pointed  '*  (Hess). 

Sidney,  AutirMm  <  Ilea  . 

31.  GvUiimai  erasiipei  White.    IM.  z.  f.  Itt. 

GeLiU'mtii  erauipe*  White,  Cat.   B.  M.  Crust.,  p.   861,   due  dcatr. ; 
AdaiiiM  and  White,  Voyaj^  Samaran^  Cruntaoea,  p.  49  (1848). 

f  O.  brev'pei  Edw.,  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.,  Ill,  xviii,  p.  146  (1858). 

"  Ciir.ipaee  wry  much  arched,  suddenly  narrowed  behind,  froot 
with  a  IoIk'  without  narrow  stalk.  Four  hind  pairs  of  legs  Ihtckrf 
:i:id  stronger  than  in  the  <»ther  siKH.*ies  "  (Ad.  and  White). 

PhiUnpinf  iamn49  (White  . 

Tlun-  li:iV4    l)«*tii  dc'^rrilM'd  thnn*  other  spfeies  ♦   licloiiging  to 

^if  II  u  rnw-fVonttKl  stt-tuni,  on*'' of  whicli  h:i>  been  made  tije  tvpe 
■  i'  tin*  Li«iiiis  Ai'auth^H'In.r  by  Mihie  K«l wards.  A  fourth  s|iecit«& 
rVotii  Piihia,  Hrazil,  i*«  in  the  collrrtioti  of  the  Philadelphia 
Ac:id('iii\.  So  far  us  1  :ini  aware  these  n re  all  fi'malcft  and  air 
r-pn  MiiN-.l  by  only  :i  siii-jlt'  ^ixciintn  eaeh,  and  as  1  am  strongb 
iiirlincd  ti»  eonsider  thiin  tli<*  fcinaK  s  nf  wt'll-khown  forms  I  oni- 
li'<<Tipti<»n-^  of  thrnK 

•    //>■./•  ihVA    in»i(fni*    Smith,    Trans.   C«>nn.   A  rati.,  ii,  p.   12i5     ld?l» 
A'''t  t!i'i  ji'iixihiit'/ui^  K<iw.,  Ann.  Sri.  N.ii.,  Ill,  xviii,  p.  151,  PI.  IV. 
f.  *,::    \y<*\!    ;  Anliivos  at>  MuM-um.  \ii,  ji    lO:,  IM.  II,  f.  1     IN%4  .- 
<  l.iii    r.«Iw.  . 

h'f'>fi>i'i»  r)  Ti.ir  i*  Siiiitli.  Tuins.  Conn.  Ai.iii.,  ii.   p.  185,   IM,  II.  f  f". 
I'l    ir.  t.  :»    l*«:n    ;  KrjMUt  INiiLo-lv  \r.ii\.  Sri,nii»,  iii,  p.«M    ls7l  .  - 
Wiv|  < 'ti.iht    Niiar;i:,'ii;i  :     MrNirl      I*i'ih.    .\.ad     . 

A'''f  ■  ■^-  -^f  'IT  (Tc-'-^h*  <  MT'.t.irkiT,    Aii'liiv  f.r  N.^tar^mchit  li:r.   x*n 
ji.  \'.\x    \K,i\  .-  No  iiNMlity. 


1880.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES  OF   PHILADELPHIA.  147 

§  B.  Front  broad  between  the  orbits, 
*  Male  abdomen  seven-jointed. 

^2.  OelMimm  Tooator  Martens.    PI.  x,  f.  20. 

Cancer  voeator  Herbety  Bd.  iii,  h.  iv,  p.  1,  PI.  LIX,  f.  1  (1804). 
Oetanmus  vocani  Edw.,  Hist.  Nat.  Crust.,  ii,  p.  54  (1837) ;  111.  Edit. 

Regno  Animal,  Crastecea,  PI.  XVIII,  f.  1  (no  date) ;  White,  Oat.  B. 

M.  Crost.,  p.  36  (sine  synon.),  1847. 
GeUmmtM  voeans  (pars)  Gould,  Invertebrata  of  Mass,  p.  335  (1841). 
Oela»imu8  voeans  var.  a  Dekay,  N.  Y.  Fauna  Crustacea,  p.  14,  PI.  VI, 

f.  10(1844). 
GeUuimus  palustris 'Rdw.f  Ann.  Bci.  Nat.,  Ill,  xviii,  p.  148,  PI.  IV,  f. 

13  (185J)  ;ifitimp8on,  Annals  N.  T.  Lyceum  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  02  (I860); 

Smith,  Trftns.  Conn.  Acad.,  ii,  p.  127  (1870).. 
Qel€uimu$  pugilUitur  Leconte,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  ScL,  Philadelphia, 

1855,  p.  403. 
Qelanmus  brevifrons  Stimps.,  Ann.  N.  T.  Lyceum,  vii,  p.  239  (1860) ; 

Smith,  Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  ii,  p.  131  (1870) ;    Lockington,  Proc. 

Cal.  Acad.,  vii,  p.  147  (1877). 
Oeloiimus  sp.  Saussure,  Memoirs  Societe  Phys.  et  Hist.  Nat.  Geneve, 

xiv,  p.  440  (1858). 
&ela»imus  voeator  Martens,  Archiv  fur  Naturgeseh.,  xxxv,  p  1  (1869  ; 

xiomii,  p.  104  (1872) ;  Kingsley,  Proc.  Phila.  Acad.,  1879,  p.  400. 
ManmtiA  pugnax,  mordax  et  rctpax  Smith,  Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  ii,  pp. 

181,  135,  134,  Pis.  II,  f.  1,  2,  8,  IV,  2,  3,  4  (1870). 
Oaanmus  affinis  Streets,  Proc.  Phila.  Acad.,  1872,  p.  131. 
Oefasim%»  crenulatus  Lockington,  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.,  vii,  p.  149  (1877). 

Oarapax  smooth,  meros  of  the  larger  cheliped  witii  its  margins 
<l^iiticulate  or  tubcrculate,  carpus  externally  granulate,  internally 
^^•th  an  oblique  tubercular  ridge.  Hand  tuberculate,  its  inner 
*^^ce  with  a  ridge  running  up  from  lower  margin  to  carpal 
ff ^cove ;  in  firont  of  this  are  scattered  granules.  Thumb  straight, 
^^"tremity  oblll|uely  truncate,  finger  strongl}^  arcuate,  longer  than 
^H©  thumb. 

Eati  Coast  of  America,  from  Cape  Cod!  to  Pnra^  Brazil  f  West  Indies! 
and  Aspinteall !     West  Coasi  of  Mexico  !    Panama  ! 

The  localities  froin  which  I  have  examined  specimens  number 
^ver  thirty  and  embrace  several  hundred  specimens.     I  find  in 
^^e  Guerin  Collection  two  specimens  from  Mauritius  which  closely 
'Arable  Cuban  forms. 

This  is,  without  much  doubt,  the  species  intended  by  Ilerbst ; 
Bdwards  qnotes  the  Cancer  palustria  of  Sloane  as  this  species, 
^t  aside  from  the  fact  that  his  History  of  Jamaica  was  i)ul)lished 
in  1*735,  and  his  name  is  therefore  ante-Linnean  (and  is  also  poly- 


*S  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE   ACADBSCT   OF  [IM 

»-.v/r  *"\  Sloaiic  irivcs  not  the  slijjhtest  deiimption,  but  nay*  tl*' 

t;-.vi*^  |K»rf(i»i'tly  with  the  fiji^iirr  of  Marcj,n^ve  which  is*  thr  •» 

i*  '•':.■■  yiui  of  iiuthorn.     I  think  that  any  one  stu<lyin|;  sla  I  YiK^t 

'i?-4v  MTivrt  of  specimens,  will  -apree  with  mc  in  uniting  th*-»-- 

» 'iiioiis  forms  under  one  siH»oific  name,  an  the  characters  wLict 

'^^•luv.ile  them  are  vnriahle  and  not  of  specific  importance.     ProN 

*l»l\    (/.  minax  should  also  Ik*  incliidtHl  here,  as   »u^}s;i.^Mvd  \'\ 

ri\»!\'8sor  Smith. 

V9   U«Utimai  minax  LeContr.    IM.  z,  f.  21. 

Ufla»imu$  viinm  I^Coiite,  Proc.  Phila.  Acad.,   vii,    p.    403   'IKV 
Smith.   Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  ii,  p.   128,   PI.  II,  f.   4,  PI.  IV,  f  ' 
ilHTO   ;    Itep.  r.  S.  Finh  CoinmiiisioD  for  1871.73,  p.  545  (l!<r. 
Kin^sley,  Proc.  Thila  Acad.,   1870.  p.  400. 

Canipax  strongly  arcuate  lonp^itudinally,  the  branchial  re«noi> 
granulate  anterior!}'.  Meros  of  larjjer  chelipeds,  with  the  npf*-" 
and  low(T  mari^ins  tnlKTculate  as  is  the  up|ter  portion  of  carpn* 
inner  margin  of  carpus  with  prominent  tuliereles,  its  inner  surface 
with  an  oblicpu'  tnlK^rcular  rid<re.  I^alm  cristate  above,  oxtemalh 
with  lar«;e  depressed  tu)>ercle8  above,  smaller  1>elow,  inner  sur(ao 
also  ttiherculate  and  with  a  ri<Ige  of  tubcrclca  mnninf;  oMiqueh 
up  fmm  the  lower  margin  at  the  luise  of  the  thumb  to  the  depre^ 
Kion  into  which  the  carpus  folds,  and  a  second  curved  one  near  tiir 
base  of  the  finders.  Finjrers  lon^,  slender,  n»;rularly  taperinp. 
finder  l(in;:cr  than  the  thumb  :ind  di>tally  strongly  arcuate. 

/jVmV^'a  l*oint,   litnuU  Oetk\  S.J..*  S.  Ashmead   -Ihila.    Acad. 
r«'<  iintcV  types) ;  Hhjjf'fi>n,  S.  (\  '  Dr.  Melliehainp  (IVali.  Acad    . 
ytrthtimytnn    f'n.,   \',i.  '  \\.   K.   Wcliu'er    Union   Collej**    ;    Sfir 
If-irfu,  Coun.,  aiul  St.  Avgundnf^  Fin.  ;  Smith  . 
f4.  Ofliitimai  annulipei  M.I-.Mw.     V\   \.  t   '21. 

(hlifffaVM  .irsnuh'j'tii  .M.-Kdw.,   Mist.   Nat.  Cnist.,  II,  p.  .Vi.  1*1.  Ih.  f 
10  i:!    1KJ7   :  NNhite,  Cat.   M.  M.  Cruht.,  |»   :m(IS47   ;  Kdw.,  Anr. 
Sn.   .Vat.   III.   wiii.   p.   14H.   IM.  IV,  f.  4f>(lK.-i2);  lUua,  U.  S.  F.i 
h\.  Ciu>t.,  :U7    1  **"►,!    ;  llelhT.   Heiw  ilcr  Novara,  Cniht.'wva.  p.  :<^ 
■1>»»i7  ;  IIili;i>iHiiMt' ill  r.aion  I»«Tkrir>i  ]{eiM>,  p.  M  vb*^7)  ;  Mi*nat*- 
I'liiilitf  r»4'rliiii-i'  .\ka<l«'!iiie,   1><7S,  p.  **i\.\;  Ko^mann.   IleiM*  narh 
mtlieii  Meen'ii.  p.  ."iiJ    1^7'-   ;  SjK'nee  Hate  in  J.  K.  I^ni'i«  Natural- 
ist III  VaiicMiivcr.     firf.iniritfm  thnrr>-tlii^fjflu»  Kdwardi  ami  Liic.v  ic 
I»<»iJi;:nvV  \..ya;:r,  07,  11    \I,  f.  ;J  ( l^t-'i   ;  Nin.llet  IntlajMb*! 
(  liili  y.iHi]..   iii.   ir,:.     \^\\)   ;  r.i|\%..  Ann.  Sri.    Nat  .  III.   xviii.    1« 
(I*«'iJ  .     (rf^tiMi'ffiuf  hirttUM  Kran^N  Sml.  Af.  CiU!*t..  p.  3U    tft^Xr  Ui. 
;;»!iiinif  .     (it'ini  <'.•;.».*'•/•# '/i/«  Mimpwm,   IVik-.  IMiila.  .\i\iii..  !?•> 
|-.   !''' .      //»*...•(#..».*  ii,.;i»i ';«■.<  vai  ■;*'//    «i/.<i   K>>>Mii.oiti    I.e..      Urla^'^ 
;   '  •    rrrtfutuM    I.*»i  kin^tmi,    I'n.i-     CalitMruia    .\ead.    Sci,,    p.     i4» 
1S77  . 


1880.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES  OP   PHILADELPHIA.  149 

Carapax   transversely   nearly  flat;    inferior  margin  of   orbit 

crenulate.     Meros  of  larger  eheliped   smooth,  angles  rounded, 

carpus  the  same  with  a  few"  obsolete  granulations  on  the  upper 

.surface.     Hand  smooth,  sub-marginate  below,  an  oblique  row  of 

tubercles  oh  the  inner  surface,  rimning  up  and  back  from  near  the 

lower  margin  half  way  to  articulation  with  the  carpus,  and  .two 

.^i  milar  curved  lines  near  the  articulation  of  the  dactylus.     Thumb 

x-ogularly  tapering,  a  prominent  tubercle  near  the  middle,  extremity 

.^lab-excavate.      Dactylus    distally    strongly    curved,    extending 

w^lightly  beyond  the  thumb. 

Atuiralia!  E.  Wilson;  Singapore!  Dr.  McCartee  (Phila.  Acad.); 
ZamilHir/  (C.  Cooke)  **N.  W.  Boundary  Surrey,  A.  Campbell^ 
Commr.,  Dr.  C.  B.  Kennerly  "  !  (Peabody  Acad.) ;  Seas  of  India 
and  Asia  (Edw.) ;  Ceylon,  Nicobars  Madras  (Heller)  ;  Mozam- 
bique Tnhambeni  (Hilgendorf )  ;  Pondieherry  (White)  ;  Valparaiso 
(Edw.  and  Lucas) ;  Vaneoitver  (Bate) ;  Lower  California  (Lock- 
iDgton)  ;  Tahiti  (Stm.)  ;  Red  Sea  (KoBsmann). 

89.     GeUtimu  Uetem  DeHa&n.    PI.  z,  f.  28. 

Oeypode  (CMasimus)  Uietetts  DeHaan.  Fauna  Japonica  Crust.,  p.  54, 
PL  XV,  f.  5  (1885).  Oelasimus  laeteus  Edw.,  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.,  HI, 
xvili,  150.  PI.  IV,  f.  16  (1853) ;  Stm.,  Proc.  Phila.  Acad.,  1858,  100; 
Micra,  Proc  Zool.  5oc.,  1879,  p.  36. 

Oarapax  longitudinally  strongly  arcuate,  transversely  nearly 
d^-t ;  antero-lateral  angles  prominent;  meros  of  larger  eheliped 
^^ternally  granulate,  a  constriction  of  the  upper  margin  near  the 
articulation  with  the  cai*pus,  lower  crenulate  or  even  denticulate. 
Carpus  externally  smooth,  inner  edge  acute  denticulate ;  hand  ex- 
tei'Oally  finely  granulate,  above  more  plainly  so;  a  crenulated 

i^dg^e  near  the  inner  lower  margin  and  one  or  two  near  the  fingers. 

^^ngers  elevated,  strongly  compressed,  the  thumb  suddenly  nar- 

^Wed  near  the  apex. 

Japan!  B.  Wilson ;  Pondieherry!  Dr.  T.  B.  Wilson  (Phila.  Acad.) ; 
Japan  (DeHaan) ;  China  (Edw.  Stm.). 

K-  Maiioittt  tpleadidai  Stm. 

Giiaaimus  9pl$ndidu»%tm.,  Proc.  Phila.  Acad.,  1858,  p.  99. 

Inferior  margin  of  orbit  crenulate,  externally  rounded.     Larger 

lumd  nearly  smooth,  internally  with  an  oblique  tubercular  crest. 

Crest  at  the  base  of  the  fingers  nearly  obsolete.     Fingers  long, 

sifloder,  slightly  denticulate.     Thumb  with  the  apex   excavate 

(8tnL> 

Hong  Kong  (Stm.). 


t.  _ 


150  PK1iCE£PI50s   or  THE   ACADEMY   OF  [ltf# 

1  hfive  LOT  ^trn  ?h>  -j^.-c:*-*:  it,  however.  ftp|)ear«  to  be  t.t^ 
near  'f/>/i»/n/*'j'. 

fir''iu'r..^$  Muor  imetu  in  F<:«cheT'i  Vqja|;e  of  the  Biamom  :  A^ 
i^ndii :  (  m^tac^a.  p.  T^  PI.  XXXV,  f.  2  (1«IS1  . 

OaAv,  Sandviek  /«.  'Owvc  . 

Tlii-  ««j,f<;lfc*  i^  v*-ni-  n»:ar  the  nt^nnlip^r  of  Edward*,  the  ^aU 
ditftrfi  n'  f  rA'iri^  thi-  'jrjtr  tttrth  ff  the  fingeiv  of  the  cheliped. 

St   GcUfiBOj  triABfvIaru  A.  N.-E-J*. 

0>'-'*  m%4  rr  nfur^l  rt*  A.  M.-Edv..  Noot.  Arch,  dii  Mas.,  IX,  p.  3«\ 


*iffn*t h.  </ y * # ►•  /f « » <- r • .  /.^^ /■/ '/*i>  /"'ij*  t- 1  tat reilM  by  t he  ca rapas  grvaSi^ 

iarv*''  i't  fr«'C<t  ^tA  -ir;ftiler  K-himi :  the  latrral  anglea  are  »piiii- 

forifi  rjii'l  'lin^'V'l  ^T'^-rirlv  fomanl.  the  frcint  tietween  the  eve»  i» 

lar;:*'  mj'1  roundel.     I^rirc-r  <.-h*-Ii|<'*t  externally  smooth,  palnMr 

port i^' II  lon^  stu'l  iiroxirnally  indatei].     Inner  purfaeo  with  a  {Tibb- 

iilar  riH(!f .  irin^-r  ruar^rin  of  fin}zer>  dentate,  finfier  a  little  lon^ 

than  the  thi:rob.      'TU'i^  s|Hfie?*  i?>  allied  to  (J.  mimir  by  the  forai 

of  thf  hand,  hut  \*^  diMinsiiishe*!  hy  the  moff  triancnlar  canjiss 

(A.  M.-K.). 

A>«r  CaUdohia    A.  M.-Edw.  . 

t9    Oeiaiimni  ^mardi  Fi«.     P:.  i. :'. 

*rf'-  M  rAU«  5'Mf/i  srdi  K']w..  Ai.n.  ?ni.  Nat.  Ill,  x\iii.  I'V>,  PZ    IV,  f  ." 
;-./J   :  lit;;*!  I:«im.*  Nu\aia.  (  :>l^t.,I•.  :>    >ti7  . 

V«  r\  in-:ir  //r//" .^/♦.-.  ).nt  )i;i>ii>^  ihf  frtiut  n;t»re  |»n>ii>npe«i  iif: 
iimri  !<>iiii(l«-<l  I'tl'.w  nijil  il.iM-xti'rrial  .  intt  rn:il  '  rn'st  of  the  h.iii  t 
olitij-*   .'iihI  hot  «h  iitiriil:tti-.  ri***iriihliiiir  th:iT  i»f  ^r. /'I'r^/tVi  (  K<1»  . 

TurtfyiOibvK    K<1«.   :  T'lhiti    Heller . 

30  Gclaiimni  paDameBiia  .'^tm.     V.   \.  t  i'4. 

(t^l'iM  ftivi  i'fht:fi'f7,»-t  Still.,    Ai.ii.   I.Vi- ,   Vll.  p.  fi3     1H40.  ;  tett).. 

ii:,i.K  Ct.Mi.  A«:i.i..  II.  irc.  n.  IV,  f.  r»  i*»7«». 

rar:i)  :l\  <lt'{  rr>-i'I.     A  nt«  ri«-r  :iiitl  infi  rior  ni:irt:ini«  of  thonu  ri>« 

m|'  ti.i   l:irpr  ( In  li|'«  «1  <  r«  ijiil:iti-«l.  I'ttstt  riiir  rf>un«li'<l.     TarpUH  vir\ 

•^liMf*.    *iii"oth  :    h:tii«l    ^iiiootli    »'\trm:illy   Hn«l    in!rmaIU\   finp»  r* 

rftrMl:!r'\  t:iii»riiiL'. 

(iu'f  r.^  F',nt^oi  '  y^yw\    ]>iS    Acad 

31  Ge'afimna  pufrillator. 

f'f,j"t:.:  /•  ..r.'/'.  r  I'nsr..  Ili-t.  N.it.   «  nut  ,  YaUx.  I,  i.  p.  197,  Is^I  1 
•f^v  .ft*.-'      I.«i.t.  II.  J.  p.  'J"»M   1*^'>   ;  I.atr.  Hi»»t.  Cniht,  el  In*  * 
47     !*-<»:<- 1       ^  ■•;•«/./  p'l;;    './f  -    j  njb.  .  t^ay.   Jour.   1*1::!.%   Aca-' 


1880J  NATURAL  SOIENCES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  151 

71  and  443  (1817-18).  Oelanmus  pugillator  Latr.,  Nouv.  Diet,  d'- 
Hist.  Nat.  Edit.  II,  p,  519  (1817) ;  Desraarest  Consid.  128  (1825), 
Edw.,  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  torn.  cit.  p.  PI.  IV,  f.  14  (1852)  ;  Stm.  Ann. 
N.  Y.  Lye.  VII,  p.  62  (1859)  ;  Smith  Trans.  Conn.  Acad.  11,  p,  136, 
PI.  IV,  f.  7  (1870) ;  Rep.  U.  8.  Fish  Comm.  1871-72,  p.  545  (1875). 
Gelanmus  vocans  (pars.),  €k>uld,  Invertebrata  of  Massachusetts,  p. 
325  (1841) ;  Dekay,  N.  Y.  Fauna,  Crust,  14,  PI.  VI,  f.  9  (1844). 

Carapax  polished,  swollen,  nearlj'  quadrate.  Meros  of  the 
larger  cheliped  with  the  outer  surface  rugose,  upper  and  lower 
margins  crenulate.  Carpus  granulate  externally,  its  inner  margin 
acute;  hand  inflated,  the  basal  portion  granulate  and  margined 
above  and  below  ;  inner  surface  rounded,  granulate,  but  without 
any  trace  of  a  tuberculate  ridge  except  one  formed  by  a  continua- 
tion of  the  inner  margin  of  the  thumb.  Thumb  nearly  straight, 
a  ridge  on  the  outer  surface,  a  large  tubercle  near  the  middle  of 
the  inner  margin,  the  extremity  obliquely  truncate.  The  finger  is 
longer  than  the  thumb,  regularly  tapering  and  distally  strongly 
arcuate.  There  is  a  specimen  in  the  collection  of  the  Philadelphia 
Academy  from  Surinam  which  appears  to  be  intermediate,  in  the 
characters  of  the  hand,  between  this  and  G,  vocalor.  The  fingers 
are  shorter,  the  granules  on  the  outside  of  the  palm  much  more 
prominent  than  in  typical  pugillator^  and  there  are  traces,  though 
faintly  indicated  of  a  tubercular  ridge  on  the  inside  of  the 
palm. 

Xew  Jeney !  T.  Bay,  Wm.  Wood ;  Manat&e  River  f  8.  Ashmead ; 
Mauritiui  /  Guerin*s  Collection ;  Oreenpoint,  L,  L  !  8.  F.  Baird  ; 
Bott^n  Barb&rf  J.  H.  Black  (Phila.  Acad.)  ;  Nantucket  and  Key 
Wui,  Fla.!  A.  8.  Packard;  Bluffton,  8,  0. !  Dr.  Melliehamp ; 
Savannah,  Ga.  /  no  collector's  name  given  (Peab.  Acad.) ;  BeauforU 
N,  0,!  11,  Y^  Webster  (Union  College) ;  New  Haven,  Conn,,  Eg- 
mnni  Key  and  8t.  Auguiiine,  Fla,  (Smith) ;  South  Carolina  and 
Cayenne  (Kdw.). 

sa.  Otlssimai  ekloropkthalmas  Edw.    Pl.  x,  f.  24,  27. 

GOaeimui  chlorophthaltnue  Edw.,  Hist.  Nat.  Crust.  II,  54  (18B7)  ;  Ann. 
Sci.  Nat.  torn.  eU,  150,  PI.  IV,  f.  19  (1852) ;  Mcl^eay  in  Bmith's 
Zool.  8.  Afnca,  p.  64  (1838) ;  Wl^ite,  Cat.  B.  M.  Crust.,  p.  86  (1847;; 
Guerin,  Iconog.  Crust.,  PI.  IV,  f.  3 ;  Hilgendorf  in  Deokcn's  Reise 
Crust,  p.  85  (1867) ;  Monatsberiehte  Berlin  Akad.,  1878,  p.  803; 
Geloiimue  marionie  Edw.,  Hist  Nat.  Crust,  II,  58  (1837)  ;  Gelaei- 
mu$ perplexue  Edw.,  Ann.' Bci.  Nat.  torn,  cit,,  150,  PI.  IV.,  f.  18 
(1853) ;  Heller,  Novara  Crust,  p.  88,  PI.  V,  f.  4  (1867) ;  A.  M.-Edw. 
Nouy.  Arch.  Mus.  IX,  274  (1878> ;  teste  Hilgendorf. 


ffi  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THX   ACADXMT   Off  [i 

Carapax  :ir  nriU.     Larger  luintl  Ismail,  joinU  mil  smooth,  flnfcn 
•^hort.  frc'fjiic-ntty  shorter  tlian  the  ymlm ;  the  ridges  on  the  inade 

•  >r*  the  pitrii  I'ithcr  amfffAh  or  olr^oltftelv  gnmulate;  fingen  dentir- 
•iljitf.  re^THhirlv  arcuate. 

hUhdof  li'jurou!  (ruerin'a  rollection  iPhilm.  Addemy);  JfrnnMu 
^  l'l«] w .,  W h ite  xZ'tnz&HiTf  Mom mMyue  and  Masea reitet  ( Htl gvn-iaif  • : 
Jira    KfJw.  ,  Ctylon  and  Madra$  j  Heller.;   Nnf  CaUionia    A.  M. 

I  aUo  Mil  l«'rstan<l  that  Maillard  found  Una  apecies  at  Reoakm, 
!'-it  I  havr  not  seen  the  work. 

Hil;;4'ri(lr»rf  from  an  actual  conipariM>n  of  apecimena  aav«  tkit 
'.^je  ff^rfflfrait  -mmX  rhloroptithalmua  of  Edwards  are  the  aame.  TW 
ft.  att'tunlnrfijh.iA  of  L^K'kington  (Proc.  California  Ac«d.,  vii,  pi 
114,  1><77).  from  West  Coast  of  Lower  California,  would  appear 
:'rorii  tli«'  «h*^f*riptioii  and  a  rough  flgure  of  the  hand  sent  me  bf 
'lit*  author  to  lie  near  this  species ;  it  certainlj  is  not  stewHiact^mM 
tf  K'lwanls  and  Lucas. 

SS   0«Uiimai  inbeylialrieat  SMmp^on.    PI.  i.  f.  29. 

QtltiiinuB  tubrylindricus  Stinapson,  Ann.  N.  Y.  Ljc*  ril,  p.  63    1891); 
Sniitli.  TniiM.  Conn.  Acad.,  ii,  p.  137,  PI.  IV,  f.  6  (1870). 

Cai-:ipn\   ohM:ureIy  granulate.      Margins  of  meros   of  larger 

•■!ti*]i(HM|   ^niiiiil(»us.      Hand   internally  without   tubercular  ndge 

^   i'lit   two  or  thriM*  panilifl  carveil  rows  near  the  ha'«e  <»f  the 

:*n^«  r-.  «'\t»r!i:il!y  ^raimhitr.     Finjjers  closely  rcsemblin;:  thus* 

,f  /;.  r.,i  ii*',i\  th«'  coiiunoii  east  coast  form  (Smith). 

MitdimoroM  on  the  Rio  Orande  (Smith,  Stm.  . 

It    Oelaiimaa  latreillei  K  Iw.     IM.  x,  f.  31. 

fir'.in-inn*  lotreilUi  K<lw.,  Ann.  S<'i.  N^at.,  Ill,  iviii,  p.  150,  PI.  IV,  f. 
.!«»    \<i:t  :  A.  M.  K«lw  .  Xoiiv.  Arch.  Mua,,  ix  (1873). 

r:ir:ip:ix  -^iiiooth,  lat«'rai  aii<j:les  f:ir  l>ehincl  the  front,     (ireater 
'  -LlMil   •-lU'M*!!!;    Micros  with   the  up|>cr  and  posterior  nianpn* 

•  Miii'liil.  the  n|))HT  ending  in  a  prominent  tubercle,  the  liiwer 
I  'niilMti'  :iii<l  jironiinciit.  Inner  upptT  inar>|:in  of  carpus  minutely 
i-:iul:ri'.  tlii*  others  riMUiiled.     Hand  <'ristat(*  above,  ex  ternalh 

ii::rni-«iM|»i«':t]ly  ;;r:iniil:ite,   internally  with   a   smooth   rid^e   near 
•■I*   |.>\\rr  iii:iri:in,  iii»  tiilH-n'les  present;  finjjcrs  slender,  si  ijjhth 
iij|in--«i|.  n',:u!:irly   :in*ii:ite,  with    fine  tulH*rcu1ations    i»n    the 
Indrfit  iiwtiL'iMH,  thr  i-xMcuiilv  ot'  llic  thuuib  sulH'Xcavati'. 

* 

I'Kil  ppihrM .'    Dr.  T.  H.  WiliwMi     IMiila.  Academy  ;    Itle  of   Bumbt^i 
'  Kdw.  ;  A^iT  Ci^'douii    A.  M.  YAv .  . 


I««0  *  ^Ati  EAL  •riKHru  ^r  nitl.AI>KtrNI  \.  t.%.1 


l«i  at       It    t.  f    V 

';w»z«i««««  toKfk^  K;«loQi.  Maipuan  tW  2e*«il«H^«»  \^1\  rltti.  It   X\  II 
Ka*  .  Am.  ^ri    NaI..  l*^'^.*.  !•.  tM.  11    IV,  f   .M;  llrlWr.  (  n«aUr<vii 

i  %r%\mx  tran«%«  r*rl\  iiiarl\  (l.it.  tSr  Ai-lr*  <*f  thr  l<riiiit  Inal 
fry  •■•.•  •tri*ti(*U  afi  ti%!«- .  a)«i\r  r\iT_\ iih«*r«'  ;:r!tniilali- .  l-'tirr 
t^MT^'  ni»f  i'tIhI  f*itu'»r;:iii!itr  .M«'ri>«  i'f  lar^rr  rliili|if«l  ••\t«-iii»!l\ 
r«i«i^-V«  fi«*l,   tSr   ti|']«  r    iiiar;;iii    |>r*><lti<  f*<l    lOt**    an    .ir  tinti-    «  ri-«t 

•  h-rV  ;•  friii.-««l  tilth  liair*.  ttn-  l^wrr  inir;:iti  mth  !»•►  r«i««  of 
tuf*  r  !«  «.  rar|>ii«  «*l.iii^*^t«  .  « tt«  rnall\  with  |ir«tiiittH-tit  tiiU  ri  li-«, 
ftB  •  *I,  i'n  fi*l«f»*  ••n  ?h»*  jniH  r  •iirfsn  nilli  a  «I«-ii<Ii  r  ii'«tii*r  *|itn«* 
at  »*•  'il  *.h«-  tiixMlr.  I*ai!iii  iiiAr.*-.fi«<l  aNit<>.  nft<|  Anni«l  mMi 
•|»-i.  f  nil  t'!>ii  n  !•••.  MtiTiiali)  w:!!!  <lr|  ri'*««-<l  tuUrrlr*.  infrr-.i>r 
mA'w'  -^  I*n^.«  i!;«tr  !<»  thi'  t  |<  «»f  !hi*  th'tfii^- .  itil«'ni«II\  a  rnvi  i.f 
ld*»f*'««  n«  tr  tl.t  !«*«•  ff  tli«*  fiit;:«  r«.  A  m'»  on-l  run*  «•*  li  jm*?\ 
t:|'«i' I  fr-'Mi  t!:»-  I'«t  r  niar^-.ii.  irm  tii»^'  a  thjr»l  fiith'ti;:  *>.ii-k«<ar<l 
ff'.r  •  %T  .*  ..!i!;"ii  ff  llj«*  !iii;;i  r.  t  l*«-iih«  r»"  (fit«-rnaI1v  *rii'i«»V« 
I'  :  .••  ?•  •  !•  1  »N^I.  •tr«'!i.'l\  I'  •fii|>r«  •«« «|  I*a«'t\lti«  mtli  thi-  u|t}«'r 
iba'«:  •■  ai»l  •■  i?<  r   **.»•*!  ••irfur  tii*«*rriiUt«- .   lli»    r«*t  i'f  th.    i.u!t  r 

•  t:f'i.  •   f'.tS   ^rariiilkli-       tKrl'i'ltiil  niir;*iii4  ff  Nith  fiu^i  m  n  a\ 

!•-• ■  •  .  f  !  .*«  fi  1«-*.  il,f  inar^'Mi  *>f  XU*   fiii;;*  r  f»  f;'.ilar!\  ar*  ■« it. 

:i.A!    -^  *..'.<    *.!.  ;tiitt  « .:ti   a   |»r<'m::ii-i^  «-   iitar   tht    ii.sl  !;«•       M*  r  i! 
ii"m'.«  •  f  !*.•  aiii*'tiU!"r^  U'*X  «!•  titii  ti'.atr  a'»»%i   %u\  U  !..• 

|f.'pvkr.'«     la«air«U  . 
«ff«»iA«M*<  i^rCrkt  lletkiot^   A«kl4iaBiratA  ad  Fau:.am.  y.  *.A 


LiSv  .  Ami.  %^  Nai..  111.  t«ui«  |>^  I'^l    1^1;.  U.Iwrt^-^f.  Mimla!. 

l'ani|«i  art  oatr  iti  U>th  «li;«vtiitn«.  a)a*\r  « .*.  i  |«a:i  t*^  •  T 
grhi»x^r%  tb-ifr  |ir«iiuiiM-iil  <tii  xUr  aut«  r«*Ut«  ral  |"ir:.<*ha.  |.ar«;t  r 
r^!.|^i  n.'i*  !•  «iiialii  r  than  \%  u*tial  ;ii  t^«  .;«».«  Mt  r«*«  «*rat.  . 
ia'.r  thr  ^•••*4r.tr  luai^'.ti  r«*iii»<h«l,  th*  aiit«  r.*'r  i  :>»Ii.t««l  .u  a:i 
air..***.''  t  rr^t  .  c  ari'U*  aii*l  haij  I  •itiniall}  ;;r  tii'.ilata-  ll«:*'i 
« ri«tA*.r    a^*  ir.  iiitc  riiali\   «itii«>.it   t  •*■  n  -il^r   *  ■!•;««.  ?:.«*«  r«  <    i*. 

«#%iaM  '  i:    II   *.«u«    |"LiU   AeaiWm;   .  i2#%f'^.  HV**  'V  k  #/  4^-i'« 

n 


154  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ACADEMY  or  [18M. 

This  si>ccios  is  closely  allied  to  tangieri^  but  differs  in  the  pro- 
portionately smaller  chcliped  without  tubercular  ridges  od  tiie 
inner  surface  and  in  the  more  sparse  tuberculation  of  the  caraptx. 

*  *  Male  Abdomen  five-jointed. 

87.  OeUaiBoi  itanodaotyloi  Edw.  et  Laema.    PI.  z,  f.  SS>SS. 

• 

G  la^imui  8tenpdactylu»  Edw.  and  Lucas,  in  D^Orbignjr's  Vojagt 
CniKt.  p.  26,  PI.  XI,  f.  2  (1843) ;  Nicollet  in  Gay's  Hist,  of  Chili. 
Zoologie  iii,  p.  105  (1849);  Edw.  Ann.  Sci.  Nat  III,  ZTiii,  1# 
(1852).  Otlasitnus  gibboiui  Smltli,  Trans.  Conn.  Acad.»  II,  p.  Hi, 
PI.  II,  f.  11,  PI.  IV,  f.  8  (1870;,  Lockington,  I.  c  Osla$imu»  Upl$^ 
daetylui  et  poeyi  Guorin  MS. 

Caraj^ax  smooth,  transversely  flat,  the  regions  strongly  gibboui. 
Meros  and  carpus  of  larger  cheliped  elongate,  meros  smooth,  its 
angles  rounded,  carpus  externally  unconspicuously  granulate,  its 
inner  margin  acute  denticulate.  Hand  externally  smooth  or 
granulate,  a  tubercular  ridge  on  the  inside  of  the  palm,  running 
obliquely  from  the  lower  margin  to  the  groove  in  which  the  carpus 
folds.    Fingers  much  longer  than  the  palm,  internally  denticulate. 

Mexico  !  Cuba!  Brazil!  Guerin's  Collection  (PhQa.  Acad.) ;  Q%^ 
of  Forneca  !  McXiel  (Poab.  Acad.) ;  Gulf  of  CaUfomiti  !  W.  K. 
Lockingtou  (Ihx>wn  University) ;   Vulparaiio   (Edw.  and  Luc.  >. 

Of  the  following  sikhjIcs  I  can  say  but  little.     I  have  not  iieen 

s|M*<iiii('iis  which  would  auswiT  to  tho  descriptions  an<l  figures, 
whilf  \\\v  <U'MTiptions  :in*  so  meagre  tliat  I  cannot  decide  regard- 
in;^  their  allinities. 

38.  Gelaiimui  Tsriegatut  H«IIor,  Vorhaudlung  di*r  Zool.  But.  Gcfell^.^hift.  Wirn. 

lMi2.  |..  621. 

*' ^r.  «/n/i?//<rri  atVuiis  sed  brachiiiiii  cboliixMluin  ad  niarginem  s^ufier- 
ion'in  (Mrinatnm  et  dentatiini,  index  daetylu  paulo  brcvior  acumio- 
atus.     JA/</r/rj»/* 

T!ii»%  i*i  (le-Neri!»«Ml  :is  one  of  the  sj)ecinK'ns  colloctinl  by  the 
N«>\:ir:i  in  \\vv  v«»y:\<!:e  Mnnnul  the  worM,  hut  in  l>r.  Heller'**  final 
inniiMir  on  the  Crusiaera  of  tliat  exiKMlition,  this  >i>ecie«N  i«i  not 
iiH-ntionetl. 

39.  Gelaiimai  varUtni  II***,  Archiv.  fiir  Ninurgoi>ohicht<',  XXXI,  146,  Pi.  VI.  f.  T 

('»  |ilja!oth<»ni\  sinootli,  greatly  swollen.  Front  U-tween  tho 
«NrN  sin:ill.  Grratrr  ehelipe«l  of  male  somewhat  longer  than  the 
l'r«:ellli  of  I  lit'  earajKix.     Tlnre  is  a  larire  triangulardepres>iouat 


1^%^ 


virrEAL  M-iK^rKA  cir  rftiL4iiftiniii 


15f. 


!F*r  •*,  ifn».  itt  •trii;;ht  .   ♦"»t!i  »rv  InU  ri  n!i*r  on   •!.!•    mh  r  ii;.ir^ii 

Sft*    lit    t<       I    ir:    I-  ; 
••  \  \'    j-'lirtU   ^fr\   I'-tij;.  fniii'al   |H*rtt«*ii  of  •  i- 1|  i\    »»iii   ft-^r 
r  ■•«   I    •!    ?>!«    ?!»••      Lifnl    jnrt   of  rar«|ii\    tipu '»   '•?.,;•■:    !^An(^■ 
•  i  !•  •        F«»r«  !•  ^'^  «  .t*i  !!.•'    ImHi  r  rU«*  tK:i-kt  lit -I    i*    *.).*    •  : -I.  !*it 
It.*  t  •   t't«rjin«  iif  U.!*i  i!iw»  mtti   fiMir  I  ir,:' r  tn»t  f»  !i  •   :ftiii>*!i;;^«l 
lb*  •iii»IIt  ?  •  ?•  fi'i!i  «       111*',  ii -t 'i"i  "     i  ,\>\.'\tn*  ^*   *  W'tti't 

«1   0»:Mia»i  lawrtM  II  fw*'*.  k««^  !••» .  ii*iA4«*r«'  j    :,  v   i\  f  :    :< 
I  t.&«f  m  %*  r  •«<^-ii  till*  Work,  thr  •|n<i*  it^'iri  l«*iit^  tAki  n  fc*'ni  t!tr 

r\ri  \%%Tinx  nr  n  iti:^ 


I' 

i: 


!• 


'•     •  •- 
mi-.   •4f     ftf^«r  |tr«»%«*« 

rf      ».  ■     • .«     kf'cr    11    ^^  f   %    t: 

}%f     ..%   • 


!•• 

«, 

' ''  ^§  ftf'ff  >i**ik«  lii 

'•  • 

#f 

IF 

:» 

«, 

*  ^          !•••»  f'-.r.  if|-# 

•  • 

/, 

««  "tk.^M* 

• 

«. 

i   «k  f«4> 

.'4 

^  ■ 


♦.  f    »  »  »f    •'•*?  I  •-  •»•  :• 

'»       ■  •  /!*•!     fr  ,ta  *  «  (< 

'•  r4«Mi»«       »'**«     l|f»t 

••  •    '        l«-    1       »     '•      1     I   •*! 

*«  #    ■  I      /■        t         •         »  •*€•       I     .  V  i*      • 


fctt  raocnoiNos  or  tiu  aoapimt  or  [IHL 


AraiLft. 
The  President,  Dr.  Bumhxn bbioib,  in  tht  ohAlr. 
l\Nrl^*4wo  persons  present. 
Tlk«  desth  of  Wm,  Theodore  R<Bpper|  a  eorrwpondmt, 


Aful  18. 
The  President,  Dr.  Buschxnbxboki,  in  tiie  cbair. 
Twenty-eight  persons  present. 

Species 


wus  (C*  cjpho),  from  the  Colorado  River,"  by  Wul  N. 
liMi,  was  presented  for  publication. 

The  death  of  M.  Lsporte,  Count  de  Castelnaa,a 
was  announced. 

Itemarks  on  Pond  Life — Prof.  Leidy  remarked,  Ihal 
invitation  of  Mr.  Joseph  W.  Oriscom,  he  had  nomOj 

some  little  ponds  in  the  vicinity  of  Woodbury,  New ^, 

which  wore  remarkable  for  the  proAision  of  minute  invertebtali 
lifif.  The  iK>iul8  occupy  liollows  in  the  woods,  and  consist  mostly 
of  accuniulnted  rain  water,  though  several  arc  likewise  supplitd 
by  Hpriiigs.  Several  are  completely  dried  up  during  the  sammer* 
\)r.  GriHcoui  says  they  continue  rich  in  animal  life  even  dmring 
the  winter. 

Of  animals,  entomostracans  are  exceed ingl}*  numerous  and 
varied.  Among  some  of  the  most  l)eautiAil  and  conspicuoos  wen 
n(>tice<i  abundance  of  Branchipus^  of  which  two  species  tkom 
the  same  locality  have  been  recently  described  by  Mr.  Ryder, 
under  the  names  of  Chirocephalus  holmanii  and  Sirepiocefmmhm 
utialiL  There  are  alno  wonderf\il  multitudes  of  nmny  species  of 
ooik'IKhIh,  oHtraco<ls  and  cla<locere8,  several  of  which  are  ccfr* 
spicuuUA  for  their  larj;e  Hize  ami  bright  rt^l  color. 

In  one  of  the  ]>onds  a  bright  green  Hydra  was  frequent,  and  in 
another  a  pinkish  one  was  abundant.  ThcMe  ap|)ear  to  he  tlie 
//.  (jraciliH  M\i\  H,  rarnea  of  Agassiz,  but  it  is  a  (|uestion  whether 
thi-y  are  not  tlie  Name  as  tlie  //.  ririditi  and  //.  fusva  of  Eun>pe. 
Some  of  the  Hydra**  wen*  of  a  bright  red  color,  and  Mr.  Oriscoai 
intimated  that  this  war^  due  to  the  pinktHh  variety  feeding  on  red 
elltonlo^tracanH.  Thi>  was  conilrnieil  by  some  of  the  pink  OMS 
which  were  hrouglit  home  and  kept  in  a  Jar  with  abundance  of 


1880.]  NATURAL  SCIENCES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  157 

red  C^xlops,  becoming,  after  a  few  daj^s,  as  a  result  of  feeding  on 
the  latter,  of  the. same  orange-red  hue.  Subsequently,  when  food 
became  scarce,  the  red  Hydras  lost  their  bright  color. 

In  one  of  the  ponds,  the  stems  of  rushes  and  dead  branches  of 
trees  were  invested  with  a  bright  grass-green  stratum,  consisting 
of  a  bright  green  Vorticella^  probably  the  V.  fasciculata  of  Miiller. 
The  green  color  is  dependent  on  chlorophyl  granules,  as  an 
element  of  the  structure,  and  not  on  food.  The  body  of  the 
animal  ranged  from  0*108  mm.  long  by  O'OG  mm.  broad,  to  01 2 
mm.  long  by  0*09  mm.  broad.  A  few  measured  were  0*15  mm.  long 
by  0*102  mm.  broad  at  the  peristome.  In  a  large  active  bunch, 
most  of  them  measured  0*09  mm.  long  and  broad.  The  pedicels 
were  from  five  to  eight  times  the  length  of  the  body. 

In  another  pond,  the  water  was  rendered  turbid  from  the  pro- 
fusion of  Vol  vox  glohator.  In  a  bay  of  this  pond  filled  with  dead 
leaves,  a  portion  of  water  taken  into  a  jar  appeared  opalescent 
from  the  quantity  of  minute  white  flakes  it  contained.  These,  on 
examination,  proved  to  be  Spirostomum  amhiguum.  In  the  same 
pond,  the  Spatterdock,  Nuphar  advena,  was  just  about  unfolding 
its  leaves,  and  many^of  these  were  thickly  invested  with  a  clear 
jelly,  dotted  with  bright  green  spots.  These  proved  to  be  Stentor 
polymorphuH.  On  the  under  side  of  a  few  open  leaves  on  the  sur- 
face of  the  water,  were  many  spots  of  bright  green  and  dull  red- 
dish. The  former  consisted  of  groups  of  the  green  Vorticella 
before  mentioned,  the  other  consisted  of  attached  groups  of  a 
lilac-  or  amethystine-colored  Stentor^  probably  »S.  ignens*  Similar 
groups  of  this  Stentor  were  observed  on  a  floating  log,  which  had 
been  in  the  water  since  last  year,  as  it  exhibited  attached  many 
statoblasts  of  a  Plumatella,  Ehrenberg  describes  S.  igtieus  as 
bright  yellow  or  vermilion ;  Stein  as  blood  red,  or  often  lilac- 
colored,  or  vermilion  to  brownish  red.  Ehrenberg  found  it  at- 
tached to  Hottonia.  Stein  says  he  never  saw  it  fixed ,  but  always 
swimming. 

The  Woodbury  variety  which  might  be  named  S,  amefhystinus^ 
was  abundant  and  invariably  found  in  conspicuous  groups,  visible 
to  the  unaided  eye,  and  when  detached,  though  the  animals  swam 
about  actively,  they  were  not  onl^-  disposed  to  become  fixed,  but 
they  actually  gathered  together  in  groups.  They  all  contained  an 
abundance  of  chlorophyl,  apparently  derived  from  food,  but  the 
exterior  structure  was  invariably  of  a  distinct  amethystine  hue, 
dependent  on  fine  molecules.  The  color  was  more  pronounced  in 
the  longitudinal  bands  approaching  the  peristome.  The  nucleus 
was  spherical. 

In  the  attached  state,  when  the  animal  was  Ailly  extended  and 
presented  a  trumpet  shape,  it  was  O'B  mm.  long  by  0*18  mm.  wide 
at  the  peristome.  This  was  a  common  size,  but  some  measured 
were  0^84  mm.  long.  In  the  conical  form,  when  swimming,  indi- 
viduals ranged  from  .0*2.7  to  0*42  mm.  long.    In  the  most  con- 


158  PROCEEDINGS  OP  THE  ACADEMY  OF  [1880. 

tracted  condition  of  oval  shape,  they  measured  0*18  mm.  long  by 
0*15  mm.  broad.     The  nucleus,  0*03  mm.  in  diameter. 

Ehrenberg  and  Stein  give  for  S,  igneus  one-sixth  of  a  line 
length,  so  that  the  variety  indicated  would  appear  to  be  much 
longer. 


April  20. 
Mr.  Thomas  Meehan,  Vice-President,  in  the  chair. 
Twenty-nine  persons  present. 


April  21. 
The  President,  Dr.RuscHENBERGER,  in  the  chair. 
Thirty-four  persons  present. 
Lionel  S.  Beale,  of  London,  was  elected  a  correspondent. 


May  4. 
Mr.  Thomas  Meehan,  Yice-President,  in  the  chair. 
Twenty -eight  persons  present. 


May  11. 

The  President,  Dr.  Ruschenberger,  in  the  chair. 

Twenty-two  persons  present. 

The   following   papers   were   ordered   to    be    printed    in    the 
Journal  of  the  Academ3\ 

^'  The  Terrestrial  Molhisca  inhabiting  the    Cooks   or   Ilarve}- 
Islands,"  by  Andrew  Garrett. 

"The  Placenta  and  Generative  Apparatus  of  the  Elephant,'' 
9        by  Henry  C.  Chapman,  M.  D. 


1880.]  NATURAL  SCIENCES  OF  PniLADELPHIA.  159 


May  18. 

The  President,  Dr.  Ruschenbebqer,  in  the  chair. 
Twenty-six  persons  present. 

A  paper  entitled  "  On  the  Structure  of  the  Orang  Outang/'  by 
Henry  C.  Chapman,  M.  D.,  was  presented  for  publication. 

The  death  of  Wm.  Logan  Fox,  a  member,  was  announced. 

A  fine  portrait  in  oil,  by  Uhle,  of  Isaac  Lea,  LL.  D.,  was  pre- 
sented to  the  Academy,  and  the  following  resolution  was  unani- 
mously adopteii : 

Besolved^  That  the  thanks  of  the  Academy  be  presented  to 
Dr.  Isaac  Lea,  for  his  gift  of  an  admirable  portrait  of  himself, 
which  has  been  long  desired  by  the  society,  and  especially  by  the 
senior  members,  who  are  cognizant  of  his  valuable  contributions 
to  science,  as  well  as  towards  the  prosperity  of  the  Academy. 


May  25. 

The  President,  Dr.  Rusch£NB£;bg£B,  in  the  chair. 

Twenty-two  persons  present. 

The  "  Proceedings  of  the  Mineralogical  and  Geological  Section 
of  the  Academy  of  Natural^  Sciences  of  Philadelphia,  for  the 
years  1811, 1818  and  1819,"  was  presented  for  publication. 

Henry  S.  Gratz,  R.  S.  Peabody,  Mrs.  R.  S.  Peabody  and  Wil- 
liam  Barbeck,  were  elected  members. 

Adolf  E.  Nordenskiold  of  Stockholm,  Carl  Ochsenius  of 
Marburg,  Oscar  Hertwig  and  Richard  Hertwig  of  Jena,  were 
elected  correspondents. 

The  following  were  ordered  to  be  printed : — 


160  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ACADEMY  OP  [1880. 


ON  THE  STBUCTUBE  OF  THE  OBANO  OTJTANO. 
BY   HENRY   C.   CHAPMAN,  M.  D. 

Various  parts  of  the  Orang,  Simia  satyrus,  L.,  have  been  dis- 
sected^ described,  and  figured  by  Tiedemann,'  Owen,^  Sandifort,* 
Cuvier,*  Schroeder  van  der  Kolk  and  Vrolik,*  Rolleston,*  Selby,^ 
Huxley,^  Bischoff,^  Barnard,*^  Langer,"  Gratiolet,*^  Spitzka,^'  and 
others.  It  was  hardly  to  be  expected,  the  subject  having  been 
investigated  by  such  eminent  observers,  that  I  could  hope  to  find 
anj^thing  particularly  new  to  science.  It  occurred  to  me,  how- 
ever, that  it  might  not  be  altogether  useless  to  bring  to  the  notice 
of  the  Academy  a  general  resume  of  the  results  of  my  dissection 
of  the  Orang  that  died  at  the  Philadelphia  Zoological  Garden  in 
February  last,  more  especially  as  the  memoirs  referred  to  below 
are  scattered  through  the  journals,  and  are  often  limited  to  descrip- 
tions of  certain  parts  of  the  animal  only,  such  as  the  It^rain,  mus- 
cular svstem,  etc. 

My  Orang  was  a  3'oung  male,  supposed  to  be  about  three  years 
old.  The  following  measurements  were  taken :  From  vertex  to 
rump,  16  inches  ;  upper  extremity,  20^  inches  ;  arm,  7  inches  ;  fore- 
arm, 8  inches;  hand,  5^  inches;  lower  extremit}',  11^  inches; 
thigh,  5  inches  ;  leg,  6  inches;  foot,  6^  inches.  What  struck  me  at 
once  was  the  length  of  the  upper  extremity,  it  being  3  inches  longer 

^  Tiedemann,  Zeit.  Phys.  Darmstadt,  1827. 
2  Owen,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc,  i,  1830,  1831. 
^  Sandifort,  Ontleerhundige  Beschryving,  Leiden,  1840. 
*  Cuvier  and  Laurillard,  Planches,  1849. 

^  Schroeder  van  der  Kolk  and  Vrolik,  Verhandelingen  Kon.  Nied.  Inst., 
1849;  Verslagen  Kon.  Acad.,  1862. 
«  RoUeston,  Nat.  Hist.  Rev.,  1861. 
'  Selby,  Nat.  Hist.  Rev.,  1861. 
8  Huxley,  Med.  Times,  1864. 
»  Bischoff,  Munich  Abhand.   1870. 
^^  Barnard,  Proc.  American  Assoc,  1876. 
"  Langer,  Sitzungsberichte,  AV^ien,  1879. 
^2  Gratiolet,  Plis  Cerebraux  des  Primates,  no  date. 
"  Spitzka,  Journal  of  Mental  and  Nervous  Diseases,  1879. 

Note. — I  regi*et  that  when  dissecting  tlie  Gorilla  I  was  unacquainted 
with  Mr.  Macalister's  valuable  paper  in  the  Proceedings  of  Royal  Irish 
Academy  for  1873, 


1880.]  NATURAL  SCIENCES  OF  PHILADELPniA.  161 

than  the  lower  one,  the  Orang  agreeing  nearly  in  this  respect  with  the 
Gorilla^  which  1  dissected,  the  difference  in  the  extremities  in  that 
animal  being  3J  inches,  whereas  in  the  Chimpanzee^  I  found  only 
a  difference  of  1|  inches.  The  foot  in  the  Orang,  however,  was 
i  inch  larger  than  the  hand,  whereas  in  the  Gorilla  the  hand  was 
^  inch  larger  than  the  foot ;  in  the  Chimpanzee  the  difference  in 
this  respect  was  |  inch  in  favor  of  the  foot.  The  foot  in  the  Orang, 
however,  resembled  sui>erficially  a  hand  much  more  than  it  does 
in  the  Gorilla.  Indeed  the  distinctness  of  hand  and  foot  super- 
ficially is  more  marked  in  the  Gorilla  than  in  the  other  anthro- 
poids. I  found  the  thoracic,  abdominal  and  pelvic  viscera;  per- 
fectly healthy.  The  animal  seemed  to  have  died  from  congestion 
of  the  brain ;  there  was  also  some  cerebritis.  As  the  osteology 
of  the  Orang  has  been  thoroughly  described  by  Prof.  Owen^  and 
others  it  will  not  be  worth  while  for  me  to  dwell  on  that  part  of 
its  organization.  I  will  pass  therefore  to  the  muscular  system, 
and  more  particularly  to  that  of  the  extremities,  as  being  the 
most  interesting  as  compared  with  man. 

Muscular  Systems — In  Prof.  Bischoff 's*  paper  on  the  Gorilla  an 
excellent  figure  is  given  of  the  muscles  of  the  face  of  the  Orang, 
from  a  preparation  by  Rudinger.  These  muscles  were  described 
by  Prof.  Owen,*  but  not  figured.  The  same  facial  muscles  are 
found  in  man  and  the  Orang  with  the  exception  that  there  is  but 
one  zygomaticus  possibly  corresponding  to  the  zygomaticus  minor 
of  man,  though  on  account  of  its  size  it  may  represent  both  the 
zygomaticus  major  and  minor.  The  facial  muscles  in  the  Orang 
are  not  as  well  differentiated  as  in  man,  rather  hanging  together.  I 
noticed  that  the  digastricus  had  only  the  posterior  head.  There 
was  nothing  |>eculiar,  however,  about  the  stemo  cleido  mastoid, 
omohyoid,  or  the  scaleni.  The  omocervicalis  or  elevator  clavicula; 
passed  firom  the  transverse  process  of  the  atlas  to  the  acromial 
end  of  the  clavicle,  as  I  found  it  in  the  Chimpanzee  and  in  the 
Gorilla.  The  pectoralis  mnjor  arose  in  three  portions  :  the  first, 
from  sternum  and  first  intercostal  space  ;  the  second,  from  sternal 
part  of  third,  fourth,  fifth,  and  sixth  ribs,  and  the  third  from  costal 

1  Proc.  of  Acad,  of  Nat.  Sciences,  Philadelphia,  1878. 

*  Proc.  of  Acad,  of  Nat.  Sciences,  Philadelphia,  1870. 
>  Trans,  of  Zool.  Society,  1835. 

«  Beitrage,  Munich  Abhand.,  1870. 

*  Proc.  of  Zool.  Society,  i,  1830,  p.  28. 


lit  PBOoxDiiras  ov  thb  AOABBinr*oif  P"^ 

yoiHtoo  of  foarth,  fifth,  sixth  and  terenth  rilM.    TUs 
gtrtgin  is  partly  visible  even  in  msn.    There  was 
aUe  about  the  peetoralis  minor  or  sobobiTiaa, 
leres«    The  latissimos  dorsi,  as  in  all  nonkejs,  gjKwm  off 
the  latisrimo  condyloideSi  which,  however,  in  the 
rsaohed  the  condyle,  and  was  pierced  bythenfawr 
Ueeps,  triceps,  and  brachialis  antioos  were  well  de^elDpai, 
the  external  cntaneons  nenre  passed  throogh  the 
as  in  man.    Tlie  anterior  aspect  of  the  forearm  was  qrfto 
The  pronator  radii  teres  arose  by  two  heads,  between  wUd 
the  median  nenre.    The  flexor  carpi  radialis  and  alnafis 
palmaris  longus  were  well  developed.    The  flexor 
iiWdT  from  that  of  man.    Tlie  flexor  proftmdns  was 
rated  into  two  portions,  one  for  the  under  and  the  other 
remaining  flngers.    There  was  no  trace  of  a  flexor 
licis  either  as  a  distinct  muscle  or  as  a  slip  from  the 
frudns.    The  abductor,  flexor  brevis,  addnotor  ami 
polUcis,  abductor  flexor  brevis,  snd  oppon«is  minimi  digM, 
the  lumbricales  were  all  present   As  regards  tlis  baok  ct  Ike 
arm,  the  supinator  longus  arose  liigher  than  tn 
nator  brevis,  and  extensor  radialis  longior  and  brsvior« 
ossi  metacarpi  pollicis  snd  exterior  secundl  intemodil  polHeh 
not  differ  from  those  in  man.  The  absenceof  an  extensorpriad 
na<lii  poUiciH  was  noticeable,  as  was  also  the  fact  of  the 
iiuiicis  giving  a  slip  to  the  middle  finger  and  the  extensor  minimi 
digiti  one  to  the  ring  finger,  making  eight  tendons  supplying  the 
Imc'k  of  the  fingers  with  the  four  from  the  extensor  eommunis 
digitorum.    The  interossei  were  the  same  as  in  man.     Briefly,ths 
up|KT  extremity  of  the  Orang  in  its  muscles  diflisred  essentiallv 
from  that  of  man  in  the  absence  of  the  flcxus  longus,  and  primi 
inteniodii  |>ollicis  and  in  the  presence  of  the  additional  tendoM 
to  the  ring  and   middle  fingers.    The   Orang  agreed  with  the 
Gorilla  in  not  having  a  flexor  longus  pollicis,  but  disagreed  with 
it  in  having  the  pronator  radii  teres  arising  by  two  heads,  in  the 
prt'Honce  of  a  palmaris  longus,  in  the  additional  tendons  for  ring 
and  middle  fingers,  and  in  not  having  the  extensor  primi  intemodii 
pr>llieiH.     As  rom|)ared  with  the  Chimpanzee,  the  Orang  agreed 
in  refi'reiico  to  the  pronator  radii  t«*res  and  palmaris  long^i8,but  ia 
tlie  exteuHor  ossi   metacarpi   |>ollicis  l)eing  single,  and   in  tiw 
al^Hence  of  the   flexor  longus  |>oHicis  as  a  slip  from  the  pro- 


1880,]  NATURAL  SCIENCES   OF  PHILADELPHIA.  163 

fundus,  and  in  the  presence  of  the  additional  extensor  tendons  it 
differed. 

As  might  be  expected  from  the  elongated  form  of  the  pelvis  and 
the  absence  of  the  round  ligament  of  the  hip-joint  in  the  Orang,  the 
glutei  muscles  differ  somewhat  from  those  of  man.  The  glutaeus 
magnus  (PL  12,  e)  in  the  Orang — not  as  large  or  as  fleshy  as  its  glu- 
teus medius — ^is  inserted  together  with  the  tensor  vaginie  femoris, 
which  is  scantily  developed,  if  at  all,  into  the  fascia  lata  of  the  thigh, 
the  glutseus  medius  being  inserted  into  the  great  trochanter.  Parallel 
with  the  lower  edge  of  the  glutaeus  medius  (PL  12,  c),  is  seen  a  small 
muscle  rising  from  the  edge  of  the  great  sciatic  notch,  and  inserted 
into  the  great  trochanter  (PL  12,  b).  This  muscle  seems  to  corres- 
pond to  part  of  the  pyriformis  in  man,  the  sacral  portion  of  the 
muscle  not  being  developed  in  the  Orang.  The  glutfeus  minimus 
is  represented  by  a  muscle  arising  from  the  external  edge  of  the 
ileum,  and  passing  almost  vertically  downwards  until  inserted  into 
the  great  trochanter,  close  to  the  pyriformis  (PL  12,  a).  At  first 
sight  this  muscle  seems  much  displaced  if  it  is  the  glutseus  mini- 
mus, but  if  one  can  imagine  the  ileum  (PL  12,  d)  in  the  Orang  to 
be  widened  outwardly  to  the  same  extent  as  seen  in  man,  there 
would  be  little  or  nothing  anomalous  about  the  muscle.  From 
the  position  of  the  glutaeus  minimus  in  the  Orang,  it  would  seem 
that  this  muscle  would  supplement,  to  a  certain  extent,  the  want 
of  the  ligamentum  teres,  which,  it  will  be  remembered,  is  absent 
in  this  ape. 

In  the  Chimpanzee  there  is  so  little  that  is  peculiar  about  the 
glutaeus  minimus  that  I  had  no  diflSculty  in  identifying  it,  and  the 
same  can  be  said  of  the  Gorilla.  In  the  account  of  the  Chimpan- 
zee by  TrailP  however,  the  glutaeus  minimus  is  described  as  a 
distinct  new  muscle,  the  scansorius ;  the  muscle  I  have  described 
as  pyriformis,  Traill  regarded  as  the  gluteus  minimus,  the  pyri- 
formis, according  to  Traill,  being  absent.  Since  then,  this  so- 
oalled  scansorius  muscle  has  been  referred  to  by  Bischoff,  Owen, 
Huxley  and  others,  as  a  distinct  muscle.  With  all  deference  to 
such  eminent  anatomists,  I  cannot  see  any  essential  difference 
between  the  scansorius  of  Traill,  and  the  glutseus  minimus  in  man.* 

^  Weroerian  TranBactionB,  p.  18,  1821. 

*  On  looking  up  the  literature  upon  the  anatomy  of  the  Orang,  I  find 
that  in  1876  Prof.  Barnard,  op,  eit.,  considered  the  scansorius  as  being 
homologous  with  the  glutfeus  minimus,  and  mentioned  in  his  paper  that 


v  =  .  T*;. 


IM  FBocuDiirot  or  thi  ^oASBinr  ov  OW 


The  obtnnton,  gemelli      id  i      iimbiw  Mmammm^  «w»  w^  f^ 
vdoped.    There  wis  notl  liar  about  the  m— pIm  eCj||i 

thigh  either  on  the  i      trior  or  posterior  sodhoe;   th«  ip^|p 
arose,  however,  only  fh       t  srior  spine  of  th«  Bmm»  1% 

the  leg  anterioriy,  I      »Uc<      t      tiUalis  antieiMi  Awidad  i|||| 
two  tendons;   <  1,  t  leks  were  aa  ta 

peronens  longos  and  brevis  v  d  well  dendoped,  bat 
no  peronens  tertius.  TheM  asnsnal  in.flMakqfflb 
the  plantar  head,  and  there  was  no  trace  of  a 
according  to  Sandifort,  it  is  pi  nt.  The  flexor  Infa  d||||^ 
tomm  supplied  the  perforating  Ions  for  the 
the  flexor  longus  hallncis  those  for  the  third  and 
Tliere  was  no  slip  from  the  lon{  us  halloeia  fl^r  the  b^, 
that  muscle,  therefore,  except  fb  i  its  origin,  nemntij 
that  name.  The  flexor  breyis  orum  supplied  the 
tendons  for  the  second  and  thi:  toes.  Those  tar  ttn 
and  flfth  came  off  from  the  xor  loogoa  digltonnn.  Sly 
tendon  for  the  flfth  toe  was  not  perl  orated.  Tliere  mm  n  1 
ing  slip  between  the  third  and  fourth  tendona.  The 
only  of  the  flexor  acccssorins  was  present  In  adffitloo  tottisd^^ 
doctor,  flexor  brevis  and  adductor  of  the  hallnzi  tiiere  wna  •  impn 
marked  opponens  halluds.  The  In  abricalea  finr  the  aaooai^inl 
flfth  (ll^ts  came  from  the  flexor  longus  digitorum,  tboae  ftirtis 
third  nixl  fourth  dij^its  iVom  the  flexor  longus  hallucis.  Thesb* 
diictor  and  flexor  1  in* vis  minimi  digit!  were  well  dereloped,  iMI 
there  wan  no  transversus  pedis.  The  interossei  were  like  thoit 
of  the  huml.  Briefly,  as  compared  with  man,  the  leg  and  fool  of  the 
Orang  dilHer  in  the  abnence  of  the  peroneus  tertius,  plantaria,flaXDr 
loiiftiiH  hallueis  and  transversus  pe<li8,  in  the  flbular  origin  of  the 
HoleiiH,  and  external  origin  of  acce88orius  only,  in  the  distribotioa 
of  the  |H«rforatiug  and  perforated  tendons  for  the  toes,  in  the  inle^ 
ostM'i^aivl  in  the  presence  of  an  op|)onen8  for  the  big  toe.  In  tUi 
latter  respect  the  Orang  differs  not  only  from  man,  but  Anom  all  ths 
other  monkeys  and  anthropoids,  the  foot  having  a  very  hand-Uks 
ap|H*araiiee,  as  compared  witli  that  of  the  Gorilla  and  Chimpaues» 
The  f[K>t  of  the  Orang  differs  further  in  the  absence  of  a  special 

Prof,  numphrcy  held  cMtentially  the  same  opinion.  I  was  not  awaie,  oalfl 
I  hiu\  tiniHhcd  my  dissection,  of  the  views  previously  published  hj  th— 
anutoniihtM,  and  am  glad  to  have  been  able,  independently!  to  oooie  to  ths 
same  cuncluKion. 


1880.]  NATURAL  SCIENCES  OF   PHILADELPHIA.  165 

flexor  for  the  big  toe.  This  is  supplemented  to  a  certain  extent  by  the 
opponens,  and  in  a  partly  developed  accessorius.  The  perforated 
tendon  for  the  fifth  toe  in  the  Gorilla  came  from  the  flexor  longus 
hallucis,  whereas  in  the  Chimpanzee  and  Orang  it  is  supplied  by 
the  tendon  of  the  longus  digitorum.  If  Prof.  Huxley's  canon  be 
accepted  that  the  distinction  between  a  hand  and  a  foot  consists 
in  the  latter  possessing  tarsal  bones,  the  peroneus  longus  and 
brevis,  the  short  extensor  and  short  flexor  muscles,  then  the  pos- 
terior extremity  of  the  Orang  terminates  in  a  foot.  It  appears 
to  me,  however,  that  the  difierence  between  the  hand  and  foot  in 
man,  the  Gorilla,  Chimpanzee,  and  the  lower  monkeys,  is  greater 
than  that  observed  between  the  corresponding  members  of  the 
Orang. 

Alimentary  Oanaly  etc. — It  is  usually  stated  that  the  uvula  is 
absent  in  the  Orang,  and,  on  looking  into  the  mouth,  at  first  sight 
this  api)ears  to  be  the  case,  as  it  does  not  hang  down  as  in  man 
between  the  pillars  of  the  fauces — nevertheless  it  exists.  I  found 
it  pointing  directly  backwards  in  a  straight  line  from  the  i)Osterior 
palatine  spine.  It  contained  the  azygos  uvulae  muscle.  Prof. 
Bischoff'  mentions  also  finding  the  uvula  in  the  Orang.  The  cir- 
cumvallate  papillae  of  the  tongue  are  disposed  in  the  form  of  a 
/\,  as  in  man;  I  found  this  to  be  the  case  in  the  female  Chimpan- 
zee,* of  which  I  gave  an  account,  and  also  in  a  male  which  I  had 
the  opportunity  recently  of  dissecting.  The  salivary  glands  with 
their  ducts  were  well  developed,  the  submaxillary  being  very 
large  both  relatively  and  absolutely,  as  compared  with  man.  The 
stomach  in  the  Orang  (PI.  13,  fig.  1)  is  not  so  human  in  its  form  as 
that  of  either  the  Gorilla  or  the  Chimpanzee,  the  cardiac  portion,  twp- 
thirds  of  the  stomach,  being  more  elongated  and  constricted  from  the 
pyloric  part,  which  was  tubular.  The  greater  curvature  measured 
6  inches,  the  less  4.  The  small  intestine  was  8  feet  4  inches  in 
length,  the  large  4  feet.  The  constant  presence  of  valvulae  con- 
niventes  in  the  small  intestine  of  the  Orang  appears  even  at  the 
present  day  questionable  by  some  anatomists.  In  speaking  of 
these  folds  occurring  in  the  Gorilla,  Bischofl"'  refers  to  Owen  not 
finding  them  in  the  Orang,  while  they  are  said  to  exist  by  Sandi- 
fort,  Mayer  and  Barkow.  As  to  his  own  opinion  on  the  subject, 
he  expresses  himself  as  follows :    ^^  Die  beiden  jetzt  aufs  Neue 

*  Beitrage  sur  Gorilla,  p.  37.        '  Op.  cit,  p.  57.       '  Op.  cit.,  pp.  40,  41. 


-—  ^ 


■  ii 


166  PBOoiKDiiiot  or  THB  ACADmmt  €V  I,: 

I 

von  mir  i      m    shten  Diinndar       aes  OiangB 

«ii8  der  hi<         .  Zool<  ml  ing,  lowte  dnr 

ChimpAn:    » aiu  Dreads      i    gen  Kdne  Spur  dir 

ten.    Ich  I     die«      ih  re  Qegeuwmrt 

Ch  e   fiir   ]  t;        im   OoriUs, 

■ohwaeher  :,         9     m;  indiTldwDe  ▼< 

heiten  sind     ch  in  ein<      »  Pnnokte  nkht 

I  found  indications  of  t«1ti      o     tdventes  in  the  Qm^g^ 

the  most  mdimentary  cha         *as  oompaied  irttk  ma.    In 

they  ran  parallel  with  the  lo         is  of  the  IntesliBe^PL  14%4|k 

then  transTersely  as  in  {trL  14,  flg.  8),tlieB 

and  afterwards  again  f.    ThqraveftMiiid  faipartiflff' 

Jejunum  and  ileum.    The  Tain      connlTOites  I  flmnd 

dCTsloped  in  the  male  Ohim  (PL  14,  fig.  4),1iaft 

the  female.    I  noticed  in  the  O       ;  the  TiUi  and  aolHMy 

the  Peyer's  glands  were  i      *  weu  developiA    I 

some  of  which  measured  4  length.    The 

colic  valTe  did  not  difbr  fin      the  same  parts  in 

miform  appendix  attained  a       |    b  of  6|  inohes 

was  relatiTely  much  larger       n  that  of  maBi 

the  condition  of  this  structure         e  human  eminyo.  *  Am 

the  large  intestine,  the  only  noticeable  peenUarHiaa 

large  size  of  the  solitary  glands,  and  the  Ikot  that  the 

membrane  of  the  ascending  colon  was  thrown  into  wril-maikii 

longitudinal  folds,  with  transverse  connecting  ones,  exhihitfm 

quite  a  reticulated  appearance  (PI.  14,  fig.  1).    This  is  not  thi 

case  in  the  Chimpanzee.     The  peritoneum  was  disposed  as  ia 

man.    The  transverse  colon  was  connected  with  the  stonaeh, 

as  was  also  the  case  in  the  ChimiMinzee,  and  Prof.  BiadMrfP 

noticed  that  this  obtains  also  in  the  Gorilla.   As  is  well  known, tki 

transverse  colon  in  the  monkey's  can  be  raised  entirdy  wMkmI 

drawing  up  with  it  the  stomach,  with  the  exception  sometimsi 

of  the  Maeacciues,  in  which  I  liave  noticed  a  slight  peritOMsl 

connection  between   pyloric   part  of  stomach  and  colon,  iadt 

eating  a  beginning  of  a  gastrocolic  omentum?      I  did  not  Bodes 

anything  i)eculiar  about  the  spleen  or  pancreas.    The  quadrate  Mt 

of  liver  was  absent ;  the   spigelian  lobe,  however,  was  rery  wdD 

develoiK*(l ;  the  hepatic  duct  ofHined  at  a  little  distance  fiom  the 

pancreatic.     I  found  in  the  small  intestine,  five  fine  specimens  of 

>  Op.  cit,  p.  89. 


1880.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES   OF   PHILADELPHIA.  167 

the  Ascaris  lumhricoides,  and  one  in  the  large,  and  in  the  caecum 
a  Trichocephalus  dispar,  I  believe  this  is  the  first  time  these 
entozoa  have  been  found  in  the  same  anthropoid.  According  to 
Diesing^  the  Trichocephalus  is  found  in  the  Orang,  and  Cobbold- 
states  that  Murie  sent  him  an  Ascaris  from  the  Chimpanzee. 

Respiratory  System, — In  the  Orang,  as  in  the  Gorilla  and  Chim- 
panzee, particularly  in  the  males,  the  ventricles  of  the  larynx  are 
prolonged  into  the  so-called  laryngeal  pouches.  In  young  speci- 
mens of  the  anthropoids,  these  pouches,  though  not  so  well  devel- 
oped as  in  the  adults,  can  usually,  however,  be  perfectly  identified. 
In  dissecting  my  Orang,  after  removing  the  skin  in  the  cervical 
region,  I  noticed  what  appeared  to  me  to  be  the  laryngeal  pouches, 
and  by  passing  a  tube  into  one  of  the  ventricles  of  the  larynx,  the 
pouch  of  that  side  could  be  readily  inflated.  On  tracing,  however, 
the  anterior  wall  of  the  pouch  downward,  I  noticed  that  it  was 
attached  to  the  front  of  the  sternum  and  clavicle,  and  on  opening 
^he  pouch  and  following  its  posterior  wall,  I  found  it  attached  to 
-^he  back  of  the  sternum  and  first  rib.  Thus  the  interior  of  the 
>uch  corresponded  with  the  space  between  the  two  layers  of  the 
jervical  fascia  in  man,  usually  filled  with  fat  and  absorbent  glands, 
mt  in  the  Orang  it  is  empty  and  communicating  with  the  interior 
>f  the  larynx.  The  pouch  was  not  lined  with  mucous  membrane, 
isembling  the  remaining  fascia,  which  was  indeed  continuous  with 
L  "^.  Supposing  that  my  dissection  really  represented  the  true  rela- 
z^  don  of  these  parts,  then,  morphologically  speaking,  the  laryngeal 
ziz^uch  in  the  anthropoids  would  be  homologous  with  and  replace 
z-r  Hie  two  layers  of  the  cervical  fascia  in  man,  so  familiar  to  the 
»■  ^«rgeon.  There  was  nothing  especially  noticeable  about  the  vocal 
=•  ords,  epiglottis  or  trachea.  The  lungs  (PI.  13,  fig*  2),  however, 
■^•ere  not  divided  into  lobes  as  in  the  Gk)rilla  and  Chimpanzee. 

Vascular  System, — I  did  not  notice  about  the  heart  anything 

especially  difl*erent  from  the  human.     In  reference  to  the  origin 

•■:fthe  vessels,  however,  the  iiinominate  gave  oS  the  left  carotid 

'^d  continuing  an  eighth  of  an  inch  then  divided  into  the  right 

<«rotid  and  right  subclavian,  the  left  subclavian  coming  off  sepa- 

itely  from  the  aorta  (PI.  13,  fig.  2).    In  the  Gorilla  and  male 

Chimpanzee  I  found  the  disposition  of  these  vessels  the  same  as 

man,  which  is  the  case  in  the  Orang,  according  to  Sandifort.    In 

^lie  female  Chimpanzee  there  were  two  innominates,  a  long  and  a 

>Hehn.,  voL  ii,  p.  534.  <  Entozoa,  p.  1^1. 


-■■  -^1 


168  VIO0SIDIIIO8  or  ths  jkoAaaaa  m  [NHL 


short  one,  the  latter  diWding  into  left  eaiolii 

The  arteriee  and  Tefaia  of  tte  eztremltiee  did  not 

of  the' Gorilla  and  Chimpaniee.    I  ibvnd  in  ibmfhmm^'wm  b' 

the  ^loDg  saphenone  arteiy  **  aecompanying  the 

of  eame  name.    The  mesenteric  reeicli  ezhfbMad 

borders  of  intestine. 

Oeniio^rinafy  Apparaius^ — ^Tbe  general 
stroctaies  resembled  strikingly  those  of  man  (IL  It). 
kidney  measured  1^  inches  in  length,  and  eadrfUla  «a|f  Ml 
papilla.    The  ureters  were  5  inches  long.    The 
inches  in  length  and  1  in  diameter.    The  testlelsa 
an  inch  in  length,  and  were  situated  near  the  Ingubil' 
cavity  of  the  tunica  vaginalis  testes  was  drat 
peritoneal  cavity.    The  vas  deferens  was  4  tnebsa  ta 
seminal  vesicle  1  inch ;  the  seminal  duct  was  very 
caput  gallinaginls  was' well  developed,  as  was  also  tka 
The  penis  measured  8  inches  in  length,  the  gbns  was  of 
calshape.    There  was  no  bone  in  the  penis.    TbeOowpsA 
were  relatively  large.  "^ 

Nervous  StfMiem. — ^The  brain  of  the  Orang  haa  bastt  igMtMIJl 


I,  Sandifort,  Schroeder  van  der  Kolk  aad  TiiBlr, 
tiolet,Rolle8ton,etc  On  account,  however,  of  the  ftwIBMMilli 
extant,  and  of  the  importance  of  the  subject,  I  avail  ttyneirof  tts 
op|)ortunity  of  presenting  several  views  of  my  Orang^  bimin  (tl\ 
1  <)  and  17),  which  was  removed  flrom  the  skull  only  a  few  hcrais  after 
death.  The  membranes  were  in  a  high  state  of  congestion,  anl  a 
little  of  the  surface  of  the  left  hemisphere  had  been  disorgsniacd 
by  disi^ase,  otherwise  the  brain  was  in  good  condition.  It  weighed 
exactly  10  ounces.  The  brain  of  the  Orang  in  its  general  eontonr 
resembled  that  of  man  more  than  those  of  either  of  the  Chimps^ 
zees  which  I  examined.  In  these  the  brain  was  more  iilranilsil 
Tlie  general  character  of  the  folds  and  fissures  in  the  brain  of  tht 
Orang,  Chimpanzee,  and  man  are  the  same,  there  are  oertaia 
minor  differences,  however,  in  their  di8i)Osition  in  all  three.  Tht 
fissure  of  Silvius  in  the  Orang  runs  up  and  down  the  poeterior 
iirnncli  pursuing  only  a  slightly  backwanl  direction,  the  anterior 
l>ninch  is  smnll.  The  fissure  of  Ilolnndo,  or  central  fissure,  qnile 
apparent,  is,  however,  situated  slightly  more  forward  in  theOnmg 
than  in  man.  It  differentiates  the  frontal  fVom  the  parietal  lobe. 
The  parieto  occipital  fissure  is  well  markeil,  bordered  extemaUv 


1880. J  NATURAL  SCIENCES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  169 

by  the  first  occipital  fold  it  descends  internally  on  the  mesial  side 
of  the  hemisphere,  separating  the  parietal  from  the  occipital  lobes. 
In  the  Orang,  the  parieto-occipital  fissure  does  not  reach  the  cal- 
carine,  being  separated  from  it  by  the  "  deuxieme  plis  de  passage 
interne  ''  of  Gratiolet,  or  **  untere  innere  Scheitelbogen-Windiing'' 
of  Bischoff.  I  have  noticed  this  separation  as  an  anomaly  more 
than  once  in  man. 

According  to  Bischoff,  this  disposition  obtains  in  the  Gorilla, 
and  seems  to  be  usual  also  in  the  Chimpanzee.     In  the  female  Chim- 
panzee, however,  on  the  left  side  I  found  the  parieto-occipital 
fissure  passing  into  the  calcarine,  as  in  man.     The  frontal  lobe  is 
easily  distinguished  from  the  parietal  by  the  fissure  of  Rolando, 
and  from  the  temporal  by  the  fissure  of  Sylvius.    In  the  Orang  it 
is  higher,  wider,  and  more  arched  than  in  the  Chimpanzee.     The 
anterior  central  convolution  in  front  of  the  central  fissure  runs 
into  the  post-central  convolution  above  and  below,  as  in  man.     It 
is  diflScult,  however,  to  identify  the  three  frontal  convolutions 
seen  in  man  and  the  Chimpanzee,  the  frontal  lobe  of  the  Orang 
dividing  rather  into  two  convolutions,  the  middle  one  being  badly 
defined.     This  is  due  somewhat  to  the  length  of  the^  pre-central 
fissure,  which  is  as  long  as  the  fissure  of  Rolando,  extending 
£uther  upward  than  in  man.     There  was  nothing  particularly 
noticeable  about  the  base  of  the  frontal  lobe;   on  the  mesial 
snr&ce  it  ran  into  the  parietal.     The  part  above  the  calloso- 
marginal  fissure  in  the  Orang  is  not  as  distinctly  divided  into 
convolutions  as  in  man,  though  these  are  not  constantly  present 
^ven  in  all  human  brains.     The  parietal  lobe  is  separated  from 
^e  frontal  by  the  central  fissure,  from  the  occipital  and  temporal 
:incompletely,  by  the  parieto-occipital  and  Sylvian  fissures.     The 
3K)sterior-central  convolution  is  well  defined.    The  parietal  fissure 
:in  the  Orang  is  more  striking  than  that  of  man,  resembling  the 
^rilla's ;  it  is  twice  as  long  as  the  corresponding  fissure  in  the 
Ohimpanzee,  extending  from  the  transverse  occipital  fissure,  as  is 
-sometimes  the  case  in  man,  almost  into  the  fissure  of  Rolando.    It 
is  unbridged  and  without  a  break,  and  divides  the  parietal  lobe 
completely  into  upper  and  lower  parietal  lobules.     The  upper 
parietal  lobule  is  bounded  externally  by  the   parietal  fissuriC; 
poBteriorly  it  is  separated  from  the  occipital  lobe,  internally  by 
the  parieto-occipital  fissure ;  externally  it  is  continuous  with  the 
occipital  lobe,  as  the  first  occipital  gyrus,  anteriorly  it  is  sepa- 

18 


ijiika.'. 


no  PBOCEEDINQS   OF  THE   ACADEMY   OP  [1880. 

« 

rated  from  the  posterior  central  convolution  more  completely 
than  in  man,  by  a  fissure  which  nms  parallel  with  the  central 
fissure.  There  is  in  the  Orang,  also,  a  fissure  running  parallel 
with  the  [parietal,  which  subdivides  the  upper  parietal  lobule  into 
inner  and  outer  portions.  The  precuneus,  or  the  space  on  the 
mesial  side  of  the  parietal  lobe  between  the  parieto-occipital 
fissures  and  the  ascending  branches  of  the  calloso-marginal,  is 
well  defined.  The  lower  parietal  lobule  in  the  Orang  divides 
naturally  into  the  supra-marginal  and  angular  gyri.  The  supra- 
marginal  fold  curves  around  the  upper  end  of  the  posterior 
branch  of  the  fissure  of  Sylvius  and  runs  into  the  superior  tem- 
poral gyrus.  The  angular  gyrus,  which  is  very  evident,  arches 
around  the  first  temporal  fissure,  and  becoming  continuous  with 
the  second  occipital  fold,  passes  then  into  the  upper  temporal 
gyrus.  The  occipital  lobe,  separated  from  the  parietal,  internally, 
by  the  parieto-occipital  fissure,  is  continuous  with  upper  parietal 
lobule  through  the  first  occipital  gyrus,  and  by  the  second 
occipital  gyrus  with  the  angular.  There  are  no  sharp  lines  of 
demarkation  between  the  occipital  and  temporal  lobes.  In  the 
occipital  lobe  of  my  Orang  the  transverse  occipital  fissure  was 
present,  and  received  the  parietal  fissure.  The  calcarine  fissure 
was  well  marked,  but  was  separated  in  the  Orang  from  the  parieto- 
occipital fissure  by  the  "  deuxieme  plis  de  passage  interne ''  of 
Gratiolet,  the  *'  untere  innere  Scheitelbogen-Windimg  "  of  Bischoff. 
The  cuneus  of  the  Orang  is  therefore  somewhat  different  from  that 
of  man.  In  man  I  have  seen  these  two  fissures  separated  as  an 
anomaly.  The  calcarine  passed  Into  the  hippocampal  fissure,  so 
that  in  the  Orang,  as  in  monkeys  generally,  the  gyrus  fornicatus 
was  separated  from  the  hippocampal  gyrus ,  whereas  in  man  these 
convolutions  are  continuous.  This  disposition  has  been  noticed 
in  the  Hylobates,  in  Ateles,  and  in  one  Chimpanzee,  where 
the  calcarine  did  not  reach  the  hippocampal.  The  first  occi- 
pital gyrus  is  very  well  developed,  and,  as  the  late  Professor 
Gratiolet  observed,  is  one  of  the  most  striking  convolutions  in 
the  brain  of  the  Orang.  It  rises  so  to  the  surface  that  the 
internal  perpendicular  fissure  or  external  part  of  the.  parieto- 
occipital fissure  is  almost  entirely  bridged  over,  the  operculum  so 
characteristic  of  the  monkey  almost  disappearing.  It  is  con- 
tinuous with  the  upper  parietal  lobule  arching  around  the  parieto- 
occipital fissure.    This  convolution  comes  to  the  surface  in  the 


1880.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES   OF   PHILADELPHIA.  171 

Hylobates  and  A  teles  almost  to  the  same  extent  as  in  the  Orang, 

but  it  is  more  developed  in  the  latter  than  in  the  Chimpanzee.    It 

is  called  also  the  "  premier  plis  de  passage  externe,"  by  Gratiolet, 

the  "  obere  innere  Scheitelbogen-Windung,"  by  Bischoff,  the  ^*  first 

annectant  gyrus,"  by  Huxley,  and  "  first  bridging  convolution," 

by  Turner.    The  second  occipital  convolution  connects  the  occipital 

lobe  with  the  angular  gyrus.     In  my  Orang  it  was  parti}*  concealed 

by  the  first  occipital.     It  was  not  as  superficial  as  in  man.     The 

third  occipital  gyrus  is  continuous  with  that  part  of  the  temporal 

lobe   below  the   first   temporal   fissure.     I  noticed,  also,  in  my 

Orang  the  "  quatrieme  plis  de  passage  "  of  Gratiolet.     On   the 

mesial  side  of  the  occipital  lobe  in  my  Orang,  was  well  seen  tlie 

^^ deuxieme 'plis  de  passage  interne"  of  Gratiolet,  the  "  untere 

innere  Scheitelbogen-Windung  ''  of  BischofT,  which  separates  the 

calcarine   from   the   parieto-occipital   fissure ;    and    in   both   the 

Orang  and  Chimpanzee,  more  especially  on  the  left  side,  I  had  no 

^ifilculty  in  recognizing  the  '*  premier  plis  de  passage  interne  '*  of 

Gratiolet,  its  convexity  turning  inwards,  while  that  of  the  first 

occipital  gyrus,  or  the  *'  premier  plis  de  passage  externe,''  turns 

^)atward.     These  two  convolutions,  the  first  occipital  gyrus  and 

^•he  "  premier  plis  de  passage  interne,"  in  my  Orang  were  con- 

'ttinaous.     They  are  regarded  as   one  by  Bischotf,  forming  his 

'*^"*  obere  innere  Scheitelbogen-Windung,"  but  as  two  by  Gratiolet, 

<^czx)DStituting  his  "  premier  plis  de  passage  externe  et  interne." 

The  temporal  lobe  in  the  Orang  is  much  less  convoluted  than  in 
,  or  even  in  the  Chimpanzee.     The  first  temporal  fissure  and 
rst  temporal  convolution  are  well  marked,  but  the  second  and 
bird  are  badly  defined.     The  fusiform  and  lingual  lobes  are  sep- 
ted  bj"  the  inferior  occipito-temporal   fissures,  the  collateral 
ssarcs  of  Huxley.     The  island  of  Reil  was  perfectly  covered  in 
~3oth  the  Chimpanzee  and  the  Orang  by  the  operculum,  but  was 
ot  convoluted  in  my  Orang.     The  surface  in  places  was  slightly 
nghened.     I  noticed,  however,  three  or  four  convolutions   in 
he  Chimpanzee.     On  making  a  section  of  the  left  hemisphere  of 
he  Orang   I  noticed  that  the  corpus  callosum  was   relativel}^ 
mailer  than  in  man,  but  that  the  ventricle  exhibited  an  anterior, 
^^awddle  and   posterior  cornu,  the   corpus  striatum,  tjenia  scmi- 
^^iicularis,  thalamus  opticus  and  fornix  were  well  developed,  the 
liippocaropus  major  with  corpus  fimbriatum  were  perfectly  evident, 
^nd  the  hippocampus  minor  larger  relatively  than  in  man.     I  did 


L^ 


1IBC! 


lYD  PBOOIBDINGS  or  TBI  aoadhit  ov    •  [UHt 


imted  from  the  posterior  oentnd  conyoliitioii  won 
than' in  man^bya  fisanre  which  mna  panlM  wtth  tib* 
fissure.  There  is  in  the  Onmg,  alsoi  a  issue 
with  the  parietal,  which  snbdivides  the  upper  parietal 
inner  and  outer  portions.  The  precuneus,  or  the 
mesial  side  of  the  parietal  lobe  between  the 
fissures  and  the  ascending  branches  of  the 
well  defined.  The  lower  parietal  lobole  in  the  (h$ag  4hrlis» 
naturally  into  the  supra^naiginal  and  angular  gyxL  Tha 
marginal  fold  curves  around  the  upper  end  of  tiw 
branch  of  the  fissure  of  Sylvius  and  runs  into  the  aaperior 
pond  gyrus.  The  angular  gyrus,  which  is  very  evMst, 
around  the  first  temporal  fissure,  and  becoming  oontinwMW 
the  second  occipital  fi»ld,  passes  then  into  the  npper 
gyrus.  The  occipital  lobe,  separated  from  the 
by  the  parieto-occipital  fiMure,  is  continuous  wHh  vtppm 
lobule  through  the  first  occipital  gyrus,  and  bf  the 
occipital  gyrus  with  the  angular.  There  are  no  shaip  Vam'ttt 
demarkation  between  the  occipital  and  temporsl  lobsa.  Is  1k» 
occipital  lobe  of  my  Orang  the  transverse  occipital 
present,  and  received  the  parietal  fissure.  The  caloariaa 
was  well  niariccd,but  was  separated  in  the  Onmg  from  the 
occipital  fissure  by  the  ^  deuxieme  plis  de  passage  interne "  eT 
Q  ratiolet,  the  ^^  untere  innerc  Scheitclbogen-Windung  "  of  BisdioC 
The  cuneuB  of  the  Orang  is  therefore  somewhat  ditferent  from  that 
of  man.  In  man  I  have  seen  these  two  fissures  separated  as  sa 
anomaly.  The  calcarine  passed  into  the  hippocampal  fissure,  m 
that  in  the  Orang,  as  in  monkeys  generally,  the  gyrus  fomkatos 
was  separated  A*om  the  hippocampal  gyrus ,  whereas  in  man  thess 
convolutions  are  continuous.  This  di8|)08ition  has  been  noticed 
in  the  Hylobates,  in  Ateles,  and  in  one  Chimpansee,  wheie 
the  calcarine  did  not  reach  the  hippocampal.  The  first  ooei* 
pital  g3'ni8  is  very  well  dcvc1ope<l,  and,  as  the  late  Professor 
Gratiolet  olMerve<l,  is  one  of  the  most  striking  convolutioaa  in 
the  brain  of  the  Omng.  It  rises  so  to  the  surface  that  the 
internal  perpeii<licular  finRurc  or  external  part  of  the  parieto- 
occipital flBRure  ifl  almost  entirely  bri<lgcd  over,  the  operculum  m 
ch.inictcristic  of  the  monkey  almost  diftapix'aring.  It  is  eon* 
tiimoimwith  the  upper  parietal  lobule  arching  around  the  parieto- 
occipital fiHHure.    Thin  convolution  comes  to  the  surface  in  the 


1880.*]  NATURAL   SCIENCES   OF   PHILADELPHIA.  173 

monkeys,  for  there  is  no  necessity  of  having  recourse  to  such 
measures  to  prove  that  the  cerebellum  is  covered  in  the  latter? 

In  the  account  I  gave  of  the  female  Chimpanzee/  I  stated  that 
I  found  the  cerebellum  uncovered.  I  had  the  opportunity  a  short 
time  since,  of  verifying  that  statement  in  the  male,  noticing  in 
•^itu  that  the  cerebellum  was  uncovered  by  the  posterior  lobes. 
This  was  foimd  to  be  the  case  by  Mr.  Arthur  Browne,  the  Super- 
intendent of  the  Phila.  Zool.  Garden,  in  a  third  Chimpanzee 
which  died  there.  With  all  deference  to  Prof  Marshall's*  photo- 
graph of  a  plaster  cast  of  the  brain  of  a  Chimpanzee,  and  how- 
ever it  may  truthfully  represent  the  relations  of  the  cerebellum  in 
his  specimen,  I  must  say  that  it  would  be  simply  monstrous  if 
accepted  as  an  illustration  of  either  of  mine,  and  with  profound 
respect  for  Prof.  Huxley's^  opinion  regarding  the  interior  of  the 
skull  being  a  guide  for  the  determination  of  the  proportion  between 
posterior  lobe  and  cerebellum,  I  find  it  anything  but  a  safe  one  as 
regards  the  anthropoid  apes.  For  the  space  betweeii  posterior  lobes 
of  brain  and  dura  mater  and  bone,  both  posteriorly  and  laterally,  I 
find  very  variable  in  situ,  due  to  the  state  of  the  blood  vessels  and 
amount  of  fluid  in  arachnoid  and  subarachnoid  cavities.  In  speak- 
ing of  the  Gorilla,  Prof  Bischoff  *  observes,  p.  100,  "  Das  es  bei 
erstercm  am  wenigsten  von  oben  Hinterlappen  der  grossen  Hemi- 
sphare  bedecktwird  und  bei  der  Betrachtung  des  Schadel  gewiss  von 
oben  mit  seinem  hinterem  Rande  sichtbar  wird."  And  in  reference 
to  the  Chimpanzee,*  p.  95,  "  Die  Hinterhauptslappen  des  grossen 
GFehims  bei  diesem  Affen  wie  bei  dem  Menschen  das  kleine  Gehirn 
iiberzogen  und  von  oben  fast  ganz  bedecken.*'  And  Vrolik*  states, 
p.  7,  of  the  Orang :  "  Ce  lobe  posterieur  ne  se  prolonge  pas  autant 
que  chez  Phomme ;  il  ne  recourve  pas  si  bien  le  cervelet  du  moins  il 
ne  cache  pas  compl^tement  surtout  vers  les  cotes."  The  fact  of  the 
cerebellum  being  covered  by  the  posterior  lobes  in  my  Orang  and 
that  figured  by  Gratiolet,  and  but  slightly  uncovered  in  that  of 
Vrolik's,  is  no  more  strange  than  that  Bischoff^  should  find  it 
covered  in  one  Hylobates,  and  Prof.  Huxley  ^  having  stated  it  to 
be  uncovered  in  another. 

I  did  not  observe  anything  particularly  noticeable  alK)ut  the 

»  Proceed,  of  Acad.,  1879.  «  Natural  History  Review,  1801. 

'  Han*8  place  in  Nature,  p.  97.  ♦  Das  Gehirn  des  Gorillas,  1877. 

*  Gehirn  des  Chimpanzee,  1871.  •  Amsterdam  Verslagen,  Dee!  13, 1803. 

'  Beitrage  zur  Hylobates,  1870.  **  Vertebrate  Anatomy,  p.  411. 


172  Faoi;KRiii\UK  op  the  acadkmt  or  [IS 

not  Hbc  a  tra4.-u  of  the   cmRicnrnUa  collaUiDilis ;   this 
bowcrer,  aliBent  in  mnn. 

Ttie  (.I'lvbelliitn  Id  my  Orans  wna  rclntivcly  larifpr  than  that  of 
nwii,  lint  sniallcr  than  tlial  of  eitlier  ibe  f 'hlinp»mH*s  I  b«»e  4 
docted,  and  was  just  covewii  and  no  more  by  llie  |>oaivriur  lol 
of  tlie  rt^rehruui.  TliU  relntiou  i§  ftill  retain^]  Iti  toy 
tbougb  tbi>  brain  bax  \>wn  lying  in  alvobol  for  tlirw  tuonUt*  • 
it  was  tukt-n  out  of  the  chlnridr  of  xiiu>  in  wblvh  it  « 
aiitil  the  i>in  nuit.cr  could  )><■  removed.  During  tbf«  period  it  I 
liren  HMl'ject  to  thr  conditions,  vnch  am  the  want  of  tbr  stipporl  4 
the  mctJibrance,  the  ciTeot  of  pressure,  etc.,  urftcd  by  GntioiA 
Uuxtpy,  Kollcston,  Mar«hall,  etc.,  as  sumoicnt  to  explain  wfcT 
aftpr  death  the  oerebelUim  waa  uncovered  by  tbc  cerebrum  In  iht 
OraRK  and  Chimpanzee,  aa  held  by  Owen,  Schroeder  nut  dw 
Kolk  and  Vrolik,  and  Blachoir.  Kvery  nnatomiDt  koow*  that 
tbe  brain  aflrr  n-movnl  IVuin  Ihi;  nkall,  especially  witbont  tk 
mtimlirunv,  if  hrft  to  itiudf,  very  Hoon  Iom-m  itx  ahape.  It  if  aWi>- 
lately  nei?cMnry  tiiervforc  to  rxamino  the  brain  in  ntto,  atMl  aftrr 
removal  from  iikuU  to  plac«  it  in  some  hardening  fluid  in  whkli  it 
will  float.  Even  with  ttiese  precautiona,  throiich  the  cbaag*  ■( 
the  eurronudiniia,  ahriDkage.  etc.,  the  brain  ia  alwaya  ■onvahal 
altered.  It  bap|wiia,  however,  that  [  have  bad  lying-in  aleebol 
for  aome  years  a  nitmber  of  human  ami  monkey  bmiaa.  ,Kia*mf 
the  lulltT,  exnmplea  of  the  genera  Vehu*.  Alflm.  Jlni-at-ut.  I'ywn- 
irrjJialvn,  t't^rcojiitln-'-un,  vtc.,  uken  out  of  tlit)  akatl  ■ulRci«iitlr 
mrafully,  but  pn-Mer^-i'd  in  thv  rtidvnt  manner  withoat  aiy 
regar<l  to  the  above  precautions.  Now,  while  all  of  the**  Into 
have  aomewhal  lo»t  their  natural  contour,  thcr  are  not  « 
that  iu  a  ain^le  one,  human  or  monkey,  do  I  find  th«  c 
■ncuvervd  by  the  ceretirum,  and  in  every  tnatano*  tb»  | 
lotHii  overlap  thr  censtHdlum  to  n  gn-nter  extent  lltan  I  find  ia  tfca 
on«r  in  rny  Orang.  If  the  ecn-hnnn  and  cerelx-lhim  In  %hv  Oiwp  J 
and  Chimpanzee  invarliil'lr  bcir  the  ■mm-  pruimrlion  to  «Mfe>]| 
other  as  they  do  In  man  and  the  monkeys,  why  ■bonM  aat  !!• 
brain  of  an  Orang  or  Chimpanzee,  after  lying  in  aksohol  fi>r  ■■■■ 
years,  exhibit  the  cerebellnm  covered  by  the  cerebrum  aa  in  thm? 
Why  ahould  it  Ix-  neceasary  to  replace  the  btain  of  the  Chifa 
lee  or  the  Orang  in  the  skull,  to  make  plaster  casta,  etc.,  if  !)«• 
is  no  dilTcreace  between  their  l)rBins  and  those  of  man  Uid  the 


1880.]  NATURAL  SCIENCES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  175 

from  other  points  of  view  the  Orang  approaches  man  more  closel}^ 
than  cither  the  Qorilla  or  Chimpanzee,  and  that  as  regards  certain 
mosclesy  man  and  the  lower  monkeys  agree  in  having  them,  while 
they  are  absent  in  the  anthropoids.  From  these  facts  we  may 
reasonably  infer  that  the  ancestral  form  of  man  was  intermediate 
in  character  as  compared  with  the  living  anthropoids  or  lower 
monkej'^s,  agreeing  with  them  in  some  respects,  and  differing  from 
them  in  others.  The  Orang  is  closely  allied  to  the  Gibbons,  the 
Chimpanzee  to  the  Macacques,  and  the  gap  between  these  and  the 
Semnopiihecus  is  bridged  over  by  the  MesopitJiecus  of  Ottudr^*. 
Until,  however,  the  paleontologist  will  have  procured  more 
material  like  that  from  Pikermi,  and  interpreted  it  as  ably,  it 
will  seem  to  me  premature  to  offer  any  detailed  genealogical  tree 
of  the  Primates. 


171  PKOCIKI>150S   or  TOE  ACADEMT   OT 

pouo  or  rimIuIIb,  «xn-)>t  itmt  In  Xbc  Utter  the  oUvarjr  I 
not  ftd  (littinct  ■•  in  ntan.     A*  rvgudii  the  pfripbenU  ■ 
•,irRti!RiIt«a«i-«MM]tial)r  llM-iiunraatti«liuiiuui.    A«ttt#b 
Ornni;  wliirli  1  hnrv  jwot  vinIcaron-U  to  <l«tcribe  b  tht  pcopw^" 
i>r  tliv  A intk-my,  tlicnntnul  luiring  brrn  liunghtftiHl  preMmtedhr 
Mr.  Will.  S.  V»nx,  timl  iu>  it  nix  dittirablv  In  piv«erT»  It  is  Hi 
pr<*airDl  roibHilion,  I  coiilrl  nut  tniikip  n)w  or  it  to  rxmmim*  li^ 
•tmvtnn-  iniunti>iv.     I  wonM  refer  tliovr  intetmtod  la  \h»  MH 
t<Aimj  (iT  till!  ■ntliropoid  )>rain,  to  Dr.  Spitzks's  |Mper.'  ^H 

Whut  irin  Im>  Inferred  (Void  th«  geDernl  organtzalion  nf  fl^ 
Onin^  BA  Lo  its  relation  to  tbe  other  ]minat««  T  The  Onni  Rto 
inui  hn*  twelve  ribi,  wb«re«s  the  ilnrilU  and  Cbini|«nZM>  hatv 
thirl4Mn ;  on  thr  othM-  hand  the  caqinl  fliid  tuwU  baiie«  an  ihh 
in  niinili«ir  in  the  Omng,  wbil*-  the  Chim|M»x«e  anil  Qorilla  sfR* 
with  ntau  in  hanng  Hfcht.  TIw  it|>(>cr  exlivmity  of  tfar  Oi*ac 
rp«cniliW  thnt  of  the  Gorilla  in  tho  xb^vneo  of  tb«  flmor  loa^ 
|M>UU;li«  The  Chimpaiueo  and  man  are  altko  in  tfaia  mprrt.>i 
leaat  the  Hlip  tiam  the  flexor  longus  ditiilonim  in  the  fonaff  ■> 
ntncllooally  a  flexor  longua.  lu  the  abMuoc  of  a  flexor  lonpv 
hallihrl*,  anil  in  the  preaence  of  an  opponena  ballocb,  the  Oraof 
diffenfmni  nrnn,  thttantbropoidii  and  all  the  monkey*.  The  gnat 
hlooil-vriuHtlK  nriM!  from  the  arch  of  norla  in  llie  OorilU  aal 
IJian  hi  (111--  "mill-  may:  Id'-  ■"»mi-  .liijiovitinn  i"  ti"iuiU\  -■-•■fi  in  l|w  J 
Chiinpnnzee,  rarely  in  the  Orang.  The  longs  in  the  Oraag  an 
not  divided  into  lobea  as  in  the  OorilU,  Chimpaniee  and  mam. 
Tbe  etomach  in  the  Uorilla  and  Chimpanzee  is  hnman  is  it* 
form ;  in  tbe  Orang,  however,  it  is  quite  different.  Tbe  ptfi' 
toneum  in  the  Gorilla,  Cbimpanzee  and  Orang  ia  like  that  of  ■■■■; 
in  the  low^r  monkeys  it  is  different.  The  brain  of  the  Oraaf  li 
its  globular  form,  in  tbe  cerebellum  being  iistutUy  oovcnd  bgr  Uw 
cerelirum,  and  in  tbe  development  of  the  first  ocdpHal  gjww», 
rcacmbli'B  man  more  than  that  of  the  Qorilla  and  Phimpaniw 
On  the  other  hand,  the  frontal  and  temporal  lobes  in  the  Onag 
art-  not  as  much  convoluted  as  in  the  Chimpanzee,  and  atill  Icm 
than  in  man,  and  the  island  of  Reil  is  not  convoluted  at  all,  at 
It-aitt  in  my  Orang. 

It  «ill  bf  Keen  IVom  the  above  illustrations,  of  which  mu,r 
othert  mi}rbt  l>r  jfiven,  that  the  Gorilla  and  man, in  aome  respects, 
ngrt't  with  an'l    differ  from  the  Chimpanzee  and  Orang;  wUlt 

'Op.dt. 


1880.]  NATURAL  SCIENCES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  11*1 

head.  The  frontal  limb  is  triangular  in  outline,  and  prolonged 
into  a  prominent  projection,  the  bourrelet  of  the  limb  is  defined 
by  a  triangular  ridge  which  forms  the  base  of  the  projection. 
The  projection  is  formed  by  the  thickening  of  the  crust  and  by 
the  union  of  the  outer  marginal  borders  along  the  median  line,  it 
is  pointed  and  has  its  sides  deflected.  The  space  between  the  front 
of  the  glabella  and  the  base  of  the  projection  is  somewhat  de- 
pressed. 

The  pygidium  is  obtusely  triangular,  with  the  front  greatly 
arched  in  uncrushed  specimens,  but  this  character  seems  to  be 
confined  to  the  medium-sized  specimens  ;  the  larger  forms  are  not 
so  much  arched,  and  correspond  in  this  respect  to  typical  pygidia 
of  C  blumenbachii.  The  axis  occupies  along  the  anterior  border 
about  one-third  of  the  width  of  the  tail,  and  gradually  tapers 
posteriorly  into  an  obtuse  point ;  it  is  marked  with  about  eight  or 
nine  articulations,  the  anterior  one  being  slightly  arched  forwards, 
but  the  others  are  extended   almost  straight  Fig.  2. 

across  it.  The  dorsal  furrows  are  well  defined. 
The  lateral  lobes  are  marked  with  five  pairs  of 
ribs,  four  of  which  are  grooved  and  double  half- 
way up ;  they  are  contracted  along  the  dorsal 
furrows,  but  widen  out  laterally.    The  ribs  curve        caiymene  rottrata 

"  Vogdes.    The  i)y#- 

downwards  and  backwards,  and  are  separated     dium  upuaiiy  found 

.  associated   with  the 

from  each   other  by  well-defined   grooves,  the     head. 

last  pair  unite  and  form  a  ridge  extending  around  the  posterior 

termination  of  the  axis. 

Geological  Position. — Clinton  Group,  Taylor's  Ridge,  near 
Catoosa  Station  ;  and  also  at  Dug  Gap,  Georgia. 

Among  the  trilobite  specimens  which  I  have  collected  in 
Georgia,  there  are  three  movable  cheeks  and  one  pygidium 
showing  a  strong  resemblance  to  the  same  parts  of  Caiymene 
Clintoni  as  figured  by  Prof.  Hall  in  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  ii,  pi.  66  a, 
fig.  5.  These  fragments  were  found  associated  with  two  glabellae, 
having  characteristics  not  shown  by  the  illustrations  of  the  species 
just  referred  to;  therefore,  for  the  purpose  of  comparison,  I 
carried  the  specimens  to  the  American  Museum,  and  through  the 
courtesy  of  Prof.  Whitfield  was  enabled  to  study  the  trilobites 
found  in  the  Clinton  Group  of  New  York.  The  Georgia  forms 
are  almost  identical  with  those  of  New  York,  but  show  some 


pm 


This  Bpeciefl  dtflfan  In  ooe  upeot  from  iLc 

under  the  geniu  Calywimie,  in  bsTing  a  pmji^c 

diKoUy  from  the  oepludio  ahield  in  front  of  tbo  ]tlnbefia,aM<i 
this  respect  reeembles  BamaiotuitMa  rhiiu^n,i,ia  of  An|[i'ltB,] 
■peoles  which  hu  been  referred  by  Saltw,  in  iitu  moau|^ra|>h  ^ 
British  TriloUtea,  to  E.  KnighHi.    Salter  bs,^  >  >-  Uk-  fn>ut  aini| 
n^^  is  of  most  eiagalsr  ^inn'tiiri'  uiii  maj  k 

described  ss  trionspiil.     The  nnrrow  v 
is  so  deeply  indanted^Hii'l  ut  thvMiot- 1 
folded,  that  the  ftaot  inrtioo  orcrfi 
ttte  rostral  ahietd,' tonus  odc   iintjn 
..jf...  angle  flanked  by  two  aiuAUer  projetftifll 

Th!^SS^amttiMSS^  Opposite  tlie  azial  ftirri'WH.vxKcUy  liki' t' 

AeW^  tk*  pnlMlBS  pro-         ,f     .  I  .  _i  ^         . 

floation."  Our  species  has  only  tlie  central  tiiniiguUr  proJrctMi 
the  margins  of  which  are  deflected,  and  the  mnrg^inal  border  oniH 
anil  forms  a  triangular  projection,  directly  in  front  and  ( 
median  line. 

The  foUowing  characteristics  are  drawn  from  three  specimcaa, 
coDHJBting  of  the  glabella  and  fixed  cheeks,  and  many  pygidla 
found  SMSuciated  with  them  at  the  same  locality. 

The  glabella  is  convex  and  widens  out  posteriorly,  being 
contracted  in  front ;  the  sides  are  marked  with  three  lobo, 
the  basal  one  large,  the  mid<Ue  lobe  ncariy  spherical,  the  thlid 
is  somewhat  obncurel}'  defined.  The  fixed  cheeks  are  scpantal 
from  the  glabella  by  deep  dorsal  fbrrows,  but  opposite  the  cy«i 
the  furrows  are  n'Htri('U.-d  by'a  buttrees  thrown  across  it,  neariy 
touching  the  middle  side  loltcs;  the  checks  are  gibbous  bat 
not  vlt'vate<l  ah<»vo  the  glnlwlla,  tbey  are  narrow  along  the 
siiK-tt  of  the  glalM-lla  and  widvii  out  laterally  from  the  eyea^ 
The  facial  tiiitures  cut  the  posterior  angli^  of  the  head,  bat 
anteriorly  from  the  t>yca  these  liiit'H  nin  almost  straight  with 
a  Mltght  tcnili-ncj'  outwanl,  and  iwmb  over  the  margin.  The 
tii-ck  furrow  is  continued  ni'ariy  to  the  posterior  angles  of  tbc 


1«««  '  «ATt  &AL  MU^*  tm  of  miLAIiftLmi  A.  17* 


l  T*»r  friiiital  liiiih  !•  triaii^iiUr  in  outlmr.  mwi  |iniii»n^l 
iU%  '  a  |*r<>miit«  itt  |irit;t*«'ti«*ti.  IIm*  lH»iirr»  Irt  of  tbr  lltu**  i«  ilrflocHl 
*'\  %  triati,;iiUr  ri*l^«'  «huli  fi»rtii«  thr  l««r  of  th«-  iirKji^'tion 
T^'f-  ;  r>.;«<<  ti<iii  !•  ftirmr^l  !•%  tli«-  tliH'k«*nin)*  «»f  ihr  rrti*t  atnl  U\ 
tS«-  II!.:' ti  **{  tH«-  «iiit«  r   nuiririnal  tNtnlrr*  aliiiit;  tlu*  r»«^lt«ti  Itnr.  it 

%m  |a':r:tar<l  At)*!  Iift«  l'«  •l«|f-«  «l«-ft«T?r«l.      Th«-  •pAr«-  !■-!«•  rti  ttir  friitlt 
<ftf  th«>   «;UUlla   ftti*!   thr    l««r  nf  thr   |ir«t)i<<*tiiBU    i«  ««»ffii«-«hBl   «ir 

Tlir   |i^iri4liQm    i«  «iMii*rl;i    tnmnifiiUr.  with  tbi-    froiit    u«natl\ 

arrbr«|    ifi    uti«'ni*lftr«l   •!«<•  iiurtis.  \nit    tht«  rhftrsi'trr    M^rtii*    to   \»r 

rvittfli>r«l  U»  thr  tiH^liiiiii  •ii<**i  •|«^'itnrri«  .  thr  Urift'r  ftirni*  mrr  n*^ 
mn  mof-h  an  hnl  atnl  i  iirn-«|«»ni|  in  thi«  rr*|M*f*t  t<»  t\|Mr^l  |««i;i«lia 
r»i  C  M'.m*m^^*  K%%  Thr  a\t«  ita«Mi|»ir*  ahini;  thr  antriii»r  U»ft|rr 
Al«*':t  i-tM*  thirl  of  th«-  «i«lth  of  thr  tail,  an^i  i;r»<liitll>  (a|«-r« 
|Bi«l«  ri"rl%  iiito  an  oNufti  inMiit  .  it  i*  in-irkr*!  with  a*«»iit  «-i;;ht  **x 
ntiw  trlit  Illation*  thr  antmitr  tinr  *■  intf  •lii;htl\  afi'hnl  fon^anl* 
^•it  *..>¥r  fihrra  an-  t  \t«-ii<lol  alnio«t  «tniiirlit 
arr^***  :t  Tfir  ilfr^il  furrow*  arr  wrll  ilrAur*!. 
Tt»«'  Utrrml  lt»t«-*  an    nitrkt-«l   with  ft^r  |i«ir*  of 

f,\m    f  KJf  iif  whirh  arr  j;r«*»%r«l  ami  •|i»llMr  half 

wa«   Q|'     thr\    an    f'«intr»rt«'«l   al*>ti^   tht-    il«ir%al 

fWm>«*  Ni!  fiiiirn  out  UtrralU.    Thr  n*«»riir»r         '•it*^*  •*<•»•*« 

ft«««ii«ftr«l«   afi-l    )«<*k«anU.   an*!   ar^  •ri^rwtr^l       *  ■•  ••••-••   »«».i 

tt*tn    r»i  h     othrf    h\      «rlN|rAli««l     tfr«-i%r«.    thr       !••! 

l»«t    pftsf  t:Tnt«-  ari«l  form  a  n«l;:r  r\trti«|tii^  annin*!   !)m    \'—X*  r.or 

1rnfciiiA*i<*n  f»f  thr  ait* 


'#>.*-;•    1.'     /\»«i.*i  1.  -  <*hiitiin     lin«ii|..    Ta\**or'*     lliilj^r.    n«-Af 
4*at«H«A  >tktifn  .   aiil  al**>  at  Pu,;  <tA|>.  (tt-^'r^Ma. 

.Itb    11^      thr     tr:!«»* '.tr     •j*-<lllirtj*     «hlt-h      I       hs\i      i-'Iltftr*!     II* 

!•«•  r^'.a  t!ir'i  ar«-  thnv  nit •%»*!#-  « l«f^  W*  an*!  ott«  |>\  p;i«l*.iini 
•  1»  '•  r  .•  a  •tn»u^'  n*«in'lati«'  X*  thr  ftaiiM*  |<irt*  *•(  f*:.,n\*p.r 
C:%*'  «  »•  fiiCtin-l  f%  Prof  \U\\  in  |*al  N  Y  %ol.  n.  |»l  ^.<  a. 
€^  '■  T^«  ••  fr^i^ra*  fit •«•  n  fiitin  1  a*«*«^  •ata'vl  «ith  t«**  ^-li**  Il.r. 
ka«  :r.«' «  !i»M4  *c  r  "tK  «  ii>*t  ttlntan  h]i  thr  i!lii*traV>-n»  «'f  Ch<  aim*  ir^ 
;a*t  r«'*rrr'l  t  >  tSt  r«  f*>rr,  !>>r  thr  piir|«**4  of  r«ini|an**<n  I 
r^fr-wl  M,r  vivY.iiHn*  t**  t^H-  .Immian  Mii«iuni.  an«l  thr>*u^h  thr 
'••'jrtf*^  of  i*rof  U  hitAt  I  I  «»*  rna^*h«l  t«i  •ti«t|\  thr  triioUtr* 
f-»-i^l  in  tin-  l"l'.nt«»fi  *iT*»u\t  •»{  Svm  York  Th«-  tir-irj*!*  f**rin 
arv     kin***!    i>lrtiti*al     «:th    tb«Mr   t*f    Srm    \ork.    tut    ah 


« 


nHuran  ov  a  war  axntAouM  vyoK  m  i 

UtOBU,  wits  *"*»*■  VtOM  OJATMBli  « 
Vr  ABiaORT  W.  TOWM^  O.  i.  A. 

Thia  Bpecies  diffen  in  one  Mpect  flx>iii  tbc  hmihI  rnmw 
ander  the  geniu  (7aly«ene,  in  h&ving  a  prc|]>'^-i  in);  ptuc«m  ahaiBg 
diieotly  from  the  oeplimlic  ahield  in  front  of  ihv  glnlwIU,  anil  a 
thia  respect  reeemblee  HoTHoUmotut  rhvutirujiif,  of  Atigt-Uj    ^ 
■peoles  wbioh  bu  been  referred  by  SaltWi  '■■  l>i>)  nioai>Kn>{i(k  j 
British  TriloUtes,  to  H.  KnigUxi.    Salter  au)  s  "  Lbc  frt.ui  iu>i| 
n»i.  is  of  moat  eingalar  ^tvucturv  uiJ  uujrl 

described  w  trionapil. 
is  so  deeply  lndented,uii<l  m  Ui>' 
folded,  that  the  bant  iKiriion  ovrrt 
the  roetral  shield,' form*  une   prvjcc 
_^      angle  Hanked  by  twi.-  ttuiiillor  projn 
T^^SSLMdaudSSSi  opposite  the  axial  fturions, exactly  liked 
•M.  Bsuent  and  i«-enterii)>;  niiglva  of  a  AiH 

fication."    Our  species  baa  only  the  central  hinngular  pn>ir«fi4 
the  margina  of  which  are  deflected,  and  the  sutrglnal  bunlrruniia 
and  forma  a  triangular  projection,  directly  in  Frunl  nn<J  tm  tWj 
median  line. 

Tlie  following  ctiaracteriatica  are  drawn  from  three  ii|iiii  iimw, 
conttiating  of  the  glabella  and  fixed  cheeka,  and  many  pygidk 
found  aeaociated  with  them  at  the  some  locality. 

Tlie  glabelta  ia  convex  and  widens  out  posteriorly,  bdif 
contracted  in  front ;  the  sides  are  marked  with  tbt«e  lobee, 
the  basal  one  large,  the  middle  lobe  ncariy  spherical,  the  thM 
is  somewhat  obscurely  defined.  The  fixed  cheeks  are  eeparatd 
from  the  glabella  by  deep  dorsal  furrows,  but  opposite  the  eyta 
the  Airrowa  are  restrictc-d  by  a  buttress  thrown  acroaa  It,  neariy 
touuliing  the  middle  aide  lobea;  the  cheeks  are  gibbooa  bat 
not  t'terated  above  the  gloltella,  they  are  narrow  along  the 
aidvfl  of  the  glal*ella  and  widen  out  laterally  ttom  the  eyes. 
The  facial  sutures  cut  the  posterior  angles  of  the  head,  b«l 
anteriorly  fi-om  the  eyes  these  lines  nm  almost  straight  with 
a  slight  tendency  outward,  and  jwas  over  the  mavj^n.  The 
neck  furrow  is  continued  nearly  to  the  posterior  angles  of  the 


]««0 


XATt  &AL  Ut%\*  tm  or  miLAIiEtJill.%. 


I  •  • 


1  T*ir  fnifitAl  linih  i*  tnanciiUr  in  outlmr.  An«l  |kriiii»n};nl 
tt.1  a  |*r«itiiitM  lit  |»rii;n*ti«*ti.  lli«*  UmmlH  of  iIm*  lituU  i«  i|r  fiord 
*'t  »  !riMtip;uUr  ri«l,:r  «liu'li  fonii«  thr  l««r  of  thr  |»ri*jff^*tion. 
Tt.*-  I  r<.H4  tf»ti  1*  f«*nnr«l  !•%  tli«*  tliK'krnini;  «»f  thr  rrii«l  mtu\  >•% 
tJBc  iiTii'>ti  i»f  thi-  oiitrr  nuiri;in»l  ImimUt*  Al«»n^  tin*  n»«'«ii«ti  Imr,  it 
!•  |a>:r.?«^l  sml  lia«  !*■  sitlr*  i|i-lfrrfc^l.  TIh*  •}>ac'«*  In'tv***!!  thr  front 
Cftf   thr    ^ImU-IU   Atl«l    thr    t«*r  of  thr    pn»)«^ti«ili    l«   MiffiirnhAl    tlr 

Tltr  |i%|»t<|iafn  !•  <iMii««*lv  tnmnifiitar,  with  tbr  fri»tit  ^natly 
Aft  br«l  in  uni*ni«lir«l  •|ir<-|iurn«.  iHit  thl«  rluU^M'trr  •c^'in*  tti  br 
<>niifltM*l  u>  thr  tii«'«ltuni  «i«i*«l  •|«'<'inirn«  .  thr  Urvvr  fortii*  art*  n^K 
mn  m<Kh  ftrrhcvl.  atnl  i-«*rrr«|«»n*l  in  thi«  rr*|irrt  t«»  t%|*tr^l  p«;;ii|ia 
«»f  #•  ^/l.  i»k#*n^i^f  ^ti  Thr  tkWrn  m  ril|ilrM  aIoih;  thr  AntrMor  tvifilrf 
Alv..:t  ii>«*thiri  of  X\u'  «i«ith  «>f  thr  tail.  An<l  i*r!h>hi!ilt>  t»|ii*r« 
|«iM«  rt<'rl\  int«>  mti  <iMii«i  |M>iiit  .  it  t«  inirkr*!  with  m*«»iit  «i)«hl  it 
nttM-  irli*  uUtii»n«.  tin*  antrnor  onr  taint;  •lii;htl%  AH'hrtl  f«*rwanl*. 


^mi    •.}»•     i*<hrr«    mrr    r%trn«lol    Altii*i«t    «tnii|;ht 
trt*—*  '.\.      Thr  i|t>rMil  fiirftfW*  arr  wrll  «lrAiHN|. 

T^««    tftlrml    hAwrm  An*    ffliArki-*!    Wtth  ft^r    |iAir%  of 

n»«    f.f)f  of  whirh  Afr  jrr^-i^r^l  Ait«l  «|ouMr  half 

wa%   Q|'     thr\    %r»    I'wintrArtfxil   Alotij^  tlit-    «|or«al 

fnrf**mm  tait  «i«lrn  «*iit  UtrnilU  .    Thr  ril*»«*iir*r 

•|«i«A«%r*U   »n*l    l«rkwApU.  Ati«l   art*  •r|«ratr«l 

f^*tB    r%t  h     othrr    !•%     Wrll^lrfllH^I     ^r%Hi%t-«.    thr 

IaM    |iir  i.iiit**  an*!   fi*nii  a  r^l'^r  r\trti*lti»<^  AriMin*l   th«    |»»«trr.i'r 

ttfrtti.tiA*:>>n  of  thr  Ali« 

*#>-■•;«    !•'     /\*#i.'i-"».  -  <*!iiit**it    <tr»Mn».    TA\lor'*     Ki*i;;r.    in-ar 
(  at«B«4  >tAti**ii  .   aii'i  aI«>i  At  Pu,;  t>j|>,  tio.r^'iA. 

.Itk   rjp^     thr    tr.I«»l  il«-    •j*i-riii:rn%    whuh    I     h%\*     »••*.*,•  ^-?«-«  I    lu 
IW*  r«'a      t^trrt-     Aft*    thn«-     iii"tA*lt-     «  hf^  k*    aii«l     «'iit     |-\,:i*l!Uni 

•  i*  ••  r^  a  •tr»ilij:  n  ••  m*  lati  t  t-«  tht  ftaliir  j<iil«  **(  C:  .in'';* 
€•;•-'  -•  *•  ftiCiin-l  I  %  Prof  lliill  in  p.l  N  Y  .  %*A.  :i,  i^  •*.•.  a. 
€^  T?-«  •«  ff»ijrertil»  ••  r*  fmm  I  a*«*«i »*.'-« I  «:th  !•«»  i:!*'»Il.r. 
kai.*-.'  « '.*Af  ••  *€  f  ."tlr*  ii.'t  ftht^wn  h\  thr  illii«tr»*-«*rj* '-f  tl.«  •j««i«-^ 

•  ««t  't'.ffr-l  t».  tht  M  fofv,  f..r  ?!»••  |.i*r|««*«  i»f  r«mi|an««-n  1 
cArrv^  M«c  ttiw^cBirti*  t**  t^M*  AmrMian  Mii«iuni  ai»*I  thr^^ti^h  thr 
'•-'jr*.««\  i*f  rr«'f  U  hitA<  M  wa«  tnaf^h^l  to  tttiAil)  t^<-  tr-.i«*Utr« 
f«^.c»l   .n  tt>r  lMmt«*n  ttroni*  of  Sr«  V<*rk      Thr  ltr««r^ta  f«*rin* 

»!•!••«(   i*t«nti<Al    With   thcMr  of    Nr«  York.  *  ut    ah<«w    •»»mr 


riOCXUHKOB  O 


TUK  A0AMU4T  ur 


variatlnnfl    from    th«    typical   C.   Clinioni;    I   shall,   then 
(li-*cri1«  tliese  rraRiDeoto. 

Calymeat  OUntonl  Vuaum. 

tilabelk  sllgbdy  couvex,  IUl-  Ihi.'M.'  brom),  ao  fts  to  tona  a  nettij 
eqnllateral  trfangle.  Tlic  sid^rn  nre  cnarkiHl  with  thtvc  Ii>bcA,tk 
posterior  one  U-ing  twico  an  Inrgr  aa  llic  rol'lillc  lutw,  tfOt  Uc 
anleriiir  onft  is  ill-dcflnpd.  The  Jomnl  fiirronni  an;  iltrp.  Tb» 
occ-tpital  ring  triangatar  ia  IVotit,  and  narrowing  oat.  laterally. 
Tbe  fVontal  limb  is  broad,  aud  equal  to  iiolt  rbf>  Icujtb  uf  tfea 
glalH'lla,  »Dd  arcbed  hi  frout.  tt  [s  worthy  of  remark  that  that 
cbaractcr  ia  not  common  to  the  mbiute  gU1>c11a  found  iuthe  m^ 
beds-  Tbo  fixed  chcukH  Lave  a  bullrt-iia  thrown  acma*  this 
>iK,  1.  f xlvnding  along  Lliu  ables  of  tbt!  jtlabclla,  but  thkt 

adoea  not  i-dcvxtu  them  above  it.  Tbe  monUt 
cbMka  arc  triangnlar  in  outline,  and  |K>«t<Tiotl| 
pxtmd<-d  into  apinc*,  and  rormpoa'I  to  Ihow 
flgurcd  by  Prof.  Uall,  Pal.  N.  V.,  vol.  ii,  pi.  H  k 
fig.  A,  c.  They  are  convex  latcnllj*  aloag  tWr 
lnii«rlialf,aiid  grooved  n«w  the  outomu^ti,wUdi 
I  '"  <l<^'li"^  ''y  <i  raiaed  border.  Tbe  pysidinin  fa 
I"    Tiie  triangubtr  in  outline, and  reaemUca  tbe  Hffomut 

[>I.  SC  a,  fig.  5  ft,d,  fxwpl  in  mw.     The  a«»  b 

*''"■  *'  mark«^  with  about  ri^ht  arti<;ulation».    llit-  latMal 

yV  loltefl  are  not  marked  witli  ribs,  aa  iiaaa]  in  CaJf- 

A^^^  uiirni',  and  In  tbiH  respect  tbe  pygidiiim  bears  mmbc 

i^^^M  resi'mbluiice  to  that  of  C  arago  and  L'.Mt/f^rt'.twa 

^^^  KuroiK'un  t'orm^  foiiud  lu  tbe  Lower  Stliirian,  and 

^^  detwrilied  by  iiousauil  iu  iti4i». 

W  Geological    Poailion. — Clinton  Oroap,  CWoMt 

c*Jrwa(  cKiKni  Station ;  also  iu  the  Hematitic  bed  at  Dng  Qif, 
i5?.".%'h«t  *•  Georgia. 


!«*«•  AAlt  ftAt  HUiit  ftt  or  rHiLAtitLrtiiA  1«9 


CAtcisoLooicu  aoTU.  !•  I    tiTUioa  or  rsi  oivvi  octpoda 

T^•    f<>llit«(ti^  |*"|**^  !•  I4l»r4|  nn  the*  l'i»tl«  •  tl«»li»  of  liir  Ai'A*l«'lll_\ 

I  h»i«   .*>««  r^i"!  xUr  rule*  Ai|ii|i|r«l   111  |irv% It'll*  |i«|«*r«  **(  (**\U*miuj^ 

l^it    '   •  x't.'.s    fr«<li«   »hi'  li   1   h»%r  M  I  ti  *|«-4'lllH-tl«.  \»\    Bll  r\t-iaiu^!in|i 

|«>.itt  111  %\\  iiIIm  r  *«•«-«  tli«'  tiAiiit*  iif  ttir  |N*r«uiii  who  lia«  r«  |Hirtt-«l 
ft  •!•■  It «  fr«Piii  Bit%  |*l.ii-r  f*«IUi«*  that  «*f  tlit*  l«H*Alit>  'I  ti«*  %ain« 
^  ct»«  rt af  .11-  »|>irr.  «hiiti  f^Tift'lr*  iu%  |**|*"*r  *'U  ^'>**  **  TiiMIrr 
C'r»'M  '»».*.t«if4i  t  Will  l«-  f**iili>l  111  thl«  MAn%  iif  llir  «-li3rB«  ;rr« 
iC.^tu  ^•\  atitht't*  |>rii%i>  t«*  ta*  «»f  it«*  •|M^'ifl«  %alur«  ('Ut  1  (im\«-  ii«>t 
«ff;«r.i*fl  \tt  liiittr  fiirttl*  liuit«*  1  lia*!  •|M^-ilia-|i«  villi  ti  it.rrr 
•  |«  li<*i-l   t'l  •'Aril   lliitflltlAl   •|a^-|t-« 

i.i« .  Ilia.  N*i   t  lutt .  II.  I*  41    t*c7  .  i»mttA.  r.  i^   i:i.  t.i 

«  ru«l  .   |«    S.*4     !<»*•.* 

I'trvitii  trftii««irM.  rli**niU*i*lAl  «ir  iirarlv  AiiUBn  K)f«  ^ttxtt. 
t^MT  '••rtsff-a  lit  till  •«  III.:  t)j«  Uri;«  r  |B*rti<iii.  Mrr*««  t*f  rxtcmal 
z«fti.lli|«^U  •ifirtrr  tliAii  iM  hiuin       4*Urli|v«l*  iiiif«|(ial 

I-  m»ti«  vi^-f  i< «  tht  rr  i»  a  •tri«liilattii|C  <>rfe;aii  ci'UifM***  I  «'f  a 
fiiw  •  f  t  it«  n  !•  •  ••ci  tlir  iiiii«  r  •urfjtr  «»f  tL«  |ttJiii.  vttM  h.  ^%  *•  iti^ 
clra«ii  a4r'**M  a  n*i^*«-  «>ii    thr   i««  hiiitii  «»f  \\*r  rlirlt|ir«l.   |*r«*l  •••«   a 


1   •  m»lay4tiiaUia  r^^t 

r  •^vr  i^rf^*yifUi»»<  faiiaa.  «t4<«Wcia.  ^  Hs.  11   V.  f  *.*  i::* 

«*'ff*ds  f*'4t0f.ltX*lm^  PaW.   1    r  .    S47     17««    .    l^friH*,    lliti 
I  r«rt    rt   Im.   11.   47     X^il  A    .   lUw-yr    M««Jl  .  t.  It     ?:4.  f    I  .   U. 
mjuvli.  Ilia    \utwaut  fcaM  Vert.,  t.  i\*    l«t«    .  UrMnaiML  t  t«Md 

Mff  w  1  rua^«^  :.'l.  I ;   \I1,  r  l    l*r«   .  C«i«  .  Ilia   Nm  «  ma  . 

...  ^    4^     t-^r   .   Ml     IMtt    Hr^'tir  .\mniAl.  I'l    \  V  II.  f.  !        \ba     •^  i 
Nat.    111.    t«iii.    f     Ml     1«S    .    Krhum,    "<     ^fnrAii  «  rua  .   |.    41 
:«U    .  !KiM|M^  iVv.  I'tuU.  Ana.  lVfi««.   {•    !•«.  llrvK    Ar*hi« 
r.f  Nal«rc««l»rKU.    WXI.    lU     \^\       MartrM,   V««tka»ll    Z.-^ 
11.4   *»mmt'imh    W i«^  1*^  p^   ^**  .  lUtWr.  I(rta»  N^-iafa.  «  ruO..  |> 

i:    '««i7  .  |liU-yi^«f  xm  i    liMk»  •  lUtiv.  i  imm  .  |.   -:«  :m:  . 

A     H    t:^«  .    7«cj«if      Arr^     4«    HtM  .    it.    p     770     1*71  '*«»r»r 

#•••#"   IWftoL,   IT   I,  f.    »-•     !:«•  Or^ptd*    »<^M«waM    U«.. 


IM 

Biib  CnHb,  U,  «  (IWT) ;  Am.  M.  Ha*,  m.  xtUi.  Ui 
DwM,  U.  &  Ex.  b.  Cra*..  p.  ML    Pi.    XX.    f- 
Otgffim  IfwiwraA  wr  ymfimmatm  Daak.   l.  v~,   *iT. 
C  4  (18»).    OqipMto  iWF*fa«  ClliKllukll.    Arrhir.    r>ir    Xat 
feMhUhta^  zrll,  IM  (1896)  ;  Hdn;  9^a^-'itichto  Wi«i  Aki 

>iiu,FkSn(i8n);r  -        -  -  - 

U(18T4tMlaZoQLIU«Md);](l«^  Am.  Mid  Matf.  NmL  IUa.^ 
a,4M  (UTB). 
Csn|H«  QMriy  Mjiwre,  gnniil»tei  flont  rtwgtjr  d 
sinuate,  obUqne,  tbe  latond  anglM  tiaiag  flv  btUdt  tto  ft** 
TbeM  anglM  am  nmAj  rlgbt  uglM.    Orbtts  wlA  n  iMHrtlHl 
IbMra  below.  Eyes  tenniiwtacl  wlthartyl«wMAI»iMtWMli 
laag  and  oylindrioal,  exbeodlng  tu  b&jtmi  th*  m^Hii.   'li  tti 
yomqc,  howem-,  tt  it  ■mall  and  in  aome  a 
form,  whan  ainaU  and  oooioal,  oharaoteiliM  thv  uontiita]  t^xi 
brtvicornit;   naxillipeda  gnoolate.    HerOH  of  Iniyt-i 
with  tbe  margins  armed  with  apInUbnn  tnben:li-->,  m<>rv 
oa  tiie  anterior  mai^na.    Carpaa  giannlato.  iriili  intt-nulh 
ortwo  teeth.    Hand  externally  aonte,  taben  ubtv,  ■i-rr.itr  MM 
the  inner  ear&ce  with  loattered  tnberelea.    ^iriilulnting  riiljfv  m 
■ome  distance  from  the  base  of  the  fingers,  at  miglit  ■ 
of  roandei  tubercles.     Ambalatory  Cset  wiLh  auutt*  grsneU 
which  exhIUt  a  tendency  to  arrange  tbenne1v«*  in  mgM. 

NaUill  (E.  WIImw);  JTawrMMl  lOoeria'*  Colleotioa);  Aalt, 
TtrnitU,  Amtnn'na,  JdfMrw,  ZapuAo'-,  Stitk^  (Hngndnf); 
Sandwteh  A.,  Tahiti,  Bantu,  Loo  Ohoo,  Hong  Rmq.  0«Anw  I'ak&l; 
Enpt.  Xavritivi,  Bombay,  AulTiUa  ( Edw. ) ;  Gijrira  and  Wmian 
(IMIeri;  Madufaiar  {UitttBuaa) ;  Tonffoiabu  (Daoa). 

A  Npocimen  collptrtol  by  the  Wilkes  Expedition  ('*  Eaat  ladiea  ") 
hxH  the  canipax  intermediate  l>etween  this  specie*  and  ciuaar. 
The  ooiilitr  Htylei  are  wanting.  Milne-Edwards'  flgare  in  the 
Ri'^tne  Aiiim&l  is  difft'rent  from  any  specimens  that  I  lure  aeem. 
I  n-;rvo  with  Kossninnn  in  connidering  mgyplica  as  bat  a  Tutety 
nf  iiTiilnjththnlma. 

I.  0.  plstytanU  Gdo. 

Oetitad.1  platgtarti*  Edw.,  Ann.  Sci.  NsL,  lit,  xvili,  p.  141  |1B»); 

Duller,  ll«iM  N'ovsra  Cnut.,  p.  43<iaa7>. 

Carnpax  wider  than  ist  n^inl  in  this  genns  an'l  covered  with 

1ar;;c  urAntilcs.    Su[M>rior  tDAfgin  of  orbit  ninuatc,  the  external 

ati;;leM  rounded ;  hv\m  |)arallel  iibuiit  one-fuurtl)  of  their  length. 

Orbitv  with  an  imlistinct  fissure  below.   Eyes  spined  as  in  ctrat^k- 


1880.]  NATURAL  SCIENCES  OP  PHILADELPHIA.  179 


CABCIHOLOOICAL  HOTES,   Ko.  3.— BEYISIOH  OF  THE  OBHUS  OCTPODA. 

BY   J.    S.   KING8LEY. 

The  following  paper  is  based  on  the  Collections  of  the  Academy. 
I  have  observed  the  rule  adopted  in  previous  papers  of  following 
the  locality  from  which  I  have  seen  specimens,  by  an  exclamation 
point.  In  all  other  cases  the  name  of  the  person  who  has  reported 
a  species  from  any  place  follows  that  of  the  locality.  The  same 
conservative  spirit  which  pervades  my  paper  on  the  "  Fiddler 
Crabs  "  (Gelasimi)  will  be  found  in  this.  Many  of  the  characters 
given  by  authors  prove  to  be  of  no  specific  value,  but  I  have  not 
ventured  to  imite  forms  unless  I  had  specimens  which  corre- 
sponded to  each  nominal  species. 

OCYPODA  Fabrioius. 

Cancer  I  e.,  Fabr.  Oeypoda  Fabr.,  Suppl.  Ent.  Syst..  347  (1798) ; 
Edw.,  Hiat.  Nat.  Crust.,  ii,  p.  41  (1887) ;  Dana,  U.  S.  Ex.  Ex. 
Cnwt.,  p.  824  (1852). 

Carapax  transverse,  rhomboidal  or  nearly  square.  Eyes  stout, 
the  cornea  occupying  the  larger  portion.  Meros  of  external 
maxillipeds  shorter  than  ischium.     Chelipeds  unequal. 

In  many  species  there  is  a  stridulating  organ  composed  of  a 
row  of  tubercles  on  the  inner  surface  of  the  palm,  which,  by  being 
drawn  across  a  ridge  on  the  ischium  of  the  cheliped,  produces  a 
noise. 

§  1.  Ocular  pedicels  prolonged  beyond  the  cornea  as  a  spine 
or  style. 

1.  0.  Mratopbthalma  Fabr. 

Cancer  ceratophthaimui  Pallas,  Spioelegia,  p.  88,  PI.  V,  f.  17(1772). 
Oeyp&da  ceratophthalma  Fabr.,  1.  c,  347  (1788) ;  Latreille,  Hist. 
Crust  et  Ins.,  vi,  47  (1803-4) ;  Encyc.  Meth.,  z,  PI.  274,  f.  1  ;  La- 
marck, Hist.  Animaux  sans  Vert.,  v,  252  (1818) ;  Desmarest,  Consid. 
snrle  Crustaces,  121,  PI.  XII,  f.  1  (1825) ;  Edw.,  Hist.  Nat.  Crust., 
ii,  p.  48  (1837);  III.  Edit.  Regne  Animal,  PI.  XVII,  f.  1  ;  Ann.  8ci. 
Nat.,  Ill,  xviii,  p.  141  (1852) ;  Krauss,  S.  African  Crust.,  p.  41 
(1843)  ;  Btimpson,  Proc.  Phila.  Acad.,  1858,  p.  100 ;  Hess,  Archiv. 
ftir  Natuigeschichte,  XXXI,  143  (1865);  Martens,  Verhandl.  Zool. 
Bot.  Gesellsch.  Wien,  1866,  p.  381 ;  Heller,  Heise  Novara,  Crust,  p. 
42  (1867) ;  Hilg^ndorf  in  y.  Decken^s  Reise,  Crust.,  p.  82,  1867 ; 
A.  M.-Edw.,  Nouv.  Arch,  du  Mus.,  Ix,  p.  270  (1873).  Cancer 
eunor  Herbst.,  PL  I,  f.  8-9  (1790).      Oeypoda  breticornis  Edw., 


182  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ACADEMY  OF  [IWI^. 

extonial  throe-fourths  nearly  straight  and  directed  Blightlv  hsicls- 
wards.  Lateral  angles  nearly  right  angles,  the  sides  behind  th««i 
l)eing  concave  for  a})out  a  fifth  of  the  length  of  the  campax; 
orbits  with  a  deep  median  fissure  IkjIow.  Eyes  with  a  short  conical 
style  reacliing  to,  or  slightly  Iwyond,  the  angle  of  the  orfaiu 
External  maxillii)eds  nearly  smooth,  or  with  a  few  inconspiciKMH 
granules.  Meros  of  larger  chelii)ed  with  the  upper  and  lower 
margins  spino-tubcrculate,  the  posterior  with  transvenic  nigK. 
Carpus  granulate;  hand  subspinose  alM>ve,  finely  serrate  lielow. 
internally  granulate  and  with  a  well-marked  transverse  stridulat- 
ing  ridge,  fingers  lamellate,  the  extremities  truncate. 

Chilil  Giionn;  Panama  !  ('apt.  Field  and  McNiel  iPliila.  Acad.  : 
Gulf  of  Fonuea  I  McNiel  (Peab.  Aca^l. ) ;  CaUao  ( Edw.  et  Lqcsai  ; 
ValparaUo  (Dana). 

6.  0.  fabrieii  Elw. 

Oej/podiiftibricit'Edw.,  Hist.  Nat.  Crust,  II,  p.  47  (18S7),  Ann  Sci. 
Nat.  XVIII,  p.  142  (18.V2),  Ililgendorf  in  Decken*8  ReiM  Crust.,  82, 
PI.  Ill,  f.  l(1807j. 

Carapax  convex,  finely  granidate,  front  strongly  deflexed, 
orbits  strongly  sinuate ;  lateral  angles  acute  and  some  distance 
posterior  to  the  l»ase  of  the  rostrum ;  si<les  |>arallel  for  a)M>iit  a 
third  of  the  length  of  the  carapax.  Orbits  without  eniarginatioa 
bt'low ;  oyi's  witli  a  sliort  conical  style,  not  n»aching  boyonil  the 
<nMtMl  niiLrb*.  Anterior  niaririn  of  iiuto**  of  larjr^-r  <*hi*li]H>d  rren- 
nl:itr,  «li«it:illy  spiuo^i',  po«^tt*rior  in:«ri^iii  roiiiultMl,  rugosi*.  ('.•irp'i- 
irrainilMti'.  :is  i<  the  out«*idi'  of  tlie  liMud  ;  iiiiuT  surfirr  of  ihi 
h.Mii'l  polished,  with  minute  scMttored  irnmuh's ;  striduhitiii.;  ridjt 
stniiLrh^,  <*">ni]»o«itMl  of  sniill.  <*lom*lv  S4't  irranuh"* ;  lowor  niar:*iii 
of  hMii'l  fint'Iy  siTratt*;  (injfcrs  of  nuxlfiati'  length.  •Joiiit'^  of 
:iinlMilMtf>rv  t\*rr  witli  transverse  ruira'. 

AuMtnifiii  !  K.  Wilson  ;  X,if<if  !  E.  Wilson  ;  fh^.mira  (Edw.-  ;  7in. 
^l'^.»r  i  llili^oinlorf  . 


1880.]  NATURAL  SCIENCES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  181 

thalma  (teste  Edw.,  the  single  specimen  I  have  seen  has  the  eyes 
broken).  External  maxillipeds  granulate  ;  meros  of  larger  cheli- 
I)ed  with  the  upper  margin  produced  and  dentate,  the  lower 
epined,  the  posterior  with  transverse  granular  rugte,  carpus 
granulate ;  hand  with  large  granules,  serrate  below,  stridulating 
ridges  carved  and  composed  of  crowded  granules.  Ambulatory 
feet  with  rugae  and  subspiniform  tubercles,  dactyli  broad. 

Pondieherryl  Guerin^s  Collection  (labelled  by  Guerin  "Ocypoda 
platytarsis,  Edw.,  Cat.  Mus.,  Paris")  and  probably  one  of  the 
original  specimens).     TahUi  and  Nieoban  (Heller). 

8.  0.  nrvillei  Gaerin. 

Ocypoda  urmlUi  Guerin,  Voyage  Coquille,  Crust,  p.  9,  PL  1,  f. 
1  (1836),  Edw.  Hist.  Crust.,  II,  p.  49  (1887),  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  Ill, 
xviii,  p.  141  (1852),  Owen  in  Beechey's  Voyage  Crust.,  p.  80  (1839;, 
Dana,  U.  8.  Ex.  Exp.  Crust.,  328,  PI.  XX,  f.  5  (1852). 

Carapax  wider  than  long,  superior  margin  of  orbit  sinuate, 

angles  acute.     Eyes  moderate,  ocular  spines  short,  extending  only 

to  angles  of  orbit.     Meros  of  larger  cheliped  rounded  above,  its 

two  other  margins  denticulate.     Carpus  with  a  strong  internal 

spine.     Hand  externally  granulate,  serrate  above  and  below ;  the 

stridulating  ridge  nearly  straight,  a  little  remote  from  the  fingers 

and  extending  from  the  lower  margin  of  the  hand  two-thirds  of 

the  way  to  the  upper.     (Guerin.) 

ToAtY^  (Guerin)  ;  lile  Bouron  (Edw.) ;  Sandtoich  li,  (Dana). 

4.  0.  BiMroeera  Edw. 

Ocypoda  macroeera  Edw.  Hist.  Nat.  Crust.,  II,  49  (1837),  Ann.  SSci.  Nat. 
IV,  xviii,  p.  142  (1852),  Heller,  Novara  Crust.,  p.  142  (1867). 

Orbits  wide,  oblique,  angle  obtuse,  eyes  with  a  spine  as  in  0. 
ceratophthalma.  Larger  hand  very  short,  broad  and  a  little 
spinose  above ;  its  palmar  portion  broader  than  long.  The  fingers 
of  the  smaller  hand  lamellate  and  very  broad  at  their  extremities. 
Ambulatory  feet  roughened  above.     (Edw.) 

E,  Indiei,  Pondkherry,  [f]  Brazil  (Edw.)  ;  Tahiti,  Nicobars  (Heller). 

6.  0.  gaudiehaudi  Edwards  et  Lucas. 

Ocypoda  gaudichaudi  Edw.  et  Lucas  in  D*Orbigny*s  Voyage,  Crust., 
p.  26,  PI.  XI,  f.  4  (1843',  Edw.  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  Ill,  xviii»  142  (1852), 
Nicollet  in  Gay's  Chili,  Zool.  Ill,  p.  163  (1849),  Stimpson,  Ann.  N.Y. 
Lye.  Nat.  Hist.,  VH,  p.  61  (1859) ;  Smith,  Rep.  Peab.  Acad.  Sci., 
Ill,  p.  91  (1871)  ;  Streets,  Proc.  Phila.  Acad.,  1872,  p.  240.  • 

Carapax  longitudinally  strongly  arcuate,  distal  portion  of  front 
nearly  vertical.    Superior  border  of  orbit  sinuate  internally,  its 


182  PHOCEEDINQa  OF  THE  ACADEMY  OF  [1880. 

external  three-fourths  nearly  straight  and  directed  slightly  back- 
wards. Lateral  angles  nearly  right  angles,  the  sides  behind  them 
being  concave  for  about  a  fifth  of  the  length  of  the  carapax; 
orbits  with  a  deep  median  fissure  below.  Eyes  with  a  short  conical 
style  reaching  to,  or  slightly  beyond,  the  angle  of  the  orbit. 
External  maxillipeds  nearly  smooth,  or  with  a  few  inconspicuous 
granules.  Meros  of  larger  cheliped  with  the  upper  and  lower 
margins  spino-tuberculate,  the  posterior  with  transverse  rugiB. 
Carpus  granulate ;  hand  subspinose  above,  finely  seiTnte  below, 
internally  granulate  and  with  a  well-marked  transverse  stridulat- 
ing  ridge,  fingers  lamellate,  the  extremities  truncate, 

CMlit  Guerin;  Panama  1  C apt.  Field  and  McNiel  (Phila.  Acad.) ; 
GuffofFbtudeal  McNiel  (Peab.  Acad.);  (7a{bio(Edw.  etLncasI ; 
Vatparaiw  ([>ana). 
e.  0.  fsbrltii  Gdw. 

Ocypoda  fabrieii  Edw.,  Hiat.  Kat.  Crust.,  II,  p.  47  (1837),  Ann.  Sci, 

Nat.  XVIII,  p,  143  (1852),  Hilgendorf  in  Decken's  Raise  Crust.,  82, 

PI.  Ill,  f.  1  (1887). 

Carapax  convex,  finely  granulate,  front  strongly  deflexed, 
orbits  strongly  sinuate ;  lateral  angles  acute  and  some  distance 
posterior  to  the  base  of  the  rostrum ;  sides  parallel  for  about  a 
third  of  the  length  of  the  carapax.  Orbits  without  eniargination 
below ;  eyes  with  a  short  conical  style,  not  reaching  beyond  the 
orbital  angle.  Anterior  margin  of  meros  of  l.ii^cr  chelijDed  cren- 
ulate,  distally  spinose,  posterior  margin  rounded,  rugose.  Carpus 
granulate,  as  is  the  outside  of  the  hand  ;  inner  surface  of  the 
hand  polished,  with  minute  scattered  grannies  ;  stridulating  ridge 
straight,  composed  of  small,  closely  set  granules;  lower  margin 
of  hand  finely  serrate ;  fingers  of  moderate  length.  Joints  of 
ambulatory  feet  with  transverse  rng.^e. 

Ay,tlralia\  E.Wilson;  Natal\  E.  Wilson  ;  Owanfoa  (Edw.) ;  Zan- 
zibar (HilKCndorfl. 


Canetr  ettrtor  Liun.,  Syst.  Nat.  Edit.,  xii,  p,  1039  (1706).  Oeypoda 
fpp«u*  Olivier,  Voyage,  p.  234,  PI.  XXX,  f ,  I  11807];  Bavi'gny,  Egypt, 
PI.  I,  f.  1;  Lamarck,  An.  sana  Vert.,  v,  p,  353  (1817);  Desni.,  Con- 
sid.  Crust,,  p.  131  (1835);  Edw„  Hist.  Crust,  ii,  p.  47  (1837);  Mose- 
ley.  Notes  by  a  Naturalist  on  the  Challenger,  pp,  48-49,  woodcut, 
18T9.  Oegpoda  eurtor  Dellaan,  Fauna  Japonica,  Crust.,  p.  29;  Edw., 
Aun.  Sci.  Nat.,  Ill,  xviii,  p.  143  (1853);  Btm„  Proc.  Phila,  Acad., 
1858,  p.  lUO;  Heller,  Crust.  S.  Euiopa,  p.  09  (1863). 


1  A*0  J  nkJi  mjkV  ti-tK^i'iA  or  rmt.huti.rnt  k  \<9 

Y«>  :r«:   *|>«^.mrnft  (!<-••  lliJin   10   turn    (ir«ni<l)   hair  tlir  ljit«*r-\! 
iiitfi#    f  in!i.  r    liftrk    thftii    ill    th«*    A<liitt,  «*itlf»    tin-    «|»itu'«    nf    'h'- 
hrl.|w^l»  ftfv  wfttitlltif  <>r  )mi!  fftintir  ifi<lirftt«*<l 

TKr  I*  <i/*n«'#fi«»  of  n«»«<*.  IjitfiAnk  •ivl  Pr^fUBfi-^r  !n«  :•• 
«%r«  trrtnTit«t«^l  9»\  a  •t\l«*.  a  frtturr  I  U%\r  nr^t*r  i»KM*r««<l  m 
ftn%  •!»»  rwt»  i»f  '#  rtrr  I'iriii.  Thr  l4>«iilit\  iTlM  fi  i«  South  ^^'^t" 
)Utt  Tht  <«  r^'iii'«rt  ipf  Kaltrii  )il«  l«  il«'tf  thi*  •|tr<rii*«.  A*  U  « 
e%nr^  —  I  til  "f*fr^n«  uirin^fitr  tim./riifftfM,  mam'*  i«  «b^-/ i#'i'i«  "  «'" 
A^  *i'|*'^  ^"  (^1*  fnrtn,  )»iit  ai(rrr«  lirftrr  «ilti  f  *  «r  ./unif^tj 
Fa*  n«".  !•   c*^***   n**   UwAlit)    for   hi«   •iM'^'iiiii-iia       Thr    itrAxiliAt. 

furisa*    <r*     «.'•••   .|ii*'t  )   •ht'W   Mil  •liffrrm«'«'«   friifil    lit»rtlirrti    aiitH  . 
Art)*       1  hAir  Arrti  •|»r<-iHirffiM  fritianirr  thirt\  Iim  »iif  :r«  «-tiihr*«  •«! 

!•  ibr  lini.t*  of  lirrAt   KiTg   llAi^Mir,  N.  J   <Sa\'m  t%|«-*t.l*>  lli<* 
J«fi'  int.  Hraj'l,  An«l  aU<»  •|«*«*i turns  fWun  thr  «t-«t  i  <««t  ««f  M«  \  •  <• 
Dr   \V    II    J..IN-S 

<i'iy»<t  rmmms^t  H^wf  M  OAlMArd,  Vof  I  rAUM,  2oul  ,  til.  |k  M\  I* 
LXXVII«  f  f   in*  .  lUlfi..  IliO.  CnwL.  11,  ^  l0't<Q7  . 

t  •^'•(•tt  fcrrBQulAtr.  •i'lr«  AmiAlr.  front  «li*lW«ro|   i»r*'it«  *int.ji*' 
Iml^rm]   An«rl«-«    l«*hin«l    thr   !«««•  nf    thr   ro«triiBi.   A«-u1r       Mrr•i^ 
ibtrrr^^rt    t  f.»  rr     ilis'Atly    t'l**  r*  iiUfr  .     t-ariMiA    t'l^v-rriiUtr.    it^ 
tttfiff  r    «*i»f««r    «:th   A    h'fWI   tiibrr«*lr       IIaii«I«   rt»r*lAtr.   rtlrriialt 
f  rmr  MlAt*    ••  rrat*   A*"*«r  aihM«-|o« 

Th  •    •  r:rf  -Ir^rrijiti'iii    i%    fAVrll    f^«»lil    !hr    AifMrr  «if    MM.  ij.' 
ftT^I  it«  mart        1    *ia«r  iH%er  Arrti  tt.r  wi*^  :<  a       It    t*  ttAi'l   t**  hat* 


'  r>r|;><i^  r|>^Wi    PaW  .   Njp(4     Knl     Hyal  .   )»    ^H     :  rSP*  .    '**y.  v 
M^i     j^  I  lliMM.  t  cAMld.  aur  )#a  <  ruttarv^   |^  \1\     1*:**  .   !:«(• 
II  ■«    >«-..  (  ma  .  It.  |.  i\    19?      AAA.  !Vt.  Nat    III.  gtiii.  |    :i 
'**7       ;a<«;Mii«i4  rt  Loraa.  V««y    Aaln4al«  et  ttU^,  y   44.    IfriWr 
lU«r   \.««ArA  4  mat.  ^  41     1««7  .  A    M    IUI«  .  N.iuv    ArvJt^    Mai 
t.  |.   n     !»:«      *lry|V4A  pA««aiM  '   IlrafMMwi.   1    r.   |^  Itt.  lUi. 
<'.al4,  i"^x     FlkilA    A«ail  .  «til«  |i^  IJ^    'Ar|r|^>44  ;«a«<W%»-«  Ja^v^iiA.- 
r1  I...M,  1    r.  In    VI    f    4.      ^*ffrMi4)  L>#rM  I»aeLA.  I     "^    I  t|J    Kir..l 
•  -.ti  .  J     H'.    n    X\.  f  f    !V.i        •  0-9;^^4   '.Af«jM  «••»  .  IV. 
l-k  .m    A' ad.  IViA    (.    )<Q. 

«'t-a|tM    a-r    at*     rir?.!\    i*raiiiilAtr       I'ron!    «tr"ii^U    'Irflf  ^. 
M''    ^.  •  :     tr*   a*«i.%r      latrrml    AHirlr*  Ari;t«     hnl    ti-*'.    iitr!!.!  u^    t, 
if  f   ••af  I   A*    tJ.«-    ^••r  ♦•f  thr    fr»-l.t       ^.  U«  ill  '.?.•    at  .•  %;  tjf,; 
!1 


r-?P| 


•mate,  bat  ia  th«  jvog  lli^  n«  r"nlkl  or  •«■  Mi 
mxliglakW.  Bjrai,  wHkoB  MgrlaaB  fneM,H< 
aeuljorqriteloaaliriiHdBvb.   ManaeTeUiiliil 


I, a*  thimib  di^iaj  hoobd  it  ttBBtninit<r. 

pnpodd  J«teto  rinilsriy  rongfawj  ■■!  eov««^  with  i 

Jfai  JwriJ  1  Mmm-IHki  I  (OwtiM) ;  4«*illi  I  [  B-  WU.— ; ;  SmMd. 
(Mil  &  I  (J.  Z.  TbvmBd) ;  AMf  I  (A.  Omn) ;  JTm. 
—dffwinirqniyiilift-.JMJi^  ¥    Bit. 
Ahv'^'W  £m  Om  (StMk) ;  JivM  (SAW.), 
Tbe  fiillowiiig  aic  not  tme  nemben  of  A*  gnw^ 


O.  «wnite  Ufar.  «k  B«tM 


O.  lvA«A«i 


O.  iwyJw— ■  Lur. 

C  maa^ktta  BoM.  —  r  MMrfklkatmrni  (p. 

O.  yufatalor  BoM.  —  Otl— mm*  prnfilUtpr. 

O-  futdrau  Bom.  ^  Jm—  9, 

C  nftfUHttaUi  lAXt.  »  H«rbit  —  TVapciw  r^fifmrlwtn. 

O.  ttma  lAiT.  •>  Fabr  ^  nt^ptwa  y. 

0.  IMro^Moii  Boae.  ax  Barbsi  ^  (Jilatmua  tofrufww ■■ 

O.  frtfou  L«tT.  ■■  Pkbr.  =  r  PmeAffr^mi  ^. 

O.  V0MIM  Latr.  —  GtlanmM*  7. 

I  h&re  not  been  able  to  identify 

O.  frmuUlm  Bo«c.  (Edit,  ii)  p.  247. 

O.  iMr/Myaiu  Hsn,  Ardir.  fOr  N«tursM«h.,  XXXI.  p   1«,  PL  TI.  e  f> 
I  IMG).  Awtlfmlm. 

O.  Miupnwa  tUlDMqde.  Pracii  da  d^MUTarla*  S«iiiU)lo|:iqu*i,  p.  21.  lU. 


1880.]  NATURAL  SCIENCES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  185 

Young  specimens  (less  than  10  mm.  broad)  have  the  hitcrai 
angle  further  back  than  in  the  adult,  while  the  spines  of  the 
ohelipeds  are  wanting  or  but  faintly  indicated. 

The  0.  albicans  of  Bosc,  Lamarck  and  Desmarest  has  tiic 
evcB  terminated  by  a  style,  a  feature  I  have  never  observed  in 
any  specimen  of  0.  arenaria.  The  locality  given  is  South  Caro- 
lina. The  0,  rhombea  of  Fabricius  is  not  this  species,  as  his 
expression  ^^  Carpus  utrinque  unidentatis^  manibus  sublaevis ''  will 
not  apply  tg  this  form,  but  agrees  better  with  O.  cordimana. 
Fabricius  gives  no  locality  for  his  specimens.  The  Brazilian 
forms  (rhombea  Auct.)  show  no  differences  from  northern  speci- 
mens. I  have  seen  specimens  from  over  thirty  localities  embraced 
in  the  limits  of  Great  Egg  Harbor,  N.  J.  (Say's  types),  to  Rio 
Janeiro,  Brazil,  and  also  specimens  ft'om  the  west  coast  of  Mexico 
(Dr.  W.  H.  Jones). 

10.  0.  oomTeziu  Qaoy  and  Oalmard. 

Oqfpoda  eont€9u%  Quoy  et  Gaimard,  Yoy.  Uranie,  Zool.,  iii,  p.  525,  PI. 
LXXVn,  f.  9  (1828);  £dw.,  Hist  Onut.,  ii,  p.  49  (1887). 

Carapax  granulate,  sides  arcuate,  front  deflexed,  orbits  sinuate, 
lateral  angles  behind  the  base  of  the  rostrum,  acute.  Meros 
internally  entire,  distally  tuberculate;  carpus  tubcrculate,  its 
inner  surlhce  with  a  bifid  tubercle.  Hands  cordate,  externally 
granulate,  serrate  above  and  below. 

•  This  brief  description  is  taken  froxti  the  figure  of  MM.  Quoy 
and  Oaimard.  I  have  never  seen  the  species.  It  is  said  to  have 
<2ome  Arom  Australia.' 

11.  0.  eordimaaa  Dmid. 

/  Oeypoda  rhombea  Fabr.,  Suppl.  £nt.  Syst.,  p.  348  (1798).  Oeypoda 
e<frd\mana  Desm.,  Consid.  sur  lea  Crustacea,  p.  131  (1825);  £dw., 
Hist.  Nat.  Crust.,  ii»  p.  45  (1887 j;  Ann.  Soi.  Nat.  Ill,  xviii,  p.  14:j 
(1852);  Jaoquinot  et  Lucas,  Voy.  Astrolabe  et  Zeleo,  p.  04;  Holler, 
Reise  Novara  Crust,  p.  42  (1867);  A.  M.  Edw.,  Nouv.  Aroli.  Mus., 
ix,  p.  271  (1872).  Oeypoda  rhombea  f  Desmarest,  I.  c,  p.  122;  Ran- 
dall, Jour.  Phila.  Acad.,  viii,  p.  128.  Oeypoda  pallidula  Jaoquinot 
et  Lucas,  1.  c,  PI.  VI.  f.  4.  Oeypoda  laevis  Dana,  U.  S.  Expl.  Exped., 
Crust.,  p.  825.  PI.  XX,  f.  2  (1852).  f  Oeypoda  convexa  8tm.,  Proc. 
Phila.  Acad.,  1858,  p.  100. 

Carapax  arcuate,  evenly  granulate.     Front  strongly  deflexed. 
Orbits  sinuate  above ;  lateral  angles  acute,  but  not  extending  as 
far  forward  as  the  base  of  the  front.     Sides  in  the  adult  slighth- 
13 


186  PBOCEEmNas  op  the  academy  of  '    [1880. 

arcuate,  but  in  the  young  they  are  parallel  or  even  concave,  con- 
verging behind.  Byes,  vithout  styliform  process,  and  exteuding 
nearly  or  quite  to  the  orbital  angle.  Meros  of  chelipeds  with  its  an- 
terior margin  crenulate  in  the  young,  in  the  adult  with  spiniform 
tubercles.  Carpus  externally  granulate.  Hand  short,  broad, 
cordate,  granulate  internally  and  externally,  its  lower  margin 
serrate,  the  stridulating  ridge  nearly  obsolete.  Fingers  short, 
compressed,  the  thumb  slightly  hooked  at  the  extremity.  Meral 
joints  of  the  ambulatory  feet  with  transverse  rugse.  Carpal  and 
propodal  joints  similarly  roughened  and  covered  with  a  short 
pubescence. 

New  Zealand !  Mauritivt  I  (Ouerin) ;  Aut^aUa !  (E.  Wilson);  Band- 
mchU.  1  (J.  K.  Townsend) ;  TaMli\  (A.  Qarrett) ;  Umiaritigyt 
and  Zamibar  (HUgendort) ;  Bed  Sea,  Manaia,  Nieobart  (Heller) ; 
Hong  Kong,  Loo  Okoe  (Stm.) ;  Japan  (Edw.). 
The  following  are  not  true  members  of  the  genus : 
0.  angulalut  Lstr.  "=  Gonoplax  angtilaiut. 

0.  aurantia  Boao.  ei  Herbst  =  Tkelphma  auranlia. 

O.  carniffi  Latr.  ei  Herbat  =  Cnrdioioma  camifex. 

O.  Iitlerochiloi  Boec.  =  Gelatimat  heleroehetoi. 

O.  Iiiipana  Dose,  ei  Herbtt  ^  Setama  ip. 

O.  liydrodromui  Latr.  ex  Herbet  —  TKilphtua  hydrodromiu. 

0.  longimana  Latr.  ^  Gonoplaz  rhombaidaiii. 

O.  maraeoani  L»tr.  ^  Gelaiimut  moroeoani. 

0.  niacrVchtlti  Boso.  -•  T  Macrophtkalmxu  sp. 

O.  pugillaloT  Boac,  ^  Gelatimut  pagillator, 

O.   guadrala  Bosc.  —  Stiama  tp. 

O.  rafopunclatii  LatT.  ei  Herbst  —  Trapezia  rafopunclala. 

O.  ttnex  Latr.  ei  Fubr  =  Tktipkuia  ip. 

0.  Uiragonon  Itoac.  ex  Herbst  ^  Gelatinait  letragonon. 

0.  trident  Lair,  ei  Pabr.  =^  t  Pnehygrapnu  iji, 

0.  irocant  Latr.  ^  Gelatimiu  tp. 

I  have  not  been  able  to  identify.' 
0.  granulala  Boec.  (Edit,  ii)  p.  247. 
0.  nacUayana  Hess,  ArchU.  fiir  Nslurgesoh.,  XX.\I,  p   143,  H.  Vt,  f.  8 

(18«&).  Auitralia. 

O.  iinhpinoia  Rafineaque,  Precis  Je  dtoouvertea  Semiologiques,  p.  21.   Ko, 
3')  (ISUi. 


1880.]  NATURAL  SCIEN0E8  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  187 


CABCnrOLOOICAL  HOTES,  Ko.  lY.— STKOPSIS  OF  THE  ORAPlftBS. 

BY   J.   8.    KIN08LET. 

The  following  paper  is  a  continuation  of  my  studies  of  the 
Oatometopa  contained  in  the  Museum  of  the  Academy  of  Natural 
Sciences  of  Philadelphia.     In  it  I  have  endeavored  to  embrace 
^very  known  species  of  the  family  with  sufficient  references  to 
"t^heir  geographical  distribution.     To  aid  in  the  identifications  of 
species  I  have  compiled  analytical  tables  for  most  of  the  genera, 
iDat  descriptions  are  given  of  only  those  species  of  which  I  have 
examined  specimens.     I  have  reduced  considerably  the  number 
of  nominal  species,  but  believe  that  I  am  fully  warranted  in  rele- 
gating to  synonymy  many  so-called  species  founded  on  size,  color, 
geographical  distribution,  or  variations  of  minor  importance.     All 
localities  from  which  I  have  examined  specimens  are  marked  with 
stn  exclamation  point  (!).     The  classification  employed  is  mainly 
't;hat  of  Dana,  in  the  U.  S.  Exploring  Expedition  Crustacea  (1852) ; 
^hose  of  Milne-Edwards  (Annales  des   Sciences  Naturelles,  III 
Series,  Zoologie,  tome  xx,  pp.  163-200,  1853),  and   Kpssmann 
(Zoologische  Ergebnisse,  Reise  in  die  Kiistengebiete  des  rothen 
^^eeres,  187t),  being  comparatively   worthless.     Owing  to  the 
Ximited  amount  of  space  at  my  disposal,  the  synonymy  and  bibli- 
ography have  been  condensed  as  far  as  possible. 

Family  QBAFSIDiB  Dana.    (Orapsoidieng  M.  Edw.). 

Carapax  subquadrate,  depressed.  Front  generally  broad.  Eyes 
^hort.  Antennulse  transversely  plicate.  Epistome  short,  some- 
t;imes  linear.  Meros  of  the  external  maxillipeds  beiaring  the  palpus 
Wit  the  summit  or  at  its  external  angle.  Second  joint  of  the  abdo- 
:xnen  of  the  male  nearly  as  wide  as  the  adjacent  portion  of  the 
sternum. 

-•  The  Grapsidas  are  all  inhabitants  of  the  temperate  or  tropical 
^waters,  and  generally  live  near  the  shores.  A  few,  however  (e.g. 
2iautilograp8U8  and  Varuna),  live  on  the  high  seas.  The  family 
may  conveniently  be  divided  into  two^  sub-families,  by  characters 
derived  from   the  antennae.     In  the  Orapsinae  the  antenna?  are 

*  The  characters  given  by  Dana  for  the  SesarminaB  1  do  not  consider  of 
sufficient  importance  to  warrant  it8  retention  as  a  sub  family,  and  would 
rather  consider  it  as  a  group  of  the  Grapsinee. 


190  noouDiMi  fk  m  AflAour  m  [MMi 


Cf^Mir  nifie#l0  De  G«ir.    MnMinpowMtvirftl'Blift. 

417,  PL  XXV,  1778  (MB  LfamA). 
G'rflfMiM  ariMfiMM  Lstallto.    Hfaloira  Va*ndto*iit  (kMb  •! 

▼i,  pu  70  (im-i). 

■graytiit  f piif»it  BaadriL   Jour.  Fhilft.  AmmL,  lili,  91.  Ui  ( VP). 
<yofiSbpt<i  ncHMa  Wblte.    Uak  BiH.  Mwl  OMt,  9. 40  (ttlT). 

Afltai  OeddwIilU  8k  PL  1,  £  6-7<l801). 

PL  XXL  1 7  (IStt). 


Front  grmnnhta,  jraprft-ftontal  lobas  ibor,  JMUgini 

orbits  entire  abore,  distaHy  emargiaate.    Oenpes  wMkoU^M 

tnmsvene  lidgee.    Anterior  margin  of  meroa  of  ehiUpeia  efr 

panded,  doitate,  the  npper  and  lowiBr  marglna  wMi  ^ilnHiiM 

tubercles,  as  is  also  the  npper  margin  of  carpus.    Haada 

spiniform  tnberdes  aboTC  and  bdow^  the  middle  of  the 

Ace  smooth,  the  inner  snrlhpe  with  scattersd  prombMBt 

Thumb  and. linger  sub-ezcavate,  the  latter  spinoaeabofUu 

latory  ftet  compressed  and  armed  with  stiff  Uaek  briaHesL    Fb^ 

terior  angle  of  meros  of  last  pair  ronnded|  in  the 

dentate. 

Florida!  (H.  E.  Webiter,  in  Union  Coll^fe  MuNom) ; 

Cuba!  (H.  F.  Baker);  Surinam!  (Dr.  Hering,  BsadsU*s Ijpe sf 
G.  longipe$) ;  Oahoon,  W.  Africa  (Da  Cbailln) ;  W9H  C—tH  ^ 
Niearagtia!  (J.  A.  McNiel,  in  MuMum  of  Feabody  Acadsa^); 
Tropical  8«a4  of  America  (KucL). 

Genat  lOTOPOOKAPSUS  M..Rdw.,  18&S. 

Front  more  than  half  the  width  of  carapax,  deflexed.  Sides 
Htraight.  Internal  suborbital  lobe  Tery  broad,  reaching  the  frsvt 
and  excluding  the  antenna  from  the  orbit.  Meroe  of  external 
maxilliped  short,  much  broader  than  long. 

Key  to  Species, 
Antero-lateral  msrg^in  entire. 

Frontal  margin  sinuate.  wfg—r. 

Frontal  marinn  straight  lall(yVmM. 

Antero-lateral  margin  toothed. 


H.  meseor  Edward*  cr  Porikftl. 

Ctmetr  muior  Forskal.    Desor.  An.  in  Itin.  Obierv.,  p.  88  (1775). 
(irap$u$  gaimardii  Andouin,  £zpl.  PI.  Savignj  (teste  Bdw.). 
Ontpgu*  mf$$or  £dw.    Hist.  Nat  Crust,  ii,  p.  88  (1887). 


1880.]  NATURAL  SCIENCES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  189 

Meros  of  external  maxillipeds  broader  than  long. 
Meros  as  long  as  ischium.  Glyptograpaus. 

Meros  shorter  than  ischium.  Utica, 

Meros  as  long  or  longer  than  broad. 
Front  nearly  half  as  wide  as  carapax.     Heterograpsus, 
Front  not  over  one-third  as  wide  as  carapax.    EHocheir, 
Palpus  articulating  with  the  outer  angle  of  the  meros  of  the  ex- 
ternal maxilliped. 

One  tooth  behind  the  orbital  angle.  Perigrapaus. 

More  than  one  tooth  behind  the  orbital  angle.        Platygrapsus, 
External  maxillipeds  with  an  oblique  piliferous  ridge.  SesarminI. 

Meros  of  external  maxilliped  elongate,  its  apex  rounded. 
AntennsB  excluded  from  the  orbit.  Metaseaarma. 

AntennsB  not  excluded  from  the  orbit. 
Carapax  subquadrate,  sides  arcuate. 
Joints  of  ambulatory  feet  entire.  '  Sarmatium, 

Joints  of  ambulatory  feet  dentate.  Bhaconotus. 

Carapax  quadrate,  sides  straight.  Sesarma. 

Carapax  elongate,  narrowed  behind.  Aratus. 

Meros  of  external  maxilliped  short,  its  distal  border  truncate  or  even 
excavate,  and  bearing  the  palpus. 

Antennae  excluded  from  the  orbit.  Clistoealoma. 

Antennffi  entering  the  orbit. 
Sides  of  carapax  straight.  Helice, 

Sides  arcuate. 
Sides  entire.  Cyclograpsus, 

Sides  emarginate  or  toothed.  Chasmagnathiis. 

nn»  lodged  in  notches  in  the  front,  and  visible  from  above. 

PLAGUSm^. 
Meros  of  external  maxillipeds  largQ,  as  broad  as  ischium.  Plagvsia. 
Meros  small  and  much  narrower  than  ischium.  Leiolophus, 

Sub-family  GrapsineB  iOrapsincs  et  Sesarmince  Dana). 
Antennulse  more  or  less  transverse,  and  covered  by  the  front. 

Tribe  GRAPSINI  (Sub-family  Orapsinse  Dana). 

§  External  maxillipeds  without  an  oblique  piliferous  ridge  on 
^lie  ischial  and  meral  joints. 

Oenns  G0HI0F8IB  De  Haan,  1835  {Ooniograp»u»  (pars)  Dana,  1851). 

Carapax  flat;  front  vertical,  over  half  as  wide  as  carapax ; 
%ides  straight,  one-toothed.  Suborbital  lobe  broad,  reaching  the 
front  an<J  excluding  the  antenna  from  the  orbit.  External  max- 
illipeds slender ;  meral  and  ischial  joints  of  equal  length. 


^*.- 


190  PK0CKEt'IN«8  or  TtIK  ACAPEHT  or  [I880l 

I.  0  entanutit  D«  lUnn  it  UMfOU. 

Vnnetr  rvrifol'i  I>«  Goer.     Meiiioin  |»onr  Mrvlr  »  I'lIlaC  liuvdca,  vU, 

41T.  PI.  XXV.  1778  tmm  Lion*). 
Or'ipmt  rnifr.tatut  Latrollle.     IllnUiira  NMurello  Am  Crnat.  et  Ina^ 

vi,lK7Ull603-4l. 
Ovniopaii  cruiTnlnfui   De  nnan.     Faunft  Japunica  Cniat,,  p.  SB  ( ISIS). 
Orapnu  lu«gip*Jt  nandall.    Jour.  Phil*.  Au<l.,  vlli.  j>.  ISO  (IJOB). 
<3of*op*it  rtiHfota  Wliite.     List  Brit,  Sin*,  (■rust,,  p.  40  iI5l7i. 
Omjmit  jiflli  Ilt'i'ltlotR.     Addllamfinln    ul   Faiiiukin  CaroiDnlc^eun 

AMo»  UooidenUlta.  m,  I'l.  t,  f.  8<7  ( I8S1 1. 
<0<Mtfaffr(ip*tM  rru*nla(u<  Dnnk.     CD.   Expl.   F.xt*d.  Crust.,  p.   H\ 

PL  XXI.  t  7  (1863). 


lui*,.! 

lifiM   I 


Front  ijrnnHlnlf,  Miipra-h-onUl  lobnt  Tour,  nwrgiiB  crrmil 
orbits  cntirv  BboTn,  iliHtnlly  ? margin Ati?.  Carnpnx  iritli  oblif|i 
transvcTHo  ridgvn.  Antcnor  niarfpn  of  mcros  ot  cMipnls  i!X< 
pmidefl,  doDtatc,  tlio  n)i]wr  nnd  lower  mar^jins  irith  Rfiinlfortu 
tiitierclos,  u  1b  also  the  upper  mar^u  of  carptiB.  IlaodH  wlUi 
Hpiolform  ttiberelea  bImvc  uid  Mow,  tlio  mtddle  of  the  uuti-r  aur* 
face  Kmootii,  the  Inner  surface  with  Huattercd  prutnlneiil  grtuiulp*. 
Tbumti  and  fiii^vr  sulki^xciivBte,  tLe  hitler  Hplitoiie  Bhuri!.  Amlio- 
Iffltory  fi-^t  compnmiiwJ  aiid  Nraml  willi  iillir  lilavk  brUlW,  I'o»- 
t«rior  angle  of  nicro«  of  liut  pair  rouniktl,  in  the  oUicr  feet 

jnwida!  (B.  E.  WatMlar,  in  Union  Cotlege  Viueiun) ;  BaAmuur 
Ouha!  ill.T.JMidi);  Surinam^  (Dr.  I!«ring.  Randall**  Ifp*' </ 
O.  Urngipt*);  O.iAmfn.  W.  Afrirt  (DuChnillul;  VfH  Voait  rf 
Hieara^a!  (J.  A.  McNicI,  Id  MuMum  uf  Pealiod;  Acndcinr) ; 
Trt^itnX  SfiM  (i/  Anttrir-i  (Aact,  i. 

f)R.»  nrOPOOKAPtOS  M.Rdw.,  \'*%X 

Front  more  than  half  the  width  of  carapax,  doflexed.     t^idm 

i>tntight.     Internal  auborhlt&l  lobe  vcrv  broad,  reaching  the  (Vont 

and  i-xrliiding  Ibo  antenna  from  the  nrbil.     Mcrua  of  cxicmsl 

niaxitlliK-d  «liiirt.  mui-U  bruiulir  tbiui  h'li):;. 

Ke\)  to  Species. 
Ajit«ro-lat«r*l  margin  entire. 

Frontal  margin  (innate.  mru»r. 

Frontal  margin  atraight.  lati/riMtt. 

Antbro-latoral  margin  toothed.  tffanirv: 

M.  MaMCr  Kdwardj  ar  Panhal. 

Caite«r  mettor  Forakal.     D«aor.  An.  in  Itin.  Obwrv.,  p.  68  1 1775}. 

OraptH*  f aixardii  Andonio,  Expl.  PI.  Savignj  (t«*t«  Edw.). 

Orapn*  nMttor  Edw.    Hlat  NaL  Cnut.,  ii,  p.  83  <  1887}. 


1880.]  NATURAL  SCIENCES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  191 

Orapsus  tkukuhar  Owen.    In  Beechey's  Voyage,  Zoology,  p.  80,  PI. 

XXIV,  f.  3  (1839). 
Chrapsus  parallebis  Randall.    Jour.   Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.  viii,  p. 

127  (1839). 
Jfet&pograpstis  mesBor^  tkukuhar,  eydouxi  et  intermedius  Edw.     Ann. 

Sci.  Nat.,  Ill,  XX,  p.  165  (1853). 

Carapax  slightly  narrowed  behind,  plications  and  rugae  more 
or  less  distinct.  Frontal  lobes  rather  prominent,  frontal  margin 
sinuate,  smooth  or  crenulat^  at  the  angles.  Meros  of  chelipeds 
with  the  posterior  surface  rugose,  the  anterior  margin  expanded 
and  distall,^  truncate,  a  few  spinose  teeth  near  the  base  and 
several  on  the  truncate  margin.  Carpus  externally  rugose,  inter- 
nally with  a  prominent  bifid  or  quadrifid  tubercle.  Hands  with 
oblique  folds  above  and  below,  and  a  longitudinal  ridge  on  the 
lower  outer  surface.  Fingers  sub-excavate.  Last  joint  of  male 
abdomen  but  slightly  narrower  than  penult  joint. 

Sandwich  Is.  I  (Nuttall,  Pease,  Jones,  Wilkes'  Expedition);  Tahiti! 
(A.  J.  Garrett);  Australia/  (E.  Wilson);  Mauritius!  (Guerin); 
Aden;  !  Natal!  (Dr.  T.  B.  Wilson) ;  Indian  and  Faeific  Oceans 
(Auct.) 

M.  Imtifirons  Edwards  ex  White. 

Orapsus  latifrons  White,  in  Jukes'  Voyage  of  the  Fly,  ii,  p.  337,  P\.  II, 

f.  2  (1847). 
Metopograpsus  latifrons  et  ma^ulatus  Edw.,  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  Ill,  xx,  pp. 

166  and  165,  PI.  VII,  f.  1  (1853). 
Metopograpsus  pictus  A.  M.-Edw.,  Ann.  Soc.  Ent.  France,  vii,  p.  283 

(1867)  ;  Nouv.  Arch,  du  Mus.,  ix,  p.  289.  PI.  XIII,  f.  2  (1873). 

• 

Carapax  narrowed  behind,  plications  indistinct ;  frontal  lobes 

granulate  on   the  edge.     Front  broad,  nearly  straight,  margin 

denticulate.     Chelipeds  similar  to  those  of  if.  messor.    Base  of 

last  joint  of  male  abdomen  much  narrower  than  the  extremity  of 

penult  joint. 

Bdtavia  !  (Dr.  Wilson);  Singapore  (White);  Java  (Edw);  Kew  Cc^le- 
donia  (A.  M.-Edw.). 

"Mi,  oetamons  Jacq.  et  Lncu. 

Metopograpsus  ( Orapsus)  oceanicus  Jacquinot  et  Lucas,  Voyage  Astro- 
labe et  Z6elee,  Crust.,  p.  73,  PI.  VI,  f.  9  (Text  1853,  Plates  1842-53). 

Metopograpsus  quadridentatus  Stimpson,  Proc..  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philadel- 
phia, 1858,  p.  102: 
Pulo  Han  (J.  et  L.);  near  Hong  Kong  (Stm.)  ;  Nicohar  Is,  (Heller). 


fusion.  If 
JPfater*/  nUir  (Hdkr). 


*8U«i  mieiHite»  with  cm  tooUi  hMad  tiieoriiital  sai^;  tnm 
wmnow,  in^ttxbi ;  Mi^Uamm  ea^Usbug  the  orbit  Bztenuil  vaadU 
pcdsikiid«r,f^liig;  aomoUoi^    Fiqgcrs  of  ehdipcds  cm 


JFkfmnm  m&mi§§ii§  Omiiiij,  Kat  Btat  «C  lh»  OiwiihiM»  M,  PM 


*  Dr.  BiDii^  te  Us  fniteiMurj  Mooail  cT  ttM  ChmImm  MOMldl  «; 

Mt^BM)^  cbttMteiiti  MfiBd  § ■inifc  and  ifieiM  of  wJiidi  aomMCtaii 

•My  Jiiiiiftyf  iwiilrfawi  iu  Mw.,of  ttffcial  wport ;  Xml>#  frtniiiti 
U  Aitf^ra  <ifra#d^  OarpHodM  grmnulaiiu  appears  to  be  (7.  frM^  Dana 
Lupa  hir$uta  was  probably  referred  to  Neptunus  safi^iiwi#iil«s.  JU 
phusa  wutUni&rJi  appears  to  be  /.  ImeAsnaudUf  Parathelphu$a  d^fUipsM  to  b 
P.  tridinUUa^  HsUteiuM  arm>kUu$  to  be  iT.  eordiformU,  M§taplax  kirUpm  I 
apparently  referred  to  a  new  genus,  GrapiU9  deprtuus  is  probably  Om 
^raptui  erinipeSf  Orapiut  dseUviflrom  is  apparently  rechristened  Faikifgraf 
8US  irUii'Midiuif  H§UrograpiU9  barbigeru%  has  its  specific  name  alterei 
to  barbiwM%%^  BpifprapiUM  noT.  gen*  reappears  as  N§cU>ffrapmu  nov 
gen.  with  no  reason  assigned  for  the  change.  MitaHMirma  ffranulatus  i 
redescribed  as  new  nnder  the  name  ruffulam.  PhguseUi  elatui  is  prob 
ably,  as  pointed  out  by  Mr.  Miers  (Ann.  and  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  ix,  p.  147 
1H78),  AeanihoepeluM  gayi  of  the  final  report.  Oelaiimus  tariegatus  appear 
to  have  been  finally  referred  to  0,  annulipeM,  Palinurui  pauUn^U  wa 
afterward  apparently  referred  to  P.  lalandii  and  PelioM  notatus  is  referred 
to  AfiehtMiia,  All  this  shuffling  of  names  is  made  without  the  slightest  hin 
to  aid  one  in  correlating  the  two  papers,  aud  is  a  proceediu^  which  canno 
be  too  strongly  condemned. 

'  There  were  at  least  two  editions  of  Catcsby  bearing  dates  as  aliore 

*"^  as  the  second  appeared  thirteen  years  ader  the  tenth  edition  of  tht 

'    Ttma  Haiurm  of  Linn^  and  five  alter  the  twelfth  edition,  the  name«  em 

--  -»  Ky  Catesby  will  hold. 


1880.]  NATUEAL  SCIENCES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  193 

Cancer  grapsus  Linn.,  Syst.  Nat.,  Edit,  x,  p.  630  (1758). 

Orapsus  pietus  Latreille,  Hist.  Crust,  et  Ins.,  vi,  p.  69,  PI.  XL VII,  f.  2 

(1803-4.) 
Chniopns  pieiui  De  Haan,  Fauna  Japonica  Crust.,  p.  38  (1885). 
Orap»u»  »trigo8ti8  Brull^,  in  Webb  et  Berthelot  Hist.  Canaries,  ii,  PI. 

11 ;  Crustacea,  p.  15,  1886-44  (teste;Edw.)' 
Orapms  nmculatuSj  toebbif  omaius  et  pharaonts  Edw. ,  Ann.  Sci.  Nat. 

pp.  167-8,  PI.  VI,  f.  1  (1853). 
Orapitts  altifrons  Stimpson,  Annals  N.  Y.  Lyceum  Nat.  Hist.,  vii,  p. 

230  (I860). 

Carapax  depressed,  transversely  plicate,  folds  anteriorly  broken 
I  J)  into  squamiform  tubercles.     Frontal  crest  four-lobed,  median 
►bes  the  larger,  their  margins  subtuberculate.     Frontal  margins 
■enulate,  regularly  arcuate.     Lateral  margin  arcuate.     Inferior 
>rder  of  orbit  with  a  deep  fissure.     Anterior  border  of  ischium 
id  meros  of  cheliped  spinose,  the  lower  margin  of  the  meros  spino- 
berculate,  the  posterior  surface  plicate.     Carpus  with  distant 
-bercles,  its  interior  margin  with  a  laminate  spine.     Hand  above 
berculate,    externally   with    longitudinal    ridges,  below    with 
clique  folds.     On  the  inner  surface  the  tubercles  and  folds  are  less 
X=^^K^~oniinent.     Fingers  short,  tips  excavate.     Ambulatory  feet  com- 
r^cssed,  propodal  and  dactylic  joint  spinose. 

Florida  Keys!   (Webster,   Ashmead)  ;    West  Indies!   (Lawrence, 

Wood,  Wilson,  Gdes,  Lea) ;  San  Lorenzo  !  (Wilkes'  Expedition) ; 

Ptmamlmco!    (Dr.   Wilson);    Tahiti!   (A.   Garrett);    W.    Coast 

Mexico!  (Dr.  Jones);  Central  America  !  (McNiel) ;  N^ew  Zealand! 

(Dr.    Wilson);    Mauritius!    (Guerin) ;    Natal!    (Dr.    Wilson); 

Georgia^  Calif  orniOy  Peruy  8t,  Helena  and  Cape  Verde  Is.  (Miers) ; 

Paumotu  and  Hawaian  Is,  (Dana)  ;  Honduras!  (no  collector's 

name). 

The  genus  Orapsus,  as  well  as  several  others,  is  divided  into 

■<2tions  by  Milne-Edwards,  characterized  either  by  having  the 

jrior  distal  angle  of  the  meros  of  the  last  pair  of  ambulatory 

:t  regularly  rounded,  or  dentate  ;  but  in  specimens  of  G.  maeu- 

i*«,  I  have  occasionally  found  this  angle  on  one  side  entire,  and 

^^^  other  dentate. 


^BMolatos  Tar.  tennioristatas  Martens  ex  Herbst. 

Cancer  tenuicristatus  Herbst.  Exabben  und  Krebse,  PI.  HI,  f.  33>84, 

1790  (teste  Martens). 
Grapsus  rudis  Edw.,  Hist.  Nat.  Crust.,  ii.  p.  87  (1837). 
Orapsus  hirtus  Randall,  Jour.  Phila.  Acad.,  viii,  p.  124  (1839). 

^    Bnill6  gives  not  the  slightest  description  which  will  distinguish  his 
"l^^cimeng  fh>m  either  maculatus  or  strigosus. 


SJj^mBL    '  iJpOOBiwiioa  DP  TBI  ArAi>KMr  or  fIflSt. 

n  dbtini^n^ej  f^on  the  tyjiloa]  fbrnui  of  O.  mmruliilvM  anij 
i  ifj  the  hairy  carapax  Kn<I  meral  JointB  i>r  the  ■tnbuUtory  ILbIh, 
,aod  U]p  uurn>niTcuf|iii]  NitliHf.  All  otbur  ctuu«ctcr»  wblvh  h»t« 
;lie«ii  ^Iveti  iiruvv  iDoopKUiit.  Dr.  ^lartiOfl,  Iqr  ui  «suiIiHLtloa  at 
HerlMtt'n  t.v|H-.  liM  hIiuwd  th«  identic  of  HntiA  iMuuna'a/iM, 

Ihiit-iiaa  U.I  (J.  K.  TMiuwiut,  RutUTstrr*)!  0»*«^  (I>r-  W- 
H.  JoDM) ;  Cfylon  (IltilVT)  ;  tiitnin  (StlB.). 

0>  ttrifMU  liMniU*  ■■  Harbit. 

CoMMr  (fr^rMV  Hcitirt,  PI.  XLVII,  f.  7  llTDOt. 

OrqiWM  wtHfOMu  Latr,  UiM.  CnuL  et  Int..  vi,  ]>.  70  ( lUU). 

Oray*  alM(«MMj>  Luauvk,  ni«t.  Anlmaux  hm  Tartabn%  V|  |k 

0Mi4pife*#MMO»bMI|VlMuikpc"i<«OnnL,  jk-Sa  (18901. 
tfripwM  fFlMlian  jiww*  «l  ftlafitHi  Sdw.,  Ano.  M.  MaL,  UI, 

Omjitut  tmigipM  ot  nifvadniiH*  SUmpcoai,  Ptm.  AomL  Nat.  8ci. 
I'hlUdalphbs  ISHt  jip.  10S  «l  lOS. 

C«ni|iKX  but  little  ccmv<ix,  posteriorly  with  oUiqiM  t 
liaM,  flutvriorljr  irith  squamlform  luliiiiniin 
cntc.  ft'ontal  martpn  oreaaUte.  Orfatti  «Hh*4H| 
Bplstomo  short  Ueros  Hplned  antcrioriy,  111  < 
nMihivd,  tlM  parivrior  BUiiaM  •ritli  (raoanrM  n^c  CupiM 
gninulato,  and  bearing  lotcmally  a  elendor  spine.  Hands  mncti 
as  in  O.  tnaculahie.  Poat«rior  distal  angle  of  meroa  of  last  pair 
of  ambulatory  feet  denticulate. 

Ifatal/  JwlraUa/  (Dr.  T.  B.  Wilwn) ;  AudmeA  A.  /  (Id  Peabody 

Acad. ).     Ita  dlrtrlbntlini  is  embraced  within  the  abote  Ilmita  and 

Itong  Ko%g  (Stlmpaon). 

e.  trttlllpM  MUac-Bdwaidi. 

Qraptfu  fratOiptt  Edw.,  Ann.  Sd.  Nat.,  Ill,  xx,  p.  108  (1833). 

China  (Edwanla). 

8ub|«lM    OltkO|rap(Bl,  DDT. 

CafHpax  tranoTersc,  broadest  behind.  Sidea  straight,  with  one 
tooth  behind  the  orbital  angle.  Antennie  entering  the  orbit ' 
Fingfrs  of  chelipcds  acute. 

O.UUUnuv. 

Carapax  depreosed,  plications  faint.  Supm-frontil  lobes  mod- 
erate ;  front  straight,  narrow,  deflexcd.  Siiles  of  cara|)ax  straight, 
]K>st.orbitHl  tooth  small.      Meroa  of  external  ntaxiilipei)  a  little 


1S80.]  NATURAL  SCIENCES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  195 

longer  than  broad.  Chelipeds  much  as  in  Metopograpsus  messor, 
the  hand  granulate  above,  fingers  acuq^inate.  Posterior  distal 
angle  of  meral  joints  of  ambulatory  feet  rounded,  entire  or  finely 
seArate,  there  being  a  variation  in  the  sides  of  the  same  specimen. 

West  Indies  !  (Dr.  Wilson) ;  Key  West,  Fla. !  (Dr.  A.  8.  Packard,  Jr., 
Peab.  Acad). 

0.  longitarBii  Kingsley  tx  Dana. 

Chrapsus  Umgitarsis  Dana,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  1851,  p.  249. 
U.  a  Expl.  Exped.  Crust.,  p.  339,  PI.   XXI,  f.  4  (1852). 

Paumotu  Archipelago  (Dana). 

Geniifl  OE0OBAP8U8  Stimpson,  1858  (Diacoplax,  Am.  Ed.,  1867J. 

Carapax  depressed,  sides  curved  in  front,  straight  behind,  one 
t^ooth  behind  the  angle  of  the  orbit.  Front  .narrow,  strongly  de- 
:£lexed.  Internal  suborbital  lobe  large.  Antennae  entering  the 
orbit.     Dactyli  of  chelipeds  acuminate. 

Synopsia  of  Species. 

eros  of  chelipeds  with  a  laminiform* expansion  of  the  anterior  margin. 
Front  nearly  straight. 

Folds  of  carapax  transverse.  Uvidiis, 

Folds  of  carapax  oblique.  grayi. 

Front  arcuate.  crinipes, 

eroB  not  expanded,  carapax  tuberculate  anteriorly.  longipes, 

.  liTidm  Stimpson  ex  Milne-Edwards. 

Orapsus  limdus  Edwards,  Hist.  Nat.  Crust.,  ii,  p.  85  (1887). 
Grapsus  brevipes  Edw.,  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.,  Ill,  xx,  p.  170  (1853). 
Geograpsus  Uvidus  Stimpson,    Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philadelphia, 

1858,  p.  101. 
Geograpsus  occidentalis  Stimpson,   Annals  N.  Y.  Lye,   vii,  p.   230 

(1860), 

Carapax  much  broader  than  long,  depressed.     Plications  nearly 

t:K-;»nsver8e.     Frontal  lobes  prominent,  front  deflexed,  its  margin 

rly  straight.     Sides  of  carapax  slightly  arcuate.     Orbit  with  a 

«p  fissure  below.     Meros  of  chelipeds  above  and  below  with 

sverse  rugae,  its  anterior  margin  expanded,  proximally  den- 

^^<5ulate,  distally  the  teeth  are  larger.     Carpus  granulate  and  with 

^    short  spine  on  the  inner  margin.     Hand  and  dactylus  tuberciii 

^^t:«  above,  externally  and  below  with  short,  oblique  rugae  ;  fingers 

*<^«iminate.    Distal  angle  of  .meral  joints  of  the  last  pair  of  ambu- 

•  ^^tory  feet  rounded. 

IsU  BarthalometDf  W.  L  !  (A.  Ooes)  ;  Chili  !  (Querin) ;  West  Indies 
(Auct.) ;  Cape  8t.  Z/ueas  (Stm.). 


I9(i  PmOCXKDINOS  or  THE  ACADBXT  OF  [1880. 


(Ji-^ilfu*  yri/Mpt^  Dmia»  Proc  Acftd.  Nmt.  Sd.  Phibuielphia,  1851,  p. 

i4».     U.  S.  ExpL  Exped.  Crust.,  p.  841,  PI.  XXI,  t  •  (1852). 
'Jtvyr^tpsus  crinipei  Stimpcon,  Proo.  Acftd.  Nat.  ScL  Philadelphim, 

l<«l<i  p.  101. 
*Jr^ip4*i*  iirpresfus  Heller,  Verh.  Z.  B.  Ge».  Wien,  1862,  p.  521. 

Oani(Nix  depressed,  the  sides  ne&rl}*  parallel,  folds  of  the  cara- 
pa\  v>bliquo,  frontal  lobes  but  little  prominent,  front  arcuate. 
l>^*hLal  joint  of  cheliped  spined  in  front ;  meros  with  the  anterior 
uiitrgius  expande<!,  finely  serrate  proximally,  more  coarsely  ho  at 
tho  apex ;  carpus  and  hand  roughened  above,  a  few  inconspicuous 
Uuesi  on  the  lower  outer  surface  of  the  palm.  Distal  angle  of 
uierosi  of  the  last  pair  of  ambulator}*  feet  rounded. 

Siind^kh  li. !  (Dr.  W.  H.  Jones) ;  Tahiti  *  Heller). 

0.  fnji  A.  Miloe-EdwArdi  ex  U.  Milne- Ed wardi. 

Grapius  grayi  Edw.,  Add.  Soi.  Nat.,  Ill,  xx,  p.  170,  1853. 
Geograpsun  rubidui  8timpsoD,  Proo.  Acad.  Nat.  Sd.   Philadelphiai 

1858,  p.  108. 
Geograpgui  grayi  A.  M.-£dw.,  Noot.  Arch,  du  Mos.,  ix,  p.  288  (1878). 

Carapax  somewhat  inflated,  its  folds  oblique;  frontal  lobes 
prominent,  front  nearly  straight.  Orbit  with  a  slight  Assure 
l)elow ;  cheli])eds  much  as  in  O.  crinipes.  Distal  angle  of  meros 
of  last  pair  of  foot  rounded,  entire  or  dentate. 

This  is  probjiUly  tho  adult  of  the  prt'CtMlin*;  species. 

T'ifiiti !      A.    riaiTCtti;    AuHtntliit^    ydni ritiu»^    Z'inzi*»'ir    Mlilijen- 
(loiT)  ;   )f>ithiij<inrtir^    Imiiii,    Ih'ut'n,    \»  ir  f^iUdoui't  (A.  M.-E<lw.  . 

0.  longipet  Kitif(«l«-v  rj  \.  Milne- H'lwarJt*. 

JUMctjthiT  littujijuM  A.  M.-E<iw.,   Ann.   S«>c.    Ent.   France,  vii,  p.  25^ 
(1HG7  .     Nuuv.  Arch,  du  Muft.,   ix,  p.  JH  PI.  XV  1 1^7:1  . 

ynr  ('tilttitthta  ;  A.  M.-Kilw.). 

<f<'nu«  LEPT00RAP8U8   M.Elwiml^   l|>ariii,   1H63.  Stim|»c>n. 

Caiapax  with  thr  .sides  arciiati',  two-tootht'd.  Front  less  than 
half  thi'  wiiith  of  Xhv  carapax,  not  dillextd.  Internal  sulM)rMtal 
IoIm'  ^niall,  antenna*  entering  the  orbit.  Mero>  of  external  niax- 
illiprds  as  broad  as  lont;,  bnt  shorter  than  the  isehiuni. 

Leptograpiui  yariegatai  Miliii>  K  lw.tr<i.«  rr  FiiKrit-iu^. 

(\n,r,r  r.irit ijiift/H  Kuhr.,  Kilt.  Synt.,  ii,  p.  4")0  (IT'.KJ  . 
fir-ii'",,/!  tiouijihiitutt  I.atr.,  Hist.  Crust,  et  Ins..  vi,  p.  71     1S4):m  . 
fi r<if"<-.">  jH  /  f.,/hft'iM  LauKirck,  IIi>t.  -Vu.  s.ius  Vert.,  v.  2\\^    is;?  . 
t; ,  .ij,-,'-,  j,t''-f>i.H   Hxmy  vi  (i.iiuianl,   Voya^o  rrauio  vt    Phy>itifue,    p. 
V.M,  PI.  LXXVI,  f.  2  (18J4). 


1880.1  NATURAL  SCIENCES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  I9t 

Grapsus  atrigillatus  Wliite,  in  Gray's  Zoological  Miscellany,   p.  78 

(1842). 
Grapsus  variegatus  Edwards  et  Lucas,  in  d'Orbigny's  Voyage,  p.  27 

(1849). 
Grap»u8  planifrons  Dana,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philadelphia,  1851, 

p.  249.    U.  8.  Expl.  Exped.  Crust,  p.  638,  PI.  XXII,  f.  3  (1852). 
Leptograpsus  variegatus  Edw.,  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.,  HI,  xx,  p.  171  (1853), 
Leptograpsus  bertheloti,  verreauxif  ansoni  et  gayi  Edw.,  1.  c,  p.  172 

(1853). 

Carapax  nearly  flat,  transversely  plicate.  Protogastric  region 
<*^::^iieave,  with  squamose  tubercles,  protogastric  lobes  but  little 
j>:K-ominent.  Front  slightly  depressed,  its  margin  creuulate  and 
im^-^rly  straight.  Orbits  with  a  narrow,  deep,  external  fissure, 
^^ros  of  chelipeds  with  the  anterior  border  expanded,  dentate  ; 
other  angles  rounded,  the  posterior  surface  rugose.  Carpus 
Iberculate  and  with  a  short  spine  on  the  internal  surface.  Hand 
tt:al3erculate  above,  externally  smooth.  In  the  young  there  is  an 
el^^^ated  line  along  the  outside  of  the  palm.     Ambulatory  feet 

h  stiff  setae. 

Pemambuco !  (Dr.  Wilson) ;  Chili !  (Wilkes*  Expedition)  ;  Austra- 
lia! (E.  Wilson);  New  So.  Wales!  (Capt  Putnam,  Peabody 
Academy) ;  Isle  Guam  (Quoy  and  Gaimard)  ;  Canaries  (Edw.); 
Norfolk  /.  (Miers) ;  SJianghai  (Heller). 

Genus  OBAP80PE8  Heller,  1865. 

)arapax  depressed,  sides  arcuate  and  dentate  in  front,  behind 
^**^^*^ight.  Front  less  than  half  the  width  of  the  carapax,  strongly 
"^Qexed.  Orbits  externally  open.  Internal  sub-orbital  lobe 
^^^^X^ill,  antennae  entering  the  orbit.  Meros  of  external  maxilliped 
^^^^ger  than  broad.     Male  abdomen  five-jointed. 

^*   ^^tatnt  Heller. 

Orapsodes  notatus  Heller,  Novara  Crust.,  p.  58,  PI.  V,  f .  2  (1865). 

Nicobars  (Heller). 

Qenus  CTBT0OBAF8UB  Dana,  1851.^ 

Carapax  broader  than  long,  front  narrow,  excavate,  sides  arcu- 
ate, with  three  teeth  behind  the  orbital  angle.  External  maxilli- 
peds  widely  gaping,  without  a  piliferous  ridge.     Epistome  very 

^For  some  reason.  Prof.  Smith  in  his  paper  on  Brazilian  Crustacea 
(Transactions  of  the  Connecticut  Academy  of  A^rta  and  Sciences,  Vol.  ii, 
pik  l-42y  1869),  and  in  his  notes  on  Ocyi>odoidea  (1.  c,  p.  154),  refers 
several  times  to  this  genus,  and  always  as  Cryptograpsits. 


^fmeaouna  or  thk  MeMMWt0iff  [WK^ 


•Dtering    tb«  orbit. 
Jointed,  the  Mcond  joint  rcry  shorL 


.     et'timm—  W^wlrtM  Dh%  FMb.  Aoad-  Mat.  But.  FUte.,  USt,  p. 

OWiii'^JM  WW'*"'  *"*N  ^^— ■  cpm^  Aoid..  u,  r- n.  iMi. 
Oii»|i««  oasmi,  gnuuUate.    Sides  tbivv-tootlMd ,  Moood  toolh 
mhIL    OthtiM  mth  ft  cUgbt  ftMoro  abore.    Feot  all  gnnohte. 
Bandi  iidbtsd,  ftngcn  •oomliut*. 

Afo  JVffro,  llHmfMiUt  (U.  0.  bpL  Kxrad.}. 
ft  ilrripH  KiDfiiij  H  Soiiih. 

Orjffkfn^mu  ehHf*t  BniUi,  Tnuw.  Ooau.  Acad.  11.  p.  11.  PL  I,  C  |, 
<MI). 

OMit»K  dtpniMd,  arcolata ;  fhrat  narrow,  sligbtl;  exMTatib. 
8idMofe«a9MEltroDglyaroiiate,wtth  fi>ar  tooth  behind  tha  aaglB . 
of  tha  orUt,  tbo  ai'^^nd  and  la»t  t«etli  mnflh  i 
otbcn ;  k11  of  the  bordora  of  the  carnpax  arc  v. 
•tout,  gnnnlar.  l^rDpofLnl  joints  of  first,  seoood,  taA  fctntk,  md 
daotjlBB  and  oarpua  of  fonrth  p&ir  of  ambulatory  foet  haired. 

JUa  JdaWrw/  (CaptalB  HanlivtMi,  PMbodj  Aoadmqr  oT  flriiaw^ 
Baloin,  H**.,  tjp«»). 
omim  ruammMtwn  ludan  (in*)  >  bubtwi  (last). 
Carapax  somewhat  narrowed  behind,  and  with  tnuurene  atric 
Front  more  than  half  the  width  of  the  carapax,  aides  entire,  or 
with  one  or  two  teeth ;  inner  eal)-orbital  lobe  small,  allowing  the 
antenna  to  enter  the  orbit.    External  maxiltipeda  widely  gaping, 
meroa  aa  broad  as  long.     Type,  P.  crawipes. 

S}/n(^ms  of  Speciee. 
BidM  entlra. 
Front  111*18111  or  maHy  so. 
Nomeroos  traamne  fold*  tm  earmpax  ;  low«r  margin  of  hand  spiiMd. 

Carapax  but  little  plicate,  hands  nnooth  below.  mJiiopieiu. 

Froat  strongly  sinuate. 

tlands  smooth.  mittmhu. 

Hands  ntanally  wttb  longitudinal  ridge*.  pUMhi*. 

Hldea  with  oue  tooth  behind  the  orbital  angle. 
Posterior  distal  angle  of  meros  of  flfth  pair  of  feet  rounded. 

Prout  with  a  prominent  tooth  at  angle.  rriunptt. 

Front  slightly  linnate  without  prominent  teeth.  maunti. 

Posterior  distal  angle  of  meros  of  flfth  feet  dentate. 


1880.]  NATURAL  SCIENCES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  199 

Fingers  of  cheliped  smooth.  iran»ver$u$. 

Fingers  dentate  or  spined  above.  graeilU, 
Sides  two-toothed. 

Transverse  lines  of  carapax  naked.  .  7narmoratu%, 

Transverse  lines  of  carapax  haired.  puhe%cen9 . 

Unknown  to  me.  latipes, 

^.  orattipM  Randall. 

P<uhygrap9U»  erassipes  Randall,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philadelphia, 

viii,  p.  127(1889). 
Orapgui  eydouxi  ^dw,,  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.,  Ill,  xx,  p.  170  (1853). 
Zeptograpnu  gonagrus  Edw.,  1.  c,  p.  173  (1858). 

Carapax  somewhat  arcuate /sides  with  a  single  tooth  behind  tlie 
o:ar"l)ital  angle ;  frontal  lobes  prominent ;  front  deflexed,  its  margin 
XM.^^^iX\j  straight,  the  angles  with  a  prominent  tooth.  Meros  of 
c^^A  alipeds  with  the  anterior  margin  produced,  distally  truncate  ^nd 
d^^aatate.  Hands  inflated,  margined  above  and  with  a  longitudinal 
ri^iMge  on  the  lower  outer  surface  ;  fingers  excavate.  Distal  angle 
otf*  meros  of  posterior  ambulatory  feet  rounded ;  dactyli  of  tlie 
a*-"LM^  bulatory  feet  spinulose. 

(t)  Sandwich  h.  !  (T.  Nuttall,  Randall's  type);  California  from  8an 
FranetBcof  to  San  Diego!  (Many  collectors) ;  f  New  Providence^ 
W.  I.  I  (H.  C.  Wood,  Jr.);  YoUhama  (Tozzetti). 

P«     ^^BBtiinif  Lneas. 

Paehygrapeui  maurue  Lucas,  Expl.  Algiers,  Crust.,  p.  20,  PI.  11,  f.  5 

1849). 
Odniograpsus  eimpl&x  Dana,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1851,  p. 

349  ;  U.  8.  Expl.  Exped.  Crust.. p.  344,  PI.  XXXI,  f.  8  (1852). 

Paehygrapnu  iimplex  Stimpson,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1858^ 

p.  102. 

Algiere  (Lucas) ;  Madeira  (Dana);  Rio  Janeiro  (Dana,  Heller). 

^'    ""-^^ — rertni  Gibbea. 


Paehygrapms  traneveriue  Gibbes,  Proc.  Am.  Assoc.  Adv.  Science,  iii, 

p.  182  (1850). 
QoniograpiUi  innotatue  Dana,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1851,  p. 

249 ;  U.  8.  Expl.  Exped.  Crust.,  p.  345,  PI.  XXI,  f.  9  (1852). 
Leptograpiw  ruguloiue  Edw.,  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  Ill,  xx,  p.  172  (1858). 
Baehygrapeug  Uevitnantis  Stimpson,  Proc.  Phila.  Acad.,  1858,  p.  102. 
Mei&pograpsuB  dubiiisetminiatuSf  Saussure,  Mem.  Soc.  Phys,  et  d'Hist. 

Nat.  Geneve,  xiv,  pp.  444-445,  PI.  II,  f.  16, 17  (1858). 
Orapeue  deeHmfrons  Heller,  Verhandl.  Z.  B.  Gesellschafb,  Wien,  1862, 

p.  521. 
PiaehygrapiUiinUrmediuB  Heller,  Novara  Crust,  p.  44  (1865). 
Paehygrapeue  sociue  Stm.,  Ann.  N.  Y.  Lye.  x,  p.  114  (1871). 
liiehygrapms  advena  Catta.  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  VI,  iii,  No.  1.  p.  7,  PI.  I 

(1876). 


■  or  TBB  ACASIKT  OT 

:,  with  tniutvisne  pBo»,  oblh]ne  t 
Side*  gvfuinUljr  uligfatljr  uenU*,  witt 
FronUl  lobe*  |iromiitrat, 
t  with   tmuvcnc   rugn,  the   ioH 
B,  with  BD  iDtcnul  roumlw)  tubwrciki 
»t% longitadinal  ridKc  oo  Uw  luwur  o 
MrfhoMyiBUgtuioaadod;  dact;lDs  with  the  n 
PiNtenvdialBl  an^  of  the  meroa  of  laat  pair  of  a 


nwMa/ [A.  B.  PMkard:  P«ah.  A»H-  Itn 
•iMh  DiliB  bolide) ;   )l   ■     ' 
A^h*«<t/  (Dr.  T   !'■     ^. 
AwXiMlM</(X.iri]aaa);7bMK{X.Gan«tt);  V:  Omi* 

{JUOfmy.Mtttlrmaam.). 


talMimi 


:.  fisjs,           , 

lQUp»,  p.  46  (IWI. 

i 

/WArrrupnj  fr.>f»l|-«  SUmpMB,  AwL  K.  Y.  Lye^  x.  ^ 

ntfunit.    ■ 

Ar  Ktt«ii4 

1         tUohta.  nzrUI,  p.  102  { IflTS}. 

-^ 

Ounpax  naoh  u  in  J*,  frvnttwmw,  bat  vitit  bo  -fidd*  (W  Ikt ' 
oardlie  re^on;   htcnl  mu^JA  wkAj  rtnlgfati  oafrtootttd. 

Frontal  lobes  nearly  obsolete  ;  front  nearly  horusontal,  regulariy 
arcoate  and  minutely  crenulate.  Chelipeds  aad  ambulatory  feet 
nearly  aa  In  i*.  Irantversut,  the  hand  and  dactylus,  however,  being 
spined  or  toothed  above. 

f%>rii(a/(A.aPackard,  Jr-.Peab.Aoad.);  HVil  hAia  (AdcL). 
r.  Mtngaia*  KiDgitoj  «  HaHooi. 

Oraptat  (Leptograp*tit)  earragntiu  Hartaiu,  1.  c,  p.  107,  PI.  IT,  f.  8 
[1872,. 

Cuba  (Kartam). 
F.  NtU«pl«aa  Bilgradorf. 

Orapiiu  {I\ithjigrap$iig)  athiopif\i$  inigvndorf,  in  tod  der  Deokan'a 
ReiMU  in  Ort-AMka,  Crutt.,  p.  B8,  PI.  IV,  (.  S  (1869). 

Ugumaga,  Eatt  AfHea  I Bilgendorf I. 
t.  yllMtai  8timp*aD  u  Uilac-Eilwknli. 

Grajmtt  pli*ahi$  Edwarda,  Hist.  Nat.  Cnint.,  ii,  p.  S9  |1B8T). 
Oriiptn*  krauaii  Edwmrds,  Ann.  Sci,  Nat  111,  ik,  p.  170  (18»K 
I'liehygrtiptiif  pUtalui  Stimpaon,  Proc.  Acad.   Nat,  Scl.  PbUa,  p.  103 

{18MK 
liifAl/graptut  $triat»*  A.  H.-Edw.,  Journal  Hiueura  OoA^tftvj,  ir.  p. 
83  (187S). 


1889.]  NATUEAL  SCIENCES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  201 

Carapax  broader  than  long,  everywhere  crossed  by  plications 
which  are  bordered  by  short  hairs ;  frontal  lobes  prominent,  front 
sinuate.  Sides  of  carapax  entire..  Meros  and  carpus  of  chelipeds 
externally  plicate,  inner  margin  of  meros  expanded,  proximally 
denticulate  distally  with  spiniform  teeth.  Carptls  with  a  promi- 
nent internal  spine.  Hand  and  dactylus  grianulate  above,  exter- 
nally the  hand  bears  several  longitudinal  ruga?.  Fingers  short, 
gaping,  extremities  excavate.  . 

Oahu!  {Dr.  W.  H.  Jones);  Tahiti!  (A.  Garrett,  Peab.  Acad.);  New 

Caledonia  ;  Samoan  Is,  (A.  M.-Edw.;;  Natal  (Krauss);  Loo  Choo 

(8timp«on). 

P.  mannorAtni  Scimpson  ex  Fabrioiu^. 

Caneer  marmoratui  Fabriciua,  Ent.  Syst.,  ii,  p.  450  (1793). 
Orap$u»  varim  Latreille.  Hist.  CniBt.  et  Ins.  vi,  p.  69  (1803-4). 
Qrap»us  marmoratui  Desmorest,  Considerations,  p.  181  (1825). 
Leptograpius  marmoratus  £dw.,  Ann.  8c!.  Nat.  IH,  xx,  p.  171  (1853 \ 
Bfichygrapsui  mqrmoratug  Stimpson,  Proc.  Acad.   Nat.  8ci.  Phila., 
1868,  p.  102. 

Carapax  depressed,  naked,  transversely  plicate*;  frontal  lobe?} 
prominent,  front  depressed,  slightly'  arcuate,  or  sometimes  a 
little  sinuate.  Sides  with  two  teeth  behind  tiie  angle  of  the 
orbit.  Meros  of  chelipeds  expanded  in  front,  expansion  distally 
truncate  and  dentate.  Carpus  and  hand  tubcrculate  above,  the 
former  with  a  prominent  internal  tooth.  Fingers  slightly  exca- 
vate.   Posterior  distal  angle  of  meros  of  last  pair  of  feet  rounded, 

entire. 

Francs!  (Guerin) ;  Bosphorus !  (Smithsonian) ;  Mediterranean  ( Auct.  ^ ; 
Madeira  (8tni.). 

F.  pabeiMni  Heller. 

IHehffffrapsus  ptibeseens  Heller,  Novara  Crust,  p.  45,  PI.  IV,  f.  4  (18G5). 

Chili  (Heller). 
F.  minvtns  A.  M.-Edwarde. 

PachygrapiUB  minutus  A.  M.-Edw.,  Nouv.  Arch  du  Mus.,  ix,  p.  293, 

PI.  XIV,  f.  2(1873). 

New  Caledonia  (A.  M.-Edw.). 
F.  simplex  Kingslej  €x  Herklots. 

Qrap$u9  simplex  Herklots,  Additamenta,  etc.,  p.  9,  PI.  I,  f.  8  (1851). 

Boutry,  West  Coast  of  Africa  (Herklots.. 

Qenus  VAUTIL0G&AFSU8  Edwards  {Planet  Bell  ^). 

Carapax  narrow,  regular^y  arcuate,  sides  slightly  convex,  and 
bearing  a  rudimentary  tooth  behind   the  orbital  angle.     Front 

*  The  genus  Planes  is  a  MS.  one  of  Leach.    Bowdich,  in  his  '*  Excursion 
to  Madeira  and  Porto  Santo,"  p.  15,  f.  2  (1825),  figures  and  mentions  a  si>e- 
14 


202  P&OCEEDINaB  OF  THE  AOADKMT  OF  [1880. 

more  than  half  tlie  vidth  of  the  carapax.  External  maxillipeds 
broad,  meros  broader  than  long.     Posterior  feet  compressed. 

K.  minntiw  EdMkrds  ti  Linnf. 

Canter  minutm  lAaad.  Syst.  Nat.  Edit,  xii,  p.  1046  (1766). 
Oraptus  minutu»  Latreille,  Hist.  Cruet,  et  Ins.,  yi,  p.  68  (1808-4). 
Oraptui  cinertui  Saj,  Joum.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  i,  p.  99  (1817). 
6rapm»pelagieu*QB,y,  1.  c,  p.  443  (1818). 
■     PiaMi  elyptatm  Bowdich,  1.  c,  p.  15,  PI.  f.  3  (1825). 

Orap»u»  feitiidineum  et  pelagieag  Koux,  Cmet.  Hed.i  P).VI,  f-  8-7 

(1828-30). 
Ocypoda  ( Grnptiit)  pu»iUu»  De  Haau,  op.  cit.,  p.  59,  PI.  XVI,  f.  2 

(1835). 
Nautilograpm*  minuhi*  Bdw.,  Hist.  Nat.  Crust,  ii,  p.  90  (1837). 
Grap*ut  diti*  Costa,  Fauna  Napoli,  Crustacea,  PI.  IV,  f.  I  (1888-1851). 
Hanf»  miTiutttg  White,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  Crust,  p,  43  (1847) 
NmiHlograptut  Major  et  Smithii,  McLeay  in  Smith  Zool.,  South  Africa, 

Annuloaa,  pp.  66-67  (1849). 
Planet  Unneana  Bell,  British  Btalk.eyed  Crustacea,  p.  135  (1851). 
Manet  cyaneu»  Dana,  Proc.  Phil.  Acad.,  1851,  p.  250. 
Nautilograpirif  nugmtatut  Stimpaon,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila., 

1858,  p.  103. 

Cara))ax  smooth,  arcuato  in  both  directions;  f^ont  nearly 
straight,  pOBt-orbital  tooth  small,  sometimes  obsolete.  Sides 
arcuate.  Meros  of  chclipeds  with  its  inner  distal  border  dentate ; 
Carpus  with  a  tubercle  on  the  inner  surface ;  hand  smooth,  fingers 
deftexed.    Ambulatory  feet  compressed,  ciliate. 

9>itf  Stream  !  (Many  Collectors];  »>«(  IiidU»  !  (Dr.  Griffith);  Suri- 
'uimf  (Dr.  Heiing);  F/iM'ind  h.!  (Dr.  Wilaon);  Peru!  (Dr. 
RuBchenberger) ;  Went  Coni't  of  Mexifi !  Alnitka  !  (Dr.  W.  H.  Jones) ; 
f/AiHd.MCapt.  Putnam);  AV/r  Ze-ittiiid:  Natid!  kDt.  Wilson);  Rio 
(inmbia!  (J.  Casein);  Jledilerraiiinn  (Dr.  Wilson};  France.' 
'Uuerin);  '^tovtet  desmerif"  (Guerin).  Guerin's  ideas  of  the  dis- 
tribution leave  nothing  more  to  be  said. 

(tenus  EtrCHIKOQEAPSUB  M.-Edwurd!,  ISj.'t. 

Carapax  depiesseil,  stibquadrato,  sides   slightly  arcuate,  witb 

throe  teeth  bohind  the  orbital  angle ;  orbits  entire.     Antennie  long, 

oies  in  tliese  words  :  "  A  small  crab,  f.  3,  "  and  b,  which  I  conceive  to  be  a 
new  species  of  Pinna  was  found  in  great  numbers  amongst  the  anatifene." 
In  a  foot-note  the  species  is  described  as  follows  :  "It  was  of  a  delicate, 
but  bright,  rose-color  ;  from  the  symmetrical  form  of  its  test  (notched  so 
regularly  as  to  increase  the  projection  and  distinctness  of  its  chaperon),  it 
may  be  called  P.  ctypcntim.''  This  can  hardly  be  considered  as  a  sufficient 
description  to  establish  the  genus,  and  hence  I  prefer  to  retain  the  com- 
monly accepted  name. 


1880.]  ^     NATURAL  SCIENCES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  203 

entering  the  orbit;  Meros  of  the  external  maxillipeds  about  half 
the  length  of  the  ischium,  its  outer  distal  angle  rounded,  its  inner 
excavate  and  bearing  the  palpas. 

S.  Ugnrioiit  Edwards. 

Euchihograpsiis  ligurtcus  Edwards,  Archives  dii  Museum,  vii,  p.  158, 

PI.  X,  £;  2  (1853). 

Nic^  (Edwards). 
Oenns  BBACHT0SAP8US  nov. 

Carapax  broader  than  long,  arcuate,  without  transverse  lineation, 
sides  nearly  straight,  with  one  tooth  behind  the  angle  of  the  orbit. 
Meros  of  the  external  maxillipeds  shorter  than  broad,  its  external 
distal  angle  prominent,  the  internal  one  bearing  the  palpus.' 

B.  IsBvit  nov. 

Front  straight,  external  angles  of  orbit  not  prominent,  tooth  of 

lateral  margin  spiniform.     Meros  of  cheliped  triquetral,  bearing  an 

obtuse  tooth  on  the  upper  border.     Carpus  with  an  acute  internal 

spine.     Hands  inflated,  smooth ;  Angers  acute.     Ambulatory  feet 

elongate,  slender,  but  slightly  compressed,  the  dactyli  longer  than 

the  proi>odal  joints. 

Nett  Zealand!  (E.  Wilson). 

Oenus  PTTCHOOKATHUS  Stimpson,  1858  {Gnnihogmpxun  A.  M.-Edwards). 

Carapax  flat,  lateral  border  emarginate.  External  maxillipeds 
very  broad,  nearly  meeting,  the  exognath  fully  as  broad  as  the 
ischium.  The  carpus  bears  the  palpus  at  the  middle  of  the  ante- 
rior margin,  and  has  the  external  distal  angle  strongl}'  produced. 

Synapsis  of  Species. 

Exognath  of  external  maxilliped  extending  to  or  exceeding  the  external 
distal  angle  of  the  meros.  riedelii, 

Exognath  extending  only  to  the  middle  of  the  meros. 

Oblique  portion  of  brancliial  ridge  bounded  by  a  granulated  ridge. 

pUipes, 
Oblique  portion  without  a  prominent  boundary.  pyHUits, 

Insufficiently  characterized.  glaber, 

P.  glaber  Stimpson. 

Ptychognathui  glaber  Stimpson.  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philadelphia, 

1858,  p.  104. 

Bonin  L  (Stm.) 

^  I  am  not  certain  as  to  the  exact  position  of  this  genus,  as  it  appears  to 
combine  the  characters  of  both  the  Cyclometopa  and  Catometopa,  In  the 
form  of  carapax  and  structure  of  the  external  maxillipeds  it  closely  resem- 
bles Trapeeia.  In  the  male  genital  appendages  it  is  allied  to  the  Grapsida, 
where  for  the  present  I  prefer  to  allow  it  to  remain. 


204  PBOCEEDINaS  OF  THE  ACADEHT  O?  [1880. 

Dr.  Stimpaon's  short  diagnosis  presents  no  characters  which  are 
not  held  in  common  by  both  F.  riedelii  and  pilipes,  excepting  the 
non-pilose  hand,  which  in  other  species  of  the  genus  is  only  of 
«exual  importance. 

T.  risdsUi  Eingsle;  ex  A.  Milne- Ed  ward  a. 

Gnathograpsua  riedelii  A,  M.-Edw.,  Nouv,  Arch,  du  Musenm,  iv,  p. 
182,  PI.  XSVII,  f.  1-5  (1888). 

Celebes  (A..  M.-Edw.). 
F.  pniillni  Heller. 

Ptychognathut  puetllui  Heller,  Itiese  der  Novara  Crustaceen,  p.  60, 1807. 
Gnathograpau*  barbatat  A.  M.-Edw.,  Nout.  Arch,  du  MuBeum,  is,  p. 
310,  PI.  XVII,  f.  4,  1872. 

Carapax  depressed,  nearly  smooth,  with  a  few  shallow  impres- 
sions anteriorly.  Front  slightly  sinuate.  Antero-lateral  mat^n 
with  two  indistinct  teeth  behind  the  orbital  angle.  Chelipeds  finely 
granulate,  but  without  spines  or  tubercles.  Hands  of  the  male 
with  a  lanose  spot  on  the  outside  at  the  base  of  the  fingers;  in  the 
female  this  is  wanting.  The  exognath  of  the  external  maxillipeds 
reachesonly  to  the  middle  of  the  meros.  Ambulatory  feet  slender, 
compressed. 

MduriHut!  (Guerin');  NiMbare  (Heller);  Jfeie  CeUdonia  (A.  M.- 
Edw.) 

P.  pitipai  Kingiley  <i  A.  Milne  Edward?. 

On'ilhogr"pii'i»  pilipes  A.  M.-Edw.,  Nouv.  Arcb.  dii  Museum,  iv,  184, 
PI.  XXVII,  f.  0-10  (1868). 

This  species  is  scajcoly  more  than  a  variety  of  P.  p.usilhis,  but 
I  pffcfer  for  the  pi-esent  to  leave  tliem  separate. 

PliilippiRO  and  Celebu  (A.  M.-Edw,). 
acTiUK  ACKJEOFIEDKA  Slimpjon,  lii9. 

■Carapax  depressed,  the  antevo-lateral  margins  entire.  External 
inaxiilijK'ds  nearly  uicfting  the  meros,  bearing  the  palpus  on  the 
middle  of  the  anterior  margin  ;  the  exognath  narrow. 

A.p»rvala  Slimpaon. 

Ariiiircpliiirii  piirtul<i  Stimpson,  Proc  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philadelphia, 
1858,  p.  105. 

Japan  (Stimpson). 

Oennl  P8XTJD0GBAP8II9  M.  EJirarJs  (I83T),  rt«r. 

Carapnx  depressed,  transverse;  sides  arcuate,  with  two  teeth 
Ijehiuil  the  orbital  angle.    Front  less  than  half  the  width  of  the 

'  These  were  labeled  by  Guerin  "  ficxarma  pcnii^itli'tii  ap.  ined." 


iSSO.i)  NATURAL  SCIENCiSS  OF  PHlLAbELPHtA.  S05 

carapax.  Mcros  of  external  maicillipeds  broader  than  long, 
shorter  than  the  ischium  and  with  ltd  ttxtdrtlal  distal  aligle 
strongly  produced. 

Synopsis  of  Species, 

Hands  inflated  without  elevated  lines. 

Fingers  with  many  long  hairs,  carapax  inflated.  iito»u». 

Hains  on  the  hand  between  the  bases  of  the  flngers  short, 
carapax  flat.  (Mm. 

Hands  with  an  elevated  line  on  the  k>wer  outer  surface,  fingers 
without  haiis.  prcM^* 

P.  Mtotnt. 

Cancer  barbatu»  Rumph.,  PI.  X,  No.  2  (1705). 

Cancer  Mtoiui  Fabricius,  Suppl.  Ent.  Syst^p.  889  (1798). 

ChrapiUBpemdUiger  Latr.,  Reg-  An.  (I  Edit.),  iii,  p.  16,  PL  XII,  f.  1 

(1817). 

Eriochcirf  peniciUiger  De  Haan,  Fauna  Japonica,  Crust.,  p.  81  (1885). 

PuudograpiUi  penicUliger  Edw.,  Hist.  Crust.,  ii,  p.  8^  (1887). 

Puudograpitu  barbatui  Edw.,  Ajm.  Sci.  Nat,  III,  xx,  p.  191  (1858). 

Eeutem  Sea$  (Auct). 
P.  albas  Stimpfon. 

PieudograpHii  albui  Stimpson,  Proc.  A.cad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  1858, 

p.  104. 

Japan  (Stimpson) ;  New  Caledonia  (A.  ^.-Edwards). 

• 

P.  erattat  A.  Milne-Edwards. 

P$eudograp9Ui  cra$$u$  A.  M.-Edw.,  Nouv.  Arch,  du  Mus.,  iv,  p.  176, 

PI.  XXVI,  f.  6-10  (1868). 

Celebes  (A.  M.-Edw). 

Oenas  YABUHiL  Edwards,  1830  {Triekopu9  De  Haan,  1835). 

Carapax  depressed,  sides  arcuate,  two-toothed.  Antennube 
oblique.  Antennae  entering  the  orbit;  external  maxillipeds 
slightly  gaping.  Meros  much  shorter  thdn  the  ischium,  its  ex- 
ternal distal  angle  expanded.  Palpus  articulating  with  the  middle 
of.  the  anterior  margin.  Exognath  half  as  wide  as  ischium. 
Ambulatory  feet  compressed,  natatorial. 

T.  litterata  Milne-Edwards  ex  Fabrieins. 

Cancer  litterata  Fabr.,  Suppl.  Ent.  Syst.,  p.  842  (1798). 
IVicJiopui  litterata  De  Haan,  Fauna  Japonica,  Crust.,  p.  32  (1885). 
Varuna  litterata  Edw.,  Diet.  Class.  d'Hist.  Nat.,  xvi,  p.  511  (1880), 
Hist.  Nat.  Crust.,  ii,  p.  95  (1837). 

• 

Carapax  smooth,  cardiac  region  partly  circumscribed.  Front 
straight,  orbits  fissured  above,  lateral  teeth  separated  by  slight 
Assures.     Posterior  margin  of  iperps  gi  cl}§liped^  ^Qute,  the 


S04S  PBOCBEDINGB  OF  THE  AOADBHT  OT  [1880. 

inferior  grtuiulate,  the  anterior  witli  spimfona  toberolea.  Oarpiu 
with  ft  prominent  internal  spine  and  one  or  two  smaller  onM. 
Hands  inflated^  rough,  an  elevated  line  on  the  lower  outer  ma^;iii. 
Ambulatory  feet  strongly  compressed,  margins  oiliste.  In  a 
specimen  ftom  New  Zealand  the  carpal  spines  are  wanting. 

PkOippinti!  (E.  &  T.  B.  Wllacm)  ;  Indiait  OMan/-(Giiieiin)  ;  ITmo  ' 

ZttAtnd!  (E.  Wilson);   China!  (Capt.  Putnam,  Beab.  Aoad.); 
.    P<m<Mv/ (J.P'Wud,  Peab.  Aoad.);  J'i)j)an<lIieM);  JTatirWM 
(A.  M..Edw.). 

Qmn  UnCA  Wbltc,  IMT.  / 

Carapax  depressed,  sides  more  or  leas  arcuate,  two-toothed. 
Antennulse  ohlique.  Antenofb  entering  the  orbit.  Meroa  of 
external  shocter  than  the  ischium,  its  external  angle  not  expanded. 
Posterior  feet  compressed. 

Synopsie  of  Speciea. 

Inner  nut^na  of  flngen  strongly  haired.  barHmamu. 

Hands  naked. 

Angles  of  front  unte.  graeOipit, 

Angles  of  front  ronnded.  floftra. 

IF.  iTMillpei  White. 

nHea  graetliptf  White,  I^vc.  Zocd.  Soc.,  1847,  p.  8S.     Adams  and 
White,  Voyage  Samanng,  CmsL,  p.  53,  PI.  XIII,  f.  6  (18S0). 

Fhitippine*  (White.) 
IT.  glmbn  A.  MilDC' Edwards. 

Utiea  glabra  A.  M.-Edw.,  Nour.  Arch,  dn  Mob.,  ix,  p.  £96,  PI,  SIV, 
f.  3  (1878). 

Nea  Caledonia  {&..  M.-Edw.). 
D.  barbimuia*  A.  Miloe-Edwards. 

mica  barbimanvi  A.  M.-Edw.,  1.  c,  p.  2ST,  PI.  XIV,  f.  4  (ISTO). 

iir«w  CaUdcnia  (A.  M.-Edw.) 

a«Di»  Oil FTOOSAFBirS  Smith,  1870. 
Garapnx  transverse,  distinctly  areolate,  sides  arcuate,  three- 
toothed.  Antennre  entering  tho  orbit,  External  maxiUipeds 
Dearly  meeting.  Ischiuoi  and  meros  nearly  equal  in  length,  very 
broad,  the  mei-oa  being  broader  than  long,  Its  external  distal  angle 
not  expanded.  Ambulatory  feet  elongate,  the  dactyU  quadran- 
gular and  spiiiose. 

0.  imprMiD*  Smith. 

Qlyplograpsut  impreitut  Smith,  Trana.  Conn.  Acad.,  11,  p.  164  (1S70). 

Aeajv     ,  W.      Coast  of  Central  Amt-  -via  (Smith). 


1880.]  NATURAL  SCIENCES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  207 

Genus  HETESOOBAPSUS  Lucas,  1849.  . 
{ Pseudograp9U9,  pars,  Edw.,  Dana;  ffemigrapsut  Dana. 

Carapax  arcuate,  front  inclined,  antero-lateral  margins  dentate. 
External  maxillipeds  nearly  closing.  The  meros  as  long  or  longer 
than  broad,  and  bearing  the  palpus  on  the  middle  of  its  anterior 
border,  the  exognath  narrow. 

As  the  distinctions  between  the  species  are  mainly  comparative 
and  the  descriptions  of  authors  are  ver}'  brief,  no  synopsis  can 
be  given.  The  species  may  however  be  divided  into  two  sections, 
according  to  the  number  of  teeth  on  the  antero-lateral  margin. 

A.   Antero-lateral  margin  with  two  teeth  behind  the  orbital  angle. 

JL  Ineasii  Edwards. 

Heterograpms  sexdentatus  Lucas,  Exploration  Algiers,  i,  p.  19,  PI.  11, 

f.  4  (1849),  (nee  Edwards^ 
Heterograp9U8  lucasii  Edwards,  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.,  Ill,  xx,  p.  192  (1853). 

Carapax  regularly  arcuate,  epigastric  lobes  but  slightly  indi- 
cated. Front  four-lobed.  Antero-lateral  margin  with  two  promi- 
nent, narrow,  acute  teeth.  Chelipeds  without  spines  or  tubercles, 
the  hands  of  the  male  are  smooth  and  rounded,  in  the  female  they 
have  a  double  crest  above  and  two  elevated  lines  on  the  outer 
surface.^      Ambulatory   feet   slender,  naked ;    dactyli   long  and 

slender. 

Algiers!  (Dr.  T.  B.  Wilson) ;  Candia  (Edwards). 

H.  texdentatnt  Edwards. 

Cyelograpsus  isxdeniatus  Edwards,  Hist.  Nat.  Crust.,  ii,  p.  79  (1837). 
Hemigrapsus  sexdentatui  Dana,  U.  S.  Expl.  Exped.,  Crustacea,  p.  348, 

PI.  XXII,  f.  2  (2850). 
ffeterograpsuM  sexdentatus  Edwards,  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.,  Ill,  xx,  p.  192, 

PI.  vii,  f.  7  (1853). 

Carapax  arcuate,  surface  uneven,  laterally  granulate;  Epi- 
gastric lobes  prominent.  Front  straight.  Antero-lateral  margin 
"with  two  teeth  behind  the  orbital  angle,  the  teeth  broad,  the 
^marginations  narrow.  Chelipeds  without  spines  or  tubercles. 
Sands  small,  fingers  excavate.  Ambulatory  feet  moderate,  naked ; 
dactyli  short  and  stout. 

Australia!  (E.  Wilson) ;  New  Zealand!  (Dr.  T.  B.  Wilson) ;  Bay 
of  Islands  (Dana). 

^  Milne-Edwards  (1.  c,  p.  192,)  divides  this  section  of  the  genus  into 
two  groups,  one  with  the  bands  roimded  and  without  longitudinal  crests, 
the  other  with  crests  a  division  which  evidently  cannot  be  maintained. 


208  pRncERtiiNOH  or  Tan  .utademt  ur  [181 

B.  lugulMBi  K.launlt  ■!  D*  iUao.  ' 

Oraptv*  lanffvirtfui  De  Haan,  F»uu&  JaponiM,  CniriM**,  p.  Ofl^  PL 

XVI,  f.  SdSM). 
Oraptat  marmoratut  White,  ('>t.   Brit.  Mtuwim,  Cnut-,  p.  41,   IMT 

<tinedt»er.'i. 
I^ttviograpnu*  nudat  Dui>,  Prac-  Acul.  NaL  Bel.  PlilU^  1831,  p. HO. 

Sspl.  Etprd..  Ci-qM.,  p.  33^  PI.  XX,  r.  7  (18Ut. 
Jblrrogropiu*  mngHiHtvt,  mamtoratHt  iX  Mci(Wiih>*  Bdw.,  Aim.  Sd. 

Nat.,  Ill,  xx,  p.  msiisas). 
Ifttfrograpjiut   nnJu*  t^llmpoAn,  Proc  Ac«d.  Nat.  M.  PUU.,   1838. 
p.  im. 
Cantpax  )io>t«Tiorl}*  nt-arly  flat,  iii  fVont  arcuate,  wltb  M<alt«rMl 
liunoUf  am)  a  oun-od  lioo  of  largicr  (1cp^l^»sioIW  rtintiing  iniranl 
'Voiu  the  last  tooth  or\bc  lateral  margin.     Front  oliaolvlcl}'  twu- 
IoIkJ  ;    antero-latoral  marpn  with   two  twth  clowly  similar   lo 
Ihow  of  jy.  »ej:denlalua.    Ch*Hj>eds  amooth,  with  small  red  4poU. 
wliich  pcrHJat  in  alcoholic!  <ir  (Iried  spevJmvns.     Uands  with  an 
rxtemol  CKwt,  bt^Kuning  i(W>lrHi;i'Hl  wlUi  h^;  Hatfen  i!X<.-avatr. 
Ambulatory  trtt  ahort,  fitmit,  nnkMl,jnmctat«;  llw  claclyll  rerj 
BtOUL 

CaUfpntM.'  iBiany  l»ciilltl«*  and  oollaoUn*) ;  [*i>K4^Mi«rr  /(.,'  (Dr. 
A..  S.  Packard,  Jr.,  in  Poabodf  Acad.  Scteniwl;  San  Lrrwiunr, 
(Mf  «./  Valif,>n>U'  (WIIUm'  Kir«ditiim) ;  Aiutr-lia'  (B. 
WilHuti);  Jajuin  <D«  Ilann) ;  Puitiptt  anJ  AwlUiinl  (Killer); 
/!.<:,;  n,.,..j  (i*iiro|i«)n> ;  Wjt.i'WWl*);  Vftgnni.!  (E*.r»rf»). 

H.  •ruilnapa*  KlQiik*  »  l>ani. 

Hrmigraptut  frainmanv   Dana,   Proc.   Phlla.   Aold.,  1851,  p.  390. 
C.  S.  Ex.  Eipcd.,  Cnuk,  p.  349,  PI.  XXI^  f.  4  (1893). 

Ilateaian  It.  (Dana). 
H.  ertaalatu  Kl'knia  n  nn'rip. 

Oraprui  ertnulalvM  OuBrin,  Voy.  Coqulll^  II,  pL  I,  p-  13  (18a8>.> 
Ctelograpiut  errnulata*  Edw.,  Hist.  Nat  CrtiU.,  11,  p.  SO  (1637). 
Htm^Topittt  rrtaylalu*  Dana,  U.  a  Ex.  Ex.,  Crunt.,  p.  340,  PL  XXII, 

£  8  (1833). 
Hrtirograpmt   errnuliltit   Edwards,   Ann.   Scl.   Nat.   Ill,  xx,  p.  193 

(1858). 
HrtfrograpMHi    barbigmt    II«ller,   Vcrh.   Z.    B.   Gcxellscbaft  Wi«n, 

18«2,  p.  S23. 
Jtitrroijriipriit  b-irbimuHu*  Ilvllcr,  Novam  Cnutacea,  p.  53,  PI.  IV, 
r.  5(I9«7). 

Aii.lnilui  (Gui-rin);  AW  Znil'iml  (Edwardn) ;   Bag  of  hUnd, 
tDnna] ;  Puuipft  „»d  Aufktand  (Heller). 

'  The  title  bears  the  ilnt«  1)^30,  tbu  introduction  to  the  Cnutacea  and 
Arachnids,  "  IS  Novembif  l^lUt,"  and  the  i>latcH  leSO.  Oufcrin  In  hii  de- 
Mrlptlon,  refer*  to  Hlluv-Edwardc'  cla«[c  work  aa  then  In  manuscript. 


1880.]  NATURAL  SCIENCES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  209 

H.  •longatoi  A.  M.-Edw. 

Heterograp»us  elongatui  Alph.  Milne-Edwards,  Nouv.  Arch,  du  Mu- 
seum, ix,  p.  317,  PI.  XVII,  f.  5  (1873) . 

iVetr  Caledonia  (A.  M.-Edw.). 
H.  oregOBtniis  Stimpson  ex  Dana. 

Pgeudograpsus  oregonensis  Dana,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philadelphia, 
1851,  p.  248.     Expl.  Exped.  Crust.,  p.  334,  PI.  XX,  f.  6  (1852). 

Heterograp»u9  oregonensia  Stimpson,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philadel- 
phia, 1858,  p.  104. 

Carapax  depressed,  anteriorly  irregularly  roughened;  proto- 
gastric  lobes  defined.  Front  four-lobed,  the  inner  lobes  the  more 
prominent.  Antero-lateral  margin  with  two  prominent  teeth. 
Chelipeds  without  spines  or  tubercles.  Hands  with  an  elevated 
line  on  the  lower  outer  surface,  the  inner  surface  of  the  hand  of. 
the  male  with  a  pilose  spot.  Ambulatory  feet  moderate,  ciliate. 
Piacific  Coast  of  North  America  from  Puget  Sound!  (Geo.  Davidson); 
to  Sanla  Cruz!  (Miss  Hecox). 

There  are  two  specimens  belonging  to  this  species  in  the  Mu- 
iseum  of  the  Academy,  bearing  the  label  "  New  Providence,  W.  I., 
X)r.  H.  C.  Wood,  Jr.'' 

penioillatBt  Stimpson  ez  De  Haan. 

Eriocheir  penicillatus  De  Haan,  op.  cit.,  p.  60,  PI.  XI,  f.  6  (1835). 
ffeterograpsus  penicillatus  Stimpson,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philadel- 
phia, 1858,  p.  104. 

Japan  (De  Haan). 
BTythnrat  Kingsley  ex  Eossmann. 

Pseudograpsus  erythrcBus  Kossmann,  Reise  in  den  Kiistengebiete  des 

rothen  Meeres,  p.  61,  PI.  1,  f.  5  (1877). 

Bed  Sea  (Kossmann). 
K.    x»«llipet  Milne- Edwards. 

Pseudograpsus' pallipes  Edw.,  Hist.  Crust.,  ii,  p.  82  (1887). 
ffeterograpsus  pallipes  Edw.,  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.,  Ill,  xx,  p.  194  (1853). 

Australia  (Edw.). 

"•      ^ntero4ateral  margin  with  three  teeth  behind  the  orbital  angle. 

^'   ^^^todentatut  Edwards. 

Cyelograpsus  octodentatus  Edwards,  Hist.  Nat.  Crust.,  ii,  p.  80  (1837). 

Meterograpsus  octodentatus  Edwards,  Ann-  Sci.  Nat.,  Ill,  xx,  p.  194 

(1853). 
^  Locality  unknown, 

*  ^JBnii  Eingsley  ez  Dana. 

Memigrapsus  affinis  Dana,  Proo.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philadelphia,  1851, 
p.  250,    U.  8.  Exp.  Exped.,  Crustacea,  p.  350,  PI.  XXH,  f.  5  (1852), 

Patagonia  (Dana), 


210  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ACADEMY  OF  [ISSd 

H.  tpinoint  Edw. 

Ileterograpftui  npinoBUi  Edw.,  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.,  Ill,  xz.  p.  194  (1853^. 

Vanikaro  (Edw.) ;  AuHralia  (A.  M.-Edw. 

Oenas  SRIOCHEIE  De  Haan  (1835). 

Carapax  quadrate,  antero-lateral  margin  two-toothed.  Fron 
much  less  than  half  the  width  of  the  carapax.  Antennob 
oblique.  Antennae  not  excluded  from  the  orbit.  Ex(^nia 
maxillipeds  nearly  closing.  Mcros  as  long  as  broad,  the  externa 
distal  angle  not  expanded  and  the  carpus  articulating  with  thi 
middle  of  its  anterior  border. 

Synopsis  of  Species, 
Bides  convex. 

Mesial  fVontal  lobes  rounded.  japouifu* 

Frontal  lobes  acute.  simsiuU 

Sides  straight.  r^etu* 

X.  japonions  De  IlMai. 

Eriochtir  japonieui  De  Haan,  op..cit.,  p.  59,  PI.  XVII  (1835). 

Carapax  nearly  flat,  surface  uneven.  Front  four-lobc<l,  mesia 
lobes  rounded,  outer  IoIhss  acute ;  protogastric  lobes  prominent 
granulate.     Antero-lateral  bonier  two-toothed,  with  indications  o 

:i  thinl.  Mctos  of  cholipiMls  with  tlu*  margins  jrnuiulatr.  th< 
posterior  ttTininiitiiig  iu  an  Jicnto  tooth.  Carpus  with  a  promi 
m*nt  intoniiil  spine  ;  distal  margin  of  the  carpus  ami  externa 
surface  of  the  han<l  with  thickly  set  lonjj:  hair;  thr  in!ier  ^urfaet 
of  the  palm  with  a  short  horizontal  line  of  granules.  Fingir* 
sulM'Xcavate.     Ambulatory  feet  hairy  above. 

f/tiptin  !  (no  donor's  name  . 
E.  linaniii. 

Hrinchtirlun]  nintn^iH  Edw.,   Ann.  Sci.   Nat.,   Ill,   xx,  \\.  177     IS^^r 

Arch,  du  Muh.,  vii,  p.  146,  PI.  IX,  f.  1  iiaT^. 

China  (Edw.  . 

E.  reetni. 

Eriochfir  re^tn»  Stimi»»on,  Proo.  Acad.   Nat.  Sci.   Phila  ,  l^*)**  p.  ln:i 

}f(tr.io  (Stiiiipruni  . 

r,iiui*  PERI0RAPSU8  H.i:,r,  isf'.iv 
(':irapax  <on\r\.  ^i<lfs  arcuate,  with  one  tooth  }»ehin«l  thr  an-jh 
of  the  orbit.  Front  narrower  than  half  the  wi«lth  of  the  carapax 
Men)S  of  the  rxt^-rnal  mnxilliped  a  little  Ioniser  than  ]>r«»:Hl  an-i 
U^arinix  tin*  palpus  on  the  extmial  angle.  Partyli  c)f  ainhulator\ 
fe*t  spined. 


1880.]  NATURAL  SCIENCES  OP  PHILADELPHIA.  211 

P.  exoeUnt  Heller. 

Per%grap»us  exeeUus  Heller,  Verb.  Zool.  Bot.  Gtes.  Wien,  1862,  p.  522. 

Noviara  Crust.,  p.  50,  PI.  V,  f.  1  (1885). 

Tahiti  (Heller). 

Genos  PLATT0SAP8US  Stimpson,  1858  {Platynotm  De  Haan,  1835,  preoeo.). 

Carapax  flat.  Front  horizontal.  Sides  nearly  straight,  with 
two  teeth  behind  the  angle  of  the  orbit.  Meros  of  the  external 
maxilliped  longer  than  the  ischium  and  bearing  the  palpus  on  the 
estemal  angle. 

^.  dtprettiia  Stimpson  ex  De  Haan. 

Platynotus  depressus  De  Haan,  Fauna  Japonica,  Crust.,  p.  63,  PI.  YIll, 

f.  2  (1835). 
Platygrapsus  depresaus  et  eonvexiusculus  Stimpson,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.  Phila.,  1858,  p.  104. 

• 

Carapax  depressed,  smooth;  front  horizontal,  four-lobed, mesial 
Iol)es  the  larger;  sides  with  two  teeth  behind  the  angle  of  the 
orl)it,  the  posterior  tooth  indistinct.  Chelipeds  smooth  and 
.  u^narmed ;  meros  with  the  anterior  margin  acute ;  carpus  without 
»I>ine8  or  tubercles;  hand  with  an  elevated  line  on  the  low^er  outer 
^'O.yface;  fingers  slender,  gaping.     Ambulatory  feet  elongate. 

Japan!  (no  donor's  name);  Hong  Kong  (Heller);  LooChoo  (Stimpson). 

• 

Tribe  Sbbabmini  (Sub-family  SesarmincB  Dana). 

3fero8  and  ischium  of  the  external  maxillipeds  crossed  obliquely 
a  piliferous  ridge. 


Genas  XETABE8ABMA  Edw  (1853). 

Carapax  quadrate,  sides  but  slightly  arcuate,  entire;  front 
^^oad,  deflexed.  Sub-orbital  lobe  large,  meeting  the  front  and 
^^^oluding  the  ai^tennse  from  the  orbit.  Meros  of  external  maxilli- 
greatly  elongate,  its  apex  rounded. 


Synopsis  of  Species, 

S^xids  smooth,  eztemsklly  and  above.  rousseauxt. 

H^nd  roughened  above.  granularis, 

^^Qid  roughened  above  and  externally.  trapezium, 

%*  liUManzi  Edw. 
.    JfirfMMarma  rou$$eauxi  Edw.,  A.nn.  Sci.  Nat.,  HI,  xx,  p.  88  (1853). 

Ajrpb,  dtt  Kmrf  yii,  p.  158,  n  X,  f.  1  (1854). 

Zanzibar  (Edw.). 


212  PR0C£EDIN08  OF  TUS  ACADEMY  OF  [ 

M.  grannUrUi  Heller. 

Meta$e$arma  granularu  Heller,  Verh.  Z.  B.  Ges.  Wien,  186'^  p.  9 

Metoiesarma  rttffuloia  Heller,  Novara  Cru8t«,  p.  65  (1865). 

Takiii  { HeUi 
M.  trapeiiam  Stimpson  ex  Dana. 

Sesarma  trapezium  Dana,  U.  S.  £xpl.  Ezped.  p.  854,  PL  XXL 

(1852). 

Meta$($arma  trapezium  8timp«OD,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.Phila., 

p.  873. 

Sandwich  It.  (Dan 

GeoQf  SAEMATimC  Dan*,  1S61  {Mttagraptu*  Edw.,  186.t). 

Carapax  convex,  sides  arcuate,  entire  or  toothed.  FroB 
clined,  less  than  half  the  width  of  the  carapax.  External  ma 
l)eds  nearly  as  in  Sesarma.  Ambulatory  feet  with  the  mai 
entire. 

Synopsis  of  Species. 

Sides  of  carapax  with  two  teeth  behind  the  orbital  angle. 
Hands  externally  smooth  and  rounded. 

Carapax  smooth,  hand  transversely  plicate  abore.  €rm 

Carapax  areolato,  hand  smooth  above.  curtc 

Hands  externally  roughened. 

Hands  externally  bearing  a  pectinate  crest*  peeiim* 

Hands  without  a  prominent  external  crest. ' 

Hands  with  an  internal  granulate  ridge.  pHneta 

Hands  entire  within.  I'w/i 

Sides  of  carapax  entire.  iuUg 

8.  oraiinm  Dnna. 

Sarwntium  rnmttum  Dana,  Pnxj.  Acail.  Nat.  Sci.  Thila.,  ISol,  p, 
I'.  S.  i:\\)\.  EviK'd.,  C'nist.,  p.  3r>8,  PI.  XXIII,  f.  1    ls.V2  . 

8.  oorvatam  King^Icj  n  Milm -K(lwar<l^. 

Stinirimt  rurrtifn  Kdw.,  Hist.  Crust.,  ii,  p.  7.")  il83T  . 
MftfUjnijifuH  ntrrutmt  M.-Edw.,  Ann.  Sri.  Nat.  Ill,  xx,  ]>.  HO     1 
Arch,  du  Mus.,  vii,  p.  I'iO,  V\.  X,  f.  3,  1854. 

8.  peciinatam  Kin(;i>l<  v  ox  Milnr-Kilwaril". 

}ftt<ujrttintnn  lurtiti'itiin  Kdw.,  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  Ill,  xx,  ]>.  \>*^    \'<u 

M'lrtiuiti'n     I-Uiv 
8.  panctatum  Kiii^-l«'y  •  \  A.  Milnr  r<lwur<l"<. 

Mt  (•iijr-ipiiuH  p'//trf.ifni>  A.  M.-Kdw.,  Nouv.  Arch,  du  Mus.,  ix,  p 
IM.  XVII,  f.  2    is7;j  . 

.Vf  ♦/•  Ciifttioniti    A.  M.-l'^iv 

'  I  !»a\c  luic  a>  in  otlior  pla<is  nnjiloycd  the  earlier  nanjo  ;  \%hat  n 
pr.  Ih'llcr  had  r»r  tlie  rhan^e  I  cannot  imagine 


1880.]  NATURAL  SCIENCES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  213 

I.  iadienm  KiDgslej  ex  A.  Milne-Edwards. 

Metagrapms  indicus  A.  M.-Edw.,  Nouv.  Arch,  du  Mus.,  iv,  p.  174, 

XXVI,  t  1-5  (1868). 

Celebes  (A.  M.-Edw.). 
I.  iBtegrom  Kingsley  ex  A.  Milne- Edwards. 

Meiagrap9us  integer  A.  M.-Edw.,  Nouv.  Arch,  du  Mus,,  ix,  p.  309, 

PI.  XVn,  f.  8  (1873). 

New  Caledonia  (A.  M.-Edw.). 

Oenus  BHACONOTTTS  Gcrstaecker,  1856. 

Carapax  sub-quadrate,  sides  arcuate,  toothed.  Front  narrow, 
about  one-third  the  width  of  the  carapax.  Meros  of  external 
naxillipeds  nearly  as  broad  as  long  and  about  half  the  length  of 
the  ischium.  Ambulatory  feet  coonpressed.,  the  margins  of  the 
joints  serrate. 

K.  cnnttlatut  Gerstsecker. 

Bhaconotus  crenulatuB  Gei^stsBcker,  Archiv  fiir  Natucgeschichte,  xxi, 

p.  142  (1856). 

Locality  unknown. 

QcBVslBSABMA  Say,  1818.   (PacAy«oma  DeHaan,  1835.    ^o/o7n«fo;7ti«  Edw.,  1863.) 

Carapax  thick,  quadrate,  lateral  margins  straight,  entire  or 
.  toothed.  External  maxillipeds  with  an  oblique  piliferous  ridge 
'  ciOBsing  the  ischium  and  meros  ;  the  meros  elongate,  its  apex 
.   nmaded.    Antennae  entering  the  orbit. 

I  have  not.  attempted  to  revise  the  species  of  this  genus  on 

tecount  of  a  lack  of  sufficient  material.     I  merely  give  a  list  of 

the  described  species,  indicating  in  a  few  cases  the  synonymy, 

hut  leaving  the  task  of  comparing  a  large  number  qf  poor  descrip- 

[    tions  to  some  future  carcinolagist. 

I  tfiikii  Edw.  (=  ?  qnadrata). 

Qrapius  (Pachy$oma)  qfflnt'i  De  Haan,  op.  cit.,  p.  61,  PI.  XVIII,  f. 

5  (1835). 
Setarma  affinis  Edwards,  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.,  Ill,  xx,  p.  183  (1863). 

Japan  (De  Haaii);  China  (Edw.) ;  Natal  (Krauss). 
i>afriBt]IA  Edwards. 

Bmrma  africana  Edw.,  Hist.  Nat.  Crust.,  ii,  p.  73  (1837). 

Senegal  (Edw.). 
I*  UNiImii^  Saasanre. 

Smrma  americana  Saussure,  Mem.  Soc.  Phys.  et  Hist.  Nat.,  xiv,  p. 

441  (1858). 

St,  ThomaSj  W,  L  (Saussure). 
■•iHtieaiiiCapello. 

Bmrma  angoUf^sis  Capello,  Descr.  tres  sp.  Nov.  Crust,  du  Africa  Oc- 

ddent>  p.  4,  f.  2  (1864). 

.  Angola,  We$t  Africa  (Capello). 


214  PB0CEEDIN08  OF  THE  ACADCfT  OF  [1880. 

8e$arma  angutta  Smith,  Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  ii,  p.  159  (1870). 

Panama  (Smith), 
t.  angOStifrOBa   A.  Milne-Edirftrdf. 

Se$arma  anguttifron*  A.  M.-£dw.,  Nonv.  Arch,  du  Mua.  BolletiB,  t, 
p.  26  (1809). 

Sandwich  1$.  (A.  M.-Edw.). 
9.  aagastipet  Dana. 

Semrma  anffuiiipei  Dana,  U.  S.  Exp).  Expcd.,  Cniat,  p.  853,  PI.  XXII, 
f.  7  (1852). 

Florida!  Wtitlndiei,'  Drataf  . 

8.  af  pera  Heller. 

Suarma  aspera  Heller,  Novara,  Crust,  p.  68,  PI.  VI,  f.  2  (1805). 

Nieobariy  Ceylon,  Madrai  (Heller). 

9.  atrombeas  Heii. 

Sesarma  atrombsm  Hess,  Archiy  ftir  Naturgeschichte,  xxxi,  p.  149, 

PI.  VI,  f.  12  (1865). 

Sydney,  Aueiralia  (Ilesa  . 
9.  aabrji  A.  Miloe-Edwardf. 

Seeanna  auhryi  A.  M.-Edw.,  Nouv.  Arch.,  Bulletin,  ▼,  p.  25  1 1809). 

Nouv.  Arch.,  ix,  p.  307.  PI.  XVI,  f.  3  (187S). 

Neyo  Caledonia  (A.  M.-Edw.^. 
9.  bidans  Miloe-tfdwards  ex  De  Hmd. 

Orapeui  {Paehyioma)  bidene  De  Haan,  op.  cit,  p.  60,  PI.  XVI,  f.  4, 

PI.  XI,  f.  4(1835). 
Seearma  bidene  Edw.,  Ann.  8ci.  Nat.,  Ill,  xx,  p.  185  (1853). 

Japan  (De  Haan);  Hong  Kong,  Nicobare  (Heller) ;  Fritndly  It. 
(Dana) ;  Ceylon,  Zamibar  (Hilgendorf)* 

8.  bonoonrti  A.  Milne- Rdwar<U. 

ikiiirma  boMcourii  A.  M.-Edw.,  Bulletin,  1.  c,  p.  28  '  1860^ 

Siam  (A.  M.-Kdw.  . 
8.  cbirogona  Tuzzetti. 

fkMttrfn<i   chirogona    Tiir^'ioni-Tozzetti,    Zoolo^ia    del    Viaj^jj^io    della 

Majcenta,  i>.  \M\  V\.  IX  (1H77). 

Yokohama  i^Tozzetti  . 
8.  eineraai  Sny  ex  Hose. 

OrapMui  ein^rcuM  Bosc.,  Hist.  Nat.  Cnist.,  i,  p.  '204  PI.  V,  f.  1,  1802  3 

(teste  A  net- '. 
fl^narma  cinerea  Say,  .lour.  Acad.  Nat.  Soi.,  Phila.,  i,  p.  44*2    181>*^. 

Viryinia  '  U^  Florida  !  aiul  \\\v  We$t  Indira  * 
S  dentifroni  A.  Milnr-K-lwurd-. 

S^ftitrma  dentifrou*  A.  M.-Edw.,  Hulletin,  1.  c,  p.  :n  (iJ^nO  . 

Sit  moan  h.    A.  M.-Kdw.  . 
8  dehaani  Milne  Kilwnrih. 

(trupMus    rarhj/noma-  <ju>>diuttus  Dv  Haan,  op.  cit.  i>.  fi'J.  1*1.  VIII.  f.  3 

,if»arma  dfhaaui  Kdw.,  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.,  Ill,  xx,  ]>.  \^\    1**">3  . 

Jap'fTi  I  De  ILian  . 


■ATtEAL  anKWUk  or  rHILA|iKlJ*IIIA.  *JI'* 

U«..  Ann.  ^H'l.  !fat..  III.  is.  |>.  I"*'*    t^Vf  . 


i  rfiv«tt«  lI«ffkUitJk   A«t<ltt.  aa  KAunam  A  fur.  <kmilrnt..  y.  !••, 

r.  !•  1^1 » 

Bcuirp,    W§sl  AfrUi    Il«  ikltit* 
i  Vila*  t4m%t4» 

m  A    M.  IU1».  Ilullrtin,!   c,  |..  V)    l<WiO 
I  mgik* m4>s ft f is  llrw.  Arvh.  fur  NattifKr*..  it&t,  |>.  IM.  II.  VI, 

iji  i:«l«  .  Am  9ri.  N«i  .  III.  ti.  |.   IM    tKVt 

i4*ri  at  Mvrl^t. 


fmant^lmru    llrrUl.   KraLUb   uih!    Krrl^.    11     M.VII.   f    : 


l««4«r.  C4i»,  Ann   S-i    Nat.  111.  «i.  p.  K.    I***.:    tr«tr   Iti) 
ff 

iyW%f4^  A    M    lUU  .  Ilullrttn.  1   r..  |..  '/T    I*<^.y 

Jfj^^MATjr    A.  M    Kill* 

\  §armmmt  A    M    Ed*.,  liallctiii.  1.  r     |^  ;*^    1**<9  . 

I  tefrawu  ;««    ll<4nli   rt  Jar«|  ,  V>7    AbI    rt  3Si  lee«  Ourt..  1*1 

A. 

i^Mtfifti  C«l«  .  Anil.  Nri  Nai  .  III.  it.  )■    K    l>^v: 

I  ji«a     K«l«.    .    .\4A'<4ri     llrltrr   . 
I  f ««rtA«  U«  .  Au    Hrt.  NaI  .  111.  &«.  |.    !^3     >Vt 

0ummimm^  A    M.  li^i*  .  Ilullrlin.  I   c  .  |>   .*<    !w;v  . 

ir   Ilv  lljun,  (f*.  rit.  |-    «:.  I*:    VII. 


r  llil*  .  Ann.  Sci.  N»i  .  III.  *i,  i    :«^    !•*'.• 
i»  at  «ko<3|  lAftdfoiOAU  rhaf«nrr«.      A  timilAr    |r<tf^««*l.n^ 


216  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ACADEMY  OF  [1 890 


StmtrwM  imprt$$a  Edw.,  Hist.  Nat.  Crusty  ii,  p.  74  (1837i. 

Locality  unkm»w%. 

S4m»rma  imdkm  Edw.,  Hist.  Nat.  Crust.,  i  i,  p.  74  (1837). 

Indian  Seas  lEdw.);  Ceylon  and  NicolMf  ( Heller •. 

t.  latSf  His  Milne- Edward!  ex  De  Haan. 

GrapouM  {Pachffoma)  intermedia  De  Haan,  op.  cit.,  p.  61,  PI.  XVI,  f 

SeearmKt  intermedia  Edw.,  Ann.  Sci.  Nat,  III,  xx.  p.  186  (1858). 

SeoarwM  late  A.  M.-Edw.,  Bulletin,  1.  c,  p.  27  <  1869  >. 

Japan  ( De  Haan  ;  Shanghai,  Hong  Kong  (Heller:; 

Arrow  1$.  )A.  M.-Edw.). 
t.  lafoadi  .Taeqninot  et  Laoat. 

Seearma  lafondi    Jacquinot  et    Lucas,  Voyage  Astrolabe  et  7elee 

Crust,  p.  70,  PI.  VI,  f.  4  (1853). 

Bataria  (J.  and  I^). 

8.  IsptOSoma  Uilgendorf. 

Seearma  leptoeoma  Hilgeodori;  in  Decken*8  Reise,  p.  01,  PI.  VI,  f. 

( 1869). 

Zanzibar  (Hilgendorf  u 
8.  liTidiLia  A.  Milne- Edwards. 

Seearma  liddum  A.  M.-Edw.,  Bulletin,  1.  c,  p.  25  (1869),  N.  Arch.,  ix 

p.  303,  PI.  XVI,  f.  2  (1873). 

JVIno  Caledonia  (A.  M.-Edw.  >. 
8.  loBflpes  Krausf. 

Sf$nrmn  longipfi  Krauss,  Siid  Afric.  Cnist.,  p.  444,  PI.  Ill,  f.  2  -  \>^^ 

I'j/ihttM  Uivfrj  S.  Africa  ■  Kniu8»*  . 
8.  MUlleril  A.  Miln<-K.lwar.l-. 

Sffitrmn  mitUeri  A.  M.-Eilw.,  Bulletiu.  1.  c,  p.  29    1809  . 

VfftUrrOf  Brazil  lA.  M.-K«lw.  . 
8.  obaiam  Pana. 

St-ntrma  obf»um  Dana,   Proo.  Pliilii.  Acad.,  IBol,  p.  250;  U.  S.  K.\pl 

Kxi>t'd.,  Crust.,  p.  'Sry\  V\.  XXII,  f.  10. 

Diilabiic  StraiU  \  Dana  . 
8.  oblonga  Martm*. 

Sr^.irma  ohlon(ja  Martens,  Monatsber.  Akad.  Wiss.  Ht'rliii,  lSr»8,  p.  rtll 

l*hilip]>ineM    Martens  . 
8.  obtasifroni  Dmin. 

S/Miirum  ofttHMt'/ronn  Hana.  I'nx*.  Phila.  Aca<l.  1H.*)1,  j».  2.'K) ;  V.  S.  K\pl 

ExiH'd.,  Crust.,  p.  :r..\  n    XXII,  f.  9    1S52:. 

Suniltrich  /<.    Dana  . 
S.  occidentalii  Smirh. 

Sfn^irtu  I  orcidffitaliM  Suuihj  Tran.s.  Conn.  Arad,,  ii,  j>.  \'}^    l^7<>i. 

Weift  C'nmt  of  (\  nfr.il  A'ut'rit'ii    Smith  . 

8.  pentagons  Hu'ti-i:        '  8.  tetragona  . 

ScMarrna  penta'jona  Mutton,  Trans.  Now  Z^'aland  Inst.,  1^T'».  p.  J79. 

ye<r  Zralnid    IIutl«»n  . 


1880.]  NATURAL  SCIENCES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  217 

8.  qnadrata  Miloe- Edwards  ez  Fabricius. 

Cancer  quadratui  Fabr.,  Siippl.  Ent.  Syst.,  p.  841  (1798). 
Oe^poda  plicata  Bosc.,  op.  cit.,  i,  p.  198,  1802-8  (teste  A.  M.-Edw.). 
Orap$u»  {P€iehysoma)  pictus  et  affinii  De  Haan,  op.  cit.,  pp.  61-60 

(1835-37). 
Setarma  quadrata  Edw.r  Hist.  Nat.  Crust.,  ii,  p.  75  (1887). 
Se$arma  pieta  Krauas,  op.  cit.,  p.  45  (1848). 

Japan  (De  Haan) ;  New  Caledonia  (A.   M.-£dw.) ;   Zanzibar  (Hil- 
gendorf). 

8.  r«eta  Randall. 

Setarma  recta  Randall,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  viii,  p.  123  (1889). 

Surinam!  (Randall). 
8.  ntieuUta,  Say. 

8e$arma  reticulata  Say,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  i,  pp.  78,  76  et 

442,  PI.  IV,  f.  6  (1818). 

Sesarma  cinerea  De  Kay,  N.  Y.  Fauna,  Crust.,  p.  15  (1842). 

Virginia!  to  Florida! 
8.  rieordi  Milne- Edwards. 

Sesarma  rieordi  Edw.,  Ann*  Sci.  Nat.,  Ill,  xx,  p.  183  (1853). 

Hayti  (Edw.). 
8.  roberti  Milne- Edwards. 

8e$arfna  reticulata  McLeay  in  Smith  Zool.  S.  Africa,  p.  65  (18    ),  vix 

Say. 

Sesarma  roberti  Edw.,  Ann.  Sci.  Nat,  III,  xx,  p.  182  (1858). 

Gori!  (Dr.  Wilson) ;  So.  Africa  (McLeay). 
8.  rotaadata  Hess. 

Sesarma  rotundata  Hess,  1.  c,  p.  149,  PI.  VI,  f.  9  (1865). 

Sydney  (Hess). 
8.  rotnndifroBS  A.  Milne- Edwards. 

Sesarmaroiundtfroni  A.  M.-Ed.,  Bulletin,  I.  c.  p.  30  (1869). 

Safnoan  Is.  (A.  M.-Edw.). 
8.  mpieola  Stimpson. 

8e»anna  rupicola  Stimpson,  Proc.  Phila.  Acad.,  1858,  p.  100. 

Japan  (Stimpson). 
8.  sehftttei  Hen. 

8$§arma  sehiiUei  Hess,  L  c,  p.  150,  PI.  VI,  f.  11  (1865). 

Sydney  J  Australia  (Hess)* 
8.  timilii  Hess  (=  8.  atrombeat). 

8e$arma  iimilii  Hess,  1.  c,  p.  150  (1866). 

Sydney  (Australia). 
8.  liBeniis  Milne-Ed  wards. 

Suarma  sinensis  Edw.,  Ann.  Sci.  Nat,  III,  xx,  p.  186  (1858). 

China  (Edw.). 
8.  laithii  Milne-Edwards. 

Sesarma  smitMiBdw,,  Ann.  Sci.  Nat,  III,  xx,  p.  187  (1853);  Arch,  du 
Mus.,  vii,  p.  149,  PI.  IX,  f.  2  (1854). 

Natal  (Edw.);  New  Caledonia  (A.  M.-Edw.). 
15 


218  PROCEEDINGS  OP  THE  AGADEUY  OP  [1880 

8.  inleaU  Smich. 

8e*aTfwi  mkata  Smith,  Trans.  Codh.  AciuL,  it,  p.  156  (1870). 

Coriitto,  Nicaragua.'  [3.  A.  HcNiel,  Peab.  Acad. 
8.  tanlaUla  Mini  «Wbiie  HS. 

Betarma  lanMala  White  MS.,  Miers,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  London  (18TT), 
p.  137. 

PAiltppiTiei!  (Dr.  Wilson,  with  White's  label). 

8.  tetngona  Miln«-f  ilHardi  tx  Fsbticiua. 

Canear  Utraaonon  Fabricius,  Suppl.  Ent.  Syst.,  p.  341  (1798|. 
Qraptui  Cetragonon  Latr.,  Hist.  Crust,  et  lus.,  vi,  p.  71  (1803-4). 
Stiarma  ieirngona  Edw.,  UUt.  Nat.  Crust.,  ii,  p.  73  (1887). 

Zanzibar  (Hilgendorf)  to  Nne  Caledonia  (&..  H.-Bdw.). 
B,  trspeioids  MHn».Ea-»nls. 

Seiarma  trapizoida  Edw.,  Hist  Nat.  Crust,,  ii,  p.  74  (1837). 

Locality  *inkn»v)». 

B,  UDgnlata  Milnc-EilntirJ«. 

Bwnrma  ungulala  Edw,,  Ann  Sci.  Nat.  Ill,  xx.  p.  184  (1853). 

(7«I«6eiiEdw.t. 

8.  THtiU  Stimpgun. 

Setama  vttlita  Stimpson,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1858,  p.  106. 

Japan  (Stimpsou). 

8,  rtllMttmA.  Mili,«.Ed«8r.t-. 

St'arma  villonvm  A,  M.-Edw.,  Bulletin,  I.  c,  p.  81  (1869). 

Sarnoan  It.  (A.  M.-Edw.  V 

E.  TiolacSB  H«rkUita. 

Sf.-rma  vioface,-  Herklots,  op.  cit.,  p.  10,  PI.  I,  f.  8  (1851). 

Wtft  AfrUa!  (Du  CUaillu). 
(ienu!  ASATDB  .M.-E,ln.,  Xl^bA. 

(■iirap.ix  trHiiCKoidal.  eloDgato,  narrow  Iwhind,  sides  straiglit. 
I'lit^n-;  front  dcfii-xtd,  vct-y  hroa.i.  Kxtrrnal  inasilliiieds  as  in 
S'itarma.     Ainbiilatoi-y  tl'L-t  compressed,  the  dactyli  very  short. 

A.  pilDill  .Mi1n«-Eiirari9, 

S.:>'rmfi  jiifmi  Edw..  Hist,  Crust.,  ii,  p.  7G,  I'l.  XVI,  f.  4-5  11837). 
.irnl'if  pUoni  Edw..  Anu.  Sci.  Nat.,  Ill,  xx,  p.  197,  1853. 
(,'iirii|i.ax  transversely  arcuate,  th«  briuK'liial  regions  obliiiuely 
|ilirate.  Kriml  vt-rtieal,  its  margin  two-lobtd.  Mcros  of  cheli- 
jii^ds  triijuetral.  tiic-  mai'giiiij  domiciliate,  tlie  imterior  one  slightly 
(■x|>iinded  diHtally.  Carpus  externally  granulate.  Hands  every- 
wlirre  granulate,  tlie  fingers  ornamented  ivith  pencils  of  »tilf 
Mack  iiuirs. 

Fliifidii .'  ill,  E.  IVtbster,  Union  Collfgc;  H>«t  Iiidiei!  (many 
mlleotont  and  localities);  We^f  Cviff  "f  yicar'igvi .'  (J,  A. 
MtNiel,  I'uaU.  Acad,  i  ;  Ki.,  .I.„„in.  illellen  ;  Prtiyi,  DraiH 
iMai-ti-iu). 


1880.]  NATURAL  SCIENCES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  219 

Genus  GLI8T0C(EL0MA  A.  M.-Edwards,  1873. 

Carapax  sub^uadrate^  sides  dentate.  Sub-ocular  lobe  large, 
united  to  the  front  and  excluding  the  antennae  from  the  orbit. 
Mercs  of  external  maxillipeds  short  and  rounded. 

O.  balanssB  A.  Milne-£dwards>. 

Clistocaloma  balansa  A.  M.-Edw.,  Nouv.  Arch,  du  Mus.,  ix,  p.  311, 

PI.  XVII,  f.  1  (1873j. 

New  Caledonia  (A.  M.-Edw.). 

Genus  HELICE  De  Haan  (1835). 

Carapax  quadrate,  front  deflexed,  sides  straight,  with  one,  two 
r  three  teeth  behind  the  orbital  angle.     Antennae  entering  the 
rbit.     Meros  of  external  maxillipeds  as  long  as  or  longer  than 
^hke  ischium,  its  external  distal  angle  prominent,  its  distal  border 

^  x^uncate. 

Synopsis  of  Species. 

X^.Ateral  margin  with  three  teeth  behind  the  angle  of  the  orbit. 
Ambulatory  feet  with  a  single  distal  spine  on  the  meros. 

A  transverse  ridge  on  the  branchial  regions.  tridens. 

No  transverse  crest  on  the  branchial  regions. 

Hands  smooth.  spinicorpn. 

Hands  roughened.  latreillei. 

Meral  joints  of  ambulatory  feet  with  several  spines.  dentipes. 

^^-•^Ueral  margin  two-toothed. 

Hand  strongly  granulate.  gandichaudi. 

Hand  nearly  smooth. 

Meral  joints  of  ambulatory  feet  with  a  spine  on  the 
upper  distal  margin,  the  hands  of  the  male  with  a 
pilose  spot  at  the  base  of  the  fingere.  ;>i7/ma/?^. 

Meral  joints  without  spines,  hands  of  male  without 
pilose  spots.  crassa, 

-*^^teral  margin  one-tootbed.  gibba. 

^XKiperfectly  characterized.  Uachii. 

^^.  trideni  De  Haan.  ' 

Helice  tridens  De  Haan,  op.  cit,  p.  67,  PL  XI,  f.  2,  PI.  XVI,  f.  6  (1835). 

Carapax  longitudinally  strongly  convex,  punctate,  front  curved 
downward,  its  anterior  border  sinuate  when  viewed  from  above. 
Superior  margin  of  the  orbit   sinuate,  oblique ;    lateral   margin 
"With    three  teeth   behind   the  orbital   angle,  the  posterior  tooth 
rudimentary.     Branchial  regions  with  an  oblique  ridge  running 
inward   from  this  tooth.     Orbits  coarsely  crenulate  below.     In- 
ferior borders  of  the  meral  joints  of  the  chelipeds  with  small 
tabercles.      Carpus   spined    on    the   inside.      Hands   externally 


fln|;(^rs  I'xi'nrntr.     Cfn-i'"'  i^^''  priiputlal  j«tuU  or  tbe  flr»t 
|inln.  of  nmlpiilnton-  fw;t  pilnsi;  in  fiont. 

JltfH»f    ' 
H.  (piaUtrp*  Klirmnli. 

B.  tpUifarpi  EJwknh.  Ana.  Bri.  Nat.  III.  is,  p.  IM  ilSSH). 


H.  daotip*!  Jlrllrr. 

iItUe$  drnli/Mf  Il'ltpr,  No*ani  Cnut-,  p.  OS,  11.  V,  (.  X 

H.  UtnilUI  KiIaiirHf. 

Cyrl'Sfrapnt  iatreilln  Edwaiili,  Ilijtt.  Nat.  Crwl.,  11,  ^  W  41937).  I 

IMkt  lalrtiUM  Ed1^BH^  Ann.  »ci.  Nat.  til,  xx.  t>.  IM  ^I^SIu  J 

JfavHtMu  I  Edwaida).  J 

H.  faadUkaail  Ed-nnU.  j 

U»lif4  giiudiriandt  Edwanlo,  Ana.  Set.  Nat.  til,  ax,  p.  IM,  11.  VOf'A 

r.O  I !)»»).  f 

AlaMirK  I  Eawwda). 

E  pUlnaa*  A.  UII>it-Kd-i.r>lr. 

nrHt4  {.iUitaitd  Ali)li.  Hitiie  Edwanlii,  Nou*.  Arab,  ihi  Hna..  U  p. 
313,  H.  XVin,  f.  I  (1871!). 

.Vw  CWMbafa  (A.  U.  IMw.). 
B.  eruu  luna. 

i/(ti<M«rd(Mnana.  Prop.  PlilU.  AcaJ.  (ISSK  !>•  tSB— C.B.  Ex.  ExpL, 

I'nut..  p.  8ft7.  I'l.  XXIII,  f.  8  (I8M(. 
H.  \iuaiU  Edw.,  .^all.  »d,  Kal.  in,  xx.  p.  100  <ll»»|. 

('iirn|>ax  clooelv  romiiiMin^  tliui  of //.fn"(/e^i*.l"il  wilh  h'lt  lw> 
t«eth  behiod  the  orbital  angle.  Carpus  of  cheliped  without  ad 
iiiternal  spioe,  banda  externally  microscopically  granulate,  more 
coarsely  so  internally,  the  upper  margin  acute.  Carpal  and  pro- 
podal  Joints  of  the  flret  two  jtairs  of  ambulatory  feet,  pilose. 

This  ia  probably  but  a  variety  of  B.  Iridena.  Small  females 
abow  the  elevatnl  line  on  the  band  characterizing  H.  lucani. 

JVm  Z*ata»d.'  (Dr.  Wilaoo);  AuMaiuI  (Hellar);  AuMraUa  iDana). 


H*Ue4  tMtekii  U«m,  Archi*  fUr  Naturgetchicbtc,  xxxi,  p.  15S  <1B63). 

^iMf,  Autlratia  i  Hm»). 

Qnat  CTCLUIAPan  tdw.  (ISi;t|n>-mi).      ( ffHiWtnw  McLn;.) 

Carapax  depren9e<l,  Riile«  arcuate,  entire  front  aboirt  half  the 
width  of  the  carapax.  Antenna  not  excluded  from  the  orbit. 
Meros  of  the  external  mnxilli|>od»t  short,  al>out  aa  long  as  the 
ischium;  its  external  angl«  well  marked,  tlie  pnlpus  articulating 
with  the  anterior  margin. 


1880.]  NATURAL  SCIENCES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  221 

C.  pnmoUtiu  Milne-Edwards. 

Cyelograp9u$  punctatui  Edw.,  Hist.  Nat.  Crust.,  ii,  p.  78  (1837). 

Onalhoehoimut  barbatut  McLeay,  in  Smith,  Zool.   S.  Africa,  p.  65 

(1838). 

Sesarma  barbata  Krauss,  Sud  Af.  Crust.,  p.  45,  PI.  Ill,  f.  3  (1843). 

CydograpsuB  audouinii,  lavauxii,  whiiei^  granulosut  et  reynaudi  Edw., 
Ann.  8ci.  Nat.  Ill,  xx,  p.  197  (1853). 

Cyclograpsus  Ubvis  Hess,  Archiv  fur  Natur^^^eschichte,   xzxi,  p.  152 
(1865). 

Carapax  smooth  or  slightly  granulate ;  sides  arcuate  in  front, 
straight  behind.  Front  broad,  nearly  straight.  Orbits  externally 
broadly  emarginat^,  the  emargination  continuing  backward  as  a 
groove  for  some  distance.  Hands  externally  smooth,  internally 
with  a  prominent  longitudinal  i-idge.  Male  abdomen  triangular, 
regularly  tapering  from  the  third  to  the  sixth  joints,  the  seventh 
much  narrower  than  the  sixth. 

New  Zealand/  (Guerin);  Australia!  (E.  Wilson  and  Wilkes'  Ex- 
pedition);  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  Madras,  Java  (Heller) ;  New 
Guinea  (Edw.). 

C.  granulatas  Dana. 

Cyclograpeue  granulates  Dana,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Bci.  Phila.,  1851,  p. 
251 ;  U.  8.  Ex.  Exp.  Crust.,  p.  361,  PI.  XXIII.  f.  4  il852). 

Sandwich  Is.  (Dana). 
G.  einareni  Dana. 

,      Cyelograpsus  cinereus  Dana,  Proc.   Acad.   (1851),  p.  251;  U.  8.  Ex. 
Exp.  Crust.,  p.  360,  PI.  XXIIl,  f.  3  (1852^. 

Cyelograpsus  eydouxi  Edw.,  Ann.  Sci.  Nat,  III,  xx,  p.  198  (1853\ 

Valparaiso  and  Sandwich  Is,  (Dana). 
G.  longipet  StimpBon. 

Cyelograpsus  longipes  8tirapson,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  (1858), 

p.  105. 

Bonin  Is,  (Stimpson^ 

C.  integer  Milne- Edwards. 

Cyclograpsui  integer  Edw.,  Hist.  Nat.  Crust.,  ii,  p.  79  (1837). 

Florida!  (A.  8.  Packard,  Jr.,  Peab.  Acad.);  Brazil  (Edw.). 

Genos  CHA8MAONATHU8  DeHaan,  1835.     {Pamjraptnt  Edw.). 

Carapax  convex,  sides  arcuate,  dentate,  front  curved  down- 
ward Antenna  not  excluded  from  the  orbit.  Meros  of  external 
maxillipeds  longer  than  broad,  widest  distally,  its  anterior  border- 
slightly  excavate,  the  palpus  medially  articulated. 


S22 


mut-BCDINQft  or  TIIX  ACAtlEMT  OP 


[la 


wrrOM. 


fmmitlmlmt. 


S<jno},ri»  of  Spt:i-ir: 
lateral  tnsridn  with  thni«  icdh  beliliu)  lh»  ntblul 

Lha  jMMlflrior  tiiotb  inoanaplcnffiu. 
Lateral  margin  vlUi  twu  tawtU. 
PniDt  roiuitM. 
Fnmt  aeutij  ilraii-IiC- 
Pridi  eumvnt*. 

V^npax  ami  iJicllpml*  irnuinlat«. 
Catapiii  M  tit)  i'li«l[ji«iU  smootA. 
Kpiu'Ulric  luliea  pnrmliient. 
KjitKWtrk  InbcK  tncrni>picii(iu*. 
Latsnl  mai't^n  wllh  lUw  jmat  urbitol  tuutli. 

0.    «OBTtSU  Ih.[IiUI). 

ChatmagnalAu*  trnMrvt  Dclliuui,  Fanna  JaiHinhat,  p.  ns,  PI.  VH,  T. 

Jvfan  iDailaiui) ;  Eatttrit  Sttt  lAdatu  anil  Wlilta). 
C.  iBfaqnadralat  fiaaa.  ■ 

ClamntffnatAut  *iibqiutir<itu»  Danii,   Proc    A<Md.  Xat.  &H.  Pttlla., 
IMI.  p.  Bl ;  U.  8.  E«.  Exp.,  ('111.1..  p.  BBS,  PI.  XXIH.  f.  »  .  )«3). 

C  !■*!■  tXtiiK  (     ^  C.  nfefsadratBa.  I 

CAfltmx^na/Aaj  Iirrf*  Dana,  Proc  Aead^  p.  339 ;  Ei.  Cxp^  p.  ■■■%  TL 

XXIII,  f  7  118-.8  . 
/'iir«rr«fini«r«rrMv*/Edw.,  Ann.  Sei.  KaU  III  as,  p.  IV6  |1SS3}. 

r^rdjirii^Hiii  f.rn".  IlflUr,  Ntivuvn  (nut,  p.  M  (J8BS'. 

Carapiiz  eliglitly  convex,  punctate  ;  regiunn  not  defined.  Kpt- 
gaHlric  IoWh  prominent.  Front  deeply  excavate  in  the  middle, 
wUeti  viewetl  frum  nlove.  Aiitero4»lenil  tet.'tb  Beparatcd  by 
narrow  flssurcH.  ('lK'li)>cds  everywhere  smooth.  Anterior  surface 
of  cerpuH  and  proiK>diis  of  flmt  pair  of  ambiilntorv  feet  tomenlose. 
Auttraila  !  (Uoerin  ;  Xnt  ZMt^uad  (Mien). 
C.  arrtllai  Kmsir.  j  »  Miioe-Edo'di. 

/■iirairn}>nf(«rt>;(M>:dw.,  Ann.  ScL  Xit ,  lit,  ix,  p.  196;tH33>. 

Yenitoro  J.  r  Gdw.  1. 
C.  iraaalalaa  Dunii. 

Chiitnagnaihvt  grnnul.ilvt  Dana,  Proc.  Acad.,  IWl,  p.  2.11  ;  U.  S.  Ei. 

Ekj..,  (rust.,  p.  :«4,  I'l.  XXIII.  f.  8  dM.V'  . 
lltliei granulnia  Heller.  Xovara  Crui-t..  p.  01  >lKrt.-|i. 
('sra|nis  <'"nvex,  diitinetly  nrecdate,  praTuiIate;   flie  praniiW 
on  till' branchial  retriims  Itring  bilker;  >'iiifrnstric  li'lvos  olisolote. 
t'ruiit  fiirveil  downward  and,  viewed  from  alvcivi',  deeply  exoavale. 


1880. J  NATURAL  SCIENCES   OF   PHILADELPHIA.  223 

Sides  of  carapax  acute,  the  fissures  between  the  teeth  l>eing  very 
slight ;  all  of  the  border  of  the  carapax  finely  crenulate.  Clielipeds 
externally  granulate.  Carpus  produced  internally  ;  the  inner  sur- 
face of  the  hand  with  a  patch  of  granules  on  the  inner  surface. 
Carpal  joints  of  the  ambulatory  feet  longitu<linally  sulcate. 

Bio  Janeiro  /  {WiVkQS    Expedition);   Eio   Orande,   Brazil!  (Capt. 
Harrington  Peabody  Academy). 

C.  gaimardi  Milne  Edwards. 

Cyclograpsus  gaimardi^dw.f  Hist.  Nat.  Crust.,  ii,p.  79  (1837). 

Paragrapiut gaimardiEdw.,  Ann.  8ci.  Nat.  Ill,  xx,  p.  106  (1853'. 

Australia  (Edwards). 
C.  qnadridentatai  Kiogsley  «jr  Milne-Edwardr. 

Paragrapsut  quadriderUatut  Edw.,  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.,  Ill,  xx,  p    105 

(1858). 

Australia  (Edw.). 

Sub  family  Plagnisinee  Dana.  * 

Carapax  flattened,  antennula^  longitudinally  plicate,  lodged  in 
sinuses  of  the  front,  and  visible  from  above. 

Oenut  PLA0U8IA  Latr.,  1806  (restrict). 

Meros  of  external  raaxilliped  well  developed,  as  broad  as  the 
ischium. 

P.  ipeoiosa  Dana. 

Carapax  arcuate,  covered  everywhere  with  squamiform  tubercles, 
the  inter  paces  being  clothed  with  a  short  pubescence,  these 
tubercles  being  similar  in  their  arrangement  to  those  of  F.  deprensa 
Sa3',  but  much  more  depressed  than  in  that  species.  The  margins 
of  the  inter-antennular  portion  of  the  front  is  simple.  Inferior 
margin  of  the  orbit  acute,  minutely  denticulate.  Sides  of  carapax 
with  two  equal  acute  spiniform  teeth  behind  the  angle  of  the  orbit. 
Feet  closely  resembling  those  of  P.  depressa^  the  ornamentation 
being  similar,  but  not  so  prominent.  The  hands,  however,  are 
externally  marked  by  six  longitudinal  impressed  lines,  the  lowest 
of  them  being  on  the  inferior  margin.  The  fingers  are  widely 
gaping,  the  extremities  deeply  excavate.     The  dentiform  process 

^  This  sub  family  having  recently  been  revised  by  Mr.  Miers  (Annals  and 
Magazine  of  Natural  History,  V,  ix,  pp.  147-154,  February,  1878),  and  as 
I  agree  with  his  determinations  and  ideas  of  specific  limits,  I  omit  the 
synopsis  of  species  from  this  paper,  merely  giving  a  few  notes  on  the  more 
uncommon  forms. 


iH  riLOcEKnixufl  or  thk  acapemt  or  [ISMt 

on  the  <>oxa  of  tbo  third  pair  of  amliulatory  f«el  Ji  minuteljr 
(IcntioaIat«.  The  ualy  Mtditional  olianift«r  In  tbv  female  l»  tltsl 
tile  Bquatnw  of  the  caragMtx  are  amn  depressed. 

Mr.  Mien  (1.  r.,  [>.  151)  remarks:  "Onlj-  a  cnrapax  »f  tbli 
ii[>eci«H  i«  known."  The  uaraiws  reft-rrtHi  fo,  Daiia'ii  t;[>r,  wM 
dtvlniyt-d  In  Iho  Cliiciigo  fin'.  Th«  Acadfiny  ih>nihi>b«8  two 
Hiteoinieim,  male  nn<l  frnmlr,  neat  by  Mr.  Andrew  Garrett,  from 
Tahiti. 

a*aa>  LEILOFBtri  >  Ui-n,  IBTA.     {Ara*a«tHt  IWHwu  > 

MeroH  of  rxtemul  tnHxilliprdii  v^ry  email,  and  muoti  Barrowei 
than  (ht?  iacbium. 

I.  plIimaBBI  MInr*  u  A.  M  '  Bill. 

Sjieclmenft  of  this  rare  apecleo  are  Id  the  utmteiim  of  Uie  A(mli'iii]p| 
from  the  Sandwich  fa.  (J.  K.  Totrniifnd)  and  Tidiiii  (.V.Uarrrtt), 
So  far  aa  !  aui  nware,  Ih*-  only  other  (tpocimen.  in  any  oolli-ctioii, 
i*  the  typt>  in  Jarrjin  dr*  flautca  at  raria.  The  llritiah  Muaeim 
liM  no  spcoimens. 

I  am  11  uable.  either  fk^ui  the  poomees  of  the  deacriptiotui.ot 
iwaaitile  ioaccuracy  of  thv  Hpurea,  lo  aDHig;n  the  followln);  a|Mcit( 
to  their  pTopiT  (tent^rte  pnaltions. 

Cgttngrim***  f  Utmantfui  Jaoqninnt  et  I.ucai^  Voyaf*   Aatrollkfe  j| 
U\>*.  CnutaoM.  p.  Tfl.  H.  VI,  f.  6  ( 1B43-S8).  "^ 

Tuftiuiaiti  ll.  M  L.1 
Cfehffrap'iu  vtin%tut  3.  et  L.,  1.  c,  p.  Tt,  PI.  VI,  f.  8  (184S-«8). 

CAM iJ.  ML.) 
Orapnt§  inonntui  HeM,  Arcbiv  fllr  NaturgeMhtchte,  xxxi,  p.  148 
PI.  VI,  r.  U  (18M). 

SraK*g,  jMlTMUa  (Biw) 
Oraptu*  hutardi  Deainaraat,  Could,  lur  tea  Cniit.,  p.  191  (tSSS). 

BtiutiU  (DeamaiMt) 
Caiutr-Mdtnt  Fabridna,  Snppl.  Ent.  Syat,  p.  S40  (1708). 

jr.  fruliM(Fabrtdna) 

Oanetr  Aupaaut  Herbrt,  PI.  XXXVII,  f.  1  (ITM). 

OonUffTapiiui  pulektr  Lockington,  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.,  tII,  p.  IBS  (IB76< 

£«w«r  California  <  Lookingtoa) 

M.   Henri   Milnc-EdwardH   (Archives  d.i   Museum,  vii.   p.  15« 

1854)  menlions  a  genutt  Hoioijrapnun,  [WBsiMy  intending  IMome 

topiiD. 

'  In  tlie  diAmpinbemient  of  the  ^nus  PLiguiia  of  Latretlle,  the  nan 
Plagvnit  Uiould  have  been  retained  for  tbii  lectioD. 


1880.]  NATURAL  SCIENCES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  225 


June  1. 
The  President,  Dr.  Ruschenberqeb,  in  the  chair. 
Twenty-nine  persons  present. 

A  paper  entitled  "  Description  of  a  Partula  supposed  to  be  new, 
from  the  Island  of  Moorea,*'  by  W.  D.  Hartman,  M.  D.,  was 
presented  for  publication. 

The  Treasurer  having  announced  the  reception  of  a  gift  of 
twenty  thousand  dollars  from  Jos.  Jeanes,  acting  for  the  heirs  of 
the  late  Joshua  T.  Jeanes,  who,  in  an  unsigned  codicil  to  his  will,, 
had  indicated  his  intention  of  bequeathing  that  amount  to  the 
Academy,  the  following  preamble  and  resolutions  were  unani- 
mously adopted : 

Whereas,  The  late  Mr.  Joshua  T.  Jeanes  in  a  codicil  to  his 
will  bequeathed  to  the  Academy  twenty  thousand  dollars,  an  act 
which  may  be  regarded  as  significant  of  his  appreciation  and  ap- 
proval of  the  objects  of  the  Society,  but  left  this  codicil  without 
his  signature,  and  therefore  legally  inoperative ;  and, 

Whereas,  His  executors  have  placed  in  possession  of  the 
Treasurer  of  the  Academy  the  sum  named,  thus  manifesting  their 
respect  for  the  intention  of  their  late  brother  in  a  most  generous 
and  affectionate  manner ;  be  it 

Resolved^  That  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadel- 
phia highly  appreciates  and  gratefully  acknowledges  the  generosity 
of  the  executors  of  the  late  Joshua  T.  Jeanes  in  bestowing  on  the 
Academy  twenty  thousand  dollars  in  compliance  with  his  wish, 
simply  indicated. 

Resolved^  That  the  money  thus  bountifully  given  to  the  Society 

be  invested  securely  in  the  name  of  the  Academy  of  Natural 

Sciences  of  Philadelphia,  to  constitute  a  distinct  and  permanent 

~fund  which  shall  be  named  the  Joshua  T.  Jeanes  Fund  and  the 

■"dncome  thereof  shall  be  applied  towards  defraying  the  ordmary 

•■expenses  of  the  Society. 

Serpentine  Belts  of  Radnor  Township^  Delaware  Co, — At  the 
meeting  of  the  Mineralogical  and  Geological  Section  of  the 
— Academy  of  Natural  Sciences,  Theodore  D.  Rand  read  a  paper 
m  the  Serpentine  Belts  of  Radnor  Township,  Delaware  County, 
id  the  adjacent  rocks.     He  adduced  facts  which  he  thought  in- 
compatible with  Mr.  Charles  E.  Hall's  view,  that  the  middle  belt 
^2onsi8ts  of  altered  Hudson  River  shales,  and  stated  that  the  belt 
^^as  not  continuous  but  was  a  succession  of  outcrops  nearly  east 


22C  pR<icBEm;i(i8  or  thi  acadeuy  or  [ISM. 

ainl  WMt  ftiJin  encli  i)lli<T,  tlii»  strike  of  wlikU  wm».  wliHTri»r  oK 
w>rrikblf,  muri'  N.  K.  an<l  S.  W.  thmi  tlic  liiiu^  Juiuiiiji  them.ik»> 
Afim'tnjr  In  slriiuttiiH.' with  nlint  i'rof.  Kofci-ni  oiatfit  or  tlK-trmp 
(lykpA  north  of  tin-  HtTiK-ntine  In  Chi^Hicr  Count;.  lie  al>o  calM 
nUciition  III  tliir  fxUlL'iiLt!  of  ttrii  trap  ilykv*  or  two  bnutctiee  of 
tknt  i-xl«ndiiig  tlir»u);h  ihu  OnlT  Vxtliry,  nml  to  cnriwu*  ranrklnf;* 
in  (|iiurl)t  rock  in  tlir  vicinit,v,  miggestive  oT  Towil*  in  a  funnJilioa 
r^gftnlol  o"  naoic. 


J  I. IE   8. 
Th*'  rruslilinl,  Pr.  KuscnsNBzROKR,  in  Uie  eholr. 
Twenty -two  jicreoiw  prpfwnU 

A  pa[icr  entitled  "  On  tb<!  Dcvolopmont  of  Lenma  tulnor,"  by 
Wm.  Barbwk,  wu  prcncnted  for  publication. 

JUKK    IT). 

Thf  PreeiiaMit,  Pr.  HoscnKNBBRoiiR,  tn  tlie  rlwir. 

Eighteen  [wmoiw  iMx-iM-nl. 

A  pnptT  entitled  "  A  Ili1iUof!ni[)hical  Calalocuv  of  tbc  ficBia* 
Pnrltilu.  witli  obi«n-Htionfl  on  tbe  Species,"  by  W,  D.  llnrtaua, 
M.  P.,  wiw  jin'seiilwl  for  imMlcHlioa. 

June  22. 
The  Trenident,  Dr.  KvscHe.vBEimER,  in  the  clmir. 
Eighteen  persons  prceent. 

The  deaths  of  Wm.  O.  E.  Agnow  and  Morris  L.  Ilallowell, 
members,  were  announeed. 

June  29. 
The  President,  Dr.  Ri'Miir.NnERUER,  in  tlie  chair. 
Klcveri  [Mraons  prcapnt. 

The  deaths  of  B.  F.  LanIenl»aoh.  M.  D..  and  Wm.  Kent  Gill>ert. 
M.  I>-,  members,  were  annonncwl. 

On   gome  llnmoU^jun  in    H'lirxliDif    Hentilii/n Dr.    HARnifio>t 

ALi.KS.in  s|>eakin(r'or  the  teeth  of  the  Cdrnivora.  hisectivora  and 
C'biroptera,  direlt  upon  the  forme  of  the  canines  and  premolars  ns 


1880.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES   OF   PHILADELPHIA.  22T 

being  valuable  guides  in  interpreting  the  plan  of  the  molars,  lie 
traced  the  shapes  of  the  last-named  teeth  from  the  sub-conical  form 
of  the  canine,  with  its  associated  cusplets  or  cingules  characterizing 
the  canines,  up  to  the  complicated  ilgures  of  the  molars.  Among 
the  seals,  Leptonyx  exhibits  to  the  best  advantage  the  figure  result- 
ing from  the  pronounced  development  of  the  antero-posterior  cus- 
plets, and  is  of  still  gi'eater  interest  inasmuch  as  the  molars  retain 
in  all  essential  features  tiie  same  parts.  In  genera  where  the  form 
of  the  molars  is  not  so  retained,  the  manner  afler  which  the  depar- 
ture takes  place  in  the  upper  jaw  is  as  follows : 

1.  The  buccal  cingulum  becomes  developed. 

2.  The  buccal  surface  of  the  main  cusp  is  directed  oblique!}' 
backward  and  inward,  and  at  the  same  time  becomes  concave. 

3.  In  genera  having  the  W-shaped  pattern,  the  first  V  answers  to 
the  concave,  obliquely  placed  buccal  surface  of  the  main  cusp. 
The  second  V  is  a  vegetative  repetition  of  the  first,  and  is  formed 
from  the  posterior  cusplet  of  the  canine. 

The  W  thus  formed  is  a  conspicuous  feature  in  the  molars  of 
most  Insectivora  and  Chiroptera.  It  can  be  traced  through  its 
several  stages  of  development  from  the  Caruivora.  The  genera  of 
the  Procyonidiv  exiiibit  the  transition  advantjigeously.  The  W 
of  the  upi)er  jaw,  while  forming  a  portion  of  the  free  under-surface 
of  the  crown,  is  not  functionally  active  as  part  of  the  grinder,  but 
is  an  extremely  ohliqvely  placed  portion  of  the  Hh earing  buccal 
surface,  and  is  not  articular. 

The  V  V  seen  from  the  palatal  side  of  tooth  form  the  summits 
of  two  downward-projecting,  prismoidal,  shearing  columns.  Ex- 
amined in  relief  from  before  backwards  these  columns  are  seen 
to  be  of  difterent  relative  lengths.  In  VeHpertilio  and  Antrozoua^ 
for  example,  where  the  appearance  of  the  under  free  surfaces  of 
the  crowns  are  almost  identical,  conspicuous  differences  in  the 
lengths  of  the  columns  are  detected  when  the  teeth  are  examined 
with  the  columns  in  antero-posterior  relief. 

Tlie  elevations  placed  to  the  palatal  side  of  tlie  base  of  the 
columns  are  developments  from  the  palatal  fold  of  the  cingulum 
of  the  caniniforin  tootii.  If  one  cingule  be  alone  developed  it  lies 
to  the  median  side  of  the  first  V.  Should  a  second  be  present,  it 
lies  in  an  analogous  position  to  the  second  V,  and  is  much  less 
pronounced  than  tiie  first. 

Tlie  diti'erences  in  the  forms  of  the  lower  molars  are  traceable 
to  similar  modifications  of  the  simple  cone  and  associated  cusplets. 
The  second  V  is  incomplete,  the  anterior  limb  not  joining  the 
first  to  form  a  true  W.  There  is  no  disposition  to  form  a  lingual 
outgrowth.  In  its  stead  a  tendency  to  backward  projection  from 
the  Iwise  of  the  second  V  exists.  This  projection  is  conveniently 
called  the  "  heel  "  of  the  tooth,  and  is  always  articular. 

The  forms  of  the  canines  and  premolars  are  not  as  simple  and 
uniform  as  tliey  at  first  sight  appear.  They  often  present  remark- 
able differences  in  their  details.     This  is  especially  true  of  these 


228  PROCEEDINGS   OF   THE  ACADEMY   OF  [1880. 

teeth  in  the  Chiroptera.  The  buccal, approximal  and  median  surfaces 
should  be  carefully  studied  in  the  different  genera.  Full  descrip- 
tions of  these  differences  would  be  out  of  place  in  a  communication 
of  this  kind.  One  notable  feature  of  many  as  seen  in  the  canines 
is  especially  well  developed  in  the  bats,  viz.,  the  junction  of  the 
buccal  and  imlatal  surfaces  resulting  in  forming  a  thin  com- 
pressed posterior  edge.  This  may  receive  the  name  of  the 
"  sabre  "  edge.  It  is  repeated  and  exaggerated  in  the  last  pre- 
molar and  forms  at  least  in  Chiroptera  (other  than  the  Pteropida?) 
the  ^^  sectorial "  surface  of  the  tooth.  It  constitutes  a  sharp 
obliquely-placed  ridge  which  is  parallel  with  the  last  stroke  of  the 
first  V,  and  is  doubtless  serially  homologous  therewith. 

The  following  were  ordered  to  be  printed : 


1880.]  NATURAL  SCIENCES  Of  PHILADELPHIA.  229 


DBSOBIFTIOV  07  A  PABTVLA  SUPPOSED  TO  BE  HEW,  FBOM  THE  ISLAHD 

OP  MOOBEA. 

BY  W.  D.  HARTMAN,  M.  D. 

Psrtnla  Mooreaiim,  Hartman. 

Shell  sinistral,  ovate,  elongate,  thin,  translucent,  pale  yellowish 
horn-color,  apex  darker ;  whorls  5,  flatly  convex,  body-whorl,  with 
or  without  from  one  to  three  narrow,  pale,  brown  revolving  bands ; 
surface  smooth,  with  fine,  oblique  striations,  which  are  decussated 
by  crowded  waved  spiral  striae ;  a  narrow  white  litie  beneath  the 
suture ;  aperture  hearly  half  the  length  of  the  shell,  lip  white, 
moderately  reflected,  pillar  tooth  oval,  prominent,  situated  nearest 
the  superior  angle,  umbilicus  open,  moderately  compressed. 

Length  18  mill.,  diameter  9  mill. 

Hab, — Yaianai  Valley,  Island  of  Moorea  (Andrew  Garrett, Esq.). 

In  one  hundred  and  forty-six  species  and  varieties  of  Par  tula 
represented  in  my  collection,  this  shell  possesses  constant  and 
well-marked  specific  characters.  Mr.  Garrett  informs  me  that 
fifteen  hundred  specimens  were  all  sinistral  and  dentate.  The 
surface  of  the  shell  resembles  P.  spadicea  and  varieties  from 
Moorea  in  possessing  the  thickly  crowded  waved  spiral  stria;. 

This  species  is  arboreal,  and  is  not  uncommon  on  bushes,  in 
Yaianai  Valley,  the  metropolis  of  P.  vexillum  Pse.  =  P.  sienostoma 
Ph. 


230  PBOCEEDINQS  OF  THE   ACADEMY   OF  flSSO. 


OH  THE  DSYSLOPHXNT  07  LBMVA  MIVOB. 
BY    WM.    BABBECK. 

In  the  early  part  of  last  April,  I  found,  in  a  little  i)on<l  nc-ar 
Camden,  N.  J.,  among  patches  of  liiccia  fluHans^  a  nnml>er  of 
minute  brownish  bodies,  which  under  the  lens  had  very  much  the 
appearance  of  germinating  sj>ore8,  showing  at  the  top  a  greenish, 
prothaliium-like  outgrowth.  They  were  of  an  oval  form,  and  Ies«« 
than  a  millimetre  in  size. 

I  secured  sevend  of  these  little  bodies,  ami,  upon  further  exam- 
ination under  the  microscope,  I  found  that  they  contained  a  well. 
develo|)ed  embryo,  which  was  enclosed  by  a  comparatively  large 
cotyledon.  Thus  they  were  evidently  the  seeds  of  some  mono- 
cotyledonous  phint. 

I  was  not  able  to  return  to  the  pond  until  a  week  later.  Within 
this  wc»ek  the  germination  had  been  completed  in  a  numln^r  of 
sjM'cimens,  and  numerous  little  plants  were  develoiKul,  most  of 
them  still  in  connection  with  the  seed.  These  obovate,  indis- 
tinetly  three-nerved  individuals,  with  a  single  root  hanging  fmra 
the  under  surface,  were  apparently  Lemna  minor.  Thousands  of 
fVrsh  seeds  had  meanwliilc  appeared  at  the  surface  of  tl»e  wat«*r. 
mo-^t  of  tlu'in  «;rrininalinLr,  and  thus  1  r<nild  «x<*t  the  spcciimn^  in 
all  ^taiirs  <>r  tin'ir  devi'lopnicnt.  1  liavt*  ti  ii-«l  to  ^Imw  thi>  Lrr:»'lual 
d*  vi'lopnirnl  (Up  to  tlu'  c'oniphtion  of  tlu'  sc(«»nd  tVond)  l»\  a 
si-ri("<  ot*  illii>tratinns,  IMatr  XVIII. 

Fi^nn"^  I  and  II  ii'pn'scnt  loiiijfitndinal  ^rctinn-^  lhr»MiLrh  a  •^«-i'<l 

in  \vlii«h  till*  «;<'rnunMt  ion  is  about  to  coniini'iu'r.     (  I'wz.  I  i*^  tVt»Tn 

the  <  <nlr»',  Fi;^.  II  tVoni  a  part   nearer  to  the  surfae*'). 

Tlh'    »^ri*tls    are    seen    surronn<l('d    l»v   a    coinoaralivrlv    ^tri»ni; 

•  I  » 

roat.the  t»'sta  (/).  which  i^  con^idrraljly  thickened  toN\ard-*  tlie 
top.  \N  hrre  it  (•o\cr>  tile  lid,  or  openMlhim  >o),  h\  mean*'  ol'  N^liieh 
the  ni\er<)p\le  is  cht-^iMl.  In  ')  wr  hav»*  the  larire  eot  \  h-d« 'U. 
*<uir«nmd«"l  l»y  a  seant\  lay«'r  of  4*n<lo'^perniinin  (s/'.);  in  »  )  and 
("•)  ilh'tuM  1oIm'*<  into  \vhi<'h  t  In*  e<it  \  ItMhin  will  atP'rward*<  ^plit. 
iM'^in  t«»  Im-  dillrrent ia'ed.  The  a\i^  «»!'  the  iinl>r\»>  I'  >  I^rni-^  an 
ol.tii-f  an'jle  with  the  medial  line  of  t  he  eot  \  le-h>n.  In  </•)  wt- 
ha\r  thr  plunnila,  in  ir  the  radnla  ot*  the  emhr\«»;  (  f  )  indieatt-^ 
a  ti*»-nri-  iu^i'h-  <»!'  \vhi«*h  th«'  Lr<*nnn:i  ot'  lln*  '^eeond  frond  i-^  iM-iiiij 
form«'d. 


1880.]  NATURAL  SCIENCES  OF  PniLADELPHIA.  231 

In  Fig.  Ill  the  testa  has  been  removed  from  the  cotvledoiv(c). 
The  two  lobes  are  distinctly  separate,  ( w)  bearing  the  operculum 
under  wliieh  the  upper  part  of  the  pluraula  is  concealed.  The 
radula  (r)  is  further  developed ;  in  (g)  we  have  the  bud  of  the 
second  frond.  The  section  in  Fig.  IV  shows  the  plumula  (p) 
fully  developed  into  the  first  frond,  whicli  in  (r)  sends  down  its 
radula.  The  angle  formed  by  this  frond  and  the  axis  of  the  coty- 
ledon is  about  120°.  Corresponding  to  the  first  figures  (r)  and 
(ir),are  the  lobes  of  the  cotyledon.  (We  have  to  bear  in  mind  that 
all  the  figures  represent  thin  sections  through  the  dilierent  parts.) 
In  reality  the  lobes  of  the  cotyledon  are  two  parallel  obovate 
sheets  enclosing  the  basal  part  of  the  much  larger,  likewise  obovate 
frond.  In  this  figure  the  gemma  has  been  so  far  developed  as  to 
show  in  (f)  the  fissure  in  which  the  bud  of  the  third  frond  is 
lieing  differentiated.  Its  elongated  inferior  part  (j/)  is  the 
secondary  plumula.  In  using  a  iiigh  power,  the  microscojie  will 
show  in  the  region  indicated  by  (x)  several  rows  of  very  wide  cells. 
Here  the  separation  of  the  frond  from  the  cot3'ledon  will  take  place. 

In  Fig.  y  this  separation  is  comi)lete.  In  (}/)  we  have  the 
yet  more  elongated  plumula,  in  (/•')  the  radula  of  the  second  frond, 
and  (f)  shows  again  the  fissure  for  the  formation  of  the  third 
individual. 

The  section  represented  in  Fig.  VI  goes  through  the  radula  (r), 
showing  a  central  vascular  bundle  (i)  surrounded  by  a  tissue  of 
very  loose,  almost  hyaline  cells  (/).  In  the  further  development 
of  the  rootlet  this  outer  tissue  will  follow  the  growth  of  the  vascu 
lar  bundle  to  a  certain  extent ;  then  its  basal  part  will  be  sepa- 
rated from  the  frond.  But,  remaining  in  connection  with  the 
more  and  more  extending  vascular  bundle,  this  wide-celled  tissue 
will  form  at  the  top  of  the  full-grown  root  the  well-known  hood  or 
calyptra,  characterizing  the  roots  in  all  Lemnaceae, 

The  last  two  figures  (VII  and  Vlll)  need  no  further  explanation. 
They  show  the  formation  and  completion  of  the  second  frond  (p^), 
from  which  the  third  individual  will  be  developed  in  the  same 
way  as  has  been  illustrated  in  the  first  figures.  In  ( j>")  we  have 
the  plumula,  in  (r")  the  radula  of  the  third  fronds ;  (/")  in  Fig. 
VIII  shows  the  fissure  for  the  formation  of  the  fourth  individual. 

In  this  way  we  see  the  propagation  continued  through  the 
summer,  plant  after  plant  being  formed  from  a  cleft  of  the  pre- 
ceding individual  through  a  process  of  prolification. 


333  rsocsKDiNns  of  tqe  acadkmt  ur  [1989 

My  investigationi  have  bcon  made  only  ou  the  Ltrmna  muurr, 
tint  there  is  nn  reason  to  doabt  Uiat  In  the  devclopmi'nt  of  (lie 
whole  faiully  nf  Lemnactai  (HiitJogoiiB  to  our  apeelM)  we  hare  as 
inltfrcHling  inMtancc  of  ]uirLhet)ogcn«»i)i,  then-  bt-ing  hmkIs  (pm- 
ilucrd  in  aiitiitnn  by  n  tirxuEU  jiroeen*)  from  wtiii^U,  duriiiK  'Ik 
courM)  of  siiniiiii-r,  generation  aftor  gvooratioD  i»  propagiu*^!  M)Lk- 
out  any  further  fertilization. 


\ 


1880.]  NATURAL  SCIENCES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  233 


DB8CEIPTI0H  OF  A  HEW  SPECIES  OF  HEMITKIPTEBUS  FBOK  ALASKA. 

BY   W.   N.   LOCKINGTON.     . 

RMdtripteniB  oavifironi,  nov.  gp. 
D.  iv-xiv,  M2.     A.  14.     P.  20.     V.  ^.     C.  3-12-3.     L.  lat.  44. 

Head  very  large  and  depressed ;  abdomen  protuberant,  so* that 
the  depth  equals  the  width  ;  snout  to  tip  of  ascending  process  ot 
pre-maxillary  rising  at  an  angle  of  about  45*^ ;  thence  to  occiput, 
along  the  median  line  of  the  fish,  deeply  concave  ;  from  occiput 
to  caudal  peduncle  regularly  arched,  the  curve  reaching  its  highest 
point  at  al)OUt  the  tenth  dorsal  spine.  Outline  of  anal  base 
corresponding  to  that  part  of  the  dorsal  directly  above  it. 

Depth,  3^;  greatest  width,  3^;  length  of  head,  3J;  length  of 
pectoral  rather  more  than  4  times  in  the  total  length,  caudal 
included. 

Axial  length  of  snout,  3| ;  longitudinal  diameter  of  orbit,  6| ; 
interocular  width,  2||  times  in  length  of  head ;  least  depth  of 
caudal  peduncle  rather  less  than  5  times  in  greatest  depth. 

Anterior  nostril  on  a  level  with  the  centre  of  the  pupil,  and 
prolonged  into  a  conspicuous  tube;  posterior  nostril  somewhat 
tabular. 

Orbits  elevated  considerably  above  the  general  surface  of  the 
forehead,  so  that  the  concavity  of  the  inter-ocular  area  is  equal  to 
about  J  of  the  transverse  diameter  of  the  eye ;  eyes  lateral,  some- 
what elliptical. 

Mouth  very  large,  very  slightly  oblique ;  its  width  from  tip  to 
tip  of  the  opposite  m^illaries,  li  in  the  length  of  the  head,  and 
exceeding  that  of  the  upper  jaw  by  more  than  one-third. 

Pre-maxillaries  not  forming  the  whole  of  the  margin  of  the 
upper  jaw,  the  maxillaries  entering  into  it  posteriorly. 

Posterior  extremity  of  maxillary  considerabl3^  behind  the  orbit, 
its  upper  margin  not  concealed  by  the  pre-orbital  in  the  closed 
mouth. 

Lower  jaw  slightly  projecting  beyond  the  upper. 

Several  rows  of  sharp,  recurved,  cardifonn  teeth,  forming  a 
broad  band,*  in  both  jaws,  also  on  the  vomer,  palatines  and 
pharyngeal  bones.  The  teeth  on  the  vomer  and  palatines  slightlj- 
longer  than  those  on  the  jaws. 

16 


PKOCHfilXO*  or  TBS  ACADIMT  Or 

No  glU>rukrni ;  phar^ngciil  )iono8  liirge. 

Huprtt'Ociilar  lutd  iwit-ocnUr  rKlgfs  prominent,  the  former 
nurved  inwnr'l^  poMrrtorl}*,  parallel  to  ttip  post-ocular :  between 
liir  two,  at  the  poaterior  iipp«r  anple  of  the  eye,  are  two  small 
npinvH  or  short  ridgett. 

UvcipitAl  n<l(;es  with  three  lulwreles,  tli<?  nnierlor  Bojir  the  post- 
ocular  ridfte,  the  two  posterior  near  logetlier  and  elongnlud 
trsnsverwly ;  n  low  riilgv  U:tH-l^eIl  the  llrHt  and  »t-conil. 

Temporal  ridgo  witli  thr»*  tnliTcli'*,  thu  flntt  immtnliatnl.r 
uxterior  to  t!ie  flrsl  of  the  oodpilal  «TiP«,  tlie  wMjond  n  lotigi- 
tudltial  rld^' ;   the  thirti  rutmded,  clow  to  tli«  sL^cond- 

A  long  liiw  i-reitt  ncron^  thi-  opvrcultitn  ;  Jiiet  stmve  and  antnrinr 
to  thi*  a  Kliorter  ridge  I'mtnicting  it  with  the  temporal  fteritw;  ■ 
tulwrc'Ie  OD  lhi>  siipra-scapiila:  uo  Hpincs  iipou  the  heail.  i!xce|>t 
two  iigtou  the  posterior  border  of  the  pre-operculuni. 

All  Uietubereletof  thetieadanil  the  ApEnt-Hoflhepre-iiiwrruiui 
r-o\ereil  liv  »kin. 

Maxillary  with  a  fiuiliriiitvd  ftkiiinj  Itap  near  it«  po«t«ri 
extrtmity  -,  lower  toar^iii  of  maiiditile  H«t  along  it<i  whole  leu| 
with  •kiimy  flap's  of  which  three  pairs  are  especially  Iodk  i 
fimbriated  on  both  ed^»,  while  the  posterior  flap  is  very  broad. 

Lip*  well  developed ;  lower  lip  pendulous  at  nidea,  and  tu  aj 
ralber  le«s  extent  In  front,  and  >*earln^  a  llmbriated  Dap  tm  t 

Two  jiair,  ..r  ..ImllHr  fl«j.«  oi.  Uiu  m<.xn.  ami  tw..  c.vur 

Q ill-membranes  continuous  below  the  throat. 

Brani-hiootegals,  6. 

Origin  of  flmt  dorsal  slightly  anterior  to  the  lower  pectoral 
axil ;  flrvt  two  xpines  longest,  about  2}  in  the  length  of  the  bead, 
fourth  much  shorter  than  the  third,  and  a  little  shorter  than  the 
fifth;  sixth,  eeventh  and  eighth  much  longer  than  fourth,  the 
remaining  spines  diminishing  to  the  eighteenth,  which  is  the 
sborteHl. 

A  tag  at  the  end  of  each  spine,  the  membrane  between  the  two 
parts  of  the  lirat  dorsal  notched  considerably. 

A  npine  hi  the  com  men  cement  of  the  scconil  dorsal,  the  Iiase  of 
which  is  contained  more  than  2^  times  in  that  of  the  fimt.  the 
rays  increasing  in  length  to  the  fifth,  which  is  about  J  longer  than 
the  longest  spine  of  the  first  dorsal :  upper  margin  of  second 
dorsal,  convex. 


1880.  J 


NATURAL  SCIENCES   OF   PHILADELPHIA. 


235 


Anal  longer  than  soft  dorsal,  arising  opposite  the  last  spine  of 
the  first  dorsal,  and  terminating  somewhat  posterior  to  the  second. 
Ninth  to  twelfth  raj's  slightly  the  longest. 

Pectorals  very  broad  and  rounded,  their  base  oblique,  the  tip  of 
the  longest  (sixth)  ray  reaching  to  about  the  sixteenth  dorsal 
jr&y ;  rays  simple,  the  longest  a  little  less  than  one-fourth  the  total 
length  of  the  fish. 

Ventrals  small,  narrow,  the  longest  (middle)  ray  rather  more 
'Chan  half  the  length  of  the  longest  pectoral  ray,  but  not  reaching 
"tio  the  vent. 

Caudal  truncate  on  hinder  margin,  rather  narrow,  rays  simple. 
Vent  midway  between  insertion  of  ventrals  and  origin  of  anal. 
Lateral  line  with  a  series  of  skinny  fimbriated  flaps,  similar  to 
^bose  upon  the  head. 

Body  and  head  scaleless,  but  the  former  covered  all  over  with 
^ZDSseous  papillae ;  largest  above  the  lateral  line,  smallest  upon  the 
;^rotuberant  portion  of  the  abdomen. 

Color,  in  alcohol,  blotches  of  dark  purplish-brown  on  a  lighter 
^^Tound ;  the  blotches  on  the  fins  conspicuous,  and  running  into 
ransverse  bars  on  the  pectorals.     Abdomen,  light  dirty-brown. 


A  single  specimen  of  this  interesting  species  was  obtained  by 

r.  W.  J.  Fisher,  at  St.  Paul's,  Kodiak.     It  is  in  the  museum  of 
California  Academy  of  Sciences. 

JSemitripterus  cavifrons  is  the  western  representative  of  ff. 
cadianus  of  the  Atlantic,  and  differs  from  that  species  in  the 
owing  characteristics,  among  others  : — 

The  great  depression  of  the  inter-ocular  area,  whence  the  specific 
ame ;  the  greater  number  of  dorsal  spines ;  the  shorter  pectorals  ; 

e  lesser  depth  of  the  posterior  anal  rays ;  the  absence  of  hook- 

-ke  papillae  along  the  lateral  line,  and  the  presence  in  their  place 

:f  fleshy  slips ;  and  the  smaller  size  of  the  bonj'  papillae  along 

e  dorsal  region. 

Dimensions. 

Total  length, 15.75 

Greatest  depth, 4.50 

Least  depth  of  caudal  peduncle, 92 

Length  of  head, 4.50 

Width        *' 4.50 

"     of  mouth,  from  tip  to  tip  of  maxillaries,  .  3. 75 

Length  of  upper  jaw  along  its  curve,    .        .        .  2.75 


PROTECblNOS  Ot  THt  ACAMMT  OF  [1880. 

Axi&l  lengtb  f>r  unout, 1.96 

Loogltudinnl  fliameh-r  orcy^i tO 

Iiitcrociilar  width, I.TO 

Width  ot  pectoml  buse a.T5 

Length  of  Icingest  (BUttli)  pectoral  ray,        .  3.88 

Tipofsuoiit  to  origin  of  dorsal, axial,  .        .        .  4.76 

"        "        ■'        ■•        "        ttluiig  lo]>  of  hMul,  .1.95 

Length  of  )>ase  of  si{f!notu  dnrHal,        .         ,         .  ft.&0 

Height  uf  first  itpimt, 1. 76 

'•          second  apinc 1-70 

"         fourth  apine, 90 

"         Onhftpint, ■  ,98 

"          iiixth  spine, LOO 

"          dgiith  spine L90 

"         eighteenth  bpinc 89 

"         Hpiue  of  second  (lot-Hal,         .  LOO 

"         longMt  (fifth)  ray  of  second  dorwl,    ,  3.00 

Longtii  ot  base  of  aecond  (Upnal,           .  2.50 

Tip  of  lower  Jnw  to  itiitnUi*,  aloug  ntNlonieii,      .  3.T6 

"        "        "        origin  of  aD&1,aloDg*t>doiiM!n.  8.80 

"        "        "       vent, 6^9 

length  of  YHitnJs 9.00 

"        baw  of  anal, S.44 

-"         Jongeel  anal  laj-s  (9-12)        .         .  2.1(1 


1880.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  237 


DESCBIPTION  OF  A  NSW  SPECIES  OF  CATOSTOHUS  (GATOSTOXUS  CYPHO) 

FBOX  THE  COLOBABO  RIYEB. 

BY  WM.    N.   LOCKINGTON. 

Catostoiaits  oyphot  sp.  nov. 
D.  3,  14.    A.  2,  7.     C.  7-1-16-1-7.     P.  18.    V.  10.     L.  lat.  79.    ' 

Head  conical ;  snout  long,  much  depressed ;  dorsal  outline 
rising  in  a  straight  line  to  the  occipital  region,  where  commences 
a  prominent  and  considerably  elevated  hump,  which  attains  its 
greatest  height  at  a  distance  from  the  occiput  about  equal  'to  the 

« 

length  of  the  snout,  and  thence  descends  to  the  origin  of  •  the 
dorsal. 

Along  the  base  of  the  dorsal  fin  the  dorsal  outline  descends 
rapidly  to  about  the  end  of  the  second  third  of  the  total  length  of 
the  fish;  caudal  peduncle  extremely  elongated,  and  widening 
considerably  toward  the  caudal  base. 

Abdominal  outline  almost  straight  to  the  origin  of  the  ^,nal, 
thence  diminishing  to  the  caudal  peduncle. 

Greatest  depth,  at  anterior  pectoral  axil,  contained  not  quite 

4^  times ;  head  a  little  more  than  4  times  in  the  total  length ; 

snout  a  little  more  than  2§,  eye  between  8  and  9  times  in  the 

length  of  the  head ;  length  of  top  of  head  not  quite  2^  times  in 

^he  distance  (in  a  straight  line)  from  the  tip  of  the  snout  to  the 

<lorsal^  inter-ocular   width   equal  to   the   length   of  the   snout; 

^pectoral  about  1^  in  length  of  head ;  caudal  peduncle  about  3f  in 

^he  greatest  depth. 

Mouth  rather  wide,  inferior.  Lower  lip  small,  in  two  distinct 
^Dvoid  lobes,  covered  with  low,  flat-topped  papillae ;  the  front  of 
"^he  dentary  bones  covered  by  a  well-developed,  round-edged, homy 
^late.  Lower  lip  quite  distinct  from  the  upper.;  the  skin  of  the 
'^3heek8  forming  an  obliquely  ascending  crease,  which  does  not, 
however,  cover  the  angle  of  the  mouth. 

Anterior  nostril  horizontally  sub-elliptical;  posterior  large, 
^vertical,  crescentic,  entirely  covered  by  its  anterior  flap. 

Two  distinct  rows  of  pores  on  the  top  of  the  head ;  connected 
^Dn  the  occiput  with  a  series  running  behind  and  below  the  eye 
^most  to  the  tip  of  the  snout. 

Pharyngeals  arcuate,  with  numerous  teeth,  regularly  diminish- 
ing posteriorly. 


1^ 


m  tnoctumsoB  of  tbk  acadcui  or  [1S80. 

OiHirL-ulnr  n-gioii  well  tIevclo(»il ;  ttie  dialaiico  from  Ihv  jiusltrior 
niitrgin  of  Ihv  tryv  to  thut  of  Lbe  o[)erou]iim  Win);,  to  iliv  It-Oirtti  af 
tbr  HiKim,  sbaut  a»  tlovcn  tunlue.  PuHU-rior  margin  of  i>|>crriilum 
Hod  HuUopcrBiiInni  forming  n  continuouit  bold  convi-x  i-unv. 

I'pctoralH  trianifular-.ancf-olatc,  fourth  and  litth  m;i>  longivt; 
their  ll[iti  fxteudiu^  to  beyond  tho  middle  of  the  pnlilc  tiuncs, 
nye  oucti  or  twk«e  bifurcate,  Ibe  first  two  cxcvpted. 

Vinitm]*  rtvu-liing  lieyouii  the  vent,  the  third  rBya  lunitvat,  the 
Uuit  nboiit  iwu-tliirdK  **  long ;  nil  1  he  ntyH  twice  UnirdntA  e 
tli4>  flmt. 

Dorsal  well  devdopcd,  fourtli  nnd  liflh  ray*  loDg< 
taiued  about   1|   times  In  the  greftU!«t  drpth ;  fint  1 
simple,  Ihu  othera  twice  bifkircstc. 

Anal  eoDniilenibly  afaorter  thnn  the  doraal,  but  equal  in  d«i 
l,o  Uic  bright  of  Ihe  latter;  the  first  two  rsys  einivic,  the  o 
(except  the  liutt)  twirc  or  thri<Ht  bifurcate;  flnil  ny  abwut  tulf  Ml  ' 
long  M  t\w  Mcond. 

Origin  of  the  dorani  about  nnt-aisth  nearer  U*  the  tip  nt  tba 
snout  than  to  the  centre  of  tlie  tiiuw  of  tbu  caudal  (mcasiiriiig 
along  tbe  axU  of  the  body),  th«  base  of  its  eighth  rsy  almw  tbe 
iuiterli>r  luil  of  tho  yentrabi. 

The    lips   <if    llic   nun]    rays    ti-Ach    l*yowd    tbr    lim!    caudkl 

Caudal  with  numerous  accessory  rays,  the  longest  about  half  aa 
long  as  tbe  outer  simple  principal  ray ;  tbe  other  principal  raya 
three  times  bifurcate ;  post«rior  margin  of  fin  triangularly  emar- 
ginate. 

Scales  cycloid,  of  variable  size;  each  scale  with  8-IG  conspicuous 
radiating  stria;  on  its  exposed  portion ;  the  strie  and  their  inter- 
sjiaces  crossed  by  numerous,  much  Icfls  distinct  concentric  striip. 
Engaged  portion  of  each  scale  with  numerous  diverging  stria-,  Icaa 
distinct  than  those  of  the  free  portion.  Scales  along  and  near  the 
lateral  line  larger  than  those  above  and  below,  and  imrvaKing 
considerably  in  size  posteriorly,  as  do  also  those  above  and  lielow. 
HO  that  the  largest  scales  of  tbe  body  are  upon  the  peduncle  of  the 
tail.  The  scales  diminish  much  more  rapidly  in  size  donnwnnis 
thaii  upwards,  so  that  those  of  tbe  abdominal  region  and  behind 
the  pectoral  base  are  by  far  the  Hmallcat.  Scales  sonicwliat 
pentagonal,  the  length  exceeding  the  height;  thoac  upon  the 
caudal  peduncle  almost  twice  as  long  as  high. 


1880]  NATURAL   SCIENCES  OF   PHILADELPHIA.  239 

Pins  scaleless,  as  is  also  a  small  patch  on  the  anterior  part  ol" 
the  dorsal  hump. 

Lateral  line  deflected  near  its  origin,  then  running  along  the 
median  line  of  the  body  to  the  origin  of  the  caudal.  Pores 
simple. 

Color  of  the  preserved  specimen  silverj'-gray  above,  light 
straw-color  or  creamy  on  the  abdominal  region  and  under  side  of 
the  head  ;  fins  light  uniform  slaty-gray.  The  color  is  produced 
by  numerous  dark  dots  upon  the  scales  and  membrane  between 
them,  but  fewer  upon  the  scales,  the  outlines  of  which  are  there- 
fore quite  distinct. 

The  hump  is  supported  anteriorly  by  a  very  large  trapezoidal 
inter-neural,  formed  of  a  thick  central  pillar  with  anterior  and 
posterior  aire,  the  latter  twice  as  large  as  the  former.  The  upper 
margin  of  the  bone  is  highest  at  the  point  of  the  central  pillar, 
from  which  it  slopes  anteriorly  and  posteriorly.  The  base  of  the* 
central  pillar  is  broadly  expanded  transversely,  offering  a  double 
articulating  sur&ce  on  its  under  side.  The  next  inter-neural  is  a 
thin  flat  sub-rectangular  plate,  while  the  next  three  are  expanded 
above,  attenuated  below;  the  fifth  bent,  and  smaller  than  the 
fourth,  the  lower  portion  of  which  is  also  bent  forward.  Inter- 
neurals  of  dorsal  fin  with  a  central  ray  and  an  anterior  anri 
posterior  expansion  dj'ing  out  at  their  lower  fourth  ;  symmetrical, 
except  that  supporting  the  first  two  rays.  This  is  evidently 
formed  by  two  inter-neural  bones,  united  by  a  thin  bony  plate, 
which  forms  a  broad  expansion  in  front  of  the  first,  and  a  narrow 
one  behind  the  second. 

Upon  the  first  vertebra  there  is  a  broad  articulating  surface, 
apparently  for  the  reception  of  the  first  inter-neural,  as  a  thin 
longitudinal  i>erpendicular  partition  exactly  fits  into  a  notch 
between  the  two  articulating  surfaces  of  that  bone.  The  trans- 
verse  processes  of  this  vertebra  are  broadly  expanded  inferiorly. 
and  their  lower  edges  suturally  united  to  a  pair  of  very  large  bony 
plates  of  complex  form,  connecting  the  air-bladder  with  the  back 
of  the  skull.  • 

From  the  anterior  margin  of  each  neurapophysis  of  the  next 
nine  vertebraj  springs  an  upward-directed  process,  which,  in  the 
first  of  these  vertebraj,  is  almost  as  long  as  the  neunil  «pine,  but 
which  diminishes  in  size  on  each  successive  vertebra. 

The  neural  spines  of  the  first  two  of  these  vertebra^  are  bifid. 


no  PROcBEPIKOf  or   THB   ACADEMY   01-  [1880. 

The  Mingle  epcciiuen  from  wbUh  tlio  above  deacriptiou  i«  Ukm 
WM  brought  from  tUo  Colorado  River,  at  the  Junction  of  the  Gila, 
ami  was  ecnt  to  the  muiteHui  of  the  CaliforDla  Academy  of 
Scioncee  by  John  K.  Curry,  Encj.,  Civil  Knginoer. 

It  ia  itaid  tbut  thftH|Hr<-iG»  ia  not  uncommon  in  the  locality  IVonfi  J 
which  thiN  M]K:cimi.-n  wa*  procured,  and  it  i*  much  to  Iw  rvgretted  f 
that  viv  have  only  thi«  example,  i-apvcially  iiincxt  it  in  greatly  j 
dainugcil   by  the  txtraction  of  the  large  inter-neiiral  mome  too  J 
yean  ago.     The  air-bhidd?r  is  destroyed,  so  tlial  it  la  fmpoaaili 
to  tell  whether  it  agrees  tritii  the  otbeT  s|)ecie&  of  ValoHomuti, ' 
Uii\-in^  tliat  organ  divided  into  two  portloita.    The  estremitir*  or 
the  Una  arc  ahu  uuch  tii-okcn,  and  the  iiha)>e  of  the  body  diHtori«<l. 

Dimension*.  

Tot4il  length, m 

Length  to  iio*f>  of  caudal, S(| 

GrcBtcat  deptJi,  about    .        .       .  .21 

Length  of  bead, 3f 

"         top  of  head, i' 

Hnout,  from  eye, I ,', 

LoDgitiidlnal  diameter  uf  eye,                               .  ^ 

Intrr-ociilar  width, I|^ 

D«ptti  iif  hrad,  at  fmni  of  i-yi- 1^ 

Sm.iit,  from  rroiil  of  ui-^triU,         -         ■         ■         ■  U 

Tip  of  snout  to  origin  of  dorsal,  in  a  etraight  line,  4  J 

Length  of  base  of  dorsal,       .....  2^ 

Height  of  longest  dorsal  ray,         ....  Hi 

Tip  of  snoui  to  anterior  portion  of  pectoral  base,  H  j 

Length  of  pectoral  fin, 2^, 

Tip  of  nnont  to  anterior  imrtion  of  rentrals,         .  5j\ 

Length  of  ventnds, Ij 

"         iinal  base j 

longest  anal  ray, 1]^ 

Tip  of  snout  to  origin  of  anal,      .        .        .        .  6J 

Width  of  caudal  |>eduncle, jj 

Length  .if  first  intcr-neural, ^J 

Heij-ht  i.r     •■                         j; 


1880.]  NATURAL  SOLENOES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  241 


PROCEEDINOS 

or  THB 

MiNERALOGICAL  AND  GEOLOGICAL  SECTION  OF  THE  ACADEMT 

OF  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia. 


1877-1879. 

May  28,  1877. 

A  New  Folariscope. — Mr.  H.  C.  Lewis  remarked  that  a  cheap 
and  accurate  polariscope  for  the  measurement  of  the  optic-axial 
divergence  in  minerals  had  long  been  a  desideratum  among  min- 
eralogists. He  wished  to  direct  attention  to  an  instrument  for  this 
purpose,  lately  made  for  him  by  Queen  &  Co.,  of  this  city,  which 
had  proved  very  satisfactorj*.  The  light  was  polarized  by  reflec- 
tion from  a  plate  of  black  glass,  converged  upon  the  rotating  stage 
by  two  sets  of  adjustable  lenses,  and  analyzed  by  a  Nlcol's  prism. 
A  graduated  circle  of  steel,  having  through  its  axis  a  sliding 
forceps,  is  fastened  at  right  angles  to  the  stage.  A  pointer  records 
the  amount  of  rotation  of  the  forceps.  The  mineral  to  be  examined 
is  either  held  in  the  forceps  or  is  attached  by  a  drop  of  oil  to  a 
piece  of  thin  glass  which  is  held  in  the  same  way.  Cross-hairs  are 
fixed  below  the  eye  piece,  and  the  measurement  of  the  divergence 
of  the  optic  axes  is  performed  in  the  usual  way.  The  instrument 
was  found  to  work  admirably  and  could  be  recommended.  The 
adjustments  were  made  quickly  and  the  axial  divergence  could 
be  determined  to  within  30'.  It  is  simple,  absorbs  but  little  light, 
and  gives  good  results  even  with  very  small  fragments  of  minerals. 

A  Oarnet  with  Inverted  Crystallization. — Mr.  Lewis  ex- 
hibited a  garnet  which  he  had  found  in  Germantown,  and  stated 
that  it  showed  a  very  perfect  example  of  inverted  crystallization. 
Its  form  was  a  perfect  trapezohedron  except  that  one  octant  was 
depressed,  its  apex  lying  within  the  crystal,  one-halfway  towards 
the  centre.  The  re-entrant  angles  corresponded  in  position  with 
the  trihedral  edges  on  the  opposite  octant  of  the  crystal.  The 
garnet  was  an  isolated  one  found  in  a  matrix  of  gneiss.  Atten- 
tion was  called  to  the  fact  that  such  inverted  crystallization  was 
apparently  more  common  in  the  isometric  than  in  other  systems 
of  crystallization  and  comment  was  made  upon  the  cause  of  sucli 
phenomena. 

June  25,  1877. 

Change  of  Serpentine  into  Quartz, — Mr.  Theodore  D.  Rand 
describ^  and  presented  specimens  showing  the  change  of  ser- 


342  MiK;BeDi<(aE  of  Tne  acadsut  op  [IS 

pontine  lalo  qiinrtz,  very  strittinjj;!}'   hIiowu   n«ar  m  ([uarry  i 
NcrjivnlJiie  rooh  on  the  (krm  of  Jobn  St*i-k4rr,  aboai  b  Ibird  offlj 
mile  N.  W.  of  Haduor  Suiion,  P.  R  U.,  HeUware  Co.,  I'eu  » 

The  outcrop  of  the  MirpenilDe  is  ftcctompuii«il  by  k  rock,  locsUy  ^ 
caUed  "  Ironsloue,"  which  liowsvfir  i»  n  odiiilar  <|iuirtx,  ^nirnUr 
etaioed  by  uxidt-  ot  imu.  It  occurs  ui  loom  mnue*  in  tbo  m>U, 
^norally  ot  Htnnlt  •!««,  but  •ommiiiK^fl  of  over  a  handrrd  ponndi 
weight ;  the  cavities  nre  frequently  lined  with  dru«y  quarti.  TU» 
rocli  i»  of  ooinmoD  (xwurrvnci-  in  connttction  with  MirpimliD*  bella, 
but  tbut  it  hM  urineii  from  a  dircom position  of  tb«  Mrpentin*, 
ha»,  bt'  believtn),  not  been  obwrvcd  rlKt^whtT*-.  On  thc»oath  aide  ot 
HtMk-kvt'n  ijiiarry  n  few  fc-et  bolow  tliv  orif^inal  surface  of  the  |p«UBd, 
i«  n  bv^l  of  sod  itcrpi-ntinc  tniicb  rtKckcd:  a  foot  or  two  abov*, 
thtttocmckM  arc  found  linpd  witb  rhalcodonic  (juartx,  of  paper-Uka 
thinnfi«» ;  abcxe,  tlio  ijiiartz  tbickcns,  th« serpentino  beeomcM  mort 
and  moredoi-ompoM-d.  until  near  tbv  surface  the  i|Dartz  only  r» 
tnaina,  with  tbc  cavities  empty,  or  filled  with  what  appcan  to  1m 
oxide  of  iron  witb  alumina.  It  ie  nn  inntancc  of  pfeadonorpblan 
on  a  birg«  aonltf,  the  progn'se  of  wblcb  can  be  tnu^,  Mep  by 
step,  from  almoat  uiialt«red  serpentine  to  almost  pure  ciuartx. 

Tre//>iMi^. — In  this  oooneetion  tlie  analysis  of  the  wairr  of  a 
well  50  feotd«ep  in  the  aerpentinc,  about  -luo  bundriil  ft«t  from 
tbc  quarry,  but  under  the  same  qourtz  outcrop,  may  not  b* 
uuintereatiDg. 

In  a  gallon  of  tU.OUO  grains, — mean  of  three  analvEiea ; — 
OnUBi.  |<*r  Oftll.    Fuu 

Silica. 2.-.S3  3fl.S 

Hagueaia,  ....     1.263  18 

Lime, 263  3.7 

Peroxide  of  Iron  and  Alumina, .      .577  8.2 

Sulphuric  Acid,         .        .        .      .f.87  9.9 

Chlorine, 124  1.7 

6.i;r>5  80.8 

A  New  Localilt/  for  Siderile. — Mr.  II.  0.  Lewis  annotmced 
Dunbar,  Fayette  Co.,  Ponna.,  as  a  new  locality  for  Sidoritc.  It 
there  occunt  in  finely  crj'ntalHzed  siiecimcns  in  the  interior  of 
nodules  of  amorphous  Sidcrito.  These  nodules  or  concretions 
are  of  various  and  often  curious  nhapcs.  Doubly  terminated 
lim|>id  quartz  crvulalH  and  minute  but  verj'  perfect  crystals  of 
Pyritc  are  associated  with  those  of  Sidcrite,  forming  handsome 
H]>ccimt'ns. 

Ma^/netiffr  MarLiniji'  in  Mufcorite. — Mr.  Lewis  miide  some 
remarks  on  the  ui.irkings  in  tlio  Muscovite  of  Urandywiue 
lluniln-il,  Delaware.  He  proved  that  these  markings  nere  Msff 
nelite,  by  exhibiting  their  attractabilily  by  the  magnet,  and  said 


iSSO.J  NATURAL   SCIENCES   OP   PHILADELPHIA.  243 

that   in   order  to  exhibit  this   properly,  the   section   must  be 
exceedingly  thin.  He  stated  that  an  optical  examination  had  proved 
that  the  direction  of  the  main  lines  of  the  markings  corresponded 
Trith  or  was  at  right  angles  to  that  of  the  crystallographic  axes  of 
the  Muscovite.     He  exhibited  a  plate  of  the  mica  shown  distinctly 
to  be  a  twin  by  the  two  different  groupings  of  Magnetite  markings. 
Cixamination  in  the  polariscope  confirmed  this  structure.     Thus, 
fjrequently,  the  crystalline  structure  of  the  mica  and  the  direction 
of  its  axes  may  be  ascertained  by  an  inspection  of  these  markings 
^one.     It  appeared,  therefore,  that  the  form  and  direction  of  the 
markings  was  determined,  not  by  independent  crystallization  of 
tlie  Magnetite  forming  them,  but  in  part  at  least  by  the  Muscovite 
from  which  it  had  probably  been  derived.    These  markings  are,  in 
some  respects,  pseudomorphs  after  Muscovite.     He  thought  that 
tlie  statement'  in  Dana's  Mineralogy  (p.  150),  referring  to  these 
xi^arkings,  that  "the  branching  at  angles  of  60°  indicates  com- 
position parallel  to  a  dodecahedral  face,"  was  misleading,  implying 
t^tiat  this  form  was  produced  by  an  inherent  propert}^  of  the  Mag- 
■j^^tite,  and  not,  as  he  thought  now  appears,  by  the  crystalline 
structure  of  the  Muscovite. 

September  24, 18TT. 

^  New  Locality  for  Asbolite. — Mr.  Lewis  stated  that  he  had 
:fV>«^nd  Asbolite  at  Flourtown,  Montgomery  Co.,  a  new  locality  for 
'C^b.is  mineral.  It  is  found  in  iron  ore  mines  as  an  incrustation 
Psilomelane.  It  is  of  a  bluish-black  color,  is  as  soft  as 
s^phite,  and  gives  a  shining  streak  when  scratched  by  the  nail, 
c  blowpipe  indicates  a  considerable  percentage  of  cobalt. 

-«4  New  Locality  for  Fluorite. — Mr.  W.  W.  Jefferis  stated 
Bfc.t  a  few  days  since  he  was  shown  a  massive  specimen  of  Fluor- 
of  a  deep  purple  color,  which  was  found  in  the  limestone 
«^r  the  village  of  Howellville,  in  Tredyffrin  Township,  Chester 
>  ^nty,  Pa.     This  is  the  third  locality  of  fluor  in  tliis  county. 

-^pidote  in  Molybdenite, — Mr.   Lewis  mentioned  that    while 

^.mining   some  Molj^bdenife  from   Frankford,  Phila.,  he  had 

^^Bd  plates  of  a  transparent  hard  mineral,  of  a  light  greenish- 

-Ilow  color,  somewhat  resembling  Wulfenite,  occurring  in  thin 

^">er8  and  minute  scales  between  the  foliie  of  the  Molybdenite, 

sometimes  coating  it  as  a  thin  film.     It  was  not  until  after  a 

^«ful  examination  that  it  was  proved  to  be  Epidote  in  an 

lasaal  form  and  situation. 

October  22, 187T. 

New  Locality  for  Millerite, — Mr.  Theo.  D.  Rand  announced 

discovery  of  Millerite  in  Dolomite,  from  the  Soapstone  quarry 

the  Schuylkill,  in  Philadelphia,  near  the  Montgomery  County 

-    It  occurred  in  capillary  crystals  in  cavities  of  the  Dolomite. 


244  PBOOSEDINQS  OF  TIIK  ACADtSCT  OF  [1880. 


THB  omOAL  0HABACTXK8  OF  SOUS  MICAS. 
BT   HENRY   CARVILL  LEWIS. 

For  the  determination  of  the  true  characters  of  the  micas — a 
class  of  minerals  rapidly  gaining  in  importance — a  knowledge  of 
their  optical  characters  is  almost  as  necessary  as  is  that  of  their 
chemical  composition.  The  optical  is  certainly  th^  most  ready 
method  of  determination.  The  investigation  here  recorded  is  bat 
a  partial  one,  and  it  is  hoped  that  in  the  future  it  may  be  extended 
so  as  to  include  most  of  the  American  micaceous  minerals.  The 
measurements  have  been  made  for  the  most  part  upon  minerals 
which  have  never  been  optically  exanMned,  and  are  chiefly  Ameri- 
can. A  few  foreign  species  have  been  introduced  for  com|mrison. 
The  micas  examined  are  largely  those  in  the  collection  of  the 
Academy.  Others  were  either  in  the  writer's  collection  or  have 
been  kindly  given  him  by  friends.  The  source  from  which  each 
specimen  has  been  obtained  is  noted  in  the  tables  given  below. 

The  polariscope  used  was  made  by  Queen  k  Co.,  of  this  city, 
and  was  described  before  this  Section  at  its  meeting  last  May. 
It  reads  to  within  30'.  The  figures  given  below  represent  the 
moan  apparent  optic-axial  angular  diverjrence  for  white  Ught.  As 
the  an<jli*  is  somewhat  ditlVTi'iit  in  ditU'rent  s|K'cinu'ns  and  ^onu- 
times  even  in  different  portions  of  the  same  plate,  the  titxiires  nin>t 
be  repirded  as  only  approximate.  In  each  ease  they  represent 
a  mean  of  a  number  of  separate  measurements,  and  collvctiveh 
are  the  result  of  over  1600  such  measurements. 

Phiogopite, 

1.  Sussex  Co.,  N.  Y.     Hexagonal  or}stals,  yellow, 

transparent    (Acad.  Nat.  Sci.)  i)-. 

2.  Burgess,  Ont,  Can.    Clear  brown.     (A.  N.  S  )  r.  -  45'. 
8.  N«  Shore  of  Bideau  Lake,  Burgess,  Can.    Angle 

Ttries  in  same  piece.  Clear  brown.  (J.Willcox.)  6^-12- 

4.  HtT"?**^*'*^t  St.  Lftwrence  Co.,  N.  Y.    Clear  yellow. 

Hj^'trlwiil  dOMT  In  the  centre  than  they  are 

•s     ^-^mm of  Urn  cnytUli.    Cr^sUls  arc 

-      -lidMhl  ihi  eentre  and  biaxial  at 

--Vwi4(pi|  4ir«|ie  optic  axes  at 


'.]  NATtJRAL  SCIENCES  01?  PHILADELPHIA.  245 

—,    one  end  is  at  right  angles  to  that 
^      at  the  other  end,  viz. : 


One  crystal  had  angle  at  centre, 
7°30',  angle  at  edge,  ll^lS'. 
(A.  N.  S.)  10°4T)'. 

e£rersonCo.,Ky.  Brownish-yellow.  (A.N.S.)  11°21'.12°50'. 

'rooman's  Lake,  Jefferson  Co.,  N.  Y.  Wine-yel- 
low.    (A.  N.  S.)  12°45'. 

>xboro',  Jefferson   Co.,  N.   Y.     Light  yellow. 

(A.  N.  S.)  13^12'. 

>ttey  Lake,  Burgess,  C.  W.     Brown  hexagonal 

crystals.     (W.  W.  Jefferis).  13^20'. 

A  crystal  f^om  the  same  locality  (J.  Willcox) 
gave  for  the  outer  part  of  crystal,  13°41'; 
centre  of  crystal,  11°23'. 

*alumet  Is.,  Canada.  Greenish-yellow,  transpar- 
ent.   (A.  N.  S.)  13°20M4Ol8'. 

New  Hampshire.      Reddish-brown,   similar  to 

Darby  Biotite  ;  nearly  uniaxial  in  thin  plates.    1 3 °  1 0'-l  T  °. 

Sparta,  N.  J.     Dark  brown;  by  reflected  light 

nearly  black.  14°20'. 

Trooman's  Lake,  Jefferson  Co.,  N.  Y.  Clear 
pale  yellow.  Some  crystals  show  identical 
phenomena  with  those  from  Hammond,  St. 
Lawrence  Co.  14°24'. 

St.   Denis.      "  Plumose   mica : "  brown :  thick, 

nebulous  hyperbolas.  14^30'. 

Warwick,  N.  Y.     Dark  green;  cleaving  into 

rhombs ;   often  mistaken  for  Biotite.  14°52'. 

Pppe's  Mills,  St.  Lawrence  Co.,  N.  Y.    Deep 

reddish-brown.     (W.  W.  Jefferis.)  15^. 

Vesuvius.  Black  by  reflected  light,  dark  red- 
dish-brown in  thin  plates.  With  icespar: 
very  opaque.     (A.  N.  S.)  15°±. 

Claric's  Hill,  St.  Lawrence  Co.,  N.  Y.     Brown. 

(W.  W.  Jefferis.)  15°  10'. 

Kennett  Square,  Del.  Co.,  Pa.  Brown ;  in  lime- 
stone. 15^20'. 

Edwards,  N.Y.  Pearly  white.    (W.W.  Jefferis).  15^30'. 

Rossie,  St.  Lawrence  Co.,  N.  Y.  Yellowish- 
brown.  (A.N.S.)  15^62'. 


mfi  VUOCIKWPCoa  or  THK  ACArEMY  or 

21.  S.  Burp'ss,  Can,     Large  brown  cri-sUi),  pun>l<^ 

oil  ctlfte*.   (A,  N.  8.) 
39.  Clnrk'a  Uill,  noar   Rosnle,  N.   V.     BrovnUh. 

>*llow.    (A.X.8.) 
as.  Clark's  Milli,  S.  Y.     Light  Iwown,  tnini«p«rent ; 

(pmliaMv  ItlMiiivsJ   with   Noh.   IT,   30,  Si). 

(A-  N-  8.) 
21.  Canada.     AHtvriated  riilogo)>tti<. 
S5.  S.  Bargom.     Clear  yellon-brown.  (A.X.  8.) 
3C.  Birr)^HK,  C.  W.     VHIowii4h-liro»-n  cr^-alals,  wttfa 

seeoiMlarj'  cleavage  ti\ong  diagonal.     (W.  W. 

Ji'ffcria). 
ST.  RtiHsie,    X.    r.      Black    l>y    TcOcdbfl,    mldUlt- 

Itmwu  Itjr  trant>mitt<^  light.    (A.  .N.  S.) 

28.  VesiiviuB.      Blark,    cnimliling,    rery    opaqur, 

oiLxi'd  with  black  hornblende.    {A.N.  i^-) 

29.  BargHK,  C.  \V.    AaterialH,  not  transparvnt, 

fll very-brown.    (A.  N.  S.) 

30.  Iloaaie.  N,  Y.    Black  b}'  rvfl«cteil,  dark  brown 

bjF  inuMmltt^d  liftht.     Containii  apatite.    (A. 

N.  g.)  n'^l 

31.  CbcaUT  Co.,   Pn.     FotiU.v  natfriaUKl;  lonalit.v 

wronjf?;  prwbablv  from  Bnssit,  N.  Y.     (A. 

N.S.)  83^15'. 

32.  AUmuU;hie,N.  J.  Clear  reddish-brown.  (Fninkl. 

Inst.)  3005'. 

33.  Tan  Arsdale'a  Quany,  Buckn  Co.,  Pa.     RmI- 

brown;  with  graphite,  et«.  34=. 

BwtUe. 

1.  Easton,  Pa.    White,  silver  mica.  2=±. 

2.  Antwerp,  N.  Y.     Oreenisb-white.  0'. 
3.'CidBagee,  N.  C.    White.  0=. 

4.  Vesuvius.    White.  0^ 

5.  Darby,  Del.  Co.,  Pa.     Deep  red.  0^ 
C.  Delawnrc  Co.,  Pa.    Crystal  in  muscovite;  black 

by  n'flected,  brownish-red  by  transmitted  light.  5  ^  i . 

1.  Scotland.     Brown.  0^. 

8.  Rossic,  N.  Y.     Brown.  0^. 

Probably  several  of  these  Biotites  have  an  angle  of  1  '-2°. 


i 


1880.  J 


NATURAL  SCIENCES  OF  PHILADELPHIA. 


247 


Arendal,  Norwa}'. 
Frankford,  Phila. 


Lepidomelane* 

Black ;  uniaxial. 
Black ;  uniaxial. 

Muscovite* 


1.  Brunswick,  Me.   Bright  green  scales.    (A.N.  S.) 

2.  Pennsbury,  Pa.     (A.  N.  S.) 

3.  Vesuvius.    With  adularia.     (A.  N.  S.) 

4.  Dutton's  Mills,  Del.  Co.,  Pa.     (J.  M.  Cardeza.) 

5.  St.  Lawrence  Co.,  N.  Y.     Greenish-white,  plu- 

•   mose  radiated  crystals,  showing  Airy^s  spirals. 
(A.  N.  S.) 

6.  Darby,  Phila.,  Pa.     Small  scales  in  gneiss. 

7.  Siberia.    (A.  N.  S.) 

8.  Oermantown,  Phila.  Smoky  brown,  clear  crystals. 

9.  Plainfield,  Conn.  Margarodite.     Contains  5  p.  c. 

of  water. 

10.  Poorhouse,  Del.  Co.,  Pa. 

11.  German  town.  Pa. 

12.  Germantown,  Pa.     Containing  enclosed  crystals 

of  a  black,  uniaxial  mica. 

13.  Frankford,  Pa.    In  hornblende  rock  :  in  calcite, 

with  fluorite  and  epidote.    (T.  D.  Rand). 

14.  Falls  of  Schuylkill,  Phila.     In  hornblende  rock. 

15.  Cumberland,  England.    '^Nacrite."    (A.  N.  S.) 

16.  Goyaz,  Brazil.     (A.  N.  S.) 

17.  Brandywine  Hundred,  Del.     Containing  mag- 

netite markings. 

After  heating  until  it  whitens,  it  has  an 
angle  of  49°. 

18.  Litchfield,  Me.    (A.  N.  S.) 

19.  Portland,  Conn. 

20.  Southern  Colorado.     Identical  with    mica  of 

Pennsbury,  Pa.,  and  Brandywine  Hundred, 
Del.,  having  magnetite  markings. 

21.  Grafton,  N.  H. 

22.  Chandler's  Hollow,  Del.    (J.  M.  Cardeza.) 

23.  Black  Hills,  Wyoming.    (A.  N.  S.) 

24.  Zinnwald,  Bohemia.     (A.  N.  S.) 

25.  Buncombe  Co.,  N.  C.    (A.  N.  S.) 


0°. 

0°. 

56*^25'. 

56°50'. 

59°20'. 

60°. 

60°40'. 

61°10'. 

63°. 

63°4'. 

63°15'. 

63°47'. 

64^23'. 

64°30'. 

64^50'. 

65°. 

65°. 
65°50'. 

65°-67°30'. 


65°-68°34'. 
66°. 


66°7'. 
66°12'. 
66°40'. 
66°48'. 
66°51'. 
67°30'. 


IMS  PItOCRITll  NUA  OP  TRK   ArADXMT  OF 

36.  Qermiintown,  I'n.    Large  silvdry  pUtes.  t 

27.  Dixnn'fl  tjDarrj',  Del.     Pale  grrcn,  < 

38.  Connecticut,    tirccn  scales.     (A.  >'.  S.)  ( 

20.  Oeoi^elown,  Col. 

30.  Upland,  Del.  Co.,  Pa.      Pale  preen.     (J.   M. 

Canleza.)  I 

31.  Qvrmuutown,  Pa.  Pale  gn-en.  ( 
sa.  C'hc-alcr  Co.,  Pa.  (A.  N.  S.)  ( 
33.  Wwlclicrtisr  Co.,  N-  Y.  1 

^i.^  Fabyans,  Wliito  Mountains,  N.  H.  ' 

.  Glacier  of  the  Aar,  Switi.    (A.  N.  S.)  ' 

.  Trnmbnll,  Conn.     Marfcarodite. 

n.  Paris,  Me.     RoiMsoolor.     (A.  X.  S.)  1 

Wbere  not  ntlioi-witte  Imlicaleil,  the  above  rotuoovUm  ai 

I'lear  ydtowiali-hrown  tint. 

l,epidolile. 

1.  AltenbiTg,  .Saxunj-.     With    Pycnitu)  Hometlmcs 

dUtortwl.     (A.  N.  S.) 

2.  Zinnwatd.  tlofaifinia.     Olt«n  wry  imgnlar.    On 

diRvrvnt  parts  of  the  sami:  piecci  thv  niiglu 
varies  Tvota  34^30'  to  M'^SO'.     (A.  S.  8.)  i 

3.  ParJH,  Mt.'.     Much  dlatorted  ;    sereral  axes.  (A- 

N.  S.) 

4.  Middletown,  Conn. 

Talc. 

1.  Lafayette,  above  Manayunk,  Pa.    Exfoliating : 

fan-shaped  crystals :  images  much  distorted.  I 

2.  Lafayette,  Pa.     Clear. 

8.  Lafayette,  Pa.     Foliated  talc  ;  distorted  images. 

4.  Harford  Co.,  Md.    White. 

5.  Shetland  Is.    Clear  pale  green,  sometimes  nearly 

uniaxial. 

Pt/TVphytliti'. 
Weatana,  Sweden.  1' 

Serpfiifine. 

Chrysotilcfi-om  Chester  Co.,  I'a.jHhowwstrtmg  double  ref 
when  the  fibres  make  an  angle  of  45^  with  the  plane  of  p* 


1880.]  NATURAL  SCIENCES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  249 

tion  of  the  instrumeDt.  Bissectrix  apparently  parallel  to  the 
fibres.  Probably  orthorhombic.  Common  serpentine  and  Wil- 
liamsite  show  no  double  refraction. 


Damourite. 

• 

1.  Culsagee,  N.  C.     In  scales :  anal3'zed  by  Koenig. 

(F.  A.  Genth.) 

2.  XJnionville,  Pa.     "  Emerylite : "  irregular  h3'per- 

bolas.     (A.  N.S.) 

3.  XJnionville,  Pa.     On  corundum. 

4.  Unionville,  Pa.     "  Corundellite."     (J.  M.  Car- 

deza.) 

5.  Horsjoberg,  Sweden.     (T.  D.  Rand.) 

6.  Chester  Co.,  Pa.   "  Margarite : "  irregular,  show- 

ing sometimes  four  hyperbolas.     (A.  N.  S.) 
T.  Haywood,  N.  C.  ^'Altered  from  corundum."  (F. 
A.  Genth  ) 

8.  Unionville,  Pa.  Analyzed  by  Sharpless.    (F.  A. 

Genth.) 

9.  XJnionville,  Pa.  Analyzed  by  Koenig.    (F.   A. 

Genth.) 

10.  Newtown,  Conn.    With  Cyanite. 

11.  Newlin,  Chester  Co.    "Margarite."     (A.  X.  S.) 

It  is  evident  that  the  minerals  labelled  Emerylite,  Corundellite, 
Margarite,  etc.,  are  all  Damourite. 

Euphyliite. 

1.  Chester  Co.,  Pa.    (A.  N.  S.)  37^-40°. 

2.  Unionville,  Pa.     "Original."     (F.  A.  Genth.)  30^30'. 

A  thicker  piece  in  which  the  h3'perbolas  were  very  dim,  had  an 
angle  of  45° ±. 

This  result  is  interesting,  as  the  optical  angle  given  by  Silliman 

is  71°. 

Cookeite. 

Paris,  Me.    In  small  scales.  42°40'. 

17 


66°17'±:. 

69°35'±. 

72°. 

72°. 

72°25'. 

72°30'. 

74°. 

74°10'. 

74°15'. 

74°24'. 

75°50'. 

I 


so  raociUPixo*  or  tmk  irApncr  or 

1.  B.  Kottfnfli«iii,  ChMter  Cn^  P«.    HalliU.    ta 

gnea  ctyttAU  -.  ttnbucUl 
S.  C«oil  Co..  Mcl^  Hai^nrMS  gtuny.  llallite,  Con- 

utiu  racIfMcd  arir>«r.«hsp«l  crystals  like  Bal- 

Uw:  UDttxiaL 
I.  CbMtcr  Co..  Pm^  Brown's  Qiuurj-.    UnUxlal. 

(T.P.IUnd.) 
4.  Mmcoo  Cow,  N.  C.     Mat:<mife.    In  brawn  scales ; 

uniaxial  fir  with  a  divvrgenoe  or  l":::.    (F. 

A.Oenlli.)  1" 

f..  Mineral  Kill,  IM.C».,  Pa.  Palo^rvMt.  (A.N.S.)  1 

€.  Lenni,  Del  Co.,  Pa.     Brown  and  gneo ;  aone- 

tlmcs  a  very  small  optic  angHe  occnrs.  I9°-S 

7.  Ciil*ngc«,  N.  0.  CulMigtvile.  YcIlo<rtdb4>rown : 
variaMn  an^^le.  Somi'timcs  tlin  angle  varies 
as  (lilTen-nl  portion*  of  ihu  sanut  jm-ce  are 
mov<-d  into  the  firlil.  Oiio  pivco  gare  9'', 
and  anoth<>r  wns  ni-arly  nniaxtsi.  The  angle 
)llv(!ii  in  th«  inoKt  constaiil  one.  S0° 

8.  West  Chester,  Pa.    Jefferinife.    VarinMe  angle: 

a  specimen  gave  at  one  part  16^30',  aiiH  at 
another  25°,  tiie  latter  being  the  most  distinct ; 
a  very  thin  piece  gave  ll°30',  and  a  thicker 
piece  27°20'.  Apparently  the  optic-angle  in- 
creases with  the  thickness  of  the  plate.  .Some 
good  s|)ccimens  gave  22°,  25°,  and  2S° ;  mean 
angle  prolwiMy,  26^ 

9.  Lafayette  SoapRtonc  Quarry,  Montgomery'  Co., 

Pa.     Brown  Hcalea  in  chlorite  ulato  :  constant 

angle  32=-36  30';  mean,  34- 

10.  iQomiantown.  Phila.  Brown  plates  in  horn1>Iende 
rock.  Optic^ingle  constant  within  31  'tn'- 
39-30' ;  the  most  constant  angle  is  37" 

It  is  very  probalilc  tliat,as  sup}iested  by  Prof.  Cooke,  the  va 

tion  in  the  optic-angle  of  the  VcrmiciilitcB  is  caused  by  twinning 


0.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  251 

Ripidolite. 

Patterson's  Quarry,  Newlin  Township,  Chester 
Co.,  Pa.  Irregular  green  plates ;  with  corun- 
dum ;  inclination  of  bissectrix  to  normal  to 
cleavage  plane,  5^30' :  optic-axial  divergence 
variable  on  the  same  plate  on  account  of  twin- 
ning, varying  from  50°  to  59^30'.  (T.  D. 
Rand.)     Generally  as  given.  59^30'. 

West  Chester,  Pa.     Green  plates  ;  inclination  of 

bissectrix  10°  :  axial  divergence,  t8°30'. 

Brinton's  Quarry,  Chester  Co.,  Pa.  Fine  clear 
green  plates ;  inclination  of  bissectrix,  12°30'. 
p  >.  V,     Axial  divergence,  •  82°. 

Dudley ville,  Ala.  Pale  rose-color ;  on  chromite. 
Inclination  of  bissectrix,  16°.  />  >  >.  (F. 
A.  Genth).  94°15'. 

■1  all  of  these,  double  refraction  is  feeble  compared  with  that  of 
scovite.  It  is  observed  that  the  inclination  of  the  bissectrix 
lie  normal  to  the  cleavage  plane  increases  with  the  divergence 
the  optic  axes. 

Prochlorite, 

rewster,  X.  Y.,  Tilly  Foster  Mine.     Uniaxial.  0°. 

Margarite, 

ITullakanee,  N.  C.  White,  "  altered  from  corun- 
dum."    Irregular  figures.     (F.  A.  Genth.)  110°—. 

Chester,  Mass.  Rose-color,  with  corundum ; 
irregular,  in  some  places  showing  four  hj-per- 
bolas;   one  piece  gave  89°30'.  112°45'. 

>udleyville,   Ala.    White,  clear ;    inclination   of 

bissectrix,  l°zh:.  (F.  A.  Genth).  122°15'. 

'ullakanee,  X.  C.  White,  "  altered  from  Zoisite.'' 
Inclination  of  bissectrix  to  normal  to  cleavage 
plane,  2°±.     (F.  A.  Genth.)  124°. 

he  large  optic-axial  divergence  of  Margarite  readily  distin- 
hes  it  from  Damourite  and  other  micas  which  resemble  it.  If 
her  observations  agree  in  showing  that  the  bissectrix  is  inclined 
txe  normal  to  the  cleavage  plane,  it  will  show  that  Margarite 
Tonoclinic  and  not  OrthorhomKc  as  has  been  supposed. 


ntOCKtMHOa   or   THE   ACADEMT   Of  [I9S0.  J 


OctuBRK33,  ISn. 

^  A  AV»f  If^lilir  for  Av>a\cxi«.~\>r.  A.  E.  Poo«  calM  ntUb-  ! 
'^  fe  lo  X\w  Taot  Uuit  Analclto  bml  Iwvii  found  at  Fall*  of  Sehuyl-  1 
n,— «  r\v^  Iticnlliy  forlluit  tuiiiornL 

NoVEMBKit  2fl,  1877. 

fht  lii*  M'-agnrrvient  nf  Plane  Angli"*. — Mr.  I.Kiria  ilMi'Hl)«d  »1 
■impk-  and  «iUiok  vray  of  measiirlnii  plane  biikK-a  in  niiii^ral*.  It  \ 
wan  a  uifthcxl  which  he  luid  foand  very  tiHcfuf  in  llw  nh-mttinqnenL  i 
uf  all  v^fs^  angW,  of  olvaraiie  uuil  Htriuliun  nnglM.  the  angUitf  J 
fif  markings  and  denclriieit  1»  mivn,  an*!  uf  uthcr  Hat  anifleM  tO'1 
which  a  goiitoineter  could  not  conr«nient1,v  he  aiijiliod. 

A  jiajH-'r  proinictor  was  constnic'ti'd,  the  mdii  of  which,  dUl 
Muh  fruin  cath  1^.  wen-  cuntinaoil  rrniu  tb«  cinriimrnvne* 
to  the  C'l'uitv.  Ilurixoiital  lin«)t,  ahotit  twiMitj-  iq  nainl>rr,  am 
drawn  aoros*  these,  [lurulli-l  to  ihi-  radiuH  0"^  and  at  riKlit  anglra 
In  the  radius  yi>^.  Th«^'  linm  bi-ini;  para  I  lot,  the  anglp»  formMl 
bj-  till'  interswtion  uf  uiiy  radin*  with  I'sch  of  tbrm  an;  rqiial.  Is 
order  to  mca«urolhi'»ugloof  a  cr^«tat,  itis  laid  on  ihv  pnrlrartor, 
wni<  of  ila  (>dg«a  is  niaiti-  [Kinillel  to  n  horizontal  line,  and  then  Mm  j 
vfyHt^il  \*  olid  along  thnt  linv  until  the  other  edge,  formin};  witk 
tile  Dr»t  the  angle  to  br  m«<asiir«d,  becom«H  [Jaraliel  to  one  of  tba  J 
interxei-tiiig  radii.  The  deairm]  angle  id  now  read  off  on  tht>  rAf* 
inimrrn-ncc  i>f  the  imilmctor.  AukU-h  npjiroachtn;;  00"  ar*-  read 
i>o  oni'  ol'tlir  u)>[HT  hoiiKoiital  lines,  while  those  of  lenn  nQi|>titiid« 
Hie  rend  eorrei«[>ondingly  fnrther  dowu.  A  magnifjtinK  lena  ia 
ooiiveniently  ucisd  to  determine  the  exaol  colnoldeiuH.'  of  the  odgM 
of  the  crjHtal  with  the  lines  of  the  protractor.  Very  lai^je  CTJ*- 
tala  as  well  a*  crystals  at  small  as  a  mllHnielre  in  diameter  can  be 
measured  in  this  way. 

It  wa;i  found  that  this  method  of  measurement  was  rery  eonv©. 
nicnt,  and,  if  the  protractor  bad  lieen  citrefUlly  made,  was  exact  to 
witbln  ^d':  while  it  applied  to  tlioxi-  eaM'x  In  wbicb  n«IUwr  the 
rptl4-ctive  nor  the  hand  guuiometiT  could  he  used. 

Ilfc-KMBBE  17.1877. 

ttn  an  Eifulialing  Talc— Mr.  Hk.vrt  Carvili  Lkwis  described 
a  variety  uf  tak,  occurring  at  th«  Mtaustune  quarry  above  Mana- 
ynnk,  wtittrh  lo  In  some  rvtpectn  nt^w.  It  occurs  iu  fan-like  orystala 
in  I'Mlomltp.  and  Is  much  more  similar  to  Pyrophyllite  titan  to 
common  tali'.  It  moreoviT  diRers  from  common  talc  I>y  exfoliat- 
ing when  held  in  the  tin  me  of  a  candle  or  Bnusen  burner,  and 
was,  therrforv,  at  Hnt  minukun  for  I'jrrophyllite.     IntheoloMd 


1880.]  NATURAL  80IEN0ES   OF  PHILADELPHIA.  253 

tube  it  exfoliates  and  gives  off  water.  In  optical  characters 
it  is  identical  with  common  talc,  having  been  found  to  have  an 
axial  divergence  of  about  12°40',  frequently  distorted.  It  is 
marked  with  striations  or  cleavage  planes  crossing  at  angles  of  60° 
and  120°.  In  this  respect  it  is  like  Jefferisite  or  Culsageeite, 
while  in  common  talc  such  markings  are  rarely  visible,  and  never 
distinct.  It  has  the  chemical  composition  of  talc,  except  that  the 
percentage  of  water  is  larger  than  usual,  being  7.02  per  centum. 
None  of  this  water  is  h3'groscopic,  as  its  weight  remains  constant 
in  a  desiccator  over  sulphuric  acid. 

The  water  of  two  other  talcs  from  the  same  locality  was  deter- 
mined. A  massive  talc  which  does  not  exfoliate  in  the  Bunsen 
burner  flame  or  in  the  platinum  crucible,  but  does  so  at  the  point 
of  the  blowpipe  flame,  contains  4.23  per  centum  of  water. 

A  foliated  talc  which  is  caused  to  exfoliate  only  very  slightly 
even  in  the  blowpipe  flame,  contained  2.84  per  centum  of  water, 
and  this  was  driven  off  only  at  an  extremely  high  and  long 
continued  lieat. 

In  these  three  talcs,  therefore,  we  have  the  interesting  results : 

1.  That  there  is  a  direct  ratio  between  the  amount  of  oombined 
water  and  the  amount  of  exfoliation. 

2.  That  there  is  a  direct  ratio  between  the  tenacity  with  which 
the  water  is  held  and  the  temperature  at  which  exfoliation  occurs. 

It  is  thought  that  perhaps  these  results  may  have  a  bearing  in 
an  explanation  of  the  properties  of  the  various  Vermiculites. 

January  28,  1878. 

Tin  in  North  Carolina, — Mr.  Lewis  exhibited  a  small  piece 
of  tin  ore  said  to  have  been  found  in  Surry  Co.,  N.  C,  and  which 
had  been  handed  to  him  for  examination.  It  was  a  soft,  light 
earthy  mass  of  a  brown  color,  crumbling  when  pressed,  which, 
when  held  in  a  candle  flame,  became  covered  with  small  globules 
of  pure  tin.  The  earthy  base  was  a  silicate  of  alumina,  iron,  and 
lime,  and  was  partiall}'^  soluble  in  acid.  The  tin  was  reduced  by 
very  gentle  heat,  far  less  than  that  required  to  reduce  Cassiterite. 
It  was  suggested  that  the  tin  existed  in  it  either  native  or  as  an 
ochre  or  hydrous  oxide.  No  sulphides  were  present.  It  was 
questioned  whether  the  specimen  exhibited  was  a  genuine  native 
product. 

A  New  Locality  for  Oypsum, — Mr.  Theo.  D.  Rand  announced 
his  discovery  of  gypsum^  as  an  efflorescence  upon  gneiss,  at  a 
quarry  near  Darby,  Pa. 


mUCKEDIIOJfl  l>r  THK  ACADIMT  Or 


01  nsnoPKnxiTK-A  nw  xinEAL. 

BT  BBSHT  CAKVIU.  LKVIH. 

Aotoug  r>(li«r  iiitorfxting  miiioritU  vrbicb  nr«  fouiul  bt  Uik  ui-iifk  I 
liorlioocl  <>r  Pik4-V  IVuk.  Colnrnilo,  ii  a  Unrd  lilack  ruii-a,  occuirii^  I 
•oiuetiinc*  in  Inrgv  nod  fine  ciystaU,  wliicl)  Uie  irritcr  h&s  b 
utuitilo  U>  idoDtify  with  any  known  specip*. 

It  U  monoclinic,  and  has  an  eminent  micaceous  bwal  clu 
ft  ba«  the  following  ctutrttcters : 

IlHr(lnGHs,3,S.    SiKviQo  gravity,  3.1.    Luntrc,  bright  tnlaaccoHK'I 
Color,  biwk  liy  n'llcctiHl  light,  and  (Sne  (>h^onM^.gre(■n  tiy  tn 
mittvd  light.    Opa.|ni-  vxiwiit  in  very  thin  pi«c«H.     Struak,  pale 
([K-eD.  I.niniuN- ri'rj*  t>ritll<-.  BiaKial;optic-oj[ial<HT«rgi.i«.'e  10'^:. 

In  it«  c^t)ni[>ositiun  it  appears  to  tw  an  iron^iluiaina  niica.  Ttw 
amtlvMii  hpnt  given  ia  a  mt^an  of  two  inadi>  by  the  writer.  In  iinn 
thu  luincral  was  fbFicd  witb  eodic  oarbouatc  heforv  aolation,  and  in 
ttie  other  it  waa  diasolt-cd  iu  hydrochloric  acid.  Thu  anatyMM 
woiv  irarfonnt-d  la  the  naual  way.  Iniu  wiu  ratimaln]  t>y  aolutlua 
in  aalphuric  aedl  in  ■  I'loMid  Itaak,  and  HulMetiUbUt  titratlou.  The 
[torijetitage  of  alkalivo  waa  kJtidly  di'lprutiot-d  by  Hr.  F.  A.  {JtMitfa, 
Jr.  The  ptsrcrDt^-igc  of  water  ia  that  gircu  off  on  mo<lemt«  tgni- 
lioii.  On  -ir'Ti^  ii,'iiiti..>n  llio  iiiiiierni  loses  over  3  j>cr  ci>ntiim  of 
its  weight,  some  of  the  alkalies  being  driven  off. 

O  ratio. 

2.00 


SiO. 

36.68 

2.44 

2.44 

A  1,0. 

20.41 

1.19) 

1.25 

Fe,0, 

1.5.5 

.06 

FeO 

25.50 

.71 

MnO 

2.10 

.06 

MgO 

1.14 

.06 

(;aO 

.81 

.03 

1.22 

Na,0 

1.09 

.03 

Li,0 

.37 

.03 

K,0 

8.20 

.20 

11,0 

1.01 

.11 

99.  He 

Thia  giv.. 

R 

H  T  Si  ^,  1  : 

:  2.  and  for  tl 

Riliea  1:1. 

it 

s  therefore  a 

'nimlicate  in 

basic. 

1880.]  NATURAL  SCIENCES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  255 

It  has  the  formula 

Si||0JI(HK„3?€)  +  i^A;),. 
and  the  symbol 

Rsi  ^J  ^'s?  ^ir 

Before  the  blowpipe  it  fuses  with  intamescencc  at  about  2.5  to 
a  black  glass.  It  sometimes  gives  a  red  lithia  color  to  the  flame. 
It  is  soluble  in  hydrochloric  and  sulphuric  acids,  with  separation 
of  silica.  In  its  pyrognostic  properties  it  is  thus  similar  to  Annite, 
although  Annite  is  less  fusible.  Its  oxygen  ratio  is  that  of  Biotite, 
but  the  absence  of  magnesia,  and  its  physical  and  optical  proper- 
ties, distinguish  it  from  that  mineral.  It  occurs  in  good  cr3'stal8 
back  of  Pike's  Peak,  Colorado.  Amazon-stone  and  Astrophyllite 
occur  in  the  vicinity.  The  material  upon  which  this  investigation 
has  been  made  was  obtained  from  Dr.  A.  E.  Foote,  of  this  city. 

The  name  of  Sidcrophyllite  (ffidr^poi;  tfuXXov)  has  been  given  in 
allusion  to  the  large  percentage  of  iron  which  it  contains. 


On  Slerlingile  and  DamovHIe. — Mr.  H.  C.  Lewis  stated  1 
an  optical  examination  of  a.  number  of  American  dnmourites  1 
showD  that  they  all  had  a  large  optic-axial  (livorpenee.     This  a 

s  generally  73'^-74°-  It  is  an  angle  aomowliat  larger  thau  t! 
of  muscovite,  and  is  remarkably  coaatant  in  different  gpecimens. 
On  the  other  hand,  the  original  damonrite  of  Delesse  has,  accord- 
ing to  Deacloiaeanx,  an  optie-axial  divergence  of  only  10°-12°. 
No  such  angle  has  been  found  in  any  of  the  American  damourites. 
As  it  has  been  shown  that  damourite  ("  hydro-mica")  is  an  im- 
portant element  in  onr  rocks,  and  is  of  wide  distribation  and 
frequent  occurrence,  it  is  essential  that  its  chai'acters  should  be 
well  known. 

The  damonrite  of  Sterling,  Mass.,  conforming  precisely,  both  as 
to  composition  and  structure,  with  the  type  of  American  domourite, 
and  which  Prof.  Cooke  has  shown  to  have  an  optic-axial  divergence 
of  10'^±,  has  been  named  by  hXia.,  Steriingite.  This  distinctive 
name  was  given  solely  on  account  of  its  hirger  optic  angle.  But 
it  appears  that  this  large  angle  is  characteristic  of  all  American 
damourites,  and  probaUS|^dU^£a^MHfr<^i'^^''  '''  therefore 
folloffs  either  that  aUM^H^HUfiBjBawenllt'dStrrHri'jitc. 
or  the  name  shO^^^^^^^^^^^^^BvoMM  !« 

oonfliBtoa.  NotwithennSn^B^Soq^^V  optical  cbaraocer  of 
the  mineral  examined  by  Descloiseaux,  it  is  thought  that  identity 
of  chemical  composition  and  of  physical  properties  is  sofflcient 
reason  for  retaining  the  original  name  of  Damourite. 

March  25,  1878. 

Vanadium  in  Philadelphia  Rocks. — Mr.  Lewis  said  that  he  bad 
discovered  the  presence  of  Vanadium  in  hornblendic  gneiss  near 
Wayne  Station,  Germantown.  The  presence  of  sphene  in  that 
rock  suggested  the  search  for  vanadium,  recent  researches  having 
shown  that  this  element  frequently  accompanies  titanium.  The 
following  method  was  employed  for  its  detection.  The  pul- 
verized rock  was  slowly  heated  in  a  crucible  with  sodic  carbonate 
and  sulphur.  After  partial  fusion  the  mass  was  digested  in  warm 
water  and  the  filtrate  acidified.  Theprecipitate  was  washed, ignited, 
and  fused  with  sodic  carbonate  and  sodic  nitrate.  It  was  now 
digested  in  water,  filtered,  the  filtrate  concentrated,  and  solid 
ammonic  chloride  added.  A  precipitate  fell,  which  was  found 
by  blowpipe  and  other  tests  to  contain  pure  vanadium.  An 
exfoliating  hydrous   mica   occurred   at   this  locality,    resulting 


>  V.  "The  optioal  characters  of  some  Miuaa  :"  by  I 
Hin.  and  Oeol.  Bectton,  October  33,  1877. 


C.  Lewis,  Proo. 


1880.]  NATURAL  8C1£NC£B  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  257 

perhaps  from  the  alteration  of  hornblende,  and  which  was  believed 
to  be  a  new  species,  in  which  there  was  .38  per  centum  of  oxide  of 
vanadium. 

A  New  Locality  for  Epsomite. — Mr.  Lewis  reported  having 
found  Epsomite  in  Sideling  Hill  Tunnel,  E.  Broad  Top  R.  R., 
Huntington  Co.,  Pa.  It  there  occurs  in  small,  colorless,  acicular 
erj'stals  in  an  olive-colored  shale  in  the  lower  part  of  the  Vesper- 
tine formation  (No.  X). 


Vtt  rtucxxDDcos  or  ras  ACAtinr  or  [It 

NoTKMKU  i5.  1876.  ^m 

TIB  mrAci  eiotoeT  or  pbilaphjia  utd  fuinrf. 
■r  iii:>Bt  CAiiviLi.  Utwi*. 

At  latemiU  iliiring  tbi^  [loiil  yo*r  llm  writer  bo*  \x*u  dovod 
*uiuv  ntlrtiliifD  tu  Uk*  grarrlo  uitl  rUv*  of  our  citr,  am)  »lthua 
tbc  •icrk  M  jrict  »  unljr  linJimiiuir^,  ami  »  •till  in  progrr^*,  it 
UMogtil  that  a  nkvtpb  o(  wlwt  Iul*  iM-nt  •hmv  nuv  w-rvr  Ui  alii 
what  &□  tutonwtiog  Belli  La  oiwd  ftir  murv  thurungli  iDv«-Ai{>atii 
A  Ur)ti'  uuinlM-r  uf  loutlitim  ha^e  bc«n  vxamlnod  and  mnaj  m 
tliuiH  liave  iHwn  nudv.liut  It  U  t>ro)HMeil  at  [inwuit  merely 
■uuunarlze  the  fairtA  i))w«rvif  I. 

7'h*  Cplaud  Terrarx. — I.  A  travrllrr  gwing  from  tlio  cltjr  t^ 
tfav  ijornuuttuwn  lUilroait  will  notice  in  the  catting*  for  » 
KtrMtii  between  TeDth  aotl  Broad  StrceU,  and  in  the  railroiMl  < 
At  New  York  JiiootioD,  numuxoua  exposure*  of  nA  or  y«U> 
gravel,  often  oTerlitld  hy  clay.  The  bricltyanU  in  the  vicinity 
Ntretown  oxpoM  large  Unl*  uf  liriek-elay  oontaining  ix-rauioi 
wcll'rauiulird  bonlilera  and  pi-litilr*.  TIir  Und  to  for  luu  In 
vonipantlivt'l;  level,  nod  nu  n>cks  han-  lucn  nera.  Jast  Iwlli 
rwiciiiii^  Wnvni-  St«ti.ni,  nx-kn  ri*4'  ii|Hm  l-illi  "idi-n  of  tin'  rm 
the  clay  and  gravel  ditiappear,  and  n  roJdng  wooded  country 
entiTed.  A  thin  covering  of  light  niiiaecous  soil  containing 
pebblcfl  or  boultlcrs  covers  the  gncissic  rocks  from  here  to  Che 
nut  Hill.     There  is  a  great  contrast  between  the  two  regions. 

2.  On  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad  it  will  be  noticed  that,  so- 
after  leaving  the  depot,  gravel  covers  the  rocks  along  the  Schuj 
kill,  and  as  the  railroad  tnms  back  from  the  river,  a  plateau 
clay  follows.  The  Centennial  gronmU  lie  upon  this  cl.iy,  ai 
boulders  arc  frequent.  Upon  reaching  Kifly-sevcnth  Street,  o 
|Kisite  liclmunt  and  George's  Hill,  the  hill  is  entered  hy  a  cut,  tl 
rocks  coroc  to  the  aiirface,  and  the  drill  is  no  more  fci-n. 

3.  Again,  on  the  North  I'cnnsyivania  Kiiilroad  gravels  fii 
appear,  thvn,  on  liigticr  ground, clay, and  soon  nftiT  passing;  tJrtv 
Lane  Station,  tlic  ro<^'ky  uphtnds,  free  from  drift. 

4.  So,  too,  on  the  West  Chester  Knllroad.  gravels  and  chi, 
cover  the  ground  up  to  the  base  of  the  hill  on  which  Swarthniu 
College  stands. 

5.  On  the  other  hand,  the  New  York  division  of  the  IVnn*; 
vaoia  Railroad  and  the  Philadelphia,  Wilmington  and  Baltimo 


1880.]  NATURAL  SCIENCES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  259 

Railroad,  which  run  parallel  with  the  Delaware  River,  do  not 
rise  out  of  the  region  of  drift. 

Now,  connecting  by  a  line  the  four  points  mentioned,  it  will 
be  found  to  represent  a  long  straight  hill  200  feet  or  more  in 
height,  having  a  northeast  and  southwest  trend,  parallel  to  the 
river,  and  lying  at  a  mean  distance  from  it  of  about  four  miles. 
We  have  traced  it  from  Bucks  County,  through  Philadelphia  and 
Delaware  Counties,  into  the  State  of  Delaware,  and  find  that  it 
uniformly  defines  the  western  boundary  of  the  drift.  This  hill  is 
easily  recognized  where  uncrossed  by  creeks,  being  remarkably 
straight  and  of  uniform  height.  It  forms  the  limit  of  tidewater, 
and  is  recognized  where  it  crosses  streams  by  the  occurrence  of 
rapids  or  falls.  Being  the  first  hill  of  imi)oi*tance  west  of  the 
Delaware,  it  often  commands  a  fine  view  and  is  a  favorite  site  for 
residences.  The  geographical  position  of  this  ancient  terrace 
may  be  more  exactly  defined  in  the  vicinity  of  Philadelphia,  as 
the  .hill  which  crosses  Second  Street  Pike  near  Foxchase,  and 
crossing  Tacony  Creek  farther  south,  runs  nearly  parallel  with 
it  as  far  as  Crescentville ;  which  crosses  Green  Lane  and  New 
Second  Street  road  near  the  place  of  Mr.  J.  L.  Fisher ;  crosses  the 
North  Pennsylvania  Railroad  above  Olney  road,  and  the  York 
road  below  the  Jewish  Hospital ;  which  crosses  Germantown 
Avenue  at  the  railroad  bridge  (being  here  called  Negley's  Hill), 
and  running  along  the  railroad  to  beyond  Wayne  Station,  passes 
back  of  the  Germantown  Cricket  Ground,  past  Old  Oaks  Cemetery 
to  Falls  of  Schuylkill.  Thence,  passing  Chamouni,  Belmont,  and 
George's  Hill,  it  crosses  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad  near  Heston- 
ville,  and  Haverford  Road  at  Haddington ;  passes  back  of  the 
Bunl  Orphan  Asylum  into  Delaware  County,  and  runs  north  of 
Kelleyville,  Clifton  and  Morton  to  Swarthmore  College,  and 
thence  past  Village  Green  into  Delaware. 

This  hill,  which  is  approximately  parallel  not  only  to  the  river, 
but  also  to  the  shore  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean  and  to  the  line  of 
strike  of  the  Cretaceous  formations  of  New  Jersey,  forms,  as  we 
have  seen,  the  main  dividing  line  between  the  ancient  and  the 
modem  formations. 

We  shall  call  it  for  convenience  the  Upland  Terrace,  The  strike 
of  the  gneiss  forming  it  corresponds  closely  with  the  trend  of  the 
terrace  itself.  A  boulder-bearing  clay  rests  upon  its  southeastern 
slope  at  a  uniform  elevation  of  150-170  feet  above  mean  ocean- 
level.     While  it  is  true  that,  as  will  appear  hereafter,  there  are 


l*tU.>t  ££DINOS  OF  THE  ACADEMY  OF  [1S8( 

.  til  ;iiicu'iit  gravel  on  hiph  points  Iwiok  of  it,  the  Upland 
-    »,.      *.  >vitiu'lcss  remains  as  the  most  imi)ortant  geoloj^ica 
.*.  ..^.    :i  ^uuilictu»tern  Pennsylvania. 

ici  HiA  u  t  lie  Upland  Terrace  and  the  Delaware,  clays  and  irravel 
^  wi  liic  rocks  in  a  continuous  sheet  except  where  erodtil  awa 
;i  liie  iu'i«;iilH»rhood  of  streams.  The  amount  of  their  ero^^ion  i 
11  M4ue  res|H»i'ts  a  measun*  of  the  a<rc  of  the  surfaee  formation* 
U  has  >>een  noticed  that  these  formati(ms  in  the  vicinity  of  Phlh 
delphia  have  undergone  very  different  amounts  of  en»sion,  th 
amount  of  such  erositm  increasinjr  a**  we  recede  from  the  Pelawan' 
auil  this  fact  is  regarded  as  offering  evidence  that  the  de|>osits  ar 
of  different  ages ;  those  lying  fartliest  from  the  river  antl  liighes 
in  elevation  iKjing  the  most  aneient,  an<l  those  which  are  elo?.e  t 
the  river,  which  have  undergone  but  little  erosion,  Ix^ing  the  mos 
HKHlern  of  our  surface  formations.  Examples  of  erosion  of  th 
Philadelphia  gravel  may  Ik?  well  seen  on  the  Philadelphia  an< 
West  Chester  Railroad  which  crosses  a  nund>er  of  creeks  and  run 
nearly  j)arallel  to  the  terrace  for  several  miles.  As  each  creek  i 
ai»proached  the  drift  *  disjipjH'ars  an<l  rocks  come  to  the  surfacf 
So  on  the  Schuylkill,  no  gravel  is  seen  on  the  river  <lrive  in  th 
East  Park,  but  upon  going  ba<*k  from  the  river  and  rising  100  ftv 
above  it,  as  far  as  the  East  Park  Reservoir,  gravel  apjH'ars  abur 
<l:intlv.  Yet  on  tlie  samr  river,  iicnnr  tht*  l>i  lawan*,  m  ihu» 
gravL'I,  made  of  dillcrent  inateriaU,  not  onI\  loriii<  it^  1  ank^  !•;: 
uihlerlies  it. 

Hi'rfiif  Alhivnnn.  Tlic  iii<»st  recent  <»!'  :ill  the  <urfa«-«'  •b-j'.-^i! 
is  t  lu-  '^liirbhii>h  dav  which  covt  r<  Hu-  1<»\\  uroinul  in  tin-  ^.i-  t!  •  r: 
part  ot'llie  city.  The  Kichni<»n«I  niiadnu^^  and  the  xYaX-^  »»t*  M«'\:i 
men^^inir,  (Jreenwieh  and  Tinicnni  are  coNrml  I'V  thi^  di  jni-it.  I 
is  bonnded  b\  a  low  terrace  u  hich  inav  bf  callr.I  '*  Thr  /-V-m./.  .'n  ■ 
T'/'niri/"  T\\\<  terrace.  n|»  to  ^^l^H•h  the  river  nl'trii  «i»nM-^  ir 
t  inio  111' ibnid,  cro*^>c-.  South  l»road  Stirrt  ilia.:i'n;ill\  l«h»\\  M..\;- 
ineii^in::  ANennc.  an<l  crovsin-_r  the  hthtwair  «  \tt  n-i«'n  «.r  ?'.» 
Penn^NUania  Kaihoad  near  Penro^r  ['.nv  li«»;el.  w  in«N  :t:"i;t, 
point  l*r»«  ze  I'.irk  bM<k  t<>u:ii'N  th«'  <ia^  \\  "rk-,  :inl  |..-->>^ 
beh>w  Snil'nlk  Park  ci*!--!  s  iiit'»  Ihlauar*  ('onnt\.  'j'l.i--  •.!;•.■. 
i-^  ab<»nt  ten  1\  et  alx.Nr  nn  an  ti«b'.  It  i<  the  h'^r-^t  :in  1  n.  \\.  >:  . 
all  the  teriac<  s  Mud  i«.  tMinird  •'!'  the  ne\t  o-ih  r  l-ii  in:it  .• -n,  * '.• 
**  Pu\er  irravtl."     The  mud  «•!•  el.iv  In  inLi  bi  tN\et  n  thi--  t«  rvo  .   a:- 


«  » 


'  Tlu"  tiTiii  *Nhifr'  heit*  inrhnle.sall  MijNilieial  f»>rin.iti.in«<iif  whatt  \»  t  a.:* 


1  880.]  NATURAL  SCIENCES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  261 

tlie  river  is  too  stiff  to  be  useful  for  brickmaking.  Blackened 
fragments  of  twigs,  roots  and  leaves  are  frequent  in  it,  and  it  is 
said  that  trunks  of  the  white  cedar  abound  in  it  in  some  places. 
There  is  here  an  indication  that  these  beds  are  sinking  and  that, 
as  on  the  Atlantic  coast,  the  water  is  encroaching.  Frequently 
a    good   peat  covers  the  clay. 

The  Biver  Gravel. — Forming  the  Floodplain  Terrace  and  lying 
back  of  it,  is  a  light  sand  and  gravel  free  from  clay,  which  may 
be  designated  the  "  River  Gravel,"  since  it  formed  the  ancient  river 
bed.     It  is  composed  of  a  light  micaceous  sand  made  from  the 
"wear  of  gneissic  rocks,  overlying  a  clean,  loose  gravel,  whose  peb- 
bles are  composed  of  the  rocks  which  form  the  river  bottom  farther 
north.     The  pebbles  are  generally  flattened  and  are  composed  of 
gneiss,  Triassic  red  shale,  Triassic  argillite,  etc.     It  is  of  a  gray 
color,  white  quartz  pebbles  being  comparatively  scarce.     It  under- 
lies the  river  to  a  great  depth  and  forms  islands  in  it.     Frequently 
large  boulders  lie  upon  the  river  gravel.     Bridesburg  and  the 
Il«azaretto  are  built  upon  it.     The  sand  is  used  for  building  pur- 
poses.    It  is  bounded  by  the  *'  Biver  Gravel  Terrace^^'  a  terrace 
rising  some  twenty  feet  above  mean  tide,  and  which  is  capped  by 
the  red  gravel  and  brick-clay  about  to  be  described,  while  rocks 
frequently  exposed  at  its  base.     The  Chester  Branch  of  the 
ing  Railroad  lies  below  this  terrace,  and  the  present  line  of 
tlie  Philadelphia,  Wilmington  and  Baltimore  Railroad  is  above  it. 
^The  Bed  Gravel  and  Brick-Clays. — The  built-up  portion  of  the 
'^^t 3' stands  upon  an  extensive  deposit  of  brick-clay  and  gravel, 
^^^otions  of  which  are  exposed  in  every  cutting.     The  brick-clay 
^^"^^ariably  overlies  the  gravel,  and  will  therefore  be  first  described. 
3^"  far  the  finest  exposures  of  brick-clay  are  those  on  either  side 
^    Xong  Lane,  in  the  "  Neck.'-     The  clay  here  is  very  compact, 
^e  from  sand  and  gravel,  and  is  often  15  feet  or  more  in  depth. 
^>am  lies  above  it,  and  is  mixed  with  it  for  brick-making.     Well- 
^^J^vi^nded  boulders  of  Potsdam,  Medina,  Trias,  etc.,  are  frequent. 
"■^  l^e  whole  lies  upon  some  20  feet  of  stratified  gravel.     It  is  a 
^~^^cb  finer  and  deeper  clay  than  that  of  the  northern  part  of  the 
^^^t.^j  as  at  Nicetown.     It  is  interesting  to  note  that  while  the  clay 
^tiich  is  farthest  from  the  Upland  Terrace  and  lowest  in  elevation 
^^    purest  and  deepest,  on  the  other  hand  that  near  the  terrace 
^^d  more  than  100  feet  above  the  river  is  both  shallow  and  sandy. 
^  suggests  that  the  former  was  deposited  in  deep  water  and  the 
^tter  near  the  shore.     At  the  base  of  the  terrace  the  clay  is  but 


f 

I 


^^  wmmamaot  or  nil  AiUMorT  ur  [] 

^.    ■   >!•<».  .^^  >ls«^    Tbr  tioitlit<T»  or  Ikr  Niix-sovn  chj 

'  Ui«  Nrrk  rlay,  cxcwgit  in  tin-  &<.-t  that  ii 

iiLii^roiM  ronnditJ  Kiid  felmrjifradineDU  ortii 

'1  tbe  fiirmtr  InuMtfrH  of  tbot  niBlvrlsl  uv 

.        I  iiw  )i»itj>ticr*  itf  botli  (.-laj'H  am  iBTarUlily  dcrlviid  ft> 

<•  ■ourv'v.     Nt>  sIn'IU  fir  orgmuio  nMiium  have  u  jret 

..'.•'  mI  <n  tliM  ramutinn. 

IhuMHtb  tlw  ctay,  Ami  »ft«n  mwonfonHabltt  with  ft,  is  tba  F 

^IvlpUiA  mi  imvcl.     It  is  a  cUfvy  gpinl  whlcb  pacfefl  wvU  w 

liiitcli  ij««U  uu  roads,  and  wboita  r«d  color  )■  caD««<l  by  the  t 

l^iuL>H»  vbt5  in  Kliicli  ttie  pebbles  an*  imbe<l(l«tl.    Tb«  pi>bMc 

ouut|'U(wO  uf  all  klixU  of  rock  and  ans  not  llattMtetl  as  arv  tho 

Um  rivvr  gnrel.     TIig  prMlominanl  material  i»  wlilt*  <|uanx 

IwliblvB  of  all  ollwr  malfrlalft,  as  ifmi^liimrnite,  anndntoor,  (i 

tfei-MM  hiimiitiinr.  Hint,  rvd  Hlialft,  i:ti%,  are  nnmrron*.    l^tnl 

Uiiu  la  oljH>rTMl  in  nlmtiMt  ovrrj'  Mwlinn  i-spowdt.     Oocxl  w«;) 

uC  ^niTi^  ans  m-rn  near  tbe  UDirrTsttr  of  PenDfiytvania.     H 

htflv  an  elevation  of  abonl  fiO  fc«t.  and  comes  to  tbe  aurfaoe  o 

grvumi  wllb  but  •  very  Bli|;lit  coveriojc  uf  i-Uy.     Tlut  \p*^ 

h«t«  oror  IS  fMt  iiee|i,  and  as  It  U  hi  Home  r>9>|>M-U  ft  Ijr; 

Mpoaunt,!!  aution  is  berewlth  prfM-ntml. 


BUCX-CLAt. 


~      KKtt  ORAVKL. 


BLACK  OMTn.. 

THLUm  (MUTKL. 

HICtCKOCB  aAXD. 
BOUI-DKH. 
DKCOUfOSED  O^EIM 


80.]  NATURAL  SCIENCES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  263 

It  will  be  noticed,  in  the  first  place,  that  the  clay  lies  in  the 
rm  of  crests  and  hollows  upon  the  gravel.  This  is  almost  inva- 
kbly  the  case.     Beautiful  examples  of  wave  motion  may  be  seen 

Twenty-eighth  Street  and  Columbia  Avenue,  at  Tenth  and 
oga,  at  Fifteenth  and  Clearfield  Streets,  and  in  Fairmount  Park. 

each  of  these  we  have  apparently  the  action  of  a  rushing  flood 
water  upon  the  gravel.  Often  the  clay  lies  in  a  kind  of  pot-hole 
the  gravel,  and  a  concentric  structure  of  clay  and  pebbles  can 
seen.  The  following  section,  at  Twenty-eighth  Street  and 
)lumbia  Avenue,  shows  six  well-marked  waves  of  gravel  and 
ay,  the  clay  always  filling  the  hollows  between  the  crests  of 
avel. 

Fig.  2. 


_— —--TcLaY- 


•.  •   qi^aVeL 


T^he  approximate  dimensions  of  the  waves  are  given  in  the 
^ram.  Along  the  line  of  contact  between  clay  and  gravel  there 
3  alternate  streaks  of  fine  and  coarse  gravel. 
-A  very  beautiful  example  of  water  action  is  exposed  at  Fifteenth 
d  Clearfield  Streets,  in  a  cut  about  100  feet  in  length  (Fig.  3). 
The  second  point  to  be  noticed  in  the  section  near  the  Univer- 
^'  is  the  stratification  of  the  gravel,  and  its  division  into  layers 
three  difierent  colors, — red,  black  and  yellow.  It  is  instructive 
note  that  this  division  is  by  no  means  a  local  one,  but  exists 
►ng  a  line  of  about  equal  elevation  (60  to  80  feet  above  ocean  level), 
widely  separated  parts  of  the  city.  While  the  colors  are  of 
larse  due  simply  to  different  states  of  oxidation  of  the  iron,  the 
?t  that  they  mark  continuous  deposits  through  long  distances, 
licates  a  uniformity  in  the  condition  of  deposition  which  could 
due  only  to  the  presence  of  a  large  body  of  water, 
tn  the  third  place,  the  section  (Fig.  1)  shows  the  important  fact 
it  the  gravel  rests,  not  upon  a  hard  floor  of  rock,  as  is  usual  with 
i  drift  in  more  northern  States,  but  upon  a  completely  decomposed 
eiss.  This  is  universally  the  case  in  every  section  examined  in 
i  vicinity  of  Philadelphia.     In  no  case  does  the  gravel  rest  upon 


•«vcisnaa»  or  tub  ACAtiBMT  or 

i  'umk^  touvpc  powlbly  in  tlie 
VMW^v  "i  itiMiMi  whrrv  tlic  water  has 
caHlV>i- ''>■«•>  '>>■*  ""A  F^"^''-  '"  "'"^^  P^' 
<'1W»>  ii«(iMivwr,  ttiK  gravel  also  ti  nniinlly 
««i»iaji.  ■  juapt  'n  the  caae  ur  tlic  "  Rivnr 
^ny^''  )m>|Mr.  It  will  be  otHervcd  tbat 
>k>)Uti^'>trMiflnil  tnieatwoun  Biincl,niaclti  up 
ottlkv  uMUanitls  oftbr  ilecompoAM!  gneUB, 
A^ti  ujOtvA  tbowing  *'  Row  and  jiluugc " 
«UuuLUf«.  lUrt  below  tlio  iiravcl.  In  the 
^wliuit  iciwva,  a  w^lLrounded  IxmUlrr  of  ii 
tgwur  Sllitruui  undetone  is  &p«a  partinlly 
^M>K>^*^  in  tke  decomposed  iniciss.   This 

I  oOtn  twi*  int«n>8llii9  deductions ; — 
I.)  That  lliv   i^elas  wtia  decomposed 

Ibnt  ilw  tlc|Hj«itlim  of  tbe  gravel. 

(1)  Tint  water,  Dot  ico,  naa  the  agent 
iiT  suuti  ilvposition. 

(L)  As  addiliuRiU  cviduncc  in  xipiiort 
of  the  flnt  dmluction,  it  litu  Imc-n  olnwrvHl 
lu  wverml  sections  tliat  portions  of  thu  dv- 
flompowd  ifnctsa  bav«  been  taken  nji  and  ^ 
int«r»tratiflMl  In  horizontal  layon,  eltber 
with  llir  gnois^ii.-  unnd,  or  with  tin-  gMvi-l 
Itself.  That  llio  rtcepIy-fiippiHR  dcroiu; 
gK)M<d  CDciM  should  bo  thus  re-^tratifled.as 
tliuiigli  bv  a  flood,  and  that,  on  tht?  other 
band,  no  such  phenomena  are  ever  observed 
lu  undoiibtoil  glaelated  rejiiona,  can  onl,v  be 
t-zplalni'd  u]ion  the  aaaiim|ition  that  the 
Ipipim  waK  deeomi)o«e*I  before  the  Glncinl 
t>[H}ch.  Thai  such  decomposition  took 
placL^  in  a  yvl  earlier  geologit^sl  age,  will  1m- 
ludlrat»l  tiL'low  under  a  description  of  the 
"  Brj  n  Mawr  irravel," 

(H.)  Absence  of  a  glacier  in  thin  region 
Is  Indicated  by -the  w:lYt^Jike  jnnc-tion  of 
grBTel  and  clay,  by  the  strstiHcstion  of  the 
grav«l,  and  by  the  presence  of  dcL-omitosed 
([neUs.    No  polished  surfaces  of  rock  havu 


1880.]  NATURAL  SCIENCES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  265 

ever  been  observed  in  this  region,  although  the  occasional  slicken- 
sides  upon  the  gneiss  in  some  quarries  has  been  mistaken  for 
glacial  striae.  Frequently  the  lower  yellow  gravel  is  replaced*  by 
a  yellow  sand  more  or  less  fine,  which  is  used  for  building  purposes  ; 
and  in  this  there  are  often  good  examples  both  of  oblique  lamination 
and  of  "  flow  and  plunge;" — structures  attributable  to  flowing 
water.  Examples  may  be  seen  on  the  North  Penna.  R.  R.  and  in 
the  East  Park.  The  boulders  of  both  clay  and  gravel,  if  not 
brought  down  by  water  alone,  have  been  dropped  by  floating  ice. 
The  absence  of  life  in  either  deposit  indicates  that  the  water  was 
too  cold  to  support  it. 

The  conclusion  is  therefore  forced  upon  us  that,  during  the 
melting  of  the  great  Northern  Glacier,  whose  southern  terminus 
crossed  the  river  probably  near  Belvidere,  the  flooded  Delaware, 
then  a  great  tori'ent  five  or  ten  miles  wide  and  at  least  150  feet 
deeper  than  it  is  now,  deposited  at  first  gravels  and  afterwards, 
when  quieter,  clays;  while  floating  ice  carried  down  already  rounded 
boulders  and  dropped  them  upon  its  bed. 

The  uniform  elevation  of  the  edge  of  the  cla}^  at  the  base  of 
"the  Upland  Terrace  can  hardly  be  accounted  for  upon  another 
liypoth^sis. 

The  presence  of  an  actual  glacier  over  this  region  has,  however, 

"fceen   brought  forward  as  the  only  explanation  of  our  surface 

deposits.     Thus,  in  a  recent  paper,*  the  author,  after  inspection 

a  gravel  opening  in  West  Philadelphia,  concludes  "  that  this 

ilt  of  drift  deposit  is  no  other  than  a  glacial  moraine  formed  by 

ihe  Schuylkill  glacier  receding  from  the  site  of  the  city/'     He 

^, "  the  surface  of  the  gneiss  where  laid  bare  is  comparatively 

imooth,  and  shows  evidence  of  having  been  polished,  though  so 

»oft  as  not  to  retain  the  marks  of  glaciation.*'     To  us  the  very 

ocality  described  (Forty-fifth  and  Spruce)  ofiers  strong  evidence 

the  absence  of  all  glacial  action.     The  gravel,  containing  no 

^^cratched  pebbles,  is  horizontally  stratified  and  shows  flow  and 

^ blunge  structure ;  while  the  underlying  decomposed  gneiss,  so  far 

^rom  being  polished,  is  seen  in  several  places  to  have  been  taken 

^ap  by  the  swiftly  flowing  water  and  mingled  with  the  gravel  which 

"it  bore  along,  so  that  several  layers  of  decomposed  gneiss,  each 

^bout  half  an  inch  in  thickness,  and  soon  dying,  out,  alternate  with 

t.he  lower  portion  of  the  gravel. 

,     »  "On  Glacial  Deposits  at  W.  Phila.,''  Proc.  Am.  Fhil.  So€.,.  Nov.,  1875. 
18 


2116 


PHOCEEDIMtS  OP  THE  j* 


it  has  been  xupposiKl  that  tlie  bendinp  over  of  the  outcrops 
Bteeply-dipphig  rocks,  somctitni'*;  observed  near  Philaddphin,  hw 
been  caiisi'd  by  the  prcssiireof  aglacier.  A  very  beautifnl pxanipt* 
of  Bnch  broken  and  hent-over  strata  is  seen  In  a  (juarrj  at  FMgt 
Hill.  That  6iich  phenomena  are  to  be  explained,  not  by  glaciftl 
agem.'ifs,  but  by  the  force  of  gravity  only, — being  the  gradual 
sliding-down-hill  of  the  soil  known  as  "creep," — ia  shown  by  tiie 
&cts,  ( I)  tlmt  snch  bending  over  ie  always  towards  a  lower  elera- 
tion, — down  hill ;  {'2)  that  on  the  two  slo])es  of  the  same  hill  the 
strata  have  been  seen  to  be  bent  over  in  opposite  directions. 
Thus  at  various  jminta  along  the  long  ridge  of  altered  PrimRj 
elates  known  as  Edge  Hill,  the  slates  on  one  slope  are  bent  towari 
the  sonth,  mid  on  the  other  towards  the  north.  A  similar  Taofcl 
has  been  noticud  in  the  gneiss  forming  the  Upland  Terrao&ij 
Moreover,  such  bending  of  the  strata  often  occurs  In  regii^ns  iinil 
free  from  drift. 

If,  as  wc  have  conjectured,  the  Delaware  Valley  wus  tilled  witli 
a  large  bodj'  of  water  when  the  drift  was  deposited,  it  ie  reason- 
able to  snppose  that  the  Schuylkill  also  was  of  far  greater  size,  and 
tliat  some  boulders  would  be  brought  down  the  valley  of  that, 
stream.  Here  again  tacts  sustain  the  hypothesis.  In  the  gravd 
taken  from  the  excavation  for  the  East  I'ark  Reservoirj  associated 
with  Triaesio  red  shiUe  and  other  boulders,  we  have  finind  putislfy 
worn  fragments  of  chlorite  slate  containing  octagonal  cryatalfl  of 
magnetite,  evidently  derived  from  the  steatite  quarry  at  Labyette, 
BIX.  miles  above  on  the  Schuylkill.  At  Twenty-eighth  Street  and 
Columbia  Avenue  is  a  large  boulder  of  trap,  identical  with  U»at  of 
the  trap-dyke  which  crosses  the  Schuylkill  River  at  Conehohocken. 

It  thus  api)ear8  that  during  the  Glacial  epoch  the  waters  of  the 
Schuylkill  emptied  into  those  of  the  Delaware  at  Falls  of  Schayl- 
.  kill,  the  city  proper  being  entirely  submerged. 

Before  closing  our  account  of  the  Philadelphia  red  gravel — ^tbe 
"  University  gravel,"  as  it  might  be  called  for  distinction — it  will 
be  necessary  to  say  a  word  as  to  what  occurs  on  the  New  Jersey 
side  of  the  river.  If  we  are  correct  in  ascribing  this  gravel  and 
brick-clay  to  a  flooded  river  valley,  similar  deposits  at  the  same 
elevation  must  be  found  on  both  sides  of  the  river.  Although  we 
have  been  able  to  do  but  very  little  work  upon  this  point  in  that 
State,  it  has  been  observed:  (1)  That  there  is  a  sand  at  Camden 
.  near  the  river  „  si  milar  to  the  sand  of  the  "  River  gravel  "  of  lower 


i 


1880.]  NATURAL  SCIENCES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  267 

Philadelphia ;  (2)  that  at  a  higher  elevation  there  are  deposits  of 
superficial  yellow  brick-clay  quite  distinct  from  the  underlying 
plastic  clays ;  (3)  that  boulders  identical  with  those  on  this  side 
of  the  river  occur  in  the  brick-clay  ;  (4)  that  a  stratified  red  gravel 
containing  Triassic  shale,  and  similar  to  the  University  gravel 
occurs  ;  and,  (5)  that  there  are  indications  of  the  existence  of  a 
Terrace,  several  miles  from  the  river,  bounding  the  brick-clay  and 
its  boulders,  and  composed  of  an  older,  and  probably  oceanic, 
gravel  and  sand. 

The  Fossiliferous  Gravel, — There  seems  to  be  evidence  that 
between  the  Upland  Terrace  and  the  River  Gravel  Terrace  there 
is  an  intermediate  terrace,  back  of  which  is  a  gravel  somewliat 
different  from  the  Philadelphia  red  gravel.  It  is  characterized  by 
comparative  absence  of  Triassic  red  shale,  and  by  the  presence  of 
numerous  pebbles  of  flint,  hornstone,  or  limestone,  which  are  fre- 
quently fossiliferous.  These  pebbles,  as  well  as  those  of  white 
quartz,  are  not  fresh-looking,  but  are  eaten  and  weather-worn  by 
age.  In  both  its  position  and  its  appearau(ve  it  is  an  older  forma- 
tion than  the  red  gravel.  It  is  of  a  yellowish  color,  becoming 
white  when  exposed  to  the  weather,  and  is  more  sandy  than  the 
red  gravel.  For  these  reasons  it  is  less  esteemed  for  road-making. 
The  German  town  Railroad  cuts  through  this  gravel  at  New  York 
Junction.  We  have  found  here  pebbles  containing  Cyathophyl- 
loid  corals,  Favosites,  a  Trilobite,  etc.  The  Connecting  Railroad 
at  Ridge  Avenue  Station  cuts  tlirough  the  same  gravel,  and  here 
we  have  found  Strophoinena^  etc.  Other  fossils  have  been  found 
below  the  clay  in  the  East  Park  and  at  the  Centennial  Grounds. 

This  gravel  is  found  on  the  high  level  plateau  which  lies  at  the 

base  of  the  Upland  Terrace,  and  is  covered  by  more  recent  briek- 

— clay.     It  lies  farther  from  the  river  and  at  a  higher  elevation  than 

the  red  gravel,  and  there  is  a  decided  rise  in  the  ground  from  the 

^tter  to  the  former.     This  terrace  has  been  observed  in  many 

places  near  and  in  the  city,  but  has  not  as  yet  been  traced  con- 

tinuously,  and  its  existence  is  doubtful.     Nearly  all  the  brick-yards 

in  the  city,  except  those  in  the  "  Neck,''  lie  upon  this  gravel  and 

l)ack  of  this  terrace,  which  lies  at  a  mean  distance  of  about  a  mile 

±i8ide  of  the  Upland  Terrace.     It  seems  as  though  the  flood, 

diminishing  in  breadth,  had  eroded  away  the  clay  within  this  "  Red 

Oravel   Terrace."     The   red   gravel   comes  to   the  surface,  with 

^ery  little  overlying  da}',  at   elevations  below  about  100   feet; 

irhile   at   a   higher   elevation    is   the   brick-yard    plateau. 


Thp  I*enn«j-lvnnia  lloApJUil  TorUu'  InNanc  nfciinU  upou  t 

to  llii-  innin  U|i1nn<I  Torrace.  and  h  erosws  Walnut  8ln»t  i 
FifticthStrM-t,nntl  Broad  Street nenrtheB«adin|;C<»l  lUxulorgM^j 
iog.  In  Pmt.  Itof^nt' Quuloglfml  Map  of  Pennsjlvaala.  wlivn 4^ 
root^lt  stU-in)it  U  mailat  lu  rvpruat'Dt  llii^  Nmnilnrii'  of  the  drift,  tMy 
linv  Id  one  plaoi-  i-orrtrxponii!"  qoiti:  riowly  with  wlwl  mr  linrvprtt' 
•niucd  111  bo  tile  "  Ki-d  HruTvl  Tiimicc; "  Imt  tt  appmn  that  in  moaCI 
ptucM  iu  tliat  map  tlic  boundary  (b  mi-ont  to  bo  inf-Toly  ■  liy[iolli;^ 
t'tli-nl  one.  Wbile  the  t^xjatenop  of  IUIb  inuur  tcnuL-*  i*  yrt  duobtii'i 
Tul.nnd  wLiileit  bprotxittletbutrcili^nivei  willht-fouudnbi>rv  llao^l 
rnMiiliri'n>n«  gravi'l  bt-low  it,  yet  nMhIog  tuui  yet  airiH^irMl  lu  eo^ 
troTort  tb<i  Rj»»nnipti'>n  that  tlic  Uttir  grux-cl  In  oUlrr  than  tb^ 
rormer.  How  tniicb  uldrr,  nnd  whcthrr  of  ooMnU*  or  o(  fivflte;' 
wat«r  oriKin,  is  not  ypt  dctcnninwl.  tlof^,  again,  a  study  of  th^ 
Nr<T  Jersey  {(mvvlH  will  iio  of  aasistance.  "j 

Thi^  Branchtototi  Clay. — Uaving  now  deBcriti«d  Cb»  RiirfiMd' 
dfpiwiu  l.vbg  betwet-n  the  Delnwar«  River  and  tbe  UjiJaml  T«» 
ran-,  it  n-nialHA  I'>  |Kiint  out  thnexiitluncv  of  tH>in«  laulatattl  pattih^ 
of  gravel  and  day  wbicb  huvo  tieon  notim.'d  on  wimv  of  tfan  hd^^' 
luuik  of  and  nhoirr  thSn  tvrracv.  J 

In  tbt!  villagf  uf  Uranclitown,  or  a  plateau  SriO  fi-et  bIhitv  ihft 
river,  tliert!  is  a  Iwal  di'poiil  or  }>rick-olay  lying  In  an  uliloii;:  t<c<lt 
rminiuf;  N.  E-  nnd  S.  W.,  perhaps  a  mile  in  length  and  an  eighth 
of  a  mile  in  breadth.  That  it  in  not  a  clay  formed  in  place  by 
decompoaition  of  the  gncina  is  nhown  by  the  presence  in  it  of 
liebbks  nnd  roimded  l>onl<ler!i  of  foreign  rocks.  The  Hinaller 
]iebbl(-s  consist  of  qniirtz,  nnd  the  larger  of  a  friable  ({uartz  sand- 
Htonc,  pn>b:ibly  Potsdam.  Not  a  single  fragment  of  Triassie  reil 
shale,  and  not  a  single  pebble  of  flint  or  fossiliferous  roclt  was 
found:  and  in  this  it  is  distingnished  from  any  deposit  heretofore 
descrilied.  Nor  were  any  of  the  pebbles  formed  of  the  tuaterials 
of  the  l>ed  of  the  Delaware  lliver.  Numerous  slinr|>  fragments,  »if\en 
fix  inches  stpinn'.  of  white  or  yellow  siliceous  sandstone  an<l  of 
brown  jasiiery  i|n!irr/il.-,  both  prolwbly  of  lower  Sibirian  nge.  were 
f.-nnd.  The  iweuliiir  conglomirale  destrilH-d  Ulow  as  ".Mt.  Holly 
Coiiglomerute"  diii>  nut  o<»';ir.  Deconiiiosed  ;;iKiss  lies  txlow 
the  clay,  which  is  two  to  tlirec  leet  deep.  The  presence  of  sliarj.  and 
roinidi-d  Mulders  uf  a  rock  in  phce  fsrther  north  suggests  an 
overland  Hood  during  glaciid  time-*;  but  the  com|dete  aliscin'c  of 


1880.]  NATURAL  SCIENCES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  269 

all  traces  of  Triassic  red  shale,  a  formation  of  large  extent  six  miles 
north  of  here,  over  which  such  a  flood  must  have  passed,  is  difficult 
to  explain  upon  that  hypothesis.  This  belt  of  clay,  which  may  be 
called  for  convenience  the  "  Branchtown  clay,"  extends  S.  W. 
to  Chelton  Avenue  and  Chew  Street,  in  Germantown,  and  to  the 
N.  E.  to  Limekiln  Pike  and  City  Line  Road,  and  is  the  site  of 
several  brickyards.  The  clay  plateau  is  bounded  on  the  X.  W.  by 
a  hill  325  feet  high.  Doubtless  this  clay  will  be  found  in  other 
places,  when  more  light  will  be  thrown  upon  its  origin  and  age. 

The  Bryn  Mawr  Oravel Upon  the  summits  of  some  of  the 

highest  hills  in  the  gneissic  region  back  of  Philadelphia,  at  a  mean 

distance  of  about  nine  miles  from  the  river,  and  at  elevations  of  from 

525  to  450  feet  above  it,  there  are  isolated  patches  of  an  ancient 

gravel,  different  from  any  yet  described,  to  which  we  have  given  the 

provisional  name  of  "  The  Bryn  Mawr  Gravel. '^     It  can  always 

Mje  recognized  by  the  presence  of  sharp  or  partially  rounded  frag- 

.Knents  of  a  hard,  heavy  iron  sandstone  or  conglomerate.     Such 

ments  are  often  covered  by  a  brownish-black  iron  glaze.     More 

ten  3'ears  ago,  the  writer  noticed  in  the  soil  of  the  upper  part  of 

xmantown,  pieces  of  this  conglomerate-,  unlike  any  known  rock, 

Lx^<3  it  is  only  of  late  that  its  origin  has  been  suspected.     It  con- 

i^'fcs  of  well-rounded  pebbles  of  quartzite  or  siliceous  sandstone 

ented  by  iron  into  a  stone  which  is  often  very  hard.     This 

glomerate  is  found  in  occasional  fragments  upon  ground  over 

feet  high,  but  is  not  found  in  abundance  until  an  elevation  of 

r  400  feet  is  reached.     At  these  highest  points  it  occurs  in  a 

gravel  whose  pebbles  are  identical  with  those  of  the  conglom- 

'tie. 

ne  of  such  points  is  near  Chestnut  Hill,  on  the  City  Line 
«d  at  its  highest  elevation,  near  Willow  Grove  Road.     Here, 
Tly  nine  miles  from  the.  river  and  425  feet  above  it,   is  a  patch 
t:his  gravel  and  conglomerate.     The  larger  pebbles  and  boulders, 
^  those  of  the  Branchtown  Cla}^  consist  of  a  friable  quartzite 
^^'^dstone  or  a  jaspery  quartzite.     Sharp  fragments  of  quartzite 
numerous ;  but  there  are  no  traces  either  of  Triassic  red  shale, 
tbssiliferous  pebbles,  or  of  rounded  pebbles  of  the  underlining 
^^eiss.     It  rests  upon  a  much  decomposed  gneiss.     The  conglom- 
^"^ate  sometimes  contains  cavities  filled  with  white  sand.     The 
"^^ct  of  gravel  is  of  an  oval  form,  whose  major  axis  points  N.  E. 
tod  S.  W.     It  crosses  the  Township  Line  Road  near  the  Bethesda 


370  PBOCUDIHOB  01  THE  AOADXMT  OT 

Home,  near  which  place  h&ye  been  found  K  sharp  boulder  i!>fo(»^Nm^ 
'  erate  three  feet  in  diameter,  BeTeral  fhtgmentai^femi^otti  sand' 
stone  equally  large,  a  partially  rounded  boulder  of  whits  qttaitf 
nearly  four  feet  long,  and  nn'meroue  fVagmests  of  qnait^te  mA 
Primal  rocks.     The  gravel  is  here  in  part  replaced  by  day. 

A  similar  tract  of  this  gravel  occurs  at  Bryn  Mam,  extendiq; 
firom  that  place  to  near  Cooperstown.  A  good  sfeotimi  is  exposed 
ia  the  railroad  cat  bdiow  the  station.  From  this  locality,  bo  may 
of  access  from  the  city,  we  have  named  the  fonnation.  It  la 
here  about  430  feet  high,  and  nine  miles  fktm  the  river.  The 
gravel  is  ten  feet  deep,  and  lies  upon  a  flteeply-dippii^  gneiss  so 
completely  decomposed  that  it  is  as  soft  as  clay.  Undtimeath  the 
bridge,  a  soft  white  kaolin-like  material,  conformable  with  Um 
gneiss,  shows  a  decomposed  steatite, — being  probably  the  etm- 
ttnnation  of  that  which  crosses  the  Soboylkill  at  La&yette. '  Here, 
as  at  Cliestnut  Hill,  the  gravel  lies  in  an  isolated  patoh  upon  a  hill, 
distant  from  any  stream  or  other  eroding  agency.  The  gravd 
holds  sharp  fragments  of  primal  rocks  and  also,  the  iron  con- 
glomerate. As  at  Oermantown,  the  fields  bdow,  to  the  aonth, 
contain  oooasional  fr^ments  of  the  conglomerate. 

Another  good  exposure  of  the  Bryn  Mawr  gravel  is  on  a  hill 
crossed  by  the  road  leading  trom  Haverford  College  to  Coopem- 
town.  The  conglomerate  is  here  in  large,  sharp  fragments,  and 
the  gravel  shows  slight  horizontal  stratification.  On  the  crest  of 
the  hill,  some  450  feet  liigb,  there  is  a  weather-worn  boulder, 
four  feet  in  diameter,  of  a  soft,  coarse,  brown  sandstone  of  Bryn 
Mawr  ago,  apparently  in  place. 

A  fourtli,  precisely  similar  exposure  of  gravel  with  conglom- 
erate,and  at  about  the  s.ime  elevation,  uaps  the  trill  back  of  Media, 
near  the  Kosetree. 

Without  ilescribing  any  further  exposures,  it  already  appears 
that  in  these  elevated  patches  of  ancient  gravel  we  have  the  last 
remnants  of  a  once  eontinnous  formation.  The  very  great  erosion 
which  has  swept  away  all  but  these  few  traces  ia  a  suffltient  proof 
of  its  age.  There  are  no  points  at  ail  approaching  the  elevation 
of  these  bills,  between  them  and  the  Atlantic  Ocean ;  and  it  is  at 
once  suggested  that  these  patches  are  the  remnants  of  an  oceanic 
deposit,  possibly  of  Tertiary  age.  It  is  interesting  to  find  that  a 
precisely  similar  formation  caps  some  of  the  hills  in  New  Jersey. 
On  top  of  the  hill  at  Mount  Holly,  N.  J.,  is  an  identical  con- 


1880.]  NATURAL  SCIENCES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  2T1 

glomerate  and  gravely  similar  in  appearance,  and  composed  of 
the  same  materials  as  the  formation  in  Pennsylvania.  The  con- 
glomerate has  the  peculiar  ferruginous  glaze  already  noticed. 
It  here  overlies  Cretaceous  marls  and  sands. 

From  its  abundance  at  this  place,  and  in  order  to  show  its  con- 
nection with  Penns}- Ivania  deposits,  we  shall  call  the  conglomerate  • 
of  the  Bryn  Mawr  gravel,  ^^  ML  Holly  Conglomerate.''^  Prof.  H. 
D.  Rogers^  suggests  that  this  rock  at  Mt.  Holly  may  be  of  Mio- 
cene age ;  but  Prof.  Cook,  not  distinguishing  it  from  the  modern 
iron  crusts  in  the  red  Philadelphia  gravel  near  the  river,  considers 
it  very  recent.  In  the  consideration  of  its  age  it  is  worth  noting 
that  the  sand  of  southern  New  Jersey,  apparently  of  late  Plio- 
cene age,  frequently  contains  rounded  pebbles  of  Mt.  Holly  con- 
glomerate, thus  showing  that  the  latter  is  an  older  formation. 

From*  the  identity  of  their  contained  boulders,  it  is  probable 
that  the  Branchtown  clay  and  the  Bryn  Mawr  gravel  are  nearly 
coeval.     Being  oceanic,  it  is  presumed  that  they  will  be  recognized 
»ll  along  the  gneissic  hills  of  the  southern  Atlantic  States. 

We  have  given  this  detailed  description  of  each  of  the  surface 
formations  near  Philadelphia  in  the  hope  that  they  may  be  recog- 
a  i2:ed  elsewhere  by  other  geologists.     It  has  been  found  that  a 
•eful  examination  of  the  materials  comprising  each  gravel,  taken 
connection  with  their  elevation  above  tide,  is  the  only  means  of 
iminating  between  them.     Desultory  observations  in  detached 
salities  are  of  little  value.     Should  this  work  be  extended  in 
mnsylvania  and  New  Jersey,  and  the  distinctions  between  the 
r  gravels  described  be  carried  out,  it  is  thought  that,  notwith- 
nding  the  shifting  character  of  the  underlying  strata  in  the 
'•ier  State,  much  may  be  done  not  only  towards  an  exact  deter- 
ation  of  their  age,  but  towards  a  settlement  of  some  of  the 
ed  problems  of  surface  geology  in  Eastern  America. 
ecapitulation. — The  results  obtained  may  be  briefly  summa- 
L^jd  as  follows: — 


orming  the  N  W.  boundary  of  the   Philadelphia  gravel  and 
c;k-clay  is  a  hill  of  gneiss,  rising  200  feet  or  more  above  the 
r,  which  may  be  called  the  Upland  Terrace.     It  has  a  N.  E. 
S.  W.  trend,  and  in  this  vicinitv  is  at  an  averaije  distance  of 

7  ft/  O 

i  miles  from  the  river. 

Report  on  the  Geology  of  N.  J.,  1839. 


272 


I'ROCEEDINO 


[laM 


Within  the  Upland  Terrace,  resting  upon  its  slope,  and  extend- 
ing to  the  river,  is  k  series  of  stratified  gravels  and  a  bonlder- 
Iwaring  briok-clay.  Of  these,  the  oldest  is  the  "  FossUiferoua 
gravel ;  "  a  gravel  lying  near  the  terrace  and  tinder  the  brick-clay, 
and  containing  pfbbles  which  freiiuently  are  foBSiliferoue.  Of  more 
recent  age,  and  at  a  lower  level,  is  the  "  Philadelphia  red  gravel," 
which  is  made  up  of  the  pebbles  of  the  Fossiliferoua  gravel 
niiKed  with  fragments  of  Triassic  red  shale  and  other  rocka 
brought  down  the  Delaware  Valley.  It  ia  distinctly  stratified, 
rests  upon  decomposed  gneiss,  and  contains  rounded  boulders 
dropped  by  floating  ice.  Upon  both  of  these  gravels  rests  the 
Philadelphia  brick-clay,  often  lying  nnoonfonnably  upon  them  iu 
a  series  of  pot-holes  or  wave-like  forms,  and  apparently  an  aque- 
ons  deposit. 

A  yet  more  recent  formation,  the  "  River  gravel  and  sand," 
lies  within  the  others  and  close  to  the  river,  ami  is  made  up  of 
flattened  pebbles  composed  of  the  rocks  over  which  tlie  river  flows. 
Upon  this,  in  the  river  flats,  lies  a  modern  mud,  the  "  Recent  Allu- 
vium." 

Back  of  the  Upland  Terrace,  isolated  patches  of  two  surface 
deposits,  more  ancient  than  any  yet  descnbed.  He  upon  the  hills. 
These  .■vre,  tlie  "  Branchtown  cliiy,"  nt  a  height  of  250  feet,  con- 
taining boiilcUTs  of  rotsd;mi  nxks.  hut  iio  traces  of  Triassic  red 
shale  or  of  fossiliferous  pebbles  ;  and  the  "  Bryn  Mawr  gravel,'* 
which  caps  hills  of  a  higher  elevation,  and  which,  containing 
boulders  and  pebbles  of  identical  material  with  those  of  the  last, 
■  is  characterized  by  the  presence  of  a  hard  iron  conglomerate  or 
sandstone.  This  conglomerate,  ooeprring  also  in  New  Jersey, 
and  named  the  "  Mt.  Holly  Conglomerate,"  is  coqjectured  to  be  of 
Tertiary  age. 

In  these  seven  formations  is  written  the  geologic  history  of  the 
Delaware  Valley. 

Much  remains  to  be  done  before  any  certain  results  can  be 
expected.  It  is  hoped  that  the  imperfect  examination  here 
recorded  may  form  the  basis  for  a  fiiture  and  more  thorough 
study,  which,  extending  to  wider  fields,  shall  make  more  exact 
the  knowledge  of  our  surface  geology. 


UH  *  ^ATi  AtL  »-iK^ctA  or  rillLlUKLrilU.  S73 


C>«T(iHBR  2h.   IhTh 


•••    1    /kV.':  .   '*  Sf,  If,/,    11,../   >'.rj4  ii/i-.r    iri    /.'i/  .-.r      /i.  '     I'..         Mr. 
Tbi--    I*    K  t  ^(i  ri -Ail  a  j'aiH'r  i'li  .«  )if!t  •!!  "^tt  .1*  .'•    .lU-l  >•  r|t  ii*  ;ii*-, 
f    lUlik>r  T"«ri«lii|>.  Ih-law.m*  <''•  .  I*:t 
P.!4)*Ih^I  111  Vr-m-.  .\<-a«l.  Na^    S'-i  » 

«   ir-  «i'^     nrntr    iil'i'»ttt.    /^I      -Mr      Till".     !•     KtM*    aiiU'HIIH  i-| 
!:^     •■  -  :.rri  t«f^'     iif     I  *liriiliiit«*    111    I  iiii^i'lff  iMt-    ■|iiaiiti'\     ill     tin* 

^  -.tbtr-t  >«  r)4-iitiiif  Urll.  iii-:ir  K.t'tnor  >(.ili"ii.  IN  ^.iwari  !'•»..  Vx 


riOCKEPIADS  or  TBE  ACADKMV  OF 


FeitBtrAny  24,  1879. 


ItV    TlieuuOIlK   l>.    RAVD. 


1 


At  tb«  Dwoiulier  luceting  of  the  Minrntlogicnl  faction,  lb 
QoliUinlUi  tuttde  a  cnmmuTiioniioii  ill  regard  to  tbe  anininni-ji'vllap* 
ROAtiug  fotinil  nt  tbfi  vuatb  i>n<l  of  th«  largcat  qiiarrj  *l  Frankfort 
northpaflt  of  AilHtnx  St^^«t.  Blalins  that  be  fi>iiml  Id  Ii,  c»rhoal 
acid.  »iHci«  «mil,  pbost>horic  avid,  iiranlutn,  alumina  aiul  Unt, 
and  that  his  oondusion  waa,  that  It  was  a  mixture  of  aiilnnnlt 
and  i-alcltc.  The  writt^r  stntd  al  tbi>  Mumo  aH'«tin)j  that  b 
bad  madf  an  tnoaro)>U-t(.-  CMaminatloR  of  thr  Mmr  roinrnl,  irhtel 
In  ^n>ut  iHtn.oonAriDrd  Dr.  (lolditoiithV  olfvorvntionti,  Iwt  that  li 
failed  to  And  |>b(>i>|ihoric  ai^ii),  and  pronii)i(>d  the  Serlion  the  n^ 
of  i-xix-rimrnt*  Ihi-n  under  way. 

At  thv  meeting  of  the  Ae.ideni;  held  Docember  Slat,  IST8,  Dl 
KoeniK  oommnnieatod  the  renidta  of  a  fiill  qiuntltatlvt-  analjnll 
^rinfc  the oompoHitlon.  a  hydrous  rarbouatK  nf  urunluni and  limi 
to  which  be  gave  the  Dame  Itandlt«. 

Tin-  writer's  rwtidl*  dilfrr  nomi-whnl  from  thn***  .,t  .Mr.  OoM 
smith  and  Dr.  Roenig.  Owing  to  the  very  Hmnll  amount  of  tli 
coating,  and  itn  close  adhe-tion  to  the  ro)'k,  [iro|H-r  scpitnition  wa 
iro[>r>!«sihle,  and  the  first  esperimuntt  wi-re  made  by  treating  th 
rock  and  coating,  first  with  aci'tic  acid,  to  remove  calcitf.  the 
with  dilute  hydrochloric  acid.  The  coating  was  unatfLi-lvd  liy  th 
acetic  acid,  an  proven  by  one  Hpocimen,  in  which,  after  solution  < 
a  large  amount  of  caleite,  the  Kanditc  wat  left  in  tuds  ofaciotila 
cryxtaN.  The  acetic  solution  contained  chiefly  lime,  with  a  littl 
alumina,  but  no  uranium. 

The  hydrociiloric  solution  yielded  a  small  timount  of  nilic: 
alumina,  aiilpburic  acid,  and  phoxjihoric  noiil,  nith  a  large  amour 
of  lime  ami  uranium. 

In  the  treatment  with  acetic  nciit,  liuhlilco  ap|ie:ir<'d  to  ri^-fror 
the  coating— !i  multitudt.'  of  liny  bulibhs  ;  on  tlic  HiicccdirLi:  Ir.  a 
meiit  with  hydrochloric  iicid.  the  l..il.l.les  were  nmcU  l.-.r-.T.  h» 
fcwt^r  in  num>>er,  and  ii))p^<:ire.l  to  rise  from  :i  e:ir)><>nate  in  tli 
crevices  of  tlic  rock. 


1880.]  NATURAL  SCIENCES  OP  PHILADELPHIA.  275 

Tlie  proportion  between  the  lime  and  uranium  may  be  given  as 
follows : 

Roenig.  Rand,  1.  Rand,  2. 

Lime,  56  38  26 

Uranium,  44  62  74 

10.708  gm.  of  coated  rock,  after  treatment  with  acetic  acid, 
yielded  to  8  p.  c.  liydroehloric  acid,  cold,  in  about  five  minutes 
(the  coating  having  (disappeared),  .122.  On  evaporating  the 
solution  to  dryness  there  was  a  residue  less  than  .001  gm.  The 
solution  was  precipitated  by  ammonia,  in  the  presence  of  chloride 
of  ammonium ;  the  solution  with  oxalate  of  ammonia  gave  car- 
bonate of  lime,  .0365.  The  precipitate  treated  with  acetic  acid 
dissolved  wholly,  except  .001  of  a  white  precipitate,  which  con- 
tained phosphoric  acid,  and  was  probabl}'  phosphate  of  alumina. 
The  solution  precipitated  by  phosphate  of  soda  gave  phos.  ui*an., 

.0711  =U2O3.0569. 

Per  cent. 

Uranic  oxide,  .0569  46.71 

Lime,  .0204  16.71 

Phos.al?  .001  .89 

Undetermined,  35.69 


100. 

About  100  grams  of  the  rock,  free  from  the  coating,  were  treated 
with  acetic  acid  in  excess.  A  large  amount  of  lime  was  dissolved, 
and  a  trace  of  alumina.  The  residue,  treated  with  hydrochloric 
acid,  yielded  a  little  silica,  some  alumina,  and  considerable  lime. 

I  infer  from  these  tests  that  the  mineral  has  not  the  composition 
obtained  by  Dr.  Koenig,  and  that  further  investigation  is  needed, 
if  pure  material  can  be  obtained. 


276  PR0CEEPIN08  OF  THE  ACADEMY  OF  [1^80. 


March  24,  1879. 

Some  Microscopic  Enclosures  in  Mica, — Mr.  Thbo.  I>.  Hand 
descril»ed,  and  exhibited  under  the  microscope,  certain  cryntaU, 
etc.,  included  in  mica,  chiefly  from  Swain's  quarry,  Chester  Co.  Pa. 

Of  these,  the  magnetite  dendritic  markings,  and  similar  mark- 
ings of  red  and  brown  colors,  apparently alue  to  oxidation  of  the 
magnetite,  are  most  common  and  best  known.  Besides  these  the 
following  occur : — 

Hexagonal  crystals,  black  and  opa(|ue  ;  angles,  60^  and  1 20  • .  In 
the  form  of  the  crystal  in  this  description,  the  form  of  the  section 
exhibite<i  under  the  microscoiK*  is  intendcKl.  A  similar  crvsfal, 
brown  in  color,  perhaps  the  same  substance,  translucent ;  probably 
biotite  or  lepidomelane. 

Hexagonal  or  rhombic  cr^'stals  of  a  bright  red  color,  sometimes 
with  the  angles  modified  ;  angles  TiC^  and  120*^.  There  are  some 
8iH»cimens  which  indicate  the  change  of  the  black  into  the  tvA 
rhombs.  One  of  the  red  rhombs  contained  a  blnck  ervstal,  with 
faces  parallel  to  those  of  the  re<l,  and  one,  a  very  symmetrical  anil 
simple  crystal,  from  near  Newtown  S<|uare,  Delawan*  C<».,  i*a., 
was  black  for  about  one-fourth  its  length,  the  remainder  nnl. 

Rhombic  crystals,  polarizing  light,  giving  very  brilliant  <*olorH. 
At  first  this  was  8up]X)se<i  to  l>e  due  to  films  of  the  mica  its«'lf,  hut 
the  regularity  and  brilliancy  of  the  rhombs,  compared  with  the 
mica,  and  their  angles,  seem  to  render  this  nion*  than  doubtful,  the 
arijxles  being  In'tweon  1^\  and  7S  .  Tht\v  an'  ainn>st  iiiiivrr-^ally 
acconipaniiMl  by,  an<l  in  contact  with,  t hi'  red  or  black  rlMHubs 
and  generally  both. 

Quartz  crystal^,  generally  flattened.  soinetinie*J  very  niinnte. 
sometimes  large  enough  for  the  crystallization  to  U*  se<*n  with  the 
naked  eye;  generally  masses  of  crystals,  showiTiu:  <li>tinct  crx^t  il- 
lization  on  the  edges  only,  occasionally  separate  <lonbly  terinin:it«'d 
prisms.  Some  of  the  s|H*ciuiens  with  polarized  light  are  v«  ry 
beautiful. 

A  substance  usually  presentinir  tln»  form  of  ilisk^,  J,,  inrh  .Miel 
less  in  diameter,  showing,  with  polarized  li^ht,  a  radiation  lV»»in 
the  centre,  and  a  change  of  brilliant  colore  as  the  analv/er  is 
rotatetl.  Apparently  the  same  material  occurs  in  acicnlar  er\  ^t  tU. 
\  n  twinnc<l  at  00^  and  120  ,  in  a  plumose  form,  an*l  in  a  t***rTn 
Cl4  ly  reaembling  a  section  of  airate  arrows  the  lawr*^.  S.»in.  ..f' 
t1  disks  ap|M*ar  to  Ik*  strictly  a  radiation  »»t*  a<*ieiil:«r  «rv*.*.»l^ 

I  centre,  others  to  Ik»  made  up  of  three  or  mon"  oval  nia — «  <  : 
the  latter  are  separate,  or  joined  two.  three.  \\*\\\ .  ..r 

;  r,  showing  apparent  twinninLT  a!    ♦',o     and  IJo    :   t  h-^m- 

lift  with  polarized  light,  lake  each  a  sini^le  tint  at  :i  tm.*. 

"""•n  foun<l  also  in  mica  from  n«ar  Newtown  S.j.i  ir«  , 


1880.]  NATURAL  SCIENCES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  277 

Delaware  Co.,  Pa.,  and  from  the  Junction  Railroad,  above  Girard 
Avenue,  Fairmount  Park,  associated  with  rhombs  apparently  of 
lepidomelane  or  biotite,  and  also  with  quartz. 

On  the  Bryn  Mawr  Gravel Mr.  Henry  Carvill  Lewis  re- 
marked, that  since  the  presentation  of  his  paper  on  the  *'  Surface 
Geology  of  Philadelphia  and  vicinity,"  he  had  been  able  to  extend 
the  investigation  then  begun,  considerably  beyond  the  limits  of 
Philadelphia.  The  "  Upland  Terrace  "  has  now  been  traced  con- 
tinuously from  near  Trenton,  through  Bucks,  Philadelphia,  and 
Delaware  counties,  to  beyond  Wilmington  in  Delaware.  As  far 
as  could  be  judged,  the  clay  comes  up  to  a  uniform  level  along 
this  terrace.  It  has  been  gratifying  to  find  that  the  main  charac- 
teristics of  the  dijQferent  deposits,  recorded  in  the  paper  referred  to, 
are  constant  throughout  the  whole  of  this  region. 

The  principal  difficulty  in  the  work  has  been  want  of  topographi- 
cal data.  While  within  the  limits  of  the  city,  the  topographical 
map  of  the  Water  Department  had  been  of  great  service,  but 
Ijeyond  these  limits  elevations  had  to  be  estimated  from  occasional 
railroad  levels.  Topography  is  an  aid  in  all  geological  investiga- 
tions, but  in  the  study  of  surface  geology  it  is  a  necessity. 

It  is  now  desired  to  call  attention  to  the  great  development  of 
the  Bryn  Mawr  gravel  in  Delaware,  and  to  the  indications  of  its 
assuming  an  important  position  in  the  geology  of  the  Southern 
States.  In  Bucks  County,  north  of  Philadelphia,  the  formation 
has  been  recognized  but  scantily,  but  as  we  go  south  of  the  city 
it  increases  largely  in  extent.  Numerous  hills  in  Delaware  Co. 
have  been  found  to  be  cap|)ed  by  this  formation,  and  in  northern 
Delaware  it  covers  the  gneissic  hills  in  patches  several  miles  long 
and  comes  close  to  the  river. 

The  Upland  Terrace,  after  crossing  the  Delaware  State  line 
about  two  and  a-half  miles  back  from  the  river,  gradually  ap- 
proaches it,  until  near  Bellevue  Station,  P.  W.  and  B.  R.  R.,  its 
base  is  but  half  a  mile  from  the  river.  It  forms  the  upper  portion 
of  Wilmington,  and  then  trends  S.  E.  towards  Baltimore,  north  of 
the  railroad  and  away  from  the  river.  In  the  neighborhood  of 
Wilmington  the  Bryn  Mawr  gravel  lies  directly  upon  and  back  of 
the  Upland  Terrace,  which  is  here  about  300  feet  high.  It  is 
abundant  to  the  southeast  of  Tallyville,  Del.,  covering  a  large 
tract  of  country,  and  it  appears  on  the  hills  on  both  sides  of  the 
Brandy  wine  in  the  neighborhood  .  of  Dupont's  Powder  Mills.  It 
is  found  on  the  Philadelphia  and  Wilmington  Turnpike,  two  miles 
northeast  of  Wilmington,  and  one  mile  from  the  river.  In  many 
places  it  is  five  feet  deep,  and  it  seems  less  eroded  than  in  Penn- 
sylvania. It  consists  of  sharp  pieces  of  Mt,  Holly  conglomerate 
and  iron  sandstone  with  well-rounded  pebbles  of  quartzite  and  of 
Potsdam  sandstone,  being  identical  with  that  of  Chestuut  Hill 
and  Bryn  Mawr. 


STS  PKOCKKMilUA  Ul-  TIIK  ArAIiKMV  i>l' 

Tlii«  rorm&tion,  on  nbundsiit  in  Dolnnnrc,  U  ttiito  ufuvetl  to  bt 
bj*  nu  mrnnH  n  local  one,  hiiiI  it  Jx  probntilr  tti»l  it  will  Iw  iilvnUAtd 
with  MomH  nf  thu  rormiitionii  (;roii[)ed  together  iinilor  the  asm*  of 
"Soutliorn  I'rifl." 

The  llr>'ti  Mawr  gravel  baa  al§o  rtv«iitJy  bwu  fiiand  in  titt 
Montgomery  County  limi'stoiiu  valley,  and  tben-  •rptnii  tu  be  a 
oloHt?  connection  belwcen  It  and  tlie  siirfare  or  drift  iron  urv*  uf 
that  valley-  Some  of  thirAo  orcn  app^utr  to  In'  siiii[ily  a  rcry  frr- 
rii|(inoD«  variety  of  the  Ml.  Holly  eoD^lnmerete.  Tliry  ovtrlie 
tioconformably  the  steeply -dipping  ilei-niupOMed  shalea  whirh  bold 
a  more  ancient  and  rk-ber  ore. 

In  Bncbfl  Connty  there  uccum  ii  gravis!  diCTcreut  ftiiniany  >-il 
deaorilwd,  whieb  at  flrat  oceamiontHl  houic  confuiiUiiL  It  ha^  fiKinnl 
to  !«  Uie  result  of  the  draomiWMitiuii  of  tlif  lower  Ttlawli;  wm- 
glontente,  the  p«bbleM  of  wliich,  looM-u<-d  from  IbcU  <«in<-nling 
material,  have  bvnn  wrutlvred  tliroiigU  tb«  aoil.  Tl»e«i<  Trla^BJc 
uebblfs  arc  romiiHl  of  gni-i>ki>,  not  I'otsdain.  Hill>  of  ml  xlialr 
border  IbiM  gravel. 

A  prt'liniiuur)'  map  of  tlip  Snrbcv  Ocologj'  of  Sontlmnti^ni 
PennMylvania  waji  rxhU'ili-<l,  and  it  wa»i  migj^piitml  that  tu  pulilic*- 
tion  would  U*  of  "iTvitx  to  many  bomido*  geologiat*. 

A  MIL  iS,  U'9. 
On  mme  Encloaurea  in  itiea. — Mr.  IjKWIN  exhlbltol  tonui  pl*t«« 
of  Muscovite  which  b«  had  found  on  t41ioeinak«r\  Lanv.  Uan 
town,  Mhich  contained  mleroacopio  vrystala  of  peenliar  abApe. 
They  conaiated  of  a  dark  gr««u  micu,  probably  LcpJdomelaiM'. 
in  minute  nbarp  crvhtaln  ttiickty  dlipoaed  tbton|[honl  UH^ 
mnacovile.  Tbt-'se  uryntaln  were  fr(N]uently  arrow-«li«i>ed,  ao4 
geueially  mucb  elongated.  Largu  niimlwn  of  tbetn  were  ahapvd 
like  a  uimiki-t.  Tbey  wvrt!  ven,-  difTengut  IVom  any  of  the  enolo- 
eureiiin  the  iun«;ovitv  of  IVnnHlmry,  I><'l  ('i>..nnd  wrre  Inlervatlng; 
objecla  under  the  niicroxropf. 

On  DfiutrifrK. — Mr.  Henby  ('ARViLt  Lewis  ma<le  some  obtter- 
vationx  ujwn  dendrites  anil  their  mode  of  growth.  He  8tate<l  that 
dendrites  were  not  cnuseil  by  (iltration  of  melaliferoUH  water,  but 
that  they  fre(|uetitly  grow  upward  by  chemical  or  capillary  action. 
He  described  an  ex]K>Hure  of  white  lower  Triaesic  sandxtone  in  a 
quarry  in  Ilie  soutbeni  part  of  Norristowii,  where  dendrites*  of 
oxide  of  manganese  were  seen  up<in  the  surface  of  the  rook. 
growiu;:  from  Ix-low  upwards.  The  dendritea  were  ap|>arently  in 
pnicesM  of  growth,  and  a'cre  so  soft  that  they  could  l>c  M.'n«|>ed 
with  a  knife  from  the  ri>ok.  The  material  thus  obtained  gave  a 
hriglit  metallic  streak  on  the  fingers,  and  was  shown  by  the  bbiw- 
pi|)e  t"  l>e  bydrou^  oxide  of  manganese.  It  was  obwrveil  that 
while  the  roi-k  iiliove  niul  below  these  dendrites  was  s[>otte<t  with 
minute   rust-sptikn  of  nmnganes«-,  the  ]X)rtion  uiH>n  which   the 


I 


1880.]  NATURAL  SCIENCES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  279 

dendrites  grew  was  pure  white  and  free  from  such  specks.  It 
seemed  that  the  material  of  the  dendrites  is  abstracted  from  the 
rock  and  by  some  segregating  force  built  up  into  tree-like  forms. 
An  examination  of  their  structures  showed  that  the  dendrites  were 
quite  amorphous  and  that  very  frequently  the  upper  extremities 
of  their  branches  were  thicker  than  the  stem  portion,  as  though 
some  concretionary  or  capillary  force  acted  most  powerfully  at 
the  growing  points.  No  crystalline  structure  was  apparent,  the 
dendrites  being  bounded  throughout  by  curved  lines.  It  looked 
as  though  they  might  have  grown  by  a  succession  of  concentric 
metallic  shells. 

It  was  remarked  that  these  dendrites  were  quite  different  from 
those  in  muscovite  and  other  crystals,  which,  frequently  derived 
from  the  substance  of  the  crystal,  have  been  so  influenced  by  its 
structure  as  to  become  often  pseudomorphic.  It  was  noted  that 
there  are  several  distinct  kinds  of  dendrites.  They  may.  be  internal, 
as  in  moss* agate  ;  or  external,  as  in  the  case  now  described.  They 
may  also  be  either  cr3'stalline  or  amorphous.  The  ciystalline 
dendrites  are  subdivided  into  those  which  have  been  free  to 
crystallize  of  their  own  accord,  and  into  those  which  have  been 
influenced  by  the  crystalline  structure  of  the  mineral  in  which 
they  exist.     Examples  of  each  were  cited. 

On  a  Jurasftic  Sand. — Mr.  Lewis  directed  attention  to  a  fine 
sand  of  considerable  extent  and  depth,  which  he  had  found  under- 
lying the  lower  Cretaceous  plastic  clay.  I f  this  clay,  as  is  supposed, 
is  the  base  of  the  Cretaceous  formation,  the  sand  below  it  may  be 
of  Jurassic  age.  There  is  a  fine  exposure  of  this  sand  near  Elkton, 
Md.  From  its  coherence  it  may  be  regarded  as  a  fine-grained 
sandstone.  It  is  either  white  or  pale  yellow  in  color,  and  about 
15  feet  are  here  exposed.  Underneath  the  plastic  clay  south  of 
Trenton,  N.  J.,  the  same  sand  is  at  least  30  feet  deep.  It  is  sug- 
gested that,  in  the  absence  of  fossils  to  fix  its  age,  it  may  possibly 
correspond  stratigraphically  with  the  "  Hastings  sand."  The 
overlying  clay  contains  fossils  at  Baltimore,  which  Prof.  Uhler 
identifies  as  Wealden. 

Upon  the  summit  of  the  same  hill,  near  Elkton,  where  the  above- 
described  sand  is  exposed,  '^Bryn  Mawr  gravel"  occurs  in  abun- 
dance. It  contains  *'  Mt.  Holly  conglomerate,"  and  has  the  same 
features  as  in  Delaware  and  Pennsylvania.  Whether  or  not  it  has 
any  connection  with  the  plastic  clay  is  not  known.  This  same 
plastic  clay,  of  probably  Wealden  age,  occurs  at  Turkey  Hill,  in 
Bucks  County,.  Penna. 

May  26,  1879. 

Potsdam  Sandstone  near  King  of  Prussia.^Mw  Theodore  D. 
Rand  called  attention  to  primal  (Potsdam)  sandstone  rocks  in  the 
bed  of  a  valley  on  the  farm  of  Samuel  Tyson,  South  Chester  Val- 
ley Hill,  near  King  of  Prussia,  Montgomery  County,  Pa. 


280  PROCEEDINGS  OF   THE   ACADEMY  OF  [1880. 

A  New  Locality  for  AmethijsL-'Mr.  W.  W.  Jefferis  annoanced 
that  Amethj'sts,  well  cr3'8tallized,  and  of  a  rich  purple  color,  had 
been  found  this  spring,  for  the  first  time,  in  the  northern  part  of 
Newlin  Township,  Chester  County.  They  were  brought  to  the 
surface  by  deep  plowing,  and  were  supposed  to  be  derived  from 
a  vein  of  this  mineral. 

September  22, 1879. 

A  New  Corundum  Locality, — Mr.  W.  W.  Jefferis  remarked 
that  a  vein  of  blue  Corundum,  similar  to  that  found  in  North 
Carolina,  was  struck,  on  the  south  side  of  the  Serpentine  Kidgc, 
in  Newlin  Township,  Chester  County,  a  short  time  since.  The 
vein  is  well  defined,  being  between  walls  of  Ciilsageeite,  in  large 
plates  of  a  yellowish  green  color.  Over  500  Iba.  of  massive  blue 
corundum  has  been  taken  out  within  ten  feet  of  the  surface. 

The  Minerals  of  Surry  County^  N,  C, — Mr.  H.  C.  Lewis  commu- 
niciited  the  following  list  of  minerals  which  he  had  found  near 
Dobson,  Surry  Co.,  X.  C,  during  a  recent  visit  to  that  locality'  :— 

Native  sulphur,  galena,  pyrrhotite,  pyrite,chalcopyrite,  hematite, 
menaccanite,  magnetite,  limonite,  hausmannite,  psilomelane,  wad, 
hornblende,  actinolite,  asbestos,  garnet,  talc,  steatite,  ripidoHte, 
chlorite. 

The  psilomelane  occurred  in  a  bed  about  18  feet  in  thickness. 

The  magnetite  was  frequently  polar.  Native  sulphur  occurred 
in  cavities  in  quartzite  as  a  coarse  loose  powder  of  rounded  wax- 
like grains,  and  was  the  result  of  the  decomposition  of  pyrite. 

It  was  also  stated  that  rutile  occurred  in  Alexander  Co.,  N.  C. — 
a  new  locality. 

FoHfsil  (?)  Casts  in  Sandstone, — Dr.  J.  M.  Cardeza  exhibited 
specimens  of  quartz  sandstone  (Potsdam?)  which  he  had  found 
lying  loose  upon  the  soil  at  Dutton's  Mills,  Pa.,  in  which  were 
oblong  rounded  casts  of  sandstone,  about  an  inch  in  length,  and 
similar  to  one  another  in  shape.  It  was  questioned  whether  they 
might  not  be  fossils. 

On  a  Peculiar  Stratification  in  Gneiss. — Mr.  Theodore  D. 
Rand  stated  that  while  much  of  the  porphyritic  gneiss  of  the  belt 
running  southwest  from  the  Falls  of  Schuylkill  at  the  surface  was 
in  rounded  boulder-like  masses,  which  had  been  mistaken  for  trap 
some  of  it  presents  at  the  surface  a  thin-bedded  structure  with 
apparently,  very  distinct  stratification.  Recently  the  cut  of  th 
Pennsylvania  Railroad  through  this  belt,  between  Merion  and  El 
Stations,  about  a  mile  from  the  boundary  of  the  City  of  Philadel- 
phia, has  been  widened,  and  on  the  south  side  may  be  seen  a 
interesting  section.     A  mass  of  the  gneiss,  perhaps  15  feet  across 


1S80.]  NATURAL  SaENCES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  281 

has  been  cut  through,  and  almost  encircling  it  may  be  seen  the 
thin-bedded  variety,  with  its  apparent  stratification  tangential  to 
the  mass  from  wliich,  by  decomposition,  it  evidently  was  derived. 
The  true  stratification  of  this  bed  of  gneiss  appeal's  to  be  more 
nearly  horizontal  and  less  contorted  than  that  of  any  of  the  rocks 
of  the  vicinity  of  Philadelphia. 

A  Xew  Locality  for  Lignite, — Mr.  Henry  Carvill  Lewis 
announced  the  discovery  of  lignite,  or  brown  poal,  in  the  lime- 
stone valley  of  Montgomery  County,  a  mile  and  a-half  from  the 
boundary  of  Philadelphia.  He  had  found  it,  last  June,  at  Marble 
Hall,  close  to  the  marble  quarry,  within  a  few  feet  of  diggings 
for  iron  ore.  In  order  to  ascertain  its  extent  and  geological  posi- 
tion more  definitel}',  he  had  caused  a  shaft  to  be  sunk  40  feet  deep 
on  the  property  of  Henry  Hitner,  Esq.  After  passing  through  38 
feet  of  decomposed  hydromica  slate,  there  was  found  a  stratum  4 
feet  thick  of  a  tough  black  fire-clay  filled  with  fragments  of  lignite. 
These  fragments,  sometimes  a  foot  or  more  in  length,  lay  in  all 
directions  in  the  clay.  They  had  the  form  of  twigs  and  branches, 
and,  though  completely  turned  into  lignite,  showed  distinctly  the 
grain  of  the  wood.  The  smaller  pieces  were  generally  flattened, 
and  ofven  as  soil  as  charcoal,  but  the  larger  ones  were  quite  hard 
and  brittle  and  had  the  shininsr  fracture  of  true  coal.  It  burned 
with  a  bright  yellow  flame.  Frequently  balls  of  pyrite  occurred 
with  the  lignite. 

The  clay  which  contained  it  was  underlaid  by  sand,  and  appeared 
to  dip  south.  It  had  an  east  and  west  strike,  like  that  of  the  lime 
stone  and  of  the  iron  ores.  In  appearance  it  was  similar  to  the 
8ub-Cretaceou8  plastic  clays  of  New  Jersey,  which  also  contained 
lignite  resembling  that  of  Marble  Hall.  White  kaolin  and  white 
and  red  potters'  clay  occur  in  the  vicinity  and  are  probably  of 
similar  age.  They  are  all  older  than  the  surface  deposits  and 
gravel  of  the  valley. 

It  was  stated  that  while  lignite  is  not  uncommon  in  the  Triassic 
formation,  its  occurrence  in  a  Silurian  limestone  valley  is  of  great 
interest.  Whether  referred  to  Tertiary  or  Jurassic  age,  it  brings  a 
new  geological  epoch  into  this  region  and  revolutionizes  our  ideas 
of  the  age  of  many  of  the  so-called  '*  Primal  ^  iron  ores. 

On  Serpentine  in  Buds  County Mr.  Lewis  called  attention 

to  the  fact  that  while  seq)entine  was  abundant  in  Delaware  Co.,  it 
had  not  been  recorded  as  occurring  anywhere  in  Bucks  Co.  He 
had  recently  noticed  an  exposure  of  it  in  that  county,  near  the 
village  of  Flushing,  Bensalem  Township.  A  narrow  dyke  of  hard, 
impure  serpentine  here  crosses  the  road  near  the  Neshaminy 
Creek.  He  thought  that  the  genesis  of  serpentine  and  its  relation 
to  the  gneissic  rocks  was  still  uncertain. 

19 


0(TTount  «1,  1810. 

IHK  nOH  OBBI  IBS  LIOKITB  OF  TBK  HOirrQOIIttT  M.  TAIXXT. 

UV    IIKNKT  CAKVILI.    LKWI1. 

Thi-  ilifieoviTj'  <rl  li^fnili-  in  lite  Iruri  ore  rojiion  nottli  of  I'tilli 
ilolpliin  introiluci-ii  tome  new  ciintilclcrMtions  in  tlic  ntuHj-  < 
geology,  and  linn  a  direct  iN'nring  npun  tlio  up.-  of  lu  Itod  o 
Lif^ite  w&H  found  in  thin  valley  many  yi.-t>r>  ngo,  hat  *>>»  bu[i|io 
to  Im>  TrUsBlo,  and  ther«' fore  unJmporlanl.'  Beforr  jwlgingurti 
iMtnniH-tion  that  the  oconrreuce  of  Ugnit«  in  the  MontgonuTj  Coh 
liiiiMitoD«  vullpy  will  bavf  with  the  |{eolotry  of  tlic  Atlantic  c- 
it  will  1m!  imiKirtAnt  to  I'liiimemto  other  localities  of  a  aimfli 
nature  where  that  iniiifral  ban  l»en  found. 

In  hi»  Oeology  of  Vermont,  I'rof.  K.  IIit*-lMttx-k  (tt^>iTll<nl  i 
ovourrcnce  of  lignite  in  a  almilar  poHJtion  at  Bmndon.  Vt^  a 
proposed  a  tlicorj-  which  excit«d  much  attention,  hut  which  I 
lieen  rejected  by  many  geolo^istt.  It  was  shown  that  a  ftecpl 
dl|ijilnK  Ktratum  of  lignite  lay  wittitn  l)edB  of  plastic  clajr,  I 
and  iron  ore,  nil  di|)ping  t>ieti|}ly  «uiittieast.  The  Iron  ore  d»|<( 
wan  ■ametitnm  100  feel  dvep,  and  all  tlieae  bed*  rentml  a|pitnat  ^ 
limestoDo  wbieb  bad  the  Dame  atre[i  di]>.  Moltleil  etayn  wtini 
di-HeriU-dftH»iiniilBrt..Ih..«.-grMi.rtli!i\  Viri.-v.ir.!  .i.id  M»-  N!.-  ..f 
Wight,  and  much  of  the  formation  was  said  to  resemble  a  meta- 
morphosed mica  ^ehist.  The  stratum  of  lignite  was  opened  from 
near  the  surface  to  a  depth  of  80  feet,  and  was  usetl  aa  co«d.  It 
proved  to  be  generally  dicotyledonous,  and  to  contain  twigs  and 
fruits  which  belonged  to  a  tropical  climate,  and  which  Profeaaor 
Leequereux  referred  to  a  Tertiary  epoch,  probably  Miocene.  Fron 
this  discovery,  Prof.  Hitchcock  proposed  the  theor>-  that  all  tbc 
limonit«  iron  ores  of  the  Atlantic  coast  in  similar  geological  poei- 
tions  were  Tertiary  and  of  oceanic  origin.  On  the  other  liand, 
it  was  argued  that  an  isolated  example  was  not  sulflcientto  e«tab~ 
Ijsh  such  a  wide  conclusion,  and  the  lignite  was  regarded  an  locally 
formed  by  having  l>ecn  washed  into  an  existing  cavern  in  the 
limcBloiie  floor. 

The  next  occurrence  uf  lignite  is  a  very  Rimilnrone  at  Pond 
Bank,   near    ChamlK-rxburg,    I'a.,    described    in    an     Interesting 

'  y.  Prof.  Leidj,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  1861,  77. 


1880.]  NATURAL  SCIENCES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  283 

paper  by  Prof.  Lesley.*  Here  again  it  was  found  in  a  limestone 
valley  close  to  iron  ore  excavations.  It  was  at  a  depth  of  40  feet, 
below  strata  of  clay  and  sand.  According  to  the  superintendent 
of  the  mine,  it  was  in  two  strata,  the  lowest  of  which  was  18 
feet  in  thickness,  and  was  separated  from  the  upper  bed,  4  feet  thick, 
by  a  stratum  of  sand.  Below  it,  at  a  depth  of  66  feet,  red  and 
white  plastic  clay  occurred.  The  strata  were  nearly  horizontal. 
It  was  thought  that  the  lignite  was  not  necessarily  connected  with 
the  iron  ores,  but  was  a  local  deposit  of  late  date,  made  in  a  shallow 
pond,  and  that,  as  at  Brandon,  a  sink-hole  had  been  formed  in  the 
underlying  limestone.  It  was  regarded  as  of  the  latest  Tertiary 
age. 

Lignite  has  also  recently  been  discovered  by  Prof.  Prime,  in 
Brown's  iron  mine,  at  I  ronton,  Lehigh  Co.,  Pa,*  He  states  that 
it  occurs  in  a  white  plastic  clay,  but  does  not  give  the  depth  at 
which  it  was  found.  He  believes  that  it  was  transported  by  ice 
and  water  in  the  Glacial  epoch,  and  refers  the  iron  ores  of  the 
valle}*  to  the  same  origin. 

The  writer  believes  that  in  the  light  of  facts  now  developed, 
this  theory  of  the  age  of  the  lignite  cannot  be  maintained.  After 
an  inspection  of  the  locality,  he  has  found  that  the  surface-drift 
and  boulders  of  that  valley  lie  unconformably  upon  the  forma- 
tion containing  the  lignite.  The  lignite  lies  at  a  depth  of  46 
feet  from  the  surface,  in  a  tough  plastic  clay,  which  is  entirely 
free  from  boulders.  About  30  feet  of  potters'  clay  and  decom- 
posed hydromica  slate  lie  upon  the  lignitic  stratum,  and  resting 
upon  the  whole  is  15  feet  of  drift.  This  surface  drift,  of  yellow 
brick-clay,  boulders,  gravel  and  drift  iron  ore,  is  thus  of  quite 
different  character  from  the  strata  below  it,  and  is  probably  de- 
posited by  glacial  waters.  The  underlj'ing  formations  have, 
apparently,  in  some  places,  a  dip  like  that  of  the  adjacent  lime- 
stone, and  are  certainly  more  ancient  than  the  surface  ddft. 

The  lignite  recently  found  by  the  writer  in  the  Montgomery  Co. 
valley,  and  described  at  the  last  meeting  of  the  Section,  ocours 
under  conditions  very  similar  to  those  above  indicated.  In  im- 
mediate proximity  both  to  a  limestone  outcrop  and  to  iron  ore 
diggings,  it  was  found  at  a  depth  of  35  feet,  in  a  plastic  clay 
which  contains  no  gravel  or  boulders,  and  which  is  overlaid  by 

^  Proc.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc.,  ix,  463. 

^  Report  DD.,  2d  Qeolog.  Survey  of  Pa.,  p.  76. 


•£St 


%<i» 


<t  THE  ACAPEHV  Qt 


0» 


da,v  and  decotnpoeeil  hyilromica  xlfttr.  A  «uHh«>  drin,  ooiitalnlnf 
iron  orf ,  gravel,  and  orciuional  boiildom,  lies  unoonfonniMy  u|3aa 
tiw  whole  funiiattdn.  The  section  hero  prv»cn«>d  wm  ma'tr  in  k 
*baIV  wliU'Ii  tlic  writer  was  allowed  to  liavp  sunk  within  ■  few  fr^'t 
of  Mr.  IIltnrr*H  nmrlile  qiwrrv,  Marlilc  UatI,  >I(rnt)foni«ni'  Coouty. 


Top  dirt,"  ji-llow,  imptin-. 


8ofl  white  drvompoaed  bydrondt-a  Hlat«  or  1 
pure  "  kaolin,"  contaiolni;  oevaidoual  liroki 
seams  of  sharj)  f|uart2lte,  bat  no  peliblM. 

Coarse  white  sand  and  rounded  |)c1>b[e«;  app 

cntly  u  decompoNi'd  aandtttone. 
Tongh  mottled  ml  clay. 


f.itiniU  it)  a  vi-ry  tough,  dark  elay. 


i-  b.hik!,   will]   fragtiKnt* 
I  Willi  prliM.'s, 


The  lignite  bed  contains  oc^nsioaal  streaks  of  Sne  gray  sand, 
and  is  Hnderlai<l  by  a  coarser  sand.  So  far  as  could  be  Juitged 
tVom  tbe  very  limited  exposure,  it  dipped  south,  at  an  angle  nf 
about  30°;  becoming  thicker  an  it  dipped.  The  lignite  lies  in 
IVagments  in  the  clay,  and  consists  of  twigs  and  branches  of  Imnd 
plants,  apparently  all  dicotyledonous.  The  lignite  frequently 
iihowtt  a  brilliaut  black  lustre  nlien  transversely  fractured.  Tbe 
umall  fragroontn  arv  more  like  charcoal,  and  are  often  in  the  fomi 
of  flattened  twifr>t.  Some  of  these  appear  to  be  partially  rounded 
by  attrition.  .Nn  nhells  or  marine  fossilH  occur.  I'yrite  frequently 
i-ncnHls  the  lit;iiiti'  or  funns  niHlules,  and  wlieu  exjKried  to  the 
air  decomiKwcH  into  ferrous  niilpbate. 

.At  this  name  locality,  lignite  has  been  taken  fVom  three  other 
•haftM  in  addition  to  the  one  Just  described.    Two  of  these  are 


1880.]  NATURAL  SCIENCES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  285 

close  to  the  Marble  Quarry,  but  the  third  is  al)out  400  feet  east  of 
these,  behind  the  barn  of  Mr.  H.  S.  Hitner,  who  says  that  it  was 
found  many  feet  below  the  surface.  These  facts  indicate  an  oast 
and  west  strike  to  the  lignitic  strata,  and  an  extent  of  400  feet  in 
length  and  40  feet  in  breadth.  Shafts  100  feet  north  of  these 
struck  iron  ore,  but  no  lignite.  They  exhibited  the  following 
succession  of  strata: — (1)  "Top  dirt;"  (2)  Decomposed  hydro- 
mica  slate;  (3)  White  clay ;  (4)  Yellow  sand  ;  (5)  Iron  ore. 

Recent  explorations  have  shown  that  Marble  Hall  is  not  the 
only  locality  where  lignite  is  found,  but  that  it  occurs  in  a  number 
ol  other  places  in  the  same  valley.  About  a  mile  and  three- 
quarters  west  of  Marbl^  Hall  it  was  formerly  found  in  a  field  on 
the  Ridge  Road,  opposite  a  house  once  owned  by  W.  Potts.  It 
was  at  a  depth  of  about  40  feet.  Red  and  white  potters'  clay, 
white  kaolin  and  iron  ore  are  found  close  to  the  oi)ening.  The 
lignite  at  this  place  is  hard,  and  is  said  to  burn  well.  Another 
locality  is  on  the  farm  of  W.  Wills,  south  of  Plymouth  Creek, 
about  one  mile  from  Conshohocken.  Considerable  quantities  of 
lignite  have  been  here  exhumed,  the  pieces  being  often  a  foot  in 
length.  This  shaft  was  opened  about  thirty  years  ago,  and  was 
probably  the  locality  referred  to  by  Dr.  Leidy.  Lignite  has  also 
been  found  in  a  number  of  iron  ore  pits  south  of  here  and  east  of 
Conshohocken.     It  is  said  always  to  occur  in  fire-clay. 

The  above  localities  are  all  included  in  a  strip  of  country  about  two 
and  a-half  miles  long  and  a  quarter  of  a  mile  broad,  lying  in  nearly  an 
east  and  west  direction.  The  lignite  appears  to  form  two  distinct, 
nai  row  lines  of  outcrop  with  a  definite  E.  and  W.  or  E.  N.  E.  and 
W.  S.  W.  strike, — thus  conforming  with  the  limestone.  While  its 
dip  has  not  been  actually  establislied,  the  decomposed  slates  and 
sandstones  of  apparently  similar  age  have  been  observed  to  dip 
40°  S.  20°  W. 

From  these  facts  it  would  appear  that  the  lignite  is  not  a  mere 
local  wash  or  accidental  deposit,  but  that  it  is  part  of  a  stratified 
and  distinct  formation,  having  a  trend  like  that  of  the  limestone, 
and  of  considerable  extent ;  and  when  the  strata  in  the  Mont- 
gomery County  Valley  are  compared  with  those  in  other  parts  of 
the  country,  it  will  be  seen  that  we  have  here  to  deal  with  a  forma- 
tion which,  closely  connected  with  the  limonite  iron  ores  of  the 
great  limestone  valleys,  and  having  remarkably  similar  characters 
thronghout,  may  prove  an  important  feature  in  American  geology. 

In  entering  upon  a  consideration  of  the  age  of  the  lignite,  it  will 


I 

'a 
P 


'Im  SaAnVEk  luldy  to  aketefi  the  geology,  aaA  m/miUBj  1t» 
SBrfnot)  gciilogy  of  (lie  vKlley  tn  whiob  U  o 

The  untlnTljring  rock  i»  an  alu^red  tower  HIIuriRu  llmcMcMie,  tin 
*'Abmii1  **  or  B^cnrt,  i^tA  bi  Ob  «Mrtb«B  fMl  «C  lh»  naqr-li 
OTitdHM  ■»rU»  aaid  iB  tb«  MfllMiB  pMt  It «  HB^f  Bi^MriM 
llMiMnni,  ItbM'MlLiadW.abaiMAai«Mpmrthdlp,aiid 
iftt^ppoMd  to  kanui  iavwrtvl  ■ynaltel  ilnalBnb  Tha  >■•■ 
■tow  itaw  totkamfte^  is  »  Mrictitf  panU  fMlew,wMl  bitawa 
AmlieaairoBentHidtbellgiiittettMta.  ll]nM«t*l»idhy  - 
anhmsoTiltondaMaof  prolaUrFoiibB^fc  BtfimHU» 
UmoTUUs  to  tiM north, «M  As TitaNtei«d  ikdM  aad  «■#• 
■toMi,iAlta  to  a*  wMth  fath«PUUdi*k  tiiliil  ilililil 
la  May  pteaw  tt*  Rofth  Talk7  F 
TriiMlB  rttata  lU  dbMtly  apoa  «|M  I 

TbB  Ifoaent  «f  thtargKlaa  ptObR^f  Woaf  to  ibar  d 
gwloglMl  i«Mi  aad  W7  tkucAm  te  dirkUd  iato  ftar  dMMSk 

1.  ChMlMlaOM.  1!hteoi«,B«TwftiMdtotttviIli7,oa0amte 
tt»  garii^  loAi  or  OhMtar  Oomfy  Mclk  of  tb«  <AMlMr  Tal^f , 
md  hat  bMafonaad  tatplMeftoM  tUaltoMd  ga^i.  II  «p* 
«Uk  tht  gHte,  tad  i»  ginmVf  asoanpnM  hr  MilM  or  gnfWIi. 
Pwtt  Bogm'  wpiiotd  t^t  tfato  Of  bilctwt  to  li  ntHii  1  |iii  idiM 
ofTriMrieNdtoaditoafw'  theinttor.hofWwr.hMaotliii  iMi 
to  eonlinn  hto  Motioiis,  nor  to  show  Am  pwww  of  BDy  toon 
recent  forinatioo  than  the  gneias. 

2.  Primal  Ore.  The  hydromica  slates  whfob  lie  between  ths 
Pottxtnm  aandetone  and  the  limeBtone  libente,  when  decomposed, 
a  rich  llmonite  ore  which  is  largely  mined  in  portions  or  the 
valley.  Although  in  very  irregular  beds,  a  steep  dip  can  be  re- 
cognized. It  is  perhaps  derived  from  the  decomposition  of  pyritc. 
This  is  probably  the  ore  mined  at  Edge  Hill. 

3.  Tertiary  Ore.  This  ore,  associated  with  which  are  the  d»- 
posits  of  lignite,  plastic  clay,  kaolin,  Are-sand,  etc.,  baa  been 
hitherto  confounded  either  with  the  Primal  ore  or  with  the  Drift 
ore  of  the  valley.  In  that  part  of  the  valley  under  discunsion 
there  are  three  distinct  lines  of  outcrop  of  this  ore,  having  nearly 
an  E.  and  W.  trend.  A  ridge  of  limestone  separates  two  of  these 
lines.  Theoreliwi,  flomptimcsnt  a  great  depth,  below  a  re^itratifled 
decomposed  hydromica  xlate.  This  latter  formation  is  almost 
identical  in  ap[>earnnce  with  the  decomjjoued  Primal  slate  in  placa 

<Q«<ri.  ofPeiuia.,  1,87. 


1880.J  NATURAL   SCIENCES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  287 

^t  the  edges  of  the  valley,  and  has  therefore  been  mistaken  for  it. 
The  discovery  of  lignite  below  it  proves  its  re-stratification  in  a 
later  age.  In  many  places  shafts  have  been  sunk  over  100  feet 
"without  coming  to  the  limestone.  The  ore,  originally  derived 
^thcr  from  the  limestone  or  from  the  primal  slates,  appears  to  lie 
l)elow  the  lignitic  strata. 

4.  Drift  Ore.  Resting  often  unconformably  upon  these  last,  and 
<3apping  the  elevations  throughout  the  valley,  is  a  drift  deposit  of 
gravel  and  boulders  containing  a  workable  iron  ore.  The  compo- 
tfsition  of  this  drift  is  most  interesting.  Its  boulders,  almost  with- 
out exception,  are  composed  of  a  loose-grained  Potsdam  sand- 
stone,— a  formation  not  now  existing  either  on  the  North  or  South 
^''alley  Hill  at  this  place,  and  found  only  in  a  limited  exposure  at 
eastern  end  of  the  valley.  The  Scolithus  linearis  is  frequently 
bund  in  these  boulders.  Moreover,  notwithstanding  the  large 
xtent  of  Triassic  red  shale  and  sandstone  immediately  to  the 
orth  of  the  valley,  and  the  occurrence  of  tliat  rock  resting  often 
irectly  upon  the  limestone,  not  a  trace  nor  a  fragment  of  Triassic 
ocks  have  been  found  in  this  drift. 

The  evidence  is  here  strong  that  this  drift  has  not  been  caused 

y  an^'  flood  from  the  north  in  a  modern  age.     Additional  evidence 

upon  the  same  point  is  found  in  the  fact  that  the  Triassic 

gion  north  of  here  is  absolutely  free  from  drift  of  any  kind.     A 

areful  study  by  the  writer  of  much  of  that  region  has  shown  that 

ot  a  single  drifted  pebble  is  there  found.     The  soil  is  formed 

jrom  the  rocks  below  it,  and  such  clays  as  occur  are  bog  clays  of 

^>cal  origin  and  recent  age.     That  the  pebbles  of  the  valley  drift 

ave  not  been  derived  by  weathering  from  the  neighboring  lower 

riassic  conglomerate,  which  holds  often  large  pebbles,  is  shown 

y  the  fact  that  such  pebbles  are  here  formed  entirely  of  gneiss 

r  gneissic  quartzite,  and  never  of  Potsdam,  and  therefore  are 

uite  different  from  those  in  the  valley. 

The  drift  ore  and  gravel  does  not  lie  in  hollows,  as  though 
^Dcally  washed,  but  is  found  in  patches  upon  the  elevated  portions 
f  the  valley,  as  though  it  were  the  remnant  of  a  once  continuous 
eposit. 

The  facts  above  enumerated  suggest  a  possible  origin  at  an  age 
hen  cliffs  of  Potsdam  sandstone,  since  eroded  away,  stood  as  a 
igh  barrier  between  the  limestone  valley  and  the  Triassic  rocks 
'•^^orth  of  it.     Such  a  barrier  would  effectually  prevent  Triassic 
T^gments  from  mixing  with  the  drift  of  the  valley,  and  would, 


288  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ACADEMY  OF  [1880. 

(luring  its  degradation,  offer  tbc  material  for  the  ]iel>Y»les  and 
boulderH  of  that  drift.     In  Triassic  time8  some  such  barrier  may 

• 

have  formed  the  southern  shore  of  the  Triassic  waters.  It  has 
been  interesting  to  discover  that  most  of  the  pebbles  iK^longing  to 
the  sul)-Cretaceous  plnstic  cla^'s  of  the  Delaware  are  formed  of 
Potsdam  sandstone,  and  that  therefore  during  lower  Cretaceous 
times  also,  some  such  mountain  of  Potsdam  must  have  ottered 
itself  to  eroding  agencies.  Again,  it  is  found  that  Tertiary  gravels, 
both  in  Pennsylvania  and  New  Jersey,  contain  an  abundance  of 
Potsdam  pebbles.  The  hypothesis  that  the  materials  for  the  sulv 
Cretaceous  plastic  clan's  and  the  Tertiary  gravels  were  furnisluHl  by 
hills  now  sunk  beneath  the  Atlantic  Ocean  *  is  not  sust:iine<l  by 
what  is  known  of  the  configuration  of  the  sea-bottom.  The  throry 
now  offered  is  sup|)orted  by  numerous  facts  concerning  the  |>ower 
of  erosion,  which  geological  considerations  in  other  fields  have 
presented. 

In  a  former  paper  on  "The  Surface  Geology  of  Philadelphia  and 
vicinit}',''  the  writer  showed  that,  in  addition  to  the  clays,  four 
separate  gravels  of  different  ages  can  l)e  distinguished  in  that 
region.  These  are  (1)  "The  Kiver  Gravel,'*  the  newest  of  all  the 
gravels;  (2)  "The  Philadelphia  Ked  Gravel,*' of  Champlain  aire; 
(3;  ''The  Fossiliferous  Gravel/*  recently  proveil  by  the  writer  to 
1h»  of  upi>or  Trrlinrv,  ]H'rhaps  Pliocene  age,  and  now  calkMl  the 
••  (il.i^^lM.H)  (Iravcl  ;"  (4  .  "Thr  IJrvii  M:iwr  (irav.l,"  tin-  ol.K.«.t 
of  tin-  liiaNils,  :iU()  <MH':inic,  and  ronji'ct  uitMl  to  In-  of  tipprr 
Mi«M'4ih'  MLH'.  Thi^  l:i->t  j^ravrl,  and  {\\\>  onh  ,  a«'n'f>  in  it^  rhar- 
actriN  with  tin*  valli'V  diilt  n<»\v  nndi-r  considtration.  In  tin* 
al>st  iH»'  <»r  all  Tria^^ic  iVa^int'nt^.  in  tin-  pn-si'inT  <»!'  l*t>t^dain 
1m>uM»  r-,  aii'l  in  tin*  anmnnt  <»!"  erosion,  t  Iicm'  two  j^ra\  i-U  an-  id«ii- 
tical,  an'l  it  "-i-cni^  |>rol»aMr  that  thr  **  l>rilY  ln»n  Ort'"oftlir  t»nr 
i^  onlv  a  v»T\  IVti  iii;inous  varii'tv  (d*  tin*  "Mt.  IJoUv  ronL'lom- 
n  at  "  »)('  t  In-  «'t  luT.  i'hi^  ln-inij:  \\\v  rn-^v,  \\v  has  r  lnTr  a  format  ii  »n 
w  hi'  S.  not  w  iih-^tandinL^  it^  lioiihlrr^.  sni:i:r^tiM'  ot"  float inir  irr.  :i|>- 
|>a:  l'»  Im'  ohhr  than  an  ocranic  JMiocmi*  L:r."iv»'l.  Thm'  i«<.  j^i-r- 
haj'-  n«»  LLoo«l  rra>-on  whv  a  ;^laciir  nji'jht  not  h-u*'  ixi^tt-i  in 
ii|.jM  'I'tiliMiN  tinir^.  iH.iiMn-^  lornn-«l  h\  \\hi<'ii  nia\  Ntill  Ik- 
t"«»iiii"'.  llf\\i\ti  ihi^  nKi\  )»»',  it  a|»|M':ir-^  th.-it  thrrc  arr^-ti.-nij 
uro..;  -U  !'"i  M".  iiiiiin',:  an  njtjMi-  TnliMix  a-^f  to  thr  «liiit  oir  aijij 
:jr:i\  «".«•!' I  h«-  NI.  "nl::" -nirrN   <'oiint\    \'alh'\, 

•  •  k 

Ki  !  iiiiiiij.  lih;ill\  .  !<•  thr  li;:nilt'  an«l  a-^^^ociatrd  >t  rata,  ^liow  :i  to 

l{l•^".lt  Mil  (  LiN  Di'i.oNii.s  ,.r  N.  J.,  ly:^,  pp.  'jo.;n. 


1880.]  NATURAL  SCIENCES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  289 

be  older  than  the  formation  just  described,  and  shown  by  its  own 
characters  to  bear  no  trace  of  glacial  agencies,  we  may  conjecture, 
without  any  reference  to  the  plants  of  the  lignite,  a  middle  or  lower 
Tertiary  age.  From  the  steep  dip  of  the  beds, — a  fact  difficult  to  ex- 
plain, —  and  from  the  great  resemblance  of  the  plastic  clays  to  those  in 
New  Jersey,  on  the  Delaware,  the  writer  at  first  supposed  them  to 
be  of  Wealden  age.  Some  facts  in  connection  with  a  gravel  found 
in  Virginia  and  other  Southern  States,  which,  in  both  appearance 
and  position  is  very  similar  to  the  Bryn  Mawr  gravel,  were  at  first 
thought  to  indicate  a  Jurassic  age.  But  after  a  comparison  with 
the  other  lignite  localities,  and  especially  with  that  at  Brandon, 
where  the  fossils  were  shown  to  be  of  Tertiary  age,  this  view  can 
hardly  be  sustained.  The  absence  of  shells  or  marine  plants  indi- 
cates a  i>eriod  of  inland  waters,  and  the  plants  at  Brandon  belong 
to  a  tropical  climate. 

It  is  now  suggested  that  the  period  of  the  lignite  may  corre- 
spond most  closely  with  that  called  by  European  geologists  the 
Oligocene.  Since,  in  the  present  state  of  our  knowledge,  it  is  obvi- 
ousl}'  unsafe  to  make  the  age  of  these  lignite  deposits  contempora- 
neous with  any  exact  geological  epoch,  and  as  there  is  a  possibility 
of  their  belonging  to  some  period  not  recognized  elsewhere,  it  will 
probably  be  wiser  for  the  present  to  group  them  together  under 
the  name  of  The  Brandon  Period,  As  more  facts  develop  and 
wider  comparisons  can  be  made,  more  certain  conclusions  will  l)e 
possible ;  and  it  must  be  imderstood  that  the  tlieories  here  proposed 
are  brought  forward  onl}-  as  those  which  now  appear  best  to  ex- 
plain the  facts  observed. 

Postacript, — Since  the  presentation  of  the  above  paper,  the  writer 
has  been  in  correspondence  with  Prof.  N.  A.  Bibikov,  of  Augusta, 
Georgia,  who  has  recently  discovered  lignite  in  that  vicinity.  The 
locality, calleil  "Read's  Brown  Coal  Mine/'  is  in  Richmond  County, 
two  and  a-Iialf  miles  from  Berzelia,  and  sixteen  miles  from  Au- 
gusta. It  is  described  as  lying  back  of  the  outcrops  of  gneiss  and 
limestone,  and  is  apparently  in  a  very  similar  geological  position 
to  the  Pennsylvania  locality-.  Iron  ore,  plastic  clay,  kaolin,  and 
decomposed  sandstone  occur  with  the  lignite.  As  in  Pennsylvania, 
the  lignite  was  found  in  a  plastic  clay  beneath  25  feet  of  a  decom- 
posed sandstone.  Four  strata  of  lignite,  separated  by  layers  of 
shale  and  cla}',  were  found  at  a  depth  of  from  30  to  45  feet  from 
the  surface.  A  series  of  coarse  and  fine  sands  and  clays  under- 
laid these  deposits  and  were  penetrated  to  a  depth  of  95  feet. 


PBOCKCDtXOB  or   TBI   ACiDUlY   Of  [1880. 

«dlSferenl  ithnfUwcrt'  «utik,lhG«xtr«mi!»  belnnSUO  Toct  >[MTt, 

11  uf  whiolt  lignite  WK*  ruitnil.    Th«'  ntuin  in  irhicli  thr  falkiwliiK 

1  WW  nuuU'  U  nltoiit  1511  ffft  rrum  nn  nalorvp  nt  liunutunt 

£Bd   iiiiarlEiU',  niul   :iOO  fi'ct  Truiu  h  ctPrk   wlitcb    Iim  i09  i 


.-^"1.-     MotUod  cla J. 

I   DecomiKiMid  mndilona. 
Truat  of  iron  wuidiiUma  uul  ipathio  Inm. 

m 


NodulM  of  vyriM. 
I  LiBulte. 
J  Rhala  and  ol>J. 
1   Ligiiitt!. 
j  Hhala  and  cl>/. 

J  Sliikk  iukI  ula)'. 

Ligoilo. 


I   Dark-inloTBil  (bituinluuuH)  kLole. 


■  ooane  Nuid  with  noduloa  of  eUjr  ima-stoo*. 


LlgbtrCt>\ot*A  «l)»lo. 
I  Tdlowinh  ■aiiil. 


o 


1880.]  NATURAL  S0IEN0E8   OF   PHILADELPHIA.  291 

The  second  stratum  of  lignite  is  the  best,  and  contains  fragments 
of  lignite  sometimes  three  feet  long.  A  number  of  fossil  plants  have 
been  found  in  this  and  other  layers.  Some  specimens  were  im- 
bedded in  a  layer  of  brown  sandstone.  The  fossils  appear  to  be 
firagments  of  trees,  grasses  and  other  land  plants,  none  of  which, 
however,  were  sufficiently  perfect  to  be  determined.  No  shells 
were  found. 

The  whole  section  at  Berzelia  is  remarkably  similar  to  those  at 
Brandon,  Chambersburg,  Ironton  and  Marble  Hall,  and  with  them 
indicates  the  existence  of  a  great  inland  fresh  water  Tertiary  for- 
mation  in  Eastern  America,  during  the  Brandon  Period,  onoe 
fifty  miles  broad  and  nearly  a  thousand  miles  long. 


'W 


S9S  raMBBsmas  oi  nn  AOAinn  ov  [UM 

^n £ncIo»ur»in  Quartz, — Mt. H.  C.  Lzwis Mhniltedft OTitalai 
qiuutt  ftom  HetUmer  County,  N.  T.,  in  wliidi,  fc—giny  frun  ■ 
bubble  vhioh  moved  in  a  cavity  containing  liquid,  irM  ft  toft  a 
minnie  acicoUr  crystals  of  a  pare  white  oolor.  A  ndoroMOpiOid 
examination  had  foiled  to  idenoiy  them  with  any  knowa  aabstukee, 
The  crystals  were  similar  to  those  of  many  organic  saHa.  It  wai 
flODjectored  that  they  had  crystaltUed  oat  tnm  tte  liquid.  Unda 
a  power  of  75  they  looked  like  tnfta  of  white  wo<dj  and  it  wm 
saggested  that  if  flitnre  investigation  fidled  to  reftr  them  to  ■ 
known  mineral  apeoiee,  it  might  be  convenient  to  glTe  them  tti 
name  SriliU  (from  Iptan,  wool). 

In  other  cavities  in  the  ae  crystal  there  wm  an  mmorfbom 
yellowiah-brown  wa:^  i  noe  of  nnfcnown  composition. 

Xenaccanite  and  3     !)/n  ryland. — Mr.  Wk.  W.  JgyiH 

remarked  that  in  Hi  rd  Couniy  Md.,  near  the  village  of  SnUln. 
there  is  a  vein  of  gn  lated  i  ale  ik  the  serpentine,  which  hai 

been  opened  about  t>  lei  |^h.    It  has  fluniriied  okavagt 

foliated  specimens  o^  Tout  ztent.  The  same  vein  oMtalai 
Menaccanite  in  tabnlar  vrystaLi,  well  crystallite.  Yellow  'btfji 
has  also  been  found  there,  showing  all  tluee  Is  the  Bame  apeoinMp. 

SujutoM  in  Labradorits. — Mr.  Jirrntn  stated  that  cm  esutlft 
ing  a  specimen  of  Labradorite  in  Ids  poesesaion,  from  tiie  ooast  ol 
Labrador,  he  fonnd  that  in  addition  to  the<nsnal  play  of  oolon 
(bine  and  green),  by  tnmiog  it  in  another  dlrecoiSn'  it  dunnd 
innumerable  crystals  of  gjithite,  making  it  a  beantUtal  nautoae. 
which,  he  believed,  was  an  unusual  thing,  and  whioh  be  had  nsl 
found  mentioned  in  the  books. 

On  a  Probable  Pseudomorphism  of  Oummite  and  UranotiU  qfler 
Uraninile. — Dr.  A.  E.  Poote  remarked  that  among  a  number  oi 
specimens  of  gummite  and  uraiiotile,  that  he  had  recently  received 
from  Mitchell  Co.,  N.  C,  he  noticed  some  which  were  of  remark- 
ably regular  form.  The  edgea  were  slightly  rounded,  bnt  thej 
were  apparently  simple  prisma  belonging  to  the  triclinic  system. 
On  breaking  these  open  be  found  a  aolid  core  of  uraninite,  sur- 
rounded by  a  layer  of  gummite,  and  this,  in  turn,  surrounded  by 
a  layer  of  uranotile.  Although  crystals  of  uraninite  have  nevei 
been  obser\'ed,  he  ventiiivd  to  suggest  that  this  is  plainly  a  case 
of  pseudomorphism  after  uraninite.  He  hoped  hereafter  to  obtain 
crystals  whose  angles  can  be  accurately  measured. 

He  had  observed  at  least  twenty  apecimens  having  evidently  the 
aame  crystalline  form,  Hnd  all  plainly  paeudoraorpha  after  some 
pre-existing  crystal.  The  majority  of  thoae  th.it  were  broken  open 
allowed  the  alteration  of  uraninite  into  gummite,  and  of  gummite 
into  uranotile;  though  in  a  few  the  uraninite  had  been  changed 
and  the  crystal  ahowed  simply  gummite  and  urauotile. 


NATURAL  SCIENCES  OF  PHILADELPHIA. 


November  24, 1819. 
om  a.  tew  fucoidal  plahi  fbok  the  tei&b, 
by  henrv  carvill  lewis. 
e  foesil  described  here  aa  Falmophycvs  limaci/ofmis,  sp.  nov., 
m  a  very  beautiful  and  well-dcflncd  specimen,  casts  of  whicli 
I  out  in  relief  upon  a  slab  of  Tria^sic  sandstone.     It  was 
i  bj  the  writer  near  Hilfonl,  New  Jereey,  in  upper  Triassic 
I.    Its  general  facies  ia  like  tliat  of  some  species  of  Palteo- 
us  and  Antrophifcun  of  the  Carboniferous  age,  and  of  Balho- 
is  of  the  Clinton  group,  and  it  belongs  to  the  same  order  of 
B — that  of  the  fucoid  or  marine  alga?.     The  general,  rather 
generic  name  of  Paleeophycus,  which  is  quite  aa  indefinite  as 
[>f  Fucoidee,  is  well  applicable  to  it. 

e  fh>nd  is  cylindrical  and  Jointed.  The  ramuli,  or  short 
ihes  of  the  frond  are  fleshy,  tubular,  elongated  bodies  of  about 
eh  in  length.  They  arc  spindle-shaped,  attenuate,  and  more 
or  less  curved  at  both  ends. 
They  are  very  frequently  ag- 
gregated in  bundles  of  three 
or  more, radiating  from  ncom- 
mon  point  of  growth,  and  are 
generally  detached  from  the 
main  frond.  The  form  of 
tliese  liodios  is  characteristic 
of  tiie  plant,  being  distinctly 
gnail-fihaped ;  hence  its  spe- 
cific name, "  limaciformii>.'^ 
At  the  locality  where  it 
was  found  tliere  also  occur 
s[)ecimens  of  ripplc-maiketl 
sandstone,  also  of  i-ain-prinls 
and  mud-crack:s.  Tliese  show 
the  physical  conditions  imder 
which  the  plant  grew — that 
of  mudflats  in  shallow  water 
frequently  left  ex[>08etl  to 
sun  and  rain.  The  rain-prints 
have   been   compared    with 


N>t.  SIM. 
lykircM  Umaei/ormli  L«wl>,  iiii.  i 


394 


paik-skhisus  or  rut  ACA^EHT  (tr 


[I  MO. 


ruodf-m  rftinprint«  made  id  mail,  an']  tb<-trgivftt  •ImiUrit.v  nutlvoiL 
Ohv  ttpticimm  of  a  (\icoid  Toiui'l  hero  has  apparently  Vrn  >a  cud- 
f)iMd  nnd  distort^  by  the  t>catin)T  of  a  heavy  nilHitanii  UuU  it* 
structure  can  8par«-Iy  !«;  recoffuiieil. 

Fuooids  of  soiiii-'WliaL  similar  appc&nuicp  have  bovo  dosorilMd 
Oom  moiY  oucient  gi-olo^lcitl  huriEoiid,  but  not,  bo  fiir  u  tut  im 
leanuKl,  IVum  Uie  Triiui.  Thu  occurrence  uf  a  |Jant  which  has  the 
('hunu.'t<'n>  of  luiiriiiv  aigm  in  a  rormntioii  MuppoM-d  lu  hare  been 
dcpoMttcd  by  rrciih  water  in  iutrn-Kllng. 

/Vii(»rr</^.— Sitiuc  tlii?  above  paper  wa*  pnitcnt«il,  a  itbutograph 
of  thiB  foHsil  has  bevii  Dent  to  Mr.  Ll-o  LitKqaeniux,  tliv  diwlin- 
gui§hcd  paleobotaniHt,  who,  in  a  letter  to  thts  writvr,  Nayii:  "  Vitar 
plalo  rvpruBcnla  wliat  I  uonsldcr  a  new  Hpecl<!8  of  htltufAjfi-MM, 
whuav  aiialo^ty  La  with  P.  (upcck-s  uudot«nninvd )  Hall,  Palmint. 
of  N.  v.,  vol.  i,  VI.  70  (Uudaou  Klvcr  K^up);  alMi  diatanU; 
rvlutoil  to  Fuconifm  auriformi*  and  eaiieolally  F.  hrtrro/Ayllti; 
muiif  niitbar,  I.  c,  ii,  i'l.  3,  figx.  V,  4.  You  may  aluw  Biu)  a  kind 
of  analogy  to  what  Hall  cunwidcra  and  llgurra  a>  nxila  or  aUo  aa 
»tam«  of  Bomo  Dtarine  plantn,  ^hrk-  vol.,  1*1.  8,  6g».  4,  fi,  ami  pi.  9, 
tig.  4,  and  also  pt-  10,  llge.  5,  T  (all  Clinton  planta).  The  type  ia 
cridenlly  old,  rather  Uevuniau.  even  upper  Silurian.  Koropesti 
authora  hare  nothing  like  thta  from  lh«  Trias,  Junaalo,  CretaoeoiM^^ 
or  KoceDB."  ^S 


1880.]  NATURAL  SGIENOES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  295 

The  Northern  Belt  of  Serpentine  in  Radnor  Township. — Mr. 
Band  made  the  following  communicatioD. 

Sometime  ago,  in  a  communication  to  the  Academ3%(Proc.  Ac. 
N.  S.,  1878,  402)  I  described  a  belt  of  serpentine  in  the  valley  of 
the  Gulf  Creek,  Radnor  Township,  Delaware  Co.,  Pa.  Recently  a 
trench  for  water  pipe  on  the  property  of  Judge  Hare  has  enabled 
me  to  procure  specimens  illustrating  a  section  across  the  bed  and 
on  both  sides  of  it,  which  are  presented  herewith.  The  section  is 
on  a  line  nearly  N  75°  W.  The  belt  is  probably  not  far  from  N. 
70*^-73°  E.,  or  about  two-thirds  that  of  the  section,  but  this  is  not 
certain.  While  deductions  from  these  few  specimens  would  not 
be  safe,  yet  the  strong  resemblance  between  the  decomposed 
gneiss  of  the  easternmost  exposure  and  the  clearly  magnesian 
rocks  40  feet  distant,  points  more  to  an  alteration  in  place  than  to 
a  distinct  bed. 

Garnet  mistaken  for  Corundum. — Dr.  J.  M.  Cardeza  called 
attention  to  a  garnet  rock  at  Chelsea,  Delaware  Co.,  Pa.,  which  is 
quarried  and  used  as  corundum. 


296  PBOCEEDINQS  OF  TUE  ACADEMY  OF         [1880. 


THE  TREHTOV  OBATEL  AHD  ITS  BELATIOV  TO  THE  AHTiaUITT  OF  MAV. 

BY  HENBY  CABVILL  LEWIS. 

In  tlie  coursjc  of  an  investigation  of  the  Surface  Geologj*  of 
Southcasti»rn  Pennsylvania,  some  facti)  have  been  clevelo|>tMl  in 
connection  with  one  of  the  gravels,  which,  liearing  directly  u|M>n 
the  Antiquity  of  Man  in  America,  become  of  great  inU»rej*t. 
Among  tlie  man}'  scientitic  problems  now  attracting  attenti<»n, 
none  i)erhaps  holds  a  more  prominent  position  than  that  of  the 
Anti<[uity  of  Man.  It  is  a  subject  which ,  notwithstanding  the 
numerous  facts  gathered  and  the  bulk  of  literature  publishtnl,  must 
be  regarded  as  still  in  an  undecided  condition. 

As  the  Delaware  is  in  many  respects  a  typical  river,  and  as 
therefore  deductions  made  here  will  hold  goo<l  for  the  valleya  of 
many  other  rivers  of  the  Atlantic  coast,  it  is  thought  that  a  nn'ord 
of  the  investigation  will  be  of  more  than  mere  local  interest.  The 
subject  will  be  approached  from  a  purely  geological  st^nd|K>iut. 
The  main  dilHculty  in  inquiries  of  this  kind  has  been  the  al»sence 
of  exact  geological  data.  Hasty  conclusions  have  l>een  <lniwn 
from  an  inspection  of  relics  found  in  a  gravel,  which  a  more 
accurate  knowledge   of  the   age  of  that  gravel  would  not   liavt* 

Th*'  uritrr  ha^  >Iio\mi  in  former  jini-erN  '   that  IIm*  LTiavrK  «»t'tli» 
l>('lauan'  Nallrs   KehMiLT  to  >-r\cral  <li*«tiii(t  aL:r>  ;  an<l  if  t  In  ii't'i.rt- 
at  aiis  |tl:n-('  tlie  remains  ot'  man   are  slioun  to  o<-cur.  it  will  \  •    :ili 
imjjortant    to    kn<»>\    to    whieli    of   the^e    irraveis  \]\v\    >lioii|ii     In 
ret*erre«l. 

The  >-mr:  ee  I'ormation*^  of  Soiit hea^t*'rn  Penn^^vlvania  mM\  U- 
<ii\i»h<l  intotive  elav>  an<l  tour  i^iaveN.  The  loliowinL:  i^  li!i»\  t«| 
to  Im-  tlie  >Huree>^>ion  in  whieh  they  oernr.  K'l^innini:  at  th*- 
<»hh-^t  ;  ill  .Iina^so-( 'ret:ueon>  plastic  elav  ;  (-)  Tertiarx  e]:i\^. 
(*•  Uraii'loii  INrio.l"):  ;;  llr\  n  Mawr  uraxel,  (  nj»|»er  Tertiar\  :  4 
Jiranclit.iNN  n  «ia\  ;  '>  ( ila*^'»l>n|-o  Liravel.  (  l*lio<'rne  ;  ( r,  rinl;i. 
•  lelpliia  it<l  LiraNel.  rimmplain  ;  (7  IMiilailelphiii  hrirk  •  li  \  . 
( 'hani|M;iin  :  '  ^  i  Treiilon  Mi;,vel.  **  M>-kimo  perio*!  *"  ;  !•  i  K.  .  .  i,: 
;tjlii\iiuii.  <  M"  ri:i\«».the  ohle^t  i--tiie  .1  nra>>o-< 'ret  ae«  on>  pi  >-:i. 
elux  «\|>..^.  .1    :,f  Turkex    Hill,  IJiirk^   Co       A  similar   j>Ia-t ;«    «  !:» \  . 

"  rii«-   >;iira(r   <ieol.>-4\  i.f  IMiila.  and  \icinit%."     Pio*-.   Mm.  aiui  li.itl 
>v.  tion.  Ai.nl.  Nat.  ><-.  IMiila.,  Nov,  1*^7^, 


1880.]  NATURAL  8CTENCE8  OF  PHILADELPIHA.  297 

which,  however,  may  be  of  later  age,  has  l>cen  passed  through  by 
artesian  wells  in  the  southern  part  of  Philadelphia.  The  next 
oldest  clay  appears  to  be  the  potters'  clay  of  the  Montgomery  Co. 
limestone  valley,  which,  containing  sometimes  lignite,  and  overlaid 
by  kaolin,  decomposed  hydromica  slate,  etc.,  belongs  with  its  asso- 
ciated limonite  ores,  to  an  inland  Tertiary  formation,  the  ''  Bran- 
don Period,''  possibly  of  Oligocene  age.^  A  third  clay,  the 
"  Branchtown  clay,"  found  at  high  elevations  in  a  few  places  in 
the  gneissic  region,  containing  occasional  boulders,  was  made  at  a 
period  of  general  submergence  and  appears  to  be  of  a  late  Tertiary 
age.  The  "Philadelphia  brick-clay"  of  more  recent  formation, 
of  large  extent,  and  with  numerous  boulders,  is  confined  to  the 
river  valley.  This  clay,  deposited  at  the  close  of  the  Glacial  period 
by  the  waters  resulting  from  the  melting  of  the  great  Northern 
Glacier,  rests  against  the  rocky  "  upland  terrace "  at  a  height  of 
about  150  feet  above  the  present  river.  The  fifth  and  newest 
clay  is  the  recent  bog  clay  or  mud  in  the  flood-plain  of  the 
river,  still  in  process  of  formation. 

The  gravels  are  distinguished  from  one  another  both  by  their 
composition  and  by  their  relative  h3T)sometrical  positions.  The 
"  Bryn  Mawr  gravel " — ^the  oldest  gravel  of  consequence  in  this 
region — ^is  readily  distinguished  from  others  by  the  peculiar  mate- 
rials composing  it,  and  is  also  known  by  being  found  at  high 
elevations  (400  feet),  in  often  isolated  patches,  capping  the  gneissic 
hillB.  It  is  characterized  by  absence  of  fossiliferous  or  Triassic 
pebbles  and  by  the  presence  of  an  iron  conglomerate,  and  is  of 
oceanic  origin,  and  probably  upper  Tertiary  age.*  A  similar  gravel 
occurs  on  the  heights  of  Georgetown,  D.  C.  The  next  oldest 
gravel,  also  oceanic,  and  which  here  occurs  at  lower  elevations 
than  the  last,  the  writer  called  in  a  former  paper  "  The  Fossilifer- 
ous Gravel."  It  frequently  contains  pebbles  formed  of  Niagara 
limestone  and  other  fossiliferous  rocks,  and  has  been  found  abun- 
dantly in  New  Jersey  as  well  as  in  Pennsylvania.  It  is  well 
exposed  in  the  railroad  cut  at  Ridley  Park,  Del.  Co.  It  is  the 
yellow  gravel  which  caps  the  watershed  between  the  Atlantic 
and  the  Delaware  at  a  height  of  nearly  200  feet,  and  is  now  named 
for  distinction  "  The  Glassboro  gravel."    Its  pebbles  are  frequently 

»  V.  "The  Iron  Ores  and  Lignite  of  the  Montgomery  Co.  Valley,"  by 
the  writer.    Oct.,  1879. 

*F.  "On  the  Bryn  Mawr  Gravel,"  by  the  writer,  Mar.,  1879. 
20 


298  PROOEEDINQS  OF  THE  ACADEMY  OF  [1^^ 

X 


weather-worn  and  eaten  by  age,  and  have  thus  a  much  more  anci 
appearance  than  the  smooth,  fresh-looking  pebbles  of  later  grave? 
It  contains  no  boulders  of  consequence  and  is  believed  to  be 
Pliocene  age. 

Lying  at  a  lower  level,  within  the  Qlassboro  gravel,  and  form^ 
of  a  mixture  of  its  pebbles  with  others  brought  down  the  De 
ware  valley,  is  a  third  gravel — ^the  "  Philadelphia  red  gravels 
This,  like  its  overlying  brick-clay ,  is  confined  to  the  river  vallej^-^ 
It  is  distinctly  stratified;  it  contains  numerous  fragments 
Triassic  red  shale  and  of  gneiss,  and  smooth  boulders  of  SiluriaJ^^ 
rocks ;  it  shows  flow  and  plunge  structure  and  wave  action  on  ^^ 
large  scale ;  and  like  the  older  gravels,  it  rests  upon  a  decomposed 
gneiss,  which  is  sometimes  interstratified  with  its  lower  layers « 
There  are  numerous  exposures  near  the  University  of  Pennsyl— 
vania.  The  writer  has  identified  it  on  the  Potomac  and  other* 
rivers,  and  it  appears  to  belong  to  the  age  of  the  melting  glacier — 
the  Champlain  epoch. 

The  last  and  newest  of  all  the  gravels  is  one  which,  at  Philadel- 
phia,  seemed  to  be  of  little  importance.      It  lies  close   alon^ 
the  river,  and  rising  a  few  feet  above  it,  extends  but  a  short  dis- 
tance back  from  the  river  bank.     It  covers  the  flat  ground  o^* 
Camden  and  the  lower  part  of  Philadelphia,  and  forms  islands  in. 
the  river.     It  was  called   The  River  gravel  and  sand.     It  is  thi» 
alluvial  gravel,  the  latest,  except  the  recent  mud-flats,  of  all  the 
surface  formations,  which  is  the  subject  of  the  present  paper,  and 
which,  from  its  great  development  farther  up  the  river,  is   now 
named   The  Trenton   Gravel.     It   is  in  this  gravel,  and  in  this 
gravel  only,  that  traces  of  man  have  been  found. 

The  Trenton  Gravel  at  Philadelphia  is  composed  principally  or 
a  sharp  micaceous  sand,  which,  when  below  water-level,  becomes 
a  "  quicksand."  Gravel  lies  below  the  sand.  Unlike  all  the  other 
ii:ravels,  it  contains  but  few  pebbles  of  white  quartz,  and  is  of  a 
(lark  gray  color.  Its  pebbles  are  made  exclusively  of  the  rocks 
forming  the  upper  valley  of  the  river.  Their  shape  is  also  ver}' 
cliaractoristic.  The  peb))les  of  the  older  gravels  are  oval  or  egg- 
shaped,  but  these  are  for  the  most  part  flat.  This  flat  shape  is 
characteristic  of  all  true  river  gravels.  At  several  places  along 
the  Delaware,  gold  has  been  obtained  from  this  gravel.  The 
absence  of  clay  in  anj^  of  its  layers  iudicates  the  action  of  swiftly- 
running  water.     Data  Obtained  from  artesian  wells  have  shown 


1 880.1  NATURAL  SCIENCES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  299 

t^hat  this  formation  has  a  depth  on  Delaware  Avenue,  Philadelphia, 
^^f  about  50  feet,  and  that  it  extends  up  to  about  Third  and  Market 
Streets.  On  Smith's  Island  and  on  the  bar  in  the  river  opposite 
hooper's  Point,  it  is  100  feet  deep,  lying  upon  rock.  It  therefore 
rtnderlies  the  river,  filling  up  its  ancient  channeL  On  Richmond 
Street  soipe  very  large  boulders  are  seen  Ij^ng  upon  the  sand. 

On  tracing  the  Trenton  gravel  up  the  river,  it  is  found  to  be 

^^onfined  to  its  immediate  vicinity,  and  that,  from  Philadelphia  to 

titie  Neshaminy  Creek,  its  boundary  is  generally  between  the  line 

4^f  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad  and  the  Delaware.     From  this  point 

tJ^^  bounding  terrace  trends  directly  towards  Morrisville   and 

^i^^^ay  from  the  present  river.     Thus,  at  Bristol,  the  gravel  and  its 

overlying  sand  extends  two  miles  back  from  the  river,  and   is 

l>ounded  by  a  well-marked  hill,  upon  which  lie  the  older  gravel 

and  brick-clay  of  Champlain  age.     These  and  the  Tertiary  gravels 

extend  nearly  seven  miles  inland.     At  TuUytown  the  Trenton 

gravel  extends  two  and  a-half  miles  back,  and  at  the  canal  shows 

the  following  succession  of  strata :  (1)  sandy  loam,  1  foot ;  (2)  fine 

gray  "moulding-sand,"  2^  feet;  (3)  sharp  *'bar  sand,''  1  foot;  (4) 

clean  gray  river  gravel  of  unknown  depth.     In  other  openings 

near  here  the  gravel  is  so  full  of  boulders  that  these  are  dug  in 

l^rge   quantities  and  sent  to  Philadelphia  for  ''cobble-stones." 

^ear  Wheatsheaf  Station,  close  to  the  railroad,  an  opening  which 

^^^^  exposed  a  section  of  the  Trenton  gravel  nearly  half  a  mile  in 

lengrth.  exhibits  well  the  general  features  of  the  formation.     The 

Pebbles,  of  characteristic  shape  and  color,  are  made  of  gray  Triassic 

^^gillite,  slate,  red  shale,  sandstone,  conglomerate,  and  various 

other  rocks  found  farther  up  the  valley,  while  large  and  often 

^^a.rp  boulders  of  red  shale  and  other  materials  frequently  occur. 

Tlxe  whole  formation  has  a  very  fresh  appearance  when  compared 

^''^th  older  gravels.    Near  Turkey  Hill  a  large  smooth  boulder, 

^"^^  feet  in  diameter,  lies  upon  the  sand. 

At  Morrisville  the  narrower  portion  of  the  valley  begins,  and 
^^'om  here  up,  the  river  flows  on  a  rocky  bottom,  and  the  gravel  is 
^^allow  and  is  confined  to  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  rivea*. 
^"^be  older  gravels  of  oceanic  origin  continue  across  New  Jersey 
^^^d  do  not  appear  above  Yardleyville.     The  Philadelphia   red 
K^avel  is  no  more  seen,  but  the  brick  cla^^  with  its  boulders  occa- 
sionally appears  part  way  up  the  steep  hills  enclosing  the  valley, 
^^d  is  abundant  in  the  side  valleys  formed  by  tributary  streams. 


SOO  nocmmiiQs  or  thb  AOiDnnr  ov  [ItN. 

AboTe  Yaidleyrille,  theiefixre,  we  IwTe  to  deal  wMi  but  mo  ew* 
flioe  fonnalloiiei— the  boolder-beturing  brick  day,  oftea  anA 
eroded,  and  tbe  Trentoi  gravel,  eoniliied  to  the  bottoat  of  At 
valley  and  ahowfng  but  Utile  eroein.  It  wOl  be  wril  to  bear  li 
mind  the  diettnetioii  between  theae  two  fimnatioiia,— the  oa»  of 
glacial,  the  other  of  poatf^ial  age.  The  writer  haa  traced  tiMHB 
aa  Ikr  np  aa  the  Water  Gap,  past  the  great  temiaal  moraiae  iaia 
glaciated  regiona.  It  la  interesting  to  note  that  while  the  ModHel 
moraine  material  doee  to  the  river  at  BdvUeie  ta  In  aoBM  polali 
simitar  to  the  Trenton  gravd,  and  ia  the  aonroe  irf  part  of  dmt  flaw 
mation,  tbe  moraine  on  the  Lddgh  Blver  at  StemUm  aad  at  elker 
inland  localitiea  contains  pebMea  and  bonldera  very  aiadlar  ta 
thoae  of  the  Philadelpbta  brklMlay. 

Thronghont  tbe  whole  comae  of  the  TrealOB  gravel  it  iaobaat'isi 
that  it  Ilea  witl|bi  a  channel  preWooi^y  eseavated  4.owa  to  As 
rock  through  the  bonldertearing  bviek  day  and  Ita  red  gnmi, 
which,  as  shown  in  a  former  paper,  bdong  to  tbe  Champlaia 
The  Trenton  gravd  is  therefbre,  later  than  the  Oladal  aad 
plain  epocha ;  and  tUa  Is  a  Ikct  whldi,  when  coaaideied  ta 
tion  with  the  homan  rdica  fbond  in  thiagravdand  Ae 
antiquity  of  man,  it  wID  be  most  Important  to  rsaiember. 

Having  now  doetdied  tbe  character  aad  poaMoa  of  the 
gravel  along  the  Delaware  valley,  we  are  prefiared  to  examine  tiie 
formation  as  exposed  at  the  locality  whose  name  we  have  chosen 
to  distinguish  it. 

Trenton  is  in  a  position  where  naturally  the  largent  amoantof  a 
river  gravel  would  be  deposited,  and  where  itn  K^st  exposarei^ 
would  be  exhibited.  It  is  at  the  point  where  a  long,  narrow  valley 
with  precipitous  banks  and  continuous  downward  slope,  opens  out 
into  a  wide  alluvial  plain  at  a  lower  level.  It  is  here  that  tht* 
rocky  floor  of  the  river  suddenly  descends  to  ocean  level  and  even 
sinks  l)elow  it,  forming  the  limit  of  tidewater.  Thus  any  drift 
material  which  the  floodcnl  river  swept  down  its  channel  would 
here,  upon  meeting  tidewater,  ho  in  great  part  d«»ix)Hite<l.  Larp* 
lH>ulder8  which  had  been  rolled  down  the  inclin«Mi  floor  of  thr 
upper  valley  would  here  stop  in  their  course,  and  all  Ih»  heape<l  np 
with  the  coarser  gravel  by  the  more  slowly  flowing  water  except 
auch  few  as  cakes  of  floating  ice  could  carrv  o<'eanwanl.  On  the 
other  hand  the  finer  gravel  and  i^and  would  Ih'  de|><»sit4N)  farther 
down  the  river. 


t- 


IS^O.j  NATURAL  SCIENCES  OF   PHILADELPHIA.  301 

This  is  precisely  what  occurs  at  Trenton.     The  material,  which 

at;    Philadelphia  is   generally'  fine,  grows  coarser  as  the  river  is 

asoended,  until  at  Trenton  we  find  often  immense  boulders  im- 

l>e<ided  at  all  angles  in  the  gravel.     Moreover,  the  river  has  here 

cut  entirely  through  the  gravel  down  to  the  rock,  exposing  at 

one  place  a  cliff  of  gravel  50  feet  high.     At  Philadelphia,  on  the 

ol;l:ier  hand,  as  we  have  seen,  the  river  still  flows  on  the  top  of  the 

gravel.    This  fact  may  also  be  accounted  for.    Having  heaped  up  a 

moss  of  detritus   in    the    old   river  channel  as   an   obstruction 

at  the  mouth  of  the  gorge,  the  river,  so  soon  as  its  volume  dimin- 

islied,  would  immediately  begin  wearing  away  a  new  channel  for 

itself  down  to  ocean  level.     This  would  be  readily  accomplished 

tlirough  the  loose  material,  and   would  be   stopped  only   when 

rook  was  reached.     On   the   other  hand,  that  gravel  wliich  had 

l^een  deposited  at  places  farther  down  the  river  where  its  bottom 

^'^'as  below  ocean  level,  would  remain  un-eroded  or  nearly  so.  When 

tbo  river  had  attained  the  level  of  the  ocean  there  would  be  no 

occasion  to  cut  a  deep  channel,  and  it  would  therefore  flow  on  top 

*^^    the  gravel  which  it  had  deposited.     It  is  necessary  that  this 

point  should  be  understood,  as  other  geologists  have  brought  for- 

'^''a.rd  various  theories  to  explain  the  high  bank  of  gravel  at  Tren- 

^^^i^-     The  fact  of   the  river  having  cut  through  the  gravel  at 

-*^'*eiiton,  while  at  Philadelphia  it  flows  upon  it,  is  due  to  the  con- 

■^Suration  of  the  rock  floor  of  the  river,  which  at  Trenton  rises 

^•^^ove  ocean  level,  and  at  Philadelphia  lies  nearly  100  feet  below  it. 

In  addition  to  the  exposure  upon  the  river  bank,  where  the 

^'^ole   depth  of  the   formation   is   seen,   the   long  railroad  cuts 

**^cie  by  the   Pennsylvania  R.   R.  at  Trenton,  afford  excellent 

^^<5tions  of  the  gravel.     It  exhibits  the  distinctive  characteristics 

^^  «t  true  river  deposit,  and  is  very  different  from  the  gravels  which 

^^^  found  at  higher  levels.     It  contains  no   clay ;  its  pebbles  are 

**^^<ie  of  the  rocks  of  the  river  bed  and  are  flattened,  and  the  strati- 

**<5ation  of  the  whole  deposit  is  well  seen  in  the  alternations  of 

^^i^d  and  gravel.     It  extends  several  miles  back  from  the  present 

y^'^'er,  covering  the  low  ground  along  the  Assunpink  Creek,  and 

*^dicating  the  existence  here  of  a  former  bay  or  arm  of  the  Dela- 

^"^^e.     This  bay  was  shaped  somewhat  like  a  horseshoe,  which  had 

^^e  extremity  in  Trenton  at  the  hill  above  the  canal,  and  which 

^'"^sbed  the  base  of  the  hill  north  of  the  Assunpink  Creek,  and, 

^^tending  about  three  miles  back  from   Trenton,  and  sweeping 


■lifaHi^ 


-L.    .. 


Mi 


PROcCKtiiNos  or  TUB  ACAnBMT  or 


[IM 


aroiiD<i  the  "  Bear  Swrnn]),"  hiul   !u  otliur  rxtroiDlly   near 
house  of  Dr.  C.  C.  AWwtt,  Mow  Chainb«?ri.biir(E.   Tlii«  vilLmfl 
nmlor  wattr.     Another  hav  pxti-ndcd  up  tbo  valliry  of  Cro«»«riel 
Crn^k.     Uouldere  of  Champlain  a^^  lie  u|Kiii  tb«  Tertiary  |cr«i 
which  form  the  an«ient  Itatik. 

From  the  extent  of  the  TrenUm  gnvel  in  tliia  ricUiiiy.  »ui#— ™ 
ments  have  been  pitbltMlKHl  tliat  it  c<>vrre<l  tb(t  whole  «ouibem  j»tW^ 
of  the  i^tntt',  nml  that  itt  thp  time  of  itn  (tepomtion  the  DeUnn^i^ 
River  emptied  into  the  ooean  at  Trenton.  It  in  Fvlilfrat  th»t  Um^v 
distinction  between  the  very  different  gravels  of  this  n-|^nn  li*«*'" 
not  beeD  perceived.  Careful  exaiuiuation  will  abow  this  Knwt  «lt»-  ■* 
sitnilarity  Iwlween  the  Trenton  gravel  and  auch  fcravela  aa  (iceiir-« 
at  Prinirelon  Junction  and  interior  New  J«ner,  which  an-  in  «> 
great  part  of  Pliocene  agp,  and  will  prove  that  li  fa  oomflned  hi  ^ 
the  ancient  river  bed. 

The  prc«cnoe  of  very  large  boulden  on  the  river  l«nk  at  Twa-  — ■ 
ton  has  led  some  geolotiieta  to  suppose  tliat  the  fonnatkin  ws*  ■  ^ 
gUoial  moraine.  The  occasional  thoDi^h  very  rare  example*  oT"^ 
flcral^ihed  pehbtea  and  |x>lUhe<l  )K>uIderM,  which  the  flood  bad  evi- 
dently cnrrieil  down  from  the  moraine  matt-rial  north  of  BelrideR. 
have  been  brought  forward  iw  aupporting  Ihi*  theory.  Vel  the 
absence  of  till  and  of  angular  ma«i«e(i  of  rock,  and  gwnrislly  of 
materials  foreign  to  the  Ilclawaro  Valley,  when  rccTiled  in  c<in- 
ncction  with  what  we  have  shown  to  be  the  general  characters  of 
the  formation,  can  not  be  explained  upon  this  theory.  The  ebar-. 
acter  of  the  river  banks  along  the  valley  render  the  preaence  of  a 
glacier  at  Trenton  extremely  improbable.  Theae  show  no  narln 
of  glacial  action.  We  have,  moreover,  already  shown  that 
the  Trenton  gravel  is  more  recent  than  the  deposits  of  Chaia- 
plain  age,  and  that,  lying  In  a  channel  cut  within  them,  H  is 
the  most  recent  of  all  the  gravels.  Clearly  the  Delaware  Taller 
and  tlie  channel  of  the  river  were  exGavat«d  in  a  time  prvvloas  to 
the  deposition  of  the  Trenton  gravel.  The  channel  subsequently 
having  been  filled  up  by  thlft  gravel,  the  diminished  river  still 
later  has  cut  a  new  channel  either  completely  through  it,  as  at 
Trenton,  or  partially,  as  at  Philadelphia.  It  is  probable  that 
slight  iiuilulationa  of  the  level  of  the  coast  have  aided  in  producing 
thetie  clmngea. 

Before  describing  the  human  reiios  found  in  the  Trenton  gnvel. 
there  are  cevend  facts  ht^'aring  ui>on  its  origin  and  age  which  it 
will  be  well  to  coniiider. 


^ 


.]  NATURAL  80IENGB8  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  303 

has  been  noticed  that  from  Trenton  to  Philadelphia  the  creeks 
ing  into  the  river  Delaware  have  a  steep  south  bank,  while  the 
md  north  of  the  creek  is  flat.  The  writer  finds  that  the  flat 
ind  north  of  the  creek  is  made  of  Trenton  gravel,  while  the 
hem  bank  is  made  of  older  formations  which  have  been  for- 
j  cut  away  by  water  action  coming  from  the  north.  Thus, 
steep  south  bank  of  the  Neshaminy  is  made  of  "  Philadelphia 
gravel "  of  Champlain  age,  while  a  flat  plain  of  Trenton  gravel 
south  of  the  creek.  The  same  configuration  of  the  banks  of 
ks  on  the  New  Jersey  shore  has  been  noticed  by  Prof.  Cook, 
issuming  that  the  river  at  the  time  of  the  deposition  of  this 
el  was  of  larger  volume  than  now,  this  fact  is  of  ready  explana- 
The  southern  bank  of  the  creek,  often  of  Cretaceous  or 
;iary  strata,  in  each  case  formed  the  shore  of  the  ancient  river, 
was  worn  away  into  a  steep  bank  by  the  flood  from  the  north, 
liar  in  cause  and  effect  are  the  present  banks  of  the  Delaware, 
ih  are  steep  on  the  outside  of  each  curve  of  the  river,  and  flat 
covered  with  recent  alluvium  on  the  inside. 
QOther  fact  showing  river  action  is  the  frequent  occurrence  of 
mures  of  '*  flow  and  plunge  structure  ''  in  this  gravel.  In  these 
layers  are  seen  to  dip  up  stream,  as  would  be  expected  by 
award  flowing  water.  It  is  interesting  to  find,  on  the  other 
I,  that  the  same  structure  in  the  Tertiary  gravels,  both  of 
isylvania  and  New  Jersey,  shows  layers  dipping  southeast,  as 
gh  deposited  by  incoming  oceanic  tides. 
ttother  instance  of  the  fluviatile  character  of  the  Trenton  gravel 
und  in  the  peculiar  topography  which  it  sometimes  exhibits. 
[uently ,  instead  of  forming  a  flat  plain,  it  forms  higher  ground 
J  to  the  present  river  channel  than  it  does  near  its  ancient 
:.  Moreover,  not  only  does  the  ground  thus  slope  downward 
^treating  from  the  river,  but  the  boulders  become  smaller  and 
abundant.  Both  of  these  facts  are  in  accordance  with  the 
of  river  deposits.  In  a  time  of  flood  the  rapidly  flowing 
r  in  the  main  channel,  bearing  detritus,  is  checked  by  the  more 
i  waters  at  the  side  of  the  river,  and  is  forced  to  deposit  its 
el  and  boulders  as  a  kind  of  bank. 

determining  the  comparative  age  of  the  Trenton  gravel ,  a  guide 
be  found  in  the  amount  of  its  erosion.  In  this  respect  a 
ced  contrast  exists  between  this  and  more  ancient  gravels. 
ke  the  land  covered  by  older  surface  formations,  that  covered 


1^ 


rowneva 


HVt  pRflccK&ixos  ur  ml  ACADBMT  or  IftMip 

hy  Utv  Tri'tilon  gnirvl  !•  nnwriaibl}-  lovrl  ami  Tn*  Trnta  billwlr* 
or  rnrlticN.  Thv  cbangp  in  tu|>0)nv[>lir  ai»y  be  «i-U  m>ru  in  Ih*- 
nrighlfottiotKl  tir  Tmitiifl,  uiil  nui  Iw  Dci(iM>il  alutnM  nny*<bpr« 
atnng  tin-  tuIIav-  Ttu^  fact  nli)(i«  wtiald  iudli-ate  m  munt  n><;Mit 
tti:r  tluin  that  or  Uie  cUvs  util  )tmvi^lii  of  tli«  Cliain()Uio  nfocb. 
Tlilfl  tllfr«!renM>  Ib  mueb  lacire  iDarked  wtivn  rnin|nirii)(Mi  U  mad*- 
wlUi  thn  iMtmnle  grnveju. 

T1h->  wtttiKl  time  n«r«iMrj  for  the  Li«Uiniiv  to  cut  down  I 
nwk  tJirotigh  £0  ftft  of  tliia  f{nrel  at  Trcnloit  {■  bv  no  n 
grtmU  Niimvroiu  fitcla  lisrv  been  addun>d  by  pK>lof[{««l  writer* 
nnd  bv  eaffinftm  to  sliow  bow  rapidly  n  Mnmn  of  WHtvr  v*a  w«ar 
Ihrongh  toofe  i^niirvl  nutcrinl.  Wlien  it  U  ni>ti<fl  tlut  tite  gravrl 
clifTnt  Trrntoii  hft»  bcm  msde,  not  lijr  a  iitmlglit  difwnw»nl  rat, 
lull  }t}  a  iild<-  ttMiring  >««t  na  at  n  bnnk.and  wlwn  it  u  miwiw 
In-ml  lltnL  tbr  rrcx^lrr  (Mtncr  of  tht>  [)cliiwnn>  was  fcirmrrly  ray 
iiiiii'h  grralt^r  tlian  It  in  uow,  it  will  be  noiK-ndi-d  thnt  ibe  |in 
nflbc  clilTat  TrttDlou  wilt  not  ui-cMniirll)-  iiifi-rlU  blifh  autitiait 
from  wliat  la  liniiMru  iif  Ute  nctlou  of  rutmlD^  water  ufxin  gran 
It  bt  tbtm^ht  thnt  the  timn  DtM.-(!HKarv  to  prmluo- 
"ItH'rvi'd  roiglit  Iw  rwkoncd  by  hiindniHl*  rntlinr  tlmn  by  tbou- 
Nand^  of  yrars.  WlilU*  thf  {rrDvttI  waa  of  rourw  formed  In  a 
|*n'vluuN  liiD<>,  tile  ra|>ld  octioa  of  tbo  Hood  whiob  drposifd  tt^v 
■hown  In  inaTiy  pin'''*"  hy  th.-  '-lir^rn.'t.T  nf  1]\f  [irnv.-I.  iivll-nlMT 
that  the  time  nweaaary  for  its  de|iosition  need  not  have  been  long. 

Having  now  shown  that  the  Trenton  grovel  is  a  true  river 
de[>oitit  of  modem  age,  it  will  be  of  interest  to  inqnire  how  aiich  a 
flootl  IIS  we  have  proved  to  exist  could  hare  originated.  No  flood 
within  the  historicnt  e)H>cl)  has  tn-on  known  to  at  all  approarh  in 
magiiittide  that  whieh  deposited  the  Trenton  gravel.  No  bouldera 
of  the  size  found  In  and  ui>on  that  gravel  are  ever  carried  down 
tlie  river  by  R-eent  ice-cakes.  In  fact,  at  Trenton  and  below,  the 
lioiildiTH  of  thiit  grovel  are  ollon  much  larger  than  any  in  the 
Cbanipliiin  gravel  uf  that  jmrt  of  the  valley. 

We  have  win  that  at  the  time  of  the  Trenton  gravel  (lomi,  the 
l.iwir  pnrt  of  Pliiladelphia,  the  whole  of  Bristol  and  Tnilytown.  and 
almost  alt  of  Trenton  iv.re  suliinerKed.  That  the  rlimate  waa  then 
i-iiM  iwintiii-ftte*!  not  only  by  the  suggest  ion  that  (here  were  then  proli- 
aMy  very  l.irgi-  nuisses  of  Ixiulder-liearing  ice  floating  in  the  nver. 
I.iu  nlsu  l.y  the  fact  that,  as  the  writer  is  infi>rme<l  bv  Pr.  ('.  C 
.\M"itt.   Uines  of  -\rctic  animals  (walrus,  reindeer,  mastodon). 


1880.]  NATURAL  SCIENCES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  305 

often  rounded  by  attrition,  have  been  found  in  this  gravel. 
Although  the  Trenton  gravel  has  none  of  the  features  of  a  moraine, 
it  is  true  that  the  cliff  at  the  base  of  Riverview  Cemetery,  holding' 
immense  boulders,  has  the  appearance  of  having  been  deposited 
by  glacial  waters.  At  other  places,  the  boulders  resting  upon  the 
sand  overlying  the  gravel  suggests  the  grounding  of  large  ice- 
cakes  derived  from  some  mass  of  ice  large  enough  to  be  called  a 
jrlacier. 

It  is  difficult  to  imagine  an  origin  for  such  a  flood  as  we  have 
described  other  than  the  melting  of  a  glacier.  We  have  shown 
that  the  flood  was  not  an  inroad  from  the  sea,  but  that  it 
came  down  the  valley.  No  rain-storms  of  modern  experience 
could  have  supplied  such  an  amount  of  water.  To  call  the  time 
of  this  flood  a  "  Pluvial  Epoch,"  will  be  of  little  assistance,  since 
IK)  origin  for  such  extraordinary  rains  is  suggested,  except  under 
a  very  difl*erent  climate,  or  by  evaporation  from  a  melting  glacier. 
Yet  such  a  glacier  cannot  be  the  great  glacier  of  the  Glai;ial  epoch. 
That  was  the  glacier  which  in  its  melting  deposited  the  brick-cla}' 
and  red  gravel  which  we  have  shown  to  be  much  older  than  the 
Trenton  gravel.  It  must  have  been,  if  a  glacier  at  all,  another 
and  more  recent  one  whose  melting  caused  the  flood  which  formed 
this  gravel.  This  last  glacial  flood  flowed  in  a  channel  excavated 
through  the  deposits  of  the  first  glacial  period. 

It  appears,  then,  that  there  is  evidence  of  a  Second  Glacial 
Period — a  period  in  which  was  deposited  the  last  of  the  gravels, 
and  which  has  but  lately  passed  away.  From  the  limited  extent 
of  its  deposits  it  is  inferred  that  the  second  glacier  was  much 
smaller  than  the  first,  and  that  its  southern  extremity  was  con- 
fined to  the  valley.  A  second  glacial  period  is  recognized  in 
Europe  under  the  name  of  the  Reindeer  Period. 

It  is  thought  that  the  hypothesis  of  a  second  and  more  local 
jjlacier,  long  subsequent  in  age  to  the  first  great  glacier,  will 
explain  all  the  facts  observed.  The  Trenton  gravel  cannot  be 
assigned  to  the  first  glacial  period  except  by  assuming  that  there 
have  been  no  river  gravels  deposited  since  that  time  ; — an  assump- 
tion which  can  hardly  be  maintained.  Some  European  archic- 
ologists  have  held  that  the  Palseolithic  Era^  the  era  of  the  river 
gravels,  is  antecedent  to  the  Reindeer  Period^  the  period  of  tlic 
cave-men.  No  such  distinction  has  been  observed  on  the  Delaware. 
Should  future  researches  show  that  a  separate  and  second  glacial 


epocli  cannnt  U:  provwl  in  America,  the  fi»M«  hen  obwsrveil  will 
iD(licat«  a  much  more  ruccnt  ilatv  for  the  dtHppaiimiiro  of  the 
ifrvat  glacier  than  1in>>  been  as4igned  to  it.  Tho  period  of  tbr 
Trwnton  (jravel  flood,  whether  oontemporaneoiu  with  a  |[laoi«r  an 
not ,  in  the  period  of  the  last  geoloj^cal  dejKialtA  here  known ;  tbf 
n.'fTrnt  mud-flalH  being  nUtait.  excepted. 

We  have  now  ginnceil  at  tha?  churact«rti  of  llie  Tnnitun  gmvvl, 
and  have  inOicatf'd,  no  far  nt>  the  Ihcln  nt  baiid  allow,  ila  poallioa. 
origin,  and  relative  agp. 

It  U  in  this  gravel  that  the  writer's  fViend,  Dr.  Cbarlc* 
C.  AblMtt,  of  Trenton,  baa  made  the  inteTeatinn  discovery  of  stiinr 
tmpletnents  of  humna  workmnuahtp,  whieh,  in  tlitir  ahafie  lud 
cltaraotera,are<iniU^(n)likcthoiieoftlieRed  Indiana  of  the  AtJantir 
coast.'  He  liajt  found  them  imbedded  at  vanoua  ileptli*  lu  the  h^ 
parcntly  tmdiiitarbcd  gravel  of  the  cliff  at  lUverview  C«niet«ry 
and  in  other  places  near  Trenton.  Thoy  arc  of  paliroliihic  type. 
and  dill^r  nrom  Indian  stone  implementa  by  being  largvr,  rader. 
and  made  fh>m  a  dltferent  material.  They  are  composed  of  i^tay 
argillitc,  a  rock  whi<-h  in  found  in  place  farther  up  ihc  river, 
and  which  in  a  Triasaic  ahalt-  allvrr^I  and  hnnlfiuil  hy  tli«  b<iil 
fh>m  Acyacent  trap  dykw.  Tliifv  <«cur  in  imnitionn  which  rcmltr 
It  cstrpmely  prt>baMc  that  they  t<elong  to  tbv  aamu  age  a«  that  of 
Ilic  rl.'j.(ihitii.iTi  if  the  i^nvcl,  fir  ;»t  k'n»l  to  an  ajje  wlirn  it  wan 
overflowed  by  the  flooded  river.  There  are  two  points  which 
offer  strong  evidence  in  that  direction. 

The  first  is  the  fact  that  modem  Indian  implements,  "neolitha," 
are  never  found  associated  with  these  "  palawliths  "  In  the  graveL 
Although  abundant  on  the  surface,  it  is  stated  that  they  never 
occur  at  a  depth  of  more  than  a  few  inches  in  undisturbed  soil, 
while  the  paleoliths  are  found  oft«n  ten  or  more  feet  fh>m  the  sur- 
face. This  fact  alone  argues  a  different  age  for  the  two  classes  of 
implements. 

The  second  fact  is  that  when  found  below  the  surface  of  the 
ground,  these  pnlieolithH  always  occur  in  the  Trenton  gravel  and 
never  in  older  gravels.  The  writer,  in  company  with  I>r.  Abbott, 
has  gone  over  much  of  the  ground  where  the  implements  ix'currwl : 
and  it  was  very  interesting  to  find  that  it  wbh  only  within  the 
limitu  of  the  Trenton  gravel,  previously  traced  out  by  the  writer. 

'  V.  Tenth  and  Eleventii  Annual  lUport*  of  the  Pealioiljr  Mnteum  of 
American  Archeology. 


1880.]  NATURAL  SCIENCES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  307 

that  Dr.  Abbott  had  found  implements  below  the  surface.  Beyond  , 
the  terrace  of  older  gravels  the  palseoliths  sometimes  occur  with 
Implements  of  the  modern  type,  but  are  not  imbedded  at  any 
depth.  In  Pennsylvania,  moreover,  the  writer  has  found  similar 
palseoliths  in  the  region  covered  by  the  Trenton  gravel  and  in  that 
region  only.  Here,  then,  is  the  strongest  probability,  even  if  the 
implements  were  found  upon  the  surface  only,  that  they  belonged 
to  and  were  of  coeval  deposition  with  the  river  gravel. 

The  implements  of  argillite  found  at  the  lowest  depth  in  undis- 
turbed gravel  have  been  generally  decided  by  archaeologists  to  be 
of  human  origin.  It  is,  however,  true  that  there  are  many  sharp 
fragments  of  this  rock  in  the  Trenton  gravel  which  are  of  natural 
origin,  and  that  pebbles  and  partially  rounded  fragments  of  the 
same  rock  are  frequent.  The  writer  has  found  several  fragments 
of  ai^lite  in  the  gravel  exposed  at  the  cut  near  Wheatsheaf 
Station,  Bucks  Co.,  Pa.,  which,  whether  they  were  artificial  or 
natural,  it  was  impossible  to  determine. 

All  the  evidence  that  has  been  gathered  points  to  the  conclu- 
sion that  at  the  time  of  the  Trenton  gravel  flood,  man  in  a  rude 
state  lived  upon  the  banks  of  the  ancient  Delaware.  He  may  have 
heen  in  the  habit  of  spearing  fish  and  seals  with  spears  pointed  by 
his  rough  stone  implements,  and  these  having  been  dropped  into 
the  flood  may  have  sunk  into  the  loose  and  shifting  gravel.  The 
weathering  upon  the  implements  is  so  slight  as  to  afford  no  evi- 
dence of  their  high  antiquity.  Many  of  the  palfeoliths  found  in 
the  river  gravels  of  Europe,  are  of  very  similar  type.  As  a  rule, 
probably  the  implements  of  the  Trenton  gravel  are  somewhat  more 
rude.  The  writer  Is  informed  that  even  more  primitive  forms  are 
now  in  constant  use  among  some  of  our  Western  Indian  tribes. 

It  is  interesting  to  flnd,  as  pointed  out  by  archaeologists,  that 
until  lately  the  Eskimos  have  used  stone  implements  quite  as  rude 
and  similar  in  appearance  to  those  found  in  the  Trenton  and  other 
river  gravels,  and  it  has  been  suggested  that  that  race,  now  living 
in  a  climate  and  under  conditions  perhaps  similar  to  those  once 
existing  on  the  Delaware,  may  have  some  kinship  with  the  pre- 
Indian  people  of  this  river.  It  may  be  that  an  Eskimo  race,  living 
here  at  the  time  of  the  flooded  Delaware,  were  driven  north  by 
the  ooming  of  the  Red  Indians.  If  future  archaeological  work 
shows  this  surmise  to  be  correct,  the  writer  suggests  that  the 
period  of  the  Trenton  gravel  and  of  this  palaeolithic  people, — a  period 


ntiKO»  Off  rai  Ai-ADUfT  or  [IHfW. 

(vrflMpa  (bliinring  •  •eoutHi  glBcinl  ttgv,— mi|tht  ■pimipriattfly  br 
uUImI  Tht Etkimo Prrhd,  TUIh  DuniD.iliirivei]  fh>iu«li)](lM:r(inlcr 
of  IwiDjp  tluu  tint  wfalcb  (tare  Uie  duui;  Rein^err  Periail,  U  tnucL 
Biuie  *mpprlivB  Kud  b  ])r(i)«lilj'  of  AiUv  ku  wiije  BppUiailidU  &• 
Uw  Utt«r  luune.     A  It-nti  slrvailjr  In  um>,  tbo  I'Ulm.'JiUUc  Era,  i* 

It  luu  bct-n  kijd  ttuu  ttir  oecumocp  of  pabpolitha  at  Trvnton 
i>ir<'n.>l  cvidinHV  of  n  vvrj  bigli  aDIJquIty  of  mail  in  Aiucrlva,  and. 
IIm)  (travel  bvltifl  coiisi'loml  aa  a  glacial  roorainv,  that  man'itexiM- 
cnco  waa  carrktl  back  lo  Lntcrglncial  aiid  ci  iii  iin-gUvial  timra.  ' 
A*  in>  liave  Hevn,  ibe  tteoldtpcal  (nvi-aligatioiw  atutig  tbr  iKrlaoan 
Valley,  ilo*cril<eil  lu  ttiU  ))«)h.t,  tlinm  )|niu.-  a  wm  light  upon  this 
Miili^rvL  TWy  ahow  tliBl  tJiu  iDiplrniuoI'lMiariiig  gnwl  is  ot^KU 
glauJMl  age,  awl  U  a  rivi-r  ilapcisit  or  ouiD|anitiTL>ly  ruMUt  forma- 
tion I  aiMl  UmL  neitliiT  iii  thi-  ^niivcla  cif  thu  Cbuni>lalu  ityorh  not  In 
ilvjMHiito  tif  ally  iirevluuH  a^e  tiavi!  luiy  imrea  nf  nuui  br«u 
illwnvoml.  Tlip  i-vitl(^Di.-e  a|i[ieari  to  lu'limtv  the  origin  of 
iiuiu  al  a  tliue  nbluU,  ^)ii)gluiklly  L-uiiiii(L>rv>]  at  ln>t,  i«  rroent. 

Tbr  B4:tual  a^e  of  tlu-  TreHU>o  grarr.l,  aiid  tlio  con»o(iiuint  date  to 
wbinh  Div  aiit)'|ully  ni  tuao  on  Uiv  Drlnwarc  should  \»  asn^v\.  \* 
a  (|Uc«ttuii  wbivb  gvological  tlnta  hIodc  an.'  iiisuiUclent  to  «o1v<-. 
Tbi>  only  cliu>.  aad  iltat  a  most  niiMatis&icLory  one,  U  atTord^d  by 
.v.lnj|rill..ii-  U.-.d  ,i|,„ii  tWi>m..ntil  of  <ti.»u>ii.  Tt.U,  likr  alt  (k-.I 
logical  con  HI  derations,  ib  relative  ratber  than  absolute.  Tlie  aamr 
reasoning  that  showed  that  the  modern  river  channel  might  havr 
lieeu  excavated  in  hundreiln  rather  than  thousands  of  years,  will 
iiKlicate  that  no  great  length  of  time  ih  necessarj'  to  pro<luce  all 
the  Hurfiice  features  of  the  Trenton  gravel.  While  the  writer  may 
venture  to  cxprt^sa  the  opinion  that  there  is  no  reason  geologically 
for  carrying  the  age  of  this  gravel  and  the  antiquity  of  man  on  th«- 
Helaware  farther  back  than  a  very  few  thousand  years  at  the  moot, 
he  is  fully  aware  that  any  close  a]>proximation  can  safely  be 
arrivi-^l  iit  only  by  extended  comparison  with  other  river  gravels  and 
by  II  much  mon-  complete  scries  of  olncrvation^  than  have  yet 
ii-eii  possible.  Ethnological  cou  side  rat  ions,  which  make  paliro- 
lithii'  man  ti>  luitcdate  the  oldest  races  of  the  mound-builders,  will 
li;iie  ;i  Uurilig  mMm  this  ijucstion.     Meteorologists  luay  show  thai 

'  ll  willberemenilKTcdtliat  SirCh.-irlcBLyeH,  hi  hi«  Princij.leKiof  IJeol- 
"fty-  'lih  Kii.,  vol.  1,  ji.  'i'*6,  conjocturvs  the  period  of  the  great  glucier  l*> 
have  l>ccu  about  '.*00,<HX)  year*  ago. 


1880.]  NATURAL  SCIENCES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  309 

a  cold  climate  and  a  period  of  a  flood  far  larger  than  any  of  late  ex- 
perience may  require  a  long  lapse  of  time.  These  considerations 
are  not  within  the  scope  of  this  paper.  It  has  been  the  aim  of  the 
writer  to  deflne  the  antiquity  of  man  in  relation  to  geological  rather 
than  to  historical  events.  If,  in  showing  that  the  Eskimo  period  is 
the  last  of  the  geological  ages,  it  does  not  necessarily  follow  that  it 
is  by  any  means  recent,  it  must  be  remembered,  on  the  other  hand, 
that  its  high  antiquity  is  not  proven  by  the  facts  thus  far 
observed. 

The  conclusions  to  which  the  facts  seem  to  point  may  briefly  be 
summarized  as  follows  : — 

1.  That  the  Trenton  gravel,  the  only  gravel  in  which  implements 
occur,  is  a  true  river  deposit  of  post-glacial  age,  and  the  most 
recent  of  all  the  gravels  of  the  Delaware  valle}'. 

2.  That  the  palceoliths  found  in  it  really  belong  to  and  are  a 
part  of  the  gravel,  and  that  they  indicate  the  existence  of  man  in 
a  rude  state  at  a  time  when  the  flooded  river  flowed  on  top  of  this 
gravel. 

3.  That  the  data  obtained  do  not  necessarily  prove,  geologically 
considered,  an  extreme  antiquity  of  man  in  Eastern  America. 


paocEEDiNUB  or  tat  acadkmt  or 


[isi 


JliVi/c  on  PhUailfljAilf — a  ni'ic  minora!. — Mr  Lewis  ^ve  »  pn- 
Utuiaiiry  dcHoripliun  of  n  0<iw  vcrmiculilv  fruin  iu-jkr  WnyDo 
8ialii>u  OB  llio  licrnmntown  Kailruwi,  wliioli  In'  iimj«.i»rcl  lo  call 
"  rhila(ti;)[>bttv.*'  It  oofiim  in  platvt  of  n  lirowii  l^ol^^^  bihI  taU-ow 
IiiotiT.  cxiNtine  a»  McaiiiM  in  an  alu-red  hombluuilp  rock.  WIi«ii 
lientnl.it  <!xf(>rinU-J>  with  great  forco  to  inan}-tiRiM  iu  ori|nnal  nxe 
mill  l)«<-onicH  of  A  coppory  bronze  color.  It  waa  MaKd  tlut  wbila 
exfoliating,  it  wa«  nLle  to  lift  over  60^00  times  it»  own  weight.  It 
lull  a  hy^ruscopii.'  power  nearly  as  groat  a»  tbat  of  chloridv  of 
nUc-iiim.     It«  optical  characters  and  itacliomical  composition  were 

Jnalyna  of  /'Ai7adWpAite.— Mr.   BiVnSN   Haixks  cootritNited 
tlic  followinK  asalyses  of  I'biladelpbite. 
Specific  gravity  (cletermiDed  in  alcohol  of  9A  p.  c.)    3.7B-S.M. 


8iO. 

I. 
3».«8 

II. 

38.53 

FikO. 

SII.59 

90.01 

AM, 

I4.t5 

MM 

PftO 

SJM 

i.H 

0.0 

J« 

IJM 

M(tO 

1H« 

llJtt 

MuO  1 

[cracdt) 

U.0  (tnen) 

K/> 

(.89 

<.«l 

NhO 

.90 

.64 

11,0 

4.21 

4.81 

F  (tmces) 

I 


100.98  99.31 

Per  cent,  of  hygroscopic  water  in  1,3.12  p.  c;  in  II,  3.43  p.  c. 
In  these  analyHca  the  mineral  was  dried  i^t  100°  ('.,  the  hygro- 
scopic water  not  being  included  in  the  dcternii nation 8.  Owing  to 
its  very  hygroscopic  nature,  it  was  found  very  difllcult  to  obtain 
its  weight  at  100°  C.  accurately.  It  gains  rapidly  in  weight  while 
King  weighed  upon  the  balance.  Examples  of  it'*  hygroscopic 
|iowir  welt  given.  The  analyses  were  made  liy  ditwolving  the 
niiiiiTal  in  concentrated  hydrochloric  acid.  Iron  was  estimated 
viiliimctrically  an<I  the  alkalies  by  Smith's  method  of  fuHion. 


1880.]  NATURAL  SOnSNGES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  311 


Deoembeb  22,  1879. 

THI  80-CALLSD  SMSBT-OBB  FBOM  CHSL8SA,  BETHEL  T0WV8HIP, 

DBLAWASB  COUHTT,  PSraSTLVAHIA. 

.  BT  F.   A.  OENTH,   JB. 

At  the  November  meeting  of  this  Section,  Dr.  Cardeza  called 
the  attention  of  the  members  to  a  garnet  rock,  mined  as  emery- 
ore,  at  Chelsea,  Bethel  Township,  Delaware  Co.,  Pa.,  and  subse- 
quently left  it  with  me  for  analysis. 

The  rock  is  composed  almost  exclusively  of  rounded  rhombic- 
dodecahedral  grains  of  red  garnet,  varying  in  size  from  a  fraction 
of  a  millimetre  to  over  one  centimetre ;  also  a  little  quartz,  biotite, 
muscovite,  and  magnetite.    It  is  very  friable,  being  easily  crushed. 

Its  fracture  is  uneven,  excepting  in  some  of  the  larger  grains, 
which  are  so  much  intersected  by  mica,  that,  when  struck  by  a 
hammer,  they  break  into  angular  fragments,  apparently  showing  a 
crystalline  cleavage.     Specific  gravity  =  4.028. 

An  analysis  of  the  smaller  and  purer  grains,  obtained  by  wash- 
ing and  picking  out,  gave : 

SiO,  =  41.11 

Fe,0,  =  2.11 

Al^Os  =  21.60 

FeO  =  25.86 

MnO  =  2.22 

CaO  =  1.89 

MgO  =  5.41 


100.20 
which  proves  it  to  be  an  ordinary  iron-alumina  garnet. 


SIS 


PB0CSUI1.10S  IIP  TOB  ACjUSMT  OT 


Must 


Slime  AVir  Miiirral  l.orah'fie^ — Mr.  JnsBPe  WiLLc(tSADtK>iiDfr<l 
Ihe  followbiK  iit-w  mlDeral  l(joiUllii.'ft : 

BiirKeae,  Ontariu,  Caimdu,  un  the  iiurtb  nhon-  nf  Itlilivu  l^tkc  -. 
Phlogopile,  Hrteu  Pjriisfiii-,  A|iatit«,  Zircon.  Xortli  Elnulcj  , 
ncitr  Ott.v  Lake,  Ciumila :  PblojcoiilU),  In  tnrite  nu<l  |N-rfiv!t  (.-rx-*- 
lain.  Bo'ilfortl,  TronU-itft<^  fn.,  Oni.,  Cau.^  A|iaiil<-  (m»ut.iM>llv 
fine,',  BIhcIc  Pjri)X«uc,  Scainililf.  Nuur  Weirt[X)rt,  Ontarii),  Cmn. : 
Bliick  Tniinuiliiif.  RuHHt-l,  Bt.  LKwrvncv  Co.,  N.  V.:  St(«Uu- 
(HMiHilnmortiUuiM  nfter  Trvitiolit«  and  8oapolit«;  Black  Tonr- 
nixlini;,  witli  n)Oiiifio<l  liTDiinatiutis.  MacoD  Co.,  N- ('. :  Crj'*ta)> 
i)r  BiutiU'  ill  MtiHcovitc. 

All  the  «boro  wore  toxind  in  fine  specimen*.  w(>ll  (TjratttlliM 
Bperimtms  ww*  exhibited  lo  the  Section. 


1880.]  NATURAL  SCIENCES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  313 


ON  PHILABELPHITE  (8p.  Not.). 
BY  HENRY  CARVILL  LEWIS. 

The  mineral  to  which  the  above  title  has  been  applied  was  found 
by  the  writer  four  years  ago,  in  what  was  then  a  quarry  of  hom- 
blendic  gneiss,  close  to  the  boundary  of  the  Twenty-second  Ward, 
Philadelphia.  The  locality  is  on  Gennantown  Avenue,  at  the 
bridge  crossing  of  the  Gerinantown  and  Norristown  Railroad, 
near  Wayne  Station.  The  quarry  is  now  walled  up,  and  is  used 
as  a  coal  and  lime  yard. 

Geologically,  the  locality  is  just  at  the  base  of  the  terrace  of 
metamorphic  rocks  which  bounds  the  drift  formations  underlying 
the  greater  part  of  the  city.  Quatemar}'  clays,  boulders  of  the 
Champlain  period,  and  tertiary  gravels  appear  within  a  hundred 
feet  of  the  quarry,  and  the  waters  of  those  different  epochs  have 
successively  eroded  the  hill  rising  above  it.  This  hill,  here  called 
Xegley's  or  Logan's  Hill,  about  225  feet  in  height,  is  part  of  the 
same  hill  or  "  Upland  Terrace,''  which,  trending  nearly  northeast 
and  southwest,  lias  been  traced  continuously  from  here  into  ^Fary- 
land,  on  the  one  side,  and  across  New  Jersey  on  the  other,  and 
which,  though  composed  of  quite  different  rocks  in  different  places, 
forms  throughout,  the  boundary  of  the  post-jurassic  formations.' 
The  rock  at  this  place  is  a  hard  black  homblendic  gneiss,  subject 
to  decomposition  in  its  upper  portions.  It  is  well  exposed  in  the 
cut  on  Wavne  Street,  where  numerous  minerals  occur,  and  it  is 
the  same  which  is  quarried  at  Frankford  and  at  McKinney's 
quarry,  both  noted  mineral  localities.  In  its  altered  state  it 
crumbles  easily,  and  when  heated  exfoliates.  In  this  condition, 
after  being  cruslied  in  a  mill  between  heavy  iron  rollers,  it  is 
sometimes  used  as  a  building  sand. 

The  mineral  here  described  as  Philadelphile  belongs  to  the  ver- 
miculite  group  of  hydrous  silicates.  It  occurs  both  disseminated 
in  scales  throughout  the  gangue-rock,  and  also  in  seams,  an  inch  or 
tnore  in  thickness  and  many  feet  long.  Associated  with  it  in  the 
Bame  quarry  are  crystals  of  sphene,  epidote  and  hornblende,  and 
Hpecks  of  chalcopyrite.  It  has  been  found  in  small  quantities  also 
lit  Wayne  Street,  at  McKinney's  quarry,  and  in  Germantowii. 

^V.  Proc.  Min.  and  Geolog.  Section  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila..  Nov.,  1878. 
21 


^l\  PROCEEDINGS  OF   THE  ACADEMY  OF  [1880. 

Since  most  of  the  vermiculites  occur  in  serpentinous  or  chloritic 
formations,  it  is  to  l>e  noted  that  no  such  rocks  occur  here  or  in 
the  vicinity.  The  mineral  is  probably  deriveil  originally  from 
hornblende. 

Phy;fical  Characters, — Hardness,  1.3;  Specific  gravit}*,  2.80 
.  taken  in  alcohol  and  referred  to  water).  Lustre  pearly.  Color, 
by  reflected  light,  bronze ;  by  transmitted  light,  brownish  reil,  and 
in  very  thin  lamina^,  brownish  yellow.  Opaque,  except  in  thin 
pieces.  Streak  brownish  yellow.  Laminse  unelastic,  readily 
flexible,  tough,  not  brittle.     Feel  gi-easy. 

Crystallographic  Characters. — Monoclinic.  Cleavage;  basal  .emi- 
nent; also,  occasionall}',  a  cleavage  parallel  to  the  diagonaU. 
Striations  crossing  at  about  90^,  causing  the  mineral  to  break 
into  nearly  rectangular  fragments,  are  sometimes  ol)Served,  and 
these  are  parallel  to  the  plane  of  the  optic  axes  and  to  the  diagonals 
of  the  rhomb.  No  triangular  striations  as  in  Jetterisite.  Plates 
often  contorted  and  wrinkled.  Twin  crystals  frequent,  observable 
•  by  polarized  light.  Optically  biaxial.  Double  refraction  strong, 
negative.  Optic-axial  angle,  31^20'-39^30';  generally  37  j^. 
Crystals  sometimes  nearly  2  inches  wide  and  ^  inch  high.  The 
hyperbolas  are  well  defined  in  the  polarisco|xs  and  the  angle  of 
their  divergence  is  more  constant  than  in  some  of  the  other  ver- 
niirulitcs.     Twinnin<r  prodnccs  vnriations  in  tlu'  aiiLrlt' J 

J^'/rifi/Hnstyr  Cl"irurf,'r.<. —  In  ihr  cln-sccl  tulu'  it  i:iv«s  otrwMtt-r  aH'i 
»'\tnlial<s  with  irnat  forcr,  in  a  (lircction  pn  prn«liciilar  to  it*-  l»a^»-. 
to  l*n  tiiiK"^  its  oriifinal  voluiiu'.  I'poii  rxloliat  ion  it  Krcoinf^  <»l'a 
l»rii;lit  copiMT  color  ant)  takrs  a  nirtalli*'  Instr*-.  It  al>o  Ix-i.-omi'*, 
l»rittK*  an«l  nion*  opa<pU'.  Tlir  f\toliatr<l  niinrral  ha«*  a  tar  in«»rf 
distinct  ami  tViMpn*nt  •*c(on<lar\  vertical  <-lca\  aL^c  tliiin  it  has  IntoH- 

•  \f«>liation,  an«l  ihc  )•a•^Ml  clcavairc  is  also  easier.      It  sho\v>  >tr«'n^ 

•  loiiMc  retraction  in  thi*  jiolari<coj  i-.  an«l  h:^'^  an  optical  <livi'rixciK»- 

•  •{".•il'ont  the  •^an^c  amount  :i<  that  <»!*  t  he  nniunite*!  mineral    .".n     t«' 
.IT     ).      Tlie    ll\  pel  lutja^    ;,ie    cxtrenielv    i lUh'tl net  1 .    antl    ni»   »  xae! 
nuM-mrment 'N  couhl    Im-   t;il\en.      It  i-  \«llou  1>\   t  iMii'-mitte.l  liirhr. 
I?    r<»nii-^   a    tiiie   nl.H'ft    un<ler   th«-    micro^^eoj.r    ]>\   rrthet^-tl    li:_;lir 
Tin    tiiM-   rMj.prr  «•'>)<  •!    i:;iinr<l   «»n   e\  I'olial  it»ii  i"«  eli;ir:i'-tiii'»t  ;«•.  'ii- 

'  !ii_:iii"-liiiiL:  it  lV''iii  the  M'h'-r  \  rr!iiifiilit<"^.  Tin-  <'tlMr  i^  o|.t  m..  .; 
u!ir!!iei-  It  i-  h«.i:«'l  -ii'M'!il\  in  tin-  llanie.or  ^l(»ul\  in  an  :iir-^':i*:. 
*"   •  \  t'<tli:)t  i<  Ml.      i   p  'II    1< 'hi:-'  < 'lit  inur<l    i-jnilinn  in  :i    j'l:»liniini  •  :'i 

I       l*i»tl".    ('Mjkt    >     P.ipt  1    ».n    llie   \erniii  iilite>%,     I'loc.    Anni  .    A»  a«l  , 


1880.]  NATURAL  SCIENCES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  315 

cible,  heated  without  access  of  air,  it  becomes  a  steel-gray  color,  its 
iron  having  been  reduced.  Before  the  blowpipe  it  gives  the  violet 
flame  of  potash  and  fuses  to  a  black  magnetic  globule,  which  does 
not  intumesce  when  further  heated. 

With  the  fluxes  it  reacts  for  silica  and  iron.  It  is  readily  dis- 
solved by -hot  sulphuric  acid,  the  pure  white  silica  being  left  in  the 
original  shape  of  the  mica.  It  is  dissolved  in  hydrochloric  acid 
upon  long  digestion. 

Chemical  Compoaition, — In  the  investigation  of  the  chemical 
composition  of  Philadelphite  the  writer  has  had  the  valuable 
advice  of  his  friend,  Prof.  F.  A.  Genth,  of  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania.  The  raetliod  used  in  the  estimation  of  vanadium 
is  entirely  due  to  him.  The  writer  is  also  indebted  to  his  friend, 
'  Mr.  Reuben  Haines,  of  Germantown,  for  two  analyses,  and  for 
some  interesting  experiments. 

Of  the  four  analyses  given  below,  Numbers  I  and  II  are  by  Mr. 
Haines;  Nos.  Ill  and  IV  by  the  writer.  Nos.  I  and  II  were 
made  upon  the  pulverized  mineral,  previously  dried  in  an  air-bath 
at  100-^  C;  the  hygroscopic  water,  amounting  to  over  3  p.c,  not 
being  included  in  the  determinations.  "  In  both  the  analyses  the 
sample  was  dissolved  in  concentrated  HCl,  and  the  SiOa  purified 
by  digestion  with  HCl.  The  Fe  and  Al  were  precipitated  together 
l)y  NH«HO  and  tlie  Fe  titrated  by  permanganate.  The  ferrous 
oxide  was  found  by  dissolving  the  weighed  mineral  in  sulphuric 
acid  in  a  closed  flask  from  which  the  air  was  expelled  by  boiling 
with  sodic  carbonate,  antl  titrating  as  before.  The  magnesia  was 
fweighed  as  pyrophosphate  and  the  alkalies  were  se[)arated  by 
Smithes  method  of  fusion,  and  were  determined  by  platinic  chloride, 
controlling  the  result  by  ignition  of  the  platinic  salt  in  hydrogen 
and  weighing  as  metallic  platinum.  The  combined  H.O  is  an 
average  of  the  results  of  experiments  Nos.  IV  and  VI  (given 
below)  taken  at  a  red  heat  on  bottom  of  crucible.'^ 

Analyses  Nos.  Ill  and  IV  were  made  upon  the  ignited  mineral, 
this  being  considered  its  most  constant  state.  The  atomic  water 
was  determined  separately,  and  the  analysis  of  the  anhydrous 
mineral  reduced  when  the  percentage  of  water  was  added.  The 
ignited  mineral  being  with  difficulty  soluble  in  acid,  it  was  decom- 
posed by  fusion  with  sodic  carbonate  for  analysis.  After  repeated 
evaporation  of  the  silica  with  HCl,  it  was  found  still  to  contain 
titanic  acid,  which  was  extracted  by  evaporation  with  concen- 
trated HsS04  and  precipitited  by  dilution  and  boiling.     Addi- 


816  PBoanmirM  or  TBI  AOAUKXT  (V  C^MV. 

lioiul  titutio  Msid  WM  wiMiimted  upon  boiling  the  iUtnSft  from  EM]^ 
after  ledootion  with  HtS.  In  one  vulyiis  titaaio  Mid  irw  ■epa- 
lUed  from  SlOtby  volatilixing  the  latter  vtth  H7,  diMtflTing  tte 
reaidofl  In  HiSOt,  diiuting  and  boiling.  Ferroiu  oxide  mi  deteit 
mined  in  the  sir-dried  mineral  aa  in  analyaea  I  and  II.  Irtm  and 
alumina  were  «Btiniated  by  predidtation  by  boiling  with  aodle 
aoetate  in  a  nentnd  solation,  diaaolring'in  HCl,  repreoipitating 
wia  KEiHO,  igniting  and  weighing  togethor.  In  the  flttrate 
MnO  was  preeipitated  by  bromine  and  ignited. 

Ttie  following  method  waa  employed  fiir  tlie  detection  of  vaaa* 
dlun.  80granuneBofImpnremlneralwerenlxedirith90grBmnMa 
of  aodio  carbonate  and  100  gnunmea  of  aalphor,  and  the  vhol^ 
heated  slowly  in  a  Hessian  eraolble  oorered  by  oharooal  matO 
partially  ftised.  It  was  then  digeated  In  wann  water,  filtered,  and 
to  the  filtrate  dilnte  HOI  was  added,  preoii^tating  a  eopiooa 
heavy  floconlent  brown  mass  of  the  aolphides  of  Tanadlnm,ooppar, 
cobalt  and  nlekeL  Tlie  pre(d{dtate  was  washed,  ignited  and  en^ 
orated  with  nitric  add,  when  it  gave  a  red  resldne.  TUa  waa  ftaaad 
with  a  mixture  of  Bodio  carbonate  and  sodio  nitrate,and  extraotad 
with  water  In  order  to  separate  the  oxides  of  copper,  cobalt  and 
nidteL  Solid  ammonlo  chloride  was  now  added  to  the  aqaeona 
solution,  when  vanadate  of  ammonia  was  precipitated.  Upon 
ignition  it  was  changed  to  vanadic  oxide,  and  was  found  to  be 
pure,  giving  all  the  cliaracteristic  I'eactione. 

For  the  estimation  of  vanadium  the  following  method  was  em- 
ployed. 4^  grammes  of  the  pulverized  ignited  mica  were  fased 
with  a  mixture  of  3  parts  XaCO,  and  1  ijart  XaXOj,  the  mass  ex- 
tracted with  H,0,  filtered,  and  the  filtrate  digested  with  H,S. 
Traces  of  CuS  and  FeS  were  filtered  off,  and  the  silica  eliminated 
by  evaporation  to  dryness  and  addition  of  dilute  H,SOi.  H,S  waa 
again  added,  giving  a  blue  solution.  After  driving  off  the  1J,S  by 
heat,  the  vanadic  acid  present  was  eBtimited  vol u metrically  by  the 
addition  of  a  measured  portion  of  a  standard  solution  of  per- 
manganate of  potnsh. 

Maguesia  was  determined  as  pyrophospliate,  and  the  alkalies  by 
means  of  Smith's  method.  Phosjihoric  acid  was  precipitated  as 
phospliomolj  bdats  of  ammonia,  and  weighed  as  pyrophosphate  of 
magnesia. 

On  account  of  the  remarkable  hygroscopic  powers  of  Philadel- 
phite.gr.j.'itdifticulty  was  experienced  in  the  estimation  of  the  com- 
bined water.    Nearly  one-lialf  of  the  water  in  the  air-dried  mineral 


1880.] 


NATURAL  SCIENCES  OF  PHILADELPHIA. 


is  hygroscopic,  and  may  be  driven  off  either  b}'  long  exposure  over 
sulphuric  acid  in  a  desiccator,  or  by  drying  in  an  air-bath  at  100° 
C.  The  percentage  of  water  given  in  the  analyses  represents 
approximately  the  amount  of  water  in  the  mineral  after  such 
desiccation. 

Spec.  grav.  (taken  in  alcohol  of  95  p.  c.)  2.78-2.96. 

Quantivalent  ratio. 

2.587         5.45 

1.622        3.42 


I. 

XL 

Mean. 

Q 

SiOa 

39.06 

38.52 

38.79         2 

.587 

Al,03 

14.75 

14.82 

14.78 

.861 

Fe,0., 

20.59 

20.01 

20.30 

.761 

Fe,0 

2.04 

2.04 

2.04 

.056 

MnO 

trace 

trace 

•  •  •   •                   « 

•  •   • 

MgO 

11.49 

11.32 

11.40 

.570 

CaO 

.99 

1.08 

1.03 

.037 

Xa.O 

.90 

.64 

.77 

.025 

Li,0 

trace 

trace 

•  •  •  «                  « 

... 

K,0 

G.89 

6.61 

6.75 

.143 

P 

trace 

trace 

•  •  •   •                      « 

•  •  • 

H,0 

4.27 

4.27 

4.27 

.474 

V 


.831 


1.75 


.474       1.— 


100.98         99.31       100.13 
Hygroscopic  water  in  1,  3  12 ;  in  II,  3.43. 

Spec.  grav.  (taken  in  alcohol  of  84  p.  c  on  the  air-dried  mineral) 
2.80. 


III. 

IV. 

Mean. 

Quantivalent  ratio. 

SiO, 
TiO, 

35.94 
1.30 

35.52 

.77 

35.73 
1.03 

2.38    ) 
.05    \    ^-^^ 

5.05 

AUO, 

1.5.23 

16.32 

15.77 

.     .91    ^ 

) 

Fe,0, 

19.48 

19.43 

19.46 

.73 

r-    1.65 

3.43 

WO, 

.37 

.36 

.37 

.01 

) 

FeO 

2.09 

2.28 

2.18 

.06   ' 

MnO 

.46 

.55 

.50 

.01 

XiO) 

Cooy 

trace 

.00 

.00 

ft   • 

CuO 

trace 

.08 

.08 

•   « 

MgO 

11.41 

11.72 

11.56 

.58 

CaO 

1.38 

1.54 

1.46 

.05 

'     .87 

1.80 

Xa,0 

1.42 

.38 

.90 

.03 

Li,0 

trace 

trace 

m     • 

•   • 

K,0 

6.52 

7.11 

6.81 

.14 

POs 

trace 

.11 

.11 

»   » 

CI 

trace 

trace 

m     • 

•    • 

H,S04 

trace 

^  trace 

•     m 

•   • 

H,0 

4.34 

4.34 

4.34 

.48 

.48 

1.— 

99.94       100.03       100.45 
Hygroscopic  water  in  III  and  IV,  3.24. 


818  PRmaniniac  or  nnc  ACAiem  op  [I9M. 

Prom  boUi  thiiw  fuUr  urutftlyan  we  harn  Ilie  taUD 

K:  H:Si:U  -- S;  3;  5:  I  ami  RK  :  Si  :  H—  1  :  1  :  J.  Tbe  nUo 
of  boAoH  to  silica  U  1:1,  ntid  for  wsquioxidM  to  protoxide*, 
it  :  R  =.^  S  :  I. 

Plill»ilelpbit«  drinl  at  IftO  C- «|>ii«a»  ui  bea  UDUtlicttU!.  ihe 
mtpr  i>ot  Iwlag  Ixuli!. 

Tlic  fiinntilii  may  |M)rfui|i<«  tx-  written 

The  gvntnl  afintxil  wogUI  be, 

R.,B,.0»8iv8H,0. 

Tlw  wfttm-  will  bo  rogarded  u  wat«r  of  cryvtAUIzatioii.  Pi 
Cooke  hM  Bbown  the  olo«o  ofaemloal  relation  bctwoen  flu*  an  hy<l  n>a»' 
vennicuUtM  uul  biot{t«.  A  like  ivsuU  la  brouglil  oat  hy  thi?  tnl- 
lowing  uialyais  of  l(uit«d  PliiUdelplilic.  Tlif  »iuil}-ai«  In  •  meaii 
of  the  two  ui&l,VM»  of  the  atltyilruiia  minimi  wliirb  rurno^' 
aaalyiiH  No*.  Ill  wid  IV  uf  Ibe  mineral  dried  at  |i}0'^  C 


I 


BIO, 

I1.U 

S.4II) 

■no, 

IJIS 

.116  f 

M.0, 

111.41) 

M) 

W  **.o. 

>0J» 

.71. 

v,o. 

•as 

,..li 

FeO 

8.28 

.06, 

MnO 

.52 

.01 

MgO 

12.09 

.60  ( 

C«0 

1.53 

.05, 

Na,0 

.94 

K.O 

M3 

100.12 

Here  ii  : 

it 

:  Si  =  1 

:2:3,thf 

goiis  as  the 

.  anhvdrou. 

niincisl  i, 

QuanL  ratio. 


the 

J 


I 


s  to  biotitv  in  it§  formula,  it  ban 
bcon  wliowri  that  |>hyHiially  and  o|Hi('aily  the  two  mtneralx  air 
•  luitf  iliHsiiiiihir.  and  it  i;"  not  (iroven  that  tln-y  liavp  any  iirt-eisan- 
coniioclion.  It  in  tiy  iiu  iiii-aiH  a  hyilroim  liintitc  in  the  ntiisf  thai 
niargaroditu  is  n  hydrous  niusi-ovitc,  in  which  case  the  ciiarartiTH. 
ojiticnl  and  pliysioal,  are  idciitic-al.  Siioh  liydronw  biotites  iH-<wr 
in  several  ]>Iaceti  in  the  vicinity   of  rhila<Ielphia,  in  a  pirti^Uy 


ft 

1880.]  NATUBAL  SCIENCES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  319 

altered  micaceous  gneiss,  in  which  the  muscovite  has  become 
margarodite,  and  the  orthoclase  become  white  and  crumbling. 
Such  mica  exfoliates  slightly  when  heated,  is  uniaxial,  fusible 
with  difficulty,  and  might  be  called  Hydrohiotite  for  convenience. 
It  frequently  occurs  enclosed  in  crj'^stals  of  margarodite,  or  in 
muscovite  passing  into  margarodite. 

Hygroscopic  Properties. — In  the  determination  of  water  in  its 
different  states  in  Philadelphite,  the  principal  difficulty  was  on 
account  of  the  strong  hygroscopic  properties  possessed  by  the 
mineral.  After  the  water  has  been  expelled  by  heat  or  desiccation, 
it  is  rapidly  absorbed  again  from  the  air,  if  exposed.  Upon  the 
balance,  the  dried  mineral  gains  so  rapidly  that  it  was  found 
necessary  while  weighing  to  enclose  it  in  corked  tubes.  It  appears 
to  absorb  water  with  the  avidity  of  chloride  of  calcium.  Even 
when  enclosed  in  watch-glasses  clasped  together  and  standing  in 
the  closed  balance-case  with  dry  CaCl2,  it  gains  decidedly  in  weight. 
The  following  experiments  by  Mr.  Haines  illustrate  its  hygro- 
scopic properties : 

Orammes. 

(1)  Weight  of  undried  mica,  .9935 
Heated  at  100°  C.  for  1^^  hours,  .9616 
Weight  after  standing  in  balance-case  with  CaCl^ 

for  3  days,  .9915 

Reheated  for  3  hours  at  100°  C,  .9580 

Left  on  balance  20  minutes.     Gain  in  weight,  .0070 

Left  on  balance  2  hours.     Total  gain  in  weight,  .0085 

(2)  Weight  of  undried  mica,  1.1280 
Heated  at  100°  C.  for  3  hours,  1.0965 
Lefl  in  balance-case  with  CaCl^  for  1  hour,  1.1175 
Left  in  balance-case  with  CaCL^  for  \\  hours,  1.1230 
Left  in  balance-case  with  CaClj  for  2^  hours,  1.1250 
Left  in  balance-case  with  CaCl,  for  2  days,  1.1260 

(3)  Undried  mica  heated  at  100°  C.  for  6^  hours. 

Loss,  2.49  p.  c. 

On  standing  in  balance-case  witli  CaCl^  for  2^ 
days,  regained  nearly  the  whole  of  its  original 
weight  (all  but  2  milligrammes).  Again 
heated  at  100°  for  3  hours,  loss  of  weight,  3.09  p.  c. 

These  experiments,  showing  that  nearly  the  total  amount  of 
hygroscopic .  water  is  regained  even  in  the  presence  of  such  an 


S90  I'wuuiiniMw  or  nu  academy  or  [ICl 

artivi-  ilfHiocHtor  iw  c1)lorid«  of  calrftim,  indicate  »  row 
lijfpro«C('|)ic  force  in  tht-  dried  subsuinec ;  a  property  not  o 
ex|)lnin.  It  will  b(>  iioiloi^i  that  M*  foiw  ts  «xen<li>«d  much  n 
I>DWi-rnilly  immHlbt«Iy  aftiT  dt-niccBtloii  ttwii  It  i»  mAcr  ft  li 
time.  Kxiicrlmwil  No.  (2)  nhnw*  i)ia1  Iwo-lliird*  of  tliv  wnUt  U 
nlH)orl>oil  iliiring  lltr  fimt.  lionr.  It,  tiBn  bei-n  foimil  ttiat  Ibr  amount 
■if  frntl^^  in  tbt  puwikTed  niini>ral  rarii^ti  with  Itic  byitniractriu  stsle 
of  Ibp  atmoKpfacrei  at  Ibc  timci  of  wdgbing.  It  is  intereatioy  to 
note  tbat  aevcral  of  tbn  seoUtua,  arlaM  iif  b^droua  ailUaiUa  wboa* 
exfoliation  by  heat  la  very  like  tbat  of  tbu  venuit'uiilea,  alan  h«T* 
HtTong  hy^iMoplu  (kiwitb,  Iniilug  ntnl  n-^alnin|[  |iiirt  nt  iJwlr 
water  with  tsaao ' 

Water  of  Cry*lnllitalinn. — Ttio  water  in  Pbiladi^Iphitv  probably 
vxtalM  in  tbrvc  tbt'on-tical  condition!*,  viz.;— Uyi^rcMOopic  walvr, 
water  of  crj-stallization  and  water  of  cooaUtution.  Tbc  flrM  U 
drircn  off  by  dryin{[  at  100°  0.  or  by  cx|toaurc  to  dry  air  orrr 
HiSO,i  tb«  acioond  by  ^ntl«  Ignition,  tuul  is  aooomiNutltnl  by  «>. 
folijitlon ;  llic  tfalnl  by  strong  and  prolongiMl  Ijpiition.  Tbc  lattvr. 
whlcti  |)rolMt>)y  doi-M  not  inucb  exm'iHl  1  ]kt  ct-nU,  am)  wbicli 
Ibv  aiialyMW  Itavi-  nhown  ia  not  id-cmIpiI  nitb  tbv  1«jH<:  nilii'-ale  to 
vompliitt'  tb«  uniiuiirnte  foruiiila,  will  t«  tv};ardi.il  wllb  tbe  water 
of  oryatallizBtlou.  Tbe  moat  latisbctury  dotermlnatkina  uf  ttur 
water  of  cryatalKsatlon  havo  been  made  by  sulrtrarrlu^t  tb--  hyer^- 
!.Cn|iic  K»U-r  fnn"  til.-  t.il!il  wnr.T. 

The  following  experiments  have  beon  made  upon  the  amount 
and  condition  of  the  water. 

(1).  The  dry  micu,  which  had  been  out  of  the  quarry  for  mort- 
than  a  year,  was  cut  into  pieces  about  5  mm.  square,  heated  in  a 
platinum  crucible  to  a  bright  I'ed  beat  for  26  minutes,  cooled  in  a 
desiccator  over  HiSO.  for  half  an  hour,  and  then  quickly  weighed. 
It  lost  7.58  per  cent.,  which  will  be  regarded  as  tbe  total  amount 
of  water. 

{•2).  The  finely  powderfd  mica  holds  more  water.  DiflTerent 
experiments  gave:— ".84  (igiiiled  10  minutes),  ".«»,  7.90.  8.11 
(ignited  Hb  minntcH),  T.50  (])on<lered  juvt  previonn  to  ignition), 
.^(ron;;  i^fnition  of  llie  [>»wdered  mica  probntily  volatilizes  some  of 
the  nlkidii-»  in  addition  to  the  water. 

'  Damnur  (.\nn.  <\.  MincH,  IV,  x,  308>iiliowi  1>y  aa  ox)ichmrnt  similar  to 
Ihoae  Kiven  al>ovo,  tiiat  the  wuUt  lust  bj-  hculaiidite  expwwil  over  UiSO,  is 
all  n'gaiacd  io  1}  duyik 


1880.]  NATURAL  SCIENCES  OF   PHILADELPHIA.  321 

(3)  The  finely  powdered  mica  was  divided  into  two  portions, 
one  of  which  was  spread  out  on  an  open  watch-glass,  the  other 
placed  in  a  crncible.  Both  were  weighed,  put  in  a  desiccator  over 
sulphuric  acid,  and  let  stand  unopened  for  two  months.  That  in 
the  crucible  lost  2.76  per  cent,  of  water.  That  on  the  watch-glass 
had  lost  3.87  i)er  cent.  On  standing  3  or  4  minutes  upon  the 
scale-pan  it  gained  .53  per  cent,  of  water  from  the  air.  Upon  ex- 
|K>sure  over  sulphuric  acid  in  the  desiccator  24  hours  longer  and 
then  being  quickly  weighed,  it  was  found  to  have  lost  3.99  per 
cent.  It  was  now  placed  in  an  air-bath  and  kept  at  a  temperature 
of  100^  C.  for  4  hours.  After  cooling  15  minutes  in  the  deaiccator, 
it  was  found  to  have  gained  in  weight  about  ^  per  cent.,  indicating 
that  the  desiccation  over  sulphuric  acid  was  more  complete  than 
that  in  the  air-bath  at  100°  C.  That  in  the  crucible  lost  on  igni- 
tion 5.97  per  cent  of  its  weight. 

(4).  The  powdered  mica  was  placed  in  a  watch-glass  in  a  desic- 
cator over  sulphuric  acid. 

After  27  days  it  had  lost  2.28  per  cent. 
"     40     '•  *'       "     2.36        *' 

During  weighing,  it  was  enclosed  in  clasped  watch-glasses.    It  was 
now  put  in  a  crucible  and  ignited. 

The  dried  mineral  lost  on  1st  ignition,  5.18  per  cent. 
a  u  44      2d         "         5.36       '' 

(5 ).  The  following  direct  determinations  of  water  of  crystal- 
lization were  made  from  the  mica,  dried  in  a  glass  tube,  corked 
while  weighing,  and  then  ignited  in  a  crucible. 


Desiccation. 

Time  of 
Desiccation. 

If^nition. 

Li088  0f 

water  In 
dried  mineral 

(») 

100°  C.  in  air-bath. 

24  hours. 

15  min. 

5.38  p.  C. 

(b) 

((                        u 

3  days. 

20  min. 

5.         " 

(e) 

over  H.SO, 

2  weeks. 

3  times. 
Mean, 

5.60     " 
5.32     " 

This  determination  is  thought  to  be  too  high,  including  some 
hygroscopic  water,  since  the  mica  in  a  tube  cannot  be  perfectly- 
desiccated. 

A  mean  of  the  three  determinations  of  hygroscopic  water  ab- 
sorbed over  sulphuric  acid  gives  3.24  per  cent. ,  which  deducted 


Hi 


piCM!XBi>i?iGii  or  thk  acadkut  nr 


tu 


from  tbi>  tiJtal  wnler,  1.!i6  per  ccnL,  givem  for  TBtorof  cryat 
tlim,  4^1  |>er  ireiiL     Aa  will  lie  wen  lM>t(i«,  ■  ftimllkr  Bnioani  is  de- 
iluoetl  fWiiu  Mr.  HalncM*  vx|>eriiD«iU. 

The  ri>lliiwlii|i  pxppriiuoniA  bj-  Mr.  IlnlneB  lave  Iwmi  kindljr 
|iliu!i><1  at  Mm.'  ilUpnul  (iniitt  writiT.  Tli«jr  nujr  be  rdlcd  upon  mm 
having  li«tn  purfonmsl  with  gntil  i-ai*. 

i.  The  powilemi  ulna  U  |iIbc«i]  In  a  defllccntor  over  c(ii»cm»- 
InVeA  (uljiburie  Be!«l. 

(■)        Driod  1&d«ja.  I«oh,  a.19  per  ennt. 
<b>            "       10    "  "      S.81I       » 

11.  Tbv  anilrivd  mica  U  htuttetl  lu  dd  ftlr>bath  kt  100°  C. 


(a)        HeaUt!  3  honrt. 

LoM.  3.H 

percent. 

(l>) 

"       3.33 

(0) 

■•       3.48 

" 

(ti)         "      .H  " 

"       S.B9 

WdghU. 

P«Toait. 

III.  Weifcbtboforc  heating. 

1.08^0 

Ilcaicdat  100',  1|  bourv. 

1.06  U 

S.4fi 

r         «           "     4i    " 

1.05«H 

9.S-9 

Over  HiSO.  and  heated  5 

loiira 

at  100°. 

1.0558 

2.96 

Heatetl    2  hours  at   100 

and 

cooled  over  H.SO.. 

l.OfilS 

2.46 

Walffat.      Total  LAMfroiB  Inert  n.f.ol 
IDU.      lOt-V.      mm      loul 

IV.  Weight  l>erore  heating.    .'M3b 

Hcatedat]00''C.forIhr.  .8743  .0292  3-23 

■'  •        100°      "  2    "   .8730  .0305  3  37 

"  105°      "  aj"    .8715  .0320  .0015    .0015  3.51 

"  119°      "    I    "    .8705  .0330  .0025    .0010  3.fi5 

"      fLillre<lhoftl5min..8350  .0i;85  .0380    .03.'>.^  7..S8 
■■      over    blnxt    lamp 

1st  limi'.  .8270  M'db  .04fi0    .0(l«li  S.46 


O.I.H 
0.2" 
4.34 


hbst    hnn,. 


•2i\  t 


l-^O  .(I7.'.5   .045(1 


1880.]  NATURAL  SCIENCES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  323 

Weight.     Total  Loss  from  .Incre-    p.o.  of  p.c.  of 

loss.     100°  C.    '  ment      total  loes  fr. 

of  loss.      loss.    lOO^C 

V.  Weight  of  undried  mica      .S052 

**      at  100°  C.  .7827  .0225  2.79 

"       at  125°  C.  cooled 

for  3  minutes.   .7757  .0295  .0070   .0070   3.6(5    0.89 

"       at  150°  cooled  for 

3  minutes.        .7682  .0370  .0145   .0075   4.59    1.85 

"      at  17 0°-l  75°  cool- 
ed for  4  min.     .7682  .0370  .0145  4.59    1.85 

"       190°  cooled  for  3 

minutes.  .7647  .0405  .0180   .0035   5.03    2.30 

VI.  Weight  of  undried  mica.  .9855 

"       at  100°C,  heated 

several  hours.    .9615  .0240  2.43 

Below  faint  red  heat.        .9445  .0410  .0170   .0170   4.16    1.77 
Heated  to  pale   red   at 

bottom  of  crucible.        .9320  .0535  .0295   .0125   5.32    3.07 
Heated  to  bright  red  at 

bottom  of  crucible.        .9210  .0645  .0405   .0110   6.54    4.21 
Heated    to  full  red   on 

whole  crucible.  .9148.0707  .0467   .0062   7.17    4.85 

VII.  Total  water. 

(a)  Loss  of  weight  at  red  heat,  7.30  per  cent. 

(b)  *"  "       on  ignition,  7.50        '' 

(c)  "  "  "  3  times,  7.86        " 

From  the  above  experiments  of  Mr.  Haines  in  connection  with 
Nos.  (1),  (2)  and  (3)  under  '*  hygroscopic  properties,'^  we  may 
deduce  the  following  percentages : 

For  total  water,  we  have  (IV),  7.58  p.  c;  (VI),  7.17  ;  (VII,  a, 
b,  c),  7.30,  7.50,  7.86. 

Mean  total  water,  7.48  per  cent. 

For  hygroscopic  water,  driven  off  at  100°,  we  have 

Exp.  (1)  Exp.  (1)        Exp.  (2)  Exp.  (3) 

Analysis  I.  Analysis  II.   Heated  1^  hrs.    Reheated  3  hrs.    8  hrs.     8  hrs. 
3.12  3.43  3.21  3.57  2.79      3.09 

Exp.IIaExp.IIb  Exp.  lie    Exp.  lid  Exp.  III.  Exp.  IV.  Exp.V.  Exp.  VI. 
8  hrs.  5^  hrs.       5  hrs.        2  hrs.  several  hrs. 

3.14         3.33        3.42         3.69.        2.96         3.37      2.79       2.43 


9Dt.,9| 

eloadq 


S34  nocntMnaa  or  tok  AOAtiRHV  tnr 

A  mean  of  tbcM  ll  dvu-nniiuition*  girm  for  hj*iirro4co|iio  t 
$.11  pet  orat. 

SnlftmcUtif  thU  (Wiin  Ui«  m^iui  totnl  wKt«r,  1.48  per  ceat., 
Iiatc  fur  kkUt  ufvrjiilnlltxlilioii  4.31  fvr  ceni.,  kd  ninount  elo 
uKin?iii|t  witli  Hint  dotitiuxl  fixini  llin  writer'*  ffxperimeota.  Tbi 
ilvfticcaUou  ovrr  tiiilpliariv  ncfi)  in  Exp.  I  i«  for  tiNi  »boft  k  time  U 
iiitupU'Utly  I'xtnurt  lliv  hyin^wcopic  waUT. 

TIu!  rjuuit  §tatr  iiTtbc  water  •^nnoL  vt>t  be  rrganlnit  nicfrUinlj 
ratnlilbilu-il.  Tbfn  Is  uit  tvuiou  wliv  a  flx^l  tieai|>rnitiin-  iif  1(H>- 
C.  •luiul'l  ilivltlu  tkn  byf(rowN)pii!  wnti-r  frum  lliti  vnti-s  iif  crj'slAl 
lixation.  Tlie  abovp  rxpcrinK^nta  •how  tlint  tlia  loaa  of  naUv  a« 
the  tvraperalurv  \»  niUnI  almrv  that  |M>inl  i*  «  T^rj  (cnf  luiU  o»r. 
It  U  dinicult  to  Me  In  wlut  nuuinvr  Itie  wslvr  drivftn  off  ml  IWf 
in  «xi>t'r{iumt  V,  iMScn  front  Ibat  driven  oil  at  1M-.  It  will  t>« 
iMU  Iwrcaftcr  Umt  murb  of  tbe  water  cau  b«  driven  olT  witbont 
esfuliotiot).  A^n,  tltvre  la  no  ■allldrnt  rvAHun  why  *omf  uf  iIm 
wntor  ab«('rl>nl  tiy  Kulphnric  nuid  in  Ibi.-  dr«i<!i«tor  nta\  not  U 
water  of  cryatallizatiofl.  It  lia*  liwn  Innj;  known  that  ouliihate ul 
euppcr  rither  at  Klfl^  V.  or  in  a  tleaicpaltir  over  siilpliiiriL-  acid 
loMMt  Diucb  of  ii8  water  of  rryftlalliuitiou.  U.  Uamoor  ban  kbowa 
tlul  vliabtUElte  lu-iiu  nvarly  lialf  '>r  it*  wal«r  in  a  dminsiur.  It 
^rruiK  pmlMbltMliat  I'liiUdulpUiir,  Willi  utlk«r  Ti-rraiciilitm,  Iwdd* 

iU  wair-r  in  a  ■imilnr  tniinti.T.     r'r..iii  t) xi-'Hiniiit-  Ii.t.-  •{••- 

lulled  it  would  Bccm  that  we  may  define  water  of  constitution  to 
l>e  the  more  cloaely  eomliinetl,  and  hygroscopic  water  the  leai 
closely  combined  water  of  crystallization  ;  and  the  diAtinctitni 
iK'twecn  tlie  three  Btntes  of  water  tlien  l)ecomea  a  theoretical  ralliei 
than  a  practical  one. 

Temprature  of  Exfoliation. — The  temperature  at  which  exfo- 
IbtioD  oceurs  m  from  160°  to  IGO*^  C.  It  haa  been  found  that  the 
exfoliation  temperature  is  projHirtional  directly  to  the  original 
volume  of  the  wulwtance,  and  inversely  to  the  rapidity  of  the  ap- 
gilication  of  heat.  The  larger  the  j)iece  ex|H.-rimenttil  u)K>n,  the 
hijiclu'r  the  tcmjH'mtui-e  ncecn-tary  to  mitke  it  exfoliate,  and  tht' 
more  rapidly  the  heat  can  l«  applied,  the  Hooner  will  it  exfoliate  : 
:is  the  folliming  i-xpi-rinuuls  will  slunv. 

mi)  Very  >m:ill  rrii^fiiKiits  heated  on  a  wnti-h^jlaKn  inanairdiaih 
iK-gan  K.  exfoliiite  at  ir.ll-  C. 

l'<)   .\  Uirp-  i>i.-i'f  hi-:itci|  simibrly  tlid  not  .■xfoliate  at  ilil-  C. 

Ic,  A    lueie    was  inuuei-M-<l  in  melte<l  j>ai-atllne.     At   IdO^  C 


1880.]  NATURAL  SCIENCES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  325 

hubbies  went  off  slowly,  but  there  was  no  exfoliation.  The  tem- 
perature being  raised,  it  made  the  first  movement  at  160°,  exfoli- 
ated vigorouslj'  at  175°,  and  at  180°  rose  from  its  support  to  the 
surface  of  the  paraffine. 

(d)  Another  piece  similarly  immersed  gave  bubbles  briskly  at 
130°,  and  began  to  exfoliate  at  160°. 

(e)  Pieces  thrown  into  melted  parafiine  whose  temperature  had 
previously  been  raised  to  160°  C,  immediately  exfoliated  and  rose 
to  the  surface. 

(/)  A  large  piece  did  not  exfoliate  even  after  the  temperature 
had  been  gradually  raised  to  225°  C. 

(fj)  Immersed  in  melted  sulphur,  it  immediately  exfoliated  and 
strongly  effervesced. 

{h)  Immersed  in  concentrated  sulphuric  acid  which  had  been 
heated  to  160°  C,  it  immediately  exfoliated  and  became  pure 
white,  being  completely  and  immediately  decomposed.  Immersed 
similarly  at  a  temperature  of  150°  C.  it  exfoliated,  but  did  not 
become  immediately  white.  At  a  lower  temperature  no  exfoliation 
occurred.  A  similar  piece  beinfc  similarly  immersed  and  the  tem- 
perature raised,  began  to  exfoliate  at  130'^  C,  and  continued  ex- 
foliating as  the  temperature  rose,  though  being  meanwhile  decom- 
|)osed.  This  sudden  change  of  form  and  color  upon  immersion  in 
hot  sulphuric  acid  recalls  a  somewhat  similar  change  in  the  efllor- 
escence  of  protosulphate  of  iron  when  immersed  in  the  same  acid. 
It  is  seen  from  these  experiments  that  no  absolute  determination 
of  the  exfoliation  temperature  is  possible.  By  a  very  slow  heat  a 
large  proportion  of  the  water  (about  5  per  cent.)  can  be  driven  oft' 
and  the  mica  raised  to  a  high  heat  without  any  exfoliation  of 
consequence.     The  following  experiment  illustrates  this  fact. 

(k)  A  piece  of  Philadelphite  was  cut  into  two  equal  portions. 
One  piece,  heated  suddenly  on  platinum  foil  to  a  red  heat,  exfoliated 
to  ten  times  its  original  volume.  The  other  piece  was  slowly 
heated  in  an  air-bath.  At  285°  C.  it  had  exfoliated  but  veiy 
sslightly.  It  was  then  taken  out  and  heated  on  platinum  foil  to  a 
red  heat,  when  it  exfoliated  very  little  more,  })cconiing  onl>'  one- 
fourth  the  length  of  the  first  piece. 

A  similar  experiment  has  been  made  upon  heulandi- e  and  stilbite 
from  near  Philadelphia.  Both  of  these  zeolites,  as  is  well  known, 
exfoliate  largely  when  held  in  the  flame.  It  has  been  found  that 
if  they  are  heated  very  slowly  on  platinum  foil,  they  can  be  raised 


a26 


[18B0. 


U>  a  white  heat  without  exfoliation,  and  when  afterwards  held  in 
tlie  flame,  exfoliate  but  slightly.  Apparently  the  water  in  PUUa- 
delphite  is  combined  precisely  aa  in  the  zeolites 

It  appears  that  it  is  as  dilfleidt  to  make  a  distinction  between 
water  of  crystallization  and  water  of  constitution  as  it  is  to  tnakp 
one  between  the  former  and  hygroscopic  water. 

AiiiounI  of  Eir/oliation. — Tlie  amount  of  exfoliation  is  quite 
eouetaut  at  ten  times  the  original  volume. 


(.IriBlnii 


:!?} 


filtlq. 


.06 


These  experiments  were  made  by  heating  the  mica  on  platinum 
foil  over  the  flame  of  a  Bnnsen  burner.  The  heat  unst  be  sudden 
in  order  to  have  a  large  exfoliation  (u.  Exp't.  t'.  Exfoliation 
takes  place  in  one  direction  only,  viz.,  at  right  angles  to  the 
cleavage.  No  lateral  exjiansion  whatever  occurs.  When  tlie 
flame  is  applied  to  one  side  of  the  mica,  that  sida  exfoliates  tiie 
most,  and  causes  the  exfoliating  mineral  to  curve  in  the  opposite 
direction. 

Force  of  Exfoliation. — It  has  been  found  that  the  force  exer- 
cised during  the  exfoliation  of  Philadelphite  is  enormous.  In  one 
experiment  a  fragment  of  it  while  exfoliating  lift«d  more  than 
50,000  times  its  own  weight.  The  force  of  exfoliation  is  governed 
bj'  a  law  which  is  the  inverse  of  that  controlling  the  exfoliation 
temperature.  It  may  be  stated  thus:  The  force  of  exfoliation 
increases  directly  with  the  rapidity  of  the  expulsion  of  water,  and 
inversely  with  the  volume  of  the  substance.  The  latter  part  ot 
the  law  follows  as  a  necessary  consequence  of  the  first  part,  since 
tlie  smaller  the  fragment,  the  more  rapidly  and  completely  can  it 
be  heated.  Various  experiments  were  made,  and  though  per- 
lormed  in  an  extremely  rough  manner,  will  give  an  idea  of  this 
force.  To  flpd  what  amount  a  given  weight  of  the  mica  could  lift 
when  exfoliating,  iron  pound-weights  were  placed  upon  the  ring  of 
a  retort  stand  and  connected  with  the  fragment  of  mica  placed  on 
a  support  immediately  below  them.     A  pencil  of  chalk  or  gaa 


1880-] 


NATURAL  SCIENCES  OF  PHILADELPHIA. 


327 


carbon  resting  loosel}'  in  a  perpendicular  position  between  the 
mica  and  the  centre  of  the  weights  connected  them  so  that  an}' 
expansion  of  the  mica  would  lift  the  weights  from  off  the  ring 
on  which  they  rested.  The  blowpipe  flame  was  now  directed 
from  one  side  upon  the  mica. 


a,  retort  stand. 

b,  ring. 

c,  support, 
(f,  weight. 

e,  pencil  of  chalk. 
/,  fragment  of  mica. 


In  the  following  table  of  experiments,  the  first  column  repre- 
!*ent3  the  weight  of  the  fragment  of  mica,  and  the  second  column, 
the  iron  weight  which  was  lifted  by  the  exfoliating  mica. 

Philadelphlte.  Weight. 

15  grains  lifted  10  lbs.  avoirdupois. 


6 

(( 

i( 

10  lbs. 

u 

H 

u 

it 

10  lbs. 

u 

2i 

li 

(( 

10  lbs. 

(( 

2 

u 

u 

5  lbs. 

u 

H 

it 

(( 

2  lbs. 

u 

1 

(( 

(( 

3  lbs. 

it 

1 

u 

(( 

2  lbs. 

(( 

4 

u 

(( 

3  lbs. 

u 

i 

u 

a 

4  lbs. 

(( 

readily. 


u 


In  the  last  experiment  the  four-pound  weight  was  lifted  up  and 
thrown  off  the  ring  supporting  it ;  the  weight  lifted  being  56,0(  0 
times  the  weight  of  the  mica. 

A  remarkable  motive  power  is  here  developed.  That  it  is 
owing  solely  to  the  escape  of  the  combined  water  is  shown  by  the 
fact  that  if  the  weights  are  so  arranged  that  the  mica  can  only 
slightly  expand,  and,  after  heating,  are  removed,  the  mica  will 
.expand  no  more,  or  very  slightly  more,  upon  further  application 
of  heat,  the  water  having  been  in  great  part  expelled.  If  the  mica 
is  confined  under  a  weight  so  heavy  that  it  is  impossible  for  it  to 


1880.]  NATURAL  SCIENCES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  329 

A  Potsdam  Sandstone  Outcrop  on  the  S.  ValUy  Hill  of  Chester 
Valley, — Mr.  H.  C.  Lewis  remarked  that  an  occurrence  of  Potsdam 
sandstone  on  the  farm  of  Mr.  S.  Tyson,  near  King  of  Prussia, 
Montgomery  Co.,  to  which  Mr.  T.  D.  Rand  had  directed  attention 
last  May,  was  of  considerable  interest.  A  recent  examination  of 
the  locality  with  Mr.  Rand,  had  shown  that  the  blocks  of  sand- 
stone there  found  were  not,  as  had  been  supposed,  out  of  place, 
but  belonged  to  a  narrow  outcrop  of  the  sandstone  on  the  South 
Valley  Hill.  It  had  a  strike,  and  apparently  a  dip,  nearly  iden- 
tical with  that  of  the  limestone  in  the  valley  below.  In  one  place 
the  decomposed  rock  is  quarried  for  white  sand.  Pits  for  iron 
ore  have  been  sunk  in  a  very  ferruginous  variety  of  the  same 
rock.  The  exposure,  which  can  be  traced  by  blocks  upon  the 
surface,  suddenly  comes  to  an  end  in  a  ravine,  as  though  by  a  fault. 
A  tongue  of  sandstone  blocks  extends  three  hundred  yards  or 
more  down  this  mvine,  towards  the  valley,  in  a  line  at  right  angles 
to  the  line  of  strike.  On  the  farther  side  of  the  ravine,  to  the 
east,  no  sandstone  has  been  found,  its  place  being  filled  by  the 
usual  damourite  slate  of  the  South  Valley  Hill.  The  blocks  of 
sandstone  therefore  make  an  *'  L,"  the  shorter  arm  of  which 
extends  down  the  ravine.  There  is  here  an  interesting  example 
of  the  work  of  erosion  in  carrying  down  these  blocks  to  a  lower 
level.  Whether  or  not  the  existence  of  a  fault  can  be  proved,  the 
occurrence  of  Potsdam  sandstone  at  a  new  locality  on  the  Soutli 
Valley  Hill  is  well  worth}-  of  study.  This  formation  forms  the 
North  Valle}'  Hill,  but  is  almost  totally  absent  on  the  South 
Valley  Hill.  It  is  found  here  only  in  a  few  isolated  patches.  Its 
place  is  supplied  by  a  greenish  damourite  slate.  If,  as  is  sup- 
posed, the  North  and  South  Valley  Hills  are  opposite  sides  of  a 
synclinal  trough  which  dips  beneath  the  limestone  of  Chester 
Valley,  it  is  curious  that  the  rocks  of  each  hill  are  so  very  dis- 
similar. It  is  important  that  each  one  of  the  rare  exposures  of 
sandstone  on  the  South  Valley  Hill  should  l)e  made  known, and  it 
is  thought  that  a  determination  of  their  relations  to  the  adjoining 
slates  will  greatly  help  to  elucidate  the  geology  of  that  region. 


22 


rBorKKuiKu*  iir  tuc  ^rAiiEUT  ur 


tlWD- 


JlELt   ti. 

The  i'rcJBdliml,  Dr.  RracHE-XDKitdKii,  in  l\*f  cliair. 
Eli'veii  perHonK  |Hv«oiit. 


1 


Jtfl.lt  13. 
Thi*  rndiLdonl,  Dr.  RvsciiKKnEiniEit,  in  tlie  rlutir. 
Six  [lunuiu  proMinL 

Jilt  S«. 
Tlw  pRslilent,  Or.  [truinKNiiEitokft,  in  tbr  uh«ir. 
Ten  p«rsont  prwmiU 

JULT    27. 

The  Pre«i(lenl,  Dr.  RustrHEMBKaciK*.  in  Mm-  dutir. 
KlewD  pencniH  |KV<tent. 

The  JcBth  of  CoiiHtButlue  Bering,  M.  D.  wrn  autwunevd. 
Frmh-waUir  Sfiani/n">f  Fafrmount  ftjH-.^Mr    K'lm  ra|M>rto>l 

'  tbllt  hU  bwlfouilil  hi    :    -iniM    -tr,  Mil  MiTtiiii  ■!,.    !'>.  I'l-^   nf  Ibo   Imp 

tVnli-rmiHl  Krciiiii'i  ■  Urn>  .Miiinct 

^(-■■■i,.sor  l--n..>.li  ■■■.  _        ,  -  (.,   1,.    ,„i- 

ilescritK-d  and  the  others  iliHer  in  important  point«  rrom  the  put*- 
IJHlicd  descriptioDH.  In  anticipation  of  a  more  ilctailMl  p*p'r 
ilcseribing  thexe  and  Home  other  forme  wliich  had  com<'  under  hi" 
notiee,  he  said — that  one  of  tlieae  known  as  the  t-ommim  grcvii 
tpongc  of  this  neigliborliond,  renembles  the  Kiiropean  .S/*'>H4/t7/<i 
lai-uglria  in  ite  general  appeai'nnee  and  in  tlie  4lta[H'  of  its  Hkelet<>ii 
jind  dermal  spiciihe:  tmt  ditfL'rB  in  that  tiie  seed-like  Inxlies  -ir 
■ipherulte  are  entirely  smooth,  showing  no  inenistation  of  eiirv.-l 
■opined  spicula-  «»  de«orihe<l  in  the  Hiiro|)ean  Hpceie*. 

The  second  form  was  firsl  Meen  as  a  thin  niHt-i-olnred  ineruitl;!- 
lion,  nfterwanl;*  liiseovereil  to  consist  of  !>plicnilte  fi>nnint>  » 
I'ontinuoiiH  layer.  Sii]iiK>siiig  this  tu  lie  new  he  h:i<i  nnme<l  ji 
proviHLiinallv  S.  SfDr-iimm  :  hut  lat«>r  examinaticm-  ol"  thi-  livinu 
■^ponire  l>:id  eoiiviiin-d  him  thiit  it  was  i.lenCieiil  with  lli<'  >'.  f'r.,.,,1-- 
on.ii.ly. 


Tl..-  thi..l  was 

'oiiiKl  rrvei 

iii^  \\\>fin  >iiii)  aroiiii' 

\Vill..w  r.>ot-*.m! 

n\\\^  Ihriii 

lo};etlier  ai)il  timt   f 

ii-i;i.l:ir  m:isse-  s 

v.Tiil  inch 

■■>  in  dianii-tiT:  cnio 

,..    dark  ^-nvn.  i 

<'(i>rdiiiL:  t 

.    vxp-Hiire   to   the   1 

t'luUiilar,  light  \ 

•IK.w   ui-     1 

r..wt..  Rith.T  nninero 

NATURAL  SCIENCES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  331 

spiculee ;  covered  with  long  birotiilate  spiculae  radially 
;  foramen  elongated  into  a  tube  flaring  at  its  extremity 
ng  into  2 — 5  tapering,  slender,  curling  or  twisted  tendrils, 
o  be  as  much  as  half  an  inch  in  length.  The  sarcode 
es  early  in  the  season  and  most  of  the  skeleton  spicula^ 
washed  away ;  but  these  tendrils  hold  the  mass  of 
attached  to  the  roots  etc.  above  mentioned,  awaiting  the 
rminatjon.  For.  this  curious  species  he  suggested  the 
entasperma  or  tendril  seeded. 

H.   De  Bey  of  Aix-la-Chapelle  and   Prof.   Torquuto 
of  Pa  via  were  elected  correspondents. 


August  3. 
he  President,  Dr.  Ruschbnberqer,  in  the  chair 
persons  present, 
ith  of  James  Ridings,  a  member,  was  announced. 

*n  Jarosite. — Prof.  George  A.  KiiNio  communicated  his 
of  Jarosite  at  the  "  Iron  Arrow   Mine,"  in  Chaffee  Co., 

ineral  occurs  there  in  seams  and  cavities  of  silicious 

nd  hematite,  which  iron  ores  crop  out  on  the  steep  side 

hyry  hill  about  600  feet  above  the  Arkansas  River,  flow- 

istance  of  two  miles  to  the  south. 

Qeral  appears  in  small,  but  very  brilliant  crystals,  isolated 

•oups ;  also  as  aggregations  of  crystals  which  produce 

X  is  remarkably  crystalline,  since  no  compact,  or  crypto- 

e  masses  were  observed. 

^stals  are  rhombohedrons  (resembling  cubes),  modifit'd 

sal  plane.     The  speaker  had  not  observed  as  yet  a  crys- 

icient  size  to  be  accurately  measured.     Hardness  slightly 

enite;   color,  from   light  amber-yellow  to  deep  brown. 

transparent.     Lustre  of  crystal  faces  adamantine,  rosin- 

e  fracture.     Sp.  gr.  =  3.144. 

it^rial  used  for  analysis  consisted  of  the  aggregations 

ntioned,  which  showed  an  admixture  of  chalcedony  and 

t,  black  grains  of  thurgite  ;  these  could  not  l>e  separated 

illy,  being  too  small. 

an  of  two  analyses  gave  : 


Fe,03 

51.10 

K,0 

—     7.13 

Na,0 

—     0.84 

SO3 

—  28.57 

H.O 

—  10.56 

8iO, 

—     2.40 

100.80 


pRoccmi.sai 


> 


i'«Ioulsteil  frou  tbo  BD&iyais : 

K,Pc*8.0„     4-     fiH<0  =  ftO.58 

Pff.H.O,    (Ttiai^te)  =  S.«T 

Kxc«-wi  of  wnt«r  =  flJ9 

CliAlndon,r  (8iO,)  ^  t4n 


[II 

I 


10a94 
This  n>salt  may  be  pntimated  as  a  conftnualioD  of  Ridki 
HiialyBin,  which  gave  to  Jaroeite  the  formula  of  "  alunite."  • 
whicb  it  ia  [»oinorpbouB. 

Thua  Aluiiite  =   K,Al,S.O„  4   BA.O 

Jaroftlte  —  K,Fe.S.O„  +  611,0  | 

Th«  nlmust  can>  wan  given  to  thti  eatimotioii  of  the  allnUiM, 
aalphiirii.'  acid  and  thi-  water,  as  the  ^ucfttlon  uri-onatttutUN)  ■ 
lie  ilepenilenl  main)}-  apun  them. 


Auocn  10. 
Tke  PrHldffoi,  Dv.  RowHKNBison.  in  thit  chair. 
8ixt»-n  |)e?¥OD»i  prcoont. 


.4 


AparHT  17. 
Th^  I'miidi'iit.  I>r.  lU'St-aKUBKitoBK,  io  the  rbatr. 
Twelve  persons  present. 

A  paper  entitled  "  Rbizopods  in  the  Mosacb  of  the  Sumiai 
Roan  Mountain  N.  C-,"  by  Jos.  Leidy,  .M.  P.  was  presented 
publication. 

AuausT  31. 
The  President,  Dr.  RrscHENBERaiH,  in  the  chair. 
Fourteen  persons  present. 
The  following  was  ordereil  to  be  printed  : 


f 


1 680.]  l^ATURAL  80IENCES  OP  PHILJLDELPHIA.  333 


SHIZOPODS  IV  THE  M08SE8  OF  THB  8ITKKIT  OF  B3AV  XdlTJfTAIN, 

HORTH  CAROLIVA. 

BY   JOSEPH   LEIDY,    M.  D. 

Trk  a  trip  to  Roan  Mountain,  Mitchell  Co.,  North  Carolina,  in 
ztk^  early  part  of  July,  the  writer  was  led  to  make  some  observa- 
tions on  the  microscopic  animal  life,  among  the  mosses  on  the 
siuxs.KXiit  of  the  mountain.  The  top  of  Roan  Mountain,  at  an  alti- 
t4.icj^  of  6361  feet,  forms  an  extensive  grassy  prairie,  suitable  for 
pa.s  ti  m:ire.  It  is  adorned  with  broad  patches  of  the  beautiful  Rhodo- 
<i^r^.c^^won  catawbiense^  and  bordered  with  forests,  chiefly  of  Firs — 
-4&i*^,^  canadensis  and  A.  Fraseri,  The  floor  of  the  forests,  made 
*ip  o  ^  broken  granitic  and  gneissoid  rocks  and  fallen  timbers,  is 
^h^iojfejy  carpeted  with  a  luxuriant  growth  of  mosses,  conspicuously 
^leoo^r-ated  at  the  time  by  the  common  Wood-Sorrel,  Oxalis  aceto- 
^fillcm.^  Chief  among  the  mosses,  each  apparently  attempting  to 
^^^'V'^ic  the  others  in  the  exuberance  of  its  growth,  were  the  three 
pret-t^  Hypnums — H,  splendens,  H.  crista-castrensis^  and  II.  tri- 

^Xdjuds,  dews,  and  frequent  rains  keep  the  mossy  carpet  more 

^^  X^sis  moist  or  wet  the  greater  part  of  the  time,  and  it  thus  comes 

^     ^^>ci  a  favorable  habitation  for  many  of  the  humbler  forms  of 

^*ixi.xr^jjl  life.     The  shell-covered  Rhizopods  abound  ;  and  the  Wheel 

inn^alcule,  Rotifer  vulgaris^  and  the  Water  Bear,  Macrobiotus 

landii  also  find  a  suitable  home  in  it.     When  the  mosses 

^<=>n[ie  more  or  less  dr}-,  the  animalcules  they  shelter  become 

X^id,   and   then   again    become   ac-tive   on    the   restoration   of 

^^"^^^xsture. 

T\  water  squeezed  from  the  Hypnums,  besides  the  animals  just 

Seated  there  were  noticed  a  few  young  Anguillules,  pollen 

ins  of  Abies,  starch  grains,  spores  of  lichens  and  fungi,  ova, 

;etal  hairs,  etc.     Few  or  no  living  Diatomes  or  Desraids  were 

sent. 

'he  Rhizopods  observed  were  as  follows  : 

<EBELA  FLABELLULUM. — Commou.     Nearly  circular  in  outline, 

lally  slightly  broader  than  long,  and  commonly  with  a  short 

k  or  rim  to  the  mouth ;  colorless  or  with  a  feeble  yellowish 

;  composed  of  circular  caucelli  of  variable  size  and  propor- 


:(!1S  pnocEBDiKus  or  tiie  AirAHMr  or 

1.  LM(tIinOT3;  hrM<UbA0T2tftMkU.Cfnt    1m)(  ;  brwMllli  tf  na 

2,  "  13,072 ;  *■  UCI7I> ;  "  aoO*  ♦■  i  " 
8.  "  0.fi7H:  •■  aalB;  •■  U.OOIB  •■  i  ■' 
«.        •*      0,(l«l:       *•      IVtfTS;     •'    a.mt      "     ; 

rihril  wiih  minuii  alliptlMl  an«aUl. 

nirrLiiuu  oiiifKTaiCTA- — Rare.     Oulj-  »  few  ipcoiu 
Suull  rdrtOH.  with  ■lu'Il  of  iiiiiittti<  banil  ([ruiiu  aiw)  ydlowUli  dirk  ■ 
Pjrrifonn  riowH  fnun  the  frotil  i>r  buck. 


■i.        ■•      0.07X;         ■■       0.blH;  bravlili  at annihO.OSt. 

a.        ■•      QlMi         •■       U,Uii;  br«*.liti  apiHxIi*  mvu  b  ilU78. 

I>in>LuatA  rvntroRMiH. — Kniv.    Sli4-ll  of  dirtgUKi  flnrai 
1.  Unitih  OOtll:    brF<u|it>l).<M>t;    brtnJiIi  ofniok  na.l  aiHUihO.MI. 


I 

1 


DirrtCOU  aiu^iila. — Karv.     tilwll  ypllutristi.ini-arpimlMl  wlUi 
UoreorlMobTOwntNfa  dirt  anil  wuil.     Farm  UcnitHithurical ;  nMioth  J 
trilobwl. 

I.  UrviJlliO.llKt;  litlfkl  0.09. 

(;e!<tb«fvxi8  achlkata. — Uafi'.  Shell  irpalr  brnwn  chiUnoid 
laembraiic  incorporaitxl  with  morL-  or  li-ea  dirt  and  Mtnd ;  wtUb 
fOanwT  grains  uf  the  laUar  dlong  the  cournv  of  the  uiiuilj-  aEs 
■•liltwft.    Mouth  o¥»l.  with  a  mon-  or  Iphi  hIiuh.h*  liorder, 

silili  of  mouth  0  021. 

ulb  0.03  bj  0.021. 

Hblkopeba    PKTRiroi.A. — Oeva^ionnl;    shell   iiiror|Miratcd  witli 
more  or  loss  dirt  niid  s.ind,  and  of  a  j>uri)Iit*b  brown  tint. 
1.  LtniibO.O!)   ;  brtiilil>n.'>T8:  breadth  of  luouih  n.OI2. 

■2.         ■■       11.108;        ■■         r.llll    ;  ■■  ■■       O.dW. 

KuoLVPitA  AREULATA,  Hhr. — Small  compressed  forms,  without 
Mliines  or  other  apiHJudaj'''''-  Abundant-  Appsrcntlv  from  six  to 
tifleeii  teeth  to  the  nnHith  of  the  shell.     .M<)Htly  empty    shell-. 


1.^0.]  NATURAL  SCIENCES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  335 

Nebela  collaris. — Occasional.  Flask-like  forms,  with  the 
usual  variations  in  the  condition  of  the  cancellated  structure  of  the 
shell ;  sometimes  finely  punctate,  but  mostly  with  distinct  circular 
cancelli,  more  or  less  uniform  or  greatly  varying  in  proportionate 
size.  In  several  specimens  the  cancelli  of  the  shell  appeared  to  be 
like  minute  lenses  or  spheres,  and  to  present  an  external  con- 
vexity.    Individual  specimens  measured  were  as  follows : 

1.   Length  0.06,     breadth  0.036,  breadth  of  mouth  0.018. 


2. 

0.066, 

0.036, 

0.015. 

8,4. 

0.066, 

0.039, 

0.018. 

6. 

0.066, 

0.042, 

o.o:5. 

C. 

0.066. 

0.042, 

0.018. 

7. 

0.072, 

0  042, 

0.018. 

8. 

0.072, 

0.048, 

0.018. 

9. 

0.096, 

0  078, 

0.024. 

IIyalosphenia  tincta  ? — One  specimen  only.  Sarcode  enc3'sted 
as  a  ball  0.048  diameter,  containing  much  brownish  food  and 
bright  yellow  oil-like  globules.  Shell  structureless,  pale  3'ellowish, 
with  a  pair  of  pores  piercing  the  body  above  the  junction  of  the 
neck.  The  specimen  looked  like  a  Nebela  flabellulum,  but  the  j\ 
inch  magnifying  power  showed  no  structure  to  the  shell. 

Length  0.0i59.  breidth  0.072.  breadth  of  m  .uth  0,024,  length  of  neck  0.0045. 

DiPFLUOiA  globulosa. — Rare.  Small  forms  with  shells  of  fine 
sand  and  dirt.  From  hemispherical  to  globular  and  with  circular 
mouth. 

1.  Breadth  of  shell  0.06,  height  0.042,  breilth  of  mouth,  O.OIH. 

2.  *•  •*     0.06.      •'       0.018.        "  »•        0.0l'4. 

Difflugia  constricta. — Rare.  Siiell  of  yellowish  dirt  and 
j*and.  •    * 

Length  0.072,  breadth  0.072. 

Difflugia  arcula. — Rare.  Shell  hemispherical,  brownish,  in- 
corporated with  dirt  and  fine  sand  ;  mouth  trilobate. 

Brendth  0.132,  height  0.09,  breadth  of  mouth  0.048. 

Heleopeba  petricola. — Occasional.  Purplisli  brown,  with 
variable  proportions  of  incorporated  sand. 

1.  Length  0.09,  breadth  0.078,  breadth  of  mouth  0.042. 

2.  "        0.096,      '»        0.078,       •'  *•      0.036. 


FHooKBHiKaa  t>r  tiik  aoapbkt  or 


[)8»V. 


.  Uapb  O.D24.  <)riMdili  aoib ;  braJih  of  moaib  0.006.    Pyrirsim. 
•■       nfii,        •■       (i.01Bi      " 

••       0.0S6.       "       O.oaij      "  "  0.011    Ob*»^4. 

6.      •■        t'SHI.       ■■        «.(»,         ■•  ••  0,012.     PyrifiKia. 

»        &Qi5.  0.m  I  •■  O.OtS.  Onlaiaad  S  i«l« 

Im»  (iMkrca  rnim  O.OOfl  lo  Il.OUa  In  d 


00«l. 

Qm: 

brMaUi  at  niRilh  0.012. 

Q.oai, 

•       OMi 

"      0.016.     Na*laiuaOIZ 

O.M*. 

•       OM; 

•• 

0.061. 

•       0.08a 

.. 

0.047. 

*        (UMSi 

"     0.0W, 

O.O0> 

•       0.0<: 

..           .. 

o.oa. 

•       0,W3 

..             •• 

0.0K. 

•       0.08  J 

•■    0.01  a. 

ajm. 

>        0.03; 

4 


It  U  wiirlliy  at  B|ii^i-la1  remark  that  amniii;  tliv  IUibE(>)io<U  nf  cIk- 
«|>luii{nnia  (if  lliikii  Ml.,  thntv  w«>rH  nlnu-rvwl  uo  iniliv>diuU»  of 
Uyalonphrnia  papUia  trnd  tt.  elt^nrtu,  wUich  »n  *o  conimon  in  t)it- 
«plia^0U8  »waui>s  of  the  eastern  plains. 


1880.J  NATURAL   SCIENCES  OF   PHILADELPHIA.  337 

locomotive  coDdition.     Small  forms  common ;    giant  forms  few, 
Individual  specimens  noted  as  follows : 

1.  Length  0.078,  breadth  0.06 ;  breadth  of  mouth  0.018.  Compressed  oval ; 
liTiog. 

2.  Length  0.078,  breadth  0.06 ;  breadth  of  mouth  0.018.  Oval  with  short 
neck.  Empty  shell ;  oanoelli  circular,  variable,  the  largest  0.006,  the  smallest 
0.003. 

8.  Length  0.078,  breadth  0.06 ;  breadth  of  mouth  0.012.  Oval  with  short 
neck;  living,  active;  nucleus,  0.12. 

4.  Length  0.081,  breadth  0.054;  breadth  of  mouth  0.018.  Empty  shell, 
with  sharply  defined  circles,  large  and  small,  together  with  a  few  rods. 

5  Length  0.084,  breadth  0.042;  breadth  of  mouth  0.018;  with  neck  0.018 
long.  Empty  shell,  with  minute  circles  on  the  neck,  but  unusually  large  in 
proportion  to  the  shell  on  the  body  where  they  ranged  from  0.006  to  0.012. 

6.  Length  0.084,  breadth  0.048;  breadth  of  mouth  0.018.  Flask-like  empty 
shell,  with  minute  circular  cancelli  0.003  or  less. 

7.  Length  0.084,  breadth  0  054;  breadth  of  mouth  0.012.  Flask-like  empty 
shell  minutely  and  uniformly  cancellated. 

8.  Length  0.081,  breadth  0.06 ;     breadth  of  mouth  0.015.     Oval,  empty. 

9.  Length  0.09  ,  breadth  0.072;     breidth  of  mouth  0.('2l.     Flask-like. 

10.  Length  0.096,  breadth  0.078 ;  breadth  of  mouth  0.024.  Pyriform ;  neck 
0.006  long ;  cancelli  circular,  variable  in  size,  a  few  on  the  fundus  to  0.012. 
Sarcode  an  encysted  ball,  with  yellowish  oil-like  food  globules ;  diameter  of 
ball  0.048. 

Some  giant  forms  especially  noted  were  as  follows : 

11.  Length  0.18;  breadth  0.09;  breadth  of  mouth  0  042.  Living;  shell 
nearly  replete  with  sarcode,  colorless  but  containing  a  multitude  of  bright 
yellowish  and  brown  globules  from  0.006  to  0.012. 

12.  Length  0.21;  breadth  0.12;  breadth  of  mouth  0.048.  Empty  shell  of 
faint  yellowish  tint ;  basis  of  structure  faintly  and  uniformly  punctate  with 
only  distinct  minute  circular  cancelli  approaching  the  fundus. 

18.  Same  site  as  preceding.  Shell  mostly  of  minute  circular  cancelli,  larger 
near  the  fundus  and  there  mingled  with  a  few  square  ones.  Shell  closed  by  an 
operculum.     Sarcode  contracted  into  an  oval  mass  0.144  by  0.()72. 

14.  Length  0.192;  breadth  0.102;  breadth  of  mouth  0.048.  Shell  with 
minutely  cancellated  structure.     Sarcode  in  a  ball  0.084  by  0.072. 

Nebela  flabellulum. — This  form  comparatively  rare.  Shell 
nearly  circular  in  outline,  with  a  short  neck,  mostly  composed  of 
minute  circular  cancelli  more  or  less  nearly  uniform  or  variable ; 
rarely  of  elliptical  cancelli. 


342  PR0CEEDINQ8  OF  THE  ACADEMY  OP  [18^^. 

have  l)een  regarded  as  the  chief  elements  in  proilncinp^  the  resiili-*. 
That  admirable  hotanint  and  energetic  collector,  Dr.  C.  (.'.  rarr\  . 
in  a  payer  on  the  Rocky  mountain  alpine  region,  publiHhe<l  in  thr 
**  Procc»cdingft  of  the  American  Association  for  the  A<lvancement 
of  Science  ''  for  1809,  p.  249,  remarks  tliat  the  most  satisfactor v  ex- 
planation in  that  the  8o  called  timlx^r  line  marks  the  extreme  point 
of  mijiimnm  temperature  l)elow  wiiich  no  exjxjsed  phenogamf>n-» 
plant  can  exist.  AH  that  survives  alK>ve  this  point  does  so  l»y 
submitting  to  a  winter  burial  of  snow,  beneath  which  protectini: 
cover  it  is  enabled  to  maintain  its  torf)id  existence. 

The  great  objection  which  this  purely  mettnirological  view  pr»»- 
sented  to  Mr.  Meehan's  mind  was  tliat  the  dwarfed  and  gnnrlt'il 
coniferae  extending  so  many  hundred  feet  up  the  mountain  sitle**, 
never  produced  seed,  and  we  are  reduced  to  the  alteniative  of 
l>elieving  either  that  the  seeds  have  been  carritni  up  the  mountain 
sides  in  enormous  quantities  and  to  enormous  distances  from  tlit* 
fruitive  trees  below  by  winds,  or  else  that  there  were  seed  U^aring 
progenitors  of  these  scnibby  pines,  beneath  the  tall  proU'Cting 
branches  of  which  they  had  their  earliest  stages  of  growth.  Hv 
was  satisfied  from  subse(pient  obser^'ations  in  the  m<mntains  «if 
Xorth  Carolina,  and  in  the  White  Mountains  of  New  Ham|>sliir*\ 
that  this  hiht  view  is  the  correct  one, — that  large  timber  tret* ?*  nr 
no  ver^'  remote  period  extended  much  further  up  the  mountain 
sides  than  they  do  now,  and  that  they  have  since  disappeariHl  fi»r 
reasons  presently  to  be  stated,  leaving  only  the  younger  tnM*s  t«> 
struggle  on  as  Ix^st  they  may. 

Roan  Mountain  in  North  Carolina  is  about  C:^00  feet  abi>vf  th«' 
IfVrl  (»f  tlu"  sra.  TiinluT  «'\l«"!uls  to  il*-  Nuininit  nij  «^(niii'  i»:trt«-  of 
it,  Nvliilr  in  othrr  pints  it  i>  (K"^tilut('  ot'tiiiilM  r  toriij:m\  Imnh*-!-. 
•  »r  tVct  <lowii  its  sidrs.  'I'lic  sprcio  <ni  tlir  ^MiiiTnit  i"  A'"'  - 
Frti.tri,  ;iii«l  J/'/'S  fn'jrn.  ()i\k  Mini  ot  lnr  t  iti'-h  <'niiH^  M.-.:i>iMi,:i!i  \ 
to  iH*:ir  tin*  top  :imi  :it  jilMUit  ♦WkmI  t'ri't  lie  iii«':i*-nml  :i  Mink  «'Mk  - 
(^ho  ft  "S  it  m  fnrin ,  \\ini    WM^  .'>    Irrt    ill  rircMIIlf'tTflHr  Mt     .'J    f"r»  t    t"l.»in 

tlh*  L:roMn<i,  Mini  u:is  ]u'iIim|in  4(M\M't  liiiili.  Thr  plMtf*.  «|«'^t  <t  i:!i' 

"t"  t  rr«'N  wtTr  thr  ^ti-cp  «l»'rli\  it  irs.  uliiK'  tln»«^r  <•]!  uln«h  t*i- 
t  Irr*^   \\VH'   [rr{iw'\l\ir  w^'\^r  ot' :i   lllni*-   h\  rl  »liM  I'Mrttr.        i'llltln-!    <l<«\\!i 

flic  inouiitMin  si«l<'*-  the  strrp  inrlinr^  n><hjM  Im-  tlotln-il  \Nith  Un*  ^* 
jrowlli.  M"^  \s'v\\  :is  tlio«^f  nt"  a  nicrr    uri'hiMl    a^ci'iit.      it     i-^    «•!'   !!,• 
^nimiiit  Mills   tliat  tlir  <lit!'«  ifiHc-s  in  inrlinat  i<»ii,  pn-*  nt»  <!    l;:!"*!*  •.• 
!"«»rr>-t  a-^pcfts.      Uiit  in  tin-  spiuT^  <iiar  <►!' ••  UaUaiii  "*.<-•  lu    .1'      « 
/•'/•//   ' /■/  is  pMpulaiU    kiH>\\  n,  an  «n'<a'-i<  »iial  Mill'  nf" '_^.M>«1  -i/i-  \\..«,j;| 

^H'   *^trn.        In     tin*    rlnsr     H.iJvMni     \V<hmU.    Iiofli     oil     tin-     '-iMiin    i^      Ml    I 

loWfi  down  tin-  nionntain    '-i«l«*«-.  <'rop«s  <»r   voniii:  plMUt--    U'»m1.|     •  . 
lound    ninh'T^  tin*    niatnr**   tift"^,    ImU,    wLat    \va*«    \«i\     i «  i.i  n  k:(*  .. 
tlnTf  liad  «'N  idfiitU    hern    no  N  oiin^  1  IT*'--    ^tart«<l    till    t!ii-    i'i;»-;'- 
wrvv    Ui'iw    maturity.      A     lai'L'**   ana     with    tr»«*»    .".o    ,.j      (n    ♦,  ,  • 
liijj^li  would  lia\*'  an  nndiTLirow tli  of  nouiil:  onr^  a  l"««"f  oi   ^  .  ;.:_* 
whilr  ntluT  arms  of  yoniij^rr  tivc'^,  would  havr  innunMiMl«'t    ^i.,  ♦  ! 
seetUings  growing  among  the  damp   nio«.^   I««inatn    il.rni.   mi 


1880.]  NATUEAL  SCIENCES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  339 

EoQLTPHA  8TBIQ08A. — Compressed,  hirsute  forms.  Occasional. 
Usually  with  about  ten  teeth  to  the  mouth  of  the  sljell ;  scales 
distinct;  finely  hirsute  all  over  except  near  the  mouth. 

1.  Length  0.102,  breadth  0.072;  breadth  of  mouth  0.02 1 :  hnird  0.008  long. 

2.  *•       0.108,       "        0.06    ;         "  .   "     0.021;       •*     0.012     *' 

EuGLYPHA  BRACHiATA — One  empty  shell  observed,  with  but  one 
divergent  spine,  and  five  or  six  teeth  to  the  mouth. 

1.  Length  0.102;  breadth  0.01 ;  breadth  of  mouth  0.012  ;  length  of  Hpine  0.042 

Edglypha  cristata. — One  empty  shell,  with  acute  fundus,  but 
without  spines,  and  four  teeth  to  the  mouth. 

1.  Length  0.51  ;  breadth  0.012;  breadth  of  mouth  0.009. 

EuGLYPiiA  CTLiATA. — Comprcssed  forms,  with  short  spines  or 
hairs  along  the  acute  lateral  borders.     Rare.     Nucleus  0.018. 

1.  Length  0.108;  breidih0.06;  breadth  of  mouth  0.021  ;  hairs  or  spines  0.012 

long.     Ten  teeth  to  mouth  of  the  shell. 

2.  Length  0.1(»2;  breadth  0.072;  breadth  of  mouth  0  024;  spines  0.008  long. 

Nucleus  of  8arc<)de  disiinctiv  and  uniformly  granular  (breaking  up 
into  spores?),  0.018  diameter.  Ten  or  twelve  teeth  to  mouth  of  the 
shell.. 

Placocista  spinosa. — One  specimen  observed,  living,  but  the 

ample  sarcode  contracted  and  containing  a  transversely  oval  nucleus 

with  two  nucleoli. 

1.  Length  0.084,  breadth  0.054;    breadth   of  mouth  0.021.     Lateral   spinas 

short  hair-like,  single  or  in  pairs,  0.009  long.     Nucleus  0.021  by  0.018  ; 

nucleoli  0.003. 

Assulina  seminulum. — Moderately  frequent;  from  nearly 
colorless  to  dark  brown,  mostl}'  lighter  at  or  near  the  mouth. 
Living  and  dead  specimens  observed. 

1.  Length  0  042.  breadth  0.0)6,  breadth  of  mouth  0.012. 

"  »*      0.012. 

**  **      0.018. 

*'      0.024. 

"      0.024. 

"      0.024. 

TttiNEMA  ENCHELYS — Frequent  and  of  varied  form  and  size, 
though  none  of  the  largest  variety  observed.  Usually  pyrifoim  ; 
often  oval ;  rarely  obovoid;  of  varied  proportionate  length  and 
breadth,  of  narrowing  opposite  the  mouth,  and  degree  of  obliquity. 
Mostl}'  dead  shells,  though  frequent  living  individuals  observed 
Ranging  from  0.024  to  0.072  in  length.  Specimens  presented  the 
following  measurements. 


2. 

0.048, 

0  030, 

3. 

li 

0.072, 

0.048, 

4. 

I. 

0.072, 

0.072, 

5. 

«( 

0.078, 

0.078, 

0,  7. 

.( 

0.084, 

0072, 

*M  iwx-EEWiNds  or  xnc  acadekt  or  [1888. 

of  ihig  are  numerous.  Tbore  in  now  a  railrowl  raniiitrg  rtraight 
up  the  mouiiluiu  side  fW>m  tW  baw  lo  the  auiDmtt-  N«»r  tb* 
llmlx-r  lltie. «  <-tii  Uad  lo  be  made  tUrooftli  an  atet  corm-^  by 
uiatiiri'  ItulKani  Kint.  Thb  t-ol  wan  about  8  or  10  fppt  'lrc|i. 
riidcr  the  tr«e*  idoim  and  diud  n«<)U  nod  old  flr  Imrva  lind  madr 
Ml)  earlhv  »tmttt  of  a  ftxil,  fir  in  plnpea,  more  in  d«|)tli.  Tb^  mf>"» 
W1IA  itlill  ^nfn  rrom  the  mln»,  melting  kdmith,  and  fofci  of  thi* 
cWated  ri'gion,  am)  MHHtnining  the  variuii*  kindi  of  low  vc-gt-ta- 
lion  ciimnujn  K)  thew-  alpltir  ht-ight*.  Voubr  fin  w««  spriU|nnK 
■t|>  in  (p-ent almndanpif .  Hntnll  thrlarp-r  trtfcuwere  denl.tbonipi 
itcro  anil  there  might  Iw  wwn  a  hrancrb  with  a  few  llngorltt|r  urevn 
JpnTcH.  Thi"  man"  iifdrad,  AtnnilinR  timber  ocirnpwd  itc-vcnu  acre*. 
Thr  rrason  fur  th«ir  dratli  was  evidBnt.  The  railrntul  oat  alKiwed 
Dmt  the  r<ire)'t  stowl  on  u  maftN  of  birgv  hnt  Uiomi  gn*U»  rodu. 
Ihrongh  whi«h  the  wsteiit  from  the  two  thonsanil  ftiet  nf  Wutt  rock 
sbore  riii>hi?d  rh  soon  an  the  railroad  cut  was  nuule,  mrrytn^  with 
it  all  the  i-ailhv  matter  on  which  the  larger  ttn-a  ■iitmimod.  but 
loavinit  the  tongb  tiiriS-  matter  nt  the  aurfacc,  on  which  nmalli-r 
lre*B  of  the  same  sort  may  llvu  for  many  jeara,  thtnigli  thi-  larjipTr 
oBM  cannot  lunger  exist.  With  the  dealli  of  the  Larger  irM 
there  is,  of  eourae,  nu  iocreasu  of  light,  and  then  thr  BirrorhH 
whli  otfaer  graHtea  and  sedgtta,  H|>eMlily  take  poMiMaion,  hnl(Ii«| 
together  the  loose  boII,  and  evirn  (lormittiug  In  many  nww"  f 
liiereafte  of  the  earthy  layer,  by  holding  mneb  of  the  diaiutegntt* 
i-«>ek  which  may  be  waiiheil  or  blown  on  from  ab«ivr.  4'areriiH_ 
.-Xiimiiiiiig  jHiU'lii-,  ..f  -^oriil.l.y  -|)riio'"  iilmvf  llie  IlmbiT  llli.-.  it  Bf" 


slick  may  be  pushed  down  among  the  SL-riibhy  flrs  and  apruces. 
and  the  earth  found  to  l>e  but  a  foot  or  ao  deep  over  the  looae 
rock  below,  from  wbioh  the  earth  haa  been  wholly  washed  away. 
Again,  there  are  some  places  often  nearly  an  acre  in  extent  where 
ihe  Bcnibby  Are  are  still  standing,  dead,  from  the  earth  having 
iieen  waehotl  away  from  l>elow  upwards,  not  leaving  enongh  fur 
Kven  the  moderate  demands  of  these  little  buahea. 

In  view  of  the  facta  detailed  we  may  condnde  that  at  the 
i-levation  of  these  mountain  chains,  the  lowland  vegetation  w»a 
carried  np  at  the  same  time.  The  summits,  covered  by  hixiiriant 
foH'Sts  would  present  a  cooler  snrface  to  the  moist  clonds,  ami 
there  wonld  l>e  less  condensation  than  on  bare  snn-warmed  rocka, 
!ind  deej)  snows  wonld  be  less  fretjuent,  and  not  sufilcient  to  inter- 
fere much  with  arlK>real  (jrowth.  Unt  the  rain  would  ofnccr-a-.ity 
larry  down  the  earth  and  disintegrated  rock  to  lower  levels;  and 
the  melting  snows,  snch  as  tliere  were,  would  make  this  downwani 
progress  ol'  the  soil  vontiniioiis.  In  some  mountains  where  the  rock 
was  easily  broken  by  frost.as  in  Colorado  and  the  White  Mountains, 
it  wonld  Iw'  very  <rilIlMill  forthe  soil  to  iiold  its  own  against  ihvs<- 
liiices  of  gravitation  :    Imt  im  more  solid  rock  the  maaa  of  tr*e 


\  \  ,       ■;  \        -       »  N     I   •        I     .     •     :    \      I 


\« 


V      \! 


342  PROOEEDINQS  OF  THE  ACADEMY  OF  [188(J. 

have  been  regarded  as  the  chief  elements  in  producing  the  results. 
That  admirable  botanist  and  energetic  collector,  Dr.  C.  C.  Parry, 
in  a  paper  on  the  Rocky  mountain  alpine  region,  published  in  the 
*' Proceedings  of  the  American  Association  for  the  Advancement 
of  Science  "  for  1869,  p.  249,  remarks  that  the  most  satisfactory  ex- 
planation is  that  the  so  called  timber  line  marks  the  extreme  point 
of  minimum  temperature  below  which  no  exposed  phenogamous 
plant  can  exist.  AH  that  survives  above  this  point  does  so  by 
submitting  to  a  winter  burial  of  snow,  beneath  which  proteotim^ 
cover  it  is  enabled  to  maintain  its  torpid  existence. 

The  great  objection  which  this  purely  meteorological  view  pre- 
sented to  Mr.  Meehan's  mind  was  that  the  dwarfed  and  gnarled 
coniferae  extending  so  many  hundred  feet  up  the  mountain  sides, 
never  produced  seed,  and  we  are  reduced  to  the  alternative  of 
believing  either  that  the  seeds  have  been  carried  up  the  mountain 
sides  in  enormous  quantities  and  to  enormous  distances  from  the 
fruitive  trees  below  by  winds,  or  else  that  there  were  seed  bearing 
progenitors  of  these  scrubby  pines,  beneath  the  tall  protecting 
branches  of  which  they  had  their  earliest  stages  of  growth.  He 
was  satisfied  from  subsequent  observations  in  the  mountains  of 
North  Carolina,  and  in  the  White  Mountains  of  New  Hampshire, 
that  this  last  view  is  the  correct  one, — that  large  timber  trees  at 
uo  very  remote  period  extended  much  further  up  the  mountain 
sides  than  they  do  now,  and  that  the^^  have  since  disappeared  for 
reasons  presently  to  be  stated,  leaving  onl}-  the  younger  trees  t«j 
struggle  on  as  best  they  may. 

Koan  Mountain  in  North  Carolina  is  about  0300  feet  above  the 
level  of  the  sea.  Timber  extends  to  its  summit  on  some  parts  of 
it,  while  in  other  parts  it  is  destitute  of  timber  formally  hundreds 
of  feet  down  its  sides.  The  species  on  the  summit  is  Abt*^'.< 
Frazeri,  and  Ahiei^  nujra.  Oak  and  other  trees  eoni^  oecasioiially 
to  near  the  top  and  at  about  GOOO  feet  he  measured  a  black  oak — 
Qucrciti<  linctoria,  that  >vas  f)  feet  in  circuni Terence  at  3  feet  from 
the  (T^round,  and  was  perhaps  40  feet  hiirh.  The  places  destitute 

of  trees  were  the  steep  declivities, — while  those  on  which  the 
trees  were  ixrowinir  were  of  a  more  level  character.  Further  down 
the  mountain  sides  the  steep  inclines  would  he  clothed  with  forest 
ucrowth,  as  well  as  those  of  a  more  iirradual  ascent.  It  is  of  the 
suniniit  only  that  the  ditferences  in  inclination,  presented  ditferent 
forest  asi)e(,'ts.  Hut  in  the  space's  clear  of"  Balsam  *'  as  the  Af'irs 
Frazrrl  is  |)opularly  known,  an  occasional  one  of  jrood  size  wouhl 
he  seen,  in  the  close  Balsam  woods,  both  on  the  sununit  and 
lower  down  the  mountain  sides,  cro])s  of  younji  l)lants  wouM  be 
tbund  under  the  mature  trees  hut,  what  was  verv  remarkable, 
there  had  evidentlv  been  no  vounuj  trees  started  till  the  i^arent^ 
were  near  maturity.  A  lar^ic  area  with  trees  30  or  40  feel 
liiiih  would  have  an  undergrowth  of  vouuir  ones  a  foot  or  so  hijrh. 
while  other  areas  of  younger  trees,  would  have  innumerable  small 
seedlinirs  irrowino;  anionic  the  damp   moss   beneath   them,  and    it 


1880.]  NATURAL  SCIENCES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  343 

was  further  interesting  to  note  tliat  in  most  cases  the  crops  of 
young  plants  in  each  area  were  about  the  same  age  in  each  case, 
as  if  the  seeds  in  the  several  locations  ha<i  all  started  to  grow 
together  in  some  one  particular  year,  and  probably  at  no  other  time. 
On  the  naked  places,  where  few  or  no  trees  were  now  found, the  sur- 
face would  be  closely  covered  by  a  matted  growth  of  a  grass  almost 
peculiar  to  that  region,  Danthonia  conipressa^  but  a  close  examina- 
tion of  the  surface  showed  occasional  tracts  of  deep  vegetable 
mould  which  had  been  formed  by  ages  of  decaying  Hypnum  or 
iSphagnum  moss,  and  the  evident  remains  of  roots,  just  as  we  now 
find  under  the  Balsam  trees,  and  there  is  no  doubt  from  these 
facts  that  these  steep  upper  declivities  were  once  clothed  with 
trees  and  mosses,  to  which  the  grass  previously  named  succeeded. 

With  these  facts  in  mind  he  examined  the  arboreal  features  of 
the  White  Mountains  in  New  Hampshire.  On  Mouiit  Washington, 
which  is  a  little  over  6000  feet,  the  timber  runs  up  to  about  4000 
feet;  while  Mount  Webster,  a  mountain  forming  the  southern 
peak  of  the  same  chain,  and  about  4000  feet  high,  has  little  timber 
above  3000  feet.  Clearly,  climatic  reasons  will  not  account  for 
these  peculiarities.  On  Mount  Washington  there  is  much  of  the 
same  character  as  distinguishes  the  forests  of  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains. As  already  noted  the  timber  line  becomes  marked  at  about 
4000  feet.  For  at  least  another  thousand  feet  we  meet  witli 
scrubby  bushes  of  Abies  Balsamea,  Abies  nigra^  and  Abies  alba^ 
with  some  Betula  papyracea.  Beyond  this,  and  almost  to  the 
summit,  an  occasional  specimen  of  one  or  another  of  the  conifera* 
may  be  seen.  As  noted  in  regard  to  the  Colorado  scrubby  growth, 
none  of  these  had  ever  produced  seed  ;  nor  was  it  at  all  probable, 
from  a  careful  survey  of  the  locations,  that  many  of  the  areas 
could  have  been  seeded  by  the  winds,  however  strong,  bringing 
the  seeds  up  these  mountain  heights.  Moreover,  there  were  many 
eases  where  there  were  intermediate  areas  clear  of  all  scrubby 
spruce  plants,  and  where  seeds  could  be  brought  by  winds  in 
these  modem  times  much  easier  than  to  the  heights  above. 
Besides  this,  it  was  evident  that  many  of  these  dwarfed  specimens 
were  of  immense  age.  Some  that  he  examined  were  certainly 
fifty  yeai*s  old,  though  the  stems  at  the  ground  wei-e  no  thicker 
than  his  wrist,  and,  trailing  on  the  ground,  occupied  but 
16  or  20  square  feet  of  space.  There  seemed  to  l>e  but  littk 
doubt  that  at  some  time  in  the  past  Mount  Washington  had 
forests  of  coniferce  at  much  higher  elevations  than  at  i)resent,  if 
not  perhaps  clean  up  to  the  summit ;  that  these  scrubby  plants 
now  there  were  seedlings  that  had  sprung  up  under  the  elder 
ones,  and  that  in  time  the  older  ones  were  destroyed,  leaving  th«» 
small  ones  beneath  alone  to  their  fate. 

An  examination  of  different  parts  of  Mount  Washington  shows 
not  only  that  this  is  the  true  explanation  of  the  absence  of  good 
timber  beyond  what  is  known  as  the  timber  line,  but  that  the 
same  law  is  in  progress  to  day  as  in  centuries  past.     Illustrations 


M8  PE0CEEDIN08  OP  THE  ACADEMT  OP  [1880. 

magUter^  (U.  S.  P.  R.  R.  Exp.  k  Surveys — Zoology,  viii,  1857. 
498). 

Remains  of  other  mammals  are  aH  follow  :  Lynx,  FelU  t^na- 
deFiifvs:  Wolf,  Cants  lupus;  Gray  Fox,  Vulpes  virginianun : 
Skunk,  Mephitis  mephitica  ;  Weasel,  Pu tortus  ermineus :  Raccoon^ 
Frocyon  lotor ;  Mole,  Scalops  aquaiicus ;  Dusky  Bat,  Vesf)ertiIio 
/use us ;  Little  Brown  Bat,  V.subulatus;  Woodchuek,  Arrtomy» 
monax  ;  Porcupine,  Erethizon  dorsatus  :  Bearer,  Castor  fiber  ; 
Muskrat, /Vfter  zihethicus  ;  Gray  Squirrel,  Set i/ni*  canAinennis : 
Ground  Sc^uirrel,  Tamias  striatus :  Gray  Rabbit,  Lepun  sylxHUi- 
cus :  Meadow  Mouse,  Arvicola  rifyarius ;  White-footed  Mouse, 
Uesperomys  leucopus ;  Deer,  Cervus  virginianus :  Elk,  Cervus 
canadensis. 

Among  the  remains,  none  have  been  1dentifie<l  as  positively 
()ertaining  to  our  domestic  animals,  unless,  perhaps,  a  pair  of 
specimens  are  to  be  referred  to  this  category.  The  specimens  are 
the  complete  isolated  first  and  second  large  molars  of  a  fcvtal  or 
new-bom  Horse  I 

The  collection  further  contains  numerous  bird  l>ones,  chiefly  of 
the  Wild  Turkey,  Meleagris  gallopai^ ;  some  of  turtles,  the  Box 
Turtle,  Cistudo  clausa^  the  Snapi)er,  Chelydra  serpentina,  etc.; 
and  others  of  several  species  of  snakes. 

In  the  same  stratum  were  also  found  a  number  of  shells  of 
mollusks,  chiefly  Helix  albolabris,  IL  alternata^  and  H.  tridentcUa, 
Also  a  valve  of  Unio  vomplnnatus. 

Of  vegetal  remains  there  were  a  few  small  fragments  of  charcoal, 
and  many  8ee<ls,  consisting  of  those  of  the  Dogwoo<l,  Ctyrnus 
tlnrnln^  V\<l'U\\X,  Cnrifn  jutrrinn,  and  Walnut,  Jmfhins  ni'jrn. 

Tlir  hiiiiijin  rt'inaiii'^  an*  <;!'  an  intcMrstin^  rharactt-r.  Oih-  i**  a 
lar;::t'  stone  celt  <>f' lianl  liiown  slate,  obtained  tV«»nithe  lunie  earth 
sonie  <listan<e  witiiin  the  cave.  There  are  live  lione  awN.  *»e\eTal 
ot*  which  exhihit  marks  of  jjnawini:.  S(Hne  ot'  thes*-  wen*  t*«nin«l 
in  the  <ave,  an<l  <>ther>  in  the  out^ijle  <h'l»ris.  An  implement  «M»n- 
si>ts  <>r  the  jnonir  <»1  mii  antler  worke*!  no  a*^  to  1m*  harlnMl  mi  one 
>i«le.  an<l  was  |»robal»ly  nse<l  as  a  nee<lle  tor  makinir  net*-. 

A  -^mall  imphnieiit  ot'hone,  ic-i'mldes  in  it**  |»re*-ent  conditi»»n 
a  crochet  nee<lle  sncli  as  i^  now  emploscil  h\  la<lies  in  makiiii: 
wor-^ted  work.  It  is  mnch  i:nawe<l  awas  on  one  >i(le.  and  look*- 
a>  it"  it  mav  \\\\\v  been  like  an  nr«linary  neetlle  with  a  pertoration. 
aiiil  ti»i^  now  ien«lere<l  incomph'te  from  the  :^nawin«^. 
An<»ther  imph'ment  is  a  ti-^h-hook  worke<l  ont  ol' bone. 
Siicli  1m. iM-  implements  are  amoni:  the  rarc-t  of  human  relic^  in 
nlir  poi  !  i<  .11  i »!'  t  lie  count  r\ . 

Au<'tii»r  irm.-irkai'lr  relir  i>  a  «one  -Nhell  bore«l  tliiounh  tin'  m\i«» 
:iv  a  br.i'l.  'I'hr  *»hrll  i-^  a  marine  -^pecir-s,  (Jnn'is  f^miif u  ^ ,  1<miii.1 
on  th«  NNr^i*  rii  «  o:i-<t  oii'mtral  America.  It>  pi  e*.en«'e  anion-j  r  h« 
,  :i\i  iniKdii^.  woiiM  iu-licatr  an  e\ten«b'<l  iutercoui'^i'  amoni:  The 
iiih:il'itaiit  -  «»f  'ailN    t  imrs. 


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1880.]  NATURAL  SCIENCES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  347 

The  remains  thns  far  discovered  are  of  such  interest  as  to 
encourage  Mr.  Paret  to  continue  f\irther  exploration  Most  of 
these  collected  to  the  present  time  were  exhibited  by  Prof.  Leidy, 
and  consist  of  the  following*: 

Numerous  fragments  and  splinters  of  limb  bones  of  smaller  and 
large  animals,  many  or  most  of  which  exhibit  the  marks  of  being 
gnawed,  whether  by  rodents  or  small  carnivores  is  somewhat  un- 
certain. A  few  also  show  the  marks  of  canine  teeth,  of  mediuna 
sized  carnivores.  Some  of  the  splinters  pertain  to  such  large  and 
strong  bones  as  to  render  it  questionable  whether  they  were  pro- 
duced by  even  our  largest  carnivores,  and  probably  are  the  rem- 
nants of  human  feasts,  in  which  the  bones  were  crushed  to  obtain 
the  marrow.  Numerous  bones  and  fragments  of  others  of  the 
smaller  and  smallest  animals.  These  include  especially  limb 
bones,  and  lower  jaws,  and  less  frequently  skulls,  fragments  of 
others  and  vertebra;.  Many  of  these  are  also  gnawed,  while  many 
are  not. 

The  fragments  of  larger  Ix)ne8  may  be  supposed  to  have  been 
conveyed  into  the  cave  by  small  carnivores.  'A  few  pieces  of  bone 
are  somewhat  charred ;  and  a  small  fragment  of  a  lower  jaw,  con- 
taining a  molar  tooth,  of  the  Bison,  also  apparently  exhibits 
the  marks  of  fire.  This  probably  is  a  remnant  from  a  human 
feast,  which  may  have  l)een  carried  into  the  cave  by  some  small 
gleaner. 

All  the  bones  and  fragments  together  amount  to  about  half  a 
bushel.  Most  of  them  pertain  to  animals  of  a  kind  still  living, 
though  some  of  these  no  longer  belong  to  the  fauna  of  our  state, 
and  a  few  of  the  remains  are  those  of  extinct  animals.  How  far 
the  remains  of  different  8i>ecics  are  cotcraporary  is  uncertain, 
though  it  is  most  probable  that  they  were  introduced  through  a 
long  succession  of  years  from  the  time  following  the  glacial  period. 

The  remains  of  extinct  animals  consist  of  an  incisor  tooth  and 
lialf  a  dozen  molars  of  the  great  rodent  Gastoroides  ohioensis, 
and  portions  of  the  upper  and  lower  jaw,  with  teeth,  of  a  young 
Peccary,  the  Dicotyles  iiasutus,  previously  known  only  from  a 
single  fragment  of  an  upjKJr  jaw,  discovered  in  Indiana,  (Extinct 
Mammalia  of  North  America,  385,  pi,  xxviii,  figs.  1,  2.  Jour. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sc,  vii,  1869). 

The  remains  of  animals  no  longer  living  in  Pennsylvania  are  as 
follows : 

Bones  and  teeth  of  the  Caribou  or  Woodland  Reindeer, 
Rangifer  caribou. 

A  fragment  of  the  lower  jaw  containing  the  last  molar  tooth,  of 
the  Bison,  B,  americanus. 

Many  lower  jaw  halves,  and  other  bones  and  teeth  of  the  Wood- 
rat,  Neotoma  Jloridana,  Most  of  these  are  of  comparatively  large 
size,  and  of  the  character  of  similar  remains  referred  by  Prof. 
Baird  to. a  supposed  extinct  species,  with  the  name  of  Neotoma 


348  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ACADEMY  OF  [188D- 

magister^  (XJ.  S.  P.  R.  R.  Exp.  &  Surveys — Zoology,  viii,  1857  ^ 
498). 

Remains  of  other  mammals  are  as  follow  :  Lynx,  Felis  carta — 
densis;   Wolf,   Cams   lupus;    Gray   Fox,    Vulpes  virginianus r 
Skunk,  Mephitis  mephitica  ;  Weasel,  Putorius  ermineus  ;  Raccoon^ 
Procyon  lotor  ;  Mole,  Scalops  aquaticus ;  Dusky  Bat,  Vespertilio 
fuscus;  Little  Brown  Bat,  V,  subulatus ;  Woodchuck,  Arctpmys 
monax  ;  Porcupine,  Erethizon  dorsatus  ;   Beaver,    Castor  fiber ;  "V   "^ 

M u skrat,  i^ifeer  zibethicus ;  Gray  Squirrel,  Sciwrws  carolinensis ;  "St  ^ 

Ground  Squirrel,  Tamias  striatus  ;  Gray  Rabbit,  Lepus  sylvcUi-  — Ib-^ 

cus ;  Meadow  Mouse,  Arvicola  riparius ;    White-footed  Mouse,  «  ^^^ 

Hesperomys  leucopus ;  Deer,   Gervus  virginianus :  Elk,   Cervus 
canadensis. 

Among  the  remains,  none  have  been  Identified  as  positively 
pertaining  to  our  domestic  animals,  unless,  perhaps,  a  pair  of 
specimens  are  to  be  referred  to  this  category.  The  specimens  are 
the  complete  isolated  first  and  second  large  molars  of  a  fcetal  or 
new-born  Horse ! 

The  collection  further  contains  numerous  bird  bones,  chiefly  of 
the  Wild  Turkey,  Meleagris  gallopavo  ;  some  of  turtles,  the  Box 
Turtle,  Gistudo  clausa,  the  Snapper,  Ghelydra  serpentina^  etc. ; 
and  others  of  several  species  of  snakes. 

In  the  same  stratum  were  also  found  a  number  of  shells  of 
moUusks,  chiefly  Helix  albolabris^  H,  alternata^  and  H.  tridentata. 
Also  a  valve  of  Unio  complanatus. 

Of  vegetal  remains  there  were  a  few  small  fragments  of  charcoal, 
and  many  seeds,  consisting  of  those  of  the  Dogwood,  Comus 
Horida^  Pig-nut,  Gary  a  porcina,  and  Walnut,  Juglans  nigra. 

The  human  remains  are  of  an  interesting  character.  One  is  a 
large  stone  celt  of  hard  brown  slate,  obtained  from  the  bone  earth 
some  distance  within  the  cave.  There  are  five  bone  awls,  several 
of  which  exhibit  marks  of  ^nawino;.     Some  of  these  were  found  '^  ^ 

in  the  cave,  and  others  in  the  outside  debris.     An  implement  con-  ^ 

sists  of  the  ])rong  of  an  antler  worked  so  as  to  be  barbed  on  one 
side,  and  was  })rol)ably  used  as  a  needle  for  makin^:  nets.  ^ 

A  small  imi)lement  of  bone,  resembles  in   its  present  condition  ^^ 

a  crochet  needle  such  as  is  now  em])loved    by  ladies  in  makinjj  ^ 

worsted  work.  It  is  nuich  o^nawed  away  on  one  side,  and  looks 
as  if  it  may  have  been  like  an  ordinary  needle  with  a  perforation, 
and  this  now  rendered  inconii)lete  from  the  gnawing. 

Another  implement  is  a  iish-hook  worked  out  of  bone.  j 

Such  l)one  ini|)leinents  are  among  the  rarest  of  human  relics  in 
our  portion  of  the  country.  ^ 

Another  remarkahle  relic  is  a  cone  shell  bored  through  the  axis 
as  a  bead.  The  shell  is  a  marine  spi^cies,  Gomis  fortiafus,  found 
on  the  western  coast  of  Central  America.  Its  i)resence among  the 
cave  remains,  would  indicate  an  extended  intercourse  among  the 
inhabitants  of  early  times. 


11  «Ti  HAL  "■  i»^<  tn  III  riiti  AiiEi  rill « 


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aisn  *!    ■  \    •■.\  '  •-.  ti.-        •■.',••.        ..-*••■       ■.  1 

IaS'i  ftrM*    «  fjf  r«   l!ir  |>4Ali!«  »ri    !•  «  »■    i  «c  .,  ^  ^t    •  •   'i.i .    %:.  1 


14 


3&2  pRof^KEnixan  nr  the  Ai'Ai>KMy  nr  [ISM. 

floiM-ri!!  gfrwwine:  on  a  HU-m,  tKiUuiii^lly  called  n  »|nkc-,  from  four 
to  six  inchen  in  length,  t.liom  U-iiig  from  thiny  to  sixty  flowrr* 
together.  Tlieiw  come  from  limln  in  tliP  axiU  of  tht-  fint  Iwivr* 
of  tbe  fleanou,  and  arc  compoiwl  entirely  of  «tamin«t«  l»ul>['l 
flowers.  They  are  very  ocloroatu  when  in  fVill  bloom,  and  often  9o 
abuudaut  hs  to  (five  Ibe  trees  a  white  Apjtearanoe  when  wen  at  a 
diHtftiiL'e.  Aa  «ooD  aft  tliwe  flowers  Bide,  whioti  la  In  a  few  dayv. 
a  dlHurticulation  takvH  place  close  Lu  tlie  brunch,  and  Ibe  apike 
blla  to  the  ground.  Al)Out  ten  dayn  lBt«r.  n  Mcmtd  floweriDH 
laki-a  placNt,  thf««>  apikea  coming  fhoni  the  latiT  axlllar.v  twnl*  of 
the  m«iwn,  and  in*t«ad  of  httiag  all  atamlnatv  a*  in  tliv  Drat  in- 
Nlftnrv,  at  thn  baM>  of  tfaf  «|iikc  will  tie  fonnd  one,  wmi-limtM  twu. 
varely  more.  piKtilintv  (femnle)  fli)weiii.  ThTiw  b»v  ffrrltlinil  h\ 
the  Ktainiiiste  flowrin  that  mv  in  bloonum  Ht  tliv  aamn  tfmr  ;  iIm' 
staniinate  [>!trt  of  thi<  opiku  fall*  iiway  ntlcT  Dowrrln|{,  bnt  tfa>-  pi*- 
tillat«  jMirt  remainH  attiu.'hoil  to  the  branch,  and  develoiH-^  intci  a 
bur,  containing  from  two  to  flve  or  nil  nnlh.  Wlial  may  b«-  the 
line  of  tbe  tlrst  net  of  blotinomn,  ha»  not  yet  dawned  upnu  the 
mind  of  man  :  it  would  seem  a  great  wa^te  of  unerijO  U>  pnividt? 
for  Kueli  nu  ahundanfe  without  a  piiri>oBi-,  but  Die  prtHligallty  nf 
uuture  la  vltdble  iu  niunuroiw  otht-T  InotAnceH  an  well. 

Thi!  variety  iif  foniia  of  tb«  nut  waa  grent4!r  in  the  Inoaltty  n^ 
r«rn'<l  to  tlian  hit  had  ever  aeeu  bnforu.  One  trmi  wu*  |iKrti<ruUrly 
attruitive,  th«  ahajM*  of  tlio  bur  Iwiug  t-xactly  pyrifonn  inMitid  of 
gloliiilar;  it"  eheatiiut«.  of  coune,  cvmiajwrnlini;  (ornvwhat  in 
ahapo,  bt>ing  long  and  alini. 

Neon'  tbv  Mrattwrn  line  of  tbv  tr»<'t  xv:ih   f.MUht  <.h-  tr--  ,  And  ^ 
afterward"  in  anothi-riwrt  a«er'>iii)  tr..     1 1.  .  I,  i>  , II  r.   ,    i        i       lal 

notice.      Till*  roriiiiT  "tis  ;it'mil   iw.'rilv    '■  ■  *   I I   -  -  lu 

diameter,  while  the  other  was  at  least  Heventydve  feet  in  height, 
and  more  than  two  feet  in  diameter  at  the  Ihiac,  n  very  wide 
Hpreading  and  thrifty  looking  tree.  In  these,  the  later  blossoms 
referred  to,  instead  of  being  part  staminate  and  part  piatillate. 
have  been  all  pistillate,  conseijucntly  were  succec^led  by  burs  all 
along  the  ttpike,  niiml)ering  in  tliOMe  coimtcd  ftom  flfly  to  sixty 
together,  and  hanging  from  the  branches  like  bunches  of  gnpea. 
Kvery  branch  of  the  tree  that  bore  any  at  all,  had  them  of  this 
character,  so  that  there  were  doubtless  hundreds  if  not  thousands 
of  them.  An  important  jwinl  is  hen'  manifested.  These  flowers 
being  all  pistillate,  ami  ibc  staniinato  ones  (the  tiret  lilosHomn  re- 
ferre<l  to)  having  fallen,  there  wax  nothing  to  fertilise  tbem,  cod- 
Hci|nently  tbey  could  not  attain  much  size  nor  develop  ohestnatit 
within  the  liiir,  except  that  rarely  the  flrst  or  xecond  nearest  the 
luiw  cuntiiiniil  tlin-c  or  IV.nr  very  small  nnls.  Thene  nut",  bow- 
He  h«d  Ix'cu  luiiihle  to  find  luiy  rwonl  of  such  an  ix-eurrence  in 
this  eoniitry  N-fun',  l>iit  Hr.  Masters  reeordw  it  as  having  ln*n 
noted  in  France.  Thi-  Hn|M-rinten<ient  of  the  grove  to  whom  Ite- 
hin^'s    the   <redit  of   first   itrlectirig  these   trees,  could   not    say 


11  «Ti  RAI.  «i  i»  %•  tn  ill   run  «1»EI  l-lll  % 


••■■>• 


li»'.:^f      T.    jiA*'     %tnr»    ?'.»\    !iii     •-■rin     ■  «jr*      ri    ! 


•    'I.  \\  ■,•  : 


'ji«ta  ..    •?       '        -     'I..     ••  irii  i.i*.       I!)    .•       ■•     .1.-      '.  .  . 

lai       '.       ■•••\.    1    '}.■»!•    .r.. .-•!,.•••..      -      ■'■.. 

k    »     '^      '    i".    *    «   i!.»    ■   *     •      • '  .'       1.     "  I 

*  •    ••      •  •.      '      •     V  r     I  ■    ,."    .  .  *    .:    i!.  ■'     i      1     . 

•  •  •  •  .  -  •      .  t       ,    t       •     .  •  '    I  .      ,        ' 


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351 


I-HOOKIDIKOR  or  TUK  AOADIVT  Or 


[i« 


limr  nnil  [ilftiiUi  which  ItaTV  «  great  nlmmhinoe  of  feiBik  flownv^ 
in<li-<il,  AutniiliiiinH  pUnlH  nliich  an-  whull.v  fumalc. 

Id  tlio  cniH-  nt  tlicAti  I'licittiiuU  h*'  wt^itld  nut  tay  it  <nu  ■  * 
uf  tmtritluti  vrtiii-)i  mmlt-  tbcMi  mimittll.v  Tault  tlttwvT*  hecom^  ^M 
mull!.     Tlinl  wiut  nut  tiio   viow  of  thf  t-Mm.     On  tlic  cooU 
WOK  thftt   Ik-Uit  mitritivr  ivdvitnlAg^-o  )irvv&il<il  to  tnduenM  I 
fVmuili-  ntfx,  ntid  tlieoir  long  xpiki.-*  '>r  vtivnttint  fnitt  { 
tiu^t  rslht^r  tUxn  iitti-rpuned  an  uhjfctioD.     It  •>■)>  a  iiiinple  i 
tuii'onlroicrtpil     hrX    1h»t    tliow    .rotinf;   clicolDaU    wt-n!    b»iB|[ 
OouriMbed,  v(iT(<  iml>ihinfi;  nutrition,  wlitW  if  t)ipy  tia<l  li-cn  itur- 
mal  inulo  llowerit,  t)icv  would  have  Iwen  dvnd   month*  ngii. 
waH  pvtdciit  to  the  hciispb  tliat  uiilrition  was  in  thr  i!nd  Invultnl,   ^ 
BD'I  «<■  oulv  had  to  consider  i 
tnOueiire  wan  felt.     The   old   i 
ttu«alioti  of  notritioD  followod  1 

hia  TiewH  doduceil  ft'om  the  nomerous  fsi'ta  he  liad  gtiihlialimi  ti 
the  i]ueni(in,  were  thnt  Dutritlnn.  in  iW  vnriouB  jihastM.  wii»  it^wlf 
the  law-maki-T,  An  to  the  jirettt*-r  powiT  bfhliHl  thii,  which 
di!CTeed  that  Ibin  ahoidd  be  the  law,  mid  (hni  the  fuw  xbtmld  itrt^ 
duce  vuiih  evru  divitihinB  in  th<-  |>r(>|iortioii  of  Uie  •«:«■•,  it  WM  | 
ntiuLltur  (iiiest)nii.  Hu  only  clniuu^i  that  hix  iliMUvi-rltM  J 
bruumtht  u«  n  i>te|i  Dearer  to  this  )ir«ulf  r  cjiuik. 


>t  uiilritiofl  was  in  the  i!nd  Invultnl. 
r  at  what  point  of  eari;  cell  life  Us  J 
I   idea  wouh)  ]>mbalily*  br  that    thtm 
d  the  "  fiat  "  which  naulp  Mat,  whfln 

nntn^mnn   fai^lja  hfk  IiaiI  itnllluillRd  cflK     ' 


it  wMi 

3 


0<TiinEK  i'2. 
The  l*ri'Hi<lenl,  Dv.  Kt'sciiCNKKHUER,  in  the  chair. 

Tliirlj-five  iwrsonn  |>rc»eut. 


OrniBER  1ft, 
l>r.  It.  S.  Kkniikumne  in  ihc  rlmir. 
T«...itv-,.ii;hl  jH-rsoi.s  ,,n.s,-„|. 

Till'  I'ldiluiitioii  Vo lilU'i-  ri-iKntv-l  in  fav.T  of  )>iiblishiii)T  Uw 

lolloniii;:  |>:<|>,'i'-.  ill  the  .lunruiil  of  thf  Acaitoinv  : — 
•■  Thf  I'ara«it.-s  ..f  tli.^  T.-rmit.-s."  h_v  Jos.  L.-idy.  M.  U. 
-  lU'iii  .rk<  oil  lh.llM^iiatlii.1  ori.  iitali*.-  l-v  .low.  I.eidv.  M.  P. 


1880.]  NATURAL  8CIENCSB  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  853 

whether  in  past  years  they  had  borne  burs  in  this  manner  or 
not. 

It  will  be  remembered  that  occasionally  in  a  field  of  com  the 
tassel,  which  is  the  staminate  (male)  flower,  has  a  number  of 
grains  of  com  intermixed.  These  grains  come  from  pistillate 
(female)  flowers,  occurring  among  the  staminate  ones ;  thus  it 
may  be  observed  that  our  chestnut  tree  is  not  the  only  instance 
of  deviation  from  the  regular  laws  of  development.  It  has  been 
argued  that  a  want  of  nutrition  will  account  for  this  and  similar 
instances,  but  the  healthy  appearance  and  vigorous  growth  of 
the  trees  in  question  is  not  such  that  a  lack  of  nutrition  can  well 
apply. 

Mr.  Thomas  Meehan  remarked  that  he  believed  instances  of 
the  changes  of  flowers  normally  of  one  sex  to  the  ot'uer,  were  oc- 
casionally met  with,  though  he  could  not  refer  to  many  without 
further  thought  or  investigation,  but  it  occurred  to  him  just  then 
that  it  was  not  unusual  for  some  normally  male  spikes  in  Carex 
to  have  female  flowei*s  among  them.  He  had  himself  seen  well 
developed  ovariums  among  the  aments  of  Populus  alba,  and  the 
case  of  female  flowers  among  the  male  catkins  of  willows,  was 
well  known  to  teratologists.  Reference  had  been  made  to  his 
papers  on  sex  as  influenced  by  nutrition.  His  view  of  sex,  as 
well  known,  was  that  in  the  earlier  stages,  between  the  cessation 
of  vegetative  growth  and  reproductive  growth,  a  vegetable  cell 
might  be  either  male  or  female,  and  that  the  power  of  that  cell  to 
assimilate  nutrition,  involved  the  question  of  sex.  If  a  full  sup- 
ply was  received,  the  female  form  resulted;  if  limited,  the  male 
was  produced.  In  most  cases  this  assimilative  power  influenced 
only  the  branches  or  cells  in  the  immediate  vicinity'  of  the 
flowers.  There  might  be  no  diflcrence  in  the  cells  of  the  whole 
plant  in  a  general  way  to  avail  themselves  of  a  full  supply  of 
nutrition.  He  did  not  know  that  there  was  greater  vegetative 
strength  in  the  plant  of  Maize,  which  bore  some  females  among 
the  "  tassels "  or  males,  tlian  there  was  in  the  normal  plant. 
There  certainly  was  no  difference  in  the  vegetative  strength 
of  plants  of  separate  sexes  in  many  classes  of  plants.  But 
there  were  instances  which  proved  that  the  whole  individual 
plant  was  influenced  by  laws  of  nutrition  when  the  question 
of  sex  was  involved.  The  female  Hemp,  the  female  Spinage, 
the  female  Croton,  when  the  plants  were  wholly'  bi-sexual,  were 
cases  he  could  rea(lily  call  to  mind  where  vegetative  vigor  favored 
the  whole  plant. 

The  common  Ambrosia  artemisisefolia,  which  often  grows  so 
thickly  over  cultivated  fields  as  to  appear  as  a  regular  farm 
crop,  each  plant  fighting  for  nutrition  with  its  neighbor,  pro- 
duces almost  wholly  male  blossoms ;  the  few  females  are  found 
at  the  base  of  the  male  spikes.  But  when  we  go  to  the  maize  or 
the  potato  fields,  where  the  plants  are  few  and  well  fed,  we  may  any 
24 


354  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ACADEMY  OP  [1880. 

time  find  plants  which  have  a  great  abundance  of  female  flowers, — 
indeed,  sometimes  plants  which  are  wholly  female. 

In  the  case  of  these  chestnuts  he  would  not  say  it  was  a  want 
of  nutrition  which  made  these  normally  male  flowers  become  fe- 
male. That  was  not  his  view  of  the  case.  On  the  contrary,  it 
was  that  better  nutritive  advantages  prevailed  to  influence  the 
female  sex,  and  these  long  spikes  of  chestnut  fruit  proved  the 
fact  rather  than  interposed  an  objection.  It  was  a  simple  and 
uncontroverted  fact  that  these  young  chestnuts  were  being 
nourished,  were  imbibing  nutrition,  while  if  they  had  been  nor- 
mal male  flowers,  they  would  have  been  dead  months  ago.  It 
was  evident  to  the  senses  that  nutrition  was  in  the  end  involved, 
and  wc  only  had  to  consider  at  what  point  of  early  cell  life  its 
influence  was  felt.  The  old  idea  would  probably  be  that  the 
question  of  nutrition  followed  the  "  fiat "  which  made  sex,  while 
his  views  deduced  from  the  numerous  facts  he  had  published  on 
the  question,  were  that  nutrition,  in  its  various  phases,  was  itself 
the  law-maker.  As  to  the  greater  power  behind  this,  which 
decreed  that  this  should  be  the  law,  and  that  the  law  should  pro- 
duce such  even  divisions  in  the  proportion  of  the  sexes,  it  was 
another  question.  He  only  claimed  tlmt  his  discoveries  had 
brought  us  a  step  nearer  to  this  greater  cause. 

Note.— I  have  since  learned  through  an  old  resident  in  the  vicinity,  that 
the  large  tree  has  borne  such  burs  for  many  years,  and  that  it  is  known 
throughout  the  neighborhood  as  the  **he  "  tree. — I.  C.  M. 


October  12. 
The  President,  Dr.  Ruschenbkroer,  in  the  chair. 
Tiiirty-five  persons  present. 


October  19. 
Dr.  R.  S.  Kenderdine  in  the  chair. 

Twenty-eight  persons  present. 

The  Publication  Committee  reported  in  favor  of  publishing  the 
following  papers  in  the  Journal  of  the  Academy: — 

'*  The  Parasites  of  the  Termites,''  by  Jos.  Leidy,  M.  D. 

''  Remarks  on  Hathygnathus  orientalis,''  by  Jos.  Leid}',  M.  D« 


1880.]  natural  sciences  of  philadelphia.  855 

October  26. 
The  President,  Dr.  Ruschenberqsr,  in  the  chair. 
Nineteen  persons  present. 

The  deaths  of  Dr.  Chas.  H.  Budd  and  of  Joshua  Lippincott, 
members,  were  announced. 

Samuel  R.  Knight,  M.  D.,  and  Rev.  Wm.  F.  C.  Morsell  were 
elected  members.  

November  2. 

The  President,  Dr.  Ruschenberqer,  in  the  chair. 

Twenty-four  persons  present. 

Bain  Trees,  Note  on  Yucca  gloriosa — Mr.  Thomas  Meehan 
referred  to  a  branch  of  Yucca  gloriosa^  exhibited  a  few  evenings 
ago,  taken  from  a  plant  growing  in  his  garden,  and  which  had 
flowered  during  September,  the  usual  period  for  blooming  near 
Philadelphia.  Walking  through  his  garden  with  Mr.  Isaac  C. 
Martindale,  the  latter  had  called  his  attention  to  moisture  which 
covered  the  whole  outer  surface  of  the  flowers,  and  collected  in 
drops  at  the  drooping  apices  of  each  leaf  of  the  perianth.  The 
plant  was  within  a  few  days  of  going  wholly  out  of  bloom,  but 
during  these  few  days  the  exhibition  of  moisture  continued,  and 
the  appearance  of  the  leaves  beneath  showed  tliat  the  dropping  of 
liquid  liad  been  going  on  for  some  time,  and  perhaps  during  the 
whole  flowering  season.  There  was  no  perceptible  sweetness  in 
the  liquid,  but  the  presence  of  ants  indicated  that  it  might  possi- 
bly have  a  slightly  saccharine  character,  tliough  not  sensible  to 
4he  human  tongue.  It  was  difficult  to  decide  whether  this  liquid 
was  an  exudation  from  the  leaves  of  the  perianth  or  was  simply 
an  exercise  of  the  power  of  condensing  moisture  in  the  atmo- 
sphere which  some  plants  possessed,  notably  the  Pithecelobium 
.  Soman,  Benth.,  famous  as  the  "  Rain-tree  •'  of  Peru,  which  watered 
its  own  roots  by  the  moisture  condensed  from  the  atmosphere, 
thus  enabling  the  tree  to  live  in  almost  rainless  regions,  if  the 
reports  of  travelers  are  to  be  fully  credited.  He  hoped  to  make 
further  observations  on  the  Yucca  another  vear. 


November  9. 

The  President,  Dr.  Ruschenberoer,  in  the  chair. 

Twenty-four  i>ersons  present. 

The  resignation  of  Mr.  Geo.  Vaux  as  a  member  of  Council  was 
read  and  accepted. 


i 


Tlw  PiwMont,  Ur.  KcaniiMiuaiuciL  in  tbe  dulr. 
TUt^  DMnbpn  prcMni. 

NdVkmuks  30. 
Tlio  I'r««iik-Dt ,  Dr.  Ri:acue}tBKnu£K,  lu  thr  trtulr. 
Thlrty-4ix  ptrfHonn  pn-wiit- 


I 


.ViW."  oit  Ikr  Avrf.i;(fMf/n  *>/  H'ittaria — Mr,  TlloHAt  MmtAX 
roniArknl  lliat  lutut  |>i-r*<io«  knvw  that  spFcinl  temperaturvA  wvn 
required  |i>  ioBurv  iti«  lEi-rmitiaUoti  of  rarioaa  •««da.  The  con- 
mon  cliK'kwefal  gxTDiinniH  at  a  little  abov«  fVpcxing  |Mlnt,  ■hilr 
ouc  uf  TO  '  wtu*  r>N|Uirr<1  )i,v  nx^t  italmt.  H«at  aftil  moUtutv  hail 
also  a  varyfnir  inlluonoi.'  on  tbe  o[>eDlii|>  or  fMvd-t cmmU,  nome 
rvijulrini;  more  »r  Icns  than  others.  He  exblMtrd  mjiui-  •««<]- 
veeAclx  "f  Il'iVanVi  <rri'-n«i'a  and  n'i'tlaria  /rulem-ent,  tw  illi»trM« 
■  tbe  point  A  box,  tour  inchfe  deep,  irltb  trnuiv  MX-il-n-aM;!*  of 
Chinese  Wiitarin  wa»  )>lace<l  on  a  »hclf  in  n  (.-otil  rw>a>.  A  Are  Iwp- 
peoed  to  be  made  in  the  room  and  kejit  ii[i  ull  ni>flil,  iMil  tbe  nen 
morning  the  capaules  had  hiir>«l,aiid  iH-attiTi-<l  the  m«hU  aul  ii[i«ii 
YMMla  about  the  room.  So  arcat  wo"  llir  run-.-  m'  tiir  emAnoioti 
llialiiome  aoeda  were  projected  tt'ti  fct  rroTn  ii     ^  '  >         .  •,- 

^-■■.i-V.-»K..l  bu.l  I «-.-.i  lifted  Wr<.r.-..v.-.iir.L:  ^^   ■  .  rl, 

..viTlln-   fi.>.i-.in«-li  «M.'.)r"  tlir  iN.x.nn.i    Ir.l    i  ,.] 

fit  l.-;,-l   l«,i  frvt  ri«:iy  IVhii.  I  hr  lll.^  in  .,    i;,.-  i  ,  .     ..  - 

that  had  lieen  throWn  on  to  the  Hi>or  bv  the  explosion  of  their 
com]>anione  did  not  ojH'n,  owiuK  to  the  diHVrencc  in  the  tempera- 
ture of  the  floor  from  tliatof  tbeBlu'lf.  Five  need- veseels  of  each  of 
the  two  apccicH  were  then  placed  togellier  on  the  slieir,  where  the 
tempemtnre  of  the  Ktmonphere  wan  abont  45'^.  After  four  daya 
they  were  examine<l.  The  American  B[>ecieB  bad  all  opened,  but 
without  expellinir  the  seeds,  which  were  fttitl  nttached  to  the  car- 
|»el ;  luit  those  of  the  Chinese  WiHtaria  Mere  ntill  iiiiojienetl.  The 
Cbint'M-  Wiotnria  reipiinsi  a  much  hiiflKT  U'm|iemture  to  opt>n  the 
capfiuleH  llinn  the  Americ-aii,  though  it  might  lie  that  hygrumetri- 
cnl  coiiditionM  wiiidd  vary  the  exait  degree  ret|uired. 

Mr.  .Mitrtindnle  oliiXTved  Unit  the  Keed-veHHels  of  tbe  CbineAe 
Wistaria  wi-re  miuh  more  iiiilurnteil  and  rigid  than  the  AmcricaD 
-IMfeied,  and  reipiireil  mure  force  to  o|ien  thi-m.  He  h.id  noteil 
that  «uih  hunl  seid-vessils  alwiiys  exert.d  a  greater  proj.Ttilf 
power  when  oji.ning. 

C.  S.  Turnhiill.  M.  D.,  and  .1.  M.  Aii.lers,  M.  D..  wor.-  ele.t.-<i 


1880. J  NATURAL  SOIEN'CES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  357 

On  a  former  occasion  he  had  described  three  species  of  Spong- 
ilia  from  a  small  stream  near  Philadelphia,  one  of  which,  then 
named  S.  ientasperma^  but  which  he  now  preferred  to  call  S, 
ienospemia^  exhibited  features  so  exceptional  as  almost  to  claim 
for  it  generic  distinction. 

He  had  since  found  the  S.fragilis  of  Leidy  plentiftiUy  in  the 
Schuylkill  river  below  the  dam,  ( Leidy 's  original  locality),  and 
above  the  dam  a  lacustrine  form  differing  from  that  before  alluded 
to.  A  very  slender  green  species  creeping  along  stems  of  sphag- 
num, etc.,  had  been  received  from  a  swamp  near  Absecom,  N.  J. 
As  it  appeared  .to  be  entirely  without  spined  spiculae  of  either 
class,  he  proposed  for  it  the  name  S,  aspinosa,  • 

From  the  Adirondack  lakes  a  beautiful  species,  believed  to  be 
identical  with  S.  stagnalis^  Dawson,  had  been  received  through 
the  kindness  of  Prof.  H.  Allen.  Another  lacustrine 'foi-m  which 
yet  is  not  quite  S.  lacuslris,  was  brought  from  the  lake  near  Oats- 
kill  Mountain  House  by  Professors  Cope  and  Hunt.  Its  status 
has  not  been  fulh"  determined. 

From  the  cellar  of  an  old  ruin  at  Lehigh  Gap,  Pennsylvania,  he 
had  obtained  four  species,  all  of  which  appeared  to  be  new.  These 
were  all  thin,  creeping  or  encrusting  sponges,  three  of  them  of 
the  birotulate  tj'pe,  briefly  described  as  follows : 

S.  argyrosperma — seed  bod}'  or  sphaerulaj,  large,  silver-white, 
densely  covered  with  radial  spiculce,  the  shafts  of  which  are  long, 
fitout,  with  numerous  long  spines,  straight  or  curved ;  the  rotulae 
at  each  end  being  replaced  by  1-4  strong  recurved  hooks. 

fli.  repens — found  creeping  over  the  stems  and  leaves  of  Pota- 
mogeton  ;  sphterula?  also  closel}-  covered  with  spiculse,  shorter  and 
more  slender  than  those  of  the  preceding  species ;  their  shafts 
nearly  smooth,  the  rays  of  the  rotulae,  six,  eight  or  more,  uniformly 
incurved  like  the  ribs  of  an  umbrella. 

S.  astrosperma — the  sphterulse  have  the  appearance  of  being  much 
smaller  than  in  either  of  the  former  species,  which  is  probably  due 
to  the  fact  that  the  birotulate  spicala;  surrounding  the  real  cap- 
sules are  very  short ;  the  length  of  the  shaft  being  less  than  the 
diameter  of  the  ra^'s.  They  are  rather  sparsely  scattered  over 
the  surface  of  the  nearl}''  transparent  sphere,  suggesting  the  name 
star-seeded. 

The  remaining  form  is  considered  a  variety  of  S.  fragilis,  and 
called  minuta  ;  sphaerula^  much  smaller  than  in  the  type  species, 
the  dermal  and  superincumbent  spiculte  terminated  by  sharp  points, 
while  in  the  other  they  are  universally  truncate  or  roimded. 

A  more  particular  description  with  measureraiuts,  etc.,  is  in- 
tended. 

Mr.  Ezra  T.  Oresson  was  elected  a  member  of  Oouncil,  to  fill 
the  vacancy  caused  by  the  resignation  of  Mr.  Geo.  Vaux. 


( 


nucunmw  ov  Tut  acammt  or 

'.  Morri*.  who  hu  bM«  nacii  iDt«ivat«d  in  noting  ttw  1 
of  aAt«,  oiMcrTHl  ihis  "peciM  mrrytDi;  the  necdte-Uke  Ic«t«« 
ur  tlK  t'"'^  i'l'o  *''*><'  n*"!*!  lui'l  theivnpon  foUovMl  tbeir 
lMba«U>t  until  Iw  fouixl  ii  to  be  qujw  lik«  that  of  tb«  cultinc 
uit  uf  Texxa.  MlajWreMt.  Br.  McCook  harlna  btwn  InfonnM 
of  the  ftboY^  dlM:ovpry,  natle  a  Journey  to  laund  Hrif[hu  in 
the  «Ki]j  fmrt  of  Septeniber,  1  ^140.  tTnrbrtniiatelj  a  aervrv  e*ateni 
•torm  aet  in  lH>rar«  the  Intin  rvncltMl  Tuni'a  Hirer,  and  con- 
tinue*!  duriiii^  hU  oUy  oilli  ^iicli  rigur  a*  utt^rlj^  l<>  jmclude 
ohavH'aliui)  of  lliv  unl-d'Hir  WUatinr  of  ttir  anU.  Hdovvvt. 
by  working  iu  tl»i-  tilutin,  prott-i-lt^l  lit*  nittlwr  j^ntirnl"  and  a 
leiii)>i)rarj  •li<>1t«r,  In-  Man  uiAr  tu  Riakv  ■  atiKly  of  the  intemi 
an'hil«i.'tiir«-  of  a  itMt. 

Thv  o|H!niiig  fruin  tin-  nurfaci-  B|i(M!arDil  to  )w  a  Mngle  iurn>« 
lubolar  i^llcrj',  X,  of  about  two  iiwihrjt  in  U-ng>th.  which  pene- 
tnln)  the  Krouml  nl  an  nnelr  of  ntmr  45  ,  aini  <tnl«ml  a  apbttriital 
clianitirr,  I — n  aort  of  rrotilnilp — abtxit  1|  Jncbra  in  rlianwter. 
Witliiu  llii*  a  frw  anta  wrn-  foiinil,  nothtnn;  morv. 
TtiU  TiiitibaU'  immiitHnicitttti  by  a  short  galling-,  1',  with  a 
Becitiid  clmiulivr  or  rell.  C, 
havinij  uein-'rally  a  o|iberl- 
■■al  aha|ie.  but  laDrv  trre|pi- 
lur  in  outlint?  than  tbv  vim- 
tlbiilt^.  It  waa  otuul  3  io. 
iu  dlauielrr.  WlUiln  thU 
were  Hcvi'mt  (tRiall  maiMrs 
uf  »a  wh«ti-gtBy,  Bbruo* 
pulp  or  pBppr>-  mnterial. 
c^liwly  rroiniblin^  that 
fotimi'liy  him  in  lb.-  large 
I'cllii  or  cavi!*  of  thr  Texaa 
rutting  ant.'  Thio  wm 
■.■viduiitly  ihf  leaf-paper 
formed  by  tbi-  manduca- 
tion  of  tht^pincli-avca.  It 
WKN  «scecH]i»gty  rh^^le, 
I'vcu  more  "o  than  the 
lcaf-pa))er  of  the  Texaa 
At  ta.and  could  not  b«>  kept 
toKcthcr  ill  the  original 
mass  for  examlHaiion.  It 
appeared,  howi>vcr,  to  be 
without  the  dei-ldvil  cellti. 
lar  amin)icro«-ut  flrat  ob- 
M^rvtnl  )>v  liini  In  tbi-  Icaf- 
psiHT  of'  tlie  Texas  ant. 
inlouufof  tbowof  other  liymenopterti,  aa 

'  Pior.  Acaa.  Nat.  Rci.  Pliila..  I8T»,  p.  37. 


1880.j  natural  sciences  of  philadelphia.  359 

December  7. 
The  President,  Dr.  Ruschenberger,  in  the  chair. 
Twenty-three  persons  present. 


December  14. 

The  President,  Dr.  Ruschenberger,  in  the  chair. 

Thirt3--two  persons  present. 

A  paper  entitled  ''  On  some  Lower  Kocene  Mollusca  from  Clarke 
Co.,  Alabama,  with  some  points  as  to  the  stratigraphical  position 
of  the  beds  containing  them/'  by  Angelo  Heilprin,  was  pre-^ented 
for  publication. 

The  Phalanges  of  Bats. — Dr.  Alles,  in  reviewing  the  manner 
after  which  the  phalanges  in  m  immalia  are  enumerated,  spoke  of 
the  propriety  of  including  the  terminal  cartilaginous  tip  to  the 
fingers,  present  in  many  b:its,  in  the  series  of  phalanges. 

Authors  do  not  hesitate  in  naming  the  terminal  cartilage  to  the 
second  finger  in  Rhinopoma  a  phalanx,  nor  sliould  they,  Dr.  Allen 
held,  hesitate  in  so  including  the  terminal  segments  in  other  genera. 
It  is  interesting  to  observe  that  in  MoIoshus  perotis  the  terminal 
joint  in  the  second  finger  is  bony,  and  anchylosed  to  the  first 
phalanx.  If  this  plan  of  numl)ering  the  phalanges  in  bats  be 
accepted,  from  one  to  three  joints  are  present  in  all  the  fingers. 
The  position  taken  by  recent  writers  that  the  Ph^'Uostomidaj  are 
distinguished  from  other  families  by  the  presence  of  the  third 
phalanx  to  the  third  finger  cannot  be  sustained,  since  this  phalanx 
can  be  counted  in  other  families,  the  terminal  joint,  however,  re- 
maining in  them  cartilaginous. 


December  21. 
The  President,  Dr.  Ruschenberger,  in  the  chair. 
Ten  persons  present. 

Note  on  a  new  Northern  Gutting  Ant^  Atta  septenirionalis, — 
Dr.  McCooK  remarked  that  he  had  the  pleasure  of  announcing 
an  interesting  discovery  of  a  species  of  cutting  ant  upon  the 
eastern  central  coast  of  the  State  of  New  Jersev.  The  dis- 
covery  was  made  by  Rev.  George  K.  Morris  at  a  new  watering 
place  called  Island  Heights,  which  is  located  upon  a  swelling 
bluff  on  the  northern  bank  of  Tom's  River,  near  its  mouth, 
three  miles  from   the   Atlantic   Ocean,  in  about   Lat.   40^   N. 


360  PRQCEEDINOli   OP  THE   ACADEMY  OP  [1880. 

Ml-.  Morris,  who  has  been  much  interested  in  noting  the  hnbits 
of  ants,  observed  this  species  carrying  the  needlt-like  leaves 
of  the  pine  into  their  nests,  and  thereupon  followed  their 
behavior  nntil  he  found  it  to  be  quite  like  that  of  the  cutting 
ant  of  Texas,  Atta  fen-em'.  Dr.  McCook  having  been  informed 
of  the  above  discovery,  made  a  joui-ncy  to  Island  Seights  in 
the  early  part  of  September,  1x80.  Unfortunately  a  severe  eastern 
storm  set  in  before  the  train  reached  Tom's  River,  and  con- 
tinued during  his  stay  with  such  rigor  as  utterly  to  preclude 
observation  of  the  out-door  behavior  of  the  ants.  However, 
by  working  in  the  storm,  protected  by  rubber  garments  and  a 
temporary  shelter,  he  was  able  to  make  a  study  of  the  internal 
architecture  of  a  nest. 

The  oi>ening  from  the  surface  appeared  to  be  a  single  narrow 
tubular  gallery,  X,  of  about  two  inches  in  length,  which  pene- 
trated the  ground  at  an  angle  of  near  45°,  and  entered  a  spherical 
chamber,  V — a  sort  of  vestibule — about  1^  inches  in  diameter. 
Within  this  a  few  ants  were  found,  nothing  more. 

This  vestibule  communicated  by  a  short  gallery,  Y,  with  a 
seuond  chamber  or  cell,  C, 
ha    ng  g  n  rally  a  spben 

thau  the  ves- 

t  b  le     It  was  about  3    n 

n  A  amet         ^\  th  n  th  s 

e   e      ai  sn  all  masses 

Abrous 


h  ngra 
I  ape 

mill 


al 

that 

la  ge 

Texa 


Proc.  Ai.arf  Ni  .  Sci.  1  hila.,  187  ,  j>,  S.. 


ifm^ 


^ATI  %\l.  AflK^rK*  or  rHtl.%|ir.|^lttA 


3t'.:i 


'1   t^   •mall   iiiiiiitirr«,  «liL:iit   i-\i-!t\:iliiih%  .iihI   A|i|iari'titl\    *\ii)l' 

f^lk  iB«i««  turiit«  tif  thi-ir  iiortlirrn   allii-*        .\ii«l    hi il>l    ii>>l    f*fT- 

^vftr  thr  tliiiiijhi  fh-it  llii'Mi'  N<-«i  •li*r««-\  i'«initiiuiiitii «  **{  Attn 
•ey4^^f\  -.fi.'i*  ftt^iiM^l  likf  till  f«'«)il«  ri  iiiiiaiil  **X  :\  \i.'iiri<ii«  r.nr 
W^.  iir  thr'i«t  }•%  •••fill*  iiiitti«i.-ir>l  •h.injt  ii|i<iii  iiiiI'A\  ••r:it-l«  ■•itt*. 
«L:i  h  nti*«i  «tirk  tiiwar*!  Mii-ir  i  \tiiii  ti*>ii. 


hii  I  mil  II  .'*. 
T{ti    Trr-ii  li  iiT    Pr    Id  "i  iir\iiiii<.iH,  m  t'i«  •  i..i:i 
K  ^ttT\    |«r*i<r.«  I'll  *•  lit. 
Ttj«    f  ■.;.!■  ii^  jn|-  '•  wt  r.    I'll  -in!!' I  I":    |  'j*!.-  a'  ••!■ 


PBUCKSni  Kith  or  TUB  ACADKMy  Af 


u  Locuiu 


to  Dr.  EugoiK'  A.  Smitli.  SUte  UcologiKt  ot  AlnlMuna,  were  oh^ 
tain^  from  t>vction»  i-xpoaoti  in  tb&t  Statu  on  Kni)iht*»  IlraoA 
DDd  Cavei  Branch,  tribiiUrits  of  Baehia  Crevk  (Darke  Go.).  auS 
from  Wood's  Bluff  on  ttie  Tomliinbee  River,  near  tins  mouUi  of 
Bashla.CrBck,  ami  some  tweiity-vi|;ht  milci'  north  of  Sl  Stephvo^ 
Tlicy  ttci'ur  [»  protMbly  Itit:  DiduMt  nmrinr  U-rtiaiy  ilrpoalu  of  tbe 
8uiU-,  anil  iic-oupj'  u  htirixon  nvarly  |>arallcl  nitli  that  which  U 
ithanuTUTixMl  by  the  foiKils  of  t*pptT  Marlboriitifth  and  PiiMvta. 
way  Kivfr.  Maryland, and  I'amunkry  River,  VtrKiDla-  The  follow- 
tn|{  Miiipicratioii  uf  foBnib  from  the  throe  liiCKlitica  flmt  oauMKi, 
will  bi!Kt  illuittmU>  the  pHlBK)utolngi4-al  relations  of  th«  lauds 
tNiutalU)»|t  them  toward  vnch  oUu-r,  anil  to  tti«  varioua  1 
dvpOMlt*  of  thr  Atlaiitti'  and  tiulfolopoH  : 
Ko«aiU  fh>m  Kni|{lit'H  Brauoh. 

Antartt  itfUinoidet,  Canr.    i  Var.  A.  tultnila,  l^ea.) 

Cijtlierea  NuttaUiopris,  Heilpr.  sp  nov. 
*  Cardila  alluotta  (Btandiniji),  Conr. 
Corbula  ruyosa,  I>am. 

(  v.  onigiug,  Conr;  van,  C.  ijiUnta,  Loa.t 
Ancillaria  (An<iUo}m»)  DutH/loboKii,  Conr. 
Xalica  w/iVcji.  Conr. 
Turbiiiella  (Carirella)  £nri(j'mi.  Deshayca,  sp. 

(  Valuta  Bati'toni.  Desh.) 
l.itnhuc' ilium  Uneiilum,  HHIpr.  »p.  nov. 
n.,f:leU<tria  (Cahjiilrofihonix)  trinodi/era,  Conr. 
Sutarium  ru/iola,  Heilpr.  «p,  nov, 
Fif'ix  iiit-rnlriiilui;  Heilpr.  Hp.  nov. 
Fu-iix  K»Mr,M(M.  Hvilpr.  Hp.  nov. 
/'ifKim  iSln'/ifittiira)  Hubsralariniig,  Heilpr.  sp.  no 
Tornalrll'i  (  TornaliUaa j  Mta,  Conr. 
(hlrea. 
Cylic-xmiUa. 


1880.]  NATURAL  80IEN0SS  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  363 

and  the  small  numbers,  slight  excavations  and  apparently  slugt 
gish  movements  of  their  northern  allies.  And  he  could  not  for- 
bear the  thought  that  these  New  Jersey'  communities  of  Atta 
septerUrionalis  seemed  like  the  feeble  remnant  of  a  vigorous  race 
left  or  thrust  by  some  untoward  change  upon  unfavorable  sites^ 
which  must  work  toward  their  extinction. 


December  28. 
The  President,  Dr.  Ruschenberoer,  in  the  chair. 
Eighty  persons  present. 
The  following  papers  were  presented  for  publication  : —  * 


or  TVS  ACA&IMT  or  [ISM. 

0§tm  (•ifvcJM  dittmnt  fniia  Uwt  or  Knii^it'*  Brenoli  ftod 
Cara  BnmclL ) 

From  an  examltiAtluR  ul  tlie  sUiro  table*  it  wiQ  b«  awn  thst  a 
fiiir  proiHirtJMu  of  tbv  foKaOs  fW>Di  Kui|jtbt'«  nnil  C«ve  BcmndM 
ATK  liflil  in  fouiiuuu  liy  ((ulli  dit]io<t)U,  and  tkervTora  thnre  eui  he 
noKKMifuibleiloulit  itiatUuty  r«f)re*«at  about  c<|nir«lri|it  borixoBS. 
L  OrtbnbllherU>uiMl«acritM^roTnui('yfAi^'^*'  A'vllaUinpiiifau'l  Lmvi- 
'  kucriRHni  liftfalum  appear  to  have  been  obMiBMl  only  at  th* 
former,  and  Plttrntama  mtmiliata  at  th«  Utt«r  locality,  allboujtii 
it  U  higlily  probaMv  tbat  fbnlwr  Invuti^tioo  will  rvvwal  tbeir 
nutiul  preaence  in  both  tomllllM.  Tb«  tlMi-rilMfil  AncneaD  totm» 
Uv  nuloJ.r  tboac  oooiirrinfc  at  \-aTioiM  lii-ight«  on  thv  4'Uibonir 
•xpoaure.  A  compariiioa  oX  itu^<  foraio  wltli  IIhmc  otrtAinnl  by 
Tw>iucy  <KIr«t  Biennial  llKitirt  of  (lie  Gi-olo|{y  nf  AlalMma,  p. 
1411)  frum  llift  U«>lii»  Cmrk  MMrtiuo*  near  L'hortaw  Cfimcr,  sbuwa 
tbe  two  gniniM  to  be  of  n  L-onlfinpciraitmfuii  a|{e,  Tiir  flmm  tied  Xa. 
8  «r  tbnt  aeclion  rmr.  Tuomi*y  iibtaliinl  (aiii(iii|(  (iltu'n)  *|i««les 
lif  "  OtIrM.  Cffltirrna,  Carditit,  Carvinn..,  RuMeUariH,  Aetmm^ 
Volufii,  InfuHitthulum,  uiil  SiJariunt,"  wliicb  appmr  to  have  beoK 
iiliiatluil  with  tlin  a)Mtci4!»  obUtiiKHl  by  I>r.  Smith  from  the  two 
,  iocttlitino  aUtvi*  tiM^iltnntvl.' 

'  Tlie  H|>eciei  enumerated  by  Tuomef  are  Oilrrn  fnmprefirnitra,  Ctrdita 
phinUiitOi,  Rutttthiria  tflnia,  Ai-tO-m  }K,iHaini,  Votuta  Sayanaf  Cardiam 
N%coUfti,a,nAlnfundibnluiiilrui:hiformi».  The Bpecimenn appear tobaTcbem 
mbmlited  to  Mr.  Conrad,  who  considered  the  detenninatioDB  of  Tnomej  bb, 
atleagt  in  part,  imperfect,  >nd  substituted  the  following  specific  oamea  ( Jn*. 
Joarn.  SfUnre,  new  series,  xl,  p.  288)  ;  Oilrra  Caroliii*niu  ispeciea  ttxtax 
tbe  Sautee  <'anal,  Soutb  Carulinai,  VolutiliiAfi  lAlhltt,i]  Tuomfjfi  ide- 
•cribeil  bj  Conrad  [i'n>c.  Acad.  NaL  Sciences,  vi,  p.  44B]  in  1H59  fioiB 
Baabia  Creek),  and  Pruloenrdui  Virginia na f  Tbe  following  remark  in 
pencil  occurs  in  tbe  voluniu  of  Tuumey'K  Iteporta,  contained  in  tbe  library 
of  tbe  Academy  :  "All  dnubtful  except  Vfiirnr.irdia  I'lanicetUi.  T.  A. 
Cunrad,"  Tnoinoy's  Hoittllari-i  rtlnlii  and  Arliran  jiomHiiit  were  in  all 
probability  li'-il'lluriit  Iriaudiftra  and  Tarii-it/Ua  Mia,  wbicb  would  bett«r 
agree  wilb  the  descriptions  of  obviously  tbe  same  fofwilH  as  f(iven  in  Dale's 
reiHirt  '  ('.  S.  Hale  :   The  Qeology  uf  Soutb   .Mabaiua,  Am.  Jouni,  Si-iencv, 


1880.}  NATUEAL  SCtENOEB  OP  PHILADELPHIA.  365 

FossUb  from  Cave  Brancli. 

DetUatium  micro-alria,  Ueilt>r.  Bp.  nov. 

Natica  xtites,  Gonr. 

Nalica  Misnsaippienins,  Conr. 

Pyrula  mullangulalo,  Heilpr.  sp.  qot, 

Pyrula  tricostata,  Desh. 

TurrtleUa  carinala.  Lea. 

Solarium  cupola,  Heilpr.  sp.  nov. 

?  Pleuroloma  acuminata^  Sowerby. 

Heurolotna  moniliala,  Heilpr.  sp.  nov. 

Caimdaria  (fragment).     Closely  allied  to  G.  cariTtata,  Lam. 

Voluta  (Athleta)  Tumueyi,  Conr. 

FuauH  pagodiformig,  Heilpr. 

t\isufi  inter striatuK^  Heilpr.  sp.  nov. 

FuBu»  sublenuin,  Heilpr.  sp.  nov. 

FtisuB  i Sir epni dura)  mibxcalarinuii,  Heilpr.  sp.  nov. 

Leda  protexta,  Conr, 

Cardium  (Prolocardia).    Young  of  C.  Nicolleli?  Conr, 

Oslrea  (same  spedcs  as  from  Knight's  Branch). 
Fossils  from  Wood's  BInlF. 

,  Dentalium  miernstria,  Heilpr.  sp.  nov. 

Natica  timvla,  Com. 

Pyrula  multangulala.  Heilpr.  sp.  nov. 

Turrilella  carinain,  Loa. 

Solarium  cupola,  Heilpr.  sp.  nov. 

Solarium  delphinuloideK,  Heilpr.  sp.  nov. 

Cancellaria  evulna,  Braiuler,  sp. 
{  C.  tortipHca  1  Conr.) 

Pleuroloma  {  Cochlespira  i  rristala,  Conr. 

Pleuroloma,  n.  sp. 

Anvillaria  (Ancillopgis)  subglobona,  Conr. 

Peeudoliaa  oetuula,  Conr. 

PSeudoliva  icaliva,  Heilpr.  sp,  nov. 

Voluta  (Athleta)  Tuomeifi,  Conr. 

Pusus  pagodiformin,  Heilpr, 

t  Fusus  (Levi/uHUn)  trabeatun,  Cnnr. 

Fuaus  inter^triatun,  Heilpr.  sp.  nov. 

Fuaua,  a.  sp. 

f  Cardila  alticoeta  (Blandingi),  Coor. 

Leda  protexta,  Conr. 


$»  nuckKDixoB  iir  the  agapeut  or  [IHM. 

Sllrir  W^'  tv  wvchuiLmI  f»r  (lu  Hm  riupi>o«iU»D  Uul  tbey  h**« 
JliyiJ  iBd«T.  wbti-h  wttulil  W  in  tinmiimy  wiUi  wliat  we  know 
LUiliiililwlai.  th«  <li|t  or  tlif  Itrtlo  in  thik  n>gl<iii.  Ttii*  In  but  loc«Uy 
«r«A  tiwrt.  but  pnttially  indioatcul  in  'tvotmy'9  rvport*,  hut  Jwl(- 
Mc  Ihm  tlie  contour  linM  or  llic  <Tetitc«oii«  foriDation  on  ibe 
4»w»«l  HMiM  apjwndfd  to  the  flnt  ttoc)  bcoowI  Keportii,  nnd  fn>n 
)h«  north  and  tiouth  vections  on  tlie  uinp  of  IMV,  aa  wvll  m  rrom 
ife*  (hciii  obulnt-d  III  MlMiHiti|ipi,  It  nuiftt  b«  In  «  dlnvtloa  we«t  of 
tte  vonttifrn  lint!,  or  in  iitU«i'  w»nl«.  S.  l^  W.  Ilr.  t^Rilth  luta 
fituml  thr  loss  111-  dip  in  n  >Hmth<Tly  dirrctlim  on  Ihv  Tumliigttec 
RiT«>r  ti)  lnj  nlmut,  lU  fwt  to  tb*-  mill-,  wliich  ai^rord*  wi*II  with 
nilg&n]'>t  oLHwnatiunH  nii  tbt>  UpiierConene  aud  Ullgix^mr  fonn»- 

tii<iiH  i>r  AliiiKiKHippi.' 

Fnini  jittlii-oDtulatiintl  tvlib-ni-t-  iiIod*'  Ibe  thn*  I'spfwan-a  [■ 
>)Uc^Uou  mi|:hl  multl.v  ^  toki-n  (•>  rcprviu-nt  ratlicr  an  L'ptiwv  Uwn 
a  Li><*«i'  Edci'ne  luiri;!(>n,  ftir  in  tublitlon  In  ilic  ■|ir(;l«i>  iy|iii-ml  of 
t1)c  Aint-rivon  Middle  Kweav.  or  Clatlionif  grwnp  pro|H.'r  (  Cnlrs- 
rcouH  Olailiome  of  tlilgard),  nnd  to  tli«  now  or  nnd««mlMrd  fnrm», 
wr  haw  tlitt  following  whicti  havt>  not  Iwon  bltti«rlo  mxi|^iK«d  ■• 
heloogiug  to  ihp  rormation.  ami  wliioh.  on  the  contrary.  w*r» 
ori^nally  <le»crlt>e<l  (at  least  Ibo  majt^rity  of  tlvein)  IVoni  di^poiriu 
of  lUlKtT  dat«. 


C»rk«ll* 

<ValoU 

Bandaai 

.    13  .Dd 

41,  frum  th> 

'  Middle  E.n:c 

11. 1' 

■»lu 

n  ^ruoitr 

Fur>«i 

g«,i„ 

rr  Bu»» 

ofJudd. 

Kn 

gbi 

•  Rnach. 

llatioa  lIli*U*ippUa«U.C<. 

.«1(J.A.\- 

8,  Id 

triM.  i,  p. 

14).  orisi 

.I1.T 

IruiD 

the   Vifk 

.l,«ri   10 

iCownrl  gru 

.,..   h.> 

■I»  found 

in  Ibr   Jurkx 

a  <  l>p,r 

Kuwr 

,1  dfpa. 

■• 

Cbt*  Branch. 

Plaarauna  aanm 

a>U.  S«fr\.,  (Mlar 

*l    (.on 

cbulugy.  V 

1.  ii.  i.. 

«1). 

frvia   Ih* 

U.n.i 

bCI»» 

f  Hijhn 

.  (Uw.r  E 

■pnta 

■DO'I  svoloiiit..  Mirldlr 

EuWM-f 

Judd 

.  IDd  H> 

lun  cl»y  ( 

Upp,r  Eo«o 

'(MI 

>*ebad  na 

UiprciH 

>ith 

-hick    lu 

bal   from 

■  canfyl 

.nai.ua  .T 

S.wt 

I.,-.  *n< 

Ed—rd. 

flgurr.  aaJ 

dwh|>(iDii<  tbtrr 

»pf*.r  I 

UT 

to  ba  iw 

Juilili 

Hblr  It"' 

ndi  fur  • 

(•uriiini  lb 

>p«< 

•  Hgurrd  o 

HI.  III.  (1 

f.  IS.  froia  iu 

E«r,. 

»..  .11; 

Ca 

•  Bn...h. 

D<->bi>r» 

((■,^„7(„>W.i-., 

i.  p.  484), 

rnIB  RMb 

nil  and  Cnl«. 

l*mo 

h',  Mid 

1.  K.etnr 

of  do 

big..,). 

f- 

(  Branch. 

'  Kiiiptrd  TuuDd  the  di|i  or  the  JackMii  and  VickiburK  atntta  to  be  frota 
t<)  to  Vi  feet  per  mile  S.  by  W.,  at  "  pohits  where  the  great  ngularity  oC 
aucccHioii  for  a  ouniiderable  Uiataooe  se«mod  to  iadicate  a  normal  confl(- 
uration."     )&.  J.  SciCQce,  new  aeriea,  xlili,  p.  M.) 


1880.] 


NATURAL   SCIENCES   OF   PHILADELPHIA. 


36T 


SECTION  ON  BABHIA 

.  CREEK. 

I 

2 
3 
4 
5 
6 

Hard  Limestone. 

4  feet 

Marl,  highly  fossiliferous. 

25  feet 

Blue  Sand. 

Variable. 

Lignite  and  Clay. 

6  feet. 

Laminated  Clay,  Sand  and  Mud. 

Thickness  undetermined. 

Lignite. 

Thickness  undetermined. 

(Tuomey  :  First  Biennial  Report,  p.  145.) 

Note.— Beds  5  and  6  do  not  properly  belong  to  the  section,  but  "repre- 
sent beds  seen  on  another  part  of  the  stream  below  the  preceding.*'  (Loc. 
cit.  p.  146.) 

The  fossils  from  Wood's  Bluff,  some  15  miles  W.  of  Choctaw 
Corner,  were  obtained  by  Dr.  Smitli  from  a  bed  of  indurated 
green  sand  rising  about  10-15  feet  above  water  line,  which  bed  may 
possibly  represent  the  lowermost  portion  of  bed  No.  2  of  the 
Bashia  section.  Some  support  is  given  to  this  view  by  the  cir- 
cumstance that  at  this  point — Wood's  Blutt* — the  basal  lignite 
(which  in  the  above  named  section  has  a  thickness  of  C  feet)  ha.s 
disappeared,  and  more  especiall}'  (at  least,  as  showing  it  to  possess 
a  distinctive  character)  by  the  general  faciesof  the  rei)resentativi' 
molluscous  fauna.  Although  there  exists  a  close  similarity  be- 
tween the  general  assemblage  of  its  fossils  and  those  of  the  two 
"  Branches  "  of  Bashia  Creek,  yet  the  number  of  peculiar  forms  is 
considerably  greater,  and  consequently  the  aggregate  possesses  a 
much  more  decided  individuality  than  obtains  with  either  of  the  de- 
posits in  question.  Moreover,  I  am  informed  by  Dr.  Smith  that 
the  fossil  fauna  of  Knight's  and  (^ave  Branches  corresponds  most 
closely  with  that  of  bed  No.  4  ^  of  the  Wood's  Bluft*  section,  an 
aluminous  deposit  about  21-26  feet  above  water  level,  and  con- 
taining species  of  Denfaliumj  Tornatella^  Solarium,  Turritella^ 
and  Bostellaria  identical  with  forms  from  the  two  first  named 
localities.     The  disappearance  of  the  basal   lignites  at  Wood's 

'  Section  as  yet  unpublished,  but  communicated  by  letter  to  the  author. 


i 


370  p«ocBEiHtia«  OP  THK  AOAPUT  or  [1886. 

(SilioTOtw  t'l&irbome  of  Hll|niTd)  (bmuitloD.or  wh»l  bas  Wtberto 
been  considered  hs  tbv  \m*f  of  Ihu  Koei-ne  fnrnuiilon  In  Soath 
CftTolina.  Allowing  w  uniform  Hriutlitrly  <li])  of  10  fi«I  to  th« 
mile,  those  anini'  hoiU  inniit  In'  ntiotit  'iha  to  iHO  ff«t  twiow  tfac 
"  bed  of  fn:ta  unnd  "  mrntiiiDoU  li_v  Ttitiinoy  { Ut  Bivnntal  H*iwrt. 
{t.  US)  hh  ncciirrini!  at  BskcrV  DIufT,  a  ftiw  mi)i^  aborf  l*t. 
Stvplii-DK,  <i<tati-d  to  bo  "  rlnb  [u  orsaolo  rvinaiDS.  >di-nticsl  •rlth 
llip  foHoflH  of  Clail<orue ")  «Dd  whif-Ii,  Imiueillftti^ly  kbuvit  St- 
Stephena  (TDoincy,  roc  i-i7.,  ^.  U!l),di)ni  )»<!tii!aib  tbe  wntJEr-llBC 
Tlit§  ai>firiixliniit«  detumthuiliuu  nf  ptwitioo  i^rvn  clo^h  iritb 
t)io  observiitioiw  mndf  in  tbv  northrastvm  |>ortion  of  Uw  cuimiy. 
for  [)r.  Smith  found  by  MCtunl  baromvtric  nii»uuretnvnt«  tliat  tbr 
"olialk  hill*"  (Buhrstono)  ueur  Lower  Pench  Trvc  on  (Ik  AU- 
buiDK  Kivcr,  and  ul  n  looiJit.v  about  T  to  k  mlleB  foutb  of  Choclaw 
Corner,  were  about  ^Au  feet  ut)ovc  Knicdt's  and  Caw  Dnncbev, 
and  tliu  marl  bed  (Mo.  S)  of  Tuomvy'n  Uiiit)il»  vvctlon. 

\Vliotb«r  tliCBe  otdur  Kuwiiv  dviKHit*  iindfj-ly  tlw  bInIT  nt  Clai- 
hitmv  liiu>  not  ,v'ot  Iwon  |in>vi<d,  bat  it  in  Imt  fnir  to  pn-Aiimr  titftt 
they -do.  Liki-wiixi,  it  rvmalHt  bi  bt-  iliown  what  n-Utinn  tliv  tatwil 
lignite  on  lliMhia  Crei^k  Ifearw  to  Die  '' Nortbem  l.li^iU:'*  i»f 
HiVrd. 


Cyttaana  KntUUiopili,  <i   -)>.     I'l.  Su,  Hk   1. 

Shell  eu)>-ellii>tical,  moderately  venlriuone,  ita  eiirface  oovere»l 
with  fine  c-onccntrie  Htriw,  which  are  apt  to  becomo  roughly  im- 
bricate on  the  basal  margin  ;  iimbonos  not  very  prominent,  rsther 
anterior ;  luiuile  conlatc,  deeply  imprenaed  at  about  it»  middle,  its 
outline  clearly  ]>ronounce<l  by  a  sharply  impressed  line  ;  posterior 
extremity  regularly  rounded,  the  ant«rior  somewhat  produced  : 
margin  entire;  |>allial  sinus  somewhat  angular,  pointing  towanl 
the  centre  of  the  shell. 

Length.  I'j  inch.     Knight's  Branch,  Clarke  Co.,  Ala. 

This  «)*cies  most  resembles  amoii^  American  species  of  Cy. 
thrrra  the  C.  Xnllalli,  Conr.,  from  wbieh  it  may  bo  distinguished 
hy  Ihe  gnater  pnHiuction  forward  of  the  anterior  extremity,  and 
by  the  me<lian  depression  in  the  lunnlc.  In  this  last  eharacler  it 
iigrecs  with  C-  Poulximi,  Conr.,  from  which,  however,  it  v«n- 
materially  ilirfers  in  form,  and  in  the  much  lesser  development  of 
the  uriilK>nes. 


1880.]  NATURAL  80IENCE8  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  369 

l^t^B  PottliOlli,  Morton  (Synopsis  Org.  Rem.  Cr«t.  Oroop,  p.  59),  »  companion  of 
0rhiUnd99  Mant'Ui,  Mort.  sp.,  ind,  aeoording  to  Hilgard,  an  ettntially  Vioks- 
bnrg  (Oligooene)  fossil.  Wood's  Bluff. 

€uMtll«rU  tndtft,  Sowerby  [Bvccimum  evuUuin,  Brander]  (Miner.  Conobol.,  iT,  p. 
84),  from  tbe  Barton  clay  (Upper  Eocene)  of  Eogland,  and  Grignon  ("Caloairt 
grossier^)  of  France.*  Wood's  Bluff. 

FUnrotoma  (CooUespira)  orifUta,  Conr.  (J.  A.  N.  S.,  2d  ser.  i,  p.  115),  originally 
described  frem  tbe  Viclcsburg  group,  but  doubtful  wbetber  differing  from  the 
FUurotoma  Mia,  Conr.,  from  the  Upper  Eocene  of  Texas.  Wood's  Bluff. 

In  addition  to  the  above,  there  is  among  the  fossils  from  Wood's 
Bluff  an  immature  Cardivm  (Protocardia),  which  may  possibly 
represent  the  young  of  C.  Nicolleti  (Jackson  group),  with  which 
it  agrees  in  outline  and  general  ornamentation,  or  that  of  (7.  Vir- 
giniana,  Conr.  (Pamunkey  River),  an  undescribed  species,  but  of 
which  a  labeled  specimen  is  in  the  collections  of  the  Academy. 
The  absence  of  asperulations  on  the  posterior  slope  of  the  speci- 
men in  question,  however,  rendering  it  uncertain  whether  they 
were  ever  present,  or  whether  the}-  are  merely  abraded  or  water- 
worn,  allows  of  no  absolute  specific  determination. 

Whatever  ma}'  be  the  palseontological  facies  of  the  deposits  in 
question,  however,  there  can  be  no  reasonable  doubt  as  to  their 
true  position,  since  Dr.  Smith,  as  he  informs  me,  has  traced  bed 
No.  6  (or  the  up]>ermost  bed  immediately  underlying  the  stratified 
drift)  of  his  Wood's  Bluff  section  to  the  mouth  of  Witch  Creek, 
about  2  miles  below  on  the  Tombigbee  River,  where  its  relation  to 
the  overlying  '^  Buhrstone  "  is  made  manifest  in  an  exposure  just 
beyond  the  mouth  of  the  creek.  White  Bluff,  about  250  to  275 
feet  in  height,  beautifully  exhibits  the  white  siliceous  clay  stones 
and  silicified  shells  so  characteristic  of  the  southern  Buhrstone 
formation.  These  occupy  the  uppermost  portion  of  the  bluff,  and 
make  up  fully  1 00  feet  of  its  vertical  height ;  the  intermediate 
portion  extending  to  the  water's  level,  is  mainly  composed  of 
laminated  lignitie  clays,  with  occasional  intercalated  l)ed8  of  pure 
lignite.  It  becomes  manifest  from  what  has  just  been  stated  that 
the  fossiliferous  beds  of  Wood's  Bluff  {et  conseq.  the  ecjuivalent 
deposits  on  Knight's  and  Cave  Branches  and  Bashia  Creek)  must 
lie  between   150  and  200  feet  below  the  bane  of  the  Buhrstone 

*  A  very  closely  allied  species,  the  Tritonium(!)  paueivartcatum  of  Gabb, 
occurs  in  tbe  T^jon  group  ( Upper  Cretaceous— Eocene  ?)  of  California, 
associated  with  Cardita  planico$ta  and  other  characteristic  forms  of  Ter- 
tiary fossils. 

25 


3U  nuKOtaininM  or  the  aoandit  or  [IS 

•plrc,  or  *Ughtly  «xoeediU|t  U,  the  cuul  pntly  eorrcd.  modvrmU 
oontnkdvd.  Uld  Bom«wliat  «x|i«i>ilii))[  At  the  cUrenUy  ;  ouWr  lip 
IhiBi  u)tl  tJiowliiit  iuUrnallv  Iht  extonwl  DnuuneaUliun :  Imw  with 
BiuneTDiM  rDTolving  liiMu),  wbivli  altenuttr  in  ctMnN^na.  ^ 

Lsngtli,  H  incb.     Knigbt's  Bntich ;  Csra  Brxncb,  Clarice  QflJM 


nwu  IkUnUiuw,  a-  ff.     PI.  zo,  «(.  II. 

Sbvll  fititifi>mi,i>lpndiT,romi>ose4lur  about  Ivnc-uutifx  rolati<Nu, 
Um-  llrwt  tbnw  ur  tihich  are  snKiotb ;  wborla  ornanieatcd  with  both 
luof;itm)iDiil  pUi-stiona  sad  n^volTin^  linea,  tbe  lut  of  which  (kboat 
eifcbt  111  tbn  uppi-r  wliorUj  alteritste  wlUi  Oiier  inUrnu^UU*  «trt«- ; 
thtf  tnii^tiidltiKl  |)lif!9tii)n*  diBtilK^  <tu  the  c*rll)!r  witorta,  but 
tH;<-omlu^  luufih  letm  m>  oh  the  bixly-wborl.uxl  iIm'  on«  }>rM-«diiig : 
apt'rtiiru  iilMiit  tilt'  U-ngth  of  spire  :  the  nuinl  AomvwhBt  tortuoiw  ; 
oat^T  till  tliin.  dentate  within. 

Lonjttb.  3  inchM.     Knifcbt's  Bnuii>h;  Cav«  Bnvorb,  CUrke  Gak,-w 
AlalMtua.  ■ 

»ib««iiu«DRMIPUpUSr  I 

Fanu  iBtnUUB*  f)  •nieaalu,  n-  rp.    ?i.  in,  a<, ''. 

8bidl  liirrt'tvil,  of  utxnit  ItMi  viilutiuiis,  thf  Hrsl  ihrcv  wborls 
■mioutli  iu»)  I'tinviTX,  lliu  Kinuliidur  ■tmugty  iiuHtMh'd,  «ntl  lr»- 
rofMMl  by  iiuinerout  fitw  revolting  IIdm,  whieh  tm  Uw  ihhUmi 
|>ortl»ti  i>r  thi'  h<»I>-nlii>r1  idlvmut'-  with  Iiitrnni-iliiit.'  Hin-r  -triir : 
Ixxij-whorl  imprftiHiHl  immediately  l)olow  the  cnrimitiou  (alioulder 
fln){iiliitioii) ;  liiK'S  of  growth  Hinnoiis,  and  n|i|)roximatiiig  the 
chariiL'teriNtic  Hiicx  of  tlic  I'iciirotomidie ;  ap«Tturc  coiiaidembly 
fxci-(iliii^  the  xpirc  in  lunglh ;  coliiinotla  nlightly  arctiate,  and 
lircHt'iiting  »  rndimcntary  fold  at  alioiit  itn  central  (Ktrtion. 

Length.  1^  inch.     Wood's  Blnff,  Clarke  Co..  Ala. 

Thin  H|M'cieB  rcHcniblos  the  /'"«««  l/i/agrialu-  of  DeiibayeK 
iAinmtf:r  «nH«  W'rUhre*,  Bannn  d<-  Pnrig,  II,  jd.  84,  flg».  1.^  and 
Itl)  fnini  the  TariM  luiHin,  bnt  may  W  reudilv  dUtin^iiixheil  tVuni 
thai  s|ii'eif»  hy  iti*  more  Klender  form. 

Sul>Kemi«  STItKPSIDURA.  8waiu«.i.. 
Fbioi  iStT«p«ldaiif  •abwaUriSB*.  n.  pp.     )'l.  iu,  f\iL.  1. 

Shell  9oine»hat  bueeinifi)rm,  whorN  about  eight.  Huh^augular. 
the  tint  three  or  four  !«moolh,  the  remainder  ornament^  with 
t".ih  lonjiitiidinal  lOHtie  and  revolving  striic.  tbe  ialtt'r  showing  a 


1880.]  NATURAL  SCIENCES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  371 

P8EUD0LIVA,  Swainson. 
PMndoUvm  tealinm,  n.  pp.    PI.  20,  fig.  12. 

Shell  buceiniform,  of  about  seven  volutions ;  the  whorls  roughly 
plicated ;  the  folds  on  the  body  whorl  appearing  as  shoulder  no- 
dules; dentiferoiis  sulcus  well  pronounced,  followed  b}-  about  five 
impressed  revolving  lines,  which  slightly  crenulate  the  margin  of 
the  outer  lip ;  revolving  lines  on  the  body-whorl  above  the  sulcus 
almost  obsolete ;  aperture  slightly  exceeding  the  spire  in  length  ; 
columella  callous  ;  suture  deeply  channeled. 

Length,  1^  inch.     Wood's  Blutf,  Clarke  ( -o.,  Ala. 

LJEYIBnCCINUM,  0>ur»  . 
(Amer.  Jour.  Conchol.,  i,  p.  21.     Qemis  not  chaiucterized. ) 

Shell  having  the  general  form  of  Metula^  II.  k  A.  Adams,  but 
destitute  of  all  traces  of  a  posterior  canal ;  a|)erturc  between  bucei- 
niform and  fusiform,  about  the  length  of  the  spire.  This  genus 
is  distinct  from  Buccinanopn  of  cVOrbigny,  under  which  the  Due- 
cinum  (Lseviburcinum)  prorswm^  Conr.,  is  erroneously  clai^sed  in 
the  Prodrome  de  Paleontolo<jie ^  ii,  p.  369. 

LflBvibaooinam  lineatam,  n.  sf .    PI.  20,  fig.  5. 

Shell  fusiform,  of  about  seven  convex  volutions,  which  are 
throughout  their  whole  extent  covered  by  fine,  but  distinct,  re- 
volving lines;  aperture  slightl}'  exceeding  the  spire  in  length, 
sub-canaliculate  anteriorly;  columella  gently  arcuate;  outer  lip 
striate  within. 

Length,  1  inch.     Knight's  Branch,  Clarke  Co.,  Ala. 

This  species  mainly  difiers  from  the  L.  prorsum^  Conr.,  in 
having  the  revolving  lines  equally  distinct  over  the  entire  surface 
of  the  whorls.  The  Murex  {Fusuh  H  Buccinum  auct,)  mitrag' 
for  mis  of  Brocchi,  from  the  Oligocene  and  Miocene  deposits  of 
France,  Austria,  and  Italy,  is  a  closely  related  species. 

FUSUS,  Lamarck. 
FntUl  labtenoil,  n.  np.     PI.  20,  fig.  4. 

Shell  fusiform,  of  about  seven  sub-angular  volutions ;  whorls 
ornamented  with  somewhat  obscure  longitudinal  folds,  about  twelve 
on  the  body-whorl,  which  are  cut  by  several  prominent  revolving 
ridges  comAiencing  at  the  shoulder  angulation ;  shoulder  of  the 
whorls  more  or  less  smooth,  with  an  obscure  median  revolving  line, 
and  a  prominent  sub-sutural  one ;  aperture  about  the  length  of  the 


i 


91i  PROCRKDimiH  or  THE  ACAMEMT  nr  [IXM. 

niuotama  mcnalMU )  fomtthj.    Pi.  30,  Ak.  U>. 

(MinanU  Coneholagj,  II,  p.  10'-.) 

Shell  flmirurm,  ii<-iiininatp,  ol'  about  nine  volutloDf ;  irhari*  tlst- 
tCDed,  lungitit'linnlly  plicBted  and  trsTernod  by  Ooe  n-viihin];  llim, 
wtiloli  |ii-i>oiiti-  crowdeil  on  tlic  voDCave  upper  [lorliiia  at  tbe  wkotls, 
and  nltcntaU'  on  the  I>aBu]  [Hirtlou  of  llie  iKxly-wlwrl ;  *ulUK  bor- 
deml  inreriorly  by  nii  «lcvuled  1ine,wtiicli  in  •mnrwhal  nnmuUtrfl 
lij' tlic  sluuiiua  liocit  nf  (irowth;  »pt'rturi>  \v»»  than  oiKshalf  tl»c 
lenxth  of  abrlL 

Leii^li,  1  incli.    Cave  Branch,  Clarke  Co.,  Ala. 

Thia  Ilruroloma  corriNiponds  nty  closely  wltb  tlw  doacriptloiia 
ud  flgitrM  ot  P.  acuminata  aa  glvea  by  Sowerby  in  th«  "  M)o«nU 
Conoholog}-,*' and  by  Edwards  lu  hlx  mt>no|rn|ib  of  the  ED|i])*ti 
BoMHe  tnoUusoa  { I'alwontograpliical  Socivty  Keporta,  IH&I,  |>. 
iSQ,  pi.  xxril,  flga.  Sn,  b,  r,  d),  and  will  probably  prove,  un  dErvc-t 
comparlHut),  to  br  reffniblp  t<>  that  Mpwicn. 

FTBDLA.  LwanV. 

(F(e»l,i.  SintlMoti. ) 
TrnU  BBluafttltU,  n.  fp-     M.  »>.  fl«.  S. 

Shell  elougated,  aulH<tavirorin;  a)>ex  ut  iipln  obtme,  cotuMt- 
ing  of  thrt-e  amnolh  voliitloiia;  whorl*  alXMil  anrcn,  corond  with 
revt'lvitiii  -.triif,  wliioli  iin-  viTv  flnr  on  the  uii|>or  portion  Ktkd 
shoulder  of  the  body-whorl,  but  lesa  so  and  attenuate  ou  the  baaal 
portion;  lK>dy-whorl  occupying  about  three-fourths  of  the  entire 
shell,  marked  by  two  prominent  and  one  leaser  csriue,  and  a 
single  row  of  creuulations  ou  tbe  shoulder  angulation  ;  the  fourth 
whorl  (the  Urst  one  bearing  ornamentation)  appean  cancellatM) : 
coluinelln  curved. 

Length.  1  inch.    Cave  Branch;  Wood's  Bluff,  Clarke  Co.,  Ala. 

PfnU  triMltaU,  l>t>b>jer.     PI.  !D,  «g.  6. 

(('oquillei>  FoMilCH,  ii,  p.  !iHi,  Atlu,  PI.  79,  fl|^.  10  and  11.) 
Although  1  haw  no  specimen  ttT  I'yruh  Iricostata  for  direct 
comp;iri»"iii.  1  have,  nevcrlholcHH,  but  very  little  hesitation  in 
referrinii  th>-  Ahib.tmn  form  alH)ve  flgnrcd  to  the  sami;  sjnvies,  aa 
it  auri'i's  in  :ill  (■■*-.■  lit i;il  ti-<|H.Tl-  with  thi'  figures  and  descriplioiiH 
of  th:it    lonu    ns   ^'iv.-ii    l.y   Ibshiyos   in   the    ('.-/«.//-■«   fWW/r-^. 

Three  iinim d  -]K!iiuKii»  of  a  J';inil(i  in  the  Aea.iemy  colU-ctioii 

from  Ditx.  Kniiiir.whi.-li  1  Miev.- to  br  ihe /'.  . /,no  i  Oli>..>cen.-T) 
of  It:i!iterol.  -'inu'whal    ri-.>emble  the   Al^diama  H|>ecioR.  but   an> 


1880.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  373 

tendency  to  alternate  in  size;  the  costie  are  arcuate,  not  in  a 

regular  continuous  series,  those  on   the   bod^-whorl  extending 

considerably  below  the  middle  of  the  whorl ;  aperture  about  the 

length  of  spire,  the  canal  somewhat  reflected  ;  columella  covered 

"with  a  callous  deposit,  considerably  twisted  ;  outer  lip  dentate 

"^thin. 

Length,  1  inch.     Knight's  Branch  ;   Cave  Branch,  Clarke  Co., 
^Alabama. 

This  species  greatly  resembles  the  Fusiis  scalarinus  of  Deshayes 
CCoquilles  Fossiles,  II,  p.  574,  PL  LXXIII,  figs.  27  and  2S),  but 
iMTiay  be  distinguished  by  the  lesser  prominence  of  its  cost®,  and 
"fcy  the  presence  of  well  defined  striae  over  the  entire  surface  of 
'fche  whorls.  In  this  last  respect,  as  well  as  in  the  subangulated 
:^orm  of  the  whorls,  it  also  differs  from  the  Fusus  HcalariformiSy 
I^^yst  (Goquilles  et  Polypiers  Fossiha,  p.  504,  PI.  XL,  figs.  5a,  6)> 
Tom  Letben,  Belgium. 

TUEBINELLA,  Lamarck. 

Subgenus  CARICELLA,  r?onrad. 
nrbinella  (Carioella)  Bandoni,  Deshujes,  .«p.    PI.  20,  fig.  Id. 

The  large  species  of  Cancella  from  Knight's  Branch  agrees  so 
:=?losely  with  the  figures  of  Voluta  Bandoni^Desh,  {Animaux  sans 
ertebres^  Bassin  de  Paris,  II,  pi.  102,  tigs.  13  and  14),  from  the 
aris  basin,  that  I  do  not  feel  justified  in  considering  it  a  distinct 
species.     The  American  form  appears  to  have  been  somewhat 
ore  elevated,  but  this  is  probably  no  more  than  a  varietal  cir- 
miiDstance. 

Length,  4  inches.     Knight's  Branch,  Clarke  Co.,  Ala. 

FLETTSOTOMA. 
^anrotoma  moniliaU,  n.  sp.    PI.  20,  fig.  9. 

Shell  fusiform,  elevated,  of  about  eight  volutions,  the  whorls 
^)n8iderably  contracted  above  the  shoulder ;  whorls  ornamented 
ith  a  double  series  of  nodes,  the  lower  much  the  most  strongly 
^veloped,  which  gives  to  the  upper  portion  of  the  spire  a  monili- 
^CDrm  appearance;  surface  of  entire  shell  traversed  by  fine  revohnng 
lies,  which  become  more  distant,  very  prominent,  and  alternate 
:ii  the  median  portion  of  the  body-whorl;  aperture  about  the 
gth  of  spire ;  the  relative  position  of  the  upper  and  lower  nodes 
^Corresponds  to  the  sinuous  lines  of  growth. 

Length,  1  inch.     Cave  Branch,  Clarke  Co.,  Ala. 


PKOCKKVItKM  or   TtIK  ACADKMT   OV  [I8B0. 


TSI  nOTOfl    nATKlI&nB.-IIOTtB    01    TR  ABcaiTscmi  A«> 

Hism  or  THE  AMKKicui  Bun-MAxiiro  Arr. 

FOLTKKOOI    LtrOIDUi. 
ilT  iUt.  IliHttT  C.  McCuOK,  O.  U. 

Aogiut  SUt,  MHU.al  tlic  foutoftbtf  Allc);ben]r  McmmuIds,  m«r 
Altauiui  (BiHIwoinI.  IV),  1  lUHDOVt^fHl  a  ui^t  of  t^\frrgu»  tucidu», 
Mnvr,  Mw  Anirriran  ntprcM-nUtlre  of  lh<t  wMl-kiiown  Enn>)K«]> 
P.ru/mci-nf.  Tlip  lntU>r  in  thn  Amnzrm  "f  Lcgionar;  Ant  ttf 
HiibtT,  anil  ifl  u8nriBti.<(]  with  lliat  BitUior'n  iliikoonrry  oriYitniHtqnd 
ADt-liUls,  the  fena  ■ppllnl  tn  thoso  nraU  in  whicli  i-erUIn  anU 
bAvc  liHHDclitti^l  vrllli  tbum.  iu  «  surt  of  nlAvcry,  uit«  of  aaollirr 
•IMviiHU.  IlutiiT  nuulv  n  full  Hiid  luli>reiit[H({  aci-ouut  iif  (tie  pivd- 
atory  oxaurMioiiK  of  /*.  ru/'<!<<ri>«.'iuif)  iiUmt  inti^twUnit  Iwharior, 
whidi  Fon-l' liiu  rtwntly  fully  eoiiBnntil  uti]  complplcal.  It  U, 
howt-VLT.  of  intcrrnt,  to  rli«;ovi>r  tbr  cxi>t«ncr  of  Itir  munv  halriia 
in  a  closely  &lIio(l  «pe«-ies  in  AnK-riot,  aikl  thin  rvronl  I*  Hufefon 
prpHeotod.  Moroorer,  Ilwre  Arc  Iwrc  •omcdvlAiliof  Architecture 
wtilcli  may  prove  of  \-rI(w  (u  tbcinwlvtit. 

Tilt-  Df*t  of  liiii'Idiw  nlM>ve  rvfcmxl  to  wu  AlluAtvd  In  tbe 
gravidity  xoll  of  a  TAllf>  bel«r«n.'n  tbe  moiinbdnB  And  tiw  4 unfsiB 
IliviT,  Til.'  (iM'l  «-i.^  »..«(!  in  ■■tovrr.  iih.l  li«.ln..l  l--..n  j.!..*.-.!  f<.r 
several  years.  While  passing  through  thv  field,  I  obserred  sevenl 
ants  resembling  at  first  sight  the  common  mounil-mAkera,  Fbrmica 
exae<toide»,  issuing  from  a  hole.  I  stopped  to  note  them  more 
carefnlly  and  saw  a  worker  of  Poli/ergim  htcidtu  com«  out  and 
return  to  the  same  nest.  I  at  onee  began  an  exploration  of  the 
nest,  as  my  time  was  limited,  and  professional  duties  prevented 
extended  studies  of  the  out-door  Itabits  of  the  creatures.  There 
were  four  gates  (fig.  I,  I').  19),  separated  a  few  inchi's  fVora  each 
other.  Two  were  simple  liilmlar  ojienings  into  the  ground,  about 
Ibree-fimrlhu  of  sn  inch  in  dtanirtcr ;  the  others  were  two  similar 
openings  removed  several  inches  from  the  first  named,  and  united 
by  a  worn  rononve  road,  like  a  hnlf  tnl>e.  The  four  were  armngeiJ 
upon  the  are  ..fa  circle.  The  niitun-  of  the  Hoil,  which  wa«  lllle<! 
with  coarse  gravel  and  ntoiie;*,  pn'vent*-d  nie  from  noting  (as  per- 

'   "Natural  IliHtaryof  Ants."     JoIiimod'*  traoilatioa.    London,  IH30. 
■  "  Leu  Kotinnis  de  la  Puimie." 


\ 


«ATi  AAi.  Bi-irsi  K*>  i-r  nut  %i>i:i  i*iii  «. 


•  II 


**  m;«    :  ^ai|  prr\i  tilril  tin- mil*  fr<'iii  iinkiirj    :iii\  "rilitix   nrr.uiji 
"**•■'      *^    «'»lli  r:i  •    ari'l    riNiin*     n    -inrn  «         I'm'    •hin'-t:*     win 
'   atf*-  i«  ri  «|.  |*(ai  •  •!  iifM-  .t*4i\i-  till   lit  III  r    nii  !■  •!  ^'\  *  ■•.*    I'.ir   .*  illri  .<  « 
•.••!»t%»i  i-Ti;*'!"*!!   ^T    li'i*!  !Wili!\    !»■•  flp  *ii  -     ♦'  •      It  ;  '!    '<■    wl.r-  ♦» 

•  •  '  1    m*  v!i  .'t  •  !•  I  irrii  -I        I"li'-  .•■  in  r  il  ■  f-  it  ■•  •■  r    ■•  •    .  —    Mi  iv   '••■ 

•  ■      ■•.    '\T     I      •     "•<iiiliji\irii|>!i'>         '|wi'\i      .':     '■'  !i.    *'■•     *•■ 

'»  <     • '  •    : •■  til  '    '.■  .    .\ I  ri  •!    ih    ■  >!-•  I. .?!  '     •  t- ■   i      i .    •  ■         I •      ji  :.•    i 
.•    :    I'     !  * .       \\  '  •  'I  v..    .  ••'•    *  I    I  J.    '.<'«..  T;   •  ■ .    •  \      .»  ,,       » 

1  w  ■        *  '  •  f  I     II  I «    .  \  I  *  -«•    I      I  ■  I      .  ■•  ■ .     I     T    ■  ■ :  I        • .  /  I ' "      i    '  «  ■     .  ' 

•  ■•'     i     ?'.r.'*'      ■}      »»i'-      •'    •'!\     ••.I'l-       !    I    •••■  •     I  r.- 


'       •  I 


.      v       I    l.<        J'.-l     . 


•     !      .    '.  1 


I     .    • 


.  I  ••       ■•.•.!         \      .     .  •      V  I'-  '•»'..'    I     I*    "i  ■  1  '  ■  i»   •  *  1 

•  •'i-      •%»i"iT/i       f?»«'»'        .\'\\\\.         i|      II-.;  ••■»>' 

»•-.-•'.    -r-i.      ■«."     j;i. ■!•-•«     ••■'.I.  -i  I 

I'       *  •  I?    •31-    ■'   '.•      f,.  ■  .  ^         I.,-.      :i*       11     •      »'     I     •,.'*•',  '        I* 

• » .  •    J*  .  ••  j,.  I  •    tfi  I  •  \*i  •    !•  'i    •    *  i!  1  t*  "  •     ».  .  I  .  -•   ,       ■  •  ■  .  .f   \ 

•  ■        •     '  ■  •         I  'i.    I :    ■  'i«    r-  ■  if    I.-  4   :,-•   •    •     -•     •  ■     "I..     •  •  .  ,r 

' ,       ■  ^*   •   ■   «.  I ,  r .  .    _■  t  •  •  •     .  •     ,  ■ ,     ■ .    '     •   .   '      ,    I    _••'-.■-'.'       -.'..» 

•  ^'  •  •  •  •     ■»  • .  I    I  •     '  I  »•    f  • .  1    T .  :  •  1 1  1    I  •   • .  _•     '  1    I   ,'  I "  ■  •  ■.       K  ■     .  \  • .  •    .      ■ ;      ; 

•  I    '  ir.     Ti    *  \    ^'  I    •  T  ■.   I  •{•  'ii    I    !■   »     »  I'  I   '.•   I  •    •  '  I     .'     '  .       •    I      •  • 
•••«••!     T;«»ri    1*    •'•      ii'i«rii,--?    !►     ■•         !'    -  I'l,'--    *••-    i-. 

•  '       t     ■  'I    '  *■   •  flv     '-^     "1    « '•  •     »'■  t      ••  lit  I   ■  -  I        -    -   .!t.      ■      •     .        '    I  •   • 

■*"?•••'•      :  ••  f    kl    i'     '.   *  ■     •     :• 

z.  !V-t*    f-rrii-     !.   1      • .  ^\    x.'i      •     I     :**!••       •    •    .     .|«         -    .• 
^  •  ^  -^  .  ..I 

^  ■  J    ■•   •'  '  i    •'  ■    •  X     k*  *••    I  I..  -•    -    -   .    -  •.    '      I-    I  ■    ■  -■         ■  -   »    ■■ 

'■"rl*.'«'l'l»\:'.|-iftU-'i'''. •«-■•■■•     *  *      •    .    •»        ■ 

'     •'••*:'  •*'■'•    1-    •■■ "    '   - 1-  1  '  •  •  '       -  ■     .    ■• 

»»  f  •••_■» ^'t    1      »i  •'."»'  ik  \  ■      ■     •  '    r  ■    '  •  •     • 

m*fi»t^"»f'»        •-■.•'■■■. 


I 


•«    .   A 


I  kftw*   r«frfr«*S  *.••  t.'.  •  i:. 


I     .     \^  ■       fc      ^ 


•  •  h' 


,   :v« 


I   lir  TUK  ACAIlKMT   tW 

mnd  altrr  the  o^dkI  toucliiiifc  uiil  (.■roattiuff  of  knUtnun*  Uw  nuu- 
dihl<-«  wrrr  tiuhUv  InlprlitnltMl  <flg.  &.  1*1. 10 1 ;  tht-  bv»A  of  iIh.-  kUvc 
WM  then  nilMil.  and  ■ImuItMMiouiily  tlie  bnly  uf  tbr  qiM«ii  drawn 
tHU.'k,«tnrl>-Uf>(lf|uit4>oul  iDBstnightlinv,  an<ttbrn  (loul>l««l  umlrr. 
the  ■txliiiiutti  being  tbrowo  upwnnl  apparpntly  r««titi|[  agvinot  the 
luMcr  part  o(  tlie  Tacc  and  the  fon^-fwrt  of  the  thonx  <llg.  6, 1*1. 
19).  ]ii  thifl  poalilon  tti<'  btrne  virglu  f|ueeua  werv  varrie'l  ap  th» 
perpendkoaUr  fncu  ur  tbv  ciiUiiiit  for  oigbii^n  or  I  irt-.nt;  inclic*,  and 
iben  for  tht  diatnnoc  of  itlx  fevt  av«r  thi-  gr»itml  aift  tlirtHigli  tb« 
gnu*.  Thf  liniD  imRHiiniiHl  in  thio  jmimv.v  ww*  n  r«w  tMrcuDtl*  tirar 
utM!  miniilt'.  I  (K-i|n«nl.l,voh<wirrv<fltbi««arp<)ngof  thp«ii(ritrt*or 
LiiLntlliH,  in  Lbit  arliflriai  r-oloniM  wliicb  I  altcrwArdn  fonii«l  and 
liroaglit  t(i  Philailiilphla.  The  prore«>t  waH  nnlMtantially  the 
oanie,  although  cti^u  thi'  master  waa  aimpl.v  draggnl  nloiig  lb» 
■iirCnci*.  Mtnv  Ilmii  oiit^e  a  iiUght  tiiiiMialtinn  wiw  ma<le  to  thU 
tnuiluii-iit.  Tbe hIuvm, or nl leant  cfrlaia  individual*  iif  thein  \tor 
I  ani  jwrauaili'd  tbat  anO  lmv«  tbrir  |M-raotial  jHH'utiaritica  of  di»- 
poailliin  nml  mnotU  liko  Inigrr  auimatii)  t<roni«d  at  timoato  luT* 
a  pr^adititngaitiat  tho  prmctiQC  of  tb«  Lttoiduianta  above  urouwl. 
M)d  would  uoetNtnonioiuly  Be!s«  then  and  mrry  thnn  below.  1 
b«v«  •»«&  a  ntiutcr  or  mors  properij'  "  mlatraH,"  tbua  M^rrr*] 
•tveTal  timea,  each  lime  retnrnltig  in  a  ttoftged  M>rt  of  ivaUlanoft,^^^ 
Wi  thi-  win  of  hrr  wr^Htnr.  Thi-M-  i-innirt  muln'^wii  tiMi,  n|>(MU^  j^^^ 
ently  know  aomething  of  the  bitterness  of  bondage  to  a  capricioua 
domestic  "  help," 

The  wonderful  muscular  force  of  tbe  grip  which  Lucidiia  take^ 
with  her  inandiblen  was  thus  illustrated  :  One  worker  had  fpr 
some  reason  fallen  under  the  displeniture  of  another,  who  held  her 
tirmlv  grHS|tvd  b,v  the  middle  thorax.  AiixiouH  to  prcaerre  my 
colony  from  unnecessary  loss,  I  lifted  the  two  out  on  the  |>oint  of 
a  quill  toothpick,  laid  them  in  my  hand,  aud  thrust  the  Rue  point 
of  tin'  i|uill  Iwtween  the  jaws  of  the  aygrcsnor,  and  so  teat>t>d  her 
until  shr  n-leam^  her  hoht  of  hvr  fellow.  The  rcHCui-d  ant  id- 
Htantly  eln-'iMK)  llie  palm  of  my  hand,  thrt-w  her  alidomen  undrr. 
an<l  thuH  with  l«(k  curved  u])  like  an  angry  <'nt,  saweil  and  tu^ied 
at  tlic  -.kill  iinlil  jui  ulimsiiiii  li:id  Im-cii  madi-.  While  watching 
this  oiHi-ulioii  tlic  <>ih>  r  ani  »ux  still  clinging  to  the  ipiill.  and  to 
her  I  tii'Nt  lurni'il  my  attention.  She  was  holding  fiiHt  in  ber 
matidil.l.s  III.'  |H.iht  ..r  the  UM>th|.i<-k.  with  lnr  InhIv  str,-tehe.l 
stniiijhl  ■'111   itiiij   -iHici,  hiT  liiulw  ntreti-hed   oulwanl.  excipt  one 


11880.]  NATUBAL  SCIENCES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  37  T 

iliaps  it  had  prevented  the  ants  from  making)  any  orderly  arrange- 
:x3ient   of  galleries  and  rooms  in  stories.      But  chambers   were 
<:3iscovered,  placed  one  above  the  other,  united  by  tubular  gallerieSy 
extending  down  at  least  twenty-two  inches,  the  depth  to  which 
he  excavation  was  carried.    The  general  character  of  these  may  be 
hown  by  the  following  examples.     Twelve  inches  from  the  sur- 
face the  trowel  uncovered  an  opening  into  a  cavity.     By  gently 
iMremoving  the  earth,  a  similar  opening  was  made  just  opposite 
^ifig^  2,  PI.  19).     When  the  little  bridge  between  the  two  was  cut 
sFmway  there  was  exposed  an  ovoid  room  (fig.  3,  PI.  19),  in  which 
ere  a  number  of  ants,  chiefly  males  and  females  of  Lucidus. 
he  room  was  an  inch  high  at  the  middle,  and  an  inch  and  a  half 
cross  from  wall  to  wall ;  a  tubular  gallery  led  from  it  into  the 
beyond.     Another  chamber,  found  at  ten  inches  below  the 
urface,was  a  large  irregular  cavity,  which  appeared,  on  removing 
smooth  stone,  flush  up  against  which  it  had  been  mined  (fig.  4, 
1.  19).     It  was  three  inches  long,  one  inch  and  a  quarter  high,  at 
be  highest  point,  and  extended  inward  at  the  deepest  point  nearly 
wo  inches.     The  line  of  the  roof  against  the  stone  was  irregular, 
falling  to  seven-eighths  of  an  inch  to  five-eighths,  rising  to  seven- 
eighths,  and  at  one  end  terminating  in  a  gallery-like  extension  of 
alf  an  inch.     A  gallery  opened  downward  near  the  stone  and  one 
pened  inward  at  the  innermost  point.     This  chamber  was  also 
cupied  chiefly  by  males  and  females.     This  sufficiently  charac- 
^rizes  the  internal  architecture. 

Mingled  with  the  Lucidus  ants  in  large  numbers  were  workers 
m  three  forms,  major,  minor,  and  dwarf,  of  the  species  Formica 
chauffussi, 
August  23d,  the  excavated  nest  was  visited,  and  these  ants  were 
<)iuid  to  be  busy  in  part  upon  the  galleries,  which  they  were  clean- 
ing out,  dragging  the  pellets  of  sand  to  the  opening  with  the 
esign   apparently  of  closing  them.     None  of  the  Lucidus  ants 
engaged  in  this  work.     Another  portion  of  the  slaves  was 
ngaged  in  an  extensive  migration.^     A  few  of  the  slaves  were 
^i^arrying  their  fellows,  but  for  the  most  part  the  deportation  was  con- 
to  the  males  and  females  of  Lucidus.     The  manner  in  which 
he  latter  were  seized  and  carried  off*  was  well  observed  and  is  as 
bllows :    The  slave  approached  the  winged  queen  (for  example) 

'  I  have  referred  to  this  migration  in  '^  The  Agricultural  Ant  of  Texas,  ^ 
.154. 


880  piu«:BEnii(u»  or  thk  aoammt  or  [18M. 

anCcnnte  and  opf-n  iDanditilos,  as  thou|;li  on  the  wnlrh  fi>r  [ntrail«r«, 
ami  then  alowlv  retuni  to  tbp  liitorlor. 

Si.'])lpmb(>r  ntli,  Inerit^-Mcvcn  iUy«  nflcr  tin-  iMacovrrr  <if  thi« 
formlciin  ,  I  vrnn  ngnlii  nt  lirllvrnciit,  nn<l  ivrUitwl  1(.  7W  nrw 
nc«t  nc^t-im'fl  to  tM'  tlt>«frtin) ;  t1)i>  (crounil  nronnil  lb«  tcalv*  MvmnI 
l<i  havp  liccn  rm-tillv  tlUlnrtipd  by  a  rinitor.  anil  no  a5l«  wvn 
viHitilf.  TliD  ulJ  a<<»t.  honevi^r,  wan  abuiiitaiitly  jwojilnl,  and 
UDintHTa  vicn  Touiid  two  and  a  half  r<Rft  t>»toiv  tlu*  HurfbM<,  tctai 
wMi-L  I  woH  eiisblt>d  U>  gatiit-r  a  larftu  ooUiny  of  nbvtM  and  wiirii«n 
tir  LuiriduH.  1'liv  wingpd  fornia  wttr^  |[<mif.  Mr.  K'l^ar  Kay,  «rbn 
hu)  (WBisMfi  me  ill  Ihf  rxonvutinim  nt  tlir  tlrot  rtirit,  and  hart  krpt 
an  vjri*  iijinti  tiiu  ticHt,  rvimrK-d  tbat  n  fow  (lay*  after  mv  rtt^rtaiv 
(in  tl]>-  latter  jiart  of  Aa^iixt),  hf  Imd  •'««ii  one  male  awl  <t>vvr«l 
remalei'  taking  flight.  Ttiey  jierchert  npon  grs-wea,  elc,  ami  iheopr 
(lew  /-asiwarrl,  at  a  height  of  forty  or  lift  v  feel,  to  tli«  tTid  of  the 
flelil.  aome  SOO  (V>et  rtialAni.  It  is  [trobahte  thai  aft>>r  thU  maniNg*- 
fllplit  of  tlio  ttexefl,  itie  workera  r«'tur»ed  lo  (he  olrt  hume. 

AfU-r  these  anla  were  coloniEeil,  I  waa  nblr  <»  otiwrTe  M-Trrml 
Ihola,  chiefly  i-unllrnmlory  urthoM  reourdet)  Iiy  Iliilwr,  KoM  and 
othem.  of  the  Humpean  hJi/rrgwi.  The  mnnten  DPTvr  worki  the 
ndony  vra*  ehanj^ed  mveml  times  in  onler  lo  incibt  to  now  work 
in  miiiiiifi  ^lleHea  and  room* ;  iilnnter"  of  LoeidiiH  were  [ilacni  bjr 
tli.'ni-.'lvi's":  !il«a.v«  Ilicv  rri.i»i!i.-.l  i.ll.v  Th.  -W-r^  «,"ii-ht  with 
the  grcfttCBt  industry  and  energy  an  long  as  there  was  any  need; 
the  masters  would  crowd  into  the  galleries,  nnd  move  about  in  an 
aimleas  way,  but  I  never  could  ti-ace  any  attempt  either  at  direct- 
ing or  aidini;  in  the  work.  So  also  I  never  xaw  one  attempt  to 
eat.  Sugar  was  fed  freely  and  the  slaves  freely  partook,  antil 
they  became  gorged,  and  their  abdomens  grew  transparent  with 
the  pouched  supply  of  liquid  sweets.  The  masters  strode  over 
the  grains  of  xugnr,  and  even  when  I  had  supposed  that  I  bad  |>ns 
pared  them  with  a  good  apjielite  by  previous  fasting,  they  partook 
of  noihing.  Yet  they  are  in  good  condition,  and  evidently  well 
fed.  They  doubtless  are  fed  by  the  workers  who  must  diagorge 
the  fo<Hl,  as  when  feeding  larva',  callows,  males,  females,  and  even 
each  other.  1  have,  however,  never  yet  ween  the  actual  imxaing  of 
nutriment  from  one  to  another,  although  often  obsen'ing  I.ueidua 
and  SchauITU'*''!  in  the  [Kistun'  which  is  commonly  assumed 
when  this  mode  of  eiinveyiug  foot!  is  lieing  practiced. 

In  galleries  and  rooms  the  Lncidi  haiigupon  the  sides  or  to  the 


1880.]  NATURAL  SCIENCES  OF  PHlLADELPniA.  379 

bind  leg,  which  was  a  little  bent  upward.     Thus,  without  any  per- 
ceptible support,  except  that  which  her  jaws  gave  her  upon  the 
quill  pK>int,  she  hung  outstretched   for  several  minutes.     How 
long  she  would  have  kept  this  position  I  know  not,  for  I  dropped 
her  into  the  nest  by  clipping  off  with  scissors  the  point  of  the 
uill,  which,  after  hugging  fiercely  for  a  while,  she  finally  abandoned 
an  unresponsive  and  unworth}''  foe. 

In  the  course  of  the  above  migmtion,  one  queen  was  seen  to 
-^sist  carriage  so  vigorously  that  she  was  final!}-  dropped,  and, 
^fusing  to  give  the  slave  a  hold  upon  the  mandibles,  was  seized 
the  wing  and  dragged  off.     The  Lucidus  ants  seemed  to  have 
o  volition  in  nor  direction  of  this  movement.     I  released  a  num- 
r  from  their  porters  during  various  stages  of  the  transit,  who 
Iways  wandered  about  with  a  confused,  aimless  and  irritated 
until  again  seized  and  borne  off  by  slaves. 
The  locality  to  which  the  formicary  was  being  thus  transported 
as  about  six  feet  distant  from  the  gates  of  the  original  nest.     It 
as  either  an  old  nest  or  a  portion  of  the  one  just  disturbed.    The 
'uarters  at  least  appeared  to  have  been  formerly  prepared  and 
<;cupied.     The  gates  of  the  nest  were  placed  in  one  sloping  side 
^d  in  the  angle  of  a  deep  cross-furrow,  and  were  quite  well  con- 
^aled  by  tall  grass  and  clover,  tufts  of  sheep-shaw  and  various 
:Knall  weeds  (see  fig.  7).     In  the  angle  of  the  furrow  was  a  cleft 
the  earth  nearly  two  inches  long,  one  end  of  which  was  rounded 
a  gate  of  the  size  and  character  of  those  first  described,  and 
"ti  the  other  end  into  a  smaller  similar  vertical  tube.    This  entrance 
so  well  concealed  by  grass  that  I  did  not  see  it  for  some  time 
^  fig.  8,  PI.  19).     Two  and  a  half  inches  diagonal!}'  above  this  was 
lateral  cleft,  three  inches  long,  from  a  half  to  three-fourths  of  an 
cli  high,  and  penetrating  into  the  earth  laterally  at  various  points 
j^'  galleries.     The  stalks  of  grass  growing  upon  the  side  of  the 
lope  above  sent  down  their  roots  through  the  roof  of  this  cleft  vesti- 
ule  into  the  floor.     On  one  side  of  the  cleft,  half  an  incli  above  it, 
as  an  entrance,  with  a  dome-shaped  vestibule.    On  the  other  side, 
ree  inches  above,  was  a  fourth  gate,  openinjr  under  :i  round 
tone.     While  some  slaves  were  engaged  in  dei)orting  tlieir  For- 
ica  fellows  and  Polyergus  associates  into  the  new  home,  others 
busy  bringing  out  straws  and  sand  as  thoutjli  proi)aring  the 
^'alleries  and  chambers  within.     Occasionally  a  Lucid ns  worker 
'^vould  show  herself  for  a  moment  at  the  gate  with  outreached 


382  PROOKKliTNIlH  OF  TRE  ACADEMY  OF  [ISfit^ 

ftppenr.  Various  experiments  eslaljlished  the  fact  thnt  ncune  of 
those  Biave-niakers  (apparently)  alwajs  keep  on  giwrd.nnd  thai 
certainly  some  are  ready  to  spring  at  once  to  vepel  any  attack. 
For  example,  one  of  the  slave-making  Formica  nanguinea,  found 
til  the  same  neigbborhood,  was  dropped  into  the  PolyergUB  colony. 
The  hostile  presence  was  inntaiitly  discerned  and  a  Lucidtis 
wwrkiT  sprung  upon  the  Saugiiinca  and  HeiKert  ht-r  near  the  throat. 
Several  wlaves  ran  to  the  flray,  and  took  part  by  sefzing  legs  and 
antenna*  of  the  intruder.  Not  wishing  such  an  nneqiial  conflict,  I 
lifted  the  pHncijKtl  combulantsont,  having  teased  away  the  others, 
and  set  tht^m  down  to  fight  it  out  fairly.  I.iicidus  had  Saiigiiinea 
grasped  liy  the  faoe  at  the  eye  witli  her  mandibles  when  flrsl 
rotnoved,  This  was  not  satisi'aetory,  for  slie  began  cautiously 
and  deftly  (o  release  her  hold,  preparing  hernelf  meanwhile,  mt 
that  with  a  quick  snap  she  seized  her  foe  by  the  neck,  tlien  tiirniKl 
up  the  abdomen,  and,  as  I  suppose,  ejected  poison  upon  tin?  fiict. 
and  month  of  Sanguinea.  I  separated  the  two  iM-fore  either  had 
been  mortally  hurt.  However,  Lucidiu  had  lost  the  Itagciluni 
of  one  antcniin.  I  put  Iter  Itack  into  her  neat.  The  battlo-flcarped 
warrior  htwl  no  sooner  struok  the  soil  which  ah«  bad  so  gallantly 
defended,  thun  she  was  violently  seised  by  a  slave,  and  draped 
up  and  down  by  her  sound  antenna,  the  poor  jointless  scape  meun- 
white  thrust  oat  and  waving  plteously.  The  late  exalted  niea 
and  ferooiouB  aspect  were  now  gone,  and  the  warrior  cringed  her 
body  and  drooped  her  limbs  like — it  is  no  mere  &ncy  word-paintiog 
this — a  sullen  criminal  in  the  hands  of  a  policeman.  The  two 
disappeared  from  my  sight  in  the  mouth  of  a  gallery ;  but  half  an 
hour  afterward  I  saw  the  same  warrior,  whom  I  recognized  by  the 
mutilated  antenna,  in  the  clutch  of  one  of  her  scarlet  fellow- 
soldiers,  who  was  moimted  upon  her  back  and  holding  her  by  the 

I  am  happy  to  record  that  two  days  thereafter  I  saw  the 
same  veteran,  evidently  again  in  "good  odor,"  perambulating  the 
surface  of  the  formicarj'.  It  is  probable  that  in  the  battle  her 
body  had  been  tainted  by  some  odor  peculiar  to  her  adversary, 
which  had  made  her  obnoxious.  It  may  he,  indeed,  that  the  lose 
of  the  upper  part  of  the  antenna  may  have  impaired  recc^^ttioD, 
and  BO  caused  this  hostile  treatment.  At  all  events  I  could  Dot 
but  wonder  whether  any  thought  went  through  the  little  creatare'a 
brain  analogous  to  our  meditations  upon  the  ingratitude  of  Bepnb- 


1880.]  NATURAL  SCIENCES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  383^ 

lies,  and  the  vanity  of  military  glory !     This  incident,  and  many 

other  observations,  go  to  establish  that  in  the  fupction  of  the 

warrior  is  the  true  economy  of  this  ant.     The  manner  in  which 

her  European  congener  Rufescens  makes  her  raids  upon  the  nests 

of  Formica  fuBca  and  F,  cunicularia,  marching  in  solid  column, 

and  conducting  war  with  activity,  intelligence  and  success,  may 

be  read  in  the  fascinating  pages  of  Huber  and  Forel.     There  is  no 

<loubt  that  our  American  species  has  precisely  the  same  habit. 

Jtfr.  Joseph  Jeanes,  a  well-known  member  of  this  Academy,  has 

<iescribed  to  me  the  raids  of  an  ant  observed  b}-  him  upon  his 

oountry-place  at   Fox  Chase,  which,  from  his  description  of  the 

insect,  without  a  specimen,  I  should  have  little  hesitation  in  identi- 

lying  as  our  F,  lucidui<. 

The  slaves,  however,  are  not  deficient  in  the  combative  faculty 
They  spring  to  repel  a  hostile  attack  as  freely  and  fiercely  as  the 
snasters.     They  do  this  independently,  too,  just  as  they  conduct 
"their  mining  operations,  and  their  ability  to  wage  successful  war- 
:£are  seems  to  be  quite  in  keeping  with  their  martial  spirit.     Dr. 
IDarwin  has  conjectured,'  that  the  slave-making  instinct  may  have 
originated  from  the  unintentional  rearing  of  pupae  collected  for 
rfbod,  who  proving  themselves  useful  and  congenial  inmates  of  the 
:mest,  suggested  the  collecting  of  pupte  to  be  reared.     Thus  origin- 
ated  a  habit,  which  by  natural   selection   was  strengthened  and 
:xnade  permanent,  and  finally  increased  and  modified,  until  an  ant 
^^¥as  formed  as  abjectly  dependent  on  its  slaves  as  P.  rufescens, 
"Whatever  credit  we   may  give  to  this  ingenious  hypothesis,  it 
snust  be  said,  that  in  the  case  of  our  F.  Schanff'ussi,  natural  selec- 
"^ion  has  not  operated   to  degenerate  the  soldierly  courage  and 
^Maculty,  and  remand  the  duty  of  defense  to   those  associates  in 
"^¥hom  the  military  faculty  has  been  specialized.     In  other  words, 
^f  Ijucidus  has  become  specialized  as  a  warrior,  dropping  an  origi- 
^Kial  disposition  and  ability  to  labor,  her  slave  has  not  become 
specialized  as  a  worker,  nor  dropped  her  combative  faculty,  but 
SBeems  to  be  possessed  in  all  respects  of  the  normal  habits  and 
^mature  of  ants  erf  her  species.     At  least  I  could  trace  in  her  no 
effects  of  slavery,  other  than  the  strange  association  with  and  care 
^Df  her  abductor.     One,  therefore,  who  accepts  Dr.  Darwin's  sug- 
gestion, must  allow  that  natural  selection  has  wrought  toward 
specialization  in  one  section  of  the  colony,  but  has  been  suspended 

*  Origin  of  Species,  p.  26. 


384 


PHOCEKDINOS   OF   THE    ACADKMT    Ol" 


[181 


in  its  o|)ei-atioD»  upon  the  other  suulioii.  It  is  duiibtlXiI  if  the 
anomalous  conditions  thus  i-aiaed  by  Dr.  Darwin's  explanation, 
be  not  more  difficult  to  explain  than  the  original  conditions  to 
which  the  hypothesie  was  applied. 

It  iB  important  to  note  the  wide  distribution  of  this  insect  anroae 
the  American  Continent.  Dui-ing  the  summer  of  1ST9,  wbilu 
encamped  in  the  Garden  of  the  gods,  studying  the  Honey  and 
Occidental  Ants,  a  uest  of  Lucidus  was  discovered  just  inside  my 
tent  door.  Its  gate  wan  &  simple  opening  into  the  ground,  into 
which  both  Lucidus  and  her  slaves  were  frequently  passing. 
There  was  a  similar  opening  under  a  small  bush  about  three  timi 
distant.  The  slave,  or  worker,  was  hei-e  jji-ecieely  the  smmv, 
J-'ormica  Schatiff'/msi,  which  is  found  so  often  in  the  compouDd 
nests  of  both  F.  mngairea  and  Lncidua  in  the  Eastern  SUtea.  On 
one  oocnaion  [  captui'ed  a  slave  carrying  a  winged  queen  from  one 
opening  lu  another. 

A  compansDuof  a  huuidus  taken  at  Hell  wood,  at  the  foot  of  the 
Allegheny  Mountains,  Pennsylvania,  with  the  Colorado  speeimens, 
shows  no  difference  except  tiiat  the  Pennsylvania  examj>le  is 
slightly  more  robust  and  of  a  somewhat  darker  color.  The  pecu- 
liar uniform  gloss  which  give^  the  American  ant  its  siwcific  or 
varietal  name,  as  distinguished  from  the  duller  color  of  the 
Eur(.j)eini  lipi-cioH,  /'.  r„/r-',;'„s,  niark.s  i-qiijilh'  th,-  Kasieru  and 
Western  representatives.  The  European  ant  is  decidedly  smaller 
thau  her  American  congener.  The  Colorado  F.  Schauffuggi  is  ot 
a  more  uniform  and  darker  brown  color  than  the  Allegheny 
Mountain  specimen. 

I  have  no  sjiecimens  of  Lncidua  from  points  intermediate  of  tke 
localities  above  named,  but  no  doubt  the  species  is  spread  over  the 
whole  of  our  Continent.'  That  it  carries  with  it  its  characteristic 
habits,  even  its  favorite  domestic  servant  and  associate,  and  that 
in  these  respects  it  exhibits  the  habits  of  its  closely  allied  congener 
of  Europe,  affords  another  interesting  point  in  the  geographical 
distribution  of  our  insect  fauua. 

'  P.  rt(/cae#n(  of  Europe  baa  not  yet  been  found  in  thewMm  plalosof  tbs 
South  of  that  Continent.  (Catalogue  Bmobt-Fobrl,  p.  «M^  Hltth.  d. 
Sohweizerlscben  Entomol.  Oesellschaft. )  It  would  be  avaluabla  oonbi- 
bution  to  our  knowledge  of  distribution  were  we  to  know  whatbar  or  not 
P.  hicidvi  is  found  in  our  Southern  States.  We  might  ventme  the  ■■»• 
logical  prediction  from  the  above  babit  of  its  European  oonganer,  tbat  it  is 
not  found  in  the  Oulf  States. 


1880.]  NATURAL  SCIENCES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  385 

OK  THE  TEMPORAL  AND  XAS8ETER  MUSCLES  OF  MAMMALS. 

BY  HARRISON  ALLEN,  M.  D. 

Systematic  writers  have  described  the  temporal  and  masseter 
xnuscles  in  mammals  as  being  distinct  from  one  another.  I  hope 
"tjo  show  that  they  are,  in  the  great  majority  of  forms,  parts  of  the 
same  muscle. 

I  have  found  in  my  dissections  that  the  temporal  muscle,^  as  a 

:x'nle,  has  a  deep  and  a  superficial  set  of  fibres.    The  deep  set  arises 

dtrom  the  floor  of  the  temporal  fossa,  and  makes  up  the  greater 

;M.>&rt  of  the  muscle.    Most  of  the  fibres  unite  to  form  a  tendon, 

"^rhich  is  inserted  upon  the  apex  of  the  coronoid  process  of  the 

lower  jaw.    Many  of  the  fibres  which  do  not  so  unite  are  inserted 

xapon  the  median  surface  of  the  coronoid  process ;  others  again  are 

ontinuous  with  the  superficial  fibres.     The  superficial  set  of  fibres 

rise  from  the  temporal  aponeurosis.     It  is  continuous  in  the  main 

ith  the  deep  fibres  of  the  masseter,  and  the  fibres  are  inserted 

'•Jipon  the  lateral  surface  of  the  coronoid  process.     A  partially 

^3istinct  slip  arising  from  the  median  aspect  of  the  malar  bone, 

nd  the  ridge  on  the  squama  over  the  external  auditory  meatus, 

«   an  accession  to  the  superficial  fibres,  but  possesses  a  tendency 

o  unite  with  the  fibres  of  the  deep  set  in  the  anterior  portion 

f  the  fossa.     These  fibres  may  receive  the  name  of  the  supra- 

ygomatic  portion  of  the  masseter.     They  are  inserted  at  the  base 

f  the  coronoid  process,  forming  a  thin  glistening  tendon  within 

nd  a  little  posterior  to  the  anterior  border  of  the  body  of  the 

asseter.     The   supra-zygomatic   slip  is  merged  with  the  large 

nperficial  mass  in  the  dog. 

I  believe  that  I  have  detected  as  part  of  the  general  plan  of  the 

asseter  muscle,  when  well  developed,  that  it  is  composed  first 

f  a  tendino-muscular  layer,  rising  tendinously  from  the  anterior 

►art  of  the  zygoma  or  the  maxilla  near  the  infra-orbital  foramen, 

nd  is  inserted  muscularly  into  the  angle ;  second,  of  a  nearl}' 

ertical  laj^er,  tendinous  below  near  the  angle,  muscular  near  the 

j-goma ;  third,  of  a  nearly  vertical  layer,  having  a  disposition  to 

come  tendinous,  both  near  the  angle  and  at  the  malar  bone ; 

urth,  of  a  smaller  layer  occupying  the  fossa  on  the  lateral 

mirface  of  the  ramus,  and  which  exhibits  a  glistening  layer  of 

^  For  convenience  the  temporal  and  masseter  will  be  held  as  distinct  in 


^9  i>KorKRiiiN>m  or  trk  ArADictiY  or  [IStO. 

mp|>enr.  VKriouit  flxpcrimvnbi  esinliliiilivil  tbi-  Tnct  tlut  *om*  oT 
Hiv*e  nilmw-maiken  (apparantly)  alwH>-«  krvji  >in  ft"""! ■"'■■I  U**^ 
certainly  tome  ari>  ready  to  spring  at  ont-u  U*  rt-pr)  any  attack. 
For  i>xaai|i1e,  one  of  tlie  iilare-loakinif  Furmiva  Mingutneo,  fnnnd 
in  tlie  aainn  nelKliburhoftd,  was  ilropjMHl  Into  thi>  PaXyrrgaa  rokiaj. 
Ttie  li(t§lll('  pri^MfDof  WH>  Inatantly  iliacenitfd  and  a  Lnt^iilna 
witrkisr  Mprui)|i  upon  the  Sannrniiira  and  •iriJtwl  hrr  n«ar  Uif  Ihniai. 
8«v«ral  ■Inrcfl  nui  tu  tbo  lYny.  and  tr>ok  )inrt  by  wicinji  It^K*  aad 
anUmnK'  of  tli(>  Inlnidcr.  Not  wiahing  S4icli  an  iin<x)Uiil  t'ntillict.  I 
liftml  till'  pHnctpal  vombatanU  out,  having  teawd  away  tU<r  nthnra, 
and  trot  tlicui  down  to  fiirht  it  out  fairly.  I.uvldrM  had  .Sa»puin*« 
grasped  bv  th«  fiiw  at  tho  oyo  with  Iwr  nundibk*  wh<in  6m 
KtDUvvd.  Tblf  wa«t  not  AatiaOvtory.  for  slw  bcuan  cnutioiMly 
and  deftly  to  ivltiur  tier  bold,  pr^parlnft  lnTAeir  meanwhile,  mi 
that  with  n  quick  anap  thv  M-iM-d  hf  r  fiM>  by  tin*  ni-ck.  then  lumnl 
up  the  nbdi>tni-n,  ami,  ■«  I  nupiHiae.  (•Jt-clRd  puliutn  upiiti  thv  favr 
anil  mnnth  of  Sangtiinca.  I  aepan>li.M  tlir  two  lM>run.'  ttUbrr  had 
hi>fR  mcrtatly  hurt.  However,  Loiciiliia  had  loat  Iht-  Ita^llnm 
(if  iiDi-  antfiina.  1  put  ItiT  liai^k  Into  her  ne^t.  Th4>  liaUlr-acsrml 
warrior  hud  n>i  aoont^r  iitruub  tin-  ti»il  whJcb  ^bif  bad  ao  ^lautly 
derended,  tbuii  aht' waa  vtotenlly  Ht;i»pd  by  a  iilavi-.  and  draggMt 
HI*  and  dnwii  by  Imr  Himiid  antenna,  the  ]iuiir  Jotntliwa  M»|ie  ■■««>• 
"^rhllc  Uiraat  out  antl  wn\-itiir  pltroui'v.  Tin-  Inti-  i-xsllnl  mien 
and  ffioeioiiH  nH|i(H:t  were  now  j;one,  and  the  warrior  crinf^  her 
body  and  drooi»ed  her  limbs  like — it  is  no  mere  fancy  wonl-paintin^ 
this — n  miUen  criminal  in  the  handii  of  a  policem.in.  The  Iwo 
disappeare<l  from  my  Big;ht  in  the  month  of  n  )^llery  :  but  half  an 
hour  afterward  I  «aw  the  name  warrior,  whom  I  recoftnited  by  the 
mutilated  antenna,  in  the  oliiteh  of  one  of  her  scarlet  fellow- 
Holdiers,  who  wnw  mounted  iiiwn  her  Iwick  and  holding  her  by  the 
neck. 

I  am  bnppy  to  reconi  that  two  daya  thereafter  I  aaw  the 
Nimie  veteritn.  evidently  again  in  "good  wlor,"  perambiilatint;  the 
Hiirfnee  of  the  tV.nnieiiry-  It  i»  prolwible  that  in  the  battle  her 
ImkIv  had  l-een  tniiiled  liy  some  oilor  jR'culiar  to  her  adveraary, 
wliieli  liiid  iimde  tivr  obiioKJoiH.  It  may  l>e.  indeed,  that  the  Iomr 
of  llie  iipiM-r  part  of  tlie  anteiiiia  may  have  iiiii»aired  n-cotmitiun. 
and  so  eaiiMtl  tlii*  hostile  tnatment.  At  all  eventa  1  could  not 
but  wcmdvr  whether  any  thought  went  through  the  little  rreature* 
bniin  aiKilugour<  to  uiir  meditations  upon  the  ingratitude  of  Repub- 


1880.]  NATURAL  80IEN0ES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  389 

)f  this  vein  lying  between  the  masseter  and  temporal  masses, 
)ehind  the  zygoma.  The  central  tendon  is  thicker  at  the  root  of 
he  zygoma  and  the  bone  over  the  external  auditory  meatus  than 
inj  other  locality  in  the  temporal  fossa. 

The  masseter  has  fine  layers,  closely  resembling  those  in  the 
l<^.  The  deepest  layer,  namely,  that  one  whose  fibres  occupy 
he  ramal  fossa,  has  a^  much  thicker  aponeurosis  than  the  other 
ayers,  the  anterior  portion  of  the  first  alone  excepted. 

In  the  opossum,  Didelphys  virginianus^  the  superficial  fibres  of 
he  temporal  are  everywhere  thick.  The  aponeurosis  is  well  de- 
veloped. The  Bupra-zygomatic  slip  is  not  distinct.  The  deep 
portion  of  the  muscle  exhibits  a  white  glistening  tendon,  which 
loes  not,  however,  extend  as  far  as  the  orbito-temporal  septum. 
?he  anterior  portion  of  the  muscle  is  made  up  as  is  usual  by  the 
inion  of  the  deep  and  superficial  portion.  In  addition  to  its 
orming  the  slip  passing  down  to  the  front  of  the  base  of  the 
oronoid,  it  sends  a  powerful  bundle  to  the  median  side  of  the 
oronoid,  a  thin  movable  layer  of  muscular  tissue,  which  passes 
n  front  of  the  coronoid,  between  the  medio-coronold  and  pre- 
oronoid  portions. 

The  masseter  is  highly  tendinous  superficially.  The  tendency 
o  cleavage  is  not  pronounced,  and  the  continuity  of  the  deep 
bres  with  the  superficial  fibres  of  the  temporal  is  very  noticeable. 

In  the  squirrel,  Sciurus  hudsonicus,  the  superficial  portion  of 
he  temporal  is  less  distinct  than  in  man,  and  the  supra-zygomatie 
lip,  while  demonstrable,  is  not  large.  The  superficial  tendinous 
%yeT  of  the  masseter  arises  from  a  spur  on  the  maxilla  below  tlie 
afra-orbital  foramen.  It  passes,  as  is  usual,  downward  and  back- 
rard  toward  the  angle.  This  layer  does  not,  as  in  most  mammals, 
arm  the  entire  superficies.  A  second  layer  arises  from  entire 
nferior  border  of  the  zygoma,  which  appears  to  be  lost  upon  the 
aregoing  about  midway  between  the  zygoma  and  the  angle.  Upon 
aming  this  last  layer  downward,  the  third  and  last  layer  is  seen, 
rhich  is  continuous  in  the  ordinary  manner  with  the  temporal 
Ibres.  The  arrangement  of  fibres  on  the  median  surface  of  the 
nandible  was  not  examined. 

In  the  North  American  porcupine,  Erethizon  dorsatus^  the 
nasseter  consists  of  a  superficial  set  of  fibres  arising  tendinously 
Trom  the  malar  bone,  and  passing  downward  and  backward  to  the 
ingle  of  the  mandible.     It  arises  from  the  anterior  three-fourths 


M4  PRivcBnuMOH  or  ths  aoadbit  or  [ISW. 

in  its  0{>erations  upim  tb«  otiii'r  acotinn.  It  U  iliwUruI  If  the 
uiomuloufl  oondttlcin*  ibus  miHiHl  by  Dr.  ])ar«riB'>  PxiiUDBtioa, 
hv  Dttt  mure  difficult  lo  r-x|iliUti  thiui  thn  original  coixlitloOD  to 
wbioh  thr  hypoUicHiii  wjm  applitnl. 

It  U  importAnt  to  note  tlio  wiile  Hist  rib  tit  ion  of  this  inwvt  aeroM 
tlir  Amoricaii  CootiDent.  Unriag  the  summer  of  IttTt,  whU* 
«D(»mpoI  in  the  tiardon  or  the  K'^''  Htodyinfi  tb«  Hone;  and 
UMitleiital  Anta,  a  iu'et  of  LuclduH  wua  diM^ovurt-d  Jiul  innidi-  my 
teDt  door.  Its  gat«  wbh  a  tiiinplc  opening  into  tliu  groand,  iuU) 
wLiab  both  LiUoiduH  nml  b^r  idtivt'it  wert  (Vi--iittnitly  puwlnj;. 
Tlinn-  WAK  a  aimHiir  u]>«-i)ing  undvr  n  Htnall  l>u«li  abont  tbn-«  fMit 
dixtnnt.  Tin-  alnvc,  or  Korkor,  wnn  berc  prroiMly  the  cuae, 
^'irrmion  Srhau^'uMxi,  tvliicli  in  found  so  ottea  in  tb«  compcNiDd 
»ir*t»of  both  F.  Mmjuinea  and  Lui-idus  in  Lbe  Eaat«ni  Statca.  (ht 
oni>  ouciiHlun  I  cajitiirvil  &  alavc  carrying  a  winged  qimni  fttMn  oiw 
opeDlU]{  to  another. 

A  fHui[)arI»ODof  a  Iini-iduo  takeu  at  ItL-llwood.at  the  footof  Um 
AUvgUnuy  Mountain*.  I'cnmtylvuniK,  wllb  the  ('oinrado  ■t|N.'<-iineDa. 
allow*  mi  dlOi'mnt^  uxticpt  tlial  thr  rpimoylvania  oianipttf  U 
•llglilly  iiiorv  robnitt  and  of  n  ■•onicwhiit  darker  color.  The  pv-ca- 
liar  uniform  glow  which  gives  the  American  ant  ila  apvoiOc  or 
rarictal  name,  aa  diatinguiahed  n-ow  the  dalt«r  color  of  tba 
"^EiiropeBU  apoHea,  P.  ru/e»frnH,  raarktt  M)utill>-  the  Kaatem  awl 
Wf-iti-ni  ivi.ri-r..-iit;iliv,-H.  Tin-  l-:iir.-|«-.in  util  i.,  il.-.-id.:.ilv  •nwll.-f 
than  her  American  congener.  The  Colorado  F.  SchauffuM  ia  of 
a  more  uiiifonu  and  darker  brown  color  than  the  Allegheny 
Mountain  ti|tecimen. 

1  have  no  ttjiecimcnx  of  Lucidus  from  |>oiiito  intermediate  of  the 
loralitiett  above  named,  but  no  doubt  theaptrvieH  Im  iprvad  over  the 
whole  of  our  Continent.'  That  it  <-arn<«  with  it  ita  cliaracteriatic 
liabitH,  even  ittt  favorite  domestic  servant  and  associate,  and  that 
in  tliew  res[Ht-tM  it  exhihiiH  the  habitu  of  itx  clo»ely  allied  oongeiter 
of  Kuro]H',  Htl'uniK  miothcr  intcrcstinfi  |>oint  in  the  gfogrii|ibi«Kl 
dintrihution  of  our  inject  fauna. 

'  /'.  rtifrtrti.i  lit  Kunipo  lias  not  yet  been  round  id  the  warm  plmlna  ol  tfae 
Siiutli  of  Hint  Continont.  (('iitalu);nu  Emoht-Fuhbu  l>.  UO,  Hitth.  d. 
Scliweiz«ri>M-lien  Entomnl.  ileHellHcliBtt,  i  It  would  lio  a  valuable  roatii- 
bution  to  our  kncimledKe  of  diHtriliution  were  we  to  knuw  whether  or  not 
/'.  I'leidui  in  fnuiul  in  our  Southern  State*.  We  might  Tenture  the  ano. 
liitiical  prediction  from  thealwvc  habit  of  itH  Ei>r<i|ieAn  canf[aner,  that  it  ih 
not  found  in  thv  Oulf  StalPH. 


1880.]  NATURAL  SCIENCES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  391 

It  will  be  seen  that  the  plan  of  the  muscles  is  the  same  as  in 
other  mammals,  but  is  remarkable  for  the  muscles'  subdivisions 
remaining  distinct  from  one  another.     In  rodents  having  the  large 
infra-orbital  foramen,  the  masseter  muscle  is  described  as  having 
a  separate  portion  passing  there  through.    Mivart,  in  his  Elements 
of  Anatomy,  page  309,  says,  in  this  connection  :   "  In  certain  ro- 
dents, 6.  g.y  Lagostomus  and  the  Agouti,  the  masseter  divides  into 
three  portions,  and  traverses  (that  is,  one  of  these  portions  tra- 
Terses)  the  singularly  enlarged  infra-orbital  foramen/'     This  is  a 
correct  expression  of  the  view  usually  taught.     According  to  the 
plan  of  description  followed  in  this  paper  the  masseter  of  Ere- 
ikizon  in  nowise  differs  from  the  muscles  of  the  same  name  in 
other  mammals,  except  in  the  extent  of  development  of  the  layer 
"to  which  the  pre-foraminal  fibres  belong.     I  have  had  no  oppor- 
"tnnity  of  examining   Lagostomus^  but  it  is  probable  that    the 
inasseters  are  much  alike  in  all.     The   porcupine  is  further  of 
:interest  in  the  extent  of  encroachment  of  the  muscular  fibres 
"mipon  the  orbital  space.     Both  masseter  and  temporal  appropriate 
large  surfaces.     It  is  noteworthy  in  addition  to   find  that  the 
;j)Ost-orbital  process  is  here  purely  muscular  in  significance.     It  is, 
indeed,  imbedded  in  muscle.    Notwithstanding  its  size,  the  process 
%as  no  septal  significance  in  this  rodent. 

In  Coehgenys  the  temporal  is  thin  in  the  temporal  fossa  but 
"^hick  and  massive  on  posterior  wall  of  the  orbital  space.  The 
superficial  layer  and  supra-zygomatic  slip  are  distinct.  Raising 
%hese  two  portions  of  the  temporal  from  the  temporal  fossa  no 
smascular  fibres  are  seen  beneath.  A  distinct  tendon  becomes 
"Visible,  however,  underlying  the  junction  of  the  superficial  and 
^upra-zygomatic  portions  In  the  orbital  space  the  superficial 
;(>ortion  is  exceedingly  robust  and  extends  medianly  the  entire 
^epth  of  the  posterior  wall.  The  temporal  is  inserted  into  the 
Xower  jaw  as  follows:  The  superficial  portion  arising  from  the 
liemporal  fossa,  and  the  zygomatic  portion  are  inserted  through 
%he  main  tendon  upon  the  apex  of  the  coronoid  process  ;  the  orbital 
;fx>rtion  upon  the  median  side  of  the  same  tendon  and  the  median 
^urfkee  of  the  coronoid  its  entire  length. 

Comparing  the  plan  of  this  muscle  to  the  others  described  it 
^3iay  be  said  that  the  deep  part  of  the  muscle  is  absent,  unless  the 
greater  bulk  of  the  orbital  portion  is  assigned  to  the  deep  part. 
Xt  has  been  generally  found  that  the  deep  and  superficial  portions 


SM  PHOCKKDtlfGe   OF  TDK   ACAtKHV   Or  [IStfO. 

timdon  at  tile  origin  fVom  the  malar  bone  The  Ohm  twncath  tbte 
Kre  oontlnuoufl,  in  most  mamnmU,  with  the  aoperiloial  Uyar  of 
fibres  of  the  temporal  muiclc,  Indiidinif  the  AupnMEygotiuiliD  allp, 
wbich,  in  some  uiilmnb,  la  d!«U»(;t  in  prtfiil  |utrt  trom  the  flbr«« 
urbIni;n*omtbetein)funilapum-uruiiiit.  Tbf  t(iaM«t«rprv»viit*s  gi-u^ 
ral  reRemblniict!  to  the  inl^rnal  ptiTj'goiif  miiMck,  wltii-h,  wberei  er 
examjtb-il,  IiM  itliown  ttifHu  imjHTruct  Rllrm[it«  at  pUiutI  vJrttvag*. 

Tbix  oiitliiiP  being  borne  in  niin<I,  it  may  be  well  to  turn  bo  Uw 
descriptions  employvd  by  writers  on  comparative  analiim}'. 

The  descriptionti  of  the  mii«cles  in  Meckt^l  <  Vi-rgloirlL  Atut-t 
iv,  496)  are  very  |;eneral.  The  temporal  In  said  to  be  i:oven-d  by 
a  conspicuous  apoueurosis;  the  muaele  to  !«  more  iir  leM  ba- 
slisped,  KDd  )(n>dualty  narrowvd  from  above  dowuwanl.  Tbti  tna*- 
aetcr  U  tiald  lo  be  divided  ordinarily  into  an  outer,  t*H))(rr,  atuiitcr 
and  Btniiii;hi  layttr  and  on  iuiier,  shorter,  weaker  layer,  in  which 
(he  tlbrKM  are  more  or  leu*  obliriuely  jtlaced  from  above  downward 
and  Ixtfon^  buckwanl, 

Cuvier  (Le;on>  d'Anat.  Comp..  2d  Ed  ,  iv,  Imv  I'art,  <H  tn/ra) 
dewribee  the  tem|>oral  io  the  a|)0«,  bats,  InBcctivora,  ro<)cnts,  t«o> 
toed  ant-eater,  hog,  rumioanta  and  the  cony.  None  of  tbv*e  Incluilea 
Iht!  nrnuigemeni  of  flbiva  above  given.  It  U  tnie  itial  in  Ih*.-  anU 
ealfr  the  maaaeter  and  lt!m|Kiral  miuielMi  are  untte<l,  but  no  detail 
of  Mil-  fhanwliT  of  Iln.'  iiriii.ri  ii  pri-«.-nled.  Mivnrt  (Kli-mvnia 
of  Anatomy,  310)  repeats  this  atatement.  It  is  evident  thf»t  the 
union  of  the  muscles  is  here  tlioU};ht  to  be  exceptional.  Cuvier 
and  Laurillard  further  describe  the  masst^tcr  in  the  bats,  rodenta, 
artiodactyles,  anUeater  and  the  cony  as  composed  of  two  jMrtiooa, 
a  zy^romatic  and  a  maxillary.  The  former  is  present  in  all ;  the 
Ifitter  ieseen  in  the  rodents, artiodactyles,  theantn^ter  and  theconv. 

Mivait  (I.  c,  p.  300)  describes  the  masseter  in  Lagottomun  and 
Danyprorta  as  follows,  as  of"  great  devi'lopment :"  '*Tlie  maaiieter 
iit  <iividf<i  into  three  portions,  and  traverses  the  singularly  en- 
lari:<'i|  iiirr:i.orlHt!d  foramen  sjioken  of  in  dettcrilnng  the  skeleton," 
Aic'inlinsr  to  Ihe  interpretation  iistd  in  lliis  i>a|HT,  the  nia»mul»*r  in 
roilt'iils  liu-;  wen  fewer  sulxliviKions  than  in  some  other  mammals. 
Of  lli.-e,  al  leiisl  one  only  lui.i^eK  in  such  direction  as  to  }M.'riuil 
t!i.:  eN.|.r.-^i.)ii  llmt  it  ■■triiver-'es  the  infia-orbit!i!  furamvn  ;-  and 
this  |i:irl  is  nut  sej.irubjt.-  from  .ill  llicflbR-s  lying  oil  a  plane  lowir 


p:irl  is 

n..t  «'piral.]i-l 

r.>m  .ill  llieflbR's  lying  on  a  plane 

tli^il  1 

f  lli.-zvf;omii. 

he  .ie- 

ri[,lio..s..fCn^ 

vrnnd  l.aurillard  of  anim-ds  ]  ba^ 

■Ctfi. 

luty  be  here  .■].i 

oniized  : 

^ 


1880.]  NATDRAL  SOIKNCIS   OF  PHILADELPHIA.  393 

conspicuouB.    In  Artibeus  the  superficial  fibres  occupy  the  anterior 
half  of  the  fossa.    In  Desmodua  the  fibres  are  confined   to  the 
Yja,  2.  anterior  portion  of  the  fossa ; 

^^  they  are  weak  and  unimportant. 

The  Bupra-zygomatic  slip  over- 
lies  the   tendon'  of    the   main 
^'^    muscle  above  the  zygoma.    In 
Lonchoglossa     the     muscle    is 
poorly  developed  throughout. 
The    superficial  fibres  are  re- 
^  duced  to  mere  rudiments.    The 
Bupra-zygomatic  slip  is  present. 
The     deep    portion    docs    not 
'  reach  the  vertex. 
iJtJi;  HBMeier  mnnis.  Themuscles  in  PteropinebatB 

resemble  those  in  the  American 
leaf-nosed  forms.  The  superficial  fibres  are  confined  to  the  anterior 
third  or  half  of  the  temporal  fossa  as  seen  in  Pteropus  mediua, 
Bpomophorus  and  Gyonycleris  amplexicaudala.  The  supra- 
zygomatic  slip  is  relatively  smaller  than  in  the  Phyllostomidffi. 
In  Megaderma  frons  and  Fhytlorhina  bidens  the  parts  bear  a 
general  resemblance  to  the  above  group.  The  supra-zygomatio 
slip  is  absent  in  the  latter  species. 

In  Molossus  the  superficial  fibres  are  enormously  developed,  they 
entirely  cover  the  deep,  and  arise  from  a  continuous  osseous  sur- 
face at  the  vertex  which,  being  broad  anteriorly,  narrows  gradually 
toward  the  occiput.  The  fibres  arising  from  the  vertex,crest,  when 
such  is  present,  are  those  belonging  to  the  superficial  set.  The 
supra-zygomatic  slip  is  present.  A  similar  arrangement  is  seen 
in  Noctilio,  in  which  form  the  main  mass  of  fibres  possess  an  un- 
usually deep  set  central  tendon,  and  the  superficial  layer  extends 
bachward  along  the  line  of  the  vertex  to  the  occiput.  Lasionyc- 
teris,  Atalapka,  Vesperus  and  Vexperugo  have  an  arrangement  of 
the  temporal  fibres  similar  to  the  above  but  vary  in  the  degree  of 
development  of  the  anterior  slip. 

To  sum  up  the  knowledge  possessed  of  the  temporal  muscle  in 
the  Chiroptera  it  may  be  said  that  the  deep  portion  is  most  ex- 
posed in  Pteropus  and  its  congeners,  and  the  family  Pbyllos- 
tomididte,  owing  to  the  small  development  of  the  anterior  fibres. 
In  Vespertilionidffi  and  Molossi  the  deep  portion  of  the  temporal 


•tss  PBocuoiNoti  or  thk  acadkmt  or 

iiiftswt«fk  Bbreit.  Itjoip*  Uxr  auiwrflclftl  flbrmnn  n  ltn«wttfa 
■•Mrottdlrl  procMB.  The  do'i  fibre*  famiiih  «  brilliant  tMidoa, 
wbieb  estenda  fonnrda  <|UiW  to  tbt  orHtoi* mpora)  ■vpton; 
thoa  dllfiiring  vtrikiDsljr  tttm  the  uTangcmant  in  man.  Ttir  d««p 
llbrM  ftra  ftirthwr  Men  to  be  Imp^rfwtl;  tllOtreiitlBtwl  Trnm  ihil 
internal  pterygoid  mnflole. 

the  tDMuler  mou'tc  l>  comiMMoil  or  tbo  followlntc: — 1st-  JL 
layer  arising  aponctirollavllj-  from  tbn  aijt«rinr  tliinl  of  th«  KyitOki 
rniULc  «roh,  anil  |)ualng  ol»H«|wIjr  doimwanl  «n<l  Iwekwar-l  t« 
anglD.  S().  A  b.>or  rMomhling  tbn  ron-goingi  it  aritM  frotn 
sygumatjo  arcb  at  iU  middle.  Tbe  llhrre  ar«  nearly  vrrtimi  i 
rail  tcnillD(m«ly  at  thi.*  uiglu.  M.  A  layer  arbiinff  tntdiac^ 
miiM-tilariy  tr-ut  tbr  [loeteriur  Ihlnl  of  titc  zygomatic  arch.  '~~ 
aiirva  an  iRM-rted-Dpoa  tlic  upper  lialf  of  the  aaeendlng  runm  dfl 
the  lower  Jaw.  Thnaelayen 
anterloriy  ;  tndMrO.  anr  tn(ti«U»- 
giiUhsblo  at  tlx-  anterior  borrlrr. 

In  Itie  dog  Uif>  Mnprrflclal  flhns 
aromncb  IvtUrr  di^vwlojied  thaa 
t-iltier  tbe  macacioe  or  mAD,  u 
coror  tn  tbe  deeper  Sbna, while  tb^f 
dii  not  torn  «t  uy  fiat  a  «ti| 
xyp>m«tf(5  "Up;  tli«  (remral 
rangrriifint  of  IhiUi  irmjmrnl  and 
miidiiitrT  mtisrli>«  n*  in  ntlicr  tnUB* 
mnl'.  Tbr  TnaE«et>'r  •.■xhjbita  ate 
ili-ii\ uiri-H,  of  whit'h  till*  laat  Of 
itui'iH-»t  iHTUpif*  till-  fiw^a  oD  the 
outer  Miirfnce  of  thr  ramua.mnd  ii 
■lirvctly  c-ontiniionAwith  tht?super> 
&cM  fllTof  of  the  tfmixinJ  ,  flir,  !>. 


Ill  tU-  c 


.  y<i. 


u.p.,..r.iinuKH«-inn=iKhin.hinJih.  anperficial  fibres,  as  in  the  dog, 
.■ir).  ('■■u/aBiiiarii.  cnmplelcly  conccnl  tbedeepfitim. 

Vx'^'^iH""!"'"'"'!'''"-  '^^''  ""pra-r-vftomatic  slip  is  tieanti- 

\.\.\.  Su|--rnii>i1  miifw[,rie  fiNn'.  wps-  fuJly  liislincl.  Itiunchfs  of  a  «m- 
»"\  V  TX miiu'hvn'iri  "d"  nuiw'r.  out  «!''<■"*""'  vcnulf  which  Can  lif  m'<>n 
i™DF>rr«iv,  lying  njMin  tlit-  niipiTncinl  portion 

diHapptar  ahrniitly  ns  they   appr<>:iHi   the   n\'\>fT  bonier  of   ibe 
siipra-zvi;omntic  t«lip.     Subfoqiiently  ilissci-tion  detects  the  trunk 


1880.]  NATURAL  SCIENCES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  395 

tnasseter  will  be  found  to  be  variable.  The  parts  in  the  masseter 
of  the  Virginian  deer  (  Gariacus  virgimanus)  presented  essentially 
the  same  features  as  in  the  calf.  The  superficial  layer  of  the  tem- 
poral resembles  that  of  the  calf,  but  the  main  tendon  is  small  and 
is  without  muscular  fibres,  as  it  lies  behind  the  orbi to-temporal 
septum.  The  superficial  portion  is  small.  It  lies  behind  the 
coronoid,  in  the  posterior  superior  portion  of  the  temporal  fossa. 

It  must  be  said  that  the  human  anatomist  seems  warranted  in 
treating  the  masseter  and  temporal  muscles  distinct.  Qnain,  in- 
deed, affirms  that  some  of  the  posterior  temporal  fibres  arising 
from  the  temporal  fascia  blend  with  the  deep  fibres  of  the  masse- 
ter, but  the  union  of  the  muscles  in  man  is  a  rare  anomaly. 
Macalister  (Muscular  Anomalies  in  Human  Anatomy.  Trans, 
of  the  Royal  Irish  Academy,  xxv,  1872,  18.)  has  met  with  it 
but  once.  I  have  seen  it  once  ouly.^  No  mention  is  anywhere 
made  of  the  presence  of  the  supra-zygomatic  slip.  It  is  quite 
likely  that  it  may  be  occasionally  seen  in  the  cellulo-adipose  tissue 
above  the  zygoma.  Of  the  presence  of  any  peculiarities  in  the 
anthroj^oid  apes  in  these  muscles  I  am  uninformed. 

The  arrangement  of  the  superficial  layer  of  the  temporal  muscle 
in  man  is  very  similar  to  that  seen  in  the  quadruped.  This  layer 
arises  from  the  temporal  aponeurosis,  and  while  thin  posteriorly 
is  thick  anteriorly,  behind  the  orbital  septum.  If  this  layer  of 
fibres  be  divided  posteriorly  and  the  anterior  portion  turned  for- 
ward, a  thick  radiated  tendon  is  displayed  beneath.  This  is  the 
tendon  of  the  deep  set  of  fibres  which  here  as  in  quadrupeds 
constitute  the  mass  of  the  muscle.  The  fibres  of  the  superficial 
and  deep  sets  are  continuous  behind  the  orbital  septum.  This 
method  of  displaying  the  temporal  muscle  has  been  for  many 
years  employed  by  Prof.  Joseph  Leidy  in  his  demonstrations  at 
the  University  of  Pennsylvania. 

From  the  above  examination  I  have  come  to  the  following  con- 
clusions : — 

(1)  While  it  is  convenient  to  separate  these  muscles  it  must  be 
remembered  that  in  many  mammalia  the  tendency  is  for  the  mas- 
seter and  temporal  muscles  to  unite — the  deep  part  of  the  former 
being  continuous  with  the  superficial  part  of  the  latter. 

*  In  a  dissection  of  the  muscles  in  a  mulatto  child  at  teim,  I  found  the 
deeper  plane  of  masseteric  fibres  arising  from  the  external  surface  of  the 
temporal  tendon. 


of  Uif  lower  bonirr  of  Uic  inRliir  bono,  tbc  uiiUn  lower  Ixin 
(Jip  tiionnouti  infra-orbiUil  fornmnn.     lU  Itm-rtion  1»  not  i 
uji'tQ  till-  sngle  but  tbo  nicdiKD  eurfBcr  of  tho  nunus  u  wl>11. 
Iu*>t-uMmi-(I  inscrtiou  occurs  a»  follown:  Tim  mUrrior  uilite  of 
titiiitcle  licODlucs  stout  and  broatl  n»  it  npproftrbi-*  tlu 
Ujrdor  of  Iht  bouc  In  IVoDt  of  tbo  xngl<r.     It  wind*  i 
tionler,  n-ceivlDg  aa  it  does  eo  a  lari^  aocvMion  trom  th«  Miglr,  ' 
Knd  a  portion  of  the  s<tJfto«nt  niodUn  »urftc«  ftom  tbe  lower  jaw. 
TbU  portion  of  the  mttSMitci  Uca  below  tb«  >«  on  thv  »oft  p*rta 
of  thf  nook.    In  addition  ti>  th«  above,  a  lon^.  alouu  fnaifom  ^ 
liellj'  in  iniitirt«d  \ty  fluHhy  tlbn-a  nt  a  point  lialf  wa>-  up  tbe  r 
lu  ffont,  and  ntMivo  the  ttppcr  Itonli-r  of  Ihr  Snaertitfu  uf  Um  i 
tvmal  pterygoid  niiuii;lif. 

IVopntb  tbf  eiiiwrDQial  Qbrva  jiu>t.  dr»i-rilicd,  tlic  auuiwirr  I 
£n-ltiiion  axIiilMl^  tlii>  iiitiuil  ti-udin»nn  Otirps  ariain^  t^m   I 
anifle  and  i)aa»iDK  upward  aod  forwant.     Tlie  tbin)  oel  ia  of  g 
lia|Kirtaiu-H  lu  thia  aidmaL     It  nitret-'s  witb  tbe  gniM^nU  plan  i 
amntfviiient  io  otber  tnammnia  t-umiliivd,  l>ut  la  renariuible  fi 
l(a  i-xtonl.     It  arimt*  from  llii-  Iuwit  luid  niMllan  border  of  t 
r.yciinia  by  tvndlnouii  flbrca,  fmm  tli«  ■tdo  of  tlut  maxlUa,  at  K 
iiniKnl  n^gioD  and  Miipm-orliiUil  ■iirfiu.'f  of  tho  lAmt  tmite  by  Su 
slipK.  also  lloahj'  Trom  tbo  uppor  concave  bordi^  of  tbe  lygi 
where  flbrofl  form  the  unpra-xvKomBlic  «li|>;  tnidinoii«  and  flralq 
from  the  ant«nor  and  lower  half  of  the  inner  wall  of  tlic  orbit. 
Tilt'  insertion  of  this  set  of  fibreH  is  u\Km  tlie  ramus,  l>etweon  tbe 
angle  and  the  sigmoid  notch.     The  anterior  part  of  the  insertion 
is   rounded  and    tendinous.     It  lies  bcnesth  tlie  com-S|>onding 
bonier  of  the  surperOeial  |)ortion,  and  rt^ceivea  tbe  flbres  ])asaing 
through  the  infra-orbital  foramen.     The  remaining  portionn  unite 
to  be  inserted  as  already  indic-ated. 

The  temporal  muscle  itossesees  a  BU])erl1cial  (wrtion,  which 
everywhere  covers  in  the  main  muscle.  Its  a]>o»enroHis  arinea 
from  the  vertex,  the  upper  Itorder  of  the  iKtslerior  half  of  the 
orbit  and  the  jtoHlerior  and  ii))iK'r  half  of  the  inner  wall  of  the 
same  depreHsion.  It  thus  covers  in  tlie  post-orbilnl  process  of 
the  frontal  lione.  It  is  inserted  entirely  n}K)n  the  main  tenijim, 
and  receives  n')  fasieubis  from  the  mosselir.  The  .ieep  or  main 
portion  extends  ils  H|>oneurosis  forward,  t'>  W  inserti-d  stoutly 
U)>'iii  the  |K>Ht  orliital  proccns  of  tlie  frontal  Uiiu'.  A  tliin  a|H>- 
m-urt'sifi  (lasses  downward,  Ihenoe  to  tlie  mandibU-  Uliind  the 
coronoid. 


18S0.]  NATURAL  SCIENCES  OF  PHILADELPHTA.  397 

The  following  reports  were  read  and  referred  to  the  Publication 
Committee : — 

REPORT  OP  THE  PRESIDENT 
Fob  the  Tbab  ending  Novembbb  80,  1880. 

Nothing  has  occurred  during  the  year  to  disturb  the  Society  in 
its  usual  course.  It  is  a  source  of  satisfaction  that  its  financial 
condition  is  better  now  than  it  was  at  the  close  of  last  3-ear. 
Although  its  current  income  is  not  yet  quite  equal  to  the  sum  it 
needs  or  desires,  it  still  remains  free  from  debt. 

The  effort  begun  more  than  a  year  ago  to  collect  subscriptions 
for  the  purpose  of  establishing  a  maintenance  or  working-fund, 
has  not  been  as  successful  as  was  expected.  The  aggregate  of 
subscriptions  is  now  $2(580,  of  which  $1550  have  been  paid.  It 
may  be  hoped  that  at  the  close  of  1881  the  Treasurer  will  be  able 
to  report  that  the  Mainter^ance  Fund  has  been  largely  increased. 
The  effort  should  not  be  abandoned  in  despair. 

In  this  connection  it  may  be  mentioned  that  an  addition  of 
$3000  to  the  permanent  fund  of  the  Academy  has  been  made  by 
reserving  for  investment,  under  a  by-law  (Chapter  IX)  enacted 
May,  1876,  aU  moneys  received  from  members  for  commuting 
their  semi-annual  contributions,  as  long  as  they  may  retain  their 
membership.  This  commutation  fee  is  designated  life-membership, 
and  the  fund  accruing  from  it  is  conveniently  called  the  Life- 
membership  Fund.  The  income  from  it  is  applicable  to  the  pay- 
ment of  the  ordinary  expenses  of  the  society. 

The  Charlotte  M.  Eckfeldt  Fund,  formed  of  money  received, 
June,  18T9,  from  the  executors  of  the  late  Mrs.  C.  M.  Eckfeldt, 
who  made  the  Academy  one  of  her  residuary  legatees,  amounts  to 
$2466.86.  The  income  from  it  has  been  temporarily  assigned  to 
the  use  of  the  Publication  Committee. 

The  heirs  of  the  late  Mr.  Joshua  T.  Jeanes,  who  died  suddenly 
January  3d,  1880,  have  generously  given  to  the  Academ}-  twenty 
thousand  dollars,  the  sum  which  he  had  indicated  his  intention  to 
bequeath  to  the  Society  in  an  unsigned  codicil  to  his  last  will. 
The  money  has  been  invested  in  approved  mortgages,  and  by 
order  of  the  Academy  constitutes  the  Joshua  T.  Jeanes  Fund,  the 
income  from  which  has  been  duly  made  applicable,  like  that  of 
the  Maintenance  Fund,  to  the  general  purposes  of  the  society. 


39i  PROCRKOtNO*  or  THS  JLCAOKKT  ur  [IS 

nrr  contlnnoDit  aBteriurly.  It  is  probable  that  while  Ifacdprp 
i»  Absent  (Wmt  tlie  temporal  fotiiia  proper,  It  remains  In  pMltta 
tbe  orl>ltnl  tpaiHi  at  n  pomt  ansireriDfc  to  tbe  post-aeptKl  deprt^ 
in  Animal*  having  n  partition  betwveit  the  orMl  anil  tltc  t«iD|i 
Ibtaa.  Bat  whili-  the  dnep  pan  \*  aljM.-ut  fVom  the  proper  leta\i 
ToMaa,  a  stont  ffliHteniii^  Icuilon  i«  herv  in  the  tuual  po«ltii>n  ol 
iTeotral  tcadou,  aud,  as  (n  UrtrUiittit,  it  ooaeotitd  tmm  wiitioob- 
It  tR  iotnreBtfajc  ti)  tmle  that  th^  »iipra-xyp>inatiea]ip  ia  t4Mn)>ora)i 
it  boinK  doulitfUl  wbellHT  any  of  ita  fibnis  an  eontiDDona  with  th* 
maaa^ter. 

The  mtueter  baan  a  gemral  anuifrcnient  to  the  muacle  la 
Krrthiwn.  Tha  anterior  edge  ia  leaa  muitealar  than  in  tb<>  tatter 
iirnua.  The  mandlbalo-xyitocDatio  portion,  whoiw  on'^n  (Wim  the 
mantiibiilar  ookIv  occupicn  the  lower  oniv-thtnl  i>r  thr  ■urfan-,  oun- 
Btitiitea  the  inafHlvc  Iltf»hy  tielly.  The  flhtw  arv  Tor  the  mo-l  |iatt 
nearlj' horizon tal.  Hl«(»>irerc(t  forlheappiirbsirof  itamrfare  by 
the  cnorrooiM  nalnr  bone.  Th<-  Klip  ttom  the  moilinn  anrfan-  of  the 
mandible  tit  nrrangivl  an  in  ErHhiton.  It  lies  in  part  tn  front. anal 
In  part  tieneath  tho  internal  pterygoid.  \\a  Jnnetloii  with  the 
bfHiy  of  the  masxeter  conceals  the  tendinoiia  anterior  ed^e  Ibei 
and  U  ntntiniioaK  with  those  Rbres  ariHlnK  froin  the  anitle  and 
basal  third  of  nieiliaii  siirfiice.  The  deep  mandllmlrv-tnaxill 
portion  Ih  uh  Id  Frrlhu-»  in  nil  etoriil.i'il  fi-uliirr*.  It  i- 
oiis  with  the  superficial  parts.  A  thin  layer  of  orbital '  fibres 
overlies  the  temporal  muscle  in  the  orbit.  Another  layer  ia 
apimrently  continuoas  with  the  bnccinator. 

In  Danijproefa  the  general  plan  of  anranfcemcnt  seen  in  Ctrlo. 
gfnya  is  followed.  The  minute  points  of  distinction  therefrom  not 
being  noteworthy  save  the  continuance  of  the  main  tendon  within 
the  orbital  space,  where  it  overlies  the  deep  anterior  vertical 
Qbres. 

In  Cuvier  and  Laiirillanl  (PI.  24.S)  the  slips  of  the  temporal 
arc  n'prfHented  ns  parts  of  a  bi-penifonn  muscle.  I  find  thf  siipra- 
zygomatic  fibres  more  horizontal  in  position,  darker  in  color  and 
more  convex  than  the  rcmsindcr  of  the  muscle. 

In  the  lints  the  cniH'rticinl  [Kirtion  of  the  temi)orfll  mav  N'  small 
or  well  dcvelo]H'd.  hi  the  (irsl  variety  s  good  cx:imple  i*  hc.  ii  in 
Phiill'iKloma  hanlaliim  anr|  olhor  American  Icaf-nosol  IttHn  in  which 
forms  the  «u|wrficial  jiortiiin  is  coiillueil  to  the  anterior  fmirth 
of  the  tcm|M)ral  fossa.     The  siipm-zygomatic    clip  is   aNo    very 


1880. J  NATURAL  SaENCES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  399 

this  sum  regularly  from  March,  1860,  until  February,  1872,  when 
they  transferred  to  the  Academy — "  the  principals  of  the  sums 
named '' — ^ten  consolidated  mortgage  bonds  of  the  Philadelphia 
and  Reading  Railroad  Compan3\  Thus  Mr.  Jessup's  children 
generously  fulfilled  their  promise  and  realized  their  father's  inten- 
tion. They  have  also  consented  that  women  may  enjoy  the 
benefits  of  the  student  fund. 

The  action  and  language  of  the  Messrs.  Jessup  imply,  without 
any  doubt  whatever,  that  their  intention  was  to  give  to  the 
Academy  six  hundred  dollars  per  annum :  one  hundred  and 
twenty  dollars  applicable  only  to  the  Publication  Fund,  and  four 
hundred  and  eighty  dollars  to  the  support  of  students.  And  to 
secure  this  sum  to  the  Academy  annually  forever,  they  gave  to  it 
in  trust  an  investment,  the  par  value  of  which  is  ten  thousand 
dollars,  an  amount  equal,  at  the  rate  of  six  per  cent  per  annum, 
to  "the  principals  of  the  sums  named  for  the  purpose  of  creating 
a  perpetual  fund,^'  designed  to  be  the  impersonal  successor  and 
never-dying  agent  of  the  Messrs.  Jessup  for  the  payment  of  six 
hundred  dollars  annually  to  the  Academy. 

As  trustee,  the  Academy  is  bound  in  honor,  if  not  in  law,  to 
adopt  such  proper  measures  as  may  be  necessary  from  time  to 
time,  to  preserve  entire  not  only  the  principal  sum,  but  also 
to  prevent,  if  possible,  the  income  from  ever  becoming  less  than 
six  hundred  dollars,  the  specified  sura  it  has  been  authorized  and 
directed  to  expend  annually  for  the  purposes  named.  Reduction 
of  this  income  must  be  detrimental  to  those  who  may  properly  ask 
assistance  from  it,  to  the  extent  of  any  diminution  it  may  suffer. 
It  is  designed  to  benefit  students  of  the  future  as  well  as  those  of 
the  current  time.  The  interests  of  those  of  the  cominsr  centuries 
in  it  are  entitled  to  present  consideration  and  protection,  if 
needed. 

The  instructions  under  which  the  Jessup  Fund  for  students 
was  established,  describe  in  general  terms  the  requisite  qualifica- 
tions of  those  upon  whom  the  Academy  may  bestow  its  benefits. 

An  eligible  candidate  for  aid  from  the  Jessup  Fund,  is  required 
by  those  instructions  to  possess  the  following  qualifications  : 

1,  Evident  "desire"  to  devote  the  whole  of  his  time  and  ener- 
gies to  the  study  of  the  natural  sciences. 

2.  He  must  be  so  poor  as  to  be  dependent  on  his  own  labor  for 
a  livelihood,  and  therefore,  unless  he  can  be  otherwise  supported, 


400  PBOCEEDINOB  OF  THK  AOADEMT  OF  [1880. 

he  cannot  devote  the  whole  of  his  time  and  energies  to  the  Btndy 
of  the  natural  aciences,  to  which  he  seeks  to  dedicate  himself. 

S.  He  must  be  "deserving"  of  support  in  this  connection. 
This  condition  means  much.  To  deserve  any  support  from  the 
Jessup  Fund,  he  should  possess  a  quick  natural  intelligence, 
above  the  average;  a  good  and  sufilcient  education,  including, 
perhaps,  a  knowledge  of  the  German  and  French  langu^es ;  in- 
dustrious and  orderly  ways ;  integrity  in  every  sense  beyond  sus- 
picion, and  lastly,  a  manifest  intention  to  dedicate  biff  lifetime 
and  energies  to  the  study  of  the  natural  sciences. 

4.  He  must  be  "  young  " — say  under  twenty-five  years  of  age. 

Under  such  conditions,  and  with  faculties  suitably  equipped 
and  disposed,  the  candidate  may  pass  through  an  apprenticeship 
here  provided,  and  become  a  practical  naturalist. 

The  application  of  the  fund  is  entirely  at  the  discretion  of  the 
Academy.  It  would  not  violate  the  letter  of  the  trust  by  using 
it  to  support  approved  students  of  the  natural  sciences  without 
giving  them  instruction,  or  granting  them  the  use  of  its  library 
or  museum  or  its  hall  as  their  workshop.  Tlie  trust  does  not  re- 
quire that  the  Acaclemy  shall  be  the  preceptor  of  the  beneficiaries 
of  the  Jessup  Fund  in  any  degree.  But  inasmuch  as  one  of 
the  functions  which  tiie  society  has  prescribed  for  itself  is  to  im- 
part and  ditfiise  knowledj^e,  it  seems  peculiarly  proper  that  it 
should  diirct  and  f;tcilitat«'  the  studies  of  tliese  iMiieficiarifS. 

The  four  liundrod  ami  ciglity  dollars  may  U-  given  auniially  to 
support  oiH',  (ir  be  dividi'd  bctivecn  tno  or  mure,  .is  may  si-ein  to 
Ihc  Aca'li'my  cxpi-liout.  The  tiuip  during  which  any  nno  may 
lowivi-  a-sistauce  from  th>-  fiuiil,ig  limittHl  at  the  discretion  of 
tlie  Aca.U'i.iy. 

After  line  cou-iidenitiou  r.f  the  subject  at  the  stall,  it  was 
detormiueil  tliitt  the  appmved  candiilato  should  lie  received  at 
first  ou  piiil'atimi,  for  one  month,  and  if  the  trial  wea-  satisfac- 
tory, lie  mi^lit  I'e  n[>pointed  a  beueliciary  for  two  years,  aud  then 
retire  in  l':Mur  of  another,  unless  there  sli.mld  be  special  reasons 

InasLunrli  as  the  niemhcrs  of  the  !-ociety  ^Kiy  dues  for  their 
right  to  use  the  librarv  and  museum,  it  is  considered  jtcoper  to 
UHpiire  the  lienefic-iaries  <if  the  .lessiip  Fvtnd  to  give,  daily,  a  part 
of  their  time  and  lal^or  to  the  Academy,  under  tlie  dir^-etion  of 
the  cnnitors.  as  compensatiim  tor  instruction,  .and  the  use  of  the 


1880]  NATURAL  SCIENCES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  401 

Academy's  property.  This  time  is  employed  in  work  incident  to 
taking  care  of,  mounting,  and  arranging  specimens  in  the  museum, 
such  as  cleaning  them  when  necessary,  labeling,  etc.,  a  kind  of 
work  which  is  pertinent  to  the  vocation  of  a  naturalist,  and 
through  which  the  beneficiaries  become  familiarized  with  natural 
objects,  more  perfectly  than  the}'  can  be  in  any  other  way.  It 
should  not  be  forgotten  that  the  Academy  has  alwaj's  been  de- 
pendent, almost  exclusivelj',  upon  the  unpaid  labor  of  its  members 
for  the  care  of  its  museum,  and  this  circumstance,  perhaps,  ex- 
plains why  beneficiaries  of  the  Jessup  Fund  are  expected  to  do 
an}^  kind  of  work  in  the  Academ}^  that  the  curators  and  other 
members  are  in  the  habit  of  doing.  They  are,  in  fact,  regarded 
as  almost  apprentices,  who  should  be  ever  ready  to  avail  them- 
selves of  the  opportunities  afforded  to  leani  everything  pertinent 
to  the  career  of  a  naturalist. 

Applications  for  the  benefits  of  the  Jessup  Fund,  are  considered 
and  decided  by  the  Council  of  the  Academy, 

Between  March,  1860^  and  November,  1880,  thirty-four  persons 
have  received  aid  from  the  fund,  for  a  longer  or  shorter  period 
than  two  years.  Of  these,  five  have  died,  well  known  and  much 
respected  naturalists.  Five  of  those,  now  living,  are  professors 
and  eminent  men.  It  is  believed  that  all  of  this  class  of  gentle- 
men have  acquitted  themselves  satisfactorily,  and  that  all  grate- 
fully appreciate  the  benificence  of  the  Jessup  Fund,  as  well  as 
the  advantages  derivable  from  it ;  and  it  is  hoped  that  none  will 
ever  regret  any  of  the  work  he  has  done,  or  the  time  he  has  spent 
in  the  Academy. 

The  annual  reports  of  the  curators  and  librarian  show  the  ex- 
tent of  increase  of  the  musenm  and  library ;  and  those  from  the 
several  sections  of  the  Academy  indicate  that  they  are  active  and 
prosperous. 

During  the  year,  more  than  600  pages  of  the  Proceedings  have 
been  published,  and  the  fourth  part  of  the  eighth  quarto  volume 
of  the  Journal  of  the  Academ}'  is  passing  through  the  press. 

The  proceedings  of  the  Entomological  Section  are  printed  on 
the  premises  by  some  of  its  members,  and  issued  separately. 
This  section  has  published  more  than  370  pages  and  7  plates 
during  the  year. 

The  second  volume  of  a  "  Manual  of  Conchology,  Structural  and 
Systematic,  with  Illustrations  of  the   Species,"  by  George  W. 

27 


iV2  PROCEEIIIWS  OF   THE  ACADEMy  OF 

Trynn,  Jr.,  published  by  the  nuthorand  issued  from  the  Acai 
has  been  published  during  li.e  year.     It  includes  28S  pag«a  ( 
text,  70  platea  with  915  figuj'ta. 

Professor  Leidy's  admirable  work  on  "  Presh-WiiUr  IUiizopodt'3 
of  North  America,"  forming  Vol.  XII  of  the  final  reports  of  t" 
United  States  Geological  and  Geographical  Survey  of  the  Tcm>l 
tories,  under  the  direction  of  Dr.  F,  V.  Ilaydpn,  is   so  clos^l 
connected  with  the  Academy,  that  its  publication  during  the  ye*CH.I 
may  be  mentioned  here.     Dr.  Leidy,ot  the  stated  meetings  of  tIl«J^ 
society,  gave  verlial  aceoimts  of  vi-ry  many  fVesh-walcr  rfaizopodd 
which  are  described  in  hla  work,  and  the  Academy's  library  wan 
the  sole  source  from  whicli  be  was  enabled  to  prepare  the  bibli- 
ography of  tbt  subject. 

Few  persons  devote  their  whole  time  and  energies  to  natunl>J 
history  for  a  living.     Generally,  the  study  is  an  occnpation  foci 
leisure  hours,  and  may  be  regarded  as  a  secondary'  pursuit  amoo^  ■ 
IIS,  wiiicb  yields  little  or  nothing  towards  a  livelihood,   ^tisfitctoiy 
study  of  natural  history  requires  so  much  to  aid  its  votaries,  in  the 
way  of  collections  and  books,  that  it  is  extremely  rare  to  find  anyone 
person  rich  enough  to  procure  ail  that  is  needed.     For  this  reason 
many  of  like  tastes  associate,  each  contributing  his  quota,  for  the 
purpose  of  gathering  what  is  necessary  or  desirable  lo  l»e  a»ed  m 
common  for  self-instruction.  -^^ 

In  one  sense  the  Academy  may  be  regarded  as  an  association 
of  this  kind. 

A  prominent  object  of  the  Sooiety  is  to  afford  opportnni^  to 
those  who  desire  to  undertake  self-culture  in  any  or  all  the  de- 
partments of  the  natural  sciences.  From  its  beginning  in  18IS, 
continuously  to  the  present  time,  members  have  freely  contributed 
specimens  to  its  museum,  and  books  to  its  library.  Be«tdM 
materials  of  this  kind  they  have  given  money  liberoUy,  establidwd 
permanent  funds  for  several  specific  purposes,  and  employed  what- 
ever time  they  could  fairly  take  from  their  daily  avocations  fa 
working  with  their  own  hands  to  render  the  constantly  increttsiag 
means  of  study  as  easily  available  as  possible.  The  vahie  of  per- 
sonal labor  gratuitously  given  to  estabUsh  and  promote  the  growth 
of  this  institution  cannot  l>e  over-estimated.  A  resnlt  of  the  joint 
efforts  of  the  members  of  the  society  since  its  foundation  ia  the 
opportunity  of  self-instruction  here  liberally  afforded  to  those  who 
may  chooae  to  a\'&il  themselves  of  it. 


1880.]  NATURAL  SCIENCES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  403 

Although  the  museum  is  deficient  in  many  of  its  departments, 
it  is  remarkably  sufficient  in  some,  and  as  a  whole  is  very  exten- 
sive, and  in  every  sense  very  valuable.  The  unequal  development 
or  growth  of  the  several  departments  is  ascribable  to  the  depend- 
ence of  the  collections  for  increase  on  donations  exclusively,  and 
the  want  of  money  to  purchase  desiderata,  and  not  to  indifference 
or  ignorance  of  those  to  whom  the  immediate  care  of  the  museum 
is  confided. 

At  this  time  the  library  as  a  whole,  though  not  complete,  is 
perhaps  the  best  collection  of  works  on  natural  history  in  this 
country,  and  the  Library  Fund,  given  by  Mr.  I.  V.  Williamson, 
provides  liberally  for  its  increase. 

The  opportunity  for  self-culture  to  be  found  now  in  the  museum 
and  librar}^  with  all  their  deficiencies,  is  a  result  of  the  generosity, 
goodwill,  industry  and  benevolence  of  very  many  members  and 
Mends  of  the  Society.  Some  expert  naturalists  may  disparage 
this  opportunity  of  self-culture,  such  as  it  is,  and  take  pleasure  in 
pointing  out  its  defects  and  deficiencies,  but  those  just  entering 
the  field,  as  well  as  those  not  yet  proficient  will  find  it  fully  suf- 
ficient for  their  use  and  worthy  of  cordial  approbation. 

Objection  has  been  made  to  the  regulation  which  restricts  the 
use  of  specimens  and  books  to  the  premises  of  the  Academy,  sug- 
gesting that  study  would  be  very  much  facilitated  by  loaning  speci- 
mens and  books  to  members,  especially  to  those  who  are  advanced 
students  and  experts.  The  answer  is  that  the  loan  of  specimens 
and  books,  which  may  be  regarded  as  a  luxury  rather  than  as  a 
necessity  to  students,  would  somewhat  facilitate  the  work  of  one 
borrower,  but  while  they  were  in  his  possession  the  studies  of 
several  persons  having  occasion  to  consult  the  same  specimens 
and  books  might  be  much  retarded  or  hindered.  Besides,  loaning 
books  and  specimens  increases  the  chance  of  their  loss  and  injury. 

After  ample  experience  in  the  practice  of  loaning,  and  due  con- 
sidetation  of  the  whole  question,  the  Academy  adopted  the  exist- 
ing regulation  of  loaning  specimens  only  on  a  recommendation  of 
a  majority  of  the  curators,  approved  by  a  vote  of  the  Academy  ; 
and  by  prohibiting  the  circulation  of  books,  has  made  the  library 
a  library  of  reference  exclusively.  It  is  confidently  believed  that 
the  common  interests  of  all  concerned  are  best  served  by  strict 
adherence  to  this  practice.  It  promises  ^^  the  greatest  good  to 
the  greatest  number"  of  those  who  have  occasion  to  examine 


3W  raocKEtii.ias  of  thk  aoaokut  or 

TheThonuuB.Wildon  Fond.tbe  Iilliaa belli  I>bylitStotl,th»I«i 
Bartdb.  Bill]  PiiblEiMtion  Fiinils  are  uncliftiigcil.  Owing  Ui  dr- 
vAtnutaacv*  aver  <rliii-h  ttio  Arsdviny  tins  no  cotilixil,  tfiv  )nci>nK> 
»f  tbp  >'rAr  (ViiiB  the  I.  V.  Witliamtion  Library  Fanil  ha*  hm 
snmpitliitt  ilimlulshcd.  But  it  in  coiifitliMitir  oaajecturvd  tlint  in 
a  shuM  timu  it  will  Ih;  Ibe  mme  llul  it  lin*  lin-»  lu  Ibe  |ia-<t. 

Till!  Uiuiii--ii>l  t!0udllli)fi  nf  tlie  A>ra<U'ra.v  will  he  tttwinl  •l<-bii]i!<] 
(u  iti«  Ilf{>iirt  ur  th<:  Tn:B*iirrr,  to  whom  the  •nciKtV  ta  latM^b 
ttiilrbcivl  for  tbt  tinu-,  van-  an'i  Inbor  wliich  hf  bt-^tow*  in  llic  ill*, 
cbariic  nf  tlie  iliitir*  of  liU 

I'lvo  young  man  Iibvv  been  receiTlnfC  tke  bcnrflt  of  Uh*  Jf« 
t'liml ;  I  wti  for  two  aiontfas  Mch,  ooe  for  (Itp,  ont  for  vix.  nnd  q 
for  ciglit  months  dnriii);  lh«  year- 

A  liriff  Hocount  of  tbi^  brigio  of  Diii)  fiinil,  uxl  tb»  nannvr  of 
its  application,  may  \nlejv»l  thoxt)  i-ftpi-«Ully  wlio  hnre  becora* 
iiu>iabcTB  of  till.-  Sofivty  witliin  thf  [nut  few  yi^ri. 

Ur.  AtigiiAUiH  G.  Ji>«Hnp,  who  bvtwtiii-  &  mt-niU^r  of  Ui«  Aa 
NuvcQibvT,  1)114,  und  (ti<ul  in  Wilmington,  IM.,  npncmWr  I 
1H>'>U,  gari'  llie  iiuttittilioii  and  it«  pnrpoiics  ii  higb  piacr 
MtiniKtiiin.  lie  hnd  vxprenspd  fait  intention  to  twnttir  < 
At-'wlpmy,  if  nrur  nblt>,  &  sum  of  mont>y  lo  conslitntc  ■  |M-qM-tiial 
UiaA  for  HpcriHi^d  purposm.  IIU  children  ilctiinnlnrd  tliat  thia 
iolentioD  nf  ihi-ir  father  Bhotilil  he  reali»>il,  nlthonuti  br  left  Bit 
written  iiiatructtoi)!i  on  the  swliject. 

In  a  letter  dated  March  llth,  18ri0,  and  ad(Iro8se<l  to  I>r.  Imac 
Lea,  tht'n  President  of  the  Aca<lemy,  thoy  staled  that,  in  accortl- 
ance  with  what  tbey  believed  to  be  the  intention  of  their  father, 
they  jiropoaed  "to  pay  to  tlic  Academy  one  hundred  and  twenty 
dollars  per  annum  to  be  applied  to  its  Piililiciition  Fund  :  aAl  the 
further  sum  of  four  hundred  and  eijfhty  dollars  per  annum,  to  be 
used  for  the  support  of  one  or  more  deserviiij;  poor  young  man  or 
men  wlio  may  desire  to  devote  the  whole  of  his  or  their  time  and 
(■iier;;ics  to  the  study  of  the  natural  scii'nces ;  and  that  they 
loi.lii-d  forward  lo  iuvcstiu-i  in  trust, at  some  not  distant  time. the 
]irinti|i;ils  of  tlie  sums  nami'.i,  for  the  pur|>ose  of  creating  a  [ht- 
IR-lii;.!  luiid  lor  the  !ib<>v,..i,;u[U-d  uses." 

:>ul>~tautiallv1lK's< 


JeMitfH 

er  of 
»»ii* 


ireall  ttiein-lrui-tion-.gii 

entothe  A.v 

I.uiy 

iidmiiiistrntion  of  these 

twofuudH— . 

IK-   to 

licalior.s  ami  tin-  otlu-r 

lo  the  M.p|. 

r:  ..f 

sis   humlred  dollar-  a 

year.     The_\ 

|>aid 

1880.]  NATURAL  SCIENCES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  405 

volumes  of  its  Proceedings,  they  imagine  that  it  sadly  lacks  the 
afflatus  of  pure  science  and  does  nothing  to  promote  research. 
Their  tone  implies  that  the  capabilities  of  the  institution,  the 
potentialities  of  its  possessions  might  be  made  more  useful  to 
truly  qualified  investigators  by  reforming  the  present  system  and 
policy,  which  are  too  broadly  in  the  interest  of  beginners  and 
amateurs  in  science.  They  seem  to  believe  that  the  collections 
should  be  placed  under  the  control  of  expert  specialists,  with 
power  to  loan  specimens  at  their  discretion ;  that  the  books  of 
the  library  should  be  allowed  to  circulate  freely,  and  finally,  that 
the  society  should  consist  of  proficients  exclusively,  or  at  least 
include  a  privileged  class  of  experts. 

Whether  the  Academy  should  now  permit  its  extensive  museum 
Jind  library,  which  have  cost  so  much  time,  labor  and  money  to 
:form,  to  be  diverted  from  their  present  ways  of  usefulness  to 
students  generally,  and  appropriated  by  skilled  investigators,  is  a 
question  too  important  to  be  hastil}^  decided.^ 

The  by-law  of  May,  1876,  which  provides  for  the  appointment 
of  professors,  remains  inoperative.  Xo  candidate  has  presented 
himself  during  the  year.  No  report  has  been  received  from  the 
Professor  of  Histology  and  Microscopic  Technology,  who  was 
appointed  April  16,  1877. 

In  conclusion,  it  may  be  said  that  the  condition  of  the  Academy 
Xias  never  been  better  since  its  foundation  than  it  is  at  the  present 
^ime.  It  is  independent  of  debt,  and  its  income  has  been  so  far 
increased  that  it  is  hoped,  under  a  careful  administration  of  its 
financial  atfairs,  it  will  soon  be  sufltcient  to  meet  the  usual  demands. 

The  whole  is  submitted, 

W.    S.  W.   RUSCHENBERGER. 

*   A  society  composed  exclusively  of  proficients  may  he  desirable  and 
^^ven  essential  to  the  progress  of  original  investigation  in  Philadelphia. 
lose  who  are  of  this  opinion  might  possibly  form  such  a  society  at  once, 
in  the  course  of  time  acquire  all  it  may  need  ;  and,  without  coveting 
attempting  to  appropriate  its  possessions,  permit  the  Academy  to  exist 
>r  the  benefit  of  those  proficients  who  approve  of  its  organization  as  well 
of  beginners  and  amateurs.     Some  of  these  might  become  qualified  to 
admitted  to  membership  of  any  society  composed  exclusively  of  gener- 
ally recognized  masters  in  science. 


br  ouuiot  (lerqUi  tfav  wlioi«9  ot  ht»  tiiM  *ad  ■imiu.Im  to  tto  d 
ot  tbr  lutnnl  tvrrncn.  lo  whirh  he  welu  to  dedicate  Un 

3.  Ho  miut  be  "dew-rriDg"  of  «gppoK  U  tUa  C 
ThU  condition  nunuu  mnob.  To  deMrrr  ukj  •oppoft  ttom  tbi 
Je«mp  Fund,  he  tbould  poMnw  k  quick  utonl  tBtetUseaee^ 
nbow  tlie  mtvn^;  %  gowl  mnil  ■DtnciiFnt  vdnc^tloa,  iaclodlag, 
fwrb^iM,  n  knuvlodf^!  "f  tbe  G^rntan  and  Fmeh  laagnBgc*:  (»• 
diintrinu*  nnil  "rdrrly  "^y";  ini'-ifrity  in  ^fctj  «wimc  bvyood  «ii»- 
[linoD.iind  Inatly,  «  mnnircnt  inlvnttun  Ui  dtdicste  bit  ItfeUoM 
Utd  t-ni-rgifn  (o  Lbv  vtnd;  iif  tbn  lutnrsl  Mrieoi-es. 

4.  He  nuMl  lie  "yonnjc" — aay  uniler  Kw^oXj-^t*  ymt*  at  9ft- 
Cwler  stii.-h  coiMlltliins,  anri  wttb  Gieolifea  inlisMr  eqalppeil 

dl«po«Ml,  tlu>  tianilldate  tnajr  |>nai  Uimngfa  an  ap|in!tttice»hlp 

vvi'tnl,  and  Itcmtno  a  (travtioU  natitratiat. 

appUcnUmi  nf  tti«-  fund  Lii  vntirply  at  tb«  diacntioa  of  tb« 

It  w«a|d  not  v)<dat«  tbr  Irtt^r  ot  tb«  trnai  by  vabif 

Tm  W|^M^  fpprowd  •tvdats  of  th«  natural  Mricaoea  witbovt 


HI.  or  ipnuitinf;  tben  th«  n««  of  ita  Hbiu^ 

'  or  nnwnm  or  lU  hnll  as  their  workabop.    Tbe  tniat  doea  not  »• 

(join'  that  tbe  Academy  Bhall  be  tbe  prvcvptor  of  tbe  benefieiarka 

iif  tbe  jMMup  Fund  Id  any  degree.     But  laasmucb   lu  out  t>f 

•  the  ftiiwMoM  wblch  tbe  aoolety  baa  pnowribn)  fur  itartf  is  t>i  Id- 

jmrl    bthI    ilitTll-p   knowti-il^-,   it    «c.Tri«    [ iili:irh    [ini[-T    llnl    it 

should  direct  and  facilitate  the  studies  of  these  beneficiane«. 

Tbe  four  hundred  and  eighty  dollars  may  bo  given  annually  to 
aupport  one,  or  be  divided  Itctween  two  or  mure,  as  may  seem  to 
the  Acn'lemy  expedient.  The  time  iluriiifr  which  anj'  one  may 
receive  assistance  from  tiie  fund,  is  limited  at  the  discretion  of 
the  Academy, 

Alter  due  consideration  of  the  suhjeet  at  tbe  start,  it  waa 
determined  that  tbe  approved  candidate  ithould  he  received  at 
first  on  probation,  for  one  month,  and  if  the  irial  were  satisfac- 
tory, he  mi^jiil  lie  ap|M>intcd  a  biiieflciary  for  two  years,  and  then 
n.>tin>  in  f:ivor  of  another,  unless  there  shouUl  be  si>ecial  reasons 

Innsuiu'li  as  the  mi'nil«Ts  of  the  soeiety  jmy  dues  for  (heir 
right  to  »■"■  Hie  lilirary  iiml  museum,  it  is  cuneiderdl  (>rop.r  to 
nHpiire  tlie  lunefitiaries  iif  the  .lessuii  Fund  to  pive.  daily,  n  p.irt 
of  their  time  .ind  laU>r  to  the  Acaileuiy,  under  the  diri-ction  of 
tbe  curators,  as  comi)eus3tioii  for  instruction,  and  the  use  of  the 


1880.]  NATURAL  SOIENOES  OF  PHUiADELPHIA.  407 


REPORT  OP  THE  CORRESPONDING  SECRETARY. 

In  accordance  with  the  By-Laws  of  the  Academy,  the  Corre- 
sponding Secretary  presents  the  following  Report  of  the  business 
of  his  office  during  the  year  ending  November  30th,  1880. 

There  have  been  elected  twenty  Correspondents,  as  follows  : 

Angelo  Heilpnn,*  New  York  City ;  Dr.  C.  A.  White,*  Wash- 
ington, D.  C. ;  Albert  de  Selle,*  Paris,  France ;  Victor  Raulin,* 
Sordeaux,  France ;  R.  Hoemes,*  Vienna,  Austria ;  Georges  Rol- 
Xand,  Paris,  France;   A.  Inostranzeff,*  St.  Petersburg,   Russia; 
X)r.  Robert  Schomburgh*  Adelaide,  Australia;    Dr.  Herman  T. 
<3eyl€r,  Frankfort  a.  M.,  Germany ;  Robert  Casparis,  Konigsberg, 
Oermany ;   Agostino   Todaro,    Palermo,   Italy ;   J.  E.   Bommer, 
IBrussels,  Belgium;  Prof.  Teodoro  Caruel,*  Pisa,  Italy;  Lionel 
S.    Beale,*   London,   England ;    Prof.   Richard  Hertwig,*   Jena, 
^Austria ;  Prof.  Oscar  Hertwig,*  Jena,  Austria ;  Dr.  Carl  Ochse- 
^»:iius,*    Marburg,  Prussia;   Dr.  M.  H.  De  Bey,   Aix-la-Chapelle, 
^russia;   Prof.   Adolf  E.   Nordenskjold,*    Stockholm,    Sweden; 
C.  Torquato  Taramelli,*  Pavia,  Italy  ;  all  of  whom  have  been 
promptly  notified,  and  acceptances  have  been  received  from  those 
"^vhose  names  are  marked  with  an  asterisk,  *. 

The  donations  to  the  Museum  have  been  numerous  and  valuable, 
^^s  will  be  learned  from  the  Curators'  report,  and  prompt  acknowl- 
edgments have  been  sent  to  the  various  donors,  numbering  in  all 

S28. 

Letters  transmitting  publications  have  been  received  from  Cor- 
^^esponding  Societies  or  Institutions,  at  home  and  abroad,  to  the 
^^"lumber  of  fifty-one ;  from  individuals,  four. 

Letters  or  other  acknowledgments  of  the  reception  of  the  pub- 
Xications  of  the  Academy  have  been  received  to  the  number  of 
Xifty-two. 

In  addition  to  the  above,  thirteen  letters  of  a  miscellaneous 
^Ki^ature  have  been  received,  and  those  requiring  an  answer  have 
m  in  all  cases  replied  to. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

George  H.  Horn, 

Corresponding  Secretary, 


tm  PWITEKI'ISQH   or  TOB   ArADKMT  OF  fl8M. 

Trj'on.Jr.,pulflishi'<l  hy  Hie  r>iiUiiif  bui]  Ineued  frmii  tbp  Aviiemj, 
hw  twtsn  pul])i>l)i^(I  iluriti;:  il.e  ^-car,  II  Includes  tf<IU  |«Ke«  of 
t«xt.  id  plat«H  wtUi  OTo  <l|£iiiri. 

Troressor  Lddy's  iMliiiirntiln  work  *ni  "  Fre»h.W»u  r  RJiicopod* 
of  NoKh  Am«iica,"  forming  Vol.  XII  of  the  fliul  rrtwrt*  nf  tlw 
DnUeil  Stal<«  ticologica]  «nd  (leographicdl  Surrey  of  the  Tetti. 
lories,  ondpr  the  (iireclion  of  Dr.  F.  V.  Hgydeo,  U  •©  eloMtly 
oonnit'tM)  witli  the  Acadeinr,  tbat  its  publloAtlon  during  tb«  yen 
may  im  tnL-tillom-d  here.  Dr.  Leldy.ftt  the  Dialed  mMllnfl*  of  Um 
•oi*ivt.,v,gQTf  M-t'lHtl  accounbt  of  very  nuiny  fWiib-initer  rfalzopmto 
wbicti  ore  de«cril)e«J  iu  hl«  work,  lUid  tin;  Aauluiny '•  library  »»• 
thu  8ole  8Diirvi>  from  whtcli  bu  inu  cnabUx)  to  prv-pare  th«  UbU- 
Offrspby  of  tin-  anhject. 

Fi!W  pi-r«oiis  devote  ttieir  wbale  time  and  vnrrgir*  to  nntanl 
bUtory  for  n  living.  Ucuorally,  the  titndy  is  nu  oei-HiuUnn  br 
lulaure  hoars,  and  may  be  re^rded  as  a  secuudary  pannit  mammf 
at,  which  yields  little  or  nothing  towards  a  livelihood.  8alialkelaiT 
atudy  of  uatunU  blntory  requlrea  au  muoh  to  aid  iU  «iitariea.  in  tte 
way  ofeulleetiona  uid  Ijooks,  that  it  is  «xtrvnie]y  nn  It*  And  any  oa* 
pnr«on  ri<?li  enough  to  prtn-un-  all  that  i»  newted.  For  ihta  reaam 
many  of  likv  taKte»  nt»toeial«,  oacb  contributiDc  hi*  <]iK)ta,  for  tlM 
purpose  of  gathering  what  is  necv*«ary  or  dciitablc  to  ho  oMtd  in 
common  for  ■pif-instntction. 

In  one  sense  the  Academy  may  be  regarded  as  an  association 
of  this  bind. 

A  prominent  object  of  the  Society  is  to  afford  opportunity  to 
those  who  desire  to  undertake  self^^nlture  in  any  or  all  the  de- 
partiuenls  of  tliL'  natural  tn'teuceH.  From  its  beginning  in  IfllS, 
continuously  to  the  present  time,  members  have  fVeelj-  contribnted 
•)>ecimcas  to  its  museum,  and  books  to  its  library.  Besides 
materials  of  this  kind  they  have  given  money  liberally,  established 
permanent  funds  for  several  specific  pur{>oses,  and  employed  what- 
ever time  ihi'v  could  fairly  take  from  their  daily  avocations  in 
working  with  their  own  hands  to  render  the  constantly  increasing 
means  of  study  as  easily  avatlaMo  as  possible.  The  value  of  i»t. 
Honal  IflliorgratuiloiiBly  given  tocstatilisb  and  promote  Ihejrrowih 
of  thi-  institution  i;mnot  K-  ovcr-esli muted.  A  result  of  the  joint 
etf.iri-  of  lhi>  iui'mlK.-r!t  of  the  sociely  since  its  foundation  is  the 
oi>|iort unity  of  si-lf-instruetiiiii  here  Ii1>erally  affordeil  to  those  who 
may  choose  to  avail  themselves  of  it. 


1880.]  NATUBAL  SCIENCES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  409* 

Ornithology  34.  Mammalogy  9. 

Bibliography  26.  Ichthyology  4. 

Physical  iScience  21.  Voyages  and  Travels  4. 

Mineralogy  16.  Herpetology  3. 

Helminthology  16.  Microscopy  1. 

Agriculture  13.  Miscellaueous  (History,  Statistics, 

Chemistry  11.  Politics,  etc.)  12. 

Encyclopedias  10. 

From  the  above  statistics  and  the  accompanving  list  of  addi- 
tions it  will  be  seen  that,  apart  from  exchanges  received  from 
societies  and  editors,  the  growth  of  the  librar}^  has  been  mainly 
dependent  upon  the  I.  Y.  Williamson  Fund. 

It  gives  the  Librarian  pleasure  to  be  able  to  report  the  comple- 
tion of  the  card  catalogue  of  all  the  special  departments  of  the 
librar}'  coming  within  the  province  of  the  Academy.  It  is  to  be 
hoped  that  some  of  the  remaining  sections,  at  present  arranged 
on  the  gallery,  may  soon  be  disposed  of  by  sale  or  exchange,  as 
they  embrace  books  of  a  character  rarely  or  never  consulted  in 
the  Academy ;  although  many  of  them  would  be  of  importance 
and  value  elsewhere.  The  revision  of  the  catalogue  of  journals 
and  periodicals  is  progressing  slowly,  as  time  is  taken  after  the 
completion  of  each  geographical  section  to  apply  for  all  deficiencies 
noted.  The  answers  to  such  applications  thus  fiir  made  have  been 
80  satisfactory  as  to  warrant  the  hope  that  important  additions 
will  be  received  from  this  source  during  the  coming  year. 

The  collection  of  portraits  of  the  Presidents  and  benefactors  of 
the  Academy  has  been  increased  by  the  addition  of  a  fine  oil 
painting  of  Isaac  Lea,  LL.  D.,  by  Uhle,  one  of  Dr.  Isaac  Hays, 
by  Waugh  and  a  life-sized  crayon  portrait  of  Mr.  Isaiah  V.  Wil- 
liamson. For  these  gifts,  interesting  not  only  as  works  of  art, 
but  also  as  memorials  of  men  to  whom  the  society  is  indebted  for 
many  and  permanent  benefits,  the  thanks  of  the  Academy 
are  due  to  Dr.  Lea,  Mrs.  Dr.  Isaac  Ilays  and  Mr.  Williamson. 
The  Academy  now  possesses  the  portraits  of  eight  out  of  its  ten 
presidents,  those  of  Dr.  Thos.  B.  Wilson  and  Dr.  Robert  Bridges 
being  yet  lacking.  It  is  to  be  hoped  that  these  may  be  supplied, 
and  that  the  series,  which  will  certainl}-  be  of  great  interest  here- 
after, may  be  kept  complete. 

Fine  framed  photographs  of  Dr.  Jos.  Leidy  and  the  late  Prof. 
Ilenr}'  have  been  received  from  Mr.  F,  Gutekunst,and  Dr.  C.  W. 
De  Lannoy  has  presented  a  death  mask  of  Dr.  James  Aitken 


•%r .  ? 


410  PROCKEDINOB  OP    TUE   ACAOBMl"   nP  [ 

For  the  amouDt  expended  ftom  the  various  fuuds  for  booka  yc 
are  reapectfbllj-  referred  to  the  report  of  the  Treasurer. 

Edw.  J.  Nolan, 

Jjibrariutu 


REPORT  OF  THE  CURATORS. 

The  Carators  reapeetfully  report  that  the  Museum  of  tb 
Academy  continues  in  its  usual  good  state  of  preservation.  Th 
following  report  of  the  Curator  in  charge  gives  brief  notice  d 
what  has  been  done,  and  the  additions  which  have  been  macb 
difringtlie  yesr. 

Sir: — I  would  respectfully  report,  that  during  the  year  all  t4H 
oollections  of  the  Museum  have  been  cjirefully  inspected  and  carMJ 
for,  and  that  they  are  in  good  condition.  The  vertebrate  fossill 
are  in  process  of  arrangement. 

Dr.  J.  Alien  Kite  has  been  engagi'd  in  the  arrangement  of  UM 
collection  of  Bird-skeletons,  and  Mr.  Angelo  Heilprin  in  the  a 
rangement  of  the  Invertebrate  fossils. 

The  specimens  received  during  the  year  have  been  laK-brd  awl 
placed  in  their  proper  positions. 

The  oontrihotiMUi  is  the  TirioDs  d^putnuntt-  during  the'yvar^ 
excepting  tbose  reported  on  by  some  of  the  Bpecial  sections,  an 
as  follows ; — 

Mammals. — Zoological  Society  of  Philadelphia :  Two  MacacuM 
ocreatus,  Macacua  maurus,  Ateles  ater,  Gercopithecus  lalandi, 
Pteropun  vulgaris,  Herpesles  griseus,  Bassaris  a«fufa,  Viverra 
indica,  two  Tragulus  Javanicus,  Dasyprocla  acouchi,  Calogenyg 
paca,  Sciurus  oariabilia,  Hypsiprymnus  ru/escens.  Jacob  Binder: 
A  colloidal  mass  with  nodules  of  osteo-dentine  embedded,  &x>m  the 
tusk  of  an  Elephant.  Dr.  U.  C.  Chapman  ;  Placenta  of  Asiatic  Ele- 
phant, bom  in  Philadelphia.  Dr.  Oeo.  H.  Horn:  Two  Jtalapha 
lliasiurus)  Ttoveboracensis,  Phila.  Jos,  Jeanes  :  Two  young  Ele- 
phant skulls,  Elephas  indicus  and  H.  africanas,  Albert  Koebele ; 
NycHcejuK  crepuscular  is,  Florida.  Dr.  Jos.  Leidy  ;  Hesperomyt 
(ep.).  Roan  Mt.,  N.  C. ;  Buffalo  jaw,  from  a  forest  in  the  Dintah 
Mts,,  portion  of  the  great  part  of  a  skeleton  observed  by  him  ia 
the  locality  in  which  it  is  now  extinct.  Miss  Miller :  Horns  of 
Chamois,  Alps.  W.  S.  Taux  ;  Young  Orang-Outang,  from  Phila- 
delphia Zoological  Gardens. 

Birds. — Philadelphia  Zoological  Society :  Sycaliaflaveola,  Bro- 
logerys  xantfwptera,  Brazil;    Anser  indicua.     P.  W.  Alien  :  Di»- 


1880.]  NATURAL  SOIENOES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  411 

medea  exulans.  Hill :  Otus  vulgaris,  Mrs.  Herbert  Kussell 
Walsh :  Two  hundred  and  ninety-seven  (one  hundred  and  twent}'- 
one  species)  Bird  skins,  collected  and  prepared  by  the  late  Robert 
Frazer. 

Amphibians  and  Fishes, — Albert  Koebele  :  Eleven  species  Am- 
phibians, Florida.  Dr.  Jos.  Leidy :  Two  species  Salamanders, 
two  do.  Fishes,  Koan  Mt.,  N.  C.  Dr.  H.  AUport :  Erimyzon 
sucetta^  Centre  Co.,  Pa.  S.  W.  Ayer :  Opercular  bones,  etc., 
Megalops thrissoides,  Mr.  Holbrook:  Argyrieosus  (Vomer)  seti- 
pinnis^  Atlantic  coast,  Md.  Dr.  W.  H.  Jones :  Nine  species  of 
Fishes,  Atlantic  and  Pacific  Oceans.  J.  E.  Mitchell :  Amblyopsis 
spelaeus^  Mammoth  Cave,  Ky.  National  Mus.,  through  Smiths. 
Inst. :  Fifty-two  species  of  North  American  Fishes. 

Articulates, — J.  J.  Brown  :  Lepas  pectinata,  Balanus^  etc.,  Flor- 
ida. Dr.  H.  C.  Chapman  :  Lepidnotus,  and  Nymphon^  Mt.  Desert, 
Me.  C.  Chambers  :  Orillotalpa  longipennis,  Philadelphia.  John 
Ford:  Libinia  canaliculata,  Atlantic  City,  N.  J.  Geo.  Heberton: 
Libinia  canaliculata,  Limulus  polyphemus^  Cape  May,  N.  J.  Dr. 
W.  H.  Jones :  Thirtj^-four  species  Crustacea,  Atlantic  and  Pacific 
Oceans ;  Nautilograpsus  minutusy  taken  from  side  of  ship  Aca- 
pulco.  J.  S.  Kingsley  :  Six  species  Crustacea,  in  exchange.  Dr. 
J.  A.  Kite,  Wasps'  nest,  Morgan  Co.,  Pa.  Albert  Koebele  :  Two 
species  Crustaceans ;  two  species  Myriopoda,  from  Florida.  J.  E. 
Mitchell :  Nest  of  Tarantula,  California.  Dr.  T.  H.  Streets  ; 
Forty-two  specimens  Lepidoptera,  Mantis  (sp.),  Yokohama,  Japan. 
U.S.  Fish  Commission,  through  Smiths.  Inst.:  Thirtj^  named 
species  of  Crustacea,  Coast  of  New  England. 

Vermes^  Echinoderma,  Ccelenterates,  Bryozoans  and  Porifera, 
— XJ.  S.  Fish  Commission,  through  Smiths.  Inst. :  Thirteen  species 
of  Annelida,  Coast  of  New  England.  Dr.  W.  H.  Jones :  Four  spe- 
cies of  Annelida,  Pacific  Ocean.  Dr.  Jos.  Leidy  :  Lice  from  the 
interior  of  pouch  of  White  Pelican  {Menopon  perale,  Leidy), 
Florida.  Laura  M.  Towne:  Filaria  immiii.^y  from  heart  of  dog, 
Beaufort,  S.  C.  J.  J.  Brown:  Cidaris  tr-ibuloidesy  Haiti.  John 
Ford :  Euryale  (sp.),  Palermo,  Italy.  U.  S.  Fish  Commission, 
through  Smiths.  Inst. :  Sixteen  species  Echinodermata,  Coast  of 
New  England.  Dr.  W.  D.  Hartman  :  Rotula  (sp. ),  Madagascar? 
U.  S.  Fish  Commission,  through  Smiths.  Inst.  :  Eleven  species  of 
Coelenterata,  Coast  of  New  England.  Dr.  W.  U.  Jones  :  Thirteen 
species  Coelenterata,  Pacific  Ocean.  Dr.  H.  C.  Chapman :  Hyd- 
roids,  from  Mt.  Desert,  Me.  U.  S.  Fish  Commission,  through 
Smiths.  Inst. :  Fifteen  species  Bryozoans  and  Porifera,  Coast  of 
New  England. 

Anna  T.  Jeanes :  Glass  models  of  Phyaophora  magnificat 
Diphyes  Sieboldij  Cyanea  capiUata,  Oceania  phosphorica,,  Sagar- 
tia  belliSy  Palythoa  auricula,  Phellia  picta,  Corynactis  clavigera^ 
Nemacula  primula,  Peachia  hastata^  Phymactis  florida,  Evactis 
artemisia^  Tubularia  indivisa,  Gorymorpha  nutans,  Laomedea 
amphora,  Bougainvillia  fruticosa. 


^ 


REPORT  OF  THE  RECORDIXO  SECRKTARY. 

Tbe  Rcccirdlng  Secretary  reapeotfutly  rrfwirU  that  iluriuft  the 
pmrtaMag  Xovemlwr  SUth,  IHKO,  twrnly-als  BU-mt<rnM)(l  iwwtj 
«iwica|iuiMlvHts  hurt  been  itlecite'l. 

RmtKnUfona  of  memlKnltip  tinv«  >x>vn  rc«<>ir*><l  trota  P.  G. 
Datbia  ami  J.  I>.  TliomM. 

R«oottI*  or  tl)p  <l<!nt1i  of  twmty  mcmb(>rs  uid  four  corTcupond- 
«iw  luvp  h»n  iitililinhcd  in  thp  Proi'MKUDfca  unditr  ilie  AnU*  at 
aDDuunnnivtit. 

Twenty-flTp  pa  pore  hare  been  acceiitcrt  Tor  pubUcatinn  a»  fi>11tnr» 
n.  C.  L#wiB,  7 :  J.  6.  Kiriffsley,  S ;  Jf».  Uidy.  3 ;  IT.  (?.  Chap 
3:  nnrrison  Allim,  I :  R.  Beriili,  1 :  Aniln-w  Oitrrrti,  I ;  A 
YofAr*,  I  i  W.  X.  tockinijton.  I  j  W.  n.  HnrtniJUi,  I :  Wm. 
iHwk,  I  (  Angelo  Ileilprin,  I :  T.  1).  Rand.  I,  Ami  F.  A.  Keni 


man. 


Twi>nt5-two  of  tliPM'  paporn  hnvo  beta  pfibliHbi!<I  in  Uit^  Pnv 

Mliiitfaaudthrveitillii'JoiiniAL  lnfl()(litloD,nJiM!pa[uin>pulilUhcid 
ia  Ulc  Proi-iH-dlDgs,  togptbpr  witiin>iHirtH4krn»ututier(irim[>oTt«nt 
vrrhal  d<(>RiniunIciitt<nu,  rnriaed  tha  VTt\cv«i\ittff»  at  Uii'  Mincmh^ 
eloiil  Mid  Qiwloifiaal  Section  of  Um'  Aoulvmy  for  tbe  y«»r>  I8TI 
to  1819.  ^ 

Tn-.i  tiiiii'lr<>'l  ftnd  I'lehty^'iclit  pngrs  of  tlio  Procv.'-nnc>.  far 
18"  it  and  three  hundred  and  fifly-two  pasresof  the  volume  for  ISSO 
have  Iwen  printed  during  tlie  year.  The  concluding  nnntbor  of 
Viiliiine  VHI  of  the  Journal  will  l>e  issiic<l  oarly  in  January. 

The  list  of  those  making  verbal  communications  at  the  meet- 
ing" includes  the  names  of  Messrs.  Leidy,  Meehan.  Allen.  A.  J. 
Parker.  Wilcos,  Koenig,  Cope,  Kelly,  Ryder.  Evarts  Frazer. 
Percnm,  Horn,  McCook,  Itarlx-ck,  Kiiigoley.  Chapman.  Pott§, 
Canl-y.  Foote,  Coat^'s,  Tasker,  Mnrtindifile,  Pike,  Ford,  Ilalde- 
mnu.  ItcdIieM.  Porter  and  Hough. 

Al  tin-  lu.etini;  hcl<l  January  13th,  ISKO,  Messrs.  Aul.r.y  H. 
Smith  aiid  lleo.  Vaux  were  elected  to  lill  vac:inoies  in  the  C.)uneil 
.-an^r.l  l.y  the  ahwetu'c  fn.m  tlic  meetings  tliereof  for  six  con^-cu. 
tive  ni..ntlis  of  Pr.  t'.  Newlin  IViree  and  Pn.f.  Kdw.  D.  r,.|«.. 
and  ..n  Ni.vemher  10,  IHSu.  Mr.  E;!ra  T.  ('n>*-on  w.ih  .-Irctcl  I.,  till 
a  v:u-aiLi  y  e:iu-ie<l  liy  the  resignation  (if  Mr.  (Jeo.  Vaux. 

All  ..f  wliicli  is  resiHTtfuUy  suluuitled. 

EDW.    J.    NOLAS. 

UlrordiHg  St^r/larg, 


1880.]  NATURAL  SCIENCES  OP  PHILADELPHIA.  413 

Potts :  Fragments  of  Indian  skeletons,  pottery,  etc.,  bank  of  the 
Delaware  River,  below  Kaighn's  Point,  Camden,  N.  J.  Jos.  Wil- 
cox :  Fragments  of  pottery,  from  a  mound,  St.  John's  River,  Fla. ; 

Stone  axe,  pestle  and  arrow-head,  Mitchell  Co.,  X.  C.     ? Two 

pieces  Ancient  Peruvian  pottery. 

C.  F.  Parker. 
Respectfully  submitted  by 

Joseph  Leidt, 

Chairman  Curators, 


REPORT  OF  THE  BIOLOGICAL  AND  MICROSCOPICAL 

SECTION. 

During  the  past  year  eighteen  (18)  meetings  were  held ;    the 
average  attendance  being  thirty  (30)  persons. 

The  Annual  exhibition  was  held  on  the  evening  of  October  15th, 
at  which  time  a  large  and  interested  company  was  present. 

The  following  is  a  summary  of  the  principal  subjects  presented 
during  the  year : — 

Dec.  1st,  1879. — Filarial  in  the  Bronchial  Tubes  of  Cattle,  by 
Dr.  James  McCoart. 

Dec.  15th,  1879. — Modern  Microscopical  Work,  by  Dr.  J.  Gib- 
bons Hunt. 

Dec.  15th,  1879. — Description  of  Psorosperms  found  in  Cysts 
of  Fishes,  by  John  Ryder. 

Jan.  5tli,  1880.— Pie uro-Pneumouia   of  Cattle,   by    Dr.    John 
Gadsden. 

Jan.  15th,  1880. — The  Microscope  as  a  means  of  Investigation, 
by  Dr.  Carl  Seller. 

Feb.  2d,  1880. — The  Preparation  of  Material  for  Microscopical 
Examination,  by  Dr.  Seller. 

Feb.  2d,  1880. — Nuclei  of  the  Eggs  of  the  Common  Limpet,  by 
Mr.  John  Ryder. 

Feb.  2d,  1880. — Observations  upon  the  Nervoi^s  Sj'stcm  of  the 
Common  Centipede,  by  Mr.  John  Ryder. 

Feb.  2d,  1880. — Observations  upon  a  specimen  of    Actinoptse- 
rium,  by  Mr.  Edward  Potts. 

Feb.  16th,  1880. — The  Mounting  of  Microscopic  Objects,  by  Dr. 
Seller. 

Feb.  16th,  1880. — Description  of  Rhipidodendron  and  Ilalteria^ 
by  Mr.  John  Ryder. 


Maroh  1st,  1880. — Injecting  and  Speml  MoUiods  of  mountii 
Microscopical  Objects,  by  Dr.  Carl  Seiler. 

March  Ist,  1880. — Obaervatioiia   upon  Sponges,  bj-  Mr,  Jol 
Byder. 

March  lat,  1880— A  Plan  to  show  Opuque  Obj*>cta  with  the  0 
Mioroscope,  by  Persil'or  Frazer. 

March  15th,  1880 Lithological  Studies  with  the  Microsco] 

by  Persifor  Frazer, 

April  5th,  1880.— Histological  Studies,  by  Dr.  Seller. 

April  19th,  1880,— Lantern   Exhibition,  by  Mr.  Holmon.ai 
Mr.  Ryder. 

May  3d,  1880. — Communication  upon  Fresh-water  Sponges,! 
Mr.  E.  Potts. 

May  nth,  1880.— Communication  upon  the  Eggs  of  the 
by  Mr.  E.  Potts: 

Sept.  6th,  1880.- Life  Forms  at  Athintic  City,  by  Mr.  E.  Poti 

Sept.   30th,    1880. — Communication  upon  the  Larvs  of  Eil 
Crabs,  Tjy  Mr.  E.  Potta. 

ki  and  l&th,  1880.— Anniial  E.thibitiou. 

0. — Report  of  the  Committee  on  Exhibits  and  b 
Microscopical  Science  at  the  Annual  Ekhibitio 
by  Dr.  Hsnt 

Nov.  ISth,  1880. — ComnnmioBtion  npon  the  Derelopmcniof  the 
Fyrulla,  by  Mr.  Charles  Perot. 

The  following  Members  and  Assooiates  were  elected  daring  the 
year. 

Members: — John  C.  Wilson,  Otto  Lathy,  Howard  Kelly. 

Associates: — Dr.  Joseph  Simsohn,  Dr.  James  A.  McCoart,  Dr. 
Edward  T.  Bruen,  Dr.  John  W.  Gadsden,  Dr.  Monroe  Bond,  Dr. 
J.  H.  Wills. 

RoBT.  J.  Haan, 

JUcoriar. 


REPORT  OF  THE  CONCHOLOaiCAL  SECTION. 

The  Recorder  of  the  Conchological  Section  respectfully  reports 
that  during  1880,  Dr.  R.  Bergh,  Dr.  W.  D.  Hartman,  and  Hr. 
Angelo  Heilprin  have  presented  papers  upon  the  HoUosca,  whioh 
have  been  accepted  and  published  in  the  Academy's  Proceeding*. 


18S0.]  NATURAL  BODENOES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  415 

The  Section  has  again  lost  a  valued  member,  Professor  S.  S. 
Haldeman,  who  died  September  10th,  1880.  Professor  Haldeman 
manifested  his^ interest  by  frequent  contributions  to  our  Museum, 
as  well  as  by  papers  published  in  the  American  Journal  of  Con- 
chology.  He  also  presented  to  us  a  number  of  copies  of  text  and 
plates  of  his  celebrated  monograph  upon  the  Fresh-water  Univalve 
Mollusca  of  the  United  States.  These  the  Section  reissued ,  the 
work  having  been  long  out  of  print,  and  the  sale  resulted  to  its 
pecuniary  advantage. 

Mr.  George  W.  Tryon,  Jr.,  Conservator  of  the  Section,  reports 
as  follows : 

About  fifty  distinct  donations  and  purchases  of  recent  shells 
will  be  found  recorded  in  the  detailed  list  hereunto  appended, 
aggregating  1216  species,  represented  by  4574  specimens.  These 
have  all  been  carefully  determined,  labeled,  mounted,  and  placed 
in  the  cases. 

Mr.  Charles  P.  Parker  has,  as  usual,  afforded  valuable  assistance 
in  preparing  these  specimens  for  exhibition. 

Mr.  John  Ford  continues  to  prepare  for  us  sections  of  univalve 
shells,  showing  their  internal  form  and  structure.  He  has  pre- 
sented over  fifty  of  these  during  the  year.  We  are  indebted  to 
Miss  Anna  T.  Jeanes  for  a  number  of  beautiful  glass  models  of 
mollusks,  and  to  Mr.  Joseph  Jeanes  for  a  fine  suite  of  California 
shells,  and  mounted  linguals  of  Ghitonidse^  etc. 

Mr.  John  H.  Redfield  has  presented  his  entire  and  very  com- 
plete collection  of  Marginellidse. 

The  U.  S.  Fish  Commission,  and  Dr  W.  H.  Jones,  U.  S.  X., 
have  presented  numerous  specimens,  both  in  alcohol  and  dry. 

We  have  received  from  Dr.  Isaac  Lea,  the  type  series  of 
Claiborne  (Ala.)  Eocene  fossils,  described  and  figured  in  his 
"  Contributions  to  Geology,"  numbering  228  species. 

Mr.  John  A.  Ryder  has  prepared  a  drawing  in  outline  of  the 
gigantic  Architeuthis  princeps^  Yerrill ;  although  only  j^^  of  the 
natural  size,  this  drawing  is  upon  a  canvas  twelve  feet  in  length. 
It  is  exhibited  upon  the  wall  of  the  Conchological  galler\'. 

Our  collection  of  fossil  shells,  the  sj'stematic  arrangement  of 
which  has  been  so  long  neglected,  has  at  length,  under  the  com- 
petent supervision  of  Mr.  Angelo  Heilprin,  received  that  attention 
which  its  importance  merits.     Mr.  Heilprin  has  criticallj^  studied 


iged  the  whole  of  thu  North  Ameriean  Eocene  Collection. 

i  is  now  engaged  upon  the  Miocene.     These  shells  have  all  been 

labeled  and  mounted  by  Mr.  Purker.     A  Huilable  Ubel  has  beeii 

Wied  upon  the  drawers  containing  thu  "  Swift  Collection,"  and 

B  have  been  ma<ie  accessible  to  the  public.     The  Cfphalopoin, 

Vwricidie,   Piirpitrirfse,  Fusidte,  and   Buccimdm  of  the   general 

'  collection  have  been  rearranged  in  accordance  with  llie  latest 

information  upon  these  groups ;  and  it  is  proposed  to  eoullnne 

this  work  of  revision  upon  the  other  families  of  marine  sheila  a» 

Ippportimity  offers. 
A  reurrangemeiit  of  the  Land  shells  in  accordance  with  tlw 
fiatuml  groups  of  Dr.  Louis  I'feiffer's  "  Nomenclator  Heliceorum 
Viventinm,"  and  of  the  Unionidse,  in  accordance  with  the  lateet 
edition  ,of  Dr.  Lea's  "  Synopsis,"  will  be  commenced  aa  soou  as 
possible. 
The  Museum  of  Recent  Concbology  now  contains  38,C34  troy* 
and  13';,337  specimens. 
There  have  been' no  changes  made  in  the  Dy-Lawe  of  the  Section. 
The  offlcers  for  1881  are  : 
Director — W.  S.  W.  Riischunberger. 
Vice-I>irevlor — John  Ford. 
Recorder — S.  BaTmond  Roberts. 
B&!retary — John  H.  Redfield.  - 
Treasurer — Wm.  L.  Mactier. 
Conservator — Geo.  W.  Tryon,  Jr. 
Librarian — Edw.  J.  Nolan. 

Respectnilly  submitted, 

B.  Batkord  Robkbti, 

itMwrdir. 

The  following  are  the  additions  to  the  Conchological  CaUnet 
received  during  1880 : 

R.  Arango.  Two  linndred  and  seventy-four  species  and  T»rie- 
ties  of  Cuban  shells. 

W,  G.  Binney,  Helix  Mayrani,  Algiers.  Tealacella  Jialioloidea. 
England. 

John  Brazier.  Bytkinia  hyalina,  from  New  Sonth  Wales. 
Eighty-four  species  Land,  Fresh-water,  and  Marine  shells  from 
Australia. 

J.  J.  Brown.    A  collection  of  mollusks  from  Florida  and  Haiti. 

W.  W,  Calkins.  Unio  Blandingianua  and  Tritonidea  t-'ncta, 
Florida. 


1880.]  NATURAL  HCIENGES  OF  PHILADKLPHIA.  417 


Caleb  Cooke.     Melania  acabra^  Zanzibar. 

W.  II.  Dougherty.     Buiimus  Schiedeanusy  Coahuila,  Mexico. 

John  Foixl.  Area  pexata^  Say,  Newport,  K.  1.  Five  spc'cies 
of  marine  shells,  Atlantic  City,  N.  J.  3Ii^fihts  hain(itu,s^  Say,  from 
Seekonk  River,  Provitlence,  K.  I.  ILdi.r  fuhrrrulosa,  Conrad, 
Sinaitic  Desert.  Xafica  dupUrala  and  .V.  hrms,  with  nidus,  ova 
capsules  of  Xattaa  trivittnla,  Atlantic  City,  X.  J.  Fine  specimen 
of  (.'ai(sii<  tuiM'rasa,  Bahamas.  Over  fifty  spcv'imeiis,  sections  of 
shells. 

Andrew  Garrett.     PartnUi  (teci/ssafd  and  1\  (/a/n/mrdcs.  Domi- 
nique  Is.,  Marquesas.     F,  inflata^  Taiwata,  Manpiesas.      Partula 
(sp.),  Moorea,  Society  Isles.      Trorhua  trnr/tnidrn^  Society  Isles. 
Cardium  (j^\).),  Taumotus  Is. 

E.  Hall.  A  collection  of  land  and  fresh-water  sliells  from 
various  localities.     Twenty-six  species  of  fresli-water  sht'lls. 

Dr.  W.  D.  Ilartmnn.  Embryonic  PartuL*e.  6'//<7o.s/owi^  in- 
conijitus,  near  Hoj^ota,  S.  A.  Hrli.r  f<i)ni/ftris,  Fer.,  Jiq);in.  Three 
8|>eeies  of  Partula  from  Manpiesas  Islands.  Ptirtuhi  liaiafcnsi.^ 
{tyi)e)  from  Ilaiatea.     J*nr(tda  ajq}t^<u:i)nata,  Kaiatea. 

Henry  Hemphill.  Over  two  hundred  species  and  varieties  of 
California  shells. 

J.  G.  Hidalgo.  Murc.r  Trt/oni  (type).  Lesser  Antilles,  liii-i- 
inda  nodosa,  Brazil. 

Anna  T.  Jeanes.  (ilass  models  of  twelve  species  of  niidibraii- 
chiate  moUusks. 

Jo-ieph  Jeanes.  Mounted  lino^iuds  of  thirty-seven  s[)ecies  of 
niollusks.  Xinety-nine  sp/cies  and  varieties  ol*  land,  fresh-water 
and  mirine  shells  from  California. 

I>r.  \V.  H.  Jones.  Twenty-five  sp,»cies  of  pelaufic  moliusks  from 
the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  Oceans.  Sri//hva  jx'lof/fca.  (f-r'/yf/rtts 
Kt^nindrenii, 

Henrv  C.  Lea.  Twentv-four  species  of  (Mailjorne  Kocene  fossil 
shells,  types  of  his  descri[)tions. 

Dr.  Isaac  Lea.  Type  colleirtion  of  ClailM)rne  (Ala),  Koe*ene 
shells,  consistini^  of  *2'2^  six-cies  ;  arraniicd  as  desciihed  and  ii^'-ured 
in  his  ''Contributions  to  (feolo<iy."  Vohita  '/////r^ivV/,  Ediiinont 
Key,  Fla. 

Joseph  Leidy.  (ioinnlmtiis  j/ro.n'ma.  Say,  Piedmont  Spriuir^, 
North  Carolina 

K.  T.  Nelson,  J^Jt/pfeurn  'ramparftfu'tt,  Conr.,  Tampa  Uay,  Fla. 

T.  IL  Peale.     Jsfnrfe  rasfniwn^  Say,  Sandy  Hook,  N.  ,i. 

John  H.  Kediiehl.  Collection  of  Maririnellida*,  includinii-  seveial 
hundred  specimens  of  about  two  hundred  species  and  varieties. 
Sptrfjrr  miirroiifitns,  Hamilton  group. 

S.  K.  Roberts.  Macnma  halthica,  Linn.,  Collins'  r>eacli,  Del. 
Heli.r  linifaiwnnra.  Tririn  y^r/Z^/ciV/^z/n,  Sandwich  Isles,  dilin- 
drtdla  ijrarilicoUis^  3fac7*ocrrai)ius  Klnftrofufs,  Bid.  (ex  aiict.), 
Port-au-Prince,  Hay ti. 

28 


tHOcrEBBlNOW  OV  TI[E  ACABEMY  O 


Ir,  CliftS.  V.  I'lirkiT  in  Ihu  woik  of  poisanl 
(J  arrsnghig  the  collection-  rocciv.il  iluriiig  tli«  year  ami  for 
licr  tnitcrial  assistaiico. 

.loss  H.  Rkpfikld, 

IHeember  I'Alh,   ISSO. 

TLi'  oHlwrs  I'U'Clcd  Tor  the  ToHln'Oiniiig  .vi'ai'  «re ; 
lUmMor.—itv.yi.  8.  W,  Rtwcli  on  burger. 
Vvx-Ihrrelor. — ThomiP  Median. 
Hecoriler. — F.  L,  Syribner. 

Got;  Secrelar'j I'tatic  C  Mai1inil«lc. 

Vonseri'atftr^ — 3a\in  H,  Rfidfletd, 

'/■-rn^v/'-r.— J.  0.  SchiuiiiK-l. 

Unsi»>i-t fully  iiil.mlllcl, 

Thomas  Mkckai), 

t'i.*-Z>»>¥.f..r. 

Donnlion*  t^  Herbarium  and  Muieiim. — Mrs.  Sarali  S,  I'ickvi-in^. 
L«f  Cnnibvidge.  Mass.:  1200  species  pUuts,  ooUcct<,-(l  Uy  iHc  luli- 
KDr.  Cliae.  I'ickeHng,  in  theyeara  1844  and  1815,  in  Malta,  Eg,vpl. 
R^rabia,  >!»nzibar  and  Indiu,  alao  lot  of  fleo<l-vciwels,  etc.  (Tha>s 
py,  Parlier;  Leehm  Nocit  CsnarM  Aiwtiu,  Bergen  Co.,  N.  V-. 
■|or^  type);  Frtujaria  Wllinani,  Clinton,  Uetroit,  Mich. 
>  type) ;  OuUutia  oleifi^ra,  P.  C,  African  fl|)ecie8.  team 
IrCaindt-n,  N.  J.;  Lyvojiux  iteniiU/oiiux,  CIr.,  BatHto,  N.  J.; 
^\is  Eiir->iMHf,  BdllaRt,  Camden,  N.  J.  Wm.  M.  Canby: 
vSffi'/(ifi((,Gr.,Na8liviUe,  Teiin.;  5  species  pluita  tVom  Citli- 
fomia,  iietv  to  the  collectiou;  111  species  of  plants  ttom  Ktirope. 
Syria,  S  Afiica,  etc.,  many  of  tbein  new  to  the  collection.  Dr. 
Asa  llray:  llil  species  plimls  fi'um  Ciilifornia.  Arizonx,  Oregon, 
Wii9lniifrU.ii  Terr.,  TiirkiaUii.  ami  Microuesian  IsLm.is,  mostly 
new  to  tlic  collection.  Prof.  C,  J.  Sargent :  Aster  HerveyijOr., 
Tivei-toii.  R.  I. ;  Photographs  of  Conifers,  from  Oregon.  Geo,  E, 
Daveuport,  Boston :  Cheilanthe*  vixcida,  Davenp.,  California. 
Isaac  C.  Martindale  :  Third  and  fourth  centuries  of  Ellis'  North 
American  Fungi;  Corelhroi/;/iieJila(/inifolia,  Nutt,  San  Diego  Co., 
Cal.;  specimens  of  Caslatu-a  n-eca,  L.,  var.  Americana,  with  ab- 
norm:il  fertile  spikes,  from  Pitman's  Grove,  N,  J. ;  Bark  of  Pimu 
milis,M>i.;  Briclellia  Vinn-iUiana,  Ci-eene,  new  species,  Xew 
Mexico ;  CurriijiiAa  littrralis,  L.,  Ballast,  near  Philadelphia.  Dr. 
C.  C.  Parry,  Davenport,  la. :  Tilbonia  lubeeformis,  Cass.,  cult,  at 
Davenport,  from  Mexican  seed ;  Mexican  mats  and  rope  made 
from  fibre  of -If/nre  lietiracaiitlia  :  Fibre  oT  Agave  Americana. 
A.  L.  Silcr,  I'tali :  Penlnleiiuni  Sileri,  Gr.,  nov.  sp.,  Beav«r  Dam 
Mts.,  Utah.     Mrs.  M.  J.  Myers,  Syracuse,  N.  V.:  Einpactia  Bel- 


t 


!*•*»  ]  ^ATi  »%t  M  iKM'iLji  or  riiii.«i*r.i.niiA.  113 

l»rUw«rr  K^i-f,  '«!'>w    Kaiu'tiii  *  I*"iiit    rtiti>lt  ti    N    .1       .!•■•    \\  il 
♦■•■*      (  ra^'ti«t  til*  •/ |««t1i  r  \  .  fr«iiii  A  iiii«iiii«l.  >!    .|.»Nii'*  Hi^-'.H.t. 

,.#<•••    \  r..    .  n!   rtr-M!.iii  |->tli:\ 

J>>«KrU    I.KIIiT. 


II 


r.M'MKT  ufr    TIIK   r.lol.iHWr  \|.   \\  |i  MH  K«im  ul'h  AI. 

>Vi   IIiiN 

T  '•     \  *.!.  .  »i  •  \  :■  '•.!  oil  «  k*  l.<  '.  i  •  -Il  1  !ii  t  \  •  r..i*  J  "f  H  !•'•••   I    lIi, 

1  fj«     f  ■.     •»  ;||^   !•   .1   «  .tlilU  If  V    "f   V.i     |ir  :!.t     p.i!    •  .*.i  •■•  -  ■   fi  •*  t.ti    I 


I 


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il. 


'    \    -'  ".}  \    J    !  !.    Ill   I.  f 
J.-        :    .    !-*  r..   .:  .  Pi..    ...    '     X       f    *    iV.  .     •..      !»f      J-i.:. 

Ji-i    1    !':.  l»*»i  -   T!it    M.«  '••*    ■;-    "*•  ■*  n;i  %'j-    »f   \i.\t  -r.^i*     :i. 
'  *    !••    •  %r\  >.    ..  r 

:  I.  :••  •  -1  *..  I*rr|.i-,r    -.    •  \l .!.  •    :  r  -r  M    •  .    j    »: 


:  i     ;  ••'•        \..    1.  .  .  :    r     .    \  j^*     -f   •   ..    •   -ru:.      •     I     ;..-•.*  \ 


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••-■-.    I  ..-  .     •       .       \  .    ■   .  ***••-..;         •      • 


.  '      :•  v..   :  ••  '        I     .    M       r.*   :..•     f  M     •    •       :        i  r    .     ■•        .   I»r 

»  r 


422  I'liOct^BiuNus  (IF  TiiK  AfAnKMY  or  [19 

t'orc,  piililislKtil  ill  the  Transactions  or  thv  Ami-rican  Kntomologl- 
cai  Society,  'i'liorti  tuivc  been  eigllt  papeiH  pi'e§eDted  and  pulilislunl 
by  tho  lattoi  society  during  the  year,  comprising  S3S  page«  of 
printed  matter  iu  oetnvo  form,  iltustnted  )iy  neven  plates.  This, 
in  BuuiiiMrtion  with  ii  pugei^  of  tlie  pubUslii^d  ProoeediiigH  of  the 
Sot-tion  iimki^  a  totiil  of  8^2  pages  of  entomological  piiblicatiorii* 
i:*sueil  sinco  hut  nnniial  meeting. 

The  eDtomological  collections  of  the  Academy  liave  been  csr<- 
ftilly  attended  to  through  the  year,  by  the  Conservator,  Mr.  Goo. 
B.  Cresson,  aud  have  been  premsrved  from  all  Infection  or  loss. 

By  the  deatli  of  Mr.  Jnmo^  Ridings,  In  July,  the  section  loi 
oni!  of  itti  most  valued  members,     Mr.   Hidings  w 
Ibnndera  of  the  American  Rutomological  Society,  and  through  1 
many  valuable  discoveries  wae  well  known  among  the  entomolo- 
gists of  the  United  States. 

At  the  auuiial  meeting  of  the  Meetiou,  held  December  l^th,  Ui^ 
following  gentlemen  were  re-elected  as  oflioerB  for  the  enaalng  y« 

Uirw/or.— John  L.  LeConte.  M.  D. 

Vice-X>irecttir. — Ucorgc  11.  Horn,  M.  D. 

Treasurer. — B.  T.  Cre>«on. 

Hevordfr .T.  H.  Ridings. 

_    tWKCJTnto-.— Ueo.  It.  Cre9~on. 

AtMioafioffl  Committee. — George  H.  Horn,  K.  D. 
Samuel  Lewis,  M.  D. 

At  the  last  annual  meeting  of  the  American  Entomological 
Society  the  sum  of  seventy-five  dollars  was  contributed  towards 
the  funds  of  the  Academy. 

ResjR'Ctfully  submitted, 

Jaubb  H.  RiDiNoa, 
Rteordtr. 

REPOKT  OF  MINERALOUICAL  AND  GEOLOGICAL 
SECTIOX. 

The  Director  of  the  Mineralogical  and  Geological  Section  woidd 
respectfully  ro|>ort : 

Meetings  of  the  Section  have  been  tiel<l  monthly,  except  during 
July  and  August.  The  attendance  has  been  good.  A  number  of 
interesting  papei-s  were  icad,  and  many  valuable  communications 
and  donations  made.  During  the  year,  the  first  volume  of  its  pro- 
ceedings was  published,  containing  scientific  papers  and  commfi- 
nications  to  January  Ist,  1880.     The  collection  of  local  rockg  and 


Goo. 

1.  hi!^ 

h,  Ui&_ 
yoaJ^H 


1880  J  NATURAL  SCIENCES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  423 

mineials  has  outgrown  the  place  provided  for  it.  It  is  almost 
<!Oinplete  as  to  the  rocks  of  Philadelphia,  and  of  Delaware,  Mont- 
gomery and  Bucks  counties.  Believing,  as  he  does,  that  this 
collection  will  grow  into  one  of  great  importance  and  interest,  he 
is  glad  to  state  that  the  desire  of  the  Section  for  a  better  location 
for  it  has  Ikjcu  granted  by  the  Council  of  the  Academy. 

Resnpctfully  submitted, 

Theo.  D.  Rand, 

Director, 

Philadelphia,  December  27th,  1880. 
To  the  Director  of  the  Mineralogical  and  Geological  Section  : 

The  mineral  collection  of  the  Academy  has  been  improved 
-during  the  past  year  by  the  addition  of  tlie  usual  number  of  dona- 
tions. These  have  been  carefully  labeled  and  placed  in  the  cases 
bv  Mr.  Charles  F.  Parker,  to  whose  industrv  and  care  we  are 
<*hiefly  indebted  for  the  satisfactory  arrangement  and  labeling  of 
^11  our  specimens.  I  submit  with  this  a  list  of  the  donations 
-durinir  the  past  vear.     The  collection  is  in  a  satisfaetorv  con- 

-  -dition. 

Joseph  Willcox, 

Conservator. 

Additions  to  Mineralogical  Cabinet  during  the  year  1880: — 
-Jas.  W.  Beath :  Twenty -five  specimens  of  polished  Agates,  from 
Oberstein,  Germany;  and  Paraguay  ;  Crocidolite,  S.  Africa.  C.  S. 
Boutcher  :  Proustite,  Gunnison,  Co.,  Colorado.  Walter  Collins  : 
Asphaltum,  Cretaceous  Marl,  Blackwoodtown,  X ,  J.  Chas.  Doble  : 
Millerite,  Chalcopyrite  and  Niccoliferous  P^^rrhotito,  Gap  Mine, 
Lancaster  Co.,  Pa.  W.  II.  Dougherty :  Native  Gold,  also  a  fine  col- 
lection of  Native  Silver,  Silver  ores.  Argentiferous  Galenn,  Ruby 
Silver,  Cassiterite,  etc.,  Mexico;  Green  Sand,  San  Antonio  River, 
Texas.  John  Ford :  Stilbite,  P'rankford,  IMiilada. :  Actinolite, 
Hornblende,  Lafayette.  Montgomery  Co.,  Pa.  Jolin  Garvin: 
Native  Gold  in  Quartz,  Battle  ]5ranch,  Ga.  K.  Goldsmith :  Lignite, 
containing  Fichtelite,  Brazil  Prof.  S.  S.  Hakleman  :  Stalactite, 
and  six  specimens  of  Agates,  Argentine  Republic.  E.  P.  Hancock: 
Two  s|K»cimens  Jeti'ersonite,  Sterling,  Sussex  Co.,  N.J. ;  Thorite, 
Brevig,  Norway.  W.  W.  Jefleris:  Quartz  pseud,  after  Dog-tooth 
Spar;  Picrolite(Slickenside,)Newlin, Chester  Co.,  Pa  ;  Wavellite, 
E.  Whiteland,  Chester  Co.,  Pa.  Dr.  (i.  A.  Koenig  :  Jarosite, 
Chatiee  Co.,  Colorado.  Dr.  Isaac  Lea :  Amazonstone,  and  a  fine 
si)ecimen  of  Sunstone,  near  Media,  Del.  Co.,  Pa.  Dr.  Jos.  Leidy  : 
Three  specimens  of  Talcose  Slate,  Soapstone  Quarry,  shore  of  the 
Delaware  River,  above  Easton,  Pa.;  Corundum,  Laurens  Co.,  S.  C. ; 
Biotite,  Steatite  Quarry  on  Bushkill  Creek,  near  Easton,  Pa.  H. 
C  Lewis:  Philadelphite,  Phila. ;   Hyalite,  Germantown,    Pliila. ; 


k. 


42-t  i'lluCICEDINUS  OV  THE  AfADKMT  OF  [ISI 

Halite,  Wnltville,  Va.  Win.  Lorenz:  L'iiryHotile,  faiiiulii.  Mr* 
Loyer :  Corundum,  Cheater  (!o..  Pa,  Mba  Miller:  Crystals  erf" 
Silvei-,  Lako  Superior;  lU'inHLite,  (lypsiim,  Stalactite.  Chlora»- 
trollh-,  Ilalitp.  etc.,  from  vuHous  localities.  Dr.  W.-ir  Mltehdh 
SiH.ili,.,!  Woij.1,  Mis-i.,in-i  Uiv.-r,  above  BiBiuarek.  L.  l*almCT;J 
A!liir.f.V(Mmiriilil<-.l',I.C„..  I'a.  Tbco. D. Ran-I :  Kainmert- rite « 
Clinniiiii'.  Hiiilinif.  Ilol.  ('.].,  I'u. ;  Cryatnllixed  Qimris  in  P&ta  " 
Siiiiilsloin',  Jlofil..  Co..  I'ii. ;  H<^rri'iigriiii<lite,  Ifprreiigriind.  Hm 
giiry;  OrileyiUt,  Biniuali.  .1.  L.  RvcA:  A^bcstiis.  Italy;  Chryi 
ottle,  Ontario,  Canadiu  T.  W.  Kicd  :  Chalfjopyrito,  Mfmieoiueqj 
Co.,  !'a.  Or.  W.  S.  W.  RusclH-nUTgcr ;  Co|Ii)eT  jiliitr,  Csldem 
Chile,  I85K.  Dr.  J.  Richwrtf  Taylor  i  Corargyrite.  Clilor ' 
Silver,  with  fi-notiiretl  Wiiv^lHtc  urystaU,  Galena  with  Iri-i-  Siil|.hur, 
Milleiite,  And  nrgontirtroita  Carbonate  of  I.cai),  [.rjuhillf,  CdIii. 
vado;  Ore  from  the  Ohio  Mine,  bearing  <Jold,  Silver  ;in'i  Cn|i[rt>r, 
lli'eakeuridgc,  Col-  C.  M.  Wheatley  ;  Fine  epecimeu  of  Bys>«olilt', 
Cliesiei-  Co.,  I'n. ;  Azurite  on  Chaicopyrite.  Tpper  Salford  Miut^ 
Montgomery  Co.,  I'a.;  Anrichalcite  on  Calrite,an<l  whini  Apatite 
iL.<l  Milainuit.',  Jones  Miiw, 


Lth  BytiSiiliUi;  Chalcopvrite,  l'\  i 
nerl(«C<>.,Pa.     Dr.  .las.W.  WInr,     ( 

Ami.uson  Co.,  S.  C;   Conni'i.n     I   ■' 
ConiNch.m,  Hog-back  Mt.N.'' 

Riitile.  l'hlogopite,Hraphic  (Jiinii  ■  ,' 
n-i(p,    Slalapnjite,    etc.,    I'roni    ' 


i.Storevillc, 
^    I  .  -,  Andesitp  wilh 

-ihtinsof  Zincite, 

'  - 1 1  ■  1 1 1  iv ,  Fibrolite,  UaruetL 
ii'iuua  hxialltles.      .toftedr 


Willo-x:  Aiituiiito  (Cmulte),  Mltoliftll  Co.,  N.  C;  PyroseiM 
Biolile'/,  Apatite,  Kur^ejis,  Ontario,  Cnnfldji :  Cornndni 
with  Margaritf,  Ii-titWU  Co.,  N.  C;  n^m'.-i-'---.  P,.;---.! 
renc?  Co.,  N,  Y. ;  Blactc  ToiiiinaltD«,  A\' 
Scapolite,  Pyroxi-iii',  niirl  four  Hpeciin. 
Ontario,  Canada,  A,  E.  Foote,  in  exchange  for  diiplicato  books: 
nine  specimens  of  Apatite,  Renfrew,  Ontario,  Canada;  Chrysotile, 
fonr  specimens  of  Titanite  iSphene),  Tltnnite  (Lederite),  two 
Veanvianite,  Beryl,  Triphyllito,  Celestite,  WoUaatonite,  QiinimiteT 
Ui-anotile,  Tourmaline,  Octahedral  Crystals  of  Fluorite,  with 
Apatite  and  Calcite,  from  various  localities.  Purchased  :  Limon- 
itc,  Superior  Mine,  Michigan. 

Additions  to  Rock  CoUection. — John  Ford:  Hornblende,  Soap- 
,  stone  Quarry,  Lafayette  Pa. ;  Tourmaline  and  Hornblende  Schist, 
Tunnel  near  Ginird  Ave.  Bridge  ;  Decomposing  Qneiss  with  Mica^ 
ditto  with  Quartz,  ditto  with  Manganese  ?,  near  west  end  of  Cal- 
lowhill  St.  Bridge,  Philadelphia.  G.  H.  Ivens  :  Qeode  of  Limonite, 
Kent  Co.,  Md.  W.  W.  Jefferis:  Gneiss.  John  Hartman;  Two 
specimens  of  Crystalline  Slag,  taken  from  hearth  of  Blast  Funiaoe, 
Charlotte,  N.  Y.  Dr.  Jos.  Leidy :  Talcose  Slate,  Soapstone 
Quarry,  Pot  Rock,  Delaware  River,  above  Easton,  Pa. ;  Indurated 
Clay  (Bridger  Eocene),  near  Fort  Bridgcr,  Wyoming.  H.  C. 
Lewis :  Glacler-scratclieil  boulder,  Belvidere,  N.  J.  Theo.  D. 
Rand :  Twenty-seven  specimens  of  Rocks,  from  the  neighborhood 
of  Philadelphia,  for  Local  Rock  collection;  three  speeimetM  of 


1880.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES   OF   PHILADELPHIA.  425 

slags,  fix)m  Puddling  Furnace,  Coatesville,  Pa,  Joseph  H.  Tail : 
Six  specimens  of  Ruby  Silver,  near  Austin,  Nevada. 

SUMMARY   OF   THE   REPORT    OF   WM.  C.   IIENSZEY, 

Treasurer,  for  the  year  ending  Nov.  30,  1880. 

Db. 

To  Balance  from  last  account 81082  09 

**    Initiation  fees 280  00 

**   Contributions  (semi-annual  contributions) 2244  98 

"    Life  Memberships 600  00 

•♦   Voluntary  Contributions  from  Life  Members 015  00 

"   Admissions  to  Museum 4-'5r)  30 

'*    Sale  of  Guide  to  Museum L2.00 

Duplicate  Books 7  75 

Donation  from  Mineralogical  and  G.  Section  towards 

Proceedings 85  00 

**    Donations  towards  Plates  for  Proceedings 10  00 

•*'    Interest  on  Deposits 09  04 

-*    Interest  on  Phil,  and  Erie  Railroad  Bonds 80  00 

"■*    Life  Member  Fund.     Interest  on  Investment 120  00 

•**    Maintenance  Fund.             "         "             '*        80  00 

**    Publication  Committee.     W.  S.  Vaux,  Treasurer 507  04 

-*    Publication  Fund.     Interest  on  Investments 280  00 

**    Barton  Fund.                   •'         "             •*        240  00 

'*    Wilson  Fund.     Towards  Salary  Librarian 300  00 

**    Freight  returned 4  80 

**    Pbila.  and  Erie  Railroad  Bond,  Transferred  to  Mainte- 

tenance  Fund 10(K)  00 

."?77r)8  40 


it 


Cb. 

5*5alarie8,  Janitors,  etc .^2900  00 

freight 00  59 

inspecting  Boiler 10  20 

Repairs 188  05 

X^nsurance 80  Oo 

-•^ars  and  Bottles 74  11 

<7oal 195  50 

C^8 177  27 

^lounting  Bird 1  25 

S^tationery  and  Postage  Stamps 130  65 

Aooks 0  50 

^Alcohol 87  00 

Publication  Committee.     W.  S.  Vaux,  Treasurer 98  33 

Newspaper  Reports 04  00 

VTater  Rents 20  15 

TrajB 42  00 

:Binding 118  40 

X>rintingand  Paper 1539  08 

X^latesand  Printing 142  52 

^liscellaneoas 448  54 

Il,ife  Memberships  transferred  to  Life  Membership  Fund.  500  00 


0852  19 


Balance^ $m  21 

*  During  the  year  there  was  received  from  voluntary  contributions  and 
^lonations  $€60,  which,  with  a  Bond  for  $1000,  used  for  general  purposes, 
indicates  that  the  current  expenses  exceed  the  regular  income  over  $1600,  the 
\)alance  at  the  close  of  the  year  being  a  little  less  than  at  the  commencement. 


426                                 PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ACADEMY  OF  [1880. 

LIFE  MEMBERSHIP  FUND.     (For  MaintenAnce.) 

Balance  per  last  Statement ^  $500  00 

Life  Memberships  Transferred  to  this  account 500  00 

Interest 120  00 


$1120  00 
Transferred  to  General  Account 120  00 


To  Balance  for  Investment $1000  00 

BARTON  FUND.     (For  Printing  and  Illustrating  Publications.) 

Balance  per  last  Statement ^ ^ $240  00 

Interest ^      240  00 


$480  00  ^ 

Transferred  to  General  Account 240  00  ^ 


Balance $240  00 

JESSUP  FUND.     (For  Support  of  Studenta.) 

Balance  last  Statement $551  67 

Interest  on  Investments 560  00 


$1111  67 
Disbursed 590  00 


Balance $621  67 

MAINTENANCE  FUND. 

Total  amount  received $1550  00 

Interest 80  00 


Less  paid  for  Printing 

Invested  in  Bonds  Phila.  and  Erie  Railroad, 
interest  Trjinsferred  to  General  Account 


l)!il!inc<.' 


I.   V.  WILLIAMSON   LIBRARY  FUND. 


*23  r,5 

1000  00 

80  00 

$1580  00 

?.".liO    8') 

lialancc *>:VM)  'S' 

l^•nt.M  ('ull«'Ct<Ml '.»7  (•<» 

<ii<»urMl  irnt'i  (\»llecie'l lO'.Mi  Cm* 


For  Hooks 

lixpenscH  kSile  of  Prop  ty  for  !irre;ir:\ges  of  Groun«l-reni... 

<  ''ists,  In  Ml  ranees,  etc 

ilepiiir^  to  Properties 

Taxes 

Water  Rents 

<  'olh'ct  ing 


Balance $'20'*  '>b 


*151>o 

*  ■  M« 

>=">77 

')6 

ir.7 

25 

•»  J 

47 

2:\'2 

87 

2{\4 

(»'J 

41 

AO 

£3 

70 

i;;i3 

-- 

1       i 

• 


.]                      NATURAL  SCIENCES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  427 

PUBLICATION  FUND. 

ce  last  SUtement $038  26 

le  firom  InTestments 850  00 

$688  25 

ferred  to  General  Account 280  00 

To  Balance i?408  25 


THOMAS  B.  WILSON  LIBRARY  FUND. 

ce  last  Statement $141  57 

68ts  on  InTestments 570  00 

▼ed  from  W.  S.  Vaux  for  Duplicate  Books 8  00 

$719  57 

for  Books $300  00 

»      Binding 11  55 

tneral  Account  towards  salary  of  Librnrina 800  00 

$611  55 

Balance $108  02 


MRS.  STOTT  FUND.     (For  Publication.) 

re  Months'  Interest $112  00 

to  (W.  S.  Vaux)  Publication  Committee 114  00 


JOSHUA  T.  JEANES  FUND.     (For  Maintenance.) 

98t  by  him  paid  by  Heirs $20,000  00 

ted  in  three  Mortgages $7000  00 

8(X)0  00 

10,000  00 

$20,(H)0  00 

ECKFELT  FUND, 
invested « $2460  86 


O^ 


I 


v^iuU""*  '"rjr.^x'"-  "::aT*'-  ""'JTwi.-  "■""* 

'1    ,„  of  *'  *  ■  ,.,val"'  ■"  .,,,\  ««'■'■        .,  5  .»"""« 


ADDITIONS  TO  LIBRARY.  429 


ADDITIONS  TO  LIBRARY. 

December  Isi,  1870— November  30th,  1880. 

Abbot,   E,   H.      Physics  and    hydraulics   of   the   Mississippi   River.      Dr.    I. 

Minis  Hays. 
Allen,  J.  A.     U.  S.  Geol    and  Geogr.  Surv.  of  Ter.     Miscellaneous  j)ublica- 
tions,   No.    12.     History   of    North   American  Pinnipeds,    1S80.     The 
Department  of  the  Interior. 
Allen,  T.  F.     Characete  of  America.     Pts.  1  and  2.     I.  V.  Williamson  Fund. 
AUis,  (».  A.     Deformity  from  fractures  at  the  lower  end  of  the  humerus.     The 

Author. 
Alumni  Association,  Philadelphia  College  of  Pharmacy.     16th  annual  report. 

The  Society. 
American  Angler's  Guide.     8d  Kd.,  1841*.     S   S.  Haldeman. 
American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     11th  annual  report.     The  Director. 
Annual  record  of  science  and  industry  lor  1878.     I.  V.  Williamson  Fund. 
Arango,  R.     Contribucion  a  la  fauna  malacologica  Cubana.     The  Author. 
Archa3ological  Section  of  the  St.   Louis  Academy  of  Sciences.     Contributions 

to  the  archaeology  of  Missouri.     Part  1,  Pottery.     The  Academy. 
Astor  Library.     31  st  annual  report,  1880.     The  Trustees. 
Baillon,  M.  H      Dictionuaire  de  botanique.     12me  Fasc. 

Natural  history  of  plants.     Vol.  6.     I.  V.  Williamson  Fund. 
Balfour,  F.  M.     Comparative  embryology.     I.  V.  Williamson  Fund. 
Barber,  E.  A.     Comparative  vocabulary  of  Utah  dialects.     The  Author. 
B4rcena,  Mariano.     Tcrremoto  del  17  de  Ma\  o  de  1S79 

Viaje  a  la  Caverna  de  Cacahuamilpa,  1874.     The  Author. 
Datos  para  el  estudio  de  las  rocas  mesozoicas  de  Mexico,  y  sus  fosiles 
caracteristicos.  1875.     Dr.  Jos.  Leidy. 
Barrande,  J.     Brachiopodos.     Vol.  6,  187U.     The  Author. 
Beale,  L.  S.     -How  to  work  with  the  microscope,     oth  Ed.      I.  V.  Williamson 

Fund. 
Bentham,   G.   and  J.    D.    Hooker.     Genera   plantarum.     Vol.  3,   Pt.  1.      I.  V 

Williamson  Fund. 
Berg,  Dr.  C      Observaciones  acerca  de  la  familiallyponomeutidiu. 
Apuntes  Lepidopttrologiques. 
Hemiptera  argentina,  187*<. 
La  Reina  de  las  Flores,  1880.     The  Author. 
Binney,  W.  G.     North  American  species  of  Zonites.     The  Author. 
Board  of  Directors  of  City  Trusts.     lOth  annual  report.     The  Board. 
Bocage,  J.  V.  Barboza  do.     Melanges  ornithologiques,  V. 
Liste  des  Antilopes  d' Angola. 
Algumas  observa^oes  e  additamentos  ao  artigo  do  8r.  A.  C.  Smith  intitu- 

lado  "A  sketch  of  the  birds  of  Portugal." 
Note  sur  une  nouvelle  espoce  africaine  du  genre  "Coracias." 
Aves  das  possesoes  portuguezas  d'Africa  occidental,  14th  and  Dith  List. 
Subsidies  para  a  fauna  das  pos.  portuguezas  d'Africa  occidental. 
Aves  da  Zambezia  e  do  Transvaal.     The  Author. 
Bohnensieg,  G.  C    W.  and  W.  Burck.     liepertorium  annuum  literatuno  botan- 
icie  periodicic.     T.  6,  1879. 
Encyklopicdie  der  Naturwissenschaften.     le  Abth.,   H  Lief.,   1880.     1.   V. 
Williamson  Fund. 
Bolton,  H.  Carrington.     Table  showing  the  beiiavior  of  certain  minerals  with 

Citric  Acid  alone  and  with  reagents.     The  Author. 
Bommer,  J.   E.     Monographic  de  la  classe  des   Fougeres,   1867.     Dr.    F.   V. 
Hayden. 


430  ADDITIONS  TO  LIBRABT. 

Itarre.  A.  Preudbomme  tie.     Espuces  ile  U  triba  des  Furonides  qui  t«  rcncon- 

trcDteo  Belgique.     lr«  Partic. 
Kspeces  dee  Iribus   des   I'ltDBgeides,  Jes  Loricerides,  des  Licindn,   il«* 

Cblitniides  et  des  BrosciileB  i|ui  se  renconlrenl  en  BelEiqne. 
De  ta  meilUure  digpoxition  u  doaner  aui  cftiaaesct  urlDQB  des  cotlKlionl 

d' insects 
Note  snr  ie  Brejeria  Borinansis.     Tbe  Author. 
Brazier,  J.     Sjnonymfi  of,  and  remarks  upon  Port  Jackson,  Sew  CaledoaiaD 

and  other  shells,  wltli  their  distribution- 
Brief  account  of  Ihe  natives  of  weslera  Australia,  1B79.     The  Author. 
Brehms  Thierleben.     8Bd.,  1-H  Hefi,     I.  V.  William  son  Fund. 
BreTi<^re,  L.     Catntogue  des  moUusques  obierv^-B  dans  le  IMpaTimeiit  de  la  ' 

Xitvre.     1.  V.  Williamson  Fund. 
Hronn,  H.  U.     MorphologiscLe  Studien  uber  die  Qestaltung-Oesetie  der  Xa- 

lurkrirper  Uherliaupt,  und  der  nrgnnischen  insbesondere.     WW.     Dr. 

,Ios,  Leid;. 
Thier-Reichs.     Her  Bd.,  MI.  Alith.,  ■>-V2  Lief,     Wilson  Fund. 
Briibl,  C,  S.     /ooiomie   aller   Thierklassen,      Alias.      Lief.   14  k  15,      I.  T. 

Williamson  Fund. 
Brun,  .1.     Diaiomt'es  dea  Alpes  et  du  Jura.     I.  V,  WilliamBon  Fund. 
Brush,  Geo.  J.     Mineral  localiij  at   Branchvilte.   Conneoticui.      4th    paper. 

The  .iulhor, 
lluclianan,  J.     Manual  of  indigenous  grosses  of  New  Zealand.     Wellington, 

188<l.     Geological  Survey  of  New  Zesland. 
Bureau  of  Education,  circulars  of  infurmalion,  >'os.  2  anri  H.     Ileparlment  of 

tbe  Interior. 
Bureau  of  Statistics,  Treasury  Department,  quarterly  reports,  Sept.  -iO,  |i*7'J- 

June  20,  1880.     Tlie  Depnrlmcnt 
Butler,  A,  Q.     lUustnilions  of  typical  specimens  of  Lepidoplera  heterocera  in 

the  collection  of  the  British  Museum,     Ft.  14.     The  British   Muaeum, 
Cnlkins.  W.  W.     American  ooncliology.     Catalogue  of  Uniones,     IXRO.      The 

.\ulhor. 
Caineletti.  .1.     11  hinomio  di  Newion.     The  Aultor. 
Catnlnpue  of  the-  i^ieeii.-lniid  C.urt,  liiHTriailomil   Eiiiiliitiun.      Svdni-v.  If*::'. 

,P.   Bri/ii-i-. 


ADDITIONS  TO  LIBRARY.  431 

Sessiones  estraordinarias  de  la  Camara  de  Senadores,  1878,  Nos.  1  &  2. 
Sessiones  estraordinarias  de  la  Camara  de  Disputados,  1878,  Nos.  1 ,  2  &  4. 
Estadistica  Agricola  1877-78. 

Estadistlca  bibliografica  de  la  Literatura  Chilena,  T.  2.      University  of 
Chili. 
Church,  J.  A.     New  methods  of  ore  concentration  and  gold  amalgamation. 

The  heat  of  the  Comstock  lode.     The  Author. 
Clement,  Ch.     Constitution   Qeologique  de    Luxembourg.      1864.      Dr.  F.  V. 

Hajden. 
Cobbold,  T.  S.     Parasites.     1879.     I.  V.  Williamson  Fund. 
Cohn,  Ferd.     Biologie  der  Pflanzen.     Ill,  1.     I.  V.  Williamson  Fund. 
Colbeau,  J.  A.  J.     Materiaux  pour  la  Faune  malacologique  de  Belique.  I.     The 

Author. 
Colonial  Museum  and  Geological  Survey  of  New  Zealand,    14th  Annual  re- 
port.    1879. 
Rdport  of  Geological  Explorations,  1878-79.     The  Author. 
Commission  de  la  Carte  geologique  de  Belgique,  Hoboken  et  Contich,  Anvers, 
Lennick-St-Quentin,   Malines,  Lierre,    Heyst-op-den-Berg,    Putte   and 
Boom,  with  maps.     The  Commission. 
Commissioner  of  agriculture,  report,  1878.     The  Author. 
Commissioner  of  Fisheries  of  the  State  of  California      Report  187H  and  lb7'.». 

The  Commissioners. 
Commissioaers  of  Public  Charities  of  the  State  of  Pennsylvania.     Tenth  an- 
nual report,  Jan.  1880.     The  Board. 
Comptroller  of  the  Currency,  annual  report,  1879.     The  Author. 
Pope,  E.  D.     On  the  foramina  perforating  the  posterior  part  of  the  squamosal 
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On  the  genera  of  the  Creodonta.     The  Author. 
Cresson,  E.  T.   and  Edw.  Norton.     Tenthredinid«»   and   Uroceridiu   of  North 

America.     The  Author. 
Cuvier,  G.     Revolutions  of  the  surface  of  the  globe.     1831.     Dr.  I.  M.  Ilays. 
Dana,  J.  D.     Manual  of  geology,  od  Ed.,  1880.     1.  V.  Williamson  Fund. 
Dawkins,  W.  B.     Early  Man  in  Britain  and  his  place  in  the  Tertiary  period, 
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The  classification  of  the  tertiary  period  by  means  of  tlie  mammalia. 
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Dawson,  Geo.  M.     Geological  map  of  a  portion  of  the  southern  interior  of 

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Decken,  C.  van  der.     Reisen  in  Ost-Afrika.     -lev  Bd.,  III.  Abth.     I.  V.  Wil- 
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De  Clercq,   F.  S.  A.     Ilet  Maleisch  der  Molukken,  1876.     Batavian  Academy 

of  Sciences. 
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Circular  regarding  needs  of.     The  Department. 
Department  of  Mines,  Nova  Scotia,  reports,  1862,  1864,  1865,  1867-1H79.    De- 
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1879.     The  Department. 
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Draper,  J.  W.     Experiments  on  solar  light.     Dr.  I.  Minis  Hays. 


432  ADDITIONS  TO  LIBRARY. 

Dumcril,  A.  nod  Bocuurt.  Mission  scientifique  au  Mexique  et  dans  1' Amerique 
Centrale.  Recherches  Z  )ologiques.  8me  Partie.  Etudes  sur  les  reptiles 
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Eaton,  D.  C.  Ferns  of  North  America.  Pts.  22-27  and  Title  and  Index  to 
Vol.  2.     J.  H.  UedfielJ. 

Ellet,  (.\,  Jr.     The  mountain  top  track,  1850.     Dr.  I.  M.  Hays. 

Elliott,  D.  r».     Monograph  of  the  Bucerotidaj.     Pts.  7  and  8. 
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Encyclopedia  Britaunica.     9th  Ed.     Voly.  10  and  11.     I.V.Williamson  Fund. 

Encyklopa'dia  dcr  Naturwi:«senschaften.  1  Abth.,  G-13  Lief.  I.  V.  William- 
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Engelman,  Geo.     Kevislen  of  the  genus  Pinus  and  description  of  Pinus  El- 
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Engler,  A.  Eutwicklungsgeschichte  der  Pflanzenwelt.  I.  Th.  I.  V.  William- 
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Evarts,  H.  (.\,  M.  D.     A  now  species  of  Ophrydium.     The  Author. 

Exposition  Uuiverselle  de  1878.  Catalogue  du  Ministere  de  1*  instruct  ion  pub- 
lique  des  cultes  ot  des  beaux-arts.  Tomes  1,2,  8.  Section  Beige.  Oatal. 
ofticiel.     Minister  of  Public  Works. 

Falsan,  A  ,  and  E.  Cbantre.  Monographic  gt^ologique  des  anciens  glaciers  et 
du  terrain  erratique  de  la  partie  moycnne  du  Bassin  du  Rhone.  Atlas, 
187'').     Society  of  Agriculture  of  Lyons. 

Farlow,  W.  G.     Impurities  of  drinking-water.     The  Author. 

Financial  reform  almanac,  1H80.    Cobden  Club. 

Fisher,  P.     Subdivisions  des  ammonites      The  Author. 

Fitzgerald,  K.  D.  Au?tralian  orchids.  Pts.  1-0.  Colonial  Secretary,  New 
South  Wales. 

Fol,  H.  Etudes  sur  les  Appendiculaires  du  Dt'troit  de  Mcssinc,  1872.  The 
Autlwr. 

Foote,  A.  E.     Catalogue  of  minerals.     5th  Ed.     The  Author. 

Friele,  H.     Tungebeviobningen  ho.s  de  Norske  Rhipidoglossa.     The  Author. 

Fritsch,  A.  Fauna  der  Gaskohle  und  der  Kalkstelne  der  Permformation  Boh- 
mens.     Bd.  1,  H.  1  und  2.     I.  V.  Williamson  Fund. 

Frommaun,  C.  Structur  und  Bewegungserscheinungen  des  Protoplasma  der 
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Galvani,  Luijri,  ])ortrait  of.     Academy  of  Sciences  of  Bologni. 

Geological  and  Natural  History  Survey  of  Minnesota,  reports,  1874,  1875,  187^1, 
1877-78.     iN.  H.  Winchell. 

Geological  explorations  and  surveys  west  of  the  100th  Meridian.  Topographi- 
cal .\tla.s.     Wheeler,  1875.     Engineer  Department,  U.  S.  A. 

Geological  Survey  of  (Canada,  reports  of  progress,  1844,  1848-M»,  1850-61, 
18.")l-.')2,  l*8.')2-r)8,  18.j::J-50,  1857,  1858.  1876-76.     The  Sur?ey. 

Geological  Survey  of  India  Records,  Vol.  XII,  Parts  2  and  3.  Memoirs,  8to, 
Vol.  10,  Pt.  1.  Memoirs,  4to.  Palaeontologia  Indica,  Ser.  II.,  Vol.1. 
4;  Ser.  XIII,  I.  1  ;  Ser.  XIV.  1,  1.     The  Survey. 

Geological  Survey  of  Kentucky.  A  general  account  of  the  Commonwealth  of 
Kentucky.  Report  on  the  timbers  of  Boyce  and  Mercer  (bounties.  By 
W.  M.  Linney.  Chemical  report  of  the  toils,  coal,  ore,  etc.  By  Boben 
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Geological  Survey  of  New  Jersey.     Annual  report,  1870.     The  Author. 

Geological  Survey  of  Sweden.     Eleven  geological  maps.     The  rurvey. 

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Geyler,  H.  T.  Ueber  fo.*«sile  Ptlanzen  au.s  der  Jurafurmation  Japans.  The 
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Gibson,  G  -\.     Sequence  and  duration  of  ]he  cardiac  movements.     The  Author. 

Gilbert,  G.  K.     Geology  of  the  Henry  Mts..  1877.     Department  of  the  Interior. 


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Dinee  and  mineral  Undi  of  Nova  Bcotia,  1880.     Deparlnent 
fof  MlD«]t,  NoTaSootia. 

The  birds  of  Asia.     Pte.  26,  29,  30  and  81. 
"riiB  birlB  of  New  Guinea,     Pl8.  3-11  inc.     Wilson  Fund. 

.Weitung  tur  KenntnisB  dea  Pf«rdeH  nach  seiner  auszeren  Korper- 
form,  1846.     Dr.  Jos.  Leidy. 
Mteloup.  Dr.     Diacoura  ear  lea  Bciencea   at   lea   arta,  183T.     Dr.  I.  Minia 
tlayS' 

^finj,  aaa.     Botanical  con Iribul  ions,  V.     The  Author. 
Onj,  A.  F.     Lillorina  litorea,  Linn,  on  the  American  ooaat.    The  Author. 
Gmber,   W.      Beobachtungen    aus    der    menscblichen    und    vergleicbendeD 
Anatomic.      1  and  2  H.      I.  V.  Williamaon  Fund. 
U«ber  d«n  anomalcn  Canalia  baeilaris  medianua  des  Oa  uccipiUle  beim 
Menschen.     The  Author. 
HkMt  J.  Ton.    Geology  of  the  ProTincaa  of  Canterbury  aocl  Weslland,  New 

Zealand.     The  Author. 
HMcbel,  E.     Dob  System  der  Meduaen,  Icr  Th..  le  Halfle.     Text  and  Atlas. 

I.  V.  Williamaon  Fund. 
H»Ideoian,  8.  8.     [IiiBjmmotrio  arrow-heads  and  allied  forms.     The  Author, 
Hamilton,  G.     Biographical  sketch  of  Jamea  Aitken  Meiga,  M.D.    The  Author. 
Hftupe,  £.     Enumeratio  muscorum,  187!l.     1.  V.  WilliamBon  Fund. 
Hanstein,  J.  t.     Dai  Protoplaama,  1880.     1.  V.  Williamsan  Fund, 
Hftyden,  F.  V.     Fire  mapa  of  portions  of  Wyoming,  Idaho  and  Utah,     DsparU 
meut  of  Interior. 
The  Great  West,  1880.     The  Author. 
Hays,  Dr.  laaac,  framed  portrait  of.     Dr.  I.  Hinia  Hays. 
Hector,  Jamea.     Handbook  of  New  Zealand,  1879.     J.  Brniier. 
Hegar,  A.     Uaeful  lablee  for  Snding  speciSc  graiity.     The  Author. 
Heineroann,  F.  C.     Catalogues.  1881).     The  Author. 
Heller,  A.     A  Kir,   M.  Termcaiettudomanyi  TarBUlat  KiinyTeinek  CiLmjegy. 

>eke,  1877.     Royal  Hungarian  Society  uf  Sciences. 
Relmholtz.     Sensations  of  Tone,  18T5.     I.  V.  Williamaon  Fund. 
Heule,  J.     Handbuch  der  Eingeweidelehre  dea  Menscben. 
Henry,  Job,     A  summary  of  reaearches  in  sound,  1879.     Smithsonian  Inst. 
Hermui,  O.     Ungarna  Spinnen-Fauna.     3  Bd.     Royal  Hungarian  Society  of 

Uerniann,  L.     Handbuch  der  Fhysiologie.     2er  Bd.  2erTh.,  5  Bd.  1  Th.     1. 

V.  Williamson  Fund. 
Hartwig,  O.  &  R.     Die  Actinien,  1879.     Dr.  F.  V.  Ilayden. 
H«B»e-M»rlegg,  E.  too.      Nord-Amerika.      1-4  Bd,      Dr.  F,  V.  Hayden. 
Beade,  R.   V.     Conchyliologie  fluviatile  de  la  Province  de  Nanking  et  de  ta 

Chine  Centrale.     6me  and  6me  Faac.     I.  V.  Williamaon  Fund. 
H«»itaon,  Wm,  C,     IlluatratiDUB  of  Diurnal  Lepidopters.     Pt.  1.     1.  V.  ftil- 

liamson  Food, 
HawitaoD.  W.  C.  and  F.  Moore,     Description  of  New  Indian  Lepidopteroua 

Inaccta.     Rbopalocera,  Heterocera.     Aaiatic  Society  of  Bengal. 
Hieks.  H.    On  the  Pre-Cambrian  rocks  of  west  and  central  Roaa-khire.     The 

Anthor. 
Hidalgo,   J.   U,     MoIuscoB  marinoa   de   Espana,    Portugal    j    laa    Balearea 

Enl.  15,  16, 
Molusco)  del  Tiaje  al  Pacifico,  1862-66.     Pt.  »a,  Enl.  1.     The  Author. 
Hidtgh,   K.     Cbemiache   analyse   ungariacher   Fahlerzc.      Royal   Hungarian 

Society  of  Soiencea. 
Hind,  il.  V.     Report  of  the  Warerly  Gold  Diatricl,  1869. 
Report  on  the  Sherbrooke  Gold  Diatrict,  1670. 
Report  on  the  HI.  Uniacke,  Oldham  and  Renfrew  Gold  Minintr  Districts 

1872. 


i'M  ADDITIONS  TO  LlBltAKY. 

Elia,  W.     ADfttomie  lueDsehlicher  embrjancu.     1.  Ten  uid  AUu.     1,  V.  Wjl- 

Ukmson  Fuod. 
ilnoker,  J.  D.     The  flora  of  Brilish  Indift.     Pi.  VII.     Th«  E.  tailwn  Oarw 

Hull,  Gdff.     aealogiti*!  «ge  of  the  raabs  rormiDg  tli«  Souih«TD  IligUlanAii  at 
Irelind. 
On  the  upper  limit  of  ihs  eBseniinUy  m&rine  beds  of  the  (^rbanlffrom 

(Iroup  of  ilio  British  IhIcb  sdjoininic  coDtiaenlal  dUlriaU. 
On  (he  geologioal  relntiona  of  the  I  ocks  of  the  South  of  IreUn'l  tn  I^om 

of  North  Devon  BDd  other  British  and  cuDiiBental  distriola, 
Od  the  origin  of  the  "Seulp," 
Ob  n  doeji  boring  tor  coal  at  Smrle,  Lincolnshire, 

On  tho  relatianH  of  the  Carbon iferou a,  Dtitniiiaii  and  Tiijuir  Silurian  Rooks 
of  the  South  of  Ireland  to  those  of  Norlh  D«Ton.    The  Author. 
Iliimphrejg,  J.  T.     DiacoTerie«  of  miaernU  in  Western  North  Caroltnn 

Author. 
Hunffllo}',  P.     Lilerariecbe  Beriohle  una  Ungara.     H  &  4  Bd,     Thr  Duaguiaa 

Academy  of  Sciences. 
Hutlon,  P.  W.     Manuiilof  the  Nen  Zealand  Molliiuia.     Ueological  t>urip;. 
Hutlej,  T.  H.     The  Crayfish.     1880.     I.  V.  Williamnon  Fund. 
Index   Caialogue  of  ilie   Library  of  the  Surgeon -Oeneral's  Offiec.      f 

War  UepBTtmeol,  , 

Inontranieff,  A.     Mrtamorphosirte  Qesteine  im  QouverncmeDt  Oluon-     i6j9, 

I.  V.  WilllitniBon  Fnnd. 

Kin  neuea,  auseereiea  Glied  in  iler  Reihe  deramorphen  KohloAUaifs.  1680^ 

The  Author. 

inapootoT  of  Miaea  of  the  aDthraoile  ooal  regions  of  Pennsylvania,  RcpoirU. 

1!4T8.    .Joseph  M.  OuiMUi. 
IntcmalionBl  Exhibition,  Sydnigj',  18TS.     Now  Zatland  Court,     .ippcndii 

nfltoial  Catnlogiie,  1B80.     The  Commissioners. 
Jeffreyi,  J.  Q.    The  deep'sea  uiolliisia  of  tlie  Bay  of  Biscay.    Th«  Anihor. 
joly,  N.  B.    L'ne  laoune  i»w  la  »(tv>  liratologique  retoplie  par  la  decouTtriv 
du  genre  Ilfadetptiis. 
Sur  le  placenta  de  I'Ai. 

Noufelles  recherehes  ttndanl  A  dtftblir  que  le  priitooda  CruMtioi'  dverit 
par  Latrellle.  sous  de  nom  de  Proaopisloma,  sit  un  Terllatilc  Iniwctt  in, 
la  tribu  dcs  Epli^iuirines- 
Contrlbution  &  I'bisl^ire  naturrile  et  I'anaiomje  des  Eph  jni^rtiie«. 
Etudes  aur  I'embryogi^nie  dea  Kphfm^res.    The  Aulhor. 
Julien,  A.  A.     Spoiliimene  aud  its  alterations.     The  Author. 
Just.  L.     Roianifcber  Jahraberiuhl.  5er  Jahrg..  1H7T.  i!e  .*hih.,  t;er  Jang.  1  11. 

I.  V.  Williamson  Fund. 
Kansas  State  Board  of  Agrleullure,  quarterly  report,  Sept.  30,  1879.     Mai^ 

31,1880.     The  Author. 
Keller,  Ferd.     Lake  dwellings  of  Switierland,  2  toIb.,  1878.     I.  V.  WilliamiOD 

Fund. 
Keyserling.  E.     Die  Spinnen  Amerikas.     Uterigradae,  1880.     1.  V.  William. 

son  Fund. 
Kiener,   L.   C.     Species  general   el   icon ographi que   dee   Coquill«(   TiTantaa. 

Livr.  150-165.     T.  V,  Williamson  Fund. 
Kingsley,  J.  9.     Synopsis  of  the  N,  A.  species  of  the  genua  Alphens. 

Notes  on  the  N.  A.  Caridei  in  the  Museum  of  the  Peabody  AcadeBjof 

Decapod  Crustacea  of  the   Atlantic  coast,  whose  range  embrftoca   tnt 

North  American  Cruslaoea  belonging  to  the  eab-order  Caridea. 

Development  of  Moina. 

Geographical  distribution  of  Crustacea.     The  Author, 


I 


ADDITIONS  TO  LIBRARY.  435 

Kingston,   G.  T.     Report  of  the  Meteorological  Office  of  the  Dominion  of 

Canada,  1879.    Th«>  Superintendent. 
Kjernlf,  Th.    Die  Geologie  des  sudlichen  und  mittleren  Norwegen.     1880. 

The  Author. 
Klaproth,  M.  K.     Analytical  Essays.    2  vols  ,  8vo.  1801.     Dr.  I.  M.  Hays. 
Klein,  £.  and  £.  Noble  Soiith.     Atlas  of  histology,  Pts.  9-1 2.     I.  V.  Williamson 

Fnnd. 
Klaniinger,  C.  B.    Die  Korallthiere  des  Rothen  Meeres.     3er  Th.     I.  V.  Wil. 

liamson  Fund. 
Kneass,  S.  H.     Coal-mines  of  the  Lykens  Valley  Coal  Company.     1844.     Dr.  I. 

M.  Hays. 
Kobelt,  W.     lUustrirtes  Conchylienbuch.  8e  &  9e  Lief.     I.  V.  Williamson  Fund. 
Koch,  A.     Description  of  the  Missourium,  1841.     Dr.  1.  Minis  Hays. 
Kiilliker,  Alb.    Grundriss  der  Entwicklungs-Geschichte  des  Menschen  und 

der  hoheren  Thiere.     1880.     I.  V.  Williamson  Fund. 
Kokscharow's  Materialen  zur  Mineralogie  Russland.     Bd.  VIII,  sigs.  6-9.     I. 

V.  Williamson  Fund. 
Kossmann.  R.     Zoologisohe  Ergebniss  einer  im  Auftrage  der  K.  Acad,   der 

Wissen.  zu  Berlin  ausgefuhrten  Reise  in  die  KUstengebiete  des  rothen 

Meeres.    2e  Halfte,  le  Lief.     I.  V.  Williamson  Fund. 
KQohenmeister,  H.     Die  Parasiten  des  Menschen.     2e  Aufl.     1  &  2  Lief.     I. 

V.  Williamson  Fund. 
Kuntz,  0.     Speciesbeschreibung  und  Rubus,  1879.     I.  V.  Williamson  Fund. 
Liedy,  Jos.     Fresh-water  Rhizopods  of  North  America,  1819.     Department  of 

the  Interior. 
Lente,  F.  D.     Higher  education  of  medical  men.     The  Author. 
Leuckart,  R.     Die  Parasiten  des  Menschen  und  die  von  ihnen  herriihrenden 

Krankheiten.     ler  Bd.,  1   Lief.     2e  Auflage,  1879.     I.  V.  Williamson 

Fund. 
Lewis,  H.  C.     The  Trenton  gravel  and  its  relation  to  the  antiquity  of  man. 
The  optical  characters  of  some  Micas. 
On  Siderof.hyllite. 
On  Philadelphite. 
On  a  fucoidal  plant  from  the  Trias. 
The  surface  geology  of  Philadelphia  and  vicinity. 

The  iron  ores  and  lignite  of  the  Montgomery  County  Valley.    The  Author. 
Librarian  of  Congress,  annual  report,  1879.     The  Author. 
Library  Co.  of  Phila.,  Bulletin,  n.  s.  No.  5.     The  Library  Co. 
Lieberkiihn,  X.     Keimbliltter  der  Saugethiere,  1879.     1.  V.  Williamson  Fund. 
Light-House  Board,  annual  report,  1879.     Treasury  Department. 
Lindsay,  W.  L.     Mind  in  the  lower  animals.     2  vols.     l.„V.  William3on  Fund. 
Linnarsson,  G.     Cm  Faunan  i  Lagr^n  med  Paradoxides  Olandicus.  Geological 

Survey  of  Sweden. 
Lippincott,  .).  8.     The  critics  of  evolution.     The  Author. 
List  of  vertebrated  animals  now  or  lately  living  in  the  Gardens  of  the  Zoologi- 
cal Society  of  London.     Ist  Supplement.     The  Society. 
Lockington,  W.  N.     Notes  on  Pacific  coast  Crustacea,  1878.     The  Author. 
Loewe,  L.     Nervensystem  der  Saugethiere  und  des  Menschen,  1880.     I.  V. 

Williamson  Fund. 
Lyman,  Benj.  Smith.     Geological  Survey  of  Japan.     Report  of  progress  for 

1878  and  1879.     Tookei,  1879.     The  Survey. 
McLachlan,  R.     Monographic  revision  and  synopsis  of  the  Trichoptera  of  the 

European  fauna.     Pt.  9.     I.  V.  Williamson  Fund. 
MacLean,  J.  P.     Mound-builders,  1879.     I.  V.  Williamson  Fund. 
Malaise,  C.     Description  des  ^ites  fossiliferes  Dcvoniens  et  d'aflleurement  du 
/  terrain  Cretac<5.     Belgian  Geological  Survey. 

Mallery,  Garrick.     Sign  language  among  the  North  American  Indians,  1880. 
Introduction  to  the  study  of  sign  language  among  the  North  American 

Indians.     Smithsonian  Institution. 


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ADDITIONS  TO  LIBRARY.  431 

Palseontologie  Frangaise,  Ire  Ser.  An.  Invert.  Ter.  Jurassique  Livr.  42  and  46, 
2e  8er.  V6g^t4iux.  Ter.  Jur.  Livr.  29.     Wilson  Fund. 

Palseontological  Sooiety's  Publications,  Vol.  34.     I.  V.  Williamson  Fund. 

Pastear,  L.    Studies  on  fermemtation,  1879.     I.  V.  Williamson  Fund. 

Paulucoi,  M.     Exoursione  scientifica  nella  Calabria,   1877-78.     Fauna  Mala- 
cologioa.     I.  V.  Williamson  Fund. 

Peabody  Academy  of  Science,  Salem,  Mass.     Visitors'  Catalogue  of  the  Mus- 
eum.    1879.     The  Society. 

Pennsylvania,  Geological  reports,  1833  and  183G.     Dr.  I.  M.  Hays. 

Pfeiflfer,  L.     Nomenclator   Heliceorum    viventium.     5.  &  6.  Lief.     I.  V.  Wil- 
liamson Fund. 

Physical  Science,  Agriculture,  etc.     81  pamphlets  on.     Dr.  I.  M.  Hays. 

Pickering,  Chas.     Vocabulary  of  the  Soahili  language.     Mrs.  Chas.  Pickering. 

Porter,  J.     Topographical  description  of  Plainfield,  1834.     Dr.  I.  M.  Hays. 

Prazmowski,  A.     Entwickelungsgeschichte  und  Fermentwirkung  einiger  Bac- 
terien-.4rten.     I.  V.  Williamson  Fund. 

Public  Ledger  Almanac,  1880.     The  Publisher. 

Public  Library,  Milwaukee,  2d  annual  report.     The  Trustees. 

Putnam,  J.  D.     Biological  and  other  notes  on  the  Coccidse,  1880.     The  Author. 

Quaritch,  B.     Letter  to  General  Starring,  Jan.  14,  1880.     The  Author. 

Rand,  B.  H.     Two  lectures  on  impure  air  and  ventilation.     The  Author. 

Ratzel,  Fr.     Die  Vereinigten  Staaten  von   Nord-Amerika.     2er  Band.     I.  V. 
Williamson  Fund. 

Report  of  Commissioners  appointed  under  resolve  of  1856,  Chap.  08.  concern- 
ing the  artificial  propagation  of  fish.     Boston,  1857.     Dr.  I.  M.  Ilays. 

Reyer,  E.     Vier  Ausfluge  in  die  Eruptiomassen  bei  Christiania. 
Zinn  in  Birma,  Siam  &  Malakka. 
Zinn  in  Australien  und  Tasmanien.     The  Author. 

Rivi<$re,  E.     Qrotte  de  Saint-Benoit,  1878. 

Le  pliocene  de  Castel  d'  Appio  en  Italie,  1879. 

De  quelques  hyperostoses  de  poisons  trouvdes  dans  les  grottes  quarter- 

naires  de  Menton  en  Italie. 
Note  sur  des  instruments  en  obsidienne  trouvos  en  Grece,  1879.     The 
Author. 

Robert,  P.     Les  oiseaux  dans  la  nature.     Livr.  2-10.     I.  V.  Williamson  Fund. 

Hoberts,  E.  P.     Directions  for  sowiag,  transplanting  and  raising  the  Mulberry 
Tree,  1889.     Dr.  I.  M.  Hays 

Roemer,  F.     Lethusa  geognostica.     I.  Th.     I.  V.  Williamson  Fund. 

HosBmiissler's  Iconographie  der  Europjiischen  Land-  und  Siisswasser-Mollus- 
ken.     VII,  1-3.     Wilson  Fund. 

Rothrock,  J.  T.     Catalogue  of  trees  and  shrubs  in  the  horticultural  gardens 
adjacent  to  Horticultural  Hall,  Fairmount.     1880.     The  Author. 

Houcher-Deratte,  C.     Le9ons  physiologico  meteorologiques  sur  les  constitutions 
des  saisons.     1804.     Dr.  I.  M.  Hays. 

Hues,  Dr.  K.     Die  fremdliindischen  Stubenvogel.     Ill,  7-9.     I.  V.  Williamson 
Fund. 

Rutherford,  J.     Coal-fields  of  Nova  Scotia.     Department  of  Mines,  Nova  Scotia. 

ilyder,  J.  A.     Ichthydium  ocellatum,  1880. 

On  the  occurrence  of  Freia  producta,  Wright,  in  the  Chesapeake  Bay,  etc. 
The  Author. 

Sadler,  John.     Report  on  temperature  during  the  winter  of   1878-79  at  the 
Royal  Botanic  Garden,  Edinburgh.     The  Author. 

Saint-Lager,  Dr.     Reforme  de  la  nomenclature  botanique.     The  Author. 

St.  Louis  Mercantile  Library  Association,  annual  report,  1879.     The  Directors. 

Saunder,  W.     Tea-culture  as  a  probable  American  industry.     1879.     Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture. 

Saussure,  H.  de.     La  Grotte  du  See.     The  Author. 

Schctfler,  H.     Die  Naturgesetze.     3ter  Th,  Gte,  7te  und  8te  Lief.     The  Author. 


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ADDITIONS  TO  LIBRARY.  439 

Strecker,  H .     Butterflies  and  moths,  1879.     The  Author. 

Strobel,   P.      Material!   per  una  malacostatica    di    terra    e    d'acqua    dolci. 

Disp.  1-4. 
Struckmann,  C.     Die  Wealden-Bildungen  der  Umgegend  von  Hannover,  1880. 

The  Author. 
Syeriges  Geologiska  Undersokning.     Ser.  A  A,  Nos.  68,  69,  71  and  72 ;  A  B  4 

and  5  :  C  8vo,  31,  32,  84  and  36  ;  C  4to,  29  and  33.     The  Survey. 
Taplin,  Rev.   G.     Folklore,   manners,  customs  and  languages  of   the  south 

Australian  aboriginetie,  1879.     R.  Sehomburgh.  ^ 
Tapparone-Canefri,    C.       Museum    Pauluccianum.      Etudes    malacologiques. 

The  Author. 
Taramelli,  T.     Catalogo  ragionato  delle  Rocce  del  Fruili. 
Sulla  formazione  serpentinosa  dell'  Apennino  Favese. 
Monografioa  stratigrafia  e  paleontologica  del  Lias  nelle  Provincie  Venete. 

The  Author. 
Tate,  R.     Zoologica  et  Pltcontologica  Miscellanea,  chiefly  relating  to  South 

Australia. 
The  natural  history  of  the  country  around  the  head  of  the  great  Austra- 
lian Bight. 
The  Adelaide  Philosophical  Society.     Anniversary  address  of  the  Presi- 
dent.    The  Author. 
Taylor,  R.  C.     Coal  regions  in  the  environs  of  Blossburg,  1833.     Dr.  I.  M. 

Hays. 
Taylor,  W.  B.     A  memoir  of  Joseph  Henry,  2d  Ed.     Smithsonian  Inst. 
Thomas,  C.  H.,  M.  D.     Researches  on  hearing  through   the  medium  of  the 

teeth  and  cranial  bones.     The  Author. 
Traill,  G.  W.     The  Algse  of  the  Firth  of  Forth.     The  Author. 
Trautwine,  J.  C.     Internal  improvement  system  of  the  South,  1839.     Dr.  I. 

M.  Hays. 
Tryon,  G.  W.  Jr.     Manual  of  Conchology,  Pts.  5-8.     The  Author. 
Tumbull,  C.  S.     Audiphone  and  Dentaphone.     The  Author. 
United  States  Coast  and  Geodetric  Survey.     Pacific  Coast  Pilot.     Coasts  and 

islands  of  Alaska.     2d  Series,  1879.     C.  P.  Patterson. 
United  States  Commission  of  Fish  and  Fisheries.     Part  V,  Report  of  the  Com- 
mission for  1877.     The  Commission. 
United  States  Entomological  Commission.     Bulletin  Nos.  3,  4  and  5.     Depart- 
ment of  the  Interior. 
United  States  Geographical   Survey   west  of   the   100th  meridian.     Reports, 

Vols.  2,  3,  4  and  5.     Engineer  Department,  U.  S.  A 
United  States  Geological  and  Geographical  Survey  of  the  Territories.     11th 

annual  report.     Bulletin,  Vol.  V,  No.  3.     Department  of  the  Interior. 
United  States  National  Museum.     Bulletin  Nos.  13  and   17.     Department  of 

the  Interior. 
University  of  Minnesota,  report  of  the  Regents  of,  1872.     The  Regents. 
Vacek,  Mich.     Vorarlberger  Kreide,  1879.     The  Author. 
Van  Beneden  and  Gervais,  MM.     Osteographie  des  C^tacds  vivants  et  fossiles. 

Text  and  atlas.  Lief.  17  and  18.     I.  V.  Williamson  Fund. 
Van  der  Berg,  L.  W.  C.     Verslag  van  eene  Verzamelung  Maleische,  Arabische, 

Javaansche  en  andere  Handschriftendoorde  Regeering  van  Nederlandsch 

Indie.     Batavian  Academy  of  Sciences, 
Vanuxem,  L.     Experiments  on  anthracite,  plumbago,  etc.,  1825.     Dr.   I.  M. 

Hays.    , 
V^lain,  Ch.     Etude    microscopique    des   verres    resultant    de  la  fusion    des 

cendres  de  gramindes. 
Mission  de  V  He  de  Saint  Paul.     Recherches  gdologiques.     4to  Paris, 

1879.     The  Author. 
Victoria.    Reports  of  the  Mining  Surveyors,  31st  December,  1878,  31  st  March, 

1879. 
Mineral  Statistics  of,  1878. 


Report  of  Inspector  of  Mines,  1878. 
VogdcB,  A,  W,     MoQogrnph  of  tbe  gea 

CrypronymuB.      Tbe  Authur. 
Wftgner.  Wm.     Five  new  fosaiU  of  the  older  pliooene  formation  of  Marjiuid 

and  NoHb  Carolina.     The  Autlior. 
WnlerhonBe,  Owen.     Illustration?  of  iho  ij'pioal  ipecimens  of  Coleopl^n 
the  oollectiou   of  the  British    Museum.     Ft,   I,   Lymilic-     Tlie    Br 
Museum. 
Watson,  R.     Chemical  Essay b,     7th  EJ.     6  vols..  IBOO.     Dr.  L  M,  llaya. 
Watson,  R.  B.     Molluscs  of  H.  M.  S.  '■Ciiallenger  "  Bipeditiou.     I*t-  5. 

Author. 
Walaon,  8.     Oaologioal  Survey  of  California.     Boiany,  Vol.  2.     I,  V,  WUli 

Bon  Fund. 
Weismaan,   Aug.     Ul>er   die   letiten   Craaohen   der   TranBmutationem,   |: 

Dr.  Job.  i*idy. 
Wei.  G.  V.     Improvement  or  the  Danube  al  Vienoa. 

Second  treatise  on  tbe  decrease  of  water  in  springB,  oreaks  and  riTCra, 
1880.     Engineer  Deparlmeut.  U.  8.  A. 
White,  C.  A.     Paleonlologieal  Field  work  for  (he  session  of  187T- 
Cretaeeoua  fossila  of  tbe  Westerg  Stales  and  Tarritorias. 
Note  on  the  oeourreuee  of  Produotus  giganteus  in  California. 
New  invertebrate  fossila  from  the  Mesoiole  ami  Ceno»oio  rDck■^ 

^kansas,  Wyondng.  Colorado  and  Utah. 
Description  of  a  very  large  fossil  gasteropud   from   the   Btal«  of  Pnebl 
Mexico. 
Contributions  to  paleontology,  Nos.  2-3.     The  Autlior. 
4U,  F.  E.     Valedictory  Address.  Woman's  Medieal  Cullegv,  1880^1 
Author. 
Wbiteaves,  J.  F.     On  some  marine  invertebrata  of  Qneen  OhKrlolK 

The  Author. 
Whitfield,  R.  r.     Fossil  criiBinceane  tr.Ma  the  Upppr  Devonian  rocks  o 

Tlia  Aatbor. 

Whitney,  J.  D.     The  Oeologioal  Snirey  of  CkUfbrnift.     An  kddnai  dellTeral 
before  the  Legislature  of  California. 
Lecture  on  geology  delivered  before  the  Legislature  of  California,  Feb. 
26,  1SG2.     Dr.  Jos.  Leidy. 
Wilheim,  K.    Siebrobrenapparates  dicotyler  Pflanien.    I.  Y.  Williamson  Pnnd. 
Wilkes,  Cbas.     Western  America.  1849.     Dr.  L  M.  Hays. 
WilBon,  T.  B.,  engraved  portrait  of.     Ratbmel  Wilson. 
Wincbell,  A.     Preadamites,  1880.     I.  V.  Williamson  Fand. 
Witter,  F.  M.,  Catalogue  of  Iowa  mollusca  in  the  oollection  of.     The  Author. 
Wood,  H.  C.  and  H.  F.  Formad.     Research  on  the  effects  of  inoculating  the 

lower  animals  with  diphtheritic  exudation.     Dr.  Wood. 
Woodward's  Gardens,  illustrated  guide  to.     18S0.     The  Author. 
Woolia,  W.     Plants  indigenous  in  tbe  Deighborbood  of  Sydney.     Tbe  Author. 
Vale  College.  Catalogue,  1880. 

Obituary  records  of  graduates,  1880  and  supplement. 
Vale  College  in  1880.     Tbe  Librarian. 
Varrow,  H.  C.     Mortuary  Customs  among  tbe  North  Americas  Indians.     The 

Author. 
VouDg  Men's   Mercantile   Library  Association  of  Cincinnati.      4&th   aonaal 

report,  1880.    The  Associaiion. 
Zeiier,  R.     Explication  de  la  Carte  g^ologique  de  la  Franee.     Tome  4bi«,  3* 

Parte.     Dr.  F.  V.  Hayden. 
Zescb,  F.  and  0.  Keinecke.     Coleoplera  of  Buffalo.     'Hie  Author. 
Zoological  record,  Vol.  16.  1878.     I.  V.  Williamson  Fund. 
Zoological  Society  of  London,  list  of  vertebrated  animals,  Tth  Bd.,  1879. 

Catalogue  of  Library.     The  Society. 
Zuokerkandl,  S.     Morphologic  des  Gesicbtsscbudels.     I.  V.  WiUiunsoD  I'uBd. 


land 

] 

i 


ADDITIONS  TO  LIBRARY.  441 


JOURNALS  AND  PERIODICALS. 

delaide.     Philosophical  Society.     Transactions,  1878-79.     The  Society. 

msterdam,  K.  Akademievan  Wettensohappen.  Verslagen  en  Mededeelingen. 
Afd.  Letterkunde,  2e  Reeks,  8  Deel. ;  Afd.  Natuurkunde,  2e  Reeks,  14 
Deel.     Jaahrboek,  1878.     Processen-Verbaal,  Afd.  Nat.  Mei,  1878-Apr. 

1879.  Verhandlingea,  Deel  19.     Alf.  Nat.  Deel  12.     The  Society. 
.ngers.     Sooi^t^  Nationale  d' Agriculture,  Sciences  et  Arts.     M^moires,  T.  19 

and  20.     The  Society, 
tco  Science  Advocate,  Vol.  I,  No.  1.     The  Editor, 
ugsburg.     Naturhistorische  Verein,  25er  Berichte.     The  Society. 
Baltimore.     American  Chemical  Journal.  Vol.  1,  No.  1.     The  Editor. 

American  Journal  of  Mathematics,   Vol.  2,  Nos.  3  and  4 ;   Vol.  3,  No.  1. 

The  Editor. 
Johns  Hopkins  University.     Studies  from  the  Biological  Laboratory,  Nos. 

1,  2  and  4.     Report  of  the  3d  year.     The  University. 
Peabody  Institute,  12th  and  13th  annual  reports.     The  Trustees, 
latavia.     Genootschap  van  Kunsten  en  Wetenschappen      Tijdschrift,  Deel  23, 
Afl.  5  and  6 ;  Deel  24,  Afl.  1,  2.  3  and  6 ;  Deel  25,  Afl.  1  and  2  ;  Notulen, 
Deel  14,   Nos.  2,  8  and  4 ;  Deel  16,  Nos.  2,  3,  4 ;  Deel  16,  Nos.  1-4. 
Gedenkboek,  1778-1878.     The  Society. 
Natuurkundig  Vereen  in  Nederlandsch  Indie.     Tijdschrift,  Zevende  Serie, 
Deel  8.     The  Society, 
lelfast.     Naturalists'  Field  Club,   annual  report.  Vol.  1,  Pts.  5  and  6.     The 
Society. 
Natural  History  and  Philosophical  Society.     Proceedings,  Sessions  1878- 
79,  1879-80.    The  Society, 
ierlin.     Archiv  fUr  Naturgeschichte,  44er  Jahrg.,  5  H. ;  45er  Jahrg.,  4  and  5 
H. ;  46er  Jahrg.,    1,  2  and  3  H.     The  Editor. 
Deutsche  Geologische  Gesellschaft.     Zeitschrift,  31  Bd.,  2-4  H. ;  32  Bd., 

1  H.     The  Society. 
Entomologische  Verein.    Zeitschrift,  23er  Jahrg.,  2  If.;  24  Jahrg.,  1  H.  The 

Society. 
Gesellschaft  Naturforschender   Freunde.     Sitzungs-Berichte,  1870.     The 

Society. 
K.  Preussischen  Akademie  der  Wissenschaften.    Monatsbericht,  1870,  Juli- 

1880,  Juli.     The  Society. 

Der  Nnturforscher,  12  Jahrg.,  No.  27-13  Jahrg.,  No.  13.     The  Editor. 

Naturae  Novitates,  1879,  No.  10-1880,  No.  8.     The  Editor. 

Verein  zur  Befiirderung  des  Gartenbaues.     Monatschrift,  22  Jahrg.,  Jan.- 

Dec.     The  Society. 
Zeitschrift  flir  die  gesammten  Natur wissenschaften,  3d  Folge,  3  Bd.,  No. 
4.     The  Editor, 
lern.      NatUrforschende   Gesellschaft.     Mittheilungen,  Nos.  037-978.      The 

Society. 
iesan9on.     Acadt^mie   des   Sciences,    Belles- Let  (res    et   Arts,    187r)-78.     The 

Society, 
ieziers.     Societe  d'Etude  des  Sciences  Naturelles.     Bulletin,  Anin'-es  1,  2  and 

3,  Fasc.  1  and  2.     The  Society, 
lonn.     Archiv  fiir  Mikroskopische  Anatomie,  17er  Bd.,  3  H-18er  Bd.,  4  H. 
I.  V.  Williamson  Fund. 
Naturhistorische  Verein.    Verhandlungen,  3.5er  Jahrg.,  2e  and  3G  Jahrg., 
le  Hiilfte.     The  Society. 
»ordeaax.     Societe  Linn^ienne.     Actes,  T.  33,  Livr.  3,  4  and  (5.     The  Society. 
Soci^td  des  Sciences  physiques  et  naturelles.    Momoires,  2e  Ser.,  T.  3,  3e 
Cah.,  and  T.  4,  le  Cah.     The  Society. 


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larfc<'>r|M(  IU«rhiiupt,  iin-l  iler  unKnlietisa  isi*1iMni9ar«.     I 

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Urfthl,  C.  B.     Xauuimta  kIIvt  TbinUMMn.      AUm.      U«(.    H  «  I 

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I(*0.     Untii|[l»I»turt>;  of  H*»  7««)tiid. 
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Jun*  ".Hi,  I»m)      Tlit.  llijitrnneui 
Rultar.  A.  0.     lllu>1niUan*  a(  t^pirjd  •pMtimani  of  Laplilnplara  h*Ki 

ifat  (Ollccilun  ur  tl.1  Brititb  Mohuri      I'U  II     Ha  DritUb    ' 
Calklat,  Vf.  W.     Amrrican  Muebolofj,     C«U>}i'riP  "f  I'nlMin      !■ 

Author. 
CiuKVitl.  J.     It  Mnomio  J)  Nawion     Tbi  AmU    1 


J.   Braiicr 

logue  of  tlie  ufficfrs  una  atuiUnts  uf  Vair  rollrfC'.   1K7'.<-cHi.      Th*  Concur. 
lo^iia  .Ivr  elhnologUcha  AMteliog  ran  liri   Muni-um  tsu  bet  Baldiaaaeb 
(Icnooi-cbap  van  Kudsicb  «d  WeipnschappcD.     i«  Uruek.     The  Poetfij 
ml  I'mrk  MeDagrric.  reporl  of  Uircclun.  IWT'.i,     Tbe  DirecUir» 

1-9.  V.  T.     I'residcQi  or  CJnciniiHli  Siicicif  af  Nalural  Kislnry.  aDoiial 


1.  II.  < 


The  .Aulliur. 

Memoir  or  JamM  / 
rodueiorj  10  tbe  coi 
r  IHH(t-Bi.  Tbt  Am 
urganr«  ilea  sens  d 


aniroale.      I.  V   Williwi 
">.     Engineer*'  Departni 


ADDITIONS  TO  LIBRARY.  443 

loinnati.     Society  of  Natural  History.     Journal,  Vol.  2,  No.  2-Vol.  JJ,  No.  3. 

The  Society. 
penhagen.     Videnskabelige  Meddelelser,  1877-78  ;  1879-80,  1  &  2. 

Naturhistorisk  Tiddskrift,  Schiodte,  12  Bd.,  1  H.,  also  Ist  Ser.,  Vols.  1-4 ; 
2d  Ser.,  Vol.  1.   Nos.  4  and  6,  and  Vol.  2;    3d  Ser.,  Vol.  4-ll.J.     I.  V. 
Williamson  Fund. 
Societt?  Royale  des  Antiquaries  du  Nord.     Memoires,  n.  s.  1878-7t'.     Til- 

laeg,  1877,  1878.     I.  V.  Williamson  Fund. 
K,  D.  Videnskabernes  Selskab.  Oversigt.  1879,  No.  3,  1880,  No.  1.     Skrif- 
ter,  5te  Raekke,  Vol.  9  No.  f.  Vol.  11  No.  6.     The  Society. 
)rdoba.     Academia  Nacional  de  Ciencias  Exactas.     T.  v},  Ent.  1  &  2.     Boletin 

T.  2,  Ent,  4 :  T.  3,  Ent.  1.     The  Society, 
•awfordsville.     Botanical  Gazette,  Vol.  6,  Nos.  2-11.     The  Editor. 
inzig.     Naturforschende  Gesellschaft.  Schrifien.     Neue  Folge,  4.  Bd.,  4.  If. 

The  Society, 
ftrmstadt.     Verein  fiir  Erdkundc.     Notizblatt,  8.  Folge,  18.  H.     The  Society. 
Ebvenport.     Academy  of  Natural  Sciences.     Proceedings,  Vol.  2,  It.  2;  Vol. 

3,  Pt.  1.     The  Society, 
ijon.     Academie  des  Sciences,  Arts  et  Belles- Let trcs.    Ann^e,  1878-79.     The 

Society, 
orpat.     Naturforscher  GeFellschaft.     Sitzungsberichie,  4er  Bd.,   2.  H.     Ar- 
chiv  fiir  die  Naturkunde  Liv-Ehst-  und  Kurland?,  1.  Ser.,  Bd.  8,  No.  4. 
The  Society, 
resden.     K.    Leop.-Carol.-Deutschen   Akademie   der   Naturforscher.      Nova 
Acta,  VoPs  39  and  40.     Leopoldino,  H.  12-15.     The  Society. 
Naturwissenscbaftliche  GeselUchaft  Isis.  1879  Jan. — Dec.     The  Society. 
Verein  iTir  Erdkunde.     Jahresbericht  16er.     The  Society. 
•ublin.     Royal  Dublin  Society.     Proceedings,  n.  s.  I,  1-8;    II.  1-H.     Trans- 
actions, n.  8.  Vol.  1,  Nos.  1-12;  Vol.  2,  Nos.  1  and  2.     The  Society. 
Royal   Geological   Society  of  Ireland.      Journal,  Vol.    lo,    No.  2.      The 
Society, 
aston.     American  Institute  of  Mining  Engineers.     Transactions,  Vol.  7. 
dinburgh.     Botanical  Society.     Transactions  and  Proceedings,  Vol.  13,  Pt.  8. 
The  Society. 
Geological  Society.     Transactions,  Vol.  3,  Pt.  2.     The  Society. 
Royal  Society.     Proceedings,  Vol.  10,  No.  103.     Transactions,  Vol.  28,  Pt. 

2,  and  Vol.  29.  Pt.  1.     The  Society. 
Scottish  Naturalist,  Nos.  37-40.     The  Editor. 
!mden.    Naturforschende  Gesellschaft.    Jahresbericht  64er.    KleineSchriften, 

18.     The  Society. 
!rlangen.      Physikalisch-medizinischc   Societiit.       Sitzungsberichte,    11    H. 

The  Society, 
■"rankfurt  a.  M.     Aerztliche  Verein.     Jahresbericht  22er.     The  Society. 

Deutsche  Malakozoologische  Gesellschaft.     Nachrichtsblatt,  1880,  No.  1. 

The  Society. 
Senckenbergische  Naturforschende  Gesellschaft,  Abhandlungen  11.  Bd., 

4  fl.     Bericht.  1878-79.     The  Society. 
Der  Zoologische  Garten,  20  Jahrg.  7-12.     The  Zoological  Society  of  Frank- 
ford. 
Freiburg,  i.  B.     Naturforschende  Gesellschaft.     Berichte,  Bd.  7,   H.  4.     The 

Society. 
}and.     Archives  de  Biologic,  Van    Beneden  and   Van   Bambeke,  T.  1,  Fasc. 

1-3.     I.  V.  Williamson  Fund, 
jleneva.     Schweizerische  palaoctologische  Gesellschaft.     Abhandlungen  Vol. 
C.     I.  V.  Williamson  Fund. 
Society  de  Physique   et  d'Histoire  Naturelle.    M<5moires,  Vol.  26,  No.  2. 
The  Society. 
3enoa.     Societa  di  Letture  e  Conversazioni  Sclent ifiche.   Giornale,  Anno  8,  No. 
10—  Anno  4,  No.  4.     The  Society. 


Horn-     ^ 


i'.i 


i'.i. 


i  III-      \    '•'■ 
.  le"  ■'til"  !•■•  T'- 

.    In  ■•    III  I    it   J- 

.       i[:lV- 

I.  v  w::  .: .-  :.  y 

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■-    1  .  J.    :        '•i-i  •■.  .1    I'..  .^. 


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V.  1  I  ii-'    X'liii  ■!• 

N      -hi-  lili'.ii  i   J     »-  I        I   .  •    \  . 

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ADDITIONS  TO   LIBBABT.  445 

London.    Annals  and  Magaiine  of  Natural  History,  Dec,  1879 — Nov.,  1880. 

I.  V.  Williamson  Fund. 
Astronomical  Register,  Oct.,  1879— Nov.,  1880.     I.  V.  Williamson  Fund. 
British   Association  for    the    Advancement  of   Science.      Report,   49th 

meeting.     I.  V.  Williamson  Fund. 
Curtis'  Botanical  Magazine,  Nos.  1112-1125.     I.  V.  Williamson  Fund. 
Entomological  Society.    Transactions,  1879.     The  Society. 
Gardner's  Chronicle,  Nos.  307-359.     The  Editor. 
Geological  Magazine,  Oct.,  1879— Nov.,  1880.     I.  V.  Williamson  Fund. 
Geological  Society.     Quarterly  Journal,  Nos.  140-143.     The  Society, 
flardwicke's  Science  Gossip,  Oct.,  1879 — Nov.,  1880.      I.  V.  Williamson 

Fund. 
Ibis,  Oct.,  1879— July,  1880.     I.  V.  Williamson  Fund. 
Journal  of  Anatomy  and  Physiology,  Vol.  12,  Pt.  2;  Vol.    1-^,  No.   2— 

Vol.  14,  No.  1.     1.  V.  Williamson  Fund. 
Journal  of  Botany,  British  and  Foreign,  Oct.,  1879— Nov.,  1880.     I.  V. 

Williamson  Fund. 
Journal  of  Physiology,  Michael  Foster.     Vol.  2,  Nos.  3-6.     I.  V.  William- 
son Fund. 
Journal  of  Science,  Oct.,  1879— Nov.,  1880.     I.  V.  Williamson  Fund. 
Linnean  Society.     Journal,  Botany,  Vol.  IG,  Nos.  93-102;  Zoology,  Vol. 

13,   Nos.   72-79.     Transactions,   2d   Ser.,    Zoology,   Vol.    1,   Pts.   5-8; 

Botany,  Vol.  1,  Pts.  5  and  6.     List,  1877-78.     The  Society. 
London,  Edinburgh  and  Dublin  Philosophical  Magazine,  Dec,  1879 — Nov., 

1880.     I.  V.  WilUamson  Eund. 
Mineralogical  Society  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland.     Mineralogical  Maga- 
zine, Vol.  2,  Nos.  15-18.     The  Society. 
Nature,  Nos.  524-560,  562-566,  568-573,  576,  576.     The  Editor. 
Notes  and  Queries,  Nov.,  1879— Oct.,  1880.     The  Editor. 
Popular  Science  Review,  Oct.,  1879— Oct.,  1880.     I.  V.  Williamson  Fund. 
Quarterly  Journal  of  Microscopical  Science,  Oct.,  1879 — Oct.,  1880.     I.  V. 

Williamson  Fund. 
Royal  Asiatic  Society  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland.     Journal,  n.  s.  Vol. 

12,  Nos.  1-8.     The  Society. 
Royal  Geographical  Society.    Proceedings,  n.  s.  Vol.  2,  Nos.  1-8.    Journal, 

Vol.  48.     'Ihe  Society. 
Royal  Institution  of  Great  Britain.     Proceedings,  Vol.  9,  Nos.   1  and  2. 

The  Society. 
Royal  Microscopical  Society.     Journal,  Vol.  2,  No.  7 — Vol.  8,  No.  5.     The 

Society. 
Society  of  Arts.     Journal,  Vol.  27.     The  Society. 
Triibner's  American  and  Oriental  Literary  Record,  Nos.   143-154.     The 

Publisher. 
Zoological  Society.     Proceedings,  1879,  No.  4 — 1880,  No.  2.    Transactions, 

Vol.  10,  No.  13  and  Vol.  11,  No.  2.     The  Society. 
Zoologist,  Oct.,  1879— Nov.,  1880.     I.  V.  Williamson  Fund. 
London,  Canada.     The  Canadian  Entomologist,  Vol.  10,  No.  12 — Vol.  12,  No. 

10.     The  Editor. 
Louvain.      University  Catholique.      Annuaire,    44me   Annee.      Twenty-three 

Thesis.     The  University. 
Liibeck.     Naturhistorische  Museum.     Jahresbericht,  1879.     The  Society. 
Luxembourg.     Institut  Royal.     Publications,  T.  17.     The  Society. 
Lyon.     Academic  des  Sciences,  Belles- Lettres  et  Arts.     Memoires,  Clasi<e  dcs 

Sciences,  T.  23  ;  Classe  des  Lettres,  T.  18me.     The  Society. 
Soci^te  d' Agriculture,  Histoire   Naturelle  et  Arts  utiles.     Annales  4me 

Ser.,  T.^lOme;  tme  Ser.,  T.  1.     The  Society. 
Soci^td  d'Etudes  Scientifiques.     Bulletin  No.    I,   Tomes   4  and  5.     The 

Society. 
Soci^te  Linn^enne.     Annales,  n.  s.  T.  28,  24  and  25.     The  Society. 


ADUITIQKH  TU  UNKAKV. 
laoschllBhir  •lubryoDHi.     I.  Trxt 


id  AUu.     1 
PL  Vtl.     n«  B-  lidiM  «li><v 


ill*,  W      AnkKiuiii 

lUniMD  Fiinil. 
11oak«r,  J.  D.     Tbe  tinr*  of  Bnilih  ladu. 

ni«Bt. 
Hull.  tMw.     Qaolugiol  ap  uf  Ibc  ri>ckt  rorming  Iba  SmUmv  Ili|bl«a4«  vt 

■  )n  th*  iipi>*r  Umli  uf  ili*  uMOilkll;  luftrln*  Iwt|*  nt  ibv  ratWalfprnai 
Group  of  the  Rrlliih  IhIm  ■ilJaininK  ooniintnial  diftrioit. 

Od  ibn  iwilasioAl  Tslniiont  of  ths  rack*  of  Lbs  Soutb  nf  tnlta'l  ii  ihM> 
or  North  t>*Ton  *n4  oUi^r  Srilltb  uid  oanilnaaUl  illatrlaiii. 

Uatbaorijcin  oftbr  "Sa«lp," 

On  t  Jwp  liortne  ttr  oa>l  >i  Scarie.  UnoolnsblTc, 

On  iU«  rrUlUoaof  tfa«  ('arbaDir*ra««,  Daronlkn  aoil  rspar  tltl«ri>D  Koeka 
of  t}i«  Scimta  orircluKl  to  iboai  of  Norib  I><»b.    Vm  Ai>lb>r. 
)Iiiin[ibr«/».  J.  t.     blMoTarin  of  minci'ala  In  Waticra  Sortk  r«nli>ia      Tk> 

■A.     Tb*  FtaavlA* 


ilDnfitUj,  P      Liltnrittihe  Boriebl*  »ai  Vagua. 

Mutiuii.  f-  W.    UMiual oftb* New  ZmImkI  M»1Ii>*m.    (ImIukImI  Itomj.  ». 
Untie;,  T- H.     TbaCrajfiab.     IBM.     t.  V.  WilJIamaon  Fan'). 
lD>lex    f-Blalnciia  o/  iba  Llbt«r]r  of  lb*  Siirg*aD-4I«nai«t't  onse. 

iDuiirasteS.  A.     MtiBiiiDrvbMirt*0«>l«iiie  im  ODUTnmamant  ijUmm. 

I.  V.  WllltUDioo  fund. 
Kin  nvu«>,  aumntM  un*d  1«  J«t  Kailit  >■»  iniorphvn  Kal>l«i*u«k.  tfi80. 

The  AiitboT. 
InvpBoIar  uf  MIom  of  Ili«  antbrulta  ooaU  raflooa  of  ratkajlTUiia,  Bcparta, 

lfT8      JnMi'h  M   Oaxuni, 
IfllcrnuiviiBl  Exblbilioii.  l*/iln«T.  H*1».     New  X^aUnd  ruun       lp|-n<fii   i<- 

unslkl  CaUlDBui.  1KNJ.    Th*  CominlHlDTian. 
Jeffnjra,  J.  0.     Thn  <l«*p'«*a  ni'ilUtiiaa  of  the  Bay  of  BUcsy.     Tb*  Aaikur. 
Jnly.  n.  K.     Uai  Uea««  dam  la  itrit  ttMologiqac  rcnpUa  p«r  la  HMnvvcrtc 
^*'         do  tmr*  IUMl«t»hl«. 


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ADDITIONS  TO   LIBRARY.  447 

Amerioan  Journal  of  Miorosoopy,  Vol.  4,  No.  2— Vol.  6,  No,  10.     The 

Editor. 
American   Monthly   Microscopical  Journal.      Vol.  1,    Nos.    1-U.      The 

Editor. 
American  Museum  of  Natural  History,  11th  Annual  Report.  The  Director. 
Forest  and  Stream,  Vol.  18,  No.  26— Vol.  16,  No.  17.     The  Editor. 
Index  Medicus,  Vol.  2,  Nos.  1-10.     Wm.  S.  Vaux. 

Library  Journal,  Vol.  4,  No.  11 — Vol.  5,  No.  10.     I.  V.  Williamson  Fund. 
Monthly  Index  to  current  periodical  literature,  Vol.  1,  No.  5.     The  Pub- 
lisher. 
New  York  Medical  Eclectic,  Nov.  1879— Oct.  1880.     The  Editor. 
New  York  Medical  Journal,  Dec.  1870— Nov.  1880.     The  Editor. 
Popular  Science  Monthly,  Dec.  1870— Dec.  1880.     The  Editor. 
Publishers'  Weekly,  Vol.  18,  Nos.  1-6.     The  Editor. 
Science,  Vol.  1,  Nos   1-22      The  Editor. 
Torrey   Botanical   Club.     Bulletin,  Vol.  6,   No.  50— Vol.  7,   No.  10.      The 

Society, 
rleans.     SociiSt^  d' Agriculture,  Sciences,   Belles- Lettres  et  Arts.     Mumoires 

Vol.  21,  Nos.  2  &  3.     The  Society, 
aris.     Academic   des   Sciences.     Comptes  Kendus,  Vols.  87,   88  &  80.     Me- 

moires,  T.  41.     The  Society. 
Annales  des  Mines.     T.  14,  5me   Livrs.  — T.  17,  4me  Livr.      Minister  of 

Public  Works,  France. 
Annales  des  Sciences  Geologiques,  T.  11,  Nos.  1  &  2.     The  Editor. 
Annales  des  Sciences  Naturelles,  Zoologie  et  Paleontologie,  T.  8,  No.  4  — 

T.  0,   No.  6;  Botanique,   T.  8,   No.  3— T.  10,   No.  1.     I.  V.  Williamson 

Fund. 
Archives  de  Zoologie  experimentale  et  g^nerale.     1870  &  1880,  Nos.  1-3. 
,  I.  V.  Williamson  Fund. 

Ecole  polytechnique.     Journal,  T.  28.     The  Director. 
Journal  de  Conchyliologie,  T.  10,  No.  4— T.  20,  No.  3.     The  Editor. 
Museum  d'llistoire  Naturelle      Nouvelles  Archives,  2me  Scr.,  T.  2,  Fasc. 

2.     The  Directors. 
Revue   Internationale  des   Sciences.     1870,    No.    11 — 1880,   No.  8.     The 

Editor. 
Revue  Scientifique  de  la  France  et  de  I'Etranger,  Orae  Annee  No.  20 — 1881 

No.  4.     The  Editor. 
Sooi^te  d'AcclimatAtion.     Bulletin,  Sept.  1879— Aout,  1880.     The  Society. 
SociC'te   des   Antiquaires   de    Picardie.     Mcmoires,  3me  Ser.,  T.  6.     The 

Society. 
Societ*?  Botanique  de  France.     T.  25me,  5,  Title,   etc. ;  T.  20me,  1,  2,  3, 

Rev.  Bibl.  C.  D.  E. ;    T.  27me,  1  Comptes   Rendus,  2  &  3,  Rev.  Bibl.  A. 

The  Society. 
Societe   Entomologique   de   France.      Annales,   5me   Ser.  T.  0 — T.  lOme. 

Partie  Supplem.     The  Society. 
Sooietd  Oeologi(iue  de  France.     Bulletin,  Vol.  7,  Nos.  4-7.     The  Society. 
Soci^te  nationale  d' Agriculture  de   France.     Bulletin,  Annce  1H80,  Nos. 

0  &  6.     The  Society. 
Societe  Zoologique.     Bulletin,  1870,  1-4.     The  Society, 
'hilailelphia.     Academy  of  Natural  Scienees.     Proceedings  1870,  No.  3 — 1880, 

No.  2.     The  Publication  Committee. 
Afield  and  Afloat,  n.  s.  Vol.  1,  No.  13.     The  Editor. 
American    Entomological   Society.      Transactions,  Vol.   7,   No.  4 — Vol.  8, 

No.  2.     Proceedings,  May,  1880.     The  Publication  Committee. 
American  Journal  of  Medical  Sciences,  Jan.  to  Oct.,  1880.     The  Editor. 
American  Journal  of  Pharmacy.     Dec.  1879 — Nov.  1880.     The  Editor. 
American  Naturalist.     Dec.  1879— Dec.  1880.     The  Editor. 
American  Pharmaceutical  Association.     Proceedings,  27th  Annual  Report. 

The  Society. 


43l> 


ADMTIONH  TO  I.IOIUBV. 


Uallol.  J   W.     U  BwoMillc,  IS'^.     Dr.  Jo*.  Uid;. 

Hkrinn,  E.  *oo     Ci>Ddiulost*eli«  MliihAllunino.    1  Dd.,  I-l  II.    L  T.  Wn- 

lianiBQii  Fund. 
Muiln,  E.     llUtoin  <!*•  moatUi.     I.  V.  Willivaiou  rund. 
Hktllo,  K.     DIa  TtrtiBrtshlobuo  ftuf  J«t».     PklirontoL  Tb.  S-4  Ucf.     L  T- 

vrillUmiwii  Fund. 
UkrtladBlo,  1.  C.    Noim  on  the  B»rtr*ni  Oftk.    The  Asthnr. 
Uftrtliil    A    rjiamnllt.     dydviualUobw  r«iubjill*D-Cablnct-      lit.   BH-tM. 

WIltuD  ruDd 
Hknh,  0  I',     New  Junulc  niilUn.     Tbo  Auilii>r. 
kI*rjUnJ.  ivyun  <id  nait  luitii  *r,  I8SI1.     I>r-  I.  U,  lls;i. 
Muun.  J'llin  J.    Mlormoopio  irttidlf*  im  ih«  caninl  nirtmi*  ijaMn  af  rvfillM 

Knd  haiTHthion*.     I  uid  :i.     The  Aulhar 
M»i(euc«l,  r..     Lcfiin*  lur  Iw  pbAnnnttnn  pbjiliiun  im  Mrp*  *i*kau. 

PranoiUiv.     [It.  Ju*.  l^lJj 
MMbku,  Tba*.     Naliti  flowtr*  and  ttmi  or  tlie  Uoiiod  MbIm      Sd  iter..  PUi  ] 

1-^1.     leTV.    Ilia  PublUbar*. 
Udn,  J.  A.,>l«tih-uuuk  uf,    C  W.  D«  lAnnny 

Utooke.  M.     milriigt  lur  aiaUglt  da  Btiillpiln.     1.  T.  WillUnMo  rnad.  «> 
- '    ■■      ■"     -'     1  ,.^^,.ii^„M  .1    i.i...  PnUi   r'al    In   luta  uJ   tdflK 


1    Line  Pnbt,  L'*]., 


IB«fl  Mi    tM 


Hfodell.  li.  II      Blwllnf  iiiMntiaDii 

EiijClnvtr  Ii»p«ntn<)ii<.  V.  9.  A- 
M«r(«ii(j|<i  Uhnrj  AHumliim  ut  (bv  Citj  uf  K«vr  Tork,  61Hb  •onu*! 

Til*  Dueclttn. 
McrcunUI*  Ubnirj'  AaaoeiaUun  i>r  l^*n  FrutcUeo.  'lith  uianal  t«|iiin.     Tbi 

TrusleM. 
|l(ile*D  »uii<iniii«.  61  pboibgikpb*  of.    |Po1dii»U  CollootioK.)    Wou  S.  B«*b«. 
Hilat-tlirutl^,    M      MftBDKM   Curini>ln|tiqa«.     T*i(   tad  p)»l«s-     Dv.  J«» 

Loilj 
Levant  aur  !■  pb;aiolo|i*  et  I'saKioint*  ctnnpar^  dc  I'bDmM*  tt 

Diiuii.    T.  Ubiv,  lr«  I'l      WIlMD  fund. 
Uin«>  (-'jimmuKioQ  Rejiori.  I8MJ,  AnnspoUti.     Tba  (Tommiwloaar. 
Htnki,  A.     liBi  Mlcr.)|[ODldl<iiu.  li^T«.     I.  T,  WQIiuoion  fund. 
Mlmina  flol*nlJK'|ii<'  <i<i  M<'>i'i>>.'       Ki^rhKrchoi  /nnl     Tma.  I^rllc  T.  I 

L'o(er<uchuDg(ii  lur   Nalurllbre   dcs    MeoKben    uod    dar 
i[ll  Bund.  :t  /S.4H.     I.  V.  WillianiaoD  Fund. 

KohlcDkalk*.     Tba  Autbor. 
-Ith  ad. 


V 

Halcscholl, 

Thicr 

Moller.  V,  . 


I 


mgredien, 
Tbe  wtt 


Free  Ir 
.rni(r  of 


.iferen  dcs  ruasischf 
tde  mnd  English  com: 
Imerick,  Tba  Cobdi 
111  modern  malluBcan  fki 


Club. 


orOnori.  Jmpan.  Tba 
ia>i  Spaoiea  Planinrum.  ItW. 
Bd.,  larTh.     [.  ' 


Moraa,  Edw.  8 

Author. 
Mueller.  P.  dc.     Indri  perrectui  ad  Carol!  Lin 

Tbc  Aulhor 
Hkillar,  N.  J.  C.     Ilandbuch  dar  BoUnik.     1« 

Fund. 

Museum  Ludwig  14al*aior  in  Uber-Bluewiii  bai  DrtidaD,     The  Aulbor. 
Nagle,  .1.  T.     Sumtnarj  of  birlh*,  marriagea,  illll-births,  death*,  etc..  In  New 

Vorki'ilj.     IfO.     Tbe  Author. 
NatlTC  Tribes  of  »outh  Australia.      inTtl.      It.  Schoniburgb. 
Nelolicika,  E      Vnler^iirhuiifcen  liber   Farbenblindbeii  und  Kuruiobiigkeil. 

:;  No!..     ICTIt.    The  Author. 
Ne-   V..rk.  geulogical  rrporls,    IN^IT.  ^d  Bd.      1840.    |s4l  *i  I8.il,      Dr.  I.  H. 

II  a;  9 


eilt,  T    Wai 


Lit 


I.  V,  Williai 
of  Uarwini 


un  Fund. 

1,  IfW).     The  Am 


p  ^ieiieer..  >o,.  1  .V  ■.>.     Ih54.     Ur. 

I.    M.    II»T 

r.      Zoologj.      \H::k      I,  V.  WiHi«ro 

on  Fund. 

a      -Hi,-!  lid..  3     Lief..  '.iTer   Bd..   1 

Lief.  A  ^ 

Lirf .  II    4.     Uilei.n  Fuad. 

ADDITIONS  TO  LIBBABT.  449 

okio.  University, Science  Department.  Memoirs,  Vol.  l,Pt.  1.  The  University. 
>ronco.     Entomological  Society.    Annual  Report,  1879.     The  Society 
3iiloase.    Aoaddmie  des  Sciences.    Inscriptions  et  Belles-Lettres.    M^moires, 
Table  des  Mat.  de  la  7me  Ser.,  8me  Ser.,  T.  1.,  Nos.  1  and  2  and  T.  2. 
The  Society. 
Revue  Mycologique,  2e  Ann^e,  Nos.  1  and  2.     The  Editor. 
rieste.     Societa  Adriatica  de  Scienze  Naturali.     Bollettina,    Vol.  5,  No.  2. 

The  Society, 
romso.     Museam.     Aarshefter,  II.     The  Museum, 
psal.     Observatoire  de  I'Universit^.     Bulletin,  VIll.     The  Director. 

Regia  SocieUs  Scientiarum.    Nova  Acta.  8e  Ser.,  Vol.  10,  No.  2.    The 
Society.  • 

Irecht.     K.  nederlandsch  meteorologisohe  Instituut.     .laarboek,  1879.     The 

Editor, 
lenna.     Anthropologische  Gesellschaft.     Mittheilungen,   9  Bd.,  Nos.  7  and 
8,  10  Bd.,  Nos.  1-7.     The  Society. 
Embryologische  Institute  der  K.  K.  Universitat.     Mittheilungen,  1  Bd.,  4 

H. ;  2  Bd.,  1  H.  J.  V.  Williamson  Fun«l. 
K.  Abademie  der  Wissenschaften.  Sitzungsberichte,  Mathein.-naturw. 
Hasse.  76  Bd.  I,  1-6  H.,  II.  2-6  H.,  Ill,  1-5  H. ;  77  Bd.  I,  1-5  H.,  II, 
1-5  H.,  Ill,  1-5  H.;  78  Bd.  I,  1-5  H.,  II,  1-5  H.,  Ill,  1-5  H. ;  70  Bd.  II, 
1-3  H.,  Ill,  1-5  H.  Denkschriften,  mathem.-naturw.  Classe,  89er  Bd. 
The  Society. 
K.  K.  geologischen  Reichsanstalt.   .lahrbuch,  29er  Bd.,  8  and  4, 1880,  Nos. 

I,  2  and  ».     Verhandlungen,   1879,   No.   10:    1880,  No.  11.     Abhand- 
lungen,  Bd.  7,  H.  5.     The  Director. 

K.  K.  zoologisch-botanische  Gesellschaft.     Verhandlungen,  Vol.  29.     The 

Society. 
Oesterreichische  Gesellschaft   tur  MiHeorologie.     Zeilschrift  J:i  Bd.     The 

Society. 
Verein  zur  Verbreituug  naturwissenschaftlicher  Kenntnisse.     Schriften, 

2C>er  Bd.    The  Society. 
Zoologische  Institute.     Arbeiten,  T.  2,  II.  2  &  :{ ;  T.  8,   II.  I.     1.  V.  Wil- 
liamson Fund, 
'ashington.     Philosophical  Society.     Bulletin,  Vols.  1,  2  and  :>.     The  Society. 
United  States  National   Museum.     Proceeding«,   Vol.   1.     Dei)artment  i»f 
the  Interior. 
Wellington.     New  Zealand  Institute.     Transactions,  Vol.  12.     The  Society. 
'orcesier.     American   Antiquarian  Society.     Proceedings,   Nos.  74  and  75. 

The  Society, 
iirzburg.    Botanische  Inslitut.  Arbeiten,  2erBd., ''MI.    1.  V.  Williiimson  Fund. 
Physikalisch-medicinische  Gesellschaft.     Verhandlungen,  Neue  Folge,  14 

Bd.,  1-4  H.     The  Society. 
Zoologische-zootomiscbc  Institut.     Arbeiten,   5er   Bd..   1    H.     I.  V.  Wil- 
liamson Fund, 
iirich.     Naturforschende  Gesellschaft.     VierteljahrRschrit't.  'J^'er  .lahrg.,   1   4 

II.  The  Society. 


8u 


438  ADDIttORH  TV  UMHAItT. 

Soblmpvr.  It.  1>..  knd  K.  A.  Xlittl.     H»D<tbiicli  itar  f*1wiH>tai»c4«- 

iiD.!  lie  L)*f.     I.  T.  Williunion  Fnorf. 
Selil*g«l.  U.    Mun^ani  d*blno)n>  nuuiaU*  dn  l^ijrBw.    T.  B,  M<iM|.  i 

nilwin  F^nil, 
SoliDiHl.  Emil,     KrtDioIcfisolie  ValoTKUiliUiiiim, 

Khlt  bciluDffCD  kDi  Jrr  ani  bropolnglMhib  Utvniur  AmrHku.  Tb*  Aalhor. 
SohinSili.  <>.     Dl*  Hl'auKlm  >l*i)  Morbupvii  tou  Udlpn.     *Jub  iSehliu*- )  Hvft 

1W>0.     UiiMuiii  uf  lumptmiTc  Aaiiionif . 
8«b«niburgb,  B.     UmbDnaturkliicdoegdi  tB'l  other  pl*nu  of  Sontb  Auiir«Ua- 
On  ib<  Urul. 
Catalugu*  of  ib«  pUoIii  UD'lsr  oulli*>Ui>n  in  th*  OoTarninviil  B«l«sk  Oat- 

<l*a,  Ailalalclc.  Soutb  jlunlnlia 
Rtjim  no  ih*  [iragrn*  (tid  conilllloD  of  thu  Bolniik  Qanlaa  Mill  finan- 
niatit  )'Uniailaiii>  iliiring  (bs  jMr  1BTU.     Tb«  Aiiibar. 
Smu,  W.  B..  BD-l   U.  P.  Oibarn,     Enrly  dvitflopmoni  al   lb«  omBaa  newt. 

Tho  itulbnn. 
aetiiia<ir.  S.  ir,,  Writlni;.  at.  onnipilvi]  bj  Omtp'  MmD.oofc.     ICTD.     Tk*  BinMir 

Tb*  LIctodUd  [D*(^a  9l  Kf»  Rraikawiok,     Th*  Aulb^r. 
0«enad  (l*iila|^i»)  Kurrvj  of  PrnnnjlTMU.    C>.  U  *eU.,  ({>,  ti*.  II'.  I*.  (*,  Kd 


(i*iiia|tic«1 
y,  Q".  R,  T,  v.    Th*  CiimwlM 


Itnpnrt  IV     Joa.  M.  Gaium. 
SMmum.  B.     »*•■  VIlltiulK-     lln.     1»>«A-Tfl.     I.  V.  WIUUmMD  rwnd. 
Saaipcr,  C      B*lt*a  Im  Arcbipal  4er  rhn)|>|iiDm],     Sler  Tb.,  *ur  Dd..  ■*•   It  ' 

WUion  Puu'l. 
ahnrtr,  r   VI.    Anlbntcliv  coBl-Helda  of  Poiui*;It»iU  anj  Uwlr  ■ihausilaB. 


UiJtjiritni  it  tb*  priigrraa  of  th*  iu>ihrBcli«  coal  trad*  of  Ptttbiyti 


1 


Aiilhor. 
8boK,  J-  T.    Nnrib  Amiriuiw  ot  kniiqali;.    188D.    I.  V   WIUlaiii*»ii  f 
S(*bt«.  C.  D.     V.  8.  I'oagi  ^hft*]'.     (>«*|r-a*a  (ouailhig  aii4  Jiadfiaf. 

C  I'.  [Ul«nan. 
ItaBUh,  t.     iimariftim  ornovapMiai  oTQjmWQptH*  Is  lb*  OrtiM  Mm 

I8TV.    TkuMM*  «f  ika  MitMaa. 
Smllb.  J.  A      MotatlMiaof  tbaaartb,  18M.    Dr.  I.  H.  a«7>- 
Smltb,  J    L.      MlnrriU  ■nJ  miiirral  waitr*  of  Chill       Dr.  L  U.  Ilaj> 

Pri'iirnwi   *d<I   nitiiJilKin  uf  spivnil    ildparUiKiiIt  of  lD<la*lilal  rbriiiiiirj. 

r»riii  Diiit.  Eij...  1"17.      l)r.  -Ip!.  Lpidj'. 
Biuilb«on,  Jamci.  Scienlibc  wrilingi  of.     1HT9. 
Smilbsoiiian  Instiluljon  and  Nalional  Muieum.  Tiailor'a  guide. 
Smithionian  Instituttun  MiHcellaneouB  Collect  ions.  Vol.  16  aod  IT.     Coniribu- 

li..ni  to  Knowledge.  Vol.  21'. 
Report.  187H. 

Journal  of  Board  of  Regents,  elc.     The  InBtilulion 
Bmjih.  R.  B.     The  aborigioei  ol  Victoria.     The  GoT«mmeni  of  Victoria. 
tUDellea  ran  VoItenhoteD.S.  C     l>ioaoographia.     Pi.  0.     [.  V  Willianuo*  Fuad 
Sorel.    L.     Kapport   du    Preniildil   it>   In   SociiUi^   ile  pbTsique   ct  d'hitioir* 

nalur«ile  de  Geni^Te,  IHT!>.     The  Author. 
Soulb  .Vfrican  Muitum.  rcporl.  IXT.:     The  Trusteed, 
Spencer.  H.    Ceremnoial  inMilutiotiK.    18(M>.     1.  V.  Wiiliainaan  Fund. 
Stearns.  R.  B.  C      New  species  or  rariei;  of  land  anail  from  California.     The 

.\utbor. 
Steen-iriip.  J.      Sepiella.  Oraj, 


INDEX  TO  GENBEA. 


451 


INDEX  TO  GENERA, 

1880. 


Abies 333,  341,  350 

Aoanthocjcles 37 

Acanthodoris 88 

Act«on 366 

Aomoecopleura 188,  204 

Adalaria 75 

Akiodorus ^ 52 

Aloe 309 

Ambrosia, 343 

Ampelopsis 5 

Amphicarpaea 859 

Amphidesma 21,  20 

Anarcbaris 334 

Analcite 262 

Anciliaria 364,  365 

Andromeda 356 

Anomia 21,  24 

Antrozous 227 

Aratus 189,  218 

Arctomys 348 

Area 21,  23,  24,  29 

Artemis 21,  23,  24,  25,  29 

Artibeus 393 

Ardcola 348 

Asbolite 243 

Assulina 386,  339 

-Aatarte 364 

^strophycus 298 

Astarte 21,  23,  24,  29,  32 

^talapha 133,  893 

Jktta 359 

^etula 843 

Biotlte 246 

:Bonellia ^ 29 

^rachygrapsus 188,  208 

^ranchipus 156 

Kaccinum 28 

Manias 132 

Kathotrephis 293 


Calymene 176 

Cancellaria 29,  366,  869 

Canoer 179 

Canis 348 

Cardita 21,  24,  364,  366  369 

Carditamera 32 

Cardium 21,  28,  24,  29,  865.  869 

Carex 858 

Cariacus 895 

Caricella 368,  378 

Carya 848 

Cassidaria 365 

Castanea 851 

Castor 348 

Castoroides 817 

Catostomus 287 

Caulolatilus 13,     14 

Centaurea 132 

Centropyxi^.- 338 

Cervus 848 

Chasmagnathus 189,  221 

Chelydra 848 

Chirocephalus 156 

Chromite 278 

Cistudo 348 

Clistoooeloma 189,  219 

Coelogenys 391,  39r) 

('onus 348 

Cookeite 249 

Corbula..21,  28,  24,  25,27,  29,  32,  364 

Cornus 348 

Crassatella 21,  23,  24,  29,     32 

Crepis 132 

Culsageeite 253 

Cyclograpsus 189,  220 

Cycloloma 182 

Cylicosmilia 864 

Oyonycteris 398 

Cyperus 182 

Cyrtograpsus 188,   197 

Cytherea..2l,  23,  24,  29,  364,  866,  870 


ADPITIflNfl  TO  UBaABV. 


I  rarnuuloft  a(  HkrylMtd 


nfw  fowila  of  IhF  uldcr 
•1  N'ortb  Caraliu.     Tin  AuUinr. 
WUcrhsaM,  Owan.     l:iu*irMi'in«  or  ih«  Ijrpiont  ftiHlmtM  nf  C^lmplat*   la 
till  (uilliitftinD  of  Ibc   Itrtlhili    Mtuflum.     I'l    I,   Lydit*     The    Qritlab 
Muiaum, 
Wtt»a,IL    rjiamieal  CiM7i.    Tib  S<1.     {.  tuU,  1800      Dr.  1.  H    Ha^* 
WUMn,  B    B.     Halluiiia  vr  n.  U    S.  ■' Cballraprr  "  Rip«>ilci«a      I'l.  ti      Tb« 

Walun.  >l.    (iwlaiUBt  Jforf ar  ar  CWUftirnU      llniittir,  Vsl    '2     I.  V    WilliMM- 

ton  FunJ. 
WBUmuiD,    \t>f.     (Thar  ill*   taltUa    Drtaohiin   iIh   TranimuUtlonrn,    I^Tt 

lir.  Jim    ^lily 
Wbi,  0.  •      Iaipn'>*ii><iiit  at  Uia  Uanutw  at  VIcddb.  IBW. 

gttond  tr««ll>v  vn  lbs  drcrcaat!  uF  watur  In  ipriaK*.  crwki  •■»)  rlTvra, 
im>.     EnitlD-«r  l^parinirni.  C.  a    A. 
Wbhc,  (.V  A.     I'alMfnlalngioal  Field  work  Tot  Uia  ••uIob  »(  tfiTT. 
OraueMU*  toMib  «r  ibc  Wuicm  8l>I«*  anJ  TarrlUiriaa. 
Nola  on  Uia  oMarrrne*  of  Prntliioiiu  alpDl*i»  In  i^WIIPitbU. 
!!*w  InratabrMc  AmsIIi  frum  tba  U»Htal«  and  0«M»iak  mb>  'rf  Ar- 

kuuu,  Wjomlns.  (.'^loniila  and  Cub. 
UxEriiiilHii  Ufa  T«r>  Urg*  rnMil  gaaUrapwi  fnini  tba  Kuic  of  roaMk, 

CsDtrlhiiUan>  lo  paJaaDlaloo',  Koa-  2-S-     Tb«  Aulb-ic. 
Wbiia.  r.  E.     V'a1«lloloi7  A4<lr«M,  Wumaa-*  Mailln)  Cotlaga.  IRMt-^i       Tb« 

Autbor. 
Wbilvavaa,  J.  P     Ou  lomi  muiM  lUTarUbrau  of  tjoom  Cb*riMI>   IOmmI 

Tba  Authnr. 
Wbiindd.  B.  P.    faatlk  «faua«MM  n^nia  tbc  Tpper  Dt*Aiiiao  raaki  nT  OU*. 

Tbt  Autb«r. 


I.  T.  B..  enp 


ichell.  ; 


;>r   .)o-.  Ui.|j- 

■lihronapparaiM  dicoijler  rflaDiin.  1 
tttTD  Amrrica.  1)441)  Ur  I.  M.  IU;9. 
'      '      lUihiDFl  Wilson 


IHMO. 


Villiamson  Kuad. 


■,  P.  .M„  ('atslaguc  of  lown  mollua 
Wood,  H.V.  and  II.  y.  runiixt,     Rncarcb  on  ihe  cffcci*  of  idocuUi 

low«r  animal*  with  ilipblhrrilic  exudation.     Dr.  Wood. 
Woo'lward'a  Garden*.  illu4lral«.l  guide  to.     188M      Tbe  Author. 
Woolls,  W,     rianta  inrligenauii  in  ibt  neighborhood  of  Sjdney      Tbe  A 
VRteCollfitv.  I'alaloKue.  1 


cord-  . 


\mi  I 


lleKe  ID 


.d  -uppleo 


INDEX   TU  QENEUA. 


45s 

..   157 


27  FhimatelU 

,m)i;mm 3ii'2  Poljcera 109 

peagrU 34B  Polyergus 8"fl 

^-■^'                                            .  348  Populus 858 

.  1:11  Prochlorite 251 

fiibtexu 175  ProcjoD 848 

laMima 18!i,  ^11  PBeudogrnpsus 188,  204 

&pogl«psuB 188,  ISO  I'aeudoliva 365,  371 

lna«rile 248  PMndolhelphusa 34 

Modlolft 21.  -M.    27  Pteropus 398 

Holossm 35n,  39:1  Pijobognftlbus 1«P,  201 

Molyb-lenite _ 243  l-utorius 348 

MuscoTiie 24:i,  aiT  Pyrophyllii* '248 

Ht« 21,  -li.     27  Pvnik 8<)S.  8'i7,  374 

MjtfluH 21.  23.     ^2 

128,  342 


Nsutilggi 
Neb*U*.. 
N«otoma- 
Noctitio.. 
Kueula... 
Mupliar.. 
NycterU. 


<jc7po<ln 

Oochiiioris —     oil 

Ortbogrnpsiis 188.   11'4 

Oatrea 21,  2.).  24.  :;2,  SlU-l.ill    Si.ncnra  . 

Oxalis 35()    Saruintii 

?a<icitin 


388. 

1,  3t>0,  :iiiB 

',  188.  2(H     FUndke 

...313.  :l3i;     liangLfer 

-^47     Rbnconorus 18!l,  ' 

...30:!,  :W4    Khinopoma 

-'H    Rhipidolite 

1.^7    Rti  oil  odeB  (Iron 

133    Hiccia 

Rochelw 

RosteirarLa 


X'Kcbvgriipsii 

I>ec(iiiiciilu9, 
I*alseophycu* 
I'ftlio 

Partula 


t^caUrii 

18!-.  liiK    Sctlop^ 

..22.  24,     2'.'    Soilirus 

2!i3    Semnopiilici 

1""    r!er|H.nlinr.. 

...21.  24.     2'.    Scrpulu 


m,  8r>>i. 


-i'Uriie. 


:p«riploii 

X>«rna  22.  21.27.  32  Sl.iiis 

:Petricnl.. 22.  24  Soli.riuin 

I'hUn.lelpliite ^lln.  313  anlntiirliis 

Thlogopliln; 244  Sulcn 

^Pholiilonivu 22,  2.-.  Spirnslomum 

Thol»9 22.  24.  2-.  Spunjtillii 

■pbyllorhino 13:1,  .139  Sreaiite 

PhyloslHiiia :i'.i2  Slenior 

Pinns 3U  Steilinftile 

■KthecoK'iiiiui 355  Slrcp»i<lura 

Vlacoci'ti 330  SlrBptncpplinlun.... 

Plngiisin    18'.(,  223 

1>lal.;grnpsu' 18<.t,  210 

I'leurolntn«.,29.3(i5.30H.3ii8,86!l.  373  ,  Talc 

Plkaliili 22,  32  I  Taniias 


44S 

BiMlDB,     Ani«rloitD  Aoxltnij' uF  A 
I  uKl  V.    The  Socltl;. 
Smiftjot  Natnnk)  ilUiorj.     l>rac»«41njrK,  VhI  SO.  Pi.  iU  taa  pp.  ai»- 

lln>ia«('bwiii|!.     Ambl*  Shr  Ambropoloicl*,    12.  Kl.,  i!-^  VkruU.     I.  T   1 
liiunMin  Fund. 

V«¥viii  lUr  KklarwJHSiMDlian      Jklirubtriolii.  |i!iT1M<U     Tka^Mltlj- 
DT«meo.     NMut«iH(n*«liinlIebc   Vrttin.     AbkNoilluafpin.  ft.   W.,  XUi  aaJ 

SoklUM  II..  IWhKP  Nil.  T.    tbn  Huulsly. 
Itninklrii.     KnloiUHlngirJtl  SwAttj      IlullMin,  Vnl.  3.  Xaa.  1~I2.     n*  HmtAttj 
Bruan,    I^BiarfotMihBaila  V«r«ln,     VcrbuiiUnnsaD,  IT.    Tb«  Sotittj. 
BrottlU*.     SaeUw  B*l|tfl  dn  MlenMenplt.     Proenf  VwhMS,  ICTt*,  No*.  27—, 
lAau,  No,  n.     Annitlta  T.  4.     Thi  Boviai;. 
S«oi<(«  Bitlum«)uBt.|DD.     t'omtitii  Itkuau,  >(er.  3.  No.  iHt-Ta.     Annkln  T  s: 

Tb«  aodttj. 

AocKi''  Mal*oaluici>|ui.     AnniiW.  T    'ime,  St  Fwio.     rrtw*4  Varhwt.  7 

H,  4  0ei    I8I9-T  Pw.  IHWi.     Th«I<ftaely- 

Budk-I'eti.    HTadoai.   AkkiUmta.    ET(«kvi''i«li  ■  aiUii.  TuJau^BjBh  Kiirrtnl. 

T  Koiti,  I  8un>T-'.<  Katat.  VA.    Muli.  •>  Taranivi    Ei'il*a»Mj«h.  I* 

knd  luKulcl      EfkdBr**^.  TlwrulMwdU  Ku<rt.  11  U«t>li,     n>>^<i«i*i/ 

DngsrlMba  K»iloual-.Mi)*«uiii.     Ttrmtnflniti   riiiMtb.  *  K-iBl.  1      Tk' 

BaiUo.     Sorth  AniFri«*a  CnUiDalafUl,  To).  I,  S<m.  A-13.     The  Ei|il«r 
raen      Aouli!ml»  N'ailaiiKl*  i)m  Mane**,  Art*  M  B«llM'LMI«rm.     U^Boir**, 
l«79      TlipSooiti/. 
SwriAiv  UuDi^MH*  d«  NortiMiullB.    Ballailn.  It*  Bar.,  Vvbu  I  ud  X.    T1» 

<:deuli>.     iiriAlia  HoolBirar  Setunl      Journal.  Vnl.  47.  Vl.  I,  Ro.  4,   Pi-  3. 
No.  4:    Vol.  48.  PI.  1,  Km    1-4;    Pi.  2.  So.  I  ;    Vol.  *I>,  Pt.  I.  K».  i 
pTucr»iln(*.  IMU,  No*.  3-10      Tlia^oolalj 
Saui*.    Juurnal.  Vol    i».  Koa.   13»-I80.     Pr«0««<I|gp,   inTV,  (laa.   S-IO 


1  iiKJ  :' 
llartarJ  V 


n  rnnd. 


Bulleli 


.  Nos. 


!,  N( 


n.l  V..I  -J,  Sm 
I.  1.  2  and  ».     The 


irinitj.     Library  Bulletin,  Nw.  14.  lli  and  lii.     Bibliograph. 
icai  <  oniriliuiiuni.  Noh.  1  anit  2.     The  TruMeca. 
MuiFum  of  ConiparaliTe  Zoology.     Memoirs.  Vol.  G,  No.  I  :   Vol.  7.  No    I 
an.!   Nu.  ■•.  Vl.   1.     tttporiB,   IH7H-7D:    187(l-«().     lluUeliD.  Vol.  5.  No 
1>!  and  liile:  Vol   •!.  Nus.  LI)  ;  Vol.  T.  No.  1.     Tbe  Direclor. 
Nuilnll  Orniibolofiieal  Club.     Bulletin.  IKtM),  Jan.-Oci.     The  Society 
rnbudj  MiiKfum  of  American  Arch wolofj  and  Eibnology.     12ih  and  l.lih 

nnnual  rfporln.     Tfae  Uirec'or. 
Pnyclie,  Nop   >Hi-;8.     The  Editor 
Cap  Rou,re.     I-^  SaliirnliKte  Canadieo.  Bac   Itt7t*-I>cl.  X^^m     The  Editor 
CaiMpl.     .MoUkoioologiwhe  lllxtter.  Neut  Kotge,  'J,  ltd.,  1.  Bg. -.1    ltd  .  '2   Ug 
1.  V.  WilliiniM.n  Fuu.l. 
Vrrein  fi,r  Nniurkundr.      li^richl  2tt  iind  21.     The  Siwielj. 
I  liertpoiirit       Sipi-ii.r..   N«ii..tialc  ilc9  ."!<;icin-i>s  NaiurollM.      MrmoirM,  T    I'l  and 


c  ."o.-ifly. 
.  Vul.  -2.  No 


:;-Vol.  :[.  No    1-     The  V^lit. 


TNDEX. 


455 


GENERAL    INDEX. 


Additions,  to  Library,  429. 

Agnew,  Wm.  G.  E.,  Announcement  of 
death  of,  226. 

Allen,  H.,  Description  of  a  foetal 
Walrus.  38;  Mammary  Glands  of 
Bats,  1 38 ;  On  some  homologies  in 
Bunodont  Dentition,  226;  The  Pha- 
langes  of  Bats,  350 ;  On  the  Tem- 
poral and  Masseter  Muscles  of 
Mammals,  385. 

Barbeck,  Wm.,  On  the  Development  of 
Lemna  Minor,  226.  230. 

Bergh,  R.,  On  the  Nudibranchiate 
Gasteropod  Mollusca  of  the  North 
Pacific,  with  special  reference  to 
those  of  Alaska,  9,  40. 

Biological  and  Microscopical  Section, 
Report  of,  415. 

Botanical  Section,  Report  of,  418. 

Borie,  A.  E.,  Announcement  of  death 
of,  128. 

Brewer,  T.  M.,  Announcement  of 
death  of,  12. 

Budd,  Dr.  Chas.  H.,  Announcement  of 
death  of,  355. 

Cardeza,  J.  M.,  Fossil  (?)  Casts  in 
Sandstone,  280;  Garnet  mistaken 
for  Corundum,  295. 

Chapman,  H.  C,  On  the  Gestation  and 
Generative  .\pparatus  of  the  Ele- 
phant, 184,  168:  On  the  Structure 
of  the  Orang  Outang,  159,  100. 

Conchological  Section,  Report  of,  414. 

Cresson,  Ezra  T.,  Election  to  Council, 
357. 

Elections  during  1880,  428. 

Entomological  Section,  Report  of,  421. 

Fisher,  Jas.  C,  Announcement  of 
death  of,  351. 

Foote,  A.  E.,  A  new  locality  for  Anal- 
cite,  252 ;  On  a  probable  Pseudor- 
morphism  of  Gummite  and  Urano- 
tile  after  Uraninite,  292  ;  On  a  large 
Sphene  from  Canada,  341. 


Fox,  Wm.  Logan,  Announcement  of 
death  of,  159. 

Garrett,  Andrew,  The  Terrestrial  Mol- 
lusca inhabiting  the  Cooks  or  Har- 
vey Island?,  9,  158. 

Genth,  F.  A.,  Jr.,  The  so-called  Emery- 
Ore  from  Chelsea,  Bethel  Township, 
Delaware  Co.,  Pa.,  811. 

Gilbert,  Wm.  Kent,  Announcement  of 
death  of,  226. 

Haines,  R.,  Analysis  of  Philadelphite, 
810. 

Haldeman,  S.  S.,  Announcement  of 
death  of.  341. 

Hallowell,  Morris,  L.,  Announcement 
of  death  of,  220. 

Hartman,  W.  D.,  Description  of  a 
Partula  supposed  to  be  New,  from 
the  Island  of  Moorea,  226,  229;  A 
Bibliogrophical  Catalogue  of  the 
Genus  Partula,  226. 

Hays,  Isaac,  Resolution  of  Thanks  for 
Portrait  of,  356. 

Heilprin,  A.,  On  the  Stratigraphical 
Evidence  afforded  by  the  Tertiary 
Fossils  of  the  Peninsula  of  Mary- 
land, 20;  On  some  Lower  Eocene 
Mollusca  from  Clarke  Co.,  Ala.,  with 
some  points  as  to  the  Stratigraphical 
position  of  the  Beds  containing  them, 
359,  :}64. 

Hering,  Constantine,  Announcement  of 
death  of,  330. 

Hess,  R.  .).,  Report  of  Biological  and 
Microscopical  Section,  414. 

Horn,  (Jeo.  H.,  Report  of  ('orrespond- 
ing  Secretary,  407. 

Index  to  Genera,  461. 

Jeanes,  Joshua,  T.,  Announcement  of 
death  of,  9 :  Resolution  regarding 
Bequest  of,  225. 

Jetferis,  W.  W.,  A  new  locality  for 
Fluorite,  243 ;  A  new  locality  for 
.\metbyst,  280;    A  new  Corundum 


444 


Aiii<r 


i   T(i   UHKAftV. 


.  1«T»- 


Oi«n*D.     UUfbMiiMlia  Oewlliolutft  Atr  Nitlur-  nod  H'Ukuad*,  IHw* 

OUaEuw.     l'hlto»nptili»l  l^icltir.     PrmMiUoffiVal.  It.  Xn   1.    Thaft 
(Ultinitvn.     K.  nuvlliahan   ilu  Wli>Mia»sh»n<in       XubrleblM,  I" 

OuadftL^wa.     Sool^tail  .I*  Inftnlrro*  dt  Jaliaeo,     BolallaT.  1.  Xa.  I      Tb* 

lUmliura.    NitaralMfQwbanilchar  V*t»Iii.     AUaactluncan  7  M.   t   AWk. 

Tb>  HwUly. 
lUr1«iu.     Ilulkn^lwh*  Maatitflliapptj  il«r  Weieiuebapp**. 

Varhan'laillicglt.  Unci  4.  1  8tuk.     Tb«  Mortal;. 
Mii*4c  Taylor.     Arolilvaa  Vol, .'..  Px.  a,     Th»  Cliraotar 
!<neli1iii  Uollaiidal**  daa  8oI«d<m.     Aiobifo.  T.  14.  8a  Utr  — T  16.  It 

Liir,    Tha  Society. 
HeUlnifoni.    Flnika  V»(an*k>p*  Hn>-ii>tai.    Mriardjci.  Jl.    Iliilnc.  XJ.    O^mr- 

aailimM  MtiianTnloj^itiiM.  1677.  ISTA     Ac4k,  XI.     TbeKnotatf. 
SrtTUkaprt  nro  fanaa   tt  flnra   r«naka-     Nyoarln^  2.  0,  4.  (ult    II»nat. 

Acial.     Macl-laUiiilaa  l-d.     TbvSoolatj, 
lIcrinaBBaudl.      SieliaDbiir^nliar  Verda   filr   VatiinrlaaaMckaft**.       Vm- 

han-Iluiifcii  und  MllibaltaaivD.     Ill  Jabrf.    TkaMuoUty. 
Hoban  Toon.     Jloynl  Koelaty  of  "Tomaai*.     N|>«n  and  rrvoMdlBf*,    IflTK. 

Tba  Soclaiy. 
Jasa.     Htdiiinliflh-naKirolueiMcbaMleba  QMtUwkan.     ZaltMbntl,  ISai  Bd. 

g  It— liar  lid.  2  U.     aiUuD^barlckle.  IKT.),     Tha  ScoiMj. 
Kasaaa  dty.     Tbe  KantM  l.'ity  tUrie*  nf  9tl*met  and  IniiHirr.  Das    i^T*— 

Sd«.  IHS).    Th«  Editor 
Lanaaaat.     Hucl^tf  ^'aDOolna  dta  flciracM  Katiarvlli-      Bnlltilo,  \*    rO.     IVa 

8aiti*i;. 
Laiptif.     AroluT  flir  Anatomic  und  rhyilolOKlc.     Analombebe  A)>lk.  I#7d,  & 

II.  — l)i«n,  8  (I.      I'bjalabtbwba  Ahlb.    li<7V    '.   II  — IM4,  '.  ft       V«r> 

ifMinlm,  !«l»4-1-7n.     1,  V,  WmUnnfn  Fund. 
fl-.Unl-").-.  r..n,r,IhMt.  No    |     "I     V    Wlltbmi™  Piin-1  _ 

■■   ■  .■  .■■■■'   i-i;-,    V,..-'.-    1,   I    :■  .■,    .      r    \     "iliiu...  .r,  fiia-l.  ' 


WilliaiiiKOn  K>ind. 
Journal  Hir  Orailbologir.     ■JTJsbrg.  8  II 

xon  fund. 
K     SucliitUclir  licscllochan    drr   Wixians 

:l  &  4.     Berii-bt*,  }f<V<.     The  Socirty. 
Ko«ii»i-..  111.  7— IV   »,     1.  V,  Witliam-oti 
Morpbidogijchw  Jahrbueb.      .".er   Bd.  : 

Fund. 

.'.rrRJ.  1.      I.  V.  Will.*m.t)n  FoHd, 
/..■il-,'liri(i   Tiir  ii.i«pn.L-liiifilicl.p  Zoologi 

/.u..lo|[Ucl,*r  Anirigcr,  'l  .lahrg.  No-.  12 
LLegt.      S»ci.i.'    Ilnj.lr    .Ir-    Swacf.        M.-i 

— 2HJahrg.  1   fl       1   V   William 

cLtrten.     A1>handluDg»  Ml.  3 
F>ind 

r.logir.  Oroib.Uer  B.I    »,  It- 
.x:rT  Ud.  l-:['.er  l!d    1       I.  V 

.\     The  Alitor 

oLre-.    ■-•mt  i.  T   T  ■n<l  •*       Tha 

r^ 


INDEX. 


457 


Chromite  near  Radnor,  Pa.,  27:J; 
On  Randite,  274 ;  Some  microscopic 
enclosures  in  gems,  276;  Potsdam 
Sandstone  near  King  of  Prussia, 
279:  On  a  peculiar  stratification  in 
Gneiss,  280;  The  northern  belt  of 
Serpentine  in  Radnor  Township, 
205;  Report  of  Mineralogical  and 
Geological  Section,  422. 

Redfield,  J.  H.,  On  Rochelia  patens, 
181;  On  the  timber  line  of  high 
mountains,  345 ;  Report  of  Botanical 
Section,  418. 

Report  of  Biological  and  Microscopical 
Section,  413. 

Report  of  Botanical  Section,  418. 

Report  of  Conchological  Section,  414. 

Report  of  Corresponding  Secretary,  407 

Report  of  Curators,  410. 

Report  of  Entomological  Section,  421. 

Report  of  Librarian,  408. 

Report  of  Mineralogical  and  Geological 
Section,  422. 

Report  of  President,  307. 

Report  of  Recording  Secretary,  40^). 

Report  of  Treasurer,  4*i5. 

Report  on  Plants  introduced  by  means 
of    the    International    Kxhibition, 
1876,  132. 
Rice,  J.,  Announcement  of  "leath  of, 
130. 


Riding«,     James,    announcement    of 

death  of,  :^1. 
Ridings,  J.  H.,  Report  of  lilntomologi* 

oal  Section,  421. 
Robert,  S.  R.,  Report  of  Conchological 

Section,  414. 
Roepper,    W.    T.,    Announcement    of 

death  of,  156. 
Kuschenberfi^er,  W.  S.  W.,  Report  of 

the  President,  307. 
Stauffer,  .Jac,  Announcement  of  death 

of,  134. 
Tyndall,    Hector,    Announcement    of 

death  of,  134. 
Vaux,  Geo.,   Election  to  Council,   10; 

Resignation  from  Council,  355. 
Vodges,  A.  W.,  Description  of  a  new 

Crustacean  from  the  Tpper  Silurian 

of  Georgia,  with  remarks  upon  Caly- 

mene  Clintoni,  128,  170. 
White,  S.  S.,  Announcement  of  death 

of,  0. 
Wilcocks,  Dr.  Alex.,  Announcement  of 

death  of,  356. 
VVillcox,  Jos.,  Some  new  mineral  locali- 
ties, 312:  Repor*  of   Mineralogical 

and  Geological  Section,  422. 
Wood,   W.   M.,  M.  D.,  Announcement 

of  acaih  of,  PIU. 


44<i  liminilttS  Ti3  LUtOAILV. 

M]fli«>ii      UoitoioiU  Oftiirtio,  V.il.  f>.  So.  1.    Tbv  Rdtu 

Mailrid,     Mnnorlkl'la  InaiinktiM  «  rtTlau  claailB«»-mllU«r,  Aa«n.  %m.  3 

Aii~-%.  .Va.  21.    iTio  Kdliurt. 
!tI*Tliiir>,     fltHCllBuhftft.  (Itr  BeHinUruDK  ilii  twiiiiiilin  !CuarwUM«*ib«f 

^i)<is«mheTlehu,  Jahrc..  IHTS-fti.    Scbrttua.  H«a.  B<L  1.  5>w-  i,  1 

SehriflMi.  (i<i,  DJ.  ^,  Supplmn«nlh«ft,  I -4,     Th*  SDai«tj', 
Mmi.     A<ni<I<>mie.     Mamalit*.  Anufnn  TTKnd  TB.     TI>*S<^i*t; 

SaeUU  J(ili(olr«  cslurirllc.     BaltMia.  :b  tt*r..   Aua  t^hl*r.  I 

Th*  iiueiMj. 
Mciioo.    Miui4l<ri«  ila  Famvaiii    Aniwisa,  111.  18fi  et  ati.    UlnUicr 

MiMto  .Nkoluil*!.  AiuUm.  VoL  I,  .V<>-  T— Vdl.  S.  Itr.  S.  Tk 
RriUta  DieaUltn  Maxlnna,  T  I,  Sm.  UII.  Th*  Uliar. 
Soeltdad  dt  Qtegrklla  j  BitadlttiM  iIb  I*  ItaMbtiM  Utdotna. 

T.  4.  No.  7-T.  ^  Sfl,  s.    Tbvf^riM] 
SMri«il»Lt  MctloMM  ilir  IIlMoria  NuiiraJ.     Lb  !f»iun)eu,  T   4.  ?tw  I&- 
Tb*  SocUty. 
MilM.     AcOadcmU  A»lD-m«>ll«a-«lalUliv«.      Ul),  IKW),     Th«  a<>Ht«jr 

RvEiu  IfrtHulolacbalenaiiimlcrv      rrDanniioa.  18TU-M0.     Tka!:^ 
mi«kuV«e.     SklnrbUlarlaDhET  V*r*iu?>n>  WUvunaln.     JahrMkerkbi  nir  « 

JahT*.  19T»-m    Thv&wlU;. 
MDni|>aUI«r.     Ae»tUniir  Jm  6ri«no<a  vi  LrtiTci.     UttnuutM  da  U  i<erHas  4 

SncncM  T  «.  :!>  Pue     Tlie  Society. 
M"alrMl-     Aniiiuin  do  VI1U-M>H*,  .-^a*  U<r   uJ  3d  V.iL.  I  vvJ    ;    Ltfr    ' 
aikI  ttuiii'lviD^iit      1..  A    HufDtl-Lalinir. 
("■DMlUn  Kniiirillii,  n  ■   Vul.  U.  No.  i.  !,.  ti.     Ik*  bUtur. 
Nkiurikl  IllJ'or;  Haclvi;.     I'mcradlan.   IH>».  'Tl>,    Tl,  71,  'Ti      AmmI 

rtuiirii,  nili-'JtIi :  i.^mill(uiioa  4a'l  Bj^-Law*.     L  A.  llaiaBi-Lkivar. 
VanliDiatie  tod  A>ili>|Ukriui  Sodnrr.    Cu>mIUb  AbiIiuuud.  V*l  fi,  Ji«K 
I  and  3.     The  SooUljr. 
Mbwow.    «oot«(«  lin|>«ri*l«  <1m  Nalarklbt**.     Bullatln.  1878.  Nm    C  « 

16711.  N»,  I,     NouTWiUimolrw.  T,  14.  Ll*r.  I.    •-     -    -  - 
Mnnlsh.    (ItHlbchin  Kit  AMhtvf«l'^\».  Kthnnlaicic  a«l 

irfg',  .l-T  lid  ,  N...    I -J       Tl.r  .■*...-iMy 
K.  Siernwkrlf.     Bcoh»cbiun;en.  I87!>.     Tbe  Directur. 
K.  B.  Akndemie  dcr  Wisjen^chinen.      Siiiuiig«herichlc  d(>r  ntalb -phja. 

nuoc   l»t;9.   No.    I— INHU,    No.    2.      AbbatidluDgcD.  hi»lariMh«  ilMM. 

I4»r   Bd..  Se  Ablh  ;    ISer   Hd.,   ler  Abili.;   |.bi1ai.-philnl.  Ha-p.   14ar 

Bd.,  It  Mih. :   Iier  lid.,  la  Ablli. :  iii«lhem.-pb;sik    i'Ikrxc    Mrr  Bd  . 

Naple".     It.  Itliliilo  d'   Incoraggiaiuculo  allr  t<citD(e  nalurali.  er-iDnmkhe  « 

techiiulojiischt.     .\lli.  L'  Ser..  T.  l(i.     Tb«  Sucietj. 
NEiibmndcnhurg.      V«rein  der  Freunde  drr  NalUTgcncbichlr  in  Mrcklmburg, 

■VA  Jftbrg.     Tbc  Socirly. 
Vvuchalirl.     Sacil<(<^  d«9  Sciences  Nalur«1ln.     Bullalio.    T.    II,    loir   I'ahicr 

Th»  Sociel)-. 
Nfw  llerlin.     EnlumuloBisCs  Exchange,  Nos    l-U,     J.  ,S.  Kinfiilr}' 
Nfw  Hate.1.       \iiifricat.  Journal  of  .Scltiicr  and  .\ri!>.  Upc.  1l*7',.-\..t  .  |W*«). 

Tlif  Kdiior. 
"Tl"rSoXlJ-.  "  '  ■  ^'*ni'  «naac  lot.  ,      o  .    ,,  .  o. 

New  lork.       Vca.lniiv  uf  ifriciicen.       Vimnln.  Vol.  [.  N.i-    '.'-l:i       Tl.r  Socifit 


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FruiUin  Iiuiiiutr  Juuni*l,    Dm,  I8Tl»— Xuf.  IMI.    TbvSoeMy. 

auttauar'i  Mcintfal;,  U»c.  I8*»-Tlut.  I8H0.    Tb«  MUM-. 

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No.  a.     TheSoDieijr 
UaJleal  N«wa  and  .tlnirut,  Nni.  4t4-l''4.     lh»  Ultor. 
N&turBllit't  J.«uurr  Itutir.     Nov.  ttl7'>— Nor.  1R80.     Th*  Rdllvr. 
PtnaijlTtfaU  Uu*«4im  and  Soha«l  of  Imlnairial  AM.  4Ui  Ab»imI  IUp*n. 

Thr  UlroDhx. 
SiiKKUtl'i  Rt>l>»,  Vul.  1.  Nu».  1-l»     Til*  Kitiior 
Znolotliial  6«oltl7      Sih  Anaual  Aeport      Hi*  8«<iMv 
IHm      Nuoto  dlomal*  BoMnIco  lialkno.  Vol.  12,  No.  I-S.    Tbv  RdUair. 

Suvlvit  MatMuIufica  liallua.     Bull«tla.  Vol.  4.  >'«.  SI— V«(.  •,  tio   14 

The  »Q«i(t7, 
ISedcIi  TutEaoB  dl  Scivnte  \alant*.     PntcMal  VifWIl,  U  Hot.  IRT?— 

tl  Mac   IHWI.     M*mor)«,  Vol.  4.  Si>-  1>.     Thr  8o«i«4*. 
l>na|hWM|Hrr.     Bom*ty  of  Nalural  Sciene*.     t>raeaeilt])gi,  Om.   1,   tRT8.   la 

Julj  1.  imv.     ^•ftodMy. 
TratUvno*      Rhcdt  UlaoJ   Hliiorkal  SoeiHy      FroMWbp   I8TB-T».     TW 

Lllerar;  anil  Illilorical  SoolMv.     Saiulon  1^TV-8U.     Tlit  HaciHr. 
lUganfburg.     K.  U.  Buianixobc  (I'Mtllaohafl.      riora,  ti.  r  >Tm- Jakr|.     Tbt 
Socieij. 
ZooloflMb-mliiDraloglwbn   Vrrtln        CDm*}Kinil*Bi.IIIaU,    Hlor    Jaby 
Tbo  SMlrijr 
l«Bi*.     B,  AoBileuiU  d*i  Llnrvi.     -tili.  Srrie  Tarw.  TrvimiBtl   Tul,  4.  Pmc 

St.  Oalltu      SaiuroiiutiiMlianiieliv    <lM«ll»cha().      n«Tichi    IXTT-TD       Tb* 

8>    Lauts.     Acadamjr  of   Natnnl  BeJtDOM.     Traaiiaelloat,  Vol    I,  Xii.  I.     Tb* 

\li--.-.:iri   Mi-I.iripul  StfolMj.  So*.  1   4.      Tbr  So^iHj 
-.     I'.n    .'..i_       K    Ak..i«mit  Jrr  Wi.«ii.cliaf(,.„       K,.(,ni..::..    . 

.;..;,.■     l..j    I..  1!.  -J,      Mrmoin-,  T    LJIl,    N.i    lLi-T    'JT    >■•     i        i.       . 
Vol"  ■2r>,  No,  a— Vol.  2fi,  No.  1.     The  Booietj. 
Ilortus  PclropoUianus.     Acta,  T.  6.  Fasc   2      Thr  Director. 
Ph;!iika1i«che  Ceotral  ObaerTaioriuni.     Aoaalea,  1878,  Noi.  1  k  2.     Tb« 

Director. 
Bociclis  EntoDiologio 
SalciD.     E«tri    Iniiitute. 

Santiago  do  L'bile        RctiiU    Mfdica   de   Chile.      Ano  7.    Nm.  1  A  2.       The 
Editor. 
IniTcrsidad  de  Chile.     Anale*.  IS72,  Noa.  1  S  M.     The  I'DiTcrRii;. 
Schweiieriache    DalurfoTfchende    Gteelltcbafl.        TerbeodlunKCD.    Jahreati 

1P77-:P.  1M78-7!>.     The  Sociely. 
Springfield.     Pamiliir  Science  and  Faneier'i  Journal.     December.  IWO      The 

Editor. 
aiaunlon.     The  Virginiu,  Nos.  1-10.     The  Editor. 
Slettin.      Knioniuhigifche  Verein.      Zritun;,  JahrR.  40.      The  ^orielj 
Slockholm.      l';iilijiiii>lnKi<<k  TiJ-krift.  1,  I  &  'l.     The  hUlitor. 
.■<liiiigarl.      N'eiiCP    Jahrlmch    fur    Mliieralo^ie.    Geotogie    uad     Palrontalusir 
lr>7'.i,  H  H.— INWi.  lid.  1',  11.  1.     The  Editor. 
V,.reiii  l.ir  *«tiTUn.ii»cbp  nmiirkimde  in  Wiirllemberg.  Mtr  Jahr.     Tt.» 
Socieljr. 
SyHnvy.      KojrI  Society  of  N<'»  South  Wales.     Journal  and  Pruceedingn.  V.i: 


/Prec.  ^  y.S  PhUati.  1S80.  V/J        J^i.a£r    ri.  X/r 


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n^iii  xxp>,.  in,.du*t~      f  Five  Ajr.s,  iwiaO.  laao.  VIII J 


\  if'  "^^^1  '\ 


PROC.  A.  N.  S.  1880. 


PL  IX, 


10 


15 


KINGSLEY  ON  CELASIMI. 


4fifl  tsv 

fmiD   MarjUoJ,  'SXt;  5«nit«D*  la 

UbnioritK. '!».  I 

Killy,  H.  *..  tUrt«rliM  MukI*  of  lb>  ' 

Oa'illa.  W 
Kittf,  Dr.  Wm.  H..  liiiinuii»a(Bi  nf 

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ICimIk,  On> 

HI 


.  5i)tn  ( 


LMIMtbuk.  It.  r,  ABaoai 
ilMtb  ftf.  331. 

■MMMMot  of  ilmib  d(.  Lie. 

U^  !•••«.  itnaliill.in  tf  Ibuit  ror 
Purtnit  uf.  164 

UMj.  J«  .  SnUtmnt  tb*  (VuH  Tkrwul 
Wmnm,  Filwla  iBOiills.  irf  Ihf  I>ag, 
!■' :  Ob  •  FiUria  r>p-rt«J  ui  htirr 
■noM  rr.iB  •  Mao.  IW ;  lUowk* 
on  ToikI    Uh,   I<>1;    RblMf^i  id 

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U"i- 


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Mb  PhtUJtIpblM.  tit:  A  fM>4aa  i 
SaxttiuB*  Oninap  m  tba  H  Valh^  I 
nin  <>r  rbaalar  rati*;.  XtS>.  * 

LIpf-laoMl.  Jonbiu 
dnih  of.  3S\ 

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■P«kIm  Bf  CMWUttlot.   m^    Od  •    ' 
d»*  ifwatu  af  KMntirl]>tprB>  Ihi* 
Alaabm.  IH.  2(3:  Oa-enpLiMi  jf  • 
B*w  «pMl*anrrKlMtaiBa>  { l^.  cjr^t 
mm  lb*  i:olM^«  R)t«T.  lAA,  SIT. 

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Nartbarti  (^iMlB■  AbI  I  Atta  aMiaa-  | 

mabar— }tiMa*  d«  tbc  ArcbbaeUM  I 
ani  lUhIrt  nr  tke  AOMtioaB  «b*».  ■ 
mnkiBf    Abi   (Poljarpu    t»oUB»i, 
STIl. 

ManlBibil*.  [nite  1'..  Satiul  i»rlailiiB 
in  O-Ubm  AntrlaaMa.  UI. 

Uarbaa.  Tliaa ,  i>n  duartlcsfeUBg 
htBUcbo  la  ADp«lj>(i«b.  9  -.  Oarmi'  ' 
aalttin  in  AMrD*,  I'JH  -,  t>B  Iti* 
Timber  ItMirfhiili  nwaaiiliu.MI  :  i 
Dl^cri'l'l'  fl"*'n>  la  llDuaioaU 
Mil;  C1(«tii|^Bi]r  >■  U»lw  •nM. 
aalla.  i)Mi;  I^iwl  mriailnn  Ld  Tm 
tanaa   Ali»rlea>a.    ^'l ;   lUlb  Tr*« 


iie.    Jl-J:     MiiKiicnip    .Mi.rliinfi?     m  Spi-iimi,  4I>- 

Mii-,...iie.  ■J4'J.    A   ■!«»    l,.r"hiv  tor  Miu.tiIuiik-"!  nn.i  Oc,,1,iju-j.1    S 

ABh..liif.    ^4:;:     Epi'l"H-   in    Mi.lvl.-  Proc»KliD(ci    of.    l.V.'.    :;4I  ; 

Jcr.ll*.  24:; :    Thf  .i|.luvil  eh.ir^ctVr-.  !       „f.  l.'J 

of  auaiF   Mkni.  L'14  :   On  ihp    Mru!^-  S'oUn,    E.lx.  J..    i(ep..r<  of  Hrc 

iQ    l-:xf..li,ii*.i    Tui,'     ■J.-|^;"fin    in  'v<x 
X<.rfhr,.i..,liiii..'j:..;i' 


I'o.i-,  Eil«  .    Frf 


PROC.  A.  N,  S.  1880. 


PL.X 


a 


KINGSLEY  ON  CELASIMI. 


^„,,AN.S,    M,   IBBO 


Plate  XI 


Simia  Satyrus, 


<^nnm.  mwMi 


Of  OR/lNC  OUT/INC. 


> 


1 


^- 


/(,: 


,"> 


Wc*' 


Proc  A  N.  S    Phil    1880 


Chapman,  AnaLomy   qI"  Ouran^  Otang. 


S-m^       «         «• 


/>>..       ./   .1    .V    i*h4i*ui   /If.*.*/      / 


0 


J. 


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#•• 


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0 


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a'     #»• 


Proc  A  N,  S.    Phil    IBBO 


Plate  XI 


Simia   Satyrus.  L 


PBOC.  A.  N.  S.  PHIIA.. 


PL  XII, 


CHAPMAN,  ANATOWr  OF  ORANCOUTANC. 


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PHOC.  A.  N.  S.  PHIL*. 


PL  XVIII, 


BARBECK  ON  LEMNA. 


PROC.  A.  N.  S.  PHIIA. 


CHAPMAN,  ANATOMY  OF  ORANC  OUTANC. 


"X  »  S   i   PHIU .   vS! 


"«>MJ1l  JM'  W-    ■  .-IS.    .IS. 


PfiOC.  A.  N.  S.  PHIU. 


CHAPMAN,  ANATOMV  OF  ORANC  OUTANC. 


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