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V
PROCEEDINGS
OF rum
American Antiquarian
Society
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V
PROCEEDINGS
OF TBB
American Antiquarian
Society
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COMMITTEE OF PUBLICATION.
EDWARD E. HALE. CHARLES A. CHASE.
NATHANIEL PAINE. CHARLES C. SMITH.
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PROCEEDINGS
OF THB
ffm^ritan pnliiptarian ^ntltlti
NEW SERIES, VOL. XVII.
APRIL 190&— APRIL 1006.
WORCESTER, MASSACHUSETTS, U. S. A.
PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY
1907.
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THB DAYU PBB8S
WOBCBBTBB. MAM.
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CONTENTS.
NoTB OF CoioarrBs of Publication
EiBBATA
SEin-ANNUAL MEETING, APRIL 26, 1905.
FaOCMKDISQS AT THB MsSFmO 1
Rbpobt of THB Council 11
Obituaribs 12
Embbgbnt Trba8ubt«St7fplj in MAsaACHusBTiB IN Eablt Datb,
Andrew McFofland Davis 32
A SCHBBOB FOB THB CONQUBBT OF CANADA IN 1746, VtCtOT HvQO
PaUiiU 60
jHBHIfT TaTLOR and RbUOIOUS LiBBBTT IN THB EnQLIBH ChUBCB,
DarM Mmriman 03
An Ancibnt Instancb of Municipal Ownbbbhip, Samnd UtUy, 126
In Rb Thb Will of Thomas Horb 180
ANNUAL MEETING, OCTOBER 21, 1906.
Pbocbbdings at THB Mbetino 133
Labor Oroanizateonb in Ancient, Mbdubval and Modbrn
Tnos, CarroU D, Wright. ,\ 130
Memorial of Gborqb F. Hoar, Edward E, Hale 152
Obituarieb 167
Report of thb Treasurer 168
Report of the Librarian 175
Gitebs Aio) Gnrre 190
NoncB OF Yucatan with Some Remareb on its Water Sttfplt,
DaM Caearea 207
The Jackson and Van Buren Papers, WUHam MacDanald 231
A Page of American History, Edward H, Thompeon 230
Memoir of Henrt Hitchcock, John Oreen 253
SEMI-ANNUAL MEETING, APRIL 25, 1006.
PklOCBBDINaS AT THB MBBTINa 263
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VI Contents.
Rbpobt of the Council 200
Alabama, Mibsibbippi and Tennxbbee Newbpapeb Files in the
Library of the Sogwit 274
Remarks on the Eablt American Enqrayinos and the Cam-
BRiDOE Press Imfrintb, 1640-1692, in the Librart of
THE American Antiquarian Socibtt, NatharM Pome . . 280
Obetuabibs 290
Columbus, Ramon Pane and the Beginnin€» of American
Antbropoloot, Edward G. Bourne 310
The Point of View in Hibtort, WUKam E. Foder 349
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NOTE.
The Boventeenth volume of the pj«ient series oontaiiui the records of
the Proceedings of the Society from April 26, 1906 to April 25, 1906
inclusive.
The reports of the Council have been prepared by Samud UUey, Carroll
D. Wright and Nathaniel F^une.
Papers and communications have been received from Andrew MoF.
Davis, Daniel Merriman, Victor H. Paltsits, Samuel Uttoy, Carroll D.
Wright, David Gasares, William MacDonald, Edward H. Thompson,
Edward O. Bourne, WDliam E. Foster, and Nathaniel P^dne.
Olntuary notices of the following deceased members appear in this
volume: Herbert B. Adams, Horatio Rogers, Sir John George Bourinot,
Douglas Bi3rmner, Frank P. Goulding, Charles E. Adams, Heniy Hitch-
cock, Stephen Salisbury, George F. Hoar, Louis A. Huguet-Latour,
James H. Salisbury, Sefior Joaquin Htlbbe, James D. Butler and
Samuel P. Lang^ey.
COMMITTEE OF PUBLICATION.
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ERRATA.
Page 15, line 28, for 1824 ^^^ 1836.
Rige 16, line 33, for Puritana read Providence,
Page 26, line 31, for DanielU'a read Danida's,
Page 73, line 5, for Thomaa read Henry.
Page 134, lines 18, 20, 22-24, 27, for Roundslay read Katofufey.
Page 135, lines 6, 7, for Law AuodaUan of the UnUed States read Ameriean
Bar AasodaUon.
Page 136, line 20, insert WiUiam before iffmry.
Page 156, line 29, for TTo^cott read Wolcott.
Page 191, line 42, for Vinocradoff read Vinogradoif.
Fafsd 194, line 40, or Hamilton, P. Walter read Hamilton, F. Walter.
Page 243, line 29, for Chid read ChL
Page 244, line 34, for May read Ay.
Page 246, line 24, for Pinrus, read Pihibus.
Page 257 line 2n for daye read years.
Rige 312, line 4n omit TAs 2ate.
Cover to Part 3 for Annual Meeting held in Woreeeter read Semiannual
Meeting held in Boeton.
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PRO
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April, 1905.] Proceedings
~^
PROCEEDINGS.
SEMI-ANNUAL MEETING, APRIL 26, 1905, AT THE HALL OF
THE MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY IN BOSTON.
The meeting was called to order by the President, the
Hon. Stephen Salisbury.
The following members were present: —
Edward E. Hale, Nathaniel Paine, Stephen Salisbury,
Samuel A. Green, Edward L. Davis, James F. Himnewell,
Edward H. Hall, Albert H. Hoyt, Charles C. Smith, Edmund
M. Barton, Franklin B. Dexter, Charles A. Chase, Samuel
S. Green, Andrew McF. Davis, Solomon Lincoln, Daniel
Merriman, Reuben Colton, Henry H. Edes, George E.
Francis, J. Phinney Baxter, G. Stanley Hall, Charles P.
Greenough, Francis H. Dewey, Carroll D. Wright, William
T. Forbes, George H. Haynes, Charles L. Nichols, Waldo
Lincoln, Edward S. Morse, John Noble, Austin S. Garver,
A. Lawrence Rotch, Samuel Utley, E. Harlow Russell, Ben-
jamin T. Hill, Edmund A. Engler, Alexander F. Chamber-
lain, William MacDonald, Roger B. Merriman, Victor H.
Paltsits, Daniel B. Updike.
The report of the Council was presented by Judge
Samuel IFtlet and Andrew McFarland Davis, A.M.,
of Cambridge. The latter read a paper, entitled, "Emer-
gent Treasury-Supply in Massachusetts in Early Days."
Judge WnxiAM T. Forbes of Worcester said, that in
the records at the Registry of Deeds in Worcester, he
1
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2 American ArUiquarian Society. [April,
found that Mr. Davis's ancestor, the first Isaac Davis
in Worcester County, bought some real estate, the old
Davis homestead, the consideration for which was so many
ounces of plated silver. Judge Forbes enqiured whether
that signified silver bullion, silver plate or plated silver.
Mr. Davis thought there was no question that silver
bullion was meant.
G. Stanley Hall, LL.D., of Worcester, read a biography
of his ''former colleague, and very near neighbor and
friend,'' Herbert Baxter Adams, LL.D., of Baltimore, Md.
The Recording Secretary reported that the Gotmcil
recommended for election Deloraine P. Corey of Maiden,
Mass., as a resident member, and Dr. £mile Levasseur of
Paris, as a foreign member. Both gentlemen, on formal
ballot, were declared elected members of the Society.
In presenting a paper, "A Scheme for the Conquest of
Canada in 1746," VicroB H. Paltshs of New York said:
"I bring also the greetings of our associate, Wilberforce
Eames, of New York, who was unable to be here, but
wished me to extend his greetings to you. The subject
of my paper is, 'A scheme for the conquest of Canada
in 1746.' The allusions to it which are in print are quite
inaccurate. I might say this study has its origin from an
examination of the books and journals of the various
legislative bodies, and extracts from the Public Record
Office of London, and from official or semi-official contem-
poraneous publications of the time."
The Society next listened to a paper on, "Jeremy Taylor
and Religious Liberty in the English Church," by Rev.
Daniel Merriman, D.D., of Worcester. In presenting
his paper. Dr. Merriman said: "It is perhaps proper to
say that this paper was prepared at the earnest solicitation
of our distinguished and beloved associate, the late Senator
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1905.] Proceedings. 8
Hoar. Mr. Hoar was himself a Puritan of Puritans, and
as you all know, extremely jealous of their honor; his
enthusiastic love of good learning, and fondness of poetry,
and the literary and antiquarian charm connected with
the established church led him to be insensibly intimate
with the great worthies of the church, and also desirous
of doing them entire justice. He desired very much him-
self to present to this Society a paper on 'Jeremy Taylor
and religious liberty in the English Church,' and that is
the topic of the paper I am about to read."
Dr. G. Stanley Hall: "There is one work of Jeremy
Taylor to which my attention was called many years
ago, in a rather singular way. I was studying at Baltimore
what might be called the 'psychology of conscience,' and
I was talking with the Bishop of Baltimore, and he said:
'If you want to see the most moniunental work on con-
science, if you want to see the work that has in it all the
sugared-off results of the experiences of the Catholic con-
fessional plus all those questions that arise in cases of
Protestant scrupulosity, read Dr. Taylor's "Ductor Dubi-
tantium." ' I got it many years ago, and made a very
careful study of it, and it seems to me it is a work of very
great significance. So I rise merely to ask the essayist
whether in his very interesting paper he will not modify
the statement which was in effect that this work had
little significance and attracted small attention. If I
remember aright, it was this work on which he bestowed
more labor than on any other, keeping it by him many
years. At a recent alienist conference, the statement
was made that in this work alone we have one of the most
acute studies of casuistry and ultra-scrupulosity ever
made. Thus in the field of ethical aberrations this great
work is of monimxental value. A brilliant French alienist
said in substance last summer that he had heard that a
Boston physician had invented the phrase 'New England
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4 American Antiquarian Society. [April,
conscience/ but that the thing itself dated back to the
'Ductor Dubitantium.' Every problem concerning the
rectitude of this, that, or the other opinion on settled
and controverted points, as well as on those of practical
life and worship; — all these are discussed. It has been
a great question to me — and I asked the Catholic Bishop
about it, and he could throw no light on it— how it could
be that a man of that tjrpe, living in that age, could seem
to have got all the sugared-ofif results of the Catholic con-
fessional boiled down into such a systematic treatise aa
is there given. I think that this proposition of our French
visitor last summer, indicates that whatever may be its
faults, it is going to have a great historic significance.
Senator Hoar was acquainted with this work, but I do
not think even he appreciated its immense historical and,
I might say for the psychologist, its profoimd scientific
value."
Dr. Merriman: ^'I am extremely glad that Dr. Hall
has called attention to this work, and in reply to him
let me say at once that if I were a professor of psychology
I should probably be interested in the *Ductor Dubitan-
tiimi.' A distinguished professor of church history has
lately said: 'This is to me perhaps the most interesting
book that Taylor wrote, and if I were to have a long im-
prisonment, next to the Bible, I should wish to take it
to my cell.' A man who has given attention professionally
to the history of conscience, or to the study of the human
mind, as Dr. Hall has, would be greatly interested in this
book. It is one of the most significant evidences of the
extraordinary minuteness and extent of Taylor's learning.
But compared with his 'Life of Christ,' for example, it
must be regarded as a highly technical and out of date
treatise. This book was conceived very early in Taylor's
career, and he had it on hand all his life. It was not
printed until six or seven years before his death. While
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1905.] Proceedings. 5
the subject matter has long ceased to be of interest to
the mass of people — so different is the twentieth from
the seventeentiti century— yet to the philosopher, psycholo-
^t or historian, it is of undoubted value.''
Vice-President Edward E. Hale said: "I want to
thank the authors of the three papers we have heard, which
I consider not only the most interesting, but perhaps the
most important papers we have had at our meeting. Every
one of them deserves a vote of thanks.
''I happened to be intimately connected with the history
of the French Fleet, which was alluded to in the paper by
Mr. Faltsits, and it is a matter of surprise to me how it could
have been so nearly left out of American literature, being
of great importance in the development of the republic.
What brought me into connection with it was something
of local interest, the preservation of the Old South
Meeting-house. When the great fire took place and
swept away the most of commercial Boston, our friends
at the Old South Meeting-house had a valuable piece of
property, and they sold it for (400,000, and that $400,000
had to be raised some way, and we were all very en-
thusiastic in our wishes to preserve the old meeting-house.
I met Henry Longfellow in the street one day, and I said,
' Longfellow, you have got to help in preserving the Meeting-
house.' He said, 'All right; how much do you want?'
I said, 'How much? I want you to write us a poem.'
He was very good-natured about it, and said, 'If the spirit
moves, I will write the poem.' I was not quite satisfied
with that. I said, 'The spirit must move, it has got to
move, and I hope it will move,' and we parted. That
week Longfellow wrote his ballad on the French Fleet,
and, according to me, it is the best American ballad written.
It is ascribed to Thomas Prince, the minister of the Old
South. Longfellow has made a magnificent ballad out
of it. I think I see gentlemen here old enough to have
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6 American Antiquarian Society. [April,
heard traditions, — ^how Prince was praying in the pulpit
when the tempest swept over the town, and shook the
tower, and for our purposes destroyed the Fleet.
But curiously enou^, that event' is almost omitted from
the histories of New England. But a page or two is given
to it in most histories, and I think this is the reason: Shir-
ley was Governor here; and by the way, some of the young
men who want to devote their time to some good work,
should write the life of Shirley, which has never been
written; one of the greatest men we have had. Shirley
knew that the French King was going to revenge himself;
so Shirley got his Council together, and sunk this vessel
and that vessel in the harbor, and he proclaimed a Fast
Day, and it was on that Fast Day that Prince was making
this prayer in the Old South Meeting-house, But you
may look through the Boston newspapers of that summer,
and week after week, the papers published nothing about
the French Fleet. Not an allusion to the fact that the
army of the State was in Boston; not an allusion to the
fact that the Council was in session, and I think that the
historians of America read carefully through the news-
papers of the time, and did not find anything about the
French Fleet. What would have happened if anything
had been printed about it, would have been that Shirley
would have sent down to the newspaper office, and have
thrown out the window every man who had anything to
do with the publication of such a thing. There was nothing
in the papers because they had a Governor who under-
stood what war meant. The only reference to it is on
the occasion of the death of Lady Shirley, — that "the body
was accompanied by the train bands of the Province to
her grave." That poor girl of twenty years accompanied
by the train bands of tiie Province who were encamped
on Boston Common! Why was the largest army that ever
assembled in Boston, on Boston Common at that time?
Why was it they accompanied this lady to her grave?
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1905.] Ptoceedings. 7
" Shirley did not mean that any notice of any preparation
that he was making should get outside. This, you will
say, is an old man's story; perhaps it is, but I throw it
out as a hint. I was very much interested about this
ballad of Longfellow's. I went up to the State library; I
knew all the gentlemen there; I said, 'I want the Council
Records of 1746.' They said, 'You are forgetting that we
have not got the Council Records of 1746 here; the Council
Records have never been in this room, but if you will
come downstairs, I will give them to you.' We went
downstairs to the Secretary of State's desk, and he opened
this drawer and that drawer, and took out the Cotmcil
Records of 1746. I said, 'Why are those tilings here?'
He said, 'God knows, I suppose; I don't; ever since I
have been Secretary of State, the Coimcil Records of 1746
have been in this drawer, and they are here now.' I
think those Council Records of 1746 were kept in some
such private drawer, and had been until they were gotten
out by me in 1891."
A BALLAD OF THE FRENCH FLEET.
L
A VLBXT with flags arrayed
Sailed from the port of Brest,
And the Admiral's ship displayed
The signal: " Steer south-west."
For this Admiral d'Anville
Had sworn by cross and crown
To ravage with fire and steel
Our helpless Boston Town.
n.
There were rumors in the street,
In the houses there was fear
Of the coming of the fleet,
And the danger hovering near;
And while from mouth to mouth
Spread the tidings of dismay,
I stood in the Old South,
Saying humbly: "Letuspiay."
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American Antiquarian Society. [April,
III.
"O Lord! we would not advise;
But if, in thy providence,
A tempest should arise
To drive the French fleet hence,
And scatter it far and wide,
Or sink it in the sea.
We should be satisfied.
And thine the glory be."
IV.
This was the prayer I made,
For my soul was aU on flame;
And even as I prayed
The answering tempest came.
It came with a mighty power,
Shaking the windows and walls.
And tolling the bell in the tower
As it tolls at funerals.
V.
The lightning suddenly
Unsheathed its flaming sword.
And I cried: " Stand still and see
The salvation of the Lord! "
The heavens were black with cloud,
The sea was white with hail,
And ever more fierce and loud
Blew the October gale.
VI.
The fleet it overtook.
And the broad sails in the van
Like the tents of Cushan shook.
Or the curtains of Midian.
Down on the reeUng decks
Crashed the o'erwhelming seas;
Ah, never were there wrecks
So pitiful as these I
VII.
like a potter's vessel broke
The great ships of the line;
They were carried away as a smoke,
Or sank like lead in the brine.
O Lord! before thy path
They vanished and ceased to be.
When thou didst walk in wrath
With thine horses through the sea.
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1905.] Proceedings. 9
''An Ancient Instance of Municipal Ownership" was the
title of a paper read to the Society by Hon. Samuel Utlbt,
of Worcester, relating to an old quarry from which the
inhabitants of Worcester have a perpetual right to take
. stone.
Mr. Samuel S. Green: "The Courts seem to have
decided that the people of Worcester have a right to take
stone from that quarry, hut I noticed that the late Andrew
H. Green, whose land surrounded the quarry, and who
claimed that he owned it, still felt that he had grounds
for contention. Do you know what they were?"
Mr. Utley: ''I do not. I have known of his threaten-
ing, but I never knew of his bringing it to a conclusion.
I rather thought it was more of a 'blufif game' than other-
wise. I have talked with his lawyer, but of course counsel
only tell what is known to have been done. Mr. Green
long ago consulted Mr. Peter 0. Bacon and Senator Hoar,
but as no action likely to bring on a trial on the merits
has at any time been taken, it is perhaps fair to assume
that counsel have not found sufficient grounds to advise
such a course. The statutes of Massachusetts allow a
man to prevent the acquisition of title by twenty years'
use, by posting notices, and Mr. Green did this. I have
an idea that it was a nuisance to him to have the quarry
there. They blast very recklessly and throw rocks over
the adj6ining premises, and probably any neighbor would
be glad to get rid of it, but I have not been able to find
that there is any ground for changing the legal conditions,
as I have stated them.''
Mr. Henry H. Edes said: ''At our semi-annual meeting
in 1900, our associate Mr. Samuel Swett Green read an
interesting paper on the Craigie House. Toward the end
of it he inserted in a footnote an extract from a paper
read by Miss Alice M. Longfellow to the Cantabrigia Club,
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10 American Antiquarian Society. [April,
in which she erroneously calls Dr. Andrew Graigie's bride
'Miss Nancy Shaw/ Mrs. Craigie was Elizabeth Shaw,
only chad of the Rev. Bezalid Shaw (H. C. 1762), of
Nantucket, and cousin-gennan to Chief-Justice Lemuel
Shaw. I call attention to Miss Longfellow's error in order
that our Publications may contain an accurate statement
of Mrs. Craigie's baptismal name.^
It was voted that the papers of the day be referred to
the Conunittee of Publication. The meeting was then
dissolved, most of the members repairing to the Hotel
Somerset for lunch.
CHARLES A. CHASE,
Beoording Secnkay.
1 In Volume VII. of the Pablio&tioiu of The Colonud Sodety of liaaMehvfette, in
the Tnsaaotions at the stated meetinc in April, 1902, will be found eome reminie-
eenoeB of Dr. Andrew Ckmipe of Cambridce, written by the late Mr. John Holmes
(H. C. 1882). In the editorial notee appended to these reminiaoenoea are many in-
teresting facts oonoeminc Dr. and Birs. Craigie.
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1905.] Bqport of the Council. 11
REPORT OF THE COUNCIL.
The Council are glad to report that with one exception
our ranks are unbroken by death.
By vote of the Council the Treasurer, in consultation
with the President, has been authorized to procure book-
plates (with engraved portraits) of Isaiah Thomas, our
founder and first president, and of our fifth president, the
late Stephen Salisbury, and this is being done.
Mr. Nathaniel Paine has completed the Contents of the
Society's Proceedmgs 1880-1903, which was recently an-
nounced, and it is in print ready for distribution. This has
involved much labor and will be highly appreciated by all
interested in that period.
Our associate Mr. Andrew McFarland Davis has presented
to the Society about three hundred and fifty copies of
his book, ''The Confiscation of John Chandler's Estate,"
and about the same number of his work, ''Tracts Relating
to the Currency, 1681-1720." The former of these publi-
cations contains a review of the law relating to the confisca-
tion of the estates of loyalists, and furnishes through
copies of the papers in the Proceedings an object lesson
for lawyers. The latter contains reprints of the pamphlet
literature of the period on the Currency question. There
is room enough on the shelves of the libraries of the country
for all of these books, although it may take several years
for them to find their ultimate destination.
Dr. G. Stanley Hall has prepared a memoir of the late
Prof. H. B. Adams, and Dr. Jameson has prepared memoirs
of the late Sir John 0. Bourinot and Dr. Douglas Brymner.
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12 American Antiquarian Society, [April,
Memoirs of Frank P. Goulding and of Judge Horatio Rogers
have been prepared by the biographer.
Herbert Baxter Adams was bom in Shutesbury,
Massachusetts, April 16, 1850. He was the third son of
his parents, who were both of Puritan lineage, which they
traced in this country back to the second quarter of the
seventeenth century. When his father died in 1856, the
family moved to Amherst, from where, after a preliminary
year at Phillips Exeter Academy, Herbert graduated in
1872, as valedictorian of his class. No history, he tells
us, was then taught at Amherst after the freshman year.
During the latter part of his course he became much ab-
sorbed in his duties as editor of "The Amherst Student,"
and planned a journalistic career until a lecture by President
Seelye, reviewing the course of civilization and urging
that history was "the grandest study in the world,'' to
quote from Adams's note-book, caused him to resolve to
devote himself to it. So, after teaching a year at Williston
Seminary, Easthampton, as the successor of Dr. Charles
N. Parldiurst, he went to Europe in the summer of 1873,
settling finally in Germany and attending courses by
Treitschke on politics, Ernst Curtius on Greek archaeology,
Hermann Grimm on early Christian art, Lepsius on Egyp-
tology, Droysen on the French Revolution, Enies on
economics, and others. He was most influenced, however,
by Blimtschli, who called him his favorite student, and
he finally took his degree summa cum lavde at Heidelberg,
July 14, 1876.
Before his return he had been appointed fellow in history
at the Johns Hopkins University, which opened that year.
Here Dr. Austin Scott, Yale 1869, Bancroft's coadjutor
in the revised edition of his " History of the United States,"
came on from Washington twice a week as head of the
department to conduct an historical seminary. Here
Adams prepared his first printed monograph entitled
"Maryland's Influence in Founding a National Common-
wealth." He also conducted a class of two members
twice a week, and another of one once a week. In 1878,
he accepted an invitation to become spring lecturer to
the first three classes in Smith College. Meanwhile he
was gradually promoted at Baltimore, and when Edward
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1905.] Report of the Council. 13
A. Freeman visited America in 1881, he spoke with warm
praise of Adams's department as a yomig and growing
school, devoting itself to the special study of local insti-
tutions, as did James Bryce later. Re-enforced by their
advice Adams conducted a sharp newspaper campaign,
as a result of which the Legislature authorized the transfer
of valuable colonial papers from the state archives at
Annapolis to Baltimore, and their publication was begun
at the state expense. In December, 1882, the valuable
historic library of Bluntschli was presented by the German
citizens of Baltimore to the University, and the depart-
ment was then fitly installed in quarters of its own with
Adams at its head. In 1884, he united with Justin Winsor,
Andrew D. White, Charles E. Adams, and others in organiz-
ing the American Historical Association, of which he
at once became, and remained until his death, the secretary.
His associates have repeatedly testified that the initiative
and early direction of the society was mainly his. In
1893, he publifihed in two large octavo volumes the life
and writings of Jared Sparks. ''Sparks,'- says J. M.
Vincent, "never threw away a letter, even if it was simply
an invitation to a dinner." As his colleague during these
years, I well remember the vast collection of files and
cases which for years Adams spent his spare time in sifting.
Dr. George E. Ellis said of this work in substance that
it would have won from Sparks himself the warmest approval
for ability, fidelity and good taste, and that this he con-
siders the highest encomiimi for work of this kind.
As early as 1882, Adams began the "Johns Hopkins
Studies in History and Political Science,'' and these now
represent a library of forty volumes. It was for this
work that he deserves to be called in some sense the founder
of a new American school of history. Nearly every graduate
who entered his department, and sometimes even under-
graduates, if they showed capacity, were encouraged to
b^in at once to prepare themselves to write the history
of whatever was of greatest value and interest within
the field of their own knowledge and experience. Thus
monographs multiplied upon the history of various states
and territories, counties, cities, school systenjs, universities,
history of industries, finance, taxation, charity, co-opera-
tion, the Chinese in California, the Swedes in New York,
the Dutch in Pennsylvania. His Japanese students wrote
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14 American ArUiquarian Society. [April,
of historical themes pertaining to their own country, and
thus a great number of themes more or less local, perhaps
involving summer excursions, the perusal of archives, etc.,
indispensable to the future historian, are to be found in
this series.
In 1887, he began to edit for the United States Bureau
of Education a series of contributions to American educa-
tional history, b^inning with a volume on the College
of William and Mary, where existed the first school of
history, politics and economics in this country. This led
Adams to his plan for foimding in Washington a civil
academy, which should be in matters of political science
and civil service training what West Point and Annapolis
are for military and naval education. In this series he
also wrote the comprehensive memoir on '' Thomas Jefiferson
and the University of Virginia," and on the "Study of
History in American CJoUeges and Universities." Twenty-
nine other educational monographs appeared. During his
later years his interest more and more inclined in this
direction, for he held that for a democracy education
was the first of all duties.
Prominent among his methods was that of very compre-
hensive collections of clippings from the contemporary
press likely to be of service to his own pupils or to the
future historian. This work employed during his latter
years the entire time of one or more assistants, so that
his rooms became a source of supply and reference for
those interested in any lines of historical inquiry which
were to be continued to the present moment. Few have
known so well how to use contemporary interests as incen-
tives to historical research.
Shortly before his death he undertook to collect the titles
of all books and articles written by those connected with
his department, during the twenty-five years of his adminis-
tration of it. These are published in a memorial volume
from the Johns Hopkins Press in 1902,^ and this bibliography
alone comprises one himdred and sixty pages by one himdred
and seventy men, eighty-two of whom became instructors
or professors of history in various academic institutions.
Among those in more or less pupilary relations to Herbert
> Herbert B. Admma. " Tributes of Friends. With a bibliocnphy of the depart-
ment of History, Politics end Eoooomies of the Johns Hopkins Unlyendty, 1879-
1001." Johns Hopkins Press. BelUmore, 1002. pp. 67. 160.
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1905.] Beport of the Council. 15
Adams we may name Professor C. N. Carver, Davis R.
Dewey of Ma^Ktchusetts Institute of Technology, H. B.
Gardner of Brown, C. H. Haskins of Wisconsin, G. H.
Haynes of the Worcester Polytechnic Institute, J. A. James
of the Northwestern, J. F. Jameson of Chicago, Professors
Mitsukuri and Nitobe of Japan, E. A. Ross once of Stanford,
Albert Shaw, Professor A, W. Small of Chicago, Woodrow
Wilson, and others.
Adams was an indefatigable worker, a hearty eater,
took little exercise, was stricken down in 1899, with arterial
sclerosis, and died at Amherst July 30, 1901, in the fulness
of his power, a victim of overwork and insufficient attention
to body-keeping. He was immarried and bequeathed his
library and practically all that he possessed to the Univer-
sity he had so faithfully served for twenty-five years.
O^ers have excelled him in scholarship, produced works
that are more monumental, perhaps had greater historic
ability. But probably no teacher of history this country
has produced has rendered so much personal service to
so many young scholars, been more bdoved by them all,
or has inspired the writing of so much local history, much
of which has been rescued from oblivion, and stUl more,
material hitherto stored up in archives and local records
has been made generally accessible.
G. 8. H.
Horatio Rogers died in Providence, Bhode Island,
November 12th, 1904, having been bom in that city May
18th, 1824, where he resided all his life.
He graduated at Brown University in 1855, attended
Harvard Law School in 185&-1857, was admitted to the
bar in 1858, and practised in Providence till 1873, having
meantime served with distinction in the Civil war, in which
he attained the rank of Colonel and Brevet Brigadier-
General. On accoimt of ill health he resigned in January,
1864, receiving hi^ praises for his services from General
Franklin, and a' vote of thanks from the Bhode Island
Assembly.
Resuming the practice of his profession he became
Attorney General of the state and was also a member of
the city coimcil of Providence and of the Rhode Island
Assembly.
From 1873 to 1891 he engaged in cotton manufactures.
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16 American ArUiquarian Society. [April,
On May 27th, 1891, he became Associate Justice of the
Supreme C!ourt of Rhode Island and held that office till
1903, when he resigned it.
In a brief tribute to him at his death Judge Tillinghast
said, ''as a judge he fully exemplified those qualities which
are the prime essentials in one who occupied this exalted
position/'
A ''man of large views, of ardent patriotism, of high
ideas, of liberal culture, he naturally took a high rank
as a moulder of public thought and a leader of men/'
Several of his addresses have been published, among
them one on the private libraries of Providence, one at
the unveiling of the statue of General Bumside, one at
the laying of the comer-stone of the new city hall and
one on Mary Dyer of Rhode Island, the Quaker martyr,
besides many contributions to periodicals; and much of
the work of the Record Conmiission of Providence was
under his supervision as chairman.
In 1884 he published the Journal of Lieutenant James
M. Hadden of Burgoyne's Army, which attracted wide
attention, on accoimt of biographical and personal notes,
which the New York Nation said made Buigoyne's officers
as 'well known to us as those of the patriot army.
For many years a member of the Rhode Island Historical
Society, he was its president, 1889-1895.
He became a member of this Society in 1882.
Brief notices of him may be found in Lamb's "Bio-
graphical Dictionary of the United States," Appleton's
"Cyclopedia of American Biography," "The Historical
Catalogue of Brown University," "The Providence Journal "
November 13th, 1904, p. 17, line 1,
A fine tribute to him is in the preface to the "Early
Records of Puritans," volume 18, page viL
B. IT.
Sir John George Bourinot, who was elected a for-
eign member of the Society in AprQ, 1893, died in Ottawa,
Canada, on October 13, 1902. He was bom in Sydney,
Cape Breton, on October 24, 1837. His father, Lieutenant-
Colonel John Bourinot, vice-consul for France, was for
several years a member for Cape Breton in the House of
Assembly of Nova Scotia, and from the time of Canadian
Confederation imtil his death a Senator of the Dominion
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1905.] Beport of the OcuneU. 17
of Canada. Senator Bourinot came of a Huguenot family
from Normandy, which had settled in Jersey. His wife
was Jane Mardiuill, dau^ter of Jiistice Marshall of Nova
Scotia, and granddau^ter of a captain in the British
army, of Irish descent. John George Bourinot was educated
by the Rev. W. Y. Porter at Sydney, and at the University
of Trinity College at Toronto. He then turned to jour-
nalism, and became a parliamentary reporter and editor.
In 1860, he established the Halifax Reporter, and was
for some years its chief editor. From 1861 to 1867, he
was the chief official reporter of the Asi^mbly of Nova
Scotia. The confederation of Canada then taking place,
he, in 1868, became shorthand writer to the Senate, thence-
forward till his death residing in Ottawa. In 1873, he
became second assistant derk of the House of Commons,
and in 1879 firot assistant. From December 18, 1880,
till the close of his life he was chief derk of that important
legidative body. His chief work, an elaborate and standard
treatise entitled. The Practice and Procedure of Parliament,
vrith a Review of the Origin and Growth of Parliamentary
Institutions in the Dominion of Canada, which first appeared
in 1884, was the direct outgrowth of his highly efficient
service in that responsible office. In 1882, when the
Royal Society of Canada was founded, he was made its
honorary secretary, and retained that office until his death,
except that in 1891, he was made vice-president for one
year, in 1892, president. To his energy, address and
organizing capacity the Royal Society and the nineteen
la^ volumes of its Transactions were greatly indebted.
Sir John Bourinot took an active interest in public
affairs, especially as a champion of Imperial Federation.
For many years he was honorary corresponding secretary
at Ottawa of the Royal Colonial Institute. From 1889
to 1894, he was a member of the Executive Council of
the Am^ean Historical Association, to whose Papers,
Volume v., he contributed an historical review of the
relations between Canada and the United States, and to
its Annual Report of 1891, an extensive and interesting
monograph on the history of parliamentary government
in Canada. He was given the honorary d^ree of LL.D.
in 1886, by Queen's College, Kingston, and that of D.C.L.
in 1888, by Trinity College of Toronto and in 1890, by
King's College, Windsor. He received the degree of
2
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18 American Antiquarian Society. [April,
Docteur is Lettres from Laval University in 1893, and
that of D.C.L. from Bishop's College in 1895.
In 1890, the Queen created him a CJompanion of the Order
of St. Michael and St. George. He was knighted in 1898.
He was thrice married: in 1858 he was married to Delia
Hawke, who died in 1860; in 1866 he was married to the
daughter of the American consul at Halifax, Emily Alden
Pilsbury, who died m 1887; thirdly m 1889 to Isabelle
Cameron of Toronto. Lady Bourinot survives him.
Keenly interested in bo^ the political and the literary
development of Canada, Sir John Bourinot wrote much,
and he was an ardent collector of books of both Canadian
history and Canadian literature, forming an extensive
and remarkably weUnselected working library. He was a
tall, vigorous, genial man, with great powers of work
and great enjoyment in it. His writings fall into two
groups, one dealing with Canadian politics, the other with
Canadian history. Of the former the chief, besides those
already mentioned, were his Canadian Studies in Comparor
live Politics (Montreal, 1890), and his How Canada is
Governed (Toronto, 1895). TTie series of his historical
writings began with one entitled, The Intellectual Develop-
ment of the Canadian People: An Historical Review (Toronto,
1881). It was an expansion of articles in the Canadian
MorUMy, to which he was one of the chief contributors.
A Bladcwood article, published shortly after, on the ''Ing-
ress of the New Dominion," was characterized by the
London Times as ''the best article that has yet appeared
on the subject in a British periodical.'^ He also contributed
to the Quarterly, Westminster and Scottish Reviews. In
1886, Dr. Bourinot published an excellent general sketch
of Canadian history, the volume Canada in the series
called The Story of the Nations; in 1888, a Manual of the
OonstitiUional History of Oqnada; and in 1900, in the
Cambridge Historical Series, a small book on Canada
under British Rule, interesting and workmanlike. But the
most elaborate of his historical works were labors of love
in the history of his native province, the first An Historical
and Descriptive AccourU of the Island of Cape Breton (Mon-
treal, 1892), eidiaustive in text and sumptuously embellished
with maps and plans, and the last entitled Builders of
Nova Scotia (Toronto, 1900).
While not a profound historian, and somewhat too
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1905.] RepoH of the Council. 19
positive in the statement of political and historical opinions,
Sir John Bourinot was an eager and capable student, an
accomplished man of letters, a model of excellence as a
public official, and an eminently useful citizen.
J, F, J,
Dr. Douglas Brymner, who was elected a foreign
member of the Society in October, 1898, died in Ottawa
on Jime 19, 1902. He was bom at Greenock, Scotland,
on July 3, 1823, the fourth son of Alexander Brjrmner,
a banker of that town, and of Elizabeth Fairlie, daughter
of John Fairlie, a well-to-do merchant there. The father
came originally from Stirling, where his family had long
been prominent. He was a man of refinement and of
unusual intellectual attainments, who instilled mto his
children the love of letters and incited them to extensive
reading. Douglas Brjmmer received a classical education
at the Greenock Grammar School and then a thorough
mercantile training. He engaged in business in Greenock
on his own accoimt, but siterward took a brother into
partnership. In 1853, he married Jean Thomson, daughter
of William Thomson of Hill End, by whom he had nine
children. One of his sons was till lately an official of the
Bank of Montreal, another a prominent artist in that city.
Mr. Brjoxmer retired from business in 1856, as the result
of illness caused by too close application to his work.
Restored by a year of rest, he removed to Canada in 1857,
and settled in Melbourne, in the Eastern Townships. Here
he was twice elected mayor without a contest, and without
soliciting a single vote. Presently he drifted into journalism
and literature. An active member of the Church of
Scotland (though in his later years he adhered to the
Chmrch of England), he had served frequently as a repre-
' sentative elder in the Presbyterian church courts, and
had written much on church topics. Early in the sixties
he became editor of the Presbyterian, the official organ
of his church in Canada, and associate editor of the Montreal
Heraldf of which the illness of the chief editor often gave
him principal charge. In 1870 and 1871, he was elected
President of the Ptess Gallery of the House of Commons
and of the Canadian Press Association. Possessing a
large fund of caustic humor, he wrote in Scottish dialect
a series of amusing letters under the assumed name of
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20 American Antiqtiarian Society, [April,
''Tummas Treddles/' an octogenarian weaver of Paisley.
The first; on curling, appeared in the Montreal Herald,
others, on various subjecte, in the Scottish American Journal
of New York. At a later time he published translations
of Horace into Lowland Scottish verse.
But that which gave its distinctive Savor to all the
later part of his life, and has made it approi»iate to com-
mCTQorate him in the proceedings of an historical society,
was his appointment, on Jime 26, 1872, as archivist of
the Dominion of Canada, an appointment which, we are
told, met with the approval of all parties. In this office
Mr. Brymner performed services of incalculable benefit
to all students of Canadian history and of many parts
of the history of the United States. He was its first holder,
and, as he said in an entertaining account of his labors
which he wrote for the American Historical Association
{Papers, Volimie III.), b^an work in 1872, "with three
empty rooms and very vague instructions." His appro-
priations were small, and for the first nine years he had
not even a single clerical assistant. What he accomplii^ed
under such conditions, working with great enthusiasm,
energy and speed, is most astonishing, for it seems to be
the literal fact that he created at Ottawa the largest and
most important collection of manuscript historical material
in the western hemisphere. At the time of his appoint-
ment, the military correspondence of the provinces of
Canada for a hundred years was packed up at Halifax,
ready for transhipment to London, imder the orders of
the War Office. Securing a reversal of this order and
the transfer of the papers to Ottawa, he attacked them
sic^e-handed, — eight tons of documents, between three
himdred thousand and four hundred thousand in number, —
and arranged them and caused them to be bound in nearly
eleven himdred volumes. He procured copies from London
of all the papers in the Haldimand and Bouquet Collections,
and began a systematic cop3ring of all matter rdating to
the history of Canada in the British and French archives.
The results have been laid before the learned world in
a most valuable series of annual reports. At first these
formed part of the report of the Minister of Agriculture,
Arts and Statistics. Since 1883 they have taken the
shape of independent volxmies, presenting succinct calendars
of large masses of papers, while a selection of the most
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1905.] RepoH of the Council. 21
important appeaxs printed in extenso. The report of
1881 was so much esteemed by the British Public Record
Office that it was reprinted entire in the next annual report
of the Deputy-Keeper of the Public Records.
Dr. Brymner was a kindly, genial man, with a shrewd
Scottish humor. Modest and clear-headed, and closely
devoted to a single great task, he made no attempt to
write history. But he laid under great obligations a
host of historical writers, and was regarded by them with
great gratitude and esteem. In 1892 Queen's University
gave him the d^ree of Doctor of Laws.
J. p J.
Frank Palmer Goulding was bom in Grafton,
Massachusetts, July 2nd, 1837, and died in Worcester,
Massachusetts, September 16th, 1901, having been a member
of this Society since 1886. He was graduated from Dart-
mouth College in 1863, studied law with Hon. George
F. Hoar and in the Harvard Law School, was admitted
to the bar in Worcester in 1866, and practised alone for
a few months, but was soon taken into partnership by
Hon. F. H. Dewey, who at once went abroad, leaving a
laige and important business in the hands of the young
lawyer. This partnership continued imtil 1869, when Mr.
Dewey was appointed Justice of the Superior Comt. The
firm of Staples and Goulding was then formed, lasting
till 1881. Mr. Staples was in turn appointed judge, from
which time Mr. Goulding remained alone in business.
Soon after he left the law school Professor Washburn
said to a Worcester friend, "I have sent a young man
to Worcester who will be heard from." He b^an practice
in the office of Hon. George F. Hoar, who employed him
to aid in preparing some law questions for the Supreme
Judicial C!oiut and arguing them there, in doing which
he displayed such marked ability that the attention of
Mr. Dewey, who was looking for a partner, was drawn
to him, resulting in the connection above noted. This
is an instance not so common in life as in story, of a yoimg
man whose eminence is foreseen, and then assured, by a
display of capacity on some important occasion. During
his entire practice Mr. Goulding had abundant emplojnnent
of the highest class, and for many years he had a business
which has never been excelled in importance in the County
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22 Ameincan Antiquarian Society. [April,
of Worcester, and for the last few years he was retained
throughout the state to a degree quite unusual in recent
times.
As a lawyer he ranked with the best in the state, was
learned, able and eloquent, excelling particularly in clear-
ness and force of expression. Several opportunities for
judicial service were open to him, but he preferred home
life and the practice of his chosen profession. Althou^
cheerfully doing his share of political work he had little
liking for strictly political oflSce, but was for twelve years
city solicitor, was once presidential elector, and served
in the legislature as well as in the school board, and was
one of the trustees of the Worcester Polytechnic Institute
and also of Clark University, and occupied many positions
of trust in the community.
He delivered numerous local addresses, including one
on the one himdred and fiftieth anniversary of the settle-
ment of his native town, and he was to have delivered
an address at the centennial in honor of Daniel Webster,
at Dartmouth College, which came on September 24th,
1901, just after his death. This was to have been accom-
panied by the d^ee of LL.D., the announcement of
which came too late for him to see. He was a close student
of the classics, a lover of the best English authors, especially
Shakespeare, and adorned his arguments with frequent
quotations from the world of literature, including Persian.
He also studied aatronomy, calling to his aid a fine telescope,
which he had moimted at his house.
Full notices of him may be foimd in the history of
Worcester Coimty, published by Lewis & Co., volume 1,
page 60; the Worcester Magazine of March, 1902, and
in the New England Historical and Genealogical Rc^bter
for April, 1903.
s. u.
Charles Kendall Adams was bom in Vermont,
January 24, 1835, in Derby, a township on the eastern
shore of Lake Memphremagog, bounded on the north by
Canada, and hence known as Derby line.
The parents of Charles Kendall were Charles and Susan
Maria (Shedd) Adanjs. The father, bom at New Ipswich,
on the southern line of New Hampshire, removed in 1832
not long before the birth of his only son, to the north line
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CHARLES KENDALL ADAMS.
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1905.] jBepor/ of the Council. 23
of Vermont. He came to Derby as a hatter and men of
his trade were early settlers on every backwoods fringe.
The reason was that furs, so needful in hat-making, not
only for beavers but for other varieties, were most within
reach of artisans who lived nearest himters, whether
white or Indian. Before his boy had entered his teens Mr.
Adams had become owner of a farm some two miles west
of the village, and removing to a new home turned farmer.
His new possessions lay along a lakelet a mile broad and
three long. The story-and-a-haJf house stood between a
maple grove and a rocky hill. Facing eastward it had in
view the lake, the town centre and hi^ mountains beyond.
As the climate was too cold for wheat and small grains, the
chief industry was stock-raising, and principally sheep.
Thus it is not unlikely that Charles, like the son of Jesse,
grew up a shepherd boy, with enchanting outlooks and in
an isolation which shielded his morals as savingly as did
his father^s deaconship. It must have fostered originality
more than could as much of school routine. There was
no danger that "a lion would come and take a lamb out of
his flock,'' but bears were not yet extinct in the highlands
dose by.
In 1855 Charles removed with his parents to Iowa. His
father had purchased a farm in Denmark, a rural town
which to this day remains without a railroad station, and
is fifteen miles south of Burlington. Father and son were
co-workers in the toil of tillage. The son naturally fell in
love with a neighbor's daughter bearing his mother's name,
Shedd, and it may be was of her kin.
Charles was a six-footer and black eyed, but his eyelids
had a drowsy droop which he never outgrew, and his
make-up was rather uncouth. Knowing sheep well he
had not learned how to cast those sheep's eyes which bring
responsive and loving siddong looks. Failure here meant
success elsewhere, for proof is positive that he was thus
driven to the bittersweet medicine of Latin grammar in
Denmark academy, then in the dew of its youth, though
the oldest of its class west of the Mississippi, chartered
years before Iowa had attained to statehood. The precep-
tor of this lass-lorn lover has just written me: "He did
not give promise of the career he attained. His mind was
neither quick nor brilliant. He was slow both in bodily
and mental traits. The boys caUed him ' dig.' It is no
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24 American Antiquarian Society. [April,
wonder that when head of Cornell he was nicknamed
Farmer Adams. But from the first his insistent and per-
sistent toughness, diligent and dogged, fitted him to become
an investigator."
In 1857 Adams was admitted a freshman at Ann Arbor.
Already past the midway of his twenty-third year, he was
the oldest candidate among scores, and as probably the
most wretchedly fitted, he must have been turned away
from the threshold but for the redeeming habit of dig
already characteristic, and which was foreseen to be full of
saving grace. Such foresight was justified when he was
honored with a second degree two years sooner than most
who had entered with him. It had been justified long
before when he had stood the test of library work and (rf
elementary teaching.
The greatest treasure, however, which the Iowa digger
discovered in Michigan was Andrew D. White, who came
to that university in the same year with Adams. The one
was an unlicked cub and his years had been pent up in a
dark den. The other, while no more than three years
older, after graduating from Yale had served as an
attach^ in our legation at St. Petersburg, and had studied
at several European imiversities, mainly to mark their
methods with a most observant eye, and with a determina-
tion, in Bacon's phrase, t6 prick into the culture of his own
coimtry the choicest flowers of whatever be could gamer
up in tiie great elsewhere. Pity for Adams in the depth of
destitution, beginning cultural endeavor at an age when
his classmates were leaving it off, may have moved the
professor to the first befriending of the freshman. Be this
as it may, he had not long condescended before the feelmg
»was borne in upon him that Adams would be invaluable,
not only as follower but as fellow in heart and hand as to
the educational crusade which had become the immediate
jewel of his soul.
Largely therefore was the hand of White discernible in
the election of Adams as assistant professor in 1863, within
seven years of his turning his face from the farm. History
was the department of White, and Adams took his sug-
gestions as a cat laps milk who cares not how much she
wets her feet. Indeed Adams's own first earnings of daily
bread had been in a library that was strongest in history,
in the first elements of which his own teaching also began.
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1905.] Jteport of the Counca. 25
About 1867 Mr. White, who had become guide, philoso-
pher and friend to Mr. Cornell in founding an institution
which had no other aim than to incarnate the ideals of
them both, and that so radically as was not possible in
Michigan, was obliged to change his base. He was
begged to name a successor, and his choice fell upon
Adams as the man most after his own heart, and he
stipulated on his behalf for a year abroad of studies
preparatory. Accordingly, the professor elect lingered but
never loitered in Paris, Berlin, I^ipzig, Mimich and Heidel-
beig. His studies centered on educational systems, pre-
eminently German. For ten years his convictions had been
growing that our home plans cried aloud for reforming
altogether, and that evolution or revolution must be
inaugurated in the highest departments, and would thence
go down as a pervading and permeating leaven to the lowest
rootlets.
One feature of German training which he admired was
called the seminar — ^neither name nor thing known in his
previous career. Originating in Leipzig, and there m
linguistic specialties this innovation had expanded widely
and variously, it gathered the elite — ^a tithe at most of a
class — and tied them in a knot or wrestling-ring, where
every member, thanks to the ''attrition of like minds''
force, perforce became a spontaneous co-worker in strenuous
attainments undreamed of in the beaten paths of the other
nine-tenths. On retiuning from Europe Professor Adams
initiated, as he believed, the earliest American seminar, still
however spelling the name with an additional syllable,
while his vii^in experiment was, of course, historical.
Known by its fruits, it outstretched widely and fast, till
it was confessed worthy of all acceptation. It gave new
meaning to the Hebrew locution which styles teachers and
scholars wakers and answerers. As auxiliary to his special
field of research, Mr. Adams wrote his '' Manual of Historic
Literature," which sweUed to seven hundred pages without
a superfluous line. It was dedicated to the partners in his
pioneer seminar.
This dedication was not penned till 1882. Seven years
before he had dedicated to Mr. White an octavo of more
than five himdred pages, concerning "Democracy and
Monarchy in France, from the inception of the revolution
to the overthrow of the second empire," treatises both of
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26 American Antiquarian Society. [April,
which must remam an integral portion of our standard
literature.
But while loving and serving above all others his own
province, Professor Adams had been instant in season and
out of it that the entire University should lengthen its cords
and strengthen its stakes. Ere long, that head-centre left
no comer of the commonwealth unthrilled by an electrifying
shock. Admitting students without examination only
from schools which would conform their courses to its
bidding, it was master of a leverage which lifted every high
school yet higher. Its own instructions began from a
higher coign of vantage, so that village Miltons ran less
risk of dying mute and inglorious.
But a university so broadening its curricula as to be
worthy of its name by supplies for even the most modem
demands, was an achievement undertaken in Michigan first
among Western States, perhaps not later than in any State
more eastem. While Eliot, president from 1869, bided his
time waiting for a convenient season, seeds of several
exotics sown in Ann Arbor had taken deep root and began
to yield thirty-fold increase.
In creating colonial colleges the chief end in view was to
equip colonwl clergy. " School of the prophets" was an
alternate name for Harvard. Broader needs were not yet
felt, since pastors fed their flocks in much of law and
medicine. '' There is substantial evidence," writes a town
chronicler regarding a typical instance, " that Rev. John
Campbell during his ministry which began in 1720, was
acting and advising phjrsician to many of the families in
Oxford, so that the profession proper had a limited patron-
age there till after his death in 1761" (Daniells's Oxford,
p. 254). Nor was his threefold service (for he was also a
legal light) unusual. When I was at Salt Lake in Brigham's
day, in visiting the University I wondered its local habita-
tion was so small. Then said a fellow wayfarer, " What
need of more? Sick here are healed by miracle, preachers
are taught by inspiration, and lawyers are outiawed as
sternly as lepers." Intensive rather than extensive was the
culture of our primitive east. It was imitated, however;
y^s, copied every jot and tittle in the infant west, and not
least in state imiversities onward from the mother of them
all in Ohio.
Through the eighteenth century and half the next, higher
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education had run along upon ecclesiastical lines. In
several States a single denomination became pre-potent.
In Massachusetts it was Congregational, Baptist in Rhode
Island, Episcopal in New York, Quaker in Pennsylvania
and Catholic in Maryland, each as to academic dealings, —
with others, a water-tight compartment. Among the
outcomes were lowered standards both of admission and
graduation, with more superficial intervening requirements.
Schools of highest name grew multitudinous, each despair-
ing of a tenth either in endowment or in students attendant
of what was indispensable for the doing of their appropriate
work. Meantime, miracles new every morning, in chemis-
try, engineering and sister sciences, steam and electricity,
pervading daily life demanded the highest culture in colleges
where the lowest was still declared enough. In such
conditions the htmgry sheep looked up and were not fed;
no wonder the percentage of collegians sunk down year by
year. Sheep are simple, yet if they find no food convenient
for them, will wander from their folds and flock-masters.
In this exigency the first man to dedicate his fortune of
a million and his talent which was worth far more to
starting the first institution where, in his own words,
"any person could find instruction in any study" was
Cornell. The unique guide which he needed in laying his
corner-stone his common sense, which was most uncommon,
discovered in Andrew D. White, whom he " grappled to his
soul with hoops of steel.'' Each of this pair was the half
part of a supreme educator, and it is still doubtful which
of them owed most to the other. White, whose richest
spoil from study and travel abroad, was such an ideal as
Cornell had the will but not the skill to actualize at home.
White had tried his prentice hand at Ann Arbor in a posi-
tion much above an apprentice. But true architects, like
the grand apostle, prefer not to build upon another man's
foimdation, and at Cornell millions lay at White's feet for
the fulfillment of his educational dreams. He did not come
there out of an Egyptian prison, like Joseph, yet must
have entered Cornell exulting that his soul had elbow room
as never before. His foimdations for after-coming master-
builders are well described in words possibly borrowed from
himself in a subsequent federal law, "while excluding no old
classical or disciplinary studies, nor schools of law and
medicine^ or science, it included co-education, optional
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28 American Antiquarian Society. [April,
courses, normal schools and military tactics, with such
branches of learning as relate to agriculture and the
mechanic arts." On this system his energies, of whatever
name, were concentrated for fifteen years m a focus which
burned up all obstacles and illuminated Cornell's march to
assured success. His vital strength being at last exhausted,
or at least demanding a contrasting world of activity, he
resolutely resigned while never more desiderated. He was
urged to nominate a Cornell head, and to the surprise of
many, his voice was at once for Adams. A few of his
many words for him were: *' He is among the foremost of
the men who have brought the University of Michigan up
to its present condition. Hb character is of the Ughest,
his scholarship deeply rooted and fruitful, his experience
extensive and of the very kind we need, his power ol
thought and utterance such as especially fit him for the
work we offer, his executive ability fully demonstrated, his
reputation among scholars, abroad and at home, of the very
sort we should ask for; for years my mind has been turn-
ing to him as the man of all men we could hope for, to
carry on and enlarge the work we have begun, and I am
opposed to any delay in choosing my successor." On the
self-same day, when the Cornell Trustees heard these
words, July 13, 1885, Mr. Adams was elected President, all
but two of their fifteen votes being cast in his favor.
For the next seven years the career of Mr. Adams at
Ithaca was progress onward and upward on paths opened
by his only predecessor, while he himself opened others of
wider expansion. Explaining his processes is here impossi-
ble, but a single result crowds a history into a sentence.
Within his seven years the teaching staff grew from 54 to
135, and the roll of students swelled from 573 to 1506, one-
third of them in departments newly established. He had
fulfilled the prophecy of his predecessor. The mantle of
Ehjah had fallen on-Elisha, upon shoulders not imworthy.
Nevertheless, in 1892 the health of Mr. Adams had be-
come impaired, and the presidential duties through an
amplified routine left him at most only scattered fragments
of leisure — disjecta membra of time for either study or
teaching, and he therefore laid down his sceptre, and then
at once was doubly diligent as editor-in-chief of a Univer-
sal Cyclopedia and other literary enterprises, — as a golden
harvest of the wisdom and learning hived through many a
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1905.] Beport of the Counca. 29
studious year. Such a sabbath of his age, however, was
no more than a brief dream. New greatness was thrust
upon him, when the University of Wisconsin cried aloud,
come thou and rule over us! Cornell was not of the Wis-
consin State class in which he had been nurtured, and
where he had chiefly taught,— the class coming nearest to
all as endowed by all. It may be too that the new dignity
was thrust upon him by the good genius— who knew him
altogether and all along bad been the strategic Vcm
Moltke of his pilgrimage and whose advice had always
verified the proverb that lookers on at a game see more
than the players,
His acceptance of the Wisconsin call was Sept. 20, 1892,
and he began service at once though not inaugurated until
January 17, 1893. In Madison as elsewhere, it was his to
know something of "the rough brake that virtue must go
through, and ravenous fishes that a vessel f ollow which is
new-trimmed.'' But his patient continuance in well-doing,
and that still taught by former mistakes in the md put
censurers to shame and crowned his presidency with laurels
that will not fade. Proofs are abundant in authoritative
prints of the institution for whose good he wore himself
out, and fell with all his armor on. Under his administra-
tion, post-graduates, of whom he foimd a score, added five
scores to their elect few; the single thousand of students
became 2600, while their teachers enlarged a census of 68
to 180. All old buildings were improved, eight new ones
added, above all the magnificent edifice, shared equally
with the State Historical Society, through a well-matched
marriage, was erected, costing three-fourths of a million
and treasuring within its fire-proof walls one-third as many
books, — open to all comers daily and far into the night.
On the 450 acres which the academic grounds now embrace
you can stand at no point where your eye will not behold
some handiwork of Charles Kendall Adams:
Si numvmtntum requiria circumapice.
In the early autimm of 1900 his health became so
enfeebled that he proposed resigning, but was offered a
year's f urlou^ by the r^ents, who trusted that he would
come back to his office with rejuvenated vigor. In previ-
ous tours much of Europe had been traversed and he now
with his wife sailed to the Riviera of northern Italy. Here
his disease was arrested, nor did such a relapse occur as
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30 American Antiquarian Society. [April,
obliged him to confess it incurable till his return to Madison
in September, 1901. His resignation was written on
October 11, followed quickly in California at Bedlands by
struggles for recuperation, which ended in his death there,
July 26, 1902.
Education according to the creed of Mr. Adams is the
best boon which one generation can bestow on that which
follows it, and the fulness of his faith he showed throughout
life and still more touchingly at his death.
Having neither children nor needy dependants he be-
queathed his all to education. His library of 2000 volumes
fell to that of Wisconsin University, and with the books
was* willed to that last scene of his mortal labor whatever
he had stored for possible necessities of unregarded age in
comers liurown. The total utmost of $30,000 he believed
would prove the nucleus of fifteen schol^*ships, each a
prize, drawing up some struggling scholar to itself and
giving him a stand-point, or modus vivendi, from which he
would mount yet higher. This bounty, the " all of his all,"
was clogged by no conditions except those which the
authorities succeeding him should deem most sure to do
most for that sort of scholarships which would rouse the
lowest to a higher level and would uplift the very highest
yet more high«
At the Madison memorial obsequies of Adams, the closing
words of President Wheeler from California University
were: " He could suffer and repine not, for his heart was
set to high and noble things, his vision reached behind the
veil and many a time had he walked with God. Farewell!
Faithful man, great heart, wise friend of education, fare-
well."
In the lottery of Kfe it was the good fortune of Mr.
Adams to draw a prize in and with both of his wives. The
dowry of the first, MA. Mudge, married in 1863, made
possible that early year abroad, which waa to him nothing
less than a new and nobler birth. After his return, her
tactful and earnest efforts doubled his youthful reputation
and usefuhiess. No sooner had thdr acquaintance begun,
as they first met as fellow teachers, than her sweetness and
light filled him with new ambitions.
The second Mrs. Adams, bom Mary Mathews, for thir-
teen years taught in the public schools of Brooklyn, N. Y.,
having commenced that labor elsewhere at the age of seven-
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teen. As wife of Mr. Barnes, a man of large wealth, she
had become interested in his benefactions to Cornell. After
her marriage to Mr. Adams she became greatly beloved in
Ithaca and thereafter in Madison. She stretched out both
hands, never empty and always helpful, to scores whose
pathway to culture was as her own had been, through a
hedge of thorns. Her words, in season, made many weary
ones of good cheer. When bidding Madison a farewell
which she foreboded must be final, hers was the whole-
souled spirit of that widow in the gospel whose gift was
''all the living that she had" and whose two mites shall
ring out music from the treasury of the Lord forever.
Her 694 choice volumes she added to that Historical Library
where readers daily must congregate. For founding an
art-fund, she contributed her personal jewels, which had
cost more than $4000, which had been so wisely bought
that their avails yielded no fewer thousands. Two of the
largest halls in the University Museum, she filled with
objects of Ugh or curious art which had crowded her New
York mansion. There were pictures, marbles, bronzes,
malachite, ivories, embroideries, laces, tapestries, shawls,
rugs, curios — whatever far beyond the sea had roused her
craving, — ^whatsoever in the golden honeymoon she had
freely received when the Barnes purse had been her cornu-
copia she freely gave. The endowments established as their
ultimate service by this married pair, lovely in life and in
death not long divided, recall words with which a similar
consecration far away and long ago inspired eloquent lips
to exclaim: "Lisatiable benevolence! which not contented
with reigning in the dispensation of happiness during the
contracted term of human life, strained with all the reach-
ings and graspings of vivacious mind, to extend the
dominion of their boimty beyond the limits of nature, and
to perpetuate themselves through generations of genera-
tions, the guardians, the protectors and the nourii^ers of
mankind."
JAMES DAVIE BUTLER.
Madison, Wis., Oct. 1, 1904,
For the Council,
SAMUEL UTLEY.
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32 American Antiquarian Society. [April,
EMEBGENT TREASUBY-SUPPLY IN MASSACHUSETTS
IN EARLY DAYS.
BY ANDREW McFARLAND DAVIS.
In the course of her career as colony, province and state,
Massachusetts, in the effort to fill her treasury by other
than ordinary means, has had two calamitous episodes,
each caused by the emission of bills of public credit. The
first of these was inaugurated during the administration
of affairs by the temporary government organized after
the overthrow of Andros, and was continued in the days
of the province for a period amounting altogeth^ to a
little over half a century. When Hutchinson and his
followers, in 1749, were able, by a lucky chance, to secure
a resumption of specie payments, through the appropria-
tion for that purpose of the fund allowed by the British
government for the reimbursement of the provincial expesur
ditures in the Louisburg expedition, there were but few
business men living who had seen a metallic currency in
circulation in New England, and there must have been
a great many tradesmen to whom coined silver was but
an object of idle curiosity.
The return to a specie basis, while it placed in the hands
of the people enough silver— when combined with the
additional coin let loose by merchants— to meet the needs
of ordinary trade, carried with it inevitably, through its
disarrangement of the circulating medium, the impending
disadvantage of an empty treasury. This was met, when
it occurred, by a recurrence to the policy of borrowing
from the people on short terms, a method which had been
establidied in the days of the colony. The process then
resorted to was continued from year to year until May,
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1775, when the printing-praas was again made use of to
supply the treasury. The special subject which I have
selected for our consideration today— Emeiigent Treasury-
Supply in Massachusetts in Early Days— leads up to
and would naturally include the transition to the methods
employed after the establishment of the Commonwealthi
but the limits necessarily imposed upon a paper of this
sort preclude the pursuit of the topic beyond the retire-
ment of the State's quota of the continental bills and
the emission of state notes in place of the same, on the
basis of forty for one, which was provided for by the
General Assembly in May, 1780.
The experience had been as I have indicated; first,
nearly sixty years of borrowing, then sixty years of emitting
denominational currency, then twenty-five years of borrow-
ing. Following this came a little over two years of depen-
dence upon bills of public credit, after which the State
settled again upon the policy of borrowing, on interest-
bearing notes.
I have elsewhere described in great detail the features
of the paper-craze, through which our forefathers passed
in the first half of the eighteenth century. In what I
have to say today I shall not trespass upon that ground
more than is necessary to illustrate my topic, but the
development of the facts connected with the emission of
bills of public credit and treasurer's notes, for the supply
of the State treasury, from 1775 to 1780, will enable me
to round out the story of the participation of Massachu-
setts in attempts to supply a denominational currency
based solely upon government credit, down to the establish-
ment of the Commonwealth.
It is true that the legislation with reference to the
circulating medium from the days of "Corn-Money" to
the era of "Dollars" has been collated by Felt^ in his
"Massachusetts Currency," and further that Mr. Charles
>A]i Hutorioal Aeeonnt of Mmaehui^tto Ofmney* by JoMph B. Fdi.
3
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34 American Antiquarian Society. [April,
H. J. Douglass^ has in his "Financial History of Massa-
chusetts" brought together the facts relating to the special
subject under consideration and has also analyzed the
colonial and provincial laws bearing thereon, thus smoothing
the path for successors in this work and relieving them
from prolonged study. Moreover, I myself, in the " Confis-
cation of John Chandler's Estate," was compelled to devote
a chapter to the consideration of the emissions of the
revolutionary currency of the State, 1775 to 1778, in the
vain hope of determining in "sterling,'' the various values
assigned to Chandler's estate at different times in terms
of "lawful money." My approach to the subject at that
time, was, however, from a special point of view, and
much was left to be said in order to complete the story
of the currency emissions by Massachusetts. I trust,
therefore, that I shall be able to make such use of the
material at my command as to avoid the charge that
the subject is too hackneyed for our consideration. The
field is so important that pre-emption cannot be tolerated
and so wide that it cannot be exhaustively covered by
any two or three writers.
Colony.
When the group of colonists who bore with them the
charter of the company arrived in Massachusetts and
set up a local government under that instrument, they
were necessarily compelled to meet the question. How
should that government be supported? Taxation through
the medium of the general court and the towns was the
answer given, and in this solution of the question the
settlers acquiesced. Then, as now, there were times when
the treasury was empty, and then, as now, the government
met outstanding obligations by treasury notes or by
I Studies in History, Eoonomiea and PubUo Land, Cdiimbia CoUefe. Vol. I., No. 4.
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directly boirowing from those who were able to come to
the rescue of the govermnent credit.
While we have no record of any such proceedings in
the first decade of the government, we nevertheless find
that one of the duties prescribed for the Auditor-General
in 1645 was to "examine all notes, bills and accompts
upon w*^ the Country is to make payment or satisfaccon
to any pson."*
We might, perhaps, doubt whether the word "notes"
actually referred to obligations given by the treasurer
for money loaned or in settlement of debts incurred, were
it not that entries in the records, shortly after the date
of the Act quoted from, fully justify the proposition that
the treasurer was in the habit at that time of supplying
the treasury, and of meeting outstanding obligations of
the govanment, in this manner. Thus at a session of
the Court in November, 1646, we find the following
entry:
"Whereas, it appeares by a note, und' y^ Treasurers
hand, y^ there is due to Rich'd Saltonstall, Esq', nyne
pound, pt of a debt due to S' Rich: Saltonstall for amuni-
tbn, Ac, A whereas he aflSrmes (w**^ we believe) y* he
disbursed for y* Country, a good time since, some oth'
monyes, y* C'u'te ord's hee shall have tenn pounds paid,
in a small peece of ordinance (to be valued by y* Survey'
Gen',) he rend' y* overplus (if any be) in ready mony."'
It waa at this session that the general tax act was brought
into shape and the fifystem for the assessment and appor-
tionment of taxes for the general government which
prevailed during the days of the colony was inaugurated.*
The rates, even, were fixed, which were to govern from
year to yeai^— a poll tax of one shilling and eightpence
per person and a tax on real and personal estate of one
iUMM. Cokmiia Raoordi, Vol. ni.. p. 64.
> Md^ VoL n., p. 165. See also Vol. IIL. p. 88.
• Ibid., VoL II., p. 178. A1k> raoorded in Vol. III., p. 88; Coloiiiml Lawa. 1660
Ed., p. 14; Cotonial Law*. 1672 Ed., p. 23.
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36 American Antiquarian Society. [April,
penny in every twenty shillings of assessed value. The
system prevailed and the ''rate" remained the same,
during the days of the colony, but as the functions of
the government were magnified the treasurer was ordered
to assess two rates or three rates, as the case might be,
and during the Indian wars the assessment rose as high
as ten of tiie rates fixed in 1646.^
Succeeding the entry of the tax act in the record, the
following illustration of the method of raising emergent
supplies occurs:
"It is ord'ed, y* such Monyes as have been borrowed
of div'se men by y* Co'te are to be & shaJbe, repaid y",
by y* first of y* 2** M® next, in mon^, beav', or Wheate
at 3. 8^-^bushell, A w*^ all, y* y* Treasurer may engage
himselfe for satisfaction accordingly.'"
With the growlli of the colony, accompanied as it was
with increased expenditures and an enlarged field of
operation for the treasurer, we find that such items as
the payment of a debt of nine pounds with a piece of
ordinance, if such incidents continued to occur, are elimi-
nated from the records and as is natural, we discover
some evidence of greater formality in effecting loans than
the mere issuance from time to time by the treasurer of
his notes. In August, 1661, the borrowing was put in
the hands of a conmiittee of the general court* and the
treasurer was authorized ''to engage in the name of the
Court for theire repayment thereof, w^ due allowance
for the same, to the satisfaction of such genf^ as shall
make supplyes thereof in moneyes, here & in England,
for the occasions aforeid.'' In December of that year
the same course was followed, the action of the committee
being at tiiat date "confirmed and allowed" in advance,
and the treasurer ordered to "engage for the same."^
In August, 1664, the treasurer was authorized to borrow
^lfa«. OoloDial Raoordi, Vol. V.. p. 81. ^Urid^ Vol. II.. p. 176.
•/6ui., Vol. IV.. Pi. 9, p. 83. «/Htf.,p. 40.
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1905.] Emergent Treasury^Supply in Mass. 37
on the best terms that he could, the specific sum of one
hundred pounds,^ but in October, 1666, the following was
the language used in the resolve passed for the purpose
of raising money for the colony's use:
''It is ordered that the Secretary and Treasurer shall
signe all such orders as the (Tomitte impowred to raise
money for the Country's use shall agree upon, & give
them signed under their hands, in oMer to the raysing
of the said money, & for the security of such as shall lend
it"'
In this case not only does a conmiittee intervene, but
the secretary is associated with the treasurer in the sign-
ing of the obligations to be issued by the colony. The
fact that the amount to be raised was indeterminate may
have been the cause of this imusual formality.
The session of the court in which the forgoing order
was recorded is nominally October 10, 1666,' but there
is entered as though it constituted a part of the proceedings
of the same session a copy of a letter ordered by the court
to be written, which bears date October 24th. Following
this letter in the record is an order authorizing Mr. Henry
Ashcourt with others in London, to "take up upon loane
to the value of one thousand pounds" — to the payment
of which the court bound itself, the order closing in the
following words:
"And in testimony of this (Tourts obligation thereto,
wee have appointed our Treasurer to signe this order
as the Act of this Com-t, and that there be affixed the
scale of the colony hereto."
In April, 1668, the court recited that they had "passed
an act whereby they have obliged the treasurer for the
payment of a very considerable summe of money,"* and
in case there should be any failure of the money coming
>MaM.ColoiiialRcoord8, Vol. IV., Pt.2. p. 123. >/Md.. p. 328. •/Md..p. 329.
*Ihid., p. 360.
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38 American Antiquarian Society. [April,
from the expected sources the treasurer was authorized
and empowered to borrow as much money at interest as
the engagement of the court should require.
In February, 1675-76, the court announced tiiat the
country treasury was exhausted through disbursements in
prosecuting the Indian war.^ As the war was still in
progress and more money was needed, the faith of the
colony was pledged to those who should make loans to
the government. A receipt imder the hand and seal of
the treasurer was to be sufficient evidence that the lender
was entitled to the further security of the public and
conunon lands and the interest of the colony in any con-
quered lands. The treasurer was to arrange with lenders
as to the time of their respective loans and the interest
thereon.
The close of the Indian war was followed by a period
of relative quiet during which there was a great abatement
of taxation and an apparent cessation of borrowing, al-
though in February, 1683-84, the treasurer was ordered
to "proems" one hundred pounds for a special purpose.'
The fact tiiat borrowing had then practically ceased was
perhaps demonstrated by the action of the court in May,
1684, in ordering half a country rate to be collected, the
same '' to be improved for emeiigent occasions, &c." This
may indicate tliat the financial condition of the colony
was such tiiat there was no longer need for resort to borrow-
ing, or that the credit of the government was affected by
the legal proceedings taken for the abrogation of the
charter in England. The moderation of the rates at this
period would seem to favor the former proposition. In
any event, the days of borrowing as a colony were over,
but the forgoing quotations from the records show tliat
beginning with the recognition of certain treasurer's notes,
for the execution of which no trace of authority is to be
found, we from time to time find evidence of borrowing
< Mbm. Colonua RMordii, Vol. V., p. 71. * Ibid., p. 482.
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by the treasurer and of his furnishing lenders with obliga-
tions, such debentures being eniitted under varying degrees
of formality, but with an evident recognition of the need
for greater circumspection as the size of the loans increased.
Prbbident and Council.
The proceedings under the President and Council in
the days of Dudley and Andros might, perhaps, be disre-
garded altogether in this connection. The decision in
the scire facias case had annulled the charter and the
arbitrary form of government substituted in its place,
carrying with it the claim on the part of many that all
colonial laws had been abrogated, would probably have
caused capitalists to hesitate before lending to an adminis-
tration whose demands for recognition were based upon
such obnoxious theories. The records of the council,
both under Dudley^ and under Andros,' have been published.
They contain no allusion to any other methods of raising
money than by taxation, nor is there any indication in
the discussions at a later date concerning the accounts
of Wells and of Usher, treasurers during this period, of
any credits due to unusual sources.*
Provisional Government.
It was during the brief life of the provisional government
which assumed control on the arrest of Andros, that an
entibrely new and theretofore unheard of method of supply-
ing the treasury was inaugurated.
A combined military and naval expedition was organized
for the capture of Quebec and was dispatched upon its
mission without any arrangements being made for payment
of the wages of the soldiers and sailors or for the settlement
iProoeadmci Mbm. HuH. Soo.. 2d Seria*. Vol. XIII.. p. 226.
> ProoeedinflB Am. Ant. Soo., VoL XIII., Pt. 2, p. 239; Vol. XIU.. Pt. 8, p. 468.
• See Aoto end RMolvet, Pror. of Mbm. Bay. Vol. VII., p. 645 el Mff. Coneult
the Index for further t e l e r e u eee to thcee eoeoonta.
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40 American Antiquarian Society. [April,
of the expenses incurred in its preparation. The disastrous
failure of the expedition prevented the colony from making
payment out of the expected plunder from Quebec, and
the ingenious scheme was resorted to, of adjusting these
accounts by means of certificates of debt, issued by the
colony, having different denominational values and capable
of being used in lieu of money.
Provincb.
The provincial government continued to make use of
this device during a period of a little over fifty years, the
same being practically coincident with the first half of
the eighteenth century. The method of proceeding, which
soon became stereotyped, was to meet from year to year
all outstanding debts and immediately impending obliga-
tions of the government, by emissions of bills of public
credit in the form of due bills. Accompanying each emis-
sion was a pledge that the same amount of bills should
be called in by tax at a specific future date. The taxes,
therefore, of this period were laid, not for the purpose
of meeting obligations or paying debts, but for the retire-
ment of bills of public credit. The government, indeed,
instead of being a borrower, became a lender, — not of
money, but of bills, which were defined to be "in value
equal to money." Loans were made to citizens, either
direct or through counties or towns, from which positive
gain was expected in the form of interest, and through
which it was hoped that the disturbance to the circulating
medium from the funding process, which took place annually
when taxes were collected, would be lessened. These
loans were called "banks."
Such were the processes by means of which the colonists
were accustomed to furnish supplies for the treasury in
the days of the province; in fact, such only were the
processes which were in vogue imder the second charter
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from its arrival in 1692 down to 1750. The expenses of
the Fhipps expedition had been met with ''Old Colony
bills." The Hill and Walker expedition could not have
gone forward except for the loans of province bills made
to the Boston merchants. The chronic troubles with the
eastern Indians and the expedition to Nova Scotia were
all met through the same means, and, finally, the great
coup of Shirley, the Louisburg expedition, was made
possible through the power of the province to create bills
of public credit at will. The marveUous, and almost
incomprehensible success which attended this expedition
was gained at the expense of the bankruptcy of the province,
but the very fact that affairs in Massachusetts were so
deplorable, compelled recognition on the part of the British
government that this condition had been mainly brought
about in securing for Great Britain a prize useless to the
province, but of enormous value to the home government
in the n^otiations through which the peace of Aix-la-
Ghapelle was accomplished. Thus, an expedition b^un
under circumstances which seemed capable of producing
only military disaster, and conducted, so far as the finan-
cial methods of the province were concerned, in a way
that could lead only to ruin, through the extent of its
success in the field and of the overwhelming bankruptcy
which it produced at home, brought about the reimburse-
ment of the province in coin, for expenditures made in
bills of public credit, and gave opportunity for the resump-
tion of specie payments.
For upwards of fifty years the government had been
exempted from the necessity of borrowing. The time had
now come when the conditions were such that there would
probably be a period each year when the treasury would
be empty and so far as the immediate future was concerned,
the situation was aggravated by the obstructions placed
in the way of the redemption of the bills through the
delays of collectors in remitting to the treasurer.
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42 American Antiquarian Society. [April,
"The bills being all exchanged by the sflver imported
from England," says Hutchinson/ ''and provision made
by law, that no bills of credit should ever after pass as
money, there was a difficulty in providing money for the
immediate service of government, until it could be raised
by tax. Few people were at first inclined to lend to
the province, though they were assured of payment in
a short time with lawftil interest. The treasurer, therefore,
was ordered to make payment to the creditors of govern-
ment in promissory notes, payable to the bearer in silver
in two or three years, with lawftil interest. This was
really better than any private security; but the people, who
had seen so much of tiie bad effects of their former paper
money from its depreciation, cotild not consider this as
without danger, and the notes were sold for silver at
discount, which continued imtil it was found that the
promise made by government was punctually performed.
Prom that time lie public security was preferred to private,
and the treasurer's notes were more sought for thaii those
of any other person whomsoever. This was the era of
public credit in Massachusetts Bay."
In this paragraph Hutchinson sums up the situation
in 1750 and epitomizes the story of methods of treasury-
supply of the next quarter of a century. It will be observed
that he indicates that the treasurer was ordered to give
his notes, payable in silver. Such indeed was the practice,
but it is not impossible that a part pf the distrust with
which these appeals of the government for assistance
were at first received was due to the fact that although
it was ''Spanish milled dollars" that the government
sought to borrow, the obligation which was at the outset
offered to lenders did not contain a specific promise to
pay in silver, or even in dollars, but the phraseology of
the treasurer's receipt was couched in poimds. It was
in June, 1750, that the first borrowing was effected, the
alleged purpose of the loan being to defray the charges
of tiie government.* The process was renewed in October
^ Hutehinaon's mitory of Man., VoL III., p. 10.
SAoti and RmoIvcs Provliioe Man. Bay, Vol. III., p. 513.
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of the same year, and this time the treasurer promised
"to pay the same number of like dollars."
In making these loans' the government could only learn
by experience the size of the note, or as it was called in
these acts "the treasurer's receipt/' which would meet
with the most favorable reception. In June, 1750, the
treasurer was ord^^ not to give his receipt for any less
sum than £50. In October the lowest note was to be
£5, and thereafter the miniTnum limit was generally fixed
at £6. It may be inferred from this that dependence
was placed upon the people ratiier than the capitalists.
All of these notes bore interest, the rate down to 1765
being 6% and after that 5%. The needs of the govern-
ment in excess of the amount derived from the import
and excise was very small, but the redemption of a large
number of bills of public credit, which remained in circu-
lation, had to be provided for, even after the application
of the reimbursement fimds for this purpose and after
the levy of a special tax to cover deficiencies. To retire
these bills, special legislation was effected as late as 1754.^
Following this drain upon the people, outside the ordinary
annual charges of the government, there came first the
expenses caused by Indian troubles in Maine, and later
heavy charges consequent upon the outbreak of hostilities
between England and France. The annual contribution
to the Crown Point and Canadian expeditions, which
then ensued, led to a steady increase of the amounts
borrowed by the treasurer. In 1768, they passed the
£200,000 mark. In 1760, they reached the sum of £242,714.
In 1765, after a brief period of decline, a second culmina-
ing point of £197,000 was reached, after which the size
of the loans steadily declined, until in 1771-1772, there
was no borrowing at all.
It was in 1765 that the rate of iuterest upon the loans
was reduced. The province was then carrying a load
'Aots and ResolTM Prov. Mam. Buy, Vol. ni, p. 717.
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44 American Antiquarian Society. [April,
of debt amounting to a little over £400;000, all of which
would mature in the years 1766 and 1767. The secret
of the credit of the government while stagg^ing under
such a burden is to be found in two causes: First,
the British government had followed the precedent estab-
lished in connection with the Louisburg campaign and
had reimbursed the colonies for certain of the expenses
incurred in the Canadian expeditions; and, second, the
province, now that the war was over, had ddiberately
set to work to retire the outstanding treasurer's receipts,
in annual instalments of such size that the tax levy would
not cripple the resources of the province.
In 1765, Governor Bernard wrote to the Lords of Trade
relative to the provincial act for supplying the treasury
with £197,000 through the treasurer's receipts :
"The General Court reduces their debt by 50,000 pounds
every year, and as they are obliged conformably to the
Act of Parliament to confine their bills of Credit within
2 years, they annually borrow a sum less by £50,000 than
what will be due at the end of the year, by which the
whole debt appears on the face of the Bill and is every
year £50,000 less than the former."^
The reference by Bernard to the Act of Parliament
gives a clue to the reason why no attempt was made to
float a number of loans which should mature at different
periods in the future and thus avoid the annual recur-
rence to the borrowing process. The province was
trammeled in this regard by the Act of 24th George II.,
Ch. 53, which restrained the colonies in the emission
of bills of public credit. This law made void any Act
of the Assembly, creating any paper bills or bills of credit
of any kind or denomination whatsoever, except bills
for the current service of the year where provision was
made for their repayment withiD two years. It is true
that under stress, the province had emitted treasurer's
1 Quoted in Acts and RmoIvm Prov. Mass. Bay, Vol. IV., p. 868.
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receipts, which ran for three years. This had been over-
looked, but in 1775, the question was gravely discussed
in the Privy Council whether certain of these treasurer's
receipts which ran for two years and four days were not
emitted in contravention of law.^ Hutchinson, in his
"Diary," says regarding this transaction ."^
"I did not believe the obligations given by the Treasurer
could be considered as the Bills of Credit intended by
that Act'': and then adds: "for though they were assign-
able, they passed as money between man and man in the
Paper-Money Colonies,"
From which one might infer that they ought so to have
been considered.
Bernard's characterization of the treasurer's receipts as
"biUs of credit," and this remark of Hutchinson brings
us face to face with the close resemblance of the financial
proceedings at this time, to those of the paper-money
period. Then an emission of bills of public credit was
made each year adequate to meet the requirements of
the province. Simultaneously a future tax was ordered
which was pledged for the retirement of the bills. Now,
the province borrowed what it needed each year, giving
the lenders interest-bearing treasurer's receipts in sums
not less than £6, which were protected by a future tax
pledged for their pajrment. The important points of
difference between the proceedings at these different dates
were: 1st. The reception of the treasurer's receipts was
purely voluntary, while the bills of public credit were
forced upon the people by their legal tender attribute
and through the fact that they then constituted the only
circulating medium; 2nd. The receipts bore interest and
hence would be held in reserve by capitalists, thus rdeasing
a corresponding amount of coin for circulation. Their
1 Qootad from tlie paiMn of the Boerd of l^ftde in Aots and BmoItm Pro v. Mmm.
Bay, VoL Vm P. 411.
* Qoolad in Aota and RaaolTM PMt. Ifaaa. Bay, VoL V., p. 411.
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46 American Anliquarian Society. [April,
efifecty therefore, so far as they tended at this time to in-
crease the circulating medium, was not disastrous, as
would have been the case of interest-bearing notes in the
days of paper-money; 3rd. The size of the minimum receipt
was hi^ for ordinary purposes of circulation. We must
not overlook the fact, however, that we are no longer
dealing with times when the treasurer recorded that he
had given his note for nine pounds. In 1765, Governor
Bernard wrote:
''This winter a gentleman who had acted considerably
as a Banker, stop't payment for £170,000 Sterling."*
Six pound notes were certainly not too large for the
ordinary use of a gentleman who could fail for this sum,
and if there were many more in Boston whose transactions
were on a similar scale, it well may be that in certain
channels these notes found circulation. Yet we must bear
in mind that Hutchinson himself' said that:
"From an aversion to silver currency, the body of the
people changed in a few months, and took an aversion
to paper, though it had silver as a fund to secure the value
of it."
Taking this into consideration, his qualification that
these notes circulated "in the Paper-Money Colonies"
1 Quoted in Asta uid ResdlTas Prov. Man. Bay, Vol. IV., p. 708. The amoQiit
of ibis failuTB seema ineredibls, but I am aasurad by our aasociata, Mr. Hubert
Hall, of H. M. Publio Record Offioe, that the letter ia oorreotly quoted la the Aota
and ReaolTsa, Ao. Mr. Hall adds, " It appears that the person in question was a
banker, and that explains mueh. It is said to have been like ' an earthquake ' in
the town."
Mr. H. £. Woods, the editor of the Historio Genealogieal Begiater, was kind
enough to endeavor to identify the person of the bankrupt. He sends me these
r eferenees from the House Journal : —
Page 216, 6 Feb., 1766: "A petition of ereditors of Nathaniel Wheelwright of
Boston, Merchant, who hath latdy stopped payment," ete.
Pages 220-228. 7 Feb., 1766: "An Aet for protecting the person of Nathaniel
Wheelwright, of Boston, Merdaant," etc.
Mr. Woods also calls my attention to referenoes on pages 66 and 74 of ** Letters
and Diary of John Rows, Boeton, Merchant, Ae.," which seem to identify Whed-
Wright as the bankrupt in question.
* Hutchinson's History of Mass., Vol. III., p. 0.
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is emphasized and we may doubt if they fomid general
circulation in Massachusetts.
There were at least two attempts to raise money for
the province by lotteries during this period.* The only
gain that was proposed for the government out of these
transactions was the temporary use of the prize money.
The first of these' was in February, 1750-51. Eighty-nine
hundred tickets were to be sold for three milled dollars
each, thus producing, if sold, $26,700. Two thousand two
hundred twenty-five prizes amoimting to $26,200 were
to be distributed to the benefit tickets, one year after
the drawing, and interest at 3% was to be allowed on the
prize money. A tax for £8010 was ordered to be levied
in February, 1751-52, thus furnishing a guarantee that
the government would have the money to meet the prizes
and pay the expenses of the lottery, while the treasurer,
if the tickets were promptly sold, would in the meantime
have had the use of the money for current expenses.
This lottery shared the fate of many others. In the
original act, the drawing was ordered to take place April
18th, 1751, if five thousand tickets were then sold. This
condition not having been complied with, the drawing
was postponed to Jime 5th.' The stipulation as to the
three milled dollars for each ticket was then altered and
province bills and treasurer's warrants were made receivable.
The interest on the prizes was raised to 6%. When the
day for drawing in June came round, matters had not
progressed much and again there was a postponement,
this time to August 6th,^ at which time the commissioners
were ordered to close up the affair no matter how many
tickets had been sold. What the actual condition was
> It will be vndentood, of ooune, that I datl in this paper only with lotteries
wiiieh were ereeted for the benefit of the Txeasiiry of the Provinoe. There were
several lotteries during this period whose purpose it was to raise money for some
loeal object, lliese do not oonoem us.
>Aete and ReeolTes Prov. Mass. Bay, VoL III., p. 089. '/Ud., p. 54A.
</Md.,p.57S.
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48 American Antiquarian Society. [April,
at that time is shown by authority to borrow £4545 or
$15,150 conferred upon the treasurer in October/ Ap-
parently, even with these two postponements, they were
only able to sell tickets amounting to $11,550.
In April, 1758, managers were appointed who were
to devise and carry out a scheme for a lottery for raising
and borrowing thirty thousand pounds.' The prizes were
to be treasurer's receipts having about three years to
run and bearing interest at 6%. This attempt was a
complete failwe, and in October, 1759, it was ordered
that thei money raised by the managers should be returned
to "the possessors."*
Thcyproceeds of the reimbursement for the Louisburg
ftion were shipped to the province in 1749 by BoUan,
province agent, exclusively in Spanish silver coins,
vmh the exception of a proportionate amount of copper
{0T small change. The form of the obligations, then
epiitted by the treasurer, was governed by the situation
iA 1750, and they were made payable in silver. This
practice was adhered to until 1762. The Resumption
lAoil^^pecifically provided that all debts, contracts and
bargain^ were thereafter to be considered to be in silver
at 6s^ 8d. an ounce and that full weight Spanish milled
dollflxs were to pass for 6s. It was soon discovered that
there was some English silver in circulation and further
that there was more or less Portuguese gold. Consequently,
there was an act* passed in 1750, fixing the rates at which
such coins should be received in trade, the assertion being
made in the preamble that they were being passed at
a disproportionately high rate. Of this attempt to make
the^ coins current at a lower rate than they naturally
assiuned in the market. Professor Sumner says:
''When the law . . . tried to keep them down by a
^AeU and RmoItm Ptot. Van. Buy, Vol. ni., p. 89ft.
s/Mtf.. VoL IV^ p. 88. s/Utf., p. 142. "/M., VoL III., pp. 488-484.
• nrid,, p. 404.
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1905.] Emergent Treasury^ Supply in Mass* 49
penalty for passing them at a higher rate, it only drove
them out.'**
Not long after the passage of this law the London market
effected what the act of 1750 was impotent to accomplish.
"Silver bullion," says Hutchinson,' "for a year or two
past had advanced in price, in England, from 5s. 3d. to
5s. 7d. an oimce. A greater proportion of silver than
of gold had been exported, and people, who observed
the scarcity of silver, were alarmed. A bill was brought
into the house of representatives and passed, malang
gold a lawful tender at the rates at which the several coins
had been current for many years past.''
This was in 1762, and simultaneously with the passage
of this act a new form of note was adopted payable in
silver or gold." Bernard bears testimony to the cause
for this legislation, saying that dollars were "transmitted
to England, being the best specie for that purpose," and,
again, that "the Province would have suffered very much
if it had been obliged to make its payments in the tenor
of ite bills."*
In addition to the fact that there was a movement
at this time of Spanish dollars towards the London market,
there was simultaneously an imusual amount of Portuguese
gold in circulation in the province; 10,424} Johannes
and 1414^ moidores remitted by Bollan, on the Mercury,
arrived*^ December 3, 1759; 28,528 Johannes and 3000
moidores arrived on the Fowey, March 14, 1760.* These
shipments had been made pursuant to specific instructions,
but, in April, 1761, Governor Bernard called the attention
of the assembly to the fact that the various expenses
attendant upon the transportation of the specie amoimted
1 Coin ShilUnc of lf«n. Bay, Yale Rev., Not. '98, p. 274.
> Hutchinson's History of Mam., Vol. III., p. 90.
•Acts and Resolves Prov. Mass. Bay, Vol. IV., p. 516.
« Letters quoted in Acts and Resolves Prov. Mass. Bay, Vol. IV., p. 559.
•Acts and Reeolves Prov. Mass. Bay, Vol. IV., p. 347. •/Mtf., p. 438.
4
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50 American Antiquarian Society. [April,
to upwards of ten per cent, of its value, while at the same
time Boston merchants were shipping coin to London
at a similar expense. He proposed, therefore, that the
province thereafter, instead of causing these reimburse-
ments to be remitted, should draw bills on the province
agent and sell them to Boston merchants.^ Bollan esti-
mated that this plan would save the province about seven
per cent.' The obvious advantages to be derived from
such a course led to its adoption. The bills were sold
in 1761 for 136, in 1762 for 138, m 1763 for 136, in 1764
for 135 and in 1765 for 135 New England shillings for
100 sterling, thus confirming the judgment of Bernard.'
During the remainder of Uie days of the province, there
was nothing worthy of mention in connection with supplies
for the treasury. The peace of 1763 had permitted affairs
to assume their normal condition, during which the out-
standing treasury receipts were redeemed and no new
cause arose for the application of stringent methods in
the way of raising money, so long as the chair of state
was filled by a royal governor. The next occasion for
an emergent supply arose under the second Provincial
Congress, an elective body, which came into existence
\mder the following circumstances.
Provincial Congress.
On the first of September, 1774, General Gage sent out
his precepts for the election of representatives who were
to be convened at Salem, October fifth. Notwithstanding
the fact that by a proclamation issued September twenty-
eighth, the General sought to prevent the very session
for which he had issued this summons, the representatives
elected in pursuance of these precepts, assuming that his
1 Acta and Remlves Prov. Mass. Bay. Vol. IV.. p. 641.
* Letter quoted in Acts and Reeolvee Prov. Haas. Bay. Vol. IV., p. 440.
s Acta and Reaolvea Prov. Haaa. Bay, Vol. IV., p. 458. p. 581. p. 662. p. 720, p.
806.
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power of prorogation did not exist in anticipation of
actual session, met at the appointed time, and the governor
not being present, organized themselves into what they
termed a provincial congress, for the purpose of considering
the condition of public afifairs and of determining measures
to promote the prosperity of the province.* On the tenth
of December^ this body, being then in session at Concord,
provided for its own dissolution and for the election of
members to represent the towns and districts of the province
in a second congress to assemble at Cambridge February
first, next ensuing. The delegates elected in pursuance to
this call were to remain in session until May twenty-ninth
and no longer.' They met at the appointed time and
held meetings first at Cambridge, then at Concord, then
at Watertown. A third congress was convened at Water-
town May thirty-first. The second congress had voted,
April 1, that if writs were regularly issued for a general
assembly, the towns ought to obey the precepts, but that
the representatives then elected ought not to transact
business with the mandamus coimcillors.^ The battle of
Lexington rendered this session of the court impossible,
and May 4th congress reconsidered this vote.* May 5th,
it was resolved to call upon the towns to forthwith elect
delegates to a third congress,* the one that convened as
above. May 31st. It will be seen from the foregoing that
* The attention of the student oucht, at this point, to be called to the function of
the County Convention in preparing the people for a Provincial Cong rete and in
determining them to make use of the Assembly already elected for that purpose. The
pcDoeedinips of the various County Conventions, in the fall of 1774, are collated in
Lincoln's Journals of the Provincial Congress, but apparently they are not given in
full there. For a discussion of this question, the reader is referred to Vol. I.,
Transactions Colonial Society of Mass., pp. 163 tt, ssg. By meeting at Salem and
adjourning to Concord as they did, the Assembly complied with the recommenda-
tions of the different conventions, and thus had an expression of popular approval
behind them. This was not, however, the full equivalent of a specific election to a
provincial congress.
'Journals of the Provincial Congress of Mass. Bay, p. 73.
■The charter provided that the Qovemor should convene the General Court
on the last Wednesday of May each year.
4 Journals of the Provineial Congress of Mass. Bay, p. 116.
» /Wd., p. 190. p. 192. • Ibid,, p. 196.
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52 American Antiquarian Society. [April,
the first provincial congress, as a representative assemblage,
stands upon a different footing from the second and the
third. Tlie steps taken in assumption of the powers of
government originated within itself. Although an elective
body of legislators, the members had not been chosen
to serve in a provincial congress. With the second and
third congresses the case was different. The delegates
were elected by the people to represent them specifically
in this way. This difference is fimdamental, and would
justify the consideration of these congresses in two classes;
the one self-created, the other deriving its origin from
the people. For our purposes, however, we may treat all
three as one stage in the process of the evolution of the
state.
The first provincial congress, when it severed its connec-
tion with the administration of General Gage, very soon
foimd that it was incurring expenses without funds at
command to meet them. It was known that the assessors^
constables and collectors outside Boston were generally in
sympathy with the movement in opposition to Gage and
it was hoped that through them the needed funds could
be obtained. A tax had been laid at the regular session
of the assembly which was not yet collected. The assessors
were, therefore, instructed to go ahead with the assess-
ment. A receiver-general was elected and constables and
collectors were urged to turn over to him public moneys
then in hand or which should thereafter be received by
them. From time to time efforts were made to compel
these officers to comply with these requests, but that
there was some reluctance on their part to do so may
be inferred from the statement of the receiver-general on
the twenty-fifth of April, 1775,* that he had received
only £5000 where £20,000 was due. During the brief
career of these congresses no direct tax was levied. They
were not only without executive head, but they also lacked
iJoumalB of the ProvinciAl Concreea of Mass. Bay, p. 161.
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the support of a council. For a time indeed it was thought
possible that there might be another session of the general
courts but the events which occurred on the 19th of April
dissipated that expectation. They were, nevertheless,
compelled to go ahead and inciu* debts, which in the coiu-se
of time had to be met. The first congress made no effort
to procure funds outside those remitted to the receiver-
general in response to the call upon the collectors of taxes,
but on the third day of May, 1775, the second congress
voted to borrow £100,000 lawful money* and appealed
to the continental congress to recommend the several
colonies to give currency to the securities on which this
sum should be raised. The form of note then prescribed
was a promise in the name of "the colony,"* which was
payable in June, 1777, in silver or gold with interest at
six per cent. A minimmn limit' of £4 was set for the
notes. May twenty-fifth,* the provincial congress issued
an appeal addressed to the inhabitants of Massachusetts
Bay to subscribe for these securities.
On the twentieth of May,* funds being required for
the advance pay for the army, it was voted to issue a
sum not exceeding £26,000 in notes of a new form and
of the following denominations: 20s., 18s., 16s., 15s., 14s.,
12s., 10s., 9s., and 6s. The notes were dated May twenty-
fifth, 1775, and the form was a mere certificate that the
possessor was entitled to receive from the treasury of
"the colony '^ the designated sum in lawful money. May
twenty-fifth, 1776, with interest at six per cent., the note
iJoumalB of the Provinoial ConsreM of Mass. Bay, pp. 185, 186. In regard
to this loan the Couneil in a measage to the House, in 1776, said: "The Treasurer
in May, 1776, was directed by this State to borrow the sum of one hundred thou-
sand poimds, lawful money, about seventy-five thousand of which he actually did
boiTow." Records of the Council quoted in Acts and Resolves Prov. Mass. Bay,
Vol. v. p. 668.
* In the 5th Volume of the Acts and Resolves of the Province of Mass. Bav. pp.
505, 506, 507, Mr. Qoodell fives a clear account of these transactions and explains
why "Colony" was used instead of "Province."
■Journals of the Provincial Concresa of Mass. Bay, p. 187.
« Ibid,, p. 256.
■Journals of the Provincial Congress of Mass. Bay, p. 246.
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54 American Antiquarian Society.' [April,
in the meantime being receivable in all payments at the
treasury, for its face value, without interest. It was
provided that the notes should circulate in "the colony"
without discount or abatement.
Twenty-five thousand nine himdred ninety-eight pounds
were then printed from the plates prepared for this emis-
sion, and July seventh an additional sum of four thousand
and two pounds, making in all thirty thousand pounds of
these small notes. Three plates were prepared for this
emission, each having thereon engraved bills amounting
to forty shillings. TTiey were divided as follows:* 1st
plate, lOs., 18s., 12s.; 2nd plate, 16s., 15s., 9s.; 3rd plate,
20s., 14s., 6s.;' 5000 impressions from each plate being
required to produce the £30,000. July first, 1775, Paul
Revere was allowed fifty poimds " for procuring and engrav-
ing four plates and printing 14,500 impressions of colony
notes." The fourth plate must have been that from which
the notes for the £100,000 loan were impressed.
June fifth, 1775," a committee was appointed "to bring
in a resolve for the purpose of giving a credit to the bills
of all the governments on the continent." On the twenty-
eighth of June a resolve was passed, making the notes
and bills of this and the other colonies of the continent,
except Nova Scotia and Canada, a legal tender. Thus
was the way made easy for a new regime of paper money,
toward which the provincial congress had nominally con-
tributed,* when it was dissolved July nineteenth, £130,000,
all in the form of interest-bearing securities payable in
1776 and 1777, £100,000 in notes of £4 and upward, to
be paid in silver and £30,000 in small notes payable in
lawful money. The £30,000 was obviously intended for
> Jouraalfl of the Provinoial Congress of Mass. Bay, p. 464.
2 The reference in the Journals, ete., p. 297, to the plate containing the $20, $14
aiid $6 notes is obviously a misprint or a clerical error. The plate must have been
the 3rd Plate.
> Journals of the Provincial Congress of Mass. Bay, p. 299.
^ Attention ha« already been called to the fact that the receiver-general apparently
received only £75,000 from the £100,000 loan.
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local circulation, and it may be inferred from the appeal
to the continental congress, May third, for aid in obtain-
ing circulation for the securities of the colony, that the
£4 notes also, notwithstanding their form, were expected
to find some sort of cbculation. The debt thus incurred
was assumed by the new government, which took charge
of affairs when the third provincial congress dissolved.
General Assembly.
(At first Colony, then State.)
May sixteenth^ in the days of the second provincial
congress an application had been made to the continental
congress for ''advice respecting the taking up and exercis-
ing the powers of civil government." The answer which
was communicated to the third congress suggested that
a call should be made upon the inhabitants to elect repre-
sentatives to an assembly; that the representatives thus
chosen should elect councillors, and that the council and
the house should exercise the powers of government.*
Pursuant to these suggestions a new government styled
a General Assembly, or General Court, still without an
executive officer at the head, was inaugurated July nine-
teenth on the dissolution of the third Congress. It must
be borne in mind that the Charter of 1691* made the
coimcil the executive head of the government in case of
a vacancy in the offices of both governor and lieutenant-
governor. Moreover, this contingency had occurred, in
1714, when by failure to appoint a new governor within
six months after the death of Queen Anne, Dudley's com-
mission became void, and his coimcil, for a few weeks,
assumed charge of the government.*
^Jounuds of the Provincial ConRreM of Mans. Bay, p. 280.
s/bul.. p. 359.
s Acta and Resolves of the Prov. of Mass. Bay. Vol. I., p. 19.
* Hutchinson's Hi^ry of Mass., Vol. II., p. 191. Palfrey's History of New Eng-
land. Vol. IV.. p. 339.
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56 American Antiquarian Society. [April,
Again, when Lieutenant-Governor Phipps died in 1757,
the council, for a short time, acted, as Hutchinson* phrases
it, "in a two-fold capacity, as governor, and as the second
branch of the l^islature," pending the arrival of Governor
Pownall. Thus, it will be seen that, whatever the disad-
vantages of this form of government, it was not entirely
new to the people of Massachusetts.
The first act of the "Coimcil and House of Representa-
tives in General Court assembled" was to confirm the
doings of the provincial congresses; the second was to
respond to a suggestion of the committee of safety,' July
sixth, 1775, and to provide that there should be forthwith
stamped on copper plates bills of credit of the colony to
the amoimt of £100,000 in sixteen different denominational
values, running from one shilling to forty shillings.' The
form of the bill of credit then emitted was in the nature
of a certificate that the possessor would be paid the desig-
nated sum in lawful money and that the bill would be
received in all payments. The bills of this issue were to
be retired according to their terms, £40,000 in 1778,
£30,000 in 1779 and £30,000 in 1780.
The action of the assembly in returning to the methods
of the first half of the century and in the face of their
recent experience, emitting bills of public credit* secured
by the pledge of a future tax would be inexplicable if the
situation of affairs were not borne in mind. It must be
remembered, however, that as yet no tax-levy had been
made by the new government; that Boston, the most
important source of revenue, was in the hands of the English
and that elsewhere in the colony, the imcertainty and
1 Hutehinaon's History of Mass., Vol. III., p. 62.
ajounuds of the ProvinoUl Congress of Mass. Bay, pp. 588, 589.
* Acts and Resolves Prov. Mass. Bay, Vol. IV., p. 416. In signing these bills red,
blue and black ink was ordered to be used. Council Records quoted in Acts and
Resolves Prov. Mass. Bay, Vol. V., p. 500.
* There is one difference between the^ie bills and the bills of public credit emitted
by the Province. Instead of being drawn up in the form of irredeemable due bilU,
they contained a statement that by a given day the possessor should be paid.
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1905.] Emergent Tredsury- Supply in Mass. 57
disturbance caused by the collision with the crown, made
it impossible to estimate closely the amount to be expected
from such a levy. Moreover, the continental congress
had settled the question as to the manner in which their
own debts were to be met by making an emission of con-
tinental currency on the twenty-second of Jime. If the
thought had been entertained in Massachusetts of relying
upon taxation and loans for supplies for the treasury the
obligation to support these bills would have compelled
the colony or state to accept a currency medium and to
abandon all hopes of maintaining a specie basis.
It would be a hopeless task to undertake a detailed
analysis of the vast mass of material bearing upon the
course taken by the general assembly in connection with
the emission and retirement of these bills of public credit,
or to attempt to account for the action of the various
committees and public officers in their loyal efforts to
sustain the credit of the continental congress. Mr. Goodell,
with wonderful patience and industry, has collated in the
notes to the chapters in the province laws devoted to the
legislation of this period, copious extracts from the journals
of congress; from the journals of the house; and from
the coimcil records; reports of committees from the
archives; and explanatory matter from newspapers, — in
short, just what is required to comprehend the motives
which prompted action from day to day. These notes
separately published would make a good-sized volume.
To them one can turn for an explanation of the legislation,
if the preambles of the acts do not furnish a satisfactory
clue.
In 1775,* there were two emissions by the general assem-
bly of bills of public credit of "the colony," £100,000
August twenty-third, £75,000 December twenty-second,
each set being in sixteen denominations, the first running
from Is. to 40s., the second from 8d. to 48s. The bills were
1 Acts and Resolves Piov. lleas. Bay, Vol. V., pp. 416 and 442.
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58 American ArUiqtmrian Society, [April,
to be received in all payments without discount or abate-
ment. This practically should have made them a legal
tender, but if doubts existed on the subject, they were
cured in April, 1776,* by a section in the "Act to prevent
the forging and altering bills of public credit, and for
preventing the depreciation thereof and for making the
bills of credit of the United Colonies and of this govern-
ment a legal tender." The penalties for forging and
altering and for receiving for a less sum than expressed
in the bill, covered the emissions of the other colonies
as well, but only the bills of the United Colonies and of
this government were made a le^al tender. By resolve
of the provincial congress, already quoted, the bills of
the other colonies had been made a l^al tender. This
resolve had been ratified by the present government.
The legislation above referred to evidently was intended
to discriminate against the legal tender function of the
bills of other colonies, but it did not in words repeal the
legislation which seemed by its terms to convey the same
power to them. This was, however, specifically accom-
plished May sixth, 1777,' when it was enacted that after
July first next ensuing, no other bills than those of the
United States and of this government should be a legal
tender and the resolve of the Provincial Congress, making
other bills a tender, was specifically repealed.
June twenty-first, 1776," a third emission of *' Colony"
bills was made. £100,000 were "printed" in twenty-foiu*
denominations, running from threepence to forty-eight
shillings. The form was new and stated that the bearer
was entitled to receive by a certain date the designated
sum in "lawful money." The bills were to be retired in
1778 and 1779, and they were given the legal tender func-
tion. Bills of the United Colonies and of this government
were the only bills which could be received by collectors
lAotfl and Resolves Prov. Mass. Bay. Vol. V., p. 472. '/bid., p. 640.
>/Wd., p. 547.
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of taxes in payment for the tax pledged as a fund for the
retirement of these bills.
After the Declaration of Independence the word "State"
was substituted in the bills for " Colony." Funds were pre-
scribed in each act, providing for the emission of bills, and
both the legal tender clause and the discrimination against
bills of other colonies in the description of bills to be received
in the taxes laid for fimds were also as a rule, repeated.
All the bills were made payable in lawful money. The
emissions in 1776 were, £50,004, September 16th;* £50,004,
October 29th,-' £20,034 December 6th;* all to be retu-ed
in 1781; and £75,000, December 7th* to be retired, in
1784. The word "dollars" appears in this last series,
for the first time, upon the bills of public credit. This
was the last emission of bills of public credit of upwards
of six shillings in denominational value. Nearly two
years after this, October thirteenth, 1778,^ an emission
was made of small bills for the purpose of replacing by
exchange the tattered fractional currency then in circula-
tion. Twenty-eight thousand poimds small bills, of twelve
denominations running from twopence to four shillings
sixpence, were ordered to be struck ofif from the plates
of the last previous emission. These were by their terms
to be retired in 1784. Eight thousand only were emitted,
when the assembly became impatient and on the twenty-
sixth of January, 1779,* ordered the remaining £20,000
to be printed. A new form was used for this £20,000.
The bills ran in twelve denominations, from one shilling
to five shillings sixpence and were by their terms to be
retired in 1782.
The reason for the stoppage of the emissions was to
be found in the proceedings of the general assemblies of
the New England States and of the continental congress.
December twenty-fifth, 1776,' a committee appointed by
lActa and Reeolves Prov. Man. Bay, Vol. V., p. 559. » /bid., p. 589.
»/6ta.,p. 606. */6td.,p. 610. • /Wd.. p. 906. •/&«.. p. 921. T/wrf., p. 669.
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60 American Antiquarian Society, [April,
the assembly met, in conference in Providence, similar
committees sent by New Hampshire, CJonnecticut and
Rhode Island.
The Massachusetts committee was originally appointed
to discuss what could be done to support the credit of
the paper currencies in circulation and to control further
emissions. The committee was afterward empowered to
consider the subject of regulating embargoes and the
price of goods. The *'Act to prevent Monopoly and
Oppression" passed January twenty-fifth, 1777,^ embodies
their report on the second part of their duties. So far
as bills of public credit were concerned, they recommended'
that the several states should desist from further emissions,
should retire the bills already emitted, and should in future
rely upon taxes and borrowings for terms not exceeding
three years with interest not exceeding five per cent. In
case of extreme emergency, the state was to reserve the
right to emit bills bearing four per cent, interest, redeemable
in three years or sooner. February fifteenth, congress by
resolve disapproved of the interest-bearing bills, but other-
wise conmiended the proposed action of the New England
states. A new conference of committees from the same
states to consider the same subjects was held at Spring-
field, July 30th,' at which New York was also represented.
This conference reported that the quantity of bills in
circulation was excessive; that the bills of the several
states and of the United States tended mutually to depre-
ciate each other, and recommended that the several states
should draw in their bills of public credit, except those of
denominations below one dollar, and prohibit their further
circulation after a fixed date. This proposition beiiig
submitted to the general court of Massachusetts, it was
found that there was then* outstanding £470,042 in bills
of public credit not bearing interest, of which £30,962
^ Acta and Resolves Prov. Mass. Bay, Vol. V.. p. 583. Amended May 10. Ibid,,
p. 642. Repealed October 13th. Ibid., p. 733. ^Ibid., p. 813. *Ibid,, p. 814.
* Ibid., p. 816.
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1905.] Emergent Treasury- Supply in Mass. 61
12s. 8d. were for sums less than one dollar. On the
thirteenth of October/ an act was passed, calling in all
the Massachusetts bills of credit not on interest, those
emitted for small change excepted, and providing for the
emission of £400,000 in interest-bearing notes of ten pounds
and upwards, payable in 1781 and 1782, for purposes of
exchange. Possessors were to have imtil January first,
1778,* to effect the exchange, but after December first,
it was made illegal to pass any bill of any of the states,
in any pajnnent whatsoever, except the interest-bearing
notes of this state. After the first of December, continental
bills and Massachusetts interest-bearing notes were alone
to constitute the currency of the state. The passage of
this act produced a whirlwind of excitement and' the
assembly was overwhelmed with remonstrances from the
towns.' An address to the inhabitants of the state was
prepared and after adoption by the representatives, a
printed copy was sent to the selectmen of each town.
This address, although rather lengthy, was an able discussion
of the situation and pointed out in a convincing manner
the futility of the objections which were interposed against
this legislation.
November twenty-second, congress approved the example
of Massachusetts and reconmiended the other states to
pursue the same course.
When this act was passed there were in circulation
£439,079 12s. 8d. in non-interest-bearing bills, in denomi-
nations above the sum of one dollar. June ninth, 1779,
a conmiittee reported that imder the provisions of the
1 Aets and Rewdves Prov. Man. Bay. Vol. V., p. 734.
> Tha time for exchanging these bills was repeatedly extended, the la«t period
fixed being August, 1779.
'One off the arguments against the transaction was, that it would be better to
arrange for raising the money by a series of tax acts, rather than to burden the
oountry with interest. To meet this proposition, towns having the ability to raise
the required sum by taxation were authorised to do so. The sum raised could
be conyerted into a Treasurer's note, which the town could hold, and thus avoid
the burden of interest money. Acts and Resolves Pro v. Mass. Bay, Vol. V., p.
760.
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62 American Antiquarian Society. [April,
act £337,378 15s. in interest-bearing notes had been
emitted and that £337,249 19s. exchanged bills had been
actually bumed.
Up to that time there had been borrowed by the state
on these interest-bearing notes, £606,400, of which £556,400
was still outstanding, £50,000 of which did not mature
until May, 1782. Most of these notes were for ten pounds
and upwards and all bore interest at six per cent. It is
true that the first two loans were put out at five per cent.,
but by subsequent l^islation the holders were given the
benefit of the higher rate. Adding the £337,378, the
amount of the notes given in exchange for the bills of
public credit, there was outstanding in interest-bearing
notes after this transaction, £893,778, which at the dis-
count imputed to the notes in the scale of depreciation
afterwards adopted made the silver value of the debt in
October, 1777,* £325,010. This is based upon the assump-
tion that the notes must practically have shared the
degradation of the continental bills. The interest-bearing
clause helped them somewhat, but with an allowance for
accrued interest, their quotation must have been the
same.
From that date to May third, 1780, £1,847,850 were
emitted of these notes. This does not include the notes
issued January thirteenth, 1780,* for the balance due the
state's quota in the continental army, for which taxes,
amounting to £8,000,000 collectible in 1781-2-3-4-5,
were pledged as funds. The notes for this emission' were
drawn up in a special form with intent to make good to
the officers and soldiers, the wages first promised them,
r^ardless of the past depreciation of the currency or of
any that might take place thereafter. To cover the ques-
tion there was incorporated in the notes a clause through
which the value was to be determined by taking for a
>AetB and ReaolvM Prov. Man. Bay, Vol. V, p. 1413.
^Und,, p. 1183. •Z&id., p. 1287.
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1905.] Emergent Treasury^ Supply in Mass. 63
measure the prices affixed in the Monopoly Act of 1777,
to Indian corn, beef, sheep's wool and sole leather.
Methods were regulated for determining on this basis
from time to time the relation of the currency to this
standard. A clause in the form shows that when the
notes were originally emitted, the current prices of the
named articles were thirty-two and one-half times what
they were when the Monoply Act was passed. If the
£8,000,000 in funds represents the currency which was
required to settle these balances, the actual amount involved
in this transaction, on the basis of thirty-two and one-half
for one, was £246,154. On the third of May, when the
last emission of these currency notes was made, the state
stood pledged to redeem £11,442,628, besides £28,000 m
small change still in circulation, but at the ratio of forty
for one, the recognized depreciation at that time, this
represented only £286,740.
May fifth, 1780, an act was passed in pursuance of a
recommendation of congress, the purpo^ of which was
to retire the state's quota of continental bills and furnish
a new currency in place thereof. The state had yielded
to congress the entire field in which to circulate its emis-
sions of paper money and had retired its own bills of public
credit. The emissions of the continental congress, never
fully trusted, had fallen with each resort to tiie printing
press until they were now admittedly worth only forty
for one in silver. Having no power to raise money by
taxation, congress had emitted these bills and had from
time to time called upon the several states to retire by
taxation certain amounts assigned to each.
In 1775, Massachusetts was asked to care for $434,244^
in four equal annual pajnnents commencing November,
1779. In 1777,' the amount to be raised for congress
during the year was $820,000. In 1779," the quota was
* FinAneial History of the United States, BoUes, p. 40.
< Aets and Resolves Prov. Mass. Bay, Vol. V.. p. 850. •/bid., pp. 033. 1034.
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64 American Antiquarian Society. [April,
fixed in January at $2,000,000, but in May,* congress
caUed for an additional tax of $6,000,000^ and in October'
a monthly assessment of $2,300,000 to be remitted for
nine months, was called for.
The first of the monthly assessments was to be paid
in February." On the twenty-thu'd of that month con-
gress resolved to relinquish two-thirds of the quotas, but
on the eighteenth of March voted to restore the full amoimt
and to continue the assessments until April, 1781. In
. this resolve congress stated that the bills were depreciated
thirty-nine fortieths of their face value and provided that
silver or gold would be received in payment of the quotas
on the basis of one for forty. The extraordinary monthly
assessment of fifteen million dollars on all the states was
for the purpose of retiring the discredited currency, the
maximum limit of which had been fixed at $200,000,000.
In place of continental bills it was proposed that the states
should emit interest-bearing notes payable within six years,
in silver, at five^ per cent. These were to be guaranteed
by the United States and were to be secured by taxes
pledged as annual fimds for six years, each of one-sixth
the total amount. For every twenty retired of the old,
one of the new was to be issued, six-tenths for the use
of the state, four-tenths for the United States.
The act of May fifth, 1780, referred to above, was for
the purpose of carrying out the foregoing recommendations.
A tax was granted amounting to £5,600,000, or $18,666,666,
which with a previous tax of the same session, would, it
was averred, provide for the state's quota of the currency
to be retired. This tax could be paid in silver, gold, or
the new bills. Continental bills would be received at the
rate of forty for one. Four himdred and sixty thousand
pounds were ordered to be emitted in bills of the character
above described, for the redemption of which certain
I AeU And ReMlves Pror. Mam. Bay, VoL V.. p. 1079. » /6uf., pp. 1137, 129ft.
•/Md., p. 1339.
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1905.] Emergent Treasury^Supply in Mass. 65
future taxes, payable only in coin or certain produce,
were ordered to be levied.
The tax for the retirement of the state's quota of the
continental bills, amounting in round numbers to five
million six himdred thousand pounds, was levied May
fifth, 1780/ Collectors were authorized to receive one
dollar in specie or one dollar of the new bills on interest
in lieu of forty dollars of the bills then in circulation. The
next tax, which was levied June fifth, for current state
expenditures, was made payable in gold or silver coin,
in bullion, or in certain articles at specified prices. On
the twenty-ninth of September,' the Depreciation Act
was i)a8sed. The preamble asserted that this was done
in response to a recommendation of congress to the states,
to revise the laws making continental bills a tender, and
to amend them in the manner most conducive to justice,
considering the present state of the paper currency. The
scale ran from 105 currency for 100 in coin, January,
1777, to 4,000 currency for 100 in com, April, 1780. As
a matter of fact the resolve of congress in March, 1780,
fixing the depreciation at that time at forty for one, had
80 completely imdermined confidence in the bills that
from that time on, no measure of their depreciation can
be ascertained which can be regarded as accurate.'
The last act^ published in the edition of the laws, known
as the Acts and Resolves of the Province of Massachusetts
Bay, is a tax levy, of date of September thirtieth, of the
same amoimt, character and purpose as that of May fifth,
1 Acts and RmoItos Ptoy. Msm. Bay. Vol. V., p. 1202. > Ibid,, p. 1412.
* House Dooument No. 107, 20th CongrMS, Washington, 1828. oontainu a letter
from the Secretary of the Treasury, transmitting information relative to the amount
of the Continental money and the depreciation of the same. Hie tables of depre-
dation for the several states, show wirie differences. In Massachusetts the last date
given is June. 1781, when the depreciation was given as 100 for 1. In New Jersey
it was 150 for 1, in May, 1781. In Pennsylvania 225 for 1, in May, 1781. In
Virginia 1000 for 1, in December, 1781. In North Carolina 725 for 1, in December,
1781.
«Act« and Reeolves Prov. Mass. Bay, Vol. V., p. 1421.
5
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66 American Antiqitarian Society, [April,
1780. The final efifort of the general assembly — state —
was in support of the confederation.
There was one lottery, at least, created by the assembly
which was connected with our subject. It was established
by resolve and not by act, but we are put upon the track
of it in the preambles to acts for the emission of notes to
meet the prizes which had been awarded. The resolve of
the general court establishing it was passed May first,
1778,* and the purpose was to raise $750,000 for gratuities
to officers and soldiers who had enlisted for three years
in the continental army, before August fifteenth, 1777.
In order to pay prizes of fifty dollars or upwards notes
were emitted as follows: February eleventh, 1779, £21,450
for tickets of first class;* April fourteenth, £81,570 for
tickets of the second and third classes;* May third, 1780,
£49,830 for tickets of the fourth class;* m all £152,850,
or $509,500.* The total number of tickets in the four
schemes amoimted to $950,000 and the blanks were fifteen
per cent, or $143,000.
Reference has been made to the passage of the Act
to prevent Monopoly and Oppression.* Such acts as this
are not directly in the line of our inquiry, but their passage
indicates a condition of financial affairs and a stage of
economic opinion which justifies, perhaps compels, their
mention. The failure to limit prices by means of the
act referred to led to the passage, February eighth, 1779,^
^Aots and RewlvM Proy. Maos. Bay, Vol. V., p. 983. * Ibid,, p. 920.
• Ibid,, p. 950. * Ibid., p. 1103. « Ibid,, p. 1863 «( teq. • Ibid,, p. 588.
7 Acts and RMolves Prov. Man. Bay, Vol. V., p. 024; p. 1118; p. 1307. Refer-
enoe has been made to the Conferenoeii of Commitsioners from States at Providenoe
and at Springfield. At the suggestion of Congress a conferenoe of Commissioners
from all the Northern States was held at New Haven in January, 1778. The Com-
missioners reported a scale of prices for labor, produce and manufactures which was
adopted promptly by several states, but was still under consideration in Massachu-
setts, when in June, 1778, Congress recommended the states that had adopted it to
repeal the laws passed for that purpose. The legislation against forestalling was
brought about by a recommendation from Congress, and although it did not tTCspass
upon the laws of trade in the same way as the Act against Monopoly and Oppression
and the Report of the Commissioners, still it was incapable of general enforcement.
See Acts and Resolves Prov. Mass. Bay, Vol. V., p. 1012.
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1905.] Umergent TrecLSUTy-^' Supply in Mass, 67
of a temporary "Act to prevent Monopoly and Forestal-
ling," the time limit of which was twice extended. This
act was directed against speculation in food. June twenty-
fourth, 1779/ an act was passed the purpose of which
was to compel those who had more of the necessaries of
life than they needed for their families to sell them to
those that were in want of them, and to receive in pajnnent
therefor continental bills, if offered.
September twenty-third, 1779,' imder title of an act to
prevent sundry articles bemg exported from this to the
neighboring states, a temporary interstate embargo was
laid on provisions of all sorts and on many other specified
articles. This was enlarged in its scope by another act
passed in October of the same year.'
In December, 1779, it was voted to send some suitable
person to negotiate a loan in Europe, and in January,
1780, Jonathan Loring Austin was appointed for that
purpose. Austin sailed for Bilboa, Spain, in the latter
part of the same month, was captured by the English,
taken to London and shortly thereafter was released,
there being no evidence at hand against him. He proceeded
to the continent, but, although he remained abroad upward
> Acts and Resolves Prov. Mass. Bay, Vol. V., p. 1073. > thid., p. 1114.
*Aots and Resolyes Pror. Mass. Bay, Vol. V., p. 1116. This was the last staffs
of the strucile against the rise in prioee eaused by the depreciated ourrenoy. A
Convention was held in Concord, July 14th, 1770, which passed resolves for the
purpose of appreciating the currency and lowering the prices of articles of con-
sumption. They projected a scale for the limitation of prices, which was approved
by the Assembly, but which could not then be put in force because the Assembly
had in June resolved to lay an embargo on food, a method of procedure inconsistent
with the oo-operation with other States required to make the limitations effective*
A Convention of Commissioners of the N. E. States and New York was called at
Hartford, October 20th. This Convention favored the limitation, but believed that
all States a^ far westward as Virginia ought to join. The repeal of the Embargo
Act was recommended. Congress, in No\ ember, approved the doings of the Hsrt-
ford Convention and reoonunended the several States to pass laws for a general
limitatif>n of prices. The Hartford Convention gave birth to a mors general
Convention held at Philadelphia, in January, which passed resolves Complete
eo-operation was difficult to secure, but June 17th, 1780, these Embargo Acts were
repealed by Massachusetts. Acts and Resolves Prov. Mass. Bay, Vol. V., p. 1268
stf saa.
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68 American Antiquarian Society. [April,
of a year, he was unable to accomplish the purpose for
which he was appointed.
In order to establish a credit upon which Austin could
operate, a future tax was granted January eleventh, 1780,
to be paid in bills of continental currency, equal in value
to one hundred and fifty thousand pounds sterling. This
was to be collected in such a way as seasonably to discharge
the loan, but, as the loan was never obtained, the tax
act merely stands as evidence of the attempt to secure
the loan.^
The Commonwealth.
The borrowings from the people on shori-term interest-
bearing notes of small size did not cease with the change
from the general assembly to the constitutional common-
wealth in 1780. The great crisis in financial affairs was
passed when the continental currency was discredited by
the congress itself, and the attempt was made to secure
its redemption by the states, on the basis of forty for
one, but there still remained in the final days of the struggle
much that was of interest. However valuable an investi-
gation of these events might prove to be, the limits of
this paper preclude their consideration today.
^AtU and RbmIvm, Ptot. IIms. Bay, VoL V., p. 1167.
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1905.] Scheme for the Conquest of Canada in 1746. 69
A SCHEME FOR THE CONQUEST OF CANADA
IN 1746.
BY VICTOR HUGO PALT8IT8.
In the acquisition of the vast domain of Canada, by the
treaty of 1763, Great Britain and her American colonists
realized a hope long cherished. The proximity of the
Canadians to the borders of New England and New York
in particular, together with the French influence over the
frontier Indians, had always been considered pernicious
to the interests of these English colonies and threatened
their ultimate destruction, unless ''some method were
found to remove so bad a neighbour."* The reduction of
this '' thorn in the sides " of the neighboring English colonies
had been attempted, therefore, in 1690, under Sir William
Phips, and in 1711, under Sir Hovenden Walker. Phips's
expedition was an expensive undertaking; cost the province
of Massachusetts Bay alone above fifty thousand pounds;
wrought death among many of her chosen young men,
by a malignant fever that raged in the camp, and ended
ingloriously. The Bay government did not for some
years recover from the shock. Walker's expedition was
entered into with cheerfulness by the colonists, but it,
too, proved a fiasco. Apart from the cost of expeditions
in time of war, the garrisoning of the frontiers involved
a great annual outlay. Jeremy Dunmier, in 1712, esti-
mated the cost to Massachusetts for this maintenance as
"Thirty Thousand Pounds communihuB annis^^ ' which
would be spared, he said, if Canada were wrested from
the French.
> Mom. CouH Reeord§, SeriM 17. Vol. V., p. 499. In Mam. SUta House, oopi«d
from Public Record Office. London. ^Man, Court Beeordt, Idem. p. 501.
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70 American Antiquarian Society. [April,
From the treaty of Utrecht, in 1713, until the open
rupture in 1744, a nominal peace reigned. The declaration
of war between Great Britain and France in the latter
year equally involved their colonial possessions in conflict.
On June 17th, 1745, Louisburg, the richest American
jewel that had ever adorned the French crown, capitulated
to the daring of the New Englanders under General William
Pepperrdl, aided by a fleet commanded by Commodore
Peter Warren. The successful issue of this enterprise
gave the English entire command of the Gulf of St. Law-
rence, and thus enabled them to cut off Quebec from all
hope of succor from France. It also facilitated the con-
quest of Canada itself.* The victory was hailed with
acclamation throughout the colonies, and a hope was
expressed that no peace negotiations should ever be set
on foot with France in which the restoration of Cape Breton
should as much as be mentioned.'
Tlie Canadians were apprehensive of a British invasion,
but made vigorous preparations to repress it. They
learned the English plans by means of scouting parties,
from the English prints, and more particularly from the
English colonists captured on the frontiers by their various
incursions, and whom they held in confinement at Quebec.*
While the English colonial governments were engaged in
promoting levies, the Canadians sent a large detachment,
of two thousand men,^ to take possession of the Acadian
settlements in Nova Scotia, and succeeded in cutting off
Governor Mascarene at Annapolis Royal from receiving
intelligence for a period of six weeks. In France a formi-
^ Memoin of the Prineipal Tran$actwni of the Laet War. Third edition, Boston,
1768. p. 88.
> Parker'B New York Poet-Boy, No. 164, for March 10th« 1746. The artide itaelf
is dated December 28th, 1746.
*The whole subject of rumors and French anticipatory action can be studied
from N. Y. Col, Doce,, Vol. X.; and JovrwiL of Captain WiUiam Pote, Jr., New
York. 1896.
* Mascarene to Duke of Newcastle, November 12th, 1746. In Chalmere'e Papere
relating to Canada, in New York Public Library.
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1905.] Scheme for the Conquest of Canada in 1746. 71
dable squadron was mobilized at Brest, under command
of the Duke d'Anville, consisting of eleven ships of the
line, three frigates, three fireships, and two bombs, having
on board 6,186 sailors; also twenty privateers, and other
vessels of from ten to twenty-four guns each, which were
also joined by fiftynsix sail of transports, laden with stores
and provisions, and two tenders with artillery. ''The
whole fleet consisted of ninety-seven sail, having on
board the two battalions of the regiment Ponthieu,
the battalion militia of Saumiir, the battalion of Fonte-
noy le Comte and a battalion of marines, in all 3,500
men, with 40,000 small arms," as well as equipment for
the Canadians and Indians, who were expected to join
them/ The Brest fleet was designed to reduce the English
fort of Annapolis Royal and to recover Louisbiirg. Grave
rumors were rife in New England that a descent would also
be made upon Boston. D'Anville was heading for Nova
Scotia, when a gale and thick fog separated his ships off
Sable Island. Disaster followed in their track, and of the
whole fleet of ninety-seven sail only fifty-six remained.*
D'Anville died of apoplexy, his vice-admiral committed
suicide, smallpox caused great mortality among the soldiers
and seamen, the purpose of the enterprise was abandoned,
and thus France was balked in her greatest naval expedi-
tion to the coast of North America.
In the English-American provinces an expedition against
Canada was looked upon by some as a chance for ''fine
plundering" '; while to others it appeared to afford ad-
vantages "inconceivably great to the Crown of Britain."*
Indeed, the original suggestions of October, 1745, compre-
hended the enlistment of 20,000 provincials, who should
be offered, as an inducement, "the plimder of the country;
iRolt'f Impartial BeprmmUaHon, Vol. IV. (London, 1750), pp. 847,348.
* For the details of this fleet eonsult Rolt, Vol. IV., pp. 346-852; a sood modern
Boeount, varyinc somewhat from Rolt, is by Harry Piers, in Canadi4Mn Hittory
Rmdino: St. John, N. B., 1000, pp. 68-74.
« PMt^Bou, No. 178, for June 16th, 1746. « Idem, No. 178, for May 12th, 1746.
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72 American Antiquarian Society. [April,
as well as the land of the Canadians/' In official quarters —
and none the less among the populace — it was judged that
the acquisition of Canada would secure the fish and fur
trade, deprive the French of provisions and lumber for
their sugar islands, greatly diminish the trade of France,
secxu-e the English possessions in America— hitherto greatly
incommoded, and put a halt to the building of French
war vessels, then carried on in Canada/ Governor William
Shirley, in his speech to the Coimcil and House of Repre-
sentatives of Massachusetts Bay, June 28th, 1746, told
them it was but folly to consider Nova Scotia in security
so long as the French continued to be masters of Canada.
In the loss of that province he discerned the most fatal
consequences to Massachusetts "and all His Majesty's
Colonies on the Northern Continent of America."' He
but spoke the truth from a bitter experience.
Soon after the conquest of Louisburg, Shirley was called
there to quell the discontent which had arisen among the
provincials. His mission accomplished, he returned to
Boston early in December, 1745. But while at Louisburg
he had concerted measures with Pepperrell and Warren,
for an expedition against Canada the following year. The
project was communicated to the Duke of Bedford, then
at the head of the admiralty, and was well received.
The fighting strength of all Canada, according to the
best available information, was judged not to exceed
12,000 men, inclusive of the regulars; and the resident
Indian allies were computed to be about 900.* The winter
of 1745-1746, intervened. On March 14th, 1746, the
Duke of Newcastle wrote to the various American gover-
nors, that ''should it be judged advisable to undertake
any attempt upon the French settlements in the New
World, they should take the proper measures for raising
> Chalm^rt'a Papen, Canada.
* Journal of the Repre$mlaii9e» of Man. Bay, 1740, p. 71 ; also the same in Man.
CouH Rocorda, Series 17, Vol. V., p. 601.
* Momov^ of Latt War, p. 60.
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1905.] Scheme for Hie Conquest of Canada in 1746. 73
a body of men for that purpose." * This was but the
suggestion of a fact soon to follow.
It is worth whfle to digress here, in order to observe
the environment in England in which the plans for the
expedition against Canada were matured. Thomas Pelham
was nominally prime minister, but the parliamentary
inSuaice and superior rank of his brother, the Duke of
Newcastle, placed him practically on an equality in the
cabinet. The broil of English politics was hot m the
cauldron. On February 11th, 1746, Pelham had resigned,
but was reinstated on the 14th of that ];nonth, after Gran-
ville and Bath had failed to form an administration. This
brought the two brothers, with their retinue of followers,
back with increased power. "Pelham was a timid and
peace-loving politician, without any commanding abilities
or much strength of character." ' Lecky aptly remarks,
that '' the Pelham Qovemment, though unsuccessful abroad,
had acquired a complete ascendancy at home. The martial
enthusiasm of the country had gone down, and public
opinion being gratified by the successive deposition of
Walpole and of Carteret, and being no longer stimulated
by a powerful opposition, acquiesced languidly in the
course of events. The King for a time chafed bitterly
against the yoke. He had been thwarted in his favourite
German policy, deprived of the minister who was beyond
comparison the most pleasing to him, and compelled to
accept others in whom he had no confidence. He despised
and disliked Newcastle. He hated Chesterfield, whom he
was compelled to admit to office, and he was especially
indignant with Pitt, . . . whose claims to office Pelham
was continually urging." • The perplexed monarch en-
deavored to extricate himself from his embarrassments,
but was immediately frustrated. England had for years
> Chatmm^a Pap€r§t Canada.
* Q. F. Russell Barker, in Diet, of Nat. Bioffnphy. Pelham died at London,
Mareh 6th, 1764, and was succeeded by Newcastle.
*Leek}r's Hittory of BngUmd in ths Eighteenth Century, Vol. I., p. 423.
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74 American Antiquarian Society. [April,
scattered through Europe great subsidies, which increased
her debt and impaired her prosperity, without signalizing
any particular advantage/ Newcastle then, as later when
he was prime minister, was ''the most remarkable instance
on record in which, under the old system, great possessions
and family and parliamentary influence could place and
maintain an incapable man" in office.' ''George II.
complained that he was unfit to be Chamberlain to the
smallest Court in Germany, and he was the object of more
ridicule than any other politician of his time; but yet
for forty-six years he held high posts at the Court or in
the Government. For nearly thirty years he was Secretary
of State; for ten years he was First Lord of the Treasury.
. . . Intellectually he was^ probably below the average
of men, and he rarely obtainai full credit even for the small
talents he possessed. He was the most peevish, restless
and jealous of men, destitute not only of the higher gifts
of statesmanship, but even of the most ordinary tact and
method in the transaction of business, and at the same
time so hiirried and undignified in manner, so timid in
danger, and so shuffling in difficulty, that he became the
laughing-stock of all about him." * ... " At the same
time, though a great corrupter of others, he was not him-
self corrupt," ^ presenting in his person a curious anomaly.
Such was the statesman entrusted with the direct n^otia-
tions with America for the conquest of Canada
The apparent jealousy in England of the provincial
prowess was expressed in the Duke of Bedford's written
opinion of March, 1746. He said that no great reliance
should be placed on the American troops, and feared,
"after the experience we have had of them," "the Inde-
pendence it may create in those Provinces toward their
Mother Country when they shall see within themselves
so great an Army possessed in their own Right by Conquest
> Leoky. Vol. I., pp. 427, 428. > Leeky. Vol. II., p. 438.
* Leoky, Vol. II., p. 439. « Leeky, Vol. II., p. 440.
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1905.] Scheme for the Conquest of Canada in 1746. 75
of so great a Country." * He, therefore, wished to place
the chief dependence on the fleet and army to be sent
from England, and to look upon the Americans as useful
only when joined with them. Meanwhile, not waiting
for further instructions from England, the Bay govern-
ment appointed commissioners, on February 12th and
13th, who were to join with others at Albany, in a confer-
ence with the Six Nations of New York, to urge the partici-
pation of these Indians in the forthcoming project. The
appointments, however, were not finally confirmed in
Coimcil until July 16th. They were Jacob Wendell,
Samuel Welles, Thomas Hutchinson and John Stoddard.
On July 18th, Oliver Partridge was appointed to succeed
Hutchinson, ''who excused himself from that service."'
On April 9th, 1746, Newcastle despatched letters by
the sloop of war Hickinghrook ' to the governors of all the
provinces from New England to Virginia. The packet
with the royal orders reached Governor Shirley on May
26th, and he immediately forwarded the documents to
the different governments by land expresses. He evinced
his own interest by his personal correspondence, in which
he urged co-operation. He was very zealous for the cause,
and hoped that the Massachusetts Bay government would
set a good example to the others.* The royal orders
required the several governments to raise as large a body
of men as the shortness of the time would warrant.* The
King did not limit the number of men for each province,
neither did he require special allotments; but he hoped
and expected that the united levies would not be less
than five thousand.*
The scheme concerted in England varied very little
from the suggestions which had been forwarded previously
> ChfOmen** Paper; Canada,
» MaA. Court TUcordt, Series 17, Vol. V.. pp. 306. 311, 600, 521.
*Al0o spelled Hinchinbrook in Penn, Votet, Vol. IV., (Phila., 1774), p. 87.
* Ma—. Journal, May 29th, 1746.
» Chalmera'M Paper; Canada, April 9th, 1746.
• Hutohinson's Hiet, of Ma—,, Third edition. Vol. II., p. 881.
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76 American Antiquarian Society. [April,
from America. It was agreed that the land forces should
be commianded by Lieutenant-General James Sinclair/
while Rear-Admiral Warren was to look after the royal
fleet. The plan of operations was not made irrevocable.
Sinclair, Warren and Shirley were entrusted with such
alterations as circmnstances would require or good judgment
might suggest. By the original instructions the companies
raised in New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland
and Virginia were to rendezvous at Albany. The command
of this contingent was given to William Gooch, lieutenant-
governor of Virginia; but he pleaded indisposition, and
declined to serve. Governor George Clinton, of New
York, who was virtually responsible for the success of
this part of the plan, appointed Lieutenan^Oolonel John
Roberts as Gooch's successor.' From Albany these troops
were to make a descent upon Montreal and lay waste
the settlements on the upper St. Lawrence.
The provincials of Massachusetts Bay, New Hampshire,
Rhode Island and Connecticut were to rendezvous at
Louisburg as soon as possible, where they were to await
the arrival of General Sinclair, the eight battalions of
regulars, and the fleet commanded by Warren. This was
the main guard, which was charged with the capture of
Quebec. While they proceeded up the St. Lawrence, the
men at Albany were to march to Montreal. The blow
was to be struck simultaneously. The plans were well
laid, and gave every earnest of success.*
iQen. James SinoUir (also written St. Clair), was the second son of. Henry,
eighth Lord Sinolair. He entered the army at an early age, and rose in the ranks,
becoming lieutenant-general on June 4th, 1740, and had command of the British
troops in Flanders, prior to his appointment for this Canadian expedition. He
died on November 30th, 1762, while governor of Cork, Ireland.
* N, Y, Col, Doe:, Vd. VI., p. 314. Roberts was an experienced soldier, having
served since the days of George I. He was also connected by his first marriage
with the Earl of Halifax.
* The material for a study of the scheme is ample. The chief sources are Chal-
men'M Papon rdoHno to Canada, transcripts from original documents in the Public
Record Office of England. These transcripts are now in the New York Public
Library; Momoira of iho Lati War, p. 61; Rolfs Impartial Roproaontation, Vol.
IV. (London. 1750), pp. 845, 846; Hutchinson's Hitt, of Ma—., Third edition. Vol.
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1905.] Scheme for the Conquest of Canada in 1746. 77
So soon as the governors had received the Duke of New-
castle's instructions of April 9th, they convened their
several councils and legidatures, and urged immediate
action. The whole number of fighting men within the
participatmg colonies aggregated 340,000.^ It has ahready
been observed that the packet from England reached
Shirley on May 26th. He immediately communicated the
correspondence to his House of Representatives, who on
the 30th of the month passed the following vote, which
was read and concurred in Goimcil and consented to by
Shirley that same day. The tenor of that vote was this:
*^ Whereas His Majesty has been pleased to resolve upon
an Expedition against his enemies in Canada, which is appre-
hended to be of great importance to His Majestys subjects
in Great Britain as well as America; and notwithstanding
the great difficulties and charges to which this Province is
exposed by reason of the numerous attacks made on all parts
of our Frontiers, which burthens are made much heavier by
coming immediately upon the loss of so great a number of
men as were killed and died in the late expedition against
C3ape Breton; yet this House judge it to be their duty to
contribute all in their power thereunto in humble confidence
that- as His Majesty has determined upon it and recommended
it to his Excellency the Governor to raise what men he can
in this Province, with transports & provisions suitable, the
charge thereof will be reimbursed by the Crown, the Costs
and Difficulties whereof would otherwise be insupportable: —
^^ Voted that there be granted as an Encouragement to a
number of good and effective men not exceeding Three Thou-
sand to enlist Yoluntiers into His Majestys service in the
said Expedition against Canada, as a Bounty, Tliirty Pounds
in Bills of Credit of the Old Tenour, and a Blanket, for each
man, and a bed for every two men, the money to be paid
upon Enlistment and the Blankets & Beds delivered on em-
barkation. That as soon as may be a sufficient quantity of
provisions be secured and a suitable number of vessels for
II., pp. 380. 381; N. Y, Col. Doe:, Vol. VI.; manuseripta in Uia JfoM. Arehion,
preaenred in the State Houae at Boston; and the printed VotoB, JoumaU and
Recordo of the aeveral eolonies engaged in the expedition.
> Chalmort'a Papon, Canada. From a liet sent by Shirley to Neweantle, in July,
1746, exhibiting the available fighting strength of the nine eolonies engaged in
the expedition, and showing how numy men were voted and raised or nearly raised
at that time.
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78 American Antiquarian Society. [April,
Transports, as also a proper number of Chaplains, Ph3rsicians,
and Surgeons, and a full supply of medicines, with all other
conveniences for such as may be sick.
" Voted also, that His Excellency the Governor be requested,
by Proclamation, to publish the above said Encouragements
mentioned in His Grace the Duke of Newcastles letter of the
Ninth of April last." *
On the same day the House voted and the Council con-
curred, "that His Excellency the Governor be desired to
appoint a day of Fasting and Prayer to implore the Divine
Presence and Blessing on the intended Expedition against
Canada." * Sunday intervened. On the next day, June
2d, Shirley issued the following proclamation for raising
troops, viz.: —
"By his ExceUency WILLIAM SHIRLEY, Esq'. Captain
General and Govemour in chief, in & over his Majestys pro-
vince of the Massachusetts Bay in New England.
A PROCLAMATION.
"WHEREAS His Majesty has been graciously pleased to
order a number of Troops under the Command of the Hon-
ourable Lieutenant General S* Clair to proceed from Great
Britain to Louisbourg, with a sufficient convoy of Men of
War, and with them a great part of his Majest3rs Troops
now in Garrison at Louisbourg, and also with such Troops
as shall be Levied for that purpose in lus Majestys Colonies
in North America to attempt the immediate Reduction of
Canada; and has si^iified his Royal pleasure to me, as also
to the Govemours of the several provinces A Colonies of
Virginia, Maryland, Pensilvania, New Jersey, New York,
Connecticutt, Rhode Island A New Hampshire, by I^etters
dispatch'd from his Grace the Duke of Newcastle, That the
necessary Dispositions should be forthwith made for the
raising as many Men within this and the abovementioned
Governments as the shortness of the time will admit for pro-
ceeding on the said Expedition.
"And Whereas the Great and Greneral Court of this province
have with the utmost Chearfulness and unanimity. Voted to
give all necessary & proper Encouragement for Three Thousand
1 Maa; CouH Reeordt, Series 17. Vol. V.. pp. 426. 427.
> Idem. p. 428.
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1905.] Scheme for the Conquest of Canada in 1 746. 79
Volnnticrs that shall inliat into his Majestys Service in this
Expedition.
''In Obedience therefore to his Majestjrs said Commands
"I have thought fit with the Advice of his Majestys Council,
to issue this Proclamation, in order to make known his Majestys
gracious intentions & Declarations for the Encouragement of
all able Bodied effective Men that are inclined to inlist them-
selves into his Service in the said Expedition, together with
the further Encouragement which is offered by this Government
viz^ That the said Volimtiers will be imder such Officers
as I shall appoint. That they will be immediately intitled
to his MajestyB Pay, the Officers from the time they shall
engage in his Majestys Service and the Soldiers from the
respective days on which they shall be inlisted; That if provi-
sion cannot be made of Arms & Cloathing for them, by reason
of the shortness of the time, a reasonable allowance will be
made them in money for the same; That they shall be intitled
to a share of the Booty that shall be taken from the Enemy
A shall be sent back to their several Habitations when this
Service shall be over, imless any of them shall desire to settle
elsewhere. And for the further Encouragement of all Volun-
tiers that shall engage in this Service, It is provided That
they shall recieve Thn*ty pounds in Bills of Credit of the old
tenour, as a Boimty, as also for each Man a Blanket, k a
Bed for every two Men; the said Bounty to be paid upon
their Enlistment, and the Blankets & Beds at the time of
their Embarkation or proceeding on the said Expedition:
And that all such Vqlunticrs as shsJl proceed on this Expedition
shall be Exempted from all Impresses for two Years after
their Return.
"Given at the Coimcil Chamber in Boston the second day
of June 1746, in the Nineteenth Year of the Reign of our
Sovereign Lord George the Second by the Grace of God of
Great Britain, France A Ireland, King, Defender of the Faith
4c».
W. SHIRLEY.
By order of his Excellency the Gk>vemour,
with the Advice of the Council,
J. WILLARD Sec'ry
God Save the King
A true Copy Examined ^ Sam Holbrook Dep. Sec'ry
[Endorsed:]
"His Excy Gov*. Shirley's Proclamation for raising
.Troops for the intended Expedition ag^. Canada
June 2*. 1746. " *
1 Mau. Arehivet Vol. 72 (MUitary Series 6). pp. 718-72a
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80 American AiUiquarian Society. [April,
On June 3d a joint committee from the House of Repre-
sentatives and the Council was chosen to provide ''a
sufficient quantity of Provisions, a suitable number of
vessels for transports, as also a proper number of Chaplains,
Physicians and Surgeons, and a full supply of medicines
with all other conveniences for such as may be sick." It
was also urged that in procuring the provisions and other
necessities, the preference should be given to the produce
of the Bay government. The House selected the Speaker
and Messrs. Welles, Hubbard, Skinner, Hall, Russell,
Thomas Foster, James Otis, Col. Heath, and Captains
Pickman and Partridge, to whom the Council added John
Osborne, Jacob Wendell, Thomas Berry, Samuel Watts,
Ezekiel Chever, James Bowdoin, John Wheelwright and
Andrew Oliver.* Acts for supplying the treasury with
large sums of money were enacted in June.' But at first
the House hesitated in this policy, until urged by Shirley
in vigorous language. In his message of June 10th, re-
ferring to their vote "for stasring any further proceedings
in relation to the providing Transports and other neces-
saries for the troops," he said, "Gentlemen, this last Vote
seems to me to confound and frustrate all your former
proceedings, unless you have some other practicable methods
in view . . . than I am at present apprized of. You
are sensible. Gentlemen, the Transports and Provisions
must be had some way or other; and if there be any other
way in which you expect they will be provided, I think
it is fit I should know it. We have already lost much
time by this interruption, and I desire we may now retrieve
it, by the most vigorous proceedings; or else the most
proper season for action will be irreparably lost." • The
objectionable "Order to the Committee of War above
refer'd to, was withdrawn by the Direction of both Houses,
> IfoM. CouH BMordM, Series 17, Vol. V., pp. 430, 431.
3 Idem. pp. 438, 435, 436, 442, 444, 456, 463.
* Mom. Court Reeordt, idem, pp. 445, 448.
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1905.] Scheme for the Conquest of Canada in 1746. 81
and the Committee left to proceed according to their
first Instructions."
On June 14th, the following message from the House
was sent to Shirley by tJie hand of Samuel Adams and
others, viz,: —
"May it please your Excellency.
"It being represented that divers Children under sixteen
years of age have been received and allowed to enlist in the
Expedition against Canada, by the Officers who have Beatmg
Orders, this House have thought it their duty to lay this
grievance before your Excellency. They look upon this
practice with greater concern, because it not only brings
great distress and difficulty on Parents and Masters, but it
is apprehended to be likely to be very pernicious, and should
it become general, must be fatal to the important enterprize
they are designed to serve. We are persuaded these things
are done without your Excellenc)rs leave and knowledge;
but as these complaints are become numerous and still increas-
ing; We humbly request Your Excellencys interposition
herein, that the Families to which such Children belong may
live in quiet at home, & the Forces raising may go with strength
and courage abroad."*
To this complaint Shirley replied in a message, on June
21st, in which he recommended the appointment of a
Muster Master for reviewing the troops, to prevent misap-
plication of the bounty and "inefifectiveness of those that
are really enlisted." *
The wages of the officers of the transports were according
to the following rates: for masters of double decked vessels,
five pounds per month; for masters of single decked vessels
four pounds, twelve shillings and sixpence; for mates,
four poimds; and for boatswains and carpenters of double
decked transports, three pounds, ten shillings per month.*
Each soldier was provided with a tin flask in which to
carry water during marches, and was allowed for his billet-
ing five shillings per week from the tune of his enlistment
> Ma-. CouH Recorda. idem. pp. 464. 465. > Ibid,, pp. 479. 480.
*Ibtd„ p. 624; e/. also with earlier roU, p. 490.
6
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82 American Antiquarian Society. [April,
until August 6th, except for such time as he should be on
the march, when he would be allowed eighteen pence per
day, "accounting twenty miles for one days travel." *
The provisions for transports and soldiers were ordered
to be kept apart and to be distributed equally under parti-
cular supervision;' but the House unanimously non-
concurred with the desire of the Ciouncil that "both Soldiers
and Seamen be allowed Beer, Rum or Molasses, as will
be most suitable to the season of the Year; and that the
Committee of War provide accordingly." It is not clear
whether ideas of economy or temperance were responsible
for this ruffle of opposition.
On June 28th, 1746, Shirley delivered to both Houses
his most important speech in connection with this affair,
and after its conclusion the "Great and General Court or
Assembly" was adjourned until July 15th. Although
quotations from it have already been given, it is reproduced
here in all of its original quaintness, and worthily exhibits
the spirit of the times.
''Gentlemen of the Council & House of Representatives.
"The present necessary business of the Court being so far
dispatched as to admit of a short Recess, I have thought
proper to adjourn you for some time, that so the Committee
of War may have more leisure to make needful preparations
for the Expedition, and the rest of the Members an opportunity
to encourage and promote the Levies for the same in their
respective Counties; which I accordingly now recommend
to you as a matter of the greatest importance to His Majestys
service and the general advantage of His Colonies in North
America, & to the future prosperity of this Province in par-
ticular.
"The near situation of the French to our borders, and
their influence over the Indians have alwa3rs been thought
most pernicious to the interests of these Colonies and to
threaten their final Destruction unless some method should
be found to remove so bad a neighbour from us. And there-
fore in every war with that Nation some design has been
laid and attempts made for compassing this end.
1 M<u%. Court Recorda, idem, p. 614. * Ibid., p. 491.
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''To demonstrate this to you I need only transcribe the
following extract from the Late M'. Agent Dummers letter
upon tlmt subject in 1712, in which he says, — ^'I am sure
it has been the cry of the whole country ever since Canada
was delivered up to the French, Canada est ddenda; they
alwa]^ looked upon it as a Carthage to the Northern Colonies,
which if they did not destroy it would in time destroy them.
Of this they were so apprehensive in the year 1690, that
th^ came unanimously into a great and expensive under-
taking against it, under the command of Sir William Phips,
but meeting with an unaccoimtable train of disappointments,
returned without doing any thing. This enterprize cost the
single Province of the Massachusetts Bay above fifty thousand
pounds, which together with the loss of abundance of their
chosen young men, by a malignant fever that raged in the
Camp; and several disasters that happened in the way home,
gave that Province so deep a woimd that it did not recover
itself in many years after. However about five years agoe
observing their French neighbours to increase and grow more
and more formidable every day, they resolved to make them
an other visit; but not thinking themselves strong enough
to deal with Canada, they were content only to make an
attempt on Port Royal, which was accordingly done, but
most imhappily miscarried. Yet, far from disheartened by
these misfortunes when Her Majesty about three years after
signified her gracious intentions to reduce Canada and desired
them to get ready their Quota, it cann't be expressed with
what chearfulness they came into it. They raised their men
immediately, cloathed them handsomly and disciplined them
for the service, and had laid up Magazines of provisions both
for their own and the Queens Troops then shortly expected.
And, althd the Court altered their measures, did not proceed
on that design, yet the Colonies and particularly New England
were at near the same charge as if ^ey had. The next year
they raised a body of Troops again, which commanded by
Coll. Nicholson and joined by five hundred Auxiliaries from
hence, made an other attack on Port Royal, and carried it,
as every body knows. Thus that poor coimtry, exhausted
by so many (and all but one fruitless) enterprises, besides
the oppressions of a twenty years French and Indian War,
that has lain heavy upon them, yet did this summer past
furnish more than the Quota assigned them for this late fatal
expedition. I shall add one thing more, that over and above
these extraordinary articles, the standing yearly charge of
the Province of the Massachusetts Bay to maintain their
Barrier against the enemy, is Thirty Thousand Pounds cam'
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84 American Antiquarian Society. [April,
munibua annia, which they would be eased if Canada were
taken.'
"Such, Gentlemen, have ever been the general sentiments
and apprehensions of the People of New England concerning
Ganadas remaining in the hands of the French; and I may
add to M'. Dummers remarks, that we ought never to think
His Majesty's possession of Nova Scotia in security, whilst
the enemy is suffered to continue Masters of Canada; and
should it ever be our misfortune to see that Province reduced
by them and added to Canada, it requires no extraordinary
share of penetration to discern what must be, in a short time,
the fatal consequences to this and all His Majestys Colonies
on the Northern Continent of America.
"Through the signal favour of Divine Providence to us,
Annapolis Royal was indeed in the year immediately preceed-
ing the last, saved from falling into the enemys hands, and
the last year the Fortress of Louisbourgh with the Island
of Cape Breton and its Dependencies reduced to the obedience
of His Majesty: an atchievement worthy of the English name,
and which must always be remembered to the lasting honour
of the Province that undertook it, and of their troops which
so bravely executed it; yet these are but single steps towards
procuring the lasting Welfare & Tranquility of these Colonies.
For since the reduction of Cape Breton, I suppose we have
had greater numbers of Indians continually harrassing us
in all parts of our Frontiers, and have been obliged to keep
more men in pay for our defence, than at any other time
in former wars; and the ravages and cruelties of the enemy
in murthering & captivating our People, driving them from
their Settlements, killing their Cattle, destroying some thou-
sands of acres of Grain upon the ground, depopulating almost
a whole Country in one of the neighbouring Colonies, and
putting us to an immense charge, with so little success on
our side, as not in the least to dispirit the enemy; I say these
things considered, if no other measures be taken but the
carrying on such a defensive War, a few years continuance
of that alone, must work the inevitable destruction of this
Province.
"And now Gentlemen, affairs being brought to this Crisis
with us, and His Majesty having, in compassion to the dis-
tressed circumstances of his good subjects of these Provinces,
ordered so strong an Armament for the Reduction of Canada,
at a time when he has so much occasion to employ both his
land and sea Forces in Europe, justly expecting that we,
who will reap so large a part of the happy fruits of its success,
should join to the utmost of our power in promoting this
great design, especially as His Majesty has been graciously
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1905.] Scheme for the Conquest of Canada in 1746. 85
pleased (besides all the other benefits allowed to our troops
in the former Expeditions against Canada and Nova Scotia)
to take upon himself the payment of & charge of cloathing
the Forces in this Expedition; I say upon due consideration,
I hope you will act your parts at this important conjuncture
with Vigour and Resolution, not only in your Legislative
capacity whilst you are together, but in the short time of
your Recess among your neighbouring Towns in the Countrey,
by encouraging the enlistments for His Majestys service in
the present Expedition to the utmost of yoiu: power." *
Since Massachusetts Bay took the lead among the colonies,
an elaboration of her proceedings seemed to be pertinent.
We turn now, yet with greater brevity, to observe what
preparations were being made by the other governments,
each of which gave special inducements, in one way or
another, to favor an enlistment.
New Hampshire voted to enlist one thousand men,
though some authorities suggest that only five hundred
took the field. Yet Governor Wentworth, in his requisi-
tions to England for reimbursement, said his province
raised seven hundred and thirty-three men, and that his
Assembly had voted sixty thousand pounds for defraying
expenses.*
Rhode Island voted three companies of one himdred
men each, inclusive of oflScers — a standard for companies
required by the royal instructions — and gave a bounty
to each man of fifty pounds, in bills of public credit of
the old tenor; a suit of clothes valued at twenty-six
pounds of the old tenor; "a small arm and cartouch box,
over and above His Majesty's pay, and the share of booty
taken"; also "tents for the land forces, and a suitable
bed and blanket for every two men." She expended, in
addition to the bounty, £76,083 lis. 4d., New England
currency, which reduced to sterling, at the rate of £750
currency for £100 sterling, equalled £10,144 19s. 6d.;*
> McM. Court Records, idem, pp. 498-502.
^CfuUmen^t Papert, Canada; Memoin of Last War, p. 62.
»B. I. Roeordt, Vol. V.. pp. 172. 175, 177. 236.
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86 American Antiquarian Society. [April,
and was reimbursed to the sum of only £7507 4s. 3fd.^
In May, 1746, the Governor, Council and Representatives
of Connecticut, in General Court assembled, voted to
furnish "six hundred able-bodied effective men, or more
if they shall offer themselves,^' but at the June session
increased the number to one thousand men, inclusive of
the officers. The bounty and other allowances offered at
the May session were also materially increased in June;
" for the encouragement of such men voluntarily to enlist
themselves"; yet, in case the nimiber should fall short,
the remainder were ordered to "be imprest to go into
said service/' The war committees of the several towns
were given additional instructions. Jonathan Trumbull
and Hezekiah Huntington were appointed "to provide, in
the best and most reasonable manner, such good fire-locks,
cutlasses, cartouch-boxes and belts as may be wanted."
Andrew Burr, Thomas Welles, Hezekiah Huntington,
Gurdon Saltonstall, John Fowler and Jabez Hamlin were
entrusted, as commissaries, "with full power by impressing,
or otherwise, to provide sufficient transports for said troops
and sufficient provisions at present for their subsistence
five months from the time of their imbarkation, and also
to provide cloathing, beds and other necessaries." * Officers
were chosen for the regiment in May and June,' and it
was ordered that proclamations be issued "for the keeping
days of Fasting and Prayer to Almighty God, for his pro-
tection, blessing and assistance in the expedition." ^
The regiment was at New London early in August,
awaiting orders to embark for Louisburg; and when the
Assembly observed at its October session that the late
season of the year presaged a delay for some time to come,
they voted " that his Honour the Govemour of this Colony
be desired, and he is hereby desired, to advise the colonel
^ Corretpondmce of th« Cclonial Oovemon of BhotU I§land. Edited by G. S. Kim-
ball; Vol. II. (1903), pp. 08. 00.
^PtMie Bocord9 of ths CoUmy of Conn., Vol. IX., pp. 211, 881, 282.
« Conn. ony Roeordt, Vol. IX., pp. 218, 214, 286, 287. « Ihid., p. 210.
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1905.] Scheme for the Uonqueat of Canada in 1746. 87
or chief officer of tbe eaid raiment to offer a furlough to
the said souldiers, that th^ may retire to their respective
places of abode until they shall have his Majesties orders
for musterii^ again/' ^ This order was carried out by
Governor Law, but as late as the year 1750, this resolve
caused some trouble by being ''interpreted as expressing
disrespect to his Majest/s orders, and tending to disad-
vantage the then intaided expedition/' It even threatened
to jeopardize the reimbursement promised by the mother
country, but the action of Connecticut, it is certain, was
prompted by a desire to economize the Crown's expenses,
as well as to sustain the welfare of the colony.'
A census of New York, taken in 1746, shows that the
white males between the years of sixteen and sixty numbered
but 12,522, exclusive of Albany County, which could not
be computed because of the enemy.* Nevertheless this
province provided one thousand six htmdred men, and
also four "independent" companies of one hundred men
each. It also conciliated the Five Nations of Indians,
through the instrumentality of Col. William Johnson,
whom the Indians themselves had chosen to be their
colonel.^ Governor Ginton was personally active in con-
ferences with the Indians, but at the same time was at
loggerheads with his Assembly, who made him much
trouble. On November 9th, 1747, he reported to Newcastle
that "about £55,000 sterl." would cover all expenses
incurred and to be liquidated.*
Lewis Morris, governor of New Jersey, died on May
21st, 1746, whereby the government devolved upon the
Honorable John Hamilton, the eldest member of the
Council.* On June 12th Hamilton addressed the Council
1 Conn, CoUmy Rteordo, id«m, p. 257. * Ihid., pp. 57ft, 576.
*N. Y. Col. Doeo., VoL VI.. p. 892. New York's official aoUon in behalf of the
■oheme ean be studied from Journal of the VoUo and Proceedingo of tiio Oonoral
Aoatmbly of Now York, Vol. II. (New York. 1766). * Ihul., p. 870.
* Ibid., p. 400. For muster roUs see, Soeond Anmual Ropori of tho SlaU HiUorian
of Now York. Albany. 1807. pp. 617-680.
• N. J. Votoo, of the siven date.
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88 American Antiquarian Society. [April,
and General Assembly and conunnnicated Newcastle's
letter of instructions to Morris, relative to the intended
expedition. He also forwarded immediately the remaining
letters of the packet to the governor of Pennsylvania.
The Assembly expressed themselves as grateful to His
Majesty for his ''paternal Care/' as shown by the proposed
expedition, which also proved to them that His Majesty
was ''not unmindful of the Welfare and Preservation even
of his remotest Subjects." * New Jersey voted five hundred
men, and by its appropriations impaired its own treasury.
Col. Peter Schuyler, who conamanded the New Jersey
eompanies, also advanced some thousands of pounds "out
of his own estate" to keep his men together.' But in
doing so he reaped the displeasure of New York's governor,
who bitterly complained to the mother country, asserting
that Schuyler's action had caused desertions and mutiny
among the unpaid provincials.'
The Legislature of Pennsylvania was controlled by
Quakers, who, while affirming allegiance to the King's
conunands, so far as their religious persuasions woiQd
permit, objected to being "concerned in war-like Enter-
prises."* In this they were seconded by the German
Mennonites, a sect of Pennsylvania pietists, who were also
advocates of non-resistance. Governor George Thomas,
therefore, raised four hundred men, without an act of
government, and clothed, armed and equipped them on
his own credit.
Maryland voted, "to encourage 300 able bodied Freemen
to enlist . . . and to transport them to the Place of
Rendezvous," * who were ready for the field by July 25th.
As no arms could be purchased in Maryland at the time,
the House, to prevent delay, consented to supply "out of
1 N. J. VotM, June. 1746. * Ibid,, June 13th, 1746, and Jan. 7th, 1748.
«/fru2., Jan. 7. 1748; N. Y. CoL Doea., Vol. VI.. pp. 341. 349, 361, 867; Chai^
tnen'9 Paper; Canada,
« Penn. Votet. Vol. IV. (Phila.. 1774). p. 38.
* Maryland Voiea and Proceeding* of the Lower Houee of Aaeemhly,
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1905.] 8chemefor the Conquest of Canada in 1746. 89
the public Magazine of this Province, on condition of the
like Quantity being again replaced for the Use of the
Public," the following equipment: "300 Muskets, with
Slings and Bayonets, 300 Cartouch Boxes with Belts, 6
Drums, 9 Half Pikes, and 6 Halberts." * These things
were accordingly removed from the public magazine, but
had not been replaced as late as June 22nd, 1747, when
the new governor, Samuel Ogle, was urged to remedy the
condition. But Maryland rejected the request of Shirley
for appropriations toward the conciliation of the Six Nations,
in the following words: —
"We have considered the Letters from Governor Shirley,
laid before us by your Excellency, and cannot with any Colour
of Reason burthen the People of this Province upon every
Suggestion of private and unknown Persons, who would
willingly provide for themselves; or of Governors of distant
Provinces, who, no doubt, would ease those under their respec-
tive Governments, at the Expence of others. The People
of Maryland have lately been at great Charge in providing
for, and sending to Albany, three hundred Men for his Majesty's
Service; which, with the Consideration of a weighty public
debt now due, will we hope render us excused on the subject
Matter of those Letters; and the more so, as it is well known
we can hardly find Means for the necessary Supplies of our
own Domestic Aflfairs." *
Maryland did not advance anything for the pay of her
contingent, but voted £5399 19s. 8d. for levying and
maintaining them in Maryland and transporting them to
Albany with provisions.*
Virginia, though given special honors, in the person of
Governor Gooch, contributed a very unequal proportion.
She could raise only one hundred men, and even they were
not ready before the middle of August. In October,
1746, this Virginian contingent still lay encamped within
the fort at New York city, waiting to proceed to Albany,
1 Maryland Vote*. * Ibid., June 26th, 1747.
*Ihid., July 11th and Deo. 23d, 1747. It is not dear whether this U all that
was expended.
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90 American Antiquarian Society. [April,
the place of rendezvous. A Virginian, referring to this
tardiness, wrote: "If Glory cannot fire us, let Shame
confound us: Hark, the distant March sounds Britons
strike home, revenge, revenge your Countries Wrong. Either
let us undertake this Glorious Cause with the true Spirit
of a British Adventurer, or admit ourselves dwindled to
meer Savages, hiding our Heads in Infamy, while our
Neighbours share the Rewards and Honours due to Pa-
triotism." * A New Yorker remarked that, "One would
imagine the Honour of having their Govemour appointed
General of the Forces, should have excited their Zeal and
redoubled their Vigour, on this glorious Occasion''; and
said they contributed "a small Nxmiber indeed, for a People
who have assumed that vain Motto to their Arms of En
Dat Virginia Quartam." * This government voted "a sum
of money not exceeding four thousand pounds, towards
defraying the expence of enlistiog, arming, cloathing,
victualing, and transporting the Soldiers."*
Meanwhile Massachusetts, led by the enthusiasm of
Shirley, wrought strenuously for the success of the enter-
prise. Hopes ran high. The men at Albany, Louisburg
and in New England eagerly waited for the regulars and
the fleet, since their arrival was to soimd the alarm for
action. The Indian allies of New York thirsted for a
chance to revenge themselves. In England a fleet and
many transports had been collected at Portsmouth; but
after several embarkations and debarkations, the British
ministry altered the destination of the English regulars,
for a descent on Brittany in France.* On May 30th, 1747,
the Duke of Newcastle wrote to Shirley, directing that
Virginia GaM§tte, nprinted in Pwker'i N. Y. Poti-^Boy, No. 18ft, for Au«u»t
4th. 1746.
'Parker't N, Y, Po9t-BoUf No. 190, for Sept. 8th, 1746.
* Virginia AeU (WilliamBburg, 17ft2), p. 207; aUo in Hening's SiaiuiM o/ Fa.,
Vol. V. pp. 401-404.
* Rolt, Vol. IV.. p. 346. See also reasons on last page of this monograph.
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1905.] Scheme for the Conquest of Canada in 1746. 91
the provincial forces be disbanded, as the following extract
shows: —
''His Majesty has been pleased to direct me to signify to
you His Pleasure; that you should immediately appoint a
Meeting with Ck)mmodore Knowles at such Place as shall be
agreed upon, and consider with him the present State of
Nova Scotia and Louisbourg, and take the proper Measures
for the Defence of those Places.
"It is His Majesty's Pleasure you should endeavour to com-
pleat from out of the Americans which are now raised for
His Majesty's Service, Sir William Pepperrell's Regiment,
and your own.
"lieutenant General Phillip's Be^ment, is, I am afraid,
very weak; I will, however, send him His Majesty's Orders
to send what Recruits can be got from hence: And you will
also endeavour to have his Regiment compleated out of the
Americans.
"As it is His Majesty's Intention that the Americans should
be inmiediately discharged, except only such few as are men-
tion'd above, the Manner of discharging them, the Satisfaction
for their Time, &c. must be left to Commodore Elnowles and
yourself; the King however is perswaded you will do it as
cheap as possible.
"And as these American Troops have done Uttle or no
Service hitherto, it is hoped they will not expect to be paid
in the Manner they would have been, had they actually been
employ'd on Service. And it seems highly reasonable, that
such of these Troops as have remain'd in the Provinces where
they were inlisted, should be contented with less Pay than
such of them as may have marched into other Provinces.
"When you and Mr. Knowles shall have met, and fully
consider'd the Service to be undertaken, in the Manner above-
directed, and shall have agreed what Numbers of Americans
it will be necessary to keep in Pay for that Purpose, it is
His Majesty's Pleasure, that you should procure an Account
of the whole Expence incurred on Account of the American
Troops, from the Time of their being levied, to the Time of
their Discharge; and when the same shall be fully adjusted
and Uquidated, you will transmit it to me, with the proper
Vouchers, from the several Governors, that it may be laid
before Parliament, to the End that Provision may be made
for the Payment, And in the mean Time, in order to prevent
any Complaint amongst the Men that have been inlisted,
you will recommend it to the Governors of the Provinces
where these Levies have been made, to procure Credit from
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92 American ArUiqitarian Society. [April,
the respective Assemblies for that Purpose; which His Majesty
hopes may be done without Difficulty. . . . And as to
the Americans in general, except only such as may be wanted
for the Service above-mention'd, it is His Majesty's Pleasure,
that you, in Conjimction with Commodore Knowles, should
thank them in such Manner as you think proper, and imme-
diately discharge them upon the best and cheapest Foot
you can; and in Order thereto, you will consult with the
respective Governors upon the Manner of doing it: And you
will transmit to His Majesty, an immediate Account of what
you shall do therein."
In October, 1747, Shirley and Knowles issued a procla-
mation, "that the King, finding it necessary to employ
the greater part of his forces to aid his allies and to defend
the liberties of Europe, had thought proper to lay aside
for the present the intended expedition against Canada." ^
Even the desire of Shirley to use some of the men raised
for a more modest expedition against Crown Point was
doomed to fail. Thus ended a scheme which had been
well-concerted, and which gave every promise of success.
It had been entered upon primarily at the expense of the
mother country, and failure to execute it proved a tremen-
dous waste,' aggregating several millions of dollars, as
reckoned by us today.
^ Chalmen't Pav€n, The prodsmAtion is also printed in RM4frd9 of Rhode Idand,
Vol. V. General Sinelair's foroee and Admiral Leetock't squadron were ready to
sail for North America, but *' contrary winds " delayed them. Meanwhile Knowles
had informed the Secretary of the Admiralty that Louisburg was **the most misenk
ble ruinous place " he ever beheld. It was, therefore, considered unfit for winter-
quarters for the English regulars, and Boston, suggested by Lestock as an altematiye,
was not chosen, for reasons shown in the following extract from the joint letter of
the Duke of Newcastle to Lestock and Sinclair, August 26tU, 1746, contempory
transcript in N. Y. Public Library: *' His Majesty finding, by your former letters,
that it would be impracticable for jrou to proceed this Season with the Squadron
and Troops under your Command further than Boston, and being desirous that they
shou'd be employed at present, in such manner as shou'd be most for His Majesty's
Service, and consistent with the King's intention of sending them to North America,
as early in the Spring, as the Navigation in those Seas will permit. The King has
commanded me to acquaint you with his Pleasure, that 3^u shou'd forthwith sail
with all the Ships and Transports that are design'd for North America, either to
Port L'Orient, or to Rochefort, or to Rochelle, and endeavour to make Yourselves
Masters of such of them as You shall think it most adviseable to attempt " [etc.],
* An elaborate report of the respective claims by the colonies for reimbursement,
dated February, 1740-1750, shows that the total sum charged was £273,139 Ish.
Hid.; and the amount actually paid out at that time was £235,817 Ish. Choi-
mer9*% Paper; A disoiuision of the expenses incurred by Massachusetts is given
in Some Oheervatione RekUing to the PreaerU Circumetaneet of the Province of Aiaeea'
chueetie Bay, Boston, 1750. This is a pamphlet of twenty pages.
Digitized by
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1905,] Jeremy Taylor and Hdigious Liberty,
JEEEMT TATLOB AND BELIGIOUS LIBEBTY IN
THE ENGLISH CHUBCH.
BY DANIEL MERRIMAN.
The movements and personal influences which tended to
the development of religious liberty in England in the
Seventeenth Century were extremely complex and are
difficult to trace. The establishment of the supremacy of
the Sovereign, as the head of the Church, by Henry VIII.
and the revival of learning in the Sixteenth Century, set
in action ecclesiastical and political forces which in their
peculiar interaction require more than three hundred
years to work out their result. With the advent of Edward
VI. the rising individuality in religion, nourished by the
New Learning, proceeded swiftly to reforms for which
the mass of the people were not ready. After the short
and fierce Catholic reaction under Mary was over, during
which the nascent Protestantism was put down in fire
and blood, these reforming and liberalizing forces gained
fresh headway; but though active, seething and showing
abundant strength, they were kept in abeyance by the
extraordinary statesmanship, tact and vigor of Elizabeth.
Conformity was insisted upon mainly for political, rather
than for religious causes. Punishment was dealt out alike
to Papist and Non-conformist. No less than one huiijlred
and eighty-seven persons suffered death under Elizabeth
by the laws against Catholic priests and Catholic converts;
and though in far less number Brownists, Separatists
and Puritans were imprisoned and hanged with impartial
severity. It is a mistake to suppose that all these were
pure lovers of religious freedom, and were persecuted
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94 American Antiquarian Society. [April,
accordingly. Many of them were simply disorderly and
fanatical mischief-makers, impossible to be tolerated.
Some, however, were thoughtftil and conscientious sup-
porters, not only of religious but of civil liberty, far in
advance of their times. For these England became a
difficult place, and later going forth to Holland and America
they gave to religious liberty at once its clearest definition
and its most practical, though far from perfect realization.
But these were only a fragment. Plenty of this leaven
remained in England. In the subsequent reigns of James I.
and CSiarles I. its effects were seen in struggles of the most
complicated character which finally issued in the execution
of the king, the advent of Cromwell, the profound lessons
of Commonwealth and Protectorate, the restoration of
the Monarchy, and the Toleration Act of 1689. In all
this long struggle for religious freedom, Protestant dissent
played the most important part. The Puritan occupied
the most conspicuous position on the stage. He on the
whole had the earliest and clearest vision, gave the most
definite testimony, suffered, at the time, if we except the
Catholics, the most privations, and in the retrospect has
probably received rather more than his full measure of
credit and glory.
Especially have we in New England, rejoicing in our
heritage, been disposed minutely to investigate and graphi-
cally to make the most of the achievements of the Puritan
party, both in England and America. This is entirely
commendable. But something is to be said for those
who from first to last remaincnl in the conmiunion of the
English Church and did what they could to fight out the
battle for religious freedom within her ranks. They
played no small or unhandsome part in the great achieve-
ment, though they have been comparatively overlooked.
There was always an influential remnant of Churchmen,
both lay and clerical, whose learning, social standing and
sobriety of judgment gave them a conserving power which
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in the net result had its value, as well as the more radical
testimony of the Separatist.
The English Church, during all the first part of this
century, had a difficult task. Through its close connection
with the State it was compdled to bear the odiimi of the
weakness, folly and tyranny of the Sovereign. It had
to defend itself against the intrigues and unscrupulous
efforts of the Papacy to return to ecclesiastical and political
power. It had to resist the general debasement of morals,
the bold wickedness in high places and the scandalous
degradation of ecclesiastical fimctions which followed the
Reformation; and the very measures which it was obliged
to take to accomplish these things, roused the suspicions
and antagonism of the dissenting parties. It is only
within comparatively recent years that the obstacles that
beset the broad minded and conscientious Anglican divines
of the reigns of James I. and Charles I. have begun to be
appreciated, their services on behalf of toleration under-
stood and justice done them.
Among these true promoters of religious liberty in the
English Chm*ch none occupies a more shining place than
Jeremy Taylor "the Shakespeare of divines" of the Seven-
teenth Century. His life and writings are so wrapped
up with the movement of the times that they can best
be considered together.
The son of a barber, he was bom in August, 1613, in
a house known as the '^ Black Bull" opposite Trinity
Church, Cambridge. Harry Vane and Bishop Pearson
were bom the same year; Richard Baxter two years,
and Ralph Cudworth four years later. Milton and Fuller
were each five; Roger WiUiams and Oliver Cromwell
were each thirteen; and George Herbert and Isaac Walton
were each twenty years old. Three years later Shakes-
peare, and thirteen years later Bacon died. Taylor thus
appeared almost in the centre of a notable group.
A precocious lad, he was trained at Perse School,
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96 Ameincan Antiquarian Society. [April,
Cambridge, entered as a sizar at Gaius CoU^e at the age
of thirteen, took his first degree at eighteen, was admitted
to holy orders at twenty, and at twenty-one became M.A.
and prselector in rhetoric. During his residence at the
University, there were also there, Milton, Herbert, Puller,
Crashaw, Henry More, Benjamin Whichcote and John
Harvard, and he might have known any, or all of them.
Accident gave him the opportimity to preach at St. Paul's,
the pulpit of which had been glorified by the eloquence
of the poet^preacher Donne, then three years dead, and
where we are told that Taylor's "florid and youthful beauty
and sweet and pleasant air and sublime and raised dis-
courses" were "the astonishment and admiration" of
his auditors. He was evidently the pulpit sensation of
the hour. He thus attracted the attention of Laud, then
as powerful Archbishop of Charles I., beginning to turn
the relentless screws of "Thorough" church discipline
upon all laxity and non-conformity. Laud perceived his
talent, and after some delay secured his admission as
Fellow of All Souls, Oxford, and later made him his chaplain.
At Oxford he remained two years, falling under the influence
of Chillingworth ^nd incurring suspicion of a tendency
to popery through his intimacy with the Pranciscan Sancta
Clara. In 1638 he was given by Juxon the comfortable
living of Uppingham in Rutlandshire, still however keeping
his fellowship at Oxford, where he had gained sufficient
distinction to preach at St. Mary's, November 5, his first
published sermon on the Gunpowder Plot, a labored, dry,
scholastic dissertation with a fulsome dedication to Laud.
He remained as parish priest at Uppingham for about
four years, marry uig there Phcebe LangdaJe; when having
been made Chaplain in ordinary to the King, the outbreak
of the Civil War in 1642 led him to join Charles, probably
at Oxford. Here by royal mandate he received the degree
of D.D. and wrote his second work, " Episcopacy Asserted, "
published late in 1642. Here too he began to receive
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1905.] Jeremy Taylor and Religious Liberty. 9^7
the favor of Christopher, afterwards Lord, Hatton, who,
Laud having been impeached and imprisoned, continued
for several years to be his patron and to whom many of
his books are dedicated.
We now lose sight of him— pronounced loyalist and
churchman — ^for about two years as he probably followed
the disastrous fortunes and wanderings of the King, until
we suddenly find him with Colonel Gerard a prisoner of
the Parliamentary forces when that officer, in his attempt
to relieve Cardigan Castle in Wales, was defeated February
4, 1645. This was a good fortune for him and also for
us. Liberated, as he says, ''by the courtesies of my
friends, or the gentleness and mercies of a noble enemy/'
he with two other royalist clergymen, for a time carried
on a school for boys in Wales, and later was made private
Chaplain by the genial and broad-minded Lord Carberry,
who received him into his beautiful country estate, " Golden
Grove," on the bank of the Towey in South Wales. Here
"in a private comer of the world," secure from the terrible
storms that were breaking over England, Taylor remained
for about ten comparatively happy years, only occasionally
disturbed by fears as some spray from the billows of the
great civil conflict beat upon his refuge; and here he wrote
his most celebrated works. He complains of the lack
of books. We are glad of the lack, for it freed him from
the excess of citation of authorities and quotations from
the classics and gave liberty to his genius which now b^an
to disport itself. His first book was "An Apology for
Liturgy," a most lucid and heartfelt argument for the
Prayer Book as against the Directory for Worship, set
forth by the Parliament. It was dedicated to the King
and published in 1646. This was followed in 1647 by
"The Liberty of Prophesying," the most famous, though
not the most popular of his books. Then came "The
Great Exemplar," or "Life of Christ," not in the least
a critical work, but really a series of glowing and exquisite
7
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98 American Antiquarian Society. [April,
discourses and prayers gathering about the chief events
in our Saviour's life— a treatise in which the extraordinary
power, imagination and beauty of the author's style begin
to fascinate us. The best known of all his works, the '' Holy
Living/' came next, followed by twenty-eight sermons,
which were probably a long time in preparation, and in
which his wonderftd gifts as a master of gorgeous, yet
pure English are still fiuiJier displayed. One wonders
where in this comer of Wales he got hearers for the music
and throb of these glittering battalions of majestic sentences.
The companion to "Holy Living," the "Holy Dying"
appeared later, surpassing its predecessor in dignity of
thought and brilliancy of expression; and to this succeeded
another series of twenty-four sermons which, with the
twenty-eight, already published, he caUed the Eniautos.
In these last sermons Taylor attains his maximum of
splendor. He moves with the ease, the exultation, the
certainty of a sovereign in the treasure house of kings,
and his spirit still thrills and rules us from his dusty pages.
Hardly anything nobler exists in our noble tongue.
A sermon on the death of Lady Carberry and a small
tract entitled "Qerus Domini" came out in connection
with these larger works, and in 1654, he published his
"Real Presence of CShrist in the Blessed Sacrament," a
controversial work, burdened with learning, which stirred
up strife and is inferior to his other works of this period.
A book that brought him into unpleasant prominence
was "Golden Grove," a sort of catechism, or manual of
creed, litanies, prayers and offices for the whole life of
a Christian, which was published in 1655. His charming
"Discourse on Friendship" followed, a pure piece of
literary work worthy of Cicero, in which there is no sug-
gestion of theologian or priest. Two treatises dealing
with sin and repentance, called "Unum Necessarium" and
"Deus Justificatus," in which he seemed to incline towards
Pelagianism, and which stirred up fiu-ther hostility to
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him, came next and may possibly have been the cause
of his arrest and short imprisonment in Chepstow Castle.
If to these controversial books, we add one other, we
shall complete the list of Taylor's chief productions. This
is the "Ductor Dubitantium/' published, after long delay,
in 1660, the longest, most ambitious, the most laboriously
composed, by him the most highly regarded but perhaps
the least valuable of all his works. It is a most prolix
and attenuated analysis of cases of conscience, fiUed with
odd learning and hairnsplitting distinctions, which had few
readers when it was published, and in spite of a separate
edition brought out in 1851, has few now, though it is of
interest to those curious in such matters.
There is one other book bearing the amusing title, ''A
Discourse on Auxiliary Beauty, or Artificial Handsome-
ness,'' published in 1656, which singularly enough has been
persistently attributed to Taylor, but as all his biographers
point out, entirely without adequate evidence. He may
have had something to do with it, as a friend of the real
author.
During all this turbulent period from about 1645 to
about 1655, he enjoyed the hospitable shelter of Golden
Orove. It is sad that he could not have enjoyed it longer.
He ventured occasionally, perhaps secretly, to London;
he formed connections with Rushton, the famous publisher
by whom his books were brought out; he secured the
valuable friendship of John Evelyn, for whom he acted
as confessor, with whom he often stayed and who greatly
helped him; he found infrequent opportunities for preach-
ing in St. Gregory, a little church near St. Paul's which
Cromwell sometunes tacitly allowed to be used for Episcopal
services. There is a legend that he had access to Charles
during the last summer of the monarch's life when he was
a prisoner of the Parliament, and that the King parted
from him with affection, giving him his watch, now in
the hands of one of Taylor's descendants and a ring set
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100 American Antiquarian Society. [Aprfl,
with a ruby and two diamonds owned by a Mrs. Roberts
of New York. This is all possible, but rather imlikely,
though of Taylor's personal devotion to Charles there
can be no doubt. The King would scarcely bestow such
tokens, except as he was looking forward to the end; and
though Taylor was probably in London early in 1649,
the King was so closely guarded that Taylor would hardly
have been of the very few admitted to him.
Later than this, Taylor's imwise use of Golden Grove,
the name of his place of relative concealment, as the title
of one of his books, in the preface of which he makes an
indirect reference apparently to Cromwell as "the son
of Zippor," caused his arrest and imprisonment, probably
in the Tower, early in 1655, from which Evelyn's inter-
cession procured his release.
Taylor was now in circumstances of very great personal
distress, to meet which he seems to have been naturally
imfitted. The ejected Episcopal clergy were mostly poor
and in hiding and they and their friends were objects of
suspicion. For some reason Lord Carberry seems to
have withdrawn his support and the shelter of his estate.
Taylor poor, suspected, homeless, bereft of wife and some
of his children who had died at Golden Grove, was depen-
dent upon the sjnnpathy and bounty of Evelyn. In his
extreme poverty he apparently had been helped by a
Mrs. Joanna Bridges who, from imsubstantial stories, was
thought by Bishop Heber to be a natural child of the
King, and who had an estate at Man-di-nam, where she
had perhaps cared for Taylor's surviving children. At
any rate she became his wife, probably in 1666, and his
fortunes began to mend.
Through the influence of Evelyn, Lord Conway, "a
pious and active Irish landlord, devoted to the Anglican
Church and a convinced, though not fanatical loyalist,"
who had a magnificent seat at Portmore in "the woods
of Ulster" in the northeastern part of Ireland, invited
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1905.] Jeremy Taylor and Religious Liberty. 101
Taylor to be assistant lecturer in the parish of Lisbnm.
There seems to have been a sort of collegiate church there,
the vicar of which was an Independent preacher partly
supported by Cionway. The place was not inviting, but
there was no choice. Taylor's diflSculties in regard to
stipend, serving under an Independent, etc., were partially
removed and in 1658 he was installed as lecturer at Lisbum
and probably (though it was ill^al), as private Chaplain
to Conway, who treated him with much consideration.
Cromwell had given him a passport and protection for
his family, under his sign manual, and he had letters to
powerful friends and supporters of the Parliament in
Dublin. It is easy to see, however, that his position was
extremely imcomfortable. The neighboring parishes were
fiDed with fighting Presbyterian ministers who were in
perpetual hostility to the Anabaptists, on the one hand,
and the Episcopalians on the other. The death of Crom-
well in 1658 gave them greater freedom and much of their
wrath fell upon Taylor, who was deprived of his lectiu-e-
ship, arrested and summoned to Dublin. He was shortly
released and returned to Portmore, burying himself in
his books and bnging for England.
At the Restoration Taylor was in England, and on
the 29th of May, 1660, took glad part in welcoming Charles
II. He was now fortynaeven and perhaus the most bril-
liant writer and preacher, if not one of the most distinguished
men among the Episcopal clergy, and there seemed to
be every reason to expect his appointment to one of the
vacant sees in England. This would have been a fit and
happy lot. Why we cannot discover, but he was sent
back to Ireland as Bishop of Connor and Down, and later
was made — not Bishop but administrator of the adjacent,
but temporarily dismantled diocese of Dromore and Vice-
Chancellor of liie University of Dublin. In the last office
he was in his element. To the reorganization of the
University, whose affairs were in the utmost disorder
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102 American Antiquarian Society. [April,
through the disasters of the civil war, he gave himself
with fervent zeal and conspicuous success. In his work
as Bishop it was different. His diocese, today in the
wealthiest and most cultivated part of Ireland, was then
out of the way, seminsavage and fanatical. His parishes
were filled with obstinate and bitter Presbyterians, angry
at being disturbed, who denied his authority as Bishop,
refused attendance upon his visitations and rejected
scornfully all his overtures. He did not imderstand
them, and they tormented him. It was a misfit all roimd.
Like many a really sweet-natured man he seems to have
had a vein of obstinacy and even of implacability, when
goaded by senseless opposition. Worn out by the resis-
tance of his "dour" Presbyterians, he invoked the secular
arm, forced them out of their chwches, caused, at least
indirectly, their imprisonment and severe handling, and
brought from England a colony of Episcopal clergy to
take their place. The Bishop had to fight his way to
authority. It was a poor use to which to put so fine a
tool. Curiously enough his eager intellectual activity,
during these distractions, was displayed in the publica-
tion of his "Worthy Communicant," one of the best of
his devotional books; his "Dissuasive from Popery,"
really an appeal to the Irish people on behalf of Episcopacy,
and his glowing sermon on tiie death of Archbishop Bram-
hall.
Meantime he seems to have been deserted, or at least
forgotten by his English friends, Thurland, Hatton,
Evelyn. They failed to respond to his earnest appeals.
He wrote passionately to his old friend Sheldon, once of
All Souls, now Archbishop of Canterbury, begging for
some appointment in England — some translation to an
English see. But it was all in vain. Whether his Irish
Episcopal friends thought it was indispensable to have
some one of his reputation in Ireland; whether the King
for some unknown reason was secretly against him; whether
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he had acquired a reputation for vigor in administration
and of breadth in theology which was inconvenient — ^we
know not. He foimd himself irrevocably shut up in barbar-
ous Ireland. In all this his circiunstances have a curious
likeness to those of Edmund Spenser, near the close of
his life. Cultured, sensitive, fond of friends, dependent
for doing his best upon a congenial atmosphere, he felt
his isolation, lost courage, hope and much of his sweetness,
and in a measure ceased to be the Jeremy Taylor of the
wonderful sermons of Golden Grove. There is a tradition
that, in his distress, he caused his secretary to ooUect all
the copies he could of his "Liberty of Prophesying" and
bum them. It may well be true, for the principles of
that noble book he had failed in practice to carry out,
and though it had passed to a second edition, it is signifi-
cant that he left it out of the list of his books which he
gave to Graham for the library of Dublin University.
Under these conditions, his health failed and he died at
Lisbum August 13, 1667, just fifty-four years of age,
practically a broken-hearted man. A few days before, his
only surviving son, Charles, was buried at St. Margaret's,
Westminster. Taylor's memory and grave were n^lected
until 1827, when a tablet to hun was erected in the Cathe-
dral Church at Lisbum, and in 1866, among some bones
discovered in confusion in the Cathedral of Dromore,
a skull larger than usual was foimd, and this, supposed
to be Taylor's, was buried in the choir, and a brass tablet
placed above it.
Taylor was a handsome man, of sweet voice, gracious
manners, and with a tinge of vanity in his personal appear-
ance. He was profoimdly learned-— with the learning of
his time — in theology, philosophy, history and literature,
though far less so in science. Living in a period of the
greatest political, ecclesiastical and theological upheaval,
he was much of the time comparatively destitute of money,
books and home; was harassed, imprisoned, and driven
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104 American Antiquarian Society. [April,
about; yet such was his genius and facility of work, that
his writings, some of them inmiortal, fill fifteen large
octavo volumes, and his is one of the dearest names in
English literature.
He was not a deep or original thinker; not a philosopher
or theologian of the first order, but, with a natural conser-
vatism, possessed an astonishing insight into the meaning
and moral availability of accepted truth. A strict church-
man and loyalist he was rather latitudinarian in theology.
He was not fond of music; did not believe in sprinkling
in baptism; was a supporter of the confessional; thought
it right for the unlawful proclamations and edicts of a
true prince to be proclaimed by the clergy, and justified
the killing of all a master's slaves if the master himself
was murdered by one. In character he was ingenuous,
piu'e, imselfish, a passionate lover of truth, full of charity,
attached to the old, yet with broad vision and with a
genius for religion, or perhaps one might say, for devout-
ness; for all his writings, even his elaborate prefaces and
dedications, and his polemical and casuistical treatises,
have a wonderful and marked elevation of spirit, as if
the author, though engaged in trivial definitions and
controversies, naturally walked with God.
Taylor wrote some poetry, mostly hymns; but cramped
by the absurd metres which were the fashion of his time,
his verse has relatively no value. His fame rests chiefly
on his genius as a writer of resplendent prose, in which
he has perhaps only one or two equals in the whole range
of English letters.
Here he has imquestionably suffered from his subject
matter. He was first of all a clergyman, a preacher, a
divine, a bishop, and people do not generally think of
divinity as literature, or run to sermons for the pure pleasure
of literary thought and expression; even in the Seven-
teenth Century they did not; still less do they in the
Twentieth. AU the more remarkable is it that Taylor,
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for the most part confining himself to theological, devotional
and homiletical limits, achieved such literary distinction.
He had not the weight of Hooker; nor the range, origi-
nality, or poetic passion of Milton; nor the quaintness,
wit and reckless good nature of Fuller; nor the terse and
thoughtful statelmess of Bacon; but he has a lucidity,
an ease, force and precision of movement, a light, sensitive
and sometimes humorous touch, accompanied by a wealth,
a fitness, a splendor of imagery which give him pre-
eminence among them all. Cbleridge "used to reckon
Shakespeare and Bacon, l^ilton and Taylor, four square,
each against each." He spoke of Taylor's "great and
lovely mind"; that "he was the most eloquent of divines;
had I said of men, Cicero would forgive me and Demosthenes
nod." Keble said of him "I confess I do not know any
other author, except perhaps Hooker (whose subjects are
so different that they will hardly bear comparison), worthy
to be likened to him. Spenser comes nearest to his spirit
in all respects. Milton is like him in richness and depth,
but in morality seems to me as far below him as pride
is before humUity."
The best known and most widely circulated of Taylor's
writings are his "Holy Living" and "Holy D3ring," and
selected passages from his other devotional books, his
life of Christ and his sermons. The mingled piety and
music of these exquisite sentences still enthrall us and
are good for the soul. But his "Liberty of Prophesying"
is his most significant book, and the book which, because
its appearance hit the right moment in one of the pro-
foundest political, intellectual and moral struggles of the
English race, gives him his greatest fame, though in point
of his peculiar richness and beauty of style, it is inferior
to much of his writing.
The distinguishing trait of this learned, frank and lofty
treatise is its grounding of liberty of religious opinion
in charity, and in this respect it is a transcript of the pious
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spirit of its great author. He urges tliat no other weapons
be used in behalf of the faith than those which are suitable
to the Christian warfare, such as "preaching and disputa-
tion, charity and sweetness, holiness of life, assiduity of
exhortation, the word of God and prayer. For tJiese
ways are most natural, most prudent, most peaceable
and efifectual. Only let not men be hasty in calling every
misliked opinion by the name of heresy; and when they
have resolved that they will call it so, let them use the
erring person like a brother, nor co^ivince him with a
gibbet, or vex him out of his imderstandings and persua-
sions." He points out that ''few men considered that
so long as men had such variety of principles, such several
constitutions, educations, tempers and distempers, hopes,
interests and weaknesses, d^rees of light and d^rees of
imderstanding, it was impossible all should be of one
mind. And what is impossible to be done, is not necessary
it should be done. And therefore although variety of
opinion was impossible to be cured (and they who attempted
it, did like him who claps his shoulder to the groimd to
stop an earthquake), yet the inconvenience arising from
it might possibly be cured — ^not by uniting their beliefs —
that was to be despaired of, — ^but by curing that which
caused those mischiefs and accidental inconveniences of
their disagreeing. For although these inconveniences which
every man sees and feels, were consequent to this diversity
of persuasions, yet it was but accidentally and by chance,
inasmuch as we see that in many things, and they of
great concernment, men allow to themselves and to each
other a liberty of disagreement and no hurt neither. And
certainly if (Uversity of opinions were of itself the cause
of mischiefs, it would be so ever — that is, regularly and
universally; but that we see it is not." "For," he con-
tinues, "if it be evinced that one heaven shall hold men
of differing opinions — if the unity of faith be not destroyed
by that men call differing religions, and if an unity of
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Gbristian charity be the duty of ail, even towards persons
that are not persuaded of every proposition that we believe,
then I would fain know to what purpose are all those
stirs and great noises in Christendom, those names of
faction, the several names of chiu^es not distinguished
by the divisions of kingdoms, which was the primitive
rule and canon, but distinguished by names of sects and
men? These are all become instruments of hatred, thence
come schisms, and parting of communions, and then
persecutions, and then wars and rebellions, and then the
dissolutions of all friendships and societies. All these
mischiefs proceed, not from this, tliat men are not of
one mind (for that is neither necessary nor possible), but
that every opinion Lb made an article of faith, every article
is the groimd of a quarrel, every quarrel makes a faction,
every faction is zealous, and all zeal is for God, and what-
ever is for God cannot be too much. We by this time
are come to that pass we think we love not God except
we hate om* brother, and we have not the virtue of religion
xmless we persecute all religions but oiu* own."
He assumes that there must be some basis for the exercise
of toleration, that the Apostles' creed was originated and
laid down by the Apostles themselves as such basis, and
tliat it contains all that is necessary to be believed imto
salvation, and no more. ''The duty of faith is completed
in believing the Apostles' creed." "Since it is necessary
to rest somewhere, it is best to rest there where the Apostles
rested." ''Not that it is unlawful for any wise man to
extend his creed to anything which follows from these
articles, but no such is fit to be pressed on others as an
article of faith " — ^least of all by force. " For it is a demon-
stration that nothing can be necessary to be believed
under pain of damnation, but such propositions of which
it is certain that God hath spoken and taught them to
us, and of which it is certain that this is their sense and
purpose."
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108 American Antiquarian Society. [Apiil,
With vast learning and acuteness he proves that persecu-
tion by the Church was unknown during its eariier history;
that it is impossible to establish any rule of faith more
definite than the Apostles' creed, either from the Bible,
tradition, decrees of councils, the fathers, the Pope, or
the opinions of the Universal CJhurch. He vindicates the
authority of reason. " No man may be trusted to judge for
all others, unless this person were infallible and authorized
to do so; which no man, or company of men is, yet every
man may be trusted to judge for himself." He points
out the folly, iniquity and uselessness of punishing by
torture and death the holding of opinions which he has
proved to be harmless and inevitable. ''No Christian is
to be put to death, dismembered, or otherwise directly
persecuted for his opinion which does not teach impiety
or blasphemy. 'If it plainly or apparently brings in a
crime and himself does act it or encourage it, then the
matter of fact is punishable according to its proportion
or malignity." He distinguishes ecclesiastical from secular
authority, and shows that the secular governor has no
right to pimish opinions, but only disturbance of the peace.
"The ecclesiastical power which only is competent to take
notice of such questions, is not of capacity to use the
temporal sword, or corporal inflictions. The mere doctrines
and opinions of men are things spiritual, and therefore
not cognizable by a temporal authority; and the ecclesiaB-
tical authority which is to take cognizance, is itself so
spiritual that it cannot inflict any punishment corporal."
He has a long section on the Anabaptists in which he
argues with great subtilty on both sides of their position,
and deals with them in great breadth and charity. "Their
doctrine is wholly to be reproved and disavowed, but
the men are to be treated with the usages of a Christian;
strike them not as an enemy, but exhort them as brethren."
"But for their other capital opinion that it is not lawful
for princes to put malefactors to death, nor to take up
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defensive arms, nor to minister an oath, . . . it is not to
be disputed with such liberty as the former." For " that
prince or commonwealth l!hat should be persuaded by
them would be exposed to all the insolences of foreigners,
and all mutinies of the teachers themyselves, and the gover-
nors of the people could not do that duty they owe to
their people of protecting them from the rapine and malice
which will be in the world as long as the world is. And
therefore they are to be restrained from preaching such
doctrine, if they mean to preserve their government;
and the necessity of the thing will justify the lawfulness
of the thing. If they think it to themyselves, that cannot
be helped; so long it is innocent as much as concerns the
public; but if they preach it, they may be accounted
authors of all the consequent inconveniences and pimished
accordingly. No doctrine tliat destroys government is to
be endured." Here Taylor goes beyond the problem of
mere religious toleration and with wonderful grasp and
prevision lays down a broad political principle as sound
and as vitally applicable to Twentieth Century as to
Seventeenth Century issues.
He has another long section in which he deals with
equal breadth and charity with the Papists, concluding
that so far as their doctrine is concerned "there is nothing
in the foundation of their faith that can reasonably hinder
them to be permitted; the foundation of faith stands
secure for all their vain and imhandsome superstructures."
"But if we consider their doctrines in relation to govern-
ment and public societies of men, . . . such doctrines
as these: the Pope may dispense with all oaths taken to
God, or man; he may absolve subjects from their alle-
giance to their natural prince; . . . heretical princes
may be slain by their subjects; . . . now these opinions
are a direct overthrow to all human society and mutual
commerce, a destruction of government and of the laws
and duty and subordination which we owe to princes;
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110 American Antiquarian Society. [April,
and therefore those men of Eome that ... do preach
them cannot pretend to the excuses of innocent opinions,
. . . for God hath not left those truths which are necessary
for conservation of public societies of men, so intricate
and obscure, but that every one that is honest and desirous
to understand his duty will certainly know that no Christian
truth destroys a man's being sociable and a member of
the body politic, cooperating to the conservation of the
whole as well as of itself." Dealing with the doctrine of
transubstantiation he excuses Papists from the charge of
idolatry in the celebration of mass and decides that this
is not a sufficient ground for withholding toleration from
them. In this respect he is more lib^ul than Milton.
Considering terms of communion, he insists that chiux^hes
ought to allow those to commune who agree with them
in essentials, and he concludes his great discourse with the
story of Abraham and the idolatrous traveler, a story which
Franklin also quotes, though probably from another source.
This singularly lucid, skilfully argued and comprehensive
book was a bold utterance for the time, and though its
main contentions have long since been accepted, it remains
still attractive to the reader, a monument to the courage,
insight and piety of the author and an evidence of the
conscientious efforts of some Anglican divines of the Seven-
teenth Century for the attainment of freedom in religious
opinion. But the treatise has its limitations. Taylor
conceived of toleration as the privil^e of those only who
accept the Apostles' creed. His book is not a plea for
universal religious liberty. While he did not deny the
claim of those outside this pale to toleration, he did not
assert it. What he thought should be done with Jews,
Pagans and those who profess religions other than Chris-
tianity, he has not told us. His principles, carried to their
conclusion, would embrace these, but whether he thought
of them, we do not know. The issue was not then sharply
raised.
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1905.] Jeremy Taylor and Rdigiaus Liberty. Ill
But with all this, coDsideriQg the time, it is a strikingly
progressive book. Here was a man at the age of thirty-
four, a follower and protege of the persecuting Archbishop
Laud; separated from chosen friends and books; hiding
from persecution in a comer of Wales; pronounced royalist
and Episcopalian, writing this most charitable, learned
and sustained argument for freedom in religion.
England was in the throes of the Civil War. The King
was a prisoner, now of the Parliament, and now of the
army, which were craftily struggling against each other
for the mastery. The Independents and Presbyterians
were at one another's throats. The Presbyterian Directory
of Worship was everywhere enforced; the use of the
Prayer Book forbidden; and Episcopacy himted out of
almost every parish and diocese in the land. The altars,
beautiful sculptures, priceless stained glass, costly vest-
ments and sacramentod vessels of church and cathedral
were broken, trodden under foot, or carried off. The
sacred buildings became stables and outhouses. The
church revenues and lands were confiscated. No one
could teach or preach without taking an oath to resist
every sign of Popery or Prelacy. The Universities were
presbyterianized, and toleration was scoffed at by thousands
of voices as "the Devil's Masterpiece." "If the Devil had
choice whether the hierarchy, ceremonies and liturgy should
be established in the kingdom, or a toleration granted,
he would choose toleration," said one speaker in Parlia-
ment. "We detest and abhor the much endeavored
toleration," said a meeting of the London ministers. The
Presbyterians were more relentless than Laud. Even the
Independents could expect no real liberty at their hands.
Still in this uproar, this contention, this bitter struggle
of faction, this "dyscrasy," as Taylor calls it, there was
an earnest desire on the part of the best men to find some
common ground, some accommodation in ecclesiastical
matters; and it was without doubt in a desire to further
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112 American ArUiquartan Society. [April,
this, that Taylor published his book in June, 1647. But
Episcopacy was at the moment trampled and torn imder
the feet of contending sects who were npt disposed to
listen to a plea from their common antagonist; and when
at the Restoration the author and his chiux^h returned
to power, both of them apparently forgot for the time the
lessons of his book, which afforded such a platform for
all parties.
The book has however been given too much credit in
some quarters. Bishop Heber for example calls it, ''the
first public defence of tibe principles of religious toleration,"
''the first attempt on record to conciliate the minds of
Christians to the reception of a doctrine which, though
now the rule of action professed by all Christian sects,
was then by every sect alike regarded as a perilous and
pretentious novelty." This is an error, as we shall see.
If he had said that the book was the first separate, distinct
and comprehensive argument for religious liberty put
forth by an Episcopalian he would have been nearer the
truth.
Mr. Gosse thinks that there is "an absolutely novel
note in Taylor" in that he "first conceived of a tolera-
tion not founded upon agreement, or concession, but upon
a broad basis of practical piety"; and he says, "that it
is not too much to claim for Taylor in the religious and
intellectual order, something of the gratitude which we
pay, or should pay to Sir James Simpson in the physical
order"; that is, "for the blessed anaesthetics which this
great innovator [Taylor] introduced into the practice of
religious surgery." This gives a doubly false impression.
Sir James Simpson was no more the first who introduced
anaesthetics in surgery — ^being preceded by more than a
year by Morton in this coimtry — than was Taylor to
introduce toleration in religion, being anticipated, not
only for generations before by a host of various productions
of non-conformists, whose names shine like stars in the
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story of this great struggle, but by the writings of a large
number of thinkers and leaders in the Anglican Church
itself.
Perhaps one of the earliest of these to be mentioned
is Richard Hooker, the first part of whose great work on
Ecclesiastical Polity was published in 1594. Hooker's
work is certainly not a plea for religious liberty. Certain
phases of his masterly argument seem to give a basis for
intolerance. On the other hand he affirms that many of
the points in dispute between the Episcopalian and Non-
conformist, in church government, were not fixed, but
subject to changes a<^ording to circumstances; and when
he deals with general principles he concedes much to the
Puritan position.
Before Hooker, Parker, the first Archbishop of Elizabeth
(1559), though laying down no principle of liberty, practi-
caUy showed a broad and tolerent spirit towards both
Papist and Puritan; and his successor, the weaker Grindal,
I bravely defended the "Prophesyings" which, inspired by
I Non-conformity, sprang up outside of the r^ular estab-
I lishment, until both the "Prophesyings" and the Arch-
1 bishop were put down by the iron hand of the great Queen.
Much later and more pronounced than these, however,
is that profound thinker and logician, William Chilling-
worth, 1602-1644, in his relentless pursuit of the truth,
first Protestant, then Catholic, then Protestant again, who
was at Oxford with Taylor, of whom he complains that
''he wants much of the ethical part of a discourser and
slights too much many times the arguments of those he
discourses with." Perhaps the yomiger man listened with
more attention than the older man supposed (they were
eleven years apart), for CJhillingworth's great work, "The
Religion of Protestants, a safe way of Salvation," published
in 1637, to this day a marvel of grasp, acuteness and
clear English, no doubt furnished Taylor with leading
suggestions. Gardiner says concerning the "Liberty of
8
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114 American Antiquai*tan Society. [April,
Prophesying" that "three-fourths of its argument was
written under the influence of Chillingworth." Certainly
the demonstration of the impossibility of finding any
infallible authority in religion, with which a large part of
Taylor's book is taken up, is set forth even more clearly
by Chillingworth. Up to the date of Chillingworth's
book no such thorough-going argument on behalf of the
freedom of the individual reason from authority had ever
been made, and as a necessary corollary of this, liberty
of conscience was as a theory irresistibly demanded by
the author as the right of the individual man. Chilling-
worth says: "Seeing there are contentions among us, we
are taught by nature and scripture and experience (so
you tell us out of Mr. Hooker), to seek for the ending of
them by submitting to some judicial sentence whereunto
neither part may refuse to stand. This is very true.
Neither should you need to persuade us to seek such means
of ending all our controversies, if we could tell where to
find it. But this we know that none is fit to pronoimce
for all the world a judicial, definite, obliging sentence in
controversies of religion, but only such a man, or society
of men, as is authorized thereto by God. And besides,
we are able to demonstrate that it hath not been the
pleasure of God to give to any man, or society of men,
such authority. And therefore, though we wish heartily
that all controversies were ended, as we do that all sins
were abolished, yet we have little hope of the one or the
other, until the world be ended; and in the meanwhile
think it best to control oxirselves with, and to persuade
others to charity and mutual toleration, seeing God hath
authorized no man to force all men to imity of opinion,
neither do we think it fit to argue thus: to us it seems
convenient there should be one judge of all controversies
for the whole world, therefore God hath appointed one:
but more modest and more reasonable to collect thus:
God hath appointed no such judge of controversies, there-
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fore though it seems to us convenient there should be one,
yet it is not so: or though it were convenient for us to
have one, yet it hath pleased God (for reasons best known
to Himself), not to allow us this convenience." (Page 138.)
There is a firmness of tread here which is refreshing,
even after two hundred and seventy years and which,
though in that violent time it was realized and followed
by comparatively few, only two editions of the book being
published in 1637-38, yet later became the logical basis
for a reasoned toleration. Again he writes: '^ Seeing
falsehood and error could not long stand against the power
of truth, were they not supported by tyranny and worldly
advantage, he that could assert Christians to that liberty
which Christ and his Apostles left them, must needs do
truth a most heroical service. And seeing the overvaluing
of differences among Christians is one of the greatest
maintainers of the schisms of Christendom, he that could
demonstrate that only those points of belief are simply
necessary to salvation wherein Christians generally agree,
should he not lay a very fair and firm foimdation of the
peace of Christendom? Now the corollary which I con-
ceive would produce these good effects is this: That what
man or church soever believes the creed and all the evident
consequences of it, sincerely and heartily, cannot possibly
(if also he believes the Scriptm^), be in any error of
simple belief which is offensive to God; nor therefore
deserve for any such error to be deprived of his life, or
be cut off from the (Christian Commimion and the hope
of salvation. And the production of this again would
be this, that whatsoever man or church doth for any error
of simple belief, deprive any man, so qualified as above,
either of his temporal life or livelihood, or liberty, or of
the Chiurch's Communion, and hope of salvation is, for
the first, imjust, cruel, and tyrannous; schismatical,
presumptuous, and uncharitable, for the second." (Page
268.)
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116 American Antiquarian Society. [April,
These words, published by a great churchman, ten years
before the ''Liberty of Prophesying"; seven years before
Milton's monumental "Areopagitica"; and more than
seven years before Roger Williams's " Bloudy Tenant of
Persecution" saw the light, show that even in Episcopal,
still more in dissenting ranks, Taylor was very far from
being the first to argue for toleration. ChiUingworth was
roimdly denounced by the Presbyterians for his liberality,
and a Presbyterian minister, with extraordinary license,
bitterly upbraided him at his fimeral, and threw into his
open grave a copy of his book "The Religion of Protestants "
"to rot with him," he said.
But ChiUingworth was not the only Anglican that antici-
pated Taylor in the plea for religious liberty. After two
centuries and three quarters, our hearts warm to "the
ever memorable John Hales," the "pretty little man,
sanguine, of a cheerful countenance, very gentle and
courteous, quick and nimble," who used to dress "in
violet colored clothes," and as Dean of Windsor and Fellow
of Eton lived in hiding for nine weeks on brown bread
and beer at sixpence a week, keeping tiie keys and accounts
of the school when both armies in the Civil War sequestered
the rents. Secretary of tiie English delegation at tiie
Synod of Dort, he tiiere learned enough to lead him, as
he said, to "bid good night to Calvin." Friend of ChiUing-
worth and Falkland, "nothing troubled him more than
the brawls which were grown from religion, and he therefore
exceedingly detested the tryanny of the Church of Rome,
more for their imposing uncharitably upon tiie consciences
of other men, than for the errors of their opinion; and
he would often say that he would renoimce the Church
of England tomorrow if it obliged him to believe any
other Christians should be damned; and that nobody
would conclude another man to be damned who did not
will him so." (Clarendon, in Preface, Hales's Works,
Vol. 1.)
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1905.] Jeremy Taylor and Religious Liberty. 117
His little tract '' Concerning Schisms and Schismatics/'
written privately probably for ChiUingworth, and published
without his consent probably about 1640, caused him to
be summoned before Laud, who, in spite of Hales's latitu-
dinarian views, seems to have treated him kindly. This
tract declares that, ''it hath been the common disease of
Christians from the beginning not to content themselvea
with that measure of faith which God and the Scriptures
have expressly afforded us, but out of a vain desire to
know more than is revealed, they have attempted to
discuss things of which we can have no light neither from
reason, or revelation; neither have they rested here, but
upon pretence of church authority which is none, or of
tradition which for the most part is but a figment, they
have presumptuously concluded, aiid confidently imposed
upon others a necessity of entertaining conclusions of that
nature, and to strengthen themselves have broken out
into divisions and factions, opposing man to man, synod
to synod, till the peace of the Church vanished beyond
possibility of recall. Hence arose those ancient and
many separations among Christians occasioned by Arianism,
Eutychianism, Nestorianism, Photinianism, Sabellianism
and many more, both ancient and in our times, which indeed
are but names of schism, however in the common language
of the prophets they were called heresies. For heresy is
an act of the will, not of reason; and indeed is a lie and
not a mistake. . . . But can any man avouch that
Arius and Nestorius and others that taught erroneously
concerning the Trinity, or the person of our Saviour, did
maliciously invent what they taught, and not fall on it
by error or mistake? Till that be done, and upon that
good evidence, we will think no worse of all parties than
needs we must, and take these rents in the Ch\u*ch to be
at worst but schisms of opinion. In which case what
we are to do is not a pomt of any great depth of under-
standing to discover, so be distemper and partiality do
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118 American Antiquarian Society. [April,
not intervene. I do not see . . . that men of different
opinions in Christian religion may not hold communion
in sacris and both go to one church. Why may I not go,
if occasion requires, to an Arian Church, so there be no
Arianism in theu* liturgy? And were liturgies and public
forms of service so framed as that they admitted not of
particular and private fancies, but contained only such
things as in which all Christians do agree, schisms of
opinion were utterly vanished."
One is not surprised that Laud was disturbed by the
following on conventicles. ''In time of manifest corrup-
tion and persecution, wherein religious assembling is
dangerous, private meetings however beside public order,
are not only lawful, but they are of necessity and duty;
else how shall we excuse the meetings of Christians for
public service in time of danger and persecution, and of
oiu^ves in Queen Mary's dajrs? And how will those of
the Roman Church among us put off the imputation of
conventicling who are known amongst us privately to
assemble for religious exercises against establifi^ed order? "
In his sermon at St. Paul's cross on ''Dealing with
erring Christians," speaking of those who hold different
views respecting original sin and predestination, Hales
says: "Tlie authors of these conceits might both freely
speak their minds and both singularly profit the Church;
for since it is impossible when Scripture is ambiguous
that all conceits should run alike, it remains that we seek
out a way, not so much to establish a imity of opinion —
which I take to be a thing likewise impossible — ^as to
provide that multiplicity of conceit trouble not the Church's
peace. A better way my conceit cannot reach with than
that we would be willmg to think that these things, which
with some show of probability, we deduce from Scripture
are at best but our opinion; for this presumptuous manner
of setting down our own conclusions under this high com-
manding form of necessary truths, is generally one of the
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greatest causes which keeps tlie churches this day so far
asunder, whereas a gracioxis receiving of each other by
mutual forbearance m this kind, might peradventure in
time bring them nearer together. This peradventure,
may some man say, may content us in case of opinions
indifferent out of which no great inconvenience by neces-
sary and evident proof is concluded; but what recipe
have we for him that is fallen into some known and desperate
heresy? Even the same with the former. And therefore
anciently, heretical and orthodox Christians many times,
even in public holy exercises, conversed together without
offence.''
But Chillingworth and Hales were by no means the
only Churchmen whose words and example were on the
side of toleration both before and after Taylor wrote hLg
book. It is easy to magnify the harsh dealing of the
Established Church with the Catholics, the Non-conforming
and the Independent parties before the Civil War and
after the Restoration. There is plenty that soimds horrible
in aQ this to our modem ears, unaccustomed to all eccles-
iastical pimishments, and especially unused to the severe
criminal code of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.
The ecclesiastical machinery of oppression and persecution
was no doubt vigorously worked, and when the Puritans
and Presbyterians had the power, they knew perfectly
well how to make return in kind. But those in the Church
of whom Laud was the conspicuous representative, when
they had the upper hand, were by no means the only
influential factors in the Establishment. There were deep
currents running the other way. There was always a
thoughtful minority that testified for breadth and liberty.
Not to speak of the liberal minded ecclesiastics who pro-
tested against the severe measures with which Elizabeth
forced conformity upon the people, there were men like
the great scholar Archbishop Usher, who died m 1656,
declared by even Presbyterian authority '' the most learned
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120 Amet^ican Antiquarian Society. [April,
and reverend father of oiir Church," who was universally
beloved and who suggested a scheme for a '^ moderated
episcopacy/' that attracted even the attention of Crom-
well, and, but for the heated passions of the hoiu*, might
have formed a workable basis for ecclesiastical imion.
There were the divines of Oxford who in February,
1644, brought forward the proposals of the so called
"Treaty of Uxbridge," in which Charles and the Parlia-
ment sought to find a groimd of acconmiodation, and
the first article of which was, "That freedom be left to
all persons, of what opinions soever, in matters of ceremony,
and that all the penalties of the laws and customs which
enjoin those ceremonies be suspended."
It is said indeed that Charles was not sincere, that he
did not intend to carry out these proposals. They at
least were formulated in good faith by his theological
counsellors; they anticipated the proposals made to him
by the Army in 1647, and the Toleration Act of 1689,
and the Oxford clergy who made them were the first
persons, who, acting as a public body, made proposals
tending to liberty of religious opinion and practice; but
the Presbyterians were in no mood to listen to such propo-
sitions. Among these clergymen — long a devoted follower
and counsellor of the king-— was the gifted Henry Hammond,
a profoimd scholar and a saintly man, whose "Practical
Catechism'' and sermons, though he was a strong Chiu'ch-
man, breathe a most tolerant spirit, and show that he
understood the principles and was ready for measures of
comprehension.
There was Richard Baxter who, though at this time
Churchman as he was, could not accept the extreme view
of either party; critic both of the King and of Parliament,
yet by his breadth and tact and evangelical zeal he con-
trived to unite all the ministers of Kidderminster in
practical serviceableness and charity through all those
troublous times. There was the witty Bishop Hall of
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Norwich who long kept his place by his mingled piety
and independence, and who though no Puritan told Laud
that rather than be subject to ''the slanderous tongues
of his informers, he would throw up his rochet."
There was the rollicking, whimsical, yet able, and
keennsighted Thomas Fuller (1608-1661), historian of the
English Church, the most popular writer of his times,
who, neither follower of Laud nor anything of a Puritan
yet had appreciative words for the Separatists while yet
loyal to the King.
There was the true Churchman, but leader of the latitu-
dinarian School of English Divines, Benjamin Whichcote,
famous as preacher and Platonist, graduate of Enmianuel,
the Puritan Collie of Cambridge, who distinctly favored
the Puritan party during the Civil War.
There was the saintly George Herbert, twenty years
older than Taylor, keeping faith and hope and charity
in his little church at Bemerton till his death, ten years
before the Civil War, and writing his quaint poem on
"Divinitie" whose breadth anticipates Taylor's book; and "
again in his poem on the Militant Church describing the
evils of the time he says:
" Religion stands on tip toe in our land
Ready to pass to the American strand/'
as though he had sjrmpathy for the Puritans.
And there was the brilliant Lucius Cary, Lord Falkland,
who had not the firmness to act up to his lights, but who
gathered about him at Great Tew near Oxford a congenial
company of thoughtful liberty lovers, among whom were
Hales and Cbillingworth.
Of course such men as these do not represent the main
trend of opinion in the Established Chiu'ch before or
during the Civil War, but they show that Taylor had
many forerunners and followers among genuine Churchmen,
to say nothing of Dissenters; that the substance of his
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122 American Antiquarian Society. [April,
book was foreshadowed by many Episcopal thinkers;
and that he must have had many sympathizers in Episcopal
ranks.
The Non-conforming individuals and bodies certainly
deserve great credit which has generally been acknowledged
as the earlier and more pronoimced advocates of religious
liberty in England. Their record in this respect is open.
But it is important to remember that with Uie exception
of a few individuals, their aim was to change tiie whole
ecclesiastical policy of the state, and when it was changed,
to govern it with as intolerant a hand as their predecessors.
It is also important to bear in mind that the Established
Church was by no means aU blind, or reactionary during
this significant period, but that no small part of its cultiu'e,
its learning, its wisdom and its piety was actively enlisted
on the side of liberty of conscience and of opinion.
Of course tiie enormous obstacle which hindered aU
parties in the struggle towards the freedom which when
in the minority, each in turn longed for, was the entire
identification of CSiurch and State. Religion was politics
and politics was religion. This was as true imder the
Parliament as it was imder the King; as true of Presby-
terianism as of Episcopacy. The control of the govern-
ment was the aim, desired or dreaded which lay back,
consciously or imconsciously, of almost every attempt to
express or suppress religious opinion. It cannot be said
that freedom was the direct object of any party. It was
rather the incidental result of the quarrels of all parties.
The fear of the establishment of popery by intrigue, con-
stantly hung over the nation. Whichever party was in
control — ^whether Charles or Cromwell, Laud or the
Parliament, the Commonwealth or the Army — could for
the time see little or nothing good in its opponents, and
for the most part, when in power denied to others the
very toleration for which, when it was oppressed, it had
pleaded in vain.
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Thus dowly as the authority, in that time of violent
transition, went revolving round from King and Bishop,
to Conunonwealth and Protector, from the Presbyterian-
ism of Parliament to the Independency of the Army, till
it completed the circle and at the Restoration, came back
to King and Bishop again, each party in turn experienced
the dangerous responsibility of power and the miseiy and
limitations of oppression, until the incon^tency and
foUy of attempting to coerce religious opinion and prescribe
religious won^p by a criminal code, gradually dawned on
all hands, and liberty of conscience b^gan to be realized
as the only possible remedy for abuses, toleration the
only possible foundation for a Christian state and civiliza-
tion.
Of course it is the persecuted and not the persecutors —
the imder, and not the upper dog in the fight— who see
the beauty of toleration and discover the most potent
arguments in its behalf. Hence it is generally among the
Protestants; among the individuals and sects, who felt
the impulse of the new learning and, beginning to exercise
their newly foimd individualism and liberty, broke away
from the established order and in consequence suffered
for it — it is among these that we find the earliest and most
pronounced advocates of freedom of religious opinion and
action. They had little to lose. For tiie moment they
did not have the responsibility of civil and ecclesiastical
order, and the anxieties that always arise in connection
with the practical solution of difficulties created by re-
formers.
Mr. Worley in his life of Taylor, properly remarks that
the Liberty of Prophesying "would have been more valuable
if it had been produced when the church was a persecutor
instead of when she was persecuted '^ and it may be
suggested that imder such circumstances probably Taylor
would never have written it, inasmuch as when the Church
came into power at the Restoration, he apparently found
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124 American Antiquarian Society. [April,
it inconvenient to practise the theories which he had
advocated in its weakness.
Bishop Brooks in his little book on Tolerance somewhat
too severely speaks of "the tolerance of Jeremy Taylor
writing the Liberty of Prophesjring when the Parliament
were masters in the Land" as "the tolerance of helpless-
ness; the acquiesence in the utterance of error because
we cannot help ourselves; the tolerance of persecuted
minorities." (Page 20.) "The book is the book of an
ecclesiastic. It deals with the impossibility of compulsion
as if ; if it were possible, compulsion would not be so bad
a thing." (Page 42.)
This is hardly fair. Taylor points out as clearly as
anyone can that, in the nature of things, "it is imnatural
and unreasonable to persecute disagreeing opinions. Un-
natural: for understanding being a thing wholly spiritual
cannot be restrained, and therefore neither pimished by
corporal afflictions. . . . You may as well cure the
colic by brushing a man's clothes, or fill a man's belly with
a syllogism." Yet we shall all agree vnth Bishop Brooks,
when with great discernment, he remarks that " the Liberty
of Prophesying had a place which neither of the other
books [Williams and Milton], could have filled in En^ish
life and literature and religion."
So we leave the great Bishop of Connor and Down and
his noble book, with the conmiendation, two centuries and
a quarter later, of his scarcely less distinguished brother,
the Bishop of Massachusetts.
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AS ANCIENT INSTANCE OF MUNICIPAL
OWNERSHIP.
BT SAMUEL UTLET.
On October 24, 1668, a committee of the General Court
of Massachusetts Bay, after solemn consideration, reported
that Worcester would support sixty families. A grant of
land to several persons was made; the grantees organized
as proprietors; after a number of ineffectual attempts,
what is now r^arded as a final settlement was made in
1713; and on June 14, 1722, an act of incorporation of the
town was passed.
Thus there were two corporations, one the proprietors
owning the common and undivided land, and the other
the town with the usual conditions attending mimicipal
corporations.
It appears by the records of proprietors, as published by
the Worcester Society of Antiquity, p. 235, that on the
" la43t tuseday of Sept. 1733," they " Voted that 100 acres
of the pooreist land on mill Stone hill be kept Comon for the
use of the town for building Stones." Tlius we have an
attempt of the proprietors of a new town to establish
municipal ownership in a stone quarry, 172 years ago; and
it occurred to me that the Society might be interested in a
brief notice of the history thereof.
It is well established that proprietors, as well as towns,
could in the early times, convey title to land by vote duly
recorded in their records.
On Feb. 27, 1750, a committee of the proprietors which
had been appointed to sell common land, sold to Daniel
Heywood all the common land on Millstone Hill, estimated
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126 American Antiquarian Society. [April,
to be 97 acres, it being the land referred to by the prior
vote, this deed being probably made in ignorance of the
earlier disposition thereof. This land was later conveyed
to one Gleason, and doubt having arisen as to his title, he
in 1763 sued his grantor, one Flagg, in the Superior Court of
Judicature, which held, that the vote in question passed a fee,
that Heywood and his heirs had no title, and gave judg-
ment for Gleason against Flagg; and the proprietors settled
with Heywood, but no deed seems to have been made that
changed the original status. Thereafter the town assumed
title, though not always insisting on it, to the, extent of
bringing suit. They also had a survey made in 1765, and
foimd 100 acres and 100 rods, and recorded a plan in the
town records, giving boundaries in fuU. They forbade
cutting wood, voted not to sell stones or the land itself,
allowed the town of Shrewsbury to get stones for their
meeting-house steps, appointed committees to care for the
land and prosecute trespassers, which in one case seems to
have been done, as the town discontinued the action, the
defendant being David Chadwick, one of the persons inter-
ested in the adverse title. At various times committees
were appointed to examine the title, who reported that the
town had a fee.
In 1824 William E. Green, who held part of the Heywood
title, cut wood on the premises, and the town brought suit
against him for trespass. This case was taken to the Su-
preme Judicial Court, and is reported in 2 Pick. 425. Each
party claimed title by possession.
The court held that the case of Gleason v. Flagg, m the
Provincial Court, was not a bar, because the parties were
not the same, and that plaintiff had no title by possession.
It also held, that the town had not a fee in the land but
only, in the language of the court, " good right to enter for
the purpose mentioned in the grant, and if they at any time
exceeded their legal rights," it did not avail them, in the
absence of twenty years' exclusive possession. The court
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said that the land is not ganted in express terms, but only
a limited use for a particular purpose, and that a grant of
mines does not carry the land. So judgment was for the
defendant.
For many years no act appears of record.
In 1848, oiu* associate, the late Andrew H. Green, became
owner of most of the premises, and in 1851 sued Samuel
Putnam, who owned about ten acres of the balance, the
case being reported in 8 Cush. 21. The case was submitted,
on an agreed statement of facts, in which it appeared in
detail, that defendant had taken stone for every conceivable
purpose and had sold it to be used within and without
Worcester in the same way, establishing the business of a
quarryman on the premises for his own use and benefit. It
also appeared, that for over fifty years other inhabitants of
Worcester had gone there as they chose, cleared away wood,
brush and soil, quarried stone which they furnished to such
other inhabitants of Worcester as wanted it, claiming an
interest in the places they had thus occupied, and selling
them to others, stone being dressed on or near the place
of quarry.
The plaintiff dauned that the vote was a mere license,
that not being recorded in the Registry of Deeds, it was
revoked by a subsequent conveyance, that it only conveyed
a life estate to the then existing inhabitants of Worcester,
that it was for corporate purposes only, that defendant
could not sell stone, that the use was strictly limited to
building stones, and that hewing stone and getting out
stone as a trade was not allowable. The question that the
vote was vague and invalid, in not establishing boundaries,
which was raised but not expressly decided in the earlier
case, was not referred to.
The court sustained the vote as a grant, saying that it is
quite too late to question it, as the law is settled, that large
tracts of land throughout the province were conveyed in
the same way, the proprietors' books being the great source
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128 American Antiquarian Society. [April,
of title. It wa43 also held, that the town took the title for
its present and future inhabitants, the court referring to
commons, training fields and burial grounds as being held
in a like manner, and that the use was not for building in a
restricted sense, but, in the language of the court, '^ for all
those structures and purposes for which such material in
the progress of time and the arts may be made useful." The
court also said: ^'it may be proper to add that the grant of
the right to the stone carries with it, as a necessary incident,
the right to enter and work the quarry and to do all that is
necessary and usual for the full enjo3rment of the right, such
as hewing the stone and preparing it for use." " The only
limitation, as to the persons by whom the right is to be en-
joyed, is that the stones shall be for the use of the inhabi-
tants of Worcester." "Therefore whether it is quarried
and prepared by the inhabitants for their own use, or by
persons who, like the defendant, make it their business to
procure it and get it ready for the use of others, it is equally
within the terms of the grant, so long as the stone is ap-
plied to the use of the inhabitants of the town." And this
was true both of public and private use.
Thus the rights of the city and its inhabitants, seem to
have been fully established by the highest court in the state,
and it only remains to be seen how the experiment has
worked as a practical question. The owners of the fee have
not found the condition satisfactory, and have in various
ways tried to obstruct the use of the quarry, putting up
gates, posting notices, threatening suits and otherwise,
while the city, by votes of the city council has asserted its
rights and those of its inhabitants, and has agreed to stand
behind all persons that are in any way molested in exercising
such rights; but I do not find anything that changes the
condition as left by the case of Green v. Putnam, though
some of the dealers running quarries there have of late taken
leases from the owners of the fee.
The stone is fuUy described in Perry and Emerson's
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1905,] Ancient Iristance of Municipcd Otonership. 129
Geology of Worcester, Mass., and in general terms is a
granite which on exposure shows stains like iron rust. It
is thought to be of great depth. It has cracks and cross
cracks, which break it into irregular blocks. It is hard to
cut, is located northwesterly of the Worcester Insane Hos-
pital, on the top of a hill about three hundred feet above the
Union railroad station and away from the city. The stone
itself is not as attractive to all people as some of the many
other stones with which it has to compete. Some of the
large builders have quarries of tiieir own, located on the line
of a railroad, and with their superior capital and enterprise
are able to compete with a free quarry. Most or all
quarries have what is termed refuse, consisting of stones
with spots which are unfit for buildings or work in sight,
but which are adapted for foundations and uses where such
defects are not objectionable. These stones are already
quarried, are in the way, and the owners are glad to dispose
of them. These and perhaps other causes have resulted in
a diminished use of this stone.
But it stiU remains true, that stones cannot be sold in
Worcester at a price that the inhabitants are unwilling to
pay, rather than to resort to their own free, municipal
quarries. As examples of buildings erected from this
stone, the principal building of the Worcester Polytechnic
Institute, the Worcester Normal School and the Worcester
Insane Hospital may be mentioned, though the latter came
from their own grounds, which adjoin the quarry.
There is no novelty in the doctrine that there may be a
separate ownership of land, and the mines thereon. (Wash-
bum, Real Property, Vol. I., page 17.) In English law gold
and silver mines belonged to the crown, as being necessary
for coinage, and might be reserved in grants of land. In
Kent's Commentaries, Vol. 3, p. 378, it is said that " it
is a settled and fundamental rule with us that all valid and
individual title to land within the United States, is derived
from the grants from our own local governments or from
9
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130 American Antiquarian Society. [April,
that of the United States, or from the crown, or royal
chartered governments established here prior to the Revolu-
tion."
In the charter of the colony of Massachusetts Bay,
the land is described with the additional clause, ''and also
all mines and minerals, as well royal mines of gold and
silver as other mines and minerals, precious stones and
quarries."
At first the laws of the United States excepted minerals
in the provisions for taking up land, but the occupants
made miners' rules among themselves, which were recog-
nized by the courts, on the fictitious ground of presuming
a license from the government; so the public lost all rights
therein. This in 1866 was regulated by statute. Had the
doctrine of royal mines been applied to quarries of stone,
coal, oil and other like substances, as the Proprietors of
Worcester applied it to stone, a very different history might
have been written. As it is, those proprietors made an
early and successful solution of a problem which of late has
much vexed the people of the civilized world.
In Re
Thb Will op Thomab Hobb.
In justice to Mr. J. Henbt Lba of South Freeport, Me., and London,
England, who translated and edited the Will as it appeared in our
Proceedings of October, 1904, the Committee of Publication offer this
statement.
The whole mass of manuscript and correspondence on the subject
had been delivered to our late Vice-President, Senator Hoab, in
his lifetime, and he spoke upon the subject at the Meeting in
October, 1903. After Mr. Hoar's death the material was handed to the
committee by his private secretary. It is the rule to send proofs of
aU papers to the authon or editors, but when the Proceedings for Octo-
ber last were about to go to press there were special reasons for
including the Hore will in that number. Although Mr. Lea was in
London and could not see the proof, the matter was so carefully pre-
pared and type- written that it seemed safe to entrust its supervision to
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1905.J Ancient Instance of Municipal Ovonerahip. 131
the committee, and it was not sent to Mr. Lea. As might perhaps be
expected, some errors crept in from a misapprehension of the abbrevia-
tions, which in Mr. Lea's eyes seemed very serious, and he has
expressed his mortification and regret, in which the committee fully
qnnpathiBe.
The committee was much impressed with the woric of Mr. Lea, which
showed great learning and much careful, diligent labor, and regret that
it appeared in print without having had his revision.
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"^ nu'iii.iu
[(♦••J TTCVl
nhi
AiHiUm^t"
i'Tll
ni
lull
Oct., 1905] Proceedings. 133
^^'- .(>.£. W^^'
PROCEEDTimS.
ANNUAL MEETING, OCTOBER 21, 1905, AT THE HALL OP THE
SOCIETY IN WORCESTER.
The meeting was called to order by the President, the Hon.
Stephen Salisbury, at 10.30 a. m.
The following members were present:
Edward E. Hale, Nathaniel Paine, Stephen Salisbury,
Samuel A. Green, Edward L. Davis, James F. Himnewell,
Edward H. Hall, Charles C. Smith, Edmimd M. Barton,
Franklin B. Dexter, Charles A. Chase, Samuel S. Green,
Andrew Mc F. Davis, Daniel Merriman, William B. Weeden,
Henry H. Edes, Edward Charming, George E. Francis,
Edward H. Thompson, G. Stanley Hall, William E. Foster,
Charles P. Bowditch, Francis H. Dewey, Carroll D. Wright,
Henry A. Marsh, Frederick A. Ober, John Green, Rockwood
Hoar, James L. Whitney, William T. Forbes, Leonard P.
Kinnicutt, George H. Haynes, Waldo Lincoln, George P.
Winship, Austin S. Garver, Samuel Utley, James W. Brooks,
E. Harlow Russell, Benjamin T. Hill, Edmund A. Engler,
George L. Kittredge, Alexander F. Chamberlain, William
MacDonald, Edward G. Bourne, Alexander H. Vinton,
Clarence W. Bowen, Francis H. Lee, Daniel B. Updike,
David Casares, Deloraine P. Corey.
Dr. Carroll D. Wright, in connection with the report
of the Council, read a paper with the subject: "The History
of Labor Organizations in Ancient, Mediaeval and Modem
Times."
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134 American Antiquarian Society. [Oct.,
Rev. Dr. Edward Everett Hale presented a memorial of
the late Vice-President of the Society, Senator George
Frisbib Hoar. In the course of his paper Dr. Hale
said: —
"When Mr. Thomas established this Society, there were
not so many literary societies as there are now in the
country, and a special Act was passed in the early days
of this Society, giving the American Antiquarian Society
any or all papers printed by the government, so that
anybody who is in Washington and wants to rake up
something, has the power and privilege of looking back to
this old statute, which is just as much a law of this coimtry
as any law; and they can make any arrangement they
choose about the method of distributing the documents,
but this American Antiquarian Society by law has the
right to anything which the government of the United
States prints."
Dr. Hale read a sonnet written by Rev. Dr. Roimdslay,
of Great Britain, on hearing of the death of Senator Hoar.
In speaking of Dr. Roimdslay, Dr. Hale remarked: — "We
were at a public dinner party, when Mr. Hoar said, 'I
must go down and speak to R&u n A jbty, for I brought him
here.' I said, 'Who is Rdwidslay?' He said, 'If you
don't know Rmifidday, you don't know the first poet in
Great Britain.' Mr. Hoar always spoke well of the people
he liked, but I believe he was right in this instance. I
went down and shook hands with HotthdlAa^ and he said
at once: 'Mr. Hale, you have a first-rate ballad of Paul
Revere; why isn't there a ballad to the other man, the
man who went out and roused the country — DorseyV I
said, 'If the first poet in England asks me that question;
I will say that as soon as he will write me the ballad,we
will print it; but I warn you not to let the public know
what you have said to me, because if you do, you will have
six himdred letters the day after tomorrow from the diflFer-
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1905.] Proceedings. 135
ent DorseyS; for they are very sensitive on the subject,
and are eager to have a ballad written.' So it has always
been a joke between us as to when he would write the ballad,
which he has never done."
Dr. John Green, of St. Louis, read a sketch of Henry
Hitchcock, LL.D., late president of the Law Association of
the United States, and a former resident of Worcester.
The treasurer, Nathaniel Paine, presented his report.
He announced that the Society had received from the estate
of the late Andrew H. Green, the legacy left by him, which
after deducting the inheritance tax amounts to $4,839.45.
The report of the Librarian was read by Mr. Edbiund
H. Barton.
The report of the Council being now before the Society,
it was voted that the Society accept the same, and that it
be referred to the Committee of Publication.
On a ballot for President forty-two ballots were cast, all
for the Hon. Stephen SAUssimT.
Dr. Hale said:
"Every gentleman here who is interested in Revolutionary
history has used the marvellous reproductions which Mr.
Stevens made. I have received from the representatives of
Mr. Stevens's estate a very careful catalogue of the immense
index of those documents. It is understood that this
index contains the documents of England, France, The
Hague and Spain, and that it is now offered for sale in this
country. I suppose that the cost of pwchasing will be
very considerable, but a good many of us who have been
interested in that literature hope to bring something to
bear in Washington this winter looking towards an appro-
priation with which to purchase the index for the Library
of Congress."
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136 American Antiquarian Society. [Oct.,
Mr. Andrew McFariand Davis said in reference to the
subject: ''I was in London and wanted to get a copy of the
documents mentioned in the English Historical manuscript
collections. I gave a memorandimi to Mr. Stevens of the
documents, and he agreed to get a copy and send it to me.
After I got home I received a copy, but instead of its coming
from the office referred to, it came from the collection of
Lord Lanpdowne. Of course I was not satisfied that I
had gotten the copy that I wished, but by some curious chain
— I do not know how it occurred — ^he had given me through
his index an exact copy of the docimients I wanted, pro-
cured from another source. It seems there were duplicates
at these two places."
At the suggestion of Dr. Hale, it was voted that the
Coimcil be requested to xmite with other literary bodies in
securing this manuscript index.
The Recording Secretary annoimced that the Council
recommends for election to the Society the following gen-
tlemen: —
Henry Holmes, of Washington, D. C.
Clarence S. Brigham, of Providence, R. I.
Those gentlemen were duly elected by ballot.
Dr. Samuel A. Green, from a committee appointed to
nominate the other officers, reported the following list:
Vice-Presidents,
Edward Everett Hale, D.D., of Roxbury, Mass.
Samuel Abbott Green, LL. D., of Boston, Mass.
Council:
Sabhtel Swett* Green, A.M., of Worcester, Mass.
Edward Liv^ingstgn Davis, A.M., of Worcester, Mass.
Granville Stanley Hall, LL.D., of Worcester, Mass.
William Babcock Weeden, A.M., of Providence, R. I.
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1905.] Proceedings. 137
Jabies Phinnet Baxter, latt.D., of Portland, Me.
Carroll Davidson Wright, LL.D., of Worcester, Mass.
Edmund Arthur Engler, LL.D., of Worcester, Mass.
Andrew McFarland Davis, A.M., of Cambridge, ^Mass.
Elias Harlow Russell, of Worcester, Mass.
Sabhtel Utlet, LL.B., of Worcester, Mass
Secretary for Foreign Correspondence.
Franklin Bowditch Dexter, Litt.D., of New Haven,
Connecticut.
Secretary for Domestic Correspondence.
Charles Francis Adams, LL.D., of Lmcoln, Mass.
Recording Secretary.
Charles Augustus Chase, A.M., of Worcester, Mass.
Treasurer.
Nathaniel Paine, A. M., of Worester, Mass.
Committee of Publication.
Edward Everett Hale, D.D., of Roxbury, Mass.
Nathaniel Paine, A.M., of Worcester, Mass.
Charles Augustus Chase, A.M., of Worcester, Mass.
Charles Card SMrrn, A.M., of Boston, Mass.
Auditors.
Augustus George Bullock, A.M., of Worcester, Mass.
Benjamin Thobaas Hill, A.B., of Worcester, Mass.
Biographer,
Samuel Utley, LL.B., of Worcester, Mass.
The Recording Secretary was instructed by unanimous
vote to cast a single ballot in favor of the report of the
nominating committee, which he did, and the above list of
officers was duly elected.
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138 American Antiquarian Society. [Oct.,
The President said:—
''Among the gentlemen present with us today, who have
come from a great distance, is our associate Mr. David
Casares, A.M., of Merida de Yucatan, Federal Inspector
of the raih-oads in that state, and a Commissioner of Public
Construction. I will ask Mr. Casares to address the
Society."
Mr. Casares read a paper entitled, ''Yucatan and its
Water Supply."
"The Jackson-VanBuren Papers" was the subject of a
paper by Prof. William MacDonald of Brown University.
Mr. Edward H. Thompson, United States Consul to
Yucatan, presented the next paper, entitled: "A Page from
American History."
On motion of Dr. S. A. Green, it was voted that the
papers which have been read be presented to the Committee
of Publication, and that the thanks of the Society be ex-
tended to the authors, and especially to the two gentlemen
from Yucatan.
The meeting was dissolved at two o'clock. The members
present repaired to the house of President Salisbxtrt,
where lunch was served.
Attest: CHARLES A. CHASE,
Recording Secretary.
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1905.] Labor Organizatioaa. 139
LABOR ORGANIZATIONS IN ANCIENT,
MEDIAEVAL AND MODERN TIMES.
BT CABROLL D. WRIGHT.
At the kind suggestion of President Salisbury^ I present
a brief paper on Labor Organizations in Ancient, Mediseyal
and Modem Times.
I do not propose to discuss such organizations in detail,
but principsJly to show the difference in character at differ^
ent times, and also wherein they were similar. Unfortun-
ately the history of such organizations in ancient times is
exceedingly meagre. It was not the habit of writers to
make much mention of the interests of labor or how the
lower orders earned their hving or conducted their affairs.
It was quite natural perhaps when historians were record-
ing the events of administration, of wars or of great racial
changes, to omit the consideration of what then seemed
the lesser affairs of life, but a great deal has been unearthed
by modem archseologists from inscriptions on slabs and
monimients, which throws some Ught upon this subject of
labor organizations and which helps us to understand the
slow development of the workingman through the ages.
The slabs containing the inscriptions have been Ijdng with-
out observation, some on their original sites, others in
museums. However, they have been recorded, catalogued
and numbered; but their importance has been httle imder-
stood or little considered. This, in connection with the
lack of interest on such subjects, accoimts in a way for
the meagre history.
Mr. C. Osborne Ward, for a long time an associate of
mine in the Department of Labor at Washington, worked
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140 American Antiquarian Society. [Oct,,
many years in translating old accounts in Greek and Latin,
in studying inscriptions and their translations, his devotion
resulting in the publication of a history of the ancient
working people.
We all understand the modem labor organization, or
think we do. We certainly imderstand that it exists, but it
exists in various forms, chiefly as the trade union, which is
a society of working people usually pursuing the same
occupation, the society being organized for the purpose of
mutual help in providing for sick and death benefits and
sometimes out-of-work benefits; but chiefly it is organized
to resist the attempts to reduce wages and to insist upon
higher wages, fewer hours of labor and improved conditions
of shop work. The Unions sometimes have insurance features
attached to them and for many years have paid out large
sums of money in this way. They attempt to regulate the
business in which the members are engaged. Until quite
recently the trade imion, consisting of workers in one craft,
cared nothing for the interests or welfare of the workers in
other crafts, but now, through the sympathetic strike, one
trade imion is quite likely to take part in the conflicts
between the members of another union in an entirely differ-
ent occupation and their employers.
Other labor organizations are broader, more philosophical,
like the Knights of Labor, an organization dating from
1869. This body not only strives for the usual purposes
of trades imions, but goes beyond by its endeavors to
unify wage-earners without regard to the trades followed.
The proposed aim of this body is to secure the fullest
enjoyment of wealth which they claim is created by workers.
These two types are characteristic of all labor organizations.
The one primarily is selfish, looking to the interest of its
own craft, the other is broader, more philosophical, looking
to the interests of all crafts. It is not strange that the
first succeeds and the latter practically fails. Perhaps in
another state of society the broader basis will win.
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1905.] Labor Organizations. 141
Until a very few years ago modem trades unions were
supposed to be the direct outcome of the guilds of the
middle ages. All writers, or nearly all, took this view,
and undertook to accoimt for the origin of modem organ-
izations by tracing the development of the medieval guilds
to modem times. It is now seen that these modem
imions are not direct descendants of the craft-guilds of the
middle ages, and there is no evidence that they are such
descendants; all the historical proof seems to be the other
way.
Perhaps the earliest writer to make this distinction was
Brentano, in his Guilds and Trades Unions, where he says :
''These guilds were not imions of laborers in the present
sense of the word, but persons who, with the help of some
stock, carried on their craft on their own account." It is
probably nearer the truth to conclude that through the
varjdng and ephemeral organizations of wage-earners and
joiuneymen which existed 300 or 400 years ago, and which
were composed solely of wage earners, these modem imions
have taken their roots. Yet this direct connection does
not have historical coniBrmation, for such associations were
condemned by the law and there was too close a resem-
blance between them and the guild system which preceded.
The best that can be said is that there was a class of
employees in England who neither strove to become masters,
nor were in condition to seek controlling influence, who first
started the trade imion idea.
The 18th century saw a persistent development of the
capitalist employer and a decreased ability on the part of
the worker to own and control the material and tools of
his especial trade. Perhaps it was the factory system as
much as any other element that developed the modem
trades union, because while, before the inauguration of
the factory system, the workingmen and their employers
lived and worked in very close personal relationship, under
the factory system this relationship was lost in large degree.
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142 American Antiqyarian Society. [Oct.,
The employer, instead of having his joiuneymen and appren-
tices around him and feeding them at his own table, became
the employer of himdreds, and now of thousands, thus
severing that close personal relation of the olden time.
Trades unions sought to take the place through their
organizations of that relationship, to protect their members
against what they considered the encroachments of capital,
to look after the welfare of members in various ways, and
through organization to be in a position to resist or enforce
demands. True it is that these organizations have become
powerful, and in this country alone constitute at least ten
or twelve per cent of the wage-earners of the coimtry,
and they number now probably two million members.
This proportion of the total is a little larger in this coimtry
than in England or on the Continent.
The whole history of the development of trades unions
is interesting as an economic and social study and they
are exercising a great influence in the conduct of modem
industry. In a nutshell, the modem labor organization of
whatever character is composed of wage-eamers only.
The members pay dues and receive such benefits as may
accme.
The mediaeval guild was an entirely different aflfair. It
may have spnmg from some form of ancient organization,
but in its more essential elements it did not. Mediseval
conditions originated in German conditions, adapted, how-
ever, and moulded by the Roman civilization, but wherever
the Germanic element exercised any influence, whether in
Germany, England, France, Italy or Spain, the tribes of
Germany that carried that influence found some sort of a
labor union and in some sense inherited them. Notwith-
standing this the guild of mediaeval days was more thor-
oughly German than Roman, for the Roman guilds were
made up more essentially of slaves, as we shall see, while
the guilds of the middle ages foimd their membership among
the free men, but in their composition they were not what
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1905.] Labor Organizations. 143
we tinderstand as trades imions, although they resembled
them.
The name itself is somewhat significant, being derived^
so it is supposed, from the Anglo-Saxon word gylden or
gildan, meaning "to pay," for a very important feature of
the guilds was the contribution by or assessment of its
members. Curiously enough the word signified any kind
of an association, without reference to its purpose, where a
common fund was created through individual contributions
of members. But it is certain, in accordance with all
modem authorities, that these early guilds had no connec-
tion with trade or industry; they were social, sometimes
protective, sometimes poUtical and almost unanimously
composed of a religious spirit. As Gierke puts it: "The
old Germanic guild embraced the whole man and was
intended to satisfy all human purposes; it was a imion such
as exists today only in our towns or cites. It answered
at the same time religious, moral, social, economical and
poUtical purposes." This might apply to our early town
settlements in New England.
Some of these guilds were social and charitable. Growing
out of them or existing with them were the guilds-merchant
and the craft-guilds. The earlier of these were the guilds-
merchant, securing great power and sometimes constituting
the governing force of towns, but the craft-guilds gained
in strength and ultimately took the place of the guilds-
merchant. It is with the craft-guilds that we have to deal.
Brentano, in his History of Guilds and Trades Unions,
argues that they were associations of craft-guilds to protect
themselves from the "Abuse of power on the part of the
lords of the town who tried to reduce the free to the depend-
ence of the unfree." This view is not generally supported.
Dr. Cunningham, in his History of Industry and Com-
merce, took the groimd that these guilds were "called into
being not out of antagonism to existing authorities, but as
new institutions to which special parts of their own duties
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144 American Antiquarian Society. [Oct.,
were delegated by the borough officers or the local guild-
merchant," while another authority, Prof. Ashley, late of
Harvard University, takes the ground that they were self-
governing bodies of craftsmen, more or less under municipal
control but without force. He thinks they are in no case
to be identified with modem trades unions. In fact, author-
itative writers, as already indicated, have taken that view.
While the guilds-merchant may be designated as mono-
poUes in traffic, the craft-guilds certainly were monopolies
in production. They were organizations of employers and
had charge of trade in cities. No one could carry on any
trade, either in the city or its surroimdings, imless he became
a member of the craft-guild. While the social features,
consisting of gatherings, processions, feasts, etc., were an
important element in the guilds, they also provided for
assistance to the needy and for the conmion welfare; but
these features were insignificant in the constitution of the
craft-guilds. Their true significance was economic not
social, and thus they have been confoxmded with modem
trades unions. To secure membership there must be a full
knowledge of the details of a trade, for the principal
provisions of the craft, as indicated, in fact the very soul
of its existence, consisted in regulations relative to the
excellence of products and the capacity of workmen.
Much good resulted from these guilds, such as the pro-
hibition of night work or sales by candle-light. They also
were important in the cathedral building ages, the religious
features of the guild, with the skill it could command, giving
it large influence. They developed the apprenticeship,
system, but the guilds were not a monopoly in one sense .
for any one could become apprentice and the niunber was
limited only by the abiUty of the master to support them,
or by considerations of a public nature. The appreiitice
formed a part of the master's family; he was to keep his
master's secrets, doing no injury or committing waste on
his goods; he was not to frequent taverns or to betroth
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himself without his master's permission, or to mingle in
any way with lewd women.*
All disputes were settled primarily by the wardens of
the guilds, some of whom were chosen from the ranks of
the joiuneymen themselves. The joiuneyman was protected
against exactions on the part of an unscrupulous master,
so conflicts in interest were unknown. The joumejrman
always looked forward to the period when he would be
admitted to the freedom of the trade. There was no
insuperable obstacle thrown in the path of the workman;
the time was the period of supremacy of labor over capital,
and the master himself worked.
These mediaeval guilds expanded were really composed
of masters and men to a certain extent; certainly all had to
be members of or workers in a trade. There were journey-
men's societies contemporaneous with the guilds, such as
fraternities of servants and others. The unions weje
everywhere confined to the youths who gradually became
masters and were then enrolled as full members of the
craft-guild proper. These unions were therefore fitting
schools for the guilds, but as time went on there was a
change and the guilds became wealthy and powerful, and
thus secured the hatred of the people, and their downfall
came at various dates in difTerent countries but from the
early to the middle part of the 17th century.
There is little or no similarity between these guilds and
modem labor organizations, except in so far as the guilds
and the modern trades unions seek to regulate the appren-
ticeship system and to seciu-e to the masters in some respects
aid and assistance. Their antagonism lies in the fact that
the guild served to seciu^e for the master the labor of the
apprentice for a very long time at a very low rate of wages
or for no wages at all, to keep down the wages of the jour-
neyman and to keep down competition by limiting the
number of masters.
•Sellgmao : MedlSByal OnUds of Sngland.
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146 American Antiquarian Society, [Oct.,
That such unions or organizations or associations have
had an existence is well known to historians, but, as I
have intimated, they have not been understood or very
carefully studied. But the fact is-* established that they
existed, and they were very largely impregnated with
some reUgious cult. They shaped their course from that
of the aristocrats who worshipped the shades of their ances-
tors. The workingmen, however, in their unions had their
patron gods.
Like all history, the facts concerning early organizations
are nebulous and hazy, so the date of the first labor organ-
ization cannot be given. It is certain, however, to have
been at a very iearly date, for Plutarch in his Theseus relates
that as early as 1180 B. C. there arose a demand from the
common people to be allowed to enter into the Eleusinian
mysteries. The workingmen complained that they were
excluded from the aristocratic reUgious rites, their employ-
ers, the aristocrats of the time, taking the groimd that
these workingmen had no souls. Thus the workingmen's
thought came strongly into view at that early day, and it
resulted in the organizations of the time.
Trades unions were common in Solon's days. The
twelve tables of the Roman law distinctly specified the
manner of these organizations. References may be found
in the time of Joshua (1537-1427 B. C), to trades unions,
and those of us who are members of the most ancient but
now speculative trade imion and are master workmen, are
familiar with those of the time of Solomon and know how
Hiram of Tsrre, the architect of the Temple of Jerusalem,
organized his workmen. He had with him 3200 foremen
from Tyre and 40,000 free artificers, but Phidias it is said
employed 50,000 unionist craftsmen ten years in designing
and completing the Parthenon.
Mommsen relates that in the time of Numa Pompilius
there were innumerable communal associations. These
organizations consisted mostly of freed men, but it is diffi-
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cult to leam just what inspired them. The right of organ-
ization in very ancient time extended all over Europe, so
far as is known. Numa Pompilius tolerated these organi-
zations; in fact he ordered that the entire working popula-
tion be distributed into eleven guilds. Mommsen does
not quite agree to this, although it is given on the authority
of Plutarch. Mommsen concludes that there were eight
classes, but the distinction is of no consequence for the
purposes of this paper.
The trades were distinct and covered all the arts of
antiquity. During the reign of Nimia the trades unions
made great advancement; skilled workmen were required
during all the war-like times, and the workers had their
golden era, so far. as ancient times are concerned. The
distinct character, however, remains an tmwritten page,
but the right of combination continued for over 600 years,
there being no interruption until 58 years before Christ.
Then it was that the industrial population of Rome was
considered outcast, and being well organized they exerted
considerable, even powerful, poUtical influence.
King Numa, while not originating the union of the trades
at Rome, permitted and encouraged what ahready existed.
The Collegium was a positive trade union, originally created
for the purpose of mutual aid and protection. A trade
union of today, while protective, also performs the function
of an aid society, as insurance, biuial fimds, sick funds,
etc., and this was true in Niuna's time. So the collegia,
while maintaining their economic or trade union purpose
of securing mutual advantages in trade relations, some-
times passed for reUgious institutions. Sometimes the
burial society was distinct and had a name of its own.
This was true of the early Greek unions, and those who ate
at a common table were burial societies, ship carpenters,
boat makers, millers, firemen, wine dealers, etc., etc. These
collegia were f oimd in the Roman Empire, Asia Minor, the
Greek Islands, Spain and Gaul, as well as in Greece and
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148 American Antiquarian Society. [Oct.^
Rome, and they were established in England by the Romans
and thus probably gave rise to the mediaeval guilds.
Ward, to whom I have referred, gives a list of thirty-five
trades unions existing at one time under the law of Constan-
tine. All the stone cutting, mason work, everything in
the way of art was done by the unions. The victualing
systems were carried on by unions, as well as the manu-
facturing trades. There were also unions of players among
the Greeks and the Romans. We have heard sdmething
of the influence of St. Crispin in this commonwealth. They
had a powerful trade union in the olden time. The story
of the origin is too long to be repeated, but it grew out of
the persecution of two brothers named Crispin and Cris-
pinian. These Crispins offended by embracing Christianity,
settled in Soissons and preached by day and made shoes
in the evening. They were finally executed by Maximian,
but they had first foxmded the order of Crispins which
exists at the present time.
There was a remarkable and curious trade union of
patch-workers and junkmen or rag-pickers. This is shown
by inscriptions to have existed. The image makers are per-
haps among the most interesting in ancient history. These
organizations worked for the gods, the Pagan objecting to
the new reUgion because Christianity repudiated idolatry.
Thus they fought Christianity because it interfered with
idol, amulet, palladium and temple drapery manufacture.
The trades imions were organized of skilled workers,
and they directed their talents to the protection of the
Pagan priesthood with its innumerable images and Pagan
worship. It is remarkable that most of the work in the
times of which we are speaking was performed by trades
unions instead of isolated individuals, as in our modem
age. The ancient people were then fairly prosperous both
during war and peace. All labor was humiliating, and
this made it easier for the governing powers to encom-age
trades imions, for the State was their great employer.
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It is quite evident that the labor organizations of ancient
times had a good effect in an economical way, but the
members were branded by the political and religious jeal-
ousy of Paganism as wretches, so they could take no part
in any poUtical question by which the system of organi-
zation could be developed, all the power being in the
employers. Those who gave up Paganism saw in the birth
of Christianity a new source or a new power for the develop-
ment, and it is now contended that Christ himself was a
member of a trade organization of some kind, and that he
sought to regenerate the earth or to bring heaven on earth
through such organization, by removing the humiliation
under which the laborer worked, bringing him to reaUze the
social results of developed organization and thus enabling
him to see that his true salvation depended upon Ufting
himself out of the cramped conditions in which he lived.
All agree as to what Christ sought to do on earth, but all
will not agree that he used for his means the trade organi-
zations of his day, although he may have been a member of
one or more of them. Coming as he did from the ranks of
labor it is reasonable to suppose that he worked with them
in their organizations.
From this brief statement relative to trades unions in
ancient times, it is seen that they more nearly resembled
the modem trade union than the mediseval organizations,
for the ancient unions were economic in their purposes,
regulating or seeking to regulate, conditions of labor and
the control or monopoly of trades. This allies them more
closely with the modem trades unions.
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150 American Antiquarian Society. [Oct.,
GEORGE P. HOAR.
BY EDWARD £. HALE.
The President of the Society has asked me to prepare a
paper for our records, on what 1 will call the literary life
of Senator Hoar. By this the President and I both mean,
some notice, however brief, of his literary and historical
interests. Of these he never lost sight even in the darkest
gloom of the great political questions of half a century.
He says himself in a sentence which is pathetic, ''Down to
the time when I was admitted to the bar, and, indeed for
a year later, my dream and highest ambition were to spend
my life as what is called an office lawyer, making deeds,
and giving advice in small transactions. I supposed I was
absolutely without capacity for public speaking."
So little does a man know himself. So Uttle does a young
man forecast his own future. I can remember those days.
And I know how sincere this statement of his is. He really
thought that he could not speak extemporaneously, and
yet I lived to hear him make some of the most quick retorts
which were ever listened to in either house of Congress.
He says, "I expected never to be married; perhaps to
earn twelve or fifteen hxmdred dollars a year, which would
enable me to have a room of my own in some quiet house
and to collect rare books which could be had without much
cost."
It was at that early period that I first knew him and
from that early period till he died, I may say that we were
near friends. I have a certain right, therefore, to speak
of the underlying tastes and principles which asserted
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themselves in the fifty-five years of life which followed on
his entrance at the bar. I remember hearing someone
laugh at the advice which he gives to yoimg men who
would prepare for public life. Some one had asked what
was the best training for a public speaker, and quite im-
consciously Mr. Hoar replied that if a yoimg man wanted
to be a public speaker he would do well to read the Greek
orators in the original language. There is something a
little droll in the thought of such advice as given to what
the public calls a "rail splitter" or a "bobbin boy." But
he said it perfectly unconsciously. I suppose he was think-
ing of his own young life and he knew very well that what
Mr. Adams calls the Greek fetish is a fetish very easily
conciliated. I remember him the first winter he was in
Worcester, as preferring to read Plato in the original to
going into the pleasant evening society of the town, so that
it was with some little difficulty that we yoimgsters made
him take his part in social entertainments. Almost to the
day of his death he maintained such early studies, which
were, indeed, no longer studies.
By the kindness of Mr. Rockwood Hoar, I have here his
unpublished translation of Thucydides. When of late years
you called upon him of a sudden at his own home, you
were as apt as not to find him standing at his desk and
advancing that translation by a few lines, or revising it.
Indeed, he reverenced the masters in whatever line of lit-
erature or life. You never met him but he surprised you
by some apt quotation, perhaps from somebody you had
never heard of, and it seems to me fair to say that the
wide range of such reading is to be remembered at once
as cause and effect in that simny cheerfulness, confidence,
and coiu*age which everyone has noted who has attempted
to give any analysis or discussion of his character.
As I have spoken of the translation of Thucydides, I
ought to say that I do not believe he had any thought of
publishing it. He did not mean to throw discredit in any
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152 American Antiquarian Society, [Oct.,
way upon the translations which existed. But rather, he
meant, if I may use the phrase, to bind himself to the de-
termination that he would once more read Thucydides
and would read him carefully. I do not know, — ^I wish
someone would tell us, who first called Thucydides's history
''the hand book of statesmen." Within inteUigible limits,
I think, perhaps, 'Mr. Hoar would have accepted that
phrase. In making one more version into English of the
great historian, however, he was working to please himself,
without any care or thought as to whether his work was
or was not a better Uterary work than Jowett's or Dale's,
or any other translator's. I like to say this because there
was not in him the least of that eagerness to have every-
thing published which is one of the superficial absurdities
of our time.
With such tastes and habits he was glad to accept the
invitations which he received right and left to address the
literary societies of the colleges. A collection of such ad-
dresses, many of them elaborate in their detail, would in
itself make a very interesting volume of the history of the
higher education. I have an address at Amherst on the
"Place of the College Graduate in American life," with
the date of 1879. In an address before the Law Class of
the Howard University he spoke on ''The Opportunity of
the Colored Leader." At the anniversary of the Yale Law
School he spoke on the "Function of the American Lawyer
in the Founding of States."
His addresses at Plymouth on Forefather's Day, his
Eulogy on Garfield, delivered in this city, his address on
the Two Hundredth Anniversary of Worcester, his address
at the dedication of the PubUc Library in Lincoln, Massa-
chusetts, his address on Robert Bums, his address on Emei
son, are to be spoken of as studies of permanent value
When in 1888 the state of Ohio celebrated its own centen
nial, Mr. Hoar was very properly requested by the author-
ities in Ohio to deliver the oration as representing the State
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of Massachusetts, whose colony under Manasseh Cutler
founded the City of Marietta. I had the pleasure of hear-
ing that address. To this moment it is a great historical
monument of a great occasion.
I have asked the Society to print as a matter of public
convenience the titles of the 193 speeches and addresses
which are contained in the sixteen volumes in his own
library, a list which has been furnished us by the kindness
of his son.
Of his papers read before this Society, the memory is
fresh in the minds of all of us. He loved the Society and
never forgot its work or its interests; and the broad national
views which his Ufe in Washington enabled him to take of
the whole country gave him an opportunity tb serve us in
a thousand ways which were not open to other men.
Every such word of his in education or in history, is
an original study and he is sure to go to the foundations.
One of the representatives of Massachusetts in speaking of
him before the House of Representatives cites the modest
phrase of Mr. Webster, who says that the only genius
he was aware of was a genius for hard work, and he appUes
that phrase to Mr. Hoar. It is a happy statement and it
ought to be added that Mr. Hoar's literary work always
seems to be spontaneous, or to be amusement or play. In
general, the same remark would apply to it all which I
have made of his Thucy^des. In truth, he loved what we
call study, and though no man was more social or welcomed
a visitor more cordially, yet from one end of the year to
another he would have been happy if he were alone with
his books.
We remember here how often he gave dignity, and even
solemnity, to om* proceedings by his careful references to
the work of the English divines. Our friend, Dr. Merri-
man, at our last meeting reminded us in the careful study
which he made of Jeremy Taylor, of one of Mr. Hoar's
suggestions. There is a very pathetic anecdote of a sacred
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164 American ArUxqwrian Society. [Oct.,
pilgrimage which he and Mrs. Hoar made to the parsonage
of the poet Herbert. And if I have a right to say it, I
will say, that no man among us had a more careful knowl-
edge of the Puritan leaders in the seventeenth century, or
of the really devout scholars in the Church of England in
the next century. In the very last interview I had with
him, he recalled some verses of Dr. Watts which are omitted
in most of our hymn books. This might have happened
with a superficial reader, but when with his own care he
repeated the words, you could not but remember that from
Milton to Montgomery he was familiar with all the sacred
poets of English literature.
One instance out of a himdred will serve to illustrate
the course of his life. In the year 1882, with his life in
Washington full of the public duties of a hundred acquaint-
ances which pressed upon a leading member of Congress,
his attention was arrested by Mr. Dwight's report of Stev-
ens's index on the Franklin Papers. I happen to speak of
this detail because I was in Washington at the moment
when that report was brought before the Library Commit-
tee. Mr. Hoar acquainted himself with every detail of the
curious history of those papers and explained them before
the joint Library Committee of which he was a member.
He compelled the attention of leading members to the
subject, he followed it from day to day, — ^I might say, from
horn* to hour; and eventually secwed the grant which was
necessary for the purchase of the papers, which now make
a possession so valuable to the Library of Congress. I have
a thousand times had occasion to use those papers and I
never do so without thinking of the man who could stop
in what are called larger interests to see that such a detail
was attended to.
No one visits the ancient University of William and Mary
at Williamsburg without observing the reverence and affec-
tion with which the gentlemen there speak of his friendship
to their college. In the Civil War the Peninsula of Vir-
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ginia, as John Smith calls it, was almost of course the scene
of the most critical military operation. Rightly or wrongly,
I do not pretend to know, the army of the North destroyed
the principal building of the University. It was natural that
after the return of peace, the friends of William and Mary
College should think that they had a rightful claim on the
government different from that of most of the sufferers by
the rough hand of war. Who should present that claim
before the country? The Philistines of whatever type
would not have thought that this yoimg anti-slavery mem-
ber from Massachuseets, whose public life had begun and
continued because he hated the institution of slavery, whose
own father and sister had been turned out of Charleston by
the authorities by a genteel mob in that city, that he should
have been the person to be the champion of William and
Mary College, and should compel, so to speak, the govern-
ment to restore to it the property which it had destroyed.
But Mr. Hoar imdertook that special service in face of the
difficulties which seemed insoluble. Separate claims for
separate losses in a struggle for four years were looked
upon rightly with dissatisfaction, not to say intolerance.
All the same he meant that this claim should be Ustened to
and if I may use our vernacular, he " put it through."
It was because it was just, — it must be acceded to.
When in this city, we heard the distinguished senator
from Virginia, Mr. Daniel, pronounce his admirable eulogy
upon his long-time comrade in the Senate, we had a good
opportunity to see how great is the worth of manhood in
public Ufe. A great leader of men said to me in 1904 in
the Senate Chamber, that I should find very Uttle poUtics
in the Senate. He meant that man with man, the Sena-
tors of the country are Unked together by ties much closer
and more dear than those which are made by the mere
mechanics of superficial poUtics.
When Mr. Hoar graduated at Cambridge his Commence-
ment part was a review of Daniel Boone's hfe. The subject
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156 American ArUiquarian Society. [Oct.,
itself showed the direction which his thought and study
had ah-eady given to his life. And as one reviews the
extraordinary range of his public writings, accurate as they
are and profound at once, one understands the interest
which the whole country took in him. Our associate, Mr.
Paine, has made a collection of nearly five thousand metaio-
rial publications which have expressed the sorrow of a
nation for his death and its gratitude for his life. I am
not sure, but I believe, that if we had asked him which
enterprise of his long life gave him the most pleasure in
recollection, — ^I do not mean for its intrinsic importance,
but for the dramatic associations of the whole event, — he
would have said it was the recovery of Bradford's manu-
script by the state of Massachusetts from its hiding place
in London. When he was talking with the Bishop of Lon-
don about this precious document, the Bishop said that
he had never understood what was the value which
belonged to it.
"Why," said Mr. Hoar, "if there were in existence in
England a history of King Alfred's reign for thirty years,
written by his own hand, it would not be more precious
in the eyes of Englishmen than this manuscript is to us."
After this appeal, which quite surprised Dr. Temple, the
endless difficulties of English law and custom were all
overcome successively; and on an august occasion, the 26th
of May, 1897, the General Court of Massachusetts received
the precious volume at the hands of Mr. Bayard, the first
American Ambassador in London, on his return from
his duty there. Governor Walcott received the book to
become henceforth the property of the Conmionwealth, and
Mr. Hoar made one of his most interesting addresses as he
followed along its history. The Commonwealth thus owes to
him this most precious memorial of its birth, and, as I say,
I think he would have said, that no act of his had given
him more pleasure than the effort which was crowned that
day. Indeed, the history and principles of the foimders of
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New England and of their successors were woven in with
all his life, nor have we ever had a scholar who devoted
to them such unremitting interest or who had more reason
to be proud of his personal connection with the fathers.
In reviewing Mr. Hoar's life, as a friend of education,
of literature, and of history, or in general of scholarship,
it is interesting to remember that the first President of
Harvard College, whom the college herself had educated,
was his ancestor, Leonard Hoar. He had had the advan-
tage of both English and American training, and was loved
and honored in the old country which still seemed home
to half the colonists. The general Court, in their grant to
the College, was accustomed every year to make the grant
on condition that Dr. Hoar be the man chosen for the
vacant President's place. "A scholar and a Christian, a
man of talent and of great moral worth. "
I have been told that in his physical aspect Senator Hoar
reminded men of the pictures and busts of his distinguished
grandfather, Roger Sherman. He had respect, amounting
to veneration as well as love, for Sherman, and in one very
instructive paper he showed with great pride from the
journals of the Constitutional Convention what was the
masterly honor of Sherman in leading the way in each of
its most critical decisions.
The Senator was by no means a Dry-as-Dust annalist.
He comprehended thoroughly the principles and determina-
tions of the fathers; and in all his study and all his work,
he showed his determination that those principles should
be carried out without fear or hesitation. He studied the
history of the past with no idolatry of ancient method or
monument, but always looked forward to the future with a
determination that the eternal principles of the reign of
God should be central in the government of the years
which are before us.
I am fortunate in being able to read to you a sonnet
which his friend, Dr. Rawnsley, sent me after he received,
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168 American Antiquarian Society. [Oct.,
in his happy home at Keswick, the tidings of Mr. Hoar's
death. I remember that the Senator when he introduced me
to Dr. Rawnsley called him the first Uving poet in England.
At this October meeting of ours in Worcester, for a gen-
eration at least, the members of the society will remember
the cordial welcome whicl^ the Council and every member
always received at his happy home. One recalls with grat-
itude that great principle of history which in early life
he announced so well himself. "At bottom the reason
men form governments, and the object for which govern-
ment is to be sustained is that men may live in happy
homes. ^' Whoever speaks or writes of the charm, itself
indescribable, in* this well-balanced life, remembers the
cordial and complete sympathy of his wife, and that affec-
tionate, and even ingenious cooperation of her life with
his which showed itself whether in the detail of daily
ministry or in constant inspiration; — sympathy and coop-
eration such as women only are able to conceive.
SENATOR HOAR
IN MEMORIAM
You of the spirit fresh with May-flower dew,
A Pilgrim Father faithful to the end.
Stout-hearted foe and truest-hearted friend.
Who never trimmed your sail to winds that blew
With breath of popular favour, but foreknew
Storm followed sun, and knowing, did depend
On One behind all storm high aid to lend.
And from Heaven's fount alone your wisdom drew:
Farewell! in these illiterate later days
We ill can spare the good gray head that wore
The honour of a nation. Fare thee well.
When Justice weary of men's warlike ways
And Freedom gains Love's height, they there shall spell
Your name in golden letters. Senator Hoar.
H. D. RAWNSLEY.
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SPEECHES AND ADDRESSES OF GEORGE F. HOAR.
VOLUME I.
1. L^slative Power Under the CoDstitution. Report of the Special
(x>inmittee, March, 1857.
2. Petition to annex pajt of the Towns of Bolton and Beiiin to Hud-
son. Arf^ument for Remonstrants, 1867.
8. Free Pubbc Library, Worcester. Seventh and Eighth Annual
Reports.
4. Claims of the Free Institute of Industrial Science upon the Com*
monwealth. Ai||;\mient before Committee on Education of the
Legislature of Mass.. February, 1869.
5. Woman's Right and the Public Welfare. Remarks before a
Special Committee of the Legislature, 1869
Vir^'nia. admission of. Speech in the H. of R, June, 1870.
National Economy. Speech in H. of R, Februaiy, 1870.
6
7.
8. Mission to Rome. Remarks in H. of R, May, 187d.
9. Universal Education a National Concern and a National Necessity.
Speech in H of R. June, 1870.
10. General Howard, Chaiges against. Report of the Committee on
Education and Labor, H of R, Jul^ 1870.
11. National Education. Speech in H of K, February, 1871.
12. General Howsurd and the Freedmen's Bureau. Remarks in H of
R, February, 1871.
13. Powers of the American Constitution for the Protection of Civil
Liberty. Speech in H. of R, March, 1871.
14. Universal Education the only Safeguard of State Rights. Speech
in H. of R, Januaiy, 1872.
15 John Cessna vs. Benj. F. Meyers. Report of Committee on Eleo
tions, H of R, February, 1872.
16. College of William and Mary. Speech in H of R, February, 1872.
17. Grant and Wilson Club, Organization of. Address i^ Worcester,
August, 1872.
18. Bowen vs. De Large. Report of Committee on Elections, H of R,
January. 1873.
19. Woman Suffrage Essential to the True Republic. Address at
Boston, May, 1873.
20. Union Pacific Railroad Company, Affairs of. Report of Select
Committee, H of R, February^ 1873.
21. Interstate Commerce. Speech m H of R, March, 1874.
22. ColWe of William and Maiy. Report of Committee on Education
and Labor, H of R, March, 1876.
23. Jurisdiction m Impeachment. Argument before U. S. Senate, May,
1876,
24. Political Condition of the South. Speech in H of R, August, 1876.
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160 American Antiquarian Society. [Oct.,
25. Presentation of the Statues of John Winthrop and Samuel Adama.
M Speech in H of R, December, 1876.
26. Counting the Electoral Votes. Speech in H of R, January, 1877.
VOLUME n. '
1. Charles Sumner. Article in North American Review, Jan.«Feb.,
1878.
2. Conduct of Business in Congress. Article in North American
Review, Febniaiy, 1879.
3. Condition of the South. Report of the Special Committee in H
of R.
4. State Republican Convention, Mr. Hoar, President. Speech,
September, 1877.
5. Republican State Convention, Worcester, 1879. Speech
6. Suffrage under National Protection. Speech in Senate, Februaxy,
1879.
7. Threatened Usurpation. Speech in Senate, March 25, 1879.
8. Geneva Award. Speech in Senate, March, 1880.
9. Senate Bound by its own Judgments. Speech in Senate, May,
1880.
10. The Place of the College Graduate in American Life. Address
before the Social Union at Amherst College, July, 1879.
11. Constitutional Amendment, Female Suffr^. Report of Senate
Committee on Privileges and Elections, ^bruary, 1879.
12. Asbuiy Dickins, Report from Committee on Clamis, November,
1877.
70. Twenty-fifth Anniversary of the Republican Party. September,
1879.
VOLUME III.
1. Samuel Hoar, Memoir of.
2. James A. Garfield. Eulos^ bv G. F. H.
3. President Garfield's New England Ancestiy.
4. James A. Garfield Memorial Observances.
6. The Appointing Power. Article in North American Review.
7. The Function of the American Lawyer in the Founding of States.
An Address before the Graduatinj; Class of Yale CoUege, 1881.
8. The Lincoln Library, Dedication ot 1884
9. Our Candidates and Cause. Remarks in Tremont Temple, Jidy 15,
1884.
VOLUME IV.
1. Geneva Award. Speeches April and March 1880.
2. A National Bankrupt Law. Speeches in June and December, 1882.
3. Alexander H. Bullock, Memoir of.
4. Relation of National Government to Domestic Commerce.
5. Alleged Election Outrages in Miss. Report of Committee on
Privil^res and Elections, May, 1884.
38. Benjamin Franklin, Purchase of Papers of. May, 1882, Conmiittee
on Libraiy.
59. River and Harbor Bill, Analysis of. August 12, 1882.
60. Chinese Immigration. Speech, March, 1882, in the U. S. Senate.
Digitized by
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1906.] Speeches and Addresses of George F. Hoar. 161
VOLUME V.
1. Two Hundredth Aimiveraaiy of the Naming of Woroester. Octo-
ber, 1884.
2. 0bli«ttioii8 of New England to the County of Kent. Paper read -
belore the Antiouarian Society^ 1885.
3. Two Hundred ana Fiftieth Anniversary of Concord. September
12, 1885.
4. Samuel Head vs. Amoekeag Mfg. Co. and Aigument in same. Briefii
for Defendant, October, 1884.
5. Rdation of National Government to Domestic Commerce. Speech
in the Senate, July 1, 1884.
6. Annua) or Biennial Elections, Which ? Speech at Massachusetts
aub, 1886.
7. Prof. Wiley Lane, Obituary Addresses at Funeral of. March 3,
1885.
8. The Senate and the President. Speech in the Senate, June 30,
1886.
9. Interstate Commerce. Speech in the Senate, Januaiy 14, 1887.
Atlantic and Pacific Ship-Railway. Speech in the Senate, Fel^
ruary, 1887.
VOLUME vn.
1. John G. Whittier. Remarks before Essex Club, November 12,
1887.
2. Gov. Washburn. Address. November 1887.
3. The Founding of the Northwest. Oration at Marietta, O., April,
1888.
4. Fisheries Treatv. Speech in Senate, July, 1888.
5. Harrison's Welcome to Harvard. Speech in Tremont Temple,
November 2, 1888.
6. Report of the Proceedings of the Harvard Republican Meeting,
Tremont Temple, November 2, 1888.
7. The Constitutional Remedy. Speech, 1888.
8. Jubilee Banquet of Home Market Club. Speech, November 15,
1888.
9. Completion of the National Monument to the Pilgrims. Speech
at Plymouth, August 1, 1889.
10. Are the Republicans in to Stay? Article in North American
Review of 1889.
11. Speech at Ratification Meeting, Music Hall, October 15, 1889.
VOLUME vni,
1. Shall the Senate Keep Faith with the People? Speech, August
1890.
2. Senate Resolution Relating to a Limitation of Debate. August.
1890.
3. Amendment to the Resolution of Mr. Quay. August 19, 1890.
5. Montana Election Cases. Report of Facts and Speeches on same,
1890.
6. Order Reported from Senate Committee on Privileges and Elec-
tions to Omit from the Congressional Record certain words^in
the Report of Senator Call's Kemarks, Februaiy 20, 1890
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162 American Antiquarian Society, [Oct.,
VOLUME IX.
2. GharieB Devens, Heniy M. Dexter and Edward I. Thomas. Before
Antiquarian Society, April 29, 1891.
3. Government in Canada and the United States Compared. Anti-
quarian Society. April 29, 1891.
4. Home Market CIud Meeting, November, 1891. Speech of Mr. Hoar.
5. Railroad Problems. New York Independent, 1891.
6. Speech at Cambridge, October 7, 1891.
7. Speech at Great Barrington, October^ 1891.
8. Tiie Fate of the Election Bill. Magasme Article
9. Reasons for Republican Control. Magazine Article
10. If Crime Rule our Elections, the Republic Cannot Live. Speech,
December, 1890.
11. Constitutional Limit of the Taxing Power. Speech, January,
1893.
12. Election of Senators 1^ Direct Vote of the People. Speech, 1893.
21. Speech at Vice-President Morton's Testimonial, 1891. Old Age
and Immortality.
22. One Hundredth Anniversary of the Worcester Fire Society, Janu-
ary 4, 1892.
VOLUME X.
1. Charles Sumner. Magazine Article.
The Riffht and Expediency of Woman Suffrage. Article in Cen-
tury Magazine.
2. Address o! Mr. Hoar^ President, etc.. Fifteenth Meeting of the
National Conference of Unitarian and other Churches. Seuratoga,
September. 1894.
3. Platform Aaopted by the Republican State Convention of Massa-
chusetts, 1894.
4. Daniel Webster. Speech in the Senate on the Receiving of the
Statues of Webster and Stark, December, 1894.
5. Gold and Silver. Speech, August, 1893.
6. Sectional Attack on Northern Industries. Speech, May, 8 1894.
7. A New England Town. Speech, June, 1894.
8. Ebcecutive Usurpation. Speech, December 6 and 11, 1893.
9. Colloquy with Mr. Villas. Speech in Senate, December 6, 1893.
10. Executive Usurpation. Speech, December 20, 1893.
11. Dinner Commemorative of Charles Sumner and Complimentary to
Edward L. Pierce, December 29, 1894.
12. Address to Law Class, Howard Universi^, 1894.
13. Speech at the Dedication of the Haston Free Public Library, No.
Brookfield, September 20, 1894.
VOLUME XI.
1. Address at the Opening Exercises of Clark University, October 2,
1889.
2. The Further Mission of the Party. Article in the Republican Party.
3. Oration at the Fiftieth Anniversary of the New England Histono
Genealogical Society, April 19, 1895.
4. Improvement of Boston Harbor. Address at Fifteenth Annual
Bfmquet of Boston Merchants' Association, November 15, 1895.
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1905.] Speeches and Addresses of George F. Hoar. 163
5. Popular Discontent with Representative Government. Inaugural
Address before the American Historical Association, Decembei
27, 1895.
6. Oration at the Two Hundred and Seventy-fifth Anniversary of
the Landing of the Pilgrims, December 21, 1895.
7. Protection to Wool, Bi-metallism and the Republican Party. Speech
in the Senate, February 26, 1896.
8. Orderly and Decorous Conduct of Foreign Relations. Speech,
Maich 11, 1896.
^. The Senate. An Article published in the Youth's Companion,
November, 1890, and reprinted by the Senate.
VOLUME XII.
1. The Charro of Packing the Court, etc.. Refuted. Letter to Boston
Herald, November, 1896.
2. The Life of Roger Sherman, Book*notices of.
3. McKav V. Kean. Aigument for Petitioner, October, 1895.
4. Has the Senate Degenerated? Article in the Forum, April, 1897.
5. Statesmanship in England and in the United States. The Forum,
August, 1897.
6. General William Cogswell, Life and Character of. Senate, Febru»
aiy 8, 1897.
7. Oregon Case. Report of Committee on Privileges and Elections,
June 25, 1897.
VOLUME XIII.
1. William Whitney Rice. A Biographical Sketch.
2. Francis Amasa Walker, Proceedings of a Meeting heldin Com-
memoration of.
3. American Antiquarian Society, Proceedings of the. October 21,
1897.
4. Bradford Manuscript, Return of the.
5. Ashley B. Wright. Memorial Addresses in the Senate by Messn.
Hoar, Morgan, Hawley and Lodge.
7. Sound Money for the People, The United States a Government
Providing, Janua^ 26, 1898.
8. War—Justice and Blumanity. Not Revenge, The Only Justfication
for. In the Senate, Ap>ril 14, 1898.
9. Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society, April 27, 1898.
VOLUME XIV.
1. Hawaii. In the Senate, JxAj 5, 1898.
2. Dangers of Colonial Expansion. In New York Independent, July
7. 1898.
3. Relation of the American Bar to the State. Address Delivered
at the Tenth Annual Meeting of the Virginia State Bar A^KKsia-
tion, July, 1898.
4. Same, in Viiginia Law Resister, August, 1898.
5. Quality of our Honor. Speech at Opening of Clark University
Summer School. July 13, 1898, and Open letters to Prof. Norton.
6. Rufus Putnam, Founder and Father of Ohio. Address at RutUnd,
September 17, 1898.
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164 American AtUiqvarian Society. [Oct.,
7. Bradford ManuBcript, Account of Part Taken by American Anti-
quarian Society in Return of, to America.
VOLUME XV.
1. Four National Conventiona — Some Political Remihiscenoea —
Daniel Webster. Scribner's Magazine.
3. Life of Sumner by Edward L. Pierce — ^Wilmot Proviso — John Davia.
RemariES before American Antiquarian Society in Proceedings,
October. 1893.
6. Latin ana Greek in our Colleges. New York Independent, March
16, 1899.
7. Speech at Banquet of the New England Society of Charleston, S. C,
December 22, 1898.
8. Kettle Brook Water Cases. Aiigument in, Januaiy 2, 1899.
9. Philippine Islands. No Constitutional Power to Conquer Foreign
Nations, etc., In Senate, January 9, 1899.
10. Philippine IslsJids, Letter from Hon. Georse F. Hoar regarding, to
Hon. Geone S. Boutwell and others, March 29, 1^.
11. Justin Morrifl, Memorial Address in the Senate.
12. Isham G. Harris. Memorial Address in the Senate.
13. Our Duty to the Philippines. New York Independent, November
'9, 1899.
VOLUME XVI.
1. The Philippines. Speech in reply to Senator Beveridge in the
Senate, Jan. 9, 1900.
2. Our Duty to the Philippines. Letter by Senator Hoar, Januaiy
11, 1900.
3. Shall we Retain the Philippines. In Collier's Weekly, February
3 1900.
4. The Philippines. Speech in the Senate, April 17, 1900.
5. The Conquest of the Philippines. Extracts from Speech of April
17 1900.
6. The 'Lust of Empire. Speech April 17, 1900. Published by Tucker
Publishing Co.
8. Vacancies m the Senate. Right of Executive to Appoint in all
Cases during Recess of Legislature. In the Senate, March 2, 1900.
9 Harvard College Fifty-eight Years Ago. In Scribner's Magazine,
July, 1900.
10. Alumni Dinner, Speech at. Harvard Graduates' Magazine, Sept-
ember, 1900.
11. Party Government in the United States. International Monthly,
October, 1900.
13. President McKinley or President Bryan. North American Review,
October, 1900.
Bradford Manuscript. Speech, 1897.
Cushman K. Davis. Adaress in Seoate, 1897.
Fifteenth Massachusetts RM;iment, Excursion of the — and its
Friends to the Battlefields ofGettysbuif^, Antietam, Ball's Bluff
and the City of Washington, D. C, Sept. 14-20, 1900. Addresses
by Hon. George F. Hoar at Gettysbuig and Antietam.
Harvard Alumni Dinner. Hon. Georee F. Hoar, '46. President of the
Association of the Alumni. Also Address at the opening of the
Ebrvard Union, 1901.
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1905.] Speeches and Addresses of Oeorge F. Hoar. 165
Thamaa H. Benton and FranciB P. Blair, Proceedings in Congress upon
the acceptance of the statues of. Address, 1900.
John Sherxnan. Article in New York Independent, November 1, 1900.
Gantennial Celebration of the Establishment of the Seat of Government
at the City of Washington. Closing Address by Hon. George F.
Hoar, in tne Hall of the House of I^presentatives ,Deoember 12,
1900.
Address delivered before the Senate and House of Representatives and
invited guests on Februaiy 21, 1901, in response to an invitation
of the (Ssneral Court.
Robert Bums. An address delivered in Tremont Temple W Hon.
George F. Hoar on March 28, 1901, before the Bums Memorial
Association of Boston. Also reprinted in Scotland.
Oratoiy. Article in Scribner's Magazme, June^ 1901.
Some Famous Orators I have Heira. Article m Scribner's Magasine,
July, 1901.
First Parish in Concord. Dedication of the Restored Meeting House of
the. Address, Thursday, October 3d, 1901.
Webster Centennial of Dartmouth College, The Proceedings of the.
Speech, 1901.
Charies Allen. Address delivered before the Annual Meeting of the
American Antiquarian Society, October 30, 1901.
Jonas G. Clark, Founder ol Clark University. Some Considerations
Relating to the Will of. Hon. Georj^e F. Hoar, February 14, 1902.
Bi-Centennial of the Frst Parish in Framingham, Services at the. Ad-
drees, October 13, 1901.
Election of Senators by Direct Vote of the People. Speech, Tuesday,
March 11, 1902.
An Attempt to Subjugate a People Striving for Freedom^ Not the Amer-
ican Soldier, Responsible for Cruelties in the Philippine Islands.
Speech in the Senate, May 22, 1902.
The Coimecticut Compromise. Address before the American Antiquar
rian Society, October 21, 1902.
Banquet of the New England Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
Speech, December 22, 1902,.
A Regulation of Trusts and Corporations Engaged in Interstate Com-
merce. Speech in the Senate, January 16, 1903.
Birthday of Washington, Exercises in Commemoration of the. Address
at the Union League Club, Chicago, Febmary 23, 1903. Also
speech at the post prandial exercises in the evening.
Inauguration of President Carroll D. Wright, Clark University, Woroe»>
ter, Mass. Address, October 9, 1902.
Emerson Centenary. Address at the Memorial Exercises in the Meeting
House of the First Parish in Concord, Mass., on Monday aftei^
noon, May the 25th, 1903.
Answer to Carl Schurz's Brooklvn Address of August 5, 1884.
Jeremiah Evarts Greene. Adaress before American Antiquarian So-
ciety, February, 1903.
First Parish in Concord, Dedication of the Restored Meeting House of
the. Thursday, October 3, 1901. Address.
Briff.-General Rufus Putnam. Article in Wisdom, October, 1902.
Peaoodv Education Fund. Proceedings of the Trustees at their Forty-
nrst Meeting in New York, October 1, 1902. Report of Hon.
George F. Hoar for the Committee on the legal aspect of the
Nashville Property.
Horace Gray, Memoir. Reprinted from the Proceedings of the Massa-
chusetts Historical Society, Second Series, Volume XVIII, pages
165-187.
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166 American Antiquarian Society. [Oct.,
Panama Canal. Speech in the United States Senate, Monday, Febmaiy
22, 1904.
The First Schoolhouae in Worcester and John Adams, Schoolmaster.
Address at the unvefling of the tablet upon the site of the aehool-
house, May 23, 1003.
John Bellows. Memorial Sketch in Proceedings of the American Anti-
quarian Society, October 21, 1903.
Thomas Jefferson. Address delivered at the Banquet of the Thomas
Jefferson Memorial Association, Hotel Barton, Washington, D.
C, April 13, 1903.
American dtizenship. Address delivered at the Forty-third Annual
Commencement of the State University of Iowa, June 17, 1903.
Horace Gray, In Memoriam. Saturday, December 13, 1902.
Character of Washington. His last public utterance, June 17,
1904.
Senator Hoar delivered an extended address upon Rufus Putnam
at Sutton, Putnam's birthplace, in the early summer, in May or eariy
June, repeating substantially his earlier Putnam address. A little
later, before tne Court, he delivered a eulogy upon his friend Col.
E. B. Stoddard. Neither of these addresses were printed.
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1905.] Obituaries. 167
OBITUARIES.
Louis Adofphe Hug^uet-Latour died in Montreal,
Canada, in May 1904, having been a member of this
Society since 1861. He belonged to the family "De Vaslois
de Vdois Ville." His occupation was that of a Notary
which in Canada is an important office. His interest in
historical matters was shown in the publication of Annals
of the conspicuous events in the History of Canada.
Some pamphlets ftom his pen with reference to the
CathoUc Church were published, and were so highly con-
sidered that the late Pope Pius X made him a Knight of
the Holy Sepulchre.
No extended notice of him has come to my attention.
8. u.
James Henry Salisbury died at his summer home
at Dobbs Ferry, N. Y., Aug 23, 1905.
He was bom in Scott, Cortland Co., N. Y., Oct. 13, 1823;
graduated at the Polytechnic Institute of Troy, N. Y., in
1846 and at the Albany Medical College in 1850. In addi-
tion to the degrees thus obtained he also rieceived that of
LL.D., from Union College and Amity College of Indiana.
He became a member of many learned societies, including
this Society, which he joined in 1862. Much of his work
was in the line of microscopic investigation, the results of
which were published in the transactions of the American
Association for the Advancement, of Science.
The germ theory received his early attention, his discov-
eries therein being also published. He practised as
a specialist in the causes and treatment of chronic dis-
eases in Cleveland Ohio and in N. Y. City. He was the
author of numerous books and pamphlets, including about
seventy-five monographs, many of which related to his
therapeutical discoveries.
A good notice of him and his work may be found in the
National Cyclopaedia of American Biography, Vol. 8, 469.
8. ir.
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168 American AtUiquarum Society. [Oct,
EEPORT OP THE TREASURER.
Tbb Treasurer of the American Antiquarian Society herewith
submits his annual report of receipts and expenditures for the
year ending October 10, 1906.
The legacy from the late Andrew H. Green of New York, of
$5,000, amounting, less the inheritance tax, to $4,839.45 has
been received since the April meeting of the Society.
The total of the investments and cash on hand October
10, 1905, was $156,972.68. It is divided among the several
funds as follows:
The Librarian's and General Fund, $87,272.89
The Collection and Researoh Fund, 16,719.84
The Bookbinding Fund, 7,710.77
The Publishing Fund, 81,81140
The Isaac and Edward L. Davis Book Fund, . . 14,048.26
The Lincoln Legacy Fund, 6,645.60
The Benj. F. Thoukas Local History Fund, .... 1,180 98
The Salisbury Building Fund, 6,870.65
The Alden Fund, 1,000.00
The Tenney Fund, 5,000.00
The Haven Fund, 1,616.40
The George Chandler Fund, 466.44
The Francis H. Dewey Fund, 4,588.97
The George E. Ellis Fund, 16,487.99
The John and Eliza Davis Fund, 8,681.62
The Life Membership Fund, 2,400.00
$156,789.71
Income Account, 912.88
Premium Account, 270.59
$156,972.68
The cash on hand, included in the following statement
is $7,196.85.
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1905.] Report of the Treasurer. 169
The detailed statement of the receipts and disbursements
for the year is as follows:
1004. Oct 7. Balance of cash as per last report, $ 801.69
1906. '* 10. Income from investments to date, 8,850.20
** For life membership, 60.00
" For annaal assessments, 170.60
*« Sale of publications, 210 00
** Premium on securities sold, 618.33
** Notes and securities paid or sold, 8,743.75
From the Est of Andrew H. Green, 4,830.46
Sundry Items, 217.41
$24,600att
By salaries to October 10, 1006, $4,103.58
Publication of Proceedings, e/c, 882.03
Books purchased, 532 56
For binding, 50.70
For heating, lighting and telephone, 85.70
Invested in stocks and bonds, 0,820.76
Premium on stocks and bonds, 116.44
Insurance, 276.20
Repairs on Buildings, 171.66
For coal, 200.23
Incidental Expenses, 056.12
$17,303.07
Balance of cash October 11, 1005, 7,106.36
124,600.82
CONDTTIOTX OF THB SbTSBAL FuKDB.
Tke Librarians and General Fund.
Balance of Fund, October 7, 1004, $34,586.48
Income to October 6, 1004, 1,720.82
Transferred from Tenney Fund, 250.00
*' AldenFund, 60.00
From Life Membership Fund, 117.50
From Salisbury Fund, 216.14
From Estate of Andrew H. Green, 4,830.46
From Other Sources, 60.00
$41,848.80
Paid for salaries and incidental expenses, .... 4,576.50
Balance October 10, 1005, $87,272.80
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170 American Antiquarian Society. [Oct.,
Bright forward^ . , . $37,2724{9
Th€ ColUction and Research Fund.
BalADoe October 7, 1904, $17,029.98
Income to October 6, 1904, 851.49
$17,881.42
Bzpenditnre from the Fund for ealaries And
incidentals,...*. 1,162.08
Balance October 10, 1905, $16,719.84
Th€ Bookbinding Fund.
Balance October 7, 1904 $7,482.20
Income to October 10, 1905 871.60
17,808.80
Paid for binding, efo 98.08
Balance October 10, 1905 $7,710.77
The Pvibliehing Fund,
Balance October 7, 1904 $81,061.75
Income to October 10, 1905 1,558.08
$82,614.88
Paid on account of publicationB, 808.43
Balance October 10, 1905 $81,811.40
The leaac and Edward L, Davie Book Fund.
Balance October 7, 1004 $13,400.68
Income to October 10, 1905 670.00
$14,070 68
Paid for books purchased 22.42
Balance October 10, 1905 $14,048.26
T?ie Lincoln Legacy Fund.
Balance October 7, 1904 $6,829.15
Income to October 10, 1905 8 16.45
Balance October 10, 1905 $6,645.60
Carried forward^ $114,207.76
/Google
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1905.] Report of the Treasurer. 171
Brought forward, . . . $114,207.76
The Benjamin F, Thomas Local Hietory Fund.
Balmnce October 7, 1904 $1,167.00
Income to October 10, 1005 57.85
$1,214.85
Paid for local histories 83.87
Balance October 10, 1005 $1,180.08
The Salitbury Building Fund.
Balance October 7, 1004 $5,480.35
Income to October 10,1005 278.00
$5,758.35
Paid for repairs, etc 387.80
Balance October 10, 1005 $5,870M
The Alden Fund.
Balance October 7. 1904 $1,000.00
Income to October 10, 1005 50.00
$1,050.00
Transfered to Librarian's and General Fund, 50.00
Balance October 10, 1005 $1,000.00
TJie Tenney Fund,
Balance October 7, 1904 $5,000.00
Income to October 10, 1905 250.00
$5,250.00
Transferred to Librarian's and General Fund, 250.00
Balance October 10, 1905 $5,000.00
The Haven Fund.
Balance October 7, 1904 $1,564.50
Income to October 10, 1905 78.22
$1,642.72
Paid for books 27.32
Balance October 10, 1905 $1,615.40
Carried forward $128,824.69
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172 American ArUiqiicarian Society. [Oct.,
Brtmghb fanvard $128,324.09
The George Chandler Fund.
Balance October 7, 1004 $476.75
Income to October 10, 1905 23.83
$500.69
Pal d for books 44. 16
Balance October 10. 1905 $456.44
The Francis H. Dewey Fund.
Balance October 7, 1904, $4,346.98
Income to October 10, 1906, 217.34
$4,564.32
Paid for books, 25.35
Balance October 10, 1905, $4,588.97
The George E, EUis Fund.
Balance October 7, 1904, $16,910.26
Income to October 10, 1906, 795.50
$16,705.76
Paid for books, 267.77
Balance October 10, 1905, $16,487.99
The John and Eliza Davie Fund
Amount of Fund, October 7, 1904, $3,476.48
Income to October 10, 1905, 173.82
$3,650.25
Paid for books, 18.63
Balance October 10, 1906, $8,631.62
The Life Membership Fund.
Balance October 7, 1904, $2,350.00
Income to October 10, 1905, 117.50
Life Membership, 50.00
$2,517.50
Transferred to Librarian's and General Fand, 117.50
Balance October 10, 1905, $2,400.00
Total of the sixteen fnnds, $155,789.71
Balance to the credit of Income Account, . . . 912.38
" Premium Account,.. 270.59
October 10, 1906, total, $156,972.63
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1905.] Report of the Treasurer. 173
Statement of the Invsstmehtb.
G^^^^^ Amount
Stocks. invested.
Fitcbburg National Bank, $600.00
Nat. Bank of Commerce, Boston,. 8,200.00
Old Boston National Bank, dOO.OO
Quinsigamond Nat Bank, Wore, . 1,200.00
Webs. A Atlas Nat. Bank, Boston, 1,800 00
Worcester National Bank, 1,600 00
Worcester Trust Co., 675.00
Fitchburg R. R. Co., Stock, 5,000 00
Northern (N. H.) R. R. Co., Stock,3,000.00
Worcester Gas Light Co., " 900.00
West End St Ry. Co. (Pfd.) " 1,250.00
N. Y., N. Haven & Hart. R. R., »* 9,867.61
Wore. Ry. & Investment Co., ** 10,000.00
Boston Tow Boat Co., " 1,000.00
Boston & Phila. Steamship Co.,** 2,000.00
Atchi8iin,Top.& Santa F^ R.R.," 700.00
Mass. Gas Light Co., Pfd ** 2,900.00
Am. Telephone &Telegraph Co.," 3,100.00
Old South Building Trust, . . . . " 1,000.00
$49,592.61 $45,150.00 $59,715.00
Par
Market
Value.
Value.
$600 00
$900.00
8,200 00
4,672.00
300 00
812 00
1,200 00
1,800 00
1,800 00
2,192.00
1,600.00
8,200 00
800.00
675 00
5,000 00
6,750 00
3,000.00
4,900 00
800 00
2,250.00
1,250 00
2,200 00
5,500 00
11,270 00
10,000.00
8,400.00
1,000.00
950.00
2,000.00
2,000.00
1,100.00
1,144.00
3,500.00
2,600.00
2,000.00
2,500.00
1,000.00
1,000 00
Bonds.
Atchison, Tope. & Santa F^ R. R. Co.,
Gen. Mortgage, 4 per cent . . . . $1,540.00 $2,000.00 $2,000.00
A d Justable, 4 per cent, 885.00 1,000 00 1,000.00
Kan. City, Ft. Sc. & Gulf R. R., 8,300.00 3,300.00 3,597.00
Chicago A East. III. R. R. 5 per cent., 10,000.00 10,000.00 11,400.00
City of Quincy Water Bonds, .' . 4,000.00 4,000.00 4,040.00
Congress Hotel Bonds, Chicago, .... 5,000.00 5,000.00 5,000.00
Low.,Law.<fe Hav. St. Ry. Co., 5 per ct. 8,620.00 9,000.00 9,118.00
Wore. & Marl. St. Ry. Co., 5 per cent. 3,000.00 8,000.00 8,000.00
Wilkes Barre & East.R.R.Co.,5 per ct. 2,000.00 2,000.00 2,130.00
Eilicott Square Co., Buffalo, 5 per ct 5,000.00 5,0^0.00 5,250.00
Wore. & Web. St Ry. Co., 5 per cent 2,000.00 2,000.00 2,100.00
American Tel. & Tel. Co., 4 per cent. 7,000.00 7,000.00 6,600.00
Crompton* Knowles Loom Works,. 4,000.00 4,000.00 4,v00.00
Union Pacific R. R. Co., 4 per cent. . 6,000.00 6,000.00 6,000.00
Chicago, Cincinnati A Louisville
R. R., 4i per ct 3,000.00 3,000.00 2,955.00
Carried forward, $114,937.61 $111,450.00 $127,970.00
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174 American Antiqyarian Society. [Oct.,
Brought forward, |114,987.61 |111,460.00 $126,106.00
Hoosier Equipment Co., 6 per cent, 4,000.00 4,000.00 4,000.00
P^re Marquette R. R. Co., 5,000.00 5,000.00 5,000.00
Southern Indiana R. R. Co., 2,000.00 2,000.00 1,845.00
Lake Shore, Michigan South. R.R.CO. 2,000.00 2,000.00 2,000.00
nUnois Central R. R. Co., 2,000.00 2,000.00 2,000.00
$120,937.61 $126,450.00 $140,950.00
Notes secured by mort of real estate 19,800.00 19,800.00 19,800.00
Deposited in Worcester savings banks, 88.67 88.67 88.67
Cash in National Bank on interest,. . 7,196.85 7,196.85 7,196.85
$156,972.68 $158,485.02 $167,979.02
WoBCSBTKB, Mass., October 5, 1905.
Respectfully submitted,
NATff L PAINE,
Treaturer,
The undersigned, Auditors of the American Antiquarian Society^
hereby certify that they have examined the report of the Treasurer,
made up to October 10, 1905, and find the same to be correct and prop-
erly vouched; that the securities held by him are as stated, and that
the balance of cash, as stated to be on hand, is satisfactorily
accounted for.
A. G. BULLOCK.
B. T. HILL.
October 19. 1905.
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1905.] Report of the lAbrarian. 175
REPORT OF THE LIBRARLAJf.
OxTR mission as a learned Society possessed of a library
rich in many departments, has been followed quietly but
industriously during the past year. There has been an
increase in the number of scholars engaged in important
historical and antiquarian research as well as of those whose
genealogical and biographical studies have been pursued
primarily with a view to admission into the various patriotic
societies of the day. Oiu* attic hall, and newspaper room
have received partial relief by the disposal of a large mass
of duplicate imboimd newspapers. This clearance was not
made until they had been freely offered to other institu-
tions. There has been but one change in the working force
of the library.*
By direction of the President, a liberal contribution of
oiu* duplicate American Uterature has been made to the
Mimicipal Library of Prankfort-on-the-Main, "An institu-
tion which with more than 300,000 volumes ranks among
the most important hbraries of Germany." His Honor,
the Mayor of that city, Dr. Adickes, in his official application
writes: "This American Section will be especially devoted
to the philosophical, historical, judicial, political, industrial,
commercial and sociological literature of the United States.
Such an American Section of the Municipal Library of
Frankfort would be extensively used by the widest circles,
as this hbrary is open to everyone free of charge, and its
large reading room is always available to the pubhc. " This
National Society has acted favorably upon many like appeals.
* Upon the death of Mr. Alexander S. Harrin. our faithful janitor rinoe
Deeember 4, 1899, he was Bucoeeded.by Mr. Jamee E. Fenner on May S, 1906.
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176 American ArUiquarian Society. [Oct.,
The book-plate for our Qvil War literature of 1861-1865,
suggested in my last report, has been secured. It is happy
in design and execution. The outer frame work holds an
inner frame of lighter construction which contains the
following: John and Ehza Davis Fund Founded 1900.
Beneath this inscription are the portraits of Mr. and Mrs.
Davis, and in the panel below, the seal of the Society, to
which has been added 1812 the date of the incorporation.
The engraved plate authorized by the Council for general
library use, is a model of good taste and excellent work-
manship. Within the upper half of a Gothic frame, appear
the portraits of ''Isaiah Thomas, President 1812-1831"
and "Stephen Salisbury, President 1854-1884" surmounted
by the seal of the Society. Below are shelved folio and
octavo books, with opened specimens of early imprints and
manuscripts. At the base of the arch is "Ex Libris Amer-
ican Antiquarian Society — Founded 1812."
A visitors' book has been opened with a view of securing
information for our own use, and for the use of others when
deemed expedient. It contains the date, name, residence
and remarks, and is intended for discriminating use by
those members and others whose researches are being
pursued from time to time in our treasure-house.
Our copy of "The Story without an end, translated from
the German of Carov6 by S. Austin, with Preface and Key
by A. B. Alcott": 18'', pp. 123, Boston 1836, contains the
suggestive entry by my honored predecessor: — "Samuel
Foster Haven 1837. The first book he learned to read through,
himself." The reference is to his only child and namesake
whose painstaking work on our "Ante Revolutionary List
of Publications in the United States" is gratefully recalled.
In the preface to the second edition of our founder's History
of Printing, Dr. Haven pays a just tribute to his son which
should appear as a preface to the separately printed copies
of the pre-revolutionary list. Thus their memorial char-
acter would be preserved and the father's desire carried
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1905.] Report of the Librarian. 177
out. The Edgnatures 1-45 sent by our distinguished librarian
to such friends as John R. Bartlett, George Brinley, James
Lenox and J. Hammond Trumbull were forwarded with
promise of title page and preface. Dr. Trumbull's
interleaved copy with many additions ^corrections and notes
has answered the questions of many scholars since its
arrival here in 1898.
Of Harvard College theses before the Revolution we
have — and greatly desire any others to add to this remark-
able file :— 1720, 1722, 1723, 1725-1727, 1730-1732, 1737-1751
1753-1756,1758-1763,1765-1773. The Essex Antiquarian
lacks volume I, numbers 1 and 2; and The Spirit of 76,
volume I, numbers 4, 7, 8, 10 and 12; volume II, number 3;
volume III, niunbers 3, and 5-12; volume IV, numbers 2-7
and 12. Oiu* file of the annals of the Ancient and Honor-
able Artillery Company lacks 1660, (1672 is imperfect),
1676, 1691, 1695, 1698, 1699, 1700, 1701, 1702, 1704, 1705,
1708, 1720, 1765, (1767 is imperfect), 1788, 1791, 1795 and
1851. Thus twenty sermons appear to be wanted, two of
which are needed to replace imperfect ones. I append a
bibliographical note — ^not in Sabin — ^relative to the sermon
of 1675. It was preached by Rev. Samuel Phillips of
Rowley but not printed. In the year 1839 the Ancient and
Honorable Artillery Company reprinted as one of their
series, an artillery sermon preached in 1675 by Rev. John
Richardson of Newbiuy. A line title thereof follows: —
The I Necessity | of a | well Experienced Souldiery. | Or |
A Christian Commonwealth ought to be well | Instructed
and Experienced in the | Military Art. | Delivered in a
Sermon, upon an | Artillery Election, | Jime the 10th, 1675.|
I By J. Richardson of Newbury. | Psal. 144:1
Jer. 43 .... I Boston: Reprinted by Company vote,
1839, 1 By J. Howe, No. 39, Merchants Row. On the reverse
of the title page is printed the following paragraph:
"The original printed Discourse from which this is a
reprint, was found among the papers of the late Dr. Osgood,
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178 American Antiquarian Society, [Oct.,
of Medford, and was presented at their last anniversary^
with others of more recent date, to the Ancient and Hon-
orable Artillery Company by his son, David Osgood, M. D.,
of Boston, to whom the Company present their respects
and thanks." Puzzled by the state of the case, I wrote
to Capt. Albert A. Folsom — perhaps the highest
authority — to which he repUed on November 8, 1882:
"The Richardson sermon doesn't come in at all. Note
on title page it was deUvered June 10, 1675. The iSrst
Monday of June would hardly come on the 10th. Why
the Company printed it in 1839, I can't imagine. Vote
may have been taken at dinner time!"
I submit the following supplementary information: —
PhOadelphia, Pa.,
April 22d, 1905.
Dear Mr. Barton: —
I have received the Prooeediiura of the October meetinc
and am glad to find by vour report (pp. 331-332), that you have acquired
nnce I wrote my "Paul Revere's Portrait of Washington/' a copy of
Weatherwise's Ahnanac for 1781, with the ''beautiful copperplate"
frontispiece, although I regret that the last line is clipped from the
"explanatory text'' as with it Revere's name may have gone. I have,
however, had my ascription of authorship confirmed by a grand-daughter
of the engraver, whicn I am sure your Society will be glad to know,
as the ioUowing letter shows: —
Boston, Jan. 16th, 1904.
Dear Sir:—
Please excuse my carelessness in not acknowled^png
your kindness in sending me the photograph of Paul Revere's Washing-
ton, for which I thank you. I have no question that it is his, as, when
I was a child my father always carried one of the heads in his watch,
which had a double case. Of course, I cannot be positive, but both my
sisters and I remember his disappointment, sixty years ago, at losing it,
when the watch was returned from being repaired without the engravmc,
which we had frequently opened the outer case of the watch to look
at. The wreath surrounding the head was all cut off, to fit the inside
of the cover. Yours sincerely,
Maria A. Revkrb.
You are at perfect liberty to print this in your Proceedings as a supple-
ment to what you say on the subject. I am,
Faithfully,
Chas. Hknrt Hart.
The sources of gifts for the year ending October 15,
number four hundred and eight, namely: from forty-eigjit
members, one hundred and forty-three persons not mem-
bers, and two hundred and seventeen societies and insti-
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1905.] Report of the Librarian. 179
tutions. We have received from them thirty-four himdred
and seventy-nine books; eleven thousand seven hundred
and thirty-two pamphlets ; seventeen bound and one himdred
and fifteen volumes of imbound newspapers, two himdred
and ten maps; one hundred and sixty-one portraits; eighty-
six engravings; one framed and twenty-six imframed
photographs; three proclamations; three manuscript vol-
imies; two book-plates and a collection of articles for the
Cabmet; by exchange, eighteen books and ninety-four
pamphlets; and from the bindery twenty-six volumes of
magazines; — a total of thirty-five himdred and twenty-
three books, eleven thousand eight hundred and twenty-six
pamphlets, seventeen bound and one hundred and fifteen
volumes of unbound newspapers, etc.
The generous gift of our associate Mr. Andrew McFarland
Davis was mentioned in the last report of the Council.
It includes about three hundred and fifty copies each of
his "Confiscation of John Chandler's Estate;" and "Tracts
relating to the Currency of the Massachusetts Bay 1682-
1720" which was carefully edited by him. The receipts
from the sale of these remainders will be credited to the
John and Eliza Davis fund.
With the usual gift from Hon. Edward L. Davis, we
received the following suggestive letter from Hon. George
Bancroft, written less than a year before his death at the
ripe age of four score and ten:
*1623 H street, Washington D. C. 25 Feb., 1889.
£. L. Davis, Esq.,
My dear Mr. Davis: —
I am most sensibly mteful to you for the gift of an excel-
lent photograph of the house in which I was oom. My memory is fresh
as to the house, the rooms within, the garden with its few but excellent
peach trees, and my old age is gladdened by the care that friends in
Worcester now keep up a faithful friendship for their forerunner who
was bom in the last century and is perhaps now the oldest of those
who first opened their eyes to the light in the village now one of the
largest of our cities. Ever most truly and gratefully yours,
Geo. Bancroft.
On August 11, 1886, President George F. Hoar deposited
copies of letters from Attorney-General Levi Lincoln, Sr.,
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180 American Antiquarian Society, [Oct.,
to Preadent Thomas Jefferson, and on the 19th of the same
month directed the librarian to endorse thereon, "To be
the property of the American Antiquarian Society unless
recalled during the life-time of Mr. Hoar." These letters,
which are numerous, cover the period from 1801 to 1809
inclusive. See also in the librarian's report of October,
1902, Mr. Hoar's letter of Jime 30, 1902 by which he presents
his valuable Phillipine collection, retaining only a life
interest therein.
Hon. Rockwood Hoar has presented a copy of his father's
"Autobiography of Seventy Years," to which has been
appended type-written Errata and in which the corrections
have been made with the pen.
Two early accoimt books received from Rev. Henry F.
Jenks are supposed to have belonged to the Himtoon family
of Canton, Massachusetts.
The gift of Dr. George L. Kittredge of his "The Old
Farmer and his Almanack" contains a full length reproduc-
tion of our portrait of Robert B. Thomas which now
presides over the lobby containing our almanacs, registers
and year books.
Dr. Joseph F. Loubat has added three Central American
codices to those already received from him.
None of the rarities offered by Prof. Thomas in the
following letter had been collected by the Mathers or by
our founder. They were gratefully accepted.
Haverforo, Pa.,
May 1, 1905.
My dear Mr. Barton: —
A year or so ago I promised to send the Librarian
of the American Antiouarian Society a collection of the works of Henzy
More, the Cambridge rlatonist. It has so happened that owing to the
fact of their being packed awav I have only come across them in the last
few days. I subjoin a list of books which I shall be glad to give the
Society if they wish them. I hardly need sa^ that some of them are
scarce. I secured them when I was engaged in study on the Mystics.
I also offer another folio which is mteresting on account of the edition.
Very sincerely,
Allbn C. Thomas.
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1905.] Repcrrt of the Libranan. 181
Works by Henry More, the Platonist.
Psychosoia, a poem, Cambridge, 1647 — Bm.4to.
On the Immortality of the Som, 12mo., London, 1669.
M^tery of Iniquity, fol. London, 1664.
Divine Dialogues, 12mo., London, 1668.
Tetractys Anti-Astrologica, 4to., London, 1681.
Theological Works, fol., London, 1708.
Philosophical Works, fol., London, 1712. 4th edition.
Scriptores Rerum Germanicarum, fol. vellum, Argentorati (Straas-
buig) 1702.
Mr. Henry P. Upham has remembered the Society by
sendmg it the seven volume edition of the Journal of
the Lewis and Clark expedition, edited by our associate
Dr. Reuben G. Thwaites.
Mrs. Warren F. Draper has contributed a mass of litera-
ture, chiefly educational; and the product of her late hus-
band's press at Andover, Massachusetts.
A list of the articles bequeathed to the Society by the
late Mr. Charles E. French of Boston will be foimd appended
to this report. The letters which relate thereto bear dates
26 June and 12 July, 1905. The executors report that
"A cash bequest will be attended to later."
A set of The Harvard Graduoies^ Magazine has been
received from Dr. Warren R. Oilman who will continue to
add the same to our rare collection of College literature.
The closing of the printing office of Charles Hamilton —
our printer since 1869 — ^has brought to us from the estate
an accumulation of their imprints of many years. After
adding much valuable historical material to our own shelves^
we have acted as distributing agent of the remainder.
Mrs. Samuel Foster Haven as executrix of the estate of
Dr. Haven has transferred to the Haven Alcove the two
hundred volumes which constituted the remainder of his
valuable library. She has not only waived a life interest
therein but has also made a contribution of early American
imprints from her own library.
Mrs. William W. Johnson's gift of bound volumes of
Vermont, Massachusetts and New York newspapers has
strengthened our files of the early nineteenth Century.
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182 American Antiqiuirian Society. [Oct.,
Mr. Franklin P. Rice, Editor, has provided us with a
much needed extra set of his rare "Worcester Births,
Marriages and Deaths;" and "Worcester Town Records,
1801-1848."
The mass of material sent to us by the widow of Mr.
Caleb A. Wall, has filled many gaps in our departments of
slavery, rebellion, local history, broadsides, etc. Mr. Wall's
manuscripts and newspaper clippings, which relate chiefly
to Worcester and Worcester Coimty, were transferred, with
the approval of the library committee to the Worcester
Society of Antiquity. One of the minor, undated broad-
sides gives the following information:
EXCHANGE HOTEL.
HILLSBORO' STREET,
RALEIGH, N. C.
REGULATIONS.
Guests should register their names before being assigned
to rooms.
Full Board will be charged until the room is vacated
and settlement made.
Persons having no baggage must pay in advance.
Guests inviting others to eat with them should report
them at the office.
Full Board charged for children occupying seats at the
first table.
For all Meals sent to Rooms, or out of time, fifty per
cent extra will be charged.
Regular Boarders are required to pay in advance.
The Proprietor will not be responsible for Money, Valuables
or Baggage, unless specially deposited for safe keeping.
Guests will please report at the office, any neglect or
inattention of servants.
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1905.] Report of the Librarian. 183
RATES OF BOARD.
Per Day, either in Bacon .
" ^" " Lard .
" " Butter,
" " Flour,
" " Currency,
Single Meal or Lodging, .
10 lbs.
10 "
6 •'
30 "
$40
$10
BCEAL HOURS.
Breakfa43t 8^ Dinner 1 Tea 7
W. H. CUNINGGIM,
ProTprieiCT.
.Clerk.
Mrs. George M. Woodward, by a large gift of American
magazines, has helped to complete many sets.
The American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Mis-
sions has presented the original passport given by the Sultan
of Tm-key to the Rev. Rufus Anderson, an honored, early
missionary of the Board. One of Worcester's leading
Armenians has kindly translated this interesting manuscript
broadside :
Mb. Anderson, eminent in learning and a nobleman of America,
in company with an indigenous servant and interpreter, has made appli-
cation to US through the United States embassy, for a written pecmit,
to enable him to travel by land and sea towards Bc^root, holy Jerusalem,
holv Damascus and Cairo of Egypt.
During his travels to and from these places, all the der^, students
and governors, members of councils and all others in authority in those
states, must honor and protect the said nobleman, that he may return
safe and thus our royal command be carried out.
The servant who accompanies him is not one of those who takes
an assumed name nor he dress in European attire, but is, nevertheless, a
true American.
During their sojourn in Constantinople or in their travels in the
above mentioned places, whenever they may tarry and on their return
and whenever requested and in accordance with my Royal commands,
their necessities should be obtained and delivered to them and payment
be demanded for them. Never to annoy or discomfort them but give
them due respect and protection.
Dated 1260 Mohamedan era
1844 Christian era
Literally translated from the orignal by Michael H. Topanelian.
Worcester, Mass., A. D. 1905.
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184 American ArUiquarian Society. [Oct.,
We make special acknowledgment of the many biblio-
graphical aids supplied by the Library of Congress through
Dr. Herbert Putnam, its efficient head.
The first twenty volumes of the '^ Michigan Pioneer and
Historical Collections" were received from our late associate
Hon. James V. Campbell of Detroit, upon application of
the librarian. Volumes 21-32 have reached us with the
following gracious letter:
Lanbinq, Mich.. December 2, 1904.
I have your letter ot Nov 29th. We will
send you by expreas the volumes of the Pioneer and Historical Colleo-
tions, which are necessanr to complete your file. We are very fflad to
do this as a tribute to toe memory of our honored and reverea Jud^
Gampbdl. In the books we are about to send you will notice vol. 30 is
lackmg. This volume has not yet been published.
Very truly yours,
BIAHY C. SPENCER,
State LOmiinan.
The Worcester County Law Library Association has
thoughtfully furnished a framed photograph of their Vinton
portrait of the Honorable George F. Hoar. It has been
placed in the office with the portraits of the other Preei-
dents of the Society.
Two copies of the rare volume two of our ArcfuBologia
Americana have been secured by purchase, both containing
manuscript notes. The brief ''notes and queries" in one
copy are by the late Judge ffiram W. Beckwith of Dans^
viUe, Illinois, from whose library it was obtained. The
otlier copy is backed in gilt, Archsologia | Americana ] 2 |
Synopsis of] Indian Tribes; and upon the fly-leaf in ink
''Mr. Schoolcraft | St. Mary's | with Mr. Gallatin's respects."
At Uie end of the Synopsis Mr. Gallatin has added extra pages
419-422 in print, the first two pages containing " Supplement-
ary Cherokee Transitions, " with notes by Mr .Gallatin and the
Rev Mr. Worcester: the others marked "JSrroto and Correc-
tions" are followed by a note of the Publidiing Committee.
Not only are the Errata double in number but they do not
wholly agree with those in the regular issue. There are
also some erasures which are not noted even in Mr. Gallatin's
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1905.] Report of the LOyrarian. 185
revised Errata. All changes in the text have been made
with ink, by the author. The present interest in Indian
linguistics is perhaps a sufficient excuse for this brief state*
ment, to which the spedal attention of our associates,
Drs. Hale and Chamberlain is called.
We have been able from time to time to throw light
upon the evolution of the American public library. The
social libraries, lyceums, reading clubs, village libraries, etc.,
suggest some of the early forms taken by this important
movement. The brief official record of the ''Boarding-
House Library" estabhshed at Worcester in the year 1817,
is here preserved. The minor entries of the clerk and
treasurer, which are for the years 1817-19, 1821 and 1822,
relate to the purchase of books with the receipts therefor,
and the pasnnent of dues. The agreement, which contains
nineteen signatures, is apparently in the handwriting of
Isaac Goodwin clerk — an honored member of this Society
for twenty years and of its Coimcil from 1825 until his
death in 1832. Following is the compact:
"C. C. Pleas, Worcester, December term, 1817.
The subscribers, members of the bar of the County of
Worcester, desirous of purchasing a small number of useful
law books for their mutual accommodation, during the
sitting of the Coin-ts in Worcester, agree to pay into the
hands of such person as a majority shall designate as their
treasurer, the simi of fifty cents each at the present term,
and twenty-five cents at each of the succeeding terms of the
C. C. Pleas for the year next ensuing the date hereof and
for such further time as two thirds of the members for the
time being shall agree upon, to be appropriated for the
purchase of the books aforesaid.
And they hereby mutually agree each for himself with
all the others that the books to be pm^chased as afore-
said shall be kept in the town of Worcester at the house
occupied by a majority of the members of this Asso-
ciation as a hoarding house, and shall not be carried
therefrom on any occasion unless by the permission of
such majority.
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186 American Antiquarian Society, [Oct.,
And they severally agree as aforesaid, that if any
one of the members of this Association shall voluntarily
leave the said boarding house he shall be considered as
having relinquished his interest in said books for the
benefit of those who may remain, and for such others
as may be admitted parties to this agreement in manner
hereafter provided.
And it is furthur mutually agreed, by the parties afore-
said that no person other th£«i the original parties to
this agreement shall become members of this Association
without the consent of a majority of the members for the
time being, and paying to their treasurer two thirds of
the sum that shaU have then been paid by each of the
original members.
Worcester, Deer. 11, 1817."
I present the following letters from our Associate Dr.
Kingsbury : —
Waterbubt, Conn., Oct. 11, 1904.
Edmxtnd M. Barton, Esq., Librianan, etc.,
Dear Sir:—
There is, or was a few yeans since, a word in common use
in Eastern Massachusetts, to wit "Comwallis,'' in regard to the origin
of which, as it was there used, I have been much puzzled.
I think I first saw it in Hosea Biglow's letter where he says,
"Didn't we have lots of fun, you'n I an' Ezry HoUis,
Down to Waltham Plain last fall, a havin' the Comwallis?"
*nd in the Article "Cambridge" in the " Fireside TraveQer" Lowell says,
"The Comwallis had entered upon the estate of the old Guy Fawkes
procession, confiscated bv the Revolution," from which I judee that the
Comwallis' was a burlesque military performance, like what we in
Connecticut used to call "The Invincibles," and which I think was
sometimes called the "Antiques and Horribles," this evidently being a
play on the title of the "Ancient and Honorable" Artillery Company
of Boston.
I cannot leam that the name 'Comwallis' was used in Westem Massa-
chusetts, but lately to my great surprise, I came across it used in Eastern
New York with apparently the same sense that it had in Eastem Massa-
chusetts.
In the diary of a Connecticut boy, Daniel Gamsey, of Waterbury,
then about 21, kept while visiting, or tem|>orarily residing, at New
City, now the shire town of Rockland County in the State of New York,
unaer date of Nov. 6, 1781, he writes: "went through Warwick, where
was an ox roasting for the Comwallis. A huge number of misses,
women and children gathered around it and amons them many fashion-
able ladies, all very earnest and much excited.''
I had supposed that the name Comwallis was a post-revolutionaiy
title ffiven to this sham military performance as a slur on the military
abiUties of the defeated general, but this use of the word in a way that
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shows it to be apparently a phrase of common usage certainly points
to an earlier introduction, whether its use spread from New York to
Massachusetts or vice'^^>er8a there is nothinji here to indicate, although
this application of the word seems mora l&e a piece of Massachusetts
humor. Comwallis's defeat at Yorktown was less than three weeks
before the date above given in the diaiy, hardly more than time for the
news to have reached that point and certainly not long enough for the
word to have been applied to this use and adapted as a part of the ver-
nacular. All this points to some earlier date and apparently to some
specific occasion as having given rise to the application of the word in
this sense.
Mr. James L. Whitney of the Boston Library, to whose attention I
called the phrase, suggests that as Comwallis luid been in the country
five or six yn^rs the name may have been first applied on some previous
occasion. This is plausible; but when and why? There is just a possi-
bility that this New York State celebration was one of a number imme-
diately following Comwallis's capture, and that there was genuine rejoic-
ing, of which Comwallis's defeat was the occasion, and that afterward
the celebrations, while retaining the name, lafised in dignity until they
became a mere burlesque. Indeed, on reflection this appears to me a
quite probable solution. But I would like either a connimation or a
confutation.
It has occurred to me that there might exist in your library some
material known to you which would throw some light on the question.
If not I leave it as a nut to be cracked by students of "words and their
usee." TrulyyouTB,
FREDEMCK J. KINGSBURY.
Oct. 21, 1904.
My Dear Mr. Barton: —
I have another note in Gamsey's diary concerning
his visit to Warwick, via.: "Nov. 6, Thro. Warwick, where great number
of people gathered for public rejoicing for the taking ol Comwallis,
and whole ox a roasting." This shows that my conjecture as to the
use of the word in that place was correct, but leaves us in the dark as
to how the Massachusetts use came about.
Yours truly,
FREDERICK J. KINGSBURY.
Mention of the Comwallis is to be found in Senator
Hoar's "The Life, of a Boy Sixty Years Ago." See The
Youth's Companion of March 10, 1898. After quoting
three verses from Lowell's famous ballad "The C!ourtin'"
he writes: "We did not have fire-places like this in my
father's house although they were common in the farmer's
houses roimd about. We ought to have had the old King's
arms. My great-grandfather, Abijah Kerce of Lincok,
was at Concord bridge in the Lincoln Company, of which
his son-in-law, Samuel Hoar, was lieutenant. He had
been chosen Colonel of the regiment of the Minutemen
the day before, but had not qualified and had not got his
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188 American AiUiquarian Society. [Oct.,
accoutrements; and so went into battle armed with nothing
but a cane. He crossed the bridge, and from one of two
British soldiers who lay wounded and dying, took a
cartridge-box and musket, which he used during the day
and preserved for many years. I suppose it was the first
trophy of the Revolution. A great many years afterward
one of the neighbors borrowed the musket of my uncle to
take to a Comwallis and it was lost and never recovered.
I would give its weight in gold to get it back. " Five years
later in his *' Autobiography of Seventy Years" volume I.,
page 55, Mr. Hoar writes: *'But the great day of all was
called Comwallis, which was the anniversary of the capture
of Comwallis at Yorktown. There were organized com-
panies in imiform representing the British army and an
equally large nimiber of volunteers generally in old fashioned
dress, and with such muskets and other accoutrements as
they could pick up, who represented the American Army.
There was a parade and a sham fight which ended as all
such fights, whether sham or real, should end, in a victory
for the Americans, and Comwallis and his troops were
paraded, captive and ignominious. I quite agree with
Hosea Biglow when he says, 'There is fun to a Comwallis
though; I a'int agoin* to deny it.' "
Perhaps the latest contribution is from our \nice-President
Hon. Samuel A. Green, in his Historical Address delivered
at Groton, Massachusetts, July 12, 1905 on the celebration
of the two hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the settlement
of the town. On pages 32 and 33, Dr. Green says: "Akin
to the subject of military matters, was a custom which
formerly prevailed in some parts of Massachusetts, and
perhaps elsewhere, of celebrating occasionally the anniver-
sary of the surrender of Yorktown, which falls on October
17. Such a celebration was called a "Comwallis;" and it
was intended to represent in a burlesque manner, the
siege of the town, as well as the ceremony of its surrender.
The most prominent generals on each side would be per-
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1905.] Report of the Librarian. 189
sonated, while the men of the two armies would wear what
was supposed to be their peculiar uniform. I can recall
now more than one sham fight that took place in this town
during my boyhood. In 10 Gushing, 252, is to be found a
decision of the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts
enjoining a town treasurer from paying money that had
been appropriated for such a celebration.
''James Russell Lowell, in his Glossary to the Biglow
Papers, thus defines the word, Comwallis: 'a sort of muster
in masquerade; supposed to have had its origin soon after
the Revolution, and to commemorate the surrender of
Lord Comwallis. It took the place of the old Guy Fawkes'
procession.' Speaking in the character of Hosea Biglow,
he asks,
"Recount what fun we had, you'n I n' Elzry HoUis,
Up there to Waltham plain last fall, along o' the OomwaDisr'
"He further says in a note: 4 hait the sight of a feller
with a musket as I du pizn but ther is fun to a comwallis
I aint agoin' to deny it. '
''The last Comwallis in this immediate neighborhood
came off about sixty years ago at Pepperell; and I remember
witnessing it. Another Comwallis on a large scale occurred
at Clinton in the year 1853 in which uniformed companies
of militia took part. On this occasion the burlesque display,
both in nimibers and details, far outshone all former attempts
of a similar character, and like the song of the swan, ended
a custom that had come down from a previous century.
At the present day nothing is left of this quaint celebration
but a faded memory and an imcertain tradition.* "
Respectfully submitted,
EDMUND M. BARTON,
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190 American Antiquarian Society. [Oct.,
GIVERS AND GIFTS.
FROM MEMBERS.
Baldwin, Simeon E., LL.D., New ELaven, Conn., — His "The American
Judiciary."
Barton, Edmund M., Worcester. — Two magazines, in continuation.
Baxter, Hon. J. Phinnet, Portland, Me. — His Addreas before the
American Institute of Instruction, July 10, 1905.
Bourne, Edward Q., Ph.D., New ELaven, Conn. — ^Three of his own
publications.
Butler, James D., LL.D., Madi8on,Wi8. — ^Three of his own publications.
Chase, Charles A., Worcester. — Four books; and sixteen pamphlets.
CoRET, Delorainb P., Msldsn. — "In Memory of Elisha Slade Converse.''
Davu, Andrew McF., Cambridge. — Seven hundred and seventy books;
and one hundred and eighty-seven pamphlets.
Davu, Hon. Edward L., Worcester. — Seventeen books; ninety-seven
pamphlets; and a manuscript letter.
Dexter, Franklin B., Litt.D., New Haven, Conn;— His "Abraham
Bishop'of Connecticut and his Writings"; and Kirkland and Kennedy's
Historic Camden.
Foster, William E., litt.D., Providence, R. I.— Tributes to Hon-
Horatio Rogers.
Francis, Georoe E., M.D., Worcester. — ^Three early American imprints.
Oilman, Daniel C, LL.D., Baltimore, Md.— Two of his own publi-
cations.
Green, Hon. Samuel A., Boston. — Five of his own publications;
thirty»two books; sixty-eight pamphlets; three proclamations; and
"The American Journal of Numismatics," in continuation.
Green, Samuel S., Librarian, Worcester. — His report of 1903-1004 as
Librarian of the Worcester Free Public Library.
Hale, Rev. Edward E., D.D., Roxbury.— "The Monthly Weather
Review;" and United States Weather Bureau maps, in continuation.
Harden, William, Savannah, Ga. — His Historical Sketch of the South
Presbyterian Church of Savannah, Georgia; and Edward J. Harden's
"Notes of a Short Northern Tour."
Hoar, Hon. George F., Worcester. — ^Ten books; and one hundred
and fifty pamphlets.
Digitized by
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1905.] Givers and Gifts. 191
Hoar, Hon. Rogkwood, Worcester. — Geoige Frisbie Hoar's "Auto-
biography of seventy years;" "Hymns of the Spirit/' and a photo-
graph.
HuNTiNOTOK, Rev. WiLUAM R., D.D., New York.— His "A Day's
Journey away from Christ."
Jenkb, Rev. HsNRT F., Canton— Two account books of early date.
Kingsbury, Hon. Frederick J., Waterbuiy, Conn. — ''Genealogy
of the Descendants of Henry Kingsbury."
KiTTREDOB, George L., LL.D., Cambridge — His "The Old Fanner
and his Almanack/' and two heliotypes.
Leon, Nicolas Ph.D., Mexico, Mex. — ^Two of his own' publications.
LouBAT, Joseph F., LL.D., Paris, France. — ^Three volumes of Central
American codices; and five pamphlets.
Matthews, Albert, Boston. — His "Term Lynch Law;" and his "Joyce
Junior."
Mead, Edwin D., Boston. — His "Suggestions to put the Mayflower on
the Massachusetts state seal;" and four pamphlets.
MooRE, Clarence B., LL.D., Philadelphia, Pa. — His "Urn-burial in
the United States."
Nichols, Charles L., M. D., Worcester. — ^Thirteen selected books.
Noble, John LL.D., Editor, Boston. — "Records of the Court of Assi^
tants of the Colony of Massachusetts Bay 1630-1602 Vol. 2.
Paine, Nathaniel Worcester. — Four of his own publications; three
books; one hundred and thirty-nine pamphlets; seventeen photo-
graphs; eight portraits; eight engravings; and three early bankbills.
Paltoits, Victor H., New York. — ^Two of his own publications.
Peet, Stephen D., Ph.D., Ediior, Chicago, IlL»His ««American Anti-
quarian and Oriental Journal," as issued.
RrssELL, £. Harlow, Worcester. — His "George Frisbie Hoar,
1826-1904."
Sausburt, Hon. Stephen, Worcester. — ^Eight books; four hundred and
forty-six pamphlets; and six files of newspapers, in continuation.
Stebbens, Rev. Calvin, Framingham. — His Tribute to George Frisbie
Hoar.
Thomas, Allen C, Haverford, Pa. — Seven of the works of Henry
More published 1647-1712; and "Scriptores Rerum Germanicarum,"
1702
Upham, Henrt p., St. Paul Minn. — ^The "Original Journals of the
Lewis and Clark Expedition" in seven volumes; and six historical
pamphlets.
Utlet, Hon. Samuel, Worcester. — Six historical pamphlets.
ViNOCRADOFF, Pavel G., Oxford, Eng. — His "The Growth of the Manor."
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192 American ArUiquarian Society. [Oct.,
Wauler^ Hon. JoBXPH B., Concord, N. H. — His "New Hampdiire fi^w
Provincial Congreases, July 21, 1774-Januai7 5, 1776."
FROM PERSONS NOT MEMBERS.
Albrbe, John, Swampsoott. — ^Two of his own publications.
Ames, John G., Compiler^ Washington, D. C. — "The Comprehensive
Index to Govenunent Publications 1881-1893," in two volumes.
Anagnos, Michael, Boston. — ^Two of his addresses.
Ater, Miss. Mart F., Boston. — Her "South Meeting House Bostoo
(1669-1729.")
Babine, Alexis V., Washington, D. C. — "The Yudin Libraiy
Krasnoiarsk."
Baker, ^^nrt M., Concord N. H. — His "New Hampshire in the struggle
for Independence."
Barrt, Phillips, Brookline. — His "Traditional Ballads in New England/'
Barton, F. MacDonald, West Newton.— "The Albemarle," as issued.
Beale, Charles C, Boston. — His "Marcus T. C. Gould Stenographer,"
three phonographic pamphlets; and one book-plate.
Beer, Wiluam, New Orleans, La. — ^Two pamphlets.
Beveridoe, Hon. Albert J., Indianapolis, Ind. — His ^'Tribute to the
American Woman Frances E. Willard."
Bishop, Henrt F., New York,— Two pamphlets.
Blagkiston's Sons, and Company, Philadelphia, Pa. — "The Medical
Book News," as issued.
Blake, Mis. Joseph, Andover. — Forty-two selected books.
Blodget, Hon. Walter H., Mayor, Worcester. — ^His second Inaugural
Address, 1905.
Boston Book Company. — "The Bulletin of Bibliography," as issued.
Brigham, Clarence S., Providence, R. I. — ^His Report on the Archives
of Rhode Island.
Bryant, H. Winslow, Portland, Me. — "Historical Sketch and Roster
of the Aroostook War, 1839."
BuLLARD, Rev. Henry, D.D., St. Joseph. Mo.— His "Proof that the Bible
is the Woid of God."
BuLLARD, Rev. Henry N., Ph.D., EdUor, Mound City, Mo.— "The
Invitation" as issued.
Bullock, Mrs. Mary Chandler, Worcester. — "Peter Chandler, a
biographical sketch and his Diary."
Canadian Year Book Company, Toronto, P. Q. — ^The Canadian Year
Book for 1905.
Chadwick, Jambb Read, M.D., Boston.— His "Brief Sketch of the life
of James Read"; and his "Cremation of the Dead."
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1905.] Givers and Gifts. 193
Chandler, Hon. William E., Concord, N. H. — Bib "The New Histoiy
of Concord N. H. and its Historians."
Clark, John C. L., Lancaster. — Photograph of the Memorial to John
Presoott at Lancaster, erected by Mrs. Roger Wolcott, 1903.
Clarke, Mrs. Henrt, Worcester. — Fifteen books ; and four bound volumes
of "The Youth's Companion."
Cogswell, Miss Mart L. T., Worcester. — ^Two of her own publications;
one scrap-book; ninety-two pamphlets; three broadsides; two portraits;
with manuscript notes and newspapers relating to the political Cam-
paigns of 1876-78.
Collamer, Newton L., Washington, D. C. — Numbers of "The Histor-
ical Bulletin."
CoxmiNB, Rev. Edgar M., Secretary , Thomaston, Me. — Minutes of the
Maine General Conference, 1904.
Cratib, Wilber F., EdUor, Washington, D. C— Numbers of "The
Twentieth Century Quarteriy."
Cromack, Irwin C, Boston. — "List of maps of Boston published
subsequent to 1600."
Cunninghau, Henrt W., Editor , Boston. — "Journal of Lieut.-CoL
Joseph Vose, April-July, 1776."
Cutler, U. Waldo, Editor, Worcester. — Selections from the writings of
Benjamin Franklin.
CtriTER, William R., Wobum. — "Captain Edward Johnson of Wobum
Mass. and some of his Descendants."
Davieb, Rev. Thoiiab F., Jr., EdUor, Worcester.— "The Parish," as
issued.
Davis, Capt. George E., Burlington, Vt. — "In Memoriam, Emma
Augusta Davis."
Davib, Walter A., City Clerk, Fitchburg.— City Documents, 1904.
Davis, Miss Zaidee S., New York.-~"Notices of Prof. Edwin H. Davis
Archaeologist."
De Rennb, Wtmberlet J., Savannah, Qa. — Catalogue of books in his
library relating to the history of Georgia .
Dickinson, G. Stuart, Worcester. — Scott's Standard Postage Stamp
Catalogue, 1905.
DicKXNBON, Thomas A., Worcester. — ^His book-plate.
Draper^ Mrs. Warren F., Andover. — Five books; seven himdred and
sixty«-six pamphlets; seven portraits; four photographs; three maps;
and parcels of newspapers.
Dtj BoBE, Joel C, Editor, Birmingham, Ala. — Numbers of "Tlie
Gulf States Historical Ma^uine."
Ebtabrook, Mis. D. Frances, Boston. — Five Worcester programmes,
1855-1861.
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194 American Antiquarian Society, [Oct.,
EsTABROOK, Mrs. D. Franklin, Worcester. — "The New England
Chronicle or the Essex Gazette/' of February 8, 1776.
EsTBB, Rev, David F., Hamilton, N. Y. — ^Two early American
imprints.
Field, Edward, Commiaaioner, Providence, R. I. — "The Early Reoords
of Providence," Volume 18.
Forbes, Miss Katharine M., Worcester. — Her book-plate.
Ford, Worthinoton C, Washington, D. G. — ^Two of his own publica-
tions.
Fox, Irving P., Business Manager^ Boston. — "The Church Militant/'
as issued.
French, Charles E., — Bequest of Two Marble Roman bas-reliefs,
fractured; a manuscript calendar of vellum, rolled on wooden handle;
a collection of copper coins, including about one thousand copper cents
and half cents; a package of fractional currency and rare coins; a
piece of Plymouth Rock; a beam from the old Hancock House,
Boston; a package of scraps from the Bfiles Standish house in Dux-
bury; and an ancient Egyptian vase.
Frowde, Henry, London, Eng. — ^"The Periodical," as issued.
Ganong, William F., Ph.D., Editor, Northampton. — Smethurst's "A
Narrative of an Extraordinary Escape out of the Hands of the Indians
in the Gulph of St. Lawrence."
GiLMAN, Warren R., M.D., Worcester. — Two books; and one hundred
and fifty pamphlets.
Gocher, William H., Hartford, Conn. — ^His "Wadsworth and the
Charter Oak."
Golden Rule Publibhino Company, Boston. — "The Christian En-
deavor World," as issued.
Goldie, Mrs. George E., Ayr, Ontario. — "The Association Record/'
in continuation.
Green, James, Worcester. — Six books; one hundred and eighty
pamphlets; and "The Banker and Tradesman/' in continuation.
Green, Mrs. James, Worcester. — Forty-one pamphlets; and "The
Spectator," in continuation.
Greene, Mrs. Richard W. Worcester. — ^Tribute to Hon. John D.
Washburn, by Rev. William R. Huntington, D.D.
Hamilton, Charles, Estate of, Worcester. — One hundred and tl^irteen
books; forty-four hundred pamphlets; and one hundred and twenty-
five portraits.
Hamilton, P. Walter, Worcester. — Fifty-three books; and fifty-nine
pamphlets.
Harriman, Frederick W., D.D., Secretary, Windsor, Conn. — ^Diocese
of Connecticut Convention Journal, 1905.
Digitized by
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1905.] Givers and Gifts. 195
Hart, Charles H., Philadelphift, Pa. — His "Some Notes Concerning
John Nonnan Engraver."
Haven, Mrs. Samuel F., Executrix^ Worcester.— Two hundred selected
volumes.
Hewett, Georoe F., Worcester. — ^Three views of early Worcester.
Hitchcock, Edward, LL.D., Amherst. — ^Two pamphlets.
HoLBROOK, Levi, New York. — ^Two pamphlets relating to the American
Revolution.
HoppiN, Mrs. Georoe S., Worcester. — Forty-four selected books.
HouoHTON, Mifflin & Company, Cambridge. — Fiske's "New France
and New England;" and "The Riverside Bulletin," as issued.
Howland, Miss Frances E., Worcester. — ^Three engravings
Huhner, Leon, New York. — ^Two of his own publications.
Johnson, Mrs. William W., Worcester. — Six bound volumes of Ver-
mont, Massachusetts and New Yoric newspapers 1813-1841.
Johnston, Richard H., Washington, D.C. — Babine's "The Yudin
Library."
Jones, Rev. Henrt L., D.D., Wilkes-Barre, Pa.— His "Looking Back
Thirty Years."
Kelly, Miller, Washington, D.C. — His "As to the Leopard's Spots,
an open letter to Thomas Dixon Jr."
Lane, Wiluam C, Cambridge. — His Seventh Report as Librarian
of Harvard University.
Lewis, Homer P., Superintendent Worcester. — ^Report of the Public
Schools of the city of Worcester, 1904.
Lincoln, Mrs. Winslow S., Worcester. — ^Eighteen books; eleven hun-
dred and forty-four pamphlets; and parcels of newspapers.
Logan, Walter S., New York. — His "The Lawyer as an Artist."
Longman, Green & Company, New York. — "Notes on Books," as
issued.
Luey, William D., Worcester. — One pamphlet. '
MacMillan Company, New York. — "The Monthly List."
Melcher, Mrs. Ellen Stevens and Mr. C. Ellis Stevens, Author,
Brooklyn, N. Y. — "The Stevens Genealogy; Some Descendants of
Fitz Stephen Family."
litESSENOER Printing and Publishing Company, Worcester. — 'The
Messenger," as issued.
Mitchell, J. Alfred, CUy Auditor, Boston. — His Report, 1904-1905.
MooRE, Mrs. B. Neely, Columbia, S. C. — Her paper on "The Mechlen-
beig Declaration of Independence, 1775."
MuNSON Steamship Company, New York. — "The Cuba Bulletin," as
issued.
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196 American Antiquarian Society. [Oct.,
MxTRRAT, Thomas H., Boston. — Hib ''Booklet of Information regarding
the American Irish Historical Society."
New York Evknino Pobt Printing Compant, — 'The Nation/' as
issued.
North, Samuel N. D., Washington, D. C. — His History of the News-
paper and Periodical Press in the United States, 1884.
NuTT, Charleb, Worcester. — ^Two pamphlets; and nimibers of the
"Massachusetts Spy."
Ojeda, Luis Thater, Santiago de CMe. — His "Catalogue biografioo
de la casa de Thayer de Braintree."
Parker, MoasB G., Lowell. — His "In Memoriam Citizen Soldiers of
Dracut Mass. who served in the war of the American Revolution,
1776-1783."
Parmlt, Randolph, New York. — 'The Pannly Family, its origin and
its Name"; and "In memoriam Wheelock Hendee Pbrmly."
Penafiel, Antonio, Director, Mexico, Mex. — Two statistical docu*
ments relating to the Republic of Mexico.
Porter, V. M., Secretary, St. Louis, Mo. — "Official Report of the
Universal Congress of Lawyers and Jurists, St. Louis September, 2^
30, 1904."
Pratt, Mrs. Julia A., Prattville, Ala. — "Hon. Daniel Pratt: a Bio-
graphy."
Putnam, Rev. John J., Worcester. — His ^'Emphatic Scripture the
Essence of Revelation."
Reed, Georoe B., Boston. — ^His **Sketch of the Life of Hon. John Reed
of Boston, 1722-1749."
Review of Reviews Book Company, Harrisbuig, Pa. — Numbers of
"The Country Calendar."
Retnolds, Mrs. Henrt A., Worcester. — Seventy pamphlets; and "The
Simday School Times," in continuation.
Rice, Franklin P., Editor, Worcester. — Worcester Town Records,
1801-1848; and Worcester Births 1714-1848 Marriages 1747-1848;
and Deaths 1820-1848.
Ripley, Miss Hannah, Norwich, Conn. — ^Norwich and Worcester
Raihxmd Badge of November 18, 1835.
RoBiNBON, Mrs. Charles, Lawrence, Kansas. — Ptek's Semi-Centen-
nial of Lawrence Kansas.
Roe, Hon. Alfred S., Worcester. — One book and one hundred and
aizty-eight pamphlets.
RoTTTLEDGB, AND SoNB, GsoRGE, London, Ei^. — ^Numborsof "The Book
Budget."
Sabine, John D., Washington, D. C. — ^His "The Funily and Desoendanti
of Rev. John Sabine."
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1905.] Givers and Gifts. 197
Sanford, Geobgb L., Worcester. — One pamphlet.
Saxe, James A., Worcester. — ^Two historical pamphlets.
ScHUTusR, Phiup, New York. — Bayard Tuckennan's "Life of Qeneral
Philip Schuyler, 1733-1804."
Sentinel Phinting Company, Fitchbuig. — "The Fitchbuig Weekly
Sentinel," as issued.
Shaw, Jobeph A., Worcester. — ^Three books; and nineteen pamphlets.
Slafter, Rev. Edmttnd F., D.D., Boston. — ^His "The Character and
History of the Book of Sports, 1618-1643."
Smith, Jonathan, Clinton. — His "Some Features of Shays* Rebellion."
SpraiT op 76 Publishing Company, New York. — "The Spirit of 76,"
as issued.
Spooner, Mrs. Jennie C, Barre. — "The Barre Gazette," as issued.
Stewardson, Rev. Langdon, C, Ph.D., Geneva, N. Y. — His Report of
1904 as President of Hobart College.
Stoddard, Mrs. Elijah B., Worcester. — ^Thirty-two selected books.
Straus, Oscar S., New York.— His "The United States and Russia:
their historical Relations."
Swan, Robert T., CommiMioner, Boston. — His Seventeenth Report
on the custody and condition of Public Records.
Tappan, Miss Eva M., Ph.D., Worcester.— "English Ancestry of the
Toppan or Tappan Family; and Genealogy of the March Family."
Taft, Miss Anna J., Worcester.— A complete file of "The Weekly
Calendar,"of St. John's Church Worcester.
Taft, Mrs. Calvin, Worcester. — ^Two pamphlets.
Taylor, John P., Andover. — ^His "In Memoriam Warren F. Draper."
Telegram Newspaper Company. — "The Worcester Daily Telegram"
and "The Sunday Telegram," in continuation.
Thomas, Cyrxts, Ph.D., Washington, D. C. — Four of his own publioar
tions.
Thompson, Eben F., EdUor, Worcester. — "The Character of Washing-
ton, last public utterance of George F. Hoar, with other speeches."
TooKER, Mr. William W., Sag Harbor, N. Y.— His "Some Powhatan
Names."
Tucker, Miss Arabella H., Compiler, Worcester. — Record of the Grad-
uates of the State Normal School at Worcester, Massachusetts, 1904.
Turner, John H., Ayer. — "The Groton Landmark," as issued.
Van Horn, Rev. J. Francis, D.D., EdUor, Worcester.— "The Old South
Record," as issued.
Wall, Mrs. Caleb A., Worcester. — Fourteen hundred and ten books;
forty-eight hundred and six pamphlets; twelve volumes of bound and
parcels of unbound newspapers.
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198 Ameri4Xin Antiquarian Society, [Oct.,
Ward, George O., M.D., Worcester— Hap of Worcester County, 1857.
Wells, Charles T., Hartford, Conn.— "Year Book of the First Church
of Christ in Hartfoid, 1904."
Wesbt, Joseph S., and Sons, Worcester. — ^Eight books; seven hunp*
dred and seventy pamphlets; sixteen portraits; seventy-five heiiotypes;
and two maps.
Whitgomb, Miss Mart G., Worcester. — ^Twelve pamphlets.
White, Mrs. Caroline E., Editor, Philadelphia, Pa. — "The Journal of
ZoOphily," as issued.
White, Rev. Euot, Secretary, Worcester. — Journal of the Fourth
Annual Meeting of the Diocese of Western Massachusetts.
Williams, Walter, EdUor, St. Louis, Mo. — "The State of Missouri;
an Autobiography."
Wire, George E., M. D., Worcester. — Five books; and ninety-eight
pamphlets.
Woodward, Mrs. George M., Worcester. — One hundred and seventy->
one numbers of American magazines.
Worcester Gazette Company. — "The Worcester Evening Gazette,"
as issued.
Wtman and Gordon, Worcester. — ^Their "Biographical Sketches/'
as issued.
FROM societies AND INSTITUTIONS.
Abbot Acadebtt, Andover. — Nimibers of "The Abbot Courant."
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. — Publications of the
Academy, as issued.
Academy of Science of St. Louis. — Publications of the Academy, as
issued.
Aluance Scientifique Universelle, Paris, France. — Five pamphlets.
American Academy of Arts and Sciences. — Publications of the
Academy, as issued.
American Anti-Vivisection Society. — The Twenty-second Annual
Report.
American Baptist Missionary Union. — "The Baptist Missionaiy
Magazine," as issued.
American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions. — The
Annual Report 1904, and a manuscript broadside.
American Catholic Historical Society of Philadelphia. — Publica-
tions of the Society, as issued.
American Geographical Society. — Publications of the Society,
as issued.
American Historical Association. — ^The Annual Report, 1903.
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1905.] Givers and Gifts. 199
Amebican Irish Historical Socibtt. — ^PublioationB of the Society, as
issued.
American Library Association. — Publications of the Association, as
issued.
American Oriental Societt. — ^Publications of the Society, as issued.
American Philosophical Socistt. — Publications of the Society, as
issued.
American Seamen's Friend SoasiT. — "The Sailon llagazine," as
issued.
American Statistical Association. — Publications of the Association,
as issued.
Andover Theological Seminary. — ^The Seminary Catalogue, 1904-1905.
Army War Colleqb Library. — ^Library publications, as issued.
Australian Museum. — Publications of the Museum, as issued.
Bay State Historical League. — One pamphlet.
BiBUOGRAPHicAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. — The Circular of infonAation
and constitution.
BiBLioTECA Nazionalb Centralb di Firensb. — Library publications
as issued.
Boston Board of Health. — Publications of the Board, as issued.
Boston Cemetery Department. — ^The Annual Report, 1904-1905.
Boston, City of. — ^Three volumes of City documents for 1904.
Boston City Hospital, Trxtstbes. — The forty-flrat annual report.
Boston Port and Seamen's Aid Society. — ^The Thirty-eighth Annual
Report.
Boston Public Library. — Library publications, as issued.
Boston Registry Department. — ^Two volumes of Boston Records.
Boston Transit Commission. — ^The Tenth Annual Report.
Boston University.— The Annual Reports, 1903-1904.
BowDOiN College. — Publications of the Collie, as issued.
Brockton Public Library. — Library publications, as issued.
Brookline Public Library. — ^The Forty-eighth Annual Report.
Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences. — Publications of the
Institute, as issued.
Brooklyn Public Library^ — ^The Library publications, as issued.
Brown University. — ^The University Catalogue 1904-1905.
Buffalo Public Lij^rary. — ^The Eighth Annual Report.
Bunker Hill Monxtment Association. — Publications of the Asso-
ciation, as issued.
Bureau of American Ethnology. — Publications of the Bureau, as
issued.
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200 Arnerican Antiqiuirian Society. [Oct.,
CaLIFOBNIA SOdSTT OF THE SONS OF THB AUEBICAN RbVOLUTION. —
"Constitution, By Laws and Membership."
Cambridge Antiquaiuan Societt. — ^Publications of the Society, as
issued.
Canadian iNSTrruTB. — ^Publications of the Institute, as issued.
Cabneoib Free Librabt, Allegheny, Pa. — ^The Fourteenth Annual
Report.
Carnegie Instttuteon. — ^Publications of the Institution, as issued.
Chautauqua Institution. — ^Numben of "The Chautauqua Quarterly."
Chicago Historical Societt. — Publications of the Society, as issued.
Children's Hospital, Boston. — ^The Thirtieth Annual Report.
Church of the Holt Cross, Boston. — ^Memorial Volume of the on^
hundredth anniversaiy Celebration.
Cincinnati Public Librart. — Library publications, as issued.
Clark Universitt. — ^Eight of the Univeraity Publications.
Colgate Universitt Librart. — ^Library publications, as issued.
Colonial Societt of Massachusetts. — Publications of the Society,
as issued.
Colorado College. — Publications of the CoUege, as issued.
Columbia Universitt. — ^'The Political Science Quarterly," as issued.
Connecticut Historical Societt. — ^Publications of the Society, as
issued.
Connecticut State Librart. — Sixteen state documents; and three
proclamations.
Crescent Democratic Club Librart, Baltimore, Md. — Catalogue
of the Library.
Davenport Academt of Sciences. — Publications of the Academy,
as issued.
Datton Public Librart and Mxtseum. — ^The Forty-fourth Annual
Report.
Dedham Historical SoasTT. — Publications of the Society, as issued.
Detroti Public Librart,. — ^The Fortieth Annual Report.
Deutsche Historische Gesellbchaft fur den District Columbia. —
Publications of the Society, as issued.
Enoch Pratt Free Librart, Baltimore, Md. — ^The Nineteenth An-
nual Report.
Essex Institute. — ^Publications of the Institute, as issued.
Faiemount Park Art Association. — ^The Thirty-third Annual
Report.
Field Columbian Mubbum. — ^Publications of the Museum, as issued.
Fitchburo Public Librart. — ^Ubnuy publications, as issued.
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1905.] Givers and Gifts. 201
Forbes Librabt, NorthamptoiL— The Ninth and Tenth Annual
Reports.
Gkoorafhical Socistt of Pmr.Angf.yifTA — Publications of the So-
ciety, as issued.
Geological Surybt of Canada. — ^Reports of the Survey, as Issued.
Groton Public Librart.— The Fifty-first Annual Report; and an
Historical sketch of the Library.
Hamilton College. — Nineteen early publications of the American
Antiquarian Society.
Hartford Board of Trade. — ^The Seventeenth Annual Report.
Hartford Theological Seionart. — Publications of the Seminary,
as issued.
Harvard Colege Class of 1803. — ^Report of the Secretary 1803-1903.
Harvard UNivER8iTT.~Tbe Univenity Catalogue 1904-05; and the
Quinquennial of 1905.
Haverhill Public Library. — ^Libraiy publications, as issued.
Helena Public Library. — Library publications, as issued.
Historical Department of Iowa. — ^The ''Annals of Iowa," as issued.
Historical Society of Pennsylvania. — Publications of the Society,
as issued.
HisTORiscHER Verein Der Oberffalz Und Regenbburg. — Publica-
tions of the Society, as issued.
Hyde Park Historical Society. — Publications of the Society, as
issued.
Illinois State Historical Society. — Publications of the Society, as
issued.
International Bureau of American Republics. — ^"The Monthly
Bulletin," as issued.
Jersey City Public Library. — ^The Fourteenth Annual Report.
John Crerar Library, Chicago, 111. — ^The Tenth Annual Report.
Johns Hopkins University. — Publications of the University, as
issued.
Lancaster Town Library. — ^The Forty-second Annual Report.
Leicester Public Library. — ^The Annual Report, 1905.
Leland Stanford Junior University. — Publications of the Univer-
sity, as issued.
Library- of Congress. — Nineteen bibliographical publications.
Literary and Historical Society of Quebec. — Publications of the
Society, as issued.
Lynn Historical Society. — Publications of the Society, as issued.
Maine Historical SoasTY. — Publications of the Society, as issued.
Maryland Historic^ Society. — Publications of the Society, as issued.
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202 American Antiqmrian Society. [Oct.,
BlAflSACHUBETTB, CoMMONWXAivTH OF. — ^Fifty-five books; and twenty^
five pamphlets.
Massachusetts General Hospital. — ^The Ninety-fiist Annual Report.
Massachusetts Grand Lodge of Ancient Free and Accepted
Masons. — Proceedings of the Grand Lodge, as issued.
Massachusetts Historical Societt. — Publications of the Society,
as issued.
Massachusetts Infant Asylum. — ^The Thirty-eighth Annual Report
Massachusetts Medical Societt. — ''Medical Communications" of
the Society, as issued.
Massachubbttb Metropolitan Water and Sswbraob Board. — The
Fourth Annual Report.
Massachusetts Single Tax League. — Publications of the League,
as issued.
MassACHUSETTB State Board of Health. — Publioations of the Board,
as issued.
Massachusetts State Normal School at Worcester.— The Gat*
alogue and Circular, 1905.
Massachusetts Woman's Relief Corps. — Journal of the Twenty-fifth
Annual Convention.
Michigan State Library. — Eight volumes of the Michigan Pioneer and
Historical Society, collections, to complete set.
Minnesota Historical Societt. — Publications of the Society, as
issued.
MoHONX Lake Conference. — ^The Conference Reports, as issued.
MxTSEO Nacional de Mexico. — Publications of the Museum, as issued.
MxTSEUM OF Fine Arts, Boston. — Catalogue of the Exhibition of eaiiy
engraving in America.
National Association of State Libraries. — Proceedings and Ad-
dresses, 1904.
National Board of Trade. — Proceedings at the Annual Meeting,
1905.
National Irrigation Congress. — Proceedings of the Twelfth Congress.
National Shorthand Reporter's Association. — Proceedings of the
Sixth Annual Convention.
Newark Free Public Library. — The Sixteenth Annual Report.
Newberry Library, Chicago, HI. — ^The Report of 1904.
New England Historic Genealogical Society. — Publications of
the Society, as issued.
New England Society of Cincinnati. — ^The Year Book of 1904.
New Hampshire Historical Society. — Publications of the Society,
as issued.
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1905.] Givers and Gifts. 203
New Haven Colony Historical Sogiett. — PublicatioDB of the Sooi*
ety, as issued.
New Jeiusst Historical Societt. — PublicatioDs of the Society, as
issued.
New London County Historical Society. — Publications of the
Society, as issued.
New York Academy of Sciences. — Publications of the Academy, as
issued.
New York, City of. — One pamphlet.
New York Genealogical and Biographical Society. — Publications
of the Society, as issued.
New York Historical Society. — ^Publications of the Society, as
issued.
New York Public Library. — Libraiy publications, as issued.
New York State Hospital for the Care of Crippled and Deformed
Children. — ^The Fourth Annual Report.
New York State Library. — ^Thirty-five volumes of State Documents.
Oberlin College Library. — ^The Annual Report, 1904.
Ohio State Archjbological and Historical Society. — PubUcations
of the Society, as issued.
Old South Historical Society. — Publications of the Society, as issued.
Oneida Historical Society. — ''Tribute to General Charies W.
Darling"; and Year Book No. 10.
Oregon Historical Society. — Publications of the Society, as issued.
Park College, Parkville, Mo.— "The Park Review," as issued.
Pbabody Education Fund Trustees. — Proceedings Januazy 24, 1905.
Peabody iNSTrruTE OF the Cnr of BAi/rmoRE. — ^The Thirty-eic^th
Annual Report.
Peabody Museum of American Archeology and Ethnology. —
Publications of the Museum, as issued.
Pennsylvania Society, New York. — ^The Year Book, 1905.
Perkins Instttution and Massachu se tts Asylum for the Bund. —
The Seventy-second and Seventy-third Annual Reports.
Phillipinb Islands Ethnological Survey. — ^Two reports.
Portland Board of Trade. — "The Board of Trade Journal," as issued.
Portland Commercial Club, Portland, Oregon. — Literature relating
to the Lewis and Clark Centennial and Oriental Fair.
Pratt Institute Free Library. — ^Library publications, as issued.
Providence Pubuc Library. — ^An early edition of Rasselas.
Public Library of Western Australia. — Library publications, as
issued. %
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204 American Aviiqwirian Society, [Oct.,
Public Opinion Club, New York. — "Public Opinion/' as issued.
QuiNABAUO Historical Sociarr. — Publications of the Society, as
iflsued.
Records of Past Exploration Socivit. — Numbers of the Socie^s
publications.
Reform Club, New York. — ''Sound Currency/' as issued.
Repubuca Mbxicana. — Six Census Reports.
Robinson Familt Genealogical and Historical Association. —
"The Robinsons and their Kin-Folk/' second series, 1904.
RoTAL Academy of Belles-lettres, History and Antiquities,
Stockholm, Sweden. — Publications of the Academy, as issued.
Royal Historical Society, London, Eng. — Publications of the
Society, as issued.
Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland. — Publications of the
Society, as issued.
Royal Society of Canada. — Publications of the Society, as issued.
St. Louis Mercantile Library Association. — ^The Fifty-ninth Annual
Report.
St. Louis Pubuc Library. — ^The Annual Report, 1903-1904.
Salem Public Library. — Library publications, as issued.
ScRANTON Public Library. — ^The Fourteenth Annual Report.
Smithsonian Institution. — Publications of the Institution, as issued.
Sociedad Geoorafica db Lima. — Publications of the Society, as issued.
SociETii DEB Americanistes de Paris. — Publications of the Society,
as issued.
Socixri: D' Archeolooie de Bruxelles. — Publications of the Society,
as issued.
Socisri: Archeologique de Touraine. — Publications of the Society,
as issued.
Socisri: db Gbographie, Paris, France, — Publications of the Society,
as issued.
SociErii HisTORiQUE DE MONTREAL. — Publications of the Society, as
issued.
Society Nationai.e des Antiquaires de France. — ^Publications of
the Society, as issued.
Society of Antiquaries of London. — Publications of the Society,
as issued.
Society of the Army of the Potomac. — Report of the Thirty-fiixth
Annual Reunion.
Society of Colonial Wars in the District of Columbia. — ^The
R^ter for 1904.
Society for the Suppressing of Vice. — ^Twelve pamphlets.
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1905.] Givers and Gifts. 205
SoxTTH Cabolina HiBTOBicAL SoGiBTT. — Publications of the Society,
as issued.
SoxTTHERN HISTORICAL SoGiETT. — PubUcatioDS of the Society^ as issued.
Springfield drr Librart. — Libraiy publications, as issued.
State Charities Aid Association of New York. — ^The Thirty-
second Annual Report.
State Historical and Natural History Societt of Colorado. —
Publications of the Society, as issued.
State Historical Society of Iowa. — Publications of the Society,
as issued.
State Historical Societt of Wisconsin. — ^Publications of the
Society, as issued.
Stracxtsb Public Library. — ^The Annual Report, 1904.
United States Cobimissioner of Patents. — His Report for 1904;
and ''the Official Gazette," as issued.
United States Department of Commerce and Labor. — Publications
of the Department, as issued.
United States Department of the Interior. — ^Twenty volumes.
United States Department of State. — ^Twelve [Department pub-
lications.
Unit!ed States Naval Academy. — The Annual Report, 1904-05.
United States Superintendent of Documents. — ^Two hundred and
eighty-two books; and two himdred and seventy-two pamphlets.
United States Treasury Department. — ^Two pamphlets.
United States War Department. — One volume.
Universidad de la Plata. — Publications of the University, as issued.
University of California. — Publications of the University, as issued.
University of Chicago Library. — ^Two pamphlets.
University op Illinois. — Publications of the University, as issued.
University of Missouri. — Publications of the University, as issued.
University of Pennsylvania. — ^Three University publications.
University of Toronto. — Publications of the University, as issued.
University of Vermont and State Agricultural Coixeoe. — ^The
Catalogue, 1904-05.
Vermont Historical Society. — Publications of the Society, as issued.
Vermont State Library. — "Rolls of the Vermont Soldiers in the
Revolutionary War 1775-1783,"
ViNELAND Historical and Antiquarian Society. — ^Publications of
the Society, as issued.
Virginia Historical Society. — Publications of the Society, as issued.
Wesleyan University. — Publications of the University, as issued.
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206 American Antiquarian Society. [Oct.,
Wbbt Virginia Historical and Antiquarian Socibtt. — PublicationB
of the Society, as issued.
Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters. — Publications
of the Academy, as issued.
Wisconsin State Historical Societt. — Publications of the Society,
as issued.
Worcester Board of Heai^th. — Publications of the Board as issued.
Worcester Board of Overseers of the Poor. — The Annual Report.
1904.
Worcester Board of Trade. — "The Worcester Magazine," as issued.
Worcester CmLDREN's Friend Societt. — ^The Fifty-sixth Annual
Report.
Worcester, Citt of. — Five volumes of City documents to complete
set.
Worcester Citt Hospital. — ^The Thirty*fourth Annual Report.
Worcester Coitntt iNSTrrunoN for Savincm. — Five files of financial
periodicals, in continuation.
Worcester Countt Law Librart. — The Libraiy report of 1905; a
framed 'photograph of Vinton's portrait of Hon. Geoige F. Hoar;
twenty-six books; two himdred and thirty-one pamphlets; three por-
traits; two maps; "Public Opinion" for 1904; and the ''Boston Daily
Advertiser," in continuation.
Worcester Countt Mechanics Association. — ^Eighty-four numbers
of Magazines; and eighteen files of newspapers, in continuation.
Worcester Fire Societt. — Rules and Regulations of the Society,
1893.
Worcester Free Pubuc Librart. — Sixty-four books; four hundred
and thirty pamphlets; two himdred and two maps; and eighty-seven
files of newspapers, in continuation.
Worcester Parks Cobimission. — ^The Annual Report, 1904.
Worcester Societt of Antiqt7Itt. — ^Publications of the Society, as
issued.
Yalb Universftt. — Publications of the University, as issued.
York Pubuc Librart. — ^The Twelfth General Report.
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1905.] Yucatan Water Supply. 207
A NOTICE OF YUCATAN WITH SOME
REMARKS ON ITS WATER SUPPLY.
BY DAVID CASARES.
As I do not pretend to offer these remarks as the result of
serious scientific research of my own, but rather as more or
less well compiled information gathered from such sources
as I have had within my reach, to which I will try to add
something of my own observation, I deem it necessary to
precede them by a short notice of the coimtry they refer to.
The peninsula of Yucatan is the most southern country
of North America, projecting northward from its extreme
point and forming the eastern side of the Mexican Gulf,
which is barred on all sides but this one, where two outlets
are foimd, the northern one between Florida and Cuba, and
the southern between this island and Yucatan, the extreme
point of which at the northeast is Cape Catoche, only a
hundred and fifty-three miles from Cape San Antonio on
the opposite coast of Cuba. This narrow passage^
Humboldt presumes was made by the eruption of the sea
into the Gulf. It is situated between 18^ and 21® 32'
North latitude and 6° 37' and 12® 6' longitude east of Mexico.
The situation of Yucatan gives it great advantages to com-
municate with other countries, its extensive coasts being
bathed on the north and west by the Mexican Gulf, and
on the east by the Carribean Sea, while on the south it is
boimded by Guatemala. These advantages are greatly
dimished, however, by our want of good ports. Campeche
on the bay of the same name has a very shallow bottom,
and so is the case with Celestim and Puerto de la Asension.
Sisal, our port for foreign commerce imtil 1871, and Pro-
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208 American ArUiquarian Society. [Oct.,
gresOy our present port, besides being but a little better
off in that respect, are without protection from storms.
The area of the peninsula according to the most accepted
computations is 8,363i square leagues, equal to 146,825
square kilometers==56,739 miles. This land to which histo-
rians have ascribed different names as those of Ulmnilkutz
and XJlumilceh, the land of wild turkies and deer, and
Yucalpeten (the neck of the peninsula), was most probably
called Mayab, land of the Mayas. The Spaniards on their
first arrival in 1517 called it Yucatan, and from that date,
through the conquest, and through the colonial government,
and for thirty-seven years after our independence, that
name was applied to the whole peninsula as one com-
mimity; but in 1858, the district of Campechc towards the
southwest, became a state imder that name, and very lately
in 1903 the general government declared the eastern sec-
tion which had just been wrested from the Indian rebels
who possessed it for over fifty years, a federal territory
imder the name of Quintana Roo, one of the most illus-
trious foimders of the Mexican Independence, bom in this
state. The English colony of Belice fills the southwestern
comer of the peninsula.
This is now politically divided thus: the state of Yucatan
covers an area of about 18,018 square miles and has a popu-
lation of about 315,000 inhabitants, that dwell in seven
cities, 14 villas, which may be called towns, 157 villages,
and 2493 rural establishments spread over 16 partidos,
which may be called districts; Merida, Progreso, Tixcocob,
Motul, Hunucma, and Acanceh, first group; YzamaJ, Temax
and Sotuta, the centre group; Maxcanu, Ticul, Tekax and
Peto, the southwestern group; and Espita, Valladohd and
Tizimun, the eastern.
The state of Campechc comprises the five partidos of
Campeche, Carmen, Hecelchakan, Champoton and Chenes,
that contain two cities, 8 villas, 25 villages and 350 hacien-
das, ranchos and small plantations, spread over 19 ^^ sq. miles.
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1905.] Yiicatan Water Supply. 209
The Quintana Roo territory was formed by sections of the
partidos of Valladolid, Tizimim, Sotuta, Tekax and Peto,
and it has about 8,000 inhabitants, the capital of which is
Chan Santa Cruz, the old headquarters of the rebels for
half a century, at the distance of 220 miles from Merida,
with a few small seaports.
The colony of British Hondm-as, the boundary lines of
which were definitely settled by the Spenser-Mariscal treaty,
has about 5,000 inhabitants dwelling in the capital Belize
and in a few towns and rural establishments.
The aspect of the country is that of a long extended
plain that goes on rising gradually from the water's edge
to the foot of a ridge called the Sierra, which begins seven
miles from the town of Maxcimu, in the western part of the
state, and follows a winding course to the east and the
southeast for the distance of ninety miles, and after leav-
ing on its northern slope the picturesque towns of Muna,
Ticul, Oxkutzcab and Tecax disappears near Kambul
in the district of Peto. This Sierra is called Puc in
Maya; its maximum height is 500 feet above the sea level,
and is a rocky and barren structure from its beginning
to about six miles before Tecax,' where a stratiun of rich
vegetable soil begins to appear.
There is another branch of hiUs forming a broken chain
that starts at a short distance from the coast, below the small
town of Seybaplaya in the bay of Campeche, some of the
peaks of which attain a considerable height. This runs par*
allel to the searside for a short distance, then it turns round
forming a sort of amphitheatre where the city of Cam-
peche is beautifully situated, after which, following a north-
em direction by the sea-side for two miles beyond, it turns
to the northeast, goes on crossing the district of Hecelchakan
and after following its course to the east and southeast, it
approaches the lake of Chichankannab, near the end of the
first ridge. From this point this range takes a southern
course in a broken line, and goes to join the great chain
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210 American Antiquarian Society. [Oct.,
which under the different names of Rocky mountains,
Sierra Madre, and Andes are the backbone of the American
continent. This system is not a continuous chain like the
first ridge. It is formed by a series of high hills or peaks
called UitzeS; which are separated by narrow valleys the
surface of which is at least as high as that of the first Sierra,
and they are covered by a thick bed of vegetable soil, proper
for the cultivation of com, sugar-cane, tobacco and most
tropical plants.
The plain that we mentioned as stretching from the north
coast to the foot of the first Sierra, and as being of cal-
careous formation comprises several zones or belts. The
first one extends over a great part of the peninsula from
the viQage of Buctzotz in the district of Temax, about fifty-
four miles to the northeast of Merida, to the district of
Hecelchakan in the state of Campeche. This belt rests on
a bed of hmestone covered by a thin layer of vegetable
soil and comprises the district of Merida, Acamceh, Yzamal,
Maxcanu and part of Hecelchakan. Here com, beans, and
other articles of food, cattle and horses were raised to some
extent, but now hemp, for which the soil is very well adapted,
is raised on a great scale, and that has not only saved this
state from poverty, but it has made of it one of the most
prosperous of the Mexican confederacy. Prom Buctzotz
eastward to Yalahau and from Hecelchakan to Campeche,
the ground though still stony is good for the cultivation
of sugar-cane, rice, etc., and improves as we advance, the
soil becomes more moist and the woods are thicker and
higher.
On all sides of these tracks, that is, from Yalahau on
the northeastern coast to Bacalar on the southeast,
and from Campeche to Champoton in the west and to the
Sierras in the south, the soil attains all the luxuriance and
richness of the tropics, and while all the produce of those
regions can be got there, magnificent forests of a great
variety of trees cover also those extensive grounds.
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1905.] Yucatan Water Supply. 211
The lands around Ticul are of an intermediate quality,
between these and those of the north, and they are still
better from Tekax and Peto to Chichankanab and Saban.
If we draw a cross section or profile from the port of
Progreso through Merida, Ticul, and Tzibalchen to the
southern boimdaries of the peninsula and Guatemala, we
find first a very narrow strip of sand along the shore, then
a belt of moving monticules of sand from three to eight
hundred yards wide covered by a thin coating of thorny
weeds and small palm trees, bordered by long patches of
salt beds. Next comes the Cienega, a marshy kind of
stream with a bottom of white mud, full of water weeds,
two or three miles wide, dry in the dry season, with a nar-
row thread of water in the centre, and overflowed in the
rainy season, where some islets called Petenes are found
here and there, and also interrupted now and then by a
peculiar kind of stream called Ojo-de-agua (water-holes).
Next comes the Savana or prairie from a mile to a mile and
one-half wide, which gradually disappears, giving place to
a very stony formation called Tzekel, poorly covered by
thorny shrubs, some lonely palm trees and wild hemp plants.
This rough stony bed extends for about eight miles
changing then to a better soil upon which Merida stands
over 28 feet above the sea level and 28 miles from Progreso.
The ground goes on rising with a smooth grading for eigh-
teen miles more, at the end of which the surface becomes
more and more rugged, so that in the railroad Unes, cuts
fifteen feet high are formed. For six miles before getting
to Ticul, the approach to the Sierra is known, the layer of
earth growing thicker and the color of it changing to a
darkish red.
Two miles from the city of Ticul, the foot of the Puc is
reached, the ascent to the sunmiit of which is a mile long,
its height being four himdred feet above the level of the
plain. The descent on the opposite side is at most one-
fourth the ascent, coming down then to a high table land
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212 American Antiquarian Society. [Oct.
that stretches from the west of Santa Helena to the borders
of Chichankanab Lake over an area twenty-five miles wide
from north to south. Here the most magnificent ruins of
the country are foimd: Uxmal, Santana Tabi, San Fran-
cisco, etc., which afford a wide field of study to the scientific
man and interest to the mere tourist. Bordering this sec-
tion on the south the broken chain of hills called Uitzes
within the limits of the inhabited sections of the peninsula,
the line of which may be traced through the villages of
Tzibalchen, Yturbide Xul Becanchen.
Beyond this line an extent of land supposed to be of no
less than eight thousand square miles, stretches to the pro-
vince of Peten in Guatemala, covered by a thick and unin-
habited forest only crossed by three paths that start from
Campeche and Bacalar to the Lake of Peten, through sta-
tions placed far from each other.
Now if we examine a map of Yucatan, we see that from
the Champoton River that empties into the Campeche Bay,
on the south end of the western coast to the Manatin river
that empties into the Ascension Bay, about the middle of
the opposite coast, there is no river or stream whatever
worth the name, they are only small inlets of the sea or
cuts made by the heavy showers of the rainy season. The
Champoton River has a course seventy-five miles long, from
Lake Jobonochac and is navigable by small craft of from
10 to 15 tons for the distance of 15 miles inland. The
water courses of the eafitem coast are of little importance,
even those of San Jose and Hondo that water the extreme
southern portion. As for the Nohbecan (the great stream
in Maya) the Pocayxim, the Palizada and some brooks,
they are only profitable to a small section of the south-
western corner of the peninsula.
Yucatan is very poor in lakes, those only that deserve
that name are the Laguna de Chechankanab (small sea)
about 20 miles in length by less than three wide; that called
Ocon from which the Manatin River takes its course
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seventy-two miles from Ascension Bay, and that of
Jobonochac.
We will finish this notice of the physical conditions of Yu-
catan with some remarks on its dimate.
From the observations taken in the observatory of the
State Literary Institute, I find that in 1903, the lowest
temperature taken was 7®. 2 Centegrade— 44°. 96 F. on
several days in December, and the highest 39** C. — 102°.2F.
on the 19 of April, though on the very first of that month
the minimum registered was 13''.3 C— SS^'.S F. The high-
est monthly average was 29®.l C— 80^.38 F. in Jime; and
the lowest, 21°.6 C— 70°.08 F. in December. The average of
the minimum noted in the whole year was 17® .60 C— 62®.
69 F. and the average of the maximum 32®.9 C. — 91®.22 F.
In 1904, the lowest temperature was that of 7®. 2 C. on
the 15th and 16th of January and February—44®, 96 F. and
the highest on the sixth day of May, 38® 4 C.-lOl®. 12 F.,
though the thermometer went down several times that
month to 23®, C.—76®. 8 F. The highest average was
28®, C— 82®, 4 F., both in May and June; and the lowest
in February 22®, 9 C— 73®, 22 F. The average of minimum
temperature registered the whole year was 17®. 8 C.—68®,1F;
and the average maximum 97®, 34 F. These differences
between the highest and the lowest temperatures are ex-
plained by the fact that the heat always diminshes in the
night and the early mom.
An idea of the mortality of the coimtry can be had by
these numbers: on an average of 315,000 inhabitants, 3,768
deaths were registered in one quarter of a year from the
first of July to the 30th of December, 1903; 2,975 from
the first of October to the 31st of September; 2,470 for the
first quarter of 1904, and 2,960 in the second, up to the 30th
of June. The lowest number of deaths registered was that
of 808 in March, and the highest 1,348 in July and August.
The cases of yellow fever we have are generally from im-
portation, and they are fatal mostly to Mexicans of the hig^
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214 American Antiqiuman Society. [Oct.,
table lands of the interior and to Europeans. From the first
of January to the 31st of March, 1904, we had 24 cases, of
which 14 were cured and 10 fatal. In the second quarter of
the year those numbers were 38, 17, and 21 respectively; and
in the third they were 17, 9, and 8. As a consequence of
the strong sanitary measures taken by our present admini-
istrations both local and federal, that scourge has almost
wholly disappeared, and to such an extent that during the
worst months of this year from May to August we did not
have a single case in a period of a himdred days.
We only have two seasons : the rainy season begins about
the end of May and lasts till the end of November. Show-
ers are very frequent and heavy during the first three
months and go on slacking in number and intensity toward
the end. The dry season lasts the rest of the year, March
and April being conmionly the driest months, during which
all vegetation is laid waste and the air is suffocating, not
only on account of the natural heat of the season but also
Ijecause during those months they biun the cornfields that
are to be sown at the beginning of the rainy season. The
scene then changes rapidly, the leaves renew their verdant
hue, and the wild flowers balm the air.
We have no earthquakes as our groimd is not volcanic;
but we felt something like it two years ago in Merida and
Progreso.
From the general description and notice of the physical
conditions of Yucatan and such as I have been able to give
in a condensed form, it is easily understood that the water
supply, not only for the common needs of life but for those
of agriculture and all kinds of industries, is a question of
paramount importance in the country. I will now try to
show how this sine qua non desideratum of life and work
has been provided by a merciful nature. But before going
further into the bottom of the subject, I must state that I
agree withJStephens and other explorers who think that at
least the northeastern portion of the peninsula was, in a
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former period, covered by the sea. That conclusion they
draw from the lowness of the coast, from the fact that
marine shells are found in the calcareous rocks, whenever
they are bored to dig a well; and that these shells are also
foimd at the bottom of caverns far from the sea incrustated
in the solid rock, and from the fact that the sea is constantly
and perceptibly receding from the coast. In the first zone,
potable water of more or less good quality is found within
15 miles inland, a little brackish and hard by the seaside,
but improving as you go on, and good for domestic
purposes. In Merida, the wells are 27 feet deep and there
the water is pure enough and no other was used imtil
cisterns began to be built on a great scale. Following
the rule that the farther you go inland the deeper
the wells and the purer the water, and that the wells are
28^ inches deeper per mile, we find that within that dis-
tance of 40 to 60 miles from the seacoast their depth ranges
from 40 to 60 feet. At the first Sierra in Muna, Ticul, and
Tekax they are 90 feet deep. Beyond the first Sierra in the
region of fine rich lands, once the seat of flourishing cities,
the ruins of which are silent witnesses of the high degree
of civilization acquired by departed races, and where thriv-
ing haciendas and ranchos have them within their borders,
the wells are from 200 to 240 feet .deep. In all the area
comprised between the Pucs on the north and a line that
may be drawn from Muna to Calkini in the west, and from
there to the southeast through Santa Helena, Uxmal, San-
tana and San Francisco to the Sierra of the Pucs back
again. To the south of this line going into the region of
the Uitzes, the few wells that are found there are very
deep. Among the most remarkable ones we may mention,
is that of Sabachg nine miles to the south of Tabi, dug in
the neighborhood of the ruins of that name in the centre
of a region where water was not to be found miles around.
A hat or a very light object thrown into the well at cer-
tain hours of the day will be thrown out again.
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216 American Ardiquarian Society. [Oct.,
The little town of Xul, which means the end, uUima
thule, a curate whom Stephens knew, dug a well 200 feet
deep, in the thirties of the last century at the cost of $1,500,
an enormous sum in those days. Fifteen miles to the
southwest of Sabacchg is the hacienda Yaxchg, half-way
between Santa Helena and Bolonchen, 27 miles apart, the
noria (well) of which is 240 feet deep, was the only source
of water supply of this kind for over two thousand souls
that lived in the place and its neighborhood before the In-
dian war of 1848, when that part of the country was laid
waste by the rebel Indians. On the way from Hecel-
chakan to Bolonchen you find MontebeUo, a rancho that
has a well 270 feet deep, and farther to the southeast Chic-
muc with one 312 feet deep, Yalmon with one 468 and
Uechil with another about the same.
Then comes the town of Bolonchen in the neighborhood
of which is the famous cave called Xtacumbilxunan. In
that same neighborhood there is an old noria or well, the
digging of which had probably been given up many years
ago. The government of Campeche ordered the continu-
ation of the work, and water was found four hundred
thirty-two feet imderground, but it affords a very meagre
supply. The wells of Yalnom and Uechil, in the very heatt
of the Uitzes country, were bored by drilling carried on
by a scientific method and the water is hauled out by pow-
erful pimips. The deepest well now in use is that of the
rancho Polyuc, about fifteen miles south of San Antonio,
a station on the Merida and Peto railroad, ninety-three
miles from Merida. This was also drilled by modem scien-
tific methods, and water was foimd at the depth of 552 feet,
through various layers and strata of earth, conmion rock,
clay, flint and granite. The work went on steadily for four
months and its cost amoimted to fourteen thousand doUars,
Mexican money. Still we read in Stephens's most interest-
ing work, of wells that had to be given up at the depth of
600 feet in those high regions. To finish this part of my
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subject, I will mention a row of ancient wells that are
found along the road from Teabo to Chacksinkin, about
seventy miles to the southeast of Merida, that are said to
have been dug without boring through the rock, but simply
by digging the earth that filled the crevices to the depth
of ninety feet. It is also worthy of remark that in the
town of Chapab in the region called Sierra-Baja, because the
ground rises some fifty feet above the level of the plain
on which Merida and the centre districts stand, the wells
are only eighteen feet deep; and those of Sotuta in the
centre of the state are twentynseven feet deep. Both places
are built on low patches of ground.
If we were to depend on the wells only for the supply
of water, the greater part of our peninsula could not be
inhabited, but fortunately there are other sources provided
by nature, such as the Sartenejas, the Aguadas, the Ojo-
de-agua and the Cenotes.
The Sartenejas are natural hollows or cavities found in
our rocky groimds. They get full of water in the rainy
season, and their supply holds out for some time into the
dry season, as there are many of them and their dimen-
sions sometimes are five and six yards long, two to three
wide, and two to three deep. They afford considerable
help to places where water is scarce, and some small ranches
have no other source. Near Xul there is a sarteneja 90
feet in circimiference and 10 deep.
The Aguadas are much more important than the sarte-
nejas, and they are very numerous, and often of con-
siderable size. They can be classified in two groups, natural
and artificial. The first group follows the broken line that
can be traced from the district of Tizimin in the northeast,
and goes through those of Espita, Yxamal, Sotuta, Acanceh,
Ticul, Maxanu and Hecelchakan towards Campeche. They
are mostly mere pools of imwholesome water deposited over
a muddy bed, with organic substances in suspension and of
a dark bluish color. They are full during the rainy season;
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218 American Antiquarian Society. [Oct.,
in the dry eecuson their level generally goes down, some
become dry altogether, but many of them hold out all
through it. The decomposition of organic matter they
contain, has a very unhealthy influence on the air of their
surroundings where paludism is very common, and the
aguadas are generally only good for cattle to drink. They
are seldom over one himdred feet wide, though some are
much larger and there is one named Yalahua in the dis-
trict of Acanceh, near Homun, that is seven himdred yards
across, which never g^ts dry.
The artificial aguadas are found in the high hilly ground
of the interior at the bottom of the basins formed by the
hills, where the rain water comes naturally to be depos-
ited. Some have a bottom made out of stones and some
have not such stones, and they are of all sizes — ^true works
of art they are — that show the ingenuity and attainments
of their builders. The bottom is made with large blocks
of stone with a plain surface several layers deep, and so
set alternately as to cover the joints, which are in most
cases filled with clay, though this material is not always
found in their vicinity. In the centre of the best built
aguadas, ancient wells are found from four to five feet in
diameter with their sides made of smooth stones put to-
gether without mortar, and aroimd their margin there are
several hundreds of pits called Casimbas. The water filters
into the wells and pits and when the supply that fills the
aguada is exhausted, these casimbas come to the rescue.
These bodies of water are so considerable that in years of
protracted drought, not only the population of the ranchos
nearby, but also that for miles around get their supply from
them. The following description of one of these cxirious
water works differing somewhat from the common type,
made by the acute observer mentioned before (Stephens),
gives a good idea of them:
''Near the rancho Jalal, between Becanchen and Tekax,
near Macoba, there is a picturesque aguada of a differ-
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ent construction from the others, which was discovered
while digging holes in search of water. It had a
square platform at the top and beneath was a round well,
faced with smooth stones, from 20 to 25 feet deep. Below
this was another square platform, and xmder the latter
another well of less diameter, and about the same depths
The discovery of this well induced further excavations
until upwards of forty wells were foxmd, differing in
character and construction. Those were all cleared and
the whole aguada repaired, since which it furnishes a sup-
ply during the greater part of the dry season, and when
this fails the wells appear and continue the supply until
the rain comes on again."
The Ojos-de-agua, or water holes, are f oimd on the northern
coast, though that section is the most barren, being as we said
before, a wide extended plain of limestone formation, in spite
of which the supply of water is more abtmdant here. The
character of these remarkable phenomena is thus described
by Humboldt, though he did not see them and obtained
his information from other sources: "On the northern
coast, at the mouth of the Lagartos River, at four hxmdred
miles from the shore, some springe of sweet water ooze
out through the salt water. They are called Bocas (mouths)
of Conil. It is probable that hydrostatic pressure
forces the sweet water to rise above the salt water after
breaking the banks of calcareous rocks, through the fissures of
which they have run thither." These Ojos-de-Agua, water
springe, are not rare along the coast. In the neighborhood
of Chubuma they are very numerous and so they are in
other places. I lately saw two very remarkable ones, one
of them by the little port of Yalahau, 194 miles east of
Progreso, and another one near Chiquila Beach, some eight
miles farther on. This is now of great use, its waters being
carried by means of powerful machinery, pumps and pipes,
three miles inland to feed the great deposits of a sugar
plantation, where water is scarce and of bad quality.
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220 American Antiquarian Society. [Oct.,
The Cenotes are not only the most curious and remark-
able phenomena that make the study of this coimtry inter-
esting, but they are the best gift that nature could bestow
upon it as a compensation for the want of lakes and rivers,
partaking as they do of the character of caves and springe,
or as most people think, of subterraneous rivers. They were
called cenotes by the Spaniards from their Indian name,
Tzonot, and may be classified into two groups. The first
is found in the western section, and the second one in the
eastern section of the country. The former are great cav-
erns with imposing, yawning mouths that open into great
chambers with high fantastic looking vaults, from which
hang enormous stalactites formed by the filtration of water.
From these chambers, halls, or vestibules winding passages
branch off in every direction. These are generally dark,
but they are sometimes lighted by some body of light that
comes from above, and they lead generally down to the
deposits in the deep recesses of the cave. In these cenotes,
the stalactites and stalagmites are more niunerous and
varied, and a soft noise is produced by the constant falling
of a drop of water, that like a crystal thread comes down
quietly and steadily right into the great cistern or basin
formed by the calcareous sediment, where these drops
keep an everlasting cool and clear delicious liquid.
Among a great number of these caves, we may mention
that of Talchaquillo, not far from the ancient capital city
of Mayapan. Here the water rises in level during the
rainy season, and goes down in the dry season; but they
never disappear altogether. Beautiful specimens of these
natural and useful curiosities are those of Loltun (the flower
cave), near Oxkutzcab and Sajcabha (white earth water),
near Tekax, both of which are said to be about a mile long,
but they have never been thoroughly explored. In the
district of Chenes (the wells), there are several of them.
In a place called San Jose, six miles from Noh-Yaxch£,
there is a regular grotto at the bottom of which very good
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sweet water is found. And fifteen miles from Tzitbalchen,
there is a small borough called Cumpich, inhabited wholly
by Indians, that get their water from a grotto with an
obUque entrance, at the bottom of which going down a
ladder, there is what seems to be a natural spring known
for ages. But the most remarkable of these caves are
those of Xcoh and Chack, and more than all of them is
that of Xtocumbil-Xunam, which is a perfect wonder. That
of Xcoh, three miles from Santa Helena, formerly called
Nohcacab, is in all ways remarkable. A popular tradition
made it marvellous with the Indians, who asserted that
there were to be found in its winding passages and cham*
bers, sculptured figures, a great square adorned with col*
umns that upheld a vaulted roof, a great polished table
and more interesting than all these, a covered way to Mani,
twenty-seven miles away. As it is, as you go through
crooked passages, so low at times that you have to crawl
to get on, as you cross large chambers and go over a feeble
set of poles, put up for a bridge over a yawning chasm, and
up steep rickety ladders until you get to the water basin,
you meet many objects that an excited imagination easily
takes for sculptured figures and the like.
There are two things that call your attention in this
descent several himdred feet long. For about a third part
of the distance a strong current of wind takes away your
breath. And next there is all along a track some three
inches deep, that Stephens rightly conjectures could not
be easily cut by the foot-step of a straggling population,
but by the constant treading of the inhabitants of the city,
whose ruins are found in the neighborhood without any
visible means of supply of water. As to the passage that
leads to Mani, that is stopped by the natural closing of the
rock. The cave of Chack, a little farther from Nohcacab,
is on the western slope of the first sierra. This has also
precipitous descent through perpendicular holes, caverns,
chasms and dark passages, to which you go down by nine
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222 American ArUiqitarian Society. [Oct.,
different ladders to the bottom, where a deposit of cold
water is at last found, at a distance of two hundred feet
from the groimd in a vertical line, and about five hundred
from the mouth of the cave. This descent is so fatiguing
and dangerous that as an exception to what is seen every-
where else, only men and never women go down to take and
carry out the water. The so-called wells of Bolonchen and
Becanchen, constitute a singular phenomena. The town
of Bolonchen belongs to the Chenes district and is ninety-
four miles from Merida and forty-five from Campeche. That
name means ''nine wells," which are found within the
public square, and they seem to be but holes in the rock
or circular deposits with an interior connection with one
another, getting their supply by the filtering of rain water
from some unknown source, from which it goes slowly to
these deposits that are found only a few feet from the
ground, and where water holds out seven or eight months in
the year. Becanchen is a town thirty-one miles from
Merida. Its name means ''well with a current," and it is
situated at the bottom of one of the table-lands of the
second cluster of hills. Several wells are found
in the plaza or public square, the surface of which is a
ledge of stone and as the bottom and sides are of solid
rock, the waters that filter through the fissures of the ground
are kept there for a long time. In the dedivity of the
hill below the square, the stream that gives the name to
the town gushes from the rocks filling the basin beneath
with clear water. These wells are true oases in these dry
and high groimds.. I said that the cave or Cenote of
Xtacumbil-Xunan, near Bolonchen is a perfect wonder,
and so it is. That name means "the hidden lady," refer-
ring to a popular legend.
Entering a rude, lofty and abrupt opening under a bold
ledge of overhanging rock, you go into a wild cavern, which
on advancing becomes darker, but after going down two
rough ladders, you get to the brink of a great perpen-
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dicular descent^ where there is a thkd ladder ninety feet
long that leads to the bottom and where a great body of
light comes from the sm'face of the ground 210 feet above.
StiU going down this immense chamber where gigantic sta-
lactites and great blocks of stone assume all kinds of shapes,
through crooked and dark passages, sometimes so steep that
you have to go up four rude ladders more, branching off in
different directions, you get to seven deposits of water,
called each by the name that pretends to show its pecuUar
quality, at the oblique distance of about fourteen hundred
feet from the mouth of the cave, and at a perpendicular
depth of four himdred and fifty. These basins are called
Putzulha (water that runs away), Chachao-ha (red water),
Sallab-ha (spring water), Akab-ha (dark water), Choco-ha
(warm water), and Chimes-ha from the name of an insect
that is foimd there. When the supply of water in the wells
of the town failed, the whole population had no other
source but that, and they inaugurated the season of
this painful task by a great feast held during one day
each year in the spacious hall at the foot of the great
ladder.
The second group of cenotes are f oimd scattered over the
eastern part of the peninsula, starting beyond Acanceh and
stretching to the. district of Sotuta, Ticul and all the eastern
districts. They are much more numerous in the three first
that were mentioned. They are immense circular holes
from sixty to two himdred feet in diameter, with a per-
pendicular depth of from fifty to one hundred feet with
rocky sides that go to the bottom, where great deposits
of water with a current are foimd. The bottom is not
always reached and their level does not change. Not infre-
quently a small kind of fish called bagre is foimd there
also. They all have a name, according to the habit of the
Indian of giving one to natural objects of all descriptions,
and as a general rule, it is a compound word that ends with
the syllable ha (water) more or less well expressed, and
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224 American Antiquarian Society. [Oct.,
that of some quality that they ascribe to it, as for instance,
Chochola (brackish water) Yaxcaba (water on green soil)
and that name is the same one as that of the place where
they are found, chiefly in rural localities. Mr. Molina, in
his remarkable history of the discovery of Yucatan gives
the names of thirty-four cenotes that were best known
before the conquest; but there are a great many more of
tliem: viz. Yazcaba, Tabi, Chizama, etc. Among the most
noted I will mention two in Valladolid, over one of which
the old convent was built; that of Yaxcabah right in the
middle of the plaza, sixty feet from the surface of the ground,
and with a body of water fifty feet deep, and that of Tabi,
of which our historian, Cogolludo, speaks of the appearance
of a fine palm tree when the rays of the sun struck full
into the surface of the water. This is also in the plaza of
that Uttle village once famous for a beautiful church now
going to ruin. Finally I will mention the far renowned
cenotes of Chichen-Ytza, visited by Bishop Landa in 1560,
only eighteen years after the foundation of Merida, by Go-
golludo and by all the archsologistsand travellers who have
come since then to study our stately and magnificent ruins.
The first cenote, and the one nearest the cluster of the
ruined buildings is like all of this group, a great hole with
rocky perpendicular sides on which a steep winding path
leads to the water's edge, a path that seems to be artifi-
cial. Somewhat different from others of the same character,
this cenote is oblong, about three hundred fifty feet in
length and one hundred fifty wide and its sides rise 'sixty
odd feet from the surface of the water.
The sacred cenote which to this day is held in admira-
tion and awe, not only by the Indians but by most people
that visit it, is about four hundred fifty feet north of the
Castillo, the superb structure which standing over a lofty
terrace in the shape of a pyramid, overtowers the plain
and catches your eye as you approach the field of ruins.
A paved way several inches high leads to it, through a
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thick forest. According to Mr. Thompson's* measurements
this famous piece of water is some hundred and fifty feet
in diameter, the surface of the water is seventy feet below
the ground, while its depth is forty feet and the thickness
of the layer of mud that is found there is thirty feet. The
water is of a greenish hue, due probably to its great depth
and to the shadow reflected on its surface by the trees that
grow on the brink of the cenote, giving it a savage, mourn-
ful appearance enhanced by the associations recalled by a
small temple that stands on the very brink, and which
was probably connected with the superstitious and barbar-
•ous practices for which this mysterious well was used. In-
deed it was a place of pilgrimage for the ancient Mayas, a
holy place which with the sanctuary of Kabul in Yzamal,
and that of Cozumel, connected by well built causeways that
traversed the country, some vestiges of which still exist,
was held in great veneration; and to these they repaired
when a public calamity threatened the land, as the loss of
the harvests, a long drought or impending war. The pil-
grims came not only from other places of the penin-
sula but also from the neighboring provinces of Tabasco,
Chiapas and Guatemala. The pilgrimage was carried on
with great solemnity, and all along the way they went on
visiting the old temples they foimd and carried their offer-
ings, consisting not only of the richest objects they could
get, but also of animals and human beings, preferring for
the sacrifices the most healthy, vigorous and handsome,
which were probably whirled down from the little temple
already mentioned. Some fragments from Landa's work will
illustrate our subject : ''After the Spaniards went away, as the
supply of water failed in the land, and because they had
spent all their coin during the invasions, a great starvation
ensued, and the Xius, Lords of the Mani, decided to ofFer
solemn sacrifices to their idols, taking male and female
*Mr. Edward H. Thompeon, United States Consul at Meriden, author of '*A
P«g» of History" in this number of the Prooeedin^i.
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226 American ArdiquarUm Society, [Oct.,
slaves to throw into the well of Chichen-Ytza; and aa they
had to go through the town of the Cocomes, their capital
enemies, whom they thought would renew their old griev-
ances in such a crisis, they sent a message begging them to
go through their land, and the Cocomes betrayed them,
complying with their request." Paragraph XIV, 80th
page. On page 158 he says, ''They held Cozumel and the
well of Chichen-Ytza in the same veneration as do pilgrims
now Jerusalem and Rome, and so they used to visit them,
carrying their offerings chiefly to Cozumel, as holy places,
and when they could not go they sent them." Again I
copy this from page 344. "They had the habit then of
throwing into this well living men as sacrifices to their gods
in time of drought, and they thought that these would not
die though they never saw them again. They used also to
throw precious stones and the things they most prized.
Just on the brink of the well there is a small building where
I found all kinds of idols in honor of all the gods of the
land like the Parthenon in Rome; " What Landa, Cogolludo
and all other writers had narrated from mere heresay, one
of the distinguished members of this Society, Mr. E. H.
Thompson, has had the satisfaction to realize, bringing to
light the truth of those statements, by diligent and intelli-
gent work, the results of which I will not mention as that
grateful and honorable task belongs exclusively to him.
The general beUef is that these cenotes, at least those
that belong to the second group, are subterraneous rivers,
as it appears by the current of their waters, their level,
their great supply, which does not seem to diminish, and
which is probably fed by sources and streams of an origin as
little known as the currents themselves. There is, neverthe-
less, a phenomenon noted in this country that may perhaps
explain their origin, and that is the great sewers called
Xuches in Maya, f oimd chiefly in the second region of the high
hills. These Xuches, the surface of which keeps closed dur-
ing the dry season by a layer of thick chalky earth, in a thick
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compact mass, which in the rainy season is softened by the
great quantity of water that overflows the low plains, the
fissm*es are opened and the waters rush into them, carrying
all that comes in their way. These bottomless sewers are
fomid in great nmnbers in the districts of the eastern por-
tion of the peninsula and in those of Sotuta and Bacalar;
and it is to be deduced that these subterraneous rivers are
fed by them, that they keep on their. course to our low
coasts, and that they are the sources of those springs of
sweet water like the ones of Conil and of many other
places. The words quoted are a resum6 of the explanation
given by Messrs. Regil and Peon in a good statistical work
published in 1853. Some think that these cenotes have
their source among the moimtains of Chiapas and Guate-
mala. May it not be also that those that have no current
are the outlets of great subterraneous lakes, some of which
are connected with one another? The satisfactory solution
of this puzzling question will not probably be found till
the geological study of the country is carried to a greater
extent. So far we have only the data got by boring in
search of an artesian well in the city of Merida in 1864, and
carried on afterward to the depth of eight hundred feet,
and the data acquired by Mr. Agnew, manager of the gas
company of Yucatan in another quarter of the same city,
where he drilled to the depth of 2,240 feet, which opera-
tion gave him very curious and imexpected results.
The question of the supply of water of most of the ancient
cities is still a matter of study. The Chaltunes or cisterns
found in their neighborhood, do not seem to be of suffi-
cient capacity, being as they are subterraneous dome-
shaped structures, those found at Uxmal with mouths but
eighteen inches in diameter, which increase to 7 feet, 6
inches below in the body of the cistern, and 10 feet 6 inches
perpendicular from the mouth.
Of the great cisterns that are to be found in many quar-
ters where water is scarce, the most remarkable are those
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built by the curate of Rodriguez in Xul, and are of a more
modem construction. Mr. E. Ancona and other historians
conjecture that the frequent migrations of the Mayas and
most of the wars the different tribes waged against each
other were caused by the want of that element.
The process by which water has been hauled from the
bowels of the earth like that of all new countries in their
evolutions towards progress, is the same one with some sUght
difference. In the first place we ought perhaps, to mention
the primitive well, older than Jacob, as we learn among other
sources from the beautiful story of the woman of Samaria,
in which the traditional bucket and rope are used. When
the wants are greater and the depth of the well is consid-
erable, they have a horse to haul out the buckets; and
when the requirements are greater still, as those of an
hacienda, the noria, a Moorish apparatus, is needed. This
noria is a rudimentary, rough, wooden machine, set over
the mouth of the well, the horizontal section of which is
about eight feet by three, made up of two wheels, the ver-
tical one has a cage for a felley formed by arms that engage
with those of the horizontal wheel, and drive it, while a
string of buckets of different kind of material, such as
leather, the bark of trees, or tin, hung over the felley of the
horizontal wheel, follows the rotation of both of them,
imparted by a lever attached to the top of the hub of the
vertical wheel, and pulled by a horse, makes them go roimd
the well and carries the water out. This noria gives good
service where there are no pumps and it only wants a horse
to pull the lever.
Haciendas that have a population of one himdred souls
and some two himdred head of cattle and horses only need
one. Uayalceh, where they have about a thousand animals
to water and a population of over one thousand, more than
half of whom go to get their supply there, have two
norias constantly at work, and that is all they want. For
the last forty years, steam pumps are foimd in almost all
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haciendas of any importance, and for the last ten or fifteen
yetu^, wind mills of which there was only one in the coun-
try in 1882, mmiber now over twelve himdred in Merida
alone, and their use extends rapidly.
I beg your pardon, gentlemen, for bringing these remarks
to an end by saying a few words in favor of my coxmtry,
impelled by the love that all men feel for their native land.
In spite of the obstacles and difficulties I have mentioned,
and perhaps owing to these very causes, the state of Yu-
catan, with a population of 315,000 inhabitants, thinly
spread ov^ an extensive territory, has accomplished a
fair share of work in the way of progress. Yellow fever
has been almost completely expelled from its borders.
Education has been promoted as much as its financial con-
ditions allow. With a budget of $2,653,996, Mexican
money, there are 343 public schools, both day and evening,
paid by the State treasury at an expense of $291,052.
There are also a large number of boys' and girls' private
schools, besides those paid for by the municipalities. The
pubUc schools of Merida number thirty-five. With the in-
creased budget now in preparation for the next year, those
numbers are to be increased. A model school house for
those of that city was inaugurated last September at a cost
of $100,000 M. c, and appropriate buildinge for the same
purpose are to be erected in other localities. Benevolent
institutions have strongly enlisted public attention, and next
January the President of the Republic is to inaugurate among
other works, an Insane Asylum and a great Hospital that has
twenty-eight separate pavilions, built and furnished in
accordance with the latest requisites of medical science.
A portion of the streets of Merida have been paved with
bricks, but generally with asphalt, not only the central
ones, but also some in the suburbs. Electric lights began
to be used in 1884. Our means of communication have
been improved, and there are now six different raUroad
lines with an a^regate length of over 550 miles; and tram-
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230 American Antiquarian Society. [Oct.^
ways for public and private use are very numerous and of
a very considerable aggregate length. The first telegraph
line was laid in 1865. Now they run from Merida to Cam-
peche and to all the chief towns, to the frontiers of the
State and to Mexico by the intermission of cable. The
telephone is very widely used. Besides the two lines owned
by two companies, there are many private lines. The rail-
roads of course have their own telegraph and telephone
service. A line of meteorological observatories has been estab-
lished over the whole state with a full equipment of the
most modem instruments. The central station is in Merida,
and there is one in the chief towns of the other districts.
986,655,683 kilogranmies of merchandise were imported in
the year 1903 from foreign ports to the amoimt of $7,011,553,
and 67,377,714 kilogrammes worth $18,729,644 were im-
ported from domestic ports. During that year the exports
amounted to 100,883,683 kilogrammes worth $37,497,169,
in which numbers hemp coimts for 93,058,666 kilogrammes
worth $33,331,157 Mexican money. In 1904 we exported
606,008 bales of hemp, weighing 97,205,649 kilogrammes on
board 167 steamers, which hemp was estimated at the
value of $32,022,563. Of those 606,008 bales, 509,634
weighing 81,093,418 kilogrammes were exported to the
United States. Finally a concession for the water supply
of the city of Merida has been granted to an American
company that has already begun work.
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1905.] The Jackson and Van Buren Papers. 231
THE JACKSON AND VAN BUREN
PAPERS.
BY WILLIAM MAC DONALD.
I HAVE lately had occasion to examine the papers of Jackson
and Van Bnren in the Library of CongresS; and the president
of this Society adjudged that some remarks about those
collections would be appropriate for this meeting.
The Jackson papers are known as the Montgomery Blair
collection. They were presented to the Library in 1903
by the family of Montgomery Blair, who received them
from the Jackson heirs. I do not know entirely the history
of the Jackson papers, but enough to suggest that it is an
interesting one. I remember the late Senator Hoar saying
a few years ago, speaking of these papers, that when
he was a member of the Senate Committee on the Library,
there were brought to the rooms of the Committee at the
Capitol two tnmks, said to contain the papers of Andrew
Jackson. The trunks had been removed temporarily from
a building in Washington in which they had been stored for
some time, and the custodians, being in doubt as to the
safest disposition to make of them, had placed them tem-
porarily in the Capitol in the custody of the Senate Library
Committee, or some member of it. The Senator told how
he opened one of the tnmks, and discovered that the papers
were neatly arranged in bimdles; and having a curiosity to
examine some of them, he took up the one lying on top,
and read, endorsed in Jackson's handwriting upon the out-
side of it, "General Pakenham's plan of the battle of New
Orleans, picked up on the field."
Mr. Worthington C. Ford, custodian of the manuscripts
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232 American ArUiquarian Society. [Oct.,
in the Library, is my authority for saying that the Jackson
papers were turned over by Jackson himself to Amos
Kendall, Postmaster-General in Jackson's administration,
to be used in the preparation of a biography of Jackson.
From those papers Kendall selected sudi as he desired to
use, but the whole collection in his hands was destroyed in
a fire, which consumed Kendall's library.
The Jackson collection is very large, extending to a great
many hundreds, perhaps thousands, of papers. At the
time I examined it, somewhat less than a year ago, the
papers had not been calendared, although a calendar was
in process of preparation; and the papers were roughly
classified by years, arranged in the admirable style with
which everyone is familiar, in the Library.
The Van Buren collection is also very extensive. It is,
however, only one of two existing collections of Van Buren's
papers ; another still remains in private hands. This one came
to the Library through Mrs. Thompson Van Buren. Neither
this collection nor the one still in private hands was used
by Mr. Shepard, the author of the biography of Van Buren
in the American Statesmen Series. The collection which
is still in private hands, . I understand is inaccessible to
students. It is to be hop^ that it will eventually pass
into the hands of the Library.
The most important portion of both collections is the
correspondence. The Jackson papers are evidently frag-
mentary, there being large gaps in the whole collection.
The Van Buren collection is more orderly, having apparently
been selected with care by Van Buren himself from the
papers he desired to preserve. Of the two collections, the
Van Buren collection is far the richer, although there are
many Jackson letters in the Van Buren collection and some
Van Buren letters in the Jackson collection. The Van Buren
collection contains in the neighborhood of three hundred
letters, many of them confidential, between Jackson and
Van Buren.
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In looking over these papers, I noted a few of the sub-
jects to which they relate, and I here suggest a few of the
points that will have light thrown upon them whenever
these papers shall be made available through publication.
One of the first things that attracted my attention was
the bearing of the papers on Jackson's alleged illiteracy
and lack of education. It has not been an uncommon
charge of Jackson's biographers that he was an unlettered
person; that he did not write his own state papers, and
that at the best he furnished perhaps ideas and invigora-
tion, but relied upon friends like Kendall, James A. Hamilton
of New York, Isaac Hill of New Hampshire, and others to
write the papers for him. Jackson's handwriting is immis-
takable, and while there are few of his great State papers
in either of these collections in his own handwriting, those
papers preserved being obviously copies, there are fragments
enough to lead me to the conclusion that not only the
ideas, but the essential language of all of Jackson's more
important papers are his own. He was illiterate, but
certainly not uneducated. No more than most men,
perhaps, did he always spell correctly. His punctuation
is sometimes astray, and as he evidently wrote in a hurry,
we find lapses of grammar and rhetoric which would be
repaired by revision. But I think the evidence is strong
that the essential thoughts and phraseology of his more
important writings are distinctly his, and no one's else. I
see no reason to believe, from examination of those papers,
that his State papers underwent any more or different
revision, or were prepared in any different way, than the
State papers of most of our Presidents.
The most interesting single paper which I had occasion
to note is a document which is filed with the papers of
October 1828, but imdated. It is unmistakably in Jack-
son's handwriting, and is headed, '' Memorandum of points
to be considered in the administration of the government."
It bears every evidence of having been written before
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234 American ArUiquarian Society. [Oct.,
Jackson took oflSce as President, though whether or not it
should be assigned to October, or to a date subsequent to
the election, I cannot determine. The "points" are ex-
tremely interesting. They are as follows:
"1. A strong constitutional Attorney-General.
"2. A genuine old-fashioned Cabinet, to act together,
and form a coimsel consultative.
'3. No solicitors to be appointed.
'4. No members of Congress, except heads of depart-
ments, or foreign ministers to be appointed.
"5. No foreign minister to be rejected without the
Senate, etc.
'^6. The public debt paid, and the tariff modified, and
no power usurped over internal improvements.
"7. A high-minded and enlightened principle in the
administration of the government, as to appointments
and removals.
''These things will give a brilliant career to the adminis-
tration. "
Some of these ''points" are peculiarly interesting, when
we recall the things which Jackson did, or sought to doi
and the things which he was said to desire to do. We
know, for example, that he had difficulty with his Cabinet,
and that it was twice reconstructed during his two terms
of office. The first Cabinet crisis over the Mrs. Eaton affair
has become famous in our annals; yet in one of his letters,
April 26, 1829, before his Cabinet was entirely complete,
he declares it to be one of the strongest that has ever been
in the United States.
Prof. Sumner, in his "Life of Jackson," has, I believe,
taken the position that when Jackson dismissed his Cabinet
and acted independently of it, he not only did not usurp any
authority, but reverted to the original theory of the Cabinet,
namely, that the Cabinet was simply a body of heads of
departments whom the President mi^t consult if he chose,
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but whose suggestions he was in no way bound to follow.
In this "Memorandum of points," however, we have Jack-
son's declaration that he desired a ''genuine old-fashioned
Cabinet, to act together and form a counsel consultative."
What the original theory of the Cabinet was seems to me
to be difficult to say, for the reason that, under the Con-
stitution, the Cabinet has no existence as such; but
Jackson at the outset evidently regarded it as a body of
advisers.
Then we have the wide-spread criticism of Jackson for
his appointments and removals. The "memorandum of
points" contains certain significant declarations in view
of his actual policy. "No solicitors to be appointed"
evidently means that none who solicit office shall be ap-
pointed; whereas we know that Jackson was hardly installed
before almost anybody who solicited an office was appointed,
even if someone had just previously solicited it and received
it. "No members of Congress except heads of departments
and foreign ministers to be appointed." We know that
Jackson was charged with appointing more members of
Congress to office than any previous President. "A high-
minded and enhghtened principle in the administration of
the government as to appointments and removals." I
am imable to find that Jackson expressed any regret for any
demoralization in the administrative branch of the govern-
ment which resulted from the wholesale removals, or from
the appointment of unfit men. So far as he expressed
himself on that point at all, he seems to have felt that his
course was justified.
I came upon a letter of Van Buren's in the collection, in
which he states that the appointment of Swartwout as
Collector of the Port of New York, was made against Van
Buren's decided and earnest remonstrances; and there are
other letters that go to show that representations were
made to Jackson concerning the unfit character of certain
office appointees.
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236 American Antigvarian Society. [Oct.,
There is also an interesting matter which Jackson several
times refers to, namely, his view that a defalcation in
accounts or financial irregularity of any sort must debar
anyone from the public service. An interesting letter to
Van Buren in September, 1829, in reference to Lewis Cass,
who, it was rumored, was to be removed from oflSce,
states that Jackson had no idea of removing Cass, unless
in the settlement of his accounts he should be proven a
defaulter, adding, "You know the rule is, friend or foe,
being a defaulter must go. " There are several other letters
in which Jackson makes similar statements. An undated
memorandum of March 31, 1829, in reply to a letter from
Van Buren, in which Jackson holds that the late removals
of comptrollers had been made in the interests of honesty,
adds: "The people expect reform; they shall not be dis-
appointed; but it must be judiciously done, and upon
principle. "
I observed no particular reference to the "great debate"
in the Senate between Webster and Hajme. There are,
however, a number of letters between Jackson and Hayne
referring to the nullification situation in South Carolina;
papers which show that Jackson was watching closely the
movements in that State, and that there could have been
no possible excuse for anyone in South Carolina to have
imagined that Jackson would sit quietly by and allow
South Carolina to leave the Union without a protest. One
very interesting entry is a letter written by Jackson to
Joel R. Poinsett, who was the active leader of the Union
party in South Carolina at that time, and who kept up a
correspondence with Jackson and others at Washington.
Writing on the ninth of December, 1832, the day before
the great proclamation to South Carolina was issued, Jack-
son states that in "forty days from the date of my orders,"
if force should become necessary, "I will have forty thous-
and men in the State of South Carolina" to put down
resistance and enforce law.
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1905.] The Jackson and Van Buren Papers. 237
There are a number of entries with reference to internal
improvements, though they do not make wholly clear
Jackson's attitude, which indeed never became quite clear
on that subject; and a very interesting entry, in a memo-
randum to Van Buren, at the time when the negotiations with
Great Britain for the removal of duties on the West Indian
trade were in progress. We have been commonly told,
in accounts of that episode, that Jackson sent a representa-
tive to Great Britain to say that conditions had changed
in the United States, that there had been a change in public
opinion, and that he was prepared to negotiate with Great
Britain if Great Britain would meet him half way; and that
Great Britain took the proper stand, and the trade was
opened. Jackson was willing to negotiate, but took care
also to be ready for contingencies. In a commtmication
to Van Buren, April 10, 1830, Jackson directs the latter to
"let a commimication be prepared for Congress recom-
mending a non-intercourse law between United States and
Canada, and a sufficient number of cutters commanded
by our naval officers and our midshipmen made revenue
officers, and a double set on every vessel." In six months,
he concludes, Canada and the West Indies will "sorely
feel" the effects of such vigorous action.
The Jackson papers mak^ some additions to our know-
ledge about the removal of the deposits. Van Buren had
written to Jackson to express the hope that he would consult
with the Attorney-General about the legality of trans-
ferring the deposits. Jackson replies that he has consulted
the Attorney-General; and we have Taney's letter assuring
Jackson that he is authorized to proceed, and adding: "I
am fully prepared to go with you firmly through this business,
and to meet all its consequences. " The letter is endorsed on
the back in Jackson's handwriting: "To be filed with my
private papers — as evidence of his virtue, energy and worth. "
I have only to add, in closing this very brief allusion to
these papers, that the Jackson and Van Buren papers, taken in
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238 American ArUiqucarian Sodeiy. [Oct.,
connection with the Poinsett papers now in the possession
of the Pennsylvania Historical Society, and the lately
published Calhoun correspondence edited by Prof. J. F.
Jameson for the American Historical Association, make it
possible to re-write much of the history of the Jackson and
Van Buren period. I suspect that when this history is
re-written, it will be found that most of the older accounts
are in need of substantial correction.
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1905.] A Page of American History. 239
A PAGE OP AMEKICAN HISTORT.
BY EDWARD H. THOMPSON.
The field whereon occurred the events which this paper
chronicles is the whole Peninsula of Yucatan. The chief
actors in these events are the descendants of the indomitable
Maya race, that once made this peninsula the centre of a
civilization, the descendants of the invading Spaniards who
cut short the life of that civilization^ and a band of strangers
from the North. These last were the tjrpe of men that first
tamed the wilds of Canada, made known the virgin richness
of New England, settled Kentucky, and later drove the
wedge of civilization into the unknown West.
At the time these events occurred, that called into play
these three factors of humanity, the methods of commimi-
cation throughout the peninsula were of a mediseval char-
acter. Native runners and vaqueros on horseback furnished
the only means of rapid commimication, while litters, man
carried, the saddle, or the strange two-wheeled volan coche,
drawn by three mules, furnished the means of rapid transit
to the fortunate ones who could command such conven-
ience. All others who travelled either went on foot or rode
on the springless, brakeless, sideless carreta, drawn by six
mules, that carried the heavy freight between the larger
cities. In those days, many of the larger towns were not
connected, even by a wagon road. A narrow, winding mule-
path was the only connection with the outside world, and
during the long night hours the hoarse cry of the arrieres,
urging on the pack mules, was constantly heard.
There were revolutions in those days; sometimes, indeed,
there were even revolutions within the revolution itself.
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240 American AfUiquarian Soddy. [Oct.,
But strangely enough, with all this seething and foaming
of heated blood and boiling ambition, as if clarified by it,
there was evolved a spirit of letters among the cultured
minds on the Peninsula, that has never been equalled
before or since. Eligio Ancona, the novelist and historian,
whose hatred of the Catholic religion was only equalled by
his benevolence to some of its strongest adherents, Cresencio
Carrillo, Bishop of Yucatan, whose hatred of atheism was
only equalled by his benevolence toward some of its follow-
ers, Justo Sierra, Asnar Contreras are names of this epoch
that still ring clear in Yucatan today.
The white Yucatecon of that day, whether hidalgo or
artizan, was no degenerate. As a type he was generous
but individually rather slow to arouse, passionate in the
mass, hospitable and patriotic, although the patriotism of
many was the loyalty to their leaders rather than devotion
to the cause. They knew how to fight and they fought
-well, as the troops from Mexico, when arrayed against
them, found out. Thus, man to man, native white against
native red, the odds were not unequal. Today Yucatan
has rapid trains, telegraph and telephone, well paved streets
and all the most advanced ideas of the twentieth century.
Modem Yucatan finds it hard herself to realize that such
events as are described herein have taken place within her
borders and within the memory of men still living.
During the middle part of the last century, events were
taking place in Yucatan that, had they happened in other
lands or at other times, would have become subjects of epic
poems. But the place of happening was on a distant,
ragged edge of the American continent, more unknown,
perhaps, to the average American of those times, than is
the darkest spot of the Dark Continent to the citizen o{
today. Then, too, the time of happening was during one
of those strange periods of world ferment, when each great
nation was busy making its own history and had but littie
inclination to scan the minor records of its neighbors, near or
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distant. Mexico herself was yet panting and heaving with
the effects of her own struggles and in no condition to aid,
while the United States was in the delirium of the gold
fever, and besides, events were gradually shaping themselves
that, later, were to lead to the war of the rebellion. Thus
it was that when the "Sovereign State of Yucatan" was
called upon to witness the death struggle between her white
and her red-skinned children, she vsioly called upon the
outside world for aid and was finally compelled to rely
upon such efforts as her patriotic sons could make.
It was during this life and death struggle between the
two races that a page of American history became inter-
calated in the history of Yucatan, and though so saved,
yet practically lost. It is the purpose of the writer to restore
this page, a stirring record of deeds of valor and bizarre
bravery of a band of American citizens, to its proper place
in American annals. (That we may see clearly and with
imderstanding read this page, we must have before us a
synopsis of the events leading up to the actions that it
. records.J c^^^
(T'"^ VProm 1506 to 1519, various Spanish adventurers, Solis,
Cordoba, Grijalva, and Cortes, had skirted the coasts of
Yucatan and had at various times sought to make the
land their own. Each time the assembled natives, well
drilled, well armed for those times, and well led, received
them so sturdily that the adventuresome strangers were
very well content to betake themselves to their ships again
while they were yet able, the more so as it at last became
apparent that the conquest, even when made, offered them
but Uttle glory and still less gold, two things greatly sought for
by these Castilian adventurers. Finally, in 1527, the hidalgo,
Francisco de Montejo, came and spied out the land. By
some occult process of reasoning he found it good. He
struggled mightily at the task but died before he could
prove his reasoning good, and his son took up the task
that his father had turned over to him some time previous
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242 American Antiquarian Society. [Oct.,
to his death. The younger Montejo worked at it diligently,
masterfully, as a smith works over refractory metal. The
native Mayas were like very refractory metal, but the
younger Montejo was like a very clever smith, and he foimd
the flux that enabled him to make them like a molten,
plastic mass under his manipulation. Then he kneaded
and pounded and pressed them until they were moulded to
his liking. To be sure, when he and his immediate suc-
cessors had called their work well done there were many
natives less in the land, but even then the Mayas outnum-
bered their conquerors by several hundred fold and only
stem measures and the memory of merciless reprisals kept
the conquered natives down. On the whole they kept
them down below the danger mark, but the Maya race of
Yucatan was seemingly a far more virile race than the
natives of Cuba so quickly exterminated by the Spaniards,
and despite their subjugation and the servile condition of
even the highest among them, they not only increased in
numbers but actually enforced their language upon their
conquerors. Today, he who lives in Yucatan, outside the
greater cities and cannot speak the native tongue, is like
one apartj Y U. j^
^ Among the Mayas of every province, since the earliest
days, there has been one of power and prominence, either
by the inheritance of a noble family name or by a force of
nature and strong will. When the Spanish laws came into
force and being, they left, to such of these Maya chiefs as
evinced desires to do the bidding of these laws, a shadowy
vestige of their old time power. These men, known then
as now among the natives by the native title of Batabf were
called by the Spaniards for some curious reason by the
Haytian term of Cacique. Batab or Cacique, they were
obeyed most implicitly by the native people, who were thus
by their influence made better citizens and servants. But
from this class of natives, bom to command and strong in
will power, were to come, in later years, the leaders destined
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to lead the rebellious natives to many fearful victories over
the descendants of the hated white invaders.
At the time of Stephens's famous visit to Yucatan (183ft-
1841) the native race was still in the sullen apathy of the
conquered towards the conquerors. There was an apparent
tranquility over all the Peninsula. Travellers could and
did journey from Bacalar to Valladolid and from Valladolid
to Merida without danger to life and without more discom-
forts than was incident to the rigors of the sim, the presence
of irritating insects and the primitive ways of conveyance,
This apparent quiet was not the tranquility of contented
prosperity but the sullen constraint, and beneath that
deceptive calm was a deep^seething hate that only needed able
leaders and a favorable opportimity to find vent and over-
whelm the land in a carnage as terrible as that of the Sepoys
in Eastern India. Able leaders were ready, planning,
scheming, resourceful, patiently biding their time and oppor-
tunity.
About fifty miles to the south of Valadolid was (in 1847)
the old rancMof Tihum. No one knows its age or origin,
and it may well have been a native ranch before the con-
quest. Great trees were grown up around it, trees that
may antedate the Conquest. Neither the Government or
the Church had more than a vague knowledge of its exist-
ence, and no chapel or cross was ever found within its
confines. No one knows what idolatrous rites had taken
place within the darkness of its hidden history. Within
the safe confines of this ranch, three powerful Caciques of
Yucatan, Ay, the Cacique of Chichimila, Cedlio Chid the
ferocious, tigerish cacique of Tepich and Jacinto Pat, the
astute and able cacique of Tijosuco, together with others
of lesser note, plotted and planned. Here, imder the dark,
noisome shade of the great trees was brewed the venom
of the secret rebellion against the white race, a rebellion
that was destined to last for half a century and to reduce the
population of Yucatan from 531,000 souls in 1847 to 312,000
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244 American Antsquartan Soctety. [Oct.,
in 1900. Strange as it may seem^ the white population
of Yucatan went on their accustomed ways with an incred-
ible sense of security. Although events that should have
warned them were not lacking, few or no attempts were
made to assuage the many real and some fancied wrongs
against the native race. On the contrary, with strange
obsession various local magnates by high-handed and
arbitrary measures actually seemed to invite the outbreak.
THE WAR OF THB RACES BEGINS.
Don Miguel Bivero, an old planter, Uving on his plantation
"Acambalam/' some thirty miles from ValladoUd, was a
victim to insomnia and was accustomed to take long noc-
turnal strolls about his plantation. While thus occupied
he noted, night after night, large bodies of Indians stealthily
passing his ranch, going with the quick native trot, toward
Calumpich, the principal ranch and abiding place of Jacinto
Pat, the Cacique of Tijosuco. Distrustful of the cause, he
sent a faithful native servant to join one of these bands as
they passed and learn what it all meant. The servant soon
came back and reported that there was to be a great uprising
of the Indians all over Yucatan, and that these they saw
were carrying provisions and powder and shot to Calumpich
to be kept hidden until ready for use. Finding his fears
only too well founded, Rivero fled with all his family to
Valladolid and there gave his fateful news to the authorities.
Even while the authorities were taking the declaration of
Rivero an urgent communication came from the judge in
the town of CUchimila, the town of which the native Manuel
Ay was Cacique, informing them that Manuel Ay, while
imder the influence of liquor had revealed the fact that a
general uprising of the natives was about to take place.
With these facts before them the local authorities and the
general government acted with great but belated energy.
May was arrested and, confessing his part, was at once
executed. But the time for the revolution had so nearly
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come that when Pat and Chi heard of their fellow conspi-
rator's capture, which they did with marvellous quickness
by the means that the natives know so well how to use,
''the grapevine telegraph," they at once gave the signal
and immediately wails of human suffering and despair rose
all over the country. It is useless to go into detail; from
now on, burned villages, outraged homes, and bloody work,
not wholly on the side of the Indians, make a long and
evil list not good to look upon and one that I shall leave
with pleasure.
The rebellious natives seemed for a while unconquerable;
their savage ferocity and valor seemed irresistible. The
long highway from Valladolid to Merida was thronged
with constant streams of weary pilgrims striving to reach
safety. At times the natives would plunge with the ferocity
of demons upon these throngs of panic-stricken pilgrims,
and at otfair times they would most strangely refrain from
bloody deeds when they might easily have worked a fiendish
will had they so desired. It is supposed that Jacinto Pat,
the most humane of the rebellious chiefs, held back his
band from useless rapine and slaughter, while Cedlio Chi,
a human tiger, lost no time to glut his appetite for outrage
and bloodshed. For a time it seemed as if the rebellious
natives would indeed make good their threats and drive
the white men into the sea. Town after town, city after
dty, fell by the torch and mascab of the triumphant
Mayas.
From bleeding Yucatan went up a bitter wail for succor.
Commissioners were sent to Mexico, to the United States,
and even to the island of Cuba, asking for aid. At last,
in very desperation, she was willing to sacrifice her dear
bought independence to save her actual existence, and the
authorities of the United States were informally consulted
on that delicate point, but the opinions given were so unani-
mously against the probabilities of success on that line that
the project was given up.
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246 American Antiquarian Society. [Oct.,
But while the United States could not and would not
interfere in the matter officially, it has been stated by
those who were at the time in a position to know, that all
possible aid and encouragement, short of actual and direct
oflSdal aid, was given them in this their hour of need. How
much or how little truth there is in this statement is not
for me to say at this time, whatever I may discover and
make public at a later date. Suffice it now to say that
in the year 1847 a well drilled, well armed and perfectly
uniformed force of nine hundred and thirty-eight men
disembarked at the then port of Sisal, from sailing vessels
hailing from New Orleans, and were at once ordered to
Merida, where they went into barracks on the site of what
is now the Suburban Police Station, at Santiago Square.
From there they went, as ordered, to the front, and most
of them to their death, for I am told that of the nine hun-
dred and thirty-eight that disembarked at Sisal, only eleven
lived to reach the United States.
Prom now on I shall quote the statements of active
participants on both sides of the struggle, statements made
to me personally and noted down with great care. Two
of the survivors of the Americans, Edward Pinkus and
Michael Foster, were yet living in Merida during my
remembrance. Of these two, one, Pinrus, has since died
and the other, Foster, still lives but with impaired mind.
Fortunately, before the one had died and the other had
lost his intelligence, I had improved a favorable oppor-
tunity and had obtained from them statements as given
below.
Edward Pinkus was bom, he told me, in Warsaw in 1820;
he came to America at an early age and in due time be-
came a full American citizen and s^ enthusiastic admirer
of our American institutions. He was with General Scott
throughout the Mexican war. After peace was concluded
he returned to the United States, where he lived imtil
summoned by his old officer, C!ol. White, of the Southern
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Rangers, to serve as his adjutant on an expedition against
the rebellious Indians of Yucatan. After the Rangers
were formally disbanded (death had practically disbanded
them some time before), Pinkus, wounded and sick nigh
unto death, returned to Merida. There he was tenderly
nm^d back to life and health by the lady, a native of
Merida, whom he afterward married. Afterward he went in
and fought against the French by the side of Juarez. When
peace was again declared he returned to Merida and started
what was then the finest tailoring establishment in the
province. He lived to see his sons grow up to be men of
influence and respectability in the community. H^ died
in 1904, indirectly from the woimds received in th^' fights
with the Indians. I now give his direct, personal state-
ment: —
''I came over as Adjutant to Col. White, commanding
Southern Rangers. Our officers were Col. White, Lieu-
tenant Colonel Linton, Captain Smith and Captain Daws.
Captain Daws came over first with two hundred men and
Colonel White came over some time after, but Colonel
White was in full command. We were in all nine hundred
and thirty-eight men and, of all these fighting men, only
eleven Uved to reach the United States again. Our first
fight with the Indians was at Sacalum and they beat us
bad, for they fought like devils, but the second time they
attacked us, at nine o'clock that same night, we beat them
badly. I, with a part of our force was in Tijosuco when
it suffered the great siege, and there we lost a great many
men and officers. In the battles of Bacalar, in the three
battles of Chan Santa Cruz, at Tabi, Peto and, most of all,
at Calumpich, we lost most of our men. I was wounded
three times. Captain Daws was one of those who lived to
return to the States. When I was in San Francisco in 1890
I saw him there. He was short and fat but a good officer
and very brave."
Michael Foster, the second and last known survivor of
the fighting Americans in Yucatan, was bom in Philadel-
phia in 1823, and is now eighty-two years old. He was.
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248 American Antiquarian Society. [Oct.,
as he frankly states, of a roving, incorrigible disposition
and apparently was given by the authorities the alternative
of joining the expedition to Yucatan or going to prison. He
enlisted and served with White until the rangers were dis-
banded, when he married a native of Yucatan by whom he
had one son, Carlos Foster, still living.
Michael Foster was, at the time of making his statement,
in 1904, clear in intellect but had almost forgotten his
native tongue. He spoke the Spanish and the native Maya
tongue with far greater facility than he did the English
language. His statement is as follows:
"I came to Yucatan with Colonel White. We disem-
barked at Sisal and then marched on to Merida. There
we executed the Cacique of Santiago; he was shot in the
yard of the Santiago Police Station where we were in bar-
racks. During the battles of Peto and Ichmul we lost
many of our men. At Santa Maria we lost fortynseven
and at Tabi thirty-six, but at Calumpich nearly three
himdred of our bravest men were kiUed. The Indians
there played us a trick; they made concealed pitfalls in the
path and placed sharp pointed stakes at the bottom; then
they appeared and dared us to come on; we rushed after
them with hurrahs and many of our men fell into the pits;
we lost many men that day but we killed a great many
more of the Indians than they did of our men. Pinkus
and myself are now the only ones left and I guess that we
will go soon too. I am over eighty and have lived hard all
my life."
General Naverrette, an old Indian fighter of Yucatan,
whose scarred body bears witness to his valor, stated to
me as follows:
"Colonel White was my friend and so was Captain Daws;
both were brave men and strict disciplinarians. The men
they commanded were brave men and died valiantly,
almost to a man. They suffered their greatest losses at
the siege of Tijosuco and the battles of Calumpich."
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I will now give the statements of those who actually
fought against those men and, right here it may be well to
note two interesting facts, that by a curious coincidence
make me, perhaps, of all living persons, the only man
who could produce these statements. Several years ago,
while on an exploration into the then almost unexplored inte-
rior, I chanced upon an aged native working his milpa alone. I
spent some time in the neighborhood investigating a hitherto
unknown ruined group, and during a part of this time he
worked for me. Being conversant with his language,
although a stranger, gave him confidence in me to the extent
that he told me his Ufe history. He had been one of the
Sublevados and had fought in the battles of Tabi and Ichmul
against the white strangers. Afterwards, when the great
war chief, Cresencio Poot, was traitorously killed by an
under chief, Aniceto Dzul, he, too, fled with other adherents
of Poot, in fear of his life. Since then he had lived alone
and in constant fear on one hand of the white men and on
the other of the Indians. Upon my next return to Merida,
I interested the Governor in his story and was to bring
him back with me to Merida, guaranteeing him safety and
good treatment. But when I went back on my next trip,
no traces of him personally could be found, although his
gun and his hammock were in their accustomed place. It
seems most probable that he was killed, either by some
poisonous reptile, a jaguar, or perhaps by some roving band
of the Sublevados, his former companions.
The second interesting fact is that Leandro Poot, the
younger brother of the former war chief of the rebellious
Mayas, is now and has been for several years a dweller
upon my plantation of C!hichen. We have had many hours
of pleasant and interesting conversation and the statement
he gives was in this way obtained.
Dionisio Pec, the solitary maker of milpas made his
statement as follows, and I have tried as far as was possible
to preserve his style of making it in the vernacular.
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260 American AtUigyarian Society. [Oct.,
"Among those who fought us at Ichmul and Tabi were
strange white men, 'Dznlob.' They fought like very brave
men and caused us many deaths. We had guns and powder
from Belize but we had few balls and so we often had to
use small stones; also we made balls of red earth, well
mixed with honey and hard dried in the sun. These balls
made bad wounds and hard to heal. The stranger white
men fought close together and for that reason it was easy
to kill them. But they were brave men and laughed at
death and before they died they killed many of our men."
Statement of Leandro Foot, giving Cresendo Foot's
accoimt of the battle with the stranger white men:
"I was then young and not in the councils of those who
conunanded in those days, but I well remember the tales
told me of the strange white men. When the strange white
men came up against our people we were perplexed and
did not know what to do. Our quarrel was not with them
and they spoke the language of Belize, and Belize was not
against us, so we wmted to see what was meant. Then
some of om* people who came over to us from the white
man's side, told us that these big stranger white men
were friends of the white man of T'Ho (Merida) and had
come to help him kill us. Then we fought them, but we
had rather they had not come, for we only wanted to kill
those that had lied to us and had done us great harm, to
us and to our families, and even these we had rather send
away across the water to where their fathers came from,
and where they would cause us no more harm. It is finished.
We fought them and we fought the white men from T'Ho
and from Sacci (Valladolid) too, and we killed both the
stranger white men and the white men from T'Ho and
those from Sacci. It was easy to kill the stranger white
men, for tbey were big and fought in line, as if they
were marching, while the white men from T'Ho and Sacci
fought as we do, lying down and from behind the trees
and rocks.
"But these white men were very brave. Their captain
was very brave. My brother said he was the bravest man
he ever saw. So brave was he that my brother said he
very fooUshly spared his life once when he could easily
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have shot him. My brother admired a brave man, but he
said that he was fooUsh that he did not shoot the captsdn
when he had the chance, for it is a man's duty to kill his
enemy. But all the people said that the stranger white
men were the bravest men they ever saw. They laughed
at death and went toward it with joy, as a yoimg man runs
to a handsome woman. When first we met the stranger
white men, they had built up, right in our path, a strong
fence of thick tree trunks and behind that were the stranger
white men and in the woods on each side were the white
men from T'Ho and Sacci. Some of the stranger white
men were clothed in uniform, the kind they always wore,
while others were naked to the waist, with a red cloth tied
around their heads and their swords buckled about their
waists. Their big bodies were pink and red in the sunlight
and from their throats came their strange war cry, Hu-Ha!
Hu-Ha! (evidently a Hurrah). They were brave men and
shot keenly. Some of them were such good shooters that
no man could hope to escape when once they pointed at
him; no, whether he ran or walked or crawled, it made no
difference unless he could hide behind a tree before the
shot was fired, and even then some of those who reached
the tree were dead as they fell behind it, for the balls had
found them, even as they ran behind it.
"So for a time we greatly feared these strange white
men and only sought to keep out of their reach. Had they
stayed behind their defences and only used their guns as
they could use them, no one knows what might have hap-
pened, for our people were so scared of the big, pink-skmned
men with their terrible cries and their death shots, that
they could not be made to stand up against them. But
the stranger white men were too brave, for they threw
their Uves away, and when they found that we did not
come up to them, they jumped over the wall that they
had made and came to seek us. We hid behind the trees
and rocks, wherever we could, that they might not see us,
and so, one by one, we killed them. They killed many of
us but we were many times their numbers and so they
died. Brave men, very brave. Some died laughing and
some with strange words in their own tongue, but none
died cowardly^. I do not think any escaped. I think they lay
where they died, for in those days we had no time to eat or
to sleep or to bury the dead."
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252 American AtUiquarian Society. [Oct.,
This can but serve as a simple brief made record of an
interesting event gone by. The true record, replete in
date and detail, must come later when time and circum-
stance permit the labor and fulfilment of the perfected
work.
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HENBY HITCHCOCK.
BY JOHN GREEN.
In the early autumn of 1848, a serious young man, mature
beyond his years, was inducted as assistant teacher in the
classical department of the Worcester Classical and English
High School, of which Nelson Wheeler was master and
William E. Starr was assistant master. His engagement in
Worcester was the outcome of a close friendship formed at
Yale College with his classmate, Dwight Foster, afterwards
Justice of the Supreme Court of Massachusetts and a Coim-
cillor of this Society. For a sketch of his earlier life, and
for the principal facts and dates in his subsequent career,
the writer is indebted to the authors of the excellent Memo-
rial printed in the proceedings of the meeting of lawyers at
St. Louis, Missouri, held March 22, 1902.*
''Henry Hitchcock was a great grandson of Ethan Allen,
of Revolutionary fame. His paternal grandfather, Samuel
Hitchcock, bom in Massachusetts, was a member of the
Vermont Convention which ratified the Federal Constitution,
was Attorney-General of that State and later a United
States District Judge and Circuit Judge. His father,
Henry Hitchcock, bom in Burlington, Vermont, in 1791,
removed to Alabama, where, between 1819 and 1839, he
was successively Attorney-General, United States District
Attorney, and Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Ala-
bama. Judge Hitchcock married Anne Erwin, of Bedford
Coimty, Tennessee. Of that marriage Henry Hitchcock,
the subject of this memorial, was bom at Spring Hill,
•HiroQch tho ooiirt«iy of Oeorfo Collier Hitoheook, Esq., a oopy of tho i»roeeed-
ings of this mestiog. containing an excellent reproduction of a urte photograph of
Mr. Hitchcock, is presented for preeerration in the Librery of the Society.
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254 American Antiqyarian Society. [Oct.,
near Mobile, Alabama. His father died in 1839, at Mobile.
His mother went with her son to live at Nashville, Tenn.
At the age of seventeen, he was graduated from the Uni-
versity of Nashville, and entered Yale Collegp. He was
graduated from Yale at nineteen, with honors
His Alma Mater [in 1874] conferred upon him the degree
of Doctor of Laws."
For a year he helped to mould the character and develop
the rudimentary scholarship of the pupils assigned to his
classes in the Worcester High School — ^made up mainly of
those taking courses preparatory for college, including
several now officers and members of the American Anti-
quarian Society. His thoroughness as a teacher, his con-
scientiousness in the performance of duty, his high ideals,
inculcated by word, impressed by example, are remembered
by his old pupils. Exceptionally accurate as a student,
he felt keenly the discovery of any lapse or shortcoming
in the line of his work; but his ingrained honesty excluded
conceit, and his acceptance of a new fact or a new concep-
tion was unreserved. Not many years ago, in a conversation
with the writer, he recalled his first interview with a dis-
tinguished member of the Worcester School Committee,
the Rev. Seth Sweetser, to whom had been entrusted the
congenial task of testing his attainments in mathematics.
Dr. Sweetser put the question: — "What do you understand
by a minus quantity ?" The examiner's definition of a
miniis quantity as "something to be substracted"* com-
mended itself to the quick intelligence of the candidate,
and was never forgotten. A too implicit trust in the
universality of a rule in prosody once betrayed him into
the commission of the scholastic sin of a false quantity, in
*The writ«r is reminded by a CounoiUor of this Society that in algebra the nsns
of addition and subtraotion stand for something done, rather than for some^unc
to be done. In the t«rt books in general use sixty years ago, the formulation «
rules to be oommitted to memory counted for muoh more than the enunciation of
principles. The writer is indebted to another honored Councillor for the story
of the illuminating disooverv made, in after years, by an old-time alumnus of the
BoMton Latin School, that the Latin language was not founded on a code of rules
such as he had painfully memorised from the pages of the Latin Grammar of Andrews
and Stoddard.
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a Roman proper name. A boy of fourteen, ignorant of
the rule but relying on a somewhat retentive ear, ventured
to call the misplaced accent in question, and was suppressed
by a prompt citation from the grammar. Silenced but
unconvinced, the boy had recourse to the lexicon, and,
producing the newly discovered authority, asked for a
rehearing of the case. The error was gracefully acknowl-
edged, and a retraction of the hasty ruling was made to
the class at its next meeting. The incident begot a liking
for the boy, which ripened later into a lasting friendship;
to the boy it revealed the sterling honesty of the teacher,
and led up to an enduring trust in the man.*
From Worcester "Mr. Hitchcock returned to his home
in Nashville, Tennessee,! and entered upon the study of
law in the office of William F. Cooper, afterwards Chan-
cellor and Judge of the Supreme Court of Tennessee";
two years later he removed to St. Louis, Missouri, where he
was admitted to practice.
"In 1862 he was editor of the St. Louis Intelligencer, a
newspaper of Whig affiliations, and was a delegate to the
National Convention at Baltimore, which nominated Gen-
eral Scott for Preeddent."
In 1868 he joined the Republican party to which he
maintained a steadfast allegiance until his death.
"In 1860, on the eve of the Presidential election, he
made his first poUtical speech, advocating the election of
Abraham Lincoln." A visit which he had made early in
this campaign, to Springfield, Illinois, and the profoimd
impression made on him at the time by the personality
of Mr. Lincoln, are said to have afforded the basis in fact
for an impqrtant chapter of the story entitled 'The Crisis,'
by Mr. Winston Churchill.
*Thi8 incident of school life wm recalled frequently by Mr. Hitchcock In after
years: it is mentioned here as an illustration of nobility of character firmly
established in youth and exemplified throughout a long and honored career.
tFor the principal facts and dates the writer has drawn, in most eases vertofim.
upon the memorial in which they are reproduced from an earlier sketch printed
in a volume entitled "Prominent St. Louisans."
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256 American Antiqiuirian Society. [Oct.,
"In February, 1861, he was elected a delegate from St.
Louis to the Missouri Convention, called under authority
of the Act of the General Assembly, .... 'To consider
the then existing relations between the Government of the
United States, the People of the different States, and the
Government and People of the State of Missouri; and to
adopt such measures for vindicating the sovereignty of the
State and the protection of its institutions as shall appear
to them to be demanded."'
"Mr. Hitchcock and only five other members of that
Convention were Republicans. He was, from the assem-
bling of the Convention till its final adjournment, ... an
active and potent advocate of 'Unconditional Union,' and
of the abolition of slavery in Missouri. On March 13,
1861, ... he spoke with great force and effect in favor
of the State's furnishing men and money to coerce the
seceding States. ... In July, 1861, he voted for the
ordinance which declared the offices of Governor, lieuten-
ant Governor, and Secretary of State vacant, and instituted
a provisional State Government .... At the final
session of that Convention, in June, 1863, he made an elab-
orate speech, advocating the emancipation of slaves in
Missomi."
"In after years Mr. Hitchcock deplored what he regarded
as his mistake in not entering the volimteer service, in 1861.
That was his desire; but his friends, and especially his uncle,
Ethan Allen Hitchcock, a Major-General of Volunteers,
insisted that his value to the cause of the Union would be
greater as a member of the State Convention than in the
field."
"Mr. Hitchcock once said: 'I reluctantly acted on this
advice, but year by year regretted it more, till in September,
1864, before the fall of Atlanta, and when the issue of the
war still seemed doubtful, I applied in person to Secretary
Stanton for a commission, and obtained one; not in the
hope at that late day of rendering military service of any
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value, but simply because I could not endure the thought
of profitmg, in safety at home, by the heroism of others,
and of having no personal share in the defence of my country
against her enemies in arms. '* He was appointed Assistant
Adjutant-General of Volimteers, with the rank of Major,
and in October, 1864, was assigned to duty on General
Sherman's staff, at the latter's request. . . . July 23,
1865, he was honorably mustered out of service."
From 1865 Mr. Hitchcock devoted himself continuously
to the law.- His career as a lawyer roimded out the full
term of fifty years. He rose to the highest rank in the
estimation of those best qualified to judge him — ^his col-
leagues of the Bar.
"As a lawyert he achieved a national reputation for
ability, learning, integrity, and power. . . . His concep-
tions of the lawyer's fimctions and duties were exalted. As
a lawyer he was broad, accurate, intense; ... He was
a force in the administration of justice."
"No other man at the bar occupied exactly the same
position that Mr. Hitchcock did.| He stood for those
things which, say what we may, are still held in the very
highest estimation by the lawyers as well as by the com-
munity at large. He stood for the open and candid and
forcible upholding of the right as against the wrong. As
a lawyer he stood as an example and exemplification of
what a l&wyer's life and attitude should be, not merely to
the bar, not merely to his chents, but more important still to
his country at large and to the community in which he lives."
"As a jurist, Henry Hitchcock was of national reputa-
tion. § He brought to the practice of the law not only a
* These words of Mr. Hitchoock, quoted from tlie Memorial, recite, prsotically
iterbatim, what he said a few days ago to the writer of this sketch. No one who
knew Mr. Hitchcock can doubt that his acceptance of a civic career during the
critical period in Missouri meant the sacrifice of personal inclination to imperative
puUic duty. The real and continuing dangjsr to which he had so feariessly
exposed himself at home would seem not to nave been regarded seriously by him,
tQuoted from the Memorial.
IQuoted from remarks by Judge Jacob Klein in calling to order the meetiBg
of Lawyers held in St. Louis. March 22, 1002.
JFrom remarks by Mr. G. A. Finkelnburg, for seven years Mr. Hitchcock's
partner in practice, now United States District Judge.
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258 American Antiquarian Society. [Oct.,
profound knowledge of the law itself, but a wealth of schol-
arly attainments and literary embellishments rarely foimd
in the busy practitioner of the present day. And with all,
and, perhaps, above all, Mr. Hitchcock never failed to
remember that one of the highest duties of a lawyer is to
aid the courts in a correct and righteous administration of
justice. ... As a citizen, his lofty sentiments, and above
all his indomitable courage of conviction, made him one
of those heroic characters in our civic and political life
which are as rare as they are valuable."
"Mr. Henry Hitchcock* was a lawyer of the t3rpe of Pym,
and Maynard, and Somers, and Adams, and Jefferson. He
devoted himself to his profession, not merely as a business,
but as a public duty. . . Active as he was in his pro-
fession, . . . active as he was in the public life of his time,
. . . active as he had been during the Civil War and in
what led up to it, . . . there never was reproach upon his
character. He bore a good repute among men; . . the
repute of respect, which he had even from those to whom
he was most earnestly opposed."
''In 1859 he was chosen and to the end of his life con-
tinued a Director of Washington University [in St. Louis].
For [fifteen] years, to the time of his death, he was \^oe-
President [of the Board]."
''In 1867 Mr. Hitchcock took prominent part in founding
the St. Louis Law School [the Law Department of Wash-
ington University]. He was for the first three years Dean
of the School, " and for many years a member of its Faculty.
"In 1878, with three other eminent members of the pro-
fession, he imited in a call for a convention of lawyers at
Saratoga, which resulted in the formation of the American
Bar Association. ... In 1880 he was President of the
St. Louis Bar Association. . . In 1881 he was President
of the Civil Service Reform Association of Missouri. He
was then and until his* death a member of the National
*From remarks by Mr. Frederic W. Lehnuum, of the St. Louii Bar.
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1905.] Henry Hitchcock. 259
Civil Service Reform League, and was always an earnest
worker in the cause of Civil Service Reform. In 1882 he
was President of the Missouri Bar Association. From 1889
till the time of his death he was one of the trustees of the
Missouri Botanical Garden, appointed by the will of [its
foimder] Mr. Henry Shaw. In 1889 he was President of
the American Bar Association, and in 1901 was chosen one
of the Trustees of the National Institution established [at
Washington, D. C] by Andrew Carnegie."
"Mr. Hitchcock's great reputation beyond as well as in
Missouri brought him invitations to deUver addresses
before many learned bodies. . . In 1879 [he read a paper]
before the American Bar Association on 'The Inviolability
of Telegrams'; in 1887, before the New York State Bar
Association, on 'American State Constitutions,' and in the
same year, before the American Bar Association, upon
'General Corporation Laws'; he deUvered an address before
the ^Political Science Association of the University of Mich-
igan on 'The Development of the Constitution of the United
States as influenced by Chief Justice Marshall'; at the
Centennial Celebration of the Organization of the Federal
Judiciary, on 'The Supreme Court and the Constitution;'
in 1897, before the National Civil Service Reform Leaguei
on 'The RepubUcan Party and Civil Service Reform.'"
Mr. Hitchcock impressed all who came in contact with
him as an exceptionally serious and self-contained man.
To those who knew him as a young man he appeared shy
and reserved. Throughout life he was regarded, even by
many who thought they knew him, as cold and unsympa-
thetic. He did not wear his heart upon his sleeve for daws
to peck at. Devotion to his life work was the keynote to
his character; he sought necessary relaxation in varied
reading, which covered the entire domain of the best litera-
ture. He kept up his classical studies to the end, and
took especial delight in the perfect diction and broad human-
ity of his favorite poet, Horace.
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260 American Antiquarian Society. [Oct,,
Integer viUie eceleriaque purua
depicts truly the sterling quality of the man who, in the
words of his sometime associate in practice,* ''carries with
him the admiration of all lawyers, the esteem of all good
citizens, and the love and affection of those who had an
opportunity of associating more intimately with him in
his private life. "
Odi profanum vulgua et arceo
voices his innate aversion to whatever he regarded as low
or imworthy.
Justum et tenacem propositi virum
turn civium, ardor prava jvberUium,
non vuUtia inetantts iyranni
mentequatit eolida
describes without exaggeration the ''moral courage and
fideUty to conviction [of the citizen who] was sure to tread
wherever his sense of duty pointed the way";t who "con-
sidered and determined his course of action . . . from
the standpoint of duty, . . . never stopping to debate,
either with himself or with others, the question of whether
his advocacy or condenmation of a measure would have
an imfavorable effect upon his own interests, "t
It was the privilege of comparatively few to know Mr.
Hitchcock intimately in his home life. In the company
of a few chosen guests, gathered at his table, he appeared
at his best — ^the affable, courteous and refined gentleman.
"With tactful and engaging manner, carrying the conver-
sation and causing all to follow, with the brilliancy of his
conversation, roaming from grave to lighter moods, replete
with reminiscences and anecdote, with humorous disquisit-
tions upon topics of the day and Uterature, who would
not bear cheerful testimony that he was the incomparable
host?"— §
BeatuB .... procul negotiis.**
*Hoii. G. A. Finkdnburg.
tFrom remarks by Mr. E. H. Kehr, of the St. Louis Bar.
^Memorial.
{From remarks by Mr. Henry T. Kent, of the St. Louis Bar.
**Mr. Hitehcoek oontributed a rendition, in Enclish verne, of the seoond Epode of
Horaee, printed, after his death, for the Bibliophile Society of Boston.
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1905. Henry Hitchcock. 261
The maxim— Whatever is worth doing is worth doing
well — ^was accepted by Mr. Hitchcock as an axiom; it was
his constant and sure guide in college; he insisted on it
with his pupils in the Worcester High School; it dominated
his life. His industry was untiring. He had a remarkably
acciu'ate and retentive memory. He was phenomenally
quick and sure in grasping facts and principles. His reason-
ing was clear and convincing. His judgment was not likely
to be questioned. He was a fluent and persuasive speaker;
a perspicuous, forceful and elegant writer. A patrician
by birthright, his natural bent was confirmed by association
with men of kindred instincts. He beUeved in government
by the people, but a personal study of the ways of profes-
sional politicians early convinced him that they were not
for him. A Republican from 1858, he was loyal to the
principles and a power in the higher councils of the party.
He believed in his party as the exponent of political doctrinci
and in public office as a trust. By temperament and train-
ing he was eminently fitted for the highest legislative or
judicial positions; but in Missouri the judiciary is elective,
and his personality was not such as to appeal to party
managers. Moreover, he was not of the dominant party
in the state at large.
''As a citizen he occupied a poation almost unique.*
Brave to the uttermost in upholding and defending what
he considered right and good in the administration of
public affairs, he never wavered in the conscientious per-
formance of every duty which citizenship in a republic
imposes on the individual . . . His active participation
in political discussions marked the deep rooted sincerity
of his nature and convictions, and showed that he considered
and determined his course of action . . . from the stand-
point of duty, . . . duty to advocate and stand for that
which was right, and to oppose and condemn that which
was wrong from the standpoint of morals."
^Quoted from the Memorial.
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262 American Antiquarian Society. Oct.,
In 1857, Mr. Hitchcock married Mary Collier, of St.
Louis. Mrs. Hitchcock and two sons bom of this union,
Henry and George Collier, survive him.
Mr. Hitchcock was bom on July 3, 1829, and died on
March 18, 1902. He was elected a member of the
American Antiquarian Society in 1882. Engrossing
interests with which he had become identified made it
impracticable for him to attend its meetings or to con-
tribute to its work.
It was the privilege of the writer to sit under Mr. Hitch-
cock as a pupil in the Worcester High School, and to know
him again as a trusted friend from 1866. The limits of
•this sketch do not permit an adequate presentation of the
man as he was in life and as he lives in memory.
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PROCEEDINGS
"^ .iimnuj ^iiliqui:^ n; '^onm
ifiinjAL MEETING HELD m ^iOHCE3^
m.
WCh
. PRIVfT?;
It fit If f ri«^ iytt*^n^rT^ 4 in-n» p»ffli»
April, 1906.] ^^ffF(^ingfirKi;^y 263
PROCEEDINGS.
8EMI-ANNX7AL MEETINO, APRIL 25, 1906, AT THE HALL OF
THE MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETT IK BOSTON.
Vice-president Hon. Samuel A. Green of Boston occupied
the chair.
The following members were present:
Nathaniel Paine, Samuel A. Green, Edward L. Davis,
James F. Hunnewell, Edward H. Hall, Charles C. Smith,
Edmund M. Barton, Samuel S. Green, Henry W. Haynes,
Andrew McF. Davis, Solomon Lincoln, Daniel Merriman,
William B. Weeden, Henry H. Edes, A. George Bullock,
G. Stanley Hall, William E. Foster, Charles P. Greenough,
Edwin D. Mead, Charles Francis Adams, Francis H. Dewey,
Calvin Stebbins, James L. Whitney, George H. Haynes,
Waldo Lincoln, John Noble, George P. Winship, Austin S.
Garver, Samuel Utley, Edward H. Gilbert, E. Harlow
Russell, Benjamin T. Hill, Edward G. Bourne, Anson D.
Morse, Deloraine P. Corey, Clarence S. Brigham.
In the absence of the Recording Secretary, Mr. Edmund
M. Barton was chosen as Secretary pro tem.
The report of the Coimcil was read by Nathaniel Painb,
A. M. It was accepted and referred to the Committee of
Publication.
A Memorial of the late President of the Society, the Hon.
Stephen Salisbury, prepared by Rev. Edward E. Hale,
D. D., was read by Mr. Samuel S. Green.
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264 American AfUiqtuirian Society. [April,
The Council presented for election to membership the
name of Frederick Lewis Gay, A. B., of Brookline, lilassachu-
setts. A ballot was taken, and Mr. Gay was duly elected.
Andrew McFarlakd Davis, A. M., reported as follows:
''While this ballot is being taken, I would like to take the
opportimity to report that as a delegate of the Society
appointed in the absence of the other officers from Wor-
cester, by the senior member of the council, I attended
the Franklin bi-centenary exercises of the American Philo-
sophical Society at Philadelphia which covered four days
last week. The extent of the preparations was something
remarkable, and the expenditure of money was great.
Marvellous executive capacity was displayed in all the
arrangements, to carry out which the State of Pennsylvania
had appropriated twenty thousand dollars. I do not
intend, however, to go into the affair in any detail at this
time, but simply wished to have it placed in the record
that we were represented there, and that every courtesy
was extended this Society. '^
Mr. Samuel S. Gbeen called attention to that part of
the report of the Coimdl relating to the real estate devised
by Mr. Salisbury. On his motion, the Hon. Solomon
Lincoln and Mr. Green were appointed a committee to
prepare a vote with reference to it.
The Society listened to a paper by Prof. Anson D. Morse
of Amherst College on ''The Principlesof Thomas Jefferson.''
Prefacing his paper. Prof. Morse said: "All of us have
noted that appeal to the principles of Thomas Jefferson is
frequently made in support of hostile policies, and it
becomes therefore an object of some importance to try to
find out what these principles really are. This suggested
to me the study and the outline of the results which I
wish to lay before you. The study is larger in its material
than I had supposed it to be, and the results are less definite
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1906.] Proceedings. 265
than I hoped that they would be; and I can report, in
general, progress rather than dependable conclusions.
And I would ask of members of the Society as a special
personal favor wherever the method pursued, which will
be indicated clearly, and wherever the conclusions indicated,
seem to vary from those which you would employ, and
those which you yourselves have reached, if you would very
kindly let me know of the differences, it will help me in the
completion of this study, which I hope in the end to make
complete and thorough. ''
Mr. Solomon Lincoln: "I should like to offer the
following vote and I have a word of explanation before
I reach it. It relates to the property given to the Society
by Mr. Salisbury, and it is obvious that in dealing with
real estate, some formal action and vote of the Society
will ultimately be necessary; and it is equally obvious that
the Society as a body cannot deal with negotiations of
purchases and sales. Therefore I offer this vote:
"Voted, that the Coimcil have authority to deal with
the real estate devised to the Society by its late President,
either by way of sale, exchuig?, or otherwise, and to pur-
chase other real estate with the proceeds of the sale of the
devised property if sold; the action of the Council to be
ratified by such further and formal action of the Society
as may be necessary to perfect the title to any real estate
sold or acquired under the provisions of this vote. "
After some discussion a vote of the society was taken on
the action proposed by Mr. Lincoln, and it was unanimously
adopted.
A paper dealing with the ancient customs and beliefs of
the time of Columbus, was prepared and presented by Prof.
Edward G. Bourne, of Yale University.
Mr. Andrew McF. Davis: "I should like to ask Prof.
Boiune whether in the accoimt of the arrival of the clothed
strangers, there was either any intimation of where they came
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266 Ameiican Antiquarian Society. [April,
from, or any description of the clothing which they wore, or
whether they arrived by sea. That would probably be
so, but whether there was any distinct evidence in the
tradition of the method of their arrival?"
Prof. Bournb: "Apparently not. I read all there was.
It is possible the story might have originated through
some stray vessel of some Central Americans, who were
clothed, coming to the island, and that may have given
the start to it."
Mr. Davis: "The question might arise whether it was
connected with the various traditions relative to the arrival
of clothed strangers running all through the accounts of
the Indians of North America, given by priests and travel*
lers. In studying those things, we have to consider first
the influence of the white man on the traditions, and second,
the influence of the writer himself, on the story which he
records. Obviously, there are many reasons why the
Spaniard should distort and falsify events, but here you
are getting back behind all possible influence by whites
upon events, and here you have nothing to deal with but
the writer himself. Everywhere in the Northwest, even
up in the neighborhood of Hudson's Bay there were stories
current of the arrival from the west of strangers in curious
clothes. The accoimts of the Indians were necessarily
ambiguous as to where this event took place. From some
of them it might be inferred that it was the Great Salt
Lake. From others that it was the Gulf of California — or
perhaps the Oregon Coast. These stories I collated in
my discussion of the Journey of Moncacht-Ap6 which I
read before this Society April 25, 1883. Even though
we do not find any direct connection between these storiea
and the book referred to by Prof. Bourne, even though
they are widely different, there is a possible foundation,
for the whole upon the same basis; this may be the same
tradition that is foimd among all our Northern Indians,.
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1906.] Proceedings. 267
of the arrival of foreigners upon the coast, which you run
across even up to Hudson's Bay."
Mr. William E. Fostbe, of Providence, R. I., read a
paper entitled, "The Point of View of History."
Mr. George P. Winship, of Providence, in connection
with Mr. Foster's paper, read some extracts from the cor-
respondence of Mr. WiUiam Palfrey, who in 1762 was
clerk in a store in Boston.
The meeting was dissolved, and many of the members
repaired to the Hotel Somerset for limcheon.
Attest: EDMUND M. BARTON,
Recording Secretary pro tempore.
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268 American Antiquarian Society. [April,
REPORT OF THE COUNCIL.
As provided by the by-laws, the Council of the American
Antiquarian Society herewith submits its semi-annual
report for the six months ending April 23, 1906.
Since the last meeting of the Society, we have sustained
a great loss in the death of our honored President Stephen
Sdisbury, who, after a brief illness, died at his home in
Worcester, November 16, 1905.
He was apparently in his usual good health at the time
of our annual meeting the last of October, and he enter-
tained the members at his home in his customary hospitable
manner. A special meeting of the Council was at once
called at widdi appropriate eulogistic remarks were made
by Vice-Ptesident Green and other members present, which
have been printed and sent to our members.
The Council suggests that it would be most fitting that
some permanent memorial of our late President should
be placed in our building, perhaps a bust, medallion, or a
portrait in oil, thus showing our recognition of his valuable
services to tiie Society.
Ever smce Mr. Salisbury became the President of the
Society, he has taken the most active interest in its affairs
and was familiar with all details of its management, and
by those who have been most intimately connected with
him in its administration, his loss is most keenly felt. That
the future of the Society and its welfare was in his mind
is manifested by his generous remembrance of it in his will.
The following extracts from that document are given in
order to place on record this substantial evidence of his
thoughtful and practical interest in the future of our Society.
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1906.] Report of Council. 269
"1
40. I give and bequeath to the American Antiquarian
Society, tb^ estate upon Lincohi Square, known as the
SaUsbuiy Mansion Estate, containing some twenty-four
thousand four hundred and fifty (24,450) square feet of land
to be used by the said Society as the location of a new
library building, or in such manner as may best further
the purpose of the library and collections.
''11. I give and bequeath to the American Antiquarian
Society of Worcester, aU my books, all of my private library
and the Greek and Maya antiquities collected by me, and
* those now deposited in cases in the Antiquarian Hall, the
furniture previously loaned to the Society and the sum of
Two hundred thousand (200,000) dollars."
The library of Mr. Salisbury now in process of removal
to our Hall will add several himdred volumes to our collec-
tions and it is quite probable that many may prove dupli-
cates of those now on our shelves. Owing to the present
crowded condition of the alcoves it may be considered
advisable to authorize the Library C!ommittee to sell or
exchange such duplicates, where they are not of special
antiquarian or historical value.
TUs question of the disposition of the duplicate material
in our present building is fast becoming a matter for serious
consideration and more discrimination must be used in
the future and only volumes of special interest and value
purchased. The additional room leased by the Council on
Simmier street for the storage of newspapers not often
called for is now about full and the need of additional space
to properly care for our rapidly increasing treasures will
soon become apparent.
The Council would call special attention to our valuable
collection of manuscripts and recommend that a competent
person be employed to arrange, classify and catalogue them.
Our late President was much impressed with the importance
of this and had expressed himself in favor of such a course,
as has also our associate J. Franklin Jameson of the Carnegie
Institution, who expressed his willingness to aid in any way
in his power. It seems quite probable that a great deal
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270 American Antiqiuirian Society. [April,
of valuable historical matter would be brought to light as a
result of such action, some part of which should be printed
by the Society. At any rate it would seem worth while to
appoint a committee to investigate this department and
report to the Council the result of such investigation. Not-
withstanding this part of the Society's collection is not
yet catalogued some use of it has been made by
historical students, but a good catalogue would not only
make it of more practical value to such students, but add
to the reputation of the Society as a place for study and
research. William lincoln made a report for the Coimcil in
1830 in which he refers to the Society's manuscripts as being
rare and curious, and urg^s members to explore their garrets
in search of old papers to add to the collection, the response
to which undoubtedly added many valuable manuscripts.
The Society has ah^ady published from the manuscripts
in their possession :
" The Diaries of John Hull, Mint-Master and Treasurer of the Colony
of Massachusetts Bay," with a memoir l^ Samuel Jennison and notes
by Edward E. Hale. Archsologia Americana, Vol. Ill
"A Short Discourse of a Voyage made in ye yeare of our Lord 1613
to ye late discovered Gountrye of Greenland; and a breife discription
of ye same countrie, and ye Gomodities yer raised to ye Aduentureis."
This was published by the Antiquarian Society in Vol. IV. of Arch»>
ologia Americana, with an introduction and notes by Samuel F. Haven.
Fifty copies were also printed in separate form.
''Note-Book kept by Thomas Lechford, Esq., Lawyer, in Boston,
Massachusetts Bay, from June 27, 1638, to July 29, 1641." Edited l^
Edward Everett Hale, Jr. ViTith a sketch of the life of Lechford l^
J. Hammond Trumbull. LL.D. Archsologia Americana, Vol. Vn.
''The Diary of ChristopherColumbus Baldwin, Librarian of the American
Antiquarian Society, 1820-1835, with an introduction and notes by
Nathaniel Paine, A.M.," ViTorcester, 1901.
The diary of our first president, Isaiah Thomas, is
in process of publication, one volume being ah^ady in print,
and it is expected that the material for the second volume
will soon be in the hands of the printer.
Attention is called to the fact that Mrs. Reynolds our
Librarian's assistant has prepared for the Alabama Depart-
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1906.] Report of CouncU. 271
ment of Archives and History, a list of the newspapers
printed in the states of Alabama, Mississippi and Tennessee,
which list has been printed in the Gulf States Historical
Magazine. As this list is not likely to come to the notice
of many of our members it is suggested that it be printed
with the "Proceedings" for their benefit.^
The Collection, and Research Fund, so termed since
April 1858, founded by the receipt of S5000 from the
estate of Isaiah Thomas and now amounting to over $16,000,
was given for the purpose of using the income in exploring
ancient monuments of this coimtry and to aid in increasing
the library and cabinet. It is suggested that as but little
of the income has been used in the past for the study and
exploration of ancient monuments an appropriation
might be made for a special paper to become a part of
another volume of the Archseologia Americana.
Reports of the Treasurer and Librarian are now presented
only at the Annual Meeting but the Council report both
these departments to be in good condition at this time,
and that there have been large additions to the library
and cabinet. The general appearance of the interior of
our building has been greatly improved within the last six
months by judicious cleaning and painting by our new
janitor.
As the real estate bequeathed to the Society by Mr. Salis-
bury came into its le^ possession immediately after the
probating of the will, the income derived therefrom, amount-
ing to about $365 on the first of April, has been credited to
the Society by the Executors. This income for the year from
the property as it is now rented will amount to a little less
than $1000 out of which the taxes and running expenses
must be deducted. The Salisbury Mansion lot contains
24,450 square feet and is assessed for about $37,000. While
a valuable property, it is not, on account of its location,
adapted for building purposes for the Society and it should
iThis list ia given at the eloae of the report of the Council.
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272 American Antigmrian Society, [April,
either be sold or exchanged for laad more favorably located
for our uses. This matter might be put into the hands of
our Finance Committee with power to act, if thought
expedient by the Society.
The death of our President caused a vacancy on the
Library Committee which has been filled by the appoint-
ment of Mr. Waldo Linooln.
Besides that of the President the Council regrets to
announce the death of James D. Butler, LL. D., of Madison,
Wisconsin, who died November 20, 1905 at the age of 91
years, and of Samuel P. Lan^ey, D. C. L., of Washington,
D. C, who died at Aiken, S. C, Febniary 27, 1906, notices
of whom will be presented by our biographer.
By the original Act of Incorporation of the Antiquarian
Society, which was approved by Gov. Caleb Strong, October
24, 1812, it was provided ''that the annual income of any
real estate by said Society holden, shall never exceed the
sum of fifteen himdred dollars, and that the personal estate
thereof, exclusive of books, papers and articles in the
Museum of said Society, shall never exceed the value of
seven thousand dollars."
In February, 1894, by request of the Society, the following
amendment was made to its Act of incorporation:
An act to authorize the American Antiquarian Society
to hold additional real and personal estate.
Be it enacted, etc., as follows:
Section 1. The American Antiquarian Society is hereby
authorized to hold real and personal estate, in addition to
books, papers and articles in its cabinet, to an amount
not exceeding five himdred thousand dollars.
Section 2. This act shall take effect upon its passage.
Approved February 26, 1894.
This act made legal the holding of property heretofore
acquired and also provided for expected additions.
Since the passage of this amendment a general law has
been enacted: "Revised Laws, Chapter 125, Section 8,"
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1906.] Report of CauncU. 273
which provides that ''Any corporation organized under
general or special laws for any of the purposes mentioned
in Section 2 . . . (Educational, Charitable, Antiquarian^
Historical, Literary or Scientific) may hold real and personal
estate to an amount not exceeding one million five hundred
thousand dollars . . . •"
For the Council,
NATHANIEL PAINE.
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274 American Antiquarian Society. [April,
NBWSPAPBE FILES.
ALABAMA, MISSISSIPPI AND TENNESSEE NEWSPAPER FILES
IN THE LIBRARY OF THE AMERICAN ANTIQUARIAN
SOCIETY, WORCESTER, MASS.
Blaxslbt.
Thx Blakklbt Sun, and Alabama Advertzskr. s. w.
Mar. 23, 30, 1819.
Cahawba.
Alabama Statb Gazettb. w. Apr. 28, BCay 12, 1825.
Cahawba Press and Alabama Intelliqencer. w. July 17, 1819;
July 15, 1820.
Cahawba Press and Alabama State Intelliqencer. w.
Mar. 19, BCay 14, 1825.
Claiborne.
Alabama Courier. Mar. 19, Apr. 9, July 9, Aug. 20, 1819.
Claiborne Gazette, w. BCar. 19, 1825.
Decatur.
Southern Meteor. Vol. 2, No. 2, Apr. 1878.
EUFAULA.
The Eufaula News. Feb. 11, 1868.
Gadsden.
Stiff's Radical Reformer, w. Dec. 4, 1853-Jan. 21, 1854.
melted into the
Radical Reformer, w. Feb. 25^ Mar. 4, 1854.
Hunts viLLE.
HUNTBVILLE DaILT INDEPENDENT. July 11, 1867.
Alabama Repubucan. w. Apr. 18, 1818; Apr. 3, 1819.
Marion.
The Howard Collegian, m. Aug. 1881.
Marion Junction.
The Priss. Vol. 1, No. 2, Apr. 76 (amateur) 32«.
Mobile.
Mobile Litsrart Gazette, w. Devoted to Literature, Science,
Mondity, and Genend Intelligence. Aug. 9, 1839.
The Mobile Mercantile Advertiser, s. w. Dec. 18, 22, 1835;
Jan. 5, 29, 1836.
The Weeelt Mercury. Nov. 27, 1865.
Mobile Evening News. July 2, 1862; Aug. 20, 1863; May 28,
June 10, 1864.
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1906.] Newspaper Files. 275
Mobile Evknino Nxwb (Railroad £ditioxH-3 p. u.) d. Sundinr
excepted. July 10, 15, 16, 18, 1862; Aug. 12, Oct. 8, 22, 1864.
MoBiuD MoBNiNO NxwB. May 27, 1865.
Mobile Adtkrtibxb and BjosmrmE, d. t. w. and w. June 16,
July 10, 1862; Feb. 14, July 27, 31, Aug. 3, 13, Sept. 18, Oct. 16,
21, 22, 25, 26, 1864.
Mobilb Ck>iafSBCiAL Rboibtbb. w. May 12, 19, 26, 1832.
Mobilb Ck>iocsBCiAL Rboibtsb and Patbiot. 8. w. Dec. 7,
1832-Mar. 21, 1835. 1 voL
Mobilb Daily Coiocbbcial Rboibteb and Patbiot. Sept. 7, 1839.
Thk Daily Rboibtbb. dem. est. 1821. Sept. 1, 1886; Sept. 1, 1887.
Mobilb Etbning Telbgbafh. June 2, 1862; June 8, Nov. 17, 1864«
Mobilb Daily TmiB. Published morning and evening. Nov. 21,
1865.
Mobilb Daily Tbibunb. Mar. 8, 1861; June 29, July 8, 1862;
June 5, July 13, Aug. 7, 14, 17, 21, Oct. 23, 1864; Apr. 7, 10, 1868.
montgoioeby.
Advkrtibbb and State Gazbttb. Nov. 24, 1852.
MoNTGOMKBY Daily Advertibeb. July 9, 1862; Feb. 18, 23, 24.
Mar. 1, 16, 1864.
Planter's Qazettb. est. 1830. Apr. 27, 1830; Jan. 3, 1832.
Montqomeby Republican, w. Apr. 29, 1825.
State Sentinel— Extra. (Daily State Sentinel. 1867.)
Selma.
The Daily Mibsissippian. Aug. 29, 1863.
Tuscaloosa.
Tuscaloosa Qazbtte. w. Oct. 17, 1878.
Alabama iNTELuaENCEB and State Rights Expositor. Dec. 5,
1835.
The Meteor. Vol. 1, No. 1, 1872; Vol. 2, No. 6, Oct. 1873; Vol. 4,
No. 16, Apr., 1876.
Spirit or the Aoe. w. May 23, 1832.
State Rights Expositor and Spirit of the Age. Sept. 14, 1832.
Union Springs.
Union Springs Times, w. Feb. 20, 1867^
MISSISSIPPI.
Canton.
Canton Herald, w. BCay 30, 1838.
Carrollton.
Mississippi Democrat, w. Dec. 22, 1848.
CSharlebton.
The Tallahatghian. w. Feb. 16, 1867.
Corinth.
The Young Reader. Mar. 15, 1877 (amateur) 8^.
Holly Springs
The Mississippi Times. Jan. 18, Feb. 1, Apr. 20, 1854.
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276 American Andjuarian Society. [April,
BuirrsviLLv. (BCimmppi Territory, now in Alabama.)
Madison GAmrB. w. Oct. 19, 1813
Jackbok.
Ths Daily MmaiasiPFiAN. Jane 20, 21, July 6, 1862.
MsaiDIAN.
Ths DaQiT Glabion. Aug. 80, 1863.
Natghu.
Thk Webklt Chroniglx. July 6, Sept. 7, Oct. 12, Nov. 2, 16*
Deo. 14, 28, 1808; Jan. 11, 25, Feb. 22, Mar. 1, Apr. 5, May 6,
13, June 3, 17, 1809; May 28, June 26, July 2, 16, Aug. 13, 27,
Sept. 10, Oct. 8, Nov. 5, 12, Dec. 31, 1810. Jan. 7, 21, 28, Feb.
11, Mar. 4, Apr. 8, 1811.
SoirrHKBN Galaxy, w. June 12, Dec. 13, 1823.
Natchss Gacvttb. 8. w. and w. Aug. 5, 10, 17, 26, 31, Sept.
2, 7, 9, 14, 1808; July 28, 1813.
The Natchss Gashttb and Missnaippi GnnERAL Adybbtibbb. w.
June 20, 27, July 4, Aug. 1, 16, 22, Sept. 6, 26, Oct. 10, 31, Not.
14, Deo. 26, 1811; Jan. 9, Feb. 13, Mar. 6, 26, Apr. 2, May 7,
1812.
MiBSiasiPPi Hbbald and Natchbe Gity Gaskith. Jan. 14, 21,
1803; May 19, 23, 28, 30, 1804.
MiBSiBBipPi Hkrald and Natchbe Gaksttb. Mar. 26, 1807.
Miasiasippi Hkrald and Natchbe Rbpositoby. JvHj 18, 1803.
Thb MiasuBiFPi Mbsbbnobb. w. Sept. 7, Oct. 12, 19, 26, Not.
2, 9, 23, 30, 1804; Jan. 18, 26, Feb. 8, Mar. 16, 29, Apr. 26,
June 7, July 19, Aug. 16, 30, Sept. 6, Oct. 29, Nov. 6, 1806;
June 2, 16, July 7, 14, Sept. 22, Nov. 26, 1807; Mar. 24, July 7,
1808.
Thb MiasmsiPPLAN. w. Dec. 22, 29, 1808; Jan. 19, Feb. 2, Mar.
9, 16, 23, May 1, 16, 29, Aug. 14, 1809; May 14, June 4, Aug. 20,
27, Sept. 10, 1810.
MiBSiBfiiPFi Rbpubucan. w. Apr. 23, May 20, 1812; Oct. 20,
1813; Jan. 26, 1814; May 24, 181 J; Apr. 9, 1818; liar. 23, 1819.
Thb WABHrnoTON Rbpublican and Natchbs Intbluobncbb. w.
July 31, Sept. 11, 1816; June 14, 1817.
Ship Island.
Nbwb Lbttbb. Extra. May 2, 1862. (amateur) 8^
ViCXSBURO.
Thb Daily Oitizbn. July 2, 1863. (The last newspaper published
in Vicksbuig. Mississippi, on the day preyious to the surrender
of the Gonfederste forces under Genml Pemberton, to the Union
forces under General Grant.)
ViCKBBUBQ Rbqibtbb. d. and w. Jan. 2, 1828; Dec. 17, 1836.
YicKSBUBO Rbpubucan. s. w. and w. June 12, 26, 28, July 9,
12, 16, 18, 26, 30, Aug. 2, 9, 13, 20, 23. 27, 30, Sept. 3, 6, 10, 13,
17, 20, 24, Dec. 31, 1867; Jan. 14, Mar. 31, 1868.
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1906.] Newspaper FiJes. 277
TENNESSEE.
Athens.
Thst Athens Republican, w. July 12, 26, Sept. 13, 27, 1867.
The Watchman. July 9, 1642.
Bristol.
Bristol Qazefte. w. Mar. 24, 1864.
Carthage.
Carthaob GAZsrrrE. w. Aug. 13, 1808; Aug. 20, 1816; July 1, 1817.
Western Express, w. Nov. 21, 1803.
Chattanooga.
"JiwncE." w. Deo. 24, 1887.
The Chattanooga Daily Rebel. Deo. 17, 1862.
Chattanooga Republican, w. Apr. 13, 1800.
The Tradesman. Aug. 1, 16, Sept. 15, Oct. 1, Dec. 16, 1881; Aug.
1, 16, Sept. 1, 15, Oct. 1, 1882.
Clarkstille.
United States Herald. Aug. 11, 1810.
Clinton.
Clinton QAsnrE. w. Mar. 30, 1888.
Columbia.
The Dede Farmer. May 28, 1868.
Columbia Herald, w. May 12, 1866.
Dresden.
Tennessee Patriot, w. Oct. 16, 1839.
Fateiteyillb.
Standard of the Union. Nov. 3, 1837.
QrEENVIUiE.
American Economist and East Tennessee Statesman, w.
Apr. 30, 1825.
Jonesborough.
The Union Flag. (Extra.) Feb. 18, 1870.
Knoxville.
The Southern Citizen, w. June 3, 1858.
The Enquirer, w. Mar. 12, May 7, June 25, July 16, Aug. 6.
20, Sept. 24, Oct. 8, 22, 29, 1828.
Knoxtille Gasbtte. w. Dec. 7, 1793: July 31, 1794; Apr. 24,
July 17, Oct. 23, Nov. 20, Dec. 4, 1795; May 2, 1796.
Wn^ON's Knoxville Gazette. June 22, 1808.
Knoxville Register, w. Sept. 7, 21. 1816; May 4, 1819; Feb.
11, 18, 25, Mar. 4, 1825; Aug. 1, 1832; Nov. 17, 1859.
The Knoxville Tribune, d. and w. Nov. 25, 1888; Aug. 16,
1806.
Western Centinel. w. Mar. 11, 1809; June 30, July 14, Sept.
8, 1810.
Brownlow's Knoxville Whig. w. Dec. 19, 1866.
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278 American Antiquarian Society. [April,
Knoxvilud Collbgs.
Thb AimoRA. m. Apr., 1800.
Lawrkncsbubg.
LAWRaNCEBiTRO Prus. w. June 7, 188^Aug. 2, 1882, Aug. 15-
July 18, 1883; Aug. 1, 1883-Aug. 21, 1884; Sept. 4, Oct. 16,
Oct. 30, Nov. 13-Dec. 18, 1884; Jan. 8, 1885-lCar. 12, Mar. 2&-
May 7, May 21-July 23, Aug. 27, Sept. 10-Sept. 24, Oct. 15, Oct.
22, Nov. 5, 1885.
Loudon.
Thb Rbpublican Fabmxb. Nov. 10, 1881.
Mabtvillb.
Thb East Tennbsbbean. Oct. 26, 1855.
Memphis.
Thb Memphis Daily Appeal. June 21, 1862.
The Daily Memphis Avalanche. Sept. 1, 1882; July 28, 1887.
Memphis Bxtlletin. w. Feb. 24, 1860.
The Chickasaw. May 1, 1878. (amateur) 12^.
Memphis Mobnino Post. d. Jan 28, 1866.
Memphis Price Cubbent. w. Mar. 2, 1861.
The Tidal Wave. Apr., 1878. (amateur) 12*».
Voice of Tbuth. Apr. 6, 13, 1878.
M'MlNNVILLE.
Mountain Echo. w. Jan. 5, 1816.
Nashville.
The Daily Amebican. Oct. 5, 1876.
National Banneb. w. Jan. 13, 1826; July 18, 25, Aug. 1,22,29,
Sept. 5, 17, Oct. 31, 1829.
The National Banneb and Nashville Wmo. w. Aug. 11, 18,
Sept. 22, 29, Nov. 10, 24, Dec. 8, 29, 1827; Jan. 5. 19, Feb. 2,
16, 23, Mar. 8, 22, Apr. 19, 26, May 3, 10, 23, June 7, July 11,
Aug. 9, 16, 30, Sept. 6, 20, Oct. 4, 18, 25, 1828; Mar. 25, 1831.
continued as:
Republican Banneb. d. Feb. 18, 1866.
The Tennessee Baptist, w. Aug. 9, 1851; Mar. 10, 1855.
Thb Clabion. w. Feb. 16, Mar. 8, 1808.
The Dbmocbatic Clarion and Tennessee Gazette, w. Aug.
10, Sept. 21, 1810.
The Clabion and Tennessee Gazette, w. Feb. 16, Apr. 6, 1813.
The Nashville Clabion. w. Feb. 28, Mar. 7, 1821.
Nashville Examineb. w. Sept. 29, Oct. 20, Nov. 3, 10, 24, 1813;
May 4, 25, 1814.
The Tennessee Gazette, w. Aug. 26, 1801.
Tennessee Gazette, and Mebo Distbict Advertiseb. June 13,
July 20, 1804.
SouTHEBN Lumbebman. 8. m. Aug. 15, Sept. 15, Oct. 2, 1882.
Nashville Republican, w. Nov. 6, 1824.
Nashville Repxtblican and State Gazette. Oct. 27, 1830.
Impabtial Review and Cumbbbland Reposttoby. w. Jan. 18,
25, Feb. 8, Aug. 16, 1806.
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Newspaper Files. 279
Thb Rbvibw. w. Nov. 10, 24, Dec. 1, 16, 29, 1809: Jan. 11,
18, Feb. 2, 23, Mar. 30, Apr. 6, 27, June 1, 8, 29, July 6, 27,
Aug. 10, 31, Sept. 14, 21, Oct. 6, 12, 26, Nov. 16, Deo. 7, 14, 1810.
Wbsklt Union and Amxbican. w. May 21, 1860.
Thb Nashvillb Daily Union. May 27, July 26, 1862.
Thb Nashvillb Wmo. Mar. 8, 1814.
Nabhvillb, Tbnn., and Louibvillb, Et.
Nashvillb and Louisvillb Chbibhan Advocatb. w.
Mar. 29, 1850; Nov. 30, 1854.
Pabib.
Pabib Rbpublic. June 9, 1854.
Pulaski.
Tbnnbbsbb Bbacon and Fabmbbs' Advocatb. w. June 23, 1832
Shbbwood.
Thb HBLPma Hand. m. Dec. 1885; Feb., July, Sept., Oct., 1886.
Jan.,Oct., Dec., 1887; Mar. May, June, 1888.
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280 American Antiqyarian Society. [April,
REMARKS ON THE EARLY AMERICAN
ENGRAVINGS AND THE CAMBRIDGE
PRESS IMPRINTS (1640-1692)
In the Library of the American Antiquarian Society.
BY NATHANIEL PAINE.
"A Descriptive Catalogue of an Exhibition of Eariy En-
gravings in America/' given at the Boston Museum of Fine
Arts in the winter of 1904^, suggested to the writer an
examination of the engravings hanging on the walls of
Antiquarian Hall at Worcester. As a result of this exam-
ination it was found that over two hundred engravings,
lithographs and other works of a similar nature were sus-
pended from the walls and alcoves, some of which were of
more than ordinary interest, and it is proposed to call atten-
tion to a few of these which are of special value on account
of their rarity. Of these perhaps the most interesting are
the mezzotint portraits of four Indian chiefs engraved by
J. Simon.
The late John R. Bartlett in a notice of these prints gives
the name of the engraver as John Simmonds, but the name
on the prints is very clearly J. Simon. There was a John
Simon who came to London in the reign of Queen Anne,
who was an engraver of some merit and may have engraved
them, but in the only biographical notice of him that has
come to my notice no mention is made of these prints. It
was in 1710 that Major Peter Schuyler took four Indian
chiefs to England where they created quite a sensation.
They were received with great ceremonies by the Queen
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1906.] American Bnffravings and Cambridge Imprints. 281
and the Indians presented her with a set of wampiun. The
original paintings were said to have been painted for the
Queen«
The engravings were published by subscription in Novem-
ber, 1710, and are now quite rare.
Those owned by the Society are in good condition and are
as follows, all having the imprint:
J Verelst, Knx. and J Simon, Pecit.
Printed & sold by John King at ye Globe in ye Poultrey,
London. (Size of plates 15J x lOi in.)
Tee Yee Neen Ho Ga Ron
£mperour of the Six Nations
Sa Ga Yeath Qua Pieth Ton
King of the Maquas
Ho Nee Yeath Tan No Ron
King of the Generethgarich
Eton Oh Koam
King of the River Nation
Another series of mezzotints are nine engraved by Peter
PeUiam (bom in England in 1684) who came to Boston in
1726-1727 and died there in 1751. His principal work was
in the mezzotint style and he engraved a large number of
portraite of men of celebrity. Among them one of Charles
the First after Kneller, Peter Paul Rubens, Oliver Grom-
well and others of like note.
Pelham was the earliest mezzotint engraver in New Eng-
land, he was also a painter, and one of his portraits, that of
Cotton Mather, is in the hall of the Antiquarian Society.
The first mezzotint engraving made in New England was
without doubt Pelham's print from the Mather portrait.
From the following advertisement in "The Boston Gazette
and Weekly Journal" of Tuesday, September 20, 1748, it
appears that he had other occupations than that of painter
or engraver.
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282 American Antiquarian Society. [April,
"Mr. Pelham's Wntinz and Arithmetick School, near the Town House
(during the Winter) will Be open ham Candle Li^^ht till nine in the Even-
mg as usual, for the benefit of thoee Employ'' in Business all the Day:
and at his Dwelling House near the Quaker Meetmg in Lindeil's Row.
All Persons may be supplied with the best Virginia Tobacco, cut, spun
into the best Pigtail, and all other sorts, also Snuff at the cheapest
Rates."
In another issue of the Gazette of an earlier date he
announces:
" At Mr. Pelham's House near the Town Dock is to be sold sundzy
sorts of Household Goods (for Gash) veiy Cheap^ he having Intention to
break up Housekeeping. M. B. Attendance will be nven from Eight
tfll Twelve o'clock eveiy morning, but not after that Hour on account
of his preparing for his School in the Afternoon, which continues to keep
as heretoiore."
Pelham married in 1748 Mrs. Mary Singleton, widow of
Richard Copley, and her son John Singleton Copley, the
eminent portrait painter resided with her.
In the "Boston News Letter" for September 17*^ 1751,
Pelham advertises the print of Thomas Hollis.
"To be sold, at his home near the Quaker Meeting House, a print in
Meszotinting of Thomas Hollis, late of London, Merdiant, ....
done from a curious whole length Picture by Joseph Hig^imore in Lon*
don, and placed in the Ckill^ge Hall in Cambridge. A& sundzy other
Prints at said Pelham's."
In the exhibition at the Museum of Fine Arts about
twenty of his portraits were on exhibition; of these the
American Antiquarian Society has the following:
The Reverend Charles BrockweU. A: M. \ Late of Cathor
rine Hall in Cambridge, his Majeebies Chaplain in Boston
N: E. I P. Pelham pinx: et fecit 1750 Sold by P:
Pelham in Boston — |
Mather Byles A. M. et V: D. Af. | EcclesuB apud Bostonum
Nov-Anglorum Pastor. \ P. Pelham ad vivum pinx. A fecit. \
The Reverend Henry Caner. A: M. \ — Minister of Kings
Chapel Boston. — | /: Smibert pinx: P: PeUum
fecit. 1760 Sold by P: PeOum in Boston. \
The Reverend Benjamin Colman D. D. \ J. Smibert Pinx.
P. Pelham Fecit. \ 1735.|
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1906]. American Engravings and Cambridge Imprints. 283
The Reverend TimoOvy CvOer. D. D. \ — of Christ Church
BaOon N-E. \ P. Pelham pinx: et fecit. 1760. Sold by
P: Pelham in Boston — | y.
Thomas HoUis late of London Mercht. a most generous
Benefactor \ to Harvard College, in N. E. having founded
two Professorships and ten \ Scholarships in the satd Oottegef
given a fine Apparatus for Experimmtal \ Philosophy, dt
increased the library vnth a large Number of valuable Books
Ac. I Jos. Highmore pinx. 1722. 06: 1731. JEU
71. P: Pelham db origin: fecit et excudt. 1761. |
Sir William PepperreU Bart, Colonel of one of his Majesty's
Regiments — | of Foot, who vxis Lieutenant Oeneral and
Commander in Chief of the American — | Forces Employed
in the Expedition against the Island of Cape Breton which
was I happily Reduced to the Obedience of his Britanick
Majesty June the 17, 1746 — | /: Smibert Pinx: | . . . | P;
Pelham fecit et ex.: 1747. |
Jno: Greenwood Pinx. P. Pelham fecit, j Thomas
Prince A. M. \ Quintus EcdesuB Australis Bostonii Navcmr
glorum Pastor, e CoUegii Harvardini \ CantabriguB Ovratoribus.
Samudis Armigeri Filius et Thomce AM. denaH Pater \
Printed for & Sold by J. Buck, at ye Spectacles in Queers
street Boston. 1760.|
The Reverend Joseph Sewall D. D. \ J. Smibert, Pinx.
P. Pelham Fecit. I
Other Pelham prints on exhibition at the Art Museum
were portraits of Cotton Mather, Rev. William Hooper,
Thomas Prince, Gov. William Shirley and Rev. John
Moorhead.
Mr. Frederick L. Gay of Brookline has had twelve of
the Pelham prints reproduced in faoHsimile, (only sixty
of each being printed) for private distribution, and all
were marked as issued by the Pelham Qub to mdicate
that they were not originals.
Another engraving of great interest, and rarity is
entitled:
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384 American Antiqu4irian Society. [Aprils
A South East ^w of ye Great Town of Boston in New
En^and, America. It is dedicated
"To Peter Faneuil, Eigq., This Prospect of the Town of
Boston is Humbly Dedicated,
By Your Most obedt. Humble Serv'.
William Price. 1743."
It is a large engraving printed in three sections^ the whde
measuring 23) by 28) inches. The original of this view
was engraved at Iiondon in 1725 by John Harris from a
drawing by William Burges and was dedicated to Gov.
I^ute. The only known original is said to be in the British
Museum; a copy was in Boston it is said in 1830 in the City
Hall but disappeared at the time the building was taken
down. The engraving owned by the Antiquarian Society is a
reproduction of the original with changes to bring it up to
date 1743 at which time it was printed by William Price,
Printer and Map seller in what is now Washington Street
and Comhill Court. Five copies of this are now known, of
which that of this Society is believed to be in the best condi-
tion. The other four copies are owned by the Massachusetts
Historical Society, Boston Public Library, Dr, James B.
Ayer of Boston, and Herbert Coles of Brookline.
John Harris the engraver of the original is probably the
one mentioned in the Dictionary of National Biography as an
engraver of works on Architecture who flourished from 1680
to 1740. He engraved '' The Encampment of the Royal Army
on Hounslow Heath in 1696," and also one, ''Ships of the
Royal Navey " both of which are scarce. Mr. Justin T'Wnsor
believed the drawing for the origmal was made by William
Bm-ges and sent to England to be engraved under Price's
direction.
There is also a very poor copy of Bakewell's View of New
York in 1746, taken from the Burges's View of 1717. The
only known copy of the original is an imperfect one belong-
ing to the New York Historical Society which has been
reproduced on a small scale in J. Fiske's Dutch and Quaker
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1Q06.] American Engravings and Cambridge Imprints. 285
Colonies and in Valentine's Manual of the Corporatiop of
New York for 1849.
The Bakewell reproduction is very rare and most of the
copies now known are in poor condition. The full title of
this print is:
"A South Prospect of ye Flourishing City of New York
in the Province of New York, North America",
It is dedicated ''to His Excellency Sir George ClintoU;
Esq., Captab-General & Governor in chief of the Province
of New York and Territories thereon depending in America.
This South Prospect of New York is most Humbly dedicated
by Your Excellency's most Humble and Obt. Serv*." This
Bakewell published March 25, 1746.
Other framed engravings are General Washington.
Painted by G. Stuart, 1797. Engraved by C. Goodman
4 R. Piggot. Published by W. H. Morgan, No. 114 Chest-
nut St. Philadelphia, 1818.
Thomas Jefferson, President of the United States, Pub-
lished by W. H. Morgan, Philadelphia.
John Quincy Adams, President of the United States.
Pamted by T. Sully. Engraved by A. B. Durant. Published,
Oct. 6, 1826 by W. H. Morgan, 114 Chestnut St., Philadelphia.
James Monroe, LL.D., from a painting by King. Engraved
by Goodman & Piggot who were pupils of David Edwin.
The Landing of Christopher Columbus on the morning
of October 12, 1492. From a painting by E. Savage.
Engraved by David Edwin, Philada. Published by E.
Savage, Jan' 1", 1800. Edward Savage who was bom in
Princeton, Mass., in 1761, and died there in 1817, was
not only a painter and publisher, but also an engraver.
Edwin was an Englishman who came to Philadelphia in 1797
and engraved till 1830. This is considered one of his best
works and is rare.
Thomas Jefferson. R. Peale Pinx, D. Edwin, Sc. Pub-
lished by J. Savage, 1800. James Savage was a copper-
plate printer and publisher in Philadelphia.
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286 American Antiquarian Society. [April,
Oliver H. Perry, Esq., of the United States Navy, after
Waldo, D. Edwin, So.
His Excellency John Adams, President of the United
States of America. Dedicated to the Lovers of their
Country and Firm Supporters of the Constitution. En-
graved by H. Houston. Published by D. Kennedy, 228
Market St., Philadelphia.
Joseph Sewall, D.D., Pastor of the Old South Church,
Boston, Ob. 27, June, 1769, aet. 81. Engraved and sold by
Nat. Hurd, Boston, 1768.
The Rev^ Jonathim Mayhew, D. D., Pastor of the West
Church in Boston. Richard Jennys, Jr., pinx't & fecit.
Printed and Sold by Nat. Hurd, Engraver on ye Exchange.
Mr. Samuel Adams. J. Mitchell pinx't, Saml Okey Fecit.
Printed by and for Chas. Reak & Saml Okey, Newport?
Rhode Island, April, 1775.
Rev. Mr. William Welsted, of Boston in New England,
Aet. 58. 1753. Half length to left, wig, bands, &c. J. S.
Copley pinx't et fecit. Printed for & sold by Stepn Whit-
ing at ye Rose & Crown in Union Street, Boston. This is the
only known engraving by Copley, the noted portrait painter.
A colored reduced reproduction of an engraving of the
Battle of Lexington by Amos Doolittle has lately been
received. The original was one of four engraved by Doolittle
after a visit to Lexington and Concord.
''In the New Haven Company that set out for Cambridge
on the 20 April, 1775 were Mr. Earle,^ a portrait painter,
^ Ralph Earle, son of Ralph and Phebe (Whittemora) Earle, born May 11. 1701,
in Leioester, liaas.; married, about 1773. Sarah Gatoe; died August 16, 1801, in
Bolton, Conn. Amonc bis vratka were two fulMencths of Preaident Timothy
Dwight, and many portraits which might have been found at Northampton or
Springfidd. He executed, from sketches taken upon the spot, four historical paint-
ings, believed to be the first historical paintings ever executed by an American
artist. One, the battle of Lexington; one, a view of Concord, with the royal troops
destroying the stores; one, the battle of the North Bridge in Concord; and one, the
south part of Lexington where the first detachment of British troops was joined by
Lord Percy, These paintings were engraved and published by Amos Doolittle of
New Haven, Conn.
This account is taken from Emory Washburn's History of Leicester, and from
Dr. Pliny Earie's **Ralph Earie and his Deeoendants." Ralph, the painter, was in
the sixth generation from the first Ralph.
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1906.] American Engravings and Cambridge Imprinis. 287
and Amos Doolittle, on engraver. Mr. Earle made four
drawings of Lexington and Concord, which were after-
wards engraved by Mr. Doolittle. The plates were about
12x18 inches in size."
In "The Connecticut Journal" of Dec. 13, 1776, is the
following advertisement: — "This day published. And to
be sold at the store of Mr. James Lockwood, near the
college in New Haven, four different views of the battles
of Lexington and Concord, &c. on the 19 April, 1775."
Two of these prints which are now very rare were on exhi-
bition at the Museum of Fine Arts.
An interesting colored print is a picture of the Boston
Massacre supposed to have been a copy of Bevere's well
known print, reproduced in London.
At the top of the print is this inscription.
"the fruits of arbitrart power or the bloodt mas-
sacre, PERPETRATED IN KING STREET, BOSTON ON MARCH
5™* 1770 IN WHICH MESS"^ SAM^ GRAT, SAM^ MAVERICK,
JAMES CALDWELL, CRISPUS ATTUCKS, PATRICK CARR WERE
KILL**' SIX OTHERS WOUNDED, TWO OP THEM MORTALLY."
At the bottom:
"how long shall THET utter and speak hard THINGS
AND ALL THE WORKINGS OF INIQUITY BOAST THEMSELVES;
THEY BREAK IN PIECES THY PEOPLE, O LORD AND AFFLICT
THINE HERITAGE. THEY SLAY THE WIDOW AND STRANGER
AND BfURDER THE FATHERLESS — ^YET THEY SAY THE LORD
SHALL NOT SEE NEFIHER SHALL THE GOD OF JACOB REGARD
rr. "—P«aZm XXIV.
There are also many hundred engraved portraits in
portfolios, some of which are very rare. Mention is made
of a few of them.
George Washington, President of the United States. Bust
in oval. Savage, pinx't. (William) RollinsonSc (1760-1848.
George Washington, Esqr., President of the United States
of America. From the original Picture. Painted in 1790
for the Philosophical Chamber of the University of Cam-
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288 American AntiqtMfrian Society. [Aprils
bridge in Massachusetts. Publlsb^^ Feby 7, 1792, by E,
Savage (1761-1817) No. 29 Charles Street Middx. Hospital.
His Excellency Elbridge Gerry, LL.D., Govemour of
Massachusetts, Boston. Engraved by J(ohn) R(ubenfl)
Smith (1770-1849) A Published, July 4th, 1811.
John Adams, Resident of the United States. (Full bust
to right, head facing.) On a ribbon, ^'Millions for our de-
fence, — ^not a cent for tribute." A new display of the United
States. Wholesale by Amos Doolittle— 1754-1832.
Cieneral Gates. From the Original Rcture in the posses-
sion of Eben' Stevens, Esq'. Painted by Stuart. Eugraved
by CJomelius Tiebout, 1777-1830.
There are also portraits by Revere, Doolittle, Hurd,
Norman and Harris, in the Royal American Magazine,
Massachusetts Magazine, Boston Magazine, and in the
Polyanthus.
In a notice of the Society prepared by the writer about
thirty years ago a list was given of the portraits in oil then
on our walls. As there have been some additions and changes
since, a revised list is now given.
PortraiU.
Ibaiah Thomas, LL. D., founder and fint president of the American
Antiquarian Society, 1812-1831, author of "The History of Printing,"
Ac. Bom Jan. 10, 1749, O. S.,; died April 4, 1831. Painted from life
hf E. A. Greenwood.
Thomas Lindall Winthbop, LL. D., second president of the Antir
quarian Society, 1831-1841 and Lieut. Governor of Massachusetts, 1826-
32. Bom in New London, Conn., March 6, 1760; died Feb. 22, 1841.
Painted by Thomas Sully.
John Dayib, LL. D., fourth president of the Antiquarian Society,
1863-1854, and Governor of Massachusetts, 1833-35, and 1840-41.
Bom in Northborough, Mass., Jan. 13, 1787; died April 19, 1854.
Painted by Edwin T. Billings, from a daguerreotype; also a crayon
portnkit, life size.
Stephen Salisbury, President of the American Antiquarian Society
from 1854 to 1884. Painted by Daniel Huntington.
Rev. Aaron Bancroft, D. D., minister in Worcester, Mass., 1786-
1839. Vice-president of the Society, 1816-31. Bom in Reading, Mass.,
Nov. 10, 1755; died in Worcester, Aug. 19, 1839. Painted l^ Alvan
Fisher.
Digitized by
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1906.] American Sngravings cmd Cambridge Imprints. 289
Chr]»tofhxb CohVUBVB BAXiDWiN, Llbfaiian of the Society, 1827-30.
Bom August 1, 1800; <iied August 20. 1835. Pamted by Chester
Hardiiig.
Samubl Fobter Havxn, Ubiariaa of tb^ Antiquarian Society from
1838 to 1881. Painted l^ Geoige A. Custer.
Rev. William Bsntlet, D. D., minister in Salem, 1783. Councillor
ol the Society from 1812 to 1819. Bom in Boston, June 22, 1759; died
in Salem, Dec. 29, 1819.. Copied from a portrait in Salem and presented
by friends in that city.
Edward D. Bangs, Secretaiy of State, Bfass., 1825-36. Coimcillor of
Antiquarian Society, 1820-1824. Bom in Worcester, Mass., Aug. 22,
1790; died in Worcester, April 3, 1838.
Rev. Incrxasb Mather, D. D., president of Harvard College 1685-^
1701. Bom in Dorchester, Mass., June 21, 1639; died Aug. 23, 1723.
Painted from life. This and the four following were presented to the
Society by Mrs. Hannah Mather Crocker, of Boston.
Rev. Cotton Mathkr, D. D., minister in Boston, 1684. Bom Feb. 12,
1663; died Feb. 13, 1728. Painted and engraved by Pelham.
Rev. Richard Mathbr, minister in Dorchester, Mass., 1636-69.
Bom in England, 1596; died in Dorchester, April 22, 1669. Painted,
from life.
Rev. Samxtxl Mather, D. D., son of Cotton Mather. Bom Oct. 30,.
1706; died June 27, 1785. Painted from life.
Rev. Samuel Mather, son of Richard Mather. Bom in England,.
May 13, 1626; died in Dublin, Ireland, Oct. 29, 1671.
Rev. Francis HiGomaoN, first minister of Salem, Mass. Died i^
1630. Artist unknown.
John Rogers, probably the minister at Ipswich, who died in 1745.
John Endboott, Governor of Massachusetts Bay. Bom in Dor-^
ok«8ter, England, 1588; died March 15, 1665. Painted from an original,
by Southland, of Salem, Mass. Presented to the Society by Hon.
William C. Endicott, of Salem. A memorial of Qov. Endecott
was communicated to the Society, at the meeting of October 21, 1873,
by President Salisbury. Another portrait of Gov. Endecott, painted
much earlier came from the estate of Rev. William Bentley.
John Winthrop, Governor of Massachusetts, for thirteen years,
between 1629 and 1648. Bom in Groton, co. Suffolk, England, Jan. 12,
1588; died March 26, 1649. Said to have been painted from life. Alsa
a bust of John Winthrop carved in wood by Samuel Mclntiro of Salem,
received from the estate of Rev. William Bentley.
William Burnet, Colonial Govemor of New York and New Jersey,
1720; of Massachusetts and New Hampshiro, 1728. Bom 1688; died
in Boston, Sept. 7, 1729.
Rev. Thomas Prince, minister of Old South Church, Boston, 1718-58.
Bom in Sandwich, Mass., May 15, 1687; died in Boston, Oct. 22, 1758.
Rev. Ellis Grat, minister of the New Brick Churoh in Boston. Bom
1717; died 1753.
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290 American Antiquarian Society. [April,
Charlxb Paxton, loyalist, Commiiwioner of the CuBtomB at Boston.
Bom 1704; died in England, 1788. Supposed to have been painted Yij
Copley.
John Chandler, "the honest refugee," Sheriff, Judge of Probate
and Treasurer for the County of Worcester. Bom in New London,
Conn., 1720; died in London, Eng., 1800.
John Mat, of Boston, in his uniform as Colonel of the "Boston Regi-
ment of Militia." Bom in Pomfret, Conn., Nov. 24, 1748; died in
Boston, July 13, 1812. Painted by Christian Gullager, A. D. 1789.
Presented by Mary D. and C. Augusta May.
Hannah Aoahb, author of History of New England, Ac. Bom in
Medfield, Mass., 1755; died in Brookline, BCass., Nov. 15, 1831. Painted
l^ Alexander. Presented by Heniy W. Miller.
John Lkvebbtt, Govemor of Massachusetts, 1673-78. Bom 1617;
died March 16, 1679.
CoLUMBT». A copy from an original by Francesco Maisuoli (Pai^
miganino), in the Royal Museum at Naples. Painted by Antonio
Scaixlino. Presented by Hon. Ira M. Barton.
VBSPUcnTS. From an original by Parmigianino, at Naples — Scardino.
Presented by Hon. Ira M. Barton.
Jambb Suujvan, Govemor of Masschusetts. Portrait in wax.
Alxxander Von Humboldt. Painted by Moses D. Wight.
Calvin Willabd, High Sheriff of Worcester County from 1824 to
1844. Painted by William WiUard.
John Bubh of Boylston, Mass., formerly a large owner of real estate
in Worcester. Two portraits, one taken at the age of 40 and another
at 60 jrears. Also portraits of his first wife Charity Piatt, and of his
third wife. Abigail Adams.
Among the books lately purchased by the society is one
entitled.
THE CAHBRIOaB PRESS, 1638 — 1692. A HISTORT OF THB FIRST PRINl^
INQ PRESS B8TABLIBHED IN ENGLISH-AMERICA, TOOBTHER WITH A BIBLIO-
GRAPHICAL LIST OF THE ISBUEB OF THE PRESS. BT ROBERT F. RODEN,
NEW YORK, DODD, MEAD, AND COMPANY, 1905.
This volume gives an interesting account of the first print-
ing press established in New England, with notices of the
earliest and rarest of the production of Stephen Daye,
Samuel Green and Marmaduke Johnson.
The bibliographical list gives the titles of over 200 of the
imprints from the Cambridge press and it is gratifjring to
know that the Antiquarian Society have a fair representa^
tion of them in its library. Over forty of these early imprints
have entirely disappeared the titles only being known.
Digitized by
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1906.] American Engravings and Cambridge Imprints. 291
Of the remaining publications which are now known of, the
Society has about seventy as follows: —
1640
The I Whole I Booke of Psahnes | Faithfully | Tranalated into
Fngliah I Metre. ] Whereunto is prefixed a discourse de | clarinff not
only the lawfullness^ but also | tne necessity of the heavenly Ordin-
ance | of singing Scripture Psalmes in | the Gnurches of | God.
At top of first pace of the preface, in handwriting of Dr. Thomas,
"This is a copy of tne first Book printed in British America. It was
printed at Cambridge, N. E.. 1639." In a different handwriting, "It
was not completed at press till 1640." On fly-leaf at the end is the fol*
lowing MS. : "After advertising for another copy of this book, and
making enquiry in many places in New England, Ac, I was not aole to
obtain, or even to hear of another. This copy is therefore invaluable, and
must be preserved with the neatest care. It is in the original bindhiff.
Sept. 28, 1820. Imperfect, title page and last leaf missing. I. T. [homa^^'
1649.
A I Platform of | Church Discipline | Gathered out of the Word
of God: I And agreed upon by the Elders: J And Messensers of the
Qiurches | Assembled in the Synod at Cambndge | in New<%ngland. |
To be j>resented to the Churches and GeneralT Court [ for their oon-
sideration and acceptance, I in the Lord. | The Eu^th Moneth.
Anno 1649. | Printed by S. G. at Cambridge in New-Kngland, | ana
are to be sold at Cambridge and Boston J Anno Dom: 1649. 8m.
4to. pp. (12), 29, (2).
1656.
MDCLVI. I An | Ahnanack J for the Year of | Our Lord | 1656.
Being first after Leap-year, and I from the Creation 5588. | Qy T. 8.
Philomathemat: || Cambndg | Printed by Samuel Green. 1656.
16mo. pp. (16).
1657.
An I Ahnanack | For the Year of | Our Lord | 1657. | Bems the
Second after Leap-year. | 1^ S. B. Philomathemat :|| Cambndg. |
Printed by Samuel Green 1657. 16mo. pp. (8).
A I Farewell Exhortation ITo the (Jhurch and People J of Dor-
chester In J New-England, I But | not imusefull to any others, that
shall heediully Read | ana Improve the same, | as | Containing
Christian and serious Incitements, and | persuasions to the Study anS
Practice of Seven principal | Dutyes of great Importance for the
Glory of God, and tne J dalvation of the Soul, and therefore needfull
to be Seriously | considered of all in these declining times, | By
Richard Mather Teacher to the | Church above mentioned. | Printed
by Samuel Green at Cambridg in I New-England 1657. 8m. 4to. pp.
(4), 27.
1660.
The I Book of the General | LAWS AND LIBERTYES | (}on-
ceminff the Inhabitants of the | Massachusetts, collected out of the
Records of | The General Court, for the several Years | Wherein they
were made and | Estaldished [ And | Now Revised by the same
Court, and disposed into an | Alphabetical order, and published by
the same | Authority in the General Court hdaen ] at Boston, in
Digitized by
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292 American Antiqtiarian Society. [April,
May I 1649. | Cambridge, | Printed according to the Order of the
General Court. | 1060 4to.
1661.
The New | Testament J of Our | Lord and Saviour I Jesus Christ.
\ Translated into the | Indian Language, | And | Ordered to be Printed
oy the CommissionerB of the United Colonies | in New^EnshuMi, | At
the Chai||», and with the Consent of the | Cobporation in England |
For the Propagation of the Gospel amongst the Induins I in New-
England. II (Jambridg: I Printed by Samucd Green and Marmadnke
Johnson. | MDCLXI.
Second title: Wusku ] Wuttestamentum | Nul-Lordumun | Jesus
Christ I Nuppoquohwussuaeneumun.
1662.
Ahnanack for 1662, title-page wanting: 12 pp. Mardi to February,
MDCLXII.;2pp. "The primum mobfle" and "Ne^ " ' .-,..'..
'The Phaethontick." 16mo. pp. (14).
^ew England Zodiate.'
Propositions | Concerning The | Subject of Baptism | and | Con-
sociation of Churches, | Collected and Confirmed out of the Word of
God, I By A I Synod of Elders | And | Messengers of the Churches |
in Massachusets-Colony in New-En(dand | A^mbled at Boston,
according to Appointment of the | Honoured General Court, | In
the Year 1662. | Printed by S. G. for Hezekiah Usher at Boston in I
New-England, 1662. Sm. 4to. pp. (16), 32.
1663.
MDCLXIII. I An | Almanack | of | The Ccelestial Motions for the
year of the | Christian ^ra | 1663. ] Being (in our Account) Bissextile,
or Leap-year, ] and from the Creation 5612. | Cambridge: | Printea
by S. Green and M. Johnson. 1663. 16mo. pp. (16).
Another Essay For the | Investigation | Of The Truth | In answer
to two Questions Con | ceming I. The Subject of Baptism, J II.
The (yonsecration of Churches. | By John Davenport, | Cambridge,
Printed by S. Green, | and M. Johnson. | 1663. Sm. 4to. pp. (87).
The I Holy Bible: | Containing The | Old Testament i And The
New. J Translated into the | Indian Langua^, | And | Ordered to
be Prmted by the Commissioners of the Umted Colonies | in New-
England, i At the Charge, and with the Consent of the | Corporation
in England | For the Propagation of the Gkwpel amongst the Indians J
in New-England. || Cambridge: 1 Printed by Samuel Green and
Marmaduke Johnson. MDCLXIII.
The Indian title is:
Mamusse J Wunneetupauatamwe I Up-Biblum Gk>d | Naneeswe
I Nukkone Testament | JECah wonk Wusku Testament. | Ne quo^-
kinnumuk nashpe Wuttinneumoh Christ | noh Asoowesit ] John
Eliot. I (Cambridge: Printeuoop nashpe Samuel Green Kah Manna-
duke Johnson | 1663.
A I Discourse | about | Civil Government | in a New Plantation |
whose Design is | Religion. I By John Cotton, Cambridge. Printed by
Samuel Green and Marmaduke Johnson MDCLXIII.
1664.
MDCLXIV. I An | Almanack | OF | The Ckslestial Motions for
the Year of the | Christain Mn \ 1664. ] Being in our Account first
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1906.] American Engravings and Cambridge Imprints. 293
from Leap-year, | and from the Creation 5613. | By Israel Chauncy.
Cambridge, || Printed by S. Green and M. Johnson. 1664. 16 mo.
pp. (14).
A I Defence | of the | Answer and Aismnents | of the ] Synod |
met at Boston in the year 1662. Togetner with an answer to the
Apologetical Preface set before that essay | Cambridge: S. Green and
Marmaduke Johnson, 1664.
The Sincere Convert. | By Thomas Shepaid. H Cambridge: J Samuel
Green and Maimaduke Jomison, 1664. 12 mo. pp. 188. Title page
Three Choice and Profitable | Sermons | upon Severall Texts of Scrip-
ture. I By John Norton, || Cambridge: | Printed by S. G. and M. J. 1664.
1665.
MDCLXV. I An | Ahnanack | OF | Ccelestial Motions for the
Year of the | Christian Epocha | 1665. | Being in our Account second
from Leap- | year, and from the Creation 5614. J By Alex. Nowell,
II Cambridge: | Printed by Samuel Green. 1665. i6mo. pp. (16)
Manitowompae | Pomantamoonk: | Sampwshanau j Christianoh
Uttoh Woh an | Pomantog. Wussikkitteahonat | God: I [Two
lines from I. Tim. 4, 8 in the Indian language.] jj Cambridge: j Pnnted
in the Year 1665. Sm. 8vo. pp. 400.
This is the first edition of Lewis Baylv's " Practice of piety'' (abridged)
translated into the Indian language by John Eliot.
1666.
1666. I An J Almanack j or j Astronomical Calculations lOf the
most remarkable Celestial Revo- I lutions &c, visible in our Horizon.
Together with the Scripture and Jewish | Names (wherein though we
agree not with j their Terms, yet we follow their Orider) J for the ensu-
ing Year 1666. || Cambridge: | Printed Anno Dom. 1666. 16mo. pp.
(S).
1667.
1667 I An I Almanack | For I The Year of our Lord | 1667. .
Being in our accoimt Bissextile, or Lieai> j year: and from the Creation
5616, [ By Samuel Brakenbury Philomath. || Cambridge: | Printed by
Samuel Green 1667. 16mo. pp. (16).
1668.
MDCLXVIII I An j Almanack I OF j The Ccelestial Motions for
the Year of J the Christian Epocna | 1668. | Being in our account
first from | Leap-year, and from the Oeation | ^17. By Joseph
Dudley Astrophil. || (Cambridge: j Printed by Samuel Green 1668.
16mo. pp. (16.)
Gods I Terrible Voice j In the | City j of j London | Wherein
you have the Narration of the I Two late Dreadful Judgements of |
Plague and Fire, | Inflicted by tne Lord upon that City; [ The former
in the Year 1665. the latter in the Year 1666. I By T. V. I To which
is added, j The Generall Bill of Mortalitv, J Shewing the Number of
Persons which died in eveiy Parish of all | Diseases, and of the Plague,
in the Year abovesaid. j Printed l^ Bfarmaduke Johnson 1668. Sm.
4to. pp. (32).
The I Rise, Spring | and Foundation | of the j Anabaptists | or Re-
baptised of our Time. | Written in French by Guy de Bores, 1565.
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294 American ArUiguarian Society. [April,
And Translated by J. S. || Cambridge. | Printed and to be sold faj
Mannaduke Johnson, IQ6S. 12 mo. pp. (4) 52.
Wine I For | Gospel Wantons: |^ Or, | Cautions f| Aeainst |
Spirituall Drunkenness. I Beins the brief Notes of a Sermon freached
at I Cambridiee in New-England, upon a Day of Publick Fasting | and
Prayer throu^out the Colon^r, June 25, 1645, | in reference to the sad
estate of the Lords i People in England. | By that Reverend Servant
of the Lord, | Mr. Thomas Shepara deceased, | Sometimes the Pastor
of the Church of Christ there. | [Three lines from Jer. vii. 12: two lines
from Hosea iv. 4.] | Imprimatur, Charies Chauncy, John Sherman |
Cambridge: Printed in the Year 1668. Sm. 4to. pp. (15).
1669.
1669 I An I Almanack I Of | Ccelestiall Motions | For: the Year
of the Christian ^ra, | lo69. T Being (in our Account) second after
Leap- I year, and from the Creation I 5618. | By J. B. Philoma-
themat. H Cambridge: | Printed by S. Q. and M. J. 1669. 16mo. pp.
(16).
The I Indian Primer: | or | The 1 way of training up of our | Indian
Youth m the «>od | Knoiriedge of Gk>d. in the | Knowledge of the
Scriptures I and in an ability to Reade. | Composed b^ J. £. || (In
the Indian language) || Cambridge: | Printed 1669. (This copy is quite
imperfect).
New-England's J Memoriall: | or | A Brief Relation of the most
Memorable and Remarkable | Passages of the Providence of God,
manifested to the | Planters | of | New-Ensland in America: | With
special Reference to the first Colony thereof. Called | New-Flimouth,
etc. By Nathaniel Morton, Secretary to the Court for the Jurisdiction
of New-Plymouth. | . . . || Cambridge: | Printed by S. G. andM. J.,
for John Ysher of Boston, 1669. 4to. pp. (215).
A True and Exact | Relation J of the Late | Prodigious Earth-
quake & Eruption | of | Mount iE«tna, | Or, Monte^ibdlo; | As it
came | In a Letter written to His Majesty from Naples | By the Rig^t
Honourable J The Eari of Winchilsea. ] Published bf Authority, |
Cambridge: [ Printed by S. G. and M. J. 1669. 4 to. pp. (19).
1670.
1670 An Abnanack | OF | CcBlestiall Motions | For the Year
of the Christian ^ra, I 1670. | Being (in our Account) third after
Leap- J vear, and from tne Oeation | 5619. | By J. R. || Cambridge: '
rinted m " "
Printed by S. G. and M. J. 1670. 16mo. pp. (16).
Balm in Gilead | to heal I Some Wounds. | By Thomas Walley,
g Cambridge: | Printed by S. G. and M. J., 1670. 12 mo. pp. (5) 3-20.
The I life and Death | of | that Reverend Man of God, I Mr.
Richard Mather. || Cambridge. | Printed by S. G. and M. J., 1670.
New England's | True Interest I not to lie. I By W. Stoughton.
II Cambridge: | Printed by | S. G. and M. J., 1670.
1671.
Almanack for 1671. Title-page wanting; 12 pp. March to February;
at the bottom of each of the twelve pages ofcalendar are 8 lines of poetry.
Nehemiah | on the j Wall | in Troublesome Times, i Qy Jonathan
Mitchell. II Cambridge: j Printed by S. Green and M. Johnson 1671.
Digitized by
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1906.] American Engravings and Cambridge Imprints, 295
A I Platfoim I of Church Discipline. || Cambridge: | Printed by
Mannaduke Johnson 1671.
A Serious I Exhortation | to the | Present and Succeeding | Gene-
ration I in I New-England. I By Meazar Mather. || Cambridge: |
Printed by Samuel Green and Marmaduke Johnson, 1671.
1672.
An I EPHEMERIS | Of The | Coelestiall Motions for the Year of
the I Christian Epocha | 1672. | By Jeremiah Shepard. Printed l^
Samuel Green. 1672. 16mo. pp. (16).
The I Book of General | Laws | of the Inhabitants of the Jurisdic-
tion of I New-Plymouth. || Cambridge: | Samuel Green 1670.
The General | Laws | and | Liberties | of the | Massachusetts I
Colony: | Revised and Re-printed. || Cambridge: | Samuel Green 1672.
Peace | The End of the Perfect and IJprigh, [sic] \ Demonstrated
and usefullv Improved in a | Seimon, 1 ^reached upon the Occasion
of the Death and Decease of that I Piously Affected^ and truly Religious
Matron, | Mrs. Anne Mason: | By Mr. James Fitch, Pastor of the
Church of Christ at | Norwich. || Cambridge: | Printed by Samuel
Green. 1672. Sm. 4to. pp. (2), 13.
The I Spouse of Christ | Coming out of affliction, leaning upon
Her J Beloved: | Or, A | Sermon I Preached bj | Mr. John Allm |
The late Reverend Pastor to the Church of Chnst at Dedham. Cam-
bridge: I Printed by Samuel Green: and are to be sold | l^JohnTappin
of Boston. 1672. Sm. 4to. pp. (4), 11.
1673.
1673 I An I Almanack I Of | Coelestial Motions of the Year of the
J Christian ^ra. I 1673. | Being second after Leap-year and from J
the Creation, | 5622. By N. H. || Cambridge: | Printed by Samuel
Green. 1673. 16mo. pp. (16).
New-England Freemen J Warned and Wanned | to be Free
indeed, | etc. By J. O. [John Ozenbridge.] || Cambridge: | Samuel
Green 1673. 16 mo. pp. (6) 48.
New-England | Pleaded with, | and pressed to consider the things
which I concern her | Peace. | By urian Oakes. || Cambridge: |
Samuel Green. 1673. 12 mo. pp. (6) 64.
Wo to Drunkards. I Two Sermons. | By Increase Mather. || Cam-
bridge: I Printed by Mannaduke Johnson. 1673. 12 mo. pp. (4) 34.
1674.
The I Chy of Sodom | Enqvired Into: i Upon Occasion of I The
Arraignment and Condemnation | Of I BENJAMIN GOAD, \ For
his Prodigious Villany, | Together with | A Solemn Exhortation to
Tremble at Gods Judgements. J and to Abandon Youthful Lusts. J By
S. D[anforth] || Cambridge: (Printed by Mannaduke Johnson, 1674.
4to. pp. (4), 26.
An I Exhortation | unto | Reformation, | Amplified. By Samuel
Torrey, || Cambridge: | Marmaduke Johnson, 1674. 12 mo. pp. (8) 44.
Souldiery Spiritualized, | Or | the Christian Souldier | Orderiy,
and Strenuously Engaged in the | Spiritual Warre, | And So fighting
the good Fight: | Represented in a Sermon Preached at Boston in j
New England on the Day of the Artil- | lery Election there, June 1,
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296 American Antiqyarian Society. [April,
1674. J By Joshua Moodey Pastor of the Church at | Portsmouth in
New-England. | Cambridge: | Printed by Samuel Green, 1674. 4to.
pp. (2)r&r47.
The Unconquerable | all-conquering | & j more | then | conquering J
Souidier. By Urian Oakes. || Cambridge:! Samud Green, 1674. 12
mo. pp. (6) 40.
1675.
1675 I An I Almanack | Of i Coelestial motions for the Year of
the I Christian jEra, I 1675. I aemg (in our Account) Leap-Year,|
and from the Creation 5624. | By J. Foster. | Printed by Samuel Green
1675. 16mo. pp. (16).
A Discourse | Concerning the Subject of Baptisme, | By Increase
Mather, g Cambridge: j Samuel Green, 1675. 12^ mo. pp. (4) 76.
The I First Principles | of | New-England, | Concerning the Sub-
ject of Baptisme | Communion of Chiuches. ^ Increase Mather, |
Onmbridge: | Samuel Green, 1675. 12 mo. pp. (8) 40, 7.
Several | Laws A Orders | Made at the Sessions of the General |
Court I Held at Boston the 13*^ of October 1675. As also at the
Sessions | of Court held at Boston the 3* of November 1675. | And
Printed by their Order, | Edward Rawson Seer. pp. 25-28.
1676.
1676 I An I Almanack [ Of | Ccelestial Motions of the Sun and
Planets, Iwith some of their principal Aspects. | For the Year of the
Christian JSra, | 1676. | Being in our Account the first after Bis- | sex-
tile or Leap-year and from the Creation, 5625. By J. S[heiman.] H Cam-
bridge: I Printed by S. Green 1676. 16mo. pp. (16).
1677.
1677. I An I Almanack | Of | Oslestial Motions of the Sun and
Planets, Iwith some of their principal Aspects | For the Year of the
Christian Mm \ 1677. | Being m our Account the second after I Leaj^
rear and from the Creation, 5626. By J. S [heiman.] || Camoridge:
Printed by S. Green 1677. 16mo. pp. (16).
1678.
Pray for the Rising Generation, | Or A | Sermon | Wherein (Sodly
Parents are Encou- I raged, to Pray and Believe J for their Children.
I Preached the third day of the fifth Month, 1678. | Cambridge: |
Printed by Samuel Green, and sold by | Edmund Ranger in Boston,
1678. 16mo. pp. (4), 23.
1680.
The New Testament. Translated into the Indian Language.
WUSKU. I Wuttestamentum | Nul-lordumun | Jesus Christ.
Nuppoquohwussuaenenmun. || Cambridge, | Printeid for the Right
Honourable | Corporation in London, for the | propagation of the
Gospel among the In^ | dians in New-En£^and. 1680. || Cambridge:
I Samuel Green, 1680.
1682.
An I Ephemeris | of | Coelestial Motions, Aspects, I Ac. For the
year of the Christian Aera 1682. | By W. Brattle Philomath. | Cam-
bridge: I Printed by Samuel Green 1682. 16 mo', pp. (14) 9.
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A I Seasonable Discourse I Wherein | Sincerity A Delight | in
the Service of God J is earnestly pressed upon | Professors of Itoligion.
Delivered on a Public Fast, at Cambridge in | New-England, f By
the Reverend, and Learned Urian Oakes, | Late Pastor of the Church
there and Praesident of I Harvard CoUedge. | Cambridge: | Printed
by Samuel Green 1682. Sm. 4to. pp. (6), 23.
1685.
The New-Ensland | Almanack! For I The Year of our Lord
1685. I And of the World 5635. | Since the plantini; of Massachusetts
1 Colony in New-Ensland 58 | Since the found, of Harv. Coll. 44. By
s. D. Philomath. | Printed by Samuel Green, sen. Printer to Harvud
I Colledge in New-England. A. D. 1685. 16mo. pp. (17).
Mamusse | Wunneetupanatamwe I Up-Biblum God | Naneeswe |
Nukkone Testament | Kah Wonk I WUSKU Testament. | Ne quosh-
kinnumuk nashpe Wuttinneumoh Christ | noh asoowesit I John JBUiot,
I NahohtcBU ontchetcs Printeuoomuk, || Cambridge: | Printeuoop
nashpe Samuel Green. MDCLXXXV. Second Edition of the entire
Bible.
1689.
Samp¥nitteahae | Quinnuppekompauaenin. | Wahuw6mookoggus-
semesuog SampwuttealUM J Wunnamptamwaenuog, i Mache wussuk-
htimun ut En^lish-M&ne Unnontoowaonk nasphpe I N^ muttto-wun-
ne^ntie Wuttmneiunoh Christ | Noh asoowesit | Thomas Shepard |
Qumnuppenumun en Indiane Unnontoowaonganit nashpe | Ne
Quttianatamwe wuttinneumoh Christ | Noh assowesit | John Eliot. ]
Kah nawhutche ut aiyeuongash ogp^uasemese ontcheteanun | Nashpe
Grindal Rawson. || Cambridge: | Pnnted by Samuel Green, in the Year
1689. Sm. 8vo. pp. (2), (2), 161.
This is Bir. Shepard's "Sincere Convert."
1691.
Tulley. 1691. | An | Almanack | For the Year of our Lord, |
MDCXCI. I Being Third after Leap-year: and | From the Creation
I 5640. By John Tulley. J| Carnhndjie: J Printed by Samuel Green,
and B. Green. I And are to be Sold, by Nicnolas Buttolph, at Gutteridg's
Coffee-House m Boston. 1691. 16mo. pp. (16).
Nashavanittve Meninnttnk \ Wutch | Mukkiesog, | Wussesftmumun
wutdi &ogkodtunganash I Naneeswe Testamentsash; | Wutch |
Ukkesitchippoooiu'anoo. Ukketeahogkounooh: | Negonile wussuk-
humtin ut EnglisnmAnne Unnon- | toowaonganit^ nashpe ne dnue.
wunnegeniie | Nohtompeantog. | Noh asoowdsit | Jonn Cotton. |
Kah yeuyeu qushkinmunun en Indiane | WuimaunchemoolUe
Nohtompeantog ut kenucke | Indianog. | Mukkiesog, ' | Nashpe |
Grindal Rawson, || Cambridge: | Printeuoop nashpe Samuel Green
kah [ Bartholomew Green. 1691. 8vo. pp. 13.
This is John Cotton's Spiritual Milk for Babes drawn from the
Breasts of both Testaments, for the Nourishment of their Souls.
1692.
Tullev, I 1692. | An | Almanack | For the Year of our Lord, |
MDCXCII. I Being Bissextile or Leap-Year, ] And from the Creation,
I 5641. By John Tullev. H Cambrid{ro: I Printed by Samuel Green,
& Bartholomew Green, [ for Samuel Phillips, and are to be Sold | at
his Shop at the West end of the | Exchange in Boston. 1672. 16
Mo. pp. (24).
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298 American Antiquarian Society. [April,
Dr. Samuel A. Green^ in his List of Early American
Imprints, in the library of the Massachusetts Historical
Society, gives the titles of sixty-five that are in Roden's
list and also three not given there. These are:
1S57.
The Life and Death of that deeerFedhr Famoos Mr. John Cotton, the
late Reverend Teacher of the Church of CJhriBt at Boston in New England.
Collected out of the WritingB and Infonnation of the Rev. Mr. John
I^venport of New-haven, the Rev. Mr. Samuel Whiting, at Ljmne, the
pious widow of the Deceased, and others: and compiled by his unworthy
Successor, John Norton. Cambridge: Printed by S. Qreen, 1667.
1662.
"Anti-Synodalia Scripta Amerkana. | Or, | a Proposal of the Judg-
ment of the Dissenting Me^ I seugers of the Churches of New*Eng)and
Assembled, | bv the Appointment of the General Court, | March 10,
1662, whereof there were several I Sessions afterwards. I This Script or
Treatise, b^Gods Providence, falling into | the handset a Friend to the
Truth, and the Contents thereof, etc., | was puUished for the Churches
good, although without any Com- | mission from the Dissenting Brethren;
which th^ are desired not to | be offended with. | Wherein there is an
Answer to the Arguments alleadged by the Synode."
1670.
Viris Authoritate Praedpuis Prudentia Celeberrimis |
die nono Seztilis Anno M. DC. LXX.
Viris Authoritate Praedpuis 1
[Imprint at foot of pagej
Cantabrifloal Nov-Angliae d
Broadside,Folis.
The Historical Society list contains about thirty not in
the Antiquarian Society Library.
The Lenox Library of New York has fifty-nine of the
imprints of the first Cambridge Press including one not
mentioned by Roden; of those in the Lenox Library,
twenty-six are not in the Library of the Antiquarian
Society.
^ Dr. Green's oriciiud lift printed in 1895 contained the titles of over three hundred
early Americen imprints, printed in the United States before 1701. Four sup-
plementary lists increased this list to about four hundred.
Mr. Paine's list with later additions contained over one hundred and fifty titlea
printed previously to 1701 that were not in that of Dr. Green.
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1906.] Obitmries. 299
OBITUARIES.
The unexpected death of the President is a great grief
to the Antiquarian Society. Honourable Stephen Salis-
bury was bom in Worcester, March 31, 1835. He was
the only son of our first President Salisbury and bore his
name. This name, indeed, perpetuated the name and
honour in the life of Massachusetts for several generations
known.
The grandfather of our late President established him-
self in Worcester in 1767, forming a partnership known as the
firm of Samuel and Stephen Salisbury. They were closely
connected with the firm of Sewall and Salisbury in Boston,
who for the last years of the eighteenth century and the
first part of the nineteenth century were prominent in the
foreign commerce and domestic trade of Massachusetts.
It was this first Stephen Salisbury who built the house
now occupied by the Hancock Club, at the north end of
the Main Street in Worcester, the house which becomes
the property of the Antiquarian Society under the will of
its late President.
The late Stephen Salisbury was educated at our own
public schools. He went to Harvard College in the year
1852, where he graduated in the year 1856.
He studied law at the Cambridge Law School and was
admitted to the Bar, but in his active life he gave most
of his time and energy to the public duties which in his
sense of duty belonged to a man of large property in a
dty like Worcester. And in interpreting those duties he
was always proud and glad to take the largest view.
I think it is not improper in this connection to repeat
an anecdote of his father which I heard in the year 1846
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300 American Aniiqvarian Society. [April,
when the son was but eleven years old. At a town meet-
ing in Worcester some complaint was made of the injustice
of maintaining a high school of the first grade, as the
town did then, and has done ever since. The father of
this child of eleven joined in the discussion to urge the
importance of the school and its necessity. The town,
true to its tradition and its future, voted the appropriation.
It was said at the time that Mr. Salisbury's tax applicable
to the maintenance of the school amounted to one quarter of
the tax levied on the whole conmiunity. Even Philistines
might be made to feel that in his generous care for the town
and city of Worcester Mr. Salisbury has repaid the pecimiary
obligation which he thus owed to it for his education.
Mrs. Salisbury, his mother, who was Miss Rebekah Scott
Dean, of Charlestown, New Hampshire, a lady in everyway
charming, died when he was only eight years old. But to
her and to his father he owed an education admirably well
conducted, of which the fruits may be seen everywhere. In
the last long interview which I had with him he said with
great earnestness that what he noticed in the educational
systems of modem times was a certain failure to impress
the idea of duty. "When I was a boy", he said, "I was
trained to do my duty if I could find what that was. " This
was the central thing. Greek, Latin, Mathematics, botany,
paleontology, or the correlation of forces, — ^whatever the
boy's study, — was to be made subservient to the business
of doing his duty. It seems to me worth while to put
this axiom of his on record as a fair statement in short
of his solution of the problem of Life.
I suppose that he himself could not remember the first
time when his father took him into the old Antiquarian
Hall, so attractive in every sense. • With dear Mr. Haven,
so fondly remembered by the older members of the Society,
the boy would have been intimate in a moment.
And from that time till he died our rooms were as much
a part of his home as was the house in which he slept at
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night. May one be permitted to say that there is a sort
of endosmose in which the sentiments and habits soak into
the life of a person so fortunately brought into what we
like to call the atmosphere of books? The life of Harvard
College in those days, though nothing to what it is now,
was still important enough to continue habits and to widen
interests which were thus formed. I may say that without
knowing it the father was training the son to be an inval-
uable president of the Antiquarian Society.
I never heard him say so, but I suppose that the friend-
ship which he formed in college with our distinguished
associate Senor Casares gave him the first interest which
he had in the states and provinces of Central America. In
his college days under the lead of Squier, Stephens, and
Catherwood, the people of the United States were beginning
to learn more thoroughly what Humboldt and the early
writers had forewarned them of, the mysteries of the
archffiology of those regions. As early as 1876 Mr. Salis-
bury contributed to our cabinet and to our printed pro-
ceedings the results of his studies and explorations in that
quarter. The connection with those regions is now so
close that we may hope that they will never be lost sight of
and that the Society will always hold the honourable place
which imder his lead it has taken in the studies of the
early history of the Continent.
But his tastes and studies were by no means confined
to archaeology. The Natural History Society of the City
of Worcester, the Horticultinral Society, the Society of
Antiquity, the Art Museum, the Public Library, all the insti-
tutions of public education, — ^indeed every organization
which looks to the Larger Life was sure of his active support.
He was a cordial friend and fellow worker with Dr.
Alonzo Hill, Mr. Hall, and Mr. Garver, successive ministers
of the Second Church, and in the work of that Religious
Society. Almost of course he was a prominent member
of the direction of the Peabody Fund in maintaining the
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302 American Antiqyarian Society. [April,
Peabody Museum at Cambridge. Almost of course he
was sent by his district to the State Senate as often as he
could give so much of his time to their work in the public
service.
The Council and the Society are glad to place on record
the tmanimous testimony of gratitude of its members.
EDWARD E. HALE.
Stephen Salisbury president of this society, died at
his home in Worcester, Nov. 16th, 1905.
At a meeting of the coimcil held soon after his death,
remarks were made by several of the members, in which
Mr. Salisbury's life and character were fully described,
an account of which meeting has been published by the
society.
Rev. Dr. Hale has prepared a tribute which will be pre-
sented at this meeting.
The newspapers of Worcester have published elaborate
notices of him. It only remains for the biographer to
state a few of the important events of his life.
These are,
Bom in Worcester March 31st., 1835.
Graduated from Harvard University 1856.
Travelled abroad 1856-58 and in 1888.
Studied m BerUn and Paris 1856-58.
Graduated from Harvard Law School 1861.
Visited Yucatan 1861.
Admitted to the bar 1863.
Member of the Common Council of Worcester 1864-5-6,
being its Resident 1866.
Member of the Mass. Senate 1893-4-5.
Visited Yucatan and other parts of Mexico and also
Cuba 1885.
Member of this society 1863-1905.
Member of its council 1874r-84.
Vice-President 1884-58.
President 1888 till death.
His life was passed in Worcester and he was connected
with its institutions and organizations, business, educa-
tional, artistic, philanthropic, social, in numbers literally
too numerous to mention. He declined all fiu'ther poli-
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1906.] Obituaries. 303
tical honors though it was made clear to him that he could
at any time be mayor of Worcester, or member of congress.
Several original papers as well as some translations of those
prepared by other members 'have been presented to this
society and its cabinet and library have received numerous
and valuable contributions from him. As president his
interest as shown by great and constant labors as well
as gifts is familiar to us all. The large bequest made in
his will is appropriately communicated to the society
in the report of the council.
An authentic notice of Mr. Salisbury may be found in
The History of Worcester County published by Lewis in
1889, Vol. 2, Page 1676. S. U.
Senor Don Joaquin HubbCr a biographical notice by
Professor Rodolf Menendez, Director of the State Normal
School of Yucatan.
The free and sovereign State of Yucatan, which since
the year 1821, is an inte^gJ part of the Mexican Confederacy,
has produced very remarkable men in all the paths of himian
activity.
In politics, in civil and reli^ous government, in the
science of war, in that of law, in history, in archseology,
in literature, in public education, etc., etc., Yucatan has had,
and has to this day conspicuous representatives who could
be the ornament and pride of any society whatever, either
in America or in Europe.
We could with pleasure mention some illustrious names;
but the nature and prescribed extent of this paper
forbids it and our purpose now is that of bringing forth
the personality of a son of Yucatan who is worthy of esteem
and respect for more than one reason, as he left strong
traces of his life in the records of modem democracy.
We refer to the Engineer Senor Joaquin Hiibbe who
passed away in this city on the 31st of December, 1901,
to the general grief of lus fellow citizens.
At the close of the first quarter of the 19th century
Doctor John Hiibbe, a native of Hamburg, established
his home in Yucatan. He came with a well deserved repu-
tation before him and he soon won the regard of the people
of the country, which he made his own by raismg a family.
He married in Campeche, the distinguished lady, Senora
Gertrudis Garcia Rejon and from their union the subject
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304 American Antiquarian Society. [April,
of this Memoir was born on the first of January, 1832, at
the city of M^rida, where his parents happened to be at
the time, and he was baptized on the fourth of the same
month in our Cathedral called Emeritense.
The future Engmeer was but nine years old when he had
the misfortune of losing his father in the city of Campeche,
on the 5th of June, 1842, in the prime of life, as he was
then only forty-two years old.
The bereaved mother soon made up her mind to settle
in Merida for the purpose of devoting herself to the educa-
tion of her children. We may mention by the way that
this noble matron lived until the 28th of Jime, 1884, when
she ended a life remarkable by the virtues of an excellent
wife and model mother.
Senor Joaquin Hiibbe acquired the first notions of edu-
cation in Campeche at the reputed school of the enlightened
French Professor Monsieur GUbeau. His mother afterwards
wished him to go to a good school in the United States
under Mr. Thebaud's guardianship, having spent the years
1844 and 1845 with his family. He showed there a very
brilliant disposition to study and when this fact came to
the knowledge of his paternal grandfather who lived in
Hamburg, he expressed the wish of calling him to his side,
to which request his mother agreed to comply and Senor
Hiibbe ended the course of his preparatory studies in the
aforesaid German City, and subsequently began the study of
Civil Engineering, a profession which we may here state
could not at that time be studied in this country. During
the whole course of his studies he distinguished himself for
his good behaviour and noteworthy laboriousness. His
assiduity was crowned at last by success and he got his
diploma of a Civil Eiigineer in 1857.
He had hardly gone through the scientific course of his
profession when he was called to be a member of a Technical
Commission that had the charge of building a railroad in
the British Possessions in InSa, and of other works in
Lower Egsrpt. When these works were finished he returned
to Yucatan at the end of the year 1858, and began immedi-
ately to practise hia profession.
oil the 21st of August, 1859, he married the honorable
young lady, Dona Joaquina Peon, who was his happy
companion until her death in 1879, leaving him the sooth-
ing duty of devoting himself to their many children.
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Prom the very moment that Sr. Joaquin Hiibbe landed
on our shores to the time of his death, he lent very important
services to the State. He was in constant intercourse with
the most distinguished and influential men of the com-
munity who acknowledged his talents and worth. The
country was then going through an extremely difficult and
precarious stage of existence. The social war, that is the
uprising of the Indians against the white population, had
burst in 1847, bringing ruin and desolation over the whole
country. Revolutionary movements followed each other in
vertiginous cycles not only in this State, but in the whole
nation, and discord lifted her dismal torch on all quarters*
Tlie thffee years' war of the Reformation, the Frendi Inter-
vention and the war against the exotic empire of Maximilian
of Hapsburg rebounded with great shock in Yucatan.
After the restoration of the Republic in 1867, and later
on after the so-called Fuxtepec Revolution hc^ed by
General Porfirio Diaz, not only the state of Yucatan, but
the whole country went into a period of order and general
reconstruction.
The wide range of Sefior Hiibbe's information, his knowl-
edge of foreign languages, his excellent traits of character^
his unfailing honesty and activity were fully appreciated
by all the succeeding administrations, even by that of the
Imperial Commissary Senor Salazar Slarregui. So it was
that at different times he was charged with offices of the
highest importance and honorability.
As a member of several political Commissions, as Director
general of Public Works, as President of the City Coimcil
of M6rida, as member of the Governor's Coimcil, which isr
now extinct, as Deputy to the State Legislature, and as
Secretary of State during the administration of our great
historian Seiior Eligio Ancona, and other public offices^
Senor Joaquin Hiibbe displayed his rare gifts as a hi^
minded patriot and prominent statesman as well as his
ardent love for his native soil. But the greatest glory of
this meritorious citizen he acquired as a public writer, it
being a great pity that his various writings should not have
been collected. His historical treatise on British Honduras,
called the Belice Colony, made a great impression not only
in Yucatan, but also in the Capital of our Republic and in
foreign countries. In that study the rights of Mexico to
the country beyond the Hondo River are fully proved by
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306 American Antiqvanan Society. [April,
authentical documents. Not a few Yucatecan periodicals
have filled their pages and columns with articles that
appear subscribed by Sefior Joaquin Hiibbe, especially the
''Eco del Comercio" in its first epoch. This paper was
foimded by the diligent publisher, Don Manuel Heredin
Arguelles and Senor Hiibbe was its chief editor. His
writings were always attractive and interesting by their
easy and genial style, discreet, fuU of meaning and always
tending to the general welfare of the community. The
ideas that sprang from his pen were highly characteristical
and imposed themselves into the pubUc minds. His great
general information as well as his great proficiency on
various matters enabled him to take hold of the most useful
and transcendental questions on political economy, the
relations and equilibrium of the European nations and those
of America, as well as questions about commerce, agricul-
ture, local industries and the like. He paid paramount
attention to the raising of hemp, the chief and almost only
source of wealth in the State of Yucatan. The magnificent
and wonderful ruins that are scattered over all the surface
of our Peninsula engaged his attention and they are indebted
to him for very mature considerations. Material and scien-
tific progress in all their manifestations foimd in him a
ready, enthusiastic and learned worker, who labored always
in the most imselfifh manner. His clear sight was always
intent upon all progress in the various administrative
branches of government and upon all those that in any way
led to the improvement of the commonwealth. So did
Senor Hiibbe imderstand and practise patriotism, without
ostentation or vanity.
To end these lines which we have gladly written as an
humble tribute we render to the man of whom we were
sincere admirers while we edited the "Eco del Comercio,"
in the offices of which we worked for a long time by his
side, we may add that Senor Joaquin Hiibbe was a member
of several societies, both European and American and that
he constantly held correspondence with respectable men
abroad. We may also say that in politics his ideas were
moderate and that thou^ his religious principles were not
in perfect accordance with those of the very great majority
of his fellow citizens, he was always respectful of those
that held them sincerely; as a public officer he was faithful
and zealous in the fulfilment of his duties, as a citizen he
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1906J ObUuaries. 307
was honorable to the whole extent of the word; and in
private life he was a perfect gentleman.
He was positively a conspicuous man and by no means
could he be counted among the anonymous crowd. He was
an honor to his country and for that reason his memory ought
not to be cast into oblivion to which not imfrequently public
indifference has condemned imhappily that of many of our
fellow citizens of eminent merits and of unquestionable deserts.
He did his duty as a good man toward his family, toward
his country and toward humanity.
(SijTned) RODOLF MENENDEZ.
MERroA, April 10th, 1906.
This notice was written at the request of the undersized by Professor
Rodolfo Menendez, a colleague of Seflor HUbbe at a time, and one who
has been for a long time an enthusiastic and indefatigable promoter
of public education. The paper has been translated from the original
Spanish into Eiijglish by me, the underdgned, who has the honor of
communicatinjg it to the American Antiquarian Society in due fulfil-
ment of a wish entertained by our veiy much lamented friend, and
never to be foigotten late President of the Society.
DAVID CASARES.
MERn>A, Yucatan, April 12th, 1906.
James Davie Butler died in Madison, WHs., Nov. 20th;
1905. He was bom in Rutland Vt. Mar. 15th, 1815,
graduated at Middlebury College in 1836 as salutatorian,
was one year in Yale Theological Seminary, returned to
Middlebury College for five terms as tutor, and in 1840
finished his theological course at Andover Theological
Seminary, remaining as Abbot resident till 1842, when he
went abroad with Ftof . E. A. Park for about one and one-
half years, and on his return prepared a number of descrip-
tive lectures one or another of which were delivered over
three hundred times in or near New England.
He was Professor in Norwich University 1845-7, in Wabash
College 1854-8, in Wisconsin University 1858-67, was pastor
of Congregational Churches in Wells River, Vt., 1^7-51,
in South Danvers now Peabody, Mass., 1851-2, and in (Sn-
cinati, 0., 1852-5. Since 1858 his residence has been
Madison, Wis.
He was a great traveller, going into all sections of this
coimtry as well as making four journeys to Europe and
going aroimd the world at seventy-six years of age.
Middlebury College conferred the degree of LL.D.,
upon him in 1863.
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308 American Antiquarian Society. [April,
In 1845 Dr. Butler married Anna Bates, daughter of
President Bates of Middlebury College, who died in 1892.
They had four children who survived him.
He wrote letters for the New York Observer during his
first foreign tour and made similar contributions to lead-
ing papers during his other journeys.
For the New York Nation he was a contributor for twenty-
five years, his articles in all numbering over 250, the last
one written when he was nearly ninety. He also wrote on a
great variety of widely differing topics in which he displayed
the same activity as in his travels.
He was connected with the Wisconsin State Historical
Society as curator and Vice President from 1867 to 1900,
and maintained his interest in it till his death, having
been very influential in giving it its high standing in
the coimtry and of which he said, it ''has been the thing
for which I have cared most."
Of him the New York Nation said "his saturation with
the language of Shakespeare and of the Greek authors
oozed up in his writings giving a characteristic quaintness
to his style".
Our associate Mr. R. G. Thwaites, said of him "as for
his imiform kindness of temper, his fair frank estimate of
things they charmed us all. To our 'grand old man ', age
broi^t no narrowness of view, no tendency to cynicism,
no crabbedness of soul; he was to the last, mellow, open
hearted, responsive to the best impulses of his day. "
He became a member of this society in 1854, standing
third in seniority at his death, and showed his interest in
it by constant letters and gifts, delivering a paper on the
Copper Age in Wisconsin, in 1877, on The New Found Journal
of Qiarles Floyd in 1894 when he was in his eightieth
year and sent a short notice of A Brewster Autograph in
Wisconsin for the meeting in April 1902. He also prepared
an exhaustive and touching memorial of his long time friend
the late Charles EendaU Adams, which was presented to
the society in April 1905, when he was past ninety.
Full notices of him may be found in the New York Nation
of Nov. 30th, 1905, and the Wisconsin State Journal, pub-
Ushed in Madison, of the date of Nov. 21st, 1905, and in
the Proceedings of the Wisconsin State Historical Society.
He inspired great affection in all who knew him and wUi
be long missed by a wide circle of friends.
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Samud Pierpont Langky was bprn in Roxbury, now
Boston, Aug. 22d, 1834, and died at Aiken, S. C, Feb. 27th,
1906, his residence for many years having been in Wash-
ington, D. C.
He was Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution from
1887 till death. He was an architect and civil engineer and
attained great distinction as an astronomer and physicist.
Many American and Foreign colleges and imiversities
conferred degrees upon him and he was a member of
numerous learned societies. He joined this society in 1888.
S. U.
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310 American AiUiquarian Society. [April,
COLUMBUS, BAMON PANE AND THE
BEGINNINGS OP AMERICAN
ANTHROPOLOGY.
BT EDWABD GATLORD BOUBNB.
About three weeks hence on May 20th will be celebrated
the 400th anniversary of the death of Columbus. Appar-
ently little notice will be taken of this anniversary in the
United States. To the American people at large the event
of supreme interest in the career of the Admiral is, of course,
the discovery of the New World, and the quadricentenary
of that was celebrated with an elaboration which naturally
precludes any considerable expenditure of effort and enthu-
siasm within the same generation in commemoration of the
death of the discoverer. Yet this anniversary should not
pass unnoticed, least of all by a learned society devoted to
the study of American antiquities, for Christopher Columbus
not only revealed the field of our studies to the world but
actually in person set on foot the first systematic study of
American primitive custom, religion and folklore ever under-
taken. He is in a sense therefore the foimder of American
Anthropology. This phase of the varied activities of the
discoverer has received in our day little or no attention.
To all appearances it is not even mentioned in Justin Winsor's
six hundred page biography. Such neglect is owing in part
to the discredit that has been cast upon the life of Columbus
by his son Ferdinand in consequence of which its contents
have not been studied with due critical appreciation.
In Ferdinand's biography of his father, commonly referred
to imder the first word of the Italian title as the Historic,
are imbedded not a few fragments of Columbus' own letters
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and other documents not commonly reproduced in the selec-
tions from his writings. To two such documents as present-
ing the evidence of Columbus' interest and efforts in the
field of American Anthropology I invite your attention
this morning.
The first contains the discoverer's own brief summary of
what he was able to learn of the beliefs of the natives of
Espafiola during the period of his second voyage, 1493 — 96,
and the record of his commissioning the Friar Ramon Pane
who had learned the language of the islanders, '^ to collect all
their ceremonies and antiquities." The second is Ramon's
report of his observations and inquiries and is not only the
first treatise ever written in the field of American Antiqui-
ties, but to this day remains our most authentic record of
the religion and folk-lore of the long since extmct Tainos,
the aborigmal inhabitants of Hayti.
The original Spanish text of these documents is no
longer extant and, like the Historie which contains them, they
are known to us in full only in the Italian translation of
that work published in Venice in 1571 by Alfonso Ulloa.
The observations of Columbus first referred to were
recorded in his narrative of his second voyage which we
possess only in the abridgments of Las Casas and Ferdinand
Columbus. Both of these authors in condensing the origmal,
incorporated passages in the exact words of the Admiral,
and it is from such a passage in Ferdinand's abridgment
that we derive the Admiral's account of the rdigion of
primitive Hayti. Ferdinand writes: "Our people also
learned many other things which seem to me worthy to be
related in this our history. Beginning then with rdigion I
will record here the very words of the Admiral who wrote
as follows:"
"I was able to disoover neither iddatiy nor any other sect among
them, although all their kings, who are many, not only in Espafiola but
also in all the other islands and on the main land* each have a house
apart from the village, in which there is nothing except some wooden
*I. e. Cubft. whieh CdumbiiB believed to be the main land.
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312 American ArUiqvurian Society. [April,
images carved in rdief which are called cemia* nor is there anything
done in such a house for any other object or service except for these
cemis, by means of a kind of ceremony and prayer which they go to
make in it as we go to churches. In this house they have a finely wrought
table, round like a wooden dish in which is some powder which is placed
k^ them on the heads of these cemi8 in perfonning a certain ceremony;
then with a cane that has two branches which they place in their nos-
trils they snuff up this dust. The words that they say none of our people
understand. With this powder they lose consciousness and become
like drunken men.
They give a name to this figure, and I believe it is that of a father,
grandfather or of both, since they have more than one such, and some
more than ten, all in memoiy, as I have said, of some one of their ances*
tors. I have heard them praise one more than another, and have seen
them show it more devotion and do more reverence to one than another
as we do in processions where there is need.
Both the Caciques and the peoples boast to each other of having
the best cemis. When they go to these cemia of theirs and enter the house
^^re he is they are on their guard with respect to the Christians and
do not suffer them to enter it. On the oontraiy, if they suspect they
are coming, they take the cemi or the cemis away and hide them in the
woods for fear they may be taken from them; and wbaX is more laugh-
able they have the custom of stealing each other's cemis. It happened
once, when they suspected us, that the Christians entered the said
house with them and of a sudden the cemi gave a loud ciy and spoke
in their language from which it was discovered that it was artfully con-
structed because being hollow, they had fitted to the lower part a trum-
pet or tube which extended to a dark part of the house covered with
leaves and branches where there was a person who spoke what the
Cacique wanted him to say so far as it could be done with a tube. Where-
upon our men having suspected what migjbt be the case, kicked the
cemi over and found the facts as I have just described. When the
Cacique saw that it was discovered by our men he besought them urf^
ently not to say anything to the Indians, his subjects, nor to others
because k^ this deceit he kept them in obedience.
This then we can say, there is some semblance of idolatry, at least
among those who do not know the secret and the deception of their
Caciques because they believe that the one who speaks is the cemi. In
general all the people are deceived and the Cacique alone is the one
who is conscious of and promotes their false belief by means of which
he draws from his people all those tributes as seems good to him. Like-
wise most of the Caciques have three stones to which they and their
^Ullo* in hifl Italian ^yea this word in various forma e. g. cemi, dmit cimini and
eimiehe. The oorreot form ia emni with the 'accent on the laat syllable. Laa Caaaa
says, "Estas — ^Uamaban cemt, la ultima silaba luenga y aguda." Docs. In^litoe para
la Historia de Espafia, LXVI, 436. The late J. Walter Fewkee published an
article with illustrations "On Zemes from Santo Domingo" in the American Anthro-
pologiat. lY, 167-175.
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peoples pay great reverence. One ihey say helps the com and the vege-
tables that are planted; another the chfld-bearing of wcnnen without
pain; and the third helps by means of water (i. e. rain) and the sun
when they have need of it. I sent three of these stones to your Highness
by Antonio de Torres* and another set of three I have to bring with me.
When these Indians die they have the funerals in different ways.
The way the Caciques are buried, is as follows. They open the Cacique
and dry him by the fire in order diat he may be preserved whole, (or,
entirely). Of others they take only the head. Others are buried in
a cave and they place above their head a goiurd of water and some bread.
Others they bum in the house where they die and when they see them
on the point of death they do not let them finish their life but strangle
them. This is done to the Caciques. Others they drive out of the house;
and others they put into a hamaea, which is their bed of netting, and
put water and bread at their head and leave them alone without return-
ing to see them any more. Some again that are seriously ill they take
to the Cacique and he teUs them whether they ought to be stranded or
not and they do what he commands.
I have taken pains to leam what they believe and if they know where
they go after death; especially from Caunabo, who is the chief king
in Espafiola, a man of years, of great knowledge and veiy keen mind;
and he and others replied that they go to a certain valley which eveiy
principal Cacique bcdieves is situated in his own country, affirming
that there they find their father and all their ancestors; and that they
eat and have women and give themselves to {deasures and recreation
as is more fully contained in the following account in which I ordered
one Friar Roman (Ramon) who knew their language to collect all their
ceremonies and their antiquities although so much of it is fable that
one cannot extract anything fruitful from it beyond the fact that each
one of them has a certain natural regard for the future and believes in
the immortality of our souls. ''t
Then follows in Ferdinand's biography a transcript of
this "Account by Friar Roman (Ramon) of the Antiquities
of the Indians which he as one who knows their language
diligently collected by command of the Admiral." Before
describing Friar Ramon's work I will present what little
information in regard to him that I have been able to find.
The historian Las Casas knew Ramon Pane and tells
us in his Apologetica Historia that he came to Espafiola at
the beginning with the Admiral^ which must mean on the
^Antonio de Tonvs aet forth on the return voyafe here referred to February 2, 1404 .
fBUlorU, Ed. 1571. folioa 126-126.
tLee Geeaa. Apologetic HUloria. Dooe. In41 para U Hiat. de Eapalla, LXVI,
486-86.
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314 American AtUiqiMrian Society. [April,
second voyage in 1493 as there were no dergy on the first
voyage. Later he says he came five years before he him-
self did which would be in 1497.* This second statement is
erroneous for Columbus, as has just been seen, reports the
result of his labors in his own account of his second voyage
which he drew up in 1496. Las Casas also says that Biunon
was a Catalan by birth and did not speak Castilian perfectly
and that he was a simple-minded man so that what he
reported was sometimes confused and of little substanccf
The Admiral sent him first into the province of lower MaQo-
rix whose language he knew and then later, because this
language was spoken only in a small territory, to the V^a
and the region where King Guarionex bore sway where he
could accomplish much more because the population was
greater and the language diffused throu^out the island.
He remained there two years and did what he could accord-
ing to his slender abilities.^
To Peter Martyr who r^td and abstracted his treatise,
he is merely ''One Ramon a hermit whom Colon had left
with certain king? of the island to instruct them in the
Christian faith. And tarrying there a long time he com-
posed a small book in the Spanish tongue on the rites of
the islands." §
These few references are all the contemporary information
to be derived about Ramon Pane outside of his own narrative.
This little work which I have called the pioneer treatise in
American Antiquities has come down to us as a whole, as
I have said, only in the Italian translation of Ferdinand
Columbus's life of the Admiral. By one of the mishaps of
fate the translator transformed the author's name from
Ramon Pane into Roman Pane, and under that disguise he
appears in most modem works in which he appears at all.
But the testimony of Las Casas who knew him and of Peter
*Lm Gmm op. eiL 473.
fLM 0mm, op. di. 476.
tibid. 436.
fPetar Martyr. De BsbuB Ocoanieit. ed. 1674. p. 102.
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1906.] Beginnings of American Anthropology. 315
Martyr who used his work in Spanish is conclusive that his
name was Ramon. Ramon^ toO; is a common Catalan
name. Such few writ^B on early American religion and
folk-lore as use his work directly resort either to the Italian
text or some of the translations or to Peter Martyr's epitome
in the 9th book of the first of his decades of the Ocean.
Few, if any; make a critical comparison of these two forms
of his work and none so far as I know have supplemented
such a comparison with such of the material in Las Casas's
Apohgeiica HisUrrUi as was derived from Ramon's work in
the origmal.
The interest and importance of the subject justify it
seems to me a critical study of Friar Ramon's work as the
earliest detailed account of the l^ends and rdigious beliefs
and practices of the long gince extinct natives of Hayti.
The range of its contents is considerable. It contains a
cosmogony, a creation legend, an Amazon l^end, a legend
which offers interestmg evidence that syphilis was an indi-
genous and ancient disease in America at the time of its
discovery, a flood and ocean legend, a tobacco legend, a
sun and moon legend, a long account of the Hay tian medicine
men, an account of the making of their cemis or fetishes, of
the ritualistic use of tobacco, a current native prophecy of
the appearance in the island of a race of clothed people
and lastly a brief report of the earliest conversions to Chris-
tianity in the island and of the first native martjrrs.
To facilitate a study of this material in its earliest record
I have translated Ramon's treatise from the Italian,
excerpted and collated with it the epitomes of Peter Martyr
and Las Casas and have prepared brief notes, the whole
to form so far as may be a critical working text of this source
for the f olklorist and student of Comparative Reli^on in
America. The proper names in each case are given as in
the 1571 edition of tiie Historie. Later editions of the Italian
and the English version to be found in Churchill's Voyages
(vol. n.) and Pinkerton's Voyages (Vol. XII) give divergent
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316 American AiUigiuirian Society. [April,
forms. At best the spelling of these names offers much
perplexity. Ramon wrote down in Spanish the soimds he
heard, Ferdinand, mifamiliar with the sounds, copied the
names and then still later Ulloa equally unfaTni1ia.r with
the originals copied them into his Italian. In such a process
there was inevitably some confusion of u and n and of u
and V, (Spanish b.) In the Italian text v is never used,
it is always u. In not a few cases the Latin of Peter Martyr
and the Spanish of Las Casas give us forms much nearer
those used by Ramon than the Italian.
LIST OF MODERN WORKS DEALING DIRECTLY
WITH THE TREATISE OF RAMON PANE OR
PARTICULARLY SERVICEABLE IN THE
STUDY OF IT.
Bachiller t Morales, Antonio. Cuba Primitiva: Origen, Lenguas,
Tradiciones e Historia de los Indies de las Antillas Mayores y las Lucayaa.
2nd. Ed. Habana, 1883. The fullest study of the subject with full
vocabularies of extant aboriginal words and a dictionary of historical
names and traditions. Contains also a translation of the part
of Ramon Pane's treatise that relates to primitive religion and
folklore.
Babtian, Adolf. Die Culturiftnder des Alten America. 2 vols.
Berlin, 1878. The second vol. with the flub-title, Beitrftge zu Geschidit-
lichen Vorarbeiten auf Westlicher Hemisph&re, devotes a chapter, pp.
285-314 to the Antilles. It consists of rough notes assembled from
Ramon Pane and Peter Martyr and other writers relating to the religion
and folklore of the aborigines of the Antilles.
Bloch, Dr. IwAN. Der Ursprung der Syphilis. Eine medizinische
und Kultuigeschichtiche Untersuchimg. Erste Abteilimg, Jena, 1901.
An elaborate critical and historical study which definitely establishes
the American origin of Syphilis. The evidence from Ramon Pane is
discussed on pp. 201-204.
DouATy Leon. Affinit^s lezicologiques du Haitian et du Maya.
Congrte International des Am^canistes. Compte Rendu de la 10^®
session. Stockholm 1897, pp. 193-206. Reproduces in parallel columns
with the corresponding Maya words the Hasrtian vocabulary compiled
by the Abb6 Brasseur de Bourbourg.
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1906.] Beginnings of American Anthropology. 317
DouAT, Leon. Etudes Etymologiques but L'Antiquit^ Am6ricaine.
Paris, 1891. Etymological interpretation of proper names in Hayti
and the non-Carib Antilles, pp. 26-30.
Ehbenrsich, Pattl. Die Mythen mid L^genden der Sadamerikanis*
chen Urv6lker mid ihre Beziehmigen zu denen Nordamerikas mid der
alten Welt. Berlin 1895. Supplement bu Zeitschrift far Ethnologie
1905. The author of this very valuable introduction to the comparative
study of American Mythology has used Ramon Pane only in Peter
Martyr's abstract.
GtLU, FiLiPPO Salvadorb. Saggio di Storia Americana o sia storia
Natural, Civile, e sacra de regni e delle provincie Spagnuole di Terra-
ferma nell' America Meridionale. Roma MDCCLXXXII, 3 Vols. In
vol. 3, pp. 220-228 is a vocabulary of the Haytian language compiled
from Oviedo, Peter Martyr (Ramon Pane) Acosta and other writers.
This vocabulary is scnnetimes reproduced l^ later writers with revisions.
LoLLis, CsBABB DB, BD. Raccolta di Documenti e Studi. Pub.
dalla R. Commissione Colombiana, etc. Roma, 1892. Parte I, vol. 1,
213-223 oontams text of Ulloa's Italian translation of Ramon Pane
with an apparatus criUeVia,
MartiuBjDr. Carl F. Ph. v. Beitrflge zur Ethnographic und Sprach-
enkunde Amerika's sumal Brasiliens. 2 vols. Leipzig, 1867. Vol.
n, pp. 314-18, contains a Latin-Taino vocabulary based chiefly <m
Rafinesque's collections.
Montbjo t Roblbdo, Dr. Bonifacio. Prooedencia Americana de
las Bubas. Actas del Congreso Intemadonal de Americanistas, 4' Reunion.
Madrid, 1881, pp. 334-419. Evidence from Ramon Pane discussed pp.
358,360.
Mueller, J. 0. Geschichte der Amerikanischen Urreligionen, Basel,
1855. pp. 155-185 are devoted to the religion of the non-Carib aborigines
of the West Indies.
Peschel, Obcar. Geschichte des Zeitalters der Entdeckungen, 2**
Aufl. Stuttgart, 1877. On pp. 147-48 the cosmogony of the Hasrtians
is briefly described.
Rafinebqub, C. S. The American Nations; or Outlines of their
General Histoiy, Ancient and Modem, etc., etc. Philadelphia, 1836,
pp. 162-260. Interesting linguistic material with much highly fantastic
conjectiire.
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318 American Antiquarian Society. [April,
TREATISE OF FRIAR RAMON* ON THE ANTIQUI-
TIES OF THE INDIANS WHICH HE AS ONE
WHO KNOWS THEIR LANGUAGE DILIGENTLY
COLLECTED BY COMMAND OF THE ADMIRAL.
I Friar Ramon a poor Hermit of the Order of St. Jerome
by command of the illustrious lord, the Admiral and
^ceroy and governor of the Islands and of the main land
of the Indies, write this which I have been able to learn
and to know of the belief and idolatry of the Indians and
how they worship their gods. Of which matters I shall
give an account in the present treatise.
Each one in praying to the idols which he has in his
house, and which are called by them cemisf worships in
his own fashion and superstition.
They hold that he is (as) in heaven immortal and that
no one can see him, and that he has a mother and that he
had no beginning, and this [god] they call locahuuague
Maorocon,t and his mother they call Atabei, lermaoguacar,
Apito and Zuimaco which are five names.§ Those of whom
*Tlw oorreet form of tibe name hM been substituted for the eommon form Roman.
tCemini is the form used in the text and may haTe been invented by UUoa as an
Italian plural. Las Casas writes: "These they CBnerally call Cemi the last syllable
lone with the acute accent" Docs. In^. de Espafia. LXVI, 486.
|Las Casas, op. cU. 484, gives the name Yocahu Vacua Maorocoti. It differs only in
the last syllable from the Italian text which may be rewritten as Jocahu vacue Maor-
ooon. Peter Martyr has loeauna Guamaonooon. This has been acoepted by nuxlem
writers as the correct form e. g. BachiUer of Morales. Cvba Pritmt6»a, 167 and I/4on,
Douay, kiudeB htymologiquea, 27. As Las Casas lived many years in Espafiola,
his authority should be carefully considered. Las Casas, op. eU. p. 476 mentions a
Osmi whose name was Yocahuguama.
iPeter Martyr gives the five names as Attabeira, Mamona, OuacanpiCa, liella and
Girimasoa. The Itslian text of Ramon is here apparently corrupt as it gives only
four names and calls them five, lieUa is omitted from the list and the first three of
the names is given by Peter Martyr, Attabeira, Mamona, Quacaripita appear as
Attabei, lermaoguacar, Apito. Apparently in Ramon's MS. the second name was very
illegible. By dividing the names differently we see that the trouble mainly lies there.
Attabeira, Mam6na, Gucaripita,
ra I mam<hia|
Attabei, lerf mao | guacar, Apito,
Las Casas read it. "Atabex y un hermano Guaca" conjecturing that what UUoa
copied as lermao was hermano, "brother." The whole psseage is "The people of this
island of Espafiola had an assured faith and knowledge of one true and only God
who was inmiortal and invisible, whom no one can see, who had no beginning
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I write this are of the island Espafiola; because of the other
islands I know nothing never having seen them. Like-
wise they know from what direction they came and whence
the sun had his origin and the moon and how the sea was
made and whither the dead go. And they believe that
the dead appear on the roadways when one goes alone,
wherefore when many go together they do not appear to
them. All this those who have gone before have made
them beUeve, because these people know not how to read
or to count beyond ten.
CHAPTER I.
From what direction the Indians have come and in what
manner.
Espafiola has a provinoe called Gaanau* in which there is a mountain
which is called Oantaf where there are two caves, the one named Caciba-
giagua and the other Amaiuna.) From Cacibagiagua came forth the
laiger part of the people who settled in the island. When people were
in these caves watch was kept by night and the care of this was given
to one whose name was Marocael;§ and him, because one day he delayed
to come back to the door, the sun carried off. And when it was
seen that the sun had carried him off they closed the door; and so
he was changed into stone near the door. Next they say that others
going off to fish were taken by the sun and they became trees, called by
them Iobi,|| and otherwise they are called mirabolans. The reason
why Maro<»el kept watch and stood guard was to watch in what direction
he wished to send or to divide the people, and it seems that he delayed
to his own greater hurt.
whoM dweUinc plaoe and habitation is heaven, and they named him Yocahu Vagua
Maoroeoti. . . . With this troe and eatholio knowledge of the true God they
mini^ these errors to wit, that God had a mother and her brother Guaoa and
others of this sort." Does. Ined. LXVI. 484.
^Caunana in Peter Bfartyr.
tCauta in Peter Martyr, and the oorreot form.
tCasibaxBcaa and Amaiauna in Peter Martyr who says in Decade yii, ohap 8,
that in the ancestral lore of the Haytiana the island was viewed as a great monster
of the female sex and that the great cave of Guaooaiarima was her organs of genera-
tion— Cf. Peschfll, ZeUaUer der BfUdeckungen, 147 and Ehrsnreich, Dm Mythm und
Leoend&H der SudamerikaniBt^en UrvoUem', 38.
IM a c hochael in Peter Bfartyr. This is apparently the oonect form. Cf . Baehiller
y Morales. 816.
Illobo (Jobo, or hobo). The name of this tree and fruit is still in use in Santo
Domingo, Baehiller y Morales, 800.
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320 American Anliquarian Society. [April,
CHAPTER n.
How the men were divided from the women.
It came to pus that one man ithom name was Guagugbna* said to
another wham name was Giadiuuai]a,t that he should go to gather
an herb caDed digo with which they deanae the body when they go to
wash themedves. He went before day, (but) the son aeiied him on the
way and he became a biid which ongB in the moniing like the ni^tin-
gale and is caDed Ciiahuba Ragiad Guagugiona seeing that he whom
he had sent to gather the digo did not return resolved to go out of the
cave Cacibagiagua.
CHAPTER m.
That Guagugiona resolved to go away in anger, seeing that those
whom he had sent to gather the digo for washing themsdves did not
return; and he said to the women ''Leave your husbands and let us go
into other lands and we will cany off enou^^ jewds. Leave your sona
and we will cany only the plants with us and then we will return for
them."
CHAPTER IV.
Guagugiona set forth with all the women and went off in search of
other lands, and came to Matinino} where he left the women; and he
went away into another region caUed Guanin and they had left the little
children near a brook. Then when, hunger b^gan to trouble them, it
is related, that they wailed and called upon their mothera who had gone
off; and the fathers were not able to give hdp to the children calling
in hunger for their mothers, saying "mama" as if to speak, but really
asking for the breast.f And wailing in this fashion and asking for the
breast, saying "too, too,"| as one who asks for something with great
longing, and veiy urgently, th^ were changed into little animals.
^Vacuonioiut in Peter Martyr. BadhiUer y Moralee, thinka the proper form la Qnar-
goniona. See hie dieeuMioii of thie and the two followinc nameB, Cvba Frimtiiiva, 276*
tThia name is omitted in Peter Martsrr.
tUmially identified with Martinique. This paaaace is oonvinoing evideooe that
the Amaion lefende in Ameriea were indiflenoiis and not transmitted there or dev»>
loped by the misapprehensions of the first disooverers. Ehrenreieh is oonrinoed
that these legends are indigenous althoui^ he does not refer to this evidenee. See
his Mythen und Leoenden, 65. Columbus eariy and frequently heard of the island of
Matinino which was inhabited only by women.
%La tetta. Apparently the Italian text.used by the translator of the Endub version
of the HiatorU read "la Urra" in this paasace for it is there rendered "to bes of tha
earth"!
IIToa, toa. in Peter Martyr.
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after the fashion of dwarfs* (frogs) which are called Tonaf because of
their asking for the breast, and that in this way all the men were left
without women.
CHAPTER V.
And later on another occasion women went there from the said Island
Espafiola, which formerly was called Aiti, and is so called by its inhabit
tants; and these and o^er islands they called Bouhi.} And because
they have no writing nor letters they cannot give a good account of what
they have learned from their forbears; and therefore they do not agree in
what they say, nor can what they relate be recorded in an ordeily fashion.
When Quahagiona went away, he that carried away all the women,
he likewise took with him the women of his Cacique whose name was
Anacacugia, deceiving him as he deceived the others; and, moreover,
a brother-in-law of Guahagiona Anacacuia,§ who went ofif with him went
on the sea; and Guahagiona said to his brother-in-law, being in the canoe,
see what a fine eobo is there in the water and this echo is the sea snail, and
him peering into the water to see the eobo Guahagiona his brother-in-law
seized :by the feet and cast into the sea; and so he tookall the women
for hiinself , and he left those of Matinino (i. e. at Matinino) where it is
reported there are no people but women to-day. And he went off to
another island which is called Guanin| and it received this name on
account of what he took away from it when he went away.
CHAPTER VI.
That Guahagiona returned to Oanta, (Cauta) mentioned above,
whence he had taken the women. They say that being in the land
whence he had gone Guahagiona saw that he had left in the sea one woman,
and that he was greatly pleased with her and straightway sought out
many washes (or washing places) to wash himself being full of those
sores which we call the French disease-IT She then put him in a Guanaro
*Nan$, Th« ocurect reading is rane, "frocB," u m>p6an in Peter Martyr and from
the oontezt.
tUUoa's micraadinc rone as imnm may have misled him in the latter part of the
sentence. The venion in Peter Martyr makes mueh better sense. BaehiUer y
Morales, questions the enstenoe of suoh a word as Tona, p. 843. Brasseur de Bom*
bonrg oonjeetnred that Toa may haTe meant "frog" as well as "breast."
tApparently in the sense of homes or dweUing places. Buhi or Bohio ofdinarily
means cabin.
{The punctuation follows the text of the original. Perhi^s it should be.
Guahagiona, Anacaeuia, making the second name that of the brothei^in-law.
\\Ouamn means an inferior kind of gold.
ITThat Ramon Pane, before 1406, should have recorded this legend of the culture
hero Guahagiona (Ouagugiona, Vaguoniona) is oondusiTe eridence that Syphilis had
eodsted in the^West Indies long before the arrival of the Spaniards—Cf . Iwan Bloch
Dsr Urtprung dm" SvpkOU, 203-206. The name mat Franetm is no doubt XTUoa's
translation of fas bubtu, the Spanish name of the disease.
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which means a place apart; and so he was healed of these sores. Then
she asked pemussion of him to go on her way and he gave it to her.
This woman was named Quabonito; and Quahagiona changed his name
and thenceforward he was called Biberod Quahagiona. And the woman
Guabonito gave Biberod Quahagiona many ^icamrM* and many cSbef
to wear tied on his arms. Because in those countries eoUcibit are of
stones like maii>le and they wear them tied on the arms and on the neck
and the guanitu they wear in the ears making holes wbeai they are
children; and th^ are of metal as it were of a florin. And the beginnings
(the originators) of these guanine th^ say were Quabonito, Albeborad,
Quahagiona, and the father of Albeborad. Quahagiona remained in
the land with his father whose name was Hiauna, his grandson (figliuolo)
on his father's side (i. e. Quahagiona's son) was named Hia Quaili Quanin
which means grandson of Hiauna; and thence thereafter he was called
Quanin and is so called to-day. And since they have no letters nor
writings they cannot relate well such fables nor can I write them welL
Wherefore I believe I shall put down first what should be last and last
what should be first. But all that I write is related by them as I write
it and so I set it forth as I have understood it from the people of the
countiy.
CHAPTER VII.
How there were women again in the island of Alti which
18 now called Espafiola.
They say that one day the men went ofif to bathe and being in the water,
it rained heavily, and that they were very desirous of having women,
and that oftentimes wbeo. it rained, they had gone to search for the
traces of their women nor had been able to find any news of them, but
that on that day while bathing, they say, they saw fall down from some
trees and hiding in the branches a certain kiiui of persons that were not
men nor women nor had the natural parts of the male or female. They
went to take them but they fled away as if they had been eagles,! (eels)
wherefore they called two or three men by the order of their cacique,
since they were not able to take them for him in order they th^ might
watch to see how many there were and that they might seek out for
each one a man who was Caracaracol because they have their hands
rough, and that so th^ held (could hold) them tightly. They told
the Cacique that there were four, and so they brou^^t four men who
were Qaracaracoli. This Caracaracol is a disease like scab which makes
the body very rough. After th^ had caught them they took counsel
* Jewels of guanin.
tBeftds.
tStrinci of beads. BmohiUer y Monlee, 261.
lAauOt. Read anguiUe, "eels." A mistake of the transiator UUoa. Peter
Martyr has angttilUu whieh is undoubtedly the right word.
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together over them what they could do to make them women sinoe
they did not have the natund parts of male or female.
CHAPTER VIII.
How they found a device to make them women.
They sought a bird which is caUedlnriii, inandent times Imriie Cahu-
uaial, which boras trees and in our language is caUed woodpecker (pico).
And likewise they took these women without male or female oigsns
and bound their feet and hands and took this bird just mentioned and
bound him to the body and he thinking that they were logs b^gan to do
his accustomed task pecking and boxing in the place where the natund
parts of women are wont to be. In this fashion, then, the Indians say
that they had women according to what the ddest men relate.* Since
I wrote in haste and did not have paper enough I could not put down
in its place that which by mistake I transferred to another place, but
notwithstanding that I have in reality made no mistake since they
believe it all as has been written.
Let us turn now to that ^diich we should have recorded first, i. ctheir
belief as to the origin and beginning of the sea.
CHAPTER IX.
How th^ say the sea was made.
There was a man called Qiaiaf whose name they do not know and his
son called Giaiaei ^diich means son of Giaia. This Giaiael wishing to
slay his father, he sent him into eodle where he remained banished four
months, and then his father slew hun and put his bones in a gourd and
fastened it on the roof of his cabin where it remained fastened some
time. And it came to pass that one day Qiaia, longing to see his son,
said to his wife, ''I want to see our son Qiaiel; and she was pleased at
that; and he took down the gourd and turned it over to see the bones
of his son, and from it came forth many fishes large and small Where-
fore, seeing that the bones were changed into fishes they resolved to eat
them. One day, therefore, they say that Qiaia having gone to his
CamekiXf which means his lands that were his inheritance there came
four sons of a woman whose name was lUba Tahuuaua, all from one
womb and twins; and this woman having died in travafl they opened
her and drew out these for sons, and the first that they drew out was
Garacaracol which means scabby. This GCtfacaracol had the name
§. The others had no name.
•Cf. Ehrsnraioh, MvAtn uni L$tfendtn, Bid for lome aiudogoiis lefondi.
flaiA in Peter Hftrtyr.
tUsed by Ulloa m an ItaliAn plural of the Haytian eanueo, tiuduk idot or farm.
IDimiiian is apparently the name omitted; see next chapter.
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324 American Antiquarian Society. [April,
CHAPTER X.
When the four bods, all bom tc^ther, of Itiba Tahuuaua who died
in travail with them, went to lay hold of the gourd of Qiaia where his
sonAgiael* was who was changed into a fish; and none of them ventured
to lay hands on it except Dimiuan Garacaracol who took it from its
place and all satisfied themselves with fish; and while they were eating
they perceived that Giaia was coming from his farms, and wishing,
in this haste to fasten the gourd to its place again they did not fasten
it well and so it feQ to the groimd and broke. They say that
so great was the mass of water that came out of the gourd that
it filled the whole earth, and with it issued many fish, and from
this according to their account the sea had its beginning. These
then departed from thence and found a man whose name was GoneL
And he was dumb.
CHAPTER XI.
Of the things which befel the four brothers when they
fled from Giaia.
Now these (brothers) as soon as they came to the door of Bassamanaco
And perceived that he carried Cazzabi,t said, "Ahiacauo Guarocoel"
which means "let us know this our grandfather." In like manner,
Demiuan Garacaracol seeing his brothers before him went within to
eee if he could have some Gazzabi. And this Gazzabi is the bread that
is eaten in the country. Garacaracol having entered the house of Aiam-
Auacot asked him for Gazzabi which is the bread above mentioned;
and he put his hand on his own nose and threw at him a guanguaioi
hitting him in the back. This guangvaio was full of cogioba| which
he had had made that day; the cogioba is a certain powder which they
take sometimes to purge themselves, and for other effects which you
will hear of later. They take it with a cane about a foot long and put
one end in the nose and the other in the powder, and in this manner
they draw it into themselves through the nose and this purges them
thoroughly. And thus he gave him that gtian^uaio for bread, . IT
.and went off much enraged because they asked him for it.
*Giaiael.
tCaaeava.
IThis name b&kob to be compounded of part of BaasamanMO and Ahiaeaoo.
Bachiller y Morales in his Tenion substitutee the latter for it in the form
Ayacauo.
f Defined by Brasseur de Bourbourg, as a bac for holding tobaooo.
IITobaooo. Las Casaa uses the form Cohoba. On the various native words for
-tobaooo see a valuable art, by Dr. A Ernst. On the Etymology of the toord Tobaeeo.
The American Anthropologist, II, 133-141 (1889).
ir**E Cirtose pan." These words I have not been able to explain.
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Caracaraool after this returned to his brothers and told them what
had happened to him with Baiamanicoel* and of the blow that he hit
him with the guanguaio on one shoulder and that it pained him very
much. Then his brothers looked at his shoulder and saw that it was
much swollen. And this swelling increased so much that he was like
to die of it. Wherefore they tried to cut it and could not; and taking
a stone axe they opened it and there came out a live turtle, a female;
and so they built their cabin and cared for the turtle. Of this I have
not heard (or understood) anything else, and what we have written was
of little profit. And further they say that the sun and the moon came
out of a cave which is situated in the country of a cacique named Mauda
Tiuueit and the name of the cave is Giououauat and they hold it in
high regard, and it is all painted in their fashion without any figure,
with many leaves and other things of that sort, and in this cave there
are two cemis, of stone, small about a foot high with their hands tied,
and they looked as if they sweated. These cemis they hold in great
regard, and when it did not rain they say they went there to visit them
and suddenly it rained. And one of these cemis is called by them
Boinaiel§ and the other Maroio.|
CHAPTER XII.
What they thmk as to how the dead go wandering about
and as to what manner of folk they are and what they do.
They believe that there is a place whither the dead go which is called
Coaibai and lies in a part of the island called Soraia.f The first man
that was in Coaibai was, they relate, one whose name was Machetaurie-
Guaiaua, who was the lord of this Coaibai, the home and dwelling place
of the dead.
CHAPTER XIII.
Of the shape which they say the dead are.
They say that during the day they are shut in, and by night they go
out to walk; and they eat of a certain fruit which is called guabazssa^^
which has the flavor of (the Quince)tt That by day they are . ...
♦Still another variant of the name Baasa-Manaoo.
tHaohinneoh in Peter Bfartyr. Baohiller y Morales thinks the form in the text
should be llanaia Tiunel.
tlouanaboina in Peter Martyr.
IBinthaitel in Peter Martyr.
HMarohu in Peter Bfartyr.
fSoraia means "west", BachiUer y Morales.
**Ouannaba in Peter Martyr and apparsntly the conect form. BachiUer y Mondes
identifies it with the fruit called Quanabana.
tfThe gap in the Italian text has been supplied from Peter Martyr.
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326 Ammcan Antiquarian Society. [April,
and at ni^t tbey are changed into fruit,* and they have feasts and go
with the living, and to know them they follow this practice, they touch
their beQy and if they do not find the navel they say that he is aperito
which means dead. Because they say the dead have no navcL And
so sometimes they are deceived when they do not give heed to this;
and they lie with some woman from Gomboi, (Coaibai)t and when
they think they have them in their arms, they have nothing because
they disappear in a trice. This belief they hold in this matter to the
present day. If the person is alive they call the spirit (Soeis, and after
death th^ call (it) Opia. The Qoeis they say appears often both in
the form of a man and in the fonn of a woman. And they say that
there was a man that wished to contend with it, and that clinching it,
it disappeared, and that the man thrust out his aims in another direction
over some trees to which he hung. And this they all believe both smaU
and great and that it appears to them in the form of father or mother,
or brothers or parents and in other fonns. The fruit vduch they say
the dead eat is of the sise of a quince.
These dead do not appear to them in the day time, but always by
night, and therefore with much fear do they venture to go forth alone
at night.
CHAPTER XIV.
Whence they derive this and who keeps it in such credit.
There are some men who practise among them and are called Bohuti,)
and these go throu^^ many deceits as we shall relate further, to make
them believe that they talk with those (spirits) and that they know
everything that is done and their secrets; and that when they are ill
th^ take away the evil; and thus they deceive them, because I have
seen part of it with my own eyes, althou^^ of the other things I will
relate only what I have heard from many especially from the principal
men with whom I have had to do more than with others; because these
believe such fables more firmly than the others; because like the Moors
th^ have their laws reduced to ancient songs; § by which they are
ruled as the Moors are by their scripture. And when they wish to sing
these songs of theirs, they play upon a certain instrument which is called
maiohavaUfl which is of wood and hollow, strongly made and veiy
thin, an eU long and a half an ell in breadth, and the part where it is
played is made in the shape of the pincers of a farrier, and the other
^Tlie rqpetiticm hen of the first sentence with a variation eltocether imooneilable
with the context shows that the text is corrupt.
fBachiller y Hoiales thus corrects the text.
tBoitius in Peter Martyr and froMgus and Ukiqus in Las Cases, see Docs. InM.
LXVI. 486, 488.
fOriedo gives an account of these artytoa as they were called.
ilBrasseur de Bourbours giyes this word as Maiouauan and defines it as a sort of
drum.
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part is like a club. It looks like a gourd with a long neck; and they .
play this instrument, which has so loud a sound that it is heard a league
and a half. To this sound they sing the songs which they learn by heart;
and the principal men play it who have learned from childhood to sound
it and to sing by it acooiding to their custom. Let us now pass on to treat
of many things relating to other ceremonies and customs of these heathen.
CHAPTER XV.
The observances of these Indian Buhuitihu, (Bohuti)
and how they practice medicine and teach the people and
in their cures they are oftentimes themselves ti^en in.
All or the majority of the people of the island of Espafiola have many
eemis of different kinds. One has the bone8K)f his father and his mother,
and kindred and ancestors; (and there are others) which are made of
stone or of wood. And many have ihem of both kinds; some (those)
which speak; and others (those) which make the things grow which
ihey eat; and others which bring rain; and others which make the winds
blow. These simple-minded ignorant people believe these idols, or to
speak more fittingly these devils, do these things not having knowledge
of our holy faith. When one is ill they bring the Buhuitihu (Bohuti)
to him as a physician. The physician is obliged to abstain from food
like the sick man himself and to play the part of sick man which is done in
this way which you will now hear. He must needs purge himself like
the sick manandtopuigehimself he takes a certain powder called co^ko6a*
snuffing it up his nose which intoxicates them so that they do not
know what they do and in this condition they speak many things inco-
herently in which they say they aie talking with the cemia and that
by them they are informed how the sickness came upon him.
CHAPTER XVI.
What these Buhuitihu, (Bohuti) do.
When they go to visit a sick man before th^ set out from their cabins
they take some soot from pots or pounded charcoal and blacken the face
to make the sick man believe what seems good to them as to his ailment;
and then they take some small bones and a little flesh and wrapping it
all tc^ether in something so that it won't drop, put it in the mouth,
the sick man having been already purged with the powder as we have
said. The physician then goes into the cabin of the sick man and sits
down and all are silent; and if there are children there, they put them
out in order that they may not hinder the Buhuitihu (Bohuti) in his
duties; nor does any one remain in the cabin except one or two of the
principal men.
*Tobaooo.
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328 American Antiquarian Society. [April,
And thus being alone they take some herbs of the Gioia* . . .
broad and another herb wrapped in a leaf of an onion half a quarter
long; and one of the above-mentioned Gioia is what they all usually
take. And crumbling it with their hands they make a paste of it and
then put it in their mouths by night to make them vomit what they
have eaten, in order that it may not hurt them; and then they begin to
sing the above-mentioned song. And lighting a torch ihey take that
juioe. This done at the b^jnning, and waiting somewhat the Buhuitihu
(Bohuti) rises and goes towazd the sick man who is seated in the middle
of his cabin as has been said and turns him around twice as he pleases.
Then he stands before him and takes him by the legs feeling his thighs
and running his hands down to his feet, then he draws him hard as if
he wished to puU something o£f; then he goes to the entrance of the
cabin and closes the door, and speaks saying "Begone to the mountains,
or to the sea or whither thou wilt/' and blowing like one who blows
in winnowing he turns around again and puts his hands together
and doses his mouth and his hand shake as if he were very cold, and he
blows on his hands and then draws in his breath again like one who is
sucking the marrow from a bone and he sucks the sick man on the neck,
on the stomach, shoulders, jaws, breasts, belly and many other parts
of the body. This done they begin to cou|^ and to make faces as if
they had eaten something bitter, and he spits into his hand and draws
out that which we mentioned which he had put in his mouth either at
his own cabin or on the way, either a stone or meat or a bone, as has been
said. And if it is anything eatable, he says to the sick man, "Take
notice! You have eaten something which has brou^^t on this iUness
which you suffer from. See how I have taken out of your body what
3rour cemi had put in your body because you did not say your prayers
to him or did not build him some temple or give him something from.
your possessions." And if it is a stone he says, "keep it safe." And
sometimes they are convinced that these stones are good, and that
they help women in labor, and they keep it very carefully wrapped in
cotton in little baskets and give them to eat what they eat themsdves,
and ihey do the same to the cemia -winch, they have in their cabins.
Upon solenm days when they bring out much to eat either fish, meat, or
bread or anything else, they put everything in the cabin of the eemis
that the idd may eat of it.
The next day they take all this food to their own cabins after the
cemi has eaten. And so may God help them if the cemi eats of that;
or of aiqrthing else, the said cemi being a dead thing made of stone or
wood.
•BaehJUer y HoraleB thinlu the worda textual oror for the form eogieba uaed aboye,
eh. zi, yet see below eh. zvii where it is deeoribed and aoother name Zaohon ia men-
tioned.
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CHAPTER XVII.
How sometimes these physicians are deceived.
When they have done what has been deeoribed and still the dok man
dies, if the dead man has many relatives or was lord of a village (oastella)
and can resist the said Btdhvitihu (Bohuti) which means physician,
(because those who have little power do not venture to contend with
these physicians) he who wishes to do harm to him does this. Wanting
to know if the sick man died through the fault of the physician or whether
he did not do what was prescribed, th^ take an herb called gueio which
has leaves like basil, thick and brcMui (and it is called also another name
Zachon.) They take the juice of this leaf and cut the nails of the dead
man and cut off the hair on his forehead, and they make powder (of
them) between two stones, which they mix with the juice of the afore*
said herb, and they pour it into the dead man's mouth or his nose and
so doing they ask the dead man if the physician was the cause of his
death, and if he had followed the regimen (or diet). And they ask him
this several times until he speaks as plainly as if he were alive, so that
he answers all that they ask of him, saying that the Buhuitihu (Bohuti)
did not follow the regimen, or was the cause of his death that time.
And they say the physician asks him if he is alive or how it is that he
speaks so plainly; and he answers that he is dead. And when they
have learned what they want, they return him to his grave from which
they took him to learn from him what we have described. They also
proceed in another way to learn what they want. They take the dead
man and build a big fire, like that with which a oharooal-bumer makes
charcoal, and when the wood is become live coals they place the body
into this great fiery mass and then cover it with earth as the charcoal*
burner covers charcoal and here they let it lie as long as they please. And
as it lies there th^ ask him questions as has already becoi said of the
other method. And he replies that he knows nothing and they ask
him this ten times and then he speaks no more. They ask him if he is
dead; but he does not speak more than these ten times.
CHAPTER XVIII.
How the relatives of the dead man take vengeance when
they have received an answer by means of the drench.
The relatives of the dead man get together some day and wait for the
Buhuitihu (Bohuti) and beat him with clubs till they break his l^gs,
his arms and his head so that they fairly bray him as in a mortar, and
they leave him in that condition believing that they have killed him.
And they say that by night there come many snakes of different kinds
which lick the face and the whole body of this physician who has been
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330 American Antiquarian Society. [April,
left for dead as we said and who remains so for two or three days. And
while he stays there in that condition they say that the bones of his
lags and aims unite and knit together and he gets up and walks leisurely
in the direction of his cabin. And liiose that see him ask him saying:
''Were you not dead?" and he answere that the cemia came to his assist-
ance in tiie form of snakes. And the relatives of the dead man, greatly
enraged, because they thought they had avenged the death of their
relative, seeing him alive grow desperate and tiy to lay hands on him
to put him to death; and if they get hold of him again they gouge out
his eyes and crush his testicles, because they say that none of these
can die no matter how much he is beaten if they do not take away his
testicles.
How they leam what they want from him they bum and
how they take vengeance.
When they uncover the fire the flmoke that comes from it rises tiU
they lose si^t of it, and it gives forth a shrill ciy as it comes from the
furnace, then turns down and enters the cabin of tiie BuhinHhu, (Bohuti)
or physician, and that veiy moment he falls sick if he did not follow the
diet (or regimen) and he is covered with sores and his whole bo4y peels,
and thus th^ have a sign that such a one did not observe the diet and
that therefore the sick man died. Wherefore they tiy to kill him ashas
been described in the case of the other.
Theee then are the spells which they are wont to use.
CHAPTER XIX.
How they make and keep cemis of wood and stone.
Those of stone (wood?) are made in this fashion. When someone is
going along on a journey he says he sees a tree which is moving its roots;
and the man in a great fright stops and asks: ''Who is it?" And he replies
''My name is BukuUihu* and he will teU you who I am. " And the man
goes to the physician and tells him what he has seen; and the enchanter
or wizard runs inmiediatdy to see the tree which the man has told him
of and sits down[by it, and he makes cogioba as we have described above in
the stoiy of the four.f And when the cogioba is made he stands up on
his feet and gives it all its titles as if it were some great lord, and he
asks it: "Tell me who you are and what you are doing here and what
you want of me and why you have had me called. Tell me if you want
me to cut you or if you want to come with me, and how you want me to
cany you, and I will build you a cabin and add a property to it." Then
*The text is erroneouB. It ahouki be "Call the Bohuti" as appears from Lav
Cttsas's quotation of^the same passase Does. In^. LXVI, 436.
tSee aboTe ch. zi. Las Cases describes in detail the prooess of ''making oohoba''
which he says he had seen many times. Docs. InM. LXVI, 469-71.
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that tree or cemi becomes an idol or devil, replies to him teUing him the
shape in 'vdiich it wants to be made. And he cuts and makes it in the
shape it has directed; builds its house for it, and gives the property
and many times in the year makes eogioba for it. This eoffioba is to pray
to it and to please it and to ask and to learn some things from the eemif
either evil or good, and in addition to ask it for wealth. And when
they want to know if th^ will be victorious over their enemies they
go into a cabin into which no one else goes except the principal men;
and their chief is the first who begins to make eoffioba, and to make a
noise; and while he is making eogioba, no one of them who is in the
company says anything till the chief has finished; but when he has
finished his prayer, he stands a while with his head turned (down) and
his anns on his knees; then he lifts his head up and looks toward the
sky and speaks. Then they all answer him with a loud voice, and wbea
ihey have all spoken giving thanks, he tells the vision that he has seen
intoxicated with the eogioba which he has inhaled through his nose,
which goes up into his head. And he says that he has talked with the
cemi and that they are to have a victory; or that his enemies will fly;
or that there shall be a great loss of life, or wars or famine or some other
such thingi which occur to him who is intoxicated to say. Consider
what a state their brains are in, because they say the cabins seem to them
to be turned upside down and that men are walking with their feet in
the air.
And this eogioba they make for eemia of stone and of wood as well
as for the dead as we have described above.
The stone eemis are of several kinds. There are some which they
say the physiciaDS draw from the body and the sick believe these are
the best to help women with child to be delivered. There are othen
that speak which are shaped like a laige turnip with the leaves spread
on and as long as caper bushes. These leaves generally are shaped
like an elm leaf; others have three points, and they believe that they
make the Oiuea (Yucca?) to grow. Their roots are like a radish. The
leaf of the giviola for the most part has six or seven points. I do not
know with what to compare it because I have never seen anjrthing like
it in Spain or in other countries. The stslk of the giuea is as tall as a
man. Let us now speak of their belief relating to the idols and eemia
and of their great delusions derived from them.
CHAPTER XX.
Of the Cead, Bugia and Alba,* of which they relate that when there
were wars he was burnt by them and then washing him with the juice
of the giuea his arms grew again and his eyes were made anew and his
body grew again.
The giuea was small and with water and with juice as mentioned above
they washed it in order that it should become big. And they say that
^Alternate nameg of Baidnuna nwntioiied just below.
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332 American Antiquarian Society. [April,
it made those 31 who had made this cemi because they did not bring it
giuca to eat. This eemi was named Baidrama;* and when some one
was sick th^ called the BvhviHhu (Bohuti) and asked him whence
came this illness; and he replied that Baidnona had sent it because
they had not sent him (something) to eat by those who had charge of
his cabin. This the BvhuUihu (Bohuti) said the cemi Baidrama had
told him.
CHAPTER XXI.
Of the cemi of Guamorete.
They say that -whim they built the house of Quamorete irho was
a principal man, they put there a cemi that he had on top of his house.
This cemi was called Gorooote; and once when they had wars, the enemiee
of Guamorete burned the house where this cemi Gorooote was. At
that time they relate that he rose up and went away a oroas-bowdiot
from that place to near a water. And ihey say that when he was above
the house by njght he came down and lay with the women, and that
then Guamorete died, and that this cemi came into the hands of another
cacique and that he continued to lie with the women. And they say,
besides, that two crowns grew on his head. Wherefore they said: (of
some one) ' 'Since he has two crowns, certainly he is the son of Gorooote.''
This they believed very positively. This cemi came into the poosofloion
later of another cacique named Guatabanez and his place was named
Giacaba.
CHAPTER XXII.
Of another cemi whose name was Opigielguouiran,t and a principal
man had him whose name was Gauauaniouaua, and he had many subjects.
This cemi Opigielguouiran, they say, had four feet like a dog's, and
he was of wood, and that oftentimes by night he went out of the house
into the woods whither they went to seek him, and ^enhe was brou^^t
back to the house they bound him with cords; but he went away again
to the woods.
And when the CJhristians came to this island of Espaliola they say
that he broke away and went into a swamp and that they followed
his tracks but never saw him nor do they Imow anything about him.
I deliver this just as I received it.
*Las Gmm. LXVI. 471. givM this name asVaybnun*. Hia venidn of the story
ia dearer than the Italian text of Ramon Pane.
) fEpilecuanita in Peter Martyr. Accepted by BaehiUer y M<ffalee as undoubtedly
the proper form, the name in the text being obrioualy eomipted.
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CHAPTER XXIII.
Of another cemi called Gnabancex.
This cemi Guabanoez was in the countiy of a great cacique, one of
the chief ones, named Aumatex. This cemi is a woman and they
say there are two others in her company. One is a crier, the other
the gatherer or governor of the waters. And when GKiabanoez is angiy,
they say, that she raises the wind and brings rain, and throws down
houses and shakes the trees. This cemi they say is a woman and was
made of stone of that countiy. The other two cemis that are with her
are named, the one Guatauua, and is a crier or prodaimer and by order
of Guabanoez makes proclamation that all the other cemia of that
province shall help raise a high wind and bring a heavy rain. The other
is named Coatiischie ^dio, they relate, gathers the water into the valleys
between the mountains and then lets them looBb to destroy the oountiy
This they are positive about.
CHAPTER XXIV.
Of what they believe about another cemi named Faraguuaol.* This
cemi belongs to a principal cacique in the island of Espafiola, and is an
idol, and they ascribe to him several names and he was found as you
will now hear.
Th^ say that one day in the past before the island was discovered
they know not how long ago, when going hunting th^ found a certain
animal and they ran after it and it broke away into a ditch. And
looking for it they saw a beam which seems alive. Thereupon the
hunter, seeing it, ran to his lord who was a cicique and the father of
Guaraionel and told him what he had seen. Th^ went there and found
the thing as the hunter had said. And they took the log and built a
house for it. And they say that it went out of the house several times
and went to the place whence they had brou^t it, not exactly to the
same place but near there; because the lord just mentioned or his son
Guaraionel sent out to seek it they found it hidden; and that another
time they bound it and put it in a sack, and notwithstanding it was
bound in this way it went off as before. And this (stoiy) this ignorant
people accept as a positive certainty.
CHAPTER XXV.
Of the things which they say were uttered by two of the leading
caciques of the island of Espafiola; the one named Cassiuaquel, father
of the above-mentioned Guarionel; the other Gamanaooel.
^BaohiUtf y Morales tbinki this iMine should be written Tencabeol.
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334 American Antiquarian Society. [April,
And (to) that great lord who they say is in heaven, as in the beginning
of the book is written, (they say of) this Gaizzihu,* that he there made
a fast which all of them keep together, for they are shut up six or seven
dajrs without eating anything except the juice of herbs with which
they also wash themselves. After this time is finished, they begin to
eat something which gives them nourishment. And in the time that
they have been without food through the weakness which they feel in
the body and in the head they say they have seen something peritaps
desired by them, for they all keep this fast in honor of the cemi that
they have in order to know if they will obtain a victory over their ene>
mies or to acquire wealth or for anything else they desire. And they
say that this cacique afiirmed that he had spoken with Gioeauuaghamaf
who had told him that whoever remained alive after his death should
enjoy the rule over them only a short time, because they would see
in their country a people clothed which was to rule them and to slay
them and that they would die of hunger. At first they thought these
would be the Ganibales;} but reflecting that they only plundered and
fled they believed that it must be another people that the cemi spoke
of. Wherefore they now believe that it was the Admiral and the people
he brou^t with him.§ Now I want to tell what I have seen and what
took place, when I and the other friars went to Castile and I, Friar
Ramon a poor hennit stayed behind) and went off to the Magdalena to
a fort which Don (Christopher Columbus, Admiral, viceroy and governor
of the islands and of the main land of the Indies by conmiand of King
Don Ferdinand and of the (iueen Donna Isabella. I being in that fort
with Artiaga (Arriaga) appointed captain of it by order of the aforesaid
viceroy Don Christopher Columbus it pleased Ckxi to enlighten with the
light of the Holy Catholic Faith a whole household of the principal
people of that province of Magdalena. This province was called Maro-
risIT and the lord of it was called Guauauooonel, which means son of
Guauaenechin. In the aforesaid house were his servants and favorites
who had for a surname Giahuuauariii. They were in all sixteen persons
all relatives, and among them five brothers. Of these one died, and the
other four received the water of holy baptism. And I believe that
they died martyrs, for so it appeared in their death and in their ccmstancy.
The first who received the death or the water of holy baptism was an
Indian called Guaticaua** who then received the name of John. This
*Tliu sentenoe is apparently eorrupt. The oonieetural inMrtioiu are based on
Las Casas's epitome of the same story. Docs. In^. LXVI, 473. I take Csisiiiiaqiiel
and Caiisihu to be the same.
fYocahucuama in Las Casas, op. ciL 475.
f'That people whom we now call Garibes but whom they then and we called Gani-
bales" Las Casas op. cU. 475. The words are etymologically the same.
f A very interesting legend of a prophecy of a clothed conquering race. Possibly
the attribute of clothing may haye been based on rumors of the Mas^as or the Astecs.
IIThe text is confused. Probably it means simply at the time when the other
friars went to Castile.
infa<;orix. Las Casas, Docs. InM. LXVI, 436.
**Guaicauanu is the form given a page below.
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was tbe fiist Christian who suffered a cruel death; and surely it aeems
to me that he died the death of a martyr. For I have heard from some
who were present at his death that he said Dio Aboriadacha, Dio Aboria-
dacha,* which is to say: "I am a servant of Qod." And in like manner
died his brother Antony and with him another saying the same thing.
All those of this household and peo^de attended me to do whatever I
pleaaed Those that were left alive and are living to-day are Christians
through the means of Don Christopher Columbus, viceroy and governor
of the Indies; and now the Christians are many more in number through
the grace of Qod.
Let us now velate what befel us in the idand (piovinoe) of Magdalena.
When Iwas there in Magdalena thesaid Lord Admiral came to the assist-
ance of Aniaga and some Christians who were besieged by enemies,
the subjects of a principal cacique named Caouabo (Caonabo). The
Lord Admiral told me that the language of the province Magdalena
Maioris (MaQorix) was different from the other, and that the speech
there was not understood throughout the land, and that therefore I
should go and reside with another principal Cacique named Guarionex,
lord of a numerous people whose language was understood eveiywhere
intheland. So l^ his conunand I went to reside with the said Guarionex.
It IB true, that I said to the lord governor Don Christopher Columbus:
^'My lord, why does your lordship wish me to go and live with Guarionex
when I know no language besides that of Maroris? (Ma^orix) Let
your lordship permit that some one of these people of Nuhuird, who
then were Christians and knew both languages, go with me." This
he granted me and UAd me to take whomever I pleased. And God in
his goodness gave me for a companion the best of the Indians and the
one most experienced in the Christian faith. Later he took him from
me. God be praised who gave him and took him away, whom I truly
regarded as a good son and a brother. And he was that Guaicauand
who afterwards was a Christian and was called John.
Of what befell us there I, the poor hermit, shall not relate anything,
nor how we set forth Guaicauanti and I and went to Isabella and waited
for tbe Admiral till he returned from the relief of Magdalena. As soon
as he arrived we went where the lord governor had ordered us in company
with one Juan de Agiada (Aguada) who had charge of a fort which the
said governor Don Christopher Columbus had built, half a league from
the place where we were to live. And the aforesaid lord Admiral com-
manded the said Juan di Agiada (Aguada) that he should give us to eat
from the store that was in the fort. This fort was called Conception.
We then were with that cacique Guarionex almost two years giving
him instruction all the time in our holy faith and the customs of Chris-
tians. In the beginning he showed a good will and gave us hopes that
he would do everything we wished and of desiring to be a Christian,
asking us to teach him the Lord's Prayer, the Ave Maria and the Creed ,
*Tlus |>hraM one the Tery few extant belonsing to the Taino or Haytian languace
is liven by Lae Cane ae "D%o9 nabcria daea." op- dL 475.
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336 American Antiquarian Society. [April,
and all the other prayers which pertain to the Christian. And thus
he leaned the Lord's Prayer and the Ave Maria, and the Greed. And
many of his household learned the same. And every morning he said hia
prayers and he made his household say them twice a day. But later
he became offended and gave up that good plan through the fault of
some other principal men of that countiy, ^o blamed him because he
was willing to give heed to the Christian law, since the Christians were
bad men and got possession of their lands l^ force. Therefore they
advised him to care no more for anything belonging to the Christians,
but that they should agree and conspire together to slay them, because
th^ could not satisfy them and were resolved not to tiy in any fashion
to follow their ways. For this reason he broke off from his good intention,
and we, seeing that he had broken away and left what we had taught
him, resolved to depart thence and go where we might be more successful
in teaching the Indians and instructing them in the matters of our faith.
And so we went to another principal cacique who showed us good will
saying that he wished to be a Christian. This cacique was called Mauiatud.
Accordingly, we set out to go to the said Mauiatu^'s countiy: I Friar
Ramon Pane, a poor hermit, and Friar Juan Boigognone of the order
of St. Francis and John Matthew the first that received the water of Holy
Baptism in the island of Espafiola.
On the second day after we departed from the village and habitation
of Guarionex to go to the other cacique named Mauiatud the people
of Guarionex built a house near the house of prayer in ^diich we left
some images before which the catechumens were to kneel and pray and
to console themselves. And they were the mother, and brothers and the
relatives of the aforesaid John Matthew, the first Christian. Later
seven others joined them and then all of that family became Christiana
and persevered in their good intentions, according to our faith; so that
all that family remained as the guardians of that house of prayer and
some lands that I had had tilled.
Now these being left to guard this house the second day after we had
gone to the aforesaid Mauiatu^, six men went into the house of prayer
which the aforesaid catechumens who were seven in number had chaige
of, and l^ order of Guarionex told them that they should take those
images which Friar Ramon had left in the custody of the catechumens,
and rend them and break them in pieces, since Friar Ramon and his
companions had gone and th^ would not know "vdio did it. Therefore
these six servants of Guarionex went there and found six boys watching
over this house of prayer fearing what happened later; and the boys
thus instructed said they were unwilling th^ should come in, but they
forced their way in and took the images and carried them off.
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CHAPTER XXVI.
What became of the images and the miracle God wrought
to show his power.
When th^ came out of the house of prayer, they threw the images
down on the ground and covered them with dirt and then made
water upon them saying: "Now your fruits will be good and great."
And this because they buried them in a tilled field saying that the fruit
would be good which was planted there, and this all in mockery. And
when the boys saw this that had chaige of the house of prayer l^ com^
mand of the catechumens they ran to their elders who were on their
lands and told them, that the men of Quarionex had torn the images
to tatters and mocked them. And when they understood the matter
from them they left their woik and ran ciying out to give an account
of it to Don Bartholomew Columbus who was then governor in place of the
Admiral his brother, who had gone to Castile. He as lieutenant of the
viceroy and governor of the islands had the offenders tried and the truth
being made known he had them publicly burnt. All this did not deter
Guarionez and his subjects from the evil design they had of slaying
the Christians on the day appointed for bringing in the tribute which
th^ payed.* But their conspiracy was discovered, and thus they
were taken on the same day on which th^ were going to cany it into
effect. Still they persisted in their plan and putting it into operation,
they killed four men and John Matthew chief derk and Anthony his
brother who had received Holy Baptism. And th^ ran to where they
had hidden the images and tore them in pieces. Some days later the
owner of that field went to dig agis which are roots like turnips and some
like radishes. And in the place where the images had been buried
two or three agis had grown one through the middle of the other in the
form of a cross. Nor was it possible for any man to find this cross, but
the mother of Guarionez found it who was the worst woman I knew
in those parts. She thought this a great miracle and said to the com-
mander of the fort Conception, "This miracle has been shown l^ God
where the images were found. God knows why."
Let us now relate how the first Christians were converted who received
Holy Baptism and how much it is necessary to do to make all Christians.
And truly the island has great need of people to punish the chiefs when
they will not suffer their peo^de to hear the things of the Holy Catholic
Faith, and to be taught in it, because they are not able and do not
know how to speak against it. I can affirm this with truth because it
has cost me much labor to know it and I am certain that it will be dear
from what we have said of this to point. A word to the wise is enough.
The first Christians then in the island of Espafiola were those of whom
we have^spoken above, i. e. Gianauuariu in whose family there were
*Cf. LMlCasM. HiBioria cb Jaa /imKm H. 144-«.
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338 American Antiqyarian Society. [April,
seventeen personB who all became Ghristianfl, as soon as they understood
that theze is one God idio has made all things and created heaven and
earth, without any further arguments or controversy because they
easQy believe. But with others both force and inteUigenoe must be used,
because they are not all alike. Because if these had a good beginning
and a better end there will be others ^dio will begin wdl and then will
laugh at what has been tau^t them. For such force and punishment
axe neoessaiy.
The first that received R6ty Baptism in the islaad of Espafiola was
John Matthew ^dio was baptised on the day of St. Matthew the Evan-
gelist (September 21) in the year 1496, and later all his family; where
there have been many Christians and there would be more if tliere had
been someone to teach them and to instruct them in the Holy Catholic
Faith and people to hold them in cheek.
And if any one should ask idiy I make this so easy a matter I say
it is because I have seen the eKpeiiment tried especially in the case of
a pcineipal cacique Mahuuiatiuire who has continued now for three
years in his good purpose saying that he will be a Christian and have
but one wife because they used to have two or three and the principal
ones ten, fifteen or twenty.
This is what I have been able to understand and to learn as to the cus-
toms and ceremonies of the Indians of Espafiola, with all the pains I
have taken wherein I expect no spiritual or temporal advantage.
May it please our Lord if this is useful to his government and service
to give me his grace to persevere; and if it must fall out otherwise, may
he take away my understanding.
The end of the work of the poor hermit Ramon Pane.^
AN EPITOME OF THE TREATISE OF FRIAR RAMON
INSERTED BY PETER MARTYR IN HIS
DE REBUS OCEANICIS ET NOVO ORBE.
DECADE I. UB. IX.
INTRODUCTORY NOTE.
The translation is that of Richard Eden, as revised by Michael Lok,
and published in Hakluyt's Voyages, London ed. 1812. Vol. v. 209ff.
I have compared the translation with the original, restoring some
slight omissions and correcting some errors. E. Q. B.
Our men therefore were long in the Hand of Hispaniola,
before they knew that the people thereof honoured any
other thmg then the lightes of heauen, or hadde any other
^HiftoTM. Ed. 1571. folios 12&-145.
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religion: but when they hadde beene longe conuersaunt with
them, and by vnderstanding their language, drew to a further
f amiliaritie, they had knowledge that they vsed diuers rites
and superstitions: I haue therefore gathered these fewe
thinges following, omitting the more trifling matter, out of a
booke written by one Ramonus [Ramon] an Heremite, whome
Colonus [Coliimbus] hadde left with certayne kinges of the
Ilande to instruct them in the Christian faith. And tarry-
ing there a long time he composed a small book in the
Spanish tongue on the rites of the island. And because in
manner their whole religion is none other thing then idola-
trie, I will be^in at their idoUes. It is therefore apparant
by the images which they honour openly and conunonly,
that there appeare vnto them in the night seasons, certayne
phantasies and illusions of euil spirites, seducing them into
many fonde and foolish errours for they make certaine
images of Gossampine cotton, folded or wreathed after
thdr manner, and hard stopped within. These images
they make sitting, muche like vnto the pictures of spirits
and deuilles which our paynters are accustomed to paynt
vpon walles: but forasmuch as I my selfe sent you foure
of these Images, you may better presently signifie vnto
the king vour vncle, what manner of things they are, and
howe like vnto paynted deuilles, than I can expresse the
same by writing. These images, the inhabitauntes call
Zemes, whereof the leaste, made to the likenesse of young
deuilles, they binde to their fordieades when they goe to
the warres against their enemies, and for that purpose haue
they those strings hangmg at them which you see. Of
these, they beleeue to obteyne rayne, if raine bee lacking,
likewise fayre weather if they are in need of sunshine: for
they think that these Zemes are the mediatours and messen-
gers of the great God, whom they acknowledge to be onely
one, etemall, without md, omnipotent, and inuisible. Thus
euery king hath his particular Zeme, which he honoureth.
They call the etemall God by these two names, locauna.
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340 American Antiqiuinan Society. [April,
Guamaonocon, as their predecessoures taught them, affirm-
ing that hee hath a mother called by these fiue names :
that is, Attabeira, Mamona, Guacarapita, Bella, Guimazoa.
Nowe shall you heare what they fable on the earth as touch-
ing the][originall of man. There is in the lande, a region
<^ed Caunana, where they faine that mankinde came first
out of two caues of a moimtaine: and that the biggest sorte
of men came forth of the mouth of the biggest caue, and
the least sort out of the least caue. The rocke in the which
these caues are, they call Cauta. The greatest denne,
they name Cazibaxagua, and the lesse Amaiauna. They say,
that before it was lawful for men to come foorth of the
eaue, the mouth of the caue was kept and watched ni^tly
by a man whose name was Machochael: this Machochael^
departing somewhat farre from the caue, to the intent to
8ee what things were abroad, was sodenly taken of the
sunne, (whose sight he was forbidden) and was turned
into a stone. They fayne the like of diuers others, that
whereas they went forth in the night season a fishing so
farre from the caue, that they could not retume before the
rismg of the sunne (the which it was not lawfull for them
to behold) they were transformed into Myrobalane trees,
which of themselves grow plentifully in the Hand. They
said furthermore, that a certayne ruler called Vaguoniona,
sent one foorth of the caue to goe a fishing, who by like
chance was turned into a Nightingale, because the simne
was risen beef ore hee came agajne to the caue: and that
yeerely about the same time that he was turned into
a bird,* he doth in the night with a mourning song
bewayle his misfortune, and call for the helpe of his
maister Vaguoniona: And this they thinke to bee the cause
why that bird singeth in the night season. But Vaguon-
iona, being sore troubled in his mind for the losse of his
familiar friend whom he loued so entirely, leauing the men
in the caue, brought forth only the women with their suck-
*By a curious error Lok ha» "bridge" instead of "bird".
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ing children; and leaning the women in one of the Ilandes
of that tract, called Mathinind, he caryed the children
away with him; which poor wretches oppressed with famine,
faynted and remayned on the banke of a certaine ryuer;
where they were turned into frogges and cryed toa, toa,
that is mamma, mamma, as children are woont to cry, for
the mothers pape. And heereof they say it commeth that
frogges vse to cry so pitifully in the springtime of the yeare:
And that men were scattered abroade in the caues of
Hispaniola without the companie of women. They say
also, that Vaguoniona himself being accustomed to wander
in diuers places, and yet by a speciall grace neuer trans-
formed once, descended to a certayne faire woman, whom
he sawe in the bottome of the sea, and receiued of her
certayne pibble stones of marble (which they called Cibas)
and also certayne yellowe and bright plates of lattin which
they call Guaninos. These necklaces to this day are had
in great estimation among the kinges, as goodly jewelles
and most holy reUques.
These* men which we said before were left in the caves
without women, went forth in the ni^t (as they say) to
wash themselves in a pond of rain water and saw a far off
by the way a great multitude of certain beasts in shape
somewhat like unto women, creeping as thick as ants about
the myrobalane trees; And that as they attempted to
take these beasts, they slipped out of their hands as they
had been eels. Whereupon they consulted, and determined
by the advice of the elders, that all such should be sou^t forth
among them, as were scabbed and leprous, to the intent
that with their rough and hard hands, tiiey might the easier
take hold of them. These men, they call Caracaracoles:
And sent them forth a hunting to take their beasts. But
of many which they took, they could keep but only four:
and when they would have used them for women, they found
*T1m two legradi that follow of the nmlring of women and of the m^Mng of the
M* were omitted by Lok althouch tmnelated by Eden. Eden's Tenion moderniied
hae been inserted here.
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342 American AnHqvarian Society. [April,
that they lacked woman's priuities. Wherefore calling the
elders again to counsel to consult what were best to be done in
this case, their advice was that the bird which we call the
Pye, should be admitted with his bill to open a place for
that purpose, while in the meantime these men called
Caracaracoles, should hold fast the women's th^s abroad
with their rou^ hands. Full wisely therefore was the pye
put to this office, and opened the women's priuities, and
hereof the women of the Island have their origb and off-
spring. But now do I cease to marvel that the old Greeks
did fable and write so many books of the people called
Myrmidones, which they said to be engendered of ants or
pismires. These and such like, the sagest and wisest of
the people, preach continually to the simple sort, and
rdiearse the same as most holy oracles. But it is yet more
childish [rather, more sober] that they fable as touching the
original of the sea. For they say that there was once in
the Island, a man of great power, whose name was laia;
whose only son being dead, he buried him within a great
gourd. This laia, grievously taking the death of his son,
after a few months, came again to the gourd: The which
when he had opened, there issued forth many great whales
and other monsters of the sea: whereupon he declared to
such as dwelt about him, that the sea was enclosed in that
gourd. By which report, four brethren (borne of one woman
who died in her travail) being moved, came to the gom-d in
hope to have many fishes. The which when they had
taken in their hands, and espied lata coming, (who often-
times resorted to the gourd to visit the bones of his son)
fearing lest he should suspect them of theft and sacrilege,
suddenly let the gourd fall out of their hands: which being
broken in the fall the sea forthwith broke out at the rifts
thereof, and so filled the vales, and overflowed the plains,
that only the mountains were uncovered, which now contain
the islands which are seen in those coasts. And this is the
opinion of these wise men as concerning the origin of the sea.
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But nowe (most noble prince) you shall heare a more
pleasaunt fable. There is a certa3me caue called louana-
boina, in the territorie of a certayne king whose name is
Machinn^ch: This caue they honour more religiously then
did the Greekes in time paste, Corinth, Cyrrha, or Nysa,
and haue adoumed it with pictures of a thousand fashions.
In the intranee of this caue they haue two grauen Zemes,
whereof the one is called Binthaitel, and the other Mar6hu.
Being demanded why they had this caue in so great reuerence
they answered earnestly, because the sunne and the moone
came first out of the same to giue light to the world: they
haue religious concourse to these caues, as we are accustomed
to goe on Fylgrimage to Rome, or Vaticane, Compostella,
or tiie Lords Sepulchre, Hierusalem, as most holy & head
places of our religion. They are also subject to another
kind of superstition : for they thinke that dead folks walke
in the night, and eate the fruite called Gvannaba, vnknowne
vnto Ys, & somewhat like vnto a Quinse: affirming also
that they are couersant with lining people: euen in thdr
beddes, and to deceiue women in taking vpon them the
shape of men, shewing themselves as though they would
haue to doe with them: but when the matter conuneth to
actuall deed, sodainly they vanishe away. If any do suspect
that a dead body lyeth by him, when he f eeleth any strange
thing in the bed, they say he shall bee out of doubt by feeling
of the bellie thereof; affirming that the spirites of dead men
may take vppon them all the members of mans body, sauing
onely the nauel. If therefore by the lacke of the nauel he
doe perceiue that a dead body lyeth by him, the feeling
(contact) is immediately resolued. (relaxed) They bdeeue
verily, that in the ni^t, and oftentimes in ther ioiuneies,
and especially in common and hig|h wayes, dead men doe
meete with the lining: Against whom, if any man bee
stout and out of feare, the fantasie vanisheth incontinently:
but if anie feare, the fantasie or vision dooth so assaulte
him and strike him with further feare, that many are thereby
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344 American AntiquaHan Society. [April^
astonyshedy and haue the lynunes of their bodies taken.
(Rather, arc completely unnerved). The inhabitauntes
beeing demanded of whom they had those vaine superstitions
they aunswered, that they were left them of thdr forefathers,
as by descent of inheritance, and that they haue had the
same before the memorie of man, composed in certaine
rimes and songes, which it was lawfull for none to leame,
but onely the Idnges sonnes, who committed the same to
memorye because they had neuer any knowledge of letters.
These they sing before the people on certaine solemne
and festiuall dayes as most religious c«*emonies: while in
the meane time they play on a certaine instrument made of
one whole peece of wood somewhat holowe like a timbrel.
Their priestes and diuines (whom they call Boitii) instructe
them in these superstitions: These priestes are also phisi-
tions, deuismg a thousand craftes and subtilties howe to
deceiue the simple people which haue them in great reuerence
for they perswade them that the Zemes vse to speak with
them familiarly, and tel them of things to come. And if
any haue ben sicke, and are recouered they make and beleeue
that they obteined their health of the Zemes. These
Boitii bind themselves to much fasting, and outward dean-
linesse, and purginges, especially when they take vpon them
the cure of any prince, for then they drinke the powder of a
certaine herbe by whose qualitie they are driuen into a fury,
at which time (as they say) they leame many thinges by
reuelation of the Zemes. Then putting secretely in their
mouthes, eyther a stone, or a bone, or a peece of flesh, they
come to the sick person commaunding al to depart out of
that place except one or two whom it shall please the aicke
man to appoynt: this done, they goe about him three or
foure times, greatly deforming their faces, Upps, and nos-
thrils with sundry filthy gestures, blowing, breathing, and
sucking the forehead, temples, and necke of the patient,
whereby (they say) they drawe the euil ayre from him, and
sucke the disease out of the vaynes; then rubbing him.
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1906.] Beginnings of American Anthropology. 346
about the shoulders, thighes and legges, and drawing downe
their handes close by his feete, holding them yet faste
togeather, they runne to the doore being open, where they
vndose and shake their hands, affirming that they haue
driuen away the disease, and that the patient shall shortly
be perfectly restored to health. After this comming be-
hinde him, hee conueigheth a peece of fleshe out of bis owne
mouth like a iu^eler, and sheweth it to the aicke man,
saying ,"Behold, you haue eaten to much, you shall nowe
bee whole, because I haue taken this from you." But if he
entend yet further to deceiue the patient, hee perswadeth
him that his Zeme is angry, eyther because he hath not
builded him a chappell, or not honoiu^ him religiously,
or not dedicated vnto him a groue or garden. And if it so
chaimce that the sicke person die, his kinsfolks, by witch-
crafte, enforce the dead to confesse whether he died by
naturall destiny, or by the negligence of the Boitius, in
that he had not fasted as he should haue done, or not minis-
tred a conuenient medicine for the disease: so that if this
phisition be found faultie, they take reuenge of him. Of
these stones or bones which these Boitii cary in their mouthes,
if the women can come by them, they keepe them reli^ously,
beleeuing them to be greatly effectuall to hdpe women
traueUng with childe, and therefore honour them as they do
their Zemes. For diuers of the inhabitantes honour Zemes
of diuers fashions: some make them of wood, as they were
admonished by certaine visions appearing vnto them in
the woods: Other, which haue receiued aunswer of them
among the rockes, make them of stone and marble. Some
they make of rootes, to the similitude of such as appeare to
them when they are gathering the rootes called Ages,
whereof they make their bread, as we haue said before.
These 2iemes they beleue to send plentie & fruitfulnes
of those rootes, as the antiquitie beleued such fa}n:ies or
spirits as they called Dryades, Hamadryades, Satyros,
Panes, and Nereides, to haue the cure & prouidence of
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346 American Antiquarian Society. [April,
the sea, wckkIs, springes, and fountaines, assigning to euery
thing their peculiar goddes; Euen so doe the inhabitants of
this Hand attribute a Zeme to eu^y thing, supposing the
same to giue eare to thdr inuocations. Wherefore, as
often as the kings aske counsell of thdr SSemes as concern-
ing their warres, increase of fruites or scarcenes, or health
& sickness, they enter into the house dedicate to their
2iemes, where, snufiing vp into thdr nosthryles the pouder
of the herbe called Cohdbba* (wherewith the Boitii are dry-
uen into a furie) they say that immediately they see the
houses turned topede turuie, and men to walke with thdr
heeles vpward, of such force is this pouder, vtterly to take
away al sence. As soone as this madnesse ceasseth, he
embraceth his knees with his armes, holding downe his
head. And when he hath remayned thus awhile astony-
shed, hee lifteth vp his head, as one that came newe out of
sleepe: and thus lookin vp toward heauen, first he fumbleth
certaine confounded wordes with himselfe, then certayne
of the nobilitie or chiefe gentlemen that are about him (for
none of the common people are admitted to these mysteries)
with loude voyces giue tokens of reioicing that hee is retiuned
to them from the speech of the Zemes, demanding of him
what he hath scene. Then hee opening his mouth, doateth
that the Zemes spake to him during the time of his trance,
declaring that he had reuelations either concerning victorie
or destruction, famine or plentie, health or sdcknesse or
whatsoeuer happeneth first on his tongue. Now (most
noble Prince) what neede you hereafter to marueyle of the
spirite of Apollo so shaking his Sibylles with extreame
furie: you hadde thought that the superstitious antiquitie
hadde perished. But nowe whereas I haue declared thus
much of the Zemes in general, I thought it not good to let
passe what is sayde of them in particular. They say there-
fore that a certaine king called Guamaretus, had a Zeme
whose name was Cor6chutus, who (they say) was oftentimes
*Tobaeoo.
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1906.] Beginnings of American Anthropology. 347
wont to descend from the highest place of the house where
Guamar^tns kept Mm close bound. They affirme that the
cause of this his breaking of his bandes and departure, was
eyther to hide himselfe, or to goe seeke for meate, or else
for the acte of generation: and that sometimes beeing
offended that the King Guamar^tus had bin negligent and
slacke in honouring him, he was wont to lie hid for certaine
dayes. They say also, that in the kinges village there are
sometime children borne tiauing two crownes, which they
suppose to be the children of Coroch6tus the Zeme. They
faine likewise, that Guamar^tus being ouercome of his
enemies in battayle, and his village with the palace consumed
with fire, Coroch6tus brake his bandes, and was afterwarde
founde a furlong of, safe and without hurte. He hath also
another Zemes called Epil^uanita, made of woode, in
shape like a foure footed beast: who also is sayde often-
times to haue gone from the palace where hee is honoured,
into the woodes. As soone as they perceiue him to bee
gone, a great multitude of them gather together to seeke
him with deuout prayers: and when they haue founde him»
bring him home rdigiously on their shoulders to the chappell
dedicated vnto him. But they complaine, that since the
conmdng of the Christian men into Uie Ilande, he fled for
altogether, and coulde neuer since be foimde, whereby they
diuined the destruction of their coimtry. They honoured
another Zeme in the likenesse of a woman, on whom waited
two other like men, as they were ministers to her. One of
these, executed the office of a mediatour to the other Zeme,
which are vnder the power and commaimdement of this
woman, to raise wyndes, cloudes, and rayne. The other is
also at her commaundement a messenger to the other 2iemes,
which are ioyned with her in gouemance, to gather together
the waters which fall from the higih hills to the valleies>
that beeing loosed, they may with force burst out into great
floudes, and ouer flowe the coimtrey, if the people do not
giue due honour to her Image. The remameth yet one thing
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348 American Antiquarian Society. [April,
worthy to be noted, wherewith we will make an end of this
booke. It is a thing well knowne, and yet freshe in memorie
among the inhabitants of the Hand, that there was sometime
two kings (of the which one was the father of Guarionez,
of whom wee made mention before) whiche were woont to
absteine fine dales together continually from meate &
drinke, to know somewhat of their Zemes of thinges to come^
and that for this fasting bemg acceptable to their Zemes,
they receiued answere of them, that within few yeeres there
shoulde come to the Hand a nation of men couered with
apparell, which shoulde destroy all the customes and cere-
monies of the Hand, and either slay all their children, or
bring them into seruitude. The common sort of the people
vnderstoode this oracle to be ment of the Canibaies, &
therefore when they had any knowledge of their conmiing,
they euer fled, and were fully determined neuer more to
aduenture the battayle with them. But when they sawe
that the Spanyardes hadde entred into the Ilande, consult-
ing among themselues of the matter, they concluded that
this was the nation whiche was ment by the oracle. Wherein
their opinion deceiued them not, for they are nowe all subject
to the Christians, all such being dsyne as stubemdy resisted :
Nor yet remayneth there anie memorie of their Zemes, for
they are all brought into Spajme, that wee might bee certy-
fied of their illusions of euill spirits and IdoUes, the which
you your selfe (most noble Prince) haue scene and felt when
I was present with you.
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1906.] The Paint of View in History. 349
THE POINT OF VIEW IN fflSTORY.
BY WILLIAM B. F09TSB.
What is history? Is it, essentially, science; or is it,
essentially, literature; or must we make a still different
answer to the question?
Although the problem involved in these questions is by
no means new, it has hardly ever been discussed with
greater earnestness than in our own day, nor has it perhaps
been discussed with greater frequency than during the last
twenty-five years. During this period have appeared
the various publications by the German historian, Lam-
precht, relating to history, including his latest volume of
lectures,^ which has been translated into English under
the suggestively interrogative title: — ^''What is history?"
The literature of the subject, as a whole, is most volum-
inous;^ and the answers to this very question, direct or im-
plied, are bewilderingly diverse. In the Eighteenth Century
Montesquieu seemed to conceive of history as based very de-
cidedly on physiography, or the study of the earth's surface.'
^Lta mp tB d U, Eaii Modeme GmdkdchUmimmBtibait. Fraibwi im Bniagau
H. Heyfelder. 1905. This is tmulmted into EncUah imdar the foUowint title:
"What is hiftory? Five leoturae on the modern soienoe of history. T^andated
from the German by E. A. Andrews;" New York. The Maffmillan Go., 1906.
Khx the literature of the subjeot, in general, a yery useful "Bibliography of the
study and teaehing of history" has been prepared by James Ingersoll Wyer, Jr., and
published in the "Annual report" of the American Historiesl Association, 1899, ▼.
1, p. fifil^ld. There should also be noted the more than one hundred citations
included in the "Notes" appended to Lord Acton's inaugural leoture at Cambridge,
on "The atudy of history." (p. 76-142), London: MacmiUan A Go., 1896; also Dr.
William Preston Johnston's paper on " Definitions of history, " in the "Annual report"
of the American Historical Association, 1896, p. 46-68. Other enumerations of
writers who have defined history will be found in Dr. Robert Flint's "History of the
philosophy of history," pt. 1, (1894), New York; C. Seribner's Sons, p. 8-12.
See also p. r-viu of Dr. O. Stanley Hall's "Methods ol teaching history," (Ed.
1886), for brief references.
sSee Books 14-18 of "L'esprit des lois," first published at Paris in 1748.
A recent volume of much interest, by H. B. Gtoorge, discusses "Hie relations
of geography and history." Oxford University Press, 1901.
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350 American Antiquarian Society. [April/
The late John W. Draper/ an American historian,
apparently sympathized with this view, extending
it also to physiology, or the study of the hmnan
body. The famous English historian, Freeman, defined
history as ''past politics," and politics as "present history."*
This is a view of the subject which appealed also to another
recent English historian, Lecky.^ Two eminent econ-
omists, writing respectively in England and America,
(Thorold Rogers and Seligman), emphasize its connection
with economics.^ History is definitely included imder
sociology by a very eminent English scholar, Frederic
Harrison.^ A historian's conception of history is em-
bodied in an incidental remark of the late Judge Chamber-
lain, in 1887, as follows: ''the record of impartial judgment
concerning the motives and conduct of men, of parties, and
of nations, set forth in their best light."^ It is interesting
also to notice the views incidentally expressed by men
whose fields of study are somewhat remote from history.
For instance, it is closely connected with the human will,
by Dr. Hugo Miinsterberg,^ in one of his brilliant psy-
*Bir. Drmper's views are embodied not only in his "History of the Amoioso
Oivil War." (New York, Harper A Bros., 1867-70, 8 ▼.). but in his "Hirtoryof the
inteUectual development of Europe. " (New York: Harper A Bros, 1861, 2 ▼.)
'JPrasmon, Edward Aucustus. Lectures to American audiences. (Pub. 1882),
p,207. Compare also his "Methods of historical study." (1886), p. 44. lliis view
was also held by Herbert B. Adams. See the Johns Hopkins University studies in
historical and political science, v. 1, p. 12.
•L&cky, William Edward Hartpole. Political (Tlie) value of history. New York:
D. Appleton A Oo. 1893. [Delivered as an inaucural address at Birmingham, 1892.1
*Roger§, James Edward Thorold. Economic (The) interpretation of history.
New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1888.
SMifman, Edward R. A. £ioonomio (The ) interpretation of history. New
York: Macmillan Oo., 1902.
*" History is only one department of sociology, just as natural history is the
descriptive part of biology." At p. 138 of Bir. Harrison's volume, "The mean-
ing of history and other historical pieces, " London: Macmillan A Oo. 1900.
'"Papers" of the American Historical Association, v. 8. (1888), p. 63. Beprinted
in the volume "John Adams," etc., by Mellen Chamberlain, Boston; Houghton,
Mifflin A Co., 1898, p. 139.
Another definition of history is given by our associate. Mr. James Phinney
Baxter, as follows: "The orderly expression of great forces whose continuity of
action gives it unity." ("Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society," Oct.
21. 1899, new series, v. 13, p. 142.)
T**This whole mighty Bystem of will-reference is what we call human history."
Hugo Miinsterberg's "The eternal life," Boston: Houghton, MiflUn, A Co.. 19(tf. p. 38.
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1906.] The Paint of View in History. 351
chological studies; while, in some recent Lowell Institute
lectures on literature, by George Edward Woodberry,* it
is connected with "race-power." Nor should it be forgotten
that there are those who regard history as an art. But
without further enumerating these very diverse views,
we may notice that there are few among them which come
with so much surprise to a reader who is without special
training in history, as that of Lamprecht, already cited
above. This eminent German historian, after a careful
sm^ey of the entire field, declares deliberatdy : "History
in itself is nothing but applied psychology." Page 29.
("Geschichte ist an sich nichts als angewandte
Psychologic." Page 16.) It is small wonder that
one of the reviewers of Lamprecht, after devoting
three pages to a consideration of the book, closes
by asking:— "What is history?" or, rather, "Where is
history?"*
And yet, diverse as are these points of view, much the
greater part of the discussion which has been carried on,
in English, at least, has been a dispute as to whether history
ought to be written from the "literary" point of view or
from tibie "scientific" point of view; and on this question
the divergence of opinion is idiarp indeed. On the one hand,
it is argued, sometimes seriously, and sometimes in a very
charmingly hiunorous vein,' that the literary point of
view is the only point of view, and that the dull facts of
history must be dressed up. "A distinguished author,"
says Mr. William C. Todd, in a recent article,* once said
to the writer that "it was not right to turn a man out into
V* History is so muoh of past eoqiMrieiioe as abides in rmoe-nMmory; and undarliea
Taee4itflrature in the same way that a poet's own experience underlies his ezpree-
sion of life." In "The torch — eight lectures on race power in literature," New
York: MoClure, Phillips, A Co., 1905, p. 88.
*Dr. Asa Currier lUton, in the American Historical Review. Oct., 1906, t. 11,
p. 121.
*For an admiraUe discussion of the subject with a humorous appreciation and
lightness of touch almost worthy of Charies Lamb, see "The gentle reader." by*
Samud M. Crothers, Boston: Houghton, Bfifflin, & Co., 1903, particularly, his chapter
entitled "That history should be readable."
«New En^and Historical and Qenealogical Register, April, 1890, t. 44, p. 172.
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352 American Antiqtuman Society. [Aprils
the world naked— he should be dressed up." Appaiently
some history is written on precisely this principle.
At the other extreme will be found the eminent English
scholar, Professor John Bagnall Bury, who, in his recent,
inaugural address, took occasion to remark severely: 'It
has not yet become superfluous to insist that history is a
science, no less and no more."* "When this," he adds,,
"has been fully taken to heart, though there may be many
schools of political philosophy, there will no longer be
divers schools of history."* It is quite evident that the
adherents of these two extremes can hardly hope to find
themselves assenting to each other's declarations. Sa
irreconcilable, indeed, are they that one is almost forced
to inquire whether some different point of view is not
possible, — a tertium quidy so to speak.
NEED OF DEFINTTION.
We know that some difficulties result from inadequate
definition. If, as has already been stated, history is some-
times defined as literature and sometimes as science, let
us define, if possible, these terms themselves. It is, in
in some sense, a misfortime that both of these words have
been laid hold of, in our complex "mother tongue," to
express widely varying concepts. As a consequence, the
attempt to make either one of them fit some definitely
specified set of ideas, rather than another, may sometimes
leave the impression of using terms loosely. Still, the
following definitions are submitted as perhaps covering
the requirements.
Literature, on the one hand, may be regarded as something
vital and noteworthy, not only in its content, (which may
be either a thought, or a principle, as well as an event),
but also in its verbal form. But literature, in order to
*At p. 7 of his "InAucural lecture," as RegiuB Profeasor of Modem History at
the University of Cambridge, Jan, 26, 1003, Oambridge: Univenity PreaB, 1008.
'Ibid. It is not straoce that so extreme, not to say dogmatic a deliverance^
has called forth spirited protests.
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1906.] The Paint of View in History. 35»
possess vitality, must deal with actual; living realities, —
with hfe ia some shape, and most commonly with the
life of man. Moreover, in attaining the verbal form which
is required, it will naturally possess "style." By this is
not necessarily meant a florid or an obtrusive style. In
other words, it does not call for "purple patches."
Science, on the other hand, may be regarded as dealing
with certain definite data, by means of systematically
reasoned processes, whether deductive or inductive, and
as making use of rigid methods of verification, in order to
exclude all data which are untrustworthy. It follows
from this, that in the work of the scientific historian there
is no place for "guess-work" on the one hand, nor for
"rhapsodies" on the other. It does not follow from this,
however, that "the scientific use of the imagination" is
not allowable. It is not merely allowable but even indis-
pensable, provided that it is accompanied by verification,,
and it is a necessary part of historical science, quite as fully
as of physical science, where Mr. Tyndall^ so convincingly
advocated it.
If now we inquire as to the materials, the methods,
and the aims, of the historian, on the basis of the definitions
just given, we may perhaps put the case as follows.
The "scientific historian," so-called, in the use of the
materials of his history, will be liberal in the extreme, in
extending the scope of the inquiry so as to include not
only narratives of wars, of peace, of government, and of
the minuter features of every-day life, but he will also be
rigid in the extreme in rejecting certain definite data
which appear not to have the requisite body of proof in
their favor. "Facts", — ^and nothing else,— will be insisted
on, as the appropriate materials for history.^
The "literary historian," on the other hand, will be likely
to claim the right to deal not only with facts, but with ideas^
^"Fncments of sdenoe," (Am. ed.). New York: D. Appleton A Co^ 1888, p. 125.
*To quota from Ranks: — **Ieh will nur wagfin wie es eicentlieh ge w m e n ist."'
Cited by Bury, at p. 18 of bia "Inaucural leotvre," 1003.
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354 American ArUiqiuman Society. [April,
thoughts, fancies, and impressions, maintaining that under
some conditions he will find in such a field as this the closest
approach to a truthful reproduction of his subject.
The scientific historian will insist on submitting all of
his data, and all of his processes, to verification, unhesi-
tatingly casting away whatever does not endure this test.
So far as the formal organization of his material is con-
cerned, he will at least aim to present a logical chain of
reasoning, even if he does not go so far as to insist on reduc-
ing the successive steps in the process to mathematical
formulae.
The literary historian, on the other hand, is inclined to
attach less importance to formal processes. While he
would hesitate to go to the extreme of non-logical methods,
he will usually prefer that the "skeleton" of reasoned
processes should lie below the surface, rather than on the
surface.
The scientific historian urges the necessity of approach-
ing the treatment of any historical incident absolutely free
from pre-possession, from pre-judgment, or prejudice, or
from pre-conceptions of any kind. He maintains also that
the treatment must be absolutely "colorless/'^ so far as
concerns the presence, in his own mind, of sympathy, of
advocacy, of partisanship, of emotion, or of human feeling
generally. In other words, the temper and the treatment,
instead of being subjective, must be purely objective.
The literary historian, on the other hand, while admitting
that a historian who should, as a matter of fact, be absolutely
divested of all human feeling, in approaching a historical
subject, would be an interesting phenomenon, maintains
that, imder existing conditions, this is probably an im-
possibility. He therefore maintains that a recognition of
this fact is safer, in the end, than the assimiption of an
unrealizable ideal. He maintains also, that in going to
^See the oonoideration daewhere in thu paper, (p. 386), of this quality, (that of
beiog oolorien), as advocated by Ranke.
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1906.] The Point of View in History. 366
the extreme of "objective" treatment, one runs the risk
of presenting perhaps as distorted a picture, as in going to
the extreme of subjective treatment.
The scientific historian conceives of motive only to put
it imder the ban. He maintains that the only defensible
position is that of "history for the sake of hidtory/' rather
than that of history as a means to an end, however laudable.
If the historian may be conceived of as holding opinions,
they must be those only which he finds that he can, at the
close of his prolonged study of the problem, deduce from
the data which have been brought forward. In entering
on the study of the problem, however, the shell of no tor-
toise should be barer of hair than his own mind should be
bare of opinions, on either side. It should, in fact, be an
absolute blank. He furthermore maintains that, whether
or not a history, when complete, is interesting to the reader
or not, is no concern of his. His business is with the facts
alone. He maintains that to recognize any such motive
as that of presenting the facts in an attractive form^ is
not only aside from his real province, but is likely
to prove a most dangerous and misleading factor in
the treatment of the subject. His duty is to get
the facts included as a part of the permanent record
of history, and then trust to time to bring about their
general acceptance, in the light of an extended examination
of the subject.
The literary historian, on the other hand, while admitting
the danger attaching to pre-conceived ideas, nudntains
that it is sometimes the obvious duty of a man who has
already made up his mind in regard to some occurrence,
to set down an orderly narrative of the events connected
with it. He also maintains that the writer who fails to
present his facts in such verbal form as to carry conviction
to his readers falls short of his duty, whether in history,
in science, or in literature.
^"Drened op" — to quote from the langunge already oited above, (p. 851).
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356 American Antiquarian Society. [April,
The scientific historian is satisfied to toil for months
without reaching definite results. He maintains that one
of the greatest perils in historical narrative is the conf oimd-
ing of "absolute proof" with what is only "a high degree
of probability."
The literary historian, on the other hand, holds that in
Ms general summing up it is perfectly legitimate to cite
those data which are only "probable'V along with those
which are certain, — ^provided always that this distinction
is made perfectly clear to the reader.
Along some such lines of distinction as those above
indicated would run the division between the varying
points of view of the two schools of historians. And yet,
as every student of history knows, a comparative study
of individual historians does not reveal a cleavage so simple
•and so imvarying as that above indicated, but rather an
inextricably mixed condition of things. One of the com-
plications is frequently to be noted when the same writer
has published both a work of historical narrative proper,
sad an extended discussion of the ideal "point of view" in
^An eifeotive proteBt oao apparentiy be made agiiiwt this pontioiL, (the dtiat
of "probable eyidenoe,") even by thoie writers ^o admit in other ways the foroe
-of the "literary" point of view, on the ground that it fails to distingiiiwh between
the conditions ezisting in the case of human conduct and those which govern in the
iraminc of a historical narratiye.
Bishop Butler, (in his "Analogy of religion, natural and revealed, to the
-constitution and course of nature." first published in 1736), has convincingly shown
that "probable evidence," as distinguished from "demonstrative" evidence, must
frequently be aoc^ted in lieu of ansrthing else, in deciding on the steps to be takeo«
in the practical affairs of life. Long after him, Mr. Gladstone, in his pi^er on "The
law of probable evidence and its relation to conduct," (published under the title of
'"Probability as the guide of conduct," in the Nineteenth Century, May, 1879, v.
Z, p. 008-34, and afterwards reprinted in his "Oleanings of past years," Am. ed.,
▼. 7, p. 153-00), re-enforced the same view, and included some additional argu-
ments in favor of it. Both of these writeis succeed in convincing the candid
reader that "probability is the very guide of life. " (Gladstone, p. 84.)
But the essential difference between the case of the man who uses "probable
evidence, " in shaping his course of action, and one who uses it in shaping a historical
narrative is, that the former has no option, while the latter has. In other words,
a historian is at perfect liberty not to act on the basis of insufficient evidence, and
.simply omits all reference to it; and the careful historian will follow this course. Tlie
instructive instance cited from Mr. Samuel Rawson Gardiner's experience, (at page
891, below), in which he decided, after long-continued examination of certain papers,
that they were "unavailable for historical purposes," (Eni^ish Historical Review,
-v. 1, p. 620), is worthy of imitation by all other historians.
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-writing history. Under these circumstances, it is by no
means an unheard of occurrence when such a writer is
iound strongly emphasizing the need of non-partisan
treatment in historical composition, while, at the same
lime, his own historical work reveals a distinctly partisan
point of view. And this helps to show us the futility of
jmy very rigid system of applying the labels, "literary"
-and "scientific."
It is true that time, place, and condition need to be taken
into account, in passing judgment on a historian, particu-
larly in regard to what may be considered the conditions
inherently favorable for accuracy. While history, like
natural science, has been essayed by both ancient and
modem writers, at successive stages of the world's develop-
ment, one can hardly judge Herodotus, writing in the fifth
•century before Christ, by exactly the same canons as in
the case of James Anthony Froude, writing in the nine-
ieenth century after Christ.
Moreover, the historian's own relation to the event needs
to be taken into accoimt. Perhaps the bearing of this
principle on the question at issue may best be seen from its
operation in the case of biography, which is, after all, a
form of history. Imagine, for instance, that a poet and
artist such as the late William Morris has died, and that a
biography of him is needed. In course of time, a "Life"
of William Morris, in two voliunes, by John W. Mackail,^
.makes its appearance. What are the curcumstances imder
which this work has been prepared? This is a question
-which is very satisfactorily answered, from Mr. Mackail's
•^'Preface" where we read as follows: "When the task
^f writing the life of Morris was placed in my hands, his
family and representatives gave me unreserved access
to all the materials in their possession. To them,
And more especially to his executors, Mr. F. S. Ellis
Wadbotl, John William, life of WiDiain Morrifl. London: Tiongmitnii, Green
'S Co.. 2 T. 1809. Mr. MMkaU was appointed Troimmx of Poetry at Oxford, Feb.
?0, 1006.
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358 American Antiquarian Society. [April,
and Mr. S. C. Cockrell, I owe my best thanks for tiieir
friendly help."*
So far as it goes, this represents ideally favorable con-
ditions, as regards the materials of the work, but this is not
all. We know, from other sources, that the author of
this biography is a scholarly writer, a careful student, one
who is accustomed to wei^ historical evidence, a man of
sane and well-balanced judgment, a man who is not swayed
by strong prejudices in either direction, but one who is
prepared to judge sympathetically the various episodes of
Morris's career. In fact, after an exhaustive examination
of the himdreds of biographies of the Englishmen of Morris's
time, we mi^t perhaps safely place Mackail's life of Morris
almost at the head of the list, as representing the maximum
of favorable conditions, so far as accuracy is concerned.
From this as a maximum, we may find the lives of
various other Englishmen ranging, by almost imper-
ceptible gradations, down to the minimum of favorable
conditions.
A distinctly less favorable condition is found when the
Inographer, although belonging to the same century with
the subject of the biography, is of a different nationality,
and when he speaks a different language. Thereby will
result, even if not always perceptible to the biographer, a
very decided veil of obscurity, in not a few instances,
between the writer and his facts.
But suppose that this veil of obscurity is one of time,
rather than of place, and that the biography of one of
the main actors in the events of the ei^teenth century
is to be written by a writer living in the Twentieth Century.
A very decided handicap is inevitably occasioned by this
separation in time, owing to the gradual disappearance of
the data needed by the biographer.
What says Ulysses, in Shakespeare's ''Troilus and
Cressida"?
■ ■■ 'IF ■
>Maokaa's Life of Wmiam MorriB, T. 1. p. vu.
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1906.] The Point of View in History. 359
"Time hath, my lord, a wallet at his back.
Wherein he puts alms for oblivion."^
In few things is this tribute to oblivion so palpably in
evidence as in the details which one needs in constructing a
biography, and which, Uttle by little, disappear from the
knowledge of living men. Ahnost every succeeding year,
in such a case, witnesses the dropping into this ever hungry
''wallet," of some dearly prized item of information. The
papers of the subject of the biography are in the posses-
sion, we will suppose, of some one of his descendants, who
decides to remove to another state, and who, being unable
to add this to the other burdens of removal, sells the whole
to the junk-dealer. Or the papers may be consigned to
the furnace by some servant with a genius for cleaning up,
— such a one as the ingenuous maid who could not read and
who, when taxed with having thrown away certain papers,
frankly confessed that she had done so, but, — she trium-
phantly explained, ''I kept all the clean papers. Them as
I throwed away had ink-marks all over them."
Lastly, there is a decided difference of conditions under
which the task of the biographer or historian is imdertaken,
so far as the writer's temperament or mood are concerned.
Instead of being entered on in a calm and dispassionate
mood, it is taken up, rather, as a polemical movement, by
some writer warped by prejudice, wholly out of S3rmpathy
with the subject of his biography, and desiring only to
''tread him under," so to speak. A case in point is the
volmne entitled "The character of Thomas Jefferson, as
exhibited in his own writings," by Theodore Dwight,
published in Boston, by Weeks, Jordan & C!o., in 1839.
Or, on the other hand, the "prejudice," or pre-judgment,
embodied in the book is a blind and unreasoning feeling
in favor of the hero of the book, instead of against him.
Nevertheless, it is prejudice, in the one case as in the
other, and serves to nullify the value of the work.
^"TroihiB and GrMrida." aet 8. scene 3. lines 145-46.
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360 American Antiquarian Society. [April,
Besides these differences in condition, based upon personal
and individual considerations, there may be differences
whidb vary with successive decades, or even centuries.
It would be interesting to know whether the conditions
are more favorable at present, for the production of the
ideal history, than they were in former times, as regards
adequate materials, accuracy, freedom from prejudice, etc.
MATERIALS FOR THE HISTORIAN.
If the question be raised as to materials, it seems plain
that, in mere mass, they are certainly greater, both as a
whole and on any given subject, than one himdred years
ago. One need not go from home to find an illustration,
not only of mass, but of extreme value, in the case of the
John Garter Brown Library, with its thousands of titles of
Americana, merely, — all of them antedating the year 1800.
The invention of printing has had its bearing on the field of
historical literature, as elsewhere, swelling the mass in an
almost cumulative manner. Scarcely less influential in
this direction has been the tendency towards the cheapen-
ing of printing processes. One hundred years ago, a man
who had something to say on a historical subject might
well hesitate before incurring the expense of committing
it to print. Now, if the bulk of our historical literature
be any guide, he hesitates no longer, — ^unfortunately for
the public, — or in so few instances that they may be re-
garded as negligible.
Moreover, besides the individual and fragmentary contri-
butions to the subject, there has now for a long time been a
systematic organization of historical publication. Scat-
tered throughout this coimtry, — and also throughout the
European countries, — ^are hundreds of "historical societies."
nearly all of which are started on a career of publishing,
with at least one annual volume to their credit. From a
considerable number of imiversities and colleges also,
there is now issuing a steady stream of "publicationa" or
"contributions," devoted to history.
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1906.] The Point of View in History. 361
There has been a noteworthy increase, during the past
fifty years, in the printed voliunes of records, issued by
the various record commissions, or ''rolls commissions,"
or document conmiissions, of this and other countries,
and including those of state or provincial, and municipal
governments, as well as of national governments. The
present condition of the originals of these records is even
more gratifjdng. Within the period referred to, the art of
fire-proof construction has made important advances, so
that these manuscript records are everywhere coming to be
housed in safe and durable quarters, where they can be
readily consulted. To feel that we have a reasonable
assurance of the indefinite preservation of these records is
one of the most substantial gains of the last half-century.
It is of course true that, the greater the mass of materials,
the greater is the need of sifting it, to discover that which
is really serviceable. Year by year, the processes of
minuting, indexing, and cataloguing these stores of docu-
ments have made it possible to refer to some given document
with less loss of time than ever before; and yet there is an
enormous mass which these indexing processes have not
yet touched.
While, the mass of historical materials has thus been in-
creasing, there has everywhere been an unparalleled activity
in developing and improving methods of historical study.
An extraordinary amount of attention has been bestowed
not only on the best methods of teaching history to child-
dren in the secondary schools, but to those who are study-
ing these subjects in colleges and universities, especially
when they are planning to devote the subsequent years of
their life to the teaching or writing of history. Methods
like these have long been very vigorously prosecuted on
the other side of the water, — and especially in Germany.
It was some time, however, before this coimtry felt the
full force of this noteworthy development. There are few
more instructive voliunes, as throwing light on this very
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362 American Antiqtuirian Society. [April,
development, than the one entitled ''Methods of teachmg
history/' edited by our associate, President G. Stanley
Hall, with papers by a number of separate writers. This
work has passed throu^ two editions, namely, that of
1884, and that of 1886.^ A later volume, of much interest
and significance, is the one entitled ''Essays on the teach-
ing of history",' written by nine English teachers of
history, — ^for the most part at Oxford and Cambridge, —
including, among others, so eminent names as those of
Maitland, Poole, Cunningham, and Ashley. This work,
projected by the late Lord Acton, was published in 1901,
after his death. It is easy to see that, during the period
referred to, there has been gradually incorporated into
the every-day routine of the colleges and universities,
not only the "seminary" method, so-called, but also
the "laboratory" point of view, as it may well be
called. This is indeed at the present time the normal and
obvious view of historical study, instead of being the
exceptional view. It is widely, or rather, universally,
recognized that the historian's labor, in tiie gathering of
data, must be comprehensive, long, patient, and well-
directed. These data must then be carefully grouped and
classified, since an undigested mass of unrelated facts is an
offence to any true historian. And, finally, these data
must be subjected to rigid analyses and tests, before being
accepted; and this is taken to be quite as much a matter
of course as if it were an instance of substances for analysis
in a chemical laboratory.
Within recent years also, those who have occupied
important chairs of history, both in this country and in
Great Britain, have taken occasion to publish their views,
for the enlightenment not merely of their own pupils, but
^"Methods of teaohins history," by Andrew D. White, and others. Vol. 1 of
the "Pedagosieal library," edited by G. Stanley Hall. 2d ed.. Boston: D. C. Heath
A Go.. 1886.
'"Essays on the teaching of history," edited by W. A. J. Archbold, Cambridcr.
at the University Press, 1901.
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1906.] The Paint of View in History. 363
of the intelligent public, at large. The list of names of
the men who have held the position of Regius Professor
of Modem History, at Oxford and Cambridge respectively,
since 1850, is a most striking one,^ and there are few
among them who have not, in one way or another, put on
record their ideas of the way in which history ought to be
written.* The list of published ''inaugural addresses"
which have marked the occupancy of these two chairs, at
Oxford and at Cambridge is a noteworthy one, and is,
approximately,' as follows:
At Oxford.
1. Vaughan, Heniy Halford. Two general lectures on modem
history, delivered on inauguration. Oxford: J. H. and J. Parker. 1S49.
2. Smith, Goldwin. Inaugural lecture, in 1859. Printed at p. 5-44
of his volume, "Lectures on the study of hi8toiy",(Am. ed.), New Yoric:
Harper A Bros., 1875. [Published in London by J. H. A J. Parker, 1861.]
3. Stvbl>8, William, [afterwards Bishop of Oxford.] Inaugural
address, Feb. 7, 1867, printed at p. 1-25 of his volume, "Seventeen
lectures on the study of medieval and modem history and kindred sub-
jects", Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1886.
4. Freeman, Eklward Augustus. Office CThe) of the historical
professor. Inaugural lecture delivered Oct. 15, 1884. London: Mao-
^Below is giTBii » taUe ihowinc the suooMnve oooopanto of both the Oxford
and Cambridfe chain for the past fifty-six yean:
The followinc penone have held the position of Begiiis Prafessor of Modem
History at Oxford sinoe I860:—
1. Henry Halford Vauchan. Appointed in 1848 Continued till 1858.
2. Goldwin Smith. Appointed in 1809. Continued tiU 1866.
8. William Btubbs, afterwards Bishop of Oxford. Appointed in 1866. Con-
tinued tiU 1884.
4. Edward Augustus Freeman. Appointed in 1884. Continued till 1892.
6. James Anthony Froude. Appointed in 1892. Continued till 1894.
6. Frederick York-PoweU. Appointed in 1894. Continued till 1904.
7. Charles Harding Firth. Appointed in 1904. Continued to the present time.
The following persons have held the position of Begius Professor of Modem
History at Cambridge since I860:—
1. Sir James Stephen. Appointed in 1849. Continued till 1860.
2. Charics Kingsley. Appointed in 1860. Continued tiU 1869.
8. Sir John Robert Seeley. Appointed in 1869. Continued tiU 1895.
4. Lord Acton. Appointed in 1895. Continued till 1902.
5. John Bagnall Bury. Appointed in 1902. Continued to the present time.
*Tlie name of Samud Rawson Gardiner narroidy escaped being in this list.
The position was offered to him in 1894, but was declined.
*That here are omissions is very probable, even with utmost care to include
all. The inaugural address of Mr. Froude, at Oxford is noticeable by its absence-
The term of office of Dr. Thomas Arnold, at Oxford, antedated the period referred to,
(1841-42). His "Inaugural lecture." (1841). is at p. 25-9*" of his "Introduetory
lectures." (Am. ed.) New York: D. Appleton A Co., 1846.
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364 American Antiquarian Society. [April,
miUan A Ck>., 1884. [Also printed at p. 1-40 of hk volume, "The
methods of historical study/' London: Macmillan A Ck>., 1886.]
5. Firth, Charles Harding. Plea (A) for the historical teaching
of history. Inaugural lecture delivered on Nov. 9, 1904. Oxford:
darendon Press, 1905.
At Cambridge.
1. K%ng$ley, Chailes. Inaugural lecture, 1860. Chapter 1, (p. ix*
Ivi), of his volume, The Roman and the Teuton — a series of lectures
before the University of Cambridge. Cambridge: University Press, 1864-
ft 2. SeeUy, Sir John Robert. Inaugural lecture, 1869. The teach*
ing of politics. Printed at p. 306-35 of his volume, "Roman imperial-
ism and other lectures and essays", Boston: Roberts Bros. 1871. [Pub*
lished in London by Macmillan A Co., 1870.]
3. AcUm, Richard Maximilian Dalbeig-, Baron Acton. Lecture (A)
on the study of histoiy, delivered at Cambridge, June 11, 1895. Lon-
don: Macmillan A Co., 1895.
4. Btary, John Bagnall. Inaugural lecture delivered in the Divinity
School, Cambridge, on January 26, 1903, Cambridge: Universi^
Press, 1903.'
In this country a scarcely less notewortliy series of
expositions of historical method is to be found in the
"President's addresses", delivered in successive years, before
the American Historical Association. These addresses, the
most of which have been printed in full in the American
Historical Review, or in the "Annual report" of the Associa-
tion, have been delivered by such men as Andrew D. White,
George Bancroft, and others.
These addresses may be foimd in print, as follows:
Address of Andrew Dickson White, as President of the American
Historical Association, Sept. 9, 1884, "On studies in general histoiy
and the histoiy of civilization'', in "Papers" of the American Historical
Association, vol. 1, p. 49*72.
^A recent addren, of muoh interest, on the tencihing of history is that of Pro f es s or
Charles Oman, Chichele Professor of History at Oxford, delivered Feb. 7, IfXM. and
published durinc the present year, by the Clarendon Press, Oxford. The recom-
mendations of both Firth and Oman are examined in a very incisive review, in the
Nation, May 10, 1906. v. 82, p. 388-«9.
There are other notable addresses which mi|^t be cited in this connection, as,
for instance, John Stuart Mill's Inaugural address as Rector of the University of
St. Andrew's, Feb. 1, 1867, printed at p. 332-407 of v. 4 of the American reprint
of his "Dissertations and discussions," New York: H. Holt A Co., 1874; and W. E.
H. Lecky's "Presidential address," on "The political value of history," befoiv the
Birmingham and Midland Institute, Oct. 10, 1892, reprinted in this country by
D Appleton A Co., New York, 1893, (67 pages).
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1906.] The Point of View in History. 365
That of Andrew Dickson White, Sept. 8, 1885, on "The influence of
American ideas upon the French Revolution", (read only by abstract
and so printed), in "Papers", vol. 1, p. 429-33.
That of Qeoiige Bancroft, April 27, 1886, on "Self-government",
in "Papers", vol. 2, p. 7.13.
That of Justin Winsor, May 21, 1887, on "Manuscript sources of
American history; — the conspicuous collections extant", in "Papers",
vol. 3, p. 0-27.
That of William Frederick Poole, Dec. 26, 1888, on "The eariy North-
west", in "Papers", vol. 3, p. 277-300.
That of Charles Kendall Adams, Dec. 28, 1889, on "Recent historical
work in the colleges and universities of Europe and America", in
"Annual report" of the American Historical Association, 1889, p.
19-42.
That of John Jay, Dec. 29, 1890, on "The demand for education in
American history," in "Annual report", 1890, p. 15-36.
That of William Wirt Henry, Dec. 29, 1891, on "The causes which
produced the Virginia of the Revolutionary period", in "Annual report"
1891, p. 15-29.
That of James Burrill Angell, July 11, 1893, on "The inadequate
recognition of diplomatists by historians", in "Annual report", 1893,
p. 13-24.
That of Henry Adams, (read in his absence), Dec. 26, 1894, on "The
tendency of history", in "Annual report", 1894, p. 17-23.
That of (George Frisbie Hoar, Dec. 27, 1895, on "Popular discontent
with representative government", in "Annual report", 1895, p. 21-43.
That of Richard Salter Storrs, Dec. 29, 1896, on "Contributions
to our national development by plain men", in "Annual report", 1896,
vol. 1, p. 37-63.
That of James Schouler, Dec. 28, 1897, on "A new federal conven-
tion", in "Annual report", 1897, p. 21-34.
That of (George Park Fisher, Dec. 28, 1898, on "The function of the
historian as a judge of historic persons", in "Annual report", 1898, p.
13-33. [Also issued separately, as a pamphlet.]
That of James Ford Rhodes, Dec. 28, 1899, on "History", in "Annual
report", 1899, p. 45-63. [Also printed in the Atlantic Monthly, vol.
85, p. 158-69.]
That of Edward Eggleston, (read in his absence), Dec. 27, 1900, on
"The new history", in "Annual i«port", 1900, p. 35-47.
That of Charles Francis Adams,' Dec. 27, 1901, on "An undeveloped
function", in "Annual report", 1901, vol. 1, p, 49-93. [Also in
American Historical Review, vol. 7, p. 203-32.]
^Very tugiestive comment on historical methoda is also to be found in Mr. Adwns's
address on "The sifted grain and the grain sifters," delivered at Madison, Wis., Oct.
19 1900. American Historical Review. Jan.. 1901. v. 6. p. 197-284. See also Mr.
James F. Rhodes's paper. **Conoeming the writing of history." in the ** Annual
rsport" of the American Historical Association, 1900. v. 1, p. 48-66.
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366 American Antiquarian Society. [April,
That of Alfred Thayer Mahan, Dec. 26, 1902, on " Subordination in
historical treatment", in "Annual report", 1902, p. 49-63. [Also in
Atlantic Monthly, vol. 91, p. 289-98, with title, "The writing of
histoiy.'T
That of Henxy Charies Lea, Dec. 29, 1903, on "Ethical values m
histoiy", in "Annual report", 1903, p. 55-69.
That of Goldwin Smith, Dec. 28, 1904, on "The treatment of histoiy",
in "Annual report", 1904, p. 65-78. [Also in American Historical
Review, vol. 10, p. 511-20.]
That of John Bach McMaster, Dec. 26, 1905, on "Old standards of
public morals", in American Historical Review, (April, 1906), vol. 11,
p. 515-28.
It can hardly be said then that there is any dearth of
exact and careful instruction; on the one hand, or of thought-
ful and suggestive discussion, on the other hand, on
this subject of historical method and point of view. Why
then have we not, at the present time, at least an approxi-
mation to absolute perfection, in the historical writing of
our day 7 That we have not, is too obvious to need extended
proof, further than a glance through the critical reviews
of the current historical publications, or, better still,
through the books themselves. Chiefly, it may be answered
does this result from the limitations of human nature.
Given, — a young man who has before him a collection of
historical materials of the widest range; who has been
carefully instructed by an enlightened and skilful teacher
of history; who has served an extended apprenticeship
in the actual "laboratory work" in history at the university;
and who, finally, is deeply interested in the study. Have
we any absolute assurance that he will not, after he goes
out into the world, and begins his life-work, as a writer of
history, put forth some imworthy piece of work? Un-
happily, none. Two drawbacks to be most carefully
guarded against, (as persistently reinvading), are constitu-
tional inaccuracy and traditional prejudice.
A TERTIUM QUID.
It has already been suggested, above, that there may
possibly be a ''tertium quid^\ — some point of view which
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avoids the extreme of the "literaxy" and "scientific"
advocates, respectively.
This, in short, is the view of the case which has evidently
appealed most strongly to Mr. Firth, the English historian,
in his recent very suggestive address on historical method.^
The author is the present Regius Professor of Modem
History at Oxford,* and the adddress cited was delivered
as his inaugural lecture, November 9, 1904, imder the
title of "A plea for the historical teaching of history."
The language of the title, by the way, is avowedly bor-
rowed' from one of the letters of his distinguished pre-
decessor in the same chair. Dr. William Stubbs, Bishop
of Oxford.*
Men "give opposite answers," says Mr. Firth, "accord-
ing to their conception of the methods and the objects of
the historian. One tells us that history is a science, noth-
ing more and nothing less," (Professor J. B. Bury, p. 7)i
"another that it is an art,^ and that one only succeeds in it
by imagination. To me truth seems to lie between these
two extremes. History is neither, but it partakes of the
nature of both."*
Acting on the above suggestion, we shall first interrogate
the literary conception of history. We shall note down in
what ways this is favorable, and in what ways unfavorable,
to the historical treatment which is required. We shall
^Fir^ dufflM Henry. "Flea (A) for Um historical teaching of history." Lon-
don. 1004.
*See chronological lists of "Begius Profeaaors of Modem History," above, (p.
363, fooi-note 1.)
•Firth's Plea, p. 32.
«At p. 264 of W. H. Hutton's "Letters of William Stabbe. Bishop of Oxford."
London: Constable. 1004.
'Mr. Firth in using this language plainly oonceives of **art" as the antipodes
of " science," in the dispute which is under consideration. Other -writers, in treat-
ing of the antipodes of science regard it as "literature. " In either case the contrast
is a sufficiently sharp one; and indeed literature itself may not inappropriately be
conceived of as a form of art. It surely partakes of the characteristics of art, in
its capacity for eflfeetive condensation. "M. Angelo, " remarics Dr. C. A. L. Richards,
** defined sculpture as 'the Art that works by force of taking away.' The art of
literary style works in a similar fashion," [The Dial, Chicago, March 1, 1803, v.
14, p. 140.1
•Firth's "Flea," p. 8.
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368 American ArUiqtuarian Society. [April,
next interrogate the scientific conception of history. Under
this, likewise, we shall note down in what ways this point
of view is favorable to our design, and in what ways un-
favorable. We shall then briefly suggest what is possible
in the way of utilizing the best of each.
This comparison might almost be characterized as one
between conditions involving the taking of a broad view
and conditions involving a deep or profoimd view. It is
to be regretted that these should ever be regarded as
incompatible with each other, but it may be said that each
of the two has an ''atmosphere," so to speak, in which
certain tendencies are natural and easy, not merely to
the favorable but to the unfavorable conditions which
belong with it. In other words, each of these two points
of view "has the defects of its qualities."
THE LITERART POINT OF VIEW.
On the one hand, literature, as has already been indi-
cated above, deals with something vital in thought and
also with the verbal form in which the thought is presented.
It would be easy to misconceive of the literary point of
view as applied to historical treatment, as being the dis-
tinctively "easy" method. Few things could be further
from the truth. So long as it is difficult to attain a true
perspective and a right proportion in art, so long as it is
difficult to use the imagination freely and yet not indis-
criminately, so long will the ideally proper utilization of
literary principles in historical writing be a difficult attain-
ment.
Even the very phraseology, (the words "style" and
"literary principles"), may be the subjects of misappre-
hension, for few things, tmfortunately, are more common
than the confoimding of "style" with "fine writing,"
technically so called. When we find ourselves compelled
to admire the telling and efifective form in which a passage
has been cast, in the histories of the English historian^
Green, or the American historian, Parkman, this favorable
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1906.] The Paint of View in History. 3e»
impression is due to no "purple patches," — no extraneous
matter piled on, — ^no superfluous adjectives. On the
contrary, it is the absence of these, and the spontaneous
but effective telling of the story with no waste of words,,
which command equally our attention, our interest, and
our admiration. When, moreover, we find writers like
Professor H. Morse Stephens^ or Professor Frederick York-
Powell, emphatically tabooing "style" in historical com-
position, one cannot help thinking that it is the "over-
loaded style" which they have in mind, and not style,
per se, for seldom will one find so admirable instances of
effective style as in some of their own pages. Witness the
following, from Professor York-Powell: —
"Whether we like it or not, histoiy has got to be scientifically studied,,
and it is not a question of style but of accuracy, of fulness of observa-
tion and correctness of reasoning, that is before the student. Huxley
and Darwin and Clifford have shown that a book may be good science
and yet good reading. Truth has not alwasrs been found repulsive
although she was not bedizened with rhetorical adornments; indeed, the
very pursuit of her has long been recognised as arduous but extremely
fascinating."*
If the writers of the scientific school continue to decry
style in sentences which possess so forcible and telling a
style as the foregoing, readers will not quarrel with them
as to terms. You may call it style or not, but, whatever
it is, it is forcible, and also convincing.
FAVORABLE ASPECTS OF THE "UTERARY SIDE."
It is true, as has been indicated by York-Powell, that
the fimdamental consideration, from the literary side, is
the play of the imagination; and the most of us will agree
that there is no completely satisfactory piece of historical
work in which this has been wholly neglected. Mr. George
M. Trevelyan, who, like Mr. Firth, has questioned the
'"It is not bis business to bave » style, "(i. e., tbe bistorian), says Mr. Stepbens.
at p. 08 of "Counsel upon tbe reading of books," (edited by Henry Van Dyke),
Boston: Hougbton MiflSin A Co.. 1901.
*Frederidc York-Powell, at p. vi of Lanj^ois and Seignobos's "Introduction
to tbe study of bistory." New York: H. Holt A Co., 1898.
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370 American Antiquarian Society. [April,
extreme poeitions of Professor Bury, has remarked in a
recent review, that ^^imagination is yet more necessary
for the historian/' [than for the economist], ''if he wishes
to discover the causes of man's action not merely as a
bread-winning individual, but in all his myriad capacities
of passion and of thought. The man who is himself devoid
of emotion or enthusiasm can seldom credit, and can never
understand, the emotions of others, which have none the
less been a principal part in cause and effect."^
But an almost equally important point in favor of the
''literary" view of the matter is concerned with the question
of proportion. No history, indeed, is ideally satisfactory
in which the perspective is distorted, or in which the em-
phasis is wrongly placed. Some historians have violated
this principle in their selection of a field of study, but the
error has more commonly occurred in dealing with the
details within any given field of study.
Mr. Freeman and others of his school of historical writ-
ing, industrious though they were, have laid themselves
open very palpably to this objection, of violating the sense
of proportion. Two of the characters introduced into Fred-
erick Harrison's very diverting dialogue, or conversation, on
points of view in history,* say things which have a direct
bearing on this question of proportion and perspective.
One of these imaginary characters, (all of whom are
introduced as Oxford "history men"), demurring at the
depreciating view embodied in this statement, gives some
definite details as to the methods of historical study in his
own department; and his statement recalls the proverbial
expression, that "One cannot see the wood for the trees."
In answer to a question, he says :
"I have not reached the Nonnan Conquest yet," * * * "for we have
been ten years over the Old-English times; but I hope to get down to
Eadweard" [apparently, Edward III], "before I leave the college."*
^LiTinC Ace, ▼. 240. p. 106-97.
>"The history schools." at p. 118-38 of his volume *'The meaning of history
and other essays." New York: The Haemiilan Co.. 2d ed.. 1000.
'Harrison's **The meaninc of history," p. 131.
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1906.] The Point of View in History. 371
And he also remarks:
"Well," * * * "for the last three terms we have been on the West-
Saxon ooina^, and the year before that I took up the system of frith
borrow."*
Obviously a student working under this kind of leader
would have to look elsewhere for any such thing as '^his-
torical perspective;" and yet historical perspective is a
very essential prerequisite of a work of history. For a
historical treatise ou^t to be on a somewhat hi^er plane
as regards perspective, than, for example, a daily newspaper.
What may be called a kindred topic is that of interest.
Probably that view of history will hardly be likely to
meet with general acceptance, which argues that it is of
no consequence whether the work of history, when once
written and published, possesses sufficient interest to get
itself read. Whether we agree that the essential value
of the history of the past is that of supplying a light on the
present and future, or not, it is easy to see that a light which
does not shine is fruitless and ineffectual.
Nor does it need a great amoimt of argument to show
that, even if arranged in logical order, it ought not to offend
by excessive iteration. It is well known how annoying an
offender the English historian, Freeman, was in this respect,
not only in his published voltunes, but in his spoken lectures.
In the recently published "Letters" of Dr. William Stubbs,
the late Bishop of Oxford and eminent historian, there is
evidence that this little failing of Freeman was by no
means imnoticed by his brother-historians. In a letter
written to Freeman in 1879, Stubbs urges the historian of
the "Norman conquest" to make a certain annoimcement
in regard to a previously published statement, "but", he
adds, "without iteraiing anything"; and it is amusing to
notice that he thought it worth while to imderscore the
word, "iterating."*
^Ibid., p. 131. For "frith borrow," eee Muxray's New EDgUah dictionary",
under "Frithborh," v. 4. p. 655.
'Letters of Willuun Stubbs. Bishop of Oxford, 1826-1001, edited by William
Holden Button. London: A. Constable. 1004. p. 182.
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372 American Antiquarian Society. [April,
Moreover, it is important, from the ^^literary" side, that
the materials should be, so to speak, digested. One of the
differences between the type of work known as ''annals"
■or "jottings," on the one hand, and the "history," properly
so called, on the other hand, is that the latter is something
more than the disorderly assemblage of isolated facts. It
is even more than the careful and orderly assemblage of
the facts such as an apprentice at the business of historical
investigation might bring together on occasion. There is
perhaps no one who has more lucidly or more convincingly
stated exactly what the historian's duty is in this matter
than President Woodrow Wilson, of Princeton, in his
exposition of educational mefthods.
In his chapter on "The truth of the matter", (in the
volume, "Mere literature"), he thus states the case:^
"It 18 in this that the writing of histoiy diffen, and differs very radi-
<€aUy, from the statement of the results of original research. The writing
-of histoiy must be based upon original research and authentic record,
but it can no more be directly constructed by the piecing together of
•bits of original research than l^ the mere reprinting together of state
docimients. Individual research furnishes us, as it were, with the
private documents and intimate records, without which the publio
.archives are incomplete and unintelligible."
But the need of digesting the materials of history is one
which applies even to such data as arguments, as well as to
iacts. In other words, while it is sometimes fitting that
a work of history should embody argumentation, it ought
to be what may perhaps be called "implicit" argumentation
rather than explicit argvimentation. Any writer may
-easily satisfy himself as to the great advantage which the
former possesses, in point of effectiveness, by taking a
«hain of arguments which stand in rigidly logical form,
.and translating them into narrative form. The first
attempt may perhaps not give precisely the result desired.
Nevertheless, by writing and re-writing his narrative, test-
^WiUon, Woodrow. Mere literature. Boeton: Houghton, MiflSin* A Co.,
11806. p. 171.
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1906.] The Point of View in History. 373
ing it each time with the definite questions which would
naturally be asked by an opponent, imtil he finds that
they are all represented in the narrative, he will secure
the form required. It needs little to convince one that
the reader is more likely to yield assent to the truth
when presented in this form, than when repeated challenges
to his pre-conceived opinions are flaunted in his face, in
the shape of bald arguments.
UNFAVORABLE ASPECTS OF THE "LTTERARY SIDE."
There is, however, something to be said as to the limita-
tions and dangers of the literary point of view, as well as
its strong points. One of these is the failure to be sure that
verification shall always follow the exercise of the imagma-
tion. A writer who should habituate himself to this
faulty method will come in time to be imaware that any-
thing is wrong with his reasoning or his conclusions. But
this will inevitably lead to reckless, imcritical, and seriously
misleading statements. Some luxuriant specimens of
this imbridled use of the imagination will be found in
newspapers, and more of them in "prospectuses" and real
estate advertisements.
The "literary" point of view is sometimes also foimd asso-
ciated with extreme negligence in quoting a statement,
simply through imderestimating the importance of the
manner as compared with the matter. It has sometimes
been claimed that a chronic tendency to mis-statement is a
disease; and it certainly is found repeatedly where there
is no deliberate attempt to deceive. And yet, even if it
is a disease, it is a misfortune that our history should be
written by men who are afliicted with it. There is scarcely
one of the Nineteenth Century historians in whom this
tendency has been so glaringly exemplified, as the late
James Anthony Froude.^
^nie faot that a yoliime bouinc tha expraaslve titto, *' FrondAoity, " by J. J.
ThonuM, should have been put in printp in 1889. in ord«r to oonfute Mr. Froude, it
in itMlf ■igniftimnt.
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374 American Antiquarian Society. [April,
One of the failings of excessive leaning towards the
"literary" view is the failing for picturesqueness. To
quote the expressive phrase already cited above, this leads
to a feeling that the narrative must be "dressed up." What
could be more picturesque than Weems's George Washington
story: — "I can't tell a lie, Pa; you know I can't tell a lie.
I did cut it with my hatchet."^ Or the "cabbage story" in
which Washington's name was spelled out by the growing
plants?* And yet even Jared Sparks, whose position in
regard to some questions of editing' would be regarded
as somewhat uncritical, in our day,^ strongly protested
that he had "very little confidence in the genuineness or
accuracy" of the statements of this flighty Virginia par-
son.^ He regarded this and other books by Weems, not as
biographies, but as "novels, foimded in some parts on facts,
and in others on the suggestions of a fertile imagination."*
Mischief is also sometimes caused by a mistaken seeking
after s}rmmetry, or consistency; and sometimes also by a
tendency to resort to analogy imduly. It may be said of
analogy, as of fire, that it is a good servant, but a bad
master. The principal objection to be brought against
this tendency is that it saddles a man with "a fixed idea."
At present, for instance, the whole civilized world is look-
ing on with breathless interest, at the upheavals in Russia;
and some of us are re-reading our Carlyle's "French Revo-
t*«The Life of George Waahington, " by liMon Lock Weems, PhiladeKphia.
1800. Later edition published by Joseph AUen, 1837, p. 14.
>Ibid.. p. 15-18.
"Somewhat full opportunities for reviewing the voluminous literature oonneeted
with the discussion of Sparks's methods will be found in the references given in Herbert
B. Adams V The life and writings of Jared Sparks." Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, ft
Co., 2 v.. 1803, particularly at p. 479-606 and 612-13 of v. 2. and at p. xxvii-zlvii
of V. 1; and also in Justin Winsor's "Narrative and critical history of America,"
Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, ft Co.. v. 8, (1880). p. 417-20.
*The modem or current point of view is well embodied in the four-page leaflet
ssued in 1006 by the American Historical Association, comprising " Suggestions
for the printing of documents relating to American history," prepared by Edward
O. Bourne, Chairman of the Historical Manuscripts Commission, Worthington C.
Ford, of the Library of Oongress, and J. Franklin Jameson, of the Carnegie Institute
at -Washington.
•Adams's "Jared Sparks." v.' 2, p. 617.
•Ibid., p. 519. .
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1906.] The Point of View in History. 375
lution." It is all very well to read this study of revolution
in a coimtry like France, provided that we do not go to
the length of looking for the re-appearance of all the suc-
cessive stages in the drama now enacting in this other
country. It is doubtless true that more than one of the
various traits, events, and circumstances observed in the
French experience, either has been reproduced in the
Russian experience, or may be at some time in the near
future. And yet, because of this very fact, that the analogy
seems to hold in these few instances, it is all the more the
duty of the historian to guard against hasty generalizations
as to the remainder of the instances. Suppose, for example,
that some leader in the Russian government should lend an
ear to advisers who should dwell upon the analogy of the
former great catastrophe to the present experiences. Sup-
pose, moreover, that they should not only base predictions
and inferences on these analogies, but also definite measures
of repression. The probability is by no means a remote one,
that in this way, injury and suffering might be inflicted on
many entirely innocent men and women.
There is perhaps no more effective way of studying the
limitations and tendencies of the "literary" view than in
the person of a "literary historian." Macaulay, for ex-
ample, is pre-eminently entitled to such a designation, for
his place in English literature is well assured, whatever may
be the ultunate decision as to his position as a historian. To
an exceptionally wide range of knowledge, improved by a
university education, he added an extraordinary range of
reading, and a memory which was nothing short of phenom-
enal. That his work is not wholly fr ee from inaccuracy^ is
lA novel wa«m if advanced by a recent eisaywt, to account for the criticMm
which has been directed, largely within the laet thirty yea«. MSainat the mat^
wd the method of Macaulay. hirtory. namely, the fact that it ha. ~«« «»der the
^eervation of a much wider circle of reader, than i. curtomary with luetonan..
-^Stubb.. Freeman. Hallam. Gardiner, do not have a. many ^^^^^^^ "
llie^ulay iediU ina mea^ire. at leart, to the fact that they have not one fiftieth part
6^^ «ideiB;and thelreader. whomithey have belong to certain general cUuhc
rThe^t^ of Macaulay." by Henry^D. Sedgwick. Jr.. m tii. Atlantic, Aug..
law V 84, D 167. Reprinted in hi. "Eway. on great writer.," Boeton: Houi^iton.
mffin AOo^. 1908. at p. 139-07. but with eonrideraUe addition, and change)
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376 American Antiquarian Society. [April,
perhaps not surprising, when this wide range, just men-
tioned, is considered. Yet the more serious fact is
that he did not approach his task with an absolutely
open mind, that his mental attitude sometimes shows not
merely prejudice but malignity;^ and that he was not
always magnanimous enough to correct an obvious
error.* In repeated instances also, more important con-
siderations were sacriiBced, in his narrative, to pictur-
esqueness. And yet when all is said, the fact remains that
he is a very great historian, and will always have a strong
hold on the interest of the reader.'
An equally instructive instance is found in the case of
James Anthony Froude.'* He resembles Macaulay in
making a successful appeal to the interest of the reader.
Moreover, if Macaulay is sometimes open to the charge of
overloaded rhetoric, Froude was the master of an ex-
quisite Fjnglish style. There is, however, no other EngUsh
historian against whom the charge of inaccuracy has lain
so heavily. Examples are foimd in all of his writings, but
perhaps an instance in his volume on "Erasmus''' shows it
in as striking a manner as any other. In a single paragraph
of only eighteen lines, (in 'which there are sixteen state-
ments), relating to Reuchlin, (says a writer in the
^Aa in the Mao Vey Napier "Correspondenoe," p. 110; also in TVevelyan's
"life and Letters of Lord Ifaeaulay." y. 1, p. 218.
*Aa in the William Penn inatanoe. and other instances oited in John Facet's
"The new examen," Edinbuish: W. Blackwood A Sons. 1861.
*"It has been objected to Ifaeaulay that he is a stranger to the methods and the
spirit of what has been called the critical school of history. He is a picturesque
narrator, but not, in the sense of that school, a scientific historian." (Sir Richard
C. Jebb's "Macaulay.— a lecture delivered at Cambridge on August 10, 1900," Cam-
- bridge: University Press, 1000, p. 12-13. One other important limitation is pointed
out by Mr. James Cotter Morison. "Macaulay," he says, "never fully appreciated
the force of moderation, the impressiveness of calm under-etatement, the penetrating
power of irony." Morison's "Macaulay", ("English Men of Letters") New York:
Harper A Bros., 1882, p. 120.
*An interesting volume published within the last twelve months is devoted to
an extended study of this historian, namely, "The life of Froude," by Herbert Paul*
New York: C. Scribner's Sons, 1006. Heretofore the most extended eTsmination
of his life and work had been the more than one hundred pages devoted to him in
Sir John Skdton's "Table-talk of Shirley," Edinburgh: W. Blackwood A Sons.
1806, p. 110-24.
*Froude, James Anthony. Life and letters of Erasmus. New York: C. Sorib-
ner's Sons. 1804. See p. 182 of this edition.
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1906.] The Point of View in History. 377
Quarterly Review, in 1898),* there is "one, and only one
correct statement". The other fifteen are incorrect. "In
the case of Mr. Froude", says the reviewer, "the problem
ever is to discover whether he has deviated into truth."*
Mr. Harrison complains' that "this severe judgment" is
true not only of Mr. Froude's transcription of documents,
but of his lack of precision in his use of language in general,
and of his want of "minute fidelity of detail."*
There is, however, this additional cause for apprehension,
on the part of a reader of Mr. Froude, that in his case the
inaccuracy was ingrained, if not constitutional.^ Still
further, while this inaccuracy is acknowledged and even
insisted on, by his most sympathetic biographers,* Mr.
Froude himself seemed scarcely aware^ of this limitation.
Moreover, his inaccuracy has repeatedly taken the pecu-
liarly dangerous form of confusing the references to his
sources. "He had," saysMr. Lang, "an unfortunate habit of
publishing, between marks of quotation, his own risumi of
the contents of a doctunent. In doing so he would leave
out, with no marks of omission (....) passages which
he thought irrelevant, but which might be all-important
^Quarterly Review, July. 1898, v. 188. p. 1-30.
>Ibid., p. 3.
•"The hutorioal method of J. A. Froude," by Frederic Hairieon, Nineteenth
Century, Sept.. 1808. ▼. 44, p. 373-86; reprinted in his volume. "Tennyson, Ruakin,
MiU, and other literary estimates. " New York: The Maemillan Co., 1000, p. 221-41.
See p. 240.
*An almost equally serious indictment of Froude, so far as regards details, is
found in the article on "Modem historians and their methods," by H. A. L. Fisher,
in the Fortnightly Review, Dec. 1, 1894, v. 62, p. 816. Compare also Langlois and
Seignobos's "Introduction to the study of history," p. 126.
*This defect was intensified by the faultyZmethods.of his early education. "The
standard of scholarship, " sajni Mr. Paul, "at Buckfastleigh was not high, and Froude'i
scholarship was inexact." (Paul's "Froude," p. 10.)
•Both Mr. Paul and Mr. Lang. See Paul's "Froude", p. 23, 03, 334; also p. lOr
above dted.
Mr. Lang, in his keen examination of "Freeman versus Froude," pauses to
remark sadly: "Next, Mr. Froude, with all his diligence and learning, really was
inaccurate." (Gornhill Magasine, Feb., 1906, v. 02, p. 253.)
*Mr. Lang quotes Mr. Froude as having "acknowledged to five real mistakes
in the whole book, twtlve voJumet, " out of those attributed to him; and then adds:
**But if the critics only found out *five real mistakes,' they served the author very
iU." (Ck>mhill Magasine, Feb., 1006. v. 02. p. 267-68.) Mr. Lang then goes on, (p.
268-63), to enumerate instance after instance.
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378 American Antiquarian Society. [April,
to the sense."^ Mr. Froude has the distinction of having
used original sources on a larger scale than any preceding
English historian.* Yet this distinction is largely dimmed
by his faulty method of transcribing documents. His
eccentricity in this respect has led to the disparaging
comment that ^'A historian is not always known by the
archives whose company he keeps."' His method, instead
of being objective, was subjective* in the highest degree.
He usually wrote as an avowed advocate.* He "could
not write," says Mr, Paul, "without a purpose, nor forget
that he was an Englishman and a Protestant."* Instead,
>Comhm MacuiiM. Feb., 1000, v. 92, p. 254.
*Th« fint ToLuine of hit "Hittory of Engbuid" w»b imbliahed in 1842.
'It JB alao Twy well cfaenoterued in nn arrmiang skit by Frederic Harriion wideh
created "ineztinguiehable laushter," at Oxford inore than a doaen yean aco. Hue
firet appeared under the title of "The rosral road to history. — ^An Oxford dialogoe,"
in the Fortnightly Beview, Oct. 1, 1803, and waa afterwaida rq;>iinted, (with the
title, **The history achooli"), in Mr. Harrison's Tolnme, "The mfiwing of history,"
London: Maemillan ft Co., 1900, p. 118-88. One of the oharaeteis is oonsumed
with laughter at the fact that Mr. Flroude has gi-ren citations of the documents
at Simancas: — ^**SinianoasI FtuBUl Oh, ohi Simancas indeed! where, what, how
much? iHiat volume or triiat bundle, what page and what folio? Mas. penes
me — is a very convenient reference, but historians require a little more detail than
this." (Harrison's "Hie meaning of history," p. 128.
*His words, (as printed in one of his latest volumes), axe worth rq;>roducing.
"I do not pretend," he says, "to impartiality ... In every ooodusion
which we form, in every conviction which is forced upon us, there is still a subjective
dement," (Froude's "Divorce of Catherine of Aragon," London: Longmans, Qreen ft
Co., 1891. p. 18. Quoted in E. Q. Bourne's "Essays in historical oritidsm," New
Yoric: C. Scribner's Sons, 1901, p. 296-00.)
Such frankness is commendable; and yet, as Mr, Lang reminds us, Mr. Fronde
apparently did nothing to neutralise his bias. "Instudying the personal aspects of
history," says Mr. Lang, Froude "not only had a bias, but he cultivated and cher-
shed his bias. Now every historian, every man, has a bias; but he may get the
better of it, as did Mr. Oardinar and Sir Walter Scott, of aU our British historians
the most scrupulously fair and sportsmanlike. Scott was a bom Tory, or even
Jacobite. Mr. (Gardiner was, I believe, a Liberal from the cradle. But yon cannot
discover their party in their historical works." (Oymhill Magasine. Feb. 1900,
V. 92. p. 263.)
The judicial point of view apparently did not appeal to him. "He was,'*
says Mr. Paul, "an advocate rather than a judge." (Paul's "Froude," p. 92.) It
is as an advocate, somewhat grimly to be sure, that he makes his appearance in the
pages of his "History of England, "ifwhen, in chronicling the order of "The King*!
royal Majesty." (in the 22d year of Henry VIII, 1681) "that the said Richard Rouse
■hall be therefore boiled to death, without having any advantage of his dergy,"
be characterises the spirit of this inhuman action as "a temper which would keep
no terms with evil." (Froude's "History of England," (Am. ed.). New York:
Scribner, Armstrong, ft (^., v. 1, p. 287.) Compare also the Edinburgh Review,
(Am. ed.). v. 108, p. 119-20.
^Paul's Froude, p. 229.
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1906.] The PoirU of View in History. 379
theref ore, of entering on his study of this tangled subject
with an open mind,^ — a peculiarly necessary condition
when religious questions are concerned, — ^he carried an
unyielding prejudice with him from the start. It was
thus^ (says his biographer, Mr. Paul), that, ''in his zeal to
justify the penal laws against the Catholics, Froude
accepted without sufficient inquiry evidence which could
only have satisfied one willing to believe the worst."'
It was Mr. Froude's fortune, during his lifetime, to have
as an antagonist another well known English historian,
Edward A. Freeman; and, considering the decidedly vul-
nerable nature of Mr. Freeman's] historical work and
procedure, it may be considered to be Mr. Froude's great
good fortime, that he is even now brought into comparison'
with that writer, now that both are dead. The "Tu
quoque" argument is an effective one for the time being.
Time, however, sifts all things, and sooner or later each
historian will stand on his own merits.
FAVORABLE ASPECTS OF THE "SCIENTIFIC SIDE."
Having examined both the favorable and unfavorable
aspects of the "literary" point of view, it is now in order
to interrogate the "scientific" point of view in the same
way.
Science, as has abready been stated, is concerned with
the ascertainment of facts, by systematic processes, accom-
panied by rigid verification.
'An open mind has not tXwmyB been sufficiently yalued in religious disoussion.
'*As regards religious questionst" says President Faunoe, of Brown Uniyenity,
*'there are various spedfie subjects, on which men may differ, but the really funda-
mental difference is tha>t between the man with the open mind and the man with the
dosed mind."
•Foul's "Froude." p. 229.
"See chapter 5 of Paul's Tolume. ("Froude and Freeman); also Andrew Lang's
article. "Freeman verms Froude," already dted, (Comhill Magasine, Feb.. 1906.
Y. 92, p. 261-63.) This enmple has been very generally followed by the writers of
the more or leas critical notices of llr. Paul's book, in England and in this country,
so much so that one would almost suppose that it is Mr. Freeman whose life and writ-
ings were in question. A somewhat different point of view is taken by Qoldwin
Smith, in his artide on "Froude" in the Atlantic Monthly, May. 1906. v. 97. p-
680^7.
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380 American Antiquarian Society. [Aprili
The fundamental conception, in history, from this point
of view, is that of passing upon the facts of history with
the critical discrimination of a judge, rather than with
the partisan ardor of an advocate. It is, in brief, the
"judicial" view of history. Its aim is to state "the truth,
the whole truth, and nothing but the truth." Its spirit
has been well expressed in these words of the German
historian, Ranke, already quoted: — "Ich will nur sagen wie
es eigentlich gewesen ist." Its desire for the truth is well
embodied also in these words of Professor H. Morse Ste-
phens: "The aim of the historian is to discover the truth
with regard to the past, as far as his limitations allow, and
having so far discovered it to narrate the truth without
obtruding his own personality or his own ideas more than
his weak humanity makes inevitable."^ "It is a hard
enough and a difficult enough task that the modem
historian sets before himself. Truth is a very imapproach-
able mistress". * * * • "It is disheartening and heart-
breaking to the historical student to know how little the
most accomplished and hard-working historian can do
towards building a palace in which Truth may live."*
The scientific point of view will of course operate to put
the writer on his guard against the subjective treatment
of history, as opposed to the purely objective treatment-
To Ranke, the great German master of historical writing
in the last century, — even though such writers as
Lamprecht are now succeeding to his supremacy, — we
owe some of the most emphatic statements of this doctrine;
and they are embodied especially in a noteworthy address
on Ranke by his pupil, Dr. von Sybel, published in the
Historische Zeitschrift in 1886.
"A subjective element/' says Dr. von Sybel, ''always tends to mingle
itself with the historian's conception, after eveiy narrative; and it is the
problem of historical investigation, by eliminating this, to hold up the
true picture of the thing itself." ("In diese seine Auffassung mischt sich
^In "Counad upon the reading of books/' p. 92-03.
>Ibid., p. 93.
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1906.] The Paint of View in History. 381
aber nach aller Erfahrung stetsein subjektives Element, unddureh deesen
AuBscheidung des wirkliche Bild dee Tbatbestandes lu eihalten ist die
AuQgabe der historischen Kritik.")^
With the action of every-day life there is inextricably
mingled a large share of ''likes and dislikes." There are
few, however, who would wish to see these reproduced in
the printed volumes which form our libraries of history.
Hasty and impulsive utterances therefore will be carefully
eliminated from his narrative by the judicious writer^
however naturally they may occur to his mind.^ It is a
great art to obtain the proper position of unbiased judg-
ment in these cases, — of complete "detachment",' to use
the phrase of the late Lord Acton, who was himself an
admirable embodiment of this ideal, in his historical
work.
The question of prejudice is occasionally of far-reaching
importance, — particularly when its existence is unsuspected
or, possibly, ''subliminal." "Know thyself" is an injimc-
tion which all of us would gladly comply with, if possible.
And yet, who of us can be sure that, even in the matter of
underlying prejudices, one can really know himself? The
man of today lives in an atmosphere, — so far as likes and
dislikes, or thoughts and beliefs are concerned, — ^which is
partly created by the general level of public opinion in the
person's own community; partly by the person's own
'"Gedaehtniarede auf Leopold v. Ranke," by Heinrich von Sybel, in Histo-
risehe Z«it8chrift. v. 66, (1886). p. 474.
'And yet it is not an unprecedented oceunenee for utterances like these to fet
into print under the fuise of history, as in the case of the bulky Tolume of more
than 750 paces, by the late Gen. John A. Logan, published under the title of "The
great conspiracy, " in 1886. Of this work, a reviewer in the Nation, (June 3, 1886,
V. 42, p. 476), writes: "It is not a history, although it purports to be one. It is
rather what might be called a narrative stump speech, with no limitation as to time
of delivery, except the orator's good pleasure or fatigue. " In his excited peroration,
the author passes from Italics to small capitals, and from these to capitals, under the
influence of the strong feeling, — not to say "prejudice," — which animates the book,
as follows: "Like the Old Man of the Sea, they are now on top, and they mban to
KXEP THXBB IF THEY CAN." ("The great conspiracy," by John A. Logan, New
York: A. R. Hart ft Co., 1886, p. 674.)
*8ee Lord Acton's "Lecture on the study of history," (inaugural lecture at the
University of Cambridge, 1806). p. 4. Elsewhere in the same lecture, he commends
in Ranks what Michelet calls "le d^nteressement des morts." p. (61).
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382 American Antiqiuman Society. [April,
immediate enviromnent; more by tradition, perhaps:
but even more by heredity.
The work of one other eminent German authority is
partially accessible to English readers, namely, that of
Johann Gustav Droysen, whose "Grundriss der Historik,"
(1868), was translated into English by Dr. E. Benjamin
Andrews, under the title of ''Outline of the principles of
history", Boston; Ginn & Co., 1893. The translator cites,
(p. vni), as one of the reasons why, in his judgment,
such a treatise is needed, in English, as follows:
"In most directionB one finds a stronger leal for the knowledge of his*
tory than for the understanding of history. We are so busy at gathering
facts that no time is left us to reflect upon their deeper meaning. Too
many who wish to be oonsidered historians seem hardly leas enthusiastic
over the history of some town pump, provided it is 'fresh' and 'written
from the sources/ than over tluit of the rise of a constitution."
In 1889 appeared a comprehensive treatise by Ernst
Bemheim, entitled ''Lehrbuch der historischen Methode,
mit Nachweis der wichtigsten Quellen und Hiilfs-
mittel zum Studium der Geschichte," published at Leipzig,
by Duncker, (2d edition in 1894). An equally noteworthy
volume, in another language, appeared in 1898, namely,
"Introduction aux etudes historiques," by C.V. Langlois
and C. Seignobos, Paris; Hachette et Cie. In the same
year appeared the English translation, "Introduction to
the study of history," (by Langlois and Seignobos),
translated by G. G. Berry, and containing a preface by
the] late Regius Professor of Modem History at Oxford,
Frederick York-PoweU. New York; H. Holt & Co. The
subjects are treated with great acuteness, (as in the
chapter on "The negative internal criticism of the good
faith and accuracy of authors", (p. 155-90), and with
characteristic French lucidity.
One of the latest of these admirably comprehensive
European studies appeared in 1903, namely "Die Wert-
sch&tzimg in der Geschichte; eine kritische Untersuchung,"
by Arvid Grotenfelt, Leipzig: Veit & Co.
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1906.] The PoirU of View in History. 383
Although this work^ is published in the German language,
the learned author is a lecturer on psychology at the
University of Helsingfors, in Finland. In the chapter,
''Die Ausscheidung des Bedeutsamen", typical instances
of recent and contemporary historians are examined, in-
cluding Ranke, Buckle, Lamprecht, etc., p. 129-75.^
It is an interesting fact that the latest historian of Rhode
Island' has incidentally indicated, by a statement, in one
of his letters, that he is thoroughly in accord with the prin-
ciple above cited, from Dr. von Sybel. Mr. Richman's
statement is as follows:
"The nanutive part waB finiahed before I b^gan to group the philoso-
phy therein. I finiehed the narrative, and then, on revising it, b^gan to
understand its philosophical signifioanoe. This so struck me that I went
back over my work, and, without bending it at all, merely pointed out
its teaching. This, it seems to me, is exactly what the historical inves-
tigator should do— study his facts, and then^ if he finds meaning therein,
announce it."*
Nor must the historian's attitude be that of imdervaluing
the effort required; for a fimdamental principle is a
constant recognition of the difficulty of getting at the
truth of any occurrence. It must be assumed, at the out-
set, that the testimony will vary, and will vary very widely.
In Browning's ''The Ring and the Book", we have the
story told of the self-same thing, by all of the various
parties to the transaction, respectively. We have the
story as told by Coimt Guido Franceschini, who has been
accused of committing the murder. There is also the
narrative of the priest, Giuseppe Caponsacchi. There is the
^Beviewvd in the Athrasum, (London), Manh 12. 1904, p. 888-34.
'An admirable ▼olume which doea not porport to be a oomprehenaiTe traatiae,
bttt merely "Eansrs in hiatorieal criticism," was published by our associate, Profeasor
Edward Q. Bourne, in 1901. as one of the "Yale Bicentennial Publications."
*Riekmant Irving Bodine. Bhode Island: its making and its meaning. 2 v.
New York: Q. P. Putnam's Sons, 1902.
nhis extract from Ur. Richman's letter is printed in the Nation, Feb. 6, 1908,
▼. 76, p. 110. It is noteworthy that this book cannot in any way be traced to
"ancestor worship. The author was bom in Iowa, nearly a thousand miles away
from Rhode Island, and had never been in [Rhode Island] until he came there to
begin his investigations. Among his ancestors there is not a single Rhode Island
family, and not even a single New England family. "
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384 American Antiqvarian Society. [April,
narrative of Pompilia herself, as told in the interval between
her striking down and the drawing of her last breath.
There are also the statements presented by the counsel for
the defendant and the public prosecutor respectively.
There are also three most ingenious and skilful attempts
at expressing the "public opinion" of Pompilia's com-
mimity, as we may call it, (in some ways the most difficult
of all the narratives), entered under the head of "Half-
Rome," "The other half-Rome," and "Tertium quid".
There is, moreover, the review of the whole case, by the Pope,
minutely examining every detail, and reaching conclusions
in a most judicial manner. And thus Browning places
before us in an almost incredibly illuminating manner^
what he calls
'*pure crude fact
Secreted from man's life, when hearts beat hard/'^
This has an especially important bearing on that phase of
the historian's work which deals with the examination of
other men's testimony, rather than with the gathering of facts
at first hand. Specific instances of historical sifting of testi-
mony will be brought imder consideration, later.
One of the first things to which the historian needs to
turn his attention in his examination of the medium through
which his information or material reaches him, is the
question of prejudice. It is of vital consequence to him
to know whether the facts have reached him distorted by
prejudice, and colored by excited feeling. Obviously the
writer who is setting down a dispassionate narrative
of religious history, in using the inmiense mass of "con-
troversial" or ''polemical" pamphlets which strew the
shore of literature like driftwood, must start by recogniz-
ing the existence of the "odium theologicum," and do his
best to exercise a wise discrimination. As with religion,
so with politics. About 25 years ago the late Alexander
Johnston published what was at once recognized as a
^Browninff'B "The Ring and the Book," book 1« lines 95-9%
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"colorless"^ work on American politics.^ How notable
an achievement it was, to present a colorless narrative of
the seething mass of heated and prejudiced American
politics, any one who has searched through a large collec*
tion of American pamphlets will easily recognize.
There is another aspect of the matter which must give
us pause. It is that of the tendency of perhaps the typical
liberal or imprejudiced man to be slightly deficient in some
one direction. Like Achilles, who was vulnerable at the
heel alone, there is, in the case of these men who are broad
and liberal minded, on the whole, some one subject on
which they develop astonishing antipathies. It is surely
not in the nature of man to be absolutely perfect; and the
imperfection of human nature will assert itself, do what one
will. But we need to guard most carefully against the
penetration of this prejudiced view into history, and to be
able to recognize it and be on our guard against it when it
has, by any means, penetrated into this field.'
There are some who affect to underrate the objectionable
features of prejudice, and even to glorify what is regarded
as ''a wholesome prejudice."* None the less, however,
the existence of prejudice is a deplorable thing, — ^not to
say, detestable, — ^in even an ordinary individual, guiltless
of any attempts to write history or any other form of
literature. In a historian, however, it is nothing less than
shocking; and the instances which are on record, as well
^In thJB term, "colorleaa," lies a concise ohanoteriiation of the point of view
of the hiBtorianB who look to Ranke aa their master. **Ranke," says L<nxl Acton,
**is the representative of the ace which instituted the modem study of history. He
taught it to be critical, to be colorless, and to be new." "Lecture on the study of
history," p. 48)
VoAfiston, Alexander. History of American politics. New Yoik: Henry
Holt A Co., 1880.
*" Improvement," nys John Stuart MiU,(in his St. Andrew's "Inaugural address, "'
Feb. 1, 1867), "consists in bringing our opinions into nearer agreement with facts;
and we shall not be likely to do this while we look at facts only through glwsses col-
ored by those very opinions." Mill's "Inaugural address." p. 25, (reprinted at p.
340 of V. 4 of his "Dissertations and discussions," New York: H. Holt ft Co.. 1874.)
*A writer in the Athennum, (Nov. 4, 1006, p. 603), mildly protests, and perhaps
Justly, against that perversion of impartiality iduch may be described as "inhuman.'^
But these instances axe certainly rare.
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386 American Antiquarian Society. [Aprils
authenticated, of deep and implacable prejudices, on the
part of men of the highest order of historical talents, such
as Macaulay^ and Freeman,* are an impressive testimony
to the possibilities which exist, of perverting history. It is
bad enough to find so low a conception of history as that
which regards it simply "as a club," with which to thump
those unpleasant people who do not agree with us, on the
part of individuals and historical societies whose oppor-
timities for developing a more enlightened view have been
limited; but to find a similar failing, in the case of the
more enlightened leaders, is inexpressingly depressing.
Again, the critical student of history needs to be able to
discern whether the writers whose historical discussions
are imder criticism can properly distinguish between
matters of fact and matters of opinion. Strange as it may
seem, this is a failure which is not imcommon.
It is, however, the judicial element which is fundamental,
in any scientific view of history. The historian is expected
to be something more than the witness, offering testimony,
and presenting it in a confused and unintelligent manner.
He is expected to be something quite the reverse of the advo-
cate, presenting a one-sided view of the case. On the con-
trary, it is the procedure on the bench which supplies the
closest analogy to the aims and methods of the con-
scientious historian.
We may here perhaps appropriately consider for a
moment an interesting paradox of judicial experience,
namely, that it is sometimes the special pleaders at the
bar who, on being elevated to the bench, become distin-
guished as among the most ' 'judicial" of judges. And in-
^**See whethflr I do not dust that variet'i jaoket for him in the uBzt number
of the Blue and Ydlow, I detest him more than eold boiled veal." In such a
Christian temper wrote Biaoaulay to his sister, in 1831, of a contemporary statesman
and litttoiteur, John Wilson Croker. (Trereiyan's "Life and letters of Lord Maeaa-
lay," (Am. ed.), New York: Harper ft Bros.. 1875, v. 1, p. 218.)
'"I shall embowel James Anthony Froude." These are the words in which
Mr. Freeman (leefully notes down the faot of an error diBoovered in a volume of
Froude, as scribbled on the margin of his own copy. (Mr. Lane in ComhiU, Feb.,
906, ▼. 92, p. 263.)
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1906.] The Povni of View in History. 387
deed there is one curious and instructive phase of this
experience, namely, when such a judge finds himself called
upon to pass mental judgment on an advocate who is disposed
to press his argument too far. It is, of course, the duty of
the advocate to be in a certain sense ''a special pleader,"
and his obligations to his client make it necessary that
he shall select and arrange his facts so skilfully as to
produce great weight in favor of his client, in the minds of
the jiuy, of the audience, and,— I may add, — of any judge
who has not known these ways of special pleaders, ''at
first hand." But as the advocate goes over this ground,
the judge can say to himself, — "There he is again with his
flimsy reasoning. What rot! Does he really think that
he can pull the wool over anybody's eyes?" When, there-
fore, the judge comes to the summing up of the case, in
his own mind, he gives no more weight to this plea than it
actually deserves; and he thus is able to protect the in-
terests of the public.
Still further, although the judge may from time to time
feel impatience at such extreme presentations of the case
by an advocate, he is, on the whole, by no means averse to
seeing an argument pushed to the extreme, so that one
can really see ''all that there is in it." In other words, he
knows the value of having the case thoroughly "threi^ed
out," as the phrase runs. Probably in thus getting a
case "threshed out," there is inevitably a certain amount
of injustice done, to the interests of one side or the other,
by thus going to the extreme. But probably, also, there
will not be, in our time at least, a method of legal procedure
which will come nearer than this to meeting the needs,
and fulfilling the interests of the entire community, — ^in
spite of all its drawbacks. And, so far as the judge him-
self is concerned, while he will sometimes involimtarily
exclaim against the absurdity of some claim, he will at
other times have to acknowledge to himself: "Well, now,
I never should have thought of that I"
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^88 American Antiquarian Society, [Aprils
To all this, the procedure of the historian, in his critical
•examination of the writings of other authors, supplies a
close analogy. If he should be .making an exhaustive study
of some given subject, he can hardly afford to pass over
without examination even the most foolish of the books
and pamphlets on the subject; — and there are some sub-
jects which prove to be very prolific in foolish pamphlets.
The analogy, as I have said, is a close one; and yet there is
one particular in which it apparently does not quite hold; —
the fact that, as Mr. Harrison has reminded us,^ ' 'cross-
examination* is impossible or, at least, difficult to the
historian."
What would one not give for the opportunity to put the
necessary questions, which, in the hands of a skilful cross-
examiner, would cause the facts to leap to light! Such, for
instance, as in Mr. Charles E. Hughes's examination of the
Vice-President of the New York Life Insurance Company,
resulting in the quite reluctant testimony of the witness,
that a certain loan was made Dec. 31, 1904, and repaid
five days later, Jan. 5, 1905, — ^after the occasion for making
an official report had passed.^
And yet, even though all the parties to the transaction
are themselves dead, and although the events may be those
of four centuries ago, an at least approximately useful
result may follow from the prolonged and detailed discus-
sion of the subject in print by those who hold opposing
views in regard to it.
THE ''squire papers."
In this, as in other fields of study or thought, we may best
learn from a specific instance. One of the most judicial of
iHarriflon'i "The meanins of history," p. 134.
'"Croos-examination, neyerthdefls, would be invaluable to the writer who has
to set down accurately any set of facts, historical or otherwise; and any historian
can find suggestions of value in such a work as **The art of cross-examination,"
by Mr. WeUman. "People," says Mr. Wellman, "as a rule do not reflect upon their
meagre opportimities for observing facts, and rarely suspect the frailty of their own
powers of observation," (At p. 27 of "The art of cross-examination," by Francis
JL. WeUman, New York: The Macmillan Co., 1903.)
'Reported in the daily newspapers of Sept. 28, and Sept. 29, 1906.
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1906.] The Taint of View in History. 389
our modem historians was the late Samuel Rawson Gar-
diner, the eminent English writer who so admirably covered
the period of the Stuarts and the Commonwealth.* The
opportunity presented itself to him, to resort to a process
analogous to cross-examination, when he came to that
precise portion of his narrative which is covered by the
so-called "Squire papers".
Let me interrupt the order of this paper for a moment,
to explain briefly what these "Squire papers" were, which
had the interesting fate of being presented to the con-
sideration of Carlyle in 1847, and of Gardiner m 1885,—
their authenticity having been questioned in each instance.
Samuel Squire, whose name has become associated with
these documents, was one of the soldiers of Oliver Cromwell,
These thirty-five letters, purporting to have been written
by Cromwell himself, belong to the years 1641-45.*
They were brought to Carlyle's attention in 1847, two
years after his work on "Oliver Cromwell's letters and
speeches" had been published in 1845, and it was William
Squire, a descendant of Samuel Squire, who placed them
in his hands. Whatever examination of the letters was
imdertaken ended in their being accepted as genuine by
Carlyle; and they were printed as an appendix to one of
the volumes, (vol. 2), of Carlyle's "Oliver Cromwell's
Letters and Speeches", when this work went through a
later edition, in 1857. The controversy then slept for
many years, till it was precipitated again by a discussion
in the Academy, (the English critical journal), in regard
to the date of death of Cromwell's son.^ The discussion,
however, almost immediately shifted to the broader
question of the genuineness of the Squire papers, and was
^When Ifr. Gardiner died, in 1002, his seriefl of Tolumee oovering the history of
Engbuid in the Seventeenth Century, extended from 1607 to 1656, (published between
1869 and 1901.)
*To be found in print, in Fraser's Magaiine, Dec., 1847, v. 36. p. 631-54; Littell's
Livinc Age, Jan. 29. 1848, v. 16, p. 214-24; in Chapman A Hall's "People's edition"
of Carlyle's "Oliver Cromwell's Letters and Speeches," ed. of 1857, v. 2, p. 261-96;
also in later editions, as in the "Centenary edition", ▼. 7. (1897), p. 338-76.
•Letter of S. R. Gardiner. Academy. Biaroh 14, 1885. v. 27, p. 188.
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390 American AiUiquarian Society. [April,
continued, (first in the pages of the Academy, and later in
the pages of the Englidi Historical Review), for the next
two years; in other words, from March 14, 1885, to April,
1887. There were several correspondents who participated
in the discussion, but it was, after all, chiefly instructive for
the contributions made to it by three eminent men. These
were Mr. William Aldis Wright, the acute Shakespearian
critic; Mr. Walter Rye, an eminent authority on public
records; and Mr. Gardiner himself. Mr. Wright was in-
clined to the belief that the papers were genuine, and that
they were trustworthy material for any historian who
should use them. He showed no heat in his argument,
and, while falling into some errors himself, pointed out
very lucidly several which were made by his opponents.
Although Mr. Wright's argument was conducted with
much ability, an impartial review of the whole subject,
after the lapse of about twenty years, leaves the impres-
sion that, on the whole, the truth was on the other side, —
or at least not on his side. In the second place, Mr. Rye
held the view that the papers were not genuine; — a position
which he argued with much heat. Although some of the
positions which he maintained are those which have come
to be accepted, it is probable that, at the time, he occasion-
ally did more damage to his side than real service, through
his dogmatic attitude, and his hot-headedness, which led
him, in more than one instance, into situations from which
he extricated himself with great difficulty. While these
are qualities which cannot commend him, yet it ought to
be said, — parenthetically, — that Mr. Rye had certain other
qualities which do commend him, including a strong sense
of humor. I cannot resist the temptation to cite a
striking instance of this, taken from the preface to
a volume, (on another subject), which he published in
1888. He writes as follows: ''That I must have made
innumerable omissions and mistakes I know well
enough; but I ask my readers to be merciful, and to
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1906.] The Point of View in History. 391
send me, more in sorrow than in anger, their corrections
and additions."^
Lastly, Mr. Gardiner, although frankly avowing his
position at the beginning of the discussion, as that of dis-
satisfaction with the evidence in favor of the Squire papers,
was plainly in search, throughout the entire correspondence,
of the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth.
During the discussion, even he was led into some untenable
positions, from which he inmiediately withdrew when
these were shown in their true light. On the whole, how-
ever, his letters succeeded in laying bare the weak points
in the Squire papers; and these were not few. It is
significant, that his letters had the effect of drawing
the comments of the other parties to the discussion in
such a way as to exhibit, — for him, and for any one
else interested in the subject, — nearly every conceivable
phase of it; and in this way he secured what was ana-
logous to the effect of cross-examination, in court. When
Mr. Gardiner reached his final conclusion, this conclusion
proved to be an eminently judicial one. He expressed no
judgment whatever as to whether the Squire letters had
been, on the one hand, forged throughout, or whether, on
the other hand, they were genuine letters which had been
recklessly tampered with. To use his own language, the
papers were "unavailable for historical purposes."* This
question was, after all, his chief concern; and it is
an interesting fact that in the two volumes' of his
great work which cover any part of the period in ques-
tion, (1641-45),^ no mention whatever is made of the
''Squire papers" in the text, or in the index, or any-
where else.
*Rv€t Walter. Reoords and ntotd ttmnhmg: a guide to the teiiealocut and
topographer. Publiahed in the United Statei, by CupplM A Hnrd , Boston, 1889,
p. ii.
*S. B. Gardiner, in Enfjieh Historioal Review, July, 1886, ▼. 1, p. 620.
**'The faU of the monarchy of Gharlei I," v. 2, 164(M2, (pub. 1882) and the
"Hictory of the great Civil War," v. 1 1642-44, (pub. 1886).
*The earliest letter of the thirty-five is dated "March, 1641," and the latest
"March 8. 1646."
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392 American Antiqmrian Society. [April,
To one who is unfamiliar with historical investigation
and its methods, this may perhaps seem a ''lame and
impotent conclusion", but not to the real historian, —
certainly not to Mr. Gardiner himself. ''Art is long",
declares the poet, in the well-known lines, but so also is the
art of historical investigation; and some of its fimdamental
prerequisites, as illustrated in this instance of Mr. Gardiner,
are patience, restraint, and scrupulous regard for the truth.
Indeed, it is not an imcommon experience for the historian
to have to be content, (as the late Sir Leslie Stephen has
so well put it,) "to toil for hours with the single result of
having to hold his tongue."^ It is certainly better to
discover definitely that there is no evidence, than to assume
the existence of evidence and to be obliged to retreat from
this assumption, later.
The result reached in Mr. Gardiner's^ case, besides
being one which accords with the judicial view of historical
method, accords with much of the experience which awaits
any man who undertakes to carry the judicial temper into
every-day life. For instance, we will suppose that you
meet an acquaintance on the street, who is laboring under
great excitement. ' 'Well, " you say, ' 'what has happened?"
"Great heavensi", he cries, "Did you ever see such injus-
tice! I have just taken a civil service examination, and
failed to pass. But th€n, everybody knows that a man of
my politics stands no chance whatever." And plainly he
expects you to believe that that is actually the cause. As a
matter of fact, you neither believe it nor disbelieve it. The
^Sttphmi, Sir Lcdie. Studiea of a biognphfir. v. 1. (1898). p. 22.
'It is lignifiimnt that althoush Mr. Oardiner has an exalted opmion of Carlylo'i
"monunwiital work," he has found oooaaion to distrust his editorial methods. Com-
menting, in 1901, on one of Cromwell's letters, Mr. Gardiner writes: '*Oari3rle here,
as in so many other plaoes, amends the text without warning." (Qardincr's *'Hi»-
tory of the Commonwealth and Protectorate," v. 3, p. 27.) As Spenser has been
called **the poet's poet," so Qardiner may periiaps be called ''the historian's
historian," so strikingly do his qualities of caution, aocuraoy, candor, and
sanity appeal to one who writes history. Mr. James F. Rhodes, for instance,
in a brief but significant appreciation of Gardiner, in the Atlantic, remarks: *'We
know the history of Eni^d from 1603 to 1656 better than we do that of any other
period of the worid; and for this we are indebted mainly to Samuel Rawson Gardi-
ner." (Atlantic Monthly, May, 1902. r. 89. p. 701.)
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1906.] The Point of View in History. 393
statement is held in your mind, (just as some substances are
held undissolved in water), because you have not the
necessary data which would lead to any opinion on the
subject on one side or the other.
The determination of motive constitutes one of the
most perplexing of all the problems which a judge is ever
called upon to solve; and the same thing is true of the
judicial historian. It is true that one of the first questions
which the judge is actually obliged to ask himself, in consid-
ering the action of a party to a lawsuit, and also one of the
first questions which the historian is obliged to ask himself,
in studying the career of a character in history, is this: —
"What was the motive in the case V ' This is a question, more-
over, which, if asked by a conscientious judge, is put with
an absolute recognition of the fact that the complexity of
conditions may possibly make this attempted interpretation
of motive not only difficult but misleading. The judge
consequently, in his consideration of the defendant's case,
mentally takes up one motive after another, bringing them
all to as rigid a test as possible, in connection with what is
known of the man's actions, and dropping the hypothesis
whenever it is not found to stand the test. In other words,
the judge's aim, or imderlying principle, must be this: —
* 'All that there is in it " ; and it will necessarily be embodied
not only in the complete ''threshing out" which the case
gets in court, but in that even more difficult and more deter-
mined canvassing which it gets in the judge's own mind, in
the mental review and analysis which he gives it. In the
case of a conscientious judge, determined to hold, as his own
opinion in the matter, nothing which will not stand the
uttermost test, it may well be imagined how exhaustive, —
nay, how exhausting, — ^must be the mental processes re-
quired. There is a most skilful portrayal of such a judge,
in one of Anthony TroUope's less important stories of
English life. This story is "John Caldigate," published
in 1879; and it is, on the whole, a most disagreeable and
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394 American Antiquarian Society^ [April,
depressing piece of literary work. Yet in his chapter on
"Judge Bramber", TroUope has admirably set forth what
must be the ideal mental attitude not only of the impartial
judge, but of the conscientious historian as well. Judge
Bramber had great difficulty in getting into his mind a
conception of that view of the case which the reader knows,
(from the previous chapters of the book), to be the true
one, because it is really a very unusual and improbable
point of view, on the part of the defendant. The judge's
wrestling with the case is a long, determined, and painful
one. Yet he finally does reach this view of the case, and
renders his decision. In other words, he satisfies himself
that in this particular instance the unexpected and the
improbable could occur, — ^and did occur.
As in Biblical criticism, so in historical criticism, both
the higher criticism and the textual criticism have their
place. As an instance of textual criticism, in the discus-
sion of the "Squire papers" abeady referred to, may be
cited the letter^ in which Cromwell wrote the date, — ^if he
did actually write this letter, — as "Christmas Eve." At
first sight, this would appear to be conclusive evidence
against the genuineness of the letter. Would so uncom-
promising a Puritan as Cromwell, use a prohibited expres-
sion like this, in the thick of the Puritan conflict? Mr.
Gardiner, writing in the Academy, asks, with rather telling
effect, — "What would a collector of autographs of the
twentieth century say if he were asked to buy a supposed
letter of Simeon or Wilberforce, dated 'The Nativity of
the Blessed Virgin Mary' 7"' Mr. Wrigjht, in the same
journal, two weeks later, remarks sagaciously: "An Act
of Parliament can do much, but it cannot eradicate a
long-standing personal habit;"^ and this is a consideration
which ought to give us pause when we are imduly hasty
KSvlylo'i "Olivar Cromwell." (People's editioii), London: Chapnum A Hall^
▼. 2, p. 288. Abo, in the **Centenaiy edition." London: Chi^nuuk A Hall, t. 7»
(1897), p. 367. The year of this letter is 1643.
"Aeademy, liarch 28. 1885. t. 27. p. 224.
•Aeademy. April 11, 1885. t. 27. p. 260.
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1906.] The Paint of View in History. 395
in accepting a conclusion, simply on the basis of some
textual detail. Nevertheless, in this particular instance,
there is a significant, and perhaps conclusive, phase of the
subject which is cited by Mr. Gardiner, as follows: —
''Christmas Eve, too, in 1643 of all years, when the obser-
vance of Christmas was for the first time forbidden in Lon-
don, Christmas Day having in 1642 fallen on a Sunday.''^
One of the distinctively ''textual" studies which was con-
nected with the investigation of the "Squire papers" was
concerned with the Puritan names. In particular, it
related to the Christian names of the rank and file of
Cromwell's army, which have been conmionly supposed
to be Old Testament names, — and very grotesque ones at
that. This impression, widespread as it is, does not stand
the test of investigation; but it has been due very largely
to the use of such names in historical novels, such as Scott's
"Woodstock", and in some of the dramas of the Restoration
period, as well as to some unfounded statements in Hume
and other historians. It needs to be said also that the
most uncouth of all these names, "Praise-God Barebone,"
was an actual name, (though the best authorities agree
that the names which have traditionally been associated
with his sons were imaginary, — ^namely, "Christ-Came-
Into-The-World-To-Save-Bare&one", and "If-Christ-Had-
Not- Died-Then-Thou-Hadst-Been- Damned-Bardwme ) . *
And yet "Praise-Grod Barebone" was not a representative
instance, but an exceptional instance. One of the most
painstaking and thorough studies of this subject was made
by Mr. Edward Peacock, an English antiquary, about ten
years before the "Squire" discussion just referred to, —
namely in the Academy in 1875. Mr. Peacock selected his
names from various representative sources, in the Seven-
teenth Century and in the Nineteenth Century, respectively;
but usually from enrollment lists. He thus obtained a
^Aoadamy. ICarch 28. 1886, ▼. 27, p. 224.
*Artiele, "Barbon," or "Barebone," in "Diotionary of national biography/'
▼ 3. (1885), p. 161-53. by A. B. QroMrt.
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396 American Antiquarian Society. [April|
total of 3|207 names. Having done this, he sifted out
from each of the two sets of lists the Old Testament names;
and, to the great smprise of most of those who had followed
his studies, it was found that the percentage of Old Testa-
ment names was not very much greater in the wars of the
Commonwealth than in our own time. For instance,
comparing roll for roll, he finds 76 Old Testament names
in one of these Seventeenth Centiuy lists. But he also
finds as many as 55, in a Lincolnshire list of 1852.^
This being the case, what is the percentage of Old Testa-
ment names to be found in the lists included in the alleged
Squire letters? They are found there, as Mr. Peacock
shows us,* in so overwhelming a percentage as to place it at
once in strong contrast to such other lists of the Common-
wealth period as have been preserved. This very fact
invites suspicion. ''It is, however," says Mr. Peacock,
''quite reasonable to suppose that a forger who believed
that Biblical names were very common in the Puritan
armies, when manufacturing lists of names, should have
used such names freely."'
One has only to ask this question, however: — "Who
gave these Cromwellian leaders their Christian names?"
They certainly did not name themselves. Had they done
so, their names would doubtless have been emphatically
of the Old Testament type, (as in fact were the names
which they themselves gave to their sons). But, on the
contrary, the names given to these Parliamentary fighters,-
men who were then from forty to sixty years of age, — ^were
^ven to them back in Queen Elizabeth's reign, when it
was still the natural and obvious course to name a boy
Henry, or Richard, or Walter, in most instances, rather than
Zebediah, or Jonadab, or Maher*Shalal-Hash-Baz. A
crafty fabricator, who should aim to place his fabrications
beyond suspicion, by the choice of Christian names, is
^Aouiemy. July 24, 1876, t. 8. p. 02.
*Aead«my, April 18. 1886, t. 27, p. 276.
•Ibid.
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1906.] The Point of View in History. 397
quite likely not to have been crafty^ enough to avoid this
kind of contingency. It is another case of
"the engineer
Hoist with his own petaid.''*
DIFFICULTIES OF EXACT NAKRATION.
In those cases where the historian is obliged to draw an
inference, there are plenty of chances that he will be in
some way tripped up. One of the most subtle of these
mishaps is due to the fact that the major premise itself
stands for a pure assumption. Were it not for this, the
inference drawn would be beyond challenge. For example,
some historian of modem Europe might have framed such a
syllogism as this : — Major premise: The French Revolution
was a world-wide calamity. Minor premise: The tendencies
in Hungary and Poland in 1850 are a reproduction of the
spirit of the French Revolution. Condusion: Therefore
the tendencies in Hungary and Poland in 1850 presage a
world-wide calamity. Far more common, however, is
that type of logical miscarriage which grows out of a wrong
conclusion from the premises, — ^in other words, a ''non-
sequitur." Mr. Crothers has so delightfully treated this
subject, in his recent article, "How to know the fallacies,"'
that they need not be enumerated here.
Above all things, discrimination is necessary. Whether
delivered from the bench, or formulated by a historian, a
decision ought to be based on logical inferences, if possible;
and yet it is undeniable that inferences are too often
drawn from very slender data. A defect of some
^A aimilar inttanoe. of work which waa dever, but not quite dem enough, ia
to be aeen in oonneotion with the fabricated "Gape-Fear Mercury, " which waa very
skiUfuny ezpoaed by A. 8. Salley. Jr.. and Worthington C. Ford. (**Dr. S. Millincton
Miller and the Mecklenburg Uedaration"). American Historical Review, April,
1906, T. 11, p. 648^68.
*Below are given referenoee, approxunately complete, to this entire discussion,
1885^7, begun in the pages of the Academy, and transferred to those of the En^ish
Historical Review, as soon as that began publication, in 1886.
Academy, ▼. 27, p. 188, 206-7, 224-25, 243, 250-61, 275, 276, 205, 312-13. 331.
English Historical Review. ▼. 1, p. 311-48, 517-21, 744-56; ▼. 2, p. 142-48, 342-43.
•Atlantic Monthly, Nov., 1005, v. 06, p. 617-28. Reprinted in his volume, "The
pardoner's wallet," p. 82-118. Boston: Houghton. Mifflin, db Co., 1005.
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398 American ArUiguarian Society. [April,
kind, either in one of the premises or in the other, or in the
conclusion, has been repeatedly found to impair the validity
of such logical reasoning. A writer having stated one of
his premises will sometimes proceed to the next one by
saying: ''We may perhaps venture to assume", etc., the
sad truth being that in many instances one ought not to
''venture to assume". The main danger, however, seems
to lie in drawing the conclusion; and the tendency to a
' 'non sequitur " is quite too common. It is as if one should
say: "The sky is clear this morning." "Moreover, I see an
automobile coming up the street." ' 'Therefore it will rain be-
fore night." The writer would find it hopelessly difficult to
explain why this conclusion follows, from these premises, but
no more difficult than the writers of some historical studies.
Partly in the same line of thought as this, is this other
general principle, that one may possibly be too much under
the influence of some proverb or aphorism, of wide accepta-
tion, and thus run the risk of doing injustice alike to a
writer and to a historic character. One such proverbial
idea is expressed in the classical quotation, "Ex pede
Herculem". While it is true that in a large number of
instances an opportunity to view a part, gives one a correct
idea of the whole, yet the instances which constitute an
exception to this rule are so recurrent and so important,
that every historian needs to be on his guard in this matter.
The treatment of a historic character like Cromwell is a case
in point. Few things are more striking, in the historical
literature of the past twenty-five years, than the extent
to which the later historians have refused to set him down
as wholly base, or hypocritical, while fully recognizing
those elements in his make-up and career which deserve
such a characterization.^
^A oaae in point is the American stateemAn, Gouvemeur Morris, oonoemint
whom President Roosevelt, in his interesting life of Morris, has aeutely remarked,
(p. 801): — *'There are. however, very few of our statesmen whose eharactera can
be painted in simple, uniform colors. " . . . "Nor is Morris one of these few. His
place is alongside of men like Madison, Samuel Adams, and Patrick Henry, who
did the nation great service at times, but each of whom, at some one or two critical
junctures ranged himself with the forces of disorder."
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1906.] The Paint of View in History. 399
Another instance, (which is equally striking, partly
because it belongs in a wholly different region, so far as
the sympathies and prejudices of those who read history
in a partisan way are concerned), is that of Mary, Queen
of Scots. It is a fact of no little significance, that, the more
recent the publication of a book on this subject, the more
likely it is to be a non-partisan and judicial study of her
career and qualities, doing full justice to the counts both
for and against her. One of the latest of these studies,
that of Mr. Andrew Lang, ("The mystery of Mary Stuart"),
published in 1904, is noteworthy from the fact that the
author has, in at least one instance, (where the genuine-
ness of a letter is disputed), actually put himself in the
place of the accused, and has tried to see what kind of a
letter one would necessarily write under the ^ven con-
ditions.
And yet, instructive as this instance of Mary, Queen of
Scots is, in the way of illustrating non-partisan treatment,
it is discouragingly instructive in the light which it sheds
on the question whether, — to fall back on another familiar
aphorism, — ''Time does really bring all things to light."
Mary Stuart has now been dead more than three hundred
and twenty-five years, and yet are we in a position to say
that we know the absolute truth in regard to the disputed
points in her career? One might almost accuse her bio-
grapher, Chalmers, of undue optimism in the use which
he has made (in its English translation), of the Latin
aphorism, "Veritas filia temporis."^
What has been said thus far naturally serves to emphasize
the fact that extreme discrimination is necessary, on the
part of the historian whose point of view is the judicial one.
He is not permitted to assume, without verification, the
***Jii0t who is responsible for the very queetionjible Latinity of this phrese, (an
English translation of which is plaoed on the reverse of the title-page of vol. 1, in
the En^ish edition of Chahneri, and on the title-page itself in the American reprint),
is not dear. It is dted as a proverb from the Spanish, in King's Qaasioal and foreign
quotations," p. 564.
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400 American ArUiquartan Society. [April,
impeccable character of any body of so-called evidence, no
matter how prepossessing may be its antecedents. We
have aheady seen that this remark applies to the question
of the use of records and archives. It also applies to the
question of first-hand or second-hand testimony, — ^whether
in the field of biography or of history proper.
One may not even conclude too hastily that when we
have the testimony of a witness who was himself a partici-
pant in the transaction, the exact truth is assured. But
the application of this principle to history yields quite as
interesting results as in the case of biography. As has been
shown above, a historian who writes in another century
from that' of the historical character who is described, does
so at a certain disadvantage; and so does one who writes in
another country and using a different language. Still
further, even supposing him to be a contemporary of his
hero, he may not have been brought into dose enough re-
lations with the events described. Imagine, for instance,
two works, each of which is entitled "A history of the
Fifteenth Massachusetts Regiment of Volunteers, in the
War of the Rebellion", one of which is written by an officer
who served in that regiment, and the other by a man who
never went outside of New England during the entire
four years of the war. Can any one hesitate for a moment
as to which of the two is entitled to credence? And yet,
the very sharpness of this contrast, in favor of the actual
participant, and his facilities for presenting a narrative
which should be accurate, may serve to blind one to the
fact that even this position does not and cannot guarantee
uttermost accuracy in every detail. This is a lesson which
has been learned very gradually, since the close of the
American Civil War, and especially since the United States
Government has been putting into print the "Official
records of the War of the Rebellion", reproducing the
exact text of the despatches, reports, orders, and other
official papers, on both sides. It was at first thought by
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1906.] The Paint of View in History. 401
some writers, and very naturally, that here at last was an
end of controversy, in view of these oflSdal statements; but
historians like our associate, Mr. James F. Rhodes,^ who have
been going over this period, (and even more, the military his*
torians, like the late John C. Ropes),' have found it any*
thing but a clear case, or a foregone conclusion. If the
question should be, what went on in the ''Seven Days^
Battles" before Richmond, (June 25-July 1, 1862),9 the
conscientious historical student is plunged at once into
the examination of a mass of conflicting statements; and
the problem is made all the more formidable by the evident
absence of any attempt to deceive, on the part of any of
the writers, — each one telling the story with utmost
sincerity, as it appeared to him, but telling a story which
disagrees with almost every other story.
Still, — the reader is inclined to ask, — ^if we confine our
attention to some one detail out of the entire mass, will
not the participant then be able to give us an absolutely
trustworthy account?
It so happens than an incident of precisely this kind
came under my observation several years ago, in conversa-
tion with our associate, Mr. 'V^iUiion B. Weeden; and it
impressed me so strongly, that I asked Mr. Weeden, who had
given me the narrative verbally, to write it out for me; and,
complying with this request, he has given it to me as follows :
Dear Mr. Foster. Providence, May 15th, 1896.
The incident, of which we were speaking, occurred in this wise.
At the battle of Gaines' Mills,* I was Chief of Artillery in the First
Division of Porter's Fifth Corps. A part of my own Batteiy under Lieut.
^BhodM, James Ford. History of the United States, from the Compromise of
1860. New Yoik: Haiper db Broe., t. 9-6, pub. 1806, 1899. 1904.
"ilopet, John Codmaa. Story of the Civil War. New York: Q. P. Putnam's
Sons, 1894. 3 ▼. See diserepaneies dted at p. 298 of t. 2. More than a doaen years
before, Mr. Ropes had pnUished "The army wider Pope," New York: C. Scribner's
Sons. 1881.
*As an example of the "Offieial records" being dted on both sides of a puisling
question, see Rhodes's note on this campaign. ("History of the United States," ▼.
4. p. 48.)
«The battle of Gaines's Mills, (during these same "Seiren Days" before Rich-
mond), was fought, June 27-28, 1862.
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402 American Antiquarian Society. [April,
Buckley was posted with Gen. Martindale's Brigade at a crucial point
of our line. The guns were well served and did considerable execution.
I went down several times to look after them in a general way. The
musketry firing from the enemy was heavy and the pressure of battle
was very severe. Once the colors of a rebel regiment charging, were
knocked over by a case shot from our guns. Then the firing from both
artilleiy and infantry was so well concentrated, that the enemy could
not recover his colors, but they were brought in by our infantry, after
he was beaten back.
The Fourth Michigan Regiment was on the right of these guns. This
corps had been much associated with us, and we were all very friendly.
Talking over the battle next day with some of the officers, they were
very cordial in appreciating the handling of our guns. Then they made
this astonishing statement. "When you came into the battery and
sighted the guns yourself, the e£fect was tremendous". I never once
aimed a gun in any action. If I had done so, it would have interfered
with the excellent gimners, who served the pieces. These Michigan
officers were probably within one hundred feet; certainly they were not
two hundred feet away from the gtms.
The incident is a fair illustration of the constant tendency of wit-
nesses, to idealise action and innocently to create acts, which they
think they see. Truly yours, Wu. B. Wbsden.
It is almost startling to reflect how near this myth in
embryo came to being embodied, as actual history, in some
one of the printed narratives of the war, if Captain Weeden
had not been alive to negative it.
. It is not strange that, with all the attention which has
been paid to this phase of the subject, the suggestion
should have arisen that, while there may be a condition of
things in which the letter of the narrative is accurate, while
it is wholly inaccurate in spirit, there may also be a condi-
tion of things in which the reverse is the case. In other
words, the letter of the narrative may be inaccurate, but
the spirit of it accurate.^ This claim has been made for
various historical writers; and among them, for Thomas
Carlyle.
To illustrate the bearing of this su^estion, let us consider
an imaginary case, in real life. We will suppose that a
^The other ride of the case ia mneaented in Macaulas^a auppodtion that there
might perhaps be **a history in which every particular incident may be true," but
which "may on the whole be false." Macaulay's "Critical, historical, and miscel-
laneous essays." (Am. ed.)* Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, & Co., t. 1, p. 425.
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1906.] The Paint of View in History. 403
messenger boy is sent from a drug-store on Boylston Street
in Boston, with a bottle of medicine, to a house on Dana
Street in Cambridge. The messenger actually does deliver
the medicine, but it is first mislaid by the servant, and then,
after repeated telephoning to the drug-store for the missing
medicine, the servant remembers it, and hands it over.
The necessary explanation is then made all around, and
the unfortunate messenger boy is completely exonerated,
but not until after, in his confusion, he had made, — quite
unintentionally, — an extraordinary series of statements of
things that were not so. Here is the messenger's statement :
"I went to Copley Square, and when a Harvard Square car came along,
I got on, and the dock said a quarter before eleven. There was a lady
sat next alongside of me, and so I thought I would ask her about how
to find the place. I will tell you what she looked like. She was tall,
and she had on a blue dress, and she was holding a mufif, and her name
was Miss Williams, she said. She took and looked at the name on the
parcel, and, said she, 'I can tell you just how to go there, because, don't
you see, I live close by there myself.' So at Dana Street the conductor
let me off, and there was the house all right, and when I rang the bell
there was a man came to the door, and I handed over the parcel to him,
and came along back."
This is the messenger's statement. Now what are the
facts? Nearly every separate item in the entire list is
misstated; for, like some historians, he seemed to have an
actual genius for inaccuracy.
The car which he took was not a Harvard Square car
but a Mount Auburn car. He took it, not at 10.45, but
at 11.45. The lady next to him was dressed, not in blue,
but in brown. She was not tall, but rather short. She
did, however, carry a muff, as he stated. Her name also
was Williams, as he stated, but not ''Miss", but ''Mrs."
It was Dana Street at which he left the car, but it was a
maid who answered the door-bell, rather than a man.
But what of it? The essential thing to be noted is, that
the messenger actually did deliver the medicine at the
right house, in proper season, as he said he did. These
other details may have some very slight importance, but
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404 American ArUiqvarian Society. [April,
they do not relate to matters in which the purchaser of the
medicine felt the slightest interest. So long as he had the
medicine, what did it matter to him whether the messenger
had come over in a Harvard Square or a Mount Auburn car?
Now this entirely imaginary instance finds a close
parallel in a somewhat well known passage of French
history. It is that section* of Carlyle's extraordinary
work on ''The French Revolution" in which the royal
flight is narrated. On the 21st of June, 1791, Louis XVI,
the Queen, and the entire royal family, made their
escape from Paris. The whole distance which they trav-
ersed was about one hundred and fifty miles,* namely,
from Paris to Varennes, a small town in the East of France.
Of this piece of description. Professor H. Morse Stephens
says: "This narrative is so vivid that the very wheels of
the yellow berline in which the royal family travelled may
be almost heard upon the roads of France."' Since the
suggestion had often been made that this narrative was
apparently incorrect in detail, it occurred to an accom-
plished English historical scholar, Mr. Oscar Browning,
to make as thorough an examination of this narrative as pos-
sible. This he did, about twenty years ago, (in fact traversing
a large portion of the route personally, in a tricycle, — ^namely,
the portion from Chalons to Varennes,* — apparently, in the
autumn of 1885.) The result is embodied in his volume,
•''The flight to Varennes, and other historical essays."^
His conclusions are thus simuned up: The reader, he
rsays, "will discover that almost every detail is inexact,
some of them quite wrong and misleading. This is the
danger of the picturesque school of historians. They will
be picturesque at any price."* Carlyle places the distance
^Namely. "Book IV, VaranneB."
*Broumino, Oscar. "FUgjbt (The) to Varennes, and other hietorioal eanjfs.'^
^London: Swan Souneuechein, 1892, p. 16.
**'Counflel upon the reading of books " p. 01.
*A diBtanoe of forty-nine mflee.
•Brownins'fl *'Fli«}it to Varennee," p. 1-76.
-•Browning's •'Ibid.."* p. 76.
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1906.] The Point of View in History. 405
at sixty-nine miles instead of one hundred and fifty .^ He
describes the streets by which they left Paris, giving a
wholly incorrect route.' He miscalculates the speed of
their carriage.' He mistranslates from the French,^ as
to the costume of one of the characters.
The curious fact is that Mr. Browning, after having
made this very skilful expos^, remarks that Carlyle's nar-
rative ''in its broad outlines is consistent with the truth."^
Possibly this is so, and yet if this principle were to be taken
as of universal application, the result would be plainly mis-
leading. In other words, there is one important difference
between the case of the messenger boy and the case of the
historian. The druggist who had sent the boy may be con-
ceived of as placing too confident a reliance on the proverbial
expressions, 'Talsusinuno — ^falsus in omnibus," and the like.
He may therefore, after detecting the messenger in saying
that he took a Harvard Square car when he should have
said a Mount Auburn car, continue to urge; "You have
been false in one thing. You have therefore been false in
all. I will not believe that you delivered the package."
And in thus urging he would have been plainly in the
wrong. But the essential thing to remember is that it is
the business of the messenger to deliver the package, and
he did it. It is the business of the historian to tell a
straight story. Does he do it?
Let us return once more to the conception of history as
written from a judicial point of view, (as above indicated),
and imagine a judge whose duty it is to listen to all kinds
of evidence. So far as the judge himself is concerned, it is
plainly his busmess to hear everything, but not necessarily
to believe everything that he hears. The arguments
brought forward by counsel with fluent tongues are spoken
in the hearing of the jury, the spectators, and the public
^Browninc's "fli^t to Varemies," p. 16.
"Ibid., p. 60-61.
•Ibid., p. 16-17.
«Ibid.. p. 70.
■Ibid., p. 62.
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406 American Antiquarian Society. [April,
generally; and in them the ingenious orator will often find
a soil quite favorable to the growth of the ideas which he
fain would sow. Not so, however, with the "stony ground' '
represented by the judge, in many instances. Let us sup-
pose, for example, that the judge, before taking his seat on
the bench, had been eminent as a corporation counsel,
knowing corporation law down to his finger-ends. Not
long after he has taken his seat on the bench, a case is
heard before him, which is from beginning to end a question
of corporation law; and it requires but little effort for the
judge to see which side has the right of it. It so happens,
however, that this is the side which has the weaker counsel;
and the judge consequently is in a position where his mental
comments, from beginning to end, in regard to that side
of the suit which in reality has the stronger case, are such
as these: "What absurdity!" "The worst I ever heard!"
"To expect any one to listen to that!" "A child only ten
years old would know better!" And yet, this judge,
because he has a judicial mind, is not swept off his feet,
and made to believe the opposite of the truth, by the mere
accident of the best coimsel being on the wrong side. But,
on the other hand, the general public is quite liable to be
swept off its feet, in this way. The American public, in
particular, dearly loves a brilliant debater, and, even if
convinced, down deep in its heart, of the truth of the
opposite side, is not above yielding itself up, mind and soul,
to the "taking" argument.
In this particular, as in so many others indicated above,
it is the historian's duty to exercise discrimination, and a
critical judgment. It will sometimes be the case, in
going through a considerable mass of publications deal-
ing with a given subject, that he will say, mentally: — "Yes.
I see what the data are, which you are dealing with, but I
do not draw the same conclusions from them that you do."
It is here that a broad and generous equipment is of special
service to a historian; for, if he should not approach the
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subject with the same signal advantage that the judge had,
who comes to the hearing of a corporation case after hav-
ing made corporation law his specialty when a practising
attorney, he will sorely need the unerring insight and the
firm grip on underlying principles which will compensate
for the absence of any previous experience.
UNFAVORABLE ASPECTS OF THE "SCIENTIFIC SIDE."
like the literary side, the scientific side also has "the
defects of its qualities". A very fundamental one is con-
cerned with the very phraseology which is used. It is
claimed, for instance, that there can be no "science of
history", properly so called, because there can be no abso-
lute prediction. This is forcibly stated by Ooldwin Smith
in one of his recent addresses, as follows:
"The ctGwn of sdenoe is predictioiL Were histoiy a ecienoe, it would
enable ub to predict events. It is needless to say that the forecast of
even the most sagacious of public men is often totally at fault with
regard to the immediate future. On the brink of the great Revolutionaiy
ware Pitt looked forward with confidence to a long continuance of peace.
Palmerston, if he was rightly reported, deemed the cause of German
unification hopeless at the moment when Bismarck was coming on the
scene and unification was at hand." ^
The fundamental reason, of course, for this limitation,
is the human factor, connected as it is, with the problem of
free will. This is by no means a new subject. In fact, the
very writer who has just been quoted, — Ooldwin Smith, —
was lecturing on this problem at Oxford more than
forty years ago.* In this problem, however, there are two
somewhat distinct phases. The first one is connected with
the familiar question of "necessitarianism" according to
which man is conceived of as "an automaton". On this,
in particular, Ooldwin Smith has expressed himself in a
very suggestive way, as follows:
*Ameri«ui Histocieal Reriew, ▼. 10, p. 014.
^"Leetaras on tha study of history, dalhrmd in Oxford, 1850-61." New York:
Harper db Broe.. 1870. Another early diaeuaaion of the aabjeet by Ooldwin Smith
ia hia lecture on "The atudy of hiat<Mry," delivered at Cornell Uniyeraity, in 1860.
piinted in the Atlantio Monthly. Jan. 1870. ▼. 26, p. 44-66.
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408 American Antiquarian Society. [April,
"In habitual and commonplace actioofl we are not conscioiu of the
Yolition unless our attention is specially called to it." "But alwa3rB/'
he adds, there are "two elements" present, — ^the "volition/' on the one
hand, and "the antecedents or motive," on the other hand; "and upon
the presence of the volition depend our retrospective judgments on our
own actions and our judgments on the actions of our neighbors." * * *
"Huxley, biased by physical science," (sajrs Mr. Smith), "took at one
time the extreme necessarian view. But if I mistake not, he had latterly
ceased to feel so sure that man was an automaton which had automati-
cally fancied itself a free agent but had automatically come back to
the belief that it was an automaton."^
The other phase of the subject is connected with the fact
that no room is left for individuality. Most teachers find it
an impressive fact that, with all the effort to plan our
systems of education on a general scale, there are continu-
ally found individual instances for whose peculiar needs no
direct provision has been made. The problem is a perplex-
ing one, for it is not always possible to command the re-
sources for an individual treatment of the individual child.
If not, the child, by some form of repression, is smoothed
down, so to speak, (or rather, crowded down), to the
general level. Nor is this experience confined to children.
More and more, as our present-day tendencies to consolida-
tion and uniformity develop, the individual everywhere
feels the pressure of what the poet has called ''the world's
rough hand."
It need hardly be added that in this respect the usage of
society is closely in accordance with that which Tennyson,
in ''In Memoriam", has attributed to Nature herself:
"So careful of the type she seems,
' So careless of the single life/''
An even more subtile application of this principle lies
in the interpretation of motive. "Judge not, that ye be not
judged", is still sound doctrine, as it was twenty centuries
ago; and yet judges on the bench, and judicial historians
everywhere, as well, are constantly obliged to pass judg-
^American Historic*! Review, v. 10, p. 512.
•Section 66.
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1906.] The PairU of View in History. 409
ment, as to the motives which probably led to the actions
in question. Since this is inevitable, perhaps the most
that can be hoped for is that they shall invariably recognize
that "the exceptions, " as well as "the rule, " are sometimes
to be reckoned with. There are few men who have lived
in this world for many years with a fairly observing habit
of mind who have not been forced to take note, time after
time, that it is the unexpected that has happened. Even
from the point of view of simple mathematics, this is by no
means incomprehensible. Let us say of some occurrence,
as, for instance, the passing of a St. Bernard dog, in the
crowded throng which surges past the comer of Broadway
and Canal Street, in New York, that the probability, or
chance, is only as one in ten. Very well then. Even in
that case, some dog must be this one in ten. Or suppose
it is only one man in twenty who stands six feet in height.
Even then some one must be that twentieth man. It is no
more strange that you should be the one than that some
one else should be.
The influence of this same indisposition to conceive of
the "exceptional instance" is felt also in ethical fields.
Given, a historical character to be studied and analyzed,
whose associates and whole environment were obviously
characterized by low moral standards. In that case it is
only by a distinct effort of mind, that we are prevented
from concluding, off hand, that the person in question was
swayed by the same low motives. Nevertheless, this
kind of "snap judgment" cannot be regarded as either
just or sane. Let us apply the principle to our case. The
future student of social conditions in the years 1900 to
1906, in this country, will perhaps be impressed by nothing
more strongly than this, that in these years "graft" was
widenspread, and pervasive. Let us suppose, then, that
the student, in unearthing various papers, comes upon the
existence of you or of me, and sets us down as tarred with
the "graft" taint, because of our living in this age. Would
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410 American AtUiquarian Society. [Aprils
anyone enjoy this prospect? Indeed, one does not always
have to wait for the ''snap judgment" of posterity in
such a matter as this, for it is not unheard of to find the
''contemporary judgment", expressed somewhat as follows:
"Well, every man has his price." In this way, the matter
may perhaps best be broi^t home to us, so as to lead us
to appredate the rights of the minority, (the "twentieth
man", so to speak), to a sqiiare deal, or, in other words, to
a fair judgment, on an independent bads;
Great is the wisdom of "Poor Ridiard, " and it has great
merits, as summing up the condensed thou^t of the
majority of men. And yet this "proverbial" wisdom of
the centuries may sometimes be a tyrannous judgment.
With the fable of the fox and the "sour grapes" ring^ig
in his ears, not only has an individual sometimes been
compelled to take his appointed course in the face of almost
certain misconstruction, but nations also have been com-
pelled to do the same. A historian who has occadon to
record the struggles of small nations with great ones will
do well to look carefully into this phenomenon.
There is another bearing of the sdentific view of history
which demands our attention,— namely, the fragmentary
and unsatisfactory nature of a large portion of the "mater-
ials of history". Mr. Firth for instance, who has already
been quoted above, remarks: "Often the really condudve
document is missing; we know that something happened^
but the piece of evidence which would explain why it
happened is non-existent, and the precise dgnificance of
the fact becomes a matter for inference or conjecture.
Sometimes a whole series of docmnents dealing with a
particular episode has perished by accident or design, and
shreds or patches of evidence must be collected from diff-
ferent sources to supply its absence."^
Again, it seems probable that an extreme view of tho
sdentific treatment of history may tend to defeat its owa
^Firth's '*A pka for the historidJ teaohiiiff of biatory." p. 10-11.
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1906.] The Point of View in History. 411
purpoae. In other words, while the primary purpose of
science is practical, — the adaptation of means to ends, —
the treatment may be so conducted as to lead to no end.
Here, for instance, is the uncompromising statement of
the purpose of the scientific school of history, as found in
the pages of one of its latest advocates, — Professor Bury, of
the University of Cambridge : —
"The gathering of materials bearing upon minute local events, the
collation of MSS. and the r^gistiy of their small variations, the patient
drudgeiy in archiyes of states and municipalities, all the microscopic
research that is carried on by annies of toiling students — ^tt may seon
like the bearing of mortar and brick to the site of a building which has
hardly been begun, of whose plan the labourers know little. This woric,
the hewing of wood and the drawing of water, has to be done in faith —
in the faith that a complete assemblage of the smallest facts of human
histoiy will tell in the end. The labour is performed for posterity —
for remote posterity; and when, with intelligible scepticism, someone
asks the use of the accumulation of statistics, the publication of trivial
records, the labour expended on minute criticism, the true answer is:
'That is not so much our business as the business of future generations.
We are heaping up material and arranging it, according to the best
methods we know; if we draw what conclusions we can for the satis-
faction of our own generation, we can never foiget that our work is to
be used by future ages. It is intended for those who follow us rather
than for ourselves, and much less for our grand-children than for gener-
ations very remote' "^
While there is something very noble in all this work of
self-abnegation, yet it must be admitted that it is sadly
destitute of the hope of an assured fruition. As Mr.
Trevelyan has forcibly put it, in his trenchant comment
on Mr. Bury's address: "The readers of books will pass
by, ignorant of the hidden treasure, till, after long cen-
turies of toilsome and useless accumulation, the unwieldy
and neglected mass at length perishes, like the unopened
books of the Sibyl. "•
It is edgnificant that all of the various dissentients
from the ultra-scientific view of Mr. Bury, (including
iBury's ''loMicuna iMtnn." 1908, p. 81-82.
***Tbe lateil view of history," by Goor«B IfMftolay Trarelyui, in ladapendaat
B«new. Loodon, reprinted in Ltrinc Acs, v. 340, p. 107.
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412 American Antiquarian Society, [April,
Butcher,* Trevelyan, Falkiner,* Firth,' and others), ascribe
the difficulty and the danger above referred to, to the delib-
erate elimination of style from the narrative. And they
consequently regard the restoration of style, — or, at least, of
life, of vitality, of something intimately concerned with
the passion and movement of human life, — ^as being the
most promising way out of the difficulty.
Frederic Harrison also puts the case very lucidly: —
"There ib more to be said for literaiy fonn in historical compodtion
than the present generation is wont to allow. Abstracts of complicated
documents with abundant archsological setting do not need any liter-
ary form,(nor can they endure such setting any more than grammars,
dictionaries, or catalogues of microscopic entosoa. But all compila-
tions of original research not fused into the form of art, remain merely
the text-books of the special student and are closed to the general
public. They have a purely esoteric yalue for the few, however pro-
found be their learning, however brilliant the discoveries th^ set forth.
Perhaps no historian in this centuiy has exercised a more creative force
over modem research than Savigny; but his great historical work is a
dosed book to the general public as much as is his purely l^gal work.
Now, it is the public vdiich histoiy must reach, modify, and instruct,
if it is to rise to the levd of hmnane scienoe and be more than
pedantic antiquarianism. And nothing can reach the public as history,
unless it be oiganic and proportioned in structure, impressive by its
epical fonn, and instinct with the magic of life.
The colossal monuments compiled by Muratori, Perts, and Migne
are invaluable to the scholar, and so are CaUUoguea of the Fixed Stare to
the astronomer, or the NattUcal Almanac to the seaman. But to any
but professed students of special subjects, the only real kind of histoiy
is a reduced miniature of the vast area of actual events, in such just
proportion as to leave on the mind a true and memorable picture. A
real histoiy (and of a real histoiy, the Decline and Fall is, at least in
literaiy conception and fAsxi, the ideal type) must be so artfully balanced
in its proportion that a true impression of the crucial events and dom-
inant personalities is forced into the reader's brain. It has to be what
^ButAgr, Samiiel Henry. Hairard lecturM on Greek rabjeete, London: 1004,
p. 261-42. "We eannot lifhtly eocept the eugieetion," SKye Mr. Buteher, "that
hietory ahould emancipate herself from literature." Pace 261.
^FaOnner, C. Litton. Literature and history. Monthly Review, LondoUt
reprinted in Lirinc A«e, June 4, 1904, ▼. 241, p. 621-28. "If the whole workshop of
historical research is not to become a Tast lumber-room, it is time that some at least
among the leaders of Engtish historical learning should reeognise the saving grace of
style as the graat antiseptic not only of literature but of history. " (Page 627.)
•Among other articles, should be dted a very trenchant article in the New York
Evening Post, Deo. 19, 1908.
See also Mr. Firth's "Flea for the historical t4!iaching of history," above eited.
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a scientific globe or map is to our earth — a true copy reduced to accurate
proportion and of dimensions measurable by the ordinaiy eye. Truth
of proportion is far more essential than any accuracy of detail. Falsity
of proportion is a blunder far more misleading than any meagreness of
local definitioiL To confuse the observer with a wilderness of details^
and still more to mislead him by falsifying the relative nature of men
and of things — this is to make a caricature, not a picture, a fancy sketch
not a chart. It will be as fatal to the reader as Ptolemaic maps were to
the early navigators. A histoiy wherein the pursuit of trivial facts is
carried to confusion, and where the sense of faithful proportion is
ruined by antiquarian curiosity, is little more than a comic photograph
as taken in a distorted lens. The details may be accurate, curious,
and inexhaustible; but the general effect is that of preposterous in-
version. We learn nothing by the process. We are wearied and
puszled."*
Under the head of the scientific historian, as well as the
literary historian, we may learn from a specific instance.
The late Edward A. Freeman was a notable example of the
virtues, and the limitations as well, of this view of the
matter. Mr. Freeman was a scholar of exceptional erudi-
tion and of minute and precise knowledge in his own fields.
Althou^ his work was based more largely on printed
materials than on unpublished documents, his industry
was extraordinary, and his research untiring. His remark-
able equipment, however, did not save him from serious
error, nor from well-founded charges of inaccuracy.*
Nor can it be said that his mental equipment was an ideal
one for a historian. Besides his tendency to iteration,
akeady referred to in these pages,' he had an imperfect sense
of historical perspective.^ Still more serious was the very
evident prejudice which repeatedly disfigures his pages, —
a defect which is even more marked in a ''scientific his-
torian" than in a ''literary historian." In controversial
writing, he invariably appears at his worst, and sometimes
^HitfriKm'8 "Tennyson, Ruakin, and MDI, " etc.. p. 222-23.
'As A typical instance, see the ezhaosti-ve article by J. H. Bound, on **Mr. Free-
man and tlie battle of Hastings," in the Eni^ish Historical Review, April, 1894,
T. 9. p. 209-60. Compare also Paul's "Froude," p. 171-64.
•Pages 870-71.
**' Freeman,'' says Frederic Harrison, "was an indefaticable inquirer into eariy
records, but he muddled away his sense of proportion. " ("The meaninc of history, ''
p. 136.)
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414 American Antigvarian Society. [April,
seems to have parted company with all sense of candor or
fairness, as when making Mr. Froude a target for every
variety of attack.^ By the irony of fate, this very excess
of violence on Mr. Freeman's part has in the last few
months been turned by more than one reviewer to Mr.
Fronde's credit. While Mr. Froude by himself offers
much that is vulnerable to the critic, a comparison' of
Froude with Freeman is often greatly to the advantage of
the former. In spite of all his limitations, Mr. Freeman
has rendered enormous service, not only by his historical
narratives, but by his discussion of underljring historical
principles; and his volume on ''The methods of historical
study" cannot be safely neglected by any one who takes
up the study of history.'
THE ESSENTIALS SUMMARIZED.
Briefly sunmiing up the principles of historical narration,
the ideal historian, it will be seen, must unite the some-
what varied and opposite qualities above indicated. He
must be at once accustomed to use his imagination, follow-
ing it, however, by rigid verification, and also accustomed
to sift all facts from a judicial point of view. He must see
that his narrative possesses proportion and historical
perspective, while, at the same time, he aims at historic
detachment.
THE QUESTION OP "MATERIALS FOR HISTORY."
In a rapid summary of those points which belong to the
ideal conception of history, it is plain that the judicial
^"Mr. Fteeman," BBya Andrew Lane, **MtuAlly objeeti to the oopioas um
lUAde of ibe new materiale" [by Mr. Froude] **m 'often utterly weerisomel' He
even speaks as if the dates of despatches were unimportant." (Comhill ICasasinef
Feb., 1906, v. 92, p. 261-62.) For a referenee to the discussion, (disastrous to Mr.
Freeman), in 1879, see Paul's ''Froude," p. 182-84.
*8ee p. 879 of this paper.
'Although published eight years ago, the most judicial of the attempts at summing
up the work of these two great men, Froude and Freeman, is that of BCr. Frederic
Harrison. He published in the Nineteenth Century, Sept., 1898, his careful study
of "The historical method of J. A. Froude, (v. 44, p. 372-86); and in the same journal,
Nov., 1898, "The historical method of Professor Freeman," (v. 44, p. 791-806).
These papers are reprinted at p. 221-67 of his srolume. "Tennyson, Ruskin, Mill
and other Uterary estimates." (1900).
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1906.] The Point of View in History. 415
point of view ia "the point of view" in history, pre-
eoiinently.
And yet when we are confronted with the immense mass
of material under any given historical topic, and recognize
how small a percentage of the whole has any ri^t to bear
the epithet '^ judicial," we may be for the moment puzzled.
Only for a moment, however, because we can, (still follow-
ing the analogy of the court of law), describe all of this
less acceptable portion as '^materials for history." In
just this same way, all the papers which are introduced in
connection with the trial of a case in court are materials
for the final decision, including the documents of various
kinds, the correspondence, the stenographic report of the
testimony, and the pleas made by the counsel. In the
domain of history, as has been noticed, we have not only
the documents and correspondence, but also the '^ annals,"
painfully compiled by rude and unpractised hands, and
also the various ''pleas, " (more or less consciously partisan)
known as "memoirs," "vindications," "apologjLes," etc.
These occupy the field until the coming of some historical
work which shall sum up the substance of them all, pre-
senting in an adequate manner what they expressed only
inadequately.
As in all questions of "names and things, " discrimination
in this matter is usually difficult and sometimes dangerous.
We shall be content, in ordinary conversation, at least, to
adopt the conventional designation, "historian", as apply-
ing to the writers of all alike, rather than assume a ped-
antic attitude, — ^just as one does not quarrel with the census
enumerator who, with unconscious humor, perhaps, would
affix the same label, "pianist", alike to Paderewski, and
to some half-fledged pounder of the keys who rents an
office for instructing pupils.
Nor must we forget that some of these "memoirs" which
fall short most flagrantly, of the judicial standard, — and
indeed because of thus falling short of it, — ^have a value of
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416 American Antiquarian Society. [April,
their own as ''human documents." So unrestrained, so
genuine, so natural, so lifelike, is their picture of the event
or period, that one's heart almost goes out to them in read-
ing them.
Our own literature, fortunately, is full of these biogra-
phies, and autobiographical memoirs, whose very charm
is in their subjective character, and their freedom from
self-consciousness.
Othello's last injunction to his two friends ran thus: —
"When you shall these unlucky deeds relate,
Speak of me as I am; nothing ertenuate,
Nor set down au^t in malice."^
And when, says Agnes Repplier, he thus implored them,
''he offered the best and most comprehensive advice which
the great race of biographers and memoir writers have ever
listened to and discarded." She adds: "For half truths",
"those broken utterances which come bubbling up the well
from the great unloved goddess whom we all unite in hold-
ing below the water, there are no such mediums as the
memoir and the biography ."■
It is evident that the impulse to find enjoyment as well
as information in the mass of historical literature which
the world has seen gradually accumulating, is a deepnaeated
one. But so also is the impulse to find in it instruction, —
wisdom, guidance, a lesson for the future. That there is
risk, not to say peril, in such a tendency as this, no one who
has made himself familiar with the scientific point of view
in history can for a moment doubt. For example, one feels
like asking: "If history "teaches", what does it teach, —
and how?" "How can one be assured of the correctness
of the supposed lessons, or inferences?" Assuredly, the
pages of history are full of erroneous inferences. Doubt-
less also there have been many instances of "disputed"
inferences. To this day, there are two different schools
^ShakeapMtfe's "OtheUo." Aot. 6. leene 2. Uhm 414-KS.
**'GottDBel upon Um rMdinc of books." p. 07^08.
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of interpretation, so far as the ''lessons" of the IVench
Revolution are concerned; and each of the opposite schools
is quite sure that the other is alarmingly wrong.
Perhaps a question which goes to the root of the matter
is this; — ''Should the lesson be an explicit one, or merely
implicit?" Should it be driven in, — almost "rubbed in'V
one might say, — or should it be left there to be discovered
by any reader who is in possession of his reasoning powers?
The sober second thought will point to the latter.^
AI/TERNATIONS OF OPINION AS TO THE POINT OF VIEW.
No one who examines critically the body of historical
literature from century to century, — and from decade to
decade, — can fail to be impressed by the extent to which
it has reflected the tendencies of the time. A writer who
should have published his history in the early part of the
Nineteenth Century could hardly fail to be influenced by
the theories of natural rights, which were universally
discussed at that period. Likewise, one who wrote during^
the later years of that century would necessarily be influ-
enced, and most profoundly, by the doctrine of evolution.
But there are also tendencies to be observed, — or rather
violent oscillations from one extreme to the other, — so far
^An uuJocoui qvMtkm is that whieb relatfls to *'«thiosl Tallies in history." On»
ykm, (namely, that the historian should take aeoonnt of these data), is held hr
Mr. Goldwin Smith and Lord Aeton.
"Tlie treatment of history," by Goldwin Smith. (President's addrees to the
American Histoncal Assooation, Deo. 28. 1004), Ameriean Historical Rericfw, AprQ,
1905, ▼. 10, p. 511-20.
**A leetore on the study of history," (inaucural lecture at the University of
Cambridge, June 11. 1895), by Lord Acton, London: Macmillan A Co.. 1806, p.
68-78.
On the contrary, Mr. Lea and the late Bishop Crei^ton hold that history should
be little more than a photograph of what took place, not considering whether it ought
to have taken place,
"Ethical values in history," by Henry Charles Lea, (President's address to the
American Historical Association, Dec. 20, 1008), American Historical Review^
Jan.. 1004, v. 0, p. 288-40. A somewhat kindxvd subject is treated in the
''President's address in 1005, by John B. McMaster, on "Old standards of pubUc
morals," American Historical Review. Aprfl. 1006, v. 11, p. 515-28.
"Historical ethics," by the Rt. Rev. liandell Creighton, late Bishop of Lon-
don, printed posthumously, (under the direction of his widow), in the Quarterly
Review. July. 1005, v. 203. p. 82-46. (Reprinted in the Living Age, Aug. 20, 1005,
V. 246. p. 515-24; and in the (3hurchman. Sept. 0. 1005. r. 02. p. 384-85).
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418 American ArUiqiiarian Society. [April,
as regards the holding of one or another of the two views
of history, considered above. At one time, the pendulum
swings towards the literary view of the subject. At another
time, it swings far in the other direction, towards the
scientific view. One needs scarcely to raise the question
as to which of the two views is now in the ascendant. In
fact, there has seldom been a time when the pressure has
been so emphatically in favor of the scientific view. So
completely is this tendency in control, that more than one
scholar has raised his voice in lamentation at the passing
of the literary standard and literary point of view,^ ap-
parently fearful that these may be crowded off the scene
altogether. That there has been, says a recent writer,
''a decline in historical writing, as judged by the canons of
great literatm^, some might possibly deny, but the most
of us would readily concede." * * * With the great works
of history, those ''produced during the last quarter-century,
while almost legion in number, are in but very few cases
even comparable as pieces of literary art. They may be
and without doubt frequently are, better histories, but
they are certainly not so good literatm^".*
It is quite likely that the true state of the case does not
call for extreme concern or anxiety. Not to speak of the
fact that the swingmg of the pendulum can almost always
be relied on to correct a tendency which runs to an extremey
it is to be remembered that there was really very much
from which an extreme reaction was needed, in the vogue
which has been enjoyed, in the past, by varieties of histor-
ical writings which were superficial in treatment, partisan
in tone, and prejudiced in motive. It must also be remem-
bered that the present and recent emphasis on the scien-
tific point of view was really nothing more than natural,
in view of the profound influence of the doctrine of evolu-
^It is not always from this preeise point of view that the subject is oonsidered.
There is a rery thoughtful article on ** History and materialism." by Alfred H.
Lloyd, in the American Historical Review. July, 1906. v. 10, p. 727-W).
*F. A. On, in the Dial, April 1. 1902. v. 82, p. 233.
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1906.] The Point of View in History. 419
tion^ on all fields of Nineteenth Century thought.* Still
further, it should be borne in mind that we are just now in
possession of great masses of hitherto unused historical
materials, in the record offices and archives of almost every
civilized nation, cidling for the application of scientific
methods to reduce it to order and system. Until more of
an impression has been made upon this undigested mass
than has as yet been made, we are scarcely likely to see the
domination of the scientific view very materially diminished.
There is one final reflection which claims oiu* attention.
There are duties in regard to historical narratives which
concern the reader of history, as well as the writer of
history. Let us return for a moment to the analogy of
the court of justice, above referred to. Of those who deal
with the evidence brought into court, we have already
named the counsel. In accordance with what is expected
of him, he presents his case, in the style of an advocate,
and an extremist. The second to be noticed is the judge,
who tries the case, and seriously, carefully, logically,
arrives at his conclusion. But, lastly, there is the jury»
We sometimes speak of "the verdicts of history"; but
verdicts are rendered, not by the judge, but by the jury,
^llie doetrine oi eTolntion indeed has had, upon this whole rabjeet of bietorieal
interpratation, an inflwenoe not even sret fully eomprehended in this eountry. In
Oemany, the revolution iHiieh has been goinc on during the last qnarter-eentury»
as to historical method, has repieeented a eonfliot betwee n the positions taken bjr
Banke and thoee taken by Lampreeht. "Hie new history," sasrs a writer in the
Ameriean Historical Review, — "and here lies its really fundamental feature—holds
to the prinotple of deseribing the human past from the point of view of rationat
evolution." He adds that it asks not "Wie ist es eicentUeh geweeenT" (as Ranks
did), but tmther "Wie ist cs eicentlich sswordenr" (Article by Earle W. Dow»
•'Features of the new history," in American Historical Review, April, 1808, ▼. 8.
p. 448.) A very enlightening view of Lamprecht's relation to recent historical
discussion in Germany is to be had from W. E. Dodd's article, "Kari Lampreeht
and Kulturgeaohiehte," in Popular Science Monthly, Sept.. 1903, ▼. 68. p. 418-24.
See also the reviews of Lamprecht's "Deutsche Oeschichte." by James Tut, in the
Sni^ish Historical Review, July, 1802. ▼. 7, p. 647-80, and Oct., 1808, ▼. 8. p. 748-60
Also the leview of his "What is historyt", (by "A. G."), in the En^ish Historical
Review, July, 1005, ▼. 20, p. 604.
*"To trace causes and effects" says Mr. William R. Thayer, "had long been
their purpoee," [i. e., that of the historians]; "now they saw that the principle of
growth or development, was itself the very rudder of causation." (" P roce e dings"^
of the Maesaohusetto Historical Sodety. May 11, 1006, at p. 280 of t. 10, of the 2d
».)
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420 American ArUiquarian Society. [April,
If the jury is not enlightened, and is perverse or prejudiced,
the case receives a serious setback, — ^at least temporarily.
If now we apply the analogy to the field of historical
writing, we may assume that the coimsel is represented by
the average historical writer, usually prejudiced and un-
critical. The judge is represented by the exceptional or
judicial historian, sound in judgment, sane in tone, and
fully able to sum up the case in a comprehensive manner.
But, in the last place, the jury is represented by the great
public, in all civilized countries, among whom some-
thing analogous to ''public sentiment" maJces itself mani-
fest, and is modified, more or less profoundly, from decade
to decade. Since, therefore, it is the business of some to
write history, soberly, it likewise falls to the lot of others
to read history, sanely.^
K>iie of ibe latest additions to the literature of historical method is the 2d yolume
of the proeeedincB of the *'ConcKss of arts and science — ^UniTersal Ebcposition, St.
Louis. liNM," edited by Howard J. Roters, Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, A Co., 1908.
At p. 1-1A2 of this Tolume, under the sub-headinc, ''Historical soienoe," are Taluable
papers by Woodrow Wilson, William M. Sloane, Jomes H. Robinson, Karl Lampreeht,
and John B. Bury.
Throughout the foot-notes to the foregoing paper, the aim has been to cite the
feferenoes in a somewhat detailed form, as an aid to the bibliographical study of the
subject. Tlie writer has reoeived muoh Taluable assistance from Miss Mabel B.
Emerson, of the Beferenee Department of the Providence Public Library, in eon-
nection with the bibliographieal citations. As already stated above, Mr. J. I.
Wyer. Jr.'s ''Bibliography/' at p. ftS»412 of v. 1 of the "Annual report" of the Ameri-
can Historical Association, for 1899, is invaluable, for the material published up to
(hat year.
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NOTE.
Prof. Anson D. Morse of Amherst has found it unpossible
to get ready for publication hb paper "The Principles of
Thomas Jefferson/' which he read at the April meeting. It
will appear in a later niunber of the Proceedings.
For Committee of Publication,
Nathaniel Paine,
Charles A. Chase.
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INDEX.
Adama, Gharies, brief sketch of,
22,23.
Adams, Charles Francis, 365. Re-
elected Secretaiy for Domestic
Correspondence, 137.
Adams, Charies Kendall, 13, 308.
Memoir of, by James D. Butler,
22-31.
Adams, Mrs, Charles Kendall,
brief sketch of, 30, 31.
Adams, Herbert B., 2, 11, 850n.,
374n. Memoir of, by G. Stanley
Hall, 12-15.
Adams, John, Pn9, of the U. 8.,
286, 288.
Adams, Samuel, 286.
Alabama, list of newspaper files
printed in, in the Library of the
Society, 274, 275.
Alden Fund, 168. Condition of,
171.
Allen, Ethan. 253.
American Antiquarian Society,
new book-plate, 11. Right of,
to anything prmted by XJ. S.
Soveinment, 134. Disposal of
uplicate unbound newspapers
of, 175. Contribution to munici-
book-plate, and engraved book*
plate for ceneral use, 176. Visi-
tor's boolc, t&. Vote adopted
by, regardmg the real estate
devisea bv Stephen Salisburv
to, 265. Loss to, by death
of Mr. Salisbury, 268. Be-
quest to, from Mr. Salisbury,
269. List of Mss. published br,
270. Income from real estate
bequeathed to, by Mr. Salisbuiy,
271. 272. Amendment to Act
of Incorporation of, %b. "Re-
marica on the eariy American
Engravings and the Cambridge
Press Imprints. (1640-1692) m
the Library of", paper by Na-
thaniel Paine, 280-298. Revised
list of portraits belonging to,
288r-290.
American Board of Commissioners
for Foreim Missions, 183.
American Historical Association,
orsanization of, 13. list of
''Residents' addresses" before,
364-366.
Ancient and Honorable ArtiUeiy
Company, sennons of, in the
Libraiy of the American Anti-
quarian Society, 177.
Ancona, Eludo. 240.
Anderson, Rums. 183.
Andrews, E. Benjamin, cited, 382.
Androe, Sir Edmund, 32, 39.
Anglerius, Peter Martyr d', 315,
dl8n.-323f»., 325n., 326n., 382n.
Cited, 314. Epitome of the
treatise of Friar Ramon inserted
by, in his De Rebus OoeanioeB
et Novo Orbe, 338-348.
Annual meeting of the Society, 133.
Anthropology, ''Columbus, Ram-
on Pane and the beginning of
American Anthropology," paper
by Edward G. Bourne, 310-^48.
Anville, Nicolas de la Roche-
foucauld, Due d\ destruction of
fleet commanded by, 71.
Ashcourt, Heniy, 37.
Auditors, see Bullock, A. Geoige,
and Hill, Benjamin T.
Austin, Jonathsji L., appointed
to negotiate a loan in Europe, 67,
68.
Ay, Manuel, 243, 244.
B.
opy of
view of New York in 1746, 284,
285.
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428
American Antiquarian Society.
Bancroft, Geoige, 365, Letter from,
to Edward L. Davis, 179.
''Banks," meaning of term, 40.
Bartlett, John R., 177, 280.
Barton, Edmmid M., 135, 267.
Submits his Report as librarian,
175-189. Chosen Secretary pro.
tem., 263.
Baxter, James Phinney^ re-eiected
a Councillor, 137. His definition
of history, 350fi.
Bayard, Thomas I\. 156.
Beokwith, Hiram W., 184.
Bedford, Duke of, cited, 74, 75.
Bernard, Sir Francis, 44-46, 49, 50.
Blair, Montgomery, his collection
of Jackson papers, 231.
BoUan, William, 48-50.
Bookbmding Fund, 168. Condition
of. 170.
Book-plates, 1 1 . Description of John
and Eliza Davis Fund book-
plate, and engraved bookplate
for gDneral use, 176.
Boston, Ma88.y effort to raise monev
to preserve the "Old South
Meetinf^ House," 5. Account of
the Price map of, 284.
Boston Massacre, colored print
of, 287.
Boston Museum of Fine Arts, 280.
List of Pelham portraits exhibited
at, 282, 283.
Bourinot, John, 16.
Bourinot, John G., 11. Memoir
of, by J. Franklin Jameson, 16-
19.
Bourne, Edward G., 265, 374n.,
378n., 383n. Answers Mr.
Davis, 266. Paper by, on "Co-
lumbus, Ramon Pane and the
beginnings of American An-
thropolojnr", 310-348.
Bradford Manuscript, 156.
Brentano, Lujo, his "Guilds and
Trades Unions" cited, 141, 143.
Bridges, Mn, Joanna, 100.
Brixfaam, Clarence S., elected a
Member. 136.
Brinley, George, 177. i
Brockwell, i20V. Charies, 282.
Brooks, Phillips, Bishop, cited,
124.
Browning. Oscar, 404n., 405n. His
"The flight to Vaiennes" cited,
404, 405.
Browniiu^, Robert, 383, 384.
Bryce, James, 13.
Brymner, Alexander, tribute to,
19.
Biymner, Douglas, 11. Memoir
of, by J. Franklin Jameson, 19-
21.
Bullock, A. George, re-elected an
auditor, 137. Certificate as
auditor, 174.
Bury, John B., 367, 41 In. Cited,
352, 370, 411.
Butler, James D.. memoir of
Charles Kendall Adams by, 21-31.
Death of, announced, 272. Obit-
uary of, by Samuel Utj^ey, 307,
308.
Byles Rev. Biather, 282.
C.
Cambridge Press Imprints, "Re-
marks on the Early American
Engravings and the Cambridge
Press imprints (1640-1692) m
the Library of the American
Antiquarian Society", paper by
Nathaniel Paine, 280-289.
Cambridge University, ^ng.. names
of men who have held tne posi*
tion of Regius Professor of
Modem Historv at, 363n., 364n.
List of published inadigural
addresses at, 364.
Campbell, James V., 184.
Canada, "A Scheme for the Con-
quest of. in 1746," paper by
Victor H. Paltsits. 69-92. Ar-
chives of, collected by Douglas
Brymner, 20.
Caner, Rev. Heniy, 282.
"Cape Fear Mercury", 397n.
Carlyle, Thomas, 374, 404. Accepts
the Squire papers as genuine,
389.
Camwe, Andrew, 259.
Carrilk), Cresencio, Bishop of Fvca-
tan, 240.
Casares, David, 138, 301. Paper by,
on "A notice of Yucatan with
some remarks on its water sup-
ply '' 207-230. Translation by.
of Prof. Menendez's biographical
notice of Joaquin HObbe, 303-
307.
Casas, Bartolom^de Las, 313. Cited,
314, 318 n., 319f».
Cass, Lewis, 236.
Cenotes, description of, 220. Most
remarkable examples of, 221-223.
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Index.
429
Sacred cenote, 224-226. Gen-
eral belief r^rding. ib, 227.
Chamberlain, Alexander F., 185.
Chamberiain. Mellen, 350, «&. n.
Chandler, John, 34.
Chandler Fund, 168, Condition of,
172.
Charles I. of England, 94-96. Le-
gend of his gifts to Jeremy
Taylor. 99, 100.
Chase, Chaiies A., 138. Re-elected
Recording Secretaiy, 137. Re-
elected a member of the Com-
mittee of Publication, i&.
Chi. Cecilio, 243, 245.
Chillingworth, William, 113, 116,
117. 119. Cited, 114, 115.
Churchill, Winston, 255.
Colerid|;e, Samuel T., 105.
Collection and Research Fund,
16a Condition of, 170. Sug-
gestion as to use of, 271.
Collegium, onginal purpose of, 147.
Colman, Rev, Beniamm, 282.
Columbus, ChriBtopher, 285. "Co-
lumbus, Ramon Pane and the
beginning of American anthro-
pology," paper by Edward G.
Bourne, 310-348.
Colmnbus, Ferdinand, 310, 314.
Hi8.^"Histoire '' cited, 311-313.
Committee of Publication, state-
ment of, in regard to the Will
of Thomas Hore, 130, 131. Note
by, [421].
Connecticut, part taken by, m
scheme for conquest of Canada
in 1746, 86, 87.
Contreras, Asnar, 240.
Cooper, William F.j 256.
Copley, John S., his engraving of
Rev, William Welsted, 286.
Corey, Deloraine P., elected a
Member. 2.
Cornell, Alonzo B., founding of
University by, 25, 27.
Cornell University, founding of,
27. Elects Chas. Kendall Adams
president, 28. Growth of, t&.
^'Comwallis", meaning of term
asked for, 166, 187. Mention
of, i6,— 189.
Cotmcil of the Society, Semi-
Annual Reports of, 11-13, 268-
273. Vote of, 136. CaUa atten-
tion to the Society^ mss., and
need of their being catalogued,
269, 270. Announces death of
James D. Butler, and of Samuel
P. Langley. 272.
Councillors, election of, 136, 137.
County Convention, function of,
51n.
Craigie, Andrew, 10, tb, n.
Craigie, Mrs, Andrew, lOn. Bap-
tismal name Elizabeth, not
Nancy, 9, 10.
Creighton, Kt. Rev, Mandell, Bishop
of London, 417n.
Cromwell, Oliver, 100, 101. Au-
thenticity of the "Squire papers"
questioned, 389-391. Criticism
of Squire papers, 394, Christian
names of rank and file of his
aimy, 395.
Cunningham, William, 143.
Cutler, Rev, Timothy, 283.
Daniel, John W., 155.
Davis, Andrew McF., 1, 2. His
nft to the Society, 11, 179.
With Samuel Utley presents
the Report of the Council, 11-31.
Paper by, on "Emeigent Treas-
uiy Supply in Massachusetts
in Early Days," 32-68. Speaks
of English Historical ms. collec-
tions, 136. Re-elected a Coun-
cillor, 137. Report as delegate
to Franklin bi-centenary at Phil-
adelphia, 264. Inquiiy of, 265,
266. Speaks of traditions rela-
tive to arrival of clothed strangers
among the Indians, tb., 267.
Davis, Edward L., re-elected a
Councillor, 136. His gift to the
Society. 179.
Davis, Mrs, Eliza, 176.
Davis, Isaac, 2. .
Davis, John, 176.
Davis Book Fund, Isaac and
Edward L., 168. Condition of,
170.
Davis Fund, John and Eliza, 168,
179. Condition of, 172. Descrip-
tion of book-plate of, 176.
Depreciation Act, passage of, 65.
Dewey, Hon, Francis H., 21.
Dewey Fund, 168. Condition of,
172.
Dexter, Franklin B., re-eleeted
Secretaiy for Foreign Corres-
pondenoe, 137.
Doolittle, Amos, 286, 287.
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430
American AiUiquarian Society.
Draper, John W., 350, «&. n.
Draper, Mrs. Warren F., 181.
Dudley, Joseph, Oov, of Mass,, 30.
Diunmer, Jeremy, citcid, 60.
Dwight, Theodore, his 'The char-
acter of Thomas Jefferson," 350.
Dsul, Aniceto, 240.
E.
Eames, Wflberforoe, sends greet-
ings to the Society, 2.
Earle, Ralph, short account of,
286, t5. n., 287.
Eden, Richard, 338.
Edes, Henry H., calls attention to
Miss Longfellow's error in regard
to Mrs. Craigie's name, 0, 10.
Eliot, Charles W., 26.
Ellis, George E., 13.
Ellis Fund, 168. Condition of, 172.
Emerson, Benjamin K., 128.
Emerson, JIfm Mabel E., 420 n.
Enfl^er, Edmimd A., re-elected a
^uncillor, 137.
Essex Antiquarian, numbers lack-
ing of, 177.
Evelyn, John, 00, 100, 102.
Freenum, Edward A., 13, 350, «&. n.,
370, 370. Failing of, as his-
torian. 371. Critiscim of, 413,
414. t&. n.
French, Charles E., his bequest to
the Society, 181.
French Fleet, histoiy of the
ballad of, 5, 6. The ballad,
7, 8.
Froude, James Anthony, 386 n,,
373, tb. n. Illustrations of his
inaccuracy as a historian. 376-
370. Comparison of, with Mr.
Freeman, 414.
Fairiie, John, 10.
Felt, Joseph B., 33, <b. n.
Fenner, James E., 175 n.
Finkelnburg, Gustavus A., 257 n.,
260 n. His tribute to Heniy
Hitchcock cited, 257, 258, 260.
Firth, Charles H., 367 n., 410, i&. n.
Cited, 367.
Fiske, John. 284.
Folsom, Albert A., his letter of
Nov. 8, 1882, cited, 178.
Forbes, William T., remarks by,
1, 2.
Fold, Worthmgton C, 231, 374 n.,
807 n.
Foster, Dwight. 253.
Foster, Michael, 246, 247. State-
ment of. 248.
Foster, William E., 267. Paper
by, on "The point of view in
hkory," 340-420.
FrankfortK>n-the-Main, g^ft to the
Municipal Library of, from the
American Antiquarian Society,
175.
Franklin, Benjamin, report of bi-
centenary of, at Philadelphia, 264.
, Gen. Thomas, 50.
ktin, Albert, 184.
Gardiner, Samuel R., 356 n., 375 n.,
378 n., 380 vl, 300, 301 n., 302,
ib, n. Questions authenticity
of Squire papers, 380, Conclu-
sions reached by, 301, 305.
Garver, Austin S., 301.
Gates, Horatio, 288.
Gay, Frederick L., elected a Member
264. Reproduction of Pelham
prints by, 283.
Gfmeral Assembly, inauguration of,
55. Bills of credit emitted by,
56-50.
George 11., of England, dted, 74.
Geny, Elbridge, 288.
Gihnan, Warren R., 181.
Givers and gifts, list of, 100-206.
Gooch, William, 76, 88.
Goodwin, Isaac, 185.
Goulding, Frank P., 12. Memoir
of, by Samuel Utley, 21, 22.
Green, Andrew H.,127. Reinarks on
his ownership of the stone quany,
0. Receipt of legacy from, to the
Society announced, 135. Amount
of legacy from, 168.
Green, John, 135. Tribute to
Heniy Hitchcock l^, 25^-262.
Green, Samuel A.. 138, 268, 280, ib, n.
Re-elected a Vice-President. 136.
Reports list of officers oi the
Society, ib, 137. His Address
at Groton cited, 188, 180. Pre-
sides at meeting, 263.
Green, Samuel S., 0, 263, 264«
Asks what rig^t Andrew H.
Gieen had to Mfllstone Hill
quany, 0. Re-elected a Council-
lor, 136. Of committee to pre-
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Index.
431
pare vote with reference to
bequest from Mr. Salisbuiy, 264.
Green, William £., 126.
Hale, Edwaid £., 136, 185, 263.
Speakfl of the destruction of the
French Fleet and tells why
Heniy W. Longfellow wrote
his ballad on the French Fleet,
5-7. Speaks of the right of the
Society to anything which the
government of the U. S. prints,
134. Tells of meeting Rev. Dr.
Rawnsley, tb., 135. Speaks
of index to Stevens facsimiles, t&.
Re-elected a Vice-President, 136.
Re-elected a member of the
Committee of Publication, 137.
Memorial of Georse F. Hoar by,
150-158. Memorial of Stephen
Salisbury by, 299-302.
Hales, John, 116-119.
Hall, Edwaid H., 301.
HaU, G. Stanley, 211, 349n., 362n.,
Speaks of Jeremy Taylor's
"Ductor Dubitantiuna." 3, 4.
Memoir of Herbert B. Aoams
by. 12-15. Re-elected a Coun-
cillor, 136. His methods of
teaching histoiy, 862.
Hall, Hubert, cited, 46n.
Hamilton, Charles, gift from the
Estate of, 181.
Hamilton, James A., 233.
Hamilton, John, 87, 88.
Hammond, Henry, 120.
Harris, Alexander S., 175 n.
Harrison, Frederic, 377, ib, n.,
413n., 414n. Cited, 370, 371,
378n., 412, 413.
Hart, Charles Heniy, letter of
Aprfl 22. 1905, 178.
Harvard College, list of pie-Revo-
lutionaiy theses of, in Library of
the Society, 177.
Haven, Samuel F.,LL.D., 176, 181,
300.
Haven, Samuel F., Jr., tribute to,
from his father, 176.
Ha^en, Mrs, Samuel F., transfers
the remainder of Dr. Haven's
libraiy to the Socie^r, 181.
Haven Fund, 168. Condition of,
171.
Hayne, Robert Y., 236.
Haynes, George H., 15.
Heber, Reginald, Btahop, cited, 112.
Heywood, Daniel, 125, 126.
Hin, Alonso, 301.
HiU, Benjamin T., rOi^lected an
auditor, 137. Certificate as audi-
tor, 174.
HiU, Isaac. 233.
Histoiy, 'The point of view in
histoiy" paper by William E.
Foster, 349-420.
HitchoodE, Ethan A., 256.
Hitchcock, Geoige C, 253 n., 262.
Hitchcock, Heniy, 135. Tribute
to. by John Green, 253-262.
Hitchcock, Heniy. 262.
Hitchcock, Samuel, 253.
Hoar, George F., Hon., 3, 4, 9, 21,
130, 134. His interest in Jeremy
Taylor, 3. Memorial of, by
.Edward E. Hale 150-158.
"Senator Hoar Li Memoriam"
sonnet by H. D. Rawnsley, «&.
Speeches and Addresses of, 159-
166. Letters deposited by, in
the Society's care, 179, 180.
Photograph of the Vinton por-
trait of, 184. His "Life of a
' Boy Sixty years Ago," cited,
187, 188. His Autobiography
cited, ib. Remarks on Jackson
papers, 231.
Hoar, Leonard, 157.
Hoar, Rockwood, 15L His gift
to the Society, 180.
HoUis, Thomas, 283.
Holmes, John, 10.
Holmes, WilUam H., elected a
member, 136.
Hooker, Richard, 113, 114.
Hore, Thomas, statement of Com*
mittee of Publication regarding
the will of, 130, 131.
Htlbbe, Joaquin, biographical no-
tice of, by Rodolf Menendei
and translated from the Spanish
into English by David Casares.
303-307.
Hdbbe, John, 303, 304.
Huguet-Latour, Louis A., obituaiy
notice of, bv Samuel l/tley, 167.
Hutchinson, Thomas, Gov, ofman,^
32. Cited, 42, 45, 46, 49, 56.
Lidian Chiefs, account of messotint
portraits of, belonging to the
Society, 280, 281.
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432
American ArUigtuirian Society.
J.
Jackson, Andrew, Pres, of the U.S,,
"The Jackson and Van Buren
papers/' paper by William Blac-
Donald, 231-238.
James I., of England, 94, 95.
Jameson, J. Franklin, 11, 15. 238,
209, 374n. Memoir of John G.
Bourinot bv, ld-19. Memoir of
Douglas firynmer by, i6.~21.
Jefferson, Thomas, Pres, of the U. S,,
180, 265, 285.
Jenks, Heniy F., his gift to the
Society, 180.
Johns Hopkins Studies in History
and Pohtical Science, 13.
Johnson, Mrs. William W., her
gift to the Society, 181.
K.
Kehr, £. H., 260n. Cited, 260.
Kendall, Amos, 233. Burning of
Jackson papers while in posses*
sion of, 232.
Kent, Henzy T., 260fi. Cited, 260.
Kingsbuiy, Frederick J., letters
from, asking for meaning of
teim ''ComwaUis," 186, 187.
Kittredge, George L^ presents copy
of his "The Old Fanner and his
Ahnanack," 180.
Klein, Jacob, 257n. ated. 257.
Knights of Labor, proposed aim
of, 140.
"Labor oiganizations in ancient,
medisval and modem times,"
paper by Carroll D. Wright,
13^149.
Lampreoht, Kari, 349, %b. n. Cited,
Lanf, Andrew, 377n., 379n., 399.
His criticism of James Anthony
Froude, 377, 378. Cited 414n.
Langley, Samuel P^ death of,
announced, 272. Obituaiy of,
by Samuel Utley, 309.
Laud, William, Archbishop, 96, 97,
111, 117-119. 121.
Lea, J. Heniy, statement of Com-
mittee of Ftiblication regarding
his editing "WiU of ^mas
Hore," 130, 131.
Leolqr, William £. H., 350, <b, n.
His "Hwtory of England" cited,
73, 74.
Lehmann, Frederic W., 258n.
Cited, 258.
Levasseur, Emile, elected a foreign
member, 2.
Librarian, see Barton, Edmund M.
Librarian's and Genend Fund, 168.
Condition of, 169.
Libraiy of Congress, "Jackson and
Van Buren papers" in, paper l^
William MacDonald, 231-238.
Library of the Society, report of
the Librarian, 175-189. Sources
of gifts to, 178, 179. Remainder
of Dr. Haven's library trani^
ferred to, 181. Mr. Waldo Lin-
coln appointed member of
Library Committee, 272. List
of Alabama, Mississippi and Tenn-
essee newspaper files in, pre-
pared by Mrs. Maiy R. Reynolds,
274-279.
Life membership fund, 168. Con-
dition of, 172.
Lincoln, Abraham, Pres. of the
U. S., 255.
Lincoln, Levi, Attomeu^eneral, 179.
Lincoln, Solomon, of committee
to prepare vote with reference
to bequest from Mr. Salisbuiy,
264. Vote ofTered by, 265.
Lincoln. Waldo, appointed member
of Liorary committee, 272.
Lincohi, William, 270.
Lincoln Legacy Fund, 168. Condi-
tion of, 170.
., John A., review of his
le Great Conspiracy," 381n.
Lok, Michael. 338.
Longfellow, Miss Alice M., 9, 10.
Longfellow, Henry W., why he
wrote the ballaa of the French
Fleet, 5, Ballad by, 7, 8.
Lotteries, attempts to raise money
by, 47, 48, 66.
Loubat, Joseph F., his gift to the
Society, 180.
Louisbuig, Cape Breton, capitula-
tion of, 70.
Lowell, James Russell, his defini-
tion of word "Comwallis," 189.
M.
Macaulay, Thomas B., l-ord. his
style as historian, 375, %o. n.
376, *. n.
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Index.
433
MaeDonaldjWilliam, 138. Paper
by, on 'The Jackson and Van
Buien papers/' 231>238.
MaekaQ, Ji^rn W., 357n. Cited,
357, 358.
McBfaster, John B., 417n.
Martyr, Peter, aee Anglerius, Peter
Martyr d'.
Maryland, part taken by in scheme
for conquest of Canada in 1746,
88,89.
MasBachu8etts,"Emeimit Tftamuy-
Supplyin, in EarlyDays," paper
by Andrew MoF. Davis, 82-48.
MassachusetU Historical Sooiety,
298.
Biayhew, Beo. Jonathan, 280.
Members, names of those present
at meetings, 1, 188, 263. Elec-
tk>n of, 2, 136, 264.
Menendes, Rodolf , biomphieal no-
tice of Joaquin Habbe by, 303-
307.
Merriman, Daniel, 153. States that
his paper was prepared at the
solicitation of Senator Hoar, 2, 3.
Reply to Dr. Hall, 4. 5. Paper
by. on "Jerem^r Taylor and
religious liberty in the English
Church," 93-124.
Mississippi^ list of newspaper files
printea m, in the Libraiy of the
Society 274, 275.
Monroe, James, Pns. of the U. S.,
285.
Montejo, Francisco de, goes to
Yucatan, 241. His work carried
on by his son, 242.
Morris, Lewis, Gin, of New Jersey ^
87.
Morris, William, 357, ib, n., 358,
ib. n.
Morse, Anson D., prefatory remarks
to his paper, 264, 265. Reason
why his paper is not published,
[421J.
Municipal ownership, an ancient
instance of, paper by Samuel
Utley. 125-130.
MOnsterberg, Hugo, 350.
N.
Naverrette, Gen., statement of,
248.
New Hampshire, men enlisted
from, for conquest of Canada,
in 1746, 85.
New Jersey, part taken by, in scheme
for conquest of Canada In 1746,
87, 88.
New York, part taken W. in scheme
for conquest of Canada in 1746,
87. Copy of Bakewell's VIeW
of New Yoric aty, 284, 285.
Newcastle, Duke of, see Pelham,
Thomas, Duke of NewcaeUs,
Newspapers, list of Alabama, I"
sippi, ana Tennessee newnap
files in Ubnoy of the -* '
274-279.
Oxford UniverBity, list of puUisfaed
inaugural addr e s ses at. 363, 864.
Names of men who nave held
the position of Rogius Profeii
of Modem History at, 363fi.
Paine, Nathaniel, 11, 135, 263.
Re-elected Treasurer, 137. Re»
elected a member of the Com-
mittee of Publication, ib. His
collection of memorials of Senator
Hoar, 156. Submits his Report
as Treasurer, 16^174. Semi>
Annual Report of the Council
by, 268-273. "Remaiks on the
eariy American engravings and
the Cambridge Press Imprints
(1640-1692) m the Libraiy of
the American Antiquarian
Society" paper by, 280-289.
Palfrey, WiUiain, 267.
Paltsits^ Victor H., 5. Remarks
on his paper, 2. Paper by, on
"A scheme for the conquest of
Canada in 1746," 69-92.
Pane, Ramon, ''Columbus, Ramon
Pane and the beginnings of
American ^Anthropology" paper
b:^ Edward G. Bourne, 310-348.
List of modem works dealing
directly with the treatise of, or
particularly serviceable in the
studv of it, 316-317. Treatise
of Friar Ramon on the Anti*
quities of the Indians whidi he,
as one who knows their language,
diligently collected by command
of the Admiral, 318-338.
Paul, Herbert, his "Life of Froude,"
376n., 379n. 76. cited, 378, tb. n.,
379.
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434
American Antiquarian Society.
Peacock, Edward, results of his
study of Ghristian names, 395,
396.
Pec, Dionisio, 249. Statement of,
250.
Pelham, Heniy, 73, 74.
Pelham, Peter, engravinf^ by, in
the Library of the Society, 281-
283.
Pelham-Holles, Thomas, Dnke of
Neuxxutle, 73-75, 77. 88. Letter
to Gov. Shirley cited, 91, 92.
Pennsylvania, part taken by, in
scheme for conquest of GiuuMla
in 1746. 88.
Pepperrell, Sir William, 70^ 283.
Pernr. Joseph H., description of
Millstone IliU by, 128, 129.
Perry, Oliver, 286.
Phips, Sir William, results of
expedition under, 69.
Pierce, Abijah, 187, 188.
Pinkus, Edward, 248, Short sketch
of, 246, 247.
Poinsett, Joel R., letter to, cited,
236.
Poot, Cresencio, Chief, death of,
249.
Poot, Leandro, Chief, 249. His
account of the battle with the
white men, 250, 251.
Powell, Frederick York, 369n.
Cited, 369.
Price, William, short account of
his "South East View of ye
Great Town of Boston in New
England, American," 284.
Prince, Rev. Thomas, 5, 6^ 283.
Provincial Cozigress, oiKamzation
of, 50, 51. Efforts of, to raise
mon^, 52-55.
Publishing Fund, 168. Condition
of, 170.
Putnam, Herbert, 184.
Putnam, Samuel, case- of Green v.
Putnam, 127, 128.
R
Raleigh, N. C. regulations and
rates of boanl at the Exchange
Hotel in, 182, 183.
Rawnsley, H. D., 157. Tribute to,
134. His Sonnet "Senator Hoar
In Memoriam," 158.
Revere, Maria A., her letter, 178.
Revere, Paul, supplementaiy in-
formation relative to his portrait
of Washington, 178. Colored
print of his Boston Massacre, 287.
Rcjoiolds, Mrs. Mary R., 270, 271.
List of Alabama, Mississippi and
Tennessee newspaper files pre-
pared by, 274-279.
Rhode Island, part taken by, in
scheme for conquest of Canada
in 1746, 85, 86.
Rhodes. James F. 401, i&. n.
Rice, Franklin P., his gift to the
Society, 182.
Richardson, Rev, John, line title
of sermon by, with explanatory
note, 177, 178.
Richman, Irving B., cited, 383.
Tribute to his work, 383n.
Rivero, Don Miguel, discovers uprii^
ing of Indians of Yucatan, 244.
Roden, Robert F., 290. 298.
Rogers, Horatio, 12. Memoir of,
by Samuel Utley, 15, 16.
Roosevelt, Theodore, Free, of U. S.,
cited, 398».
Ropes. John C, 401, %b, n.
Russell, E. Harlow, re-elected a
Councillor, 137.
R^re, Walter, 391n. Participates
in discussion of "Squire papers,"
390, 391.
S.
Salisbury, James H., obituary of,
by Samuel Utley, 167.
Salisbury, Stephen, Senior, 299.
Salisbury. Hon, Stephen, 11, 176,
299. Anecdote of, 300.
Salisbunr, Stephen, 1, 133, 139,
263, 264. Re-elected President,
135. Remarks by, in introduc-
ing Mr. Casares, 138. Vote
acfopted by the Society regard-
ing real estate devised by, 265.
Death of, announced, 268.
Special meeting of the Council
on death of, ib. His will cited,
269. Income from real estate b^
Sueathed to Society by, 271,272.
[emorial of. by Edward E. Hale,
299-302 Obituary of, by Sam-
uel Utley, 302,303.
Salisbury Building Fund, 168.
Condition of, 171.
Salley. Alexander S., Jr., 397n.
Schoolcraft, Henry R., 184.
Schuyler, Col. Peter, commands
the New Jersey companies, 88.
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Index.
435
Takes four Indian chiefs to
England, 280, 281.
Semi-fumualmeetingsof the Society,
1,263.
Sewall, Rev. Joseph, 283, 286.
Shaw, Misa Elizabeth, 10.
Shaw, Henry, 259.
Shepaid, Edward M., 232.
Shennan, Roger, 157.
Sheiman, WmiaQi T., 256.
Shirley, William, Oav, of Mass,,
41,72,75-77,89.90. Why there
are 410 records ot the destruction
of the French Fleet by, 6, 7.
Proclamation issued by, 78, 79.
Urges conquest of Canada, 80.
Message sent to, 81. His speech
to the ''Great and General Court,"
82-85. Letter to, from Duke
of Newcastle cited, 91, 92.
Sierra, Justo. 240.
Simon, J., his portraits of four
Indian chiefs, 280, 281.
Smith, Charles C, rejected a
member of the Committee of
Publication, 137.
Smith, Goldwin, 407. Cited, 408.
Sparks, Jared, ''life and writings"
of, 13.
Spencer, Mary C, letter from, 184.
"Spirit of 76," numbers lacking of,
177.
Squire. Samuel, 389.
Squire, William, 389.
Squire papers, brief explanation of,
389. Controversy regarding
390, 391. Further remarks on,
394, 395.
Stanton, Edwin M. 256.
Staples, Haznilton B., 21.
Starr, William E., 253.
Stephen, iStr Leslie, 392n. Cited,392.
Stephens, H. Mlorse, 369, 404.
ated, 380.
Stevens, Benjamin F., Index to his
"Facsimiles^" 135, 136. His
Index of Franklin Papers, 154.
Strong, Caleb, Gov. of Mom., 272.
Stubbs, William, Bishop of Oxford,
371 n. Cited, 371.
Sumner, William G., cited, 48.
Sweetser, Rtv, Seth, 254.
Sybel, Heinrich von, 381n., 383.
Cited, 380, 381.
T.
Tainos, religion and folk-lore of,
311-313.
Taylor, Jeremy. 2 Remarks on his
"Ductor Dubitantium," 3, 4.
"Jeremy Taylor and religious
liberty in the English Church"
paper by Daniel Merriman, 93-
Temple, Frederick, Arctbuhap of
Canterbury, 156.
Tennessee, list of newspaper files
printed in, in the Library of the
Society. 274, 275.
Tenney Fund, 168. Condition of,
171.
Thomas, Allen C, letter from,
with list of books for the Society,
180, 181.
Thomas Oov, George, 88.
Thomas, Isaiah, 11, 134. Diary
of, in process of publication,
270. Collection and Research
Fund founded by bequest from,
271.
Thomas, Robert B., 180.
Thomas Local History Fund, 168.
Condition of, 171.
Thompson, Edward H., 138, 225,
ib. n. Cited, 226. Pai)er by,
on "A page of American history,"
239-252.
Thomson, William, 19.
Thucydides. translation of, by
George F. Hoar, 151, 152.
Thwaites, Reuben G., 181. His
tribute to James D. Butler cited,
308.
Tillixurhast, Pardon E., his tribute
to Horatio Rogers, cited, 16.
Todd, William C., cited, 351, 352.
Topanelian, Michael H., 183.
Treasurer, see Paine, Nathaniel.
"Treaty of Uxbridge," 120.
Trevelyan, George M., 369.
Trollope. Anthony, 393, 394.
Trumbull, J. Hammond, 177.
U.
Ulloa, Alfonso, 311.
Universitv of Wisconsin, srowth
of, under Pres. Adams, 29.
Upham, Henry P., his gift to the
Society, 181.
Utley, Samuel, 1, Remarks on
Andrew H. Green's right to
the stone quarry, 9. With
Andrew McF. Davis presents
the Report of the Council 11-^1
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436 ^-
American ArUiquarian Society,
Memoir of Horatio Rogers by,
15, 16. Memoir of Frank P.
Goulding. by, 21, 22. Paper
by, on "An ancient instance of
municipal ownership," 125-180.
Re-elected a Councillor, 137.
Re-elected Biographer, t&. Obit-
' by 167, 302, 307-309.
V.
Van Buren, Martin, 'The Jackson
and Van Buren papers," paper
by William MacDonald, 231-2S8.
Van Buren, Mrs. Thompeon, pre*
•ents Van Buien papers to Li*
braiy of Congress, 232.
Verelst, J.. 28^
Vioe-Preddents, see Hale. Edward
E., and Green, Samuel A.
Vincent, John M., 13.
Vinton, Frederic P., IBL
Viiginia, part taken by, in scheme
for conquest of Canada in 1746,
89,90.
W.
Walker, Sir Hovenden, 69.
WaU, Caleb A., 182.
WaU, Mrs. Caleb A., her gift to the
Socie^, 182.
Waid, C. Osborne, 139, 140, 148.
Warren, Sir Peter, 76.
Washington, Geoige, Prw. of the
U. 8., 178, 285, 287.
Webster, Darnel, 236.
Weeden, William B., re-elected a
Councillor, 136. His letter to
Mr. Foster, 401,402.
Weeme, Mason L , 374, %b, n.
Welsted, Rev. William, 286.
Wentworth, Benning, Uov, of N, H,,
85.
Wheeler, Ndson, 253.
Wheelwright, Nathaniel, 46 n.
White, Andrew D., 13. Friend of
Chas. Kendall Adams, 24. Names
his successor at University of
Michigan, 25. His influence at
ComeD, 27, 28.
Whitney, James lu, 187.
William and Maiy College, 14. 156.
Wilson, Woodrow, 372 n. Cited, 372.
Winship, Geof^e P., 267.
Winsor, Jiwtin, 18, 310, 874 n.
Wolcoit, Roger, 156.
Woodbeny, Qeoige £., cited, 851.
Woods, Heniy £., 46 n.
Woodward, Mrt, Geoige M., her
gift to the Society, 183.
Worcester, Mass. ^'An ancient
instance of municipal ownership,"
" " " Utlqr, 125-130.
record of the "Boanliqg
House library" in, 185, 186.
Wrii^t, Carroll D., 133. Re-
elected a Councillor, 137. Paper
by, on "Labor oiganizations in
ancient, mediaeval and modem
times," 139-149.
Wright, WiUiam A., 890, 394.
Wyer, James I., Jr., 420 n.
Y.
Yucatan. "Notice of Yucatan
with some remarks on its water
supply," paper by David Casares,
207-230. '^ page of American
histoiy," paper 1^ Edward H.
Thompeon, 239-252.
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