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PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

FOURTH SERIES

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1908-1913 aN

SAN FRANCISCO
PUBLISHED BY THE ACADEMY
1913

CONTENTS OF VOLUME III.
Prates I-XXVIII.

PAGE
Title page on..cseccncecccesesneeecvescceeesnecsnmnescetenseeennseensestdarssscsesescnesetnecsanscensecenstronstenesesnate i
corn ert ce aaa ee create a neatenne nes cecncewenaterevonsusnsneacvoncmresazares iii

A Further Stratigraphic Study in the Mount Diablo Range of Cali-
fornia. By Frank M. Anderson .........--::-::-s1:esssecceeceeeetenetenets 1
(Published October 31, 1908)
Description of a New Species of Sea Snake from the Philippine
Islands, with a Note on the Palatine Teeth in the Proteroglypha.
By John Van Denburgh and Joseph C. Thompson. (Plate [)........ 41
(Published December 31, 1908)
New and Previously Unrecorded Species of Reptiles and Amphibians

from the Island of Formosa. By John Van Denburgh.................-.-.. 49
(Published December 20, 1909)
Water Birds of the Vicinity of Point Pinos, California. By Rollo
TE Capregs ie [ed BY ol el ee ee ee Ser 57
(Published September 17, 1910)
The Neocene Deposits of Kern River, California, and the Temblor

Basin. By Frank M. Anderson. (Plates [I-XIII) .......-....---- 73
(Published November 9, 1911)

Notes on a Collection of Reptiles from Southern California and Ari-

zona. By John Van Denburgh..........-----.:---eceec cece ences 147
(Published January 17, 1912)

Notes on Some Reptiles and Amphibians from Oregon, Idaho and

Utah. By John Van Demburgh.....-...-..---.:-::s-ccossse sce eeseeeceeeeeeeeeeesteceeets 155
(Published January 17, 1912)

Geologic Range of Miocene Invertebrate Fossils of California. By

James) Perrin Srithss.ccc.ceni-eceeeneecceeccsccecececteesnnsenntenstcessnensneecentoceenseecseces 161
(Published April 5, 1912)

Description of a New Genus and Species of Salamander from Japan.

By Surgeon J. C. Thompson. (Plate XIV)... 183
(Published May 3, 1912)

Concerning Certain Species of Reptiles and Amphibians from China,
Japan, the Loo Choo Islands, and Formosa. By John Van Den-
Punta a OE a eh a ceeds beens aces cacestyaesderwedee esatcncossatasadonsen 187

(Published December 16, 1912)

Notes on Ascaphus, the Discoglossoid Toad of North America. By

Johns Varn D emibrrrg treo ooo cesccecce cece tec ccsenn cen stnceneneateensnstectnuenaesoesseocecnress 259
(Published December 21, 1912)

A Distributional List of the Mammals of California. By Joseph

Cyst Uy (URI HORDE YEDSO) YON) i ee asa eee 265
(Published August 28, 1913)

A List of the Amphibians and Reptiles of Arizona, with Notes on the

Species in the Collection of the Academy. By John Van Den-

burgh and Joseph R. Slevin. (Plates XVII-XXVIII) ..............-.--. 391
(Published November 5, 1913)

December 30, 1914.

Index

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

FourtTH SERIES

Vo. III, pp. 1-40 OcrtosBer 31, 1908

A FURTHER STRATIGRAPHIC STUDY IN THE
MOUNT DIABLO RANGE OF CALIFORNIA

BY FRANK M. ANDERSON

Curator of the Department of Invertebrate Paleontology

CONTENTS

PAGE

INTRODUCTICN j : 3 2 Z ; 2
CONDITIONS OF DEPOSITION DURING THE TERTIARY 6
THE CRETACEOUS AND EARLIER SERIES 8
THE EOCENE ROCKS 9
Distribution 9
Stratigraphy 11

The Lower Sandstones 12

The Lower Shales 5 : : : ‘ ; F P 13

The Upper Sands . : : A : : : : : i4

The Upper Shales . : i ; F ; ; : : 15

THE MIOCENE SERIES. ; ; : é j F : 4 17
The Temblor Beds . ; ; é ; j , ; 5 18

The Monterey Shales : ; : ; ; ; 3 : 20

The Coalinga Beds : . : : : : ; : 22

THE PLIOCENE SERIES . : : ; F ; : ; 28
The Etchegoin Beds . : : : : ; ; : 28

The Tulare Formation . : : : F ; : ‘ 31

THE PLEISTOCENE RECORD . : : : 7 : j ; 32
The Terraces . : ‘ : ; : j ; ; ; 32

The Pleistocene Deposits : : : ; : : : 34
STRATIGRAPHIC RELATIONS. ; ; , ; : : : 35
CORRELATIONS ; : : g 5 ; : : : : 37

October 31, 1908

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

INTRODUCTION

When the earlier paper on this subject was published, under
similar title, in 1905," it was intended that it should be the
first of a series of contributions to be offered at intervals as
time and opportunity were afforded for the further study of
the region. During its preparation it was not unforeseen that
some of the details, or some of the applications of general
conclusions, would subsequently require alteration or amend-
ment, as exploration in the field should be extended farther
and a more complete knowledge of the details should be ac-
quired. With this in view it was nevertheless believed that
such a contribution would be well worth while, even though
corrections might be found necessary as the study progressed,
since it would at least serve to stimulate investigation and thus
tend to develop our knowledge of the subject. And this result
has undoubtedly been attained.

Since the publication of the former paper, the attention of
the U. S. Geological Survey has been directed to this field;
and a systematic study of its stratigraphic and economic fea-
tures has been begun, which will undoubtedly add much to
our present knowledge.

During the two years and more since the publication of the
earlier paper, exploration has been extended along both sides
of the range for many miles beyond the portions that had then
been covered, affording opportunity for more detailed work
and for a better acquaintance with the stratigraphy and with
the conditions under which deposition took place than was then
possible.

Prior to, and after the publication of the former paper,
large collections of fossils, chiefly marine invertebrates, had
been made from all of the formations represented. As these
had been stored in the Academy of Sciences, they were lost
when it was burned in the great fire of San Francisco. In-

1Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. 3d ser. Geol. v. 2, no. 2, pp. 156-248.

Vor. IIT] ANDERSON—FURTHER STRATIGRAPHIC STUDY 3

deed, at the time of the fire the present paper was in process
of preparation and the manuscript was partly written;
but on account of the destruction of the collections, its
publication has not only been delayed, but in the form and
matter of its contents it has been considerably altered and
reduced.

The general statements made in the earlier paper concern-
ing the stratigraphic sequence in the Mount Diablo range,
have proved to be fairly correct, and the same may be said
of the formal statement of conclusions. It is only in their
application within a certain definite portion of the field (and
this within the area covered by the map) that any amendment
is required. However, under a combination of circumstances,
such error was unavoidable: In the first place, the field had
been approached from the south, which was a direction of
several disadvantages; in the second place, little was known
from the literature concerning the general stratigraphy of
the Eocene, and supposed Oligocene of the West-coast,
and less concerning the geologic range of certain species
of invertebrates, such as Pecten peckhami, and certain
species of Tellina and Leda, and of several forms in the later
Neocene.

Since the former publication, however, some important ad-
ditions have been made to the literature of the West-coast
Tertiary, chiefly by Dr. Ralph Arnold’ and by Geo. H.
Eldridge and Arnold; and the paleontology of the Tertiary
formations of the West has been somewhat enlarged.

It is due also to remember certain observations made by
Mr. J. S. Diller,’ presumably upon the authority of Dr. Dall,
regarding the occurrence of Pecten peckhami in the supposed
Oligocene deposits of northwestern Oregon. While it may
remain to be proved that the entire series described by Mr.
Diller is properly referable to the Oligocene, it is clear that
below a great thickness of sandy strata which are probably
lower Miocene, there is a still greater series of ashy clay shales

1Tert. and Quat. Pectens of Calif. U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. paper 47, 1906.

2See discussion of the oil districts of southern California in Bulls. 309 and 321,
U. S. Geol. Surv.

3U. S. Geol. Surv. 17th Ann. Rept. pt. 1, pp. 464-469.

4 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

and sandstones with a very different fauna. Toward the top
of this lower series the fauna includes:

Dolium petrosum CoNRAD Scaphander
Nucula truncata GABB Cylichna
Yoldia impressa CONRAD Leda
Pseudomusium peckhami Gass Tellina
Dentalium

And still lower in the conformable series was collected a
fauna that was referred without a doubt to the Eocene, among
which were the following:

Heteroterma trochoidea Gasp (?) Pyrula tricostata Lam.

Rimella canalifera Gass Aturia angustata CONRAD
Urosyca candata GaBB

Mr. Diller adds: ‘Notwithstanding the presence of Aturia,
which is a characteristic Oligocene form, Dr. Dall refers these
fossils to the Eocene.”

Writing later of the Oligocene in the United States, Dr.
Dall’ says: “In the southeastern United States there is no
marked stratigraphic break between the Eocene and the Oli-
gocene. Many of the fossils persist into the upper beds, but
the fauna as a whole undergoes a well-marked alteration,
showing that physical changes of some sort, such as would
profoundly affect the fauna, must have taken place. The
change by which the Oligocene was brought to a close and the
typical Miocene inaugurated, caused, as already described,
the most remarkable faunal break in the geological history
of the United States after the Cretaceous.”

The stratigraphic relations of undoubted Oligocene deposits
in California have not been so clearly stated, though there are
supposed Oligocene deposits on the southern coast that have
been similarly described.

Dr. Ralph Arnold* has described Oligocene deposits from
the Santa Cruz mountains lying below the lower Miocene with
a fauna which he considers intermediate between typical Tejon
and lower Miocene. This fauna includes Pecten peckhami
and other forms not unknown in the Miocene of California.

1U. S. Geol. Surv. 18th Ann. Rept. pt. 2, p. 331.
2U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. paper 47, pp. 16-17.

Vor. III) ANDERSON—FURTHER STRATIGRAPHIC STUDY 5

Geo. H. Eldridge and Arnold* have also described beds of
transitional character, presumably Oligocene, as occurring in
the Coast ranges of Ventura county, California. Eldridge
and Watts* had considered this series, known as the Sespe
formation, to be of Eocene age; but as Arnold found Miocene
fossils in its fauna, it has been provisionally referred to the
Oligocene.

It appears, therefore, that below the Miocene, and occupy-
ing an intermediate position between it and the Eocene, there
occur in Washington, Oregon, and California, marine beds
that have been provisionally referred to the Oligocene, and
that appear to be conformably related to the Eocene deposits,
but from which the Miocene is more or less separated by
either a stratigraphic or a faunal break. In the following
pages illustrations will be found in which similar relations
appear, but in which the strata involved have not yet been
proved to be of the Oligocene age.

It is the purpose of this second paper to present results
that have been attained since the publication of the first, to
amend it where necessary, and to supplement it by the addi-
tion of such new facts as have been gathered in the more
extended study of the field. Furthermore, as the former
paper has become all but inaccessible through the total destruc-
tion of the reserve stock of the publications of the California
Academy of Sciences, it is thought worth while to embody
its results, in an abbreviated and improved form, in a second
publication.

It is not intended that this paper shall be complete either
in its scope or in its treatment of the subject, but that it shall,
at least, be suggestive of some of the many interesting fea-
tures of the field, and of the various phases of geological study
that find here abundant and excellent illustration.

One of the important factors to be considered and worked
out in a stratigraphic study of any region is that of the condi-
tions of deposition—that is, the physical geography of the
time and the various influences that may have affected the

1U. S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 309, pp. 7-12.
? Calif. State Min. Bur. Bull. 11, pp. 25-26.

6 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser.

character and distribution of the sediments of which the
strata are composed. In the Tertiary deposits of the Mount
Diablo range, along its entire extent of nearly 300 miles,
there is a great variation in the character and composition of
the constituent rocks, presenting every variety from coarse
detrital conglomerates to two or three forms of fine organic
shales and limestones, and alternations of these that are possible
only under conditions far from simple.

CONDITIONS OF DEPOSITION DURING THE TERTIARY

During the Tertiary periods, if not during the Cretaceous,
the physical geography of western California differed widely
from that of the present time. In the positions of many
present centers of stratification, constituting the main sum-
mits of the Coast ranges which now rise with more or less
regularity and continuity, there existed during and through-
out the Tertiary, at least, only chains of continental islands
grouped in similar alignment. These island masses were not
unlike some that now exist about the borders of the Pacific
ocean and on the coasts of Alaska and even of California.
Among them were enclosed seas, or basins, with interconnect-
ing channels through which the tides and ocean currents ran
at will, thus forming an unusual variety of conditions which
directly influenced the character and variety of the faunas of
the time.

Among such basins were the Great valley, the Salinas, the
Santa Maria-Carisa, and the San Fernando valleys. But for
the present, without attempting to make a complete statement
of either the Coast range waterways or island groups of the
Tertiary, it is sufficient to note only the fact that along the
course of the Mount Diablo range six or more centers, or
stratigraphic cores, have been recognized and to some extent
correctly described by Whitney as the natural divisions of the
range. These centers were to some extent outlined in the
former paper; they deserve far more attention than can be
given here. But while Whitney correctly observed and noted
these various divisions of the range, its double character and

Vor. IIT] ANDERSON—FURTHER STRATIGRAPHIC STUDY 7

other complex features have hitherto escaped attention. How-
ever, these points can not be taken up in the present paper.

Among the divisions enumerated by Whitney are the
Panoche, the San Carlos, and the Estrella, which, he says, are
individualized by certain low passes extending across the
range. Considering these divisions as separate islands or
groups, it would ultimately be necessary to subdivide some of
them at least into two, or perhaps three sections for special
epochs of the Tertiary, with waterways extending from the
basin of the Great valley to that of the Salinas. One of these
open channels lay along the course of the west branch of the
Jacalitos and the upper Warthan creeks, and one along the
Los Gatos creek and the San Benito river, thus dividing the
San Carlos division into three sections or subdivisions for at
least a part of the Tertiary. In a complete or detailed study
of the range, other channels and the islands separated by them
at one time or another would require notice, but those men-
tioned are perhaps sufficient to illustrate the nature of the
problem.

In all probability, as time went on during the successive
periods or epochs, certain geographical changes occurred
which resulted in either increasing or decreasing the width
and number of these transverse channels; and these results
could have been accomplished by simple changes in elevation.
It appears that during the Miocene period only the Warthan
channel was open, while during the Pliocene both the Warthan
and the Los Gatos channels were in existence, as is shown by
the distribution of the Miocene and Pliocene sediments along
them.

The islands and channels that existed during the Eocene
can not be so easily discerned, but undoubtedly there were
many.

Eocene sediments run well into the range, if not across it,
on the borders of the Livermore and Panoche valleys; and
the same is probably true in the neighborhood of the Antelope
and the Cholame valleys, as well as farther south.

Probably this statement of the insular condition in Tertiary
times is sufficient to illustrate some of the factors that affected

8 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4r Ser.

the character, quantity, and distribution of the various strata
concerned in this discussion. It will readily be conceded that
the sorting and transporting influence of ocean currents
through channels and waterways can not be small, and that
it is entirely adequate to explain many of the seeming irregu-
larities, both lithological and faunal, that may appear later
in the course of these studies. There are in some quarters
rapid transitions in both the nature of the sediments and the
character of the fauna as one follows the strata along their
strike. Some important beds are known to entirely disappear
or to change their character or appearance to such an extent
that they can be recognized only by their stratigraphic posi-
tion with respect to others that are better known. The later
Miocene particularly appears to have been an epoch of rapid
changes in these respects, but of changes that are explainable
by sufficient attention to the details of physical geography.

THE CRETACEOUS AND EARLIER SERIES

It is not designed to give here any special account of the
Cretaceous and earlier rocks of the range, although both are
abundant about each of its older centers, as was illustrated in
the former paper. The occurrences of Cretaceous and “‘meta-
morphic” rocks have been noted by Whitney’ at Mount
Diablo, Corral Hollow, and Panoche Pass, and have been fol-
lowed by him as far to the south as the Panoche valley.
Becker* and White have published lists of Chico species oc-
curring at New Idria, and similar beds have been identified
upon the tributaries of the Cantua and Salt creeks. Miss H.
C. Lillis has collected from these beds the following species,
which were left at the University of California:

Baculites chicoénsis Baculites sp.
Arca brewertana Chione sp.
Dentalium stramineum Perissolax sp.
Cinulia obliqua Natica sp.
Gyrodes conradiana Margarita sp.

1 Geol. Surv. Calif. Geol. v. 1, pp. 45, 55, ete.
2U. S. Geol. Surv. Monog. no. 13, pp. 291-309.

Vor. IIT) ANDERSON—FURTHER STRATIGRAPHIC STUDY 9

From Salt creek these Cretaceous rocks have been followed
continuously to the Los Gatos, Warthan, Jacalitos, and Avenal
creeks, and indeed to the Devil’s Den, on the north side of the
Antelope valley. It is quite probable that the tawny yellow
sandstones occurring south of the Antelope valley are of
Cretaceous age, but as yet no proof of it is at hand.

From the published lists of fossils occurring in the range
it would appear that the Chico portion of the Cretaceous has
been more often identified, though species of Aucella have
proved the presence of the Knoxville at Mount Diablo (and
Becker was convinced that some of the rocks at New Idria
belong to the “Knoxville series”), while from the black shales
on the Jacalitos creek species of Hoplites have been found,
and at the Devil’s Den both Hoplites and Belemnites were col-
lected in similar dark shales.

It thus appears that both Knoxville and Chico strata enter
into the composition of the range and are far more abundant
upon the eastern flank than upon the western. The Cretaceous
rocks always stand at a high angle, dipping away from the
older formations and toward the valley at points of the com-
pass varying according to their position. It is designed how-
ever that the structure of these and the younger series of
formations shall be reserved to be dealt with later.

The so-called “metamorphic” rocks of the Mount Diablo
range, occurring at intervals and in large areas, have generally
included serpentines, trachytes, porphyries, and jaspers. The
stratified portions are all representatives of the Franciscan
series, while the eruptives include many of the classes usually
found associated with them in the Coast ranges, among which
are the products of local metamorphism of the most pro-
nounced kinds.

THe Eocene Rocks

Distribution—The Eocene rocks of the northern portion
of the range have already had considerable mention by various
writers, including Stanton,’ Merriam, Weaver, and others.

1U. S. Geol. Surv. 17th Ann. Rept. 1896, pp. 1009-1060.
2 Journ. Geol. v. 5, no. 8, pp, 767-775.
3 Bull. Dept. Geol. Univ. Calif. v. 4, no. 5, pp. 101-123.

10 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

From the Straits of Carquinez they extend easterly, forming
a well defined belt along the northern border of Mount Diablo,
which can be followed as far eastward as Byron or Brentwood.
Farther south the more important areas that have been noted
are at Corral Hollow, New Idria.’ Coalinga,’ and southward.

While Eocene rocks have not been followed continuously
along the range, it is perhaps due to lack of exploration rather
than to their absence. From New Idria the Eocene can be
followed westerly for an indefinite distance, while to the east
and south it has been followed continuously to Coalinga. The
following list of fossils was obtained by the writer at Corral
Hollow, from a stratum a few hundred feet above the Eureka
vein of the Tesla coal mine:

Neverita secta GABB Tellina longa GaBB
Tritonium sp. undet. Leda gabbi Conrap
Turritella uvasana GABB Solen stantoni WEAVER
Dentalium cooperi GABB Lucina (?) cretacea GABB
Amauropsis alveata Gass Mactra sp. undescr.
Act@on sp. undescr. Meretrix horni Gass

On the south side of the canyon other Eocene species were
obtained, and it is evident that most of the coal veins of this
vicinity are in rocks of Eocene age.

H. W. Turner’ recognized the white sandstones occurring
at New Idria as of Eocene age and reports the following
species from De Los Reyes canyon:

Ostrea idriaénsis GABB Morio (Sconsia) tuberculatus GABB
Neverita globosa Gasp Amauropsis alveata GABB
Rimella canalifera Gass Meretrix uvasana CONRAD
Cylichna costata GABB Turritella, fragment

Within 50 feet of the coal vein occurring near by he ob-
tained :

Solen (Hypogella) diegoén- Neverita sp. undet.
sis GABB Small lamellibranchs

1 Geol. Surv. Calif. Geol. v. 1, pp. 34 et seq.

27U. S. Geol. Surv. Monog. no. 13, pp. 291-309.

3 Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. 3d ser. Geol. v. 2, no. 2, pp. 162 ef seq.
#Am. Geol. v. 14, pp. 92-96.

Vor. IIT) ANDERSON—FURTHER STRATIGRAPHIC STUDY 11

From other localities in the neighborhood, he adds:

Cardium cooperi GABB Lucina (?) cretacea GABB
Pecten interradiatus GABB Mactra sp. undet.
Modiola ornata Gasp

To the south and east of Coalinga a narrow belt of Eocene
beds can be followed for a distance of more than 15 miles,
extending from certain tributaries of the Jacalitos creek east-
ward to the vicinity of Dudley on the northern border of the
Sunflower valley. These beds appear again near the Point of
Rocks on the northern border of the Antelope valley, from
which locality several Tejon forms have been obtained and
listed. To the south of the Antelope valley the Eocene beds
can be followed without difficulty as far as Temblor, if not
farther toward the southern extremity of the range. They
appear again crossing the canyon of the San Emidio and can
be followed from there eastward to the Tejon ranch.

Among other characteristics of the Eocene rocks, at least
on the eastern side of the range, is the presence of beds of
lignitic coal, or in some cases of carbonaceous clays, particu-
larly in places where the Eocene section is greatly reduced.
Almost all the coal veins reported along the valley side of the
range, and some on the opposite side, are in Eocene strata.

Like the Cretaceous, the Eocene rocks are in evidence to
a far greater extent upon the eastern than upon the western
slope of the range, though they are known upon both.

North of the Straits of Carquinez, the Eocene has been
noted as far as Upper Lake, Lake county, though its contin-
uity is not known to be complete.

Stratigraphy of the Eocene.—In the vicinity of Martinez,
the Eocene strata have been divided into two groups, mainly
upon the basis of their faunas, and have been classed accord-
ingly as Martinez and Tejon. The older, or Martinez, por-
tion has been made the subject of a special study by Dr. J. C.
Merriam’ and by Chas. E. Weaver, while the Eocene series,
as a whole, has been clearly separated from the Chico by Dr.
T. W. Stanton.’

1 Journ. Geol. v. 5, no. 8, pp. 767-774.
2 Bull. Dept. Geol. Univ. Calif. v. 4, no. 5, pp. 101-123.
3U. S. Geol. Surv. 17th Ann. Rept. pt. 1, pp. 1011-1049.

12 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser.

In the northern part of the range the rocks are generally
covered by soil to an extent that renders the stratification
more or less obscure; so that little attempt has been made
toward a detailed statement of their lithological characters.

Mr. Weaver states that the Martinez beds, for the most part,
consist of thick bedded sandstones containing large quantities
of glauconite, and that alternating with these are considerable
beds of shale.

In the vicinity of Corral Hollow both sandstones and shales
enter into the composition of the Eocene; but no systematic
statement of the strata has yet been made, except such as is
given by Whitney, who did not, however, differentiate the
Chico from the Tejon.

The belt of Eocene rocks lying between the Panoche Pass
and Coalinga probably offers the best exposures and affords
the best opportunity for both general and detailed lithologic
study, and possibly an equally good opportunity for a formal
classification. Along the Cantua creek, and both to the east
and the west, a thick series of conformable strata can be fol-
lowed easily for many miles. The aggregate thickness of the
series is not less than 6000 feet, and is probably more. This
series is readily divisible into four horizons, as follows:

Woper-shaless organiciasnaccsesccs etn oeoeees 1800 feet
Upper sandstones, fossiliferous .............. 2500) ==
Lower shales, brown clays, etc................- 1000 +“
Lower sandstones, concretionary ............. 1000.“

Toward the southeast the series becomes perceptibly thinner,
until in the vicinity of Coalinga it narrows to a point and en-
tirely disappears below the succeeding series of Miocene.

The Lower Sandstones——The lower sandstones of the
Eocene series have not been thoroughly studied, and fossils
have not yet been found in them within this area; therefore
their classification as Eocene is based upon other evidence than
fauna. They consist of soft and crumbling sandstone with a
few harder layers, some of which are calcareous and are in
some places more or less concretionary. A good example of
these lower concretionary sands is to be seen in the rocky hill
immediately northwest of “Oil City’, Coalinga field. These

Vor. IIT] ANDERSON—FURTHER STRATIGRAPHIC STUDY 13

lower sands can be followed from this point both north and
south for several miles. They rest upon dark clay shales of
Chico age, with which they show every evidence of uncon-
formity. In the former paper, these beds were called, pro-
visionally, the ‘““Avenal Sandstones”, although they had not
been followed continuously from the wells at Avenal, from
which their name was taken.

The Lower Shales—The next member of the series is one
of rather unique character among the formations of the Mount
Diablo range, chiefly on account of its purple-brown color and
topographic effect. The shales, though sometimes calcareous
or sandy and frequently filled with organic remains, are, on
the whole, predominatingly clays. The calcareous portions
are usually white lenticular masses only a few feet in extent,
containing a variety of Foraminifera. Besides the white cal-
careous lenses, there are usually many scattered nodules of
barite, fragments of selenite, and often some layers of sand-
stone. In the western part of the Coalinga field a sandy layer
was found to contain many characteristic Eocene forms and
some that are peculiar to the Martinez division. Among the
many remains of Foraminifera found in these shales, there
are numerous tests of numuloid forms occurring either in the
sandy layers or in the calcareous concretions. Some of the
sandy layers also contain scattered granules resembling
glauconite.

On one of the tributaries of Salt creek some of the sandy
beds contain:

Turritella pachecoénsis Leda gabbi Conran
STANTON Fusus (cf. F. equilateralis WEAVER)
Cardium cooperi GaBB Cylichna costata Gasp, etc.

Though none of these species may be exclusively of Martinez
age, yet all of them occur in that horizon, and their presence
does not therefore conflict with such an assignment of the beds.

The topographic aspect of these shales is striking and ren-
ders them easy to follow along the flanks of the range. They
are easily reduced by erosion and therefore occupy a succes-
sion of depressions within which the transverse drainage of
the range converges into its larger streams. The scanty soil

14 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4ru Ser.

resulting from their decomposition is usually adobe-like, and
is favorable for the growth of stunted oaks and junipers, but
for no other vegetation,—not even grass.

In the midst of a zone of hills which are destitute of trees,
this belt of brown shales sprinkled with trees is not hard to
follow. The shales are usually clay-like and brown on the
surface, though in good exposures they show a variety of
colors, some of them being either red, white, or greenish. It
was this member that was called, for convenience, in the for-
mer paper, the “Kreyenhagen shales’. In some places the
beds become sandy toward the bottom, but this is not a con-
stant feature throughout their extent along the range.

The Upper Sands.—The thickest member of the Eocene, at
least where it is best exposed, along the Cantua creek in the
vicinity of the Lillis ranch, is that which was formerly de-
scribed as the “Domijean sands”. Its thickness was roughly
estimated as 2500 feet, though it may be more. As far as
observed, there is considerable uniformity in composition,
though there are some harder layers of fossil-bearing rock at
intervals. In general these sands are yellow in color, soft and
crumbling, with a disposition to weather into steep scarps im-
perfectly exposing the edges of the strata, which are often
concealed by loose and sliding soil.

Except in the harder fossiliferous beds and in some con-
cretionary layers, the sands are but little consolidated. Their
greatest development is to be seen along the Cantua and Salt
creeks and southward in the vicinity of the Domengine ranch,
whence the name. The thickness of these sands is variable,
but it increases somewhat regularly toward the north. In the
vicinity of “Oil City”, north of Coalinga, the thickness has
been given as not over 350 feet, and a little north of the
Domengine ranch as 1200 feet, while along the Cantua, it is
not less than 2500 feet. Farther west it appears to again
diminish though it extends at least as far as New Idria.

The fossils so far collected in this horizon are typically
Tejon, though some of the species are found in the Martinez.
In the vicinity of “Oil City”, a hard layer at the base of the
yellow sands yielded:

Vor. IIT] ANDERSON—FURTHER STRATIGRAPHIC STUDY 15

Turritella uvasana GABB Trochosmilia sp.
Dentalium cooperi GABB Foraminifera, many sp.
Cardium cooperi GABB Crustacea sp.

Leda gabbi Conrad

Higher in the same beds and a little farther south, W. L.
Watts’ has collected:

Discohelix leana Gasp Ficopsis cooperi GABB
Turritella satfordi GaBB Tritonium californicum GABB
Turritella uvasana GABB Pectunculus sagitatus GABs

A few miles north of this locality and near the Domengine
ranch a hard sandy layer has yielded:

Meretrix horni GaBB Turritella uvasana GABB
Cardita veneriformis GABB Amauropsis alveata GAB
Cardium cooperi GABB Foraminifera (numuloid forms)
Pectunculus sagitatus GABB Crustacea, ete.

Tellina horni Gass

Along the Cantua this member of the series becomes more
shaly toward the top, and the transition toward the succeeding
member is not sharp but gradual. Farther south thin hard
beds of sandstone mark the basal portion of the overlying
shales, but they diminish in frequency higher up.

Crystals and veinlets of selenite are abundant in many parts
of this member.

The Upper Shales—The uppermost member of the con-
formable series that is here referred to the Eocene is one con-
sisting almost entirely of shales, but containing some thin
sandy beds near the bottom. On the Cantua creek east of the
Lillis ranch house these shales are well exposed on the slopes
and in the ravines on the north side of the stream. There is
a total thickness of nearly 1800 feet, including some of the
thin sandy beds near the top of the preceding member. They
are divisible locally upon the basis of color and lithology into:

Wihite (challayishalesivarvrsteraepetiereicinitste cele sieistsie- 800 feet

Lita po ICNKY ee godedosdane sopobunnooosoppeac 1000“
Their unconformity with the succeeding beds is apparent,
both from the abrupt change from fine organic shales to coarse
grained sands or even pebbly gravels, and from the fact that

1 Bull. no. 3, Calif. State Min. Bur. pp. 62 et seq.

16 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4rH Ser.

in some places an angular difference in strike and dip is plainly
to be seen. Furthermore, as the formations are followed
southward, the series with which these shales are identified
finally disappears beneath the later series.

The upper shales do not maintain the thickness stated above
as they are followed southward. In the vicinity of the Domen-
gine ranch, they are reduced to about 1000 feet, while at “Oil
City” the thickness is not above 600 feet, and that of the
entire Eocene series is only about 2500 feet. Farther south
and west they entirely disappear in the western part of the
Coalinga district.

The fauna of these shales consists of many forms of Fo-
raminifera and marine diatoms, but with a scanty number of
mollusks.

On the Cantua the upper white shales contain Pecten peck-
hanu and many Foraminifera and diatoms. Near “Oil City”
Pecten peckhami and other forms have been found by the
writer and by W. L. Watts. Intermediate between these two
localities, on Sec. 19, T. 18 S., R. 15 E., these white shales
have furnished:

Pecten peckkami Gass Tellina congesta (?) CoNRAD
Leda oregona (?) Suu. Callista sp.

It was these upper brown and white shales which, on the
basis of both their lithology and their molluscan fauna, were
regarded as Miocene, and therefore as “Monterey shales’, in
the former paper. Had the succeeding Lower Miocene series
been as fossiliferous, however, as new localities have since
shown it to be, or had it been followed into the localities where
the great unconformity is more evident, it would have been
less easy to confuse these earlier shales with their counterparts
in the Miocene.

As to the definite assignment of these shales to either the
Eocene or the Oligocene in the time scale of California geol-
ogy, that must be reserved for further study and for some
future time. Stratigraphically and structurally they are cer-
tainly connected closely with the Tejon series, while faunally
they are allied more closely to the Miocene.

Vor. III] ANDERSON—FURTHER STRATIGRAPHIC STUDY 17

In its structural features the Eocene is simple. It forms a
monocline that dips away from the older rocks toward the
Great valley with only such flexures in strike and dip as are
consistent with the insular conditions of the period. The beds
lie along the eastern and northern slopes of the range in such
a manner as to be in general concentric with the Cretaceous,
presenting in some places the appearance of conformity, but
on the whole showing the strongest evidences of unconform-
ity. This unconformity is evident, as the formations are fol-
lowed along the range, not only in the physical character of
the various beds and in their fauna, but also in the distribu-
tion of the Eocene and the Cretaceous and in their lack of con-
formity in detail in many places.

On the western slope of the range, the structure of both the
Eocene and the Cretaceous is less simple, and both formations
are also less in evidence. The large amount of faulting which
has taken place has complicated and obscured the geology,
and no clear statement can be made without much detailed
work.

THE MIOcENE SERIES

Regarding the occurrence, stratigraphy, and distribution of
the Miocene in the Mount Diablo range, a fairly good state-
ment was given in the former paper, except as to a part of
the territory north of Coalinga. Miocene rocks are co-exten-
sive with the range and can be followed almost continuously
throughout its entire length, particularly along its eastern
flanks.

In the earlier paper the stratigraphic divisions of the range
were considered to be:

These do not form an entirely conformable series, though in
some places it is difficult, or even impossible, to draw the
line sharply between the several members. The greatest degree

18 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser

of conformity exists between the two lower members, and less
between the others, as will be shown farther on.

The Temblor Beds.—Probably the most persistent member,
after proper discriminations are made, is the lower, which is
also the one best characterized by fossils, and is therefore the
most easily recognized faunally. Its occurrence at the type
locality has been already sufficiently described. It has also
been noted at intervals along the eastern base of the range as
far north as Coalinga. Northward of Coalinga the Temblor
beds follow the range for an unknown distance, but certainly
to the Cantua creek and to New Idria.. They maintain a
fairly uniform thickness and constant sequence of strata,
though not always a constant fauna. Just north of the Cantua
on the Lillis ranch, the following representative section was
noted :

INeocene Strata: asc accu cee se cee cseeasiet one sselears® 2000 feet
Temblor Beds

(g) Thin calcareous beds with

Turritella ocoyana ..... 30 feet
(f) Clay shales with Foramin-
GEKA, xesyecdetcicversherers lope) everese 150.
(e) Loose gray sands ........ 60 “
(d) Thin calcareous sand with
Turritella ocoyana .... is aa
(c) Loose friable sands ...... 80
(b) Yellow sands with Turri-
tella ocoyana .......... Sas
(a) Gray sands and gravels.... 50 “
Hard calcareous bed with
barnaclesi cies sccnssauie oe 58
Loose gray sands ........ 100
Total .. —————__ 491 “
White shales with Pecten peckhami.. SOOM

Usually there are three layers of fossiliferous rock within
the Temblor horizon, bearing typical Lower Miocene fossils
such as the following:

(a) Loose sands with Pecten discus CoNRAD
Astrodapsis sp.
Barnacles, etc.

Vor. IIT] ANDERSON—FURTHER STRATIGRAPHIC STUDY 19

(b) Yellow sands with Mytilus mathewsont Gass

Ostrea titan Conrap

Venus sp.

Zirphaea sp.

Pecten discus CONRAD

Pecten sp.

Chione sp.

Turritella ocoyana CONRAD

Agasoma sp.

Cancellaria sp.

Bulla sp.

Macoma sp.

Trochita filosa GABB

Numerous small gasteropods

(d) Thin white calcareous bed with Chione tem-

blorensis ANDERSON

Ostrea titan CoNRAD

Dosinia sp.

Crepidula sp.

Agasoma kernianum Cooper

Turritella ocoyana CoNnRaD

Neverita callosa GABB

Trophon kernensis ANDERSON

Conus owenianus ANDERSON

Oliva californica ANDERSON

Above the beds classed as Temblor there is a gypsiferous
clay shale 250 feet in thickness, overlain by 50 feet of coarse
gravels and conglomerates.

From the Cantua creek the Temblor beds have been fol-
lowed southeastward to the vicinity of the producing oil wells
and to within a short distance of Coalinga and to the Jacalitos
creek. A large part of the strata formerly placed in a suc-
ceeding group has been found to belong to the Lower Miocene.
The “Reef Bed’’ of the former paper is properly a part of the
Temblor, and has yielded, on Sec. 20:

Hinnites (rel. H. giganteus) Bulla sp.

Gray Trochita sp.
Mactra densata Conrap Hemifusus wilkesana ANDERSON
Metis alta Conrap Neverita callosa Gaps
Pecten discus CoNRAD Astrodapsis merriami ANDERSON
Arca montereyana OSMONT Teeth of sirenians (Desmo-
Dosinia ponderosa GaBB stylus sp.)

Lucina borealis Lam.

20 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4ru Ser.

At the base of the Temblor beds is a pebbly conglomerate
that serves to give emphasis to the abrupt change from the
fine organic white shales upon which they rest.

It is easy therefore to recognize the unconformity that
exists between the Temblor beds and the white or brown shales
provisionally classed as Oligocene. This unconformity is that
formerly described as conspicuous between the Coalinga beds
and the Monterey shales. The pebbles of the conglomerate
include metamorphic schists, jaspers, porphyries, serpentine,
sandstone, and even some rocks that appear to have come from
the calcareous concretions of the preceding series.

The Temblor beds contain the principal oil-yielding strata
of the Coalinga field, and are well constructed to do so, not
only stratigraphically and structurally, but also on account of
the porous and unconsolidated character of the larger sandy
members. The usual thickness of the Temblor beds is from
450 to 550 feet. In drilling for oil it has been found that
various horizons are productive, the oil ranging through almost
the entire thickness, though locally it is generally confined to
one or two productive strata. Although in some parts of the
field oil has also been found in strata both above and below
the Temblor, the latter may be regarded as the chief source
of the oil in most cases north of McKittrick.

In the McKittrick district the Temblor beds are known to
be oil-bearing, but farther south they do not form the prin-
cipal productive horizon. They occur, however, on the San
Emidio and at Kern river, at the base of thick series of sand-
stones which underlie petroliferous beds. It is perhaps due
to a change in the character of the strata above the Temblor
that they do not everywhere contain the principal deposits
of petroleum.

The Monterey Shales——To the north of the Temblor ranch
house, in western Kern county, is a thick series of white shales
overlying the Lower Miocene and containing Pecten peckhami
near the top and bottom. Its total thickness has been esti-
mated at more than 5000 feet. This series of white shales
has been referred to the Monterey, and there can be no reason-
able doubt that at least a large part of the formation should

Vor. IIT) ANDERSON—FURTHER STRATIGRAPHIC STUDY a 21

be so classed. From this locality these shales can be followed
with more or less continuity northward to the Devil’s Den and
to near Coalinga. The Monterey shales and the underlying
Temblor beds, as they occur along the hills to the south and
east of Coalinga, have already been described in the former
paper. To the north of Jacalitos, if the Monterey shales occur
at all, they are in extremely reduced thickness or in modified
form.

In the eastern part of the Coalinga field, certain beds occupy-
ing the stratigraphic position of the Monterey, have a thick-
ness of only 250 to 300 feet. In their outcrop along the hills
in the northern part of the field, they are variously colored,
white, yellow, or red, and have at most points a decidedly
sandy appearance. The “Red Hills” to the north of the prop-
erty of the “California Oil Fields, Ltd.’ form an exposure
that is conspicuous on account of its brick-red color. This
can be easily followed northward to the Cantua creek and
beyond, though its color is not persistent. This member of
the Miocene was, in the former paper, described as ‘‘a yellow
sand” and included with the Coalinga beds. In the wells
drilled in the eastern part of the field this member appears
as a bluish sandy shale which is commonly called the “Big
Blue”. The buff, yellow, or red color seen in the outcrops
is probably due to the oxide of iron derived from the decom-
position of certain iron-bearing minerals. With a good lens
grains of serpentine and other talcous minerals can be de-
tected in these shales. Their separation from the Temblor
beds in the field to the north of Coalinga is for convenience
in logical treatment rather than for emphasis of their strati-
graphic prominence.

To the north of the Cantua creek these shales are even more
sandy than farther to the south. It is not unlikely that there
is a gradual thinning out of the Monterey shales from the
Temblor valley northward to the Cantua creek, but this can
not now be affirmed. South of the Temblor valley a vast
series of white shale follows the range as far as Sunset and
then swings eastward toward the San Emidio, becoming more
and more sandy toward the east. No direct evidence is at

22, CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H SER.

hand to establish its position in the stratigraphic scale, but it
is supposed to be the continuation of the Monterey shales oc-
curring north of Temblor. In the range west of Midway and
to the south of Sunset they have an aggregate thickness of
nearly 5000 feet and contain the usual lithologic peculiarities
of the Monterey. As the Temblor beds are known to occur
at San Emidio, there is a presumption in favor of these shales
being properly the Monterey. To the south of the Temblor
valley the structure of the Miocene rocks is that of a high
anticlinal fold along the axis of the range, with a steep dip
toward the Carisa valley and, near Sunset, toward the south.
This anticline disappears in the vicinity of the San Emidio
canyon.

The Coalinga Beds.—The uppermost member of the Mio-
cene series is best characterized and most easily followed
along the base of the hills north of Coalinga, but it attains its
greatest stratigraphic development to the south and east of
the Warthan creek. In the former paper, on account of its
thickness and more varied fauna in the Warthan creek locali-
ties, it was made to include more strata farther north than
should have been included. It is now proposed to restrict the
name Coalinga beds to the lower portion of a series that is
unconformably related to the older members of the Miocene.
In the vicinity of Coalinga there are two somewhat different
types of this formation occurring in the localities mentioned.
As here restricted, the Coalinga beds contain from 500 to 800
feet of strata at the north—that is, between Coalinga and the
Cantua creek, and from 1000 to 1500 feet in the field between
the Warthan creek and Tulare lake.

These differences are due primarily to the conditions of
deposition during the latter part of the Miocene period. Along
the hills north of Coalinga this series begins with a basal con-
glomerate varying in thickness from 15 to 50 feet or more,
and consisting of coarse pebbles and boulders often ranging
in weight up to several hundred pounds. At Salt creek and
northward to the Cantua, the weathering and faulting of this
conglomerate has produced the effect of enormous thickness,
which is deceptive. In many places, as north of the Cantua,

Vor. III] ANDERSON—FURTHER STRATIGRAPHIC STUDY 23

this basal conglomerate can be recognized and followed where
other strata of the Coalinga beds can not be so easily identi-
fied. Above the conglomerate are thick beds of gigantic
oysters, pectens, and barnacles that form a conspicuous fea-
ture of the formation. Usually there are two or more beds
of shells from 6 to 20 feet thick included with 100 feet or
more of sands In’ Sec) 10) 19"'S.. Ri 15 EY, the oysters
occur in four beds extending through nearly 200 feet of sandy
strata. The shells are usually firmly cemented together and
weather into a bold escarpment in which little else than huge
oysters is to be seen. These beds of fossils in which oysters
are the most abundant are often used in tracing the oil-bearing
strata of the Temblor through parts of the field in which the
latter do not show plainly on the surface. The species that
characterize these beds include:

Ostrea titan CoNnRaD Chorus carisaénsis ANDERSON
Pecten crassicardo CONRAD Chione temblorensis ANDERSON
Pecten estrellanus CoNRaD Astrodapsis tumidus REMOND
Pecten (rel. P. islandicus Astrodapsis sp.

MULL.)

The basal conglomerates and the oyster beds with which
they are associated overlie the red or variously colored shales
described in the preceding section. There is little or no
angular unconformity between the shales and conglomerates,
though the abrupt change in the fauna and in the character
of the deposits testifies to a change of considerable importance
in the physical geography of the time.

A short distance above the highest oyster bed is a layer of
sandy white shale 80 feet in thickness, and a sandy stratum
immediately overlying the shale on the west side of Sec. 20,
T. 18 S., R. 15 E. has furnished the following species :

Cytherea (callista) sp. Diplodonta harfordi ANDERSON
Chione temblorensis ANDERSON Agasoma kernianum CooPER
Macoma nasuta Coorer Turritella sp.

Pecten estrellanus CoNRaD Cancellaria sp.

Zirphea dentata Gass Solen sp.

Lucina borealis Lam. Trophon sp.

24 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

The faunas of the foregoing lists are generally character-
istic of the Coalinga beds. Above these fossiliferous beds
the formation is chiefly sand with little or no appearance of
fossils.

To the south of Coalinga, or of the Warthan creek, the con-
glomerates and the associated oyster beds do not form a con-
spicuous feature of the formation, and in fact have not been
directly identified. This is probably due to the fact that
these beds were greatly thickened by the addition of
sands during the time that an open channel connected
them with the sea to the westward, causing conditions
not favorable to the life and growth of oysters, but favor-
able to the development of some species not often met with
elsewhere.

Along the Jacalitos creek the thickness of the Coalinga
beds has been estimated at 1100 feet. There is an appearance
of unconformity between the Coalinga beds and those above,
while the line separating them from the beds below is not
definitely established. Along the various branches of the
Zapato Chino creek and eastward the Coalinga beds thicken
still more until they attain an aggregate of 1500 to 1600
feet. They rest upon the white or rusty brown beds of the
Monterey shales, with which there is little to mark an uncon-
formity. As the Monterey shales here become sandy in their
upper portion, the change from them to the Coalinga is not
so abrupt as in the field farther north. There is not a great
variation of lithological characters in the Coalinga as seen
along the range south and east of the Warthan creek. There
is, however, near the middle of the series, a bed of white
volcanic ash from 12 to 16 feet thick, which is in some places
conspicuous, but which is not always found, or at least is not
always recognizable. It can easily be followed for three or
more miles southward from the Warthan creek, a little east
of Alcalde, and it appears again on the west fork of the
Jacalitos at the Roberts ranch and also on the eastern tribu-
taries of the Zapato Chino, on the Kreyenhagen ranch. Near
Alcalde it is immediately underlain by a fossiliferous bed from
which the following species have been obtained:

Vor. IIT] ANDERSON—FURTHER STRATIGRAPHIC STUDY 25

Pecten crassicardo CoNRAD Trophon (tel. T. ponderosum

Pecten estrellanus CONRAD GABB)
Chione (rel. temblorensis Turritella_ sp.
ANDERSON ) Natica sp.
Mactra (Spisula) catilli- Surcula sp.
formis DALL V olutilithes sp.
Mytilus mathewsoni Gass Ficus pyriformis Gasp (?)

Agasoma kernianum Cooper Tamiosoma gregaria CONRAD

The same bed some miles to the east upon the Kreyenhagen
ranch contained, in addition to several of the preceding forms,
the following:

Glycimeris generosa Goutp — Scutella gibbsi REMOND
Cardium, (cf. C. quadri- Trophon sp.
genarium CONRAD) Natica sp.

The forms most characteristic of the Coalinga beds in this
part of the field are Agasoma kernianum, Scutella gibbsi, two
species each of Astrodapsis and Trophon, and a Chione.
These forms range through about 400 to 500 feet of sandy
strata. Near the top of this zone there is often an abundance
of Ostrea attwoodi and Scutella gibbsi.

The general and to some extent the specific resemblances
of this fauna to that of the Temblor beds is of course evident ;
but a study of the strata above and below this horizon war-
rants the classification here proposed. The Miocene aspect
of the fauna is unmistakable in the presence of such forms as
Agasoma_ kernianum, Chione temblorensis, and the large
species of Cardium, V olutilithes, etc.

A few hundred feet above these beds are the typical beds
of the succeeding series, while below them are the Monterey
shales and the typical Temblor.

The Coalinga beds have not as yet been followed continu-
ously southward along the range beyond the Sunflower valley,
though doubtless the task would not be impossible. They
have not even been clearly recognized between the Sunflower
valley and McKittrick. They form, however, a well defined
and easily followed belt along the foothills west of the Midway
district and to the south of Sunset. Northward this belt can
be followed to a point a few miles north of Crocker Springs
(Sec. 6, T. 31 S., R. 22 E.), and from thence it has been only

26 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

indirectly traced into the McKittrick district. West of the
Midway district the Coalinga beds occur on both sides of the
range, on the one side dipping toward the Great valley and
passing below the Midway wells, and on the other side dipping
to the southwest and under the Carisa and Elkhorn valleys.
Their structure at this point is that of a denuded anticline,
though it is not likely that the two slopes were ever quite
horizontal. The thickness of these beds on both sides of the
range is very great,—hardly less than 4500 feet.

Near their base they contain very coarse conglomerates and
sandstones, among which may be found the characteristic
fossils. The conglomerates often contain boulders of granite
of immense size, some of them weighing 15 to 20 tons. The
conglomerates at the base of the series range through several
hundred feet of strata, of which they make up a large per-
centage. The species thus far found in these beds are those
typical of the Coalinga, and include forms not found else-
where in great numbers. They are more abundant on the
western than on the opposite side of the range, though they
have also been found on the eastern side. On the western
slope near the locality commonly known as “the Dome”, the
following species have been found:

Pecten crassicardo CoNRAD Tamiosoma gregaria CONRAD
Pecten estrellanus Conrap Chorus carisaénsis ANDERSON
Ostrea titan CONRAD

These beds have been followed northward along the western
side of the range to the neighborhood of Simler. They pass
in a synclinal fold below the Carisa valley and appear again
on its western border. Near La Panza Springs an identical
fauna has been obtained with the addition of such typical
forms as:

Chione temblorensis ANDERSON —_Lucina borealis Lam.

Trophon sp. Astrodapsis tumidus REMOND

Turritella sp. Astrodapsis whitneyi REMOND
and many other species. Not far away, at the crossing of
the San Juan creek, these beds overlie an immense thickness
of Miocene strata including both the Monterey shales and the
Temblor beds. In the foothills of the Midway district this

Vor. IIT] ANDERSON—FURTHER STRATIGRAPHIC STUDY SH

series contains above the basal conglomerates a great thickness
of clays and shales, some of which are diatomaceous and
chalklike in their physical appearance.

The wells drilled for oil in the Midway and Sunset dis-
tricts, although they probably derive their oil from this series
of strata, do not penetrate to the basal sands for their pro-
ductive horizon. In fact the better wells so far drilled have
been less than 2000 feet in depth, and some of the oil has been
found in strata not altogether sandy. Near Sunset the oil
sands often outcrop in unmistakable exposures, sometimes
showing well defined beds of bituminous sand, 30 to 60 feet
or more in thickness. Near the refinery of the “Sunet Oil
Company” a layer of hard sand immediately overlying such
an exposure contains :

Crytomya californica Conrab Solen sp.
Tapes stanleyi GABB Macoma sp.

Some miles farther to the east on Lobos and Muddy creeks

the same formation has yielded, according to W. L. Watts’:

Crassatella collina Conrap Tapes stanleyi Gasp
Glycimeris generosa GouLD Crytomya californica CoNRAD
Macoma secta Conrap Macoma sp.

Neverita recluziana PEt. Tapes sp.

Dosinia mathewsoni Gass

As this locality has also yielded Pseudocardium gabbi Remond,
it is likely that the Crassatella given in the above list is identi-
cal with this species, since the forms are somewhat alike.
These beds in the Sunset and Midway districts overlie the
immense series of white shales described in the preceding pages
as Monterey, and the evidences of unconformity are all that
could be asked for. Not only are there abrupt and great litho-
logical changes, as well as a change in faunas, but an angular
difference in dip and strike is clearly seen at many points along
the range. From an examination of the lists here given and
of the facts herewith presented, it will be seen that the Coalinga
beds have been clearly identified in the foothills about the
southern end of the Great valley, and this identification can
be confirmed by many other facts that are not here presented.

1 Bull. no. 3, Calif. State Min. Bur. pp. 38 and 40.

28 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH Ser.

In their general features, faunal and other, the Coalinga
beds resemble the San Pablo beds to some extent; and it is
not impossible that in part the two may be equivalent, though,
as will be shown later, it is hardly probable.

THE PLIOCENE SERIES

The Etchegoin Beds.—Ilt is quite possible in many parts
of the Mount Diablo range to recognize a marine series later
than, if not always distinct from, all of the preceding. This
is the series called in the former paper the ‘“Etchegoin Beds”’.
It must be admitted that no sharply defined line separates this
series from that last described, though evidence is not lacking
of a change in the physical conditions of their deposition.

Generally the strata of the Etchegoin beds are conform-
able in position with those of the Coalinga, and there is no
great change in the lithology, such as is seen in some of the
earlier formations. One of the most conspicuous character-
istics of the later series is an enormous amount of bluish gray
sand which is distributed throughout almost its entire length
and thickness. In this feature these beds contrast strongly
with the yellow or light brown sands of the Coalinga and
earlier series. From its fauna it may be more easily recognized
within limits, though there are species that continue upward
from the Coalinga, and as yet there are not many species that
individually are to be regarded as a sure sign of the Pliocene .
throughout the Coast or even the State. The exact thickness
of the Etchegoin beds has not been measured at any point,
though it has been estimated at a few places. West of the
town of Coalinga it is hardly less than 1400 feet in the out-
crop, but in some of the wells drilled along the base of the
hills it must be somewhat less. Farther north, near the eastern
part of the field, the thickness is greater, as seen both in the
outcrop and in the wells, where the aggregate is not less than
2500 feet, and may be more. North of the Avenal wells, 15
miles southeast of Coalinga, the thickness is probably as great
as 3500 or even 4000 feet. Bluish gray sands usually make

Vor. IIT] ANDERSON—FURTHER STRATIGRAPHIC STUDY 29

up as much as 20 percent of the aggregate thickness, to which
their peculiar color and slightly greater induration give an
exaggerated effect. The strata are essentially sandy through-
out, though clays are abundant in their upper portion, espec-
ially north of Coalinga and in the vicinity of Salt creek and
the Cantua. In the former paper the Etchegoin beds were
divided into two portions called respectively, the “Etchegoin
Sands” and the “San Joaquin Clays.”

The sands of this series are commonly coarse in texture
and often pebbly, forming beds of conglomerate. Many of
the pebbles and sand grains are jet black in color, and mingled
with these is a kaolin-like matter, perhaps a decomposition
product from volcanic ash. The gray-blue color which is so
noticeable in these beds may be due to these ingredients and
to their manner of mixture. This color has not been noticed
in either of the other series and has generally been found to
be a safe index to the identity of the Etchegoin beds. It has
been noticed not only in the Coalinga field, but at McKittrick,
near Buena Vista lake, at Mount Diablo, and on San Pablo
bay.

One or two fossil horizons are to be recognized in the
Etchegoin beds,—one near their bottom and another some dis-
tance above; but whether these are persistent or not cannot be
stated. The most clearly defined and best characterized horizon
includes some 400 feet of strata in which there are sometimes
several separate beds of fossils. This horizon occurs near the
bottom of the series and, as seen in the outcrops in the hills
west and southwest of Coalinga, contains the following:

(n) Brown sands with fossils........... 15 feet
(Gi): IGEN GAS: aabosetedacoveupose saecor 40%
@)e Sandstone? withetossilse er tcie. ce oe 10°
(iy MB tishs crave samd sire cate ciseerer ees S5N ons
Lower fossil horizon
(j) Gray sands, gravels, and clays ........ 65s
(i) Sandstone. withstossilSnccrcicen ss <0 105%
(bh) Sands andisandy):clays! n\s\cc0 soccer 80 “
(oe) ieBitisht prayvesandsi tye ccisiacrsis!s.cilcics 49° *
(Gia) eAreillaceottsmsandtaerr crite t-te ioyeisie 100 “
Cen Blush gray esandsy mera i-rs creccysiev> oe OU

(dd) Sandstone ‘withitossils oy. 222/.4.-- Bors

30 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

[Proo. 4TH Ser.

Near the middle of this zone a fossiliferous sandstone
(bed i) has yielded the following species:

Arca trilineata CoNRAD
Metis (Lutricola) alta ConraD

Mactra (Spisula) catilli-
formis CoNnRaD

Pectunculus — septentrion-
alis Mupp,

Pecten oweni ARNOLD
Pecten estrellanus CONRAD
Pecten crassicardo CONRAD
Ostrea titan (?) ConRAD

Saxidomus aratus GouLD
Glycimeris generosa GOULD
Diplodonta harfordi ANDERSON
Tapes stanleyi GaBB

Mytilus mathewsoni GABB
Macoma inquinata (?) DeEsu.
Nassa californica Conrab
Natica lewisi GouLp

Trochita costellata (?) Conrap
Scutella gibbsi REMOND

In this horizon Pectunculus often occurs in great numbers,
forming the dominant species. More than any other species
it is persistent throughout the Coalinga field and is a survivor
from the preceding series, in which it occurs in limited
numbers.

The same fauna is found near the bottom of the Etchegoin
sands along the tributaries of the Jacalitos creek and the
streams farther east. It is everywhere characterized by the
great abundance of Pectunculus and by Pecten oweni, Scutella,
Saxidomus, and Tapes, by many other modern forms and by
some living ones. Higher in the series the number and variety
of Pecten species increase, and others which are abundant in
the lower beds almost or quite disappear.

On the Zapato Chino creek and eastward a fossiliferous
bed 1000 feet or more above the base of the series contains
the following species :

Arca trilineata CoNRAD

Saxidomus aratus GOULD

Pecten coalingaénsis Ar-
NOLD

Pecten wattsi ARNOLD

Pecten etchegoini ANDERSON

Chama sp.

Ostrea@ sp.

Tellina sp.

Balanus sp.

Neverita recluziana DESH.

Nassa californica CoNRAD

Terebratella sp.

Clypeaster (Scutella) brewer-
ianus REMOND

Clypeaster (Scutella) gibbsi
REMOND

Sharks’ teeth, etc.

A comparison of these lists with the lists of the Pliocene
occurring at Kirker’s Pass, published by Whitney’ and others,

1Geol. Surv. Calif. Geol. v. 1, p. 32.

Vor. IIT) ANDERSON—FURTHER STRATIGRAPHIC STUDY 31

makes it evident that in fauna the beds are alike, if not in part
identical.

The clays at the top of the Etchegoin series to the north of
Coalinga constitute at least a third of their entire thickness,
or about 1500 feet. They have a somewhat banded appear-
ance, the different strata showing different zones of color.
Thus far no fossils have been found in them north of the
Warthan creek, though elsewhere they have yielded Scutella
gibbsi and the teeth of sharks.

The Tulare Formation.—In the former paper the Tulare
formation was described as a series of fresh-water deposits
outcropping on the borders of the Great valley and overlying
all the earlier deposits occurring along the range.

It is found in the vicinity of Coalinga, in the Kettleman
hills, and southward along the western side of the valley as
far as McKittrick, Buena Vista lake, and about the Tejon
ranch. The fresh-water mollusks forming the fauna of these
beds in the Kettleman hills and near McKittrick have been
noted by W. L. Watts’ as identified by Dr. J. G. Cooper.
Shells of the fresh-water mollusks, Anodonta and Goniobasis,
have since been taken from a prospect well drilled one-half
mile north of MclKittrick. They occurred in a layer of hard
sandstone at a depth of 1000 feet from the surface. After
penetrating this layer a strong flow of gas threw sand and
stones from the well with great violence and with them many
shells and fragments of these species.

The beds of the Tulare formation are described as having
a thickness of 1000 feet and standing at an angle of 30° and
more in conformity with the underlying marine Pliocene. In
the former paper they were tentatively correlated with the
Orindan and associated beds described by Dr. Lawson from
the Berkeley hills.

While a complete statement of its equivalents can not be
given here, it is important to remark that the Tulare forma-
tion should have its continuation not only throughout the
Great valley, but that its counterparts should occur in all the

1 Bull. Calif. State Min. Bur. no. 3, 1894, pp. 49 and 53.

32 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

neighboring and intermontane valleys of the state. It is not
improbable that the equivalents of the Tulare will be found
to include the thick delta deposits of the San Benito and Salinas
valleys described by Dr. Lawson’ and later by Dr. H. W.
Fairbanks.’ If this correlation is correct, then according to
Dr. Lawson they should also include the marine beds of the
Merced series, which are generally regarded as of late Pliocene
age. The Tulare formation should also have its equivalents
among fresh-water deposits of the Great Basin region, but a
discussion of this topic can not be undertaken here. Undoubt-
edly there is a close relation between these deposits and the
Pleistocene deposits and terraces described below. Just what
that relation may be can not now be stated with certainty,
but probably the time interval was short between the close
of the Tulare epoch and the opening of the Pleistocene.

THE PLEISTOCENE RECORD

The evidences of the Pleistocene period in the Mount Diablo
range are confined to the foothills and the marginal plains of
the Great valley. As far as known, there are no stratified
beds distinct from those of the Tulare formation appearing
along the range that could be classed as Pleistocene, though
there are abundant evidences that the period, at least in part,
was one of submergence if not of inundation.

The Terraces.—Along the flanks of the range upon both
sides, and about the southern end of the Kern valley, there
are many elevated terraces and other remnants of ancient
plains that must have circumvented the Great valley. These
elevated terraces and mesas are not all of uniform height, and
this fact may be taken as an evidence of a series, rather than
of a single plain of base-leveling, though in some places the
variations of level are only those of a somewhat varied topog-
raphy rather than those of an absolute plain. These terraces
may be seen to advantage about the lower Kern river, the

1 Bull. Dept. Geol. Univ. Calif. v. 1, p. 153.
? Jour. Geol. v. 6, pp. 551-576; U. S. Geol. Surv. San Luis folio, pp. 11-12.

Vor. III) ANDERSON—FURTHER STRATIGRAPHIC STUDY 33

Tejon ranch, Sunset, McKittrick, Coalinga, the Cantua creek,
Tesla, and Mount Diablo. Their elevation varies between
1200 and 1500 feet above the sea, or between 850 and 1000
feet or more above the floor of the Great valley. On the west-
ern side of the range their elevation is perhaps a little less, and
there is also a greater variation throughout and a considerably
greater extent, particularly about the head of the Salinas valley
drainage. Along the foothills on either side of the range it is
not unusual to see these terraces rising from 200 to 400 feet
or more above the beds of the various stream valleys. These
terraces are well exhibited in the lower hills in the vicinity of
McKittrick, Midway, and the Kern river. Most of the oil
wells of the McKittrick district are drilled upon the outer
border of a large section of such a plain. Similar remnants
and other evidences of base-leveling are plainly marked along
the foothills about the southern end of the valley, especially in
the neighborhood of the Tejon ranch, where a careful study
would probably reveal a series of different levels. At the
mouth of Grapevine canyon a terrace is cut at an elevation of
600 feet above the floor of the valley.

In the vicinity of Coalinga the terraces are well marked in
many places both north and south, but especially in the foot-
hills to the east of Alcalde and still further eastward in the
Kettleman hills. Not only are these marginal remnants of
the old base levels to be seen as terraces along the slopes of the
higher range, but in many places in the outlying hills there
are mesa-like ridges and flats strewn with the usual deposits
of alluvial debris.

The base-leveling here described has acted upon and trun-
cated each and all of the stratigraphic series of the range, but
naturally its effects have been most pronounced upon the
younger and softer strata. In the foothills along the south-
west border of the valley the denudation has beveled and
truncated the upturned edges of all of the sedimentary series
from the earliest to the latest, including the Etchegoin and
even the Tulare beds. To a less extent it has acted upon the
older series, but usually their greater hardness has protected
them from the destructive effects of denudation.

34 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser.

As to the exact period to which these results of base-leveling
are to be attributed it is not easy to say with certainty. While
presumably the greater part of it was accomplished during the
Pleistocene, part has undoubtedly been the result of Pliocene
denudation, and part has occurred later.

Whitney’ has classed the buried river channels of the Sierra
Nevada as belonging to the later Pliocene period, and in this
view both Lindgren* and Lawson* have acquiesced. With
these river channels may be correlated the Tulare deposits
of the Great valley, while the development of the great
Sierran peneplain most writers consider to have taken
place later.

The Pleistocene Deposits—The deposits of the Pleistocene
consist for the most part of alluvial fills or other superficial
deposits of boulders, gravels, and sands. These deposits are
especially abundant at the southern end of the Great valley,
where they have been noted by Whitney,’ who mentions also
the terraces about the Tejon ranch, though he does not desig-
nate them as such. The gravel and boulder deposits of the
San Emidio canyon he also describes in part, and illustrates
them by a sectional profile clearly showing their unconform-
able relation to the Tertiary formations and to the base-leveling
of the adjacent foothills. In the neighborhood of the Midway
oil district is a comparatively wide plain to the west of Buena
Vista lake at an elevation of 600 feet above the valley, which
is largely the product of alluvial filling and base-leveling of
the surrounding Tertiary hills. The same class of facts is
observable at McKittrick, Temblor, Carisa valley, Cholame,
Peachtree, and elsewhere.

These deposits are never clearly stratified and are of the
nature of alluvial accumulations on land surfaces, rather than
in submerged basins. As in the case of the terraces, they have
been considerably obscured by the products of later denuda-
tion, and it is not always easy to distinguish the Pleistocene
from recent deposits. In many places, as at San Emidio,

1Geol. Surv. Calif. Geol. v. 1, p. 250 et seq.

2 Journ. Geol. v. 4, p. 905.

3 Bull. Dept. Geol. Univ. Calif. v. 1, p. 157.

4 Geol. Surv. Calif. Geol. v. 1, pp. 188, 191 et seq.

Vor. IIT] ANDERSON—FURTHER STRATIGRAPHIC STUDY 35

Coalinga, and elsewhere, the Pleistocene peneplains have been
extensively dissected by recent stream erosion and their de-
posits are left covering the mesa-like ridges or hills interven-
ing between stream valleys. In such cases it is not unusual
to find unstratified deposits of boulders covering the top of a
ridge, or even resting cap-like on the crest of a conical hill.
Among the boulders and pebbles of these deposits may be
recognized fragments of all the earlier marine deposits of
the range including metamorphics, Cretaceous sandstones,
Eocene and Miocene limestones, and even many fragments of
the immense oysters of the Coalinga beds as well as later
fossils.

The fragments of Ostrea titan have often proved mislead-
ing to prospectors who have regarded them as a guide for the
location of oil sands, with which, in their original position,
they are often associated.

In those deposits that are most clearly of Pleistocene origin,
it is apparent that there is an unconformable relation between
them and the underlying formations, and that a period of
erosion has intervened. In other words, much of the denuda-
tion and base-leveling has antedated the boulder deposits.
These deposits are associated with, or more properly include,
extensive beds of asphaltum at both McKittrick and Sunset;
and in these asphaltum beds have been found the remains of
a number of Pleistocene mammals, including the elephant, the
horse, and an extinct species of wolf, doubtless representing
a fauna belonging to the latter part of the Pleistocene period.
It is evident, therefore, that it is to the early or middle epochs
of the Pleistocene that the most extensive denudation is due.

STRATIGRAPHIC RELATIONS

As a result of more extended study and closer attention to
details it is found to be desirable to revise in some points the
stratigraphic classification offered in the preceding paper;
although as there stated, the essentials are fairly well shown.
Undoubtedly there is evidence of unconformity between the

36 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

strata of all of the successive periodic series, and in some cases
between different members of the same series.

The unconformity between the Chico and the Eocene is both
stratigraphic and faunal when taken throughout their extent,
though locally there is often some resemblance between them.
But their relations have already been sufficiently well shown.
If Oligocene strata are conceded for the Pacific coast, and
especially in the formations of the California Coast ranges,
then either they should occur in the Mount Diablo range, or
their absence should add emphasis to the unconformity between
strata of the Eocene and the Miocene. If, however, the
Temblor beds are regarded as the lowermost Miocene, the
evidence of an unconformity between them and the next older
strata is significant, and it is clear that the change from one
to the other is too abrupt to be called transitional. The strata
immediately preceding the Temblor, however, while they are
stratigraphically related to the Eocene in the central part of
the range, are faunally and even lithologically like the middle
Miocene in other parts of the Coast.

Probably the most noticeable interruption in the sedimen-
tation of the Tertiary is that of the later Miocene—an inter-
ruption which intervened between the Monterey and the
Coalinga epochs. The evidence of this unconformity is not
of the nature of denudation so much as of abrupt change of
sedimentation and fauna. This change is conspicuous through-
out the range, and in the vicinity of Midway and Sunset shows
in the heavy conglomerates, and between Coalinga and New
Idria in the thick beds of huge oysters, pectens, and barnacles.

The stratigraphic relations of the Coalinga beds with the
succeeding series is not so clear, though evidence is not lack-
ing of some sort of change in the physical geography of the
time. In some few places an angular divergence between the
Coalinga beds and the Etchegoin has been observed, though
this is not the rule. Whatever this change may have been, it
was quite sufficient to inaugurate a considerable change of
fauna and, on the whole, a noticeable introduction of more
recent or modern forms. Two epochs, one marine and the
other lacustrine, are postulated for the Pliocene; and while

Vor. IIT] ANDERSON—FURTHER STRATIGRAPHIC STUDY 37

their strata are mutually conformable and no clear evidence
can now be offered to the contrary, it is not impossible that
such evidence may be found when the fresh-water series shall
become better known.

Deposits of Pleistocene age, in the form of alluvial gravels
and other superficial and unstratified accumulations, rest un-
conformably upon strata of all of the older series, including
those of the Tulare, signifying that a long period of denuda-
tion intervened between the latter and the late Pleistocene.

CORRELATIONS

The minor provinces or basins of the Pacific Coast Tertiary
deposits have not yet been delimited, and the final correlation
of strata studied in different parts of the coast region must
await a fuller knowledge of geographical conditions. Even
within the limits of California, provincial differences are ap-
parent, and there is a lability to error unless a degree of
caution is observed; still within limits some correlation is
safe and desirable.

In the Salinas valley, Tertiary strata are known which can
be satisfactorily compared with those of the Mount Diablo
range; but in the Coast ranges to the west of the Salinas,
bordering on the open sea, it is quite likely that both sedimen-
tation and biological conditions were different.

Thus far the stratigraphy of the Eocene is only imperfectly
known and has been less studied in the outer ranges than in
the Mount Diablo range. Dr. Ralph Arnold’ has given a
brief and comprehensive sketch of the Eocene occurrences of
the Coast, in which he has endeavored to recognize in each
the various subdivisions as thus far described.. In its more
characteristic and better known portion, namely the Tejon,
such an attempt is certain to be more successful and satisfac-
tory than in other portions. The Tejon beds occurring in
the Mount Diablo range are correlated with similar occur-
rences in all parts of the Coast, including Washington, Oregon,

1U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. paper, no. 47, pp. 10-17.

38 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

California, and the peninsula of Lower California. Farther
than this it is not now desired to follow them, though no doubt
enough is now known of them to render it possible to recog-
nize their equivalents in other parts of the United States.

In the same paper Dr. Arnold has mentioned supposed oc-
currences of Oligocene rocks at various points on the West-
coast and has described a formation which he calls the San
Lorenzo, which he doubtfully refers to this horizon. The
fauna as there described is essentially Eocene, though it con-
tains many species occurring in the lower Miocene as else-
where known. It is quite likely, though not yet proved, that
the Upper Eocene shales of the central Mount Diablo section
should be correlated with the San Lorenzo. In the same way
they may be correlated with the upper part of the Sespe for-
mation described by Eldridge and Arnold’ as occurring in the
mountains of Ventura county, and tentatively classed as
Oligocene.

The horizons of the Miocene can be safely correlated only
within narrower limits, and it is not now intended to extend
such correlation beyond the immediate environs of the Mount
Diablo range.

Homer Hamlin* has described certain beds under the name
“Vaquero Sandstone’, and Dr. Fairbanks* and Arnold* have
repeatedly employed the same name in various papers. The
type locality from which the name is derived, however, lacks
thus far any faunal or even stratigraphical description, and
as it can not be found on any published or official map of the
state or county in which it is said to exist, it is difficult to
decide what portion of the Miocene rocks, if indeed any,
should be classed under this name. The locality has been
loosely defined as the eastern slope of the Santa Lucia range,
or the western side of the Salinas valley, etc. Hamlin’s de-
scription is quite too meager to identify its position in the
stratigraphic scale, and aside from suggesting that it is not

1U. S. Geol. Surv. Water Sup. & Ir. no. 89, p. 14.

2U. S. Geol. Surv. Bull. no. 309, pp. 10-12.

2U. S. Geol. Surv. San Luis folio, p. 4 et seq.

4Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. v. 43, pp. 19-20; U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. paper 47, pp. 18-19;
U. S. Geol. Surv. Bull. no. 309, pp. 12-17.

Vor. IIT] ANDERSON—FURTHER STRATIGRAPHIC STUDY 39

the basal member of the Neocene, he does not define its place.
In his attempt to describe the fauna of the ‘““Vaquero Sand-
stone” his materials were taken from a series of sandstones
overlying the Stone canyon coal vein on the west slope of the
Mount Diablo range. Stratigraphically and faunally it agrees
with the Temblor beds, as was determined by the writer before
Mr. Hamlin’s description appeared.*

Most of the strata that have been described under the name
“Vaquero Sandstone”, as far as known, represent a well char-
acterized horizon of the Lower Miocene, and as such are
without doubt to be correlated with the Temblor beds of the
Mount Diablo range.

The Monterey shales occurring in the Middle Miocene of
California have generally been called by that name; hence
little is to be said regarding their correlation with the same
in the Mount Diablo range. In general, however, there is a
tendency to trust too far to lithological characters in their
identification, and it is not unlikely that error has thus origin-
ated more than once in the application of this name.

The San Pablo beds described by Dr. J. C. Merriam as oc-
curring on San Pablo bay, have not yet been sufficiently well
exploited to enable a close comparison to be made. The fos-
sils contained in the published lists of the San Pablo bay and
Kirker’s Pass localities are almost entirely those of the
Etchegoin, rather than of the Coalinga. The species which
chiefly characterize the lower series do not appear in the San
Pablo as at present known, though it is quite possible that a
greater resemblance will be found when both become better
known. In the San Pablo at its type localities no mention is
made of the abundant occurrence of Pecten, Ostrea, Tam-
iosoma, Chione, Agasoma, Volutilithes, Chorus, Cancellaria,
Turritella, etc.

In the former paper the San Pablo, as known from its type
localities, was correlated with the Etchegoin; and this seems
to be its closest ally among the stratigraphic series farther

* As for the name “Vaquero” and its application to any strata outside of the type
locality, it has no logical standing, and its claim upon accepted usage rests only upon
assumption.

40 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

south, while in the Salinas valley and elsewhere beds that have
been generally called San Pablo and otherwise correlated with
it, are undoubtedly more closely related to the Coalinga. This
is true of the Santa Margarita beds described by Fairbanks,’
which also occur at La Panza Springs, Nacimiento river, and
on the Estrella and San Lorenzo creeks. The type locality of
Ostrea titan, Tamiosoma gregaria, Pecten estrellanus, P.
crassicardo, and many other species described by Conrad, was
the Estrella creek where Coalinga beds are abundantly fossil-
iferous. It yet remains to be shown that these beds are prop-
erly correlated with the San Pablo of the type localities,
whereas the fauna of the Coalinga beds is unmistakable in
them, as in the Santa Margarita beds.

Above the Coalinga beds occurring on the San Juan creek
west of the Carisa valley, there are 2000 feet or more of strata,
among which the Etchegoin beds and likewise the San Pablo
have their place. The equivalents of the Coalinga beds and
of the Etchegoin, which doubtless occur in other parts of the
Great valley, have not yet been clearly recognized. The classi-
fication of the Tulare beds as late Pliocene and their relation
to the Merced and Paso Robles formations have already been
mentioned. The angle at which the Tulare beds stand in
most of their outcrops is evidence of a post-Tulare uplift. It
is not unlikely that, when all these formations are better
known, it will be found that during the Tulare epoch the
Kern-Tulare basin had a more direct relation to the Paso
Robles and Merced deposits than that of synchronism.

It would be interesting to trace here the long history of
crustal movements as they are illustrated in the Mount Diablo
range; but that topic, along with many other interesting
features of structure that can not now be taken up, must be
reserved for future consideration.

1U. S. Geol. Surv. Pub. San Luis folio, no. 101, p. 5-6.

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES,
March 16, 1908.

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
FourtH SERIES

Vot. III, pp. 41-48 DEcEMBER 31, 1908

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF SEA SNAKE
FROM THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS, WITH A
NOTE ON THE PALATINE TEETH IN
THE PROTEROGLYPHA

BY
JOHN VAN DENBURGH
Curator of the Department of Herpetology
AND
JOSEPH C. THOMPSON
Assistant Curator of the Department of Herpetology

The correctness of the suggestion of the unity of the genera
Hydrophis and Disteira has been most clearly brought out by
an examination recently made by Dr. Thompson of the dental
characters of nearly every known species of sea snake. In
the species referred by authors to Hydrophis, as well as in
those placed in the genus Disteira, the teeth behind the fangs
normally are grooved. This grooving varies from deep and
wide channels extending the entire length of the tooth and
readily visible to the unaided eye, to the merest trace, present
only at the base of the tooth and requiring for its demon-
stration a magnification of sixty diameters. In the widely
distributed D. cyanocincta and D. fasciata one not rarely finds
specimens in which the grooving is absent, or present on the

December 31, 1908

42 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

anterior teeth only. It is reasonable to expect that when a
considerable series of any of the species is examined a similar
variation may be found.

During the course of this examination it has been discov-
ered that the palatine teeth of many of the species are grooved.
The groove is on the antero-internal and on the internal quad-
rant of the tooth instead of on the antero-external quadrant,
as in the maxillary teeth. This condition was first observed
in the type specimen of Hydrelaps darwiniensis. An exam-
ination of a skull of Naja melanoleuca from Gaboon reveals
the interesting fact that all the palatine teeth are grooved on
their internal quadrants, and all the mandibular teeth are
grooved on their antero-external quadrants. The palatine
teeth are grooved also in the genera Pseudelaps, Diamenia,
Bungarus, Doliophis, and Elaps. In Dendraspis they are solid.

Among a large number of marine snakes collected by Dr.
Thompson at Cavite, Manila Bay, in 1906, are nineteen speci-
mens which we are unable to identify with any of the de-
scribed species of Hydrophine. This new species of Disteira
we propose to name for the U. S. S. Cincinnati, to the crew
of which the junior author is deeply indebted for much aid
in collecting sea-snakes.

Disteira cincinnatii new species

Diagnosis.—This species is closely related to D. fasciata Schneider and
D. brookii Boulenger. From D. fasciata it differs in being much stouter;
in the narrow portion of the neck being shorter; in the lower average
number of gastrosteges’; in the arching of the maxilla between the fang
and first tooth, and the absence of an acute apex in front of the fangs;
and in the less acute posterior angle of the frontal plate. From D. brookii
it differs in the lower average number of gastrosteges; in the character
of the scales on the sides of the body, which are mostly regular hexagons
or are a trifle broader than long, where in D. brookii the upper and lower
angles of the scales are very acute and the laterals are twice the size of
the scales on the back. In D. brookii the snout is much broader.

Type—Adult male. California Academy of Sciences, No. 15016. One
mile N. E. of Cavite, Manila Bay, Philippine Islands. Dr. J. C. Thomp-
son. December 20, 1906.

1Average in twenty specimens of D. cincinnatii is 361, while in twenty-six D.
fasciata it is 417.

Vou. III] VAN DENBURGH AND THOMPSON—NEW SEA SNAKE 43

Description of the Type—Head not distinct from neck, convex above;
snout tapering and slightly projecting; eye large, its diameter equaling
one and a half times its distance from mouth. Neck small, less than one-
third greatest depth of body, slender portion short, less than one-fourth
total length. Body compressed, width less than one-half depth, greatest
depth about three and one-half times that of neck. Tail about one-tenth
total length. Rostral nearly as deep as broad, breadth .0024M., depth
.0021M.; sutures with first labial converge a trifle above, upper angle a
little less than a right angle; facet for nasal .0012M., longer than facet
for labial; lower border with convex median protuberance about one
millimeter wide, fitting into deep concavity in mental; on each side of this
protuberance are little concavities into which fit external superior angles
of mental; portion of rostral visible from above about one mm. long.
Nasal .003M. long, .002M. wide; anterior border formed by facets for
rostral and first labial, latter shorter; mutual facet straight, .0023M. long;
posterior borders of nasals nearly in straight line, if anything forming
an angle with apex posterior; facet for second labial divided into two
portions by suture running from anterior external quadrant of nostril out-
ward and slightly forward to middle of second labial; nostril oval, long
axis (.0008M.) parallel to suture of nasal and rostral plates; between
nostril and prefrontal plate is a dent or suggestion of suture in nasal shield.
Prefrontal broadly in contact with its fellow and second labial; length
.0015M.; breadth .002M.; mutual suture .0009M.; anterior external angle
acute; facet for frontal .0012M., a trifle longer than that for supraocular ;
facet for preocular .001M. Frontal one and one half times as long as
broad, length .003M., breadth .0019M.; .003M. from rostral; supraocular
facets .0014M., parallel; parietal facet .0014M.; posterior angle barely
acute; anterior angle obtuse. Parietal .003M. long, .0025M. wide; mutual
suture .0028M.; anterior angle obtuse; facet for superior postocular
.0005M.; facet for anterior temporal .0014M., posterior .0024M.; posterior
angle rounded, touching a single scale which lies between the azygos shield
and posterior temporal. Preocular one, in contact with second and third
labials. Postoculars two (normally one), superior a little larger. Tem-
porals one followed by one; posterior larger, its suture with parietal
nearly twice as long as that of anterior. Superior labials six; third and
fourth entering eye; first nearly square; second greatly produced upward
and backward, touching preocular and prefrontal. Mental .0018M. wide,
.0007M. long. Infralabials eight; first in contact with its fellow; fourth
very small; fifth largest. Genials in two pairs; subequal; anterior in con-
tact; posterior partially separated by a single scale. Gastrosteges 360;
distinct throughout; nearly all with two tubercles; on anterior part of
body vary from one and one-fourth times to nearly twice size of scales
in adjoining row. Preanals five; outer pair about three times as large as
inner. Scales on neck in 28 rows, subimbricate, smooth, longer than broad,
with truncate apex; on body, in 44 rows, oblong in a few median dorsal
rows, majority on sides as broad as long, some a trifle broader than long;
smooth on anterior portion of body, gradually acquiring a single tubercle
and changing to hexagonal type posteriorly.

44 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

Head black; neck black with light vertical bars or incomplete rings, the
first just behind the head; body black marked with lighter rings; tail black
with light rings or vertical bars. The light bars or rings are much wider
on the sides and below than on the back. The upper portion of each
light ring is gray, while the lower half or more is clear yellow. The
tubercles of the gastrosteges are black. There are 45 bands on the body
and six on the tail.

Total length 752 mm.
Length of tail 77 mm.
Diameter of neck 6 mm.
Diameter of body 20 mm.

Variation—The following table shows the variation in
the more important characters:

tenath | Dar| Fee | S| |e] E|_ | 2 | Banas
Specimen x ma | Fed Nhe || | g
Ae “) 2 lsl3/Sl eis] a] 213] 2S] el sls
alsizlalzla|l dé le&laela laa alala
(S00te sacle: 474 |45| 5 |15]27|40|333)4]1]1 | 7 |1-1146| 3
15002 S brtense ctl 487 |41| 6 |14128]42|365| 4] 1] 1] 6 |1-1]41] 14
1SOO3%2 kee aats 91518 |47| 6 | 14] 26|39)370| 4| 1] 1 | 6 {1-1] 44] 4
15004 -cteeo ester 2 1579 | 45] 6 | 16/29] 46|394] 411] 1 | 6 [1-1] 49] 5
[5005 sen cteaieas 587 161| 6 | 15|26| 411345] 4] 1] 1 |6-7]1-1]43| 4
15006 P2hraneeses © | 676 |69| 6 | 16|24| 381323] 4 | 1 }1-2] 6 }1-1] 41] 5
ree ae 5 679 |71| 6 }17|25|38/351} 4] 4] 4 5-6|55 47| 4
[5008 cas baie of © | 701 |54] 6 | 23|29| 44/371] 4] 1] 1 | 6 41-1153] 4
15009 Aaoaescexe 717 |74| 6 | 20] 26|42|358| 4] 1] 1] 6 |1-1]/54| 5
[5010s sec eeee 3} 718 | 80] 6 | 21/27] 44|365] 4] 1] 1 | 6 |1-1] 46] 4
{SOllle nsec 721 |77| 6 |18|28|42|356| 4 | 1 |1-0/7-8|1-1] 47] 3
150 12base a. 8a o| 723 |75| 6 | 19] 27) 44]336] 4} 1] 1 | 6 |1-1] 44] 3
1501S cce etek @ | 743 |59] 6 | 26| 28] 42/390] 4] 1 | 1 | 6 |1-1]49] 3
TSO 1A aaa Ace Q | 748 |67] 6 | 23|28]42]384| 4} 1] 1 | 6 1-1] 46] 6
[S015 eens Q | 752/58] 7 | 24|28]44]379] 4} 1] 1 | 6 [1-1] 47] 3
15016 Type ....| | 752 |77| 6 | 20| 28| 44/360] 5] 1 | 2 | 6 |1-1] 45] 6
15017 sheraseictous 771 |67| 6 | 21|26|42|380| 4} 11 1 16-7|1-1]49]| 6
T501Seeeeee 786 |77| 7 |20|28]42|355| 5 ]1]1 | 7 {1-1)42| 3
British Museum] (‘| 651 | 66 28 | 41] 320} 4 | 1 |1-2] 7 |1-1]50] 3
Senckenberg... 340 | 32 29 | 44 | 386
Average... 27 | 42| 361) 4} 1] 1 | 6 |1-1/45] 4

An accurate idea of the difference in the length of the tail
between the male and the female is to be seen in the specimens
No. 15016 and No. 15015: this is .019M. or exactly 25%
longer in the male.

In No. 15002 the right anterior temporal enters the rim
of mouth, and the left is fused with the sixth superior labial.

Fresh Coloration.—The following notes on coloration were
made from fresh specimens.

Vou. II] VAN DENBURGH AND THOMPSON—NEW SEA SNAKE 45

No. 15001.—Body rings, above yellowish greenish gray,
sides and below ochre yellow; demarcation not distinct, on
about the ninth scale row.

No. 15002.—Head and neck shiny jet black, body dull
black, tail blacker; on nape two oblong yellow spots; on neck
and body forty yellow spots on each side, the majority con-
fluent across back; on tail, one similar mark and a faint yel-
low spot behind it. The upper third of each spot on body is
olive yellow, the lower two-thirds are orange yellow. These
spots at widest part on body average one to one and one-half
scales narrower than the black body-color between them.

No. 15010.—Head and neck for over 100 mm. shiny jet
black ; latter with canary-yellow bars, the first represented by
two little oblong patches three scales behind the posterior
temporals. The black bars on the body average nine scales
long on the middorsal line, and four or five on the middle of
the sides. The light markings are grayish olive yellow above
and orange below; there is an abrupt line of demarcation on
about the eleventh to twelfth row of scales. Tail dull black,
the yellow clear, no olive above.

No. 15012.—Light markings olive gray above, light yellow-
ish gray on sides, demarcation fairly sharp on about the
eleventh row of scales.

Anatomical Notes.—In the maxilla are positions for two
fangs, the inner a trifle the more anterior. There usually is
one fang firmly cemented into place, and another nearly erect
but loose. The fangs are compressed laterally and are about
one millimeter long. The space between the base of the outer
fang and the center of the base of the first tooth is a little
more than the length of the fang. There are five teeth, about
two-thirds the length of the fang; the grooving is on the
anterior and outer quadrant.

The hemipenis (from specimen No. 15012) is bifurcate;
with the organ everted and inflated the distance from an apex
to the bottom of the division is .0004M.; sulcus bifurcate for
a distance of .0026M. from apex. Apex and portion between
rami of sulcus smooth. Papillae border smooth area for about
two indistinct rows. Spines begin about the middle of the

46 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER.

rami of the sulcus and extend to .013M. from apex; they are
very uniform in size. There is a basal papilla on the smooth
portion of the base of the organ opposite the sulcus; this is
.00O3M. from the spinous area and .0155M. from the apex.
This papilla is triangular, about .0012M. long, and its apex
points toward the base of the organ and is free for about
.0004M. We have found such a basal papilla also in Lapemis
hardwicku, Disteira ornata and Disteira cyanocincta. Its pres-
ence in Disteira stokesii is indicated in the figure given by Cope.
According to Cope’s figure it does not exist in Hydrus platurus
and we have found it wanting in Laticauda colubrina.
Habits.—This species is rarely seen in the daytime, and has
not been observed floating on the surface during the day, as
has been the case with Disteira cyanocincta. When it comes
to the suface for air it swims directly upward at great speed,
with the neck and anterior third of the body straight and the
tail and posterior portion of body undulating, the head rises
about a centimeter above the surface of the water, and then,
instantly, the animal turns and dives vertically down out of
sight. At night, in the area illuminated by the gangway lights,
they are seen swimming slowly and horizontally at the sur-
face, the neck nearly straight or curving slightly while the
posterior third of the snake is in motion. All the specimens
were taken with a dip-net from the gangway of the ship after
dark. A light was hung over the side near the water, attract-
ing crustacea and fish. There is no reason to believe the
serpents were drawn by the light, for they would swim in
and out of the illuminated area quite as though it were not
there. They are fairly easy to capture and are extremely
helpless when out of the water. The only food found in the
stomachs of the series of nineteen snakes was four specimens
of a small eel belonging in the genus Murenichthys. These
eels were submitted to Professor Charles H. Gilbert of Stan-
ford University and pronounced by him to belong to an un-
described species which has since been named Murenichthys
thompsoni Jordan and Richardson." The ship was anchored

1Dr. Gilbert writes us, “‘I regret we have no knowledge of its [Muranichthys
thompsoni] habits, and can only say that the probabilities are much in favor of its
being a bottom form living in moderate depths (within fifty fathoms).”

Vor. 111] VAN DENBURGH AND THOMPSON—NEW SEA SNAKE 47

in about twelve fathoms of water at the time these snakes
were collected. Two females collected January 6, 1907, each
contained three embryos. The heart of one embryo was found
beating fifty-six times per minute, one hour after the death
of the mother in alcohol.

Material—In addition to the eighteen specimens of this
snake in the Academy’s collection and the one presented by
Dr. Thompson to the British Museum, we know of but one
other specimen of Disteira cincinnati. This is No. 9281.1a
Senckenberg Museum and is mentioned by Boettger in his
catalogue of snakes as Hydrophis fasciatus collected by Moel-
lendorff at Manila.

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES,
December 7, 1908.

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES {Proc. 4TH Ser.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE I
Disteira cincinnatii new species

From the specimen in the British Museum. No. 08-3-19-1. Male.
Enlarged three times.

Ch, fv
oy tae te oR

32.

] SIW1g [NOSAWOH], 9 HSENENIY Nv] TIOANSS POG avIy WW] 204g

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

FourtTH SERIES

Vor. III, pp. 49-56 DECEMBER 20, 1909

NEW AND PREVIOUSLY UNRECORDED SPECIES
OF REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS FROM
THE ISLAND OF FORMOSA

BY
JOHN VAN DENBURGH
Curator of the Department of Herpetology

The herpetological fauna of the island of Formosa has
been represented in museums by but few specimens, and our
knowledge of it has been correspondingly fragmentary. It
has been, therefore, a source of much pleasure recently to re-
ceive from this island a collection of some two thousand speci-
mens, beautifully prepared and carefully labeled as to locali-
ties. This collection is of extreme interest since, in addition
to the species previously recorded from Formosa, it in-
cludes many species not hitherto known to occur in this island.
Some of these are already known from examples secured
either in the Riu Kiu Islands, to the north, or from continental
Asia. Others, including a representative of a new genus,
are new to science.

This paper is intended merely as a preliminary record of
the new and unrecorded species. A more complete report
upon the collection must await further study.

December 20, 1909

50 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH Ser.

Ophisaurus harti Boulenger?

The presence in Formosa of a species of Ophisaurus
is attested by a specimen now in the Taiwan Medical School.
This specimen was collected, by the late Rev. Mr. MacKay, at
Tamsue. Another specimen, collected at Shinchiku, was for-
merly in this museum, but has been lost. We have not as yet
secured a specimen, but our collector states that individuals
have been seen at Takao sunning themselves on a stone wall
that borders a grove of screw pines.

The general relationship of the fauna would lead one to
suspect that the Ophisaurus of Formosa is probably identical
with Boulenger’s O. harti from Fokien, China; but the notes
which I have received concerning the specimen in the Medical
School indicate that the Formosan lizard is distinct. The
matter must remain undecided until a specimen is received for
examination.

Takydromus septentrionalis Gunther

The collection includes a number of specimens of this
lizard from the Pescadores, as well as a large series from
Taihoku, Koshun, Polisia, Taipeh, and Keelung, Formosa.

Takydromus sauteri new species

Diagnosis —Dorsals large, in regular series; four pairs of postmental
shields; one inguinal pore on each side; head and tail much elongate;
color above bright green; upper lip and lower surfaces white.

Type.—California Academy of Sciences, No. 18001. Koshun, Formosa.

Takydromus kuehnei new species

Diagnosis.—Dorsals large, in regular series; four pairs of postmental
shields; four or five inguinal pores on each side; head elongate; olive or
olive brown above, with dark olive brown lateral streak, lower surfaces
white.

Type.—California Academy of Sciences, No. 18002. Kanshirei, For-

mosa.
Polyodontophis collaris Gray

This snake, which previously has not been reported from
Formosa, is represented in the collection by two specimens

Vor. WI] VAN DENBURGH—NEW REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS 51

from Kanshirei. Boulenger has recorded the species from
Fokien, China.

Pseudagkistrodon new genus

Maxillary teeth thirteen, moderate, subequal, followed, without an
interspace, by two extremely large fangs. Dentary not movable on
articular. Mandibular teeth subequal. Head elongate, moderately dis-
tinct from neck. Eye large, with round pupil, completely separated from
labials by a series of suboculars. Body stout; scales strongly keeled, in
23-24 rows, without apical pits. Gastrosteges rounded. Anal divided.
Urosteges in two rows. Tail moderate. Hypapophyses present through-
out vertebral column.

This remarkable new genus appears to be most closely
allied to Macropisthodon. The maxillary bone is very short.
The two long teeth lie horizontally and directed inward and
backward, in such position that it is difficult to see how they
can be used. Their posterior edges are sharp. The posterior
portion of the palatine is much thickened. The quadrate is
of extreme length. Externally the genus may be distinguished
by the complete series of oculars surrounding the eye.

The type and only known species of the genus is:

Pseudagkistrodon carinatus new species

Type—California Academy of Sciences, No. 18003. Formosa.

Description of the Type.—General form rather short, moderately stout,
head elongate, tail moderate. Rostral twice as broad as deep; internasals
a little broader than long, nearly as long as prefrontals; frontal longer
than broad, nearly as long as parietals, longer than its distance from end
of snout; supraocular in contact with prefrontal; all upper head plates
roughened; loreal very small; eye bordered in front, below and behind
by a series of nine small plates; temporals 3-4, strongly keeled; supra-
labials seven, fifth or sixth largest; infralabials nine, first in contact
with its fellow; anterior genials smaller than posterior, in contact with
first four infralabials; posterior genials separated from first gastrostege
by one plate; scales very strongly keeled, in twenty-three rows, those
of outer row nearly twice as large as those above; gastrosteges 141; anal
divided; urosteges in two series, 64 and tip.

Head uniform brown above, yellowish white below; rostral, sub-
oculars and supralabials yellowish white, the latter clouded with brown;
a dark streak from rostral through nostril and eye to upper part of
last labial. Body grayish or yellowish brown above; anteriorly with
large, irregular, dark brown, sometimes black-edged, blotches separated

52 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

by angular pale areas. Sides with smaller alternating dark blotches.
Posteriorly the blotches become much smaller and are disposed in trans-
verse series of three. Lower surfaces yellowish white, dotted, clouded
or marbled with dark brown.

Ben gt hw tOmanis vv cs) sale cere asics rere wirearereetteete 543 mm.
Wength mop etatl. « <cizje-ove aii tee coe emda cers oe 173 mm.

A second specimen from Toroku, Formosa, caught in
1905, is in the Sanitary Laboratorium, Formosa. <A third
specimen, received by the Academy, was collected at Mt.
Arisan, Central Formosa. In coloration and form this serpent
is, at first glance, strongly suggestive of Agkistrodon acutus,
although on direct comparison they appear very dissimilar.

Natrix copei new species

Diagnosis—Maxillary teeth about 21, gradually increasing in size
posteriorly, not followed by abruptly enlarged ones. Head distinct from
neck. Eye rather large with round pupil; lateral. Internasal shields
broadly truncate anteriorly. Anal divided. Scales in seventeen rows.
Temporals 1-1 or 2-2. Seven supralabials; third and fourth entering the
eye. Gastrosteges 125-128. Urosteges 76.

Type.—California Academy of Sciences, No. 18004. Kanshirei, For-
mosa, April, 1909.

Description of the Type.—Eye rather large; rostral once and a half as
broad as deep, scarcely visible from above; internasals shorter than pre-
frontals; frontal much longer than broad, longer than its distance from
end of snout, shorter than parietals; loreal about as deep as long; one
preocular; three postoculars; temporals 1-1; seven upper labials, third
and fourth entering eye; four lower labials in contact with anterior geni-
als; posterior genials much longer than anterior; scales in 17 rows,
strongly keeled except first row where smooth or weakly keeled; gas-
trosteges 123; urosteges divided; anal divided.

Head nearly uniform brown; labials light with blackish edges. Upper
surfaces of body and tail rather dark brown with a suggestion of a paler
brown stripe on each side along the fourth, fifth and sixth scale-rows,
and indications of small blackish spots medially and laterally. Outer
row of scales lighter, clouded with slate. Belly yellow, with a more or
less wedged-shaped blackish spot near the outer extremity of each gas-
trostege and urostege forming a distinct series along each side of the
belly and tail.

Wen gthyroranuSrysccs cicc cieis « oreis.s ute eleveropssetsietstenels 320 mm.

Bengthy oftta le. cms acces onaine anvlonsieres 54 mm. (broken)
This is a most clearly defined species, since the very
small number of gastrosteges occurs in no other Asiatic mem-

Vor. II] VAN DENBURGH—NEW REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS 53

ber of the group with seventeen scale-rows. I have examined
specimens from Kosempo and Kanshirei, Formosa. It gives
me much pleasure to name this species in memory of Professor
Cope, whose studies have thrown so much light upon the
relationship of the species of natricine snakes.

Elaphe porphyracea (Cantor)

Mr. Boulenger has recorded four specimens from Fokien,
China. It is of much interest to find that the species occurs
also in Formosa, where it has been taken at Kanshirei, Shin-
chiku and Giran.

Oligodon ornatus new species

Diagnosis.—Scales in 15 rows, anal divided; nasal undivided; post-
oculars two, supralabials seven, the sixth excluded from the labial
margin; gastrosteges 161.

Type—California Academy of Sciences, No. 18005. Shinchiku, For-
mosa.

Description of the Type—Nasal undivided; portion of rostral visible
from above much shorter than its distance from frontal; suture between in-
ternasals shorter than that between prefrontals; frontal a little shorter than
its distance from end of snout, much shorter than parietals; loreal united
with prefrontal; one preocular; two postoculars; temporals 1-2; seven
supralabials, the third and fourth entering the eye, the sixth excluded
from the labial margin; four infralabials, in contact with anterior genials;
posterior genials but little smaller than anterior; scales in fifteen rows;
gastrosteges 161, angulate laterally; anal divided; urosteges 37, in two
series.

Light brown above, with nine transverse, dark brown blotches on the
body and two on the tail. These blotches are edged with whitish yellow
and are serrate in outline. Midway between these large blotches are
transverse series of small brown spots. Head yellowish brown with
dark brown markings consisting of a blotch on rostral and nasals, a
cross band from prefrontal region through eyes to third, fourth and
fifth labials, and a V-shaped band from posterior part of frontal across
parietals and second series of temporals to angle of mouth. A large
blotch, bifid posteriorly, on nape and posterior portions of parietals.
Lower surfaces yellowish white, with quadrate black spots on many of
the gastrosteges and irregular spots on the anterior urosteges.

WMengthy ito antsy tercsropetctarsysbateractrerciereiescercyevclere= 292 mm.
Menpthrohs tate rasysketacvorcieislatevel oot teieile aisteiensiss' sia 51 mm.

The type specimen is the only one we have obtained, but in

54 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 47H Ser.

the Taiwan Museum is one said to have been collected at
Horisha, Formosa.

This species combines several of the characters of O. tem-
pletoni and subgriseus but seems to be distinct from both.
It resembles O. waandersti and melanocephalus in the pos-
session of an undivided nasal plate.

Callophis macclellandii (Reinhardt) ?

In the Taiwan Library is a peculiar specimen of a Callophis
which differs so much from the usual C. macclellandu that our
collector, failing to secure a specimen like it, has sent us a
photograph and some careful notes concerning it. The speci-
men in question was collected at Giran, Formosa.

The left maxilla has been destroyed. No small teeth could
be made out on the right maxilla. There are one pre- and
two postoculars ; seven supralabials, the third and fourth enter-
ing the eye; frontal nearly as long as the parietal; temporals
1-1; genials nearly equal, anterior in contact with anterior four
infralabials; scales in thirteen rows; gastrosteges 243; uro-
steges 29; anal divided; tail ending in a spine-like scale.

The head is black with a white band across adjoining
halves of the sixth and seventh labials, the temporals, anterior
half of parietals and posterior third of frontal. There is a
black dorsal stripe covering the median scale-row and half
of the adjoining row on each side. External to this is a
brown stripe covering two and one-half rows, while the outer
three rows are occupied by a black lateral stripe. This outer
black stripe is interrupted by twenty-one white spots, each
followed by a black blotch which encroaches on the fourth
scale-row and on a gastrostege. These white spots are farther
apart and smaller posteriorly. Gastrosteges with black spots
and cross bars for about one-third of surface.

There is some doubt as to whether this specimen represents
an undescribed species or merely an individual variation from
the usual coloration of C. macclellandii but it seems best to
regard it as the latter, at least until a specimen is received.

We have received C. maccellandii from Kosempo and Sui-
shako, Formosa.

Vou. III] VAN DENBURGH—NEW REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS

un
ul

Amblycephalus formosensis new species

Diagnosis——Loreal and preocular distinct; a long subocular sepa-
rating eye from labials; prefrontal entering eye; scales smooth: eye
bordered by four shields; gastrosteges 171; urosteges 80.

Type.—California Academy of Sciences, No. 18006. Kanshirei, For-
mosa, March 27, 1909.

Description of the Type—Rostral as deep as broad; internasals about
half the length of prefrontals; frontal little longer than broad, longer
than its distance from end of snout, much shorter than parietals; a
small interparietal; loreal deeper than long; eye surrounded by supra-
ocular, prefrontal, one preocular, long crescentic subocular, and one post-
ocular; temporals 2-3; supralabials seven, last two elongate, none entering
eye; first lower labial not meeting its fellow; three pairs of large chin
shields, first longer than broad. Scales smooth, in fifteen rows, vertebral
row enlarged. Gastrosteges 171. Anal entire. Urosteges 80, plus tip.

Snout yellow; tip of head grayish brown dotted with black; an
irregular black streak from supraocular to side of neck; side of head
yellow, a row of small blackish spots from first lower temporal across
last two supralabials to near tip of second gastrostege. Upper surfaces
brownish yellow with dark brown or blackish transverse bars or blotches,
usually interrupted along the spine, 47 to 50 on body and neck, and
about 14 on tail. Below, yellowish white, sparingly dotted with black.

eng thiitoyanuseesmeyas see ae een OR! mn ra
Wengthhot tale aac eo en Ma eee 66 mm.

Agkistrodon acutus Giinther

This interesting addition to the known fauna of Formosa
is represented in the collection by three specimens from
Koshun. In the Taiwan Medical School is a specimen from
Shinchiku. Mr. Boulenger has recorded this species from
Fokien, China.

Rana namiyei Stejneger

The collection contains numerous specimens which agree
with Stejneger’s description of the type from Okinawashima,
Riu Kiu. These are from Kanshirei and Polisia, Formosa.

Rana latouchii Boulenger

A very large series of frogs from Kanshirei, Formosa,
evidently represent this species, which Boulenger described
from Fokien specimens.

56 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser.

Rana taipehensis new species

Diagnosis.—Allied to Rana erythrea. Vomerine teeth in two oblique
groups between and extending behind choane; interorbital space broader
than upper eyelid; tympanum very distinct, two-thirds diameter of eye.
Fingers moderately slender, with expanded tips, first not longer than
second. Toes slender, moderately webbed, three phalanges of fourth
toe free; two small metatarsal tubercles; tibio-tarsal joint reaches nostril;
thighs overlap. Distinct, rather broad, dorsolateral fold; a narrower
lateral fold. Skin smooth. Bluish gray above; upper lip, dorsolateral
and lateral folds white; loreal and tympanic regions, area between dorso-
lateral and lateral folds and stripe above dorsolateral fold blackish.
Limbs with longitudinal dark stripes. Lower surfaces yellowish white.

Type.—California Academy of Sciences, No. 18007. Taipeh, Formosa.

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES,
November 15, 1909.

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
FourtuH SERIES

Vot. III, pp. 57-72. September 17, 1910

WATER BIRDS OF THE VICINITY OF POINT PINOS,
CALIFORNIA

BY ROLLO HOWARD BECK

DuRING the period between March 1, 1903, and July 13, 1910,
while in the service of the California Academy of Sciences as
chief field assistant, I spent considerable time in collecting
water birds in the general vicinage of Point Pinos—Monterey
Bay and the adjacent ocean. The precise periods of my activ-
ity were from September 8 to September 29, November 9 to
December 31, 1903; March 1 to April 27, 1904; November 2,
1904, to February 25, 1905; February 13, 1907, to February 6,
1908; August 12, 1909, to January 22, 1910.

While my efforts were directed chiefly to collecting and
preparing specimens, I availed myself of such opportunity as
was afforded to make notes on the relative abundance and time
of occurrence of the birds that came under observation, and the
results are summarized in the following pages. When deemed
expedient to supplement my own observations, I have freely
incorporated those of Mr. Loomis as reported in his papers on
California water birds, published in the “Proceedings of the
California Academy of Sciences,” 2d ser., v. 5, pp. 177-224;
ibid., v. 6, pp. 1-30; 3d ser., Zool., v. 2, pp. 277-322; ibid., pp.
349-363.

With the exception of the omission of the vernacular and
technical names of the subspecies, the nomenclature in the
following pages conforms to the third edition of the A. O. U.
Check-List.

September 17, 1910

58 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

In closing this brief prefatory note, I desire to make
acknowledgment of the assistance rendered in the preparation
of this paper by Mr. Leverett Mills Loomis, Director of the
Museum of the California Academy of Sciences, and Mr.
Edward Winslow Gifford, Assistant Curator of the Depart-
ment of Ornithology.

1. HEchmophorus occidentalis. \WrSTERN GreBE.—This spe-
cies appears after the breeding season and occurs in varying
numbers through the winter, being common at times. It
lingers on into May. It prefers the quiet waters of Monterey
Bay to the open ocean.

2. Colymbus holbeelli. Hotp@_i’s Grese.—tn fall and
winter this grebe is by no means a rare bird on the bay, espe-
cially in the harbor at Monterey and along the shore to Pacific
Grove. Specimens obtained in April and early May are in high
plumage.

3. Colymbus auritus. Hornep Grese.—The Horned Grebe
is apparently less abundant on Monterey Bay than its con-
gener, the Eared Grebe. It is also a later arrival from breeding
grounds. Some March and April examples approach high
plumage.

4. Colymbus nigricollis. Earep Grese.—lIt appears during
the middle of summer and remains through the winter, loiter-
ing on into spring. It is apparently the commonest representa-
tive of the family visiting Monterey Bay.

5. Podilymbus podiceps. Prep-piLLtep Grepe.—The “Didap-
per” is apparently only an estray on Monterey Bay in the
vicinity of Point Pinos.

6. Gavia immer. Loon.—Of the three loons found in this
vicinity, this species seems to be the least numerous. How-
ever, it is tolerably common in the winter season. The earliest
and latest dates of capture are October 15 and June 15.

7. Gavia pacifica. Paciric Loon.—Outnumbering all the
loons, it is truly abundant at times late in autumn, through the
winter, and in spring. In 1909, two loons, probably of this
species, were seen as early as August 19. Great numbers pass
Point Pinos on their way north at the end of May; stragglers
remain into June.

8. Gavia stellata. Rep-ruroarEp Loon.—Apparently the
Red-throated Loon arrives from the north about as early as its

Vor. IIT] BECK—CALIFORNIA WATER BIRDS 59

black-throated relatives; the majority appear to depart about a
month earlier in spring. It is decidedly common at times.

9. Lunda cirrhata. Turrep Purrin.—Neither Mr. Loomis
nor myself have observed the “Sea Parrot” in this immediate
vicinity during January, February, March, and April. Accord-
ing to our observations it is a rather common visitant at
intervals during the rest of the year.

10. Cerorhinca monocerata. RurNoceros AUKLET.—So far
as I am aware, the earliest and latest occurrences in this
vicinity are September 27 and the middle of May. It is a
common winter bird; in 1907 it was numerous as early as
October 14.

11. Ptychoramphus aleuticus. Cassrn’s AUKLET.—Although
there are no breeding places in the immediate neighborhood of
Point Pinos, individuals occur in the height of the breeding
season. Early in August there are inroads from breeding
resorts. Asa winter bird it is common, though perhaps vary-
ing in numbers in different years.

12. Phaleris psittacula. Parooguer AUK LEtT.—In January,
1905, one was taken on the 14th and two on the 17th; all were
several miles offshore. In January, 1908, twelve were captured
on the 13th, one on the 15th, and one on the 30th. All were
found several miles from shore. A dead one was picked up
on the bath-house beach at Pacific Grove on the 28th.

13. Synthliboramphus antiquus. ANciENT Murretet.—That
the experience of Mr. Loomis in finding this boreal auk com-
mon in December, 1894, and January, 1895, was not excep-
tional, is proved by my own observations. The species is
certainly a common winter one. In 1907, the first seen were
six on October 21; by the middle of November they had
become common. In 1909, two were shot on September 2.
Three stragglers were noted March 22, 1907.

14. Brachyramphus marmoratus. Marsiep Murrectet.—A
striking instance of variation in abundance and times of occur-
rence is furnished in this species. Flights of adults similar to
those noted by Mr. Loomis at the end of July and in August,
1894, were not witnessed by me. Mr. Loomis found these
birds common in the midwinter of 1894-1895, while I found
them scarce in the midwinter of 1904-1905. In 1907, during
the last of February and through March these murrelets were
passing north, usually in pairs. A straggler was seen on April

60 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H SER.

2. An adult of the vanguard was taken June 22 and a young-
of-the-year June 29. In 1909, through the fall and during
December they were not uncommon. In January, 1910, their
ranks appeared to be thinned, as only a few were met with.

A male, February 18, had assumed to a considerable extent
the nuptial dress. March specimens of the Academy’s series
approach more nearly the complete attire. A male, March 26,
is apparently in nearly full feather.

15. Brachyramphus hypoleucus. Xantus’s Murre_et.—lIt
is a remarkable circumstance that Xantus’s Murrelet, a bird
breeding in the subtropics, should occur in the vicinity of
Point Pinos in midwinter with the Ancient Murrelet, a bird
breeding in boreal regions. My records for the vicinity of
Point Pinos are as follows:

From November 24, 1904, to February 4, 1905, Xantus’s
Murrelets were seen nearly every time a trip was made to the
seaward of Point Pinos. On the 6th of December eleven were
captured and on January 2 twenty were seen, ten of which
were taken. They were common up to the day of my depar-
ture, February 25.

In 1907, a pair, flying northward, was seen on April 25; on
July 29, several pairs were also seen winging their way north-
ward; eleven specimens were prepared in August after the
13th of the month; September 2, fifty or more, mostly in pairs,
were observed as they were flying out of the bay; they were
common on September 6, one little company numbered half a
dozen; a few were noted along to December 5.

During my stay in 1909 they were scarce.

Mr. Gifford informs me that the lining of the wings in the
Academy’s series of thirty-six specimens shows a complete
intergradation between the white and gray aspects said to
characterize B. hypoleucus and “B. craverii’” respectively.
Further, No. 10,197 has the lining of the wings chiefly white,
but exhibits no white on the exposed portion of the inner web
of the outer primary, and but little of the white tipping on
the dark colored feathers on the sides of the body. No. 15,820
has the white lining of the wings and the white inner web of
the outer primaries, and, when viewed superficially, appears
to lack the white tipping of the feathers on the sides of the
body. Closer examination, however, reveals under the surface
new feathers with white tips.

Vor. IIT] BECK—CALIFORNIA WATER BIRDS ol

These facts do not argue well for the validity of “Brachy-
ramphus craverit.”

16. Cepphus columba. Pickon GuiLLeEMot.—Only an occa-
sional straggler occurs in winter. In March “Sea Pigeons”
reappear, and become very common with the advance of
spring. During the height of the breeding season they retire
to their breeding places, forsaking the vicinity of Point Pinos
save when on fishing excursions. By the middle of September
they cease to be plentiful. The Academy’s series of one
hundred and thirty-six specimens fairly exhibits the various
plumages incident to this species.

17. Uria troille. Murre—Another instance of irregular
occurrence in the winter season is afforded by this well-known
resident species. During some years they are more abundant
in December and January than in others. Visitors, apparently
coming from nearby rookeries and bent on fishing, are com-
mon early in summer. The young-oi-the-year, unable to fly,
begin to arrive toward the end of July, the 24th being the
earliest date of occurrence noted by me.

18. Megalestris skua. SxKua.—The third edition of the A.
O. U. Check-List ignores the specimen of the Skua obtained
by Colonel Pike “off Monterey,” at one time in the possession
of the late George N. Lawrence and now in the American
Museum of Natural History. It is therefore with no small
degree of satisfaction that I record a malé ( No. 10,920 C. A. S.)
shot by me on Monterey Bay on August 7, 1907.

19. Stercorarius pomarinus. PoMARINE JAEGER—Occurs in
the vicinity of Point Pinos in every month in the year, but it
is really common only during its passage southward in August,
September, and October. Intermediate phases predominate.
The extreme dark phase is not infrequent, but the extreme
light phase is rare. The Academy’s series of one hundred and
seventy specimens represents all of these styles.

These jaegers pursue the gulls and terns, but seldom, if
ever, molest the shearwaters with whom they often fish.

20. Stercorarius parasiticus. Parasitic JAEGER.—Not nearly
as common as its larger relative, the Pomarine Jaeger; still it
is by no means a rarity. It is most numerous in August and
September. My latest fall date is November 10, when one
individual was taken. The Academy has eighty-three speci-
mens exhibiting the extreme and intermediate phases.

62 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4rH Ser.

21. Stercorarius longicaudus. LonG-TAILeD JAEGER.—The
male mentioned by Mr. Loomis still remains the only specimen
on record from this region.

22. Rissa tridactyla. KirriwAke—One was taken Novem-
ber 22, 1904. A few were noted during December, 1904, and
January, 1905. In February of the latter year they were
common.

On my arrival in February, 1907, 1 found them common; for
a time they were the commonest gulls of the vicinity. They
remained until the latter part of April, several being seen on
the 25th. In the following autumn, I saw one on the 6th of
November; they became common in December and in Jan-
uary, 1908.

In the fall of 1909 and through the following winter, to the
end of my stay on January 22, only a few were met with, the
first on November 15.

23. Larus hyperboreus. GLaucous Gutt.—To the two
specimens mentioned by Mr. Loomis, I am able to add a
third, a white bird captured by Mr. Manuel Duarte in Mon-
terey Harbor and mounted by him and now on exhibition in
his store in Monterey.

24. Larus glaucescens. GLAUCOUS-WINGED Guti.—In this
vicinity, as elsewhere on the coast of middle California, this
gull is abundant in the winter season. My earliest date is
October 25. In 1907, the majority had departed by May 10.

25. Larus occidentalis. \eEsSTERN GuLL.—Through most of
the year this gull is abundant. Several sets of eggs were taken
June 6, 1907, at Point Carmel, where a few pairs of these birds
nest.

26. Larus argentatus. Herrinc Gurr—While not as
abundant as the two preceding species, still it is tolerably
common during the winter season, arriving early in fall and
lingering on into May.

27. Larus californicus. CALIFORNIA GULL.—As in other
localities along the coast of middle California, this gull is
abundant in winter. It makes its appearance in this vicinity
toward the end of summer and departs late in spring.

28. Larus delawarensis. RiNG-pILLED GuLL.—Found in fall,
winter, and spring, but it is not common hereabouts. It
appears to be a bird of the quieter waters, being more numer-
ous at the mouth of the Salinas River.

Vor. IIT] BECK—CALIFORNIA WATER BIRDS 63

29. Larus canus. Mew Guti.—lI learn from Mr. Gifford
that the characters ascribed to “Larus brachyrhynchus” are all
to be found in Larus canus, which is a common winter bird on
this coast.

30. Larus heermanni. HrEERMANN’s GULL.— Migration
northward from the subtropics and tropics after the breeding
season is well illustrated in Heermann’s Gulls. They arrive
from the south in force in June and July and with the advance
of the season increase in numbers, at times rivaling the most
abundant of the other gulls. They decline with the approach
of their breeding season and in April and May are represented
in this vicinity only by stragglers. By the latter part of Jan-
uary, 1908, the majority were white-headed.

31. Larus philadelphia. BoNnaparte’s GuLL.—This is not a
winter gull in the vicinity of Point Pinos. Three individuals
December 9 and one December 24, 1907, are all I have to
supplement Mr. Loomis’s record of December 19, 1894. As a
bird of passage, it is very common in later April and in May,
about to the close of the third week. It is common in October
and remains on into November.

32. Xema sabini. SApine’s GuLL.—Ocurring in abundance
in winter at Callao Bay, Peru, it is not surprising that these
gulls pass Monterey in considerable numbers.

During the latter part of September, 1903, they were com-
mon off Point Pinos, journeying southward. Some eighty
specimens were taken.

In 1907, about fifty were seen on July 22; they were common
by July 30 and abundant through most of August; a few were
noted along during September; the last one seen was on
October 28.

In 1909, a few were observed during the last of August and
through September. One was secured on October 6.

In returning to their nesting grounds, they apparently keep
well offshore. I am able to report only eleven birds for the
return-migration—all observed between the 15th and 21st of
May, 1907.

In the Academy’s collection there are one hundred and
thirty-three specimens from this vicinity.

33. Sterna maxima. Royat Trern.—Mr. Loomis found the
Royal Tern decidedly common at intervals during his sojourn
in December, 1894, and January, 1895. I failed to find them

64 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Serr.

common during any of my visits, further illustrating the varia-
ble abundance in different years of the water birds of this
vicinity.

34. Sterna elegans. Evrecant Trern.—I have never met
with the Elegant Tern in this locality. Mr. Loomis, however,
took a number of specimens and saw others during September
and October, 1896.

35. Sterna forsteri. [Forster’s TERN.—Forster’s Tern is a
migrant in this vicinity, passing by in spring and fall. The
precise status of this and the two following species has not
been fully worked out in this State. The Academy’s series
contains seventy-eight California specimens.

36. Sterna hirundo. Common TerN.—That the Common
Tern is of common occurrence in California has been entirely
overlooked in recent years by ornithologists. In 1907, one was
shot April 29; a few were seen during May, the last on the
18th. August 2 of the same year one was taken; through
September they were common and a few tarried on into Octo-
ber. In 1909, a few were noted on the 27th and 30th of August.
They were common through September of this year, and a few
occurred in October. ° There are one hundred and nine Cali-
fornian specimens in the Academy’s collection.

37. Sterna paradisza. Arctic TeErN.—In passing Monterey
in their migration to the antipodes* they occur inshore in
varying numbers late in August and in September. The Acad-
emy’s collection contains twenty specimens from the vicinage
of Point Pinos.

38. Sterna antillarum. Least Tern.—While not actually
seen in the immediate neighborhood of Point Pinos, these
terns probably occur in transitu; as a small breeding colony is
established at Moss, near the mouth of the Salinas River.
August 25, 1903, young birds were just able to fly. The middle
of June, 1907, nesting was commencing; by August 28 the
young were awing.

39. Hydrochelidon nigra. Brack Tern.—On the 9th and
16th of August, 1907, a few were seen flying southward. Two
were taken on the 2nd and one on the 6th of the following
September. On the 6th of September, 1909, two were noticed
heading southward.

40. Diomedea nigripes. BLack-roorep ALBATROSS.—Singu-
larly, ““Gonies” were apparently absent from the vicinity of

Vor. III] BECK—CALIFORNIA WATER BIRDS 65

Point Pinos during my last visit, August 12, 1909, to January
22, 1910. In 1907, they were seen frequently from April 25
onward to August 27; then there was a hiatus until January
28, 1908, when a male was taken. My notes for 1904 and 1905
show only one occurrence, two individuals on January 30 of
the latter year.

41. Diomedea albatrus. Stort-rarLep ALBatross.—Strange
to say this albatross has not been taken by me. Only on one
occasion, December 12, 1904, did I see an albatross that might
have been this species. Mr. Loomis, however, found it quite
common in the winter of 1894 and 1895 and in the fall of 1896.

42. Fulmarus glacialis. /uLMAr—April 15, 1904, Fulmars
were still common. But few were present during the winter of
1904-1905. In 1907, one was seen October 14, and in November
they were common. Fully two thousand were observed on the
19th. Through December and the following January they
were also common. In 1909, two were noted August 17 and
a few through October; during November and December and
in January of 1910, they were common, and fed largely on
jelly fish.

“Fulmarus rodgerst’ is included under Fulmarus glacialis.

43. Daption capense. Pinrapo PrerreL.—Col. Pike’s speci-
men, now in the American Museum of Natural History, is the
only one that has been reported from this region.

44. Puffinus creatopus. PINK-FrooTeD SHEARWATER.—These
shearwaters are common sojourners in this vicinity after their
breeding season in the South Temperate Zone. Eight individ-
uals seen February 27, 1907, probably belonged to the van-
guard of that year. Before the end of November the majority
take their departure, only stragglers remaining.

45. Puffinus opisthomelas. BLAcK-veENTED SHEARWATER.—
Coming to this vicinity after their breeding season in the
subtropics, these shearwaters occur in great numbers, ranking
second among the petrels in the scale of abundance. Their
time of arrival varies in different summers. Their numbers
also vary in different years. My earliest date of occurrence
in 1907 was July 22, while in 1909 it was September 22. The
last week of April witnesses their final departure for the
breeding grounds.

46. Puffinus griseus. Soory SHEARWATER.—I have observed
them in every month of the year. During the height of their

66 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser.

breeding season in the South Temperate Zone only stragglers
are present. During the latter part of April they return in
force, becoming very abundant in May and irregularly so in
summer and early fall. In 1907, a gathering of fully twenty
thousand was seen on November 4, a late date for such large
numbers.

47. Puffinus tenuirostris, SLENDER-BILLED SHEARWATER.—
Seemingly they are of regular occurrence in this vicinity in the
return-migration to the Southern Hemisphere. In some years,
however, they appear to be more numerous than in others,
notably in December, 1895, as observed by Mr. Joseph Mail-
liard. December 2, 1907, was the day of greatest numbers in
my experience, twenty-nine specimens being secured and oth-
ers seen in a gathering of over two thousand Black-vented
Shearwaters. The earliest occurrence coming within my
observation is October 14, 1907, and the latest, January 30,
1908, a specimen being taken in each instance.

48. Puffinus carneipes. FLESH-FrooTED SHEARWATER.—In all,
ten specimens of this shearwater have been taken by me in
the vicinity of Point Pinos, adding another species to the list
of birds of the American side of the Pacific. The specimens
were obtained under the following dates: November 23, 1903;
November 24, 1904; February 27, April 29, June 25, August
27, September 2, and November 4, 1907.

49. Puffinus bulleri. BuLLer’s SHEARWATER.—The A. O. U.
Check-List has rechristened this bird the “New Zealand Shear-
water,’ and has defined its range as “New Zealand; north
casually to California.” Ten specimens have been taken by
me in fall off Point Pinos, double the number recorded from
New Zealand seas in Godman’s ‘“‘Monograph of the Petrels.”
The first recorded specimen from the Northern Hemisphere
was taken by Mr. Loomis, and noted by him in the fourth of
his California water bird papers.

50. Priofinus cinereus. BLACK-TAILED SHEARWATER.—The
only record we have for this vicinity is the time-honored one
of Lawrence, based on Pike’s specimen, which is now housed
in the American Museum of Natural History.

51. Oceanodroma furcata. Fork-TatLep PeErREL.—In its
migrations this petrel probably passes Point Pinos well off-
shore. Sometimes it comes within the shelter of the land.
Such was the case in June, 1895, when it was plentiful in the

Vor. 111] BECK—CALIFORNIA WATER BIRDS 67

Monterey harbor. Again, early in November, 1903, sixteen
were taken, and some others seen, on Monterey Bay, about a
mile off Point Pinos.

52. Oceanodroma melania. BLAcK PErret.—September 14,
1903, a few were found on the south side of Monterey Bay.

In the spring of 1907, they were first met with on May 27,
three being shot as they were winging their way northward
over the ocean, two miles west of Point Pinos. Two were
noted on the 28th and two on the 29th. On the 31st over a
dozen were seen off Point Cypress. June 3 one was taken.
June 22, about five miles west of Point Pinos, I saw a dozen
or more, shooting three of them. June 25 one was captured.
July 8, several miles northwest of Point Cypress, one was seen
heading north. On the 22nd, in the same vicinity, about
thirty were noticed. On the 24th they were quite common
about eight miles west of Point Pinos; sixteen were captured.
Six were observed on the 26th. August 12 and 14 single
individuals were shot and August 19 half a dozen were seen.
On the 21st and 22nd they were fairly common in the morning,
feeding in current streaks two or three miles north of Point
Pinos. Fifteen were taken on the 22nd. August 26 they were
common. A few were noted on the 27th and 30th. September
2 a few were encountered about four miles to the northward
of Point Pinos. On the 14th quite a number were seen in the
same vicinage, searching for food. They were the last of the
season, so far as noticed by me.

September 13, 1909, two were observed on the ocean about
seven miles west of Point Pinos.

53. Oceanodroma homochroa. Asuy Perret.—tn 1907, a
few individuals were observed on May 20. On July 24 several
were seen, two of them being captured. They were well
offshore, about eight miles west of Point Pinos. In this situa-
tion Black Petrels were quite common. August 21 a solitary
individual, feeding with Black Petrels, was taken on the ocean
two or three miles north of Point Pinos.

In the fall of 1909, scattering birds were seen in September,
the first on the 13th. One was taken on the 20th. October 8
a specimen was shot, the only one observed during the month.
On the Ist of November, I went out about eight miles west of
Point Pinos. A low fog came in toward noon, with rising
wind and sea, and a number of Ashy Petrels drifted in with it.

68 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Srr.

I put out some bait and secured about twenty in less than
three hours. Two or three Fork-tailed Petrels put in an
appearance, one coming close to the boat. On November 4,
the day’s trip extended six miles out from Point Pinos into a
bank of fog. Here I saw four of these petrels, two of which
were secured.

54. Phalacrocorax auritus. DoUBLE-CRESTED CORMORANT.—
Monterey Bay in the vicinity of Point Pinos does not afford
the same attractions for these ‘“‘shags’’ as the land-locked bays
of San Francisco and Tomales. During the time of the year
when they are at large only occasional individuals have been
observed. There is no rookery in the immediate neighborhood.

55. Phalacrocorax penicillatus. BrANpT’s CORMORANT.—
Brandt’s Cormorants are abundant residents hereabouts. They
nest on the islets along the shore south of Point Pinos. Sep-
tember 29, 1909, a few downy young were taken.

56. Phalacrocorax pelagicus. PELAGIC CorMoraAnt.—Com-
mon residents, but in some nesting seasons they appear to find
more congenial fishing grounds elsewhere than along the south
shore of Monterey Bay.

57. Pelecanus erythrorhynchos. Wuite PELIcAN.— Two
bands of half a dozen each, heading down the coast, were seen
November 12, 1904, near Monterey.

58. Pelecanus californicus. CALIFORNIA BROWN PELICAN.—
Arriving from the south after their breeding season, they occur
here commonly, remaining until the advent of the next season
of reproduction.

59. Mergus serrator. Rep-BREASTED MERGANSER.—In the
period of general distribution, these mergansers are common
in this vicinity.

60. Spatula clypeata. SHOVELLER.
sideration is not a suitable one for river ducks. Incidentally,
some have been observed as they were passing over. A male
of the present species was shot December 24, 1907, in the
vicinity of Point Pinos.

61. Dafila acuta. Prnrart—August 12, 1907, a male in
eclipse plumage and a female were shot on Monterey Bay.

62. Marila collaris. Rinc-NEcKED Duck.—A drake is re-
ported by Mr. Loomis in the second of his series of water bird
papers.

The region under con-

Vor. IIT] BECK—CALIFORNIA WATER BIRDS 69

63. Charitonetta albeola. Burrite-Hean.—Mr. Loomis has
recorded this duck from this vicinity.

64. Harelda hyemalis. Orp-souaw.—December 23, 1904,
one specimen was taken. It was the only one seen by me.

65. Histrionicus histrionicus. HARLEQUIN Duck.—June 6,
1907, an adult male in worn plumage was shot by me at Point
Carmel. Mr. Loomis captured an adult male July 7, 1894, and
a female May 25, 1897.

66. Oidemia americana. Scorer.—In 1909, a pair was seen
November 1 and another pair November 4. On each occasion
the male was secured.

67. Oidemia deglandi. Wutre-wincep Scorer.—Pensioners
occur through the summer, keeping near the surf. About
September 1 detachments from the north pass by. In Novem-
ber their ranks are reinforced. While not so numerous in
winter as the following species, nevertheless they are common.

68. Oidemia perspicillata. Surr Scorer.—Flights of Surf
Scoters occur in October and November. As winter residents,
they are abundant. During the last of April, 1907, flocks were
still passing north. As in the preceding species, disabled birds
are found through the summer.

69. Erismatura jamaicensis. Ruppy Duck.—It is repre-
sented in this vicinity during the season of general dispersion.

70. Branta nigricans. BLAcK Brant.—Although geese pass
Point Pinos in some numbers, but one specimen was captured,
a male Black Brant taken November 8, 1907. On the same day
three flocks of Black Brant were seen. In 1909, three individ-
uals of this species were seen on November 26 and eight on
December 9.

71. Dendrocygna bicolor. Furvous Tree-Duck.— Three
were taken at the mouth of the Carmel River.

72. Ardea herodias. Great BLuE Heron.—After the nesting
season has passed, solitary individuals are occasionally seen
flying over the bay and ocean or sitting on the rocks and kelp
along the shore and even on the drifting kelp on the open bay
and ocean.

73. Nycticorax nycticorax, NicHtT Herron.—‘Squawks”
probably breed in the neighborhood. They occur about the
lagoons and the call-notes of passing birds are heard in the
evening.

70 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

7+. Rallus virginianus. VirciniA Rait.—Two or three were
heard on December 16, 1909, at the mouth of the Carmel River.

75. Fulica americana. Coor.—Here, as elsewhere in middle
California, ““Mud-hens” abound during the winter season in
suitable situations. Some spend the summer on the lagoons
in Monterey and Seaside.

76. Phalaropus fulicarius. Rep PiHaLaropr.—As the shore
was not systematically patrolled, 1 have not much to say of
the shore birds frequenting the sandy beaches and surf-beaten
rocks. Moreover, the immediate vicinity of Point Pinos does
not afford congenial haunts for the denizens of the salt marshes
and sandy beaches. However, in my search offshore for alba-
trosses and petrels, I encountered phalaropes in abundance.

Red Phalaropes arrive from the north early in August and
occur through autumn and are common at times, extensive
flights taking place. Some linger through December and Jan-
uary. There are fifteen specimens of such winter birds in the
Academy’s collection. I have not found Red Phalaropes in
great force in spring, a few northbound travellers the last half
of May being the only ones observed by me. I infer from his
article on the Northern Phalarope (“Bird-Lore,” v. 7, p. 273)
that Mr. Chapman saw many Red Phalaropes on this coast at
the end of May, 1902.

77. Lobipes lobatus. NorruerN PHALAROPE.—The North-
ern Phalarope has been found in every calendar month of
summer. Nevertheless, there is an interval of over a month
between the departure of the last stragglers in June and the
arrival of the advance guard in July. The height of the south-
bound movement occurs in August, when they are abundant.
Some linger into November. Toward the end of April they
reappear and become abundant during the first half of May.
Afterwards they decline in numbers. Mr. Chapman notes (I.
c.) an instance of arrested migration during the latter half of
May.

78. Pisobia bairdi. Barrn’s SANppipeR.—Mr. Joseph Mail-
liard has recorded in “The Auk” (vy. 15, p. 51) the capture of a
male on the ocean beach south of Point Pinos, August 25, 1897.

79. Pisobia minutilla. Least Sanppiper—In connection
with the record of the capture of Pisobia bairdi, Mr. Joseph
Mailliard incidentally mentions the occurrence of a flock of
Pisobia minutilla.

Vor. IIL] BECK—CALIFORNIA WATER BIRDS 71

80. Ereunetes pusillus. SemipaLMAtep SANprrrer.—Of this
common California species, I have obtained but one specimen
in this vicinity. “E. mauri” is included under E. pusillus.

81. Calidris leucophaea. SanpeRLinc.—They occur as mi-
grants on the beaches of the vicinity.

82. Limosa fedoa. Marsitep Gopwit.—This species has
been noted only during the exodus-migration.

83. Catoptrophorus semipalmatus. Wiutter.—The Willet
has been positively identified only during July and August.

84. Heteractitis incanus. WANDERING TATTLER.—Frequent-
ing the suri-beaten rocks, these tattlers are common during
both migrations. In the exodus-migration, they arrive in July.
In the return-migration, my earliest date is April 20.

85. Actitis macularia. Sporrep SANpPIPER.—Two females
were taken on May 10, 1907.

86. Numenius americanus. LonG-BILLED CurLEw.—My only
records are for the close of summer.

87. Numenius hudsonicus. Hupsonian Currew.—A single
male was taken on April 8 and another on May 13, 1907. Dur-
ing the latter part of July of the same year some were seen
going south over Monterey Bay.

88. Squatarola squatarola. BrLack-BELLIED PLover.—As in
the case of the other shore birds, my notes are very fragmentary
for this common species. On the 24th and 30th of July, 1907,
some were seen heading south over Monterey Bay, about five
miles offshore. In 1907, a male was shot on September 23, and
in 1909, a male on November 22.

89. Oxyechus vociferus. Kit~prer—Wherever the condi-
tions are favorable, the Killdeer is to be found in more or less
abundance in this vicinity.

90. #&gialitis nivosa. Snowy PLover—The Snowy Plover
breeds commonly on the sandy shore.

91. Aphriza virgata. Surr-srrp.—Careful observation on
the seaward side of the rocky islets along this coast would
probably show that the Surf-bird is not rare. There are six
specimens in the Academy’s collection secured by me in the
vicinity of Point Pinos; a male taken May 10, 1907, and two
males and three females taken August 5, 1907.

92. Arenaria interpres. TurNstoNre.—So far as I remember
I have not taken the Turnstone in this vicinity. Mr. Loomis

72 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 41H Ser.

and Mr. Joseph Mailliard (1. c.) have recorded solitary speci-
mens.

93. Arenaria melanocephala. BLAack TuRNstone.—Like the
Pomarine Jaeger, the Black Turnstone occurs in this vicinity
in every month of the year, stragglers and early birds from the
north nearly or quite bridging the interval of summer. At
times it is common.

94. Heematopus bachmani. BLACK OysTeR-CATCHER.—They
were of frequent occurrence in suitable places on the coast
below Point Pinos. One of the Academy’s specimens from
this vicinity was taken on June 5 and another on January 24,
which would seem to indicate that the species is resident.

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES,
September 10, 1910.

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

FourtTH SERIES

Vot. III, pp. 73-148 NoveEMBER 9, 1911

THE NEOCENE DEPOSITS OF KERN RIVER,

CALIFORNIA, AND THE TEMBLOR
BASIN

BY FRANK M. ANDERSON
Curator of the Department of Invertebrate Paleontology

CONTENTS
Prates II-XIII

PREFACE F
GENERAL STATEMENT
REVIEW OF LITERATURE .
TopoGRAPHY OF THE AREA
RIVER-TERRACES
BaseE-LEVELING : ;
GEoLoGy OF THE Foot-HILts .
Tue NEOCENE SERIES
STRUCTURE OF THE NEOCENE
THICKNESS AND STRATIGRAPHY
The Outcrops p
Deep-Well Records
ESTUARINE CONDITIONS
DivISIONS OF THE NEOCENE
Tur TrEmMBLOoR Group
Basal Member
Upper Member
Tue Kern River Group
QUATERNARY DEPOSITS
FAUNAL FEATURES OF THE SERIES .
List oF SPECIES .
FossILs FROM THE ESTUARINE Beps
CorRELATION OF DEPOSITS
Tue TEMBLOR BASIN
Tue TEMBLoR GRouP
MonTEREY SHALES
Kern River Group
QUATERNARY GRAVELS
Economic GEOLOGY .
DIASTROPHIC RECORD
CoNCLUSIONS
Locs or DEEP Wetts
BIBLIOGRAPHY '
EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

November 2, 1911

74 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER.

PREFACE

The first visit of the writer to the Kern River district was
made in the spring of 1902; and the stratigraphic observations
begun at that time have been extended from time to time each
year as opportunity offered, until the summer of 1910. While
this work was not begun nor carried on with the intention of
publishing any of the results, yet the study has proved so
interesting, and the results are in some respects so different
from what had been anticipated after a considerable study of
the Neocene deposits along the California coast, that it appears
worth while to present some of the more general facts in the
following paper.

One of the interesting points brought out by this study is
the suggestion of a rather provincial character in the Neocene
stratigraphy of the coast, which had been assumed to be
uniform, at least within the limits of a single unit basin. It
would be carrying the subject too far at the present time to
attempt a close correlation of these Kern River deposits with
any beyond the limits of their basin, but an attempt is made to
point out the limits of the area within which such a correlation
may properly be undertaken. The name used for this physio-
graphic unit, the Temblor Basin, is the name used also for the
more widely distributed and characteristic strata of the Neo-
cene, that is the Lower Miocene, or Temblor Beds. There
are other good reasons that may be brought out later for the
adoption of this name, but for the present this one is perhaps
sufficient.

The fossils and other material which had been collected from
this region prior to 1906, had been largely donated to the
California Academy of Sciences, and were lost in the great
fire. Since then the Academy has made explorations in this
field, and as a result has not only restored its collections, but
has added considerably to our knowledge of the Kern River
region. It is due to acknowledge in this connection the part
taken in this work by Mr. W. H. Ochsner, Mr. A. G. Carpen-
ter, and Mr. John P. Buwalda. Mr. Carpenter lived for several
years at the electrical power-plant station situated on Kern
River at the contact of the granite and the Neocene sediments.

Vor. III] ANDERSON—NEOCENE DEPOSITS OF KERN RIVER 75

He has made extensive and interesting collections in the Tem-
blor beds at the base of the Neocene, and has made important
donations of fossils to the California Academy of Sciences.

Mr. Ochsner and Mr. Buwalda each spent a considerable
time studying the stratigraphy of the field, and making collec-
tions, the results of which have all been turned over to the
Academy.

The identification of the fossil plants obtained from this
field, in so far as identification has been secured, was made
by Dr. Willis L. Jepson of the University of California.

It is proper also to mention in this connection the generous
and co-operative attitude of Professor E. T. Dumble, Consult-
ing Geologist of the Southern Pacific Company.

And lastly, the friendly interest taken in this work through-
out by Dr. J. Perrin Smith, Dr. John C. Merriam, and Dr.
Andrew C. Lawson, has been encouraging and gratifying in a
high degree.

GENERAL STATEMENT

One of the most striking features of the geology of the
Great Valley of California is the relative lack of Cretaceous
and Tertiary strata on its eastern border. Considering its
synclinal structure, and the great display of strata along its
western border, which range through all the periods from
Cretaceous to Pleistocene, it is remarkable that there are so
few occurrences of similar formations along the foot-hills of
the Sierra Nevada. Certainly the streams coming into the
valley, or basin, from the east during these successive periods
must have contributed greatly to contemporaneous deposits;
or rather, the quantity of detritus entering from the east
could not have been small, and, under the assumed conditions
of grade, would presumably be commensurate with the time-
duration and the areas denuded. Naturally, therefore, larger
collections of strata would be expected on the eastern than on
the western border of the valley, and their absence is all the
more surprising.

If thick deposits of strata were ever formed along the
eastern border, but little evidence of them is visible. The
basement rocks of pre-Cretaceous age usually come well down

76 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser.

to the present valley floor, and the few occurrences of later
strata are in detached areas of only local extent. One of the
most important of these areas is in the vicinity of the Kern
River and its neighboring streams. Between White River
and the Tejon valley for a distance of 50 miles there is a
zone of low hills three to fifteen miles wide, occupying a
position intermediate between the Sierra Nevada and the Great
Valley. This zone of low hills consists almost entirely of
Neocene strata resting in a gently inclined position against
the granitic and metamorphic rocks of westerly Sierran spurs.
In general the area is lenticular in outline, its widest part
being in the vicinity of Poso Creek and the Kern River. The
stratigraphic and faunal features of this area are the chief
subject of the following paper, though it naturally embraces
many related topics.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Although the Tertiary strata in the vicinity of the Kern
River were among the earliest in California to receive notice
from geologists, and their fauna has long been believed to be
exceptionally rich, yet comparatively little has been done to
gather from this quarter the material they might furnish
toward the development of our knowledge. At the close of
this paper will be found a brief bibliography of the more
important papers in which this area has been at least men-
tioned.

In 1853 a party of U. S. topographical engineers under the
leadership of Lieut. R. S. Williamson, with Wm. P. Blake*
as geologist, visited this region and made a camp for some
weeks on Poso Creek, then known as Ocoya Creek. Blake
made some search in the near-by hills, and discovered some
marine invertebrate remains and the teeth of sharks. He made
drawings of the invertebrate fossils, which were afterwards
submitted to T. A. Conrad, and which were described by him?
from the drawings. The sharks’ teeth were likewise sub-
mitted to Prof. Louis Agassiz* for identification and descrip-
tion, and the conclusion was reached by both Conrad and

1 Pac. R. R: Rept:., v. 5 . 32-36.
2 Pac. R. R. Rept., v. 5, pp. 328-329.
3'Pac. R: R- Rept; v.75; 3

Vor. III] ANDERSON—NEOCENE DEPOSITS OF KERN RIVER 77

Agassiz that the formation was of Miocene age. Blake
described in detail the beds with which these fossils were asso-
ciated to the thickness of about 160 feet, though he inadvert-
ently conveyed the impression that they were a part of a series
at least several hundred feet in thickness.

After the discovery of oil on the Kern River, Mr. W. A.
Goodyear,’ and later W. L. Watts,? both mention these forma-
tions. Mr. Watts gives a meager description of the beds
occurring along the river, and lists of the fossils contained in
them. Incidentally he leaves the impression that the beds have
a thickness of at least 2000 feet, though he does not directly
say so. The fossils collected by Watts were submitted to
Dr. J. G. Cooper for identification.

Dr. Cooper* noticed the resemblance of some of the species
to Pliocene and living forms, and concluded that either several
periods were represented in the Kern River section, or that
the series could only be described collectively as Neocene.
The fossils, however, all came from about the same horizon.

In 1902 Geo. H. Eldridge* published a brief statement of
the surface geology and structural features of the Kern River
oil-field, giving by far the best description of the same that had
yet appeared. He believed that the section contained both
Lower and Upper Miocene beds, and perhaps also Pliocene.
The structure he believed to be, in the main, monoclinal over
a wide area, and to contain minor undulations resulting in
subordinate folds, in which the dip was commonly below 10°.
The entire series of beds, he states, has the appearance of a
shore deposit along the granite range of the Sierra. The wells
of the Kern River field, according to Eldridge, are drilled into
the upper part of the series, though he does not specifically
say so.

In 1904 Dr. J. C. Merriam,® in a brief paper on the Fauna
of the Lower Miocene, recalled the fact that at least some of
the Kern River beds are of that age, chiefly on the evidence of
such forms as Agasoma gravidum, A. kernianum, Turritella
ocoyana, etc. Incidentally he called attention to the fact that

*7th Ann, Rept. State Min., 1888, pp. 67-68.

? Bull. No. 3, Calif. State Mng. Bur., 1894, pp. 38-41.
* Bull. No. 4, Calif. State Mng. Bur., p. 51 et seq.

* Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. No. 213, pp. 310-312.

Bull. Geol. Dept. Univ. Cal. v. 3, pp. 377-381.

78 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

in a wider study of the subject there appeared to be two
distinct horizons of the Lower Miocene in California.

In 1905 F. M. Anderson’ published a brief note on the
formations along the Kern River, stating their thickness to
be about 3000 feet, and giving a list of some 38 species,
including many characteristic Lower Miocene forms. The
species listed were all from the same horizon, within a vertical
range of 200 feet, but more than 1000 feet above the base of
the Neocene.

Meanwhile Mr. John Barker, whose residence was for some
years upon Kern River, collected a large number of fossil
sharks’ teeth and other vertebrate remains from near the same
horizon, all of which were donated to the California Academy
of Sciences.

Later F. M. Anderson collected an equally large number of
similar remains from the same horizon, including many unde-
scribed species, all of which were likewise donated to the
California Academy of Sciences.

In 1907 Dr. David Starr Jordan’ published descriptions of
many new species of sharks and other fishes found in the
collections of Barker and Anderson, but without any attempt
to determine the exact horizon of the Miocene from which they
were taken. In these collections there were nearly 800 speci-
mens, representing perhaps 15 species, most of which were
sharks, though including also remains of rays and skates. All
of these collections were lost in the San Francisco fire.

As will be seen from the foregoing review, the literature
bearing upon these beds is fragmentary and scattered, and
although the formations are interesting and important, no one
seems to have found time to give them the attention they
deserve. It is hoped that in the following pages the measure
of their importance will be more fully shown, and some fur-
ther information gathered from their study.

TOPOGRAPHY OF THE AREA

Viewed from a distance, the topographic features of the area
herein described consist of low rounded hills, which taken
altogether present the aspect of a gently sloping mesa inclined

1 Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. v. 2, pp. 187-188.
2 Bull. Geol. Dept. Univ. Calif. v. 5, pp. 95-144.

Vou. III] ANDERSON—NEOCENE DEPOSITS OF KERN RIVER 79

toward the west. From a nearer view they are seen to be
very much dissected by erosion. The larger streams coming
from the Sierra meander through the zone of foot-hills in
sinuous valleys along narrow flood-plains developed by corra-
sion in the yielding sediments. The intervening parts of the
area are deeply cut by canons and ravines of varying gradients,
which reproduce, in measures proportionate to their size, the
features of the larger streams. As the general mesa-like
surface rises gradually toward the east, so too, in going up-
stream toward the basement formations, the canyons and their
tributaries become deeper, and the hills higher and steeper.
The effect is that usually produced upon yielding sandy forma-
tions by recent but rapid degradation. The topography is
similar to much that is found in the more arid belt along the
western border of the Great Valley.

The principal streams are the Kern and White rivers, Poso,
Caliente and Tejon creeks, all of which derive their waters
from the older areas of the Sierra, and descend thence through
deep and narrow gorges, and enter the zone of foot-hills in
rapids, below which the grade is quickly lost. With the excep-
tion of the Kern River, these streams are without water during
the drier portions of the year, while in the wet seasons they
are often torrential. They cross the zone of foot-hills in rela-
tively wide and shallow canyons, and have developed flood-
plains that are in strong contrast to the narrow defiles in the
older and harder formations. The canyon of Caliente Creek
offers some interesting features which will be taken up later.

RIveEr- TERRACES

The later erosional phases in the physiographic development
of the region are well illustrated in the terraces along the
several streams in the zone of the Tertiary hills. They are to
be seen along all of the larger streams, but especially along the
valley of the lower Kern. Within four miles of the point at
which the river emerges from the granitic defile, five distinct
terraces are to be seen above the present level of the river.
Most of these terraces are shown in the plates at the end of this
paper. Within the limits of these views they are found at
elevations of 20, 60, 100, 160 and 350 feet above the level of
the river. There are terraces at still higher levels, and rem-

8O CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

nants of terraces, though they can hardly be called stream-
terraces.

The highest river-terrace proper is at an elevation of nearly
850 feet above the sea, and on the south side of the river
forms a broad mesa with an undulating surface. This may
mark the level of a late Pliocene or Pleistocene delta, which
will be referred to later.

The various terraces here described probably represent
former flood-plains of the river, developed during the gradual
elevation of the region. River gravels are strewn abundantly
over all of these terraces, and even river boulders occur on
some of the ridges 700 or 800 feet above the floor of the
valley. These topographic features are fairly well shown on
the Bakersfield special topographic sheet of the U. S. Geolog-
ical Survey.

BaASE-LEVELING

As a topographic feature the development of base-level
terraces on the valley border is not so conspicuous within the
Kern River area as it is at some points just outside of its
limits. As shown in some of the photographs of the neigh-
boring foot-hills, they form recognizable features along the
southern border of the valley, and, as stated in former papers,
they are present along its western border. Over the greater
portion of the Kern River area, erosion has obscured or oblit-
erated them to a considerable extent, though undoubtedly the
mesa-like topography of the foot-hills is partly due to base-
leveling, at least in its higher levels.

On the south side of the Caliente Creek at about the altitude
of Bealville is one of the more noticeable of these terraces.
Terraces that are believed to be the result of base-leveling
truncate the edges of the older Miocene beds to the north of
the Kern River and Poso Creek, and also south of the river as
far as the Tejon valley.

GEOLOGY OF THE Foot-HILts

The geology of the area as shown on the maps includes,
broadly speaking, two series of rocks; the Neocene Tertiary
and the basement series. This fact has been already mentioned
by most of the writers who have alluded to this locality, and

Vor. WI] ANDERSON—NEOCENE DEPOSITS OF KERN RIVER 81

_it requires no special notice here. The older series consists
of granitic and metamorphic rocks, among which are horn-
blendic and other crystalline schists, phthanites and limestones.
The contact between the older series and the Neocene is usually
well defined, so that the boundaries are easily mapped.

There are a few isolated areas of Neocene which are evi-
dently superficial, and also a few unimportant areas of the
basement rocks exposed by erosion within the boundaries of
the Neocene. Moreover, the Neocene deposits occupy some
troughs in the basement rocks which appear to have been
excavated in pre-Neocene times. The most important of these
troughs is that of the Caliente canyon which will be described
hereafter.

THe NEOCENE SERIES

The Neocene deposits extend along the foot-hills of the
Sierra from near White River southward to the Tejon valley,
forming a zone of varying width, fifty or more miles in length.
This zone narrows at each end, though more gradually at the
south, and has its greatest width in the section along Poso
Creek.

As a feature of great economic value this area includes the
well known oil-fields of the Kern River, which are situated
near the mouth of the shallow canyon of the lower Kern River.
But it is not the design to give prominence to the economic
features of the geology in this paper.

STRUCTURE OF THE NEOCENE

The Neocene deposits of the Kern River area were evidently
laid down upon a floor of older rocks that had been much
eroded. This fact is illustrated by the somewhat broken
boundary, by the isolated areas of granite within the Neocene,
and by the filling of pre-Neocene troughs by the basal beds of
the Neocene. This latter feature is particularly well shown in
the case of the Caliente canyon. To some extent the dip and
strike of the basal beds conform to these irregularities, but
this is not usually noticeable.

In the main, the structure of the Neocene beds is simple, and
consists of a gentle dip to the southwest, which rarely exceeds
5° or 6°. The greatest dip is near the base in certain disturbed

82 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 47H Ser.

localities, and the flattest is along the western border of the
hills. There are a few local undulations that develop low
anticlinal arches elongated in a northwest and southeast direc-
tion. One of these anticlines traverses the developed oil dis-
trict of the Kern River, and, according to Eldridge, another
is found farther north. Another is to be seen along the
eastern border of the area just north of the Kern River, and
may be followed to the northwest across Poso Creek. It lies
a little to the west of the fuller’s-earth mine on the road from
Poso station to Granite. There is a corresponding syncline
to the east of this, midway between the Granite road and
Adobe canyon.

The evidences of faulting within the Neocene area are
almost negligible, though such faulting has taken place.
Faulting to a greater extent has taken place along the eastern
margin of the area, following in a general way, and in part, the
contact with the basement rocks, and extending also at right
angles to it for a limited distance at one point at least.

The faulting along the margin has evidently been of the
normal type, and was probably progressive, resulting in a
displacement of at least a few hundred feet in some places,
and much more in others. At Pyramid Hill, the lowest Neo-
cene beds known within the area are left exposed at a consid-
erable elevation, resting upon a floor of granite. Near Walker
Basin Creek, beds of sandy ash, which are apparently of Lower
Miocene age, are severed from the main area and left stranded
at an elevation of 2500 to 3000 feet upon the granites, indicat-
ing a throw of 1000 feet or more.

The structure of the Neocene beds developed by this faulting
is partially expressed in the Poso anticline previously men-
tioned. It seems probable that the faulting has been pro-
gressive, and pari passu with the corrasion of such narrow
defiles as that of the Kern River; but this aspect of the subject
cannot be fully taken up at present.

North of Poso Creek, erosion has greatly excavated the
Neocene sediments along the line of contact, forming small
deep valleys in which the strata are clearly exposed.

In the head of Adobe canyon and near Granite station, where
the structure of the Neocene beds resting upon or against the
basement rocks is well shown, they are seen to be almost

Vou. 111] ANDERSON—NEOCENE DEPOSITS OF KERN RIVER 83

horizontal, or to dip gently westward at a low angle. In this
respect they present a strong contrast to their counterparts
on the opposite side of the Great Valley, where the lowest
beds of the Neocene usually stand at a high angle against the
basement series.

The average dip of the strata across the entire area in the
vicinity of Poso Creek is less than 4°, and approximates 3° 30’.
This is about the average along a cross-section nearly 10
miles in length, and, as shown later, it fairly represents the
dip in the western side of the developed oil-field.

The entire series has in many places the appearance of strati-
graphic conformity throughout, and evidence is often lacking
of any great disturbance intervening between the beginning
and the close of Neocene sedimentation. Both to the north
and to the south of the Kern River, however, there is an
evident overlap of the younger portion of the series upon the
older, and even upon the basement rocks to the east. Along
Caliente Creek and southward, the Neocene beds stand at a
higher angle than elsewhere; and beds that belong to the
upper part of the series rest upon the basement rocks. North-
ward, near White River, there is a similar overlap. Beyond
the limits of this area the evidence of overlapping is unmis-
takeable, but within the area it took place by a process so
gradual that the results are not striking.

There is no clear proof of an interval of erosion intervening ;
though the assumption of one might offer a convenient explan-
ation for the comparatively small stratigraphic thickness as
contrasted with similar beds near Sunset, Temblor and north-
ward.

THICKNESS AND STRATIGRAPHY

On account of the excellent exposures of the strata, and
from the fact that deep wells have been drilled in the western
part of the area, the opportunity for studying the thickness
and composition of the Neocene beds is exceptionally good.
Two sections have been made across the area, and two or more
deep wells have given a fair representation of the stratigraphy.
One of the sections crosses the area north of Poso Creek; the
other extends along the Kern River; and both show some
peculiarities. The aggregate thickness of the entire series, as
measured in the outcrop across the strike to the north of Poso

84 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER.

Creek, is quite 3300 feet, and may be more, assuming the
beds to have been originally horizontal.

Near the Kern River, where the dip varies from 2° to 8°,
the measurement of its different parts separately gave an
aggregate thickness of 3250 feet; yet the apparent thickness
may be somewhat deceptive because of faulting.

In the deep wells the thickness is naturally somewhat less,
since their positions are farther from the shore line, and the
section is also somewhat reduced by erosion, but these matters
will be referred to later.

The Outcrops.—Within the area outlined, the sediments of
the Neocene are prevailingly sandy in the outcrop, with only
a moderate proportion of clay and organic shales, such as
usually compose them in other parts of the coast country.

Toward the bottom of the series there are conglomerates,
sands, and volcanic ash, making up near 600 feet of the lower
portion. Higher up and extending above the middle of the
series there are shales more or less sandy in the outcrops, or
shales interstratified with sands, that make up in the aggregate
a third of the series. Above the shales are sandy beds which
become generally coarser toward the top, as will be shown
later. It is thus possible, on the basis of lithology, to separate
the combined series into three separate portions; but on other
grounds a two-fold division has been here presented.

In the outcrops the clastic elements are prominent in nearly
all parts of the series, and the first impression is apt to be that
it is chiefly sandy. At the surface the beds are but little con-
solidated, as the results of erosion show. The harder beds are
nearly all confined to the lower third of the series, and they
are prominent only at the base and near the bottom.

The lithological character of the individual beds is probably
not always persistent over wide areas, and it is not easy, there-
fore, to recognize the smaller stratigraphic units in widely
separated localities.

Below is given a tabulated generalized statement of two
sections crossing the area, and similar stratigraphic columns
of two deep wells of the Kern River district for purposes of
comparison.

Fossils have been found at several different horizons in the
lower part of the series, but more especially at three separate

Vor. IIT]

ANDERSON—NEOCENE DEPOSITS OF KERN RIVER

levels designated in this paper as Zones A, B, and C, which
are shown in their relative positions in the following state-
ment :

Poso

Creek Section

Santa Fe Well,
“Rasmussen,"’ No. 28

240’

975'

200);

1125’

100

350’

250'

32957

Pink sands,
gravels, etc.

Gray sands,
gravels, etc.

Green and
brown sands,
gravels, and
beds of clay.

Ashy beds,
“fullers’
earth,”
sands, etc.
with marine
fossils.

Ashy shales.

Fine white
sands and
clays.

Sandy shale

with marine] 955°

shells.

Sandy shale,
marineshells.

Arkose sand
and rhyolite
ash beds.

Coarse
arkose sand
and gravels.

Total

Erosion.

Gravels,

300' sands and

clays.

Kern oil-
measures,
etc.

605 '

Oil-sands.

Sandy blue
clay and
shale beds.

720'

White sands} 999’

and clays.

Brown sandy
shale, etc.

Brown shale.

Brown sandy
shale, etc.

Sand, salt
water and
marine shells.

220’ Hard sands.

Gray shales,
sands, and
brown shale.

Total

2205°

5010’

961'

3166'

Grace Oil Co's Well,
No. 5

Kern River Section

Erosion.

Gravels and
sands with
water.

Sands with
interbedded
clays, etc.

Sands with

oil and gas.

(Kern oil-
measures.)

905'

Water-sands,
oil-sands, etc.

Clay shale.
“sticky
shale,’’ gas,
etc.

Sandy shale,
clay shale,
etc.

Marine
shells.
Organic
shale.

“Lake of
Mud.”

Sand and
shale with oil
and gas.

Shale with
gas,

White sand.
Total

Terrace 240’

gravels.

Gray sands,
gravels, etc.

Green and
brown beds.

1260’

Clays, sands,
and gravels.

Sands and

gravels with
stains of oil.

Zone C.
Sands, shells,
sharks’ teeth.

607

Clays and 7005

ashy shales.

Yellow clays
and sands.

Zone B. 100°
Sands,marine shells.

Diatoma-
ceous shale,

sandy clays, 440'
shale, etc.
Zone A. 160'
Sands,marine shells.
Sandstones,
basal con- 300°
glomerate.

Total 3260”

86 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER.

Deep-Well Records.—The records of the deep wells shown
above throw considerable light upon both the thickness and
the stratigraphy, as well as upon the structure of the Neocene
series, and deserve, therefore, more than a passing notice. Mr.
W. L. Watts’ gives the record of a well drilled on the Barker
ranch upon the Kern River, which began in a stratum of shale
near the top of “Zone B,” and which was carried to a depth
of more than 969 feet without reaching the base of the Neo-
cene, though boulders are reported at 743 feet from the surface.
Most of the strata described in the record are sandy clays and
hard shales such as are found on the surface not far eastward.
Drilling was still in progress at the time of this report, and
later developed a strong flow of sulphur water, which presum-
ably was near the base of the series. The flow of water still
continues, and is characterized by its contents of H.S gas, and
alkaline sulphates and chlorides.

Subsequently the deep well of the Grace Oil Company’ was
drilled on Sec. 8, T. 29 S., R. 28 E. near the Kern River, in
the western part of the district. The surface at this point has
been reduced by erosion not less than 240’, and the well pene-
trated the formations to a depth of 3166 feet, reaching a bed
of white sand apparently near the base of the Neocene, from
which was obtained a strong flow of very salt water.

On account of the more than usually complete information
furnished concerning the drilling and the formations of the
Grace well, it is of more than ordinary interest. The follow-
ing notes and extracts are taken from a written statement by
Mr. F. J. Carman, who superintended the drilling of the well.

The upper part of the log is said to be not unlike other logs
in the vicinity, and includes the usual clays, sandy strata, and
oil-sands of the Kern River district. Oil-sands are reported
at intervals below 1260 feet, but only in small quantity, or
even with some doubt.

At 2206 feet a bed of sand with fragments of fossil shells is
reported, and its position corresponds somewhat to that of
“Zone B” of the Kern River section.

1 Bull. No. 19, Calif. State Mng. Bur. p. 116.

2 The log of this well with some others will be added at the close of this paper, and
for those who desire to make a close study of the stratigraphy of the district they will
be found valuable.

Vor. III] 4NDERSON—NEOCENE DEPOSITS OF KERN RIVER 87

Mr. Carman says: ‘‘At 2260 feet a lake of mud was encoun-
tered; this was the soft top of a shale formation 888 feet
thick. This shale was soft but not sticky, most of the pieces
obtained showing distinct lamination, and all of it saturated
with hydrocarbon gas which would burn at the mouth of the
well.”

“The change at 2260 feet was a distinct one, from alternat-
ing sand and shale to a continuous shale deposit of great depth,
and of somewhat different character from the upper shales.
From what Captain Barker told me I should judge that this
same shale was struck on his ranch at about 1200 feet.’

“The shale also carried occasional streaks of chert and
limestone from a few inches to two feet thick. The shale itself
was slightly calcareous, probably due to the infusorial remains.
A high-power microscope showed these minute shells, though
I do not know their names.”

“Some of this shale from about 2600 feet was identical in
appearance with a piece from one of the Santa Maria wells at
about 2000 feet, though I do not imagine this identifies the
formation. At places in this shale, notably just beneath the
hard shells, small quantities of oil were observed; I should
judge it was from 20° to 25° gravity.”

“At 3148 feet soft, fine-grained, white sandstone was struck
into which we drilled 18 feet.” The drilling was then said to
have been stopped, “by the strong current of salt water that
began to flow as soon as we had penetrated a short distance
into the sand.”

“This water was quite salty, though not so much so as
ocean brine. It contained no sulphates.”

“This flowed gently over the casing. How high it would
have risen abeve this I do not know.”

“The sand we found at the bottom, * * * is very
similar to that found a few miles east of Poso station.”

“From 1100 feet to 1285 feet the sands contained mainly
water. At this point 55 feet of extremely coarse sand and
gravel was struck, heavily saturated with oil of 104° gravity,
and no water.”

“The find of this stratum, containing no water, led me to
believe that I was upon the summit of another oil-horizon,
especially after passing through so much water above.”

&8& CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER.

At a later date a well was drilled by the Santa Fe Railroad
Company in the western part of the Kern River field near the
center of Sec. 24, T. 28 S., R. 27 E. It attained a depth of
only 2270 feet, and was then abandoned. The formations
penetrated by this well were for the most part sandy beds
with interstratified clays described in the log as “blue clays.”
Only a little oil-sand was reported above 1260’, and less
still below that depth. Many of the sandy beds carried water
which required frequent shutting off in drilling the well.

Most of the productive oil-wells in the Kern River field
have penetrated only the upper member of the series, and but
few have attained a depth of more than 1250 feet. The rec-
ords show the beds to be mainly sand and sandy shale, which
are separated by beds of clay distributed at intervals in the
formation. Very little oil has been found below a depth of
1250 feet, though the deep-well records report small quantities
at a much greater depth.

In 1909 the Santa Fe Railroad Company under the name of
the Petroleum Development Company drilled a deep well,
“Rasmussen No. 28,” on the S. E. % of Sec. 4, T. 29 S., R.
28 E., and at the time of this writing had not ceased operations
upon it. Through the kindness of Mr. F. C. Ripley, superin-
tendent of the company, permission was obtained to make use
of the following facts and records.

In the upper part of the log the formations are chiefly clays
and sands with the usual oil-sands of the district. Oil in
paying quantities was not found below a depth of 905 feet
from the surface.

At a depth of 2694 feet the drill entered a hard sandstone
from which was obtained a strong flow of salt water. At
2805 feet a dark gray shale was reached which continued
almost uninterruptedly for nearly 2000 feet. This formation
of gray shale resembles very much the dark shales of the
Eocene in the vicinity of the Tejon ranch, in the San Emidio
hills. Fossils were brought up from a depth of near 2600 feet,
including Turritella ocoyana, and Chione temblorensis. The
sandy bed between 2694 and 2805 feet apparently marks the
base of the Miocene.

As will be seen, the thickness of the Neocene series is here
also somewhat reduced by erosion—probably by as much as 450

Vor. III] ANDERSON—NEOCENE DEPOSITS OF KERN RIVER 89

feet, including the gravel beds at the top represented in the
bluffs south of the river.

The dip of the beds between the deep wells, Rasmussen
No. 28 and Grace Well No. 5, is near 3°, and as calculated on
a section more nearly normal to the strike, it must be as much

asiosolm
ESTUARINE CONDITIONS

It is clear from the foregoing descriptions that the Neocene
deposits of the Kern River are largely marine. At least one
prominent exception to this rule must be noted, and the facts
presented in this exception are of more than passing interest.
The pre-Neocene trough of the Caliente Creek, especially near
the junction of the Caliente and Walker Basin creeks, is filled
with sediments that are at least not altogether marine. More
than 2000 feet of strata are exposed along the lower part of
Walker Basin Creek, nearly all of which are either non-marine
or brackish-water deposits; and some of the strata near the
base are plainly of fresh-water origin. The series is almost
entirely composed of coarse gravel and sand of a greenish
drab color, partly unconsolidated, but in the main sufficiently
hard to resist weathering. Much of the material is pumiceous
and otherwise volcanic.

Near the base of the series are sandy clays of a soft and
yielding character and of the usual greenish color, containing
remains of land and fresh-water mollusca; and, higher in the
series, similar clays containing leaves and stems of plants.
Near the top a flow of basaltic lava some 90 feet in thickness
can be followed for a distance of two or three miles. Above
the lava, and forming the uppermost beds of the lower group,
are about 190 feet of marine strata.

The whole collection forming the lower group dips south-
ward at an angle of 20°-30°, as exposed on the northern
border of the trough. The character of the sediments, their
distribution, the character of their fauna, and the plant-remains
found at various levels, all indicate that the beds are estuarine,
and are either of fresh-water or of brackish-water deposition.

This view is strengthened by the position of the beds within
a trough in the basement rocks, and also by the fact that, as

November 1, 1911

90 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER.

followed toward the northwest, the beds pass into the normal
marine conditions of the lower Miocene already described.

Overlying this brackish-water series above described are the
beds of the Kern River group forming a wide overlap.

DIVISIONS OF THE NEOCENE

In the foregoing descriptions it has been shown that, upon
the basis of lithology, the Neocene series can be divided more
or less satisfactorily into three groups, two of which are
thick, sandy aggregates separated by a third, in which clays
and organic shales form a prominent part, constituting prob-
ably half its volume. If, on the other hand, the division is
based upon other criteria it is not easy to separate the two
lower members, though the upper one remains distinct.

On the whole the most natural division accords with the
data of paleontology, and as measured in the outcrops is
roughly as follows:

Gravels and sands, 250'
Green and brown beds, gravels, }
Kern River sands and clays, without fossils, } 1260'
Group. but including the Kern oil-meas-
ures. J
Neocene Unconformity
Lower Miocene; clays, ashy beds,
| shales, white and yellow sands 1160’
Temblor with marine fossils;
{ Group. Sands, sandy ash-beds, pumiceous
ash-beds, and conglomerate, with 600’
(marine fossils.
Total Thickness, 3270'

THE TEMBLOR GROUP

Basal Member.—The basal division of the Neocene series,
like the upper division, is essentially sandy; but, unlike the
latter, the rocks are often considerably indurated, and some-
times concretionary. Fossil invertebrates are often abundant,
and have doubtless contributed cementing material to the con-
cretions and to other hard portions of the strata. Some of
the lower beds consist largely of volcanic ash, pumice, and
sand, as has been already noticed by previous writers, and
in this paper. Basal conglomerates are visible in only a few
places, but a stratum of at least 50 feet is exposed at one

Vor. 111] ANDERSON—NEOCENE DEPOSITS OF KERN RIVER 91

point north of the Kern River. Conglomerates, sandstones,
and ashy beds make up 350 to 600 feet of the series to the
north of the Kern River. On the flanks of the granite along
Comanche canyon, beds of coarse sand and conglomerate
make up 250 feet or more; but it is probably not all exposed.
Gravelly or pebbly beds can be followed southward to the
Tejon valley, but positive statements cannot now be made
concerning them.

In the outcrop the basal member is not always visible, but
between Poso Creek and White River, where it is exposed,
it consists chiefly of coarse arkose sand mingled with rhyolite
ash. The lowest bed, 250 feet in thickness, is a coarse white
quartz sand, usually unconsolidated, though locally becoming
indurated to quartzite.

Above this is a characteristic aggregate of beds 350 feet
thick, in which ash is much more conspicuous, and strata of
ashy sand alternating with beds of white ash in which grains
of quartz and dark mica form a minor part. Some of the
beds are entirely of ash of a faint dirty green color, yielding
reluctantly to erosion, and for that reason forming the capping
of prominent narrow ridges with bold eastern escarpments
between the drainage lines.

Between Poso Creek and the Kern River, where combined
faulting and erosion have exposed the lower beds, there are
basal conglomerates and concretionary sandstones near 500
feet in thickness, mainly detrital, in which ash is not prom-
inent, though probably not absent. These beds are _ best
exposed in Pyramid Hill where they are quite fossiliferous,
containing many species of marine invertebrates, and the teeth
and bones of many vertebrate species.

To the south of the Kern River these basal beds are not
much exposed, or, if exposed, were not recognized beyond a
limited distance. It is evident that as the basal beds are
followed northward they lose more and more their detrital
aspect, and become more and more ashy and at the same time
less fossiliferous.

To the north of Poso Creek, marine fossils are to be found
in many places in these lower beds, though they are not
abundant. Immediately below, however, and sometimes in,
the more ashy beds, the teeth and bones of marine vertebrates

92 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser.

are sometimes plentiful. Marine invertebrates, which are
abundant south of Poso Creek, are much less abundant to the
north.

On Caliente Creek, and about the junction of this stream
with Walker Basin Creek, sands, gravels, and conglomerates
make up a much larger part of the series, but the conditions
here are in several respects local, as will be shown later.
Volcanic materials make up a considerable part of the entire
Temblor group in this locality.

To the north of the Kern River the concretionary beds of
the basal member are usually more fossiliferous than other
parts of the strata, and probably for that reason are harder
and more resistent. In the weathering of the beds, however,
the concretions usually disintegrate somewhat, often releasing
the fossils in almost perfect condition.

As far as can be determined from well-records, this member
of the Neocene series is much thinner in the western part of
the field than in the outcrops; and-this is not surprising, since
the westerly stations represent points that were farther off
shore.

Upper Member.—The upper member of the Temblor group,
or the portion above the general level of 600 feet from the
base, as shown in the outcrops and in the records of the deep
wells, contains a smaller percentage of sand and other detrital
matter, and a greater percentage of organic material than any
other portion of the Neocene. And of the detritus present a
greater portion is of clay and shaly matter.

In this member clays and shales probably form in the out-
crop about 50 per cent of its volume, and of this percentage
about one-half is organic. Some layers are chiefly composed
of diatomaceae and other minute organisms. In the deep
wells the sands are replaced by clays, and the strata are
correspondingly reduced in volume, but more strongly char-
acterized. The reason for this is to be found in the relation
to the Miocene shore line. The percentage of organic matter
in the strata is of course not readily known from the well-
records, but that organic matter is present has already been
shown.

Thick deposits of diatomaceous and other predominantly
organic shales, such, for example, as the white siliceous shales

Vor. 111] ANDERSON—NEOCENE DEPOSITS OF KERN RIVER 93

so characteristic of the Neocene in many parts of the coast
region and in the Mt. Diablo Range, are almost absent from
the deposits of the Kern River area. Microscopic organisms
are not conspicuous in many of the strata examined, though
in moderate numbers they are visible in many places.

At Barker’s ranch on the Kern River, just below the beds
designated as Zone B, there is an exposure of about 200 feet
of white, chalk-like shale in which diatoms are readily seen
with a lens, and there are a few other such outcrops north of
Poso Creek; but there is in this area no body of strata com-
parable in thickness to the great beds of siliceous shale on the
opposite side of the valley almost west of the Kern River.
In place of such material, however, especially in the northern
part of the area, there is a considerable quantity of white, or
light-colored, ash, such as will be described in the following
paragraphs.

Among the strata that may be especially mentioned are
beds of a sandy clay-like rock which has been described as
“fuller’s earth.” A critical examination of these beds and
of their material has not been attempted, but, from a cursory
examination of the rock and of the beds, it seems probable
that the clay-like matter is residuary. The color, fracture,
gravity, and other physical properties, and the appearance of
the rock under a good lens, all conform to the characteristics
of a sandy volcanic ash. It shows a decided ability to resist
weathering, even after being mined. In color it is a light
gray, with a faint greenish tinge.

An analysis of this material from an old “fullers’ earth”
mine opened on Sec. 14, T. 27 S., R. 28 E., published by the
California State Mining Bureau,’ gives the following com-
position :

Silica (SiO) Se ee ae eee ne 54.32
Ataminas (AW OS) acces antaenetnee cays 18.88
icon oxidel@Hes Os) aiamserice ees 3 6.50
Munret (CaQ iG ry eee eras ote eke. 1.00
iMaonesia ((Me@)) ii ryeeetcyhet nls ssi1 3) S22
[OSs by iomitny Sie a eee Mela Patsy cies 11.86
Alkalivby, ditherenceys fo cry-ieielelatigstals <i> 4.21

99.99

1 Bull. Cal. State Mng. Bur., No. 38, p. 275.

94 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

A sample of similar material taken from near the same place
was analyzed by Dr. A. S. Eakle, of the University of Califor-
nia, and was found to correspond very closely in composition to
a true volcanic ash with an admixture of quartz sand and some
other foreign minerals. His analysis, given below, differs
from the foregoing in a manner that may be largely accounted
for in this way. With a good magnifier nearly all of the
samples showed clastic matter of this sort mingled with the
ashy products, and the sample analyzed was not exceptional,
but fairly representative of the great mass of this rock. It
was taken from an old mine a few miles north of Poso station
on the road to Granite. Dr. Eakle’s analysis follows:

Siliean(SiOs) P22 Pee eee 64.23
Atinmania (CAILOS) 202 ect neteev ne eee 17.85
Herric’oxides\(Fe:O};) ase a ee eee 4.25
ermen(GaQws..ssio sik ate een eee 4.01
Macnesiae(MgO) ea eee Trace
Rotasha(ke ©) a. nea eee 155
Sodac(Naz@) °. i.y...0clee Bee 1.98
Teniitconapie sack oc. Soe ee oe eee 3-33
99.23

In the rock opened by mining there are casts of marine
invertebrates, bones of marine vertebrates and the teeth of
sharks. The lens reveals many minute scales of dark mica,
and the confused granular surface of decayed felspathic matter
and quartz sand. Several beds of this or similar material
occur in this member of the Temblor, especially north of
Poso Creek, where they form prominent outcrops at the sur-
face, which are easily followed along their strike.

A few outcrops of sand are sufficiently bituminous to induce
drilling for oil, which has been done in different parts of the
district, but thus far without satisfactory results.

The fresh-water or brackish-water facies of the Neocene
which was described some pages back, forms a local phase of
the Temblor group. The difficulties to be overcome in making
any division of the Temblor group upon the basis of litho-
logical character become apparent when attempted in this
quarter of the field. The more shaly portion is nearest the
base, and the beds become coarser toward the top, though
clays are distributed throughout the column.

Vor. 111] ANDERSON—NEOCENE DEPOSITS OF KERN RIVER 95

Then, as will be shown presently, there is reason to regard
the whole collection of fossiliferous beds as representing the
whole of the Temblor group, though it is not proved that
some part of the series has not been carried away.

THe Kern RIVER GROUP

The uppermost group of the Neocene, as far as known, is
almost without fossils, and consists of sandy beds, alternating
aggregates of sands and clays, and, toward the top, beds of
gravel. These beds are well exposed in outcrop one or two
miles east of the Kern River oil-field, and along Cottonwood
Creek, and southward, and on the Caliente, and also north of
the Poso stage-station on the road to Granite. Beds of gravel
and conglomerate, and frequently large boulders, are charac-
teristic of this group. Some of the boulders near Cottonwood
and Caliente creeks are above a ton in weight.

The upper part of the group is usually gray in color, but
the larger part has a characteristic pale greenish or sometimes
yellow color, though it often contains thin strata of chocolate-
brown sand or clay.

The entire group bears evidence of being a _ terrigenous
rather than an organic deposit, as far as known from its out-
crops and from the well-records of the Kern River district.
What it may be beneath the valley floor can only be surmised,
though very likely its organic component becomes more pro-
nounced, and the detrital is reduced.

The thickness of the group varies somewhat in different
parts of the area, though in general it is under 2000 feet. To
the north of the Kern River estimates have generally resulted
in placing it near 1260 feet. South of Cottonwood Creek a
partial section was measured which had a thickness of over
1100 feet, and on Caliente Creek a calculation based upon the
average dip showed a thickness of something more than 1500
feet. Its thickness is naturally greater in the western part of
the area than in the eastern, where it has usually suffered from
denudation.

The group often exhibits sudden alternations of condition,
changing quickly from clays, shales, etc., to coarse gravels
and boulders. Some of the boulders of granitic rock are so

96 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER.

large as to suggest glacial or other unusual conditions during
sedimentation.

There is quite generally the appearance of stratigraphic
continuity in the Neocene series, and at any one point it is
not easy to detect any angular divergence in dip or strike
between the Kern River and Temblor groups. When followed
along the strike, however, there is conclusive evidence of
overlapping and of unconformity between the two groups.

Just south of the Kern River, and also near White River,
the Kern River group rests upon and covers in turn different
members of the older group, and finally rests directly upon
the granite. The same is probably true to the north of the
Tejon valley.

Special importance is attached to the stratigraphy and distri-
bution of this group from the fact that the productive oil-
measures of the Kern River district are confined to it. From
this fact it has been called the Kern River group. The oil-
measures make up about one-half of the stratigraphic volume
of the beds.

Very little oil, and probably no oil in commercial quantities,
has been found in the Kern River field below the base of this
group, though small quantities of oil and gas are often
reported. Bituminous matter in small quantities has often
been seen in some of the outcrops of the older group, but as
indications of oil deposits they are generally negligible.

The age of the Kern River group is not readily told, except
that it is younger than the Temblor, with which it is certainly
unconformable, as already stated.

The only fossil remains that have yet been discovered in it
are fragments of petrified wood, but aside from suggesting
fresh water conditions, or perhaps those of shallow water,
they are of little value.

The oil-measures furnish a sort of evidence, which is perhaps
stronger than a suggestion, that the group should be correlated
with the petroliferous beds at Sunset, Midway and McKit-
trick, but this topic will be deferred for the present.

QUATERNARY Deposits

Overlying all of the older formations of the lower Kern
River region, including the basement rocks and the Neocene,

Vor. WI] ANDERSON—NEOCENE DEPOSITS OF KERN RIVER 97

and resting more or less horizontally across their edges where
they are upturned, are thick deposits of gravel of distinctly
alluvial origin belonging to a former epoch. Their areal
extent is difficult to estimate, but they occur along all of the
larger streams and stream-terraces, and along the borders of
the valley plain are blended with recent alluvial deposits of the
Kern valley.

The most characteristic of these deposits have some elevation
above the present stream beds, and from these they range
upward in altitude to several hundred feet. A large area of
these alluvial sands and gravels occurs along White River,
and another about the lower portion of Caliente Creek; but
these areas are probably among the more recent. Along the
upper terraces of the Kern River are some of the older
deposits. The more recent deposits are naturally the thickest,
having suffered less from denudation. Near Bena, a small
station on the Southern Pacific railroad, they form cliffs of
horizontally stratified gravels nearly 100 feet in height, but
probably these represent only the upper portion of the deposits,
and their true thickness at this place is quite unknown. They
rest in turn upon the upturned edges of both the Temblor
and the Kern River groups, and clearly occupy a trough
excavated in these formations prior to the epoch of alluviation.

These alluvial deposits vary in texture from coarse gravels
to sands and clays, and have usually a rusty yellow color.
For the most part they are incoherent, though near the summit
a hard layer is often seen, which has served to protect the cliffs
from reduction.

The denudation and excavation of the older groups prior
to alluviation is interesting, as showing a relative elevation of
the land surface, very probably above the present altitude;
and the formation of alluvial deposits that are now elevated
shows as clearly a corresponding depression of the land sur-
face. Alluviation and terracing have doubtless been syn-
chronous.

FAUNAL FEATURES OF THE SERIES

The faunal contents of the Neocene series of the Kern
River and its vicinity present some interesting and unexpected
features. Blake’s collections were probably made from the

98 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc, 4TH Ser.

lower fossiliferous beds of the series, but he was unable to
arrive at any more definite conclusion than that the beds were
of Middle Tertiary, or Miocene age. Whitney and Gabb
came only to the same general conclusion as to their age.
Dr. J. G. Cooper, after examining several small collections
made by W. L. Watts, partly from the lowest horizon, though
chiefly from one higher up, was able to classify the beds only
as Neocene. Among the fossils from the vicinity of Barker’s
ranch he believed he had identified many living species, and
evidently these influenced his determination of their age.
Later J. C. Merriam expressed a belief that the beds containing
Turritella ocoyana and two or more forms of Agasoma, etc.,
were of Lower Miocene age, and refers to the Kern River beds
as examples of the same. It is due also to remember that Dr.
Merriam recognized the occurrence of many species in these
beds having a modern or recent aspect.

In accordance with the views already expressed in this
paper, only the lower 2000 feet of strata can confidently be
called Miocene, as only that part of the series is known to be
fossiliferous. Within this range, fossils are found at different
levels throughout the area, some species having the entire
vertical range. Dosinia whitneyi, Chione temblorensis, Pec-
tunculus septentrionalis, and Neverita callosa have been found
at both the top and bottom of the fossil-bearing strata. Pecten
andersoni, Venus pertenuis, and Solen sicarius have a consid-
erable vertical range. But by far the larger number of species
and individuals are found in a much more restricted range.

There are, as already suggested, three well-marked horizons,
separated by intervals of more than 400 feet, which contain
nine-tenths of the fossils and an equal proportion of the species.
These horizons have been designated as Zones A, B, and C.

Zone A is that of Pyramid Hill on the divide between the
Kern River and Poso Creek. It is apparently the horizon
described by Blake, and the one from which he collected the
species described by Conrad, and it constitutes the lowest
known fossiliferous horizon of the series. The top of Zone A
is not more than 500 feet above the base. The beds are some-
what concretionary and exceedingly fossiliferous.

Zone B is that of the Barker’s ranch locality, best seen on
the north bank of the river one mile above the old ranch house.

Vor. II] ANDERSON—NEOCENE DEPOSITS OF KERN RIVER 99

It is the horizon chiefly represented in the list of species pub-
lished by the writer in 1905, and is also the horizon from
which Dr. Cooper believed he had obtained many living
species. Probably none, or only a few, of the species are
actually living, though it must be admitted that the resemblance
of many of them to living forms is more than superficial.
Probably many of them are the lineal antecedents of forms
now living along the Pacific coast. Zone B has a stratigraphic
thickness of less than 150 feet, and may be generally taken as
100 feet, though some of the species are found a little lower.

Zone C is that exposed near the top of Round Mountain,
two miles north of Barker’s ranch, and also in the hills west
of Round Mountain, locally known as the Shark-Tooth Hills.
It is the horizon from which most of the sharks’ teeth have
been obtained, including those to which reference is made by
Dr. Jordan.?

This horizon can be followed across the field for many
miles, and can usually be identified by its characteristic white
marl, by its abundant sharks’ teeth, and by the fact that it
forms the uppermost fossil horizon, and is overlain by the
greenish-gray sands of the Kern River group.

On the following pages are given lists of the more common
or characteristic species of the three principal horizons of the
Kern River Neocene series. The fossils of Zone A were
collected by W. H. Ochsner, A. G. Carpenter, and the writer
from the south side of Pyramid Hill in 1909,

List oF SPECIES
eee ts Ye Ss

= fs > : ; Miocene Fossil Zones
Species from the Kern River section: Beers

A B (e
ee SE ee | te
Arca; montereyaha OSMONT «.2 044.0 ee. x x
Cardium vaqueroénse ARNOLD......................... x
Cyrena (Corbicula) dumblei ANDERSON................ x ~K
Cytherea (Callista) mathewsoni GABB................. >< x
Giiherea rsp ogy sso en eee. x
Dosiniav conrad: Gane sac. ye ee x x
Dosinia whtineyss Gans: s. Lee x xe x
ELOMOMVANS Ponte ieee een eee >< x
Ledaoregona SHUMARD) ain ence ee... x
Mactran (ci VMimalbaria Cont) -eoee eee ment x
Mactra (Spisula) (rel. M. falcata GED) Peer ee, x
MIG CER GSD on: cece eC x
Mytilus mathewsoni GaBB.......000050000050. 000000, x

* Bull. Dept. Geol. Univ. Cal., v. 3, pp. 95-144,

100 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Serr.

’ List oF SpEctES—Cont’d.

A . 5 Miocene Fossil Zones
Species from the Kern River Section: ———————

A B Cc
MA tales a ESI Es Pay eters a .855 cho" 2,s;0%0 arehele oseis arses steerer stele x
OStréa elarid sev SARNOLD wrssajeirs:c2.d-2 156 sale oie ieee x
Ostreaish. (rel (O stitan 'CON.) ......0- 5-005 eases x
Ostrea spi (small thin valves),...0.052.s0s0 ev seni edng x
Pectensandersonte ARNOLD =..2).5<=.\.) 2450 anecisiete pei x x
PeckensbowersStaARNOLD: cee os 010 ce 3/2 si0 oe cle cie.e ais sists fetes x
(PECtem IMASNOUGNGONRAD» IP. z a;cis « 'sccierasiorcie enemies x
Becten nevadensisGONRAD. «acces smote sci occlu sae erioe x
Pectentperrins ARNOLD ..c.<c.. « oie sercisis eie.ais ersiohetorelelelsl erste x
IP OCt en FSESPECNSIS PARNOED o: 16.5. 010) 5:-yato.tlss preter ofa eyaieapaaietele x
Pecten sp. (rel. P. estrellanus Con.) ........-++20-000++ x
Pectunculus branneri ARNOLD ........--..0eeeceeeeeeee x x
Pectunculus septentrionalis MIvD.............++++0005 x
Phacotdes acutilineatus CONRAD ............++22eeeeee x
Phacoides richthofent GABB............0.0eeceeceeee ee x x
Pinng GlOMedGensts, VATES «55.0.5 0 0;5 «ce iarnyatsee es sfels eeniael x
SOLER NSECOTIUS 5 GOULD tore sic ose 8 cers e's, cieise cet ees neler x
SOLGH ES Peek see A sleceync thei gt esse ie. ,5:50aiete,aleleratahselagaie sivas ein steers x x
Tellina vo coganas CONRAD) « 2.0... </s)<ts oe one a oo syereie ost mesiee x x
Teli maes Piece in esate, sini cis sie ois 3 ols «ble Hem RU RE eee x x
TevelatmesGna ARNOLD «<0. /.:s.5/s sis s;2/0)0701s siava"s ole oo /eiate alelsiese x x ><
Venus (Mercenaria) pertenuis GABB............-+.006 x x
Venus (Chione) temblorensis ANDERSON............++- x x x
Voldtalsp. (rel: Y. Coopert GABB)) . «2s «s1eieie ssi epee e crete < =<
ALASOMA LVAVIGUM GABB. 60:00:05 «iw -sciniote\siels pish aie ele rele ss x x
Agasoma kernianum COOPER ........-.--eeeeeeeeeeeees x x <
Bullia (Molopophorus) anglonana ANDERSON .......... x
Cancellaria condoni ANDERSON ..........-+..02e0+ e000 2
Cancellaria dallana ANDERSON............-+--e+e+ee eee ><
Cancellaria joaquinensis ANDERSON.............2200+5- x
Cancellaria pacifica ANDERSON...........-00eeeeeeeeee x
Cancellaria simplex ANDERSON .........00.00eeeeeeeeee x
GhrisodomuSts pie cnemciate sos 0 oko as sis oe splec ete atsitats x
Conus owenana ANDERSON...........0ce+cseeceeeeeees x x x
Crepidula praerupta CONRAD ............2eeeeeee eee ees x
Cre pidula Princeps- CONRAD 5 o:o.<:<0iarecrale sj) «iove/a Kets aie lererelorors x
Cuma biplicctanGAase cco: «sce ooic seeieec atte aria
Dentalium substriatum CONRAD..........00-00+eeeeeee x
Den tality es paren toccvac «sieves Wists Sesser oie peteleetsieeratsreraee x SC
Epitonium (Opalia) (cf. O. rugiferum DaLL).......... sd
Niassa ‘arnoldti ANDERSON is, <.021nief= «icin steels atelsletoreie x
Naiicas (rel-uNelewsst GOULD). 65 .10-1:2 sisisiniaie assis ioe x
NeveritarcallosauGaBBh:...2 s.)fcco onsets ore e ness ce x x x
Oliva) californica SANDERSON 0). 2 0j62-/2/aisie 65 5a[eine re «0's Xx x
Oliva futheyana ANDERSON ...........-.22.0sen0ceceees x
Pleurotoma (Clathurella) dumblei ANDERSON .......... x
Purpura liman MARTYNisee cos «> «.onian Jems sei eeeicie ersten x x
Scaphander jugularis CONRAD .............000eeeeeeeee x
Sigaretus scopulostis CONRAD. .... 00.2000. 0seccsesee esis x
There OYE \COOPETTAAINDERSON = /..2.:.«.=10)5 sioicle Welelo its ahalatelee cleats ¢
EV OCKIG: GlOSGs GABE sees sare sicis, siete o:teve niece a srorare seaapeeiees x
Trophon kernensis ANDERSON.............00000eeeeees x
Turritellavocoyanas GONRAD ss ..6)-25seceecle ic ogee lebierras x

Vor. 111] ANDERSON—NEOCENE DEPOSITS OF KERN RIVER 101

Species cited by Blake as determined by Conrad from the
Lower Miocene of Ocoya Creek:

Natica genticulata ConraD

Natica ocoyana CONRAD

Scaphander jugularis CONRAD

Agasoma gravidum Garp (figured but not named)
Agasoma kernianum Cooper (figured but not named)
Pleurotoma transmontana CONRAD

Nassa arnoldi ANDERSON (figured but not named)
Sycotypus ocoyanus CONRAD

Turritella ocoyana ConRaD

Colus arctatus CoNRAD

Crepidula prerupta Conrad (figured only)
Tellina ocoyana ConraD

Pecten nevadensis CONRAD

Pecten catilliformis Conrap

Arca microdonta CoNRAD

Dosinia sp.

Cardium sp.

Solen sp.

Venus sp.

Cytherea (Callista) mathewsoni ? Gass

Fossil Fishes determined by Dr. Jordan from the Lower
Miocene of Kern River:

«
Carcharias antiquus AGASSIZ
Carcharodon branneri JorDAN
Carcharodon rectus AGASSIZ ’
Dalatias occidentalis AGAssiz
Galeocerdo productus AGASSIZ
Hemipristis heteropleurus AGASSIZ
Heptranchias andersoni JORDAN
Isurus planus AGAssiz

Isurus smithi JoRDAN

Isurus tumulus AGASSIZ

Lamna clavata AGassiz

The species contained in the foregoing list are mainly from
the top of the Temblor, or the horizon of Zone C, and were
collected by the writer or by Mr. John Barker as before stated.
In addition to the above species there are many remains of
rays, skates, sword-fish, and other marine fishes and animals.
Vertebrae and other bones of whales, and the jaws, teeth, and
ribs of marine mammals are occasionally found. Teeth of sea
lions and of Desmostylus have also been found among the
fossils of Zone C.

According to Blake’s statement, the species described by
Agassiz were, with perhaps two exceptions, obtained from a
lower horizon on Poso Creek; but as far as known to the
writer, the most prolific beds are at the upper limit of marine
shells. The beds of this horizon are probably the most per-

102 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H SER.

sistent in character, and can be followed farther through the
field than any others that have been attempted. A prominent
layer of white sandy marl with an abundance of vertebrate
remains can be followed easily for many miles.

Mr. Charles Morrice has recently collected from a small
area in this zone an enormous number—1500 or more—of
vertebrate fossil remains, including the teeth of many species
of sharks and skates, the jaws and teeth of sea-lions, bones of
whales, etc. Some of the sharks are probably undescribed
species. Teeth of a Desmostylus have been obtained also from
the same locality. It seems remarkable that so many remains,
including diverse species, could be assembled in so small an
area, which, at the time of their deposition and burial, must
have been considerably off shore. Probably they mark an
epoch of abnormal destruction among marine veretebrates,
possibly an epoch of violent volcanic activity accompanied by
the fall of ash, etc.

As has been already stated, the teeth and other remains found
at other horizons than Zone C, are often found just beneath
beds of volcanic ash, or in beds in which ash makes up an
important part.

As will be seen, the faunas of the three prominent zones
already described belong to the lower division of the Neocene,
and are characteristically Lower Miocene. The upper division
as far as known is almost without fossils, and is barren of any
forms that are serviceable for stratigraphic correlation.

FOossILS FROM THE ESTUARINE BEDS

Among the invertebrate fossils occurring in the estuarine
beds of Caliente Creek, Dr. Dall has recognized land shells
belonging to the genera Circinaria and Epiphragmophora. In
addition to these a species of Corbicula near C. dumblei occurs
in great abundance in one or more beds near the top of the
series.

No special effort was made to collect or to determine the
land plants contained in these beds, though, along with ferns,
etc., the following genera were recognized: Salix, Platanus,
Ficus. Other genera, however, were observed and also col-
lected.

Vor. WI] ANDERSON—NEOCENE DEPOSITS OF KERN RIVER 103

CORRELATION OF DEposits

In a recent paper on the Geologic Record of California,’
Dr. J. Perrin Smith has made a tabulated statement of the
recognized sedimentary groups of California, including a sum-
mary, and tentative correlation of the formations that have
thus far been described in the Neocene deposits. This is
undoubtedly the most concise and satisfactory statement that
has yet appeared of the progress made upon the correlation of
the Neocene in California, though it evidently leaves much to
be settled. The standard column of the Neocene is still a
debatable subject, and will probably remain so for some years.

As shown in former papers bearing upon the stratigraphy
of the valley borders, and as shown also in the tabular sum-
mary of Dr. Smith, here reprinted, there are, in the Mt. Diablo
Range taken as a whole, all of the horizons of the Neocene,
or their equivalents, that are to be found in any part of the
coast, or in other words, all that are required for a cornplete
section ; though there are few places, if any, in which they are
all present in recognizable form. At one point the lower, at
another the middle, and at still another the upper members of
the series are more fully developed. In the Kern River region
if all of the members are present, they have not been recog-
nized, and there appears to be the same incompleteness of
section.

While it is possible or perhaps easy to identify some of the
beds with members of a standard column, it is at present not
safe to attempt a complete correlation of the several groups
in the Kern River Neocene with those even of the Mt. Diablo
Range. There is great variability in both the lithology and
the faunas of contemporary beds even within the limits of the
basin here concerned. For example, the Neocene deposits on
the west side of the valley near the Temblor ranch and near
Sunset have a thickness estimated at more than 6000 feet,
consisting chiefly of shales which are largely organic. The
contemporaneous strata near the Kern River attain hardly
more than half this thickness, and are mainly of sandy detritus,
with beds of ash and a minor part of shale, not exclusively
organic. On the west side of the valley the beds are fossilifer-

1 Jour. Geol., v. 18, 1910, pp. 216-227.

104 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser.

ous in places, even to near the top; while on the Kern River
side the upper beds are destitute of fossils, except for a few
which serve little for correlation.

The problems of correlation appear to be such as can be
solved satisfactorily only by reference to the physical geog-
raphy and other conditions attendant upon Neocene sedimenta-
tion, and in the light of facts gathered from districts somewhat
outside the one under discussion. Doubtless marine currents
during Neocene times played no small part in the distribution
of the materials, and hence with the stratigraphy and thickness
of the beds, and possibly also with their faunas. But it is
only by recognizing the entire extent and position of the
particular basin of deposition and its physical history that we
gain the view requisite for the problems of correlation.

Tue TEMBLOR BASIN

As shown on the maps contained in this paper the basin of
deposition did not conform either in extent or position to the
Great Valley of California, but, as has been pointed out in
former papers,’ it included not only a portion of the Great
Valley, but also the intermontane valleys to the west. This
basin was subsequently somewhat roughly described and out-
lined by Dr. Arnold in a paper giving broad generalizations
of the environment of the Pacific Coast Tertiary faunas.”

From evidences that cannot be fully presented here it is
believed that the Neocene basin of the California Interior was
bounded on the east by the Sierra Nevada, on the south and
west by the Tehachipi and Santa Lucia ranges, and on the
north by a low plain, in part skirting the Sierra, but in the
main occupying the northern portion of the Great Valley.
The exact position of the shore-line cannot be stated, but it
probably crossed the Great Valley obliquely in a northwesterly
direction, receding more and more from the position of the
Sierran foot-hills as it is followed northward. It is unlikely
that this shore-line held its place continuously throughout the
Neocene, but more probably its locus was shifted somewhat

1Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ee 3d ser., Geol., v. 2, pp. 157-158; Proc. Calif. Acad.
Sci., 1908, 4th ser., Geol., v. 3, 6-7.
2 Jour. Geol. 1909, Veul/s Dp: $20 et seq.

Vor. III] ANDERSON—NEOCENE DEPOSITS OF KERN RIVER 105

by the diastrophic movements of the period. As will be shown
later, the conditions, if not the area, of marine deposition were
greatly altered during Mid-Neocene—that is Monterey—time
by wide-spread disturbances.

As stated before, the Mt. Diablo Range divides the Temblor
basin somewhat centrally. Around the several island cores
of this range the Neocene sediments cluster more or less con-
tinuously in concentric zones. The thickest and probably the
most normal, if not the most varied, development of the Neo-
cene is about what is locally known as the Temblor Mountains,
and it is this portion of the Mt. Diablo Range that is most
central to the basin here described. For these reasons, and
also because the oldest beds of the Neocene, those known as
the Temblor Beds, more accurately than any others delineate
the extent and area of marine conditions, the basin may be
appropriately known as the Temblor Basin.

About this basin, as already described, the summits of the
various coast ranges lift their heads as boundary or interior
monuments, well fitted to commemorate the existence of an
object so important. For this basin forms in truth one of the
most important unit-areas of the California Neocene, and
should be treated as such in any extensive and consistent study
of the deposits.

It is not believed that the various coast mountains existed
as continuous ranges during the Neocene, but rather as chains
of disconnected islands intermittently bounding the basin on
the south and west, and also dividing it somewhat centrally
in the position of the Mt. Diablo Range. About these several
islands, in the wide inter-island channels, in the narrower
waterways, and in the inclosed sea, the range of conditions,
when affected by ocean currents, was very great, both as to
sedimentation and as to the distribution of faunas; and it is
only in view of these facts that correlations can be advantage-
ously undertaken, either of deposits within this particular
basin, or of deposits occurring respectively in this and neigh-
boring basins, or of either with the standard column of the
California Neocene.

Below is given a tabulated statement showing in a general
way the plan suggested for the correlation of the Kern River

November 1, 1911

106 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER.

beds with those of the Mt. Diablo Range, and with others
throughout the area of the Temblor basin.

Mt. Diablo Range Kern River Area
Tulare Group Not Recognized.

Kern River Group

F Gray water-sands; green and
Etchegoin Group brown sands, clays, etc.; sands
carrying oil, oil-measures.

Santa Margarita Group
Unconformity, or beds not recog-

zed.
Monterey Group a

Temblor Group

Zone C., clays, ashy beds, and
sands se marine fossils;
Zone B, gravels, clays, sands
Temblor Group with marine feats diatom
shales, bituminous shales, etc.,
Zone A, conglomerate, ashy
beds, sands with marine fossils.

In his recently published paper, The Geologic Record of
California, Dr. J. P. Smith' suggests without comment a tab-
ulated correlation of the Neocene deposits occurring in and
about the borders of the Temblor Basin. While the plan
therein proposed is not in entire harmony with the conclusions
of this paper, it fairly represents the trend of opinion, and
therefore, by his courtesy, is reprinted here with slight neces-
sary alterations, the terms in parentheses being interpolated.

Tue TEMBLOR GROUP”

From an inspection of the fauna of Zone A described in the
preceding pages, there can be but little doubt as to its identity
with the lowermost beds occurring at Temblor and at other

1 Jour. Geol., v. 18, No. 3, pp. 216-227.

2Dr. Arnold and others have not hesitated to apply the term “Vaqueros” to the
Lower Miocene beds of the Mt. Diablo range which have been previously described
under the name Temblor. It should be remembered, however, that the name
“Vaqueros” has not yet any well-founded claim upon scientific or technical usage
aside from its introduction into the literature of the U. S. Geological Survey. It has
not yet had either a faunal or a stratigraphic description that could logically entitle it
to recognition, nor has any such description been claimed for it. Its use in the
literature of the U. S. Geological Survey is without reference either to logic or to the
rules of precedence, and has in fact only an arbitrary basis for its support. It is
hoped that its use will be discontinued.

Kern (County)

Coalinga

oO
I
| Lake beds |
& | Pliocene fa
iiulere) with som
brackish-wate
8
3 Beds wit!
§ Pecten wat
ne} and
(Base of | P. coalingae
“McKittrick g
Formation ’’) 4
13
[ea
Jacalitos be
with
Pecten owe
(Santa Margarita) 8
Beds wit!
a Tamiosom
S| gregaria, Osi
3 titan, an
be! Pecten estrell
=
io)
oO
B
A Bicaaa Doubtfully ref
g ituminous iene
B shales
a Monterey
a
wn ———
3 k h bed
-Q |Barker’s ranch beds i
i Type sectioi
es ees | ermine
S barkerianum ia f aes,
oO Agasoma € ae ike t
@ | kernianum and rea || ME f a
§ | Pecten andersoni ormatior
(e)
wn
Sy
5
ot
is]
>

Kern (County)

———

(Tulare)

(Base of
“McKittrick
Formation "’)

(Santa Margarita)

NEOCENE SECTIONS OF CALIFORNIA (after J. P. Smith)

Salinas Valley

Gravels like those
of the
type section

Paso Robles

a
5

£ % :
2| Lake beds with || Type Section of
&| Pliocene fauna | ¥ ‘aso Robles,
| with some -. | supposed to be of
brackish-water beds £ freshwater origin
S
2
3 Beds with ~
E Pecten wattsi g
& an 54 Doubtfully referred
i P. coalingaensis : to this horizon.
fe 5 | It may be the
= | equivalent of the
3 é Santa Margarita
os BZ
5
Jacalitos beds
with
Pecten oweni | Typical sandstones
& | with Ostrea titan
e carey!
an
a Pecten estrellanus
Beds with $
Tamiosoma d
gregaria, Ostrea
titan, and

Coalinga formation

Type section of

Santa Margarita

with Ostrea titan
Tamiosoma

Santa Cruz Mt. Diablo Region
3
Marine beds A
S | of Lake Mer-
5 |ced and fresh-| $
S | water beds of 3
Santa Clara
§ Freshwater
Pliocene
Marine beds of 2 ___and
Half Moon Bay || ‘Rerkeley Hills
| with .
| Pecten healeyi
2
t=
Ay
Type section on
2 San Pablo Bay
3 with
| Pecten pabloensis
i and
Astrodapsis
tumidus
Kirker’s Pass beds
with
$ | Santa Margarita
3 Sandstones with fauna
5 Ostrea titan
| astroapsls. 2
3 antiselli ager with
d and
Pecten crassicardo

Vor. II] ANDERSON—NEOCENE DEPOSITS OF KERN RIVER 107

places in the Mt. Diablo Range and in the Temblor basin in
general.

It was at first thought that this horizon might prove to be
older than the typical Temblor, on account of the number of
large pecten species it contained, but there is now quite abund-
ant proof that a horizon older than the Temblor has not been
recognized either here or in any part of Temblor basin, nor
do the stratigraphic facts from any part of the basin furnish
proof that older Neocene beds exist within it. It may be
supposed that the occupation of the Temblor basin by the
sea was transgressional and progressive, and that there are
older beds belonging to the Neocene in the outer coast ranges ;
but if this is true, it has yet to be shown.

The relationship of Zone B both faunally and stratigraphic-
ally is clearly with the Miocene, and its correct reference to
this period will hardly be questioned, notwithstanding the
recent or modern aspect of some of the species, as already
mentioned.

Not only is it to be regarded as Miocene, but the preponder-
ance of evidence is undoubtedly in favor of its connection
with the Lower Miocene. Any question which may arise as
to its exact stratigraphic position is more likely to involve
only a choice between the Temblor and the Monterey. But
thus far in the study of the West Coast Miocene, the Mon-
terey has not been regarded as the habitat of such species as
Agasoma gravidum, Turritella ocoyana, Cytherea mathewsoni,
Dosinia whitneyi, Yoldia impressa, and a score of other species
given in the lists. Indeed, Dr. Merriam has cited all of the
above-named species except the last as being characteristic of
the beds below the Monterey shales. And none of the species
of Zone B are characteristic of any Miocene horizon younger
than the Monterey. And furthermore it must be added that
while Zone B is rich in species some of which have often been
found in the Monterey shales, the species most widely charac-
teristic of the latter, namely, Pecten peckhami, has not been
found at all in any part of the Kern River area.

In the same manner it may be shown that Zone C, both
stratigraphically and faunally is related to the Temblor, rather
than to any later division of the Neocene. All of its species
are found in both Zones A and B, and while some of them

108 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser.

are found in the Santa Margarita, none of them are charac-
teristic of it.

Since the entire stratigraphic group including Zones A, B,
and C is quite conformable in position, and all its members
are more closely related to the Temblor in faunal features than
to any other horizon of the Neocene, it follows that if any
part of the included strata is to be referred to a horizon other
than the Temblor, it must be done upon the basis of criteria
other than stratigraphical or paleontological. In the matter
of thickness also there is little to warrant any subdivision of
these beds.

The Temblor beds described in former papers devoted to
the Mt. Diablo Range have in their type-locality an aggregate
thickness of 1500 feet. Northward along the range the thick-
ness diminishes until at Coalinga and on Cantua Creek it is
hardly more than 300 feet.

In the San Emidio section it is not easy.to say how much of
the Miocene is to be classed as Temblor, but, judging from
Whitney’s description, it is not less than 1500 feet and may
be more. The writer’s estimate has been greater than this.

In the Kern River area the Lower Miocene beds, including
Zones A and B, would have only an average thickness; and
including all of the fossil-bearing beds the series aggregates
only 1760 feet, a thickness quite comparable to that of the
type-locality of the Temblor. Other localities are known in
which the beds referable to the Temblor attain a much greater
thickness than any here given. Elsewhere a statement has
been given of the criteria upon which a provisional division
of these beds might be attempted.

In the outer Coast Ranges of California are beds that have
been described and classed under the undefined name of
“Vaqueros.” Without recognizing the sufficiency of this
rambling and nondescript name, it may be said that most, if
not all, of the strata that have hitherto been classed under this
term are comparable stratigraphically and faunally to the
Temblor. Dr. Arnold has described beds in the Santa Cruz
mountains, and Dr. Fairbanks in the Coast mountains about
San Luis Obispo that are referable to the Temblor. Dr.
Merriam has pointed out that Turritella hoffmani is found

Vor. 111] ANDERSON—NEOCENE DEPOSITS OF KERN RIVER 109

only in the Lower Miocene of the outer coast ranges, and has
suggested that beds in which it occurs may be older than those
of the interior valley in which T. hoffmani is replaced by T.
ocoyana, abundant about the Kern River.

Thus far it remains to be shown that any such discrimination
is warranted or possible. In other respects the Lower Mio-
cene of the outer coast ranges does not differ faunally from
the Temblor. Undoubtedly the Temblor group has its con-
temporaries among some of the Neocene river-deposits of the
Sierra Nevada, but a correlation will not be attempted here
with these deposits.

MONTEREY SHALES

It is quite impossible to recognize in the outcrop in any
part of the Kern River area that member of the Miocene which
forms its most characteristic feature in many parts of the
Coast, that is, the Monterey Shales.

In the series as described in the preceding pages, partly from
the outcrop and partly from the records of deep wells, there is
one portion that bears some resemblance to the Monterey,
namely, that portion which is most strongly characterized
by shales, some of which are organic to a considerable extent.
It will be noticed that nearly every class of materials commonly
found in the Monterey has been found in the upper part of
the Temblor group. Some of these points have been well
brought out in Mr. Carmen’s description of the formations
encountered in the Grace Well No. 5, quoted above. This
portion of the series embraces at least 700 to 900 feet of strata,
and includes and extends from Zone C downward to or below
the position of Zone B, though it cannot include more than
1160 feet.

But if this collection of strata really represents the Mon-
terey, it is hardly comparable in thickness or character to
known exposures of Monterey not far away. On the western
border of the valley, at Temblor, McKittrick, Midway, and
Sunset, exposures of Monterey shales, almost exclusively
organic, aggregate in thickness 4000 to 5000 feet. Moreover,
they overlie a considerable thickness of clearly recognized

110 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser.

Temblor sandstones and shales which are quite comparable
to those of the Kern River. It may be added also that in
the outer coast ranges the thickness of the Monterey is often
as great as 3000 or 4000 feet, though this thickness may not
be constant.

On the other hand, as shown in previous papers, and as
admitted by others, at Coalinga and vicinity the Monterey is
but very little developed, and in the Mt. Diablo Range north
of Jacalitos Creek it is not clearly recognizable at all, and if
actually present it is in very greatly reduced volume. Nor
has it been recognized at any place on the eastern border of
the Temblor basin.

It may be said, then, with reference to the Temblor, and
also to the Monterey, that the conditions during the early
and middle Miocene were similar in the Kern River area and
in the Mt. Diablo Range in the vicinity of Coalinga. In both
places on the borders of the Temblor basin the Temblor
deposits are fairly well developed, while the Monterey is either
absent, or is present in a reduced or disguised form. There
are other facts that emphasize the absence of the Monterey on
the eastern and northern borders of the basin, as will be shown
later.

The explanation of this interesting fact is to be found no
doubt in the diastrophic record of the times. The subsidence
that inaugurated the occupation of this basin by Temblor sedi-
ments continued without interruption until middle Miocene
time. It then paused, and on the eastern and northern borders
of the basin the shore lines remained stationary throughout
the epoch of the Monterey. In these parts, therefore, sedi-
mentation was nil, while along the western borders, in the
position of the outer coast ranges, and about the southern
portion of the Mt. Diablo Range, subsidence went on without
cessation, and sedimentation was therefore continuous.

It is unnecessary to suppose that there was any elevation
and denudation of the older Miocene during the Monterey
epoch, either in the Kern River area or elsewhere, and no
such disturbance seems probable. The facts appear to indicate
merely an epoch of stability along the eastern and northern
shore-lines of the basin, along which, therefore, the conditions

Vout. III] ANDERSON—NEOCENE DEPOSITS OF KERN RIVER lll

were unfavorable for the continued accumulation of any class
of sediments.

But another aspect of sedimentation may well be considered
in this connection, and that is the climatic conditions of the
time. The Monterey epoch appears to have been one of dry,
if not arid, climate. This is shown not only by the class of
detrital sediments which are characteristic of this group, but
also by the organic deposits, and by the class of organisms
that were dominant in this basin at the time, namely Diatom-
aceae, etc.

In the various descriptions of the Monterey deposits that
have been given from time to time, it will be recalled that
among the materials considered as essential in its composition
are diatomaceous and other organic shales, foraminiferal
limestones, volcanic ash, gypsiferous clays, and disseminated
bituminous matter more or less pervading the whole group.
All of these materials are not only compatible with, but are
characteristic of, arid conditions of climate. Furthermore,
there is a generally acknowledged absence in most places of
detrital or terrigenous materials. The enormous deposits built
up of remains of diatoms and of foraminifera not only indi-
cate, but they require, undisturbed and clear water, conditions
that are found only under calm and clear skies. But under
arid climatic conditions there would be slight denudation of
land areas, and therefore but little sedimentation of terri-
genous materials along a low and stationary shore line, such
as bounded the Temblor basin on the east.

THE Kern RIveR Group

The correlation of the Kern River group with any occurring
in the Mt. Diablo Range cannot now be made on paleontolog-
ical ground, for the reason that as far as known it is without
any determinative fossils. The beds of the Kern River group,
however, can be followed south to the Tejon valley, and prob-
ably can be connected toward the west with similar beds
extending around the south end of the Great Valley and to
the Sunset and Midway oil districts. In this way the Kern
River group can, perhaps, be connected with the lower part of

112 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

the Etchegoin group occurring west of Midway; but this cor-
relation is not given as final, but only as tentative.

In lithological character the beds of the Kern River group
resemble the Santa Margarita, especially in the parts con-
taining the heavy-boulder conglomerates, and also in the
gravels, and perhaps in the greenish-colored sands; but these
criteria are not conclusive.

Another and stronger feature of resemblance is in the oil-
measures. It is a generally recognized fact that the oil-
measures of the Sunset and Midway districts are in beds of
Etchegoin age, and are principally near the bottom. The well-
known occurrence of oil-measures in the Kern River group
gives a means of correlation that would have great weight with
many, and it may well be considered to have a strong strati-
graphic if not a paleontological basis, and therefore to warrant
serious consideration.

The overlapping of the Kern River group upon the older
groups is similar to that of the Etchegoin as exposed elsewhere.
The Kern River group, however, is in the aggregate thicker
than the Etchegoin, west of Midway, but on the other hand
it is thinner than the Etchegoin group north of Coalinga.
It is possible that the Kern River group is contemporaneous
with, and equivalent to, the upper part of the Santa Margarita
and a part of the Etchegoin, and represents a transgressional
or progressive subsidence of the basin-floor. This view would
harmonize many points not readily determined by direct proof
derived from any part of the basin.

It is less satisfactory to attempt a correlation of the Kern
River group with any portion of the “McKittrick Formation”’
for the reason that the latter is not yet sufficiently well under-
stood. In the published description of the McKittrick forma-
tion it is made to include both marine and fresh-water beds
that are readily distinguishable, and the definition is further
complicated by the use of terms that are subject to dispute.’
The correlation of the Kern River group with any portion of
the McKittrick formation must therefore await a fuller and
more consistent definition. But as both the Santa Margarita
and the Etchegoin beds are known to be petroliferous about
McKittrick and Midway, it is likely that the equivalents of the
Kern River group will be found to include portions of both.

Vor. 111] ANDERSON—NEOCENE DEPOSITS OF KERN RIVER 113

THE QUATERNARY GRAVELS

The next collection of strata following that of the Kern
River group is found in the alluvial gravels and terrace-
deposits of the Kern River area. These deposits have all been
formed during an epoch of subsidence, if not submergence,
such as is known to have taken place generally over the whole
Coast region during the late Quaternary. The horizontal
position of these deposits across the truncated edges of the
Kern River group, and the trenching of the latter prior to the
epoch of alluviation, as shown along Caliente Creek, mark an
intervening epoch of land conditions and of denudation. Quite
similar facts are to be seen along the base of the Mt. Diablo
Range in which the Tulare deposits are involved, which have
been shown to be of Pliocene age.

An attempt was made in a former paper’ to correlate the
post-Pliocene deposits about the southern end of the Great
Valley, and to suggest their relation to the terracing as well
as to the previous interval of land elevation and denudation.

The interpretation here given to the Quaternary terracing
and older alluvial gravel-deposits in the Kern River area, is
that they represent an epoch of subsidence in late Quaternary
time, following the epoch of elevation which attended glacial
conditions. In other words, these features of the Quaternary
period are classed with those of the Champlain epoch in gen-
eral.

EcoNoMIc GEOLOGY

It is not the purpose of this paper to deal specially or exten-
sively with the economic features of the district, yet in passing
a few notes may be included for the benefit of those who may
desire them.

The chief economic product is, of course, petroleum, though
others are at least possible in the not distant future. As far
as known the petroleum deposits of commercial value are con-
fined to the Kern River group, and therein have a stratigraphic
range of 300 to 600 feet, though unproductive beds of oil-sand
are found both above and below. At any one point the produc-
tive sands rarely exceed 400 feet in thickness, and they are

1 Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 4th Ser., v. 3, pp. 1-40.

114 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

often confined to 250 feet or less. Mechanical difficulties often
make it impracticable to draw upon all of the sands capable of
yielding oil, and the perforations of the casings are sometimes
extended to only half the thickness of oil strata actually
encountered in drilling.

Below the base of the Kern River group and, therefore,
within the Temblor, oil-sands have been reported in the records
of the deep wells, but none of them are known to be capable
of yielding commercial quantities of oil. The oil is generally
reported to be of lighter character than that from the oil-
measures of the Kern River group. Thin streaks of oil-sand
and stains of oil, and shales more or less colored by bituminous
matter, if not with oil, outcrop in certain localities within the
Temblor. Some of these are to be seen along Kern River east
of the oil-field, and in the hills north of Poso Creek as, for
example, near the old fuller’s-earth mine. Oil-sands are
reported in some old wells a quarter of a mile north of this
mine, at a depth of 1300 to 1400 feet, and gas is still issuing
from one of these wells in small quantity.

Gas, which is generally regarded as an indication of oil,
has been encountered in nearly all of the wells, old and new,
that have been drilled into the Temblor beds. Considerable
quantities of gas were found in both the Grace Well No. 5, and
in the deep well of the Petroleum Development Company.

Stratigraphically, the oil is not found in a single bed extend-
ing across the field, but in sandy beds more or less separated
by clays and distributed through the oil-measures. The sandy
beds and clays interleave, often forming an alternating series
throughout the measures. As a rule, in the developed portion
of the field the sands are thicker in the eastern part of the
field and become thinner toward the west, and the clays are
thicker on the western border and become thin and scattered
toward the east. In like manner the sands are thicker toward
the south, and clays increase in volume northward.

There is considerable lack of uniformity in the well-records ;
but this is probably due more to faulty records than to irreg-
ularities in the beds themselves. Both sands and clay-beds are
believed by some to be lenticular in section, and this is some-
times given as the cause of troubles met with in controlling the
underground water. But if a lenticular condition has really

Vor. III] ANDERSON—NEOCENE DEPOSITS OF KERN RIVER 115

been observed in any case, it is likely to have been found along
certain directions, and belongs primarily to the sands rather
than to the clays, since it would owe its origin to the sorting
action of currents during deposition. However, the idea of
this condition comes solely from a study of the well-records,
and the faulty data furnished by some of these should not be
forgotten. If a well-record fails to record a particular bed of
clay, it does not prove its absence, but possibly only a failure
to detect it.

The structure of the beds is almost that of a simple mono-
cline, but when studied in detail the beds undulate somewhat,
forming slight anticlines and synclines striking N. W. to S. E.

The ultimate areal extent of the field has not been proved
by actual developments, though the limits may be definitely
known toward the northeast, if not also toward the southwest.

Thus far water has proved to be more troublesome on the
southwestern border of the field; and this is partly on account
of the thinner clay beds in this direction, and the greater
difficulty met with in shutting it out from the wells, or in
confining it to certain limits by means of these clays.

The gravity of the oil varies from 10.4° B. to 17.0°, though
a large percentage of the production is between 14.5° and 16°
B. Still lighter oil comes from strata below the oil measures
of the Kern River group.

Water-sands, which are the source of much trouble, are
found both above and below the productive beds—some
within the oil-measures, though in some cases water has been
let into the oil-measures by accident or by faulty drilling. It
is usually possible to shut out the upper water, and when the
horizon of the lower water-sands is once learned, drilling may
be stopped above it. There are usually sufficient clays suitably
situated for the control of the underground water if the condi-
tions are correctly known beforehand.

The question as to the origin of petroleum is one much
debated; but in California there is overwhelming evidence in
favor of an organic origin, and the facts point to certain low
organisms of both marine and fresh-water habitat. In the
Tertiary formations of California, Diatomaceae are extremely
abundant, and beds that are largely composed of their remains

116 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER.

abound in all parts of the Neocene series, excepting possibly
the latest. In the Mt. Diablo Range diatomaceous and other
organic shales often make up a large percentage aggregate
of the Monterey and later groups, and they occur also in the
Etchegoin group, included by Ralph Arnold in the so-called
“McKittrick series.”

The opinion has been unequivocally expressed* that in the
Coalinga field the real source of the petroleum is in the Eocene
shales underlying the Neocene, and that migration of the
petroleum upward through the strata has brought it into its
present repositories in the Neocene oil measures. That petro-
leum, in some parts of the Mt. Diablo Range and elsewhere,
has originated in the Eocene cannot be denied, and it is also
now found there in many places. But to conclude that all or
any of the Neocene oil-measures have derived their supplies
from the Eocene is illogical and unnecessary. The Neocene
beds themselves contain the same organisms in even greater
abundance than does the Eocene, and this is particularly true
in the Mt. Diablo range. And there is no reason to suppose
that the oil found in the Neocene measures has not originated
in the Neocene strata themselves.

The view here expressed is that the oil found in any Neocene
group has more probably originated in that group, and that
migration would be far easier along the planes of bedding and
lamination than at right angles to the same. That thick beds
of clay and shale often restrain oil, water, and gas, is quite
well demonstrated in California, and even within the Temblor
basin the upward transverse migration of these substances
under enormous pressure has been successfully resisted by
certain impervious beds, possibly clays.

Naturally in the sedimentation of any basin the sandy detri-
tus usually remains near shore, and the finer materials are
carried away to other localities to be deposited. Also if
Diatomaceae and other delicate organisms form any apprecia-
ble deposits they will more probably be formed off shore. In
subsequent regional deformations of the strata, the organic
deposits are apt to be left occupying the position of synclinal
depressions, bounded by the sandy shore line deposits left lying

1U. S. Geol. Surv. Bull. No. 357, p. 73.

Vor. 111] ANDERSON—NEOCENE DEPOSITS OF KERN RIVER LZ

in positions inclined toward the interior of the basin. If such
organic deposits give rise to any supply of petroleum or other
liquid or gaseous substances, these may be forced to migrate
laterally along the bedding-planes of the strata, and into the
sandy strata of the border, far more readily than they could be
forced upward through the clays and shales and into overlying
beds.

And, if deposits of petroleum are subsequently found in
sandy shore-deposits, we may expect to find not far away in the
same beds the source and origin of it. Along the Kern River
the conditions are all that could be required to support the view
that lateral migration has been the means by which accumula-
tion has taken place, and the same may be said of all the other
producing or non-producing fields in the Temblor basin. The
extent to which water, oil, and gas may migrate laterally along
bedding-planes in the progress of geologic periods is, of course,
very great; but the fact that it is retained at all in the rocks,
even under enormous pressure, is very good proof that it
cannot migrate in a vertical direction, transverse to the bed-
ding-planes.

Thus far but little effort has been made to discover or
develop water for irrigation or for other uses in the Neocene
beds about the Kern River, except for field use within the
Kern River district. It is worth while to note the fact, how-
ever, that water of economic value has been found in certain
strata of both the Temblor and Kern River groups. In neither
case has the water been found free from objectionable sub-
stances, though in each it is usable for all ordinary purposes
in which relatively pure water is needed.

One of the most important attempts to develop water for
economic use has been made by the Associated Oil Company
in the western part of the district. On Sec. 5, T. 29 S.,
R. 28 E., several wells have been devoted to, or drilled for,
the production of water, and these wells are supplying large
volumes of water at a cost that brings it within economic
limits for irrigating some kinds of crops.

None of these wells are more than 400 feet in depth, and
most of the water is within 375 feet of the surface, and above
the oil-measures.

118 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

DIAstTrRoPHIC REcoRD

The Neocene diastrophic record in California has been more
or less studied by all of the writers who have attempted the
problems of correlation. Naturally there is not entire harmony
in the conclusions of all, but all agree as to the main facts.

Dr. Fairbanks summarized much of the information current
at the time of his writing in a paper entitled Oscillations of
the California Coast,’ though considerable additional inform-
ation has since been developed. The conclusions as to the
diastrophic record reached in the present study of the Temblor
basin may be more concisely presented graphically in the
accompanying diagram.

While some of the oscillations portrayed may be more or
less local, they nevertheless show a tendency toward physical
change that may be wide-spread, though not universal or
uniform, within a given region. Furthermore, it may be
stated that the oscillations here delineated do not include all
that have recently been proposed by certain writers ambitious
to cause a stir.

It is believed that the conclusions of this paper, however,
are in harmony with those of Dr. Smith set forth in the paper
before referred to and quoted. But it is not designed to carry
the subject farther at the present time.

CONCLUSIONS

The more important conclusions which may be drawn from
the statements of the preceding pages are briefly summarized
in the following paragraphs.

The Neocene deposits of the Kern River area show a sur-
prising lack of development when contrasted with contempor-
aneous deposits in the Mt. Diablo Range.

The comparatively small aggregate thickness of the series
is partly explained by the fact that they do not contain all
of the members of the generally accepted column of the Cali-
fornia Neocene, or even all that have been recognized in the
Mt. Diablo Range, which admittedly holds all that are most
characteristic.

1 Am. Geol., v. 20, 1897, pp. 213-245.

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OLIGO|CENE JEROSION! TEMBLOR MONTEREY | SANTA MARGARITA ETCHEGOIN MERCED -TULARE EARLY PLEISTOCENE GLACIATION CHAMPLAIN?
EOCENE MIOCENE PLIOCENE PLEISTOCENE RECENT

DIASTROPHIC RECORD DURING THE NEOCENE IN THE TEMBLOR BASIN AND MT. DIABLO RANGE, CALIFORNIA.

Vor. II] ANDERSON—NEOCENE DEPOSITS OF KERN RIVER 119

The Monterey group is either absent from the column, or if
present, cannot be separated from the Temblor.

An epoch of disturbance following the deposition of the
Temblor group is indicated by the faulting of the beds, which
has left some of them at a considerable altitude and quite
severed from the main area of the foot-hills.

The unconformity of the Kern River group upon the Tem-
blor is emphatically shown by an overlapping of the later
group, although there is no clear evidence of an intervening
epoch of erosion.

The absence from the Kern River area of any recognizable
Monterey deposits, and presumably their absence from the
whole eastern border of the Temblor basin, perhaps means a
recessional movement of the sea, and therefore at least a
slight upward movement of the land along its eastern and
northern shores, and along portions of the Mt. Diablo Range.

The greatest depression of the land-surface during the
Neocene seems to have been during the Temblor epoch, and
immediately following this was the Monterey epoch of relative
elevation.

The sequence of events during the early and middle Miocene,
as shown in this area, conforms generally to that shown in the
contemporaneous deposits about Coalinga and northward.

The local contrasts in the thickness of the Temblor deposits
in and about the Temblor basin, and especially in their volcanic
and detrital matter, suggest that land-denudation on the con-
tinental side was relatively slight, while volcanic activity was
prevalent during this epoch.

The general absence of Monterey deposits, and the other
evidences of elevation, taken in connection with the prevailingly
organic character of these beds where they do occur, may be
interpreted as indicating equable or arid climatic conditions;
and the small aggregate thickness of Miocene strata on the
landward side of the basin harmonizes with this view and may
mean that such conditions prevailed in some measure through-
out the Miocene.

The Kern River group is correlated only tentatively with the
oil-yielding formations of western Kern County, and such
correlation is based chiefly on the data of the oil-measures
themselves.

120 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 41m Ser.

The absence of the Tulare group from the Kern River area
is probably due partly to its removal by erosion and partly
to its being mantled over by terrace-deposits and other Qua-
ternary gravels.

An epoch of land-conditions and therefore of elevation pre-
ceded the formation of at least some of the alluvial deposits,
and it may have been during this epoch that the Tulare beds
suffered most from denudation.

The fresh-water or brackish-water facies of the Temblor
beds is local; and, taken in connection with the local embay-
ment in the shore line of this epoch, affords evidence of
estuarine conditions along the lower portion of the Caliente
canyon, and indicates the entrance at this place of a consider-
able stream, derived doubtless from the contiguous portions
of the Great Basin.

Locs oF DEEP WELLS

Log of Well No. 52, Kern Trading and Oil Company, Sec.
3, T. 29 S., R. 28 E., Kern River District.

From To Thickness Formation
Surface 30 feet 30 feet Sand and clay
30 fee 58 “ Z8un Boulders
58° 260 “ 202 “ Sand and clay
260) 290 “ 300s Light oil-sand
290) 3% 300) -* 10 + Clay
300 “ 33005 30 Rich oil-sand
KB ty Sh 2a Clay
Soon 440 “ Sous Good oil-sand
440 “ (Mie 15a Clay
455 “ 465 “ 10/a2 Good oil-sand
465 “ 485 “ 20s Hard sand
485 “ 500i5 = 157 Good oil-sand
500) mit 10° ¢ Clay
510) 7¢ 550N s 40 “ Good oil-sand
Pathe 560 “ 10.0 Clay
5605s 610s SOs Good oil-sand
610 “ (ou lve ry Sake Clay
615 “ 630“ 158 Oil-sand
630.5 640 “ 19\ Clay
640 “ 6655 = 25 aie Rich oil-sand and boulders
665.8. 670 “ Cpa Clay
670 “ FAS 45. 5 Oil-sand and gas
715; 125) 100 Clay
aye 740 “ 15g Good oil-sand
740 “ ted) 105% Clay
7501.“ they jay Clay
7 fs Ve ey Ss 250 Oil-sand
7 eae 789 “ 14° °S Hard sand

789“ 805 “ 16m Hard sand (4 feet below casing)

Vor. III] ANDERSON—NEOCENE DEPOSITS OF KERN RIVER 121

Log of Well No. 5, Grace Oil Company, Sec. 8, T. 29 S.,
R. 28 E., Kern River District.

The upper part of this log is similar to others in this field
and is not specially interesting.

From To Thickness Formation
429 feet 761 feet 232 feet Oil-sands, ete.
LOLs 1061, 300“ Oil-sands
1061 1080 “ Ie A be oa aaa
1080 “ 1100 “ 20) Sandy shale
1100P <5 12853 :\“ 185s Sands, with water
1285 “ 1305) ZONi ss Oil-sands
1305s 332i Diao Clay and shale
SS etc: 13525 3 Pan Sandstone
NSS2er 1388“ 30s Tough clay
1388 “ 1390 “ 2 is Black shell
1390 “ 1420 “ 30) Coarse sand
1420 “ 1442 “ 2D Blue clay
1442 “ 1507 < 651 a Coarse sand (oil?)
IO 153555 280 Clay and sand
SSS 155 50 Fo) Coarse sand (oil?)
155 5yes PSOlumt Olan Blue clay
1561 “ 1634 “ 7350 Sand (oil?)
1634 “ 1666 “ oo Sand and clay
1666 “ 1708 “ 42) os Sticky shale
1708 “ WAS) ous Sand (asphaltum)
W7L5) 1786 “ Filnayse Shale, with some sand
1786 “ 1798 “ 12 tess Shale and sand
1798 “ 1823 “ 253 i Clay shale and sand, with gas
1823 “ 1835 120 Sand
1835: 1846“ Lane Hard clay shale
1846 “ NEAL St (Ay Sandstone
187i) 1875006 Aen’ Tough clay
1875; 192M 46S Sand, with oil
CPA 1937 “ Ke) Tough clay
1937.5 197. 34S Sand
1971, 1998 “ Pp Sticky clay
1998“ 2004 “ Ome Coarse sand
2004 “ 2040 “ 30in ie Sandy shale
2040 “ 2047 “ Ta oS Sand, with oil
2047 “ 2083 300s Clay shale
2083 “ QB 700s Arete Sand, with oil and water
2087 “ Zs 31S Clay shale, with shell
PANN see ZIZON ety Water-sand
2129) 0" 2150) ZN ice Soft shale
ZISO) = PAV EY pay ie Hard shale
7NMGfsy 82 2194 “ 198 Sand (firm)
2194 “ 2195 “ Ly Sandstone
2195. 2206“ ties Dark clay shale
2206 “ 2209 “ pay Sand, with fossils
2209 “ D2 aise 8s Dark clay shale
Z2N7 bi 2OA2 Pa a Clay and sand alternating
Z2AD +s 2260) Sts Coarse gravel
2260 “ 2591 “ Saline Shale, with hard shells
250 lems: 2701) WGKO} Sand shale, with gas and oil
210“ PAS Ties Sand
PH AWE 27 SSNs 465 Shale

November 1, 1911.

122 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 41H SER.

Log of Well No. 5, Grace Oil Co.—Cont'd.

From To Thickness Formation
2758 fee 2763 fee 5 fee Hard shell
2763) 2775.5 1 Zest Sand
2715 oe 2814 “ 39 y= Shale, with white specks
2814 “ PAR YJ ee 28 te Sand, with gas
2837“ 3148“ SLs Shale, with gas
3148 “ 3166“ 1G ie Fine white sand
3166“ Bee eer Strong salt water

Log of Well No. 43, Kern Trading and Oil Company, Sec.
3, T. 29 S., R. 28 E., Kern River District.

From To Thickness Formation

Surface 230 feet 230 feet Sand and clay
‘ 5) ‘

230 feet 425 ‘ 195 ‘ Light oil-sand—Water at 400 feet
425 aie 452 “ iH fas Clay

452 “ 475 “ 23. Oil-sand and gas
4/50 485 “ 105e= Clay

485 “ 30 ii, AS ee Rich oil-sand

530n 5A 12-25 Clay

S42 per 580 “ ape Rich oil-sand

580 “ 600“ 20 re Dry sand—Some gas
600 * 648 * 48 “ Oil-sand

648 “ 650 “ Pets Clay

650 “ 690 “ 40 “ Oil-sand

690“ 710 Zor Clay

710; 150' 40) “ Oil-sand

750 Gn. 7st Sis Clay

ih A 760“ V hia Oil-sand

700) = 765 Les: Clay

703-45 810 “ 45) Light oil-sand

810 “ 820 “ 19 Rich oil-sand

820 “ 823 “ See Dry sand

823""tn 830 “ rhe Rich oil-sand

830 “ Boone Siete Clay

833s 835 Zn Dry sand—Bottom

Log of Well No. 31 (“Rasmussen”), Petroleum Develop-
ment Company, Sec. 4, T. 29 S., R. 28 E., Kern River District.

From To Thickness Formation
Surface 34 feet 34 feet Surface formation
34 feet Some Ss Sand gravel and blue clay
AS 202i Vi hee Sand shale and blue clay
262) <5 330) 68 “ Oil-sand
330 ines 405°“ 7 Blue clay and hard sand
405 “ ADSI 20) = Oil-sand
425,“ 450 “ Does Clay and sand
450 “ S00); = Sos Oil-sand
500 “ 650“ 150"5 = Oil-sand and blue clay
650he 695 “ ASI Oil-sand
695) -“ VAS us Zane Blue clay and oil-sand

Water shut off at 255 feet.
Gas blew out top of rig at 437 feet.

Vou. 111] ANDERSON—NEOCENE DEPOSITS OF KERN RIVER 123

Log of Well No. 51, Kern Trading and Oil Company, Sec.
3, T. 29 S., R. 28 E., Kern River District.

From To Thickness Formation
Surface 30 feet 30 feet Sand and clay
30): 58 287 Boulders
Bre: ve 2600 is 2025 Sand and clay
260 “ 290s 3005 Light oil-sand
290 “ 300 “ 1006 Clay
300“ Sei 30 is Rich oil-sand
330% agape Sins Clay
S35) 440 “ 105° Good oil-sand
440 “ 45S oy ie Clay
455,“ 465“ 100s Good oil-sand
465 “ 485 “ 220i Hard sand
485“ 500) * 155k Good oil-sand
500) 510) 1053 Clay
S10; = S50) pe 40 “ Good oil-sand
550) 560: “ 104 3 Clay
560) 610° = SOs Good oil-sand
610 “ ols) 5“ Sis Clay
615 630 15 Oil-sand
630; “ 640“ LOE Clay
640 “ 665 * ZA et Rich oil-sand and boulders
665“ 6/0)“ sy Clay
670 “ ASS Ee Oil-sand and gas
ZAG) Waa KO) Clay
725) 740“ Sree Good oil-sand
740 “ 50s 101 Clay
450. = Tie 2 Pap Ojil-sand
Tipsy 789“ 14:58 Hard sand

Log of Well No. 2, Petroleum Development Company, Sec.
24, T. 28 S., R. 27 E., Kern River District.

From To Thickness Formation
Surface 460 feet 460 feet Sand and clay
460 feet 570n ON Blue water-sand
570) © 590 “ 20) * Blue clay
500: “ 610 “ 2005 Blue clay
610i 6lss = Shs Oil-sand
615 = 640 “ 2ow = Blue clay and water-sand
640 “ 1040 * 400“ Water-sand and blue clay
1040 “ 1051) es Blue clay
1051 “ 1087“ SOs Water-sand
1087, < L135 48 “ Water-sand and clay
1135) = 1190 “ BE) Heaving water-sand
190) 1435 DAD aoe Sand and clay
435i 1445 “ LON a Coarse water-sand
1445 “ 1465 “ 20 ies Blue clay and sand
1465 “ 1490 “ 25 Water-sand
1490 “ 1500 10.3% Hard standstone
1500 “ 172503 225s Water-sand and blue clay
1725) 1731 (ne Sand, showing oil
Ws 1790“ SOE Water-sand and blue clay
1790 “ 17292), Lhe Coarse sand, showing oil and gas
17920 1845 “ Stas Sand and clay, showing oil

124 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4H Ser.

Log of Well No. 2, Petroleum Development Co.—Cont’d.

From To Thickness Formation
1845 feet 1890 feet 45 feet Sticky blue clay
1890 “ 1900 “ LOLS: Blue clay, showing oil
1900 “ 1930 “ 30) 55 Water-sand, showing oil
1930 “ 2000“ 70)“ Sand and clay, showing oil
2000 “ Z105. = 105 “ Sand and clay
ZLOS es 2130 “ 25 mes Hard white sand
2130" 2240 “ 110s Hard brown shale
2240 “ 2245 “ Die Fine white sand, showing some oil
2245 2270 “ 25 aa Fine white sand

This well was abandoned.

Log of Well No. 28 (“Rasmussen”), Petroleum Develop-
ment Company, Sec. 4, T. 29 S., R. 28 E., Kern River District.

From To Thickness Formation
Surface 30 feet 30 feet Sand and boulders
30 feet 285 “ 255.0 5 Clay and sand
/asey 3O0F AD Blue clay and oil-sand
330) = B35)a- Sine Oil-sand
3350 430 “ OSes Oil-sand and clay
430 “ 470 “ 403 Oil-sand
470 “ 490 “ 20 Oil-sand and blue clay
490 “ SAD. 50's Blue clay
407s 800 “ 260 “ Blue clay and oil-sand
800“ 820 “ 20 Oil-sand
820 “ S055 Sous Oil-sand and blue clay
905“ 1350 “ 445 “ Sandy clay
1350) 1360 “ 10 “ Blue clay
1360 “ 1397 “ 37 a Sandy blue clay
1397 oS 1450 “ Boies Blue clay
1450 “ 1455 eee Blue clay and sand
1455, 1461 “ Coe White sand
1461 “ 1472 “ 3 White sand and clay
1472 “ 1625) 5S) Sandy clay
1625 “ 1652 “ 21s is Brown sandy clay
1652 “ 2405 “ sh es Brown shale
2405 “ 2480 “ ihe Sandy shale
2480 “ 2566 “ 86 “ Brown shale
2566 “ 2580 “ 1485 Brown shale and sand
2580 “ 2585" 5s Sand, with fossil shells and salt water
2585euee 2612 “ Dhaie Sand and brown shale
2612 “ 2690 “ 13) Hard brown shale
2690 “ 2694 “ 4S Hard sandy shale
2694 “ 2805 “ ih bs Hard sand
2805 “ 3000 “ 195: Gray shale
3000 “ 3050“ 5Ote Sand
3050 “ 3240 “ 1901S Gray shale
3240 “ 32500 = eee Gray shale and brown sand
S255) 33700 = NGS gk Blue shale
33/0 Cab ye OP oe Gray shale
4295 “ 4580 “ 285Nin Brown shale
4580 “ 4650 “ 70. = Sandy shale
4650 “ 4660 “ 10 Sand and some oil

4660 “ 5010 “ 350) Gray shale, ete.

Vor. 111] ANDERSON—NEOCENE DEPOSITS OF KERN RIVER 125

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Acassiz, Louis. 1856. Notice of Fossil Fishes:
Pac. R. R. Rept. Vol. V, Append. pp. 313-316.

Anovrrson, F. M. 1905. Stratigraphic Study in the Mount Diablo Range
of California:

Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 3d Ser., Vol. II, No. 2, pp. 156-248.

Anperson, F. M. 1908. A Further Stratigraphic Study in the Mount
Diablo Range of California:

Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., Vol. III, pp. 1-40.

Arnotp, Ratpu, and Harnz, H. L. 1904. The Diabase of the Santa Cruz
Mountains, etc. :

Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., Vol. 43, pp. 15-53.
ArNoLp, RALPH. 1906. Tertiary and Quaternary Pectens of California:
U. S. Geol. Surv., Prof. Ppr. No. 47, Ser. C, pp. 1-264.

ArwNo_p, RALPH, and Anperson, Ropert. 1908. Preliminary Report on the

Coalinga Oil District, Fresno and Kings Counties, California :
Bull, 357, U. S. Geol. Surv., pp. 1-142.

Arnotp, RatpH. 1909. Paleontology of the Coalinga District, Fresno and
Kings Counties, California:

Bull. 396, U. S. Geol. Surv., pp. 1-101.

Arnon, RALPH. 1909. Environment of the Tertiary Faunas of the Pacific
Coast of the United States:

Jour. Geol. Vol. XVII, pp. 509-524.

ARNOLD, RALPH, and AnpErson, Rosert. 1910. Geology and Oil Resources

of the Coalinga District, California:
Bull. 398, U. S. Geol. Surv., pp. 1-263.

Arnotp, RALPH, and Jonson, Harry R. 1910. Preliminary Report on
the McKittrick-Sunset Oil Region, Kern and San Luis Obispo Coun-
ties, California:

Bull. 406, U. S. Geol. Surv., pp. 1-225.

Becker, Geo. F. 1885. Notes on the Stratigraphy of California:
Bull. No. 19, U. S. Geol. Surv., pp. 191-215.

Biaxe, Won. P. 1856. Tertiary Formations of Ocoya Creek, etc.:
Pac. R. R. Rept., Vol. V, pp. 30-50, & pp. 163-173.

Biake, Wo. P. 1898. Oscillations of Level of the Pacific Coast of the
United States:

Am. Geol., Vol. XXI, pp. 164-165.

Conran, T. A. 1856. Descriptions of Fossil Shells:

Pac. R. R. Rept., Vol. V, Append. pp. 317-330.

Coorrr, J. G. 1888. Catalogue of California Fossils:

Bull. Calif. State Min. Bureau, No. 4, pp. 5-65.
Exprince, Geo. H. 1902. Petroleum Fields of California:
U. S. Geol. Sury. Bull. No. 213, pp. 310-312.

Farrpanks, H. W. 1897. Oscillations of the Coast of California during

the Pliocene and Pleistocene:
Am. Geol., Vol. XX, pp. 213-245.
CCOnTEAR, W. A. 1888. Petroleum, Asphaltum and Natural Gas of Cali-
ornia:
7th Ann. Rept. State Min., pp. 67-68.
Jorpan, Davin Starr. 1907. Fossil Fishes of California, etc. :
Bull. Geol. Dept. Univ. Calif., Vol. V, pp. 95-144.

Lawson, ANDREW C. 1893. Post-Pliocene Diastrophism of the Coast of
Southern California:

Bull. Dept. Geol. Univ. Calif., Vol. I, pp. 115-160.

Merriam, J. C. 1904. A Note on the Fauna of the Lower Miocene of
California:

Bull. Geol. Dept. Univ. Calif., Vol. III, pp. 377-381.

126 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

MENDENHALL, W. C. 1908. Ground Waters of the San Joaquin Valley,
California :
U. S. Geol. Surv. Water Supply Ppr. No. 222, pp. 1-52.
O'NEILL, EpMonp. 1901. The Development of the Petroleum Industry:
University Chronicle, Vol. [V, No. 3, pp. 176-202.
O’Nem1, EpmMonp. 1903. Petroleum in California:
Jour. Am. Chem. Soc., Vol. XXV, No. 7, pp. 699-711.
Situ, J. Perrin. 1910. Geological Record of California:
Jour. Geol., Vol. XVIII, pp. 216-227.
SmirH, J. Perrtn. 1910. Ancient Climates of the West Coast:
Pop. Sci. Mon., May, 1910.
Turner, H. W. 1893. Rocks of the Sierra Nevada:
14th Ann. Rept. U. S. Geol. Surv., Pt. II, pp. 437-495.
Watts, W. L. 1894. Gas and Petroleum Yielding Formations of the
Central Valley of California:
Bull. Calif. State Min. Bur., No. 3, pp. 38-41.
Wurrney, J. D. 1865. Geology of the Sierra Nevada:
Geol. Surv. Calif., Geol., Vol. I, pp. 199-202.

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES,
February 25, 1911.

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EXPLANATION OF PLATE IV

View showing defile of the Kern River, looking east at point of debouch-
ure from the granite. The slight shoulders on each side of canyon in
middle distance correspond approximately to top of lacustrine delta-ter-
races,

I] TOA 445 wey 15 Gvoy TW] oud

130 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE V.

View at mouth of the Kern River defile, looking west. Old flood-plain
shown on left of the river forming a wide terrace 40 feet above the present
level of the stream. Granitic rocks on the extreme left.

132 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Srp.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VI

View near mouth of the Kern River defile, looking north. Boulder-
strewn flood-plain in foreground; old flood-plain terraces in middle dis-
tance strewn with river gravels; steep granite scarp in background along
line of faulting.

j (NOSHSONY I] TOA 4a yp 105 Gvoy vy] doxg

134 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VII

View on the Kern River looking east. Recent flood-plain of river
shown on the right and left in middle distance; older flood-plain terraces
shown in background, cut into Tertiary (Neocene) formations; granitic
ridge in extreme background.

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136 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4ru Ser.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VIII

View on the Kern River looking west from point one mile below
Barker’s ranch. Recent flood-plain shown in foreground; Neocene hills
in background showing Temblor beds near “Zone C”; abrupt change of
formation noted on slopes marks the base of the Kern River group; terrace
at the top 350 feet above the river.

IIA SIVTd (NOSHAONY] WIA 4a5 way 195 Ovoy wd ox

iu 1 |

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138 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE IX

View on the Kern River two miles east of Oil City showing several of
the older terraces; only Neocene hills visible; top of delta-terrace shown
near top of ridge in the background.

Xl SIvTg [NOSHaONY] IIT T0A 445 wip 195 Gvoy Wy dodd

EXPLANATION OF PLATE X

View on the Kern River east of oil-field, looking north ; flood plain a
terraces; terrace gravels at top of cliff on the ‘left, a ;

X Siviy [NOSHAONY |] TOA YaS wee 125 Gvoy Iv] doug

0 et ‘\

142 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XI

View in the Kern River oil district, showing character of surface and
other conditions.

2
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CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENC.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XII

View in the Kern River oil district, showing characteristic scene and —
surface formation and topography.

TIA 8a5 wv 195 Gvoy Wy Jou

146 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIII

View at the mouth of the Grapevine canyon, south end of Great Valley,
looking north, showing delta-terrace near 600 feet above floor of valley, and
near 1500 feet above sea-level; terrace cut by recent erosion.

ll SIv1y [(NOSHSONY] TD I0A £35 wep 19 Ovayw] a2

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
FourTH SERIES

Vo. III, pp 147-156 January 17, 1912

NOTES ON A COLLECTION OF REPTILES FROM
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA AND
ARIZONA

BY JOHN VAN DENBURGH
Curator of the Department of Herpetology

Through the kindness of my friend Dr. Charles H. Gilbert
I have been afforded an opportunity to examine and report
upon a collection of reptiles brought together by Mr. Dane
Coolidge in 1897 and 1899. The material is chiefly of interest
as an aid toward a more complete knowledge of the distribu-
tion and variation of a number of Californian species. It
contains no forms new to science. The specimens, several
hundred in number, were secured at various localities in San
Bernardino, Riverside and San Diego counties, California,
and near Yuma, Arizona. They are the property of Leland
Stanford Junior University and form a part of its zoological
collections.

J. LytLe Creek, SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY

1. Crotaphytus collaris baileyi (Stejneger).—Three fine
male specimens, secured in May, 1899, all have two rows of
interorbitals. Their femoral pores are 19-19, 17-18, and 19-19.

2. Eumeces skiltonianus (Baird & Girard).—One speci-
men, measuring 109 mm. from snout to vent, was taken in
May, 1899. It is entirely without stripes.

January 15, 1912

148 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4tH Ser.

II. Swartont CANON, SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY

1. Uta stansburiana Baird & Girard.—One typical speci-
men taken July 29, 1899.

2. Sceloporus biseriatus Hallowell.—Several. July 29,
1899:

3 Phrynosoma blainvillii Gray.—Three specimens, caught
July 29, 1899, are nearly intermediate between this species and
P. frontale as regards the character of their head-plates. It
therefore becomes necessary to regard the northern flat-scaled
form as a subspecies of P. blainvillii under the name Phryno-
soma blainvillii frontale. The characters which distinguish
these two forms are remarkably constant in specimens from
northern Lower California, San Diego County, and Riverside
County on the one hand, and the territory North of 35° on the
other.

Mr. Coolidge notes that the largest specimen of the three, a
female, squirted blood three times from its eyes when captured.

4. Gerrhonotus scincicauda ignavus Van Denburgh.—The
only specimen is so young that it does not show the characters
of this subspecies very distinctly, but can be identified by the
character of the keeling of its caudal scales. It was taken July
29, 1899:

III. Victor, SAN BERNARDINO CoUNTY

1. Sceloporus magister Hallowell—One male and one
female typical of this species were obtained in May, 1897. The
former has twelve femoral pores.

IV. Cajon Pass, SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY

1. Callisaurus ventralis (Hallowell).—A single lizard of
this species was found July 25, 1899.

2. Uta stansburiana Baird & Girard.—Two typical exam-
ples were taken July 25, 1899.

3. Sceloporus biseriatus Hallowell—This fence-lizard is
represented in the collection by a single specimen taken July
25, 1899.

4. Phrynosoma blainvillii Gray.—Ten adult and several
young specimens were secured in July, 1897. Two have head-

Vor. III] VAN DENBURGH—REPTILES—SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 149

plates nearly as rough as in P. b. frontale, but in both speci-
mens these plates are convex as in P. blainvillii. Another has
these plates nearly flat but almost smooth. The other speci-
mens are typical P. blainvillit.

V. GRAPELAND, SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY

1. Sceloporus biseriatus Hallowell—This was the only
species collected in this locality.

VI. WaATERMAN’s CANON, SAN BERNARDINO MTs., SAN
BERNARDINO COUNTY.

1. Uta stansburiana Baird & Girard.—Secured in June,
1899.

2. Sceloporus biseriatus Hallowell—A large series was
taken in June, 1899. No male shows two blue throat-spots.

3. Sceloporus orcutti Stejneger.

4. Lampropeltis californie (Blainville)—This snake is
represented by a single specimen.

VII. Brurr LAaKe, SAN BERNARDINO Mts., SAN BERNAR-
DINO CoUNTY

1. Uta stansburiana Baird & Girard.

2. Sceloporus graciosus Baird & Girard.

3. Eumeces skiltonianus (Baird & Girard).—A young
specimen was caught in June, 1899.

4. Pituophis catenifer (Blainville)— One gopher-snake
was captured June 23, 1899. Its gastrosteges are 222 and its
urosteges 77.

5. Thamnophis hammondii (Kennicott).—Mr. Coolidge
secured a single snake typical of this species July 2, 1899. Gas-
trosteges 165. Scale rows 21.

6. Crotalus oregonus Holbrook.

VIII. Rtiversipe, RiversipE County

1. Hyla regilla Baird & Girard.
2. Rana draytonii Baird & Girard.

150 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser.

Uta stansburiana Baird & Girard.

Sceloporus biseriatus Hallowell.

Sceloporus orcutti Stejneger.

Phrynosoma blainvillii Gray.

Lampropeltis boylii Baird & Girard.

Salvadora grahamie Baird & Girard—A Salvadora
leer here by Mr. Coolidge has 17 scale rows, gastrosteges
199, urosteges 92, frontal short and broad, parietal short, ros-
tral wide with detached edges, first pair of infralabials elon-
gated posteriorly, mental small, and posterior genials separated
by small scales. I have no specimen from Texas for compari-
son. Ten from Lower California agree in the main with this
one from Riverside but have rather larger rostrals and show
that the shape of the frontal and parietal plates is inconstant.

9. Arizona elegans [ennicott.—One specimen.

10. Pituophis catenifer (Blainville)—One young gopher-
snake, taken July 3, 1899, has four large and two small pre-
frontals, 68 urosteges, and scales in 33 rows.

11. Thamnophis parietalis (Say).—Typical.

12. Thamnophis hammondii (Kennicott)— One young
garter-snake was secured August 7, 1899.

F OON An

IX. Temescat Mrs., RIVERSIDE COUNTY

1. Uta stansburiana Baird & Girard.—Two typical males
were obtained July 12, 1899.

2. Sceloporus orcutti Stejneger—A large male taken July
10, 1899, is typical of this species. The tail has been repro-
duced and is forked.

3. Phrynosoma blainvillii Gray.—Five typical adult females
were collected July 12, 1899.

4. Gerrhonotus scincicauda ignavus Van Denburgh.—A
single specimen is evidently of this form.

5. Cnemidophorus stejnegeri Van Denburgh.—Five whip-
tailed lizards were secured July 10, 1899. The younger speci-
mens have the markings on the throat smaller and less numer-
ous than in adults.

6. Verticaria hyperythra beldingi Stejneger—Mr. Cool-
idge captured one specimen of this lizard July 10, 1899.

Vor. 111] VAN DENBURGH—REPTILES—SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 151

X. GAvILLAN, RIVERSIDE CoUNTY

1. Sceloporus biseriatus Hallowell.—This species was col-
lected August 9, 1899.

2. Sceloporus orcutti Stejneger—Five typical examples
were taken in August, 1899.

3. Lichanura roseofusca Cope.—The only snake of this
species in the collection was caught by Elmer Schellinger in
May, 1899. It has 237 gastrosteges and scales in 41 rows.
The rostral is prominent and there are three true loreals.

XI. Perris VALLEY, RIVERSIDE COUNTY

1. Sceloporus orcutti Stejneger—Many typical specimens
were secured in July, 1897.

2. Phrynosoma blainvillii Gray.—The head-plates are typ-
ical of this form in six horned-toads obtained in Perris Valley,
July 26, 1897.

XII. Curmuanua Mrts., San Dreco County

1. Uta stansburiana Baird & Girard.—Typical specimens
were collected July 30-31, 1897.

2. Sceloporus biseriatus Hallowell—Twenty-one lizards of
this species, representing various ages and both sexes, are all
typical as regards the single blue throat-patch and the separa-
tion of the supraoculars from the median head-plates.

3. Sceloporus orcutti Stejneger.—Five were taken July 30-
31, 1897.

4. Cnemidophorus stejnegeri Van Denburgh.—This species
is represented by a single specimen.

5. Eumeces skiltonianus Baird & Girard.——One young
skink was secured in July, 1897.

XIII. Cuyamaca, SAN DiEGo CouNTY

Uta stansburiana Baird & Girard.
Sceloporus biseriatus’ Hallowell.
Cnemidophorus stejnegeri Van Denburgh.
Lampropeltis californiz (Blainville).
Thamnophis hammondii (Kennicott).
Crotalus oregonus Holbrook.

Gio eS

152 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER.

XIV. Oak Grove, SAN Dreco County

1. Callisaurus ventralis Hallowell—Ten were taken near
Oak Grove in July.

2. Crotaphytus wislizenii Baird & Girard.—A leopard liz-
ard was obtained in July, 1897.

3. Uta stansburiana Baird & Girard.

4. Sceloporus biseriatus Hallowell—This species was col-
lected in July, 1897.

5. Sceloporus orcutti Stejneger.

6. Phrynosoma bDlainvillii Gray.—Three young horned-
toads are labeled Oak Grove.

7. Verticaria hyperythra beldingi Stejneger.—Two typical
examples of Belding’s Orange-throat were secured in July,
1897.

8. Thamnophis hammondii (Kennicott).—This very dis-
tinct species is represented from this locality by one young and
one adult specimen taken in July, 1897.

XV. Coyote CANon, Cotorapo DESERT, SAN DiEGo County

1. Crotalus mitchellii Cope.—One rattlesnake typical of this
species was secured in Coyote Cafion. It appears to differ in
no way from specimens from the Cape Region of Lower Cali-
fornia.

XVI. Fort Yuma, IMPERIAL CouNTY

1. Crotaphytus wislizenii Baird & Girard.—This lizard
was found at Hall Hanlon’s Ranch June 2, 1899.

2. Uta stansburiana Baird & Girard.—Brown-shouldered
lizards were taken at Hanlon’s, May 28, 1899.

XVII. Yuma, ARIZONA

1. Coleonyx variegatus Baird—One male with six preanal
pores.

2. Dipsosaurus dorsalis Baird & Girard—28 specimens of
this lizard are in the collection. Of these, 25 have nasals of
both sides separated from the rostral by two rows of scales,
while in three cases, on one side of the head but a single row
intervenes.

Vor. III] VAN DENBURGH—REPTILES—SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 153

3. Uma notata Baird.—Seventeen specimens were taken
near Yuma in May and June, 1899. The keeled suborbitals
vary in number from three to six; the loreal rows from four
to seven; supraocular rows from eight to ten; supralabials
from eight to ten; infralabials from eleven to seventeen; and
femoral pores from twenty-two to thirty.

4. Callisaurus ventralis (Hallowell) —Mr. Coolidge pre-
served fifty-two specimens of this lizard. Only one of these
has three lateral black blotches, the number found in C. dra-
contoides. In this specimen, as in all others, these blotches are
very oblique.

5. Crotaphytus wislizenii Baird & Girard.—Two leopard
lizards were taken in May and June, 1899.

6. Uta stansburiana Baird & Girard.—This species is com-
mon at Yuma, where a number were collected.

7. Uta symmetrica Baird.—Numerous specimens of this
species were collected in May, 1899.

8. Sceloporus magister Hallowell—The number of fem-
oral pores in the fifteen specimens secured ranges from eight to
fifteen, the average of the thirty series being 12.1.

9. Phrynosoma m’callii (Hallowell).—One fine horned-
toad of this species was caught June 9, 1899. It has seventeen
femoral pores.

10. Cnemidophorus tigris Baird & Girard.—One specimen
has the frontoparietal plates united for the anterior third of
their length. None has enlarged postantebrachials, and in
none is the second labial in contact with the anterior nasal.
In all these specimens the enlarged preanals are two, preceded
by one, which in turn is usually preceded by one. Femoral
pores in 40 specimens vary from 15 to 25; the average of 80
thighs is 20.4 (average of 40 right legs 20.41, of 40 left legs
20.42). All the specimens are very dark. The gular regions,
and the lower surface of the body nearly to the insertion of the
hind limbs, are dark slate or black, usually with light markings
along the posterior edges of the ventral plates.

11. Siagonodon humilis (Baird & Girard).—One typical
specimen was taken May 22, 1899.

12. Chionactis episcopus (Kennicott).—This Chionactis
has a light vinaceous-rufous band extending along the back
from the occiput to the tip of the tail. This band is four or

154 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

five scales wide on the body, and two or three on the tail. The
central two or three rows show only very faint darker mark-
ings, but the scales of the more lateral rows are marked each
with a central dash of dark hair-brown, while their margins
are whitish. The dark dashes therefore appear as a brown line
along the middle of each row of scales, with the exception
of a few of the dorsal rows, while the ground color is reddish
dorsally and white laterally. The head is pale yellowish brown
with a large dark brown blotch on the parietal and frontal
plates. This specimen has scales in 15 rows, gastrosteges 169,
urosteges 45, postgenials very small, supralabials 6-7, infra-
labials 6-6. It measures: length to anus 270 mm., length of
tail 59 mm.- In a second specimen the reddish dorsal band is
rendered less distinct by the presence on the dorsal scales of
central dark markings similar to those of the lateral scales.
The scales are 15 rows, gastrosteges 168, urosteges 47, post-
genials very small, supralabials 7-7, infralabials 6-6.

13. Rhinocheilus lecontei Baird & Girard.—A single snake
of this species was secured May 23, 1899. Its labials are 8:8;
scale rows 25; gastrosteges 206; urosteges forty single, fol-
lowed by eight pairs.

14. Lampropeltis conjuncta (Cope) ?—One milk-snake,
caught June 5, 1899, is very similar in coloration to specimens
from the Cape Region of Lower California. It has 23 rows of
scales, 237 gastrosteges, and 57 urosteges.

15. Bascanion flagellum frenatum Stejneger.—One speci-
men taken May 21, 1899, has scales in 17 rows, gastrosteges
193, urosteges 100.

16. Thamnophis marcianus (Baird & Girard.—I refer to this
name two garter-snakes captured at Yuma. The larger meas-
ures 375 mm. to anus, tail 94 mm. These specimens agree in
having the lateral stripe on the third or the second and third
rows, nuchal blotches and labial markings very distinct, one
row of scales smooth, postgenials much longer than anterior,
and gastrosteges 159. In one specimen the scales are in 21
rows, temporals 1-3, supralabials 8-8, and urosteges 65. In
the other the scales vary in number from 21 to 26 rows, tem-
porals 1-2, supralabials 7-8, and urosteges 54 (tip missing).

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES,
November, 1911.

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Fourtu SERIES

Vo. III, pp. 155-160 January 17, 1912

NOTES ON SOME REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS
FROM OREGON, IDAHO .AND UTAH

BY JOHN VAN DENBURGH
Curator of the Department of Herpetology

The following notes are based upon material secured in
1894, by Dr. Charles H. Gilbert, of Leland Stanford Junior
University. While the number of species is not large, the data
on distribution are of considerable interest to the student of
zoogeography, for the herpetology of Idaho is but little known.
I am indebted to Dr. Gilbert for the privilege of reporting
upon the collection.

1. Clemmys marmorata (B. & G.).—A single specimen of
this turtle was taken at Klamath Falls, Oregon, June 16, 1894.

2. Crotaphytus wislizenii B. & G-—Twenty-seven adult
specimens of this fine lizard agree perfectly, both in dimensions
and coloration, with this form as distinguished from Cyrota-
phytus silus Stejneger of the San Joaquin Valley, California.
Three very young specimens, however, have dimensions and
coloration very nearly as in C. silus; but that form is not based
upon immature individuals. The dorsal markings, both lines
and spots, have a tendency to disappear in old individuals.
Usually the lines fade first, leaving the spots fairly distinct;
but the reverse order of disappearance may occur. Thus is
formed a great series of color-patterns.

These specimens were all collected in Idaho:—at Weiser,
Washington County, Aug. 6, 1894; plains of Snake River, by
Upper Salmon Falls, Aug. 9, 1894; plains on south side of

January 15, 1912

156 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

Snake River, Salmon Falls, Aug. 9, 1894; between Blue Lake
and Shoshone Falls (on upland), Aug. 13, 1894; plains
between Bliss and Snake River, Aug. 10, 1894; plains north of
Snake River, between Upper Salmon Falls and Bliss, Aug. 10,
1894; plains across river from Glen’s Ferry, Aug. 8, 1894;
Snake River shore at Upper Salmon Falls, Aug. 10, 1894;
near Cottonwood Creek, Cassia Co., Aug. 23, 1894; and Glen’s
Ferry, Aug. 8, 1894.

3. Uta stansburiana B. & G.—This wide ranging species was
found, in Idaho, between Blue Lakes and Shoshone Falls, Aug.
13, 1894; on the plains between Bliss and Snake River, Aug.
10, 1894; sage-brush plains between Shoshone and Blue Lakes,
Logan County, Aug. 12, 1894; south side of the canon between
Shoshone Falls and Twin Falls, Snake River, Aug. 15, 1894.

4. Sceloporus occidentalis B. & G.—A single specimen of
this lizard was obtained near Cottage Grove, Lane County,
Oregon, June 27, 1894.

5. Sceloporus biseriatus Hallowell.—I have been unable to
detect any difference between specimens of this lizard from
southern California and the sixteen which were collected in
Idaho, at Blue Lakes Canon, Aug. 13, 1894; on sage-brush
plains between Shoshone and Blue Lakes, Aug. 12, 1894; on
the cafion walls at Shoshone Falls north of ferry, and at
Blue Lakes, Aug. 16, 1894; and between Blue Lakes and
Shoshone Falls, Aug. 13, 1894.

6. Sceloporus graciosus B. & G.—The numerous specimens
from Idaho fall well within the known variation of this species,
both as regards coloration and scale characters. They were
collected on the plains between Bliss and Snake River, Aug. 10,
1894; plains across river from Glen’s Ferry, Aug. 8, 1894;
sage-plains near Conant, Raft River, Cassia Co., Aug. 21,
1894; sage-plains between Shoshone and Blue Lakes, Aug. 12,
1894; Blue Lakes Canon, Logan Co., Aug. 13, 1894; and at
Weiser, Washington Co., Aug. 6, 1894. The species was
found also at Kelso, Cowlitz County, Washington, March 23,
1894.

7. Phrynosoma douglassii (Bell).—A very noticeable differ-
ence in color between this and the following species is the
indistinectness, in P. douglassti, of the dark nuchal blotches,
which are so clear and well-defined in P. platyrhinos. In

Vou. 111] VAN DENBURGH—REPTILES—OREGON, IDAHO, AND UTAH 157

adults, this difference is somewhat less marked, for while the
colors of P. douglassti seem to become more intense with age,
those of P. platyrhinos seem to fade. The largest specimens
are 84, 87, and 90 mm. long; the smallest, 33 mm.

These specimens were secured on the sage-brush plains near
Conant, Cassia County, Aug. 21, 1894; near Cottonwood
Creek, Cassia County, Aug. 23, 1894; at Arco, Alturas County,
Aug. 23, 1894; and at American Falls, Snake River, Aug. 25,
1894. It has also been secured at Grant’s, Oregon, by Mr.
Gilbert Edgington.

8. Phrynosoma platyrhinos Girard.—Numerous specimens
of this horned-toad were secured on the plains across the river
from Glen’s Ferry, Aug. 8, 1894; on the plains between Bliss
and Snake River, Aug. 10, 1894; sage-plains between Sho-
shone and Blue Lakes, Logan County, Aug. 12, 1894; on sage-
plain near Blue Lakes, Logan County, Aug. 16, 1894; and
near Cottonwood Creek, Cassia County, Idaho, Aug. 23, 1894.

In one of these specimens there is no trace of an enlarged
series of gular scales. The majority have these series repre-
sented, on one or both sides, by a few scales slightly larger
than those around them. One specimen has the series fairly
well developed. The same differences exist in specimens from
Arizona and southern California. Two specimens have naked
tympana, but in the others the tympana are fully scaled. The
number of femoral pores ranges from eight to twelve.

9. Gerrhonotus scincicauda (Skilton).—A single specimen,
secured at Drain, Douglas County, Oregon, June 26, 1894, is
unquestionably referable to this species.

10. Cnemidophorus tigris B. & G—This lizard is repre-
sented in the collection by nine typical specimens, only one of
which has the throat and chest strongly tinged with black.
The dorsal color-pattern is not more distinct in young than in
adults. These specimens were secured at Glen’s Ferry, Aug. 8,
1894; Blue Lakes Canon, Logan County, Aug. 13, 1894;
south side of the canon between Shoshone Falls and Twin
Falls, Snake River, Aug. 15, 1894; on sage-plain near Blue
Lakes, Logan County, Aug. 16, 1894; Snake River plains by
Upper Salmon Falls, Aug. 9, 1894. ;

11. Bascanion taniatum Hallowell.—A fine specimen of this
racer was obtained on the plains between Snake River and

158 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

Bliss, Aug. 10, 1894. The lower surfaces are beautifully
tinted posteriorly with rose pink.

12. Pituophis catenifer (Blainv.).—The Western Gopher-
Snake was collected at Roseburg, Oregon, and at Blue Lake,
Idaho. I can detect no difference from California specimens.

13. Thamnophis parietalis (Say).—A garter-snake of this
species was taken at Weiser, Idaho, August 6, and another
near Bear River, Logan County, Utah, August 27, 1894.

14. Thamnophis vagrans (B. & G.).—The Wandering Gar-
ter-Snake was collected in Oregon at Umatilla and Wallowa;
in Idaho at Arco, Shoshone Falls, Warderer, Ketcham, Weiser,
on the plains along the south side of the Snake River near
Salmon Falls, at the head of Malade River Cafion, on Cotton-
wood Creek, Cassia County, near Clear Water River seven
miles above Lewiston, Nez Perces County, and near Potlatch
Creek two miles above Lewiston; and in Utah near Bear River,
Logan County.

15. Thamnophis vagrans biscutata (Cope).—Four speci-
mens of this snake were preserved at Klamath Falls, Oregon,
where thousands were observed. They differ in coloration
from most of the specimens from Washington which I have
referred to this subspecies, showing fewer spots, and some-
what resemble certain specimens of T. elegans. Some of their
scale characters are: nasals, 2-2, 2-2, 2-2, 2-2; loreal, 1-1, 1-1,
1-1, 1-1; preoculars, 1-1, 2-2, 2-2, 3-3; postoculars, 3-3, 3-3,
3-3, 3-3; temporals, 1+3—1+3, 1+2—1+2, 1+3—1+3,
1+2—1+2; genials, posterior much longer, posterior much
longer, equal, equal; supralabials, 8-8, 8-8, 8-8, 8-8; scale rows,
23, 23, 21, 21; urosteges, 76, —, 73, —; gastrosteges, 168, —,
165, —.

16. Crotalus oregonus Holbrook.—The Pacific Rattlesnake
was secured at Klamath Falls, Oregon; and at Twin Falls, and
in Blue Lakes Cajon, Idaho.

17. Rana pipiens brachycephala (Cope).—This beautiful
frog was caught in the Snake River at American Falls, Oneida
County; at Montgomery’s Ferry, at the mouth of the Weiser
River, Weiser, Washington County; at Spring Branch, just
above Shoshone Falls, Logan County; and at Blue Lake
Spring, Idaho. It was also taken at Logan, Cache County,
Utah.

Vou. III] VAN DENBURGH—REPTILES—OREGON, IDAHO, AND UTAH |59

18. Rana aurora B. & G.—The collection contains specimens
of Rana aurora from Eugene, Lane County; and Clear Creek,
near Oregon City, Clackamas County, Oregon.

19. Rana pretiosa B. & G—This frog was found at Island
City, and in Grand Ronde River, Union County, Oregon.

20. Rana boylii Baird.—Among the most interesting speci-
mens in the collection are four specimens of Boyle’s Frog
caught in Deer Creek, near Roseburg; and in the Umpqua
River, Douglass County, Oregon. They seem identical with
Californian specimens.

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES,
November, 1911.

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
FourtH SERIES

Vor. III, pp. 161-182 ApRIL 5, 1912

GEOLOGIC RANGE OF MIOCENE INVERTEBRATE
FOSSILS OF CALIFORNIA

BY JAMES PERRIN SMITH
Stanford University, California

CONTENTS
PAGE
FAUNAL ZONES IN THE MIOCENE OF CALIFORNIA . . ; : ‘ 162
CHECK-List oF MIOCENE INVERTEBRATES OF CALIFORNIA. 3 5 170
List oF SPECIES CONFINED TO THE LOWER MIOCENE . eis ‘ : 177
List oF SPECIES CONFINED TO THE UPPER MIOCENE . ae : ; 180
List oF MIOCENE SPECIES THAT ARE STILL LIVING ? : 5 ‘ 181

April 2, 1912

162 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

FAUNAL ZONES IN THE MIOCENE OF CALIFORNIA.

When Conrad described the Tertiary fossils of California in
the Reports of the Pacific Railroad Survey, he assigned some
species to the Miocene on account of a vague resemblance to
Miocene species from Virginia and Maryland; but he had no
positive criterion for distinguishing the various faunas. When,
in 1868, Gabb wrote his monograph on the Tertiary of Cali-
fornia, he, too, had little opportunity of distinguishing the sep-
arate faunas that make up the beautiful succession, as we know
it, on the West Coast. Where the rock beds were much dis-
turbed and hardened, he called them Miocene; and where they
were little disturbed, and not lithified to any extent, he called
them Pliocene. This criterion was usually right, but not
always; for there are Miocene beds in California that are
unconsolidated, and Pliocene beds that are turned up on edge
and hardened into real rocks. In fact, the principal disturb-
ance in the Tertiary beds of the Coast Ranges came in the
mountain-making epoch at the end of Monterey, in the middle
Miocene time, and, after this, several thousand feet of sand-
stones were laid down still containing Miocene fossils in
abundance.

Later writers—Fairbanks, F. M. Anderson, Merriam, Law-
son, and Arnold—have introduced a much more elaborate
classification of the Neocene of California, and a large number
of formation-names. But these so-called formations, however
useful they may be for areal mapping and for economic geol-
ogy, do not always correspond to the faunal divisions. Some
of them are merely different facies of the same thing. The
formations have been subdivided much more minutely than the
faunas warrant.

Instead of the numerous subdivisions recognized by most
stratigraphers, there are, in fact, only two major faunal units in
the Miocene of California: a lower, including all the faunas
up through the Monterey; and an upper, including the San
Pablo, Santa Margarita, and Etchegoin faunas. The division
line between them corresponds to the period of orogenic activ-
ity that came on at the end of the Monterey epoch. This
marks not only a great change in the physiography of the West

Vor. IIT) SMITH—MIOCENE FOSSILS OF CALIFORNIA 163

Coast, but also the extinction of many of the older Miocene
types, and the introduction of new forms, many of which have
survived until the present time. This brings us back almost
to the standpoint of Lawson and Merriam, who have proposed
to call all the lower Miocene “Monterey,” and all the upper
Miocene “San Pablo.”

The beds containing the Vaqueros, Temblor, and Monterey
faunas were uplifted and somewhat hardened in the Coast
Range uplift; and on the eroded flanks of this range were laid
down the younger Miocene strata containing the Santa Mar-
garita, San Pablo, and Etchegoin faunas. They too have
been upturned by later disturbances, but not hardened to such
a degree as were the older beds.

The fossils in these later Miocene beds not only have a much
more recent appearance than those of the lower Miocene, but
also the number of species still living is much greater among
them. The number of these living species increases gradually
as the top of the Miocene is approached, and the faunas grade
over imperceptibly into the Pliocene. There is no natural
boundary between Miocene and Pliocene in California, and the
line is drawn between the Etchegoin and Purisima as a matter
of convenience. In fact the two faunas overlap; and the forma-
tions may well do so. The Etchegoin has been called the Plio-
cene by F. M. Anderson, and upper Miocene by Arnold. The
overlying Purisima has been called transitional by Ashley,
Pliocene by Arnold, and upper Miocene by Dall. And since
all these writers had good reasons for their opinions, it is safe
to conclude that the line between Miocene and Pliocene should
be drawn somewhere near the boundary line between the two
formations.

One of the most striking characteristics of the Tertiary of
California is the orderly advance toward modern life, with a
constantly increasing number of modern species, and a con-
stantly increasing number of species closely allied to recent
forms. Step by step each succeeding fauna becomes more like
the present life of the California coast than the preceding.
This gradual change finds its explanation in the physiography
of the region. All through the Tertiary the coast line of Cali-
fornia was nearly the same as at present; for while the orogenic

164 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH Ser.

disturbances during that age have been profound and far-
reaching, they were longitudinal. There was here, as else-
where in the northern hemisphere, a gradual drop from the
subtropical warmth of the Eocene to the cool climate of the
Pliocene, the chill of the Glacial Epoch, and then a fluctuating
rise to the genial climate of the present. This has been
recorded in the successive marine faunas, but the changes were
so gradual that during the Neocene there was no catastrophic
destruction of the inhabitants of the sea. From each geologic
formation many species live on into the next. It would have
delighted Lyell to see such a complete illustration of the prin-
ciple he adopted for the subdivision of the Tertiary, for here
we have a gradation from the Eocene with no living species,
through the Miocene and Pliocene with gradually increasing
number of modern forms, the Quaternary with about 90 per
cent of recent species, to the present, where in the same region,
out of a marine fauna of somewhere near a thousand species,
over four hundred extend back into the Quaternary, and nearly
a hundred extend back into the Tertiary.

TABLE OF Mi0cENE FAUNAS OF CALIFORNIA.

EtcHecoin fauna, of the Coalinga region, of the Salinas and the

a San Benito valleys.

Pa
3) ~ | San Pasio-SanTa Marcarita faunas, of the Mt. Diablo region,
z Salinas valley, and the Coalinga region.
[ea] ee
5 MonTerEY-TEMBLoR faunas, of the Contra Costa hills, Mt. Ham-
= ilton Range, Black Mountain, Santa Lucia Range, Coalinga
= 4 region, Bakersfield region, Santa Ynez and Santa Monica

8 mountains, and Santa Ana Range.

Vaqueros fauna, of the Santa Lucia Range, Black Mountain,
the Santa Monica and Santa Ynez mountains.

As shown in the table, there are only two major faunal divi-
sions of the Miocene: a lower, including the Vaqueros and
the Monterey-Temblor faunas; and an upper, including the
San Pablo-Santa Margarita and the Etchegoin faunas.

The entire Miocene fauna consists of about 300 species
described, and of these about 220 are confined to the Miocene.

The entire lower Miocene, as known as present, consists of
about 173 species, of which 116 are confined to lower Miocene,
25 range into upper Miocene; 11 range into Pliocene; 1 ranges

Vor. ITT) SMITH—MIOCENE FOSSILS OF CALIFORNIA 165

into Quaternary; and 20 persist into the Recent fauna. The
percentage of Recent species in the lower Miocene fauna taken
as a whole is 11 per cent.

The Vaqueros fauna consists of 56 species, of which 10 are
confined to the Vaqueros, or to this and the San Lorenzo Oli-
gocene faunas; 25 range into the Monterey-Temblor faunas ;
10 range into upper Miocene; 3 into Pliocene; 1 into Quater-
nary; and 6 range into the Recent fauna, giving 10 per cent
of living species.

The Monterey-Temblor faunas contain a total of about 154
species, of which 25 range up from Vaqueros; about 70 are
confined to Monterey-Temblor ; 26 range into upper Miocene;
11 into Pliocene; 1 ranges into Quaternary; and 20 persist
into the Recent fauna, giving 13 per cent of Recent species.

The following characteristic species are confined to the
Vaqueros fauna:

Modiolus inezanus Arnold Turritella inezana var. sespeensis
Pecten magnolia Conrad Arnold

Pecten vanvlecki Arnold Purpura vaquerosensis Arnold
Pecten vaughani Arnold Natica inezana Conrad

Turritella inezana Conrad _ Scutella fairbanksi Arnold

Terebratalia kennedyi Arnold

This lowest horizon of the Miocene has been called by Mer-
riam? the zone of Turritella hoffmanni (=Turritella inezana) ;
it may eventually be found to be the inshore equivalent of the
deep-water San Lorenzo Oligocene, with which it has a few
species in common, Of this fauna only six species are known
to have persisted to the present, namely, Terebratalia occident-
alis, Balanus concavus, Hinnites giganteus, Macoma nasuta,
Phacoides richthofeni, and Psammobia edentula; and of these
Macoma nasuta appeared in the San Lorenzo Oligocene.

The following characteristic species are confined to the
Vaqueros and Monterey-Temblor faunas:

Arca montereyana Osmont Pecten nevadanus Conrad
Cardium vaquerosense Arnold Pecten peckhami Gabb

Chione conradiana Anderson Pecten perrini Arnold

Chione mathewsoni Gabb Pecten sanctaecruzensis Arnold
Dosinia conradi Gabb Pecten sespeensis Arnold
Dosinia mathewsoni Gabb Agasoma barkerianum Cooper
Glycimeris brannert Arnold Agasoma gravidum Gabb
Pecten branneri Arnold Cuma biplicata Gabb

Pecten lompocensis Arnold Trochita costellata Gabb

Pecten miguelensis Arnold

1 Bull. Dept. Geol. Uniy. Calif., vol. 3 (1904), p. 380.

166 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser.

The following characteristic species are confined to the Mon-
terey-Temblor fauna:

Scutella breweriana Remond Cancellaria condonit Anderson
Scutella merriami Anderson Conus hayesi Arnold
Corbicula dumblei Anderson Conus owenianus Anderson
Glycimeris barbarensis Conrad Ficus kernianus Cooper
Pecten hamlini Arnold Ficus nodiferus Gabb

Pecten propatulus Conrad Ficus pyriformis Gabb
Tellina congesta Conrad Ficus stanfordensis Arnold
Yoldia impressa Conrad Oliva californica Anderson
Yoldia oregona Shumard Terebra cooperi Anderson
Agasoma santacruzanum Arnold Trophon gabbianus Anderson
Bathytoma keepi Arnold Turritella ocoyana Conrad
Bullia anglonana Anderson Turritella variata Conrad

In addition to the six species enumerated under the Vaqueros,
the following species persist from the Monterey-Temblor fauna
into the present :

Cardium quadrigenarium Conrad Panopaea generosa Gould
Dosinia ponderosa Gabb Phacoides annulatus Reeve
Leda taphria Dall Saxidomus nuttalli Conrad
Macoma calcarea Gmelin Solen sicarius Gould
Macoma secta Conrad Tellina idae Dall

Mactra catilliformis Conrad Lunatia lewisii Gould
Metis alta Conrad Olivella pedroana Conrad

The entire upper Miocene fauna consists of about 182 spe-
cies known at present. Of these 26 range up from lower Mio-
cene, and become extinct in the San Pablo-Santa Margarita
and Etchegoin faunas; about 77 are confined to the upper Mio-
cene; 26 range into Pliocene, and become extinct in the Puri-
sima or San Diego horizon; 2 range into Quaternary; and 50
persist into the Recent fauna.

The lower division of the upper Miocene consists of the San
Pablo-Santa Margarita-Jacalitos faunas, which are a unit, or
nearly so—the Jacalitos being merely the upper division of the
Santa Margarita, and both together being the approximate
equivalent of San Pablo. The aggregate fauna of this division
amounts to 117 species, of which 38 are still living, giving 32
per cent of Recent forms.

In the Etchegoin fauna there are known 111 species, with 20
additional that existed both before and after that time, making
131 species. Of these 51 are still living, giving 38 per cent of
Recent species in the Etchegoin fauna.

Vor. IIT]

SMITH—MIOCENE FOSSILS OF CALIFORNIA 167

The following common and characteristic species range up
from the lower Miocene, and become extinct in the San Pablo-

Santa Margarita fauna:

Arca microdonta Conrad
Arca obispoana Conrad
Chione temblorensis Anderson
Cytherea diabloensis Anderson
Modiolus multiradiatus Gabb
Ostrea titan Conrad

Panopaea estrellana Conrad
Pecten andersoni Arnold
Pecten crassicardo Conrad
Pecten discus Conrad

Pecten estrellanus Conrad
Trophon carisaensis Anderson

The following characteristic species are confined to the San

Pablo-Etchegoin fauna:

Pecten pabloensis Conrad
Astrodapsis antiselli Conrad
Astrodapsis tumidus Remond

Astrodapsis whitneyi Remond
Tamiosoma gregaria Conrad

The following species lived over from the lower Miocene,
and became extinct in the Etchegoin:

Mulinia densata Conrad
Sigaretus scopulosus Conrad

Zirphea dentata Conrad
Trophon ponderosus Gabb

The following characteristic upper Miocene species became

extinct in the Etchegoin:

Diplodonta harfordi Anderson
Diplodonta parilis Conrad
Glycimeris coalingaensis Arnold
Modiolus directus Dall

Mytilus coalingaensis Arnold
Ostrea vespertina Conrad

Ostrea atwoodi Gabb

Pecten coalingaensis Arnold
Placuanomia californica Arnold
Thais kettlemanensis Arnold
Turritella vanvlecki Arnold

The following characteristic species range up from lower
Miocene, and become extinct in the lower Pliocene, Purisima-

San Diego fauna:

Scutella gibbsi Gabb

Arca trilineata Conrad
Chione securis Shumard
Trochita filosa Gabb
Mactra albaria Conrad
Marcia oregonensis Conrad

Phacoides sanctaecrucis Arnold
Thracia trapezoidea Conrad
Venus pertenuis Gabb

Chione staleyi Gabb

Trochita inornata Gabb

The following characteristic upper Miocene species range
over into lower Pliocene, and become extinct in the Purisima-

San Diego fauna:

Astrodapsis perrini Weaver

Scutella gibbsi Gabb var. ashleyi
Arnold

Arca canalis Conrad

Cryptomya ovalis Conrad

Cardium coosense Dall

Cardium meekanum Gabb

Macoma astori Dall

Ostrea veatchi Gabb

Pecten cerrosensis Gabb

Pecten cerrosensis var. menden-
halli Arnold

Pecten nutteri Arnold

Pecten oweni Arnold

Pecten wattsi Arnold
Schizothoerus pajaroanus Conrad
Chrysodomus imperialis Dall
Chrysodomus portolaensis Arnold
Miopleioma oregonensis Dall

168 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH Ser.

Crepidula princeps Conrad persists from lower Miocene into
Quaternary, and Pisania fortis Carpenter persists from upper
Miocene into Quaternary before becoming extinct.

Throughout the Miocene, into the Pliocene, and up to the
present, little evolution of forms is seen. Species appear with
all their characteristics distinctly marked, run their course, and
disappear from our ken, without any appreciable change. The
geologist, looking over collections from the lowest Miocene to
the Recent fauna, rarely sees the evolution of marine inverte-
brates. He sees only the sudden appearance of forms, and
equally sudden disappearance of the same, without knowing
whence they came, or how they disappeared.

This could be used as an argument for saltatory or spas-
modic evolution. But it could be used equally well as an argu-
ment for special creation. In fact, the paleontologist does not
see here any spasmodic evolution; he sees only sudden appear-
ance. The species appear before us in the rocks, without any
previous record or credentials as to their history—presumably
as immigrants, having been evolved somewhere else. They
live on a while, and disappear a few at a time.

In the few cases where there is even a suggestion of evolu-
tion of species, this is not spasmodic, but slow and regular. In
the Venus shells there is a probable genetic series, from Chione
temblorensis in the lower Miocene, through Chione securis in
the middle and upper part of the Miocene, to the group of
Chione succincta of the Pliocene, Quaternary, and Recent
faunas.

An equally good genetic series is seen in the development of
Pecten andersoni of the lower Miocene into Pecten discus and
Pecten pabloensis of the upper Miocene.

Another probable genetic series is that of the group of
“Janira”; namely, Pecten sanctaecruzensis of the lower Mio-
cene, Pecten bellus of the Pliocene, and Pecten excavatus of the
Quaternary and Recent faunas. In this case there was a grad-
ual retreat southward as the climate grew cooler, and the
modern representatives are almost entirely confined to warmer
waters. In addition to these, nearly fifty other species in the
Recent fauna can be traced somewhat doubtfully into Miocene
ancestors.

Vor. IIT] SMITH—MIOCENE FOSSILS OF CALIFORNIA 169

The tables of the occurrence and range of the Miocene spe-
cies of California are based on a critical study of all the litera-
ture, and a critical examination of extensive collections from
all the Miocene localities in California. Of course the list is
not complete, for there are many undescribed species in the
collections of the U. S. National Museum, of the University of
California, of the California Academy of Sciences, and of
Stanford University. Also some species that are now put
together may not be synonyms, and very certainly some that
are now treated separately will eventually be merged.

Further examination of better material will probably show
that some of the Miocene species, now considered as identical
with Recent forms, are different. And further collection will
probably bring to light more Recent species in the Miocene
faunas. But none of this will change materially the figures
and percentages given. The numbers are too large, and the
collections already made are too extensive for that to be the
case.

It is hoped that this list will be of use to students of Cali-
fornian stratigraphy, for whom it was prepared. Each one
can do something towards completing it, by adding new species
as they are described, checking the occurrence of old species,
correcting the synonymy, and inserting names that have been
omitted.

In the check-list the Temblor and Monterey faunas are
entered separately as a matter of record, although they are
certainly synchronous. The lower Pliocene faunas are merged
under the name San Diego-Purisima for convenience of refer-
ence; and the upper Pliocene is recorded under the name Santa
Barbara, because it is by no means certain that the name Mer-
ced, which has been used for the upper Pliocene, is applicable
in southern California. The name Fernando, which has been
extensively used in listing the faunas of southern California,
is not applicable, for it has included faunas from lowest Plio-
cene to middle Quaternary in age.

170 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

CueEcK-List oF MIOCENE INVERTEBRATES OF CALIFORNIA

MI0cENE

OLIGOCENE
PLIOCENE

QUATERNARY

s
z
s
=
3

GENERA AND SPECIES Lower Upper

San Lorenzo
Vaqueros
Temblor
Monterey
an Pablo-
Sta. Margarita
xX | Etchegoin
San Diego-
Purisima
Sta. Barbara
San Pedro
RECENT

Astrangia coalingensis Vaughan.....
Favia merriami Vaughan...........-
Stephanocoenia fairbanksi Vaughan .
Amphiura sanctaecrucis Arnold.....
Asterias remondi Gabb............--
Astrodapsis antiselli Conrad ........
Astrodapsis antiselli, var. arnoldi
Pa chee sartey te ieee avs. 5: 2:4cs a4 cyreitre there
Astrodapsis jacalitosanus Arnold....
Astrodapsis fernandoensis Pack..... *
Astrodapsis tumidus Remond........
Astrodapsis whitneyi Remond.......
Scutaster andersoni Pack...........
Scutella fairbankst Arnold.......... *
Scutella merriami Anderson ........ Be
Scutella perrini Weaver............- IX
Scutella norrist Pack ............... x
Scutella breweriana Remond........
Scutella gibbsi Remond.............
Scutella gibbsi, var. ashleyi Arnold..
Clypeaster bowersi Weaver.........
Clypeaster gabbi Remond...........
Linthia californica Weaver.........: x
Terebratalia kennedyi Dall..........
Terebratalia occidentalis Dall.......
Terebratalia Smithi Arnold.........
Discinisca oregonensis Dall......... SIX
Balanus concavus Brown..........- x
Balanus estrellanus Conrad.........
Tamiosoma gregaria Conrad........
Anomia subcostata Conrad..........
Arca’ canals ‘Gontads -: i.e. sce nts
Arca microdonta Conrad............ x
Arca montereyana Osmont..........
Arca obispoana Conrad .............
AEG OSMORE Wall i apeiscc.<c sie si cvessn.sl esere
Arca trilineata Conrad..............
Arca schizgotoma Dall..............-
Arcopagia unda Conrad.............
Cardium coosense Dall..............
Cardium meekanum Gabb........:..

xxXxX KK XXX

xX
xX
x
XXX

xx
x XxX
x

xXx

IES DS OE OKO K
x
x

xx XX

xXXXX
xX XxX
xx

Vor. IIT] SMITH—MIOCENE FOSSILS OF CALIFORNIA 171

CuHECK-List oF MIOCENE INVERTEBRATES OF CALIFORNIA—
Continued.

MIocENE

OLIGOCENE
PLIOCENE

| QUATERNARY

=
3
=
s
3

GENERA AND SPECIES Lower

x XX | Sta. Barbara

x OX

San Lorenzo
Vaqueros
Temblor
Monterey
Etchegoin
Purisi:
San Pedro
RECENT

Cardium quadrigenarium Conrad....
Cardium vaquerosense Arnold.......
Chama pellucida Sowerby..........-
Chione conradiana Anderson........
Chione mathewsoni Gabb..........-.
Chione securis Shumard............
Ghionerstaleyi (Gabber aos-eceocnee ee
Chione temblorensis Anderson...... x
Clidiophora punctata Conrad........
Corbicula dumblet Anderson........
Cryptomya ovalis Conrad ...........
Cryptomya quadrata Arnold.........
Cumingia californica Conrad........
Cyrena californica Gabb.............
Cytherea diabloensis Anderson......
Diplodonta harfordi Anderson.......
Diplodonta parilis Conrad...........
Dosinia jacalitosana Arnold.........
Dosinia ? longula Conrad ...........
Dosinia mathewsoni Gabb........... x
Dosinia montana Conrad............ ?
Dosinia ponderosa Gabb.............
Dosima subobliqua Conrad.......... ?
Dosima conrad: |Gabbs Josue. sence x
GonialataiGabbun. nine eee x
Glycimeris barbarensis Conrad ...... ><

Glycimeris branneri Arnold ......... x| xX

Glycimeris coalingaensis Arnold..... x
Glycimeris septentrionalis Midd...... >. il |<
Hemimactra lenticularis Gabb....... x
Hinnites crassus Conrad ............ x
Hinnites giganteus Gray............ x |X x
Lucina estrellana Conrad............ x
Macoma calcarea Gmelin............ x
Macoma inquinata Deshayes........ :
Macomaastors, Dall so 08). nccneecne
Macoma jacalitosana Arnold........ x
Macoma nasuta Conrad............. x|x1X|xdx
Macoma piercei Arnold....... ees
Macoma, 'secta Conrad 435 560)

Xe KOR ON
x
x
x xX

XXKXX
x XXXxX

XXX XK XX

XXX KX XX

x
wx KXKXX XK
xX

x
x

x
x
x
x
x
x
x

x
x

xX
xX
xX
xx

xX KX XKXX
x X XXX

xx
xX

172 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser.

CuHECK-List oF MIOCENE INVERTEBRATES OF CALIFORNIA—
Continued.

MI0cENE

OLIGOCENE
PLIOCENE

| QUATERNARY

GENERA AND SPECIES Upper flower) Upper

San Lorenzo
Monterey
an =
Sta. Margarita
Sta. Barbara
San Pedro
RECENT

Vaqueros

Macoma ocoyana Conrad............
Mactra albaria Conrad.............-
Mactra catilliformis Conrad.........
Mactra coalingaensis Arnold ........ x
Mactra montereyana Arnold........ x
Marcia oregonensis Conrad......... x
Meretrix uniomeris Conrad.........
Meretrix traski Conrad............. ~<
Meretrix decisa Conrad.............
Metss altas Conrad diners < x. 0s2 ose cee
Modiolus capax Conrad.............
Modiolus directus Dall..............
Modiolus multiradiatus Gabb........ x
Modiolus rectus Conrad.............
Modiolus ynezanus Arnold.......... x |X
Monia macroschisma Deshayes......
Mulinia densata Conrad.............
Mulinia, var. minor Arnold..........
Mid FOP OntGGeyayinn ceases oa hen als
Mytilus coalingaensis Arnold........
Mytilus inezensis Conrad............
Mytilus mathewsoni Gabb...........
Mytilus mathewsoni, var. expansa
ASTNO] diejesmime ieee ais @ cise oer ere x|xX
Nucula castrensis Hinds ............ x|xXTxX|x|xXI/x
Nucula conradi Meek ............... x
Ostrea atwoodt\Gabb.............05...- x |X
Ostrea bourgeoisi Gabb............. x
Ostrea eldridget Arnold............. xX
Ostrea heermanni Conrad...........
Ostrea panzana Conrad............. x
Ostrea lurida Carpenter............. x x|xX
Ostrea tayloriana Gabb.............
O'sstrea titan | Conra dient x..:<.s :s.c)e;8 «tine xX|xX| XTX
Ostrea veatchi Gabb.............0.-
Ostrea vespertina Conrad...........
Ostrea vespertina, var. sequens Ar-
NOld cy ea eee ees cicieeaieeee
Leda cahillensis Arnold.............
Leda taphria Dallytere scissile ose
Pandora scapha Gabb...............

XXX | Temblor
xX

x
xX

Seo
x xX xX x
x
x & KI DOCS x
xX x
x xX x
x
x
x xX

x XX

xX
x
xX
x
x

Vor. III]

SMITH—MIOCENE FOSSILS OF CALIFORNIA

173

CuHeEcK-List oF MIOCENE INVERTEBRATES OF CALIFORNIA—
Continued.

GENERA AND SPECIES

OLIGOCENE

San Lorenzo

Lower

Vaqueros

MI0cENE

Sta. Margarita

San Pablo-

Upper flower

urisima

PLIOCENE

Sta. Barbara

UATERNARY

RECENT

Panopaea generosa Gould...........
Panopaea estrellana Conrad.........
Paphia jacalitosana Arnold..........
Paphia tenerrima Carpenter.........
Paphia staminea Carpenter....... ras
Paphia truncata ‘Gabb........¢.22..+-
Pecten andersomi Arnold............
Pecten branneri Arnold............-
Pecten carrizoensis Arnold..........
Pecten cerrosensis Gabb............
Pecten cerrosensis, var. mendenhalli

AEN Ol despa at evens ssstarciersine isle reye eects
Pecten coalingaensis Arnold.........
Pecten crassicardo Conrad..........
Pecten crassicardo, var. hamiltoni

PATOL Ay as letersiare aeistalelare crstelatareteeetets
Pecten deserti Conrad..........+--:.
Pectendiscws, Conrad)... ards a
Pecten eldridget Arnold............
Pecten estrellanus Conrad...........
Pecten estrellanus var. catalinae Ar-

MOLE eG Nave otal oreratete sesahavers isles aeesie
Pecten estrellanus var. terminus Ar-

LOLA PO alii tiercisjevsta shojsrela tee rata tere
Pecten etchegoint Anderson.........
Pecten hamlini Arnold..........-...
Pecten hastatus Sowerby............-
Pecten keept Arnold................
Pecten lompocensis Arnold..........
Pecten magnolia Conrad ............
Pecten miguelensis Arnold..........
Pecten nevadanus Conrad...........
Pecten nuttert Arnold...............
Pecten owent Arnold .........-.....
Pecten pabloensis Conrad...........
Pecten peckhami Gabb..............
Pecten perrint Arnold.........:..++
Pecten propatulus Conrad...........
Pecten sanctaecruzensis Arnold .....
Pecten sespeensis Arnold...........
Pecten sespeensis, var. Hydei Arnold
Pecten stanfordensis Arnold........

xX XX

XXX XX

X X | Temblor

xXx XxX

X | Monterey

XXXXXKXXX

x X XXX

x X | Etchegoin
xX xX] Pp

XxX XX

xX
xX

X | San Pedro

174 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H SER.

CHECK-List oF MIocENE INVERTEBRATES OF CALIFORNIA—
Continued.

MI0cENE

OLIGOCENE
PLIOCENE

QUATERNARY

GENERA AND SPECIES Lower Upper flower) Upper

San Lorenzo

Vaqueros

Monterey

Sta. Margarita

Etchegoin

Purisima

San Pedro
RECENT

Temblor
Sta. Barbara

Pecten vanvlecki Arnold...........-
Pecten vaughani Arnold.............
Pecten veatchi Gabb..........-.....-
Pecten wattsi Arnold...............
Periploma sanctaecrucis Arnold.....
Phacoides acutilineatus Conrad......
Phacoides annulatus Reeve .........
Phacoides richthofenit Gabb.........
Phacoides sanctaecrucis Arnold.....
Pholadidea ovoidea Gould...........
Placuanomia californica Arnold ...:.
Pinna alamedensis Yates...........-
Psammobia edentula Gabb...........- 4
Saxidomus nuttalli Conrad..........
Saxidomus vaquerosensis Arnold....
Semele rubropicta Dall..............
Schizodesma abscissa Gabb..........
Schizothoerus pajaroanus Conrad....
Septifer coalingaensis Arnold........ x
Siliqua nuttali Conrad..............
Solen sicarius Gould................ | x |X
Tapes inezensis Conrad .............
Tellina aragonia Dall...............
Tellina congesta Conrad ............ x
Tellina tdae Das iiss. css sesso eee
Tellina oregonensis Conrad .........
Tivela inegana Conrad.............. x
Thracia jacalitosana Arnold......... |
Thracia mactropsis Conrad.......... x
Thracia trapezoidea Conrad.........
Transenella californica Arnold......
Venus pertenuis Gabb.............. x
V enericardia montereyana Arnold... x
Venericardia ventricosa Gould......

Voldta coopers ‘Gabbee =. .....----600

Yoldia impressa Conrad............ x
Yoldia oregona Shumard...........

Yoldia submontereyensis Arnold.....

Yoldia supramontereyensis Arnold ..

Zirphea dentata Gabb...............

Zirphea gabbi Tryon................

Agasoma barkerianum Cooper....... x

xxXxX
xX Ka KK OOK
xX

x
x
xX
XxX xX X

xX xX xX
xXxxXXxX x x
xXX XX
ce ae ee a es ee eee
x MK XxX xX XxX XX
xX XX x
x x
xX x
x XxX x x

x KX XXX

Vor. III] SMITH—MIOCENE FOSSILS OF CALIFORNIA

175

Cueck-List oF MIocENE INVERTEBRATES OF CALIFORNIA—
Continued.

GENERA AND SPECIES

OLIGOCENE

San Lorenzo

MIOCENE

Lower

Upper

PLIOCENE

Lower | Upper

| QUATERNARY

Monterey

San Pablo-

Sta. Margarita

Etchegoin

an Diego-
San Pedro
RECENT

Purisima
Sta. Barbara

Agasoma gravidum Gabb...........
Agasoma santacruzanum Arnold ....
Agasoma sinuatum Gabb..........--
Ancillaria fishit Gabb............-+-
Astyris richthofeni Gabb..........+.
Bathytoma carpenteriana Gabb......
Bathytoma carpenteriana, var. fer-

nandoensis-Arnold . ....<). -\<.i5':
Bathytoma coalingaensis Arnold.....
Bathytoma keepi Arnold............
Bathytoma piercei Arnold...........
Bittium asperum Gabb..............
Bullia anglonana Anderson..........
Calliostoma coalingaense Arnold ....
Calliostoma kerri Arnold............
Cancellaria altispira Gabb...........
Cancellaria andersoni Arnold........
Cancellaria condoni Anderson.......
Cancellaria joaquinensis Anderson ..
Cancellaria dalliana Anderson.......
Cancellaria pacifica Anderson .......
Cancellaria simplex Anderson.......
Cancellaria tritonidea Gabb.........
Cancellaria vespertina Anderson.....
Cancellaria vetusta Gabb............
Cerithium topangensis Arnold.......
Chrysodomus imperialis Dall........
Chrysodomus portolaensis Arnold...
Conus owenianus Anderson.........
Conus hayesi Arnold................
Crepidula onyx Sowerby............
Crepidula praerupta Conrad..7......
Crepidula princeps Conrad..........
Cuma biplicata Gabb................
Cylichna petrosa Conrad............
Dentalium conradi Dall.............
Ficus kernianus Cooper............-
Ficus nodiferus Gabb..............
Ficus ocoyanus Conrad.............
Ficus pyriformis Gabb..............
Ficus stanfordensis Arnold..........
Fusus portolaensis Arnold...........

| Vaqueros

xX
XXKKKK KKK XX
xXx XX X

xX XX] Temblor

XX XXKXX

xX xX

xx XxX

x|X|xX

x x | xX
xX|X|xX

176 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H SER.

CueEcK-List oF MIocENE INVERTEBRATES OF CALIFORNIA—
Continued.

MIocENE

OLIGOCENE
PLIOCENE

QUATERNARY

GENERA AND SPECIES Lower J Upper flower Upper

0-
1eg0-

a
RECENT

San Lorenzo
Vaqueros

Sta. Margarita
Etchegoin

San Pedro

San

San D
Purisima
Sta. Barbara

xX | Monterey

Fusus stanfordensis Arnold .........
Gontobasis kettlemanensis Arnold ...
Hemifusus wilkeseanus Anderson... .
Littorina mariana Arnold........... x
Littorina planaxis Phill.............
Littorina remondi Gabb.............
Lunatia lewisti Gould............... x
Macron merriami Arnold ...........
Margarita johnsonit Arnold.........
Metula remondi Gabb..............
Miopleionia oregonensis Dall........ xix
Monoceros engonatum Conrad......
Nassa arnoldi Anderson............ x
Nassa californiana Conrad ..........
Nassa californiana, var. coalingaensis

Arnold el ieee ees 658 alana oes x
Natica geniculata Conrad...........
Natica inezana Conrad.............. x
Neptunea recurva Gabb.............
Neverita callosa Gabb............... x

< |! Temblor
x

x
x XXX

x xX
xX
x

Ocinebra topangensis Arnold........
Ocinebra lurida Midd...............

Oliva californica Anderson..........

Oliva futheyana Anderson..........
Olivella biplicata Sowerby...........
Olivella pedroana Conrad ...........
Pachypoma biangulata Gabb......... x
Pisania fortis, var. angulata Arnold..
Pleurotoma transmontana Conrad ...
Purpura vaquerosensis Arnold ...... x
Ranella mathewsoni Gabb...........
Scaphander jugularis Conrad........
Sigaretus scopulosus Conrad........ x
Sigaretus perrini Arnold............
Terebra cooperi Anderson..........

Thais canaliculata Ducl.............

Thats. crispata (Chemists gos on. 2 oe ce

Thais edmondi Arnold.............. x

Thais etchegoinensis Arnold........

Thais kettlemanensis Arnold........ x
Trochita costellata Conrad.......... xXIX|xX

x X~x
x
x
x

xX
xX
xX
xX

XXXXKX KX KX KX XK X

x
xX
xX

Vor. IIT) SMITH—MIOCENE FOSSILS OF CALIFORNIA 177

Cueck-List oF MI0CENE INVERTEBRATES OF CALIFORNIA—

Continued.
zZ oie Aes
(<3) a 3}
ra <
3 MI0cENE 8 z
oy AS a3)
[e) AY 2)
Pee eS eh 5
GENERA AND SPECIES Lower | Upper [lower|Upper) ©!
£3
8 Ai £ £
é oS] ou a Se & s £ & 6
$1 8/s/ Ses SB el sie
a) 5/8) S1ss/ Sigs] | 3
Al>lals inal a pial ala
Trochita diegoana Conrad.......... ?
ihrochttavnlosay.Gabb.scnecconsecn cee x x x
Trochita inornata Gabb............. xx x
Trophon bartoni Arnold............ x
Trophon carisaensis Anderson...... x Tx
Trophon coalingaensis Arnold...... x
Trophon gabbianus Anderson....... x
Trophon gabbianus, var. cancellari-
OtdeswAENOl di ii se teeta se eee x
Trophon kernensis Anderson....... Xx
Trophon ponderosus Gabb.......... XTX) xX
Trophon stuarti Smith.............. x xX\|xX |x
Turbo topangensis Arnold.......... x
Turritella inezana Conrad .......... x
Turritella inezana, var. Sespeensis
EN Galo) (ali Vas a Oe pene pete x
Turritella ocoyana Conrad.......... x
Turritella vanvlecki Arnold......... x|xX
Turritella variata Conrad........... x
Vanikoro diegoana Conrad.......... ?
Triptera clavata Gabb.............. x

SPECIES CONFINED TO THE LowER MI0cENE—VAQUEROS,
TEMBLOR, AND MONTEREY FAUNAS

GENERA AND SPECIES

San Lorenzo
Vaqueros
Temblor
Monterey

TsHtTAG ACAfOTMICa, WWeaversacinaine ciate ee eens oe leeioonic
Astrodapsis fernandoensts. Pack oo. c nose ccs ccos ccc cece
Sctitellanfairvankst Arnolds cn sem ete een oeele ces x<
Seutella merriams Andersons sate cncn cccicnlnclec.cc ce sieene x
CULE AE ROTI ACK era etter ee oe tele een one x

178 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4rH Ser.

SPECIES CONFINED TO THE LOWER M10cENE—Continued

GENERA AND SPECIES

San Lorenzo
Vaqueros

Areas montereyanaNOsmont...c.s.ssuciiooscinoneeeenene eee
AP Ea ODES POGNRAR CONTA | cie.e.c oc civlerats/sye eraieis wiefe cleieie/erersiave efoto
ALCO OSIMONTU ID APRS Sais rece = 0: sve ajstelsvorelofeiel nave wisloteisecee eee
Cardtum: vaquerosense: Arnold. .isj. 0d1s'\occies esis. les sicleicleis
Chione conradtana “Anderson .....jc ssc eee covccceene cnceweee
Chioketmathewsons AGabn cvis-ercrarsto store stajererecie si avelors cialoieforeniee

XX] Monterey

wXKX
x

DVO SINAGCONFACUR GADD << o:0.s1015 w/orcrs.s,6 breic ate nveresstele ieleeleyere siete
Dosimasimathewsont \Gabd) i <.0/0/e:s1s\s,s1e;0'e\sieie vires ciereleleisieieverslore
Glycimeris barbarensis Conrad
Glycimeris branneri Arnold ............
Hemimactra lenticularis Gabb
Beda consilens1s: sArnold.«.x.s/<.c sieves steie\ereyeie «erases ieiecneveiele a0
Macoma pierces “Arnold oe sic a.c6.5 6.55.00 o.are.(1ese,siosaie eyo sierae :
Macoma’ ocoyand. \Conrad.: sis 2.303. s.< s'sa0.0.0.06 0 eisleles sees sletnele
Mactratmonterevand (Arnolds. «cissicisicisisicielsiervicle cafe siete vrareie
Mereiviz® dectsat Conrad :< sis ols’ cote « cjeiereicics teieresteleiee eetelerete 6
Modtolus snezanusAtn0ld.... 2.5:5.2\0,0 6s siciclaeisieetelele a eleisrezatelele x
Mytilus, snesensts Conrad's oc iva races ose slelerereleunrecereusroyerereteteie is
Mytilus mathewsoni Gabb, var. expansa Arnold...........
NUCUIARCOMTEAUMMEEK: 2. 4s: c.s.0:5.aloie.s.oishelsiaiele,sleyetelacciele date leer
OStrea seldridger Arnold scx « 55.50/18: s'0.0/0/0n0) (vis) 0/sleja\s jer siete eveve-s
Pandorayscapnan Gab dirs x, 1010's aia scsietaseehatotateteialetelateier detest octet:
Periploma sanctaecrucis Arnold... ...cecnnereacsercerees
Pecten toranners TATION 5c crore, vj 0rsiui ote eieyert ter terete ateteiaiste sioreve x
Pecten hamling GArn old .s.6,5,3. s.2:013:ai0e:01010101416,21evelolsieserereleieleie ociels
Pecten slompocensis. Arnoldi... « «tc. cnwrrsieerecesyt eee clente toe
Pecten nagnoliat Conrad s)s...«. care secs sravereiersrsieresyclazaoe eisis Seiete
Pecten inevadanus Conrad 3.2 os:< cis;s6.s1s.s1si0.1sisisieeisieels iviels wielee
Pecten® peckhampes Gabby «2.cic% «0010.00.08 scisieiereysvvnrsoe wrele feiss x
Pecten -perranvtArnol disc aciccis cones sagierieionaseneoeeuenr.
Pecten ‘propatulus (Conrad: «...<:2<.s0.¢.00 e1a.0cle 08 cee oenieice ce sis
Pecten sanciaecruzensis Arnold. 22s: 602.0000 vce s 20 eos x
iRecten’ sesbeensts@Atn0oldiiincac occen sires ote ea ieee cine
Pecten sespeensis, var. hydei Arnold
Pecten stanfordensis Arnold..............5:

Pecten vanvleckt Arnold.......ceccccscccces

Pecten vauenant Arnold iss sic..t.ccslenciee sis neice clea seme ee
Saxidomus vaquerosensis Arnold ...........cc cece cece
Septifer coalincaensis: Arnold. scasieccjioste sisleieiaecissestes oes
Rapesssnesensist Conrad's occ. cists cctenel cecesine salience ate
Tellina® congesta | Conrad svcc.c1e ars oeteteoerre sic cle siake cele aterwrs x
Tellinavorezonensts (Conrad v.% «is's.s.stioc.s voice « sisters elvicrsceeteiels
Violdia smmpressanGonrad:saccticetnrcece erica een canien ee x
Voldia jorezona (Shumard oc 5%. 2:2(s,<e.esieinie o's sisisielvies eels ale
Yoldia submontereyensis Arnold...........esecceeeeecces
Yoldia supramontereyensis Arnold.............ceecceeeees
Agasoma barkerianum Cooper .........20.2sseccecesecscs x
Agasoma gravidume GabDasnas access vissciesciceeeecneistle
Agasoma santacrusanum Arnold..
Agasoma ‘sinuctums iGabD ins ssiecim acts ar iscore srl siovars Sreisieleeretete x

9
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=
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xX KXXKXXKXXXKX XKXXXX-XX|] Temblor

xX XXX

XXXXX X
XXXXKX KX KKK KKXXKX

xX XX

XXX XXXxX
xX

Vor. IIT] SMITH—MIOCENE FOSSILS OF CALIFORNIA 179

Species CONFINED TO THE LOWER MiocENE—C ontinued

GENERA AND SPECIES

San Lorenzo
Monterey

Vaqueros

Ancillaria fishit Gabb..........ccee cence cence eee ee eeees
Bathytoma keepi Arnold.........0eseeeeeeeee ese e er eetees
Bathytoma piercet Arnold .....--.-seeeeeeee certs e rete
Bullia anglonana Anderson.......++e.++eeeee errr steeeees
Cancellaria altispira Gabb ........- eee eee eter teeter eees
Cancellaria andersoni Arnold ........eeeee rere eee eres
Cancellaria condoni Anderson ........-.eeee sere er eeteees
Cancellaria dalliana Anderson .......-eeeeeeee reer errcees
Cancellaria joaquinensis Anderson
Cancellaria pacifica Anderson........+-++

Cancellaria simplex Anderson......-..e-eeeeeeereeeereeee
Cancellaria vetusta Gabb ........c ccc ccc eect eee eeee
Cerithium topangensis Arnold ........0eeeeee eee eee eens

Conus hayesi Arnold ..........ee cree eee cere cent erences

Conus owenianus Anderson ......eeec cece eee eee etteteee

Cuma biplicata Gabb .........e cee n eee e eee e teen eee eces x
Cylichna petrosa Conrad........seeeeeeeeeee eee r eee seees
Dentalium conradi Dall ..........ceeeeeeccccseecccceeees

Ficus Rernianus Cooper .....cscseesceecccccceeeeceeerers x
Ficus nodiferus Gabb......cceseee eee c cece eee e eect ee ecnes

Ficus ocoyanus Conrad
Ficus pyriformis Gabb
Ficus stanfordensis Arnold
Fusus stanfordensis Arnold......eeeeseereeee eect etecnees
Hemifusus wilkesanus Anderson.......-++0++seeee eee ee
Metula remondi Gabb......sececcccecceccccesseccceeercs
Macron merriami Arnold........ccceeeeeeceeeseereseeets
Nassa arnoldi Anderson......csecscsccccerccsessencccess
Natica geniculata Conrad......-.-+eeeee eee e eee e eet ees
Natica inezana Conrad .......002cccccccececrencccccceces
Ocinebra topangensis Arnold.........0-seee cece eee eee eeee
Oliva californica Anderson ........2eeeeeee eee e eee eeeees
Oliva futheyana Anderson.........-.eeeee sree seen teens
Pleurotoma transmontana Conrad...........++eeeee eee ee
Pupura vaquerosensis Arnold.......seeeeeee seen ener eee x
Ranella mathewsoni Gabb ....-...-scceceeeceeeereeeseees
Scaphander jugularis Conrad .....++- esses cere reece eee
Sigaretus perrini Arnold..........++eeceeese seen eer er ees
Terebra cooperi Anderson.......eeeeere ee eeeeecereeeeee

Thats edmonds Atnold\..... clei. ove cence pee cele eels ee sels oie
Trochita castellata Conrad........ccccecssvccssrenscccess x
Trophon bartoni Arnold.........-eeeeee eens eee teen ences
Trophon gabbianus Anderson......-+-.seees eee e eee eres
Trophon gabbianus, var. cancellarioides Arnold.........--
Trophon kernensis Anderson ........+.sesee cere eer eeeeee
Turbo topagensis Arnold ........0.ceees cece nee e ee eeees
Turritella inezana Conrad .........2sscccccessctececceces
Turritella inezana, var. sespeensis Arnold
Turritella ocoyana Conrad........+-.e00+-
Turritella variata Conrad... .6\.. sciceesce sis ole sions lees sels
Triptera clavata Gabb ...... 6... cc seesec se csesececcecicees

XXX XK X

x
xXXXXXKXXXXX KXXXK KXKXXXKXKXKXXXKKX KKKXXKKKKKXKX XXX X| Temblor

XXX

Se ee eS ee

180 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH Serr.

SPECIES CONFINED TO THE UPPER MIOCENE IN CALIFORNIA—
SANTA MarGARITA, JACALITOS, SAN PaBLo AND ETCHE-
GOIN FAUNAS

£| 8
GENERA AND SPECIES es| &
i) eo
asl 3
na] a
Astrangiacoalingaensts. Vaughan. .........0cs «sak ereee ee =: x
RaviavmernamsoVatighan «.ssict cee nace senieeenen eee noe x
Stephanocoenia fairbanksi Vaughan...............0eeececeseees x
Amphuiraxsanctaccructs (Arnoldi... ccccc tees cane ce -senenencnee x<
Asteriasremondte GabDis.ijc.ccjccctinarce sion heels ect ichee Ce eee. SC
Astrodapsiswantisellt ‘Conrad: «2 %..cciscince dance achinace eee »<
Astrodapsts tumiaus, REMONC.2 « <osecnseealeccie tte eee x
Astrodapsis ‘whitneyt Remon .icc.cc.scicccscitiee cs eaeuessscccee s<
Glypeaster bowersts Weavers « vaciese cwarcivionio cat oe ee eee x
Clypeaster a caus mRemond sn ces eacinseehigs seen ode ce eee x
Anomiausulcosiaia {Conrad os «ascetic coer eee x
ArcopactasundarConrad... ..ccstewec.ciscee sete sates eee x
Gyrnenaiicalifornica Gand... .occeecnmce cmdacen Pooncnn eee ee ><
Ds plodonta: har fords Anderson «cos «oes sacceesacecwee nee bein EX
Diplodontaparsits {Conrad ..c<s./casc0c essays neoaee nee nee <The
Doswmia tacalttosana 4Atnold...c.casseecddecee eee eee x
GartcalatasGabbaoaass o.nies vise 38 daisies R Te ae x
Glyctmerts coalingaensts Arnold ........00c0se0ecce0ccccesesse be We.
Hannties <crassus Conrad «s.«.c «ae sasticbiont senor eee x
Lucia vestrelianal Gonrad «5... acinas seinnotecuon een eee cane x
Macomasacalstosana Arnold) ...iccoacesmacesbenreneaee cet pene x
Macira: ‘coclingaensts. Arnold... 3.0 c2cess<cceden dodsccsecenion x
BMeretrix cumtomerss (Conrad xc... cjcioce cicihcoeclineiee aieeennnics ?
Modtolusidine cts siall osic:cte:ss-s1cicecicisverc ettementectae seein calcite x
MMvatisa PONTO AY Meter ois co alerchaie tofontns TOSCO CO TT x
Majtrlus<COGUREGENSIS HATNOIA s.cserieia'ain(clele envio cision hieeiee xX |X
OStrea atwoodst Gabba: so... c.c.s.c.0.ctontoin et ae Ee eee x |X
Ostrea> bourgeatst el Gabb. 106s. vic ne Wen donieee ERLE ee x
Ostrea heermanns Conrad «ivieviscos decicalsteinedetc sono coonceeetin x
Ostrea pansana Gonads. «cis ci seclots calemaraees eetceneeee meee x
Ostreacuesperting gContad wa anc.cecios He vidas case ee ean een eenen: x
Ostrea vespertina, var. sequens Arnold ............ceceeecsees x
Paphta- jacahtosana Ato s.63.0 sta catine co Socetniea anew ee einer: x
Paphia~ truncata Gabbe +.<ic.cjajieoiis oboe eis soccer cote x
Pecten carmisoensts (Arnolds. «.\.ccwcteiciadede ciaaes since sania F x
Pecten) desertt aContad mu .in.od<sstinoscie moe anon ee enen x
iPecten velarid cetieAtnold's xes< node cena ute ole eae ee x
Pecten; Cichegoint GANCELSON vic «ict. ooats clerercialeisle aiele caleeisltie se aee teks x
iPecten: (Ree pye Arnold topes ssiocalcccte side nto we eee ree x
Pecten pabloensvs Conrad: css ios deccenie oceans oenin Soeur een x
Pecten. veatchs sGabbiekre cictccce. oe ctciats sie itpn cine se tho stile aioe x
Placuanomia californica Arnold ..........-.ccccccscescsvecccee x | xX
Schisodesma (abscissa: Gabb: << ssnseseis vacccacmsice ee ceeee een ee x|xX
Stligual nutialitglGontad \o ccc. acccees ccuc secsece cere oe heen x
Telling, aragonia Dall isccccccocciew osteocdacine deine se ueeeccen x
Dhracia jacalstosana Arnolds jee cc vice coaeadec cece once ere x

Transenellaicaliformca) Arnold) sccecccc ce hate cdots acne x

Vor. IIT] SMITH—MIOCENE FOSSILS OF CALIFORNIA 181

SPECIES CONFINED TO THE Upper MIOCENE IN CALIFORNIA—
Santa Marcarita, JACALITOS, SAN PABLO AND ETCHE-
GOIN FauNnas—Continued

£/ 8

GENERA AND SPECIES aa| 2

= wo 2

5/3

na|

Astyrisnrichinofent) Gabbasiesieclerlsaatiiceleciit esos ones cis amie de x

Bathytoma coalingaensis Arnold............0.0ccecececcucecess x

Calktostomal coakingaenseArnoldicn cece secies ie cio doen oceans x

Galkostomankerrs Arnoldian sens caten coke ee tenia x
Cancellaria vespertina Anderson x

Goniobasis ketilemanensis Arnold ............0ccceccececeeceees x
Usttorsnaaremonat | Gabbiceemncne a asco eee elute x

LESttOvINGN MATING “ATNOLAeen ee etn eee Neon onaaenlee x
WMarzanttanjonnsomyAtnoldeencencen creer enone oreo teesn. x

Nassa californiana, var. coalingaensis Arnold................... x
WeftuneanrecuruaGabbijenecen eee tee ene eae x

Pisantaurortissvare angulatay ATnoldsewren ce enaeek ue iee cee x

ihhaisvetchegouensis: Arnold canennn econ ucnae x

dihaisarettlemanensis Arnoldveac chine eee on oie cenenke XESS

iburritellaivanuleckts Arnoldenendencinccsd ete dn nee Sl Se

dizophoniicoahneaensis Arnoldi.) wemcmiaee neues saliciicls townie x

List oF MIOcENE SPECIES THAT ARE STILL LIvING

GENERA AND SPECIES

os
a
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San Lorenzo
Vaqueros
Temblor
Monterey
Santa
Margarita
Etchegoin
San Diego-
Purisima
Quaternary

Terebratalia occidentalis Dall.......
Balanus concavus Brown...........

xX
xX
xX

XXX
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Mactra catilliformis Conrad......... x
MetisalialConradsssce eee

XXXX XX X
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XX X XXXxX
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Monia macroschisma Deshayes ......
Miyaiiaponica) Jaycee

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182 CALIFORNIA

ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER.

List oF MIOCENE SPECIES THAT ARE STILL LivING—

GENERA AND SPECIES

Nucula castrensis Hinds......
Ostrea lurida Carpenter......
Leda ftaphria Dallts ccc ccdeees
Panopaea generosa Gould.....
Paphia tenerrima Carpenter...
Paphia staminea Carpenter....
Pecten hastatus Sowerby......
Phacoides annulatus Reeve...
Psammobia edentula Gabb....

Phacoides richthofeni Gabb....... i

Pholadidea ovoidea Gould....
Telling tdae’ Dall. icccc.cc0e0
Saxidomus nuttalli Conrad....
Semele rubropicta Dall.......
Siliqua nuttalli Conrad.......
Solen sicarius Gould.........
Venericardia ventricosa Gould
Yoldia cooperi Gabb..........
Zirphea gabbi Tryon.........
Bathytoma carpenteriana Gabb
Bittium asperum Gabb........
Crepidula onyx Sowerby......
Littorina planaxis Phill.......
Lunatia lewisit Gould.........
Nassa californiana Conrad....
Neverita recluziana Petit.....
Ocinebra lurida Midd.........
Olivella biplicata Sowerby.....
Olivella pedroana Conrad.....
Thais canaliculata Ducl.......
Thais crispata Chem..........
Trophon stuarti Smith........

Continued
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PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

FourRTH SERIES

Vox. III, pp. 183-186 May 3, 1912

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW GENUS AND SPECIES OF
SALAMANDER FROM JAPAN

BY SURGEON J. C. THOMPSON, U. S. NAVY

PLATE XIV

The California Academy of Sciences has received from the
Far East a tailed batrachian belonging to the subfamily of
Amblystomatine. It is intermediate between the groups com-
posed of Hynobius Tschudi and Salamandrella Dybowski on
the one hand and of Onychodactylus Tschudi and Geomolge
Boulenger on the other.

The larve possess stout claws, which is also the condition
found in the young of Geomolge. The development of the
dermal covering of the palms and soles is unique among sala-
manders.

Pachypalaminus new genus

Type—Pachypalaminus boulengeri, No. 33192 California Academy of
Sciences.

Generic Characters—Tongue large, with longitudinal plice and sulci
and with anterior and lateral borders free. Series of palatine teeth inter-
rupted, forming a pair of salient angles, with mesial sides the longer.
Palms, soles, and inferior surface and tips of fingers and toes covered with
a tough brown corneous modification of the epidermis. Toes five. Tail
compressed at the base, deepened and strongly compressed posteriorly.

The following species is dedicated to Mr. G. A. Boulenger,
F. R. S., V. P. Z. S., as a slight token of the appreciation felt
for assistance rendered me when a student in London.

May 3, 1912

184 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser.

Pachypalaminus boulengeri new species

Type—No. 33192 California Academy of Sciences; male; Odaigahara
Mt., Yamato Province, Honshu, Japan; October, 1911.

Specific Characters—Head large, depressed, and as broad as long;
snout long and rounded; nostril situated a trifle nearer to the orbit than
to the tip of the snout; eyes rather large and prominent; orbit contained
one and one third times in the length of the snout. Series of palatine
teeth interrupted, not forming a reéntrant angle; apices of the two salient
angles on a line with the centers of the choane; the length of the inner
side of one of the angles equal to the interval between the choane; the
length of the outer side equal to one third this interval. Tongue circular,
strong and fleshy, filling the floor of the mouth, the surface finely and
longitudinally plicate; two fairly deep sulci with a general antero-pos-
terior trend, their outline that of two laterally directed obtuse angles,
enclosing about one half the central area of the tongue. The gular fold
moderately developed, Body depressed; distance from the snout to the
gular fold contained nearly three times in the distance from the latter to
the cloaca; median dorsal groove, markedly deepened over the pectoral
and pelvic regions; thirteen well developed costal folds, including the one
flexed to enter the axilla and the one reaching the groin; the nine mid-
dle folds continued across the abdomen. Vent (of male) three slits meet-
ing in front, the medium longitudinal and longest, the two others
obliquely directed forwards, forming an angle; the borders swollen.
Limbs stout, when adpressed the digits overlap for about two milli-
meters. Digits well developed. Tail a trifle longer than the distance
from the gular fold to the cloaca, strongly compressed, deepened and
fleshy in the posterior half; not keeled; the tip rounded. Skin smooth;
numerous mucous glands on snout, around nostrils and eyes, and on
upper and lower lips; parotids distinct; an irregular horizontal groove
from eye to gular fold, joined by a short vertical one posterior to
angle of mouth. Color in spirits slate, a trifle paler beneath.

MEASUREMENTS (in millimeters)

Total length .....2-.. cece cece e eee c sete cess eeteccnnecssrecereeee 161
From snout to cloaca ........5sccesseceee ene n ence ererecereteces 92
From snout to gular fold ............ eee cece cece e eee cece ee eee 23
From snout to level of centre of insertion of fore limb .......... 35
From snout to level of centre of insertion of hind limb .......... 88
Brom Jaxilla tos erin 25 6ec<.5 cd aiaepie. nie nee 2isie's'sjeioieinie’ \sisle sje sT1a8 44
ore: itn Dito ceie eters stares 0c a revel Siete) otere sted oie-atepeiensvaletseisjeyeietefeveecterersisietar= 23
FE ETI fhitl) ij cae ieee er amerne acme n tpendo comune scicrdaostdannSe 26
Ta Cl ct ms cc aack ahs aud chen be Nomad nueva spate tes oles vse eseyeteteraasteezeets 18.5
WA ditto fel ead detect cis wicrctarel ene spectre serene seh -Tatorsuareletoate ia sinners tevene rotten 19
From snout to nostril ......... dete idecats quintet nG hatter 5
Tntervall DeLweeneNOStrlS: aectec Gelcis ee einievs= aisles eoetsiote eictesekeistane ts 7iSe}
rom, SNOULITONCEMEDE: OF (EYE: sisiejc cee -zeirsare Saws ole ree.s soleteleysjexsieiessieis 10
TT EerOr ital cme tneerein wreks cloticis OE Gererafeleenssslelessfeysle ete leleloreteqetstelaterer-t= 4.3
Interval between anterior canthi .............:ceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee 9
Interval between posterior canthi ......--..-. ese eee ee eee ee eee 1BE5
From anterior canthus to nostril ..............ee eee ee eee ceeeeee 4
From snout to angle of mouth ...............cceeeeeeeeee eens 15

Tailevl stones eters AE ae Aner Eran Aten conadoop wccacnGes 69

———

Vor. III] THOMPSON—NeEW GENUS AND SPECIES OF SALAMANDER 185

Atwbase One talleuswtiercrdenterer terete 12 11.5
At end of first quarter of tail ........ 10.5 9.5
At end of second quarter of tail ...... 1235. 6.5
At end of third quarter of tail....... 15.5 4.5

Series of palatine teeth:

Length (measured along mesial side of one salient angle) 6
Width (interval between extremities of lateral sides of

Salient) (angles) Wecccrsyerariccietsta cravat ts are cers tac rake aiavecte ere 6.8
Interval between apices of salient angles ............ 4
Length of short lateral side of a salient angle ......... 2

Interval between posterior extremities of mesial sides of
each fsalientWangle: a-nemeyatteem nc ints cena eS

California Academy of Sciences,
April 23, 1912.

186 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH Ser.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIV

Pachypalaminus boulengert new species.

Type: No. 33192 California Academy of Sciences; male; Odaiga-
hara Mt., Yamato Province, Honshu, Japan.

Figures 1, 2, 3 natural size; 4, 5, 6 enlarged two times.

Proc. CALACAD, SEI 4°" SER. VOL.11

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

FourTH SERIES

Vou. IlI., pp. 187-258

AMPHIBIANS FROM CHINA, JAPAN, THE
LOO CHOO ISLANDS, AND FORMOSA

By Joun Van DENBURGH

Curator of the Department of Herpetology

PREFACE 4 ; 5 : : ‘ ; 0 : : :
DiscussIon OF SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES UNDER THE FOLLOWING
GENERA :-—

Ayla

Rana

Babina :
Polypedates .
Gekko . :
Hemidactylus
Cosymobotus
Ptychozoon
Japalura
Eumeces
Mabuya .
Sphenomorphus
Emoia :
Leiolopisma .
Lygosaurus
Cryptoblepharus
Tachydromus
Achalinus
Calliophis
Hemibungarus

CONTENTS

December 13, 1912.

December 16, 1912

CONCERNING CERTAIN SPECIES OF REPTILES AND

188 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER.

INTRODUCTION

This paper is made up of a series of notes upon collections
of reptiles and amphibians from China and the Japanese
Empire, which the Academy has received during recent years.
It is not in any sense an exhaustive account of these .collec-
tions. Instead, it deals only with certain species, nearly all of
which have been collected by Victor Kihne in Formosa and
the Loo Choo Archipelago. A few species from China, Japan
proper, the Pescadores, Botel Tobago, Wake, and the Bonin
islands also are included; but a large proportion of the species,
even from Formosa and the Loo Choo Islands, have not been
studied at all.

One genus and the following species and subspecies are
here first described, although advance diagnoses of these forms
were published July 29, 1912.*

Hyla hallowelli

Japalura polygonata ishigakiensts
Japalura polygonata miyakensis
Eumeces barbouri

Eumeces marginatus amamiensis
Eumeces marginatus kikaigensis
Eumeces itshigakiensis

Eumeces chinensis formosensis
Sphenomorphus indicus formosensis
Sphenomorphus boulengeri
Leiolopisma laterale formosensts
Leiolopisma laterale boettgeri
Lygosaurus pellopleurus browni
Takydromus stejnegert
Achalinus werneri

Calliophis swinhoet

From a study so incomplete as this, it is indeed difficult
to draw conclusions of value regarding the past changes in
the land and water areas of the region involved. We may,
however, state rather positively that changes have been more
numerous, and land-connections more complicated, than in the
Galapagos Archipelago. Although not here set forth, there

* Advance Diagnoses of New Reptiles and Amphibians from the Loo Choo Islands
and Formosa. Published San Francisco, July 29, 1912.

Vor. WI] VAN DENBURGH—REPTILES—CHINA, JAPAN, FORMOSA 189

is evidence that Sakhalin has been rather recently connected
with continental Asia. The various islands of Japan proper
bear evidence of having been joined not only with each other
but also with Sakhalin and Korea by way of Iki and Tsushima.
The Loo Choo Islands probably are quite old. The majority of
their reptiles and amphibians apparently reached them from the
south, doubtless by way of a continental connection of which
the present island of Formosa formed a part. The northern
islands, however, must sometime have been united with Japan
proper; as is shown, for instance, by the presence of Eumeces
barbourt. The islands of this group were doubtless all con-
nected for a considerable period—long enough to develop
specific differences, such as exist between Ewmeces marginatus
and Eumeces elegans. Later they became separated into the
various islands, and have had individual existence for a period
long enough to permit subspecific, or in some instances specific,
differentiation. The southern islands show the Formosan in-
fluence upon their fauna more strongly than the central and
northern islands. The major portion of Formosa is occupied
by a reptilian fauna which is practically Chinese modified by
time and isolation. Southern Formosa, however, bears evi-
dence of a former connection with the Philippines by way of
Botel Tobago—as is shown, for example, by Sphenomorphus
boulengeri.

From all this it would seem probable that this whole region
has been gradually sinking; that formerly these various islands
were united, as it were, into an enormous “barrier reef’’ off the
whole eastern coast of Asia, and connected with that continent
through Sakhalin, Korea and Formosa; that the Loo Choo
portion of this “reef” then became separated from Japan, and
later from Formosa; and that subsequent depression resulted
in the present geographical conditions. Doubtless there have
been minor elevations and depressions, more or less local in
extent, resulting in temporary connections and isolations of
portions of this area, and complicating the reading of the story
in further detail.

190 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H SER.

Hyla chinensis Giinther

Originally described from specimens from China, this was
one of the species obtained by Swinhoe in Formosa. It has
been recorded also from Taiwan, Formosa.

We have received twelve adult specimens from Formosa.
In all, the heels overlap about the width of the tarsus. When
carried forward, the heel reaches the anterior edge of the eye
in five, the middle of the orbit in five, and the posterior edge
in two. One specimen (No. 20075) twenty-six millimeters
long from snout to vent, has no vomerine teeth. Two have
only the left patch of vomerines. There is considerable varia-
tion in the number, shape, and distribution of the black mark-
ings on the legs and sides of body. One large specimen has
no black markings. On the body there may be only one spot, a
series of spots, or a continuous narrow line. On the legs the
markings may be confined to the thighs, or may extend down
to the feet; may be round, or may form longitudinal streaks.
The brown streak in front and behind the eye seems to be con-
stantly present. The vomerine teeth are a little farther back
than in Hyla arborea japonica from Japan, but not farther
than in the Loo Choo species. There seems to be no appre-
ciable difference in the extent of the web.

Our specimens were collected at Kosempo, Keelung, Tai-
hoku.

Hyla hallowelli Van Denburgh

Diagnosis —Similar to Hyla chinensis, but never with
black spots on legs and sides of body, and with only a trace of
a dark streak on side of face; heels overlapping, tibio-tarsal
articulation reaching anterior border of eye or beyond; tibia
seldom less than half the length of head and body; no dark
streak behind eye; green extending beyond wrist and ankle.

Type.—Adult male. California Academy of Sciences No.
23806. Kikaiga shima, Loo Choo Islands, Japan, April 30, 1910.

Description of the type—Vomerine teeth in two small central groups
between posterior edges of choanae. Tongue rounded, slightly indented,
and free behind. Canthus rostralis distinct; loreal region slightly oblique
and concave. Interorbital space much broader than the upper eyelid. Tym-
panum distinct, small, about half the diameter of eye. Fingers webbed’at
bse. Toes webbed as in H. chinensis. Heels overlap about the width of

Vor. III] VAN DENBURGH—REPTILES—CHINA, JAPAN, FORMOSA 191

the tarsus when the legs are folded and held at right angles to the axis
of body. Heel reaches a little beyond anterior border of eye. A strong
dermal fold from eye to tympanum and along the side. A strong pectoral
fold. Large external vocal sac.

The color above, in alcohol, is uniform bluish gray, doubtless green in
life. This color extends down the upper surfaces of the limbs on {to
the external digits. There is a trace of a narrow gray line from nostril
to eye. There are no other dark markings except a few indistinct gray
dots on the sides of the body, the front of the thigh, and the back of the
thigh and leg. The lower surfaces are uniform yellowish white, faintly
clouded with gray on the vocal sac.

Variation.—With fifty-seven specimens at hand, but little
variation appears. There is practically no variation in color.
The dark spots of H. chinensis are always absent in this
species. The heels overlap about the width of the tarsus in all
these specimens. The heel reaches only to the middle of the
eye in two, to the nostril in two, and to or slightly beyond the
anterior edge of the eye in fifty-three. The tibia rarely is a
little less than half the length of the head and body, but usually
is more than half this measurement.

Relationship.—The slightly more posterior position of the
vomerine teeth, the overlapping of the heels, the general shape
of the head and body, and the uniform green coloration above,
indicate relationship with H. chinensis, nothwithstanding the
fact that the absence of the showy black spots and red-brown
head-streak give a certain resemblance to the Hyla of Japan.
The following measurements, first, of the type of this species,
second, of a Formosan specimen of H. chinensis, and third,
of a Japanese specimen of Hyla arborea japonica, may be use-
ful. All are males.

Snout stop vent) ee-ece ee 33. mm. 33.4 mm. 32.3 mm.
Snout to tympanum ..... ONS ieee 3) TAG
Tympanum to vent ...... faa OE PAA) es ZAS | S
Wadthivof head .5.).5-..: Ts ei NEPA 1325 oy
Fore? limba. meconsae 2301) ee 225i ine 23 orn:
lind nlimbys cs cece rr OOe a lees SU hort SZ tae
TUDE fee er ene ane LSS None NS ns
Heel to tip of longest toe.25 “ Doh i ZAK

It will be seen that the new species has a much longer
tibia, and that the Japanese form has a broader head.

Distribution.—No tree-toads have been recorded from any
of the Loo Choo islands. We have received good series from
Kikaiga and Amami O shima, but none from any other island
of the group.

192 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 41u Ser.

Rana okinavana Boettger

This frog was described by Boettger, in 1895, from
three specimens secured by a Japanese collector for Mr. B.
Schmacker. These were labeled Okinawa shima. The large col-
lection which we have received from the Loo Choo Islands
contains no specimens of this frog from Okinawa, where it
was sought in vain; but on Ishigaki shima twenty-five speci-
mens, which seem referable to this species were obtained.

Boettger’s original description applies so completely that
a detailed description of them seems uncalled for, but it will
be well to call attention to certain variations occurring in the
series now at hand.

The vomerine teeth normally begin about on a line con-
necting the posterior borders of the choanae—or a little anterior
to this—and extend obliquely backward, being separated from
each other and from the choanae by nearly equal spaces. Nine-
teen specimens show approximately this arrangement. Two
specimens have the vomerine patches between the choanae
(Nos. 22834 and 22845). One specimen (No. 22852) has
the left patch much in advance of the right, so that the left is
between, and the right chiefly behind, the choanae. One adult
specimen (No. 22851) has no vomerine teeth, and two have
them absent on one side.

In four specimens (Nos. 22851, 22838, 22847, 22852) the
nostrils open about midway between the eye and the end of
the snout. In the other twenty-one examples the nostrils are
decidedly nearer to the end of the snout than to the eye. In
No. 22846 the nostril is farthest forward.

The external metatarsal tubercle usually is not present, but
five or six specimens (as Nos. 22851, 22835, 22852) show it
as a distinct, small, round, white knob at the base of the
fourth toe.

The skin usually is smooth everywhere except on the rump
and hind legs, but in some specimens the sides bear small warts.

In two specimens (Nos. 22851 and 22852) the tibio-tarsal
joints do not overlap. In six (Nos. 22841, 22853, 22847,
22838, 22842, 22835) they overlap one-half the width of the
tarsus. In the other seventeen specimens they overlap the full
width of the tarsus.

Vor. III] VAN DENBURGH—REPTILES—CHINA, JAPAN, FORMOSA 193

Nineteen specimens have a distinct mid-dorsal line. One
(No. 22832) shows a mere indication of this line. Five are
entirely without this light line.

Many of the specimens have the ends of the toes so much
dilated that they might be said to bear pads.
The largest individuals have a length from snout to vent

of 44 mm.

Rana ijimae Stejneger

This frog was described by Stejneger in 1901 from a
single specimen preserved in the Science College, Tokyo, said
to have been collected at Tanabinura, Okinawa shima. Care-
ful collecting on Okinawa failed to bring to light any addi-
tional specimens, but on Ishigaki some ten specimens were se-
cured which agree very well with Stejneger’s type. For pur-
poses of comparison I give the following description of the
Ishigaki specimens :

Description —Vomerine teeth in two oblique series, extending poster-
iorly from a line connecting the choanae, about equidistant from the latter
and from each other; tongue without free conical papillae; snout some-
what projecting, nostrils much nearer to tip of snout than to eyes, and
nearly over tip of lower jaw; interorbital space slightly narrower than
upper eyelid; canthus rostralis well-marked; lores concave; tympanum
one-half diameter of the eye; fingers free, first extending slightly beyond
second, disks distinct, small, largest on third and fourth fingers, less than
half diameter of tympanum; toes almost fully, or extensively, webbed; one
or one and one-half terminal digits of fourth toe free, excision sometimes
reaching to terminal third of basal phalanx of fourth toe; disks well-devel-
oped, a little less than half diameter of tympanum, about equal to or a
little larger than those of fingers; subarticular tubercles very prominent;
inner metatarsal tubercle oval, fairly well-developed, contained about two
and one-half times in the distance from its distal border to the end of first
toe; no outer metatarsal tubercle, except a mere thickening of skin in one
specimen; no outer dermal fringe on fifth toe; no tarsal fold; tibio-tarsal
articulation reaches between eye and nostril when the hind leg is carried
forward, and overlaps about as much as the distance between eye and nos-
tril; tibia equals or exceeds one-half length of head and body; skin of back
usually smooth, occasionally with a few scattered tubercles; sides with
numerous large tubercles interspersed with small ones; lores smooth or
with asperities which sometimes are white tipped; similar asperities numer-
ous on temporal regions and forming a ring about tympanum “like a string
of pearls”; from two to four large glandular warts behind corner of
mouth; dorso-lateral fold distinct, narrow or moderately broad, often not
entirely continuous; under surfaces smooth except sometimes posteriorly
and on thighs, where in many specimens they are granular.

The color in alcohol varies from dark slaty brown through chocolate
brown, olive brown, and grayish cinnamon to a greenish or brownish gray.

194 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser.

The back usually is unicolor, but may have indefinite dark or light mark-
ings. The dorso-lateral fold may be light more or less edged with black
(sometimes a complete line, sometimes only a few black dots), or the light
streak may be absent. The edge of the lip is dark, but above this is a light
streak, much more definite in some specimens than in others, which is con-
tinued on to the postoral tubercles. A dark line usually extends from the
snout through the nostril, along the canthus rostralis and edge of upper
eyelid to join the black edge of the dorso-lateral fold. The sides and
limbs are lighter than the back. The former are spotted or blotched, and
the latter are cross-barred with black or dark brown. There is a whit-
ish pineal spot.

INwimbersys iors she cose iee ec 22825 22827 22822 22820
Snoutito Vent 5. 6s o0 aeons mm. 48 69 88 99
Width ofthead) o...<....,. aeies sare 17 22:5 30 34
Distance between nostrils ..... 5.5 7 8.5 10
Distance bet. nostrils and eyes 5 6 7. 8.5
Diameter of eye .............. 6 8 10 12
Diameter of tympanum ...... SIRS) 4.5 4.8 6
Interorbital space . . ......... 4 5e2 6.5 9
Ore leg ak Geet i cicots hiew see oie Nioras 31 44 51 59
Width of largest finger disk.... ules) 1.8 Z 2
Hind leg, vent to tip of longest

ROG ace St a Mtayers steer alent e 89 116 141 157
Ai Diahdses sihtoen taiek so Oeiisicteraer 29 36 45 52
Metatarsal tubercle ........... 2 3 4 5

In one of the smaller specimens the tibio-tarsal joint reaches quite to
the end of the snout.

Rana namiyei Stejneger

An excellent series of twenty-two specimens of this frog
is now at hand from Nago, Okinawa.

These specimens agree in almost every particular with the
description given by Dr. Stejneger. A few points of varia-
tion may be noted. The tooth-like prominences in the lower
jaw are farther apart than indicated in the figure, and between
them on the median line is a smaller prominence. The head
may be as wide as Stejneger states but, especially in the
younger specimens, may be considerably (diameter of orbit)
narrower. The nostrils may be a little anterior to the point
midway between the eye and the end of snout. The interorbital
space may be one and one-half or only one and one-fourth
times as wide as the upper eyelid. The length of the meta-
tarsal tubercle usually is considerably shorter than the dia-
meter of the eye. The tibio-tarsal joint may not reach the
eye; it usually reaches the posterior border of the eye, but may
extend to the anterior border. The heels usually are as de-
scribed by Stejneger, but they may nearly meet. The skin

——

Vor. WI] VAN DENBURGH—REPTILES—CHINA, JAPAN, FORMOSA 195

above may be nearly smooth, or may have numerous warts
and transverse or longitudinal folds. There are small warts
on the upper eyelids, especially posteriorly.

The color above, in alcohol, is brown, gray, or olive, with
very indefinite darker cloudings on the back and limbs. When
most clearly marked there seem to be three dark blotches on
the back behind the head, and three cross-bars on the limbs.
The upper surfaces of the limbs, the temporal regions, and the
upper eyelids are sometimes more or less stained with orange
or brick-red. Individual warts may be reddish or blackish. On
the hind limbs there often are whitish asperities.

In these Loo Choo specimens the toes vary a little in length;
but nevertheless it may be said that they constantly bear the
relations described by Stejneger. The same proportions are
seen in a good series of frogs from Formosa which I recorded
under this name.’ None of these Formosan frogs is quite as
large as some of the specimens from Okinawa. Otherwise,
upon direct comparison, the two series seem to be absolutely
alike except in the following particulars: 1. The free dermal
margin along the outer edge of the fifth toe is considerably
more extensive in the Okinawa specimens. 2. In these speci-
mens, also, the web is constantly more extensive than in those
from Formosa. 3. In all the specimens from the Loo Choos
the dark band which passes through the posterior half of the
upper eyelids is broad, and is indefinite behind, while in the
Formosan frogs this band is narrower, is sharply limited
posteriorly, and has a smaller dark cross-band, blotch, or series
of spots immediately behind it.

Since these differences are constant in a considerable series
of specimens, it is evident that the frogs. of Formosa and of
Okinawa must be regarded as distinct, though very closely
related, species. The name Rana namiyei must be restricted
to the Loo Choo frogs, for it was from Okinawa shima that
Stejneger’s type came. What, then, are the frogs from For-
mosa? Are they Rana kuhlu or a new species? These ques-
tions I shall leave for future consideration.

Rana namiyei has been secured only on Okinawa shima.
Here it was found in crevices and under the stones of brooks,

4Proc, Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), III, 1909, p. 55,

196 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 41H Ser.

in deep and shaded valleys about three miles northeast of Nago.
Its croak is a single very loud deep-toned bark. The stomachs
of three specimens each contained a fresh-water crab. Babina
holsti lives in the same situations, and when these two kinds
of frogs were caught they were put into the same collecting
bag. The result of this was that several specimens (as Nos.
22807, 22617, 22808) of Rana namiyei were badly wounded
by the dagger-frogs. One was cut so deeply that much of the
ovaries and small intestine protruded.

In life, the color above is olive bronze mottled with black,
and beneath it is white mottled with brown. The front of
arms, groin, inner surface of calves and the dorsum of the
foot are golden brown. The pupil is garnet, rhomboidal, with
long axis parallel to the mouth. The iris is golden-edged.
From each angle of the pupil a dark band extends to the outer
rim of the eye; the posterior is horizontal and broader, the
anterior directed downward at forty-five degrees, the superior
faintest. The upper half of the iris is tinged with bronze, the
lower half is gray, and both show dark reticulations.

On May 8th, 1910, some eggs (No. 22675) were found in
a little puddle by a brook, and from a crevice leading from this
puddle one of the females was taken.

Babina Van Denburgh

Diagnosis.— Like Rana, but with a large, sheathed, bony
spur on inner side of hand in the position of the metacarpal
of pollex.

Type.

Two large frogs from the Loo Choo Islands have been
described as Rana holsti Boulenger and Rana subaspera Bar-
bour. In the descriptions of both attention was called to the
large development of the first metacarpal or rudimentary
pollex. The abundant material in the present collection, and
the field notes which accompany the specimens, indicate that
this structure is so remarkable as to justify the placing of
these frogs in a separate genus. What at first sight appears
to be an innocent rudiment of a thumb is in reality a most for-
midable weapon.

Rana holsti Boulenger.

Vor. WI] VAN DENBURGH—REPTILES—CHINA, JAPAN, FORMOSA 197

Mounted upon the inner side of the carpus is a long, curved,
sharply pointed bone, which seemingly is the first metacarpal.
It is about equal in length to the other metacarpals. This
bony spur is completely covered by the soft tissues about it.
When, however, pressure is made upon the end of the ‘“‘thumb,”
this sheath of soft tissue slips back and leaves the bony weapon

Bones of Right Hand of Babina subaspera

exposed and ready for use. When one of these frogs is caught,
it strives to grasp a finger between its two hands, and when
it succeeds—as the first one did—the spurs are driven into the
finger down to the bone. Several specimens of Rana namiyet
were badly slashed by some B. holsti that were put into the
same bag. One received a clean-cut wound forty-five milli-
meters long in addition to several minor injuries. One can
have only feelings of pity for any snake which might succeed
in swallowing one of these dagger-frogs.

Both of these frogs have an unusual aggregation of glands
above the insertion of the arm. It is probable that the secretion
of these glands might often run down into wounds made by
the spurs.

Babina holsti was found only on Okinawa, while Babina
subaspera seems to be peculiar to Amami O shima.

Babina holsti (Boulenger)

Although described in 1892, Babina holsti has been known
only from the unique type specimen, which was collected by
Holst in Okinawa. We have now secured an excellent series
of this remarkable frog from Nago, Okinawa.

198 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 41TH Ser.

The specimens agree very well with the original description
of this frog, the principal point of discrepancy being that the
interorbital space is constantly wider than the upper eyelid.
As in B, subaspera, there normally is a large gland above the
axilla. B. holsti is a very much smoother frog than B. suba-
spera and in it the dermal fold on the external edge of the
metatarsus rarely extends more than one-third of the distance
between the toes and the tarsus, while in B. subaspera it usually
exceeds half this distance. Otherwise I am unable to find any
structural differences between them. The general smoothness
of one and wartiness of the other, however, render them readily
distinguishable, except in a few instances.

The coloration of B. holsti is usually browner and darker
than that of B. subaspera, and the dark markings—particularly
the blackish band from the snout through the eye to the
shoulder—are more distinct and definite.

In both frogs the fold from the eye to the shoulder may
be very distinct, indistinct, or absent. The dorso-lateral fold
may be broken up into a mere series of small glands hardly
worthy of the term. ‘The outer metatarsal tubercle usually
is not developed, but in both forms it is sometimes present as a
small rounded pad at the base of the fourth toe. The tibio-
tarsal joints may meet or not, but do not overlap; when turned
forward they extend to the eye or between the eye and nostril.
The tibia may be one-half the length of the head and body,
but often is less. The web is not full, two terminal phalanges
on the outer and one on the inner side of the fourth toe usually
being free, except for the dermal margins. |The vomerine
teeth are between and extending behind the choanae. The dia-
meter of the tympanum may be three times its distance from the
orbit. There may or may not be a whitish pineal spot.

The white, pearl-like asperities vary very much in number
in both frogs. Some specimens have very few anywhere. The
chest may be entirely smooth. Others have them very
numerous, so that they are crowded on the warts and over the
chest and inner surface of the arms and first fingers. Some-

times they are scattered over the chin and upper surface of the
head.

Vor. II] VAN DENBURGH—REPTILES—CHINA, JAPAN, FORMOSA 199

The coloration of a living specimen of B. holsti is described
thus: The iris is golden above the level of the upper angle of
the canthus, mahogany with black reticulations and golden
sheen showing through below, rim golden. The pupil is black.
Back uniform olive; sides olive brown with a few dark spots.
A brown streak from tip of snout, through nostril and eye to
temporal region. Lips dark brown with a golden stripe from
nostril, below eye, under tympanum to above arm. The dorso-
lateral fold is olive like the back, but along its outer edge are a
few black blotches. The limbs are brownish olive above, the
arms spotted with blackish brown, and the hind limbs with
three broad, light-edged bars. The throat is dark brown. The
chest is lighter, with gray granules showing through. The
belly is dirty white.

This frog was found only near Nago, Okinawa. The land
east of Nago is very hilly with deep, shaded valleys in which
are clear cool brooks, deeply shaded. In crevices of the rocks
near the brooks, and in recesses near waterfalls, this frog and
Rana nantiyei were prevalent. Fifteen specimens were secured.

Babina subaspera (Barbour)

Rana subaspera was first described by Barbour, in 1908,
from a single specimen “taken in the Riu Kiu Islands, May,
1904 by a Japanese collector of Mr. Alan Owston.” Its: exact
place of origin has remained unknown. The collection now
at hand contains some thirteen specimens of a large frog from
Amami O shima which I believe is identical with Barbour’s
species. There are certain points of difference between my
specimens and the original description of R. subaspera, but Mr.
Barbour, at my request, has been so kind as to re-examine his
type specimen—which seems not to be in perfect condition—
and writes me that the apparent differences are not real. Thus
his specimen agrees with mine in the width of the interorbital
space, the webbing of the toes, the length of the tibia, ete.

As already stated under the heading B. holsti, this frog
seems to be structurally like the preceding species in every
respect except in the greater number of warts and the extent
of the metatarsal fold. Nevertheless, the series of each at hand
prove that we have to do with distinct species. B. subaspera

200 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4tu Ser.

usually is lighter in coloration than B. holsti; and the dark
markings, especially on the head and limbs, are less well-defined.
In both species the dorso-lateral folds may be more or less
broken up. B. subaspera may be very little (but is always)
more warty than some specimens of B. holsti, or it may be so
warty as to look almost like a toad. The tympanum sometimes
is nearly hidden.

The bony spurs do not become firm enough for use until
the frog is of considerable size. It was an adult of this species
which astonished the collector by clasping his finger between
its hands and driving the sharp spurs, one on each side, clear
down to the bone. When the spurs are not in use they are
completely covered by the skin.

Two had eaten fresh-water crabs, and one a land snail.

This frog was found only on Amami O shima. About five
hundred meters west of the middle of the harbor, and at an al-
titude of about one hundred and fifty meters, there are a couple
of paddy-fields. The water supply flows from springs that are
very cold and come from many deep crevices. In these, B.
subaspera holds forth at night with a prolonged, very loud,
three-toned croak. Tadpoles were found in the paddy-fields
along with Diemictylus.

Polypedates schlegelii Giinther

This tree-frog was first described, in 1858, from Japanese
specimens. Two years later Hallowell described his Polype-
dates viridis from a specimen taken on Loo Choo Island, (Oki-
nawa). In 1907, Stejneger described specimens from Ishigaki
shima under the name of Polypedates owstoni, and in 1908
Boulenger named the Formosan form Rhacophorus mol-
trechti. All these tree-frogs, which may be spoken of as the
Polypedates schlegelit group, are very closely related.

The following remarks are based upon two specimens from
Japan proper, fifteen from Amami © shima, forty-six from
Okinawa, one-hundred and thirteen from Ishigaki, and nine
from Formosa.

It may be said at once, that there appear to be no constant
structural differences between any of these members of the P.
schlegelii group. The two Japanese specimens have no outer

Vor. 111] VAN DENBURGH—REPTILES—CHINA, JAPAN, FORMOSA 201

metatarsal tubercle. This tubercle is slightly developed in one
specimen (No. 23753) from Okinawa. There appears to be no
difference in the width of the dermal margin of the fingers. In
all the members of the group the distance from the tip of the
coccyx to the end of the sacral diapophysis is usually less than
the width of the head, and greater than the distance from the
tip of snout to center of tympanum; but it may be equal to
that, or greater, in all except perhaps the Japanese, of which
the series at hand is too small to show this variation. In speci-
mens from all these localities the heel may reach the posterior
border, the middle, or the anterior border of the eye. There
seem to be no differences in the vomerine teeth, or the size of
the tympanum, digital disks, or web. On the other hand, in
both Japanese specimens, when the head is viewed from the
side, the nostril appears to be very nearly midway between the
eye and the end of the snout, while in a very large majority of
the Loo Choo and Formosan examples the nostril is distinctly
anterior to this point. When the legs are folded and held at
right angles to the axis of the body, the heels do not meet in
the specimens from Japan proper, whereas they do meet in
73.4% of the frogs from Amami O shima, 97.8% of those from
Okinawa, 99.1% of those from Ishigaki shima, and 88.8% of
those from Formosa.

As one passes from the north southward, the dark mark-
ings on the legs and sides of the body tend to lose the character
of reticulations or cloudings (Japan and Amami O shima) and
to become discrete dots (Okinawa), spots (Ishigaki), or
blotches (Formosa). These dark markings usually are lack-
ing in the young, and their character is not constant in the adult
Loo Choo specimens, although it probably is in the adults from
Formosa.

In view of these facts it seems best to retain in use the four
names that have been proposed for these tree-frogs, but to
regard P. viridis and P. owstoni as subspecies of Polypedates
schlegeli.

The principal characters of Polypedates schlegelii may be
expressed in the following:

Diagnosis.—Fingers nearly half webbed ; heel without der-
mal appendage; vomerine teeth in two straight, but oblique,

202 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47x Ser.

series between, and starting close to, the choanae; tibio-tarsal
articulation reaching eye; color above uniform green in life,
with dark markings on the legs and sides of body, usually tak-
ing the form of reticulations or cloudings; tibio-tarsal joints not
meeting when the folded legs are held at right angles to body
axis; nostril usually midway between tip of snout and eye.
Japan proper.
Polypedates schlegelii viridis (Hallowell)

Diagnosis.—Like P. schlegelii but with tibio-tarsal joints
usually meeting when the folded legs are held at right angles
to the body axis; nostril usually nearer to tip of snout than to
eye; dark markings on thighs and sides of body either reticula-
tions, cloudings, or very numerous small spots.

Amami O shima and Okinawa.

The tree-frogs of Amami O shima and of Okinawa seem
not separable, although those from Okinawa show a greater
average difference from true P. schlcgelii than do those of
Amami O shima. This subspecies has been partly discussed
in considering the Japanese form.

No. 23845, an adult, has no vomerine teeth. 2

The specimens were collected at Naze, Amami O shima
and at Nago and Naha, Okinawa, in April and May, 1910.

Polypedates schlegelii owstoni (Stejneger)

Diagnosis——Similar to P. schlegelii viridis but with spots
on thighs and sides of body discrete, larger, and less numerous.
Ishigaki shima.

This form has been commented upon above under head
of P. schlegelti. It is probable that the width of the head is
greater than the distance from tip of a sacral diapophysis more
constantly in this subspecies than in P. schlegelii viridis of
the more northern islands; but since this relation is found ina
majority of the northern specimens, it is of but little value in
classification. The dark spots are absent in young specimens,
and are subject to considerable variation in adult ones. Never-
theless the difference in the spotting of these two subspecies
usually is quite characteristic.

In life, the lower surfaces may be either white, cream, or
yellow. The groin may be gray, straw or tinged with salmon.

;
.

VoL. WIJ VAN DENBURGH—REPTILES—CHINA, JAPAN, FORMOSA 203

The thigh may be gray, yellowish green, yellow, or salmon.
The color above may be yellow green. The young are some-
times grayish green.

The specimens are all from Ishigaki; no tree-frogs of this
group have been taken on Miyako or Iriomote shima.

Polypedates moltrechti «(Boulenger)

Diagnosis.—Similar to P. schlegelii owstoni, but with dark
markings on thighs and sides of body much larger and still
less numerous. Formosa.

This tree-frog is perhaps smaller when adult than its more
northern relatives. The young are without dark markings.
The seven adult specimens at hand agree in the characteris-
tic blotching of the thighs and sides of body. Occasionally,
these dark blotches are so large as to be confluent. As has
been said in writing of P. schicgelu, there seem to be no struc-
tural differences between this and the other members of the
group, but the constancy of the color-difference makes it
desirable to regard the Formosan form as a distant species.

In life, the color above is light green; the tip of snout
olive. The lower surfaces are cream. The inguinal region,
anterior and posterior surfaces of thighs and legs, the top of
foot and the web are pale salmon.

This tree-frog was originally secured at Lake Candidje,
Nanto district, central Formosa. Its presence at Kosempo,
Formosa, has since been recorded by its describer. Our speci-
mens were collected at Kosempo and Kanshirei, Formosa.

Polypedates eiffingeri (Boettger)

This species was first described from a specimen from the
Loo Choo Islands. Although the exact place of origin of the
type was unknown, Dr. Boettger thought that it came either
from Okinawa or Amami O shima; probably the former. We
have received no specimens from either of these islands, but
have three collected on Ishigaki between May 25 and June

Z, 1910:

Dr. Boulenger has recorded the presence of this tree-frog
at Kanshirei, Formosa, whence we have received a very large
series. We have it also from Koshun, Formosa.

December 13, 1912.

204 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 41H Ser.

The specimens at hand agree very well with the original
description, and upon direct comparison there appears to be
no difference between the Loo Choo and the Formosan ex-
amples. There is considerable individual variation in the
large series from Kanshirei.

The skin of many specimens is perfectly smooth almost
everywhere on the upper surfaces of the head, body, and
limbs. In others it is dotted everywhere with little white
warts or asperities. Some have these asperities only on the
limbs and head, others only on the supraocular regions and
sides of head. Every degree of intergradation is found be-
tween the smoothest and roughest specimens. The white
dots on the feet and arms usually are raised on little warts,
but may be level with the rest of the skin.

The vomerine teeth normally are in two rounded patches
near the choanae; but in several specimens they are in trans-
verse series very much as in P. buergeri, but never longer than
the interval. A few specimens seem to have no vomerine
teeth. In other specimens the teeth are intermediate between
these three conditions. One has a single large clump near the
median line and no lateral patches.

In alcoholic specimens, the color above may be uniform
light bluish gray, yellowish or brownish gray, dark brown, or
slate, with only a few small dark spots on the sides of the
body; or there may be definite dark markings on the back,
head, and limbs. There may be an X-shaped blotch between
the shoulders, or only spots there and posteriorly, or nearly
the whole back may be covered by one large dark blotch.
Often there is a dark band across the head, passing over the
upper eyelids. The limbs may be cross-barred. There is often,
especially in large females, a bright purplish pink suffusion
about the dark blotches in the upper surfaces, recalling the
coloration of Microhyla fissipes. The lower surfaces may be
white or yellow, immaculate or clouded, or sparsely or densely
spotted, marbled, or reticulated with dark brown. The rows
of white dots along the foot and arm are almost always evi-
dent and are very characteristic.

One of the Ishigaki specimens, No. 23740, was colored in
life as follows :—Iris bronze. Above light gray, a light green-

Vor. II] VAN DENBURGH—REPTILES—CHINA, JAPAN, FORMOSA 205

ish shading forming a V-shaped mark from top of eye-
lids backwards. A similar greenish tinge extends backward
from the sacral region becoming brighter in the groin, where
it shades off into dull yellow. Tympanum brownish with a
darker line above. Hind limbs with three faint cross-bars.
Throat white, abdomen cream. Between the colors of back
and abdomen there are a few brown spots, increasing poster-
iorly to form considerable blotches, which are hidden when
the limbs are folded in the sitting position. This is the bright
coloration when on a whitish surface. When on a leaf, the
green spreads to the sides and shoulders.

No. 23741, also from Ishigaki, in life was brown above
with darker brown markings; yellowish below; groins straw.

No. 20087, from Kanshirei, Formosa, while living had
the abdomen and sides white, thighs greenish straw, the light
color of back and limbs light golden brown.

Polypedates japonicus (Hallowell)

Originally described from Amami O shima and since re-
ported from Okinawa, this species is now at hand from Ishi-
gaki and Iriomote, of the Loo Choo group. Boulenger has
recorded its presence in Formosa and we have received a
series from there. Our material comprises one hundred and
seventy-eight specimens from Amami Oshima, thirty-six
from Nago, Okinawa, sixty-eight from Ishigaki, seven from
Iriomote, and seven from Formosa. Curiously enough this
tree-frog was not found in Miyako shima.

Careful comparison of this enormous material has failed
to develop any differences between the specimens from the
various islands of the Loo Choo group. They seem to be quite
alike in structure, proportions and coloration. The Formosan
specimens lack the definite dark patch or streak on or above
the tympanum, having at most a mere trace of it, although it
is present in all the Loo Choo specimens. In other respects
these Formosan examples are indistinguishable from the Loo
Choo frogs, and this difference seems too slight to justify
their recognition as a distinct subspecies.

206 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

Polypedates robustus (Boulenger)

We have received one specimen of this tree-frog (No.
25043) from Koshun, Formosa. It is so like P. buergeri of
Japan that the greater extent of the web between the fingers
seems to be the only constant difference.

Boulenger’s specimens were from Kankau, Alikang, and
Kosempo, Formosa.

Polypedates leucomystax (Gravenhorst)

Only one Formosan specimen of this tree-frog has been
recorded, and this one bears no statement of more definite
locality. We have received four specimens from Kanshirei
and one from Koshun, Formosa. Both striped and unstriped
styles of coloration are shown. In these Formosan examples
the vomerine teeth are nearer the choanae, and the dark retic-
ulation on the backs of the thighs is much coarser than in
Philippine specimens. The general proportions are quite the
same. Nevertheless, when larger series are at hand, it may
become necessary to regard the Formosan frogs as a distinct
subspecies differing from the Philippine in having vomerine
teeth nearer the choanae, toes a little less extensively webbed,
metatarsal tubercle somewhat larger, and thigh markings
coarser.

Gekko japonicus (Duméril & Bibron)

This species differs from G. swinhonis in the possession of
a distinct interdigital web, more numerous dorsal tubercles
and fewer enlarged. tubercles near the ear.

We have one specimen labeled Eastern Asia, three from
Shanghai, eleven from Formosa, two from Ishigaki, thirteen
from Naha, Okinawa, twenty-eight from Naze, Amami O
shima, and a few from Japan proper. The Formosan speci-
mens are from Koshun, Kanshirei and Taihoku.

In this considerable series there appears but little varia-
tion. The Loo Choo specimens often have smaller chin-
shields than the Formosan, and the latter tend to have fewer
plates under the fourth toe than the Shanghai specimens.
These differences, however, are neither constant nor great
enough to warrant the recognition of separate subspecies.

Vor. III] VAN DENBURGH—REPTILES—CHINA, JAPAN, FORMOSA 207

Gekko swinhonis (Gunther)

We have five specimens collected by Dr. Thompson at
Chefoo, China, August 19 to 29, 1906. These are entirely
without webs between the digits, and their enlarged dorsal
tubercles are very few, and the tubercles near the ear many,
as compared with specimens of Gekko japonicus from Shang-
hai, Formosa, and the Loo Choo Islands. There appears to
be no constant difference in the chin-shields.

Hemidactylus frenatus Duméril & Bibron

The collection contains twenty-three specimens of this
gecko from Formosa, where they were collected at Tainan,
Kohekiryo, Kanshirei, Takao, Anping, Polisia, Koshun, and
Ako. From the Loo Choo Islands we have received six from
Okinawa, three from Miyako and seventy-four from Ishigaki.
It therefore appears that this species is much more common
than H. bowringii. We have also twelve specimens from the

Pescadores, where they were found under stones on barren
hill-sides.

Careful comparison has failed to bring to light any dif-
ferences in the specimens from these various localities.
e

Hemidactylus bowringii (Gray)

We have received one male (21854) from Miyako, one
male (21856) and one female (21855) from Ishigaki, and four
males from the following localities in Formosa: 18066 Kan-
shirei, 18078 Taipeh, 18079 Taihoku, and 18080 Nanto.

There seem to be no important differences between these
specimens. They may be readily distinguished from H. fre-
natus by the nearly uniform dorsal granulation, longer ter-
minal portion of the inner digit, and the median interruption
of the series of pores in the males.

Hemidactylus marmoratus Hallowell

We have received no specimen which agrees with Hallo-
well’s description of H. marmoratus although we have one
hundred and fifty specimens of various species of Gekkonidae

208 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser.

from the Loo Choo Islands. Stejneger’s suggestion that Dr.
Hallowell may have had a poorly preserved specimen of Gekko
japonicus probably is correct.

Cosymobotus platyurus (Schneider)

The present collections contain no specimens of this gecko,
which has been credited to Formosa on the evidence of a sin-
gle specimen in the Bergen Museum, said to have been col-
lected by Captain von der Ohe in the early sixties.

Ptychozoon horsfieldii (Gray)

Regarding this lizard Dr. Stejneger writes (Bull. U. S.
Nat. Mus. No. 58, p. 172),

“This remarkable species is an inhabitant of the Malayan
Peninsula, the Natuna Islands, and Borneo.

“A single specimen presented by Mr. Pryer to the British
Museum as having been obtained by his Japanese collector in
the Riu Kiu [Loo Choo] Islands, is the only one thus far
recorded east and north of the region indicated above. As
no other collectors have found it in the Riu Kius or the inter-
vening regions, I may perhaps be justified in expressing a
doubt as to the correctness of the locality. It may be remem-
bered that Pryer himself did some collecting in Borneo in
1880, and it is possible that the specimen in question may Ie
become mixed up with the Riu Kiu collection.”

The large collections now at hand from the Loo Choo
Islands and Formosa contain no specimens of this lizard.
There can be little doubt that it does not occur in these islands.

e
Japalura swinhonis Giinther

We have received Japaluras from Kagi, Kosempo, Nanto,
Tainan, Jenshiko and Kanshirei, Formosa. These all seem
to represent but one species. This species has keeled infrala-
bials, while the Japaluras of the Loo Choo Islands have
smooth infralabials. This character holds in more than 98%
of the large series at hand, so we are justified in regarding
the Formosan and Loo Choo lizards as distinct species.

Vor. III] VAN DENBURGH—REPTILES—CHINA, JAPAN, FORMOSA 209

In a few specimens the throat is nearly unicolor; in a con-
siderable number it is light with converging dark lines; but
in most it is dark with light spots or streaks.

Japalura swinhonis mitsukurii (Stejneger)

I am unable to find any constant point of difference be-
tween specimens of Japalura from Botel Tobago, and from
Formosa. The differences in proportions which have been
suggested as distinguishing characters do not hold good. In
the Botel Tobago lizards the width at the superciliaries is con-
stantly less than the length of the third toe, but the same pro-
portions are to be found in a number of Formosan specimens.
Still a majority from the latter locality have the superciliary
width greater than the length of the third toe without claw.
The number of specimens from Botel Tobago is too small,
to enable us to reach any very satisfactory conclusion, and for
the present it seems best to regard the Botel Tobago specimens
as a doubtful subspecies.

Japalura polygonata (Hallowell)

We have examined one hundred and nineteen specimens
from Naze, Amami O shima, fifteen from Nago and Naha,
Okinawa, eight from Miyako, eight from Ishigaki, and six-
teen from Funaoke, Iriomote. One hundred and forty-eight
of these have no keeling of the infralabials, while a weak keel
may be made out in one specimen from Ishigaki and two from
Iriomote. Thus in 98% of the Loo Choo specimens the in-
fralabials are smooth, while in 98.6% of the Formosan exam-
ples they are keeled. These Loo Choo lizards have a definite,
though not continuous, row of enlarged scales on the back,
separated from the crest row by about two or three rows of
smaller scales. In the Formosan species no definite row of
this description is to be found, the scales near the dorsal row
being more nearly equal in size. The throat in Loo Choo
specimens usually is light unicolor or, less frequently, with
narrow, dark, converging lines. The Formosan and Botel
Tobago specimens have dark throats with whitish markings
showing either as spots or as transverse bands.

210 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 47H Ser.

Specimens from the southern islands—Ishigaki and Irio-
mote—nearly always have a distinct whitish band under the
eye. Those from Miyako and the more northern islands usu-
ally lack this light band. Thus this band is present in eight
from Ishigaki and in sixteen from Iriomote; is absent from
eight from Miyako, thirteen out of fifteen from Okinawa, and
ninety-two out of one hundred and nineteen from Amami
Oshima.

Specimens from Iriomote, Ishigaki, and Miyako usually
show a distinct light streak along each side of the body, as
do most of the Formosan and Botel Tobago Japaluras. This
streak usually is absent in specimens from Okinawa and
Amami. This is shown in the following table:

Licht STREAK Distinct Slight Absent
Botel Tobago pce neta et aa ee 2
OTM OSA Mts an sia arate outer 77 10 17

We MITIOMIOES \a2e.5. facia ck ts ayes cic tens 11 5
Ishigakt, .265:, (2 Shaws erotiepppatasnie 4 1 &j
Miyako! ve Ps Sicjaae dint steven arene ate stapave 6 2
Okinawaeises. 259 vaadetiass seeas Seek 2 13
ATA eek ace nates = crcvomaeye cis eee 47 72

These data may be arranged in the form of a key, as
follows:

a—Infralabials keeled; throat usually dark with whitish markings.
b—Width at superciliaries usually greater than length of third
toe without claw. Formosa.
Japalura polygonata.
b*—Width at superciliaries not greater than length of third toe
without claw. Botel Tobago.
Japalura polygonata mitsukuri.
a’—Infralabials smooth; throat light, unicolor or with narrow dark
lines.
bb.—A very distinct whitish band under eye; usually a lateral light
band. Ishigaki and Iriomote.
Japalura polygonata ishigakiensis.
bb*.—No distinct whitish band under eye.
c.—Usually a distinct lateral light streak. Miyako.
Japalura polygonata miyakensis.
c?.—Lateral light streak absent or but slightly developed. Okinawa
and Amami,
Japalura polygonata polygonata.

The three forms from the Loo Choo Islands seem worthy
of rank as subspecies. Since Japalura polygonata was origin-
ally established from specimens from one of the northern
islands, we may regard the lizards of Okinawa and Amami as
the typical form, and may name the other two as follows:

Vor. II] VAN DENBURGH—REPTILES—CHINA, JAPAN, FORMOSA 211

Japalura polygonata miyakensis Van Denburgh

Diagnosis.—Intralabials smooth; throat light, unicolor or
with narrow dark lines; no distinct whitish band under eye;
a distinct lateral light streak usually present.

Type.—California Academy of Sciences No. 21,353,
Miyako, Loo Choo Islands, Japan.

Distribution—M1yako shima, Loo Choo Islands, Japan.

Japalura polygonata ishigakiensis Van Denburgh

Diagnosis—Infralabials smooth; throat light, unicolor or
with narrow dark lines; a very distinct whitish band under
eye; a lateral light streak usually present.

Type.—California Academy of Sciences No. 21,354,
Ishigaki, Loo Choo Islands, Japan.

Distribution.—Iriomote and Ishigaki, Loo Choo Islands,
Japan.

Eumeces

There are in China two very distinct species of the genus
Eumeces. The one characterized by the possession of but one
unpaired postmental is E. elegans. The other, which normally
has two azygous postmentals, is E. chinensis. The former is
represented in Japan, the Loo Choo Islands, the Pescadores
and Formosa by a number of species and subspecies which
may be spoken of as the Ewmeces elegans group. The latter,
E. chinensis, seems to have no representatives in Japan and
the northern and central islands of the Loo Choo archipelago,
but has close relatives in the southern islands and in Formosa.
The Formosan specimens have been regarded as identical with
the mainland examples of E. chinensis. The specimens from
Miyako, Ishigaki and Iriomote have been described as E.
kishinouyet.

The members of the E. chinensis group seem everywhere
to be less numerous than those of the E. elegans group. We
have received only one specimen from China, four from For-
mosa, and seven from the southern islands. This material is
too limited to give really satisfactory results, but it seems to
indicate that both the Loo Choo and the Formosan lizards
should be regarded as distinct subspecies. The chief differ-
ences are indicated in the Key given below.

212 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 41H Ser.

The E. elegans group is to be regarded as made up of three
subgroups, as follows :—

1. The Eumeces elegans subgroup, characterized by the
presence of a patch of much enlarged scales on the back of the
thigh and the absence of a postnasal plate, and including only
E. elegans.

2. The Eumeces latiscutatus subgroup, characterized by
the absence of a patch of enlarged scales on the back of the
thigh and the presence of a postnasal plate, and comprising
E. latiscutatus, E. latiscutatus okadae, and E. barbouri.

3. The Eumeces marginatus subgroup, characterized by
the absence of a patch of much enlarged scales on the back of
the thigh and the absence of:a postnasal plate, and made up of
Eumeces marginatus, E. marginatus kikaigensis, E. margina-
tus amamiensis, and E. ishigakiensis.

The chief differences between these various forms are
indicated in the following

KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES.

a.—Only one azygous postmental; a strongly keeled scale behind corner
of anus, :
b.—A patch of much enlarged scales on back of thigh. No postnasal.
(China, Formosa, Pescadores).
Eumeces elegans.
b*—No patch of much enlarged scales on back of thigh (sometimes
slightly enlarged in E. marginatus subgroup).

c.—No postnasal. (Loo Choo Islands).

d.—Young with two lateral lines separated by about the width
of two scales; lower lateral line separated from fore-
limb by not more than distance between lateral lines.

e——Scales of two middle dorsal rows broader than those
of next rows; upper lateral line confined to scales
of third row from middorsal line; superciliaries not
more than eight. (Okinawa).
E. marginatus.
e’—Scales of two middle dorsal rows normally not
broader than those of next rows; upper lateral line
on scales of third and fourth rows from middorsal
line; superciliaries not less than eight.
f—Normally with twenty-six rows of scales around
middle of body. (Amami O shima).
E. marginatus amamiensis.
f’—Usually with twenty-eight rows of scales around
middle of body. (Kikaiga shima).
E. marginatus kikaigensis.

Vor. III] VAN DENBURGH—REPTILES—CHINA, JAPAN, FORMOSA 213

d’—Young with three lateral lines; upper two separated by
about the width of one scale; second lateral line, from
above, separated from fore limb by more than distance
between upper and second lateral lines. (Ishigaki
shima).
E. ishigakiensis. _
c’.—A postnasal present. (Japan proper and Amami O shima).

dd.—Scales around middle of body not less than twenty-four.
(Japan proper).
ee—Scales around body normally twenty-six or twenty-
four (rarely 28). (Japan).
E, latiscutatus.

ee.—Scales around body normally twenty-eight or thirty.
(Idzu Seven Islands).
E. latiscutatus okadae. zh
dd*—Scales around middle of body twenty-two (Amami O
shima).
E. barbouri.
a*—Azygous postmentals normally two; no keeled scale behind corner of
vent.
bb.—No postnasal; two pairs of nuchals; median dorsal line in young
broader. Fifty-four dorsals from parietals to backs of
thighs, fourteen scutes under fourth toe. (China).
E. chinensis.
bb*—Postnasal often present; often three nuchals; median dorsal line
in young narrower.
ccc.—Forty-eight to fifty-two dorsals from parietals to backs of
thighs; fourteen to sixteen scutes under fourth toe;
interparietal about twice as long as broad; dorsal and
lateral scales spotted or edged with black or dark brown
except in position of dorso-lateral light lines of young.
E. chinensis formosensis.
cec’.—Forty-five to forty-nine dorsals from parietals to backs of
thighs; sixteen or seventeen scutes under fourth toe;
interparietal much less than twice as long as broad;
nearly unicolor or with dark-edged light lines, often
dark lateral band.
E. kishinouyei.

Eumeces latiscutatus (Hallowell)

Diagnosis.—One azygous postmental; no patch of enlarged
scales on back of thigh; postnasal normally present (rarely
absent) ; posterior loreal short, normally touching two labials ;
fifteen to eighteen scales under fourth toe; twenty-six (rarely
twenty-four or twenty-eight) scales around middle of body;
forty-nine to fifty-five on back; young with one median and
two lateral light lines; latter narrow, and separated by not less
than width of two scales; lower lateral line separated from
fore limb by less than distance between lateral lines, and run-
ning below the level of top of hind limb and top of ear.

214 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser.

‘This species is confined to the large islands which consti-
tute Japan proper. We have at hand only eight specimens.
Three are from Kobe, Setsu Province, Hondo, the others
were secured near Kagoshima, Satsuma Province, Kiusiu.

Six have scales in twenty-six rows, one has twenty-four,
and one twenty-seven; the scales between the parietals and a
line joining the backs of the thighs vary from forty-nine to
fifty-five, and the plates under the fourth toe vary from fifteen
to eighteen. The frontal touches the frontonasal in only one
specimen, but is in contact with three supraoculars in all.
All have one postnasal on each side, and one azygous post-
mental. There usually is but one pair of nuchals, but two
specimens have two additional small plates on one side. The
posterior loreals are short and in contact with only two labials,
except in two specimens in which they are longer and touch
2-3 and 3-3 labials. There is no patch of enlarged scales on
the back of the thigh in any of these Japanese lizards.

Eumeces latiscutatus okadae Stejneger

Diagnosis.—One azygous postmental; no patch of enlarged
scales on back of thigh; postnasal present; posterior loreal
short, normally touching two labials; about eighteen scutes
under fourth toe; one or two pairs of nuchals; twenty-eight
or thirty scales around middle of body.

We have received in exchange from the U. S. National
Museum one of the original specimens (U. S. N. M. No.
36531) described by Dr. Stejneger. This specimen, which
was collected by Okada in Nii shima, Idzu, is now number
27,229 of the Academy’s collection. It has twenty-eight scales
around the body, fifty-four between the parietals and the
backs of the thighs, eighteen under the fourth toe, seven supra-
labials, and one and three nuchals. The frontal is in contact
with three supraoculars and the frontonasal. The posterior
loreals are short, and touch only two labials each. There is
one postnasal on each side. There is no patch of enlarged
scales on the back of the thigh.

Vor. III] VAN DENBURGH—REPTILES—CHINA, JAPAN, FORMOSA 21

Eumeces barbouri Van Denburgh

Diaginosis.—One azygous postmental; no patch of enlarged
scales on back of thigh; postnasal present; posterior loreal
short, normally touching two labials; fifteen or sixteen plates
under fourth toe; twenty-two scales around middle of body;
young with one median and two lateral light lines; latter nar-
row, and separated by not less than width of two scales; lower
lateral line separated from fore limb by less than the distance
between the lateral lines, and running below the level of top
of hind limb and top of ear.

Type-—California Academy of Sciences No. 21545.
Amami O shima, Loo Choo Islands, Japan; April 20-30, 1910.

Description of the type—Similar to E. latiscutatus. Nasal small, in con-
tact with rostral, supranasal, postnasal, and first labial plates. Anterior
loreal forming sutures with postnasal, supranasal, prefrontal, posterior
loreal, and second labial plates. Posterior loreal longer than high, in con-
tact with two (right) or three (left) labials. First labial in contact with
rostral, nasal, postnasal, and second labial. Frontal just separated from
frontonasal, in contact with three supraoculars on each side. Parietals
large, separated by interparietal. One left and two right nuchals. Upper
temporal largest. Seven supralabials, the seventh largest. One azygous
postmental. Scales smooth, except one behind each corner of vent; twenty-
two around middle of body; fifty in a row from parietals to line joining
backs of thighs; two middorsal rows slightly enlarged. Median subcaudal
row broad. No patch of enlarged scales on back of thigh. Fifteen or
sixteen scutes under fourth toe. Hind limb reaching between wrist and
elbow. Tail forked at point of regrowth.

The color above is nearly uniform light brown, with a few dark brown
spots at the bases of the scales posteriorly. A dark brown band extends
from the temporal region to the base of the tail, and is edged above and
below with lighter brown indications of the lateral light lines. The upper
lateral and middorsal lines are evident on the tail. The limbs are brown,
the centers of the scales being lighter. The lower surfaces are greenish
white, clearer yellowish white on the chin, preanals and midcaudals.

A young specimen is black above with two narrow lateral pale blue lines
on each side, and a broader middorsal line which bifurcates on the head as
in other species of the group. The tail is very bright blue.

MCSrSthyitOL ants ers stacyeeieevertae deere eed ste ete he 66 49 mm.
Meno the ots tailieiescn setierd apy tates eer seca eye tas 90) %
Snouts tovearecin fever comer eter ees cere s ss 13 LOD sis
Snout tonforeslimbamurdcnesiseeeee ects si 22 23)0a8
Bore limba da unticeos soe aaa: coacase 19 Si ee
Editra clillisri bic aeny op cick voc heather tore aioe eiciaises 28 Denies
Base of fifth to end of fourth toe.......... 12 105%

Variation.—The smaller specimen differs from the type in
having the frontal in contact with the frontonasal, the second
loreal touching only two labials on each side, the superposition

216 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4ru Ser.

of the first loreal, the presence of two nuchals on each side,
and sixteen plates under each fourth toe. The scale counts
around the body and along the back are twenty-two and fifty.

Distribution.—This lizard was found only on Amami O
shima.

Remarks.—This lizard must be rather rare; for of eighty-
one specimens of this genus taken on Amami O shima only
two are of this species, the others being Eumeces marginatus.
Eumeces barbouri is practically a Ewmeces latiscutatus with
the scales around the middle of the body reduced in number to
twenty-two.

The presence in the Loo Choo Islands of a close relative
of Eumeces latiscutatus is one of the most interesting facts
brought out by these collections, since it affords, as I believe,
the first definite evidence of a former land-connection between
these islands and Japan proper.

It is a pleasure to name this lizard in honor of Mr. Thomas
Barbour of Harvard University.

Eumeces marginatus (Hallowell)

Diagnosis —One azygous postmental; no patch of much
enlarged scales on back of thigh; no postnasal; posterior
loreal long, usually in contact with three supralabials ; sixteen
to twenty plates under fourth toe; twenty-six (rarely twenty-
eight) scales around middle of body; young with one median
and two lateral light lines, the latter narrow and separated
by not less than width of two scales, lower lateral line sepa-
rated from forelimb by less than distance between lateral lines,
and running at about the level of top of hind limb but below
top of ear; scales of first row on each side of middorsal line
wider than those of next dorsal rows; superciliaries not more
than eight; upper lateral line narrow, confined to scales of
third row from middorsal line.

Variation—We have received only eleven specimens of
the Eumeces of Okinawa. All have one azygous postmental,
no postnasals, upper temporal largest, frontal in contact with
frontonasal and with three supraoculars of each side, seven
supralabials, and posterior loreals much longer than high.
Both posterior loreals touch three labials except in No. 21641,

Vor. III] VAN DENBURGH—REPTILES—CHINA, JAPAN, FORMOSA 217

in which they are in contact with only two. One specimen
has but one pair of nuchals, one has one and three; the others
all have three pairs, of which the first are much the largest.
The scales around the middle of the body are twenty-six
except in one specimen, which has twenty-eight. The scales
in a row from the parietals to a line joining the backs of the
thighs vary in number from fifty to fifty-seven :—fifty in one
specimen, fifty-one in one, fifty-three in five, fifty-four in two,
fifty-five in one, and fifty-seven in one. The scales under the
fourth toe are sixteen in one specimen, seventeen in one,
eighteen in three, nineteen in four, and twenty in two. The
superciliaries are eight or seven. The greater breadth of the
middorsal rows is nearly constant, being clearly shown by all
but one specimen.

Distribution.—Typical Eumeces marginatus seems to be
confined to Okinawa shima, where it has been taken at Naha
and Nago.

Remarks.—This lizard of Okinawa is closely related to
the subspecies of Amami O shima and Kikaigo shima, and
less closely to Ewmeces ishigakiensis. It differs from all these
in coloration and in the breadth of the upper rows of dorsal
scales.

When Hallowell wrote the original description of this
species he had specimens from both Amami O shima and
Okinawa shima. (‘“Ousima, Japan, and Loo Choo Islands’).
There is nothing to indicate either as the type. Stejneger
has since stated that the Okinawa specimen should be regarded
as the type, the Amami O shima example having been lost.
It therefore seems best to regard the Okinawa lizard as the
typical Ewmeces marginatus.

Eumeces marginatus amaniensis Van Denburgh

Diagnosis.—One azygous postmental; no patch of much
enlarged scales on back of thigh; no postnasal; posterior loreal
long, usually in contact with three supralabials; seventeen to
twenty-one plates under fourth toe; twenty-six (rarely twenty-
four or twenty-eight) scales around middle of body; young
with one median and two lateral light lines, latter broader but
separated by not less than width of two scales, lower lateral line

218 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser.

separated from forelimb by less than distance between lateral
lines, and running at about the level of top of hind limb but
below top of ear; scales of first row on each side of middorsal
line very rarely wider than those of next dorsal rows; super-
ciliaries not less than eight ; upper lateral line broader, on scales
of third and fourth rows, from middorsal line.

Type.—California Academy of Sciences No. 21615.
Amami O shima, Loo Choo Islands, Japan; April 26 to May
1, 1910.

Description of the type——Nasal small, in contact with rostral, supranasal,
anterior loreal, and first labial plates. Anterior loreal forming sutures
with nasal, supranasal, frontonasal, prefrontal, posterior loreal, and first
and second labial plates. Posterior loreal longer than high, in contact
with two (left) or three (right) labials. First labial in contact with rostral,
nasal, anterior loreal and second labial. Frontal not separated from fronto-
nasal, in contact with three supraoculars on each side. Parietals large,
separated by interparietal. Three nuchals. Upper temporal largest. Seven
supralabials, the seventh largest. One azygous postmental. Scales smooth,
except one behind each corner of vent; twenty-six around middle of body;
fifty-four in a row from parietals to line joining backs of thighs; mid-
dorsal rows not appreciably enlarged. Median subcaudal row broad. No
patch of much enlarged scales on back of thigh. Seventeen to twenty-one
scutes under fourth toe. Hind limb reaching wrist.

The color above is nearly uniform light brown, more yellowish on the
head and tail. A brick-red band runs from the temporal regions along the
side of the neck and body. The lower surfaces are greenish or yellowish
white.

Ten gta POVAN US vais svacdvace aretare. teen Bo etere ee eter naeraeret as 85 mm.
Teen othy Ob taile ss: « <izie% o:+ vt cies pee A ereee eeoeen eee 116. *
Snottt; to ear-Openinge: . ..c..c clases nendee nenise en 19°
Snoutto store limbs. 1.0. acces ode sate pseie siecle 28 ss
Mone) limbs sec odicantersncne.t Rete er ole
btn dl plirreby sera eteaccterera:csaca.ste ene releele eo ee oe REET LOOT ae
Base of fifth to end of fourth toe................ 13)

Variation—Of seventy-nine specimens at hand, all have
one postmental, no postnasals, and upper temporal largest. The
frontal is in contact with the frontonasal in all but two, in one
of which a small plate intervenes. In two the frontonasal is
divided. No. 21566 has the second and third left supraoculars
merged. The posterior loreal is much longer than high in all
but four, and touches three labials on both sides of the head in
all but ten specimens, of which eight have the loreal of one
side touching three labials, while only two have both posterior
loreals in contact with only two labials. The scales around
the middle of the body are twenty-six in all but three speci-
mens; Nos. 21572 and 21580 have twenty-four and No. 21576

Vor. II] VAN DENBURGH—REPTILES—CHINA, JAPAN, FORMOSA 219

has twenty-eight. The frontal touches three supraoculars on
each side except in three cases, where it is in contact with
only two on one side of the head. In twenty-five specimens
the plates under the fourth toe are 17 in one, 18 in three, 19
in thirteen, 20 in seven, 21 in one. The scales in a row from
the parietals to a line joining backs of thighs vary from fifty-
three to fifty-six :—53 in 5 specimens, 54 in 6, 55 in 13 and
56 in 1. The supralabials are 6-7 in 3 specimens, 7-8 in 2 and
7-7 in 20. A few specimens have the upper dorsal rows
slightly enlarged, and a few have somewhat enlarged scales
on back of thigh, but never as in EL. elegans. The young have
five light lines and blue tails.

___ Distribution.—This subspecies is known only from Amami
O shima, Loo Choo Islands, Japan.

Remarks.—Eumeces marginatus amamiensis is most
closely related to E. m. kikaigensis, from which it differs as
indicated under that head. From E. marginatus of Okinawa
it differs in the fact that the middorsals normally are not
wider than those of the other rows, in the increased number of
superciliaries, which normally are nine or ten, instead of eight,
and in the breadth and position of the upper lateral line, which
difference seems to be quite constant.

Eumeces marginatus kikaigensis Van Denburgh

Diagnosis.—One azygous postmental; no patch of much
enlarged scales on back of thigh; no postnasal ; posterior loreal
usually long, usually in contact with three supralabials; six-
teen to twenty-one plates under fourth toe; usually twenty-
eight (sometimes twenty-six) scales around middle of body;
young with one median and two lateral light lines, the latter
narrow and separated by not less than the width of two scales,
lower lateral line separated from fore limb by less than the dis-
tance between the lateral lines, and running at about the level
of top of hind limb but below top of ear; scales of first row
on each side of middorsal line usually not appreciably wider
than those of next dorsal rows; superciliaries not less than
eight ; upper lateral line broader, on scales of third and fourth

rows from middorsal line.
December 13, 1912.

220 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [{Proc. 4TH Ser.

Type.—California Academy of Sciences No. 21628.
Kikaiga shima, Loo Choo Islands, April 30, 1910.

Description of the type—Nasal small, in contact with rostral, supra-
nasal, anterior loreal, and first labial plates. Anterior loreal forming sutures
with supranasal, frontonasal, prefrontal, posterior loreal, and first “and sec-
ond labials. Posterior loreal longer than high, in contact with three labials.
Frontal in contact with frontonasal and first to third supraoculars. Parie-
tals large, separated by interparietal. Three pairs of nuchals, first largest.
Upper temporal largest. Seven supralabials, seventh largest. One azygous
postmental. Scales smooth except one behind each corner of vent;
twenty- -eight around middle of body; fifty-five in a row from parietal to
a line joining backs of thighs; middorsal rows not enlarged. Median sub-
caudal row broad. No patch of much enlarged scales on back of thigh.
Nineteen scutes under fourth toe. Hind limb reaching elbow.

The color above is uniform light yellowish brown. A brick-red band
runs across the temporal region and the sides of neck and body. Another
red band extends from the seventh labial to the fore limb, and faintly along
the side of the body. The lower surfaces are greenish white, clearer yel-
lowish white on the chin, throat, preanal region, and tail.

Menothitoranus: vcmeactet ties a. ele per enean eee 73 mm.
Length of tail... Mn Ao eo Aaa tine Sie
Snout to ear-opening ..... Sart Aris cee cel Ole
Snout to forelmb..... 3 hE a aeamete Zoi
Fore limb ....... “has clean SHS Pas akay eR 20) 5
Hind limb .... Seat eee te AnD AARES, Uke
Base of fifth to end of fourth toesinccen eee: Die

Variation.—We have twenty-two specimens. All have one
postmental, no postnasals, upper temporal largest, and frontal
in contact with three supraoculars and the frontonasal. The
supralabials are 7-7 in all but three, which have 7-8. One
specimen has a single pair of nuchals; one has two on one
side and three on the other; the others all have three pairs,
the first pair being much larger. The posterior loreal touches
three labials on both sides in ten, two on one side and three
on the other in seven, and two on both sides in five specimens.
The scales around the middle of the body are twenty-eight
in thirteen specimens, twenty-seven in two, and twenty-six in
seven. The number of scales in a row from the parietals to a
line joining the backs of thighs varies from fifty-three to
fifty-eight :—53 in 2 specimens, 54 in 5, 55 in 10, 56 in 2,
57 in 2, and 58 in 1. The number of plates under the fourth
toe is 16-18 in 1 specimen, 17 in 2, 18 in 4, 19 in 11, 20 in 3,
and 21 in 1. A few specimens have a few slightly enlarged
scales on the back of the thigh. The young have five light
lines and blue tails.

Vor. WI] VAN DENBURGH—REPTILES—CHINA, JAPAN, FORMOSA 221

Distribution—This_ subspecies is confined to Kikaiga
shima, the easternmost island of the Loo Choo group.

Remarks.—Eumeces marginatus kikaigensis is most nearly
related to E. m. amamuiensis. This’ is what one should expect
from the relative positions which their islands occupy. It
differs from the Amami subspecies chiefly in the increased
number of scales. The snout is probably a little longer, and
the posterior loreal is more frequently in contact with only
two labials. It differs from the Okinawa form just as E. m1.
amanuensis does, and also in the increased number of scales.

Eumeces ishigakiensis Van Denburgh

Diagnosis.—One azygous postmental; no patch of much
enlarged scales on back of thigh; no postnasal ; posterior loreal
usually rather short, touching either two or three labials;
seventeen to twenty-one plates under fourth toe; twenty-six
(rarely twenty-four or twenty-eight) scales around middle
of body; young with one median and three lateral light lines;
latter narrow, and upper two separated by less than width of
two scales; middle lateral line separated from fore limb by nut
less than the distance between the lateral lines, and running
above the level of top of hind limb and at level of top of ear.

Type.—California Academy of Sciences No. 21666.
Ishigaki shima, Loo Choo Islands, Japan; May 25-June 2, 1910.

Description of the type—Similar to E. marginatus, but with an extra
pair of lateral light lines. Nasal small, in contact with rostral, supranasal,
and first labial plates. Anterior loreal forming sutures with nasal, supra-
nasal, frontonasal, prefrontal, posterior loreal, and first and second labial
plates. Posterior loreal little longer than high, in contact with two labials.
First labial in contact with rostral, nasal, anterior loreal, and second labial.
Frontal in contact with frontonasal, and with three supraoculars on each
side. Parietals large, separated by interparietal. Three pairs of rather
small nuchals. Upper temporal largest. Seven supralabials, the seventh
largest. One azygous postmental. Scales smooth, except one behind each
corner of vent; twenty-six around middle of body; fifty-four in a row
from parietals to line joining backs of thighs; two middorsal rows not
enlarged. Median subcaudal row broad. A patch of slightly enlarged
scales on back of thigh. Twenty scutes under fourth toe. Hind limb
reaching between wrist and elbow.

The color above is dark brown, lighter on the head, and at the edges
of the dorsal, and centers of the lateral and limb scales. A light line
extends along the middorsal line of body and basal half of tail, bifurcating
at the parietals as in the other members of the group. An upper lateral
line starts on the superciliaries and extends to the middle of the tail, being

222 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER.

separated from the middorsal line on the body by about the width of two
scales. A second labial line arises on the seventh labial, runs to the upper
end of the ear-opening, and extends to the base, or less definitely to the
middle, of the tail, passing above the hind limb, and being separated from
the fore limb by not less than the distance between the upper and the second
lateral lines. This second lateral line is separated from the upper lateral
line by only the width of one scale. A third lateral line originates near the
lower part of the ear-opening, passes just above the fore limb, and extends
to about the middle of the thigh. The tail is bright blue. The lower
surfaces are grayish white, clearer on the chin, the gular and preanal
regions, and the limbs.

ensthyto, anuss-cWacnadt vc qehee seas sivas nme 07arnIns
Mengthyof tails fosseisrs ose aia tsa ele erataterers cine ee ieee S2/
Stout tO). CAL) cane. die ene esas Wah cabs FORCE chemise las Ai: Diss
Snoutttoerore: limbus seai,2oneneasvee ware aoc er 19
Horetdintbhsicsi<noc eee eon eee ib ee eitore een ses as 15
Elanicl (limbr 22%:c swisha aieceler ste eieiatets ier. eres erate 22
Base of fifth to end of fourth toe................- Oe

Variation —Thirty-three specimens are at hand. A few
of these have a small group of slightly enlarged scales on the
back of the thigh, most have none, and none show any such
enlargement as is always found in EF. elegans. All have one
postmental. None has a postnasal. The frontal is in contact
with three supraoculars in all, except that in No. 21645 it
touches only two on one side of the head. In No. 21663 the
third left supraocular is divided. The frontal meets the fronto-
nasal in twenty-four, and is separated in nine specimens. The
posterior loreal is not much longer than high in twenty-three ;
it touches 2-2 labials in eleven specimens, 2-3 in eleven, and
3-3 in eleven. The upper temporal is largest. The scales
around the body are twenty-six in twenty-eight specimens,
twenty-four in three, and twenty-eight in two. In twenty-
five specimens examined for the following characters, the
scales under the fourth toe vary from seventeen to twenty-one,
being 17 in 1 specimen, 18 in 9, 19 in 8, 20 in 5, and 21 in 2.
The scales in a row from parietals to a line joining backs of
thighs vary from fifty-one to fifty-five:—51 in 4 specimens,
52 in 6, 53 in 6, 54 in 7, 55 in 2. The supralabials are 7-7
in-all except No. 21647, which has 6-7.

The youngest specimens all show the three lateral lines.
In many of the somewhat larger examples the lower line be-
comes faint or disappears. Such specimens have two lateral
lines, but may readily be distinguished from E. marginatus
dy the position of the lower line. In still larger specimens the

Vor. II] VAN DENBURGH—REPTILES—CHINA, JAPAN, FORMOSA 223

middorsal line becomes paler and disappears. In the largest
specimens (snout to anus 64 mm.) the lateral lines have nearly
or quite disappeared, and the temporal regions and sides of
the body and neck are suffused with brick-red. The ground
color is black in the smallest specimens, but becomes gradually
paler until, in the largest, it is a light grayish brown.

Disiribution.—This seven-lined skink has been found only
on Ishigaki shima, where it evidently replaces E. marginatus
of the northern Loo Choo Islands.

Remarks.—This species evidently is closely related to EZ.
marginatus. It differs in the coloration and in the shape and
relations of the posterior loreal. From E. elegans it may be
readily distinguished by the coloration and the absence of the
patch of much enlarged scales on the back of the thigh.

Eumeces elegans Boulenger

Diagnosis.—One azygous postmental; a patch of much
enlarged scales on back of thigh; no postnasal; posterior
loreal short, normally touching two labials; eighteen to twenty-
two scutes under fourth toe; twenty-six or twenty-eight scales
around middie of body; fifty-three to fifty-five scales from
parietal to back of thighs; young with one median and two
lateral light lines; latter narrow, and separated by not less
than width of two scales; lower lateral line separated from
fore limb by less than distance between the lateral lines, and
running at level of top of hind limb and usually below top
of ear.

Five specimens are at hand from an altitude of 1000 to
1500 feet in Mohkanshan, near Huchou, Chekiang, China,
not far from Ningpo, the type locality. These specimens all
have twenty-eight scales around the middle of the body, seven
supralabials, one azygous postmental, no postnasal, three pairs
of nuchals, of which two usually are much smaller, and upper
temporal much larger than lower. The posterior loreal touches
three labials on one side of the head in one specimen, and two
in all others. The frontal is in contact with the frontonasal
in two, separated in three. This plate touches three supra-

224 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H SER.

oculars in all except one specimen, in which it meets only two
on each side. The scales under the fourth toe are 18, 18, 18,
22, 22; and those on the back from the parietals to a line join-
ing the backs of the thighs are 53, 54, 55, 55, 55.

Since the scale counts are so constant in this series, while
Boulenger reports twenty-six rows in his specimens, there can
be little doubt that more than one form of this lizard occurs
in China.

In addition to these specimens from China we have fifteen
from the Pescadores, nine from Koshun, Formosa, and
twenty-eight from Maru Yuma, Keelung, San Shi Ka, Taipeh,
and Tainan, Formosa. These three sets of specimens show
certain tendencies toward differentiation one from another,
but these differences are so intangible that it seems best to
use but one name for all these and also for the Chinese speci-
mens until the mainland forms are better known. At first, it
seemed desirable to describe the Koshun specimens as a new
subspecies because the body is longer, the scales seem smoother,
the plates under the fourth toe are fewer, and eight of the nine
specimens have only twenty-four scales around the middle of
the body. But more than half of these specimens are very
young and do not show the increase in body-length, and when
one counts the scales a short distance in front of the middle
of the body, he may find them twenty-six in number. Fur-
thermore the coloration seems exactly like that of the specimens
from the other localities.

The following notes show the variation and the amount
of difference in some of the more important characters.

Scales around, body... 22.00 55..00.5- 24 25 26 28

KeoSHtne eset le a0 ok Gacy ee role 7 2

Other Formosan stations........... 2 26

iRescadoresterae Ancin s sn feo eT eee 2 1 1Z

(CHIT ee 2g, cata dstalcraneroente 5

Scales between parictals and backs of thighs.
Koshtin: 249. ase see eni-c.< 2502 10-97, most frequent number 55 average 54.77
Other Formosan stations... .50 to 55 ss 53 52.68
Pescadores® sss ee ee 5S'tob5." a ef 53 POS
Ching 24a eee ee 53 tooos es ee < 55 “$4.40
Scutes under fourth toe.

Koshun: 2: ascents tess see: 15 to 19 most frequent number 15 average 16.44
Other Formosan stations....17to21 “ 19 a LOA,
PescadOnesvedsse ae ee ss te 1Sitows; i ie 17 ce wel72

@hina). Pace anger eseme sate acs 18to2z2 .“ y oe 18 es

Vor. II] VAN DENBURGH—REPTILES—CHINA, JAPAN, FORMOSA 225

Posterior Loreal not much

Posterior Loreal touching two labials longer than high
OSH tiie airdaetacs enieectes 44.4% 66.6%
Other Formosan stations. .50.8% 18. %
IBESCACOTGSUN a Nai aney fe ire 70. % 80. %
Ghinay ee mel ter ese: ..90. % 60. Yo

Frontal not touching frontonasal.
TKOSHUDFY Rie a ere ee LEE aonne Ut 130.)
@ther Formosan stationstracas: a seciss-c ei neeie 43. %
Rescadores: seen sateen SURI ne A tae en Deer aemnede 26.6%
(CTIA ES tA Rear cs RUE ath neh cn Bees (es . 60. %

All these specimens have one postmental and no postnasal,
upper temporal largest, and nuchals in three pairs, of which
the first is largest. The supralabials are seven in all except one
from Koshun, which has 6-6; one from Maru Yama, which
has 8-8; three from Kanshirei, which have 6-7, 7-8, and 8-8;
and two from the Pescadores, which have 6-6 and 6-7. The
frontal touches three supraoculars in all except two from Ko-
shun with 2-3 and 2-2, one from Kanshirei with 2-2, and one
from the Pescadores with 2-3. All have the patch of much
enlarged scales on the back of the thigh.

The chief differences between these lizards may be tabu-
lated as follows:
a—Usually with more than twenty-six rows of scales around middle of
body.
China.
a°—Usually with not more than twenty-six scales around middle of body.
b.—Usually with twenty-six scales around middle of body.
c.—Scales under fourth toe 15 to 18.
Pescadores.
c’—Scales under fourth toe 17 to 21.
North Formosa.
b’—Usually with twenty-four scales around middle of body.
Koshun, Formosa.

Eumeces chinensis (Gray)

Diagnosis—Two azygous postmentals; no patch of much
enlarged scales on back of thigh; no postnasal; about four-
teen plates under fourth toe; twenty-six or twenty-four scales
around middle of body; frontal usually in contact with two
supraoculars; nuchals usually in two pairs; interparietal less
than twice as long as broad; frontoparietals not much longer
than broad; dorsal line covering about half the width of the
scales of one row on each side of midline; ‘“middorsal line in
young not bifurcating on head.”

226 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser.

We have only one specimen, from Shanghai, China, Au-
gust 3, 1906. The scales around the middle of the body are
twenty-six, under the fourth toe fourteen, and on the back from
the parietals to a line joining the backs of the thighs are fifty-
four. The frontal is in contact with 2-3 supraoculars but
does not meet the frontonasal. The supralabials are 6-7, two
and three being in contact with the posterior loreals. There
are two pairs of nuchals, two postmentals, and no postnasals.

Eumeces chinensis formosensis Van Denburgh

Diagnosis—Normally with two azygous postmentals; no
patch of enlarged scales on back of thigh; often with a post-
nasal; fourteen to sixteen plates under fourth toe; twenty-
four or twenty-six scales around middle of body; frontal usu-
ally in contact with three supraoculars; two or three nuchals;
interparietal about twice as long as broad; frontoparietals usu-
ally not much longer than broad; dorsal light line covering
less than half the width of the scales of one row on each side
of midline.

Type.—California Academy of Sciences No. 18605,
San Shi Ka, Formosa, April 14, 1909.

Description of the type—Nasal small, in contact with rostral, supra-
nasal, postnasal, and first labial plates. Anterior loreal forming sutures
with postnasal, supranasal, frontonasal, prefrontal, posterior loreal, and
second labial. Posterior loreal longer than high, in contact with two
labials. First labial touching rostral, nasal, postnasal, and second labial.
Frontal separated from frontonasal, in contact with two supraoculars of
each side. Parietals large, separated by a narrow interparietal. Three
pairs of nuchals. Seven supralabials, the seventh largest, fifth entering
eye. Two azygous postmentals. Scales smooth, twenty-five around middle
of body, fifty-one in a row from parietals to line joining backs of thighs,
middorsal rows not larger. Median subcaudal row broad. No patch of
enlarged scales on back of thigh. Sixteen scutes under fourth toe. Hind
limb reaching fingers.

Color above pale brownish gray, the scales of the back and sides mar-
gined with black, except in the positions of the middorsal and dorsolateral
light lines. Sides and tail and upper surfaces of limbs similarly reticulated
with black. Head gray, most of its plates being margined with black or
dark brown along their posterior edges. Sides of neck and all lower sur-
faces yellowish white.

enothutoranns) te crise ise sissies wea ees ccs amine 103 mm.
Lengthvon tail | Geproduced)).'0 since aniaecra ce 150) 2
SHOUESOFE AT Hieraseris's desc cinae beeiios ties te aeieare 19°"
SHCUEHOULOLeliMID | 5 se ae wa cteeae eyo wins stole ale sare Sore
Boreilimby gests sirens faiacd weieieis aoe peute bees clas stones 26“
Hind limba tesineeie wae ele + itinn series cant Meneame ae 35-5

Vou. WI] VAN DENBURGH—REPTILES—CHINA, JAPAN, FORMOSA 227

Variation.—Four specimens are at hand. The scales
around the middle of the body are 24, 26, 25, 24. The azygous
postmentals are 1, 2, 2, 2. Scales along back from head to
back of thighs are 50, 52, 51, 48. The nuchal scutes are 2-3,
2-3, 3-3, 2-2. The supraoculars in contact with the frontal are
3-2, 3-3, 2-2, 2-3. The scutes under fourth toe are 14, 15,
16, 15. Postnasals are absent in Nos. 18603 and 18604, but
are one on each side in Nos. 18605 and 18606. In all, the
supralabials are seven, the frontal is not in contact with the
frontonasal, and the lower temporal is the larger.

Distribution.—The Academy’s specimens were taken at
San Shi Ka, Taipeh, and Keelung, Formosa, in April, 1909.

Eumeces kishinouyei Stejneger

Diagnosis—Normally with two azygous postmentals; no
patch of much enlarged scales on back of thigh; usually a
postnasal ; sixteen or seventeen scales under fourth toe; twenty-
four or twenty-six scales around middle of body; frontal usu-
ally in contact with three supraoculars; nuchals usually three
pairs; interparietal much less than twice as long as broad;
frontoparietals often much larger than broad; dorsal light line
covering much less than half the width of the scales of one row
on each side of midline; middorsal line in young bifurcating
on head.

Distribution—We have received two specimens from Ishi-
gaki shima, and five from the type locality, Miyakoshima, Loo
Choo Islands, Japan. The species has been recorded also from
Iriomote shima.

Variation.—The specimens at hand seem to be alike except
that those from Ishigaki have the frontal in contact with the
frontonasal, while in the Miyako lizards these plates are sep-
arated. However, at least one of Dr. Stejneger’s specimens
from Miyako had the frontal touching the frontonasal. All
have seven supralabials. The number of plates under the
fourth toe is either sixteen or seventeen. The Ishigaki speci-
mens have the frontal touching 2-2 and 2-3 supraoculars,
while in all the Miyako examples it is in contact with 3-3.
The posterior loreals in the Ishigaki skinks touch 2-3 and
3-3 labials, while in the Miyako skinks they meet 2-3,2-2, 2-2,

“7-4,

228 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

2-3, and 2-2 labials. The number of scales in a row between
the parietals and backs of thighs is 45, 47 in the Ishigaki
specimens, and 46, 49, 46, 49, 48 in those from Miyako. In-
cluding the examples recorded by Stejneger, the scales around
the middle of the body are 24, 24, 24, 26 in the Ishigaki speci-
mens; 24, 26, 26, 26, 26, 24, 26, 24 in the Miyako; and 24, 26
in the Iriomote. The nuchals are 3-3, 2-3, 3-3, 2-2 in those
from Ishigaki; 2-2, 2-3, 3-3, 2-3, 2-2, 3-3, 2-3 in those from
Miyako; and 3-3, 3-2, 3-3 in those from Iriomote. All have
two azygous postmentals except Nos. 21722 and 21723 from
Miyako, which have only one. All have postnasals except
Nos. 21719, 21720 and 21722 from Miyako, and one of Stej-
neger’s from Iriomote, which have none. No. 21719 has the
anterior azygous postmental divided. The younger specimens
show a distinct bifurcation of the middorsal line on the head,
much as in &. elegans.

Mabuya longicaudata (Hallowell)

Barbour has called attention to the fact that Fischer’s
figure of his specimen from “South Formosa’ shows dorsal
scales with only two keels, while Hallowell’s specimen from
Siam had three. Barbour examined a specimen from Saigon,
Anam, and another from Mt. Wuchi, Hainan, and found that
both had dorsal scales with three strong keels. Fischer’s
specimen has hitherto been the only one known from Formosa.

The California Academy has received one specimen of this
lizard captured on Mt. Wuchi, Hainan, by one of Mr. Owston’s
collectors. This specimen has scales much more strongly
keeled than any of the Formosan specimens at hand, and has
dorsal scales with three equally developed keels. The fronto-
nasal is in contact with the rostral, but is widely separated
from the frontal by the prefrontals. The supralabials are
seven, the fifth being much the largest. The eyelid is scaly.
There is a single azygous postmental and one pair of nuchals.
There are thirty scales around the body and forty-three from
the parietals to a line joining the backs of the thighs. The ear-
openings have three or four small scales projecting from the
anterior border. The scales under the fourth toe are only
nineteen or twenty in number.

Vor. III] VAN DENBURGH—REPTILES—CHINA, JAPAN, FORMOSA 229
Mabuya longicaudata ruhstrati (Fischer)

With six Formosan specimens at hand for examination it
becomes evident that the Mabwya of this island should be
recognized as a distinct subspecies characterized by the less
extensive keeling of its scales. All six of these specimens
have smooth scales on the side of the neck between the ear and
fore limb, where the scales are strongly keeled in the specimen
from Hainan. Five have dorsals with only two strong keels,
while one (No. 18609) has them with a third (central) keel
not quite so strong as the other two. Of the five with bi-
carinate scales, two show a weak central keel on some of the
scales. All of the keels are much weaker than in the Hainan
lizard. The scales under the fourth toe are either twenty-
three, twenty-four or twenty-five, as against nineteen or twenty
in the Hainan specimen. It appears, therefore, that the differ-
ences between the Formosan and the continental forms of this
lizard are real, but probably not entirely constant. It there-
fore seems best to use a trinomial for the smoother, bicarin-
ate form, and since Fischer's Euprepes ruhstrati was based on
a specimen of this character from ‘South Formosa,’ this
name is available.

Variation.—The frontonasal does not touch the rostral in
any of these specimens, but does in Fischer's figure. It touches
the frontal in four specimens, and is separated from this plate
in two. The labials are 7-7 in all, the fifth being much the
largest. Usually the first and second supraoculars touch the
frontal, but in two specimens only the second is in contact with
this plate on one side of the head, and in No. 18610 only the
second on both sides. All have one azygous postmental. All
have two or three small projecting scales on the anterior bor-
der of the ear-opening, but in No. 18607 these are very small.
Only No. 18612 has thirty scales around the middle of the
body (as in the Hainan specimen); No. 18608 has twenty-
nine; the other four have twenty-eight. The number of scales
from the parietal plates to a line joining the backs of the
thighs is forty-four in two specimens, forty-five in three, and
forty-six in one. The plates under the fourth toe are twenty-
three in one specimen, twenty-four in three, and twenty-five

230 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 41H Ser.

in two. All have the lower eyelid scaly. No. 18610 has the
left prefrontal merged with the frontal and frontonasal.

Nos. 18607 and 18608 are from Tainan, Formosa; the
others, from Koshun. All were taken in March, 1909.

Sphenomorphus indicus (Gray)

This species has been recorded as occupying an extensive
territory extending from the eastern Himalayas, Assam, and
Burma to eastern China and Formosa. Although it has been
regarded as a homogeneous species, there can be no doubt that
the examination of large series of specimens from various
parts of this range will result in the recognition of distinct
races or subspecies.

The collection under consideration includes series of nine
specimens from Mohkanshan (altitude 1000 to 1500 feet) near
Huchow, Che-kiang, China, and eighty-two specimens from
Formosa. These series are found to differ in scale counts to
an extent which renders desirable their separation as sub-
species. It is to be regretted that there are at hand no speci-
mens from India for comparison, but the Chinese specimens
agree so well with Boulenger’s description that I shall, for the
present, regard them as identical with the types from the Hima-
layas. The Formosan form, therefore, should receive a
new name.

These Chinese specimens all have either thirty-six or thirty-
eight rows of scales about the middle of the body, the former
number being found in only four and the latter in five speci-
mens or 55.5%. In the Formosan series thirty-eight scale
rows are found only once (1.2%) while either thirty-six or
thirty-eight rows occur in less than 37.5% of the specimens as
against 100% of the Chinese. The scale rows are thirty-four
in about 60% (49 specimens) of the Formosan examples, while
this number does not occur in the Chinese series at hand, al-
though Boulenger has reported this count in specimens from
Fokien.

The number of scales in a row from the parietal plates to
a line joining the backs of the thighs varies from seventy-three
to eighty-one in the Chinese, with an average of 76.6. In the
Formosan lizards this count ranges from sixty-four to seventy-
eight, with an average for the eighty-two specimens of only 71.

Vor. III] VAN DENBURGH—REPTILES—CHINA, JAPAN, FORMOSA 231

In the nine Chinese lizards the frontal is separated from the
frontonasal in three or 33%; while in the eighty-two from
Formosa this condition is found in only three or 3.6%.

In the both series three supraoculars normally are in con-
tact with the frontal, but in two of the Chinese and three For-
mosan examples, only two supraoculars touch the frontal on
one side of the head. No specimen has the number reduced to
two on both sides.

The supralabials normally are seven in both Chinese and
Formosan lizards, but may be 7-8 or 8-8. All have a single
unpaired postmental and individual preanal.

Spenomorphus indicus formosensis Van Denburgh

Diagnosis.—Like S. indicus but with fewer scale rows, usu-
ally thirty-four or thirty-six about middle of body, and not
more than seventy-eight (average 71) between parietal plate
and line joining backs of thighs; frontal very rarely separated
from frontonasal.

Type.—California Academy of Sciences No. 18622
Kanshirei, Formosa, March 24, 1909.

Description of the type-—Snout short and rather blunt. Rostral mod-
erate, in contact with frontonasal. Frontonasal touching anterior loreal,
prefrontals, and frontal. No supranasals. Frontal long, very narrow
behind, in contact with anterior three large supraoculars. Four large
supraoculars. Frontoparietals and interparietal distinct. Parietals short,
with a short suture behind small interparietal. No nuchals. Nostril in
a single nasal. Three loreals, anterior high, in contact with frontonasal
and prefrontal; middle largest. Seven supralabials, fifth and sixth largest.
Largest temporal touches parietal. Lower eyelid covered with scales, no
single transparent disk. Ear-opening moderate, without lobules. A single
azygous postmental. Thirty-four scale rows around middle of body.
Seventy scales in a row from parietal to a line joining backs of thighs.
Two very large central preanals, with small lateral pair. No patch of
enlarged scales on back of thigh. Inferior midcaudal scales enlarged.
Twenty-one scales under fourth toe. Longest toe reaches elbow.

The color above is olive brown, lighter on the tail and just above the
lateral dark band, with scattered blackish dots. A light brown lateral dark
band from nostril to eye and from eye to above hind limb, relieved with
many lighter dots. Limbs olive with a few dark and light dots. Lower
surfaces greenish white. Labials without distinct dark spots.

Wengthutovantissacicyyseri pie orier rere ates, sve ce sere aie 72 mm.
Wengthiro fe tasl fee eerccrste ance reroteersteteehelelo mic ese sieves 133
SNOUENTO eatense easy s/Aceer eet lrrsictels ia wticle e's 14 “
Witdthvofiibeadicet: sicnant eee eee rie cscs cisiewlstere 10. <
Boren Limbs sepsccicraiseeecvelhs eserves oe aes Sis) a estes sie PAN
labbata bel bbadoyiwnin aa sean Derctom ve So OIG SO ESS eI Sh iise

Base of fifth to end of fourth toe................ Zag

232 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H SER.

Variation.—The scale rows are thirty-two in two speci-
mens, thirty-four in forty-nine, thirty-six in thirty, and thirty-
eight in one. The number of scales between a parietal and a
line joining the backs of the thighs ranges from sixty-four to
seventy-eight, the average being seventy-one, and the most
frequent number seventy-two: 64 in 1 specimen, 65 in 2, 66 in
4, 67 in 1, 68 in 9, 69 in 8, 70 in 10, 71 in 7, 72 in 17, 73 in 6,
74 in 10, 75 in 2, 77 in 3, and 78 in 2. All have one azygous
postmental and two large preanals. The frontal is in contact
with the frontonasal in all but three of the eighty-two speci-
mens, and with three of the large supraoculars in all except
that in three specimens it touches only two on one side of
the head.

Distribution —Mr. Barbour has recorded two specimens
from Bankoro, Central Formosa. The Academy has received
one from Jenshiko, two from San Shi Ka, and seventy-eight
from Kanshirei, Formosa, where they were collected in March
and April 1909. The data at hand are insufficient to enable
one to judge whether or not the Fokien specimens recorded
by Dr. Boulenger* belong to this subspecies.

Sphenomorphus boulengeri Van Denburgh

Diagnosis —Ear-opening without projecting lobules ante-
riorly ; frontonasal broadly in contact with frontal and rostral;
four large supraoculars, two or three in contact with frontal;
thirty-eight or forty scales around body; snout elongate; first
supraocular usually nearly twice as long as second; fronto-
parietal and interparietal distinct ; no supranasal ; lower eyelid
scaly; a distinct patch of much enlarged scales on back of thigh.

Type—California Academy of Sciences No. 18700.
Koshun, Formosa, March 14, 1909.

Description of the type-——Snout longer than in S. indicus. Rostral large,
with a considerable flat superior surface, broadly in contact with fronto-
nasal. Frontonasal touching anterior loreal, prefrontals and (broadly)
frontal. No supranasals. Frontal long, narrow behind, in contact with
anterior two large supraoculars. Four large supraoculars. Frontoparietals
and interparietal distinct. Parietals short, with a short suture behind small
interparietal. A pair of small lateral nuchals. Nostril in a single nasal or
between two nasals. Three loreals; anterior high, in contact with fronto-
nasal and prefrontal; middle largest. Seven supralabials, fifth and sixth

1Boulenger, P. Z. S., 1899, p. 162.

Vor. III] VAN DENBURGH—REPTILES—CHINA, JAPAN, FORMOSA 233

largest. Largest temporal touches parietal. Lower eyelid covered with
scales, no single transparent disk. Ear-opening moderate, without lobules.
A single azygous postmental. Thirty-eight scale rows around middle of
body. Seventy scales in a row from parietal to a line joining backs of
thighs. Two very large preanals, with small lateral pair. A patch of
enlarged scales on lower part of back of thigh. Inferior midcaudal scales
slightly enlarged. Twenty-one scales under fourth toe. Longest toe
reaches axilla.

The color above is dark olive brown on head, limbs, back, and tail.
The back has scattered blackish brown dots near the midline, and along
the pale yellowish brown dorsolateral line which extends from the tem-
poral region more or less indefinitely to the base of the tail. A blackish-
brown band, relieved with numerous scattered light dots on the sides,
extends from the nostril to and below the eye, and from the eye to the base
of the tail, being bordered below by a definite light lateral line. Below this
line, starting as brown spots on the labials, is a dark band more or less
indefinite on the body. The limbs are reticulated with dark brown. The
lower surfaces are pinkish white.

Length to anus....... Peaks aac me rieaents sts tA eITIITI
Length of tail (tip reproduced). . Sogaiae a rs ra Ul Ua
Snoutitorear ease enone Saye Brite Al(Gyae oy
Whidtine ofs lea claniricia eevee Gm eR rN niavars 12s
oreglimbacenc deceive incon nrce ee APNE iv ZA. es
Ie hsatelDhteal ean Ae hh rtd SHUG nic aobidac oon+e-cense aye se
Base of fifth to end of fourth toe............. LS ue

Variation.—Of twelve specimens at hand, eight have scales
in thirty-eight rows, and four in forty rows. The scales
between the parietal and back of thighs are sixty-seven in one
specimen, seventy in three, seventy-two in two, seventy-three
in one, seventy-four in three, seventy-six in one, and seventy-
eight in one. All have the patch of enlarged scales on the
back of the thigh. All have a single azygous postmental;
frontal in contact with frontonasal, and two large preanals.
Five have the frontal touching only two large supraoculars
on both sides, five have this plate touching three supraoculars,
and two have it in contact with two on one side and three on
the other. All are darker than S. indicus and show more
definite dark and light lateral bands than appear in any of the
specimens of that species at hand.

Two specimens from Botel Tobago, (Nos. 25110, 25111)
purchased of Mr. Kukuchi, collector for the Taihoku Museum,
seem to differ from the Formosan ones only in their general
darker coloration and the presence of more numerous dark
spots on the back. The scale rows are thirty-eight and forty;
scales between parietal and back of thigh seventy-seven and
eighty-two; supraoculars in contact with frontal 2-2 and 3-3;

234 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 47H Ser.

scales under fourth toe twenty-two and twenty-three: frontal
touching frontonasal; two large preanals; one postmental ;
patch of enlarged scales on back of thigh, as in Ewmeces ele-
gans.

Remarks—Although this is a perfectly distinct species,
readily distinguished by the enlarged scales on the back of
the thigh, the longer snout, the coloration, and the larger
number of scale rows, its general appearance is so like that of
S. indicus that it was at first confused with that form. [
believe that the specimen described by Dr. Stejneger in his
Herpetology of Japan, p. 216, really is this species, although
Barbour’s two specimens are undoubtedly S. indicus formo-
sensis. Although the proportions of the first and second supra-
oculars, and the relation of these plates to the frontal, and the
patch of enlarged scales on the back of the thigh, indicate
relationship with S. jagorii of the Philippine Islands, the
present species differs from that species in many respects.
Thus, in S. jagorii the snout is shorter, the parietals are much
larger, the scales around the body usually are thirty-six, the
frontonasal is convex instead of nearly flat, and the coloration
is quite different.

The occurrence in Formosa of two similar species of Sphen-
omorphus is quite as unexpected and remarkable as the pres-
ence there of Takydromus formosanus and T. stejnegeri.

Distribution.—We have received five specimens from Ko-
sempo, and seven from Koshun, Formosa, where they were
secured in March, 1909; also two from Botel Tobago. The
specimen, in the British Museum, described by Stejneger, was
collected by La Touche at Bangkimtsing, Formosa.

Emoia atrocostata (Lesson)

This genus has not been recorded from either Formosa
or the Loo Choo Islands. We now have five specimens (Nos.
21714-21718) from Miyakoshima and ten from Formosa.
These agree so well with Boulenger’s description of E. atro-
costata that they must be regarded as representing this species,
at least until direct comparison shows them to be distinct.
Specimens from near the type locality not being at hand, such
comparison cannot now be made.

Vou. III] VAN DENBURGH—REPTILES—CHINA, JAPAN, FORMOSA 235

I have been unable to detect any points of difference in the
two series, from Formosa and the Loo Choos. The scale
rows around the body vary from thirty-four to thirty-eight
in the Formosan, from thirty-six to thirty-nine in the Miyako
specimens. All have a supranasal plate on each side, and one
azygous postmental. One specimen from Formosa has the
left parietal united with the frontoparietal, another has the
frontal united with the right prefrontal. The frontal is in
contact with the frontonasal in four specimens from Formosa
and three from Miyako shima, separated in the others. The
scales under the fourth toe vary from thirty-two to thirty-
seven in those from Miyako, and from thirty-one to thirty-
five in those from Formosa. The scales in. a row from the
parietals to a line joining the backs of the thighs range from
sixty-six to sixty-nine in the Loo Choo lizards, and from sixty-
two to seventy-one in the Formosan.

One of the Formosan specimens was taken at Nanto, east
of Taichu, March 9, 1909. The others were secured at Ko-
shun, March 14, 1909. One of the latter contains eggs nearly
ready for laying.

In the Taiwan Museum are specimens said to have been
collected on Pratas Island and Botel Tobago.

A specimen from the Philippine Islands has forty-four
scales around the body, sixty-three on the back, thirty-seven
or thirty-eight under the fourth toe, and eight supralabials.
There can be little doubt that careful examination of large
series would show that this is not a homogeneous species.

Emoia cyanura (Lesson)

One specimen (No. 14958) of this widely distributed lizard
was secured from Mr. Owston. It is labeled as having been
collected on Wake Island in October, 1903. There are thirty
scales around the middle of the body.

Leiolopisma laterale (Say)

This lizard has long been known from China, and Dr.
Boulenger upon direct comparison of Chinese and American
specimens was unable to find any character distinguishing
them. It has more recently been recorded from Okinawa and

December 13, 1912.

236 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 41H Ser.

Miyako shima in the middle and southern Loo Choo groups.
Dr. Stejneger has carefully compared the specimen from
Miyako with the American lizards and agrees with Dr. Bou-
lenger as to their identity. However, both were compelled
to work with very limited material and it is possible that the
examination of good series of specimens would change their
conclusion. It is much to be regretted that we have not now
at hand enough Chinese specimens to give trustworthy results
upon comparison with the other series in the Academy’s col-
lection.

We have received no specimens of this lizard from either
Okinawa or Miyakoshima, and have none from China, but
have one from Tsushima and good series from Ishigaki, For-
mosa, and the United States.

While lack of Chinese specimens prevents any direct com-
parison with the form found on the Asiatic mainland, the
records in the literature make it evident that this Asiatic form
usually has a greater number of scales around the middle of
the body than is found in American specimens. The specimen
from Tsushima agrees in every respect with the descriptions of
the Chinese lizards. The American lizards also differ from all
Asiatic specimens in coloration. Since the scale counts over-
lap, the two forms cannot be regarded as distinct speciés, but
are certainly entitled to stand as separate subspecies.

When we consider the specimens from Formosa and Ishi-
gaki we find that they differ from those from America and the
Asiatic mainland in having fewer scales in a longitudinal dorsal
row. The Ishigaki lizards differ from the American and For-
mosan forms in the greater number of scales around the middle
of the body, and differ from these last and from the Chinese in
having the frontal nearly always separated from the fronto-
nasal. These differences also are not constant, but occur in so
large a percentage of individuals as to make their recognition
as subspecies desirable.

These principal differences are set forth in the following

Key.

a—Scales on back more numerous, average more than 65 in a row
between parietals and backs of thighs, average more than forty
on back between insertions of limbs;

Vor. III] VAN DENBURGH—REPTILES—CHINA, JAPAN, FORMOSA 237

b.—Scales around middle of body usually 26, often 28; dark lateral
band with very definite lower border; frontal in contact with
frontonasal; North America.
L, laterale laterale.

b’—Scales round middle of body 28 to 34, rarely 26; dark lateral
band usually without definite lower border; frontal usually in
contact with frontonasal; China and Tsushima.
L. laterale reevesii.
a’—Scales on back fewer, average fewer than 65 in a row between parie-
tals and backs of thighs, average fewer than 40 on back between
insertions of limbs;

bb.—Frontal usually in contact with frontonasal; scales around middle
of body usually 28, often 26, rarely 30; scales in a row between
parietals and backs of thighs 53 to 65, average 57.6; most fre-
quent number 65; Formosa.
L. laterale formosensis,

bb?.—Frontal usually not in contact with frontonasal; scales around
middle of body usually 30, often 28, rarely 32; scales in a row
between parietals and backs of thighs 59 to 66, average 62.6,
most frequent number 61; Ishigaki.
L. laterale boettgeri.

Leiolopisma laterale laterale (Say)

A few notes on the series of twenty-three specimens before
me may be of interest for comparison with the Asiatic forms. *
These specimens are from Texas, North Carolina and Florida.

All have two large preanals, one azygous postmental, and
the frontal in contact with two large supraoculars of each side,
and also with the frontonasal. In six specimens examined the
lamellae under the fourth toe are fifteen in four, and sixteen
in two. The number of scales in a row from the parietals to
a line joining the backs of the thighs ranges from sixty-one to
seventy-two, the most frequent number being sixty-five and
the average sixty-seven and eight-tenths. The scales around
the middle of the body are twenty-six in sixteen instances, and
twenty-eight in seven. The supralabials normally are seven,
but may be six or eight.

Leiolopisma laterale reevesii (Gtnther)

The single specimen (No. 26134) from Tsushima was
caught in a thicket October 5-15, 1910. It has twenty-eight
scales around the middle of the body, sixty-nine on the back
between the parietals and a line joining the backs of the thighs,
and forty-seven on the back between the insertions of the limbs.

ae *

238 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [ Proc. 41H Ser.

The frontal does not touch the frontonasal. There is one
azygous postmental. The frontal is in contact with two supra-
oculars on each side. There are only twelve scutes under each
fourth toe.

It is interesting to be able to confirm Boettger’s original
record of the presence of this lizard on Tsushima.

Leilopisma laterale formosensis Van Denburgh

Diagnosis—Similar to L. laterale but with fewer (53 to
65) scales ina row on back between parietals and a line joining
backs of thighs; scales around middle of body usually 28,
often 26, sometimes 30; dark lateral band without very definite
lower border; limbs usually overlapping when adpressed;
frontal usually in contact with frontonasal.

Type.—California Academy of Sciences No. 25,027.
Kanshirei, Formosa, Japan, March 20, 1909.

The nineteen Formosan specimens all have two large pre-
anals, one azygous postmental, and the frontal in contact with
two large supraoculars. Two specimens have a small plate
between the frontal, prefrontals and frontonasal. Three have
prefrontals meeting between the frontal and frontonasal. In
the other fourteen the frontal is in contact with the fronto-
nasal. In four specimens examined the lamellae under the
fourth toe vary from fourteen to seventeen. The number of
scales in a row from the parietals to a line joining the backs
of the thighs ranges from fifty-three to sixty-five, the most
frequent number being fifty-six and the average fifty-seven
and six-tenths. The scales around the middle of the body are
twenty-six in seven specimens, twenty-eight in eleven, and
thirty in one. The adpressed limbs in the Formosan specimens
usually overlap, and when they fail to meet, the distance be-
tween them never is as great as that between the snout and
ear. In the other forms the limbs rarely meet.

From Formosa we have nineteen specimens, one from Jen-
shiko and the others from Kanshirei. All were collected in
March, 1909, and some contain eggs which seem ready for
expulsion.

Vou. 11] VAN DENBURGH—REPTILES—CHINA, JAPAN, FORMOSA 239

Leiolopisma laterale boettgeri Van Denburgh

Diagnosis.—Similar to L. laterale but with frontal usually
separated from the frontonasal by prefrontals; scales around
body more numerous, twenty-eight to thirty-two rows around
middle of body; fewer scales in a longitudinal row on back.
Dark lateral band broader and with less definite lower border.

Lype.—California Academy of Sciences No. 21,678.
Ishigaki shima, Loo Choo Islands, Japan, May 25 to June
Z 1910!

This subspecies seems to differ from the Formosan series
in the separation of the prefrontal and frontal plates, the
greater number of scales, the less slender habit, and the colora-
tion. ‘The prefrontals separate the frontal from the frontonasal
in all but two of the thirty-seven specimens (94.60% ), while
this condition is found only in three (15.8%) of the nineteen
specimens from Formosa. Many of the Ishigaki specimens
are very young. For this reason, the scales have been counted
in only twenty-six from this island. The number around the
body is twenty-eight in ten specimens, twenty-nine in one,
thirty in fourteen, and thirty-two in one. This is two scales
more than in the Formosan lizards. 61.5% have more than
twenty-eight scale rows as against 5.2% of the Formosan; or,
in other words, only 38.5% have not more than twenty-eight
scale-rows, as against 94.7% of the Formosan. The number
of scales in a series from the parietal to a line joining the backs
of the thighs varies from fifty-nine to sixty-six, the most fre-
quent number being sixty-one, and the average sixty-two and
six-tenths as against the Formosan average of fifty-seven and
six-tenths—a difference of five scales. All have a much broader
dark lateral band than is found in the Formosan lizards.

It is a pleasure to associate with this lizard the name of the
well-known herpetologist, the late Dr. Oskar Boettger.

All our specimens are from Ishigaki. Leiolopisma laterale
has been recorded from two other islands of the Loo Choo
group—Okinawa and Miyako—but we are unable to say
whether or not they are identical with the Ishigaki examples.

240 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47x Ser.

Lygosaurus pellopleurus Hallowell

This lizard must be rather rare on Okinawa, for only four
specimens were secured there. They were taken between May
5 and 11, 1910. Three have scales in twenty-six rows, and
one in twenty-eight. Their scales are strongly carinate, the
keels varying from three to five in number. ‘The frontal is
entire in three specimens, divided in one. If one may judge
from so small a series and the few specimens recorded by
authors, it seems probable that larger series may establish the
fact that the frontal is much less frequently divided in the
Okinawa than in the Amami specimens, and perhaps that the
scale rows are on the average more numerous in the Okinawa
form.

Lygosaurus pellopleurus browni Van Denburgh

When one compares directly the lizards of Okinawa with
those of Amami O shima he is at once struck by the much
stronger keeling of the scales in the specimens from the former
island. The Amami O shima specimens appear much smoother,
and, upon examination, many specimens are found in which
the laterals and the nuchals are without keels, while the
majority have at most only the two central rows of nuchals
keeled. Unfortunately we have only four specimens from
Okinawa, but upon carefully selecting the most strongly
keeled specimens (Nos. 21386, 21419, 21509 and 21522) from
a series of more than one hundred and fifty from Amami it
appears that even these are somewhat less strongly keeled
than the Okinawa examples. There seems, therefore, to be
no doubt that the lizards of these two islands should be
regarded as distinct subspecies.

Hallowell, in describing Lygosaurus pellopleurus mentioned
specimens from both islands without indicating either as the
type locality, but, since nearly all later definite records refer
to Okinawa, it seems best to restrict Hallowell’s name to the
lizards of that island and to make Amami O shima the type
locality of the new subspecies. It is a pleasure to associate
with this new lizard the name of the late Arthur E. Brown
of Philadelphia.

Vor. III] VAN DENBURGH—REPTILES—CHINA, JAPAN, FORMOSA 241

Diagnosis —Like Lygosaurus pellopleurus but with scales
less strongly keeled; the lateral nuchals usually smooth; the
laterals smooth or weakly keeled.

Type.—California Academy of Sciences No. 21408,
Amami O shima, Loo Choo Islands, Japan, April 26 to May
LO TO

Description—tThe description of Hallowell’s species given by Stejneger

applies so completely to this subspecies that no detailed description is
needed here.

Teengehutoramtsmacacana ceri cee a eeke rene 61 mm.
Wenp thy rots staiks wo mcpeice en crteaaoh eaeeru aerate Gite
SHOUteOMeaTI sts Sa eA LEER ie ane 10
Ives ca bbe now Rieti eee en ches bier su cist ape Rieter 10
ln btstalbbenl MaMononcuptarama rons An cuiace Raton nee Vis
Base of fifth to end of fourth toe................ 5

V ariation.—There is considerable variation as regards the
keeling of the scales in different specimens. As stated above,
a few approach the condition found in the Okinawa examples.
One, No. 21445, has all scales smooth except on the posterior
part of the back and the base of the tail, where they are very
weakly keeled. A considerable number have the laterals and
a few (usually two) of the central rows of nuchals weakly
keeled. A very large number have the laterals and nuchals
smooth. The number of keels on a scale is usually three, but
may be five.

Fifty specimens, taken at random from the series have been
examined as to the number of scale-rows and the condition of
the frontal. One has twenty-eight rows, twenty-nine have
twenty-six rows, and twenty have twenty-four rows. The
frontal is transversely divided in thirty-five specimens, and
entire in fifteen.

Cryptoblepharus boutonii nigropunctatus (Hallowell)

Two specimens (Nos. 14959 and 14960), secured from Mr.
-Owston, are from Haha shima, Bonin Islands. One has
twenty-six, and the other only twenty-four scales around the
middle of the body, the numbers found by Stejneger in ten
specimens examined by him (six 24, four 26). Both have
distinct postnasals.

242 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

Takydromus dorsalis Stejneger

The collection includes thirty-one specimens of this very
distinct species. All are from the type locality, Ishigaki shima,
in the southern Loo Choo group, to which island this lizard
seems to be confined.

These specimens agree so well with Dr. Stejneger’s descrip-
tion that only a few remarks on variation are necessary. The
ventrals are in six longitudinal rows in all the specimens, the
scales of the outer rows being strongly keeled, while those of
the central rows are smooth in twenty-three specimens, and
weakly or moderately keeled in eight. All have one large
smooth preanal. All have four pairs of large chin-shields,
except one (No. 21183) which has four on one side and five
on the other. The first pair of chin-shields are partially united
in No. 21206. The inguinal pores are 2-2 in sixteen specimens,
2-3 in six, and 3-3 in nine. The superior labials normally are
six; but ten specimens have them 6-7, one (No. 21187) 5-6,
and one (No. 21192) 7-7. The rostral is in contact with the
internasal only in Nos. 21180, 21181, 21200. The color above
is a bright grass green. The lower surfaces of the limbs and
tail are yellowish. The other lower surfaces are greenish or
yellowish white. There are no longitudinal lines except on
the sides of the head, where there usually is a white or yel-
lowish band edged above with black.

This is one of the elongate species of the genus. The largest
’ specimens measure 63 #7. from snout to vent with tails 241
and 232 mm. long. The tails are usually from three to three
and one-half times the length of the head and body.

Takydromus septentrionalis Gunther

Twelve specimens from Mohkansan (altitude 1000 to 1500
feet) and Hu-chau, Che-kiang, China, are doubtless identical
with Giinther’s original specimens from Ningpo. They differ
from the Formosan lizard as stated in discussing T. stejnegert.
The principal difference in color is that in Chinese specimens
the greenish blue of the belly often extends up on the sides
leaving spots of the original brownish ground-color.

These twelve Chinese specimens all have three postmentals
and one inguinal pore on each side. All have two rows of

Vor. II] VAN DENBURGH—REPTILES—CHINA, JAPAN, FORMOSA 243

large dorsals on each side, except one which has two on one
side while a third row may be made out on the other side.
The small dorsal rows may be 3-2,3-2-1, 2-2, or most fre-
quently 2-1. The ventrals are in eight rows, keeled, with two
or three rows of smaller keeled laterals above them on each
side. Eleven have a single, large, smooth preanal, while one
has two keeled scales. The labials usually are 6-6, but may be
6-7 or 5-6. The rostral touches the internasal in eight and is
separated in four. All twelve have the first large supraocular
separated from the loreal by a small plate, except No. 16499,
This supraocular is in contact with the first superciliary in ten
specimens, while in the other two it is separated by a row of
small granules.

Takydromus stejnegeri Van Denburgh

This is the Formosan lizard now known as Takydromus
septentrionalis, the one-pored species which has just been com-
pared with 7. formosanus under the latter heading.

Takydromus septentrionalis originally was described by Dr.
Gunther from specimens from Ningpo, Che-kiang, China. In
the Academy's collection are twelve specimens from the vicinity
of Hu-chau, in the same province as the type locality, which
show that the Formosan species is quite distinct from that
found on the mainland. The principal points of difference
are: that the large dorsal rows are only two on each side in
the mainland specimens, while they always are three in those
from Formosa; the rostral usually touches the internasal in
the Hu-chau specimens, but usually is separated in the For-
mosan; the mainland species is larger and differs in coloration.

Diagnosis—General form not much elongate; chin-shields
in three pairs; a single inguinal pore; large ventrals in eight
rows, keeled; anterior supraocular usually not separated from
superciliary by granules; enlarged lateral scales above the
ventrals ; rostral usually not touching internasal; general color
olive or brownish with or without lateral and dorsolateral
light lines.

Type.—California Academy of Sciences, No. 18417.
Taipeh, Formosa, March 10, 1909.

244 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser.

Description—Rostral separated from internasal by anterior nasals;
nostril between anterior and posterior nasals; two loreals, posterior larger,
separated from the anterior large supraocular by a small plate; two large
supraoculars, in contact with frontal, anterior in contact with first super-
ciliary, other superciliaries separated by a row of granules; six supra-
labials, fifth very large, under eye; temporals moderate, keeled; three pairs
of postmentals; back with three rows of large keeled scales on each side,
separated by smaller keeled scales, which are in two rows anteriorly—one
row on the middle of the back—and none posteriorly; laterals granular
except three rows of keeled scales above the ventrals; ventrals strongly
keeled, in eight longitudinal and twenty-eight transverse rows; preanal
single, large, smooth, with two smaller plates on each side; one inguinal
pore on each side; limbs moderate, the hind leg carried forward reaches
the shoulder; tail about three and two-thirds times as long as head and
body, covered with strongly carinate scales.

The color above is brownish olive becoming lighter yellowish brown
on the head, tail, and limbs. The large dorsals are marked with dark
brown, which in places forms narrow dark lines along the keels of the
scales. A light greenish white line starts at the superciliaries, runs along
the upper half of the outer and lower half of the second row of large
dorsal scales to the base of the tail. A second light streak starts at the
nostril, crosses the loreals, the lower eyelid, the lower part of the ear-
opening, and the side of the body, partly on and partly above the upper
row of enlarged laterals. It is bordered above by a narrow black line
from the nostril to a point above the axilla. It passes, in part, below the
ear-opening. There are black lines on the posterior surfaces of the limbs.
The lower surfaces are greenish white, becoming yellowish on the tail.

Length itovanus 1.2% sftp cass emis enn eee he 51 mm.
Wengtheormtall 2.05 f.otactrtamiae eeteneee rice cine eee 184 “*
Snotit- tovear=Opening cccncaiyes cies steecielete cece 125.5
Widthvotohead! oc, «imine disco elem ehee eee Ve ae
Bore slog s sance aac. chphoret oer tenanen mer eres 20)
PAA MLG H.-P he csac2 ayosald aie aie eat oactee etetaaietaiaree ersials 28

Base of fifth to end of fourth toe.............. 12

Variation.—What has been said in connection with T. for-
mosanus need not be repeated here. In the one hundred and
five specimens at hand the postmentals are in three pairs, except
in two specimens (Nos. 18488, 18547) in which they are 3-4.
The inguinal pores are 1-1, except in No. 18360 which has 1-2.
The anterior supraocular is in contact with the superciliaries
on both sides in ninety-five specimens, on one side only in one
specimen, and separated on both sides in nine specimens, includ-
ing one (No. 25046) of ten specimens from the Pescadores,
where T. formosanus has not been found. The large ventrals
are in eight keeled rows, with two or three rows of smaller
enlarged laterals above them. The large dorsals always are
in three rows on each side. The small dorsal rows are almost
always two anteriorly, but almost never more than one, and
often none, posteriorly. There may be only one small row
anteriorly. The rostral is separated from the internasal in

Vor. 11] VAN DENBURGH—REPTILES—CHINA, JAPAN, FORMOSA 245

ninety-eight specimens, in contact in seven. The large preanal
is a single smooth plate in seventy-seven specimens, a large
plate with two keels in twenty-four, two keeled scales in three,
and two smooth scales in one. Of forty-seven specimens from
Formosa examined, the loreal meets the large anterior supra-
ocular on both sides in two, on one side in three, and not at
all in forty-one. The supralabials normally are six, but show
a very strong tendency toward reduction to five.

The collection contains specimens from Taipeh, San Shi
Ka, Taihoku, Polisia, Koshun, Tainan, and Takao, Formosa,
and the Pescadores. Those recorded formerly by mistake
from Keelung are really 7. formosanus.

It is with much pleasure that this lizard is named for Dr.
Stejneger, who first recorded it from Formosa, and has given
an excellent description in his Herpetology of Japan (p. 232).

Takydromus formosanus Boulenger

This lizard was first described by Boulenger, in 1894, from
several specimens collected by Mr. Holst at Taiwan, Formosa.
Dr. Stejneger was inclined to question its distinctness from a
series of nine lizards from Taipe, Formosa, which he records
as Takydromus septentrionalis Gunther, although he thought
it best to regard them as distinct until further evidence came to
hand. This view of Dr. Stejneger was certainly a very natural
one, and Dr. Boulenger deserves much é¢redit for recognizing
the two forms as distinct, with the limited material which he
had for study.

Alcoholic specimens of the two species resemble each other
so closely in squamation and coloring that, even with more than
two hundred and eighty specimens, I at first regarded them
as representing a single species with pores varying from one
to two in number. It was only upon more critical study that
the fact that there were two quite distinct species became
evident.

There seem to be only three points of value in distinguish-
ing the two forms. These are the number of pores, the separa-
tion by granules of the large anterior supraocular and the su-
perciliary scales, and the position of the dark and light lines
where they cross the ear-opening. In all other respects the
two species seem to be alike except that T. formosanus seems

246 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 47H Ser.

to be a little smaller and to have the dorsal scales usually a little
more regular in arrangement.

Unfortunately no one of these distinctive characters 1s abso-
lutely constant in all specimens. Thus No. 18441, a female
from Kanshirei, has only one pore on each side although it
is undoubtedly a 7. forimosanus, as shown by the separation
of the supraocular and superciliary, the position of the ear-
stripe and the presence of the merest trace of a second pore
on each side. Nos. 18440, 18250, and 18238, all from Kan-
shirei, are quite similar except that the second pores are a little
more evident. In the whole series of two hundred and eighty-
four specimens there are eight which show two pores on one
side and only one on the other. (Nos. 18274, 18275, 18317,
18330, 18356, 18360, 18376, 18378). Of these, all but two
have the supraocular separated (Nos. 18356 and 18360), and
all but one (18360) have the ear-stripe high. This last speci-
men (No. 18360) is the only one which may occasion any
doubt; all the others are 7. formosanus, as are one hundred
and seventy specimens with two pores on each side.

If now we examine the one hundred and seventy-eight ex-
amples of 7. formosanus, the two-pored species, as regards the
separation of the supraocular from the superciliary by granules
and contrast our findings with the results of a similar exam-
ination of one hundyed and five specimens of the one-pored
form, the value of this second character is strongly brought
out. In the two-pored species the first large supraoculars are
completely separated from the superciliaries by granules in one
hundred and sixty-three specimens or 91.6%, while in the one-
pored species this condition is found in only nine specimens or
8.6%. Of the fourteen specimens of 7. formosanus having
supraoculars not completely separated, three show this con-
dition only on one side of the head, three have them nearly
separated on both sides, leaving less than 4.5% with complete
contact as against 90.5% in the one-pored species.

The difterence in position of the color-bands near the ear is
very slight but none the less real. In T. formosanus these
markings are placed a little higher than in the other species,
so that the lower edge of the light stripe does not extend below
the lower margin of the ear-opening, as it does in the one-pored

Vor. II] VAN DENBURGH—REPTILES—CHINA, JAPAN, FORMOSA 247

species. This difference is not quite constant, but nevertheless
it is of considerable aid in separating specimens of the two
kinds.

Both species occur in western Formosa from the northern
part of the island southward at least to Tainan. It certainly
is most unusual to find in the same area two species so closely
related yet so constantly distinct*; and I suspect that it will be
found that their local distribution is different, either as regards
altitude or the character of the country. This is indicated by
the fact that the two were not collected on the same dates even
where, as at Tainan, both are labeled as from the same locality.
Otherwise, it is difficult to understand how the two species could
remain distinct, unless they breed at different seasons.

Takydromus formosanus always (178 specimens) has three
postmentals on each side. The ventral rows are never less than
eight, and may be ten when one of the lateral rows is more than
usually enlarged. They are strongly keeled. There normally
are three rows of enlarged laterals, of which the upper corre-
sponds to the lateral row in 7. smaragadinus. The large dor-
sals always are in three rows on each side. The small rows
between these often are two throughout, but frequently are
reduced to one row posteriorly. Rarely there is only one small
row anteriorly, and one or none posteriorly. The posterior
reduction is much less constant than in the one-pored species.
The rostral is separated from the internasal in one hundred and
fifty-eight specimens, and in contact with this plate in twenty.
The large preanal is a single smooth plate in one hundred and
fifty-seven specimens, a single plate with two keels in five, two
keeled scales in four, and two smooth scales in twelve. The
supralabials normally are six, but may be five or seven. The
loreal is, of course, separated from the large anterior supra-
ocular.

The collection includes specimens from Keelung, Jenshiko,
Polisia, Kanshirei and Tainan, Formosa.

Takydromus smaragdinus Boulenger

This lizard was first described from specimens labeled merely,
Loo Choo Islands. It has since been definitely recorded from

* The overlapping of characters found seems to be pure individual variation.

248 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [ Proc. 47H Ser.

Okinawa and Miyakoshima. We are now able to add to these
localities Amami O shima and Kikaiga the easternmost island
of the group.

Our collection contains one hundred and fifty-one specimens,
as follows: 89 from Kikaiga, 42 from Amami O shima, 18
from Okinawa, and 2 from Miyako. The species was not
found in either Ishigaki or Iriomote shima, so that it would
seem that Miyako shima is the southernmost point of its dis-
tribution.

Throughout this extensive range the species shows but little
variation. Thus, all the specimens have one inguinal pore on
each side. Nevertheless, certain tendencies toward differenti-
ation appear when one critically examines large series from the
various islands. It is unfortunate that there are at hand only
two specimens from Miyako, for these seem to differ most.

The two specimens from Miyako each have eight rows of
large ventrals (the outer being a little smaller) with two more
rows of smaller keeled scales on each side just above them.
None of the lizards from the more northern islands show more
than six rows of full-sized ventrals, although a very few from
each island (nine.in all) have a row of much smaller keeled
scales just above. All of the ventrals are keeled in all speci-
mens.

The dorsal rows, both large and small scales, usually are
more numerous on the anterior part of the back than pos-
teriorly. Thus, in the Kikaiga, Amami and Okinawa speci-
mens, the count most often is of large scales four rows ante-
riorly and three posteriorly, and of small scales two rows ante-
riorly and one posteriorly. The large rows vary from three
to five, and the small from two to none. A few specimens
from Amami and Kikaiga (as Nos. 21089, 21031, and 21131)
have dorsals all nearly equal in size, so that one counts eight
or ten rows. In the two specimens from Miyako, on the other
hand, there appears a tendency toward reduction in the num-
ber of dorsal rows; so that we find in one example three large
rows on each side, separated anteriorly by two, and posteriorly
by one small row; while in the other example the arrangement
is the same, except that the large rows are reduced to two
posteriorly.

Vou. Ul] VAN DENBURGH—REPTILES—CHINA, JAPAN, FORMOSA 249

The large chin-shields are as follows :—

NuMBER OF CHIN-SHIELDS 3-3 3-4 4-4
Slice SARS PECIMEMS avelalene ayareh eachother cl ict 70 11 8
Amami O shima specimens....-........ 36 5 3
Okinawa FEO IAEN sed Rita 18 0 0
Miyako Fes PY Rae Looe aerate 1 0 1

The supralabials normally are six, but may be either five
or seven. Both specimens from Miyako have seven.

The large preanals may be two separate keeled scales, or two
keeled scales partially united, or a single large plate with two
keels. The last is the usual condition except on Okinawa,
where two is the more frequent number. ‘These conditions are
shown in the following table:

Two Two One One
PREANALS Separate United 2 Keels Smooth
Kikaiga shima ......... 28 3 58 0
Amami O shima....... 15 0 26 1
Okinawa shima ....... 11 1 6 0
Miyako shima ........ 1 0 1 0

The rostral is in contact with the internasal in about sixty-
nine per cent of the specimens from Amami, about ten per cent
of those from Kikaiga, and about five per cent of those from
Okinawa. It is not in contact in either specimen from Miyako.

RostRaL AND INTERNASAL In contact Separated
Kakaigal (38) examined) )..3..-..cteeeee ems = 4 34
Amamin@lshimalratenten ce neeeeerietie: 29 13
@kinawab ein Sone aan ruc ear oeeales 1 17
INE eco A aicte sr ge ntiea tac ah oie e 0 2

Neither of the specimens from Miyako shows any trace of
the light lateral lines, even on the head. They are bright green
above, and greenish white below and on the sides of the head.
All of the other specimens from all the islands have very defin-
ite yellow lateral lines on the row of enlarged lateral scales,
and this line extends the whole length of the body except in
four specimens from Kikaiga (Nos. 21055, 21084, 21099,
21101) in which it covers only one-third or one-half the dis-
tance between the limbs, being absent posteriorly. There is
considerable variation in the coloration of individual speci-
mens from the northern islands. The entire area above the
yellow lateral line may be bright green (turning in alcohol to
blue and then to brownish or grayish slate): or the back may

250 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES © [Proc. 4TH Ser.

be green, while the sides and tail are a beautiful bronze or yel-
lowish brown. In some young specimens this bronze extends
over the entire back. A few specimens have a second definite
light line on the two outer rows of large dorsal scales. These
lines may be yellow, a beautiful light green, or bronze. The
lower surfaces are greenish white often becoming yellow on
the limbs and tail.

The differences between the lizards of the various islands
may be summarized as follows:

a.—Ventrals increased in number to more than six rows. No lateral light
line. Dorsals tending toward reduction in number.
Miyako shima.
a’ —Ventral rows of large scales not more than six. <A light lateral line.
Dorsals tending toward an increase in number.
b.—Usually two preanals.
Okinawa _ shima.
b2—Usually one preanal.
c.—Rostral usually in contact with internasal.
E Amami O shima.
c.—Rostral usually not in contact with internasal.
Kikaiga shima.

Dr. Boulenger described the species from numerous speci-
mens labeled merely Loo Choo Islands, but his statement that
there are eight rows of large ventrals would incline one to
believe that he must have had lizards from Miyako. He
describes them, however, as having the pale yellow lateral
lines. On the other hand Dr. Stejneger had a specimen from

Miyako which he states has only six rows of ventrals.

It seems, therefore, that we have here a single species occu-
pying an extensive group of islands, and that upon each of
these islands differentiation has begun but is still so slight
as to be recognizable as an average difference only when large
series are examined—the earliest tangible stage in the evolu-
tion of new species. Corresponding with its greater geograph-
ical separation, the lizards of Miyako seem to differ more from
the lizards of the more northern islands than the latter do one
from another. This probably indicates that Kikaiga shima,
Amami O shima and Okinawa shima were united for some
considerable time after their separation from Miyako shima.

The question arises whether or not it is advisable to recog-
nize in nomenclature such slight differences as occur in these
lizards. Doubtless there is room for difference of opinion,

Vor. WI] VAN DENBURGH—REPTILES—CHINA, JAPAN, FORMOSA 251

but, if a name be merely a convenient handle for certain facts,
it would seem that convenience might ‘best be subserved by
regarding the lizard of Miyako as the typical form and the
northern lizards at subspecies designated by trinomials. I
think, however, that such separation should await confirma-
tion of the foregoing results by larger series from Miyako.

Takydromus sauteri Van Denburgh
This very distinct species is represented in the collection by
more than fifty specimens from Koshun, Takao, and Kosempo,
Formosa. The original description (Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. (4),
IIT, 1909, p. 50) was based upon a specimen from Koshun.
Diagnosis—Dorsals large, in regular series; more than
three pairs of postmentals ; one inguinal pore on each side; ven-
trals keeled, in six longitudinal rows; head and tail elongate;
color above bright green; lateral line on outer row of ventrals;
lower surfaces white.

Type-—California Academy of Sciences, No. 18001.
Koshun, Formosa.

Description of the type—Rostral separated from the internasal by ante-
rior nasals; nostril between anterior and posterior nasals, first labial, and
rostral; two loreals, posterior larger, separated from the anterior large
supraocular by a small plate; two large supraoculars in contact with
frontal, separated from superciliaries by a row of granules; seven supra-
labials, the sixth largest, under eye; temporals moderate, keeled; the
internasal, prefrontals, frontal, loreals, and supraoculars have along their
posterior, and—in the case of the frontal and prefrontals—their lateral
edges, a row of small tubercles which look like the heads of rivets;
four pairs of postmentals; back with three or four rows of large keeled
scales on each side, separated by two pairs of small keeled scales;
laterals granular, except three rows of small keeled scales just above
ventrals; ventrals strongly keeled, in six longitudinal and twenty-eight
transverse rows; preanal single, large, with two keels, and with a much
smaller keeled scale on each side; one inguinal pore on each side; limbs
moderate, the hind limb carried forward reaches the elbow; tail about
three and four-fifths times length of head and body, covered with
carinate scales.

The color above is uniform bright green in fresh specimens, becoming
blue or brown or slate in alcohol. A white line runs along the upper
lip, passes through the lower corner of the ear-opening and is continued
along the upper half of the outer row of large ventral plates to the base
of the tail. The lower surfaces are white, without markings. The limbs
are yellowish, unicolor.

engthytowantiswastt tose cronies seca. 53 mm.
encthnok tail cay hic eer O Ie ia ced need QZ 05
Snot) toear=openingay we eee ene mhicccioes WA,
Wiidthivofiheadyanwunat ir mennrins shia tee es
ore slimbiicem eer cease nner aaron ciel 20s
Evin diilimiby ety ayPatc tape eiserar ere eee teres tore cc hl ceaeeal 2A ss
Base of fifth to end of fourth toe................ Tas

December 13, 1912.

252 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [{Proc. 4TH Ser.

V ariation.—Fifty specimens have four pairs of postmentals.
No. 18546 has three on one side and four on the other. No.
18550 has five pairs. All have but one inguinal pore on each
side. All have six rows of large, keeled ventrals; usually (44
specimens) with two, rarely with no, one, or three, rows of
lateral scales between the ventrals and the lateral granules.
Fifty-one specimens have three rows of large dorsals on each
side, separated usually by two rows anteriorly and one row
posteriorly of smaller dorsals. These small dorsals may be
2-1-0, 3-2-1, one throughout, or 1-0. One specimen has the
dorsal scales irregularly arranged, there being about one row
of large scales on each side, separated by about seven rows of
smaller scales. The supralabials may be either six or seven in
number. Forty-one specimens have a single large preanal with
two keels, three have this plate partially divided, six have it
completely divided into two keeled scales, one has a single plate
with four keels. The rostral is separated from the internasal
in forty-nine specimens, and in contact with this plate in two.
The tail varies from about three and one-half to nearly four
times the length from snout to anus.

The coloring shows very little variation; but one specimen
from Koshun (No. 18553) has a dark red-brown band along
the side from the eye, just above the white line, to the tail,
where it spreads over the upper surface. The white lateral
line is quite constantly present.

This species is named for Mr. H. Sauter. It is very distinct
from any of the known species of Takydromus, but probably is
most closely related to T. dorsalis.

Takydromus kuehnei Van Denburgh

Diagnosis.—Dorsals large, in regular series; four pairs of
postmentals ; four or five inguinal pores on each side; ventrals
in six longitudinal rows, the central four rows smooth; head
elongate; color olive or olive brown above, with dark olive
brown lateral band; lower surfaces white.

Type.—California Academy of Sciences, No. 18002.
Kanshirei, Formosa.

Description of the type.—Rostral_ separated from the internasal by
anterior nasals; nostril between anterior and posterior nasals (and some-

Vor. HI] VAN DENBURGH—REPTILES—CHINA, JAPAN, FORMOSA 253

times first labial) ; two loreals, posterior much larger, separated from the
anterior large supraocular by a small plate; two large supraoculars, in
contact with frontal, anterior in contact with first superciliary, posterior
separated from superciliaries by a row of granules; seven supralabials,
sixth very large, under eye; temporals moderate, keeled; four pairs of
postmentals; back with three rows of large, keeled scales, on each side,
those of inner row largest, separated anteriorly by one row of smaller
keeled scales. Behind the level of the elbows this row is wanting, or is
represented only by an occasional scale, the large rows of the two sides
being in contact; a few of the upper and lower series of lateral granules
are enlarged and keeled, and close to the large dorsals, and also adjoining
the ventrals, are small keeled scales; ventals in six longitudinal series
of which all but the outer one on each side are smooth; preanal single,
large, smooth, with a much smaller plate on each side; five inguinal pores
on each side; limbs moderate, the hind leg carried forward reaches the
elbow; tail covered with strongly carinate scales.

The color above is greenish olive, becoming lighter yellowish olive on
the limbs and tail. The sides are dark olive brown. A light line, edged
above with dark brown, starts at the nostril, crosses the lower eyelid,
the lower part of the ear-opening and fades away above the axilla. The
upper labials, dorsals, limbs and tail are dotted or spotted with dark
brown. The lower surfaces are greenish white, tinged with orange
on the tail.

engthatosantisaaracmetce es ict aie es 59 mm.
Mengthy of tail (reproduced) pachcis cece sess e152 6 1301
Snouty ton cars Openings eels sectetevelotale lateleysisteieiers + sere 14“
WVadthy oterea dine rsstrevciter er nsrdariaeroe anita icra: Byes
Joystr al bean ben aiere diy aimee eticiren cae cid B c Sree che ice (abe
Lind walimDiy. Pee eee oe aCe iiicsaeaess 30h
Base of fifth to end of fourth toe............... 13

Variation—The thirteen specimens all have four pairs of
postmentals. Eight have four inguinal pores on each side;
one (No. 18564) has four on one side and five on the other;
and four have five on each side. The large dorsals are in three
rows on each side in all but No. 18436, which has four. The
large dorsals of the two sides are separated anteriorly by one
row of small scales, but in nine specimens this is lacking on
the posterior part of the back. The supralabials usually are
six, but may be 6-7 or 7-7. The ventrals are in six rows in all
the specimens. The outer ventral row on each side is keeled
in all except No. 18565, in which all are smooth. There
sometimes is one row of enlarged laterals above the ventrals.
The rostral is separated from the internasal in all. The preanal
is smooth in all, and is single except in No. 18565, which has
two smooth scales. The anterior supraocular may be in con-
tact with the superciliary, or may be partially or completely
separated by granules. The large dorsals of the inner rows are
often marked centrally with very dark brown or black, and

254 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

these spots are sometimes continued on the tail as a single
row of black spots along the mid-dorsal line on each alternate
whorl of caudal scales.

This seems to be the rarest species of grass lizard in For-
mosa. It has been taken only at Kanshirei and Taipeh.

Achalinus werneri Van Denbureh

Diagnosis —Similar to Achalinus spinalis, but with more
numerous urosteges (88 to 96).

Type—California Academy of Sciences, No. 22064.
Nase, Amami O shima, Loo Choo Islands, Japan.

Description—In general similar to A. spinalis. The internasal suture
is about equal to that of the prefrontals. Loreals are absent. There is one
preocular on each side. Temporals are 2+2+3 on each side. The supra-
labials are 6-6, the fourth and fifth reaching eye, the sixth largest. The
sixth supralabial is semi-divided on one side. Infralabials are 6-6, the
first in contact with its fellow of the opposite side, the first to fourth in
contact with the anterior genials, the fifth and sixth largest. There are
two pairs of genials, the posterior smaller. The scales are in twenty-three
rows, with one keel except in the outer row, the scales of which are smooth
and about twice the size of those above. The gastrosteges are one hun-
dred and fifty-seven in number. The anal is entire. There are ninety-
three undivided urosteges.

The back is nearly uniform dark brown, without definite dark
lines. The lower surface of the tail is uniform dark brown like
the back.

Wsenethy tOmanus te x,srsa-cioreie tracetereqastapete eek ate meerstate 235 mm.
Wen gthvo tail ys dinate, tcc eer wh eres ee eteiouaVans 102 *

Variation.—A second specimen, No. 22091, agrees with the
type in essential characters. It has scales in twenty-three
rows, gastrosteges one hundred and seventy-two, anal entire,
urosteges eighty-nine. The genials are two on one side and
three on the other. The internasal suture is longer than the
prefontal. The temporals are 2+2+3 and 2+2+4. There is a
dark mid-dorsal line, and an indefinite dark subcaudal streak.
The ventral surfaces are grayish white. The length to anus is
296 mm., of tail, 96 mm.

A tail 110 mm. long, taken from the stomach of a Hemu-
bungarus japonicus (No. 22063) is now No. 22065 of the
Academy’s collection. It has ninety-six undivided urosteges.

Distribution.—This species has been taken only at Nase,
Amami O shima, Loo Choo Islands, Japan.

Vou. II] VAN DENBURGH—REPTILES—CHINA, JAPAN, FORMOSA 255

Remarks.—This interesting new species differs from all
other known species of the genus in having a greater number
of gastrosteges. No Achalinus has heretofore been taken on
any of the Loo Choo Islands, although species have been
described from China, Formosa and Japan proper. I take
pleasure in naming this snake for Dr. Franz Werner of
Vienna.

Calliophis swinhoei Van Denburgh

Diagnosis.—Similar to Calliophis macclellandii but with
more numerous gastrosteges and urosteges; the sum of the
gastrosteges and urosteges always more than 256,

Type.—California Academy of Sciences, No. 14978.
Suishako, Central Formosa, October 5, 1907.

Description of the type-—Eye about as long as distance from edge of
lip. Rostral nearly as high as broad. Frontal as long as its distance from
rostral, shorter than parietals. One pre- and two postoculars. Temporals
1+1. Supralabials seven, third and fourth reaching the eye, sixth and
seventh largest. Infralabials six, first pair meeting behind the mental,*
first four in contact with anterior genial, third and fourth largest.
Anterior genials slightly larger than posterior. Scales in thirteen rows.
Gastrosteges two hundred and thirty. Anal divided. Urosteges thirty-
four, divided.

The color above is reddish brown, more grayish on the sides, crossed
by thirty regular, narrow, light-edged black bars on the body and four
on the tail. Many of the spaces between these bars show a small black
spot on the third or fourth scale-row of each side. The black dorsal
rings widen into blotches on the belly, and midway between these blotches
are similar ventral blotches not connected with dorsal rings, but corre-
sponding to the small lateral spots. The ground color of the belly is
yellowish white. The snout, as far back as the anterior portions of the
third supralabials, the preoculars, and the prefrontals, is gray. Behind
this the head is black, crossed by a broad white band on the fifth, sixth,
and seventh labials, the temporals, the posterior portions of the post-
oculars, supraocular, and frontal, and all but the extreme tip of the
parietal plates.

Benoth stopanuss tite cecsiictrsciaesiieietin cass cisve soe 204 mm.
Wengthy (of tallies donyrassar cite clays ae Galea aris 20h
Variation.—A second specimen in the Academy’s collection

No. 18864, has 219 gastrosteges, 41 urosteges, 293 dark
dorsal rings on the body and 6 on the tail. In other respects
it agrees with the type. In all, five specimens from Formosa
are known. All have scales in thirteen rows, seven supra-

* This is not the case in the single Indian specimen at hand.

256 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH SER.

labials, and one pre- and two postoculars, anal divided, and
temporals 1+1. The gastrostege and urostege counts are:

Gastros- Uros-

MusEuM TEGES TEGES SuM AUTHORITY LocaLity
British’ (okey | etscieatiacas cesses 240 34 274 Boulenger Formosa
Bureaw .‘Sci:) Resi) <.- 2.1% 234 34 268 Oshima Formosa
Taihoku Med. School ....234 32 266 Oshima Schinchiku, Formosa
Gal> ‘Acadi Scise so... ni « 230 34 264 Suishako, ‘Formosa
Gal? Acad. (Scie ncis.ccuuns. 219 41 260 Kosempo, Formosa

Twelve specimens of C. macclellandii from Continental Asia
have counts as follows:

BS YLGIS he evs Riel = ehejenets peers) ere 212 28 240 Boulenger Assam
MA Maeda a age ees ores Sunrise ees 219 28 247 a Pegu
ee hee eeaee 215 26 241 em Mts. N. Kiu Kiang
Beaty aks taatol shesegnys tana 212 32 244 us S. China
spas atersher te! ef fale iene 214 28 242 , Nepal
SS Eee Oa ro eicieie) 231 25 256 s Nepal
Kethanaiersveye.siaiveonste Sie LO. 30 240 ne Darjeeling
Eee are!) 30 240 : Darjeeling
yy bel cties oteta et aie s 182 28 210 on Darjeeling
St Re er _heRelfere hens civt ancien es 193 36 229 aA Fokien, China
Pe een, Gay Cn tercie a hee 208 33 241 Gunther India
Gals, AGA Serco ct si ciee are wie wie, ene te teleeiate Sikkim, India

Distribution.—This snake seems to be restricted to the island
of Formosa, where it has been taken at Shinchiku, Suishako
and Kosempo. The continental species, C. macclellandii, has
been found from India to Fokien, China.

This species is named for Robert Swinhoe who sent the
first specimen to the British Museum.

Hemibungarus japonicus (Ginther)

We have received four specimens of Hemibungarus from
Amami O shima. Numbers 22063 and 22089 have only the
middorsal black line without any indication of lateral lines.
No. 22090 has, in addition to the central dorsal line which
ends on the basal third of the tail, a few blackish dots along
the adjacent borders of the third and fourth rows of scales.
No. 14987 shows the midline and a narrow, though very dis-
tinct, trace of a lateral line on the third and fourth rows of
scales. The blackish rings on the body are fourteen in two
specimens, and thirteen in two; and two and three on the tail.
No. 22063 has only twenty-seven urosteges; otherwise the
scale-counts are within the known range of this form.

CAL ACS Scr) = GasTROs- Uros- Supra- Pre-Post TEMpP-
No. SCALES TEGES TEGES LABIALS OcuLars ORALS
14987 13 215 31 G-T -2 141
22063 13 202 27 TT, 1-2 1+1
22089 13 206 30 7-7 1-2 141
22090 13 205 30 fats 1-2 141

Vor. II] VAN DENBURGH—REPTILES—CHINA, JAPAN, FORMOSA 257

Including those mentioned above, twelve specimens are
known to have been taken on Amami O shima. Of these,
six have only the median dorsal black line; five have a lateral
line on the third and fourth row of scales of each side, more
or less clearly indicated ; one, examined by Dr. Wall, had indi-
cations of another line on each side, making five lines as in
A. boettgeri, but much narrower and less intense.

No. 22063 contained the remains of an Achalinus (No.
22065) which it had eaten.

Hemibungarus boettgeri (ritze)

We have received two specimens of this snake, but, unfor-
tunately, neither bears an exact locality-label. Both were
purchased in Kyoto, Japan, and one is labeled ‘Formosa ?”’
while the other is from the Loo Choo Islands. The latter, No.
16470, has 221 gastrosteges, and eighteen dorsally complete
black rings on the body with two on the tail. There can be no
doubt that the specimen labeled “Formosa?” also came from
the Loo Choos. It has two small maxillary teeth, 207 gastro-
steges, 29 urosteges, 13 scale rows, and 13 body rings. The
only difference between Hemibungarus boettgeri and H. jap-
onicus is found in the number and character of the longitudinal
black lines. Although it has been shown that H. japonicus
may have either one, three or five lines, these lines seem always
to be much narrower and less intense than in H. boettgeri.
Thus far, all (ten) specimens of the H. bocttgeri type of color-
ation which have any definite locality assigned, have been se-
cured in Okinawa, while all the (twelve) definitely labeled
H. japonicus have come from Amami O shima. It would
seem, therefore, that the Henuibungarus of Okinawa is differ-
ent from that of Amami O shima, and that they must be recog-
nized as distinct species until more definitely intermediate
specimens are discovered.

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
FouRTH SERIES

Vou. III, pp. 259-264 DECEMBER, 21, 1912

NOTES ON ASCAPHUS, THE DISCOGLOSSOID TOAD
OF NORTH AMERICA

BY JOHN VAN DENBURGH
Curator of the Department of Herpetology

More than twelve years have passed since Dr. Stejneger’ an-
nounced the discovery of a single specimen of a costate toad—
the first representative of the Discoglossidae found anywhere
in the Western Hemisphere. During these twelve years there
has appeared no additional information regarding this ex-
tremely interesting toad; and there has been some room for
suspicion that the original specimen might, in some way, have
been brought over from the Old World. The finding of addi-
tional specimens, therefore, is a matter of much interest.

The type specimen described by Dr. Stejneger was caught
by Mr. Cloud Rutter, August 19, 1897, near Humptulips, Che-
halis County, Washington. This locality has an elevation
of about 265 feet.

In 1905, my friend Dr. E. C. Van Dyke visited Mt. Rainier,
in the Mt. Rainier National Park in the eastern part of Pierce
County, Washington, and, between July 15 and 31, col-
lected for me five specimens of amphibians. These were one
Rana pretiosa, one Ambystoma macrodactylum, one Chondro-
tus paroticus, the unique type of Plethodon vandykei, and a
single specimen of Ascaphus truei. Unfortunately, all these
specimens were destroyed in the great San Francisco fire of

“aProc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXI, 1899, pp. 899-901, pl. LXXXIX.
December 20, 1912

260 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [ Proc. 4rH Ser.

April, 1906. The Ascaphus was secured on the southeast side
of Mt. Rainier, in the vicinity of Reflection Lake, at an altitude
of about 4861 feet.

In 1911, it became possible to send Mr. Slevin on a collect-
ing trip through western California, Oregon, and Washing-
ton, and I requested him to look most carefully for Ascaphus
both at Humptulips and on Mt. Rainier. At Humptulips, late
in July, he was unsuccessful, but on Mt. Rainier, in the middle
of August, he secured three specimens of this toad. He has
given me the following notes regarding their capture:

“On August 16 and 17, I took three specimens of Ascaphus
on the southwest side of Mt. Rainier, in what is known as In-
dian Henry’s Hunting Grounds, at about 6000 ft. elevation.
All three were found on bright sunny mornings between 10 :30
and noon, in a small slow-flowing stream. The one first taken
jumped out of the brush into a small pool about four feet wide.
five or six feet long, and two or three feet deep. It swam for
a few seconds, just as a toad does; and when I attempted to
catch it with my forceps, it went to the bottom and settled just
like a frog—remaining perfectly motionless, its color blending
with the color of the rocks and earth at the bottom of the pool.
The second one I noticed in the same place, and I first saw him
swimming about the middle of the pool just as I stepped down
on the bank. While I was attempting to capture this specimen
a third one jumped into the pool from the bank directly oppo-
site me and went straight to the bottom. I collected both of
these specimens, but a careful search and beating of brush in
the vicinity failed to discover any more. All three specimens
were kept in a tin can, well punctured for ventilation, but thev
died within ten or twelve hours after capture.”

These specimens are now numbers 30393, 30394 and 30395
of the Academy’s collection. All appear to be adult males with
enlarged testes and very large pads on the inner surface of the
carpus. They measure from snout to anus: (No. 30394) 40
mm., (No. 30393) 41 mm., and (No. 30395) 42 mm.

The skin is nearly smooth in No. 30395, which has only
a few warts over the pelvis and femur; but is moderately rough
in No. 30394, which has warts or small tubercles scattered
over the entire upper surface and sides of the head and body,
and the upper surface of the arm, thigh, and leg. The para-

Vor. IIT] VAN DENBURGH—NOTES ON ASCAPHUS 261

toid gland is not strongly developed, but may be made out as
a glandular postocular ridge descending along the side of the
neck.

By far the most remarkable external feature of these toads
is the tail! This is well-developed in the three specimens at
hand, and was present also in the one collected by Dr. Van
Dyke (No. 6907). It extends back from six to eight milli-
meters from the posterior surface of the thighs, is about four
millimeters wide, and about three and a half deep at its base.
The cloaca is continued from its usual position into this struc-
ture, and ends in a large, swollen orifice just in front and be-
low the tip of the “tail.” This structure, at first glance, sug-
gests that the specimens were but recently transformed, but
the ossification of the skeleton and the development of the
testes show that they are adult. It is possible that this “‘tail’’
may be a sexual organ.

The pupil is vertical. No tympanum can be distinguished.
The small round patches of vomerine teeth are between the
anterior part or middle of the choanae, and are about equi-
distant from the internal edges of these openings and from
each other. ‘The tongue is very broadly attached, but is
slightly free all around its edge.

The hind foot has one rounded tubercle at the base of the
first toe. On the lower surface of the carpus are three pads—
a very large inner one, and a small one on the base of each of
the two outer metacarpals.

The coloration is dull grayish or brownish slate above, with
a light gray band, bordered behind with blackish brown, cross-
ing the head over the anterior halves of the upper eyelids.
There is a blackish streak from the snout to the eye and from
the eye along the paratoid. Some irregular black markings
may be made out on the sides, back, and limbs, with a tendency
to form longitudinal streaks. The “tail” has a light dorsal
stripe, bordered on each side by dark brown streaks. Most of
the warts are lighter than the ground color. The lower sur-
faces are yellowish white clouded with slate. There is a
row of white dots along the rim of the lower jaw.

No. 30393, which was intermediate in size and roughness
of skin, has been prepared as a skeleton. The following notes
were made before this was done, and the skin has been pre-

262 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47TH Ser.

served. The heels cross by the width of the tarsus. The ex-
tended heel reaches the anterior border of the eye. The limb
tubercles, web, paratoid, etc., are as in No. 30394. Measure-
ments are:

SnowtitoranuS:.2- 6 serescne.coce eee ecetee een ae 41. mm.
Snout to: base ‘of Stal?s oiiisc.ccesemcnidtecs veces S/n Ss
SUParleb ayn aes oe ay ae tae oh Mts Cte e eee 8.
Wiadthofd Hea dives. cicrslenecousvatercteyetaretesrresets sete eitieis ere 13:5
Eaarid: ‘lim bid cw. Fe os sive a teaenee che paar eer teste eicreiatats 52.

Heel to tip-of longest £00. ..4).\.!ccxe12 ayeroe shevercves en eis os

There are ten vertebrae, of which the first is the atlas and
the tenth the sacrum. ‘The vertebrae are opisthocoelous. The
first vertebra has no diapophyses. All the other vertebrae have
diapophyses, those of the fifth being shortest. The extreme
widths of the vertebrae and lengths of ventral surface of cen-
tra are:

1 vertebra 2.55 mm. wide, 15 long
2 ig 4.25 ¢ AoW alt
3 4.25 ull
4 4.75 | :
5 3.6 1D ss
6 42 WA a
7 4. 1.4
8 4. . 1.5 ce
9 S 4. S 15 oy
10 - 6. 8 as

The sacral diapophyses increase in breadth from .7 to 1.5
mm.

The coccyx -is subcylindrical, with a dorsal ridge. It is
8.4 mm. long, .7 mm. in diameter near the middle, and 1 mm.
at the ends. A pair of small diapophyses increase its breadth
near the sacrum to 2.1 mm.

The diapophyses of the second, third, and fourth vertebrae
bear short ribs. The ribs attached to the third vertebra are
longest, measuring 1.5 mm. Those on the second vertebra
are .75 mm. long; while those of the fourth vertebra are only
about .25 mm. in length.

The skull is 12 mm. long, and 12 mm. wide. It articulates
with the atlas by means of two condyles, which are about
twice as broad as high, are borne by the exoccipital, and border
the foramen magnum inferiorly. The fronto-parietals are 7
mm. long, narrow, well ossified, and completely separated by a

Vor. IIT] VAN DENBURGH—NOTES ON ASCAPHUS 263

fontanelle. The prefrontals are fairly large, and touch the
fronto-parietals. The quadrate is rather small. The squa-
mosal and pterygoid are well-developed. The inner process of
the pterygoid reaches the anterior surface of the auditory cap-
sule, while the anterior process passes forward with the
maxilla to meet the palatine. The parasphenoid extends for-
ward anterior to the palatines; its lateral processes are well-
developed, and reach nearly to the border of the large fora-
mina in the auditory capsules. These capsules extend laterally
3.5 mm. from the mid-line of the skull; each displays at the
posterior and inferior aspect of its lateral portion a foramen
1 mm. in diameter, covered by a delicate membrane, the
fenestra ovalis. The membrane, however, may be heavily
covered with a deposit of the chalky material which is found
in the cavity of the auditory capsule. I have not found any
evidence of eustachian tubes. The lower jaw is entirely with-
out teeth. The upper jaw bears a series of very small teeth.
There are two small rounded patches of vomerine teeth.

The shoulder girdle is arciferous, the right side lying on the
ventral surface of the left. The clavicles are well ossified, but
little curved, and meet medially. There appears to be no omo-
sternum. The coracoids are rather short (3 mm.) with ex-
panded ends. The precoracoid cartilages are narrow, but the
epicoracoid expansions are very broad. The scapula is rather
small, completely ossified, and broadly fused with the clavicle.
The suprascapula is composed of two portions: an anterior
bony bar 4.5 by 1 mm., narrowing to .6 mm. at its middle;
and a broad cartilaginous plate, 5.5 by 4 mm. in greatest di-
mensions, bordering the bony bar above and posteriorly.

The metasternum has been injured in preparing the speci-
men, but it appears to have been a simple transverse bar of
cartilage.

The humerus is 10.5 mm. long. It bears a very strong
proximal crest, and the condyloid ridges are so largely de-
veloped that the breadth of the humerus in this region is 3
mm., while in the middle of the shaft it is only 1 mm.

The radius and ulna are completely fused into a single
bone 7 mm. long.

The carpus is composed of an ulnare, a radiale, a radial
and an ulnar centrale, and four distal carpals.

264 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser.

‘here are four well-developed metacarpals, of which the
external one articulates with the ulnar centrale, while the
others are borne by the distal carpalia.

The four digits are made up of 2, 2, 3, and 3 straight
phalanges. The terminal phalanges taper to rounded ends.

The ilia are very slender. They measure 9.5 mm. long,
.7 mm. wide and .5 mm. thick. The posterior end of the ilium
is much enlarged, and forms about the anterior upper half of
the acetabulum, the remainder being supplied by the ischium.
The acetabulum is not completely closed. At the interior and
ventral aspect of the pelvis, at the lower margin of the sutures
between the ilia and ischia, are two thin plates of calcified
cartilage about 1.5 mm. in diameter, which probably represent
the pubes.

The femur is very slender. Its length is 15 mm., and its
least diameter is 1 mm. It bears a strong proximal keel.

‘The tibio-fibula is 16.5 mm. long by .9 mm. in diameter near
its center, but broadens at the ends to 2.4 mm.

The tarsus is formed of the usual proximal and distal por-
tions. The former comprises the astragalus and calcaneum,
about 9 mm. long, which are fused for a distance of 2 mm.
proximally and 1 mm. distally. These bones are quite slender.
The more distal tarsal bones are four in number—one at the
end of the astragalus, one bearing the same relation to the
caleaneum, a smaller one between these, and a still smaller
one at the base of the first metatarsal.

There are five metatarsals corresponding to the five toes.
Beginning with the inner one, the toes are composed of 2,
2, 3, 4, and 3 straight, somewhat tapering phalanges.

The hyoid is well developed, has long anterior processes,
and is shaped as shown in the accompanying cut.

The alimentary canal of this specimen contained a small
bright red spider and the remains of two beetles of different
species.

PROCEEDINGS
OF THE

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Vot. III, pp. 265-390, pls. 15, 16 Aueusr 28, 1913

A DISTRIBUTIONAL LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF
CALIFORNIA

BY JOSEPH GRINNELL
Director of the California Museum of Vertebrate Zoology

The compilation of the following list of the mammals of
California has proved well worth while as a help in work with
the collections in the California Museum of Vertebrate Zoology.
It is believed that its publication now will find justification in
its resulting usefulness in other ways—wherever, in fact, a
clue to the described species is desired. The literature of the
subject is widely scattered, and an index to it, so far as Cali-
fornia is concerned, has been practically wanting. The present
contribution is intended to meet, in part at least, this need.

It must be urged upon the casual enquirer that, at the pres-
ent stage in the systematic study of California mammals, the
status of the various forms as here given can in scarcely any
case be accepted as final. Only a few genera have been given
critical study upon the basis of material at all satisfactory.
Osgood’s Revision of the Mice of the American Genus Pero-
myscus (1909) may be cited as the best example of such mono-
graphic treatment. Not until each group has been subjected
to similar analysis, and especially so with regard to limited
areas such as that comprised within the state of California, can
the status and distribution of the more slightly differentiated
forms be considered as satisfactorily established.

In including species and subspecies, the writer has in the
great majority of cases followed the conclusions of the original
describers. Where genera have been formally revised, the de-

August 26, 1913.

266 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47TH SER.

cisions of the reviser have been accepted. This has been the
rule; but in a few instances, where the material at hand has
seemed adequate, and where a sufficient amount of study has
been accorded it to warrant, as it might seem, an independent
opinion, this has been offered. Thus certain current names will
be found synonymized, and other names not generally recog-
nized are given full standing.

It is quite probable that to the present list a number of forms
are admitted, which subsequent collections and studies will
show to be untenable. This is particularly likely in the Heter-
omyidae. On the other hand, there doubtless remain many
species and subspecies yet to be discovered and named; so that
in time the total number of mammals known to belong to
California is likely to remain undiminished.

The point to be emphasized is that, both as regards the stand-
ing of the species of our region, and as regards their distribu-
tion, systematic mammalogy is in a formative stage. A very
great amount of field-work and critical study must be done to
bring mammalogy to the plane already reached in ornithology.

The system of entry adopted in the following list is simple.
Of the higher groups only Orders and Families are given. The
scientific name here adopted for the species is given in bold-
face, followed by the authority. A vernacular name has been
selected—in many cases with difficulty, as is admitted. In
nearly every case the “original description” has been verified
from its original source. In the few instances where the cita-
tion is given within quotation marks, the citation is at second-
hand, that is, the original has not been seen by the writer.

The type locality is usually just as given in connection with
the original description; sometimes it is modified somewhat
to make it more intelligible, for example, by giving the name of
the county or of the nearest large town; and occasionally cor-
rections have been necessary.

The “synonyms” are any other names—aside from those
appearing in the heading and in the citation following “orig-
inal description’—that have been applied to the species as
occurring within the state of California. Where a name now
considered synonymous with the accepted one, was based upon
a specimen from California, the full citation and type locality
are given.

Vor. IIT] GRINNELL—MAMMALS OF CALIFORNIA 267

The “range”’ of each species is given briefly, but as accurately
as our present state of zoogeographical knowledge makes pos-
sible. In the case of land mammals, ranges are stated, wher-
ever practicable, in terms of life-zones and faunal areas. Exact
localities are named only where they are believed to mark
points somewhere near the extreme limits of distribution. Au-
thorities for the information included in the statement of range
are always given whenever precise data of any sort are avail-
able. In all cases where the abbreviation “Mus. Vert. Zool.”
appears, specimens indicating the stated range, either entirely
or in part, are contained in the California Museum of Verte-
brate Zoology.

The accompanying map of the life-zones of the state has been
compiled primarily from data on file in the California Museum
of Vertebrate Zoology. Use has been made also of informa-
tion from many published botanical papers. Professor Harvey
M. Hall of the University of California has kindly made a
number of corrections based upon his knowledge of plant-
distribution in the state. It is almost superfluous to state here
that the employment of the life-zone concept in defining ranges
of animals as well as of plants, owes its beginning to the re-
searches of the foremost mammalogist of America, C. Hart
Merriam. It is a matter of credit to him that the farther we
carry our studies in distribution, the more they align them-
selves in support of the laws formulated by him.

The map of the faunal districts of the state is offered not at
all as a final exposition of this order of distributional be-
havior, but as a help in designating the ranges of the mammals.
The boundaries as given are of course merely approximate;
and even the areas themselves, as here outlined, will doubtless
receive extensive modification on the basis of further geo-
graphical study.

The present list was concluded to date, in August, 1912.
Since then appeared Gerrit S. Miller’s important List of North
American Land Mammals in the United States National
Museum, 1911 (published December 31, 1912). The writer
thereupon changed the order in the California list to accord
with Miller's, and also made a number of changes in generic
and family names in accordance with some of the decisions of
the same authority.

268 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [ Proc. 4TH Ser.

The writer here wishes to express his appreciation of the
cordial assistance rendered in various ways by Mr. John
Rowley, Curator of Mammals in the California Academy of
Sciences. Acknowledgments are also due Mr. Walter P.
Taylor, of the staff of the California Museum of Vertebrate
Zoology, for correcting several errors in the manuscript.

To summarize: according to the present enumeration 337
species of mammals are accredited to California and the adja-
cent ocean. Eight Orders are represented, thirty-one Families,
and eighty-nine Genera.

Order INSECTIVORA
Family TALPIDAE

Scapanus townsendi (Bachman)
Oregon Mole

Original description—Scalops townsendii Bachman, Journ.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 8, pt. 1, 1839, pp. 58-60.

Type locality—Fort Vancouver, Clarke County, Washing-
ton (fide True, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 19, 1896, p. 63).

Synonym—Townsend Mole.

Range—Boreal and Transition zones in extreme northern
humid coast belt, south to Cuddeback, Humboldt County (Mus.
Vert. Zool.).

Scapanus orarius True
Northwest Coast Mole

Original description—Scapanus orarius True, Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus., 19, December, 1896, p. 52.

Type locality—Shoalwater Bay, Pacific County, Washing-
ton.

Range—Boreal and Transition zones in extreme northern
humid coast belt, south as far as Cuddeback, Humboldt County
(Mus. Vert. Zool.), and Mendocino, Mendocino County
(Elliot, Field Col. Mus., zool. ser., 3, 1903, p. 197).

Vor. IIT] GRINNELL—MAMMALS OF CALIFORNIA 269

Scapanus latimanus latimanus (Bachman)

Central California Mole

Original description—Scalops latimanus Bachman, Boston
Journ. Nat. Hist., 4, January, 1842, pp. 34, 35.

Type locality—Probably Santa Clara, Santa Clara County,
California (fide Osgood, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 20, 1907, p.
52).

Synonyms—Scalops californicus Ayres, Proc. Calif. Acad.
Sci., 1, 1855, p. 54 (type from San Francisco, California) ;
Scapanus californicus, part; Scapanus townsendi, part; Sca-
panus californicus minusculus Bangs, Proc. New Eng. Zool.
Club, 1, July 31, 1899, p. 70 (type from Fyffe, Eldorado
County, California) ; Broad-palmed Shrew-mole.

Range—Upper Sonoran and Transition zones of west-cen-
tral California, east to include the Sierra Nevada and as far as
Independence, Inyo County, north to Shasta County, south to
San Luis Obispo County (Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Scapanus latimanus occultus Grinnell and Swarth

Southern California Mole

Original description—Scapanus latimanus occultus Grinnell
and Swarth, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., 10, April 13, 1912, p.
131.

‘ Type locality—Santa Ana Canyon, 400 feet altitude, Orange
County, California.

Synonyms—Scapanus californicus, part; Scapanus lati-
manus, part; Scapanus anthonyi; Scapanus californicus an-
thonyi; Anthony Mole.

Range—Southern California, west of the desert divides,
south of the 35th parallel, hence chiefly in the San Diegan dis-
trict; ranges from Lower Sonoran zone to Boreal (Mus. Vert.
Zool):

Scapanus latimanus truei Merriam
Modoc Mole

Original description—Scapanus truci Merriam, Proc. Biol.
Soc. Wash., 11, April 26, 1897, p. 102.
Type locality—Lake City, Modoc County, California.

270 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

Synonym—Scapanus californicus truet.

Range—Upper Sonoran and Transition zones in the Modoc
region of northeastern California, east at least as far as Sis-
son, Siskiyou County (Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Neurotrichus gibbsi major Merriam

Large Shrew-Mole

Original description—Neurotrichus gibbsi major Merriam,
N. Amer. Fauna, 16, October 28, 1899, p. 88.

Type locality—Carberry Ranch, 4100 feet altitude, between
Mount Shasta and Mount Lassen, Shasta County, California.
Synonyms—Neurotrichus gibbsi, part; Gibbs Mole, part.

Range—High Transition and Boreal zones on Mount
Shasta, and at the type locality, as above (Merriam, supra
Cit).

Neurotrichus gibbsi hyacinthinus Bangs

California Shrew-Mole

Original description—Neurotrichus gibbsi hyacinthinus
Bangs, Amer. Nat., 31, March, 1897, pp. 240, 241.

Type locality—Nicasio, Marin County, California.

Synonyms—Neurotrichus gibbsi, part; Hyacinthine Shrew-
Mole; Gibbs Mole, part.

Range—Transition and Boreal zones in the northwest humid
coast belt from the Humboldt Bay region south as far as Santa
Cruz, Santa Cruz County, and Portola, San Mateo County
(Mus. Vert. Zool.; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 8,
1896, p. 269).

Family SORICIDAE

Sorex vagrans vagrans Baird

Wandering Shrew

Original description—Sorex vagrans (Cooper MS) Baird,
Pac. R. R. Rep., 8, 1857, pp. 15-18, pl. 18, figs. 5, 6.

Type locality—Shoalwater Bay, Pacific County, Washing-
ton.

Vor. IIT] GRINNELL—MAMMALS OF CALIFORNIA 271

Range—Upper Sonoran, Transition and Boreal zones in the
northwestern portion of the state, east to Shasta County, and
south as far as Monterey (Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna, 10,
1895, p. 68; Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Sorex vagrans amoenus Merriam

Sierra Nevada Shrew

Original description—Sorex amoenus Merriam, N. Amer.
Fauna, 10, December, 1895, pp. 69, 70.

Type locality—Mammoth Pass, 10,000 feet altitude, east
slope Sierra Nevada, Mono County, California.

Range—Transition and Boreal zones on the Sierra Nevada,
at least from Mono County north to Mount Shasta (Merriam,
supra cit., and N. Amer. Fauna, 16, 1899, p. 87; Mus. Vert.
Zool. ).

Sorex halicoetes Grinnell

Salt Marsh Shrew

Original description—S orex halicoetes Grinnell, Univ. Calif.
Publ. Zool., 10, March 20, 1913, pp. 181-184.

Type locality—Salt Marsh near Palo Alto, Santa Clara
County, California.

Range—Salt marshes bordering the south arm of San Fran-
cisco Bay, at least from Belmont, San Mateo County, around
to Melrose, Alameda County (Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Sorex obscurus obscurus Merriam

Dusky Shrew

Original description—Sorex obscurus Merriam, N. Amer.
Fauna, 10, December, 1895, pp. 72, 73.

Type locality—Timber Creek, 8200 feet, Salmon River
Mountains, Idaho (see Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna, 5, 1891,
p. 34).

Range—Boreal zone along the Sierra Nevada, from Shasta
County to Olancha Peak, Tulare County (Merriam, supra cit.;
Mus. Vert. Zool.).

272 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER.

Sorex montereyensis montereyensis Merriam
Monterey Shrew

Original description—Sorex montereyensis Merriam, N.
Amer. Fauna, 10, December, 1895, p. 79.

Type locality—Monterey, Monterey County, California.

Range—Transition and Upper Sonoran zones in the north-
ern and central coast districts, from the Oregon line south as
far as Morro, San Luis Obispo County (Merriam, supra cit.;
Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Sorex montereyensis mariposae Grinnell
Yosemite Shrew

Original description—Sorex montereyensis mariposae Grin-
nell, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., 10, March 20, 1913, pp. 189, 190.

Type locality—Yosemite Valley at 4000 feet altitude, Mari-
posa County, California.

Synonyms—Sorex montereyensis, part; Monterey Shrew,
part.

Range—tTransition zone along west slope of Sierra Navada,
at least from Siskiyou County to Tulare County; also on the
Warner Mountains, Modoc County (Mus. Vert. Zool.; Mer-
riam, N. Amer. Fauna, 10, 1895, p. 79).

Sorex ornatus Merriam
Adorned Shrew

Original description—Sorex ornatus Merriam, N. Amer.
Fauna, 10, December, 1895, pp. 79, 80.

Type locality—San Emigdio Canyon, Mount Pinos, in Kern °
County, California. ;

Range—Upper Sonoran and Transition zones in the San
Diegan district and included mountain ranges, from the Mexi-
can line northwest to Mount Pinos and Fort Tejon, in Ventura
and Kern counties (Merriam, supra cit.; Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Sorex californicus californicus Merriam
California Shrew

Original description—Sorex californicus Merriam, N. Amer.
Fauna, 10, December, 1895, pp. 80, 81.

Vor. IIT] GRINNELL—MAMMALS OF CALIFORNIA 273

Type locality—Walnut Creek, Contra Costa County, Cali-
fornia.

Range—Upper Sonoran zone of west-central California
along inner coast ranges and in the vicinity of San Francisco
Bay, north to Rumsey, Yolo County, east to Byron, Contra
Costa County, and south to near Los Banos, Merced County
(Merriam, supra cit.; Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Sorex sinuosus Grinnell
Suisun Shrew

Original description—Sorex sinuosus Grinnell, Univ. Calif.
Publ. Zool., 10, March 20, 1913, pp. 181, 187.

Type locality—Grizzly Island, near Suisun, Solano County,
California.

Range—Brackish marshes of Grizzly Island, Suisun Bay,
Solano County (Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Sorex shastensis Merriam
Shasta Shrew

Original description—Sorex shastensis Merriam, N. Amer.
Fauna, 16, October 28, 1899, p. 87.

Type locality—Wagon Camp, 5700 feet altitude, Mount
Shasta, Siskiyou County, California. _

Range—Boreal zone of Mount Shasta; only the type, as
above, recorded.

Sorex tenellus tenellus Merriam
Inyo Shrew

Original description—Sorex tenellus Merriam, N. Amer.
Fauna, 10, December, 1895, p. 81.

Type locality—Summit of Alabama Hills near Lone Pine,
Owens Valley, Inyo County, California.

Range—Known only from the type locality, as above.

274 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser.

Sorex tenellus lyelli Merriam
Mount Lyell Shrew

Original description—Sorex tenellus lyelli Merriam, Proc.
Biol. Soc. Wash., 15, March 22, 1902, p. 75.

Type locality—Mount Lyell, Tuolumne County, California.

Range—Known only from the type locality, as above.

Sorex tenellus myops Merriam

White Mountains Shrew

Original description—Sorex tenellus myops Merriam, Proc.
Biol. Soc. Wash., 15, March 22, 1902, p. 76.

Type locality—White Mountains, Inyo County, California.

Range—Known only from the type locality, as above.

Sorex pacificus Baird
Pacific Shrew

Original description—Sorex pacificus Baird, in Coues, Bull.
U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., 3, 1877, p. 650.

Type locality—Fort Umpqua, mouth of Umpqua River,
Douglas County, Oregon.

Range—Transition and Boreal zones in the northwest humid
coast belt: Humboldt Bay region and south as far as Point
Reyes, Marin County (Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna, 10, 1895,
p. 87; Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Neosorex palustris navigator Baird
Navigator Shrew

Original description—Neosorex navigator (Cooper, MS)
Baird, Pac. R. R. Rep., 8, 1857, pp. 11, 12, pl. 26.

Type locality—Unknown; possibly northern Idaho (fide
Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna, 10, 1895, p. 92).

Synonyms—Sorex palustris navigator; Water Shrew.

Range—Chiefly in the Boreal zone, on the Sierra Nevada,
from Whitney Meadows, Tulare County, north to Mount
Shasta, and on the Warner Mountains, Modoc County (Mus.
Vert. Zool.).

i)
~I
n

Vor. IIT] GRINNELL—MAMMALS OF CALIFORNIA

Neosorex bendirei bendirei (Merriam)
Bendire Shrew

Original description—‘Atophyrax bendirti Merriam, Trans.
Linn. Soc. New York, 2, August, 1884, pp. 217-225.”

Type locality—Near Williamson River, 18 miles southeast
of Fort Klamath, Klamath County, Oregon (fide Merriam, N.
Amer. Fauna, 10, 1895, pp. 95-97).

Synonym—Sorex bendiret.

Range—tTransition and Boreal zones in the humid north-
west coast belt: Humboldt Bay region south to Gualala, Men-
docino County (Merriam, supra cit.; Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Notiosorex crawfordi crawfordi Baird
Desert Shrew

Original description—Sorex (Notiosorex) crawfordi Baird,
in Coues, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., 3, 1877, pp.
6515) 652.

Type locality—El Paso, Texas (fide Merriam, N. Amer.
Fauna, 10, 1895, p. 32).

Synonyms—Crawford Shrew; Gray Shrew; Sorex craw-
fordi.

Range—Lower Sonoran zone in the San Diegan district,
from the Mexican line north at least to San Bernardino and
Colton (Stephens, Calif. Mammals, 1906, p. 255; Mus. Vert.
Zool. ).

Order CHIROPTERA
Family PHYLLOSTOMIDAE

Macrotus californicus Baird
California Leaf-nosed Bat

Original description—Macrotus californicus Baird, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., May, 1858, pp. 116, 117.

Type locality—Fort Yuma, Imperial County, California.

Synonyms—Macrotus waterhousei; Otopterus californicus.

Range—Lower Sonoran zone on the Colorado desert,
northwest to near Torres, Riverside County (Mus. Vert.
Zool.). Apparently absent during midwinter (see Stephens,
Calif. Mammals, 1906, pp. 276, 277).

276 CALIFORNIA AGADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 41TH SER.

Family VESPERTILIONIDAE
Myotis velifer (J. A. Allen)
Cave Bat

Original description—V espertilio velifer Allen, Bull. Amer.
Mus. Nat. Hist., 3, December, 1890, p. 177.

Type locality—Santa Cruz del Valle, Guadalajara, Jalisco,
Mexico.

Range—Lower Sonoran zone near Colorado River: Needles,
San Bernardino County (Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Myotis occultus Hollister
Hollister Bat

Original description—M yotis occultus Hollister, Proc. Biol.
Soc. Wash., 22, March 10, 1909, pp. 43, 44.

Type locality—West side of Colorado River ten miles above
Needles, San Bernardino County, California.

Range—Lower Sonoran zone: valley of the Colorado River
from near Needles (as above) to near Yuma (Mus. Vert.
Zool.).

Myotis lucifugus longicrus (True)
Long-legged Bat

Original description—Vespertilio longicrus True, Science,
8, December 24, 1886, p. 588.

Type locality—Puget Sound, Washington.

Synonyms—V espertilio albescens, part; True Bat; Long-
shanked Bat.

Range—Transition and high Upper Sonoran zones through-
out northern California and south along the Sierra Nevada
and coast ranges to the San Jacinto and Cuyamaca mountains
(Mus. Vert. Zool.; Miller, N. Amer. Fauna, 13, 1897, p. 65).

Myotis yumanensis yumanensis (H. Allen)
Yuma Bat

Original description—Vespertilio ‘yumanensis H. Allen,
Smithsonian Misc. Coll., 7, June, 1864, p. 58.

Vor. III] GRINNELL—MAMMALS OF CALIFORNIA DT

Type locality—Fort Yuma, Imperial County, California.

Synonym—V espertilio albescens, part.

Range—Lower and Upper Sonoran zones throughout south-
ern California, both east and west of the desert divides; north
through Owens Valley and through the San Joaquin and Sac-
ramento valleys at least as far as Oroville, Butte County (Mus.
Vert. Zool.; Miller, N. Amer. Fauna, 13, 1897, p. 67). Proba-
bly migratory.

Myotis yumanensis saturatus Miller
Miller Bat

Original description—M yotis yumanensis saturatus Miller,
N. Amer. Fauna, 13, October, 1897, p. 68.

Type locality—Hamilton, Skagit County, Washington.

Range—tTransition and Boreal zones in extreme northwest-
ern California, west to Cuddeback, Humboldt County (Mus.
Vert. Zool.), east to Mount Shasta (Merriam, N. Amer.
Fauna, 16, 1899, p. 89).

Myotis californicus californicus (Audubon and Bachman)
Little California Bat

Original description—V espertilio californicus Audubon and
Bachman, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 8, 1842, pp. 285, 286.

Type locality—California.

Synonyms—V espertilio oregonensis (?); Vespertilio nitidus
H. Allen, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., April, 1862, pp. 247,
248 (type from Monterey); Vespertilio albescens melano-
rhinus.

Range—Upper Sonoran and Transition zones almost
throughout the state west of the desert divides, including the
San Diegan district, the Santa Barbara Islands, and both the
Sierra Nevada and coast ranges.

Myotis californicus pallidus Stephens
Stephens Little Pallid Bat
Original description—M yotis californicus pallidus Stephens,
Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 13, June 13, 1900, p. 153.

Type locality—Vallecito, eastern San Diego County, Cali-
fornia.

278 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H SER.

Synonym—M yotis californicus, part.

Range—Lower Sonoran zone on Colorado and Mohave
deserts, north to Owens Valley (Mus. Vert. Zool.). It is not
improbable that the above name will have to be replaced by
some one of H. Allen’s earlier names.

Myotis orinomus Elliot
La Grulla Brown Bat

Original description—Myotis orinomus Elliot, Field Col.
Mus., zool. ser., 3, June, 1903, p. 228.

Type locality—La Grulla, 8000 feet, San Pedro Martir
Mountains, Lower California, Mexico.

Synonyms—M yotis californicus, part; Myotis lucifugus
longicrus, part.

Range—High Upper Sonoran zone, in its semi-arid por-
tion, along the southern Sierra Nevada in Kern and Inyo
counties, in the San Jacinto and San Bernardino mountains,
and at Dulzura, San Diego County (Grinnell and Swarth,
Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., 10, 1912, pp. 138-141).

Myotis evotis (H. Allen)
Long-eared Bat

Original description—V espertilio evotis H. Allen, Smith-
sonian Misc. Coll., 7, June, 1864, p. 48.

Type locality—Monterey, California (see Miller, N. Amer.
Fauna, 13, 1897, pp. 77, 78).

Synonym—V espertilio albescens evotis, part.

Range—Upper Sonoran and Transition zones from the
Mexican line northwards as far as Mount Shasta; west to
Pescadero Creek, San Mateo County; east to Independence
Lake, Nevada County (Mus. Vert. Zool.) ; also Owens Lake
and Inyo Mountains (Miller, supra cit., p. 80).

Myotis thysanodes Miller

Fringed Bat

Original description—M yotis thysonodes Miller, N. Amer.
Fauna, 13, October, 1897, pp. 80-84.
Type locality—Fort Tejon, Kern County, California.

Vor. III} GRINNELL—MAMMALS OF CALIFORNIA 279

Synonyms—V espertilio albescens velifer, part; Vespertilo
albescens evotis, part.

Range—Upper Sonoran zone in southern California near
the desert divide; known only from Fort Tejon, Kern County,
and Dulzura, San Diego County (Miller, supra cit.).

Lasionycteris noctivagans (Le Conte)
Silver-haired Bat

Original description—‘Vespertilio noctivagans Le Conte,
MeMutrtrie’s Cuvier’s Animal Kingdom, 1, June, 1831, p.
ASM

Type locality—‘‘Eastern United States.”

Range—Chiefly Transition zone in northwestern California,
south to Nicasio, Marin County, and Nevada City, Nevada
County (Miller, N. Amer. Fauna, 13, 1897, p. 86); east to
Mount Shasta and to Oroville, Butte County (Mus. Vert.
Zool.). Records for summer only.

Pipistrellus hesperus hesperus (H. Allen)
Canyon Bat

Original description—Scotophilus hesperus H. Allen, Smith-
sonian Mise. Coll., 7, June, 1864, pp. 43, 44.

Type locality—Fort Yuma, Imperial County, California.

Synonyms—V esperugo hesperus, part; Western Bat, part.

Range—Lower Sonoran zone east of the San Diegan dis-
trict, on the Colorado and Mohave deserts, from the Mexican
line north to the vicinity of Walker Pass and Owens Valley;
west to Santa Rosa Mountains, Riverside County, and Fort
Tejon, Kern County (Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Pipistrellus hesperus merriami (Dobson)
Merriam Bat

Original description—V esperugo merriami Dobson, Ann.
and Mag. Nat. Hist., 5th ser., 18, 1886, p. 124.

Type locality—Red Bluff, Tehama County, California (fide
Miller, N. Amer. Fauna, 13, 1897, p. 31).

Synonyms—V esperugo hesperus, part; Pipistrellus hesperus,
part; Western Bat, part.

280 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47TH Ser.

Range—Lower and Upper Sonoran zones west of the desert
divides, from the Mexican line northwest through the San
Diegan district, and through the San Joaquin and Sacramento
valleys, east of the humid coast belt and west of the Sierra
Nevada, to Butte and Tehama counties (Mus. Vert. Zool.). .

Eptesicus fuscus fuscus (Beauvois)
Large Brown Bat

Original description—‘Vespertilio fuscus Beauvois, Catal.
Peale’s Museum, Phila., 1796, p. 14.”

Type locality—‘Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.”

Synonyms—E ptesicus fuscus bernardinus Rhoads, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., December, 1901, p. 619 (type from San
Bernardino Valley, San Bernardino County, California) ;
Eptesicus fuscus melanopterus Rehn, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila., October 17, 1904, pp. 590, 591 (type from Mount Tal-
lac, Eldorado County, California) ; Adelonycteris fuscus; San
Bernardino Brown Bat; Black-winged Bat.

Range—Practically throughout the state, but chiefly Upper
Sonoran and Transition zones. While there are very probably
two or more subspecies, it is not possible at this writing to
define them satisfactorily.

Nycteris borealis teliotis (H. Allen)
Western Red Bat

Original description—Atalapha teliotis H. Allen, Proc.
Amer. Philos. Soc., 29, 1891, pp. 5, 6.

Type locality—Not known, but probably southern Cali-
fornia.

Synonym—Lasiurus borealis teliotis.

Range—In winter and spring: Sacramento and San Joaquin
valleys, from Sutter County southwards, and throughout the
San Diegan district (Mus. Vert. Zool.). Evidently migratory.

Nycteris cinerea (Beauvois)
Hoary Bat

Original description—Vespertilio cinereus Beauvois, Catal.
Peale’s Museum, Phila., 1796, p. 14.”
Type locality—*“Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.”

Vor. IIT] GRINNELL—MAMMALS OF CALIFORNIA 281

Synonyms—Atalapha cinerea; Lasiurus cinereus.

Range—In winter and spring: valleys of west-central and
southern California, south through the San Diegan district
(Mus. Vert. Zool.); in summer, probably Transition and
Boreal zones (see Stephens, Calif. Mammals, 1906, p. 272).
Recorded without dates of capture north to Eureka, Humboldt
County, and east to Panamint Mountains, Inyo County (Mil-
ler, N. Amer. Fauna, 13, 1897, p. 114).

Euderma maculatum (J. A. Allen)
Spotted Bat

Original description—Histiotus maculatus Allen, Bull.
Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 3, February 20, 1891, pp. 195-198.

Type locality—Mouth of Castac Creek, Santa Clara Valley,
Los Angeles County, California (fide Merriam, N. Amer.
Fauna, 13, 1897, p. 49).

Range—Arid Lower Sonoran zone; besides the type, se-
cured as above, only one other specimen has been found within
this state, at Mecca, Riverside County (Grinnell, Univ. Calif.
Ruble Zool. 5) 1910; pp:.317; 318) pl. 30)

Corynorhinus macrotis pallescens Miller
Pale Lump-nosed Bat

Original description—Corynorhinus macrotis pallescens Mil-
ler, N. Amer. Fauna, 13, October, 1897, p. 52.

Type locality—Keam Canyon, Navajo County, Arizona.

Synonym—Pallid Big-eared Bat.

Range—Lower and Upper Sonoran zones throughout south-
ern California, north into Owens Valley (Miller, supra cit.),
west through the San Diegan district to Santa Catalina Island
(Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Corynorhinus macrotis townsendi (Cooper)
Northwestern Lump-nosed Bat

Original description—Plecotis townsendiit Cooper, Ann.
[eye Nat. Hist. Ni Y., 4, April, 1837; ;pp73,, 74.

Type locality—Columbia River, Oregon.

Range—Upper Sonoran zone in west-central California:
near Auburn, Placer County (Mus. Vert. Zool.).

August 26, 1913.

282 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser.

Antrozous pallidus pallidus (Le Conte)
Desert Pallid Bat

Original description—V espertilio pallidus Le Conte, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 7, December, 1855, p. 437.

Type locality—E1 Paso, El Paso County, Texas (fide Miller,
Bull. 79, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1912, p. 68).

Synonym—Pale Bat; Big-eared Pale Bat.

Range—Lower Sonoran zone on the Colorado and Mohave
deserts, north to Swansea, Inyo County, and west to Vallecito,
eastern San Diego County (Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Antrozous pallidus pacificus Merriam
Pacific Pallid Bat

Original description—Antrozous pallidus pacificus Merriam,
Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 11, July 1, 1897, p. 180.

Type locality—Fort Tejon, Kern County, California.

Synonym—Antrozous pallidus, part.

Range—Lower and Upper Sonoran zones on the Pacific
slope of California, from the Mexican line north through the
San Diegan district and central coast district as far as Palo
Alto and Oakland; also through the San Joaquin and Sacra-
mento valleys to Fort Crook (near Burgettville), Shasta
County (Mus. Vert. Zool.; Miller, N. Amer. Fauna, 13, 1897,
p. 45). Migratory.

Family MOLOSSIDAE

Nyctinomus femo osaccus Merriam
Pocketed Bat

Original description—Nyctinomus femorosaccus Merriam,
N. Amer. Fauna, 2, October, 1889, p. 23.

Type locality—Agua Caliente (=Palm Springs), Riverside
County, California.

Synonyms—N yctinomops femorosaccus; Palm Springs
Free-tailed Bat.

Range—Lower Sonoran zone on the Colorado Desert at
and near Palm Springs; only two specimens known (see
Stephens, Calif. Mammals, 1906, p. 274; Elliot, Field Col.
Mus., zool. ser., 3, 1904, p. 321).

Vor. IIT] GRINNELL—MAMMALS OF CALIFORNIA 283

Nyctinomus depressus Ward
Tacubaya Free-tailed Bat

Original description—N yctinomus depressus Ward, Amer.
Nat., 25, August, 1891, pp. 747-750.

Type locality—Tacubaya, Federal District, Mexico.

Synonyms—N yctinomus macrotis nevadensis H. Allen,
Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 43, 1893 [—March, 1894], pp. 171-
174, pls. 34, 35 (type from California, but exact locality not
known: fide Lyon and Osgood, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 62,
1909, p. 280) ; Nevada Bat.

Range—Probably the southeastern deserts; but only the
one indefinite record, as above.

Nyctinomus mexicanus Saussure
Mexican Free-tailed Bat

Original description—“Nyctinomus mexicanus Saussure,
Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 2nd ser., 12, 1860, p. 283.”

Type locality—Ameca, Jalisco, Mexico (fide Miller, Bull.
79% WES) Nat: Mus.) 1912" pe ZOe

Synonyms—N yctinomus mohavensis Merriam, N. Amer.
Fauna, 2, October, 1889, p. 25 (type from Fort Mohave,
Arizona) ; Nyctinomus brasiliensis californicus H. Allen, Bull.
U.S. Nat. Mus., 43, 1893 [=March, 1894], p. 166 (no type
designated) ; Nyctinomops mohavensis; Mohave Bat.

Range—In spring and summer: Upper and Lower So-
noran zones, chiefly the jatter, throughout southern California,
both east and west of the desert divides, north at least to
Marysville Buttes, Sutter County, and west to Palo Alto,
Santa Clara County (Mus. Vert. Zool.). Doubtless migratory,
at least in part.

Eumops californicus (Merriam)
California Mastiff Bat
Original description—Molossus californicus Merriam, N.
Amer. Fauna, 4, October 8, 1890, pp. 31, 32.
Type locality—Alhambra, Los Angeles County, California.
Synonyms—Promops califoriicus; Promops perotis cali-
fornicus; Bonnet Bat.

284 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 41H Ser.

Range—Lower Sonoran zone of southern California;
most numerous in the San Diegan district, but noted also on
the Colorado Desert, in the San Joaquin Valley, and in Kern
and Fresno counties (Mus. Vert. Zool.) ; northernmost
station, Fresno.

Order CARNIVORA
Family URSIDAE
Ursus horribilis californicus Merriam
California Grizzly
Original description—[Ursus horribilis] californicus Mer-
riam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 10, April 13, 1896, p. 76, fig. 15.
Type locality—Monterey, California.
Synonyms—Ursus horribilis; Ursus horribilis horriaeus;
Grizzly Bear.
Range—Formerly almost throughout the state, except the
southeastern deserts and the extreme northwestern humid

coast belt. Zone, mostly Upper Sonoran and lower Transition.
Now probably extinct.

Ursus americanus altifrontalis Elliot
Northwestern Black Bear
Original description—Ursus altifrontalis Elliot, Field Col.
Mus., zool. ser., 3, June, 1903, pp. 234, 235.

Type locality—Shore of Lake Crescent, Clallam County,
Washington.

Synonyms—Ursus americanus; Ursus cinnamoneus; Cinna-
mon Bear; Brown Bear; Black Bear.

Range—Chiefly Transition and Boreal zones of northwest-
ern California north of San Francisco Bay, and south along
the Sierra Nevada at least as far as the Tehachapi Mountains,
in Kern County. It is possible that the black bears of the
Sierra Nevada belong to a separate and unnamed subspecies.

Family CANIDAE

Canis gigas (Townsend)
Northwestern Timber Wolf

Original description—Lupus gigas Townsend, Journ. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila., n. s., 2, November, 1850, pp. 75, 76.

Vor. III] GRINNELL—MAMMALS OF CALIFORNIA 285

Type locality—Fort Vancouver, Clarke County, Washing-
ton (see Miller, Smithsonian Misc. Colls., 59, 1912, pp. 2, 4).

Synonyms—Canis mexicanus; Canis nubilis; Canis lupus
grisco-albus; Gray Wolf,

Range—Northern California, and south along the Sierra
Nevada. Now rare or extinct. The number of records (ene
Price, Zoe, 4, 1894, p. 331) and reports from the region
specified carries conviction that a wolf of some form has
occurred as above indicated. But lack of specimens brings
doubt as to the race represented.

Canis latrans lestes Merriam
Mountain Coyote

Original description—Canis lestes Merriam, Proc. Biol.
Soc. Wash., 11, March 15, 1897, pp. 25, 26.

Type locality—Toyabe Mountains, near Cloverdale, Nye
County, Nevada.

Range—Transition and Boreal zones of the Modoc region,
west to Mount Shasta (Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna, 16, 1899,
p. 103) and south along the Sierra Nevada at least to Monache
Meadows, Tulare County (Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Canis ochropus ochropus Eschscholtz
California Valley Coyote

Original description—Canis ochropus Eschscholtz, Zool.
Atlas,53, 1829; pp. 1,.2, pl) Wl)

Type locality—Tracy, San Joaquin County, California
(fixed by Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 11, 1897, ProZye

Synonyms—Canis mearnsi; Mearns Coyote; Valley Coyote.

Range—Throughout California west of the high Sierra
Nevada, and south through the San Diegan district and in-
cluded mountains to the Mexican line. Zone, chiefly Lower
and Upper Sonoran, locally Transition. There is probably
a slightly differentiated race in the San Diegan district (re-
ferred to Canis mearnsi by Stephens, Calif. Mammals, 1906,
p. 216).

Canis ochropus estor Merriam
Desert Coyote

Original description—Canis estor Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc.
Wash., 11, March 15, 1897, pp. 31, 32.

286 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser.

Type locality—Noland’s Ranch, San Juan River, San Juan
County, Utah.

Range—Lower Sonoran zone on the Colorado and Mohave
deserts, west to Antelope Valley, northern Los Angeles
County, and north through the Inyo region (Mus. Vert.
Zool. ).

Vulpes cascadensis Merriam
Cascade Red Fox

Original description—Vulpes cascadensis Merriam, Proc.
Wash. Acad. Sci., 2, December 28, 1900, pp. 665, 666, pl.
56, fig. 3.

Type locality—Trout Lake, base of Mount Adams, Ska-
mania County, Washington.

Synonyms—V ulpes macrourus; Mountain Red Fox.

Range—High Transition and Boreal zones on the northern
Sierra Nevada, south as far as Mount Raymond, in Mariposa
County (Merriam, supra cit.).

Vulpes necator Merriam
High Sierra Red Fox

Original description—V ulpes necator Merriam, Proc. Wash.
Acad. Sci., 2, December 28, 1900, pp. 664, 665, pl. 36, fig. 2.

Type locality—Whitney Meadows, 9500 feet altitude, Sierra
Nevada, Tulare County, California.

Range—Boreal zone of the southern Sierra Nevada, from
Monache Meadows, Tulare County (Mus. Vert. Zool.), north
at least to Atwell’s Mill, East Fork Kaweah River, Tulare
County (Merriam, supra cit.).

Vulpes macrotis macrotis Merriam
Long-eared Kit Fox

Original description—V ulpes macrotis Merriam, Proc. Biol.
Soc. Wash., 4, 1888, pp. 135-138.

Type locality—Riverside, Riverside County, California.

Range—Lower Sonoran zone in the San Diegan district,
northwest to Los Angeles County.

Vor. III] GRINNELL—MAMMALS OF CALIFORNIA 287

Vulpes macrotis muticus Merriam
San Joaquin Kit Fox

Original description—Vulpes muticus Merriam, Proc. Biol.
Soc. Wash., 15, March 22, 1902, p. 74.

Type locality—Tracy, San Joaquin County, California.

Range—Lower Sonoran zone in the San Joaquin Valley.

Vulpes macrotis arsipus Elliot
Mohave Desert Kit Fox

Original description—V ulpes arsipus Elliot, Field Col. Mus.,
zool. ser., 3, December, 1903, p. 256.

Type locality—Daggett, Mohave Desert, San Bernardino
County, California.

Range—Lower Sonoran zone on the Colorado and Mohave
deserts, west to Palm Springs, Riverside County (Mus. Vert.
Zool.), and north to the Panamint Mountains, Inyo County
(Elliot, supra cit.).

Urocyon cinereoargenteus townsendi Merriam
Townsend Gray Fox

Original description—Urocyon californicus townsendi Mer-
riam, N. Amer. Fauna, 16, October, 1899, pp. 103, 104.

Type locality—Baird, Shasta County, California.

Range—Transition and Upper Sonoran zones in extreme
northern California, from the interior of Humboldt County
east to the vicinity of Mount Shasta (Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Urocyon cinereoargenteus sequoiensis Dixon
Redwood Gray Fox

Original description—Urocyon californicus sequoiensis
Dixon, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., 5, February 12, 1910, pp.
303-305.

Type locality—Lagunitas, Marin County, California.

Synonyms—Urocyon californicus, part; Vulpes virgin-
tanus; Urocyon cinereoargenteus californicus, part.

Range—High Upper Sonoran and Transition zones in the
humid coast belt of west-central California, from Monterey
Bay north to Lake County (Dixon, supra cit.).

288 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H SER.

Urocyon cinereoargenteus californicus Mearns
California Gray Fox

Original description—Urocyon cinereoargenteus californi-
cus Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 20, January 12, 1897, pp.
459, 460.

Type locality—8000 feet altitude, in San Jacinto Moun-
tains, Riverside County, California.

Synonyns—Urocyon californicus; Urocyon virginianus
littoralts.

Range—Upper Sonoran and Transition zones in southern
and central California west of the desert divides, and east and
south of the humid coast belt.

Urocyon cinereoargenteus scotti Mearns
Arizona Gray Fox

Original description—Urocyon virginianus scotti Mearns,
Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 3, May, 1891, pp. 236-238.

Type locality—Pinal County, Arizona.

Synonyms—Urocyon cinereo-argenteus inyoensis Elliot,
Field Col. Mus., zool. ser., 3, March, 1904, pp. 268, 269 (type
from Beveridge Canyon, Inyo Mountains, Inyo County, Cali-
fornia) ; Inyo Mountains Gray Fox.

Range—Lower and Upper Sonoran zones on the Colorado
and Mohave deserts and included mountains, from the Mexi-
can line north to Inyo County, and west to the east line of the
San Jacinto Mountains in Riverside County (Mus. Vert.
Zool. ).

Urocyon littoralis littoralis (Baird)

San Miguel Island Fox

Original description—Vulpes (Urocyon) lttoralis Baird,
Pac. R. R. Rep., 8, 1857, pp. 143-145.

Type locality—San Miguel Island, Santa Barbara Islands,
California.

Synonyms—Coast Fox; Short-tailed Fox.

Range—San Miguel Island.

Vor. IIT] GRINNELL—MAMMALS OF CALIFORNIA 289

Urocyon littoralis santacruzae Merriam
Santa Cruz Island Fox
Original description—Urocyon littoralis santacruzae Mer-
riam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 16, May 29, 1903, p. 75.
Type locality—Santa Cruz Island, Santa Barbara Islands,
California.
Range

Santa Cruz Island.

Urocyon catalinae Merriam
Santa Catalina Island Fox
Original description—Urocyon catalinae Merriam, Proc.
Biol. Soc. Wash., 16, May 29, 1903, p. 74.
Type locality—Santa Catalina Island, Santa Barbara
Islands, California.
Range—Santa Catalina Island.

Urocyon clementae Merriam

San Clemente Island Fox

Original description—Urocyon clementae Merriam, Proc.
Biol. Soc. Wash., 16, May 29, 1903, p. 75.

Type locality—San Clemente Island, Santa Barbara Islands,
California.

Range—San Clemente Island.

Family PROCYONIDAE
Bassariscus astutus raptor (Baird)

California Ring-tailed Cat

Original description—Bassaris raptor Baird, Mammals
Mex. Boundary, 1859, p. 19.

Type locality—Northern California (see Merriam, Proc.
Biol. Soc. Wash., 11, 1897, pp. 186, 187).

Synonyms—Bassariscus flavus oregonus; Bassariscus as-
tutus; Bassaris astuta; Civet Cat; Raccoon-fox.

Range—Upper Sonoran and lower Transition zones west
of the Sierran divides, from the San Diegan district north
nearly to the Oregon line, though at the north chiefly east of
the humid coast belt.

290 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 41H Ser.

Procyon psora psora Gray
California Coon

Original description—Procyon psora Gray, Ann. and Mag.
Nat. Hist.;°10; 1842, p. 261.

Type locality—Sacramento, California.

Synonyms—Procyon lotor; Procyon lotor hernandezi; Cali-
fornia Raccoon.

Range—Lower Sonoran, Upper Sonoran and lower Transi-
tion zones throughout California, except the northern border
and the southeastern deserts.

Procyon psora pacifica Merriam
Pacific Coon

Original description—Procyon psora pacifica Merriam, N.
Amer. Fauna, 16, October, 1899, p. 107.

Type locality—Keechelus Lake, Cascade Mountains, Kit-
titas County, Washington.

Range—Upper Sonoran and Transition zones along north-
ern border of the state, south as far as Pitt River, Shasta
County (Merriam, supra cit.).

Procyon pallidus Merriam
Pallid Coon

Original description—Procyon pallidus Merriam, Proc. Biol.
Soc. Wash., 13, June 13, 1900, pp. 151, 152.

Type locality—New River, Colorado Desert, Imperial
County, California.

Synonyms—Desert Raccoon; Procyon lotor pallidus.

Range—Lower Sonoran zone on the Colorado Desert, in

Imperial County, and north along the Colorado River at least
to Needles (Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Family MUSTELIDAE
Martes caurina caurina (Merriam)
Northwestern Pine Marten

Original description—Mustela caurina Merriam, N. Amer.
Fauna, 4, October, 1890, pp. 27-29.

Vor. III] GRINNELL—MAMMALS OF CALIFORNIA 291

Type locality—Near Gray’s Harbor, Chehalis County,
Washington.

Synonym—M ustela americanus.

Range—Transition and Boreal zones in northwestern Cali-
fornia, south to Mendocino County, east to Mount Shasta
(Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna, 16, 1899, p. 106), south over
the central Sierra Nevada (Price, Zoe, 4, 1894, p. 331).

Martes pennanti pacifica (Rhoads)
Pacific Fisher

Original description—Mustela canadensis pacifica Rhoads,
Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., n. s., 19, September, 1898, pp.
435, 436.

Type locality—Lake Kichelos (=Keechelus), Kittitas
County, Washington.

Synonyms—Mustela pennanti; Mustela pennanti pacifica;
Pennant Marten.

Range—Transition and Boreal zones in northwestern Cali-
fornia, south to Trinity County (Mus. Vert. Zool.), and along
the Sierra Nevada, from Mount Shasta (Merriam, N. Amer.
Fauna, 16, 1899, p. 106) south at least to Eldorado County
(Price, Zoe, 4, 1894, p. 331).

Gulo luscus luteus Flliot
Sierra Nevada Wolverine

Original description—Gulo luteus Elliot, Field Col. Mus.,
zool. ser., 3, December, 1903, p. 260.

Type locality—Crater Meadows (Groundhog Meadow),
Whitney Creek (=Golden Trout Creek), Sierra Nevada,
Tulare County, California (see Elliot, supra cit., p. 280).

Synonym—Gulo luscus.

Range—Boreal zone on the Sierra Nevada, from the
vicinity of Mount Shasta (Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna, 16,
1899, p. 105), south through the Lake Tahoe region (Beld-
ing, Zoe, 1, December, 1890, p. 303; Price, Zoe, 4, March,
1894, p. 331) to Monache Meadows, Tulare County ones
Vert. Zool.).

292 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4rH Ser.

Mustela muricus (Bangs)
Sierra Least Weasel

Original description—Putorius (Arctogale) muricus Bangs,
Proc. New Eng. Zool. Club, 1, July 31, 1899, p. 71.

Type locality—Echo, Eldorado County, California.

Synonym—Putorius muricus.

Range—Known only from the type locality, as above.

Mustela arizonensis (Mearns)
Mountain Weasel

Original description—Putorius arizonensis Mearns, Bull.
Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 3, May, 1891, pp. 234, 235.

Type locality—San Francisco forest, near Flagstaff,
Coconino County, Arizona.

Synonyms—Arizona Weasel; Putorius brasiliensis frenatus.

Range—tTransition and Boreal zones along the Sierra
Nevada, from Mount Shasta (Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna, 16,
1899, p. 106) south to Tulare County, and the San Jacinto
Mountains, Riverside County (Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Mustela xanthogenys xanthogenys Gray
California Weasel

Original description—Mustela xanthogenys Gray, Ann.
and Mag. Nat. Hist., 11, 1843, p. 118.

Type locality—Southern California, probably near San
Diego (fide Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna, 11, 1896, p. 25).

Synonyms—Y ellow-cheeked Weasel; Putorius xanthogenys.

Range—Lower and Upper Sonoran zones west of the desert
divides, from the Mexican line north through the San Diegan
district, and west-central California east of the northern
humid coast belt, at least to the head of the Sacramento
Valley.

Mustela xanthogenys munda (Bangs)
Redwood Weasel

Original description—Putorius xanthogenys mundus Bangs,

Proc. New Eng. Zool. Club, 1, June 9, 1899, pp. 56, 57.

Vou. IIT] GRINNELL—MAMMALS OF CALIFORNIA 293

Type locality—Point Reyes, Marin County, California.

Range—Transition zone in the humid coast belt north of
San Francisco Bay: Point Reyes and Nicasio, Marin County
(Bangs, supra cit.), north to Humboldt Bay (Mus. Vert.
Zool.). It is possible that the weasels of the region immedi-
ately south of San Francisco Bay also belong here.

Mustela vison energumenos (Bangs)
Pacific Mink

Original description—Putorius vison energumenos Bangs,
Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 27, March, 1896, p. 5.

Type locality—Sumas, British Columbia, Canada.

Synonyms—Putorius vison; Lutreola vison energumenos;
American Mink.

Range—Northern California along streams generally, south
to Petaluma, Sonoma County, through the Sacramento and
San Joaquin valleys at least to Stanislaus County, along the
Sierra Nevada to Kern River in Tulare County, and through
Owen’s Valley at least to Fish Springs, near Big Pine, Inyo
County (Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Spilogale gracilis gracilis Merriam
Canyon Spotted Skunk

Original description—S pilogale gracilis Merriam, N. Amer.
Fauna, 3, August, 1890, p. 83.

Type locality—Grand Canyon of the Colorado, Arizona,
north of San Francisco Mountain.

Range—Sonoran zones of the Inyo region: Inyo and Pana-
mint mountains, Inyo County (Howell, N. Amer. Fauna, 26,
L906; ps 23).

Spilogale gracilis saxatilis Merriam
Great Basin Spotted Skunk

Original description—S pilogale saxatilis Merriam, N. Amer.
Fauna, 4, October, 1890, p. 13.

Type locality—Provo, Utah County, Utah.

Range—Extreme northeastern corner of the state in Upper
Sonoran zone: Susanville, Lassen County (Howell, N. Amer.
Fauna, 26, 1906, p. 23).

294 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 47H Ser.

Spilogale arizonae arizonae Mearns
Arizona Spotted Skunk

Original description—S pilogale phenax arizonae Mearns,
Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 3, June, 1891, pp. 256, 257.

Type locality—Fort Verde, Yavapai County, Arizona.

Range—Valley of lower Colorado River, near Pilot Knob,
Imperial County: Lower Sonoran zone (Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Spilogale phenax phenax Merriam
California Spotted Skunk

Original description—S pilogale phenax Merriam, N. Amer.
Fauna, 4, October, 1890, pp. 13, 14.

Type locality—Nicasio, Marin County, California.

Synonyms—M ephitis bicolor; Mephitis zorilla; Hydropho-
bia Skunk; Western Spotted Skunk; Little Spotted Skunk,
part.

Range—Lower and Upper Sonoran zones and, at the north,
Transition, throughout southern and west-central California
west of the desert divides, from the Mexican line north
through the San Diegan district and along the western slopes
of the Sierra Nevada and the central and northern coast
strips to Shasta and Humboldt counties (Howell, N. Amer.
Fauna, 26, 1906, p. 32; Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Spilogale phenax latifrons Merriam
Oregon Spotted Skunk
Original description—S pilogale phenax latifrons Merriam,
N. Amer. Fauna, 4, October, 1890, p. 15.
Type locality—Roseburg, Douglas County, Oregon.
Synonym—Little Spotted Skunk, part.
Range—Extreme northwestern border of the state, in

Siskiyou County: Siskiyou Mountains and Hornbrook
(Howell, N. Amer. Fauna, 26, 1906, p. 33).

Mephitis estor Merriam
Arizona Striped Skunk

Original description—Mephitis estor Merriam, N. Amer.
Fauna, 3, August, 1890, pp. 81, 82.

Vor. IIT] GRINNELL—MAMMALS OF CALIFORNIA 295

Type locality
Arizona.

Range—Extreme Lower Sonoran zone: Valley of the
lower Colorado River, from Needles to the Mexican line (Mus.

Vert. Zool.).

Mephitis occidentalis occidentalis Baird

San Francisco Mountain, Coconino County,

Northern California Striped Skunk

Original description—Mephitis occidentalis Baird, Pac. R.
R. Rep., 8, 1857, p. 194.

Type locality—Petaluma, Sonoma County, California.

Synonyms—Chincha occidentalis; California Skunk.

Range—Upper Sonoran and Transition zones of the west-
central and northern portions of the state, from about the
latitude of Monterey Bay north to the Oregon line, east to
Shasta Valley and the main Sierra Nevada ( Howell, N. Amer.
Fauna, 20, 1901, pp. 34, 35; Mus. Vert. Zool. ).

Mephitis occidentalis major (Howell)
Great Basin Striped Skunk

Original description—Chincha occidentalis major Howell,
N. Amer. Fauna, 20, August 31, 1901, pp. 37, 38.

Type locality—Fort Klamath, Klamath County, Oregon.

Range—Upper Sonoran and Transition zones in the Modoc
region of northeastern California; west to Lassen Creek,
Shasta County, south to Sierra Valley, Plumas County
(Howell, supra cit.; Mus. Vert. Zool. ).

Mephitis occidentalis holzneri Mearns
Southern California Striped Skunk

Original description—Mephitis occidentalis holzneri Mearns,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 20, January 12, 1897, p. 461.

Type locality—San Isidro Ranch, near United States boun-
dary, Lower California, Mexico.

Synonyms—Chincha occidentalis holsneri; Lower Califor-
nia Skunk.

Range—Lower Sonoran, Upper Sonoran and Transition
zones in southern California chiefly west of the deserts proper,

296 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [ Proc. 4TH SER.

from the Mexican line north to about the latitude of Monterey ;
east to the southern Sierra Nevada and the western edges of
the Mohave and Colorado deserts (Howell, N. Amer. Fauna,
20, 1901, p. 38; Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Mephitis platyrhina (Howell)
Broad-nosed Striped Skunk

Original description—Chincha platyrhina Howell, N. Amer.
Fauna, 20, August 31, 1901, p. 39.

Type locality—South Fork of Kern River, 25 miles east
of Kernville, Kern County, California.

Range—Lower Sonoran zone about southern end of Sierra
Nevada; recorded only from valley of the South Fork of the
Kern River, in Kern County, and from Owens Valley and
Owens Lake, in Inyo County (Howell, supra cit.).

Taxidea taxus neglecta Mearns
California Badger

Original description—Taxidea americana neglecta Mearns,
Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 3, June, 1891, pp. 250, 251.

Type locality—Fort Crook (near Burgettville), Shasta
County, California.

Synonyms—Taxidea americana; Taxidea taxus; Western
Badger; American Badger.

Range—Chiefly Sonoran and Transition zones, casually
Boreal, east and south of the humid coast belt, and northwest
of the Colorado Desert; in other words, interior valleys, from
the Oregon line east of the humid coast belt to the Mexican
line west of the Colorado Desert; occurs both east and west
of the Sierra Nevada (Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Taxidea taxus berlandieri Baird
Mexican Badger
Original description—Taxidea berlandieri Baird, Pac. R. R.
Rep., 8, 1857, p. 205.
Type locality—Llano Estacado, Texas, near border of New
Mexico .

Vor. III] GRINNELL—MAMMALS OF CALIFORNIA 297

Range—Lower Sonoran zone on the Colorado Desert: Im-
perial Valley and north along the Colorado River at least to
vicinity of Picacho (Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Lutra canadensis pacifica Rhoads
Pacific River Otter

Original description—Lutra hudsonica pacifica Rhoads,
Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., n. s., 19, September, 1898, pp.
429-431.

Type locality—Lake Kichelos (=Keechelus), Kittitas
County, Washington.

Synonyms—Lutra californica; Lutra canadensis; California
Otter.

Range—Streams of northern California, south at least to
Mendocino County, and through the Sacramento and San
Joaquin valleys to the San Joaquin River, Fresno County.

Latax lutris nereis Merriam
Southern Sea Otter

Original description—Latax lutris nereis Merriam, Proc.
Biol. Soc. Wash., 17, October 6, 1904, p. 159.

Type locality—San Miguel Island, Santa Barbara Islands,
California.

Synonyms—Latax lutris; Enhydra lutris; Enhydra marina;
San Miguel Island Sea Otter.

Range—In the ocean along the exposed seashore and neigh-
boring islands the whole length of the state, especially about
the Santa Barbara and Farallon islands (see Scammon, Marine
Mammals, 1874, pp. 168-174). Formerly abundant, now
rare. It is possible that the animals which occurred off the
northern California coast belonged to the northern sub-
species.

Family FELIDAE

Felis oregonensis oregonensis Rafinesque
Northwestern Cougar

Original description—“Felix [=Felis] oregonensis Ra-
finesque, Atlantic Journal, 1, 1832, p. 62.”

August 26, 1913.

298 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H SER.

Type locality—Northwestern coast of the United States
(fide Stone, Science, n. ser., 9, 1899, p. 35.)

Synonyms—F elis concolor, part; Felis concolor oregonensis,
part; Felis hippolestes olympus; Pacific Coast Cougar; North-
western Puma; Mountain Lion, part.

Range—Throughout the state except for the foe south-
eastern deserts. Ranges through all zones, though perhaps
most plentiful in Upper Sonoran and Transition.

Felis oregonensis browni Merriam
Yuma Cougar

Original description—Felis aztecus browni Merriam, Proc.
Biol. Soc. Wash., 16, May 29, 1903, pp. 73, 74.

Type locality—Lower Colorado River, 12 miles south of
Yuma, Arizona.

Synonyms—Felis concolor, part; Felis concolor oregonensis,
part; Mountain Lion, part; Brown Cougar.

Range—Lower Sonoran zone on the Colorado Desert, and .
north along the Colorado River (Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Lynx fasciatus oculeus Bangs
Southern Barred Wildcat

Original description—Lynx (Cervaria) fasciatus oculeus
Bangs, Proc. New Eng. Zool. Club, 1, March 31, 1899, pp.
23; 24.

Type locality—Nicasio, Marin County, California.

Synonyms—Felis rufa oculea; Sharp-sighted Lynx.

Range—Upper Sonoran and Transition zones of the north-
western coast belt, from Marin County north probably to the
Oregon line (Bangs, supra cit.).

Lynx fasciatus pallescens Merriam
Pallid Barred Wildcat

Original description—Lynx fasciatus pallescens Merriam,
N. Amer. Fauna, 16, October, 1899, p. 104.

Type locality—South base of Mount Adams, near Trout
Lake, Skamania County, Washington.

Synonyms—F elis rufa pallescens; Pallid Lynx.

Vor. IIT] GRINNELL—MAMMALS OF CALIFORNIA 299

Range—Interior of northern California; vicinity of Mount
Shasta south to Pitt River, in Shasta County (Merriam,
supra cit.).

Lynx eremicus eremicus Mearns
Desert Wildcat

Original description—Lynx rufus eremicus Mearns, Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus., 20, January 12, 1897, pp. 457, 458.

Type locality—New River, 6 miles northwest of Laguna
Station, Colorado Desert, Imperial County, California.

Synonyms—Desert Lynx, part; Felis rufa eremica.

Range—Lower Sonoran zone on the Colorado and Mohave
deserts, north at least to Needles, west to Victorville, San
Bernardino County (Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Lynx eremicus californicus Mearns
California Wildcat

Original description—Lynx rufus californicus Mearns,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 20, January 12, 1897, p. 458.

Type locality—San Diego, California.

Synonyms—Lynx calemmcuts Lynx eremicus, part; Desert
Lynx, part; Felis rufa californica.

Range—Sonoran, Transition, and lower Boreal zones
throughout the greater portion of the state west and north
of the desert proper, and south and east of the northern coast
belt (Mus. Vert. Zool.). Northernmost record along the
Sierra Nevada: Baird, Shasta County (Merriam, N. Amer.
Fauna, 16, 1899, p. 104).

Order PINNIPEDIA
Family OTARIIDAE
Zalophus californianus (Lesson)
California Sea Lion

Original description—“Otaria californiana Lesson, Dict.
Class. Hist. Nat., 13, 1828, p. 420.”
Type locality—*‘California.”

300 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser.

Synonyms—Otaria gillespii M’Bain, Proc. Edinb. Roy.
Soc., 1, 1858, p. 422 (type from California)”; Zalophus gil-
lespu; Arctocephalus gilliespu; Lobo Marino.

Range—Seacoast and islands of southern California, breed-
ing northwards from near the Mexican line to San Miguel
Island; occurs at times farther north even to San Francisco
Bay (J. Rowley, MS; Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Eumetopias stelleri (Lesson)
Steller Sea Lion

Original description—‘“Otaria stelleri Lesson, Dict. Class
Hist. Nat., 13, 1828, p. 420.”

Type locality—“North Pacific Ocean.”

Synonyms—Eumetopias jubata; Otaria jubata; Arcto-
cephalus monteriensis Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1859, pp.
358, 360, pl. 72 (type from Monterey).

Range—Seacoast and islands of central and northern Cali-
fornia, breeding northwards from Richardson Rock, near San
Miguel Island, to near the Oregon line (J. Rowley, MS; Mus.
Vert. Zool. ).

Callotaria alascana (Jordan and Clark)
Pribilof Fur Seal

Original description—Callorhinus alascanus Jordan and
Clark, Fur Seals and Fur Seal Islands of North Pacific Ocean,
pt: 3, 1699 ssp: 2:

Type locality—Pribilof Islands, Bering Sea.

Synonyms—Callorhinus ursinus, part; Northern Fur Seal,
part.

Range—lIn the annual migrations this fur seal occurs from
January to March on the ocean off northern California, south
as far as the vicinity of Point Conception (see Townsend, in
Fur Seals and Fur Seal Islands of North Pacific Ocean, pt.
3, 1899, pp. 223-252, map).

Arctocephalus townsendi Merriam
Guadalupe Fur Seal

Original description—Arctocephalus townsendi Merriam,
Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 11, July 1, 1897, p. 178.

Vor. IT] GRINNELL—MAMMALS OF CALIFORNIA 301

Type locality—Guadalupe Island, off Lower California,
Mexico.

Synonyms—Callorhinus ursinus, part; Northern Fur Seal,
part.

Range—With little doubt fur seals formerly bred along the
coast and among the islands of southern California (Scammon,
Marine Mammals, 1874, p. 154; Stephens, Calif. Mammals,
1906, p. 206). The geographical probabilities strongly favor
their identity with the southern form possibly still in existence
off Lower California, rather than with the fur seal breeding
on the Pribilof Islands, in Bering Sea.

Family PHOCIDAE
Phoca richardi geronimensis Allen
California Harbor Seal

Original description—Phoca richardi geronimensis Allen,
Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 16, December 12, 1902, pp. 493,
495, 496.

Type locality—San Geronimo Island, Lower California.

Synonyms—Phoca pealei; Phoca richardi; Phoca vitulina;
San Geronimo Harbor Seal.

Range—Seacoast, islands, and bays, from the Mexican to
the Oregon lines. It is probable that the harbor seals of the
northern coast district will be found to be in characters nearest
Phoca richardi richardi.

Macrorhinus angustirostris Gill
Northern Elephant Seal

Original description—‘Macrorhinus angustirostris Gill,
Proc. Chicago Acad. Sci., 1, 1866, p. 33.”

Type locality—‘Saint Bartholomew’s Bay, Lower Califor-
nia, Mexico.”

Synonyms—M irounga angustirostris; Sea Elephant.

Range—Formerly north along the seacoast as far as Point
Reyes, Marin County (Scammon, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
1869, p. 61) ; occurred in numbers at Santa Barbara Island as
late as 1852 (Scammon, Marine Mammals, 1874, p. 118);

302 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

now restricted to the vicinity of Guadalupe Island, Lower
California (Townsend, Zoologica, N. Y. Zool. Soc., 1, 1912,
p. 171s

Order RODENTIA
Family MURIDAE
Onychomys leucogaster brevicaudus Merriam
Short-tailed Grasshopper Mouse

Original description—Onychomys leucogaster brevicaudus
Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna, 5, July, 1891, p. 52. %

Type locality—Blackfoot, Bingham County, Idaho.

Range—High Upper Sonoran zone along the extreme east-
ern edge of the state, in the Modoc region: Sugar Hill and

Dry Creek, Warner Mountains, south to Benton, Mono
County (Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Onychomys torridus torridus (Coues)
Arizona Grasshopper Mouse

Original description—Hesperomys (Onychomys) torridus
Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., December 15, 1874, p.
183.

Type locality—Camp Grant, Graham County, Arizona.

Synonyms—Onychomys pulcher Elliot, Field Col. Mus.,
zool. ser., 3, December, 1903, pp. 243, 244 (type from Morongo
Pass, east end of San Bernardino Mountains, California) ;
Onychomys torridus perpallidus; Onychomys torridus longi-
caudus.

Range—Lower Sonoran zone on Colorado and Mohave
deserts; west to Jacumba, San Diego County, Whitewater,
Riverside County, and Antelope Valley, northern Los Angeles
County, north to Independence, Inyo County (Mus. Vert.
Zool. ). :

Onychomys torridus ramona Rhoads

Ramona Grasshopper Mouse

Original description—Onychomys ramona Rhoads, Amer.
Nat., 27, September, 1893, pp. 833, 834.

Type locality—San Bernardino Valley, San Bernardino
County, California.

Vor. III] GRINNELL—MAMMALS OF CALIFORNIA 303

Synonym—San Bernardino Grasshopper Mouse.

Range—Lower Sonoran zone on the Pacific slope of the
San Diegan district from the Mexican line northwest at least
to San Fernando Valley, Los Angeles County (Mus. Vert.
Zool.).

Onychomys torridus tularensis Merriam
Tulare Grasshopper Mouse

Original description—Onychomys torridus tularensis Mer-
riam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 17, June 9, 1904, p. 123.

Type locality—Bakersfield, Kern County, California.

Range—Lower Sonoran zone in the southern San Joaquin
Valley ; east to Kern Valley; west to Carrizo Plains, San Luis
Obispo County; north to Huron, Fresno County (Merriam,
supra cit.; Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Reithrodontomys megalotis longicauda (Baird)
Long-tailed Harvest Mouse

Original description—Reithrodon longicauda Baird, Pac.
R. R. Rep., 8, 1857, pp. 451, 452.

Type locality—Petaluma, Sonoma County, California.

Synonyms—Reithrodontomys pallidus Rhoads, Amer. Nat.,
27, September, 1893, p. 835 (type from Santa Ysabel [Witch
Creek], San Diego County, California) ; Ochetodon longi-
cauda, Reithrodontomys longicauda; Reithrodontomys longi-
cauda pallidus; Sonoma Harvest Mouse.

Range—Upper Sonoran and lower Transition zones of the
greater portion of California west of the Sierran divides, from
the Mexican boundary north through the San Diegan district,
and through both the coast belt and San Joaquin and Sacra-
mento valleys, to Trinidad, Humboldt County, and Scott River
Valley, Siskiyou County (Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Reithrodontomys megalotis klamathensis Merriam
Klamath Harvest Mouse
Original description—Reithrodontomys klamathensis Mer-
riam, N. Amer. Fauna, 16, October, 1899, p. 93.
Type locality—Big Spring (= Mayten), Shasta Valley,
Siskiyou County, California.

304 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [ Proc. 47H SER.

Range—Upper Sonoran zone of the Modoc region, west to
Montague, Siskiyou County, and south to Vinton, Plumas
County (Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Reithrodontomys megalotis deserti Allen
Desert Harvest Mouse

Original description—Reithrodontomys megalotis deserti
Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 7, May 21, 1895, pp. 127-
129.

Type locality—Oasis Valley, Nye County, Nevada.

Synonym—Reithrodontomys megalotis.

Range—Lower and Upper Sonoran zones of the Colorado
and Mohave desert areas, west to the eastern border of the
San Diegan district, and north, east of the Sierra Nevada, to
the head of Owens Valley (Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Reithrodontomys megalotis catalinae Elliot
Catalina Island Harvest Mouse

Original description—Reithrodontomys catalinae Elliot,
Field Col. Mus., zool. ser., 3, December, 1903, p. 246.

Type locality—Santa Catalina Island, Santa Barbara group,
California.

Range—Santa Catalina Island, Santa Barbara group (Elliot,
supra cit.; Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Reithrodontomys halicoetes Dixon
Tidal Marsh Harvest Mouse
Original description—Reithrodontomys halicoetes Dixon,
Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., 5, August 14, 1909, pp. 271-273.
Type locality—Salt marsh 3 miles south of Petaluma, So-
noma County, California.
Synonym—Salt Marsh Harvest Mouse, part.
Range—Tidal marshes on the north side of San Francisco
and Suisun bays, from Petaluma east to Grizzly Island (Mus.
Vert. Zool.).
Reithrodontomys raviventris Dixon
Red-bellied Harvest Mouse

Original description—Reithrodontomys raviventris Dixon,
Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 21, October 20, 1908, pp. 197, 198.

Vor. IIT] GRINNELL—MAMMALS OF CALIFORNIA 305

Type locality—Redwood City, San Mateo County, Cali-
fornia.

Synonym—Salt Marsh Harvest Mouse, part.

Range—Salt marshes bordering the south arm of San Fran-
cisco Bay, from Redwood City around to Melrose Marsh, Ala-
meda County (Dixon, supra cit.; Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Peromyscus maniculatus rubidus Osgood
Redwood White-footed Mouse

Original description—Peromyscus oreas rubidus Osgood,
Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 14, December 12, 1901, p. 193.

Type locality—Mendocino City, Mendocino County, Cali-
fornia.

Synonyms—Peromyscus gambeli, part; Peromyscus texen-
sis gambeli.

Range—Humid northwest coast belt, in Upper Sonoran,
Transition, and Boreal zones, from the Oregon line (east to
Siskiyou Mountains) south to Golden Gate; also locally in
the redwood belt south of San Francisco Bay as far as Sur,
Monterey County (Osgood, N. Amer. Fauna, 28, 1909, p. 66;
Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Peromyscus maniculatus gambeli (Baird)
Gambel White-footed Mouse

Original description—Hesperomys gambelii Baird, Pac. R.
R. Rep., 8, 1857, p. 464.

Type locality—Monterey, California (see Allen, Bull. Amer.
Mus. Nat. Hist., 5, 1893, p. 190).

Synonyms—Peromyscus gambeli, part; Mus leucopus; Pero-
myscus sonoriensis gambeli; Peromyscus texanus gambeli;
Sitomys americanus gambeli; Peromyscus texanus medius.

Range—Throughout all zones and over the greater portion
of the state, from the Oregon line east of the humid coast belt,
to the Mexican line west of the Colorado desert (Osgood, N.
Amer. Fauna, 28, 1909, p. 67; Mus. Vert. Zool.) ; in other
words, California except humid coast belt north of San Fran-
cisco Bay, and southeastern desert regions. The most abun-
dant and at the same time wide-spread single mammal of the
state.

306 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 41H Ser.

Peromyscus maniculatus sonoriensis (Le Conte)
Sonora White-footed Mouse

Original description—Hesperomys sonoriensis Le Conte,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 6, October, 1853, p. 413.

Type locality—Santa Cruz, Sonora, Mexico.

Synonyms—Hesperomys leucopus deserticolus Mearns,
Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 2, February, 1890, pp. 285-287
(type from Mohave River, 12 miles below Hesperia, San Ber-
nardino County, California) ; Sitomys insolatus Rhoads, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., October, 1894, p. 256 (type from Oro
Grande, San Bernardino County, California); Desert Deer
Mouse; Peromyscus texensis thurberi.

Range—Colorado and Mohave deserts and adjacent moun-
tain ranges, west to Mount Pinos, Ventura County, and north
through the Inyo region to Alpine County (Osgood, N. Amer.
Fauna, 28, 1909, pp. 92, 93; Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Peromyscus maniculatus clementis Mearns
San Clemente White-footed Mouse

Original description—Peromyscus texanus clementis
Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 18, March 25, 1896, pp. 446,
447.

Type locality—San Clemente Island, California.

Range—Outer islands of Santa Barbara group, including
San Clemente, Santa Barbara, San Nicolas, Santa Rosa, and
San Miguel islands (Osgood, N. Amer. Fauna, 28, 1909, p.
96).

Peromyscus maniculatus catalinae Elliot
Catalina Island White-footed Mouse
Original description—Peromyscus catalinae Elliot, Field
Col. Mus., zool. ser., 3, April, 1903, p. 160.
Type locality—Santa Catalina Island, California.
Range—Santa Catalina and Santa Cruz islands, Santa Bar-
bara group (Osgood, N. Amer. Fauna, 28, 1909, p. 97; Mus.
Vert. Zool.).
Peromyscus boylei boylei (Baird)
Boyle White-footed Mouse
Original description—Hesperomys boylii Baird, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila., 7, April, 1855, pp. 335-336.

Vor. III] GRINNELL—MAMMALS OF CALIFORNIA 307

Type locality—Middle Fork American River, Eldorado
County, California, near Auburn (fide Osgood, N. Amer.
Fauna, 28, 1909, p. 142).

Synonym—Sitomys robustus Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat.
Hist., 5, December 16, 1893, p. 335 (type from Lakeport, Lake
County, California).

Range—Upper Sonoran and Transition zones along Sierra
Nevada, from yicinity of Yosemite north to Mount Shasta,
thence west to frinity Mountains and south along inner coast
ranges nearly to San Francisco Bay (Osgood, N. Amer. Fauna,
28, 1909, p. 142; Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Peromyscus boylei rowleyi (Allen)
Rowley White-footed Mouse

Original description—Sitomys rowley Allen, Bull. Amer.
Mus. Nat. Hist., 5, April 28, 1893, p. 76.

Type locality—Noland Ranch, San Juan River, Utah (fide
Osgood, N. Amer. Fauna, 28, 1909, p. 145).

Synonyms—Sitomys major Rhoads, Amer. Nat., 27, Sep-
tember, 1893, pp. 831, 832 (type from Squirrel Inn, San Ber-
nardino Mountains, San Bernardino County, California) ;
Peromyscus parasiticus Elliot, Field Col. Mus., zool. ser., 3,
December, 1903, p. 244 (type from Lone Pine, Inyo County,
California) ; Hesperomys aztecus.

Range—Upper Sonoran and Transition zones along moun-
tains of southern California, north through coast ranges to
Monterey County and in southern Sierra Nevada through
Tulare County, thence east across Owens Valley and on Provi-
dence Mountains (Osgood, N. Amer, Fauna, 28, 1909, pp.
146, 147; Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Peromyscus truei truei (Shufeldt)
True White-footed Mouse

Original description—Hesperomys truei Shufeldt, Proc. U.
S. Nat. Mus., 8, 1885, pp. 407, 408.

Type locality—Fort Wingate, McKinley County, New
Mexico.

Synonyms—Peromyscus lasius Elliot, Field Col. Mus., zool.
ser., 3, March, 1904, p. 265 (type from Hannopee Canyon,

308 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47TH SER.

Panamint Mountains, Inyo County, California) ; Peromyscus
montipinoris Elliot, ibid., p. 264 (type from Lockwood Val-
ley, Mount Pinos, Ventura County, California).

Range—Upper Sonoran and Transition zones along eastern
border of the state, chiefly east of the Sierra Nevada in the
Inyo region; thence west through the extreme southern Sierra
Nevada to the vicinity of Mount Pinos, Ventura County; north
to Susanville, Lassen County; south to Providence Mountains,
San Bernardino County (Osgood, N. Amer. Fauna, 28, 1909,
p. 169; Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Peromyscus truei gilberti (Allen)
Gilbert White-footed Mouse

Original description—Sitomys gilberti Allen, Bull. Amer.
Mus. Nat. Hist., 5, August, 1893, p. 188.

Type locality—Bear Valley, San Benito County, California.

Synonyms—Peromyscus dyselius Elliot, Field Col. Mus.,
zool. ser., 1, March, 1898, pp. 207, 208 (type from Portola,
San Mateo County, California) ; Peromyscus boylei, part.

Range—Upper Sonoran zone along central and northern
Sierra Nevada, and in coast ranges of middle California and of
northern California east of the humid coast belt; south to
Santa Barbara County; north to the Oregon line (Osgood, N.
Amer. Fauna, 28, 1909, p. 171; Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Peromyscus truei martirensis (Allen)
San Pedro Martir White-footed Mouse

Original description—Sitomys martirensis Allen, Bull.
Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 5, August 18, 1893, p. 187.

Type locality—San Pedro Martir Mountains, altitude 7000
feet, Lower California, Mexico.

Synonym—San Pedro Martir Big-eared Mouse.

Range—Upper Sonoran zone along mountains of extreme
southern California, north through the San Jacinto and San
Bernardino ranges (Osgood, N. Amer. Fauna, 28, 1909, p.
172; Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Vor. IIT] GRINNELL—MAMMALS OF CALIFORNIA 309

Peromyscus crinitus crinitus (Merriam)
Idaho Canyon Mouse

Original description—Hesperomys crinitus Merriam, N.
Amer. Fauna, 5, July, 1891, pp. 53, 54.

Type locality—Shoshone Falls, Snake River, Idaho.

Range—Upper Sonoran zone on extreme northeastern bor-
der of the state: eastern Lassen and Modoc counties (Osgood
N. Amer. Fauna, 28, 1909, p. 231; Mus. Vert. Zool.).

’

Peromyscus crinitus stephensi Mearns
Stephens Canyon Mouse

Original description—Peromyscus stephensi Mearns, Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus., 19, July 30, 1897, p. 721.

Type locality—Lowest water on wagon road in canyon at
eastern base of the Coast Range, near Mexican boundary, San
Diego County, California.

Synonym—Peromyscus petraius Elliot, Field Col. Mus.,
zool. ser., 3, December, 1903, p. 244 (type from Lone Pine,
Inyo County, California).

Range—Lower Sonoran zone on parts of Colorado and
Mohave deserts, north through Inyo region to White Moun-
tains and head of Owens Valley; west to Onyx, Kern County,
and to east slopes of San Bernardino and San Jacinto moun-
tains; southeast to Pilot Knob near Colorado River (Osgood,
N. Amer. Fauna, 28, 1909, pp. 233, 234; Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Peromyscus californicus californicus (Gambel)
Parasitic White-footed Mouse

Original description—Mus californicus Gambel, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila., 4, August, 1848, p. 78.

Type locality—Monterey, California.

Range—Upper Sonoran and Transition zones of coast
region south from San Francisco Bay to Ventura County;
thence east sparingly to western foothills of Sierra Nevada in
Kern and Tulare counties (Osgood, N. Amer. Fauna, 28, 1909,
p. 237; Mus. Vert. Zool.).

310 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser.

Peromyscus californicus insignis Rhoads
Southern Parasitic Mouse

Original description—Peromyscus insignis Rhoads, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., March, 1895, p. 33.

Type locality—Dulzura, San Diego County, California.

Synonym—H esperomys californicus.

Range—Upper Sonoran zone in southern California from
San Gabriel Mountains in Los Angeles County south to the
Mexican line (Osgood, N. Amer. Fauna, 28, 1909, p. 238;
Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Peromyscus eremicus eremicus (Baird)
Desert White-footed Mouse

Original description—Hesperomys eremicus Baird, Pac. R.
R. Rep., 8, 1857, pp. 479, 480.

Type locality—Fort Yuma, Imperial County, California.

Range—Lower Sonoran zone on Colorado desert and east-
ern parts of Mohave desert, west to east base of San Jacinto
Mountains, and north to the Death Valley region (Osgood, N.
Amer. Fauna, 28, 1909, p. 242; Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Peromyscus eremicus fraterculus (Miller)
Dulzura White-footed Mouse

Original description—V esperimus fraterculus Miller, Amer.
Nat., 26, March, 1892, pp. 261-263.

Type locality—Dulzura, San Diego County, California.

Synonyms—Sitomys herroni Rhoads, Amer. Nat., 27, Sep-
tember, 1893, pp. 832, 833 (type from San Bernardino Valley
[= Reche Canyon], San’ Bernardino County, California) ;
Sitomys herroni nigellus Rhoads, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
October, 1894, p. 257 (type from west Cajon Pass, San Ber-
nardino County, California).

Range—San Diegan district west of the desert divide, from
Nordhoff, Ventura County, southeast to the Mexican line,
chiefly in Lower Sonoran zone (Osgood, N. Amer. Fauna, 28,
1909, p. 244; Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Vor. IIT] GRINNELL—MAMMALS OF CALIFORNIA 311

Sigmodon hispidus eremicus Mearns
Western Desert Cotton Rat

Original description—Sigmodon hispidus eremicus Mearns,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 20, March 5, 1897, pp. 504, 505.

Type locality—Cienaga Well, 30 miles south of Mexican
boundary, on left bank of Colorado River, Sonora, Mexico.

Range—Valley of the lower Colorado River, from near
Palo Verde to near Pilot Knob (Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Neotoma albigula venusta True
Colorado Valley Wood Rat

Original description—Neotoma venusta True, Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus., 17, June 27, 1894, p. 354.

Type locality—Carrizo Creek, western Imperial County,
California.

Synonyms—N eotoma cumulator Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., 20, March 5, 1897, p. 503 (type from Fort Yuma, Im-
perial County, California); Neotoma desertorum grandis
Elliot, Field Col. Mus., zool. ser., 3, December, 1903, p. 247
(type from Cameron Lake, near Tehachapi, Kern County,
California ).

Range—Lower Sonoran zone in bed of the Colorado desert,
from the Mexican line northwest at least to Mecca, Riverside
County, west to extreme eastern San Diego County, and north
along the Colorado River, at least to near Riverside Mountain;
also sporadically (?) to Cameron Lake, near Tehachapi, Kern
County (Goldman, N. Amer. Fauna, 31, 1910, p. 34; Mus.
Vert. Zool.).

Neotoma intermedia intermedia Rhoads
Intermediate Wood Rat

Original description—Neotoma intermedia Rhoads, Amer.
Nat., 28, January, 1894, pp. 69, 70.

Type locality—Dulzura, San Diego County, California.

Synonyms—N eotoma californica Price, Proc. Calif. Acad.
Sci., 2nd ser., 4, May 9, 1894, pp. 154-156 (type from Bear
Valley, San Benito County, California) ; Rhoads Wood Rat;
Dulzura White-footed Wood Rat.

312 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H SER.

Range—Upper and Lower Sonoran zones west of the desert
divides, from the Mexican line in the San Diegan district north
through the coast region into Monterey and San Benito
counties; also in western foothills of extreme southern Sierra
Nevada north as far as Porterville, Tulare County (Goldman,
N. Amer. Fauna, 31, 1910, p. 44; Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Neotoma intermedia gilva Rhoads

Banning Wood Rat

Original description—Neotoma intermedia gilva Rhoads,
Amer. Nat., 28, January, 1894, p. 70.

Type locality—Banning, Riverside County, California.

Synonym—N eotoma desertorum sola Merriam, Proc. Biol.
Soc. Wash., 9, July 2, 1894, p. 126 (type from San Emigdio,
Kern County, California); Yellow Wood Rat.

Range—Arid Upper and Lower Sonoran zones along the
eastern edge of the main range of N. 1. intermedia, from Stan-
ley, Fresno County, southeast to the Mexican line, and east
through the Tehachapi region to the valley of the South Fork
of the Kern River; the range of gilva thus lies irregularly be-
tween that of intermedia and that of N. 1. desertorum (Mus.
Vert. Zool.; Goldman, N. Amer. Fauna, 31, 1910, pp. 45, 46).

Neotoma intermedia desertorum Merriam
Desert Wood Rat

Original description—Neotoma desertorum Merriam, Proc.
Biol. Soc. Wash., 9, July 2, 1894, pp. 125, 126.

Type locality—Furnace Creek, Death Valley, Inyo County,
California.

Synonym—Neotoma bella Bangs, Proc. New Eng. Zool.
Club, 1, July 31, 1899, pp. 66, 67 (type from Palm Springs,
Riverside County, California).

Range—Lower and Upper Sonoran zones on the southeast-
ern deserts, from the Mexican line north through the Inyo
region to the head of Owens Valley in Mono County, and in
extreme eastern Lassen County; west southerly to the east
base of the San Jacinto Mountains, in Riverside County, and
to Antelope Valley, in northern Los Angeles County (Gold-
man, N. Amer. Fauna, 31, 1910, p. 78; Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Vor. III] GRINNELL—MAMMALS OF CALIFORNIA Sls}

Neotoma fuscipes fuscipes Baird
Dusky-footed Wood Rat

Original description—Neotoma fuscipes (Cooper, MS)
Baird, Pac. R. R. Rep., 8, 1857, pp. 495, 496.

Type locality—Petaluma, Sonoma County, California.

Synonyms—Neotoma splendens True, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., 17, June 27, 1894, p. 353 (type from Marin County,
California) ; Neotoma fuscipes streatori, part.

Range—Upper Sonoran and Transition zones north of San
Francisco Bay, both coastwise and interiorly west of the Sacra-
mento Valley, to the Oregon line; eastwards at the north
through Siskiyou and Shasta counties as far as Haydenhill,
Lassen County (Goldman, N. Amer. Fauna, 31, 1910, pp.
87-89 ; Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Neotoma fuscipes streatori Merriam
Streator Wood Rat

Original description—Neotoma fuscipes streatori Merriam,
Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 9, July 2, 1894, p. 124.

Type locality—Carbondale, Amador County, California.

Range—Upper Sonoran and lower Transition zones along
west slope of Sierra Nevada, from Tehama County south to
near Porterville, Tulare County (Goldman, N. Amer. Fauna,
31, 1910, pp. 89, 90; Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Neotoma fuscipes annectens Elliot
Portola Wood Rat

Original description—Neotoma fuscipes annectens Elliot,
Field Col. Mus., zool. ser., 1, March, 1898, pp. 201, 202.

Type locality—Portola, San Mateo County, California.

Synonyms—Neotoma fuscipes affinis Elliot, ibid., pp. 202,
203 (type from Alum Rock Park, Santa Clara County, Cali-
fornia) ; Neotoma fuscipes, part.

Range—Upper Sonoran and Transition zones in the coast
region south from San Francisco Bay to Monterey Bay; thence
interiorly and south along the inner coast ranges as far as the
Carrizo Plain, San Luis Obispo County; east at the north to
include the Mount Diablo and Mount Hamilton ranges (Gold-
man, N. Amer. Fauna, 31, 1910, pp. 90, 91; Mus. Vert. Zool.).

August 26, 1913.

314 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser.

Neotoma fuscipes simplex True
Fort Tejon Wood Rat

Original description—Neotoma macrotis simplex True,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 17, June 27, 1894, p. 354.

Type locality—Fort Tejon, Kern County, California.

Synonym—Neotoma fuscipes dispar Merriam, Proc. Biol.
Soc. Wash., 9, July 2, 1894, pp. 124, 125 (type from Lone
Pine, Inyo County, California).

Range—Upper Sonoran zone on the east and southeast
slopes of the southern Sierra Nevada, in Inyo and Kern
counties, thence west through the Tehachapi region to the
vicinity of Tejon Pass and adjacent foothills to the north and
south (Goldman, N. Amer. Fauna, 31, 1910, pp. 91, 92; Mus.
Vert. Zool.).

Neotoma fuscipes mohavensis Elliot
Mohave Wood Rat

Original description—Neotoma fuscipes | mohavensis
Elliot, Field Col. Mus., zool. ser., 3, December, 1903, p. 246.

Type locality—Oro Grande, on Mohave River, San Ber-
nardino County, California. .

Synonym—N eotoma fuscipes macrotis, part.

Range—Upper and Lower Sonoran zones on the San Jacinto
and San Bernardino mountains, including the adjacent foot-
hills on the desert side; also from the latter mountains down
along the Mohave River into the Mohave desert at least as far
as Oro Grande (Elliot, supra cit.; Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Neotoma fuscipes macrotis Thomas
Long-eared Wood Rat

Original description—Neotoma macrotis Thomas, Ann. and
Mag. Nat. Hist., 6th ser., 12, September, 1893, pp. 234, 235.
Type locality—San Diego, San Diego County, California.
Synonym—N eotoma fuscipes cnemophila Elliot, Field Col.
Mus., zool. ser., 3, March, 1904, pp. 267, 268 (type from Lock-
wood Valley, near Mt. Pinos, Ventura County, California).
Range—Upper Sonoran and lower Transition zones in the
San Diegan district, northwest from the Mexican line, includ-
ing also the narrow coast strip still farther northwards even to

Vor. IIT} GRINNELL—MAMMALS OF CALIFORNIA 315

Monterey (Goldman, N. Amer. Fauna, 31, 1910, pp. 93, 94;
Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Neotoma cinerea cinerea (Ord)
Gray Bushy-tailed Wood Rat

Original description—“Mus cinereus Ord, Guthrie’s Geog.,
2nd Amer. ed., 2, 1815, p. 292.”

Type locality—Great Falls, Cascade County, Montana (fide
Goldman, N. Amer. Fauna, 31, 1910, p. 95).

Synonyms—Teonoma cinerea acraia Elliot, Field Col. Mus.,
zool. ser., 3, December, 1903, pp. 247, 248 (type really from
Jordan Hot Springs, near Kern River, Sierra Nevada, Tulare
County, California) ; Teonoma cinerea.

Range—High Transition and Boreal zones along the cen-
tral and southern Sierra Nevada from Nevada County south
as far as Jackass Meadow (near Kern County line), Tulare
County; also on the White and Inyo mountains, Mono and
Inyo counties (Goldman, N. Amer. Fauna, 31, 1910, pp. 96,
98; Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Neotoma cinerea occidentalis Baird
Western Bushy-tailed Wood Rat

Original description—N eotoma occidentalis (Cooper, MS)
Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 7, 1855, p. 335.

Type locality—Shoalwater Bay, Pacific County, Washing-
ton.

Synonym—Tconoma cinerea occidentalis.

Range—Transition and Boreal zones of the northern end of
the state; west nearly to the sea-coast north of Humboldt Bay;
east to the Warner Mountains, Modoc County; south along
the inner coast ranges as far as mountains near Elk Creek,
Glenn County, and along the Sierra Nevada through Plumas
County (Goldman, N. Amer. Fauna, 31, 1910, p. 102; Mus.
Wert. Zool). :

Phenacomys orophilus Merriam
Mountain Lemming Mouse

Original description—Phenacomys orophilus Merriam, N.
Amer. Fauna, 5, July, 1891, p. 66.

316 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER.

Type locality—Near head of Timber Creek, 10,500 feet alti-
tude, Salmon River Mountains, Idaho.

Range—Known only from three specimens taken in the
Boreal zone on Mount Shasta (Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna, 16,
1899, p. 95), and one specimen taken at about 7500 feet alti-
tude near Pyramid Peak, Eldorado County (Elliot, Field Col.
Mus., zool. ser., 1, 1898, p. 204).

Phenacomys albipes Merriam
White-footed Lemming Mouse

Original description—Phenacomys albipes Merriam, Proc.
Biol. Soc. Wash., 14, July 19, 1901, pp. 125, 126.

Type locality—Redwoods near Arcata, Humboldt County,
California.

Range—The type specimen, taken in northwest humid
Boreal, as above, represents the only locality of occurrence so
far known.

Phenacomys longicaudus True

Long-tailed Lemming Mouse

Original description—Phenacomys longicaudus True, Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus., 13, 1890, pp. 303, 304.

Type locality—Marshfield, Coos County, Oregon.

Range—One record for the state: one specimen found dead
in a road near Mount Sanhedrin (Transition zone), Mendo-
cino County (Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., July, 1904,
p. 578).

Evotomys mazama Merriam
Mazama Red-backed Mouse

Original description—Evotomys mazama Merriam, Proc.
Biol. Soc. Wash., 11, April 21, 1897, pp. 71, 72.

Type locality—Crater Lake, Klamath County, Oregon.

Range—Boreal zone on Mount Shasta (Merriam, N. Amer.
Fauna, 16, 1899, p. 95).

Evotomys obscurus Merriam
Dusky Red-backed Mouse

Original description—Evotomys obscurus Merriam, Proc.
Biol. Soc. Wash., 11, April 21, 1897, p. 72.

Vor. IIT] GRINNELL—MAMMALS OF CALIFORNIA 317

Type locality—Prospect, upper Rogue River Valley, Jack-
son County, Oregon.

Range—Boreal zone of northwestern California east of the
humid coast belt and west of the main Sierran divide: Trinity
Mountains (Jackson and Castle lakes, Siskiyou County) east
to Carberry Ranch (near Montgomery Creek), Shasta County
(Bailey, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 11, 1897, p. 133; Mus. Vert.
Zool. ).

Evotomys californicus Merriam
California Red-backed Mouse

Original description—Evotomys californicus Merriam, N.
Amer. Fauna, 4, October, 1890, p. 26.

Lype locality—Eureka, Humboldt County, California.

Range—Boreal zone in the humid northwest. coast belt,
chiefly in the redwood forests, south as far as Willits, Mendo-
cino County, interiorly to Fair Oaks, Humboldt County
(Bailey, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 11, 1897, p. 134; Mus. Vert.
Zool. ).

Microtus montanus montanus (Peale)
Peale Meadow Mouse

Original description—Arvicola montana Peale, U. S. Ex-
ploring Exped., 8, 1848, pp. 44, 45.

Type locality—Headwaters of Sacramento River, near
Mount Shasta, California (fide Bailey, N. Amer. Fauna, 17,
OOO Tp S27).

Synonyms—Arvicola longirostris Baird, Pac. R. R. Rep.,
8, 1857, pp. 530, 531 (type from upper Pitt River, California) ;
Peale Vole.

Range—Upper Sonoran and Transition zones in the Modoc
region, west to Sisson, Siskiyou County, and south along the
Sierra Nevada at least to the Yosemite Valley (Bailey, supra
cit., p. 28; Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Microtus montanus dutcheri Bailey
Mount Whitney Meadow Mouse
Original description—Microtus dutcheri Bailey, Proc. Biol.
Soc. Wash., 12, April 30, 1898, p. 85.
Type locality—Big Cottonwood Meadows, 10,000 feet alti-
tude, near Mount Whitney, Inyo County, California.

318 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER.

Synonym—Dutcher Vole.

Range—Boreal zone of the extreme southern Sierra Nevada,
in vicinity of Mount Whitney; south to Jackass Meadow,
Tulare County, north to head of San Joaquin River, Fresno
County (Bailey, N. Amer. Fauna, 17, 1900, p. 33; Mus. Vert.
Zool. ).

Microtus californicus californicus (Peale)
California Meadow Mouse

Original description—Arvicola californica Peale, U. S. Ex-
ploring Exped., 8, 1848, p. 46, “pl. 11, fig. 2.”

Type locality—San Francisco Bay, California.

Synonyms—Arvicola trowbridgii Baird, Pac. R. R. Rep., 8,
1857, p. 529 (type from Monterey, California) ; Arvicola mon-
tana, part; California Vole; Microtus edax, part.

Range—Both Sonoran and Transition zones throughout the
state west of the Sierra Nevada and desert divides, including
the San Diegan district, from the Mexican line north to the
Oregon line, and east at the north to Shasta Valley, centrally
to Onyx, Kern County; except bed of San Joaquin-Sacramento
Valley, and narrow coast strip in vicinity of Cape Mendocino
(Bailey, N. Amer. Fauna, 17, 1900, p. 35; Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Microtus californicus vallicola Bailey
Owens Valley Meadow Mouse

Original description—Microtus californicus vallicola Bailey,
Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 12, April 30, 1898, p. 89.

Type locality—Lone Pine, Inyo County, California.

Synonym—Valley Vole.

Range—Suitable parts of Upper and Lower Sonoran zones
on the Mohave desert and in the Inyo region; south to Victor-
ville, San Bernardino County, east to Panamint Mountains,

and north through Owens Valley to Alvord (Bailey, N. Amer.
Fauna, 17, 1900, p. 36; Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Microtus californicus constrictus Bailey
Mendocino Meadow Mouse

Original description — Microtus californicus constrictus
Bailey, N. Amer. Fauna, 17, June, 1900, pp. 36, 37.

Vor. III] GRINNELL—MAMMALS OF CALIFORNIA 319

Type locality—Cape Mendocino, near Capetown, Humboldt
County, California.

Synonym—Coast Vole, part.

Range—tTransition zone in northwest humid coast belt, at
least from Capetown to Eureka and interiorly to Cuddeback
and Fair Oaks; all these localities in Humboldt County (Mus.
Vert. Zool. ).

Microtus edax (Le Conte)
Tule Meadow Mouse

Original description—Arvicola edax Le Conte, ‘Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila., 6, October, 1853, p. 405.

Type locality—California, somewhere south of San Fran-
cisco (fide Baird, Pac. R. R. Rep., 8, 1857, p. 532).

Synonym—Tule Vole.

Range—Lower and Upper Sonoran zones in suitable parts
of San Joaquin and Sacramento valleys, north to near Marys-
ville Buttes, south to Tulare Lake, and west to Cordelia Slough,
Solano County (Bailey, N. Amer. Fauna, 17, 1900, p. 38;
Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Microtus scirpensis Bailey
Amargosa Meadow Mouse

Original description—Microtus scirpensis Bailey, N. Amer.
Fauna, 17, June, 1900, p. 38.

Type locality—Amargosa River (near Nevada line), Inyo
County, California.

Synonym—Desert Vole.

Range—Known only from a small tule marsh, Lower So-
noran zone, at the type locality, as above.

Microtus mordax mordax (Merriam)
Cantankerous Meadow Mouse

Original description—Arvicola mordax Merriam, N. Amer.
Fauna, 5, July, 1891, pp. 61, 62.

Type locality—Sawtooth (or Alturas) Lake, east foot of
Sawtooth Mountains, Idaho.

Synonym—Cantankerous Vole.

Range—Transition and Boreal zones along the whole Sierra
Nevada, south to Taylor Meadow, Tulare County (close to
Kern County line) ; also on White Mountains, Inyo County;

320 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 41H SER.

west in northern California to Trinity and Salmon Mountains,
east to Warner Mountains (Bailey, N. Amer. Fauna, 17, 1900,
p. 50; Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Microtus mordax bernardinus Merriam
San Bernardino Meadow Mouse

Original description—Microtus mordax bernardinus Mer-
riam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 21, June 9, 1908, p. 145.

Type locality—Dry Lake, 9000 feet altitude, San Bernar-
dino Mountains, California.

Range—High Transition and Boreal zones in the San Ber-
nardino Mountains, San Bernardino County, California (Mer-
riam, supra cit.; Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Microtus mordax angusticeps Bailey
Northwest Coast Meadow Mouse

Original description—Microtus angusticeps Bailey, Proc.
Biol. Soc. Wash., 12, April 30, 1898, p. 86.

Type locality—Crescent City, Del Norte County, California.

Synonym—Coast Vole, part.

Range—Transition and Boreal zones in extreme northwest
humid coast belt; south to Eureka, Humboldt County (Bailey,
N. Amer. Fauna, 17, 1900, p. 52; Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Microtus oregoni oregoni (Bachman)
Oregon Meadow Mouse

Original description—Arvicola oregoni Bachman, Journ.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 8, 1839, pp. 60, 61.

Type locality—Astoria, Oregon.

Synonym—Oregon Vole.

Range—Transition and Boreal zones in extreme northwest
humid coast belt, south to Dyerville, Humboldt County, and
interiorly to Hoopa Valley (Bailey, N. Amer. Fauna, 17, 1900,
p- 71; Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Microtus oregoni adocetus Merriam
Yolla Bolly Meadow Mouse

Original description—Microtus oregoni adocetus Merriam,
Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 21, June 9, 1908, pp. 145, 146.

Vor. III] GRINNELL—MAMMALS OF CALIFORNIA 321

Type locality—South Yolla Bolly Mountain, Trinity County,
California.

Range—As far as known, only in Boreal zone at the type
locality, as above.

Lagurus curtatus (Cope)
Short-tailed Meadow Mouse

Original description—Arvicola curtata Cope, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, p. 2.

Type locality—Pigeon Spring, Mount Magruder, Nevada,
near California boundary line.

Synonym—Short-tailed Vole; Microtus curtatus.

Range—Transition zone on the arid mountains in the Inyo
region; Inyo and White mountains (Bailey, N. Amer. Fauna,

17, 1900, pp. 67, 68).

Fiber zibethicus mergens Hollister
Nevada Muskrat

Original description—Fiber zibethicus mergens Hollister,
Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 23, February 2, 1910, ps

Type locality—Fallon, Churchill County, Nevada

Synonym—Ondatra zibethica mergens.

Range—Extreme eastern part of Modoc region: Eagle Lake
and Susanville, Lassen County (Hollister, N. Amer. Fauna,
32, 1911, pp. 27, 28).

Fiber zibethicus pallidus Mearns
Pallid Muskrat

Original description—Fiber zibethicus pallidus Mearns, Bull.
Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 2, February, 1890, p. 280.

Type locality—Old Fort Verde (Camp Verde), Yavapai
County, Arizona.

Synonym—Ondatra zibethica pallida.

Range—Colorado River and tributary sloughs, from the
Nevada line to the Mexican boundary; also irrigation canals in
the Imperial Valley, Imperial County (Mus. Vert. Zool.; Hol-
lister, N. Amer. Fauna, 32, 1911, pp. 28, 29).

322 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 41H Ser.

Epimys norvegicus (Erxleben)
Norway Rat

Original description—‘Mus norvegicus Erxleben, Syst.
Regni Anim., 1, 1777, p. 381.”

Type logality—‘* Norway.”

Synonyms—Brown Rat, part; Wharf Rat; Mus decumanus.

Range—Almost everywhere in the settled portions of the
state, chiefly in towns and cities. In the San Joaquin and
Sacramento valleys, rats have invaded marshy tracts and occur
along sloughs far from human habitations. This is the most
abundant species of non-native mammal outside of the house
mouse.

Epimys rattus (Linnaeus)
Black Rat

Original description—Mus rattus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat.,1,
1758, p: 61.

Type locality—Sweden.

Range—Occurs in relatively small numbers in San Francisco
and neighboring cities of the San Francisco Bay region. Not
native.

Epimys alexandrinus (Geoffroy)
Roof Rat

Original description—‘Mus alexandrinus Geoffroy, De-
scription de l’Egypte, Mammiféres, 1818, p. 733.”

Type locality—“Alexandria, Egypt.”

Synonym—Brown Rat, part.

Range—Occurs commonly in the larger cities of west-cen-
tral California. Not native.

Mus musculus musculus Linnaeus
House Mouse

Original description—Mus musculus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat.,
Tl 798. sps OZ:

Type locality—Sweden.

Range—Practically throughout the state around human
settlements; in the thickest settled valleys occurs widely over

uncultivated land, often a mile or more from the nearest build-

Vor. IIT] GRINNELL—MAMMALS OF CALIFORNIA 323

ing. An immigrant from Europe. In west-central California
a variation has appeared, of possible phylogenetic importance
(Dice, Science, n. s., 35, 1912, pp. 834-836).

Family GEOMYIDAE
Thomomys bottae bottae (Eydoux and Gervais)
California Pocket Gopher

Original description—‘Oryctomys (Saccophorus) bottae
Eydoux and Gervais, Mag. de Zool., 6, 1836, p. 23, pl. 21.”

Type locality—Coast of California: Monterey (see Allen,
Bull: Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 5, 1893, p. 57).

Synonyms—Thomomys talpoides bulbivorus; Thomomys
bulbworus.

Range—Upper Sonoran and Transition zones in the San
Francisco Bay region, south along the coast to Ventura County,
and north at least through Marin County; east into Contra
Costa County (Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Thomomys bottae pallescens Rhoads
San Diego Pocket Gopher

Original description—Thomomys bottae pallescens Rhoads,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., March 19, 1895, p. 36.

Type locality—Grapelands, San Bernardino County, Cali-
fornia.

Synonym—Southern Pocket Gopher.

Range—Lower and Upper Sonoran zones in the San Diegan

district, from the Mexican line northwest into Ventura County
(Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Thomomys bottae laticeps Baird
Humboldt Bay Pocket Gopher

Original description—Thomomys laticeps Baird, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 7, April, 1855, p. 335.

Type locality—Humboldt Bay, Humboldt County, Cali-
fornia.

Synonyms—Thomomys bottae, part; Broad-headed Pocket
Gopher.

Range—Transition zone in the humid coast belt in the vicin-
ity of Humboldt Bay (Mus. Vert. Zool.).

324 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [ Proc. 47H Ser.

Thomomys angularis angularis Merriam
Los Bafios Pocket Gopher

Original description—Thomomys angularis Merriam, Proc.
Biol. Soc. Wash., 11, July 15, 1897, p. 214.

Type locality—Los Banos, Merced County, California.

Synonym—San Joaquin Pocket Gopher.

Range—Lower and Upper Sonoran zones on west side of
San Joaquin Valley, at least from Los Banos, Merced County,
north to Tracy, San Joaquin County (Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Thomomys angularis pascalis Merriam
Fresno Pocket Gopher

Original description—Thomomys angularis pascalis Mer-
riam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 14, July 19, 1901, p. 111.

Type locality—Fresno, San Joaquin Valley, California.

Range—Lower Sonoran zone in the southern San Joaquin
Valley, from the vicinity of Bakersfield north at least to
Fresno, and west as far as the Carrizo Plain, San Luis Obispo
County (Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Thomomys mewa Merriam
Digger Pine Pocket Gopher

Original description—Thomomys mewa Merriam, Proc.
Biol. Soc. Wash., 21, June 9, 1908, p. 146.

Type locality—Raymond, Madera County, California.

Range—Digger Pine belt, in the Upper Sonoran zone, along
the west base of the Sierra Nevada at least from Placer County
south to Kern County (Merriam, supra cit.; Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Thomomys leucodon navus Merriam
Red Bluff Pocket Gopher

Original description—Thomomvys leucodon navus Merriam,
Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 14, July 19, 1901, p. 112.

Type locality—Red Bluff, Tehama County, California.

Range—Upper and Lower Sonoran zones in the Sacramento
Valley.

Vor. IIT] GRINNELL—MAMMALS OF CALIFORNIA 325

Thomomys fuscus fisheri Merriam
Fisher Pocket Gopher

Original description—Thomomys fuscus fisheri Merriam,
Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 14, July 19, 1901, pp. 111, 112.

Type locality—Beckwith, Sierra Valley, Plumas County,
California.

Range—Upper Sonoran and Transition zones in the Modoc
region of northeastern California.

Thomomys operarius Merriam
Owens Lake Pocket Gopher

Original description—Thomomys operarius Merriam, Proc.
Biol. Soc. Wash., 11, July 15, 1897, pp. 215, 216.

Type locality—Keeler, Owens Lake, Inyo County, Cali-
fornia.

Synonym—Owens Valley Pocket Gopher.

Range—Lower Sonoran zone; restricted to the immediate
vicinity of Owens Lake (Elliot, Field. Col. Mus., zool. ser.,
3, 1904, p. 300; Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Thomomys scapterus Elliot
Panamint Pocket Gopher

Original description—Thomomys scapterus Elliot, Field.
Col. Mus., zool. ser., 3, December, 1903, pp. 248, 249.

Type locality—Hannopee Canyon, Panamint Mountains,
Inyo County, California.

Range—Upper Sonoran (?) zone in the Panamint Moun-
tains, Inyo County (Elliot, Field Col. Mus., zool. ser., 3, 1904,
p: S01):

Thomomys aureus perpes Merriam
Lone Pine Pocket Gopher

Original description—Thomomys aureus perpes Merriam,
Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 14, July 19, 1901, p. 111.

Type locality—Lone Pine, Owens Valley, Inyo County,
California.

Synonyms—Thomomys perpallidus perpes; Thomomys
perpallidus, part; Golden Pocket Gopher.

326 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER.

Range—Lower and Upper Sonoran zones on the Mohave
Desert, north through the Inyo region, south to north base
of San Bernardino Mountains, west to Antelope Valley, in
northern Los Angeles County (Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Thomomys albatus Grinnell
Imperial Valley Pocket Gopher

Original description—Thomomys albatus Grinnell, Univ.
Calif. Publ. Zool., 10, June 7, 1912, pp. 172, 173.

Type locality—California side of lower Colorado River at
the old Hanlon Ranch, near Pilot Knob, Imperial County.

Synonyms—Thomomys fulvus, part; Thomomys perpal-
lidus, part.

Range—Lower Sonoran zone in the delta area on the
Colorado Desert in Imperial County, from near Pilot Knob
west to Carrizo Creek and north to Salton Sea (Grinnell,
supra cit., pp. 173, 174). ‘

Thomomys perpallidus Merriam
Palm Springs Pocket Gopher

Original description—Thomomys talpoides perpallidus Mer-
riam, Science, 8, December 24, 1886, p. 588.

Type locality—Palm Springs, Riverside County, California
(see Stephens, Calif. Mammals, 1906, p. 138).

Synonyms—Thomomys fulvus perpallidus; Pallid Pocket
Gopher ; Pale-colored Gopher.

Range—Lower Sonoran zone at extreme northwest border
of Colorado Desert in vicinity of Palm Springs, Riverside
County (Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., 10, 1912, p. 173).

Thomomys cabezonae Merriam
Cabezon Pocket Gopher

Original description—Thomomys cabezonae Merriam, Proc.
Biol. Soc. Wash., 14, July 19, 1901, p. 110.

Type locality—Cabezon, San Gorgonio Pass, Riverside
County, California.

Range—Lower and Upper Sonoran zones in San Gorgonio
Pass and adjacent foothills, Riverside County (Mus. Vert.
Zool.).

Vor. IIT] GRINNELL—MAMMALS OF CALIFORNIA 327

Thomomys nigricans Rhoads
Tawny Pocket Gopher

Original description—Thomomys fulvus nigricans Rhoads,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., March 19, 1895, p. 36.

Type locality—Witch Creek, San Diego County, California.

Synonym—Thomomys fulvus, part; Dark-colored Gopher.

Range—Upper Sonoran and lower Transition zones in the
San Diegan district, from near the Mexican line north to the
west side of the San Jacinto Mountains (Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Thomomys altivallis Rhoads
San Bernardino Mountain Pocket Gopher

Original description—Thomomys altivallis Rhoads, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., March 19, 1895, pp. 34, 35.

Type locality—San Bernardino Mountains, 5000 feet alti-
tude, San Bernardino County, California.

Range—Transition and Boreal zones on the San Bernar-
dino and San Jacinto mountains, San Bernardino and River-
side counties (Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Thomomys alpinus alpinus Merriam
Mount Whitney Pocket Gopher

Original description—Thomomys alpinus Merriam, Proc.
Biol. Soc. Wash., 11, July 15, 1897, p. 216.

Type locality—Cottonwood Meadows, 10,000 feet altitude,
8 miles southeast of Mount Whitney, in Inyo County, Cali-
fornia.

Synonym—Alpine Pocket Gopher.

Range—Transition and Boreal zones in the southern Sierra
Nevada, from Taylor Meadow (near Kern County line),
Tulare County, north at least to head of Kern River, Tulare
County; ranging also down on the adjacent east slopes, in
Inyo County (Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Thomomys alpinus awahnee Merriam
Yosemite Pocket Gopher

Original description—Thomomys alpinus awahnee Merriam,
Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 21, June 9, 1908, pp. 146, 147.

328 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser.

Type locality—Yosemite Valley, Mariposa County, Cali-
fornia.

Range—As far as known, Transition zone in Yosemite
Valley (Merriam, supra cit.; Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Thomomys monticola Allen
Sierra Nevada Pocket Gopher

Original description—Thomomys monticola Allen, Bull.
Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 5, April 28, 1893, p. 48.

Type locality—Mount Tallac, 7500 feet altitude, Eldorado
County, California.

Synonyms—Mountain Pocket Gopher ; Pine Woods Gopher ;
Thomomys monticola pinetorum Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna,
16, October, 1899, p. 97 (type from Sisson, Siskiyou County,
California).

Range—Transition and Boreal zones on the northern Sierra
Nevada, from the Tahoe region north to Mount Shasta, thence
west through the Trinity Mountains (Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Family HETEROMYIDAE

Perognathus panamintinus panamintinus Merriam
Panamint Pocket Mouse

Original description—Perognathus longimembris pana-
mintinus Merriam, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., September 27,
1894, p. 265.

Type locality—Perognathus Flat, altitude 5200 feet, Pana-
mint Mountains, Inyo County, California.

Range—Upper Sonoran zone on the Panamint Mountains,
Inyo County (Osgood, N. Amer. Fauna, 18, 1900, pp. 28, 29).

Perognathus panamintinus bangsi Mearns
Bangs Pocket Mouse

Original description—Perognathus longimembris bangst
Mearns, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 10, August 31, 1898,
p. 300.

Type locality—Palm Springs, Colorado Desert, Riverside
County, California.

Vor. IIT] GRINNELL—MAMMALS OF CALIFORNIA 329

Synonyms—Perognathus panamintinus arenicola Stephens,
Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 13, June 13, 1900, p. 153 (type from
San Felipe Narrows, eastern San Diego County, California) ;
Perognathus ,pericalles Elliot, Field Col. Mus., zool. ser., 3,
December, 1903, pp. 252, 253 (type from Keeler, Inyo County,
California).

Range—Lower Sonoran and low Upper Sonoran zones in
the Colorado and Mohave desert region, west to the eastern
margin of the San Diegan district, and north through the Inyo
region to the head of Owens Valley (Osgood, N. Amer.
Fauna, 18, 1900, pp. 29, 30; Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Perognathus panamintinus brevinasus Osgood
Short-nosed Pocket Mouse

Original description—Perognathus panamintinus brevinasus’
Osgood, N. Amer. Fauna, 18, September, 1900, p. 30.

Type locality—San Bernardino, San Bernardino County,
California.

Synonym—Perognathus longimembris, part.

Range—Lower Sonoran, and low Upper Sonoran zones in
the San Diegan district, from the Mexican line northwest at
least to San Fernando Valley, Los Angeles County (Osgood,
supra cit., p. 31; Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Perognathus elibatus Elliot
Mount Pinos Pocket Mouse

Original description—Perognathus elibatus Elliot, Field
Col. Mus., zool. ser., 3, December, 1903, p. 252.

Type locality—Lockwood Valley, altitude 5500 feet, near
Mount Pinos, Ventura County, California.

Range—Upper Sonoran zone, in Lockwood Valley, near
Mount Pinos, Ventura County (Elliot, supra cit.; also ibid.,
March, 1904, p. 307). '

Perognathus pacificus Mearns
Pacific Pocket Mouse

Original description—Perognathus pacificus Mearns, Bull.
Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 10, August 31, 1898, p. 299.

August 26, 1913.

330 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER.

Type locality—Mexican boundary monument no. 258, shore
of Pacific Ocean, near Tia Juana, San Diego County, Califor-
nia.

Range—Apparently Upper Sonoran zone close to the ocean
shore; known only from the type locality, and from a similar
place in the extreme northwestern corner of San Diego County
(Stephens, Calif. Mammals, 1906, p. 165).

Perognathus bombycinus Osgood
Yuma Pocket Mouse

Original description—Perognathus bombycinus Osgood,
Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 20, February 23, 1907, pp. 19, 20.

Type locality—Yuma, Arizona.

Range—Lower Sonoran zone in extreme southeastern
‘corner of Imperial County: vicinity of Pilot Knob (Mus. Vert.
Zool.).

Perognathus longimembris longimembris (Coues)
San Joaquin Pocket Mouse

Original description—Otognosis longimembris Coues, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., August, 1875, p. 305.

Type locality—Fort Tejon, Kern County, California.

Synonyms—Perognathus tmornatus Merriam, N. Amer.
Fauna, 1, October, 1889, p. 15 (type from Fresno, California) ;
Cricetodipus parvus; Perognathus parvus.

Range—Sonoran zones in the San Joaquin and Sacramento
valleys, from Fort Tejon, Kern County, north to Sites, Colusa
County (Mus. Vert. Zool.; Taylor, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool.,
10, 1912, pp. 156, 162).

Perognathus longimembris neglectus Taylor
McKittrick Pocket Mouse

Original description—Perognathus longimembris neglectus
Taylor, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., 10, May 21, 1912, p. 155.

Type locality—McKittrick, Kern County, California.

Range—Lower Sonoran zone on west side of southern San
Joaquin Valley: vicinity of McKittrick, Kern County, and
Simmler, Carrizo Plain, San Luis Obispo County (Mus. Vert.
Zool. ).

Vor. IIT] GRINNELL—MAMMALS OF CALIFORNIA 331

Perognathus parvus mollipilosus Coues
Coues Pocket Mouse

Original description—Perognathus mollipilosus Coues, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., August 1875, p. 296.

Type locality—Fort Crook (about 2 miles northeast of
Burgettville), Shasta County, California.

Synonym—P erognathus monticola.

Range—Upper Sonoran, Transition, and lower Boreal zones
in the Modoc region, from Mount Shasta and vicinity east to

the Warner Mountains, and south to Vinton, Plumas County
(Osgood, N. Amer. Fauna, 18, 1900, p. 37; Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Perognathus parvus olivaceus Merriam
Great Basin Pocket Mouse

Original description—Perognathus olivaceus Merriam, N.
Amer. Fauna, 1, October, 1889, pp. 15, 16.

Type locality—Kelton, Boxelder County, Utah.

Range—Upper Sonoran and lower Transition zones east of
the Sierra Nevada, from Long Valley, Mono County, south to
foothills due west of Independence, Inyo County; also at
Lower Alkali Lake, extreme eastern border of Modoc County
(Osgood, N. Amer. Fauna, 18, 1900, p. 38; Mus. Vert. Zool. ).

Perognathus parvus magruderensis Osgood
Mount Magruder Pocket Mouse

Original description—Perognathus parvus magruderensis
Osgood, N. Amer. Fauna, 18, September, 1900, p. 38.

Type locality—Mount Magruder, 8000 feet altitude, Esmer-
alda County, Nevada.

Range—Upper Sonoran and Transition zones on the desert
ranges of the Inyo region, from the White Mountains south to
the Panamint and Coso ranges (Osgood, supra cit.; Mus. Vert.
Zool. ).

Perognathus xanthonotus Grinnell
Walker Pass Pocket Mouse

Original description—Perognathus xanthonotus Grinnell,
Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 25, July 31, 1912, pp. 127, 128.

Type locality—Freeman Canyon, 4900 feet altitude, east
slope of Walker Pass, Kern County, California.

332 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47TH Ser.

Range—Tree-yucca belt (high Lower Sonoran and low
Upper Sonoran zones) in vicinity of Walker Pass, Kern
County (Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Perognathus alticola Rhoads
White-eared Pocket Mouse

Original description—Perognathus alticolus Rhoads, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., December, 1893, p. 412.

Type locahty—Squirrel Inn, near Little Bear Valley, San
Bernardino Mountains, San Bernardino County, California.

Range—lKnown only from the lower Transition zone in the
near vicinity of the type locality (Stephens, Calif. Mammals,
1906, p. 166).

Perognathus baileyi baileyi Merriam

Bailey Pocket Mouse

Original description—Perognathus baileyi Merriam, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., September 27, 1894, pp. 262, 263.

Type locality—Magdalena, Sonora, Mexico.

Range—Agave belt of Upper Sonoran zone at Mountain
Spring, near Mexican boundary, San Diego County (Mus.
Vert. Zool.).

Perognathus formosus Merriam
Long-tailed Pocket Mouse

Original description—Perognathus formosus Merriam, N.
Amer. Fauna, 1, October, 1889, pp. 17, 18.

Type locality—St. George, Washington County, Utah.

Synonym—Perognathus mesembrinus Elliot, Field. Col.
Mus., zool. ser., 3, December, 1903, p. 251 (type from Palm
Springs, Colorado Desert, Riverside County, California).

Range—Upper and Lower Sonoran zones in portions of the
Mohave desert region; northwest through the Inyo region at
least to Lone Pine and the Inyo Mountains; southwest to the
north base of the San Bernardino Mountains and to La Puerta,
eastern San Diego County; southeast to the Colorado River
at Pilot Knob, Imperial County (Mus. Vert. Zool.; Osgood,
N. Amer. Fauna, 18, 1900, p. 41).

Vor. IIT] GRINNELL—MAMMALS OF CALIFORNIA 333

Perognathus penicillatus penicillatus Woodhouse
Colorado Desert Pocket Mouse

Original description—Perognathus penicillatus Woodhouse,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 6, December, 1852, pp. 200, 201.

Type locality—Somewhere near San Francisco Mountain,
Arizona, possibly Little Colorado Desert (see Osgood, N.
Amer. Fauna, 18, 1900, p. 45).

Synonym—Perognathus penicillatus angustirostris Osgood,
supra cit., p. 47 (type from Carrizo Creek, western edge of
Colorado Desert, Imperial County, California).

Range—Lower Sonoran zone on Colorado Desert, west to
La Puerta, eastern San Diego County, northwest to Cabezon,
Riverside County, and north along the Colorado River bottom
to Needles (Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Perognathus penicillatus stephensi Merriam
Stephens Pocket Mouse

Original description—Perognathus stephensi Merriam, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., September 27, 1894, p. 267.

Type locality—Mesquite Valley, northwest arm of Death
Valley, Inyo County, California.

Range—Lower Sonoran zone on the Mohave Desert : Death
Valley, Inyo County, south to Victorville, San Bernardino
County (Elliot, Field Col. Mus., zool. ser., 3, 1904, p. 309;
Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Perognathus fallax fallax Merriam
San Diego Short-eared Pocket Mouse

Original description—Perognathus fallax Merriam, N.
Amer. Fauna, 1, October, 1889, pp. 19, 20.

Type locality—Reche Canyon, 3 miles southeast of Colton,
San Bernardino County, California (fide Osgood, N. Amer.
Fauna, 18, 1900, p. 55).

Range—Lower Sonoran zone in southern part of the San
Diegan district, from the Mexican line northwest at least to
the vicinity of Riverside (Mus. Vert. Zool.).

334 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [ Proc. 4TH SER.

Perognathus fallax pallidus Mearns
Pallid Short-eared Pocket Mouse

Original description—Perognathus fallax pallidus Mearns,
Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 14, August 9, 1901, pp. 135, 136.

Type locality—Mountain Spring, east slope of coast range
near Mexican boundary, in San Diego County, California.

Range—Lower Sonoran zone along western rim of Colo-
rado and Mohave deserts, from the Mexican line northwest
at least to Victorville; in other words, east slope of main moun-
tain divides in San Diego, Riverside and San Bernardino
counties (Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Perognathus californicus californicus Merriam
California Pocket Mouse

Original description—Perognathus californicus Merriam, N.
Amer. Fauna, 1, October, 1889, p. 26.

Type locality—Berkeley, Alameda County, California.

Synonyms—Perognathus armatus Merriam, supra cit., p.
27 (type from Mount Diablo, Contra Costa County, Califor-
nia); Perognathus californicus dispar Osgood, N. Amer.
Fauna, 18, 1900, p. 58 (type from Carpinteria, Santa Bar-
bara County, California), part.

Range—Upper Sonoran zone in west central California,
south of Golden Gate and Strait of Carquinez; south through
the northern part of the San Diegan district at least to and
including Los Angeles County; also western foothills of south-
ern Sierra Nevada north at least to Raymond, Madera County
(Mus. Vert. Zool.; Osgood, supra cit., p. 59).

Perognathus californicus ochrus Osgood
Kern County Pocket Mouse

Original description—Perognathus californicus ochrus Os-
good, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 17, June 9, 1904, p. 128.

Type locality—Santiago Springs, 16 miles southwest of
McKittrick, Kern County, California.

Synonym—Perognathus californicus dispar, part.

Range—Lower Sonoran zone in the southern San Joaquin
Valley, west to Cuyama Valley, and north to Alcalde, Fresno
County (Osgood, supra cit.).

Vor. IIT] GRINNELL—MAMMALS OF CALIFORNIA 335

Perognathus californicus femoralis Allen
Dulzura Pocket Mouse

Original description—Perognathus femoralis Allen, Bull.
Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 3, June 30, 1891, p. 281.

Type locality—Dulzura, San Diego County, California.

Synonym—Perognathus californicus dispar, part; Great
California Pocket Mouse.

Range—High Upper Sonoran zone in the San Diegan dis-
trict, from the Mexican line north to the southwest slopes of
the San Bernardino Mountains (Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Perognathus spinatus spinatus Merriam
Spiny Pocket Mouse

Original description—Perognathus spinatus Merriam, N.
Amer. Fauna, 1, October, 1889, p. 21.

Type locality—California side of the Colorado River, 25
miles below The Needles, San Bernardino County.

Range—Lower Sonoran zone on hilly parts of the Colorado
desert, from the Mexican line northwest to Palm Springs,
Riverside County, and along the Colorado River to near
Needles (Osgood, N. Amer. Fauna, 18, 1900, p. 60; Mus.
Vert. Zool.).

Perodipus agilis agilis (Gambel)
Gambel Kangaroo Rat

Original description—Dipodomys agilis Gambel, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 4, August, 1848, pp. 77, 78.

Type locality—Los Angeles, Los Angeles County, Califor-
nia.

Synonyms—Gambel Pocket Rat; ?Dipodomys heermanni Le
Conte, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., January, 1853, p. 224
(type taken by Heermann in the “Sierra Nevada’’—possibly
Fort Tejon) ; ?Dipodomys wagneri Le Conte, /. c. (no locality ;
possibly not from California).

Range—Upper and Lower Sonoran zones in the San Diegan
district, from the Mexican line northwest at least into Ventura
County (Mus. Vert. Zool.).

336 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47TH Ser.

Perodipus agilis tularensis Merriam
Tulare Kangaroo Rat

Original description—Perodipus agilis tularensis Merriam,
Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 17, July 14, 1904, p. 143.

Type locality—Alila (Earlimart), Tulare County, Cali-
fornia.

Range—Lower Sonoran zone in the southern San Joaquin
Valley, at least from near Bakersfield northwest to Los Banos,
Merced County; west to Carrizo Plain and Cuyama Valley,
San Luis Obispo County (Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Perodipus perplexus Merriam
Walker Basin Kangaroo Rat

Original description—Perodipus perplexus Merriam, Proc.
Biol. Soc. Wash., 20, July 22, 1907, p. 79.

Type locality—Walker Basin, Kern County, California.

Range—Upper Sonoran zone of the foothills and small in-
terior valleys of the southern Sierra and Tejon Mountains,
from Walker Basin to Tejon Pass (Merriam, supra cit.).

Perodipus morroensis Merriam
Morro Kangaroo Rat

Original description—Perodipus morroensis Merriam, Proc.
Biol. Soc. Wash., 20, July 22, 1907, pp. 78, 79.

Type locality—Morro, San Luis Obispo County, California.

Range—Known only from the original description, as above.

Perodipus goldmani Merriam
Goldman Kangaroo Rat

Original description—Perodipus goldmani Merriam, Proc.
Biol. Soc. Wash., 17, July 14, 1904, p. 143.

Type locality—Salinas, mouth of Salinas Valley, Monterey
County, California.

Range—Known only from the type locality, as above.

Vor. IIT] GRINNELL—MAMMALS OF CALIFORNIA 337

Perodipus venustus Merriam
Santa Cruz Kangaroo Rat

Original description—Perodipus venustus Merriam, Proc.
Biol. Soc. Wash., 17, July 14, 1904, p. 142.

Type locality—Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz County, California.

Synonym—Santa Cruz Pocket Rat.

Range—Upper Sonoran zone south from San Francisco Bay
through the Santa Cruz district at least to the Santa Lucia
Mountains, Monterey County (Merriam, supra cit.; Mus. Vert.
Zool. ).

Perodipus streatori streatori Merriam
Streator Kangaroo Rat

Original description—Perodipus streatori Merriam, Proc.
Biol. Soc. Wash., 9, July 21, 1894, pp. 113, 114.

Type locality—Carbondale, Amador County, California.

Synonym—Streator Pocket Rat.

Range—Upper Sonoran zone along lower west slope of
central Sierra Nevada.

Perodipus streatori simulans Merriam
Dulzura Kangaroo Rat

Original description—Perodipus streatori simulans Merriam,
Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 17, July 14, 1904, p. 144.

Type locality—Dulzura, San Diego County, California.

Range—Dulzura and Twin Oaks, in San Diego County,
“and thence northward at least to Morro in San Luis Obispo
County” (Merriam, supra cit.).

Perodipus ingens Merriam
Carrizo Plain Kangaroo Rat

Original description—Perodipus ingens Merriam, Proc. Biol.
Soc. Wash., 17, July 14, 1904, pp. 141, 142.

Type locality—Painted Rock, 20 miles southeast of Simmler,
Carrizo Plain, San Luis Obispo County, California.

Synonym—Big Pocket Rat.

Range—Lower Sonoran zone on west side of southern San
Joaquin Valley: vicinity of McKittrick, Kern County; Carrizo
Plain, San Luis Obispo County; and Cuyama Valley, in
extreme northern Santa Barbara County (Mus. Vert. Zool.).

338 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser.

Perodipus panamintinus Merriam
Panamint Kangaroo Rat

Original description—Perodipus panamintinus Merriam,
Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 9, June 21, 1894, p. 114.

Type locality—Head of Willow Creek, Panamint Mountains,
Inyo County, California.

Synonym—Panamint Pocket Rat.

Range—Lower and Upper Sonoran zones throughout the
Inyo region, and west along northern border of Mohave
desert at least to Antelope Valley, northern Los Angeles
County (Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Perodipus cabezonae Merriam
Cabezon Kangaroo Rat
Original description—Perodipus cabezonae Merriam, Proc.
Biol. Soc. Wash., 17, July 14, 1904, pp. 144, 145.
Type locality—Cabezon, Colorado Desert, Riverside County,

California.
Range—Known only from the type locality, as above.

Perodipus stephensi Merriam
Stephens Kangaroo Rat
Original description—Perodipus stephensi Merriam, Proc.
Biol. Soc. Wash., 20, July 22, 1907, p. 78.
Type locality—San Jacinto Valley, Riverside County, Cali-
fornia.
Range—Known only from the original description, as above.

Perodipus microps microps Merriam
Small-faced Kangaroo Rat

Original description—Perodipus microps Merriam, Proc.
Biol. Soc. Wash., 17, July 14, 1904, p. 145.

Type locality—Lone Pine, Owens Valley, Inyo County,
California.

Synonym—lInyo Pocket Rat.

Range—Lower and Upper Sonoran zones of the Mohave
desert and Inyo regions; north to near Benton, Mono County ;
south to Victorville, San Bernardino County (Mus. Vert.
Zool.).

Vor. IIT] GRINNELL—MAMMALS OF CALIFORNIA 339

Perodipus microps levipes Merriam
Light-footed Kangaroo Rat
Original description—Perodipus microps levipes Merriam,
Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 17, July 14, 1904, p. 145.
Type locality—Perognathus Flat, Emigrant Gap, Panamint
Mountains, Inyo County, California. :
Range—Known only from the original description, as above.

Dipodomys deserti deserti Stephens
Big Desert Kangaroo Rat

Original description—Dipodomys deserti Stephens, Amer.
Nat., 21, January, 1887, pp. 42-49, pl. 5.

Type locality—Mohave River, near Hesperia, San Bernar-
dino County, California.

Synonym—Desert Pocket Rat.

Fange—Lower Sonoran zone on the Colorado and Mohave
deserts ; west to Carrizo Creek, western Imperial County, and
to Palm Springs, Riverside County; north at least to Ballarat,
Inyo County (Mus. Vert. Zool.; Elliot, Field Col. Mus., zool.
ser., 3, 1904, p. 304).

Dipodomys deserti helleri Elliot
Heller Kangaroo Rat

Original description—Dipodomys deserti helleri Elliot, Field
Col. Mus., zool. ser., 3, December, 1903, p. 249.

Type locality—Keeler, Owens Lake, Inyo County, Cali-
fornia.

Range—Lower Sonoran zone in near vicinity of Owens
Lake, Inyo County (Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Dipodomys merriami simiolus Rhoads
Allied Kangaroo Rat

Original description—Dipodomys simiolus Rhoads, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. (1893), January, 1894, pp. 410, 411.

Type locality—Agua Caliente (Palm Springs), Riverside
County, California.

Synonyms—Dipodomys similis Rhoads, Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Phila. (1893), January, 1894, p. 411 (type from White-

340 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [ Proc. 4TH SER.

water, Riverside County, California); Mimic Pocket Rat;
?Dipodomys phillipsi, part.

Range—Lower and Upper Sonoran zones on the Colorado
and Mohave deserts and the included and adjacent mountain
ranges, from the Mexican line north to the Inyo region, west
to the east slopes of the San Jacinto and San Bernardino
mountains’( Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Dipodomys merriami parvus Rhoads
San Bernardino Kangaroo Rat

Original description—Dipodomys parvus Rhoads, Amer.
Nat., 28, January, 1894, pp. 70, 71.

Type locality—San Bernardino, San Bernardino County,
California.

Synonym—San Bernardino Pocket Rat.

Range—Lower Sonoran zone in the San Diegan district,
from near the Mexican line north at least to the Cajon Wash,
near San Bernardino (Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Dipodomys merriami nitratus Merriam
Keeler Kangaroo Rat

Original description—Dipodomys merriami nitratus Mer-
riam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 9, June 21, 1894, p. 112.

Type locality—Keeler, Owens Lake, Inyo County, Cali-
fornia.

Synonym—Keeler Pocket Rat.

Range—Lower Sonoran zone in the near vicinity of Owens
Lake, Inyo County (Elliot, Field Col. Mus., zool. ser., 3, 1904,
p. 302; Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Dipodomys merriami mortivallis Elliot
Death Valley Kangaroo Rat

Original description—Dipodomys merriami mortivallis
Elliot, Field Col. Mus., zool. ser., 3, December, 1903, pp. 250,
25;

Type locality—Furnace Creek, Death Valley, Inyo County,
California.

Vor. IIT] GRINNELL—MAMMALS OF CALIFORNIA 341

Range—Lower Sonoran zone in Death Valley and adjacent
parts of the desert floor, Inyo County (Elliot, Field Col. Mus.,
zool. ser., 3, 1904, p. 303).

Dipodomys merriami nevadensis Merriam
Nevada Kangaroo Rat

Original description—Dipodomys merriami nevadensis Mer-
riam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 9, June 21, 1894, pp. 111, 112.

Type locality—Pyramid Lake, Washoe County, Nevada.

Range—Lower and Upper Sonoran zones along the east-
central border of the state, in Mono and Inyo counties, south
into Owens Valley (Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Dipodomys merriami kernensis Merriam
Kern Valley Kangaroo Rat

Original description—Dipodomys merriami kernensis Mer-
riam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 20, July 22, 1907, pp. 77, 78.

Type locality—Onyx, Kern County, California.

Range—Lower Sonoran zone on west slope of Sierran
divide in Kern Valley, Kern County: Onyx, Weldon and
Kelso Creek (Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Dipodomys merriami nitratoides Merriam
Tipton Kangaroo Rat

Original description—Dipodomys merriami nitratoides Mer-
riam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 9, June 21, 1894, p. 112.

Type locality—Tipton, Tulare County, California.

Synonym—Tulare Pocket Rat.

Range—Lower Sonoran zone in bed of southern San Joaquin
Valley, chiefly if not altogether on the west-side alkali plains,
from near Tulare Lake to Bakersfield (Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Dipodomys merriami exilis Merriam
Fresno Kangaroo Rat
Original description—Dipodomys merriami exilis Merriam,
Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 9, June 21, 1894, pe. 113:
Type locality—Fresno, San Joaquin Valley, California.
Synonym—Least Pocket Rat.
Range—Known only from the original description, as above.

342 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H SER.

Dipodomys californicus Merriam
California Kangaroo Rat

Original description—Dipodomys californicus Merriam, N.
Amer. Fauna, 4, October, 1890, p. 49.

Type locality—Ukiah, Mendocino County, California.

Synonyms—Dipodomys californicus pallidulus Bangs, Proc.
New Eng. Zool. Club, 1, July 31, 1899, pp. 65, 66 (type from
Sites, Colusa County, California); California Pocket Rat;
Dipodomys phillip, part.

Range—Upper Sonoran and lower Transition zones in
northwestern California; south to Nicasio, Marin County,
north to Scott River Valley, Siskivou County, east to Chico,
Butte County, and Vacaville, Solano County (Mus. Vert.
Zool. ).

Microdipodops californicus Merriam
Sierra Valley Kangaroo Mouse

Original description—Microdipodops californicus Merriam,
Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 14, July 19, 1901, p. 128.

Type locality—Sierra Valley, near Vinton, Plumas County,
California.

Synonym—California Dwarf Pocket Rat.

Range—Upper Sonoran zone; known only from the type
locality, as above.

Family ZAPODIDAE
Zapus major Preble
Warner Mountain Jumping Mouse

Original description—Zapus major Preble, N. Amer. Fauna,
15, August 8, 1899, pp. 24, 25.

Type locality—Warner Mountains, Lake County, Oregon.

Range—Transition and Boreal zones in the mountains of
eastern Modoc County, from Goose Lake and Sugar Hill, south
to Warren Peak, Warner Mountains (Taylor, Univ. Calif.
Publ. Zool., 7; 1911, p. 282; Mus. Vert. Zool.). :

Zapus trinotatus trinotatus Rhoads
Northwestern Jumping Mouse

Original description—Zapus trinotatus Rhoads, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila. (1894), January 15, 1895, pp. 421, 422.

Vor. III] GRINNELL—MAMMALS OF CALIFORNIA 343

Type locality—Lulu Island, mouth of Fraser River, British
Columbia, Canada.

Range—Boreal zone in extreme northern humid coast belt :
Crescent City, Del Norte County, and Carson’s Camp on Mad
River, Humboldt County (Preble, N. Amer. Fauna, 15, 1899,
pp. 26, 27).

Zapus trinotatus alleni Elliot
Allen Jumping Mouse

Original description—Zapus alleni Elliot, Field Col. Mus.,
zool. ser., 1, March, 1898, pp. 212, 213.

Type locality—Pyramid Peak, in Eldorado County, near
Lake Tahoe, California.

Range—Boreal zone on the Sierra Nevada, from Kern Peak,
Tulare County, north to Mount Shasta, thence west through
the Trinity Mountains, in Trinity and Siskiyou counties (Mus.
Vert. Zool.).

Zapus orarius Preble
Point Reyes Jumping Mouse

Original description—Zapus orarius Preble, N. Amer.
Fauna, 15, August 8, 1899, pp. 29, 30.

Type locality—Point Reyes, Marin County, California.

Synonym—Coast Jumping Mouse; Zapus pacificus, part.

Range—High Transition and Boreal zones in humid coast
belt, from Point Reyes north to Humboldt Bay (Preble, supra
cit.; Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Zapus pacificus Merriam
Pacific Jumping Mouse

Original description—Zapus pacificus Merriam, Proc. Biol.
Soc. Wash., 11, April 26, 1897, p. 104.

Type locality—Prospect, Rogue River Valley, Jackson
County, Oregon.

Range—One record: Little Shasta Creek, Siskiyou County,
one specimen, “not typical” (Preble, N. Amer. Fauna, 15,
1899, pp. 30, 31; Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna, 16, 1899, p. 99).

344 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47TH Ser.

Family ERETHIZONTIDAE

Erethizon epixanthum epixanthum Brandt
Yellow-haired Porcupine f

Original description—“Erethizon epixanthus Brandt, Mem.
Acad. St. Petersburg, 1835, p. 390, pls. 1, 9.”

Type locality—“‘California (or Unalaska).”

Synonym—Erethizon dorsatus epixanthus.

Range—High Transition and Boreal zones along the Sierra
Nevada, from Mount Shasta (Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna, 16,
1899, p. 98) to the vicinity of Mount Whitney (Mus. Vert.
Zool. ).

Family APLODONTIIDAE
Aplodontia californica (Peters)
Sierra Mountain Beaver

Original description—Haplodon leporinus var. californicus
Peters, Monats. K. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1864, pp. 177-179.

Type locality—The Sierra of California.

Synonym—A plodontia major Merriam, Ann. New York
Acad. Sci., 3, May, 1886, p. 316 (type from Sierra Nevada,
in Placer County, California) ; Haplodontia rufa californica;
California Sewellel; California Mountain Beaver.

Range—High Transition and Boreal zones on the central
Sierra Nevada, Mount Shasta, and the Trinity and Siskiyou
mountains (Mus. Vert. Zool. ; Stephens, Calif. Mammals, 1906,
p. 94).

Aplodontia phaea Merriam

Point Reyes Mountain Beaver

Original description—Aplodontia phaea Merriam, Proc.
Biol. Soc. Wash., 13, January 31, 1899, p. 20,

Type locality—Point Reyes, Marin County, California.

Synonyms—Haplodontia phaea; Dark Sewellel; ?Haplodon
rufus.

Range—Transition and Boreal zones in the humid north-
west coast belt, south as far as Lagunitas, Marin County (Mus.
Vert. Zool.).

Vor. III] GRINNELL—MAMMALS OF CALIFORNIA 345

Family SCIURIDAE
Marmota flaviventer (Audubon and Bachman)

Yellow-bellied Marmot

Original description—Arctomys flaviventer Audubon and
Bachman, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., October, 1841, pp. 99,
100.

Type locality—Mountains between Texas and California.

Synonym—Y ellow-bellied Woodchuck.

Range—High Transition and Boreal zones on the Sierra
Nevada from Cannell Meadow (near Kern County line),
Tulare County, north at least to Nevada County (Mus. Vert.
Zool. ).

Citellus beecheyi douglasi (Richardson)
Douglas Ground Squirrel

Original description—Arctomys douglasii Richardson,
Fauna Boreali-Americana, 1, 1829, p. 172.

Type locality—Banks of the Columbia River, Oregon.

Synonyms—Citellus douglasi; Citellus variegatus douglasi;
Spermophilus grammurus douglasi; Citellus grammurus doug-
lasi.

Range—Upper Sonoran and Transition zones throughout
northern California, north from San Francisco Bay to the
Oregon line; east across the upper end of the Sacramento
Valley and through the Shasta and Modoc regions to the
Warner Mountains. The range of douglasi is restricted to
the west side of the Sacramento River north as far as Butte
Creek, when it spreads northeast across the Valley to take in
Chico and the mountain mass beyond, including Lassen Peak
(Mus. Vert. Zool.; Merriam, Dept. Agric., Bur. Biol. Surv.
Cire: 76; 1910s pps 2.3).

Citellus beecheyi beecheyi (Richardson)
California Ground Squirrel

Original description—Arctomys beecheyi Richardson, Fauna
Boreali-Americana, 1, 1829, p. 170, pl. 12.

Type locality—Neighborhood of San Francisco and Monte-
rey, in California.

August 26, 1913.

346 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER.

Synonyms—Digger Squirrel; Beechey Ground Squirrel;
Spermophilus beecheyt; Spermophilus grammurus beecheyi;
Citellus variegatus beecheyi; Citellus grammurus beecheyi.

Range—Upper Sonoran, Lower Sonoran and Transition
zones of west-central California, south from San Francisco
Bay throughout the coast region as far as Ventura County;
also Sacramento Valley east of Sacramento River and south
of Butte and Lassen counties; also northern portion of the
San Joaquin Valley and west slope of middle Sierra Nevada
(Mus. Vert. Zool.; Merriam, Dept. Agric., Bur. Biol. Surv.
Circ. 76,2910). pp.Z, 3)

Citellus beecheyi fisheri (Merriam)
Fisher Ground Squirrel

Original description—Spermophilus beecheyi fisheri Mer-
riam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 8, December 28, 1893, pp. 133,
134.

Type locality—Kern Valley, 25 miles above (= east of)
Kernville, Kern County, California.

Synonyms—S permophilus grammurus fisheri; Citellus varte-
gatus fisheri; Citellus granumurus fishert.

Range—Lower Sonoran, Upper Sonoran, and Transition
zones in the southern San Joaquin Valley and surrounding
mountains, north at least to Madera County; east over the
southern Sierra Nevada and on the desert ranges of the Inyo
region as far east as the Panamint Mountains; and south
through the San Diegan district and adjacent edges of the
Mohave and Colorado deserts to the Mexican line (Mus. Vert.
Zool.; Merriam, Dept. Agric., Bur. Biol. Surv. Circ., 76, 1910,

Pp:.2; 13):

Citellus beecheyi nesioticus Elliot
Catalina Island Ground Squirrel

Original description—Citellus nesioticus Elliot, Field Col.
Mus., zool. ser., 3, March, 1904, pp. 263, 264.

Type locality—Santa Catalina Island, Santa Barbara group.
California.

Range—Santa Catalina Island (Elliot, supra cit.).

Vor. III] GRINNELL—MAMMALS OF CALIFORNIA 347

Citellus variegatus grammurus (Say)
Rock Squirrel

Original description—Sciurus grammurus Say, in Long’s
Exped. Rocky Mts., 2, 1823, p. 72.

Type locality—Purgatory River, near mouth of Chacuaco
Creek, Las Animas County, Colorado (fide Cary, N. Amer.
Fauna, 33, 1911, p. 87).

Range—Upper and Lower Sonoran zones in extreme eastern
San Bernardino County: Province Mountains and canyons
of the Colorado River (Merriam, Dept. Agric., Bur. Biol.
Surv. Circ, 76; 19105 pa2ye

Citellus tereticaudus tereticaudus (Baird)
Round-tailed Ground Squirrel

Original description—S permophilus tereticaudus Baird, Pac.
R. R. Rep., 8, 1857, pp. 315, 316.

Type locality—Fort Yuma, Imperial County, California.

Synonym—Round-tailed Spermophile.

Range—Lower Sonoran zone on the Colorado desert, in
Imperial County, west to La Puerta, eastern San Diego
County; north along the valley of the Colorado River as far
as Needles (Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Citellus tereticaudus chlorus Elliot
Palm Springs Ground Squirrel

Original description—Citellus chlorus Elliot, Field Col.
Mus., zool. ser., 3, December, 1903, p. 242.

Type locality—Palm Springs, Riverside County, California.

Synonym—Pale Spermophile.

Range—Lower Sonoran zone on the extreme west end of
the Colorado Desert: Mecca northwest to Whitewater, River-
side County (Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Citellus eremonomus Elliot
Death Valley Ground Squirrel

Original description—Citellus eremonomus Elliot, Field
Col. Mus., zool. ser., 3, December, 1903, p. 243.

348 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [ Proc. 4TH Ser.

Type locality—Furnace Creek, Death Valley, Inyo County,
California.

Synonym—Death Valley Spermophile.

Range—Death Valley, Inyo County (Elliot, supra cit.).

Citellus mohavensis (Merriam)
Mohave Ground Squirrel

Original description—Spermophilus mohavensis Merriam,
N. Amer. Fauna, 2, October, 1889, p. 15.

Type locality—Mohave River, above Victorville, San Ber-
nardino County, California.

Synonyms—Citellus tereticaudus mohavenis; Mohave Desert
Spermophile.

Range—Lower Sonoran zone on southwestern part of
Mohave Desert (as above), northeast to Daggett (Elliot,
Field Col. Mus., zool. ser., 3, 1904, p. 291; Stephens, Calif.
Mammals, 1906, p. 72).

Citellus mollis stephensi (Merriam)
Stephens Ground Squirrel

Original description—Spermophilus mollis stephensi Mer-
riam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 12, March 24, 1898, pp. 69, 70.

Type locality—Queen Station, near head of Owens Valley,
in Esmeralda County, Nevada.

Synonym—Stephens Spermophile.

Range—Upper Sonoran zone in extreme east-central Cali-
fornia: head of Owens Valley, Mono County (Merriam, supra
cit.; Stephens, Calif. Mammals, 1906, p. 71).

Citellus oregonus (Merriam)
Oregon Ground Squirrel

Original description—Spermophilus oregonus Merriam,
Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 12, March 24, 1898, p. 69.

Type locality—Swan Lake Valley, Klamath Basin, Klamath
County, Oregon.

Range—Upper Sonoran and Transition zones in eastern
part of Modoc region: Alturas; Sugar Hill; Warner Moun-
tains (Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Vor. IIT] GRINNELL—MAMMALS OF CALIFORNIA 349

Citellus beldingi (Merriam)
Belding Ground Squirrel

Original description—S permophilus beldingi Merriam, Ann.
New York Acad. Sci., 4, December 28, 1888, pp. 317-320.

Type locality—Donner, Placer County, California.

Synonyin—Belding Spermophile.

Range—Transition and Boreal zones on the central Sierra
Nevada, at least from Nevada County to Eldorado County
(Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Eutamias pictus (Allen)
Sage-brush Chipmunk

Original description—Tamias minimus pictus Allen, Bull.
Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 3, June, 1890, p. 115.

Type locality—Kelton, Boxelder County, Utah.

Synonym—Tamias pictus; Eutamias minimus pictus.

Range—Upper Sonoran zone along east base of Sierra
Nevada, at least from Mono County south to latitude of Inde-
pendence on both east and west sides of Owens Valley (Mus.
Vert. Zool.).

Eutamias alpinus (Merriam)
Alpine Chipmunk

Original description—Tanuas alpinus Merriam, Proc. Biol.
Soc. Wash., 8, December 28, 1893, pp. 137, 138.

Type locality—Big Cottonwood Meadows, 10,000 feet alti-
tude, Sierra Nevada, Inyo County, California.

Range—Boreal zone on the southern Sierra Nevada, from
Olancha Peak, Tulare County, northwards at least to Kear-
sarge Pass, Inyo County (Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Eutamias amoenus (Allen)
Klamath Chipmunk

Original description—Tamias amoenus Allen, Bull. Amer.
Mus. Nat. Hist., 3, June, 1890, p. 90. ;

Type locality—Fort Klamath, Klamath County, Oregon.

Synonyms—Tamias quadrimaculatus, part ; Tamias asiaticus
quadrivittatus; Sacramento Chipmunk, part.

Range—tTransition and Boreal zones throughout northwest-
ern California, east to the Warner Mountains, Modoe County ;

350 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 41H Ser.

west through the Trinity Mountains, Siskiyou and Trinity
counties; and south along the Sierra Nevada to the vicinity
of Kearsarge Pass, Inyo and Fresno counties (Merriam, Proc.
Biol. Soc. Wash., 11, 1897, pp. 190, 192; Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Eutamias panamintinus (Merriam)
Panamint Chipmunk

Original description—Tamias panamintinus Merriam, Proc.
Biol. Soc. Wash., 8, December 28, 1893, pp. 134, 135.

Type locality—Johnson Canyon, Panamint Mountains, Inyo
County, California.

Range—Upper Sonoran and low Transition zones, on the
desert ranges east of the southern Sierra Nevada; also on
the east slope of the main Sierra Nevada in Inyo County, at
least from Carroll Creek, northwards to Little Onion Valley
(Merriam, supra cit., p. 136; Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Eutamias speciosus speciosus (Allen)
San Bernardino Chipmunk

Original description—Tamias speciosus (Merriam, MS)
Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 3, June, 1890, p. 86.

Type locality—San Bernardino Mountains, California.

Range—High Transition and Boreal zones on the San
Jacinto and San Bernardino mountains, and on the extreme
southern Sierra Nevada from Taylor Meadow (near Kern
County line), Tulare County, north at least to Kearsarge
Pass, Inyo County (Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 11,
1897, pp. 191, 200; Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Eutamias speciosus frater (Allen)
Tahoe Chipmunk

Original description—Tamias frater Allen, Bull. Amer.
Mus. Nat. Hist., 3, June, 1890, p. 88.

Type locality—Donner, Placer County, California.

Synonyms—Tamias quadrivittatus, part; Sierra Nevada
Chipmunk ; Eutamias frater.

Range—Transition and Boreal zones on the Sierra Nevada
in the vicinity of Summit, Placer County, and Lake Tahoe

Vor. IT] GRINNELL—MAMMALS OF CALIFORNIA 351

(Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 11, 1897, pp. 192, 200),
south to vicinity of Kearsarge Pass, in Inyo County (Mus.
Vert. Zool.).

Eutamias speciosus inyoensis Merriam
Inyo Chipmunk
Original description—Eutamias speciosus inyoensis Mer-
riam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 11, July 1, 1897, pp. 202, 208.
Type locality—White Mountains, Inyo County, California.
Synonym—Tamias speciosus inyoensis.
Range—Transition and Boreal zones on the White and

Inyo mountains, Inyo County (Merriam, supra cit.; Mus.
Vert. Zool.).

Eutamias speciosus callipeplus (Merriam)
Mount Pinos Chipmunk

Original description—Tamias callipeplus Merriam, Proc.
Biol. Soc. Wash., 8, December 28, 1893, p. 136.

Type locality—Summit of Mount Pinos, Ventura County,
California.

Range—High Transition and Boreal zones on Mount Pinos,
Ventura County, and on the western slope of the southern
Sierra Nevada, from the headwaters of the Tule River north-
ward nearly to the Yosemite Valley (Merriam, Proc. Biol.
Soc. Wash., 11, 1897, pp. 191, 200; Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Eutamias quadrimaculatus (Gray)
Long-eared Chipmunk

Original description—Tamias quadrimaculatus Gray, Ann.
and Mag. Nat. Hist., 3rd ser., 20, 1867, pp. 435, 436.

Type locality—Michigan Bluff, Placer County, California.

Synonyms—Tamias macrorhabdotes Merriam, Proc. Biol.
Soc. Wash., 3, January 27, 1886, pp. 25-28 (type from Sierra
Nevada Mountains, central California, more exactly Blue
Canyon, Placer County) ; Eutamias macrorhabdotes.

Range—Upper Transition zone along west slope of Sierra
Nevada, from Yosemite National Park northward at least to
Quincy, Plumas County (Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.,
11, 1897, p. 206; Mus. Vert. Zool.).

352 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H SER.

Eutamias senex (Allen)
Allen Chipmunk

Original description—Tamias senex Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus.
Nat. Hist., 3, June, 1890, p. 83.

Type locality—Summit of Donner Pass, Placer County,
California.

Synonym—Gray Chipmunk.

Range—Boreal zone along the northern Sierra Nevada,
south as far as Mariposa County; east to Big Valley Moun-
tains, Lassen County, and Warner Mountains, Modoc County ;
west to Siskiyou and Trinity mountains (Merriam, Proc. Biol.
Soc. Wash., 11, 1897, p. 196; Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Eutamias townsendi ochrogenys Merriam
Redwood Chipmunk

Original description—Eutamias townsendi ochrogenys Mer-
riam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 11, July 1, 1897, pp. 195, 206,
207.

Type locality—Mendocino, Mendocino County, California.

Synonyms—Tamias townsend; Tamias asiaticus town-
sendi; Tamias townsendi ochrogenys.

Range—Narrow humid northwest coast strip (Transition
and Boreal zones) from the Oregon line south to Cazadero,
Sonoma County; interiorly as far as Cuddeback, Humboldt
County, and Sherwood, Mendocino County (Merriam, supra
cit.; Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Eutamias hindsi (Gray)
Marin Chipmunk

Original description—Tamuas hindei [= hindsi] Gray, Ann.
and Mag. Nat. Hist., 10, 1842, p. 264.

Type locality—Near San Francisco, California; assumed
to be north of the Bay, and Nicasio, Marin County, selected
as type locality (Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus.* Nat. Hist., 3, 1890,
Ae

Synonyms—Hinds Chipmunk; Redwood Chipmunk, part;
Tamias asiaticus hindsi.

Vor. IIT] GRINNELL—MAMMALS OF CALIFORNIA 353

Range—Upper Sonoran and Transition zones in Marin
County, and thence north along the inner coast ranges at least
to northeastern Mendocino County (Merriam, Proc. Biol.
Soc. Wash., 11, 1897, p. 197; Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Eutamias merriami pricei (Allen)
Santa Cruz Chipmunk

Original description—Tamias pricei Allen, Bull. Amer.
Mus. Nat. Hist., 7, December, 1895, pp. 333-335.

Type locality—Portola, San Mateo County, California.

Synonyms—Tamias townsendi pricei; Eutanvias merriami,
part; Price Chipmunk.

Range—Humid Transition and Upper Sonoran in the coast
region south of San Francisco Bay, from San Mateo County
to Monterey County, inclusive (Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Eutamias merriami merriami (Allen)
Merriam Chipmunk

Original description—Tamias asiaticus merriami Allen,
Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 2, October, 1889, pp. 176-178.

Type locality—San Bernardino Mountains, San Bernar-
dino County, California.

Synonyms—Tamias merriami; ?Tamias asiaticus quadri-
vittatus.

Range—Upper Sonoran and lower Transition zones on the
mountains of the San Diegan district, south to the Cuyamaca
and Laguna mountains, San Diego County; also north and
east through the Tehachapi mountains and along the western
foothills of the Sierra Nevada at least to Raymond, Madera

County; also north through the coast ranges to San Luis
Obispo County (Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Callospermophilus chrysodeirus chrysodeirus (Merriam)
Sierra Golden-mantled Ground Squirrel
Original description—Tamias chrysodeirus Merriam, N.
Amer. Fauna, 4, October, 1890, pp. 19, 20.
Type locality—Fort Klamath, Klamath County, Oregon.

Synonyms—Callospermophilus chrysodeirus trinitatis Mer-
riam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 14, July 19, 1901, p. 126 (type

354 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER.

from Trinity Mountains, east of Hoopa Valley, northwestern
California) ; Citellus chrysodeirus; Gilded Ground Squirrel;
Spermophilus chrysodeirus.

Range—Upper Transition and Boreal zones of the moun-
tains of northern California, west through the Trinity and
Siskiyou mountains, east to the Warner Mountains, south
along the Sierra Nevada as far as Cannell Meadow (near
Kern County line), Tulare County; also on Inyo Mountains
east of Owens Valley (Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Callospermophilus chrysodeirus bernardinus (Merriam)
San Bernardino Golden-mantled Ground Squirrel

Original description—Spermophilus bernardinus Merriam,
Science, n. s., 8, December 2, 1898, p. 782.

Type locality—San Bernardino Peak, San Bernardino
County, California.

Synonyms—S permophilus chrysodeirus brevicaudus Mer-
riam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 8, December 28, 1893, p. 134
(type from San Bernardino Peak, San Bernardino Moun-
tains, California) ; Citellus chrysodeirus bernardinus.

Range—Upper Transition and Boreal zones on the San
Bernardino Mountains (Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., 5,
1908, p. 141).

Ammospermophilus leucurus leucurus (Merriam)
Antelope Ground Squirrel

Original description—Tamuas leucurus Merriam, N. Amer.
Fauna, 2, October, 1889, pp. 19-21.

Type locality—San Gorgonio Pass, Riverside County, Cali-
fornia.

Synonyms—Citellus leucurus vinnulus Elliot, Field Col.
Mus., zool. ser., 3, December, 1903, p. 241 (type from Keeler,
Inyo County, California); Citellus leucurus; Spermophilus
leucurus; Antelope Chipmunk.

Range—Lower and Upper Sonoran zones in the south-
eastern desert regions, west to the east slopes of the Coast
Ranges in eastern San Diego County, to San Gorgonio Pass
as far as Cabezon, and to Antelope Valley, northern Los

Vor. III] GRINNELL—MAMMALS OF CALIFORNIA 355

Angeles County; north along the east side of the Sierra
Nevada and through the Inyo region to Mono County (Mus.
Vert. Zool.).

Ammospermophilus nelsoni (Merriam)
Nelson Ground Squirrel

Original description—S permophilus nelsoni Merriam, Proc.
Biol. Soc. Wash., 8, December 28, 1893, pp. 129, 130.

Type locality—Tipton, Tulare County, California.

Synonyms—Citellus nelsoni; Nelson Spermophile.

Range—Lower Sonoran zone in the San Joaquin Valley,
chiefly on the west side, from the vicinity of Bakersfield north-
east to near Los Banos, Merced County; west to the Carrizo
Plain and Cuyama Valley, San Luis Obispo County, (Mus.
Vert. Zool.).

Sciurus douglasi mollipilosus Audubon and Bachman
Redwood Chickaree

Original description—Sciurus molli-pilosus Audubon and
Bachman, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., October, 1841, p. 102.

Type locality—Northern parts of California.

Synonyms—Sciurus hudsonicus orarius Bangs, Proc. Biol.
Soc. Wash., 11, December 30, 1897, pp. 281, 282 (type from
Philo, Mendocino County, California); Sciurus douglasi;
Sciurus hudsonius douglassi.

Range—Boreal and Transition zones in the northwest
humid coast belt, from the Oregon line south as far as Camp
Meeker, Sonoma County (Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.,
10, 1898, p. 276; Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Sciurus douglasi albolimbatus Allen
Sierra Chickaree

Original description—Sciurus douglasii albolimbatus Allen,
Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 10, November 10, 1898, pp. 452,
453.

Type locality—Blue Canyon, Placer County, California.

Synonyms—Sciurus hudsonius californicus Allen, Bull.
Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 3, November, 1890, pp. 165, 166
(type from Blue Canyon, Placer County, California).

356 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47TH SER.

Range—Boreal zone along the entire Sierra Nevada from
Taylor Meadow (near Kern County line), Tulare County,
north to the Oregon line; east to the Warner Mountains,
Modoc County; and west through the Siskiyou and Trinity
mountains (Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 10, 1898,
p. 280; Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Sciurus griseus griseus Ord
California Gray Squirrel

Original description—‘Sciurus griseus Ord, Journ. de
Phys., 87, 1818, p. 152.”

Type locality—‘*The Dalles, Columbia River, Wasco
County, Oregon.”’

Synonyms—S ciurus heermanni Le Conte, Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Phila., 1852, p. 149 (type from California, probably near
Fort Tejon); Sciurus fossor, part; Sciurus griseus nigripes,
part; Sciurus leporinus.

Range—Transition and high Upper Sonoran zones through-
out the Sierra Nevada region, from Greenhorn Mountains,
Kern County, north to the Oregon line, thence south coast-

wise, chiefly east of the redwood belt, to Marin County (Mus.
Vert. Zool.).
Sciurus griseus nigripes Bryant
Black-footed Gray Squirrel

Original description—Sciurus fossor nigripes Bryant, Proc.
Cal. Acad. Sci., June 20, 1889, pp. 25, 26.

Type locality—San Mateo County, California.

Synonym—Sciurus fossor, part.

Range—Humid coast Transition south of San Francisco

Bay, from San Mateo County to Monterey County, inclusive
(Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Sciurus griseus anthonyi Mearns
Anthony Gray Squirrel
Original description—Sciurus fossor anthonyi Mearns,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 20, 1898, pp. 501, 502.
Type locality—Campbell’s ranch, Laguna Mountains, east-
ern San Diego County, California.
Synonym—Sciurus fossor nigripes, part.

Vor. IIT) GRINNELL—MAMMALS OF CALIFORNIA 357

Range—Transition zone of southern California, from near
the Mexican boundary northwest to the mountains of Ventura
County (Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Family PETAURISTIDAE
Sciuropterus alpinus stephensi Merriam
Mendocino Flying Squirrel

Original description—Sciuropterus oregonensis stephensi
Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 13, June 13, 1900, p. 151.

Type locality—Sherwood, Mendocino County, California.

Synonyms—California Coast Flying Squirrel; Stephens
Flying Squirrel.

Range—Transition zone in northwest humid coast belt; but
one precise locality so far known, as above.

Sciuropterus alpinus klamathensis Merriam
Klamath Flying Squirrel

Original description—Sciuropterus alpinus klamathensis
Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 11, July 15, 1897, p. 225.

Type locality—Transition zone, altitude 4200 feet, Fort
Klamath, Klamath County, Oregon.

Synonym—S ciuropterus volucella hudsonius.

Range—Transition and Boreal zones of the interior of
northern California: Warner Mountains, Modoc County, and
Trinity Mountains, in Siskiyou and Trinity counties (Mus.
Vert. Zool.) ; Mount Shasta (Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna, 16,
18995 py 92)s

Sciuropterus alpinus lascivus Bangs
Sierra Nevada Flying Squirrel

Original description—Sciuropterus alpinus lascivus Bangs,
Proc. New Eng. Zool. Club, 1, July 31, 1899, p. 69.

Type locality—Tallac, Eldorado County, California.

Range—Transition zone on central Sierra Nevada.

Sciuropterus alpinus californicus Rhoads
San Bernardino Flying Squirrel

Original description—Sciuropterus alpinus californicus
Rhoads, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., June, 1897, pp. 323, 324.

35 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [ Proc. 47H Ser.

[oe]

Type locality—San Bernardino Mountains, San Bernardino
County, California.

Synonyms—Sciuropterus californicus; California Flying
Squirrel.

Range—tTransition zone on the San Bernardino and San
Jacinto mountains (Rhoads, supra cit.; Grinnell, Univ. Calif.
Publ. Zool., 5, 1908, p. 138; Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Family CASTORIDAE
Castor subauratus Taylor
Golden Beaver

Original description—Castor subauratus Taylor, Univ.
Calif. Publ. Zool., 10, May 21, 1912, p. 167.

Synonyms—Castor canadensis pacificus; Castor canadensis,
part.

Type locality—San Joaquin River at Grayson, Stanislaus
County, California.

Range—Larger streams of Sacramento and San Joaquin
basins, at least from Shasta County south to Stanislaus
County.

Castor canadensis frondator Mearns

Sonora Beaver

Original description—Castor canadensis frondator Mearns,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 20, March 5, 1897, pp. 502, 503.

Type locality—San Pedro River, near Mexican boundary,
Sonora, Mexico.

Synonym—Castor canadensis, part.

Range—Along the Colorado River from the Nevada line
to the Mexican line.

Order LAGOMORPHA
Family OCHOTONIDAE
Ochotona schisticeps (Merriam)
Gray-headed Cony

Original description—Lagomys schisticeps Merriam, N.
Amer. Fauna, 2, October 30, 1889, p. 11.
Type locality—Donner, Placer County, California.

Vor. IIT) GRINNELL—MAMMALS OF CALIFORNIA 359

Synonym—Lagomys schisticeps, part; Gray-headed Pika;
Lagomys princeps.

Range—Boreal zone of central Sierra Nevada, at least from
Summit, Placer County, south to Heather Lake, Eldorado
County (Mus. Vert. Zool.); Mount Shasta (Merriam, N.
Amer. Fauna, 16, 1899, p. 99).

Ochotona taylori Grinnell
Warner Mountain Cony

Original description—Ochotona taylori Grinnell, Proc. Biol.
Soc. Wash., 25, July 31, 1912, pp. 129, 130.

Type locality—Warren Peak, 9000 feet altitude, Warner
Mountains, Modoc County, California.

Range—Boreal zone on the Warner Mountains, including
Sugar Hill, Modoc County (Grinnell, supra cit.).

Ochotona albatus Grinnell
Mount Whitney Cony

Original description—Ochotona albatus Grinnell, Univ.
Calif. Publ. Zool., 10, January 31, 1912, p. 125.

Type locality—Cottonwood Lakes, 11,000 feet, Sierra
Nevada, Inyo County, California.

Synonym—Ochotona schisticeps, part.

Range—Close to timberline in Boreal zone of southern
Sierra Nevada, in Inyo and Tulare counties, at least from
Kearsarge Pass south to Cottonwood Pass (Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Family LEPORIDAE

Lepus campestris townsendi Bachman
Western White-tailed Jack Rabbit

Original description—Lepus townsendi Bachman, Journ.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 8, pt. 1, 1839, pp. 90-94, pl. 2.

Type locality—Fort Walla Walla, Washington.

Synonym—Lepus campestris.

Range—Of sparse distribution in the Upper Sonoran and
Transition zones of the Modoc region of northeastern Cali-
fornia: Fort Crook, Shasta County, and Goose Lake, Modoc
County (Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, 29, 1909, p. 82); and
Parker Creek, Warner Mountains (Mus. Vert. Zool. ).

360 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

Lepus campestris sierrae Merriam
Sierra White-tailed Jack Rabbit

Original description—Lepus campestris sierrae Merriam,
Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 17, July 14, 1904, p. 132.

Type locality—Hope Valley, altitude 7800 feet, Alpine
County, California.

Range—Boreal zone on the Sierra Nevada from vicinity
of Lake Tahoe (Merriam, supra cit.) south to Monache
Meadows, Tulare County (Mus. Vert. Zool.) ; also, prob-
ably, on Mount Shasta (Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, 29, 1909,
p. 84).

Lepus washingtoni klamathensis Merriam
Oregon Snowshoe Rabbit

Original description—Lepus klamathensis Merriam, N.
Amer. Fauna, 16, October, 1899, p. 100.

Type locality—Fort Klamath, Oregon.

Synonym—Klamath Rabbit.

Range—Boreal zone on the central Sierra Nevada, at least
from Donner, Placer County, to Pacific, Eldorado County
(Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, 29, 1909, pp. 107, 109); also
Trinity Mountains, Trinity County (Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Lepus californicus californicus Gray
California Jack Rabbit

Original description—Lepus californica Gray, Mag. Nat.
Hist. (Charlesworth), 1, 1837, p. 586.

Type locality—St. Antoine, California, that is, Mission of
San Antonio, Jolon, Monterey County (fide Nelson, N. Amer.
Fauna, 29, 1909, p. 129).

Synonym—Lepus longicaudatus.

Range—Upper Sonoran zone of west-central and
northern California, from northern Santa Barbara County to
the Oregon line, interiorly to include Shasta Valley and the
whole of Sacramento Valley and adjacent foothills (Nelson,
supra cit., p. 132; Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Lepus californicus wallawalla Merriam
Washington Jack Rabbit
Original description—Lepus texianus wallawalla Merriam,
Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 17, July 14, 1904, p. 137.

Vor. IT] GRINNELL—MAMMALS OF CALIFORNIA 361

Type locality—Touchet, Plains of Columbia, Washington.

Range—Upper Sonoran and lower Transition zones in the
Modoc region of northwestern California, west to Beswick,
Siskiyou County, and south to Beckwith, Plumas County
(Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, 29, 1909, p. 133; Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Lepus californicus richardsoni Bachman
San Joaquin Jack Rabbit

Original description—Lepus richardsonii Bachman, Journ.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 8, pt. 1, 1839, pp. 88-90.

Type locality—Not known exactly, but probably near Jolon,
Monterey County, California (see Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc.
Wash., 17, 1904, p. 136).

Synonyms—Lepus tularensis Merriam, supra cit., pp. 136,
137 (type from Alila [Earlimart], Tulare County, Califor-
nia) ; Lepus californicus, part.

Range—Lower Sonoran and low Upper Sonoran zones in
the San Joaquin Valley, surrounding foothills, and valleys to
the westward to and including Salinas and Cuyama valleys
(Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, 29, 1909, p. 136; Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Lepus californicus bennetti Gray
San Diego Jack Rabbit

Original description—‘Lepus bennetti Gray, Zool. Voyage
Sulphur, 1844, p. 35, pl. 14.”

Type locality—“San Diego, California.”

Synonym—Lepus californicus, part.

Range—Lower and Upper Sonoran zones in the San Diegan
district, from the Mexican line northwest to southern Santa
Barbara County, altogether west of the desert divides (Nelson,
N. Amer. Fauna, 29, 1909, p. 137; Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Lepus californicus deserticola Mearns
Colorado Desert Jack Rabbit

Original description—Lepus texianus deserticola Mearns,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 18, June 24, 1896, p. 564.

Type locality—Western edge of Colorado Desert, at east
base of Coast Range, in San Diego County, California.

Synonym—Lepus californicus, part.

August 26, 1913.

362 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 41H Ser.

Range—Chiefly Lower Sonoran zone (locally up through
Transition) in the desert regions of southeastern California,
west to the eastern confines of the San Diegan district, and
north, east of the Sierra Nevada, to Mono Lake (Nelson, N.
Amer. Fauna, 29, 1909, pp. 137, 140; Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Sylvilagus nuttalli nuttalli (Bachman)
Washington Cottontail

Original description—Lepus nuttallui Bachman, Journ. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila., 7, pt. 2, 1837, pp. 345-348, pl. 22, fig. 1.

Type locality—Probably eastern Oregon near mouth of
Malheur River (see Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, 29, 1909, p.
Z01):

Range—Upper Sonoran and Transition zones in parts of
the Modoc region of northeastern California, west to Shasta
Valley, Siskiyou County, and south to Mono Lake, Mono
County (Nelson, supra cit., pp. 201, 204; Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Sylvilagus nuttalli grangeri (Allen)
Black Hills Cottontail

Original description—Lepus sylvaticus grangeri Allen, Bull.
Mus. Nat. Hist., 7, August 21, 1895, pp. 264, 265.

Type locality—Hill City, Black Hills, Custer County, South
Dakota.

Synonym—Lepus laticinctus perplicatus Elliot, Field Col.
Mus., zool. ser., 3, December, 1903, p. 255 (type from Hanno-
pee Canyon, Panamint Mountains, Inyo County, California.

Range—High Upper Sonoran and Transition zones on
desert ranges of the Inyo region, from White Mountains south
to the Coso and Panamint mountains (Nelson, N. Amer.
Fauna, 29, 1909, pp. 204, 207).

Sylvilagus auduboni auduboni (Baird)
Sacramento Cottontail
Original description—Lepus audubont Baird, Pac. R. R.
Rep., 8, 1857, pp. 608-610, pl. 58, fig. 2.

Type locality—San Francisco, California.
Synonym—Lepus sylvaticus auduboni.

Vor. IIT] GRINNELL—MAMMALS OF CALIFORNIA 363

Range—Upper Sonoran zone in Sacramento Valley and
San Francisco Bay region; recorded north to Red Bluff,
Tehama County, and South to Los Banos, Merced County
(Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, 29, 1909, pp. 214, 216; Mus. Vert.
Zool.) ; not reported from the coast belt north of San Fran-
cisco Bay nor south of the Santa Clara Valley.

Sylvilagus auduboni valliccla Nelson
San Joaquin Cottontail

Original description—Sylvilagus auduboni vallicola Nelson,
Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 20, July 22, 1907, pp. 82, 83.

Type locality—San Emigdio Ranch (25 miles southwest
of Bakersfield), Kern County, California.

Range—Lower Sonoran zone (locally into Upper Sonoran)
in the southern San Joaquin Valley, west to the Cuyama and
Salinas valleys; recorded north to Raymond, Madera County,
and south to the Walker and Tejon passes (Nelson, N. Amer.
Fauna, 29, 1909, pp. 216, 218; Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Sylvilagus auduboni sanctidiegi (Miller)
San Diego Cottontail

Original description—Lepus floridanus sanctidiegi Miller,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., October, 1899, pp. 389, 390.

Type locality—Mexican boundary near Pacific Ocean, in
San Diego County, California.

Range—Upper and Lower Sonoran zones in the San Diegan
district, west of the desert divides, from southern Ventura

County southwest to the Mexican line (Nelson, N. Amer.
Fauna, 29, 1909, pp. 218, 220; Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Sylvilagus auduboni arizonae (Allen)
Arizona Cottontail

Origiial description—Lepus sylvaticus var. arizonae Allen,
Mon. N. Amer. Rodentia, 1877, p. 332.

Type locality—Beal Spring, 2 miles from Kingman, Mohave
County, Arizona.

Synonyms—Lepus laticinctus Elliot, Field Col. Mus., zool.
ser., 3, December, 1903, p. 254 (type from Oro Grande,
Mohave Desert, San Bernardino County, California) ; Lepus

364 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 41H Ser.

laticinctus rufipes Elliot, supra cit., pp. 254, 255 (type from
Furnace Creek, Death Valley, Inyo County, California).

Range—Lower Sonoran and, locally, Upper Sonoran zone
of the Colorado and Mohave desert regions; west to eastern
border of the San Diegan district; north, east of the Sierra
Nevada, through Owens Valley (Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna,
29, 1909, pp. 222, 225; Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Sylvilagus bachmani bachmani (Waterhouse)
California Brush Rabbit

Original description—Lepus bachmani Waterhouse, Proc.
Zool. Soc. London, 1838, pp. 103-105.

Type locality—California, probably between Monterey and
Santa Barbara, later fixed at San Luis Obispo (see Nelson,
N. Amer. Fauna, 29, 1909, p. 247).

Synonym—Lepus trowbridgii Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila., April, 1855, p. 333 (type from Monterey, California).

Range—Upper Sonoran zone in the narrow coastal belt from
Santa Monica, Los Angeles County, northwest to Monterey,
thence north to Mount Hamilton and along western side of
Santa Clara Valley to Black Mountain; also western foothills
of Sierra Nevada from Tulare County to Shasta County
(Nelson, supra cit., pp. 247, 250; Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Sylvilagus bachmani ubericolor (Miller)
Redwood Brush Rabbit

Original description—Lepus bachmani ubericolor Miller,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., October, 1899, pp. 383, 384.

Type locality—Beaverton, Washington County, Oregon.

Synonyms—Lepus trowbridgei, part; Lepus bachmani, part ;
Lepus floridanus ubericolor.

Range—Transition and high Upper Sonoran zones in humid
coast belt, from vicinity of Santa Cruz north to the Oregon
line, including most of the San Francisco Bay region; also
interiorly, at the north, to the head of the Sacramento Valley
(Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, 29, 1909, pp. 250, 252; Mus. Vert.
Zool.).

Vor. III] GRINNELL—MAMMALS OF CALIFORNIA 365

Sylvilagus bachmani cinerascens (Allen)
Ashy Brush Rabbit

Original description—Lepus cinerascens Allen, Bull. Amer.
Mus. Nat. Hist., 3, October, 1890, p. 159.

Type locality—San Fernando, Los Angeles County, Cali-
fornia.

Range—Upper Sonoran zone in the San Diegan district,
from the Mexican line northwest through the interior of Ven-
tura and Santa Barbara counties; thence north through the
inner coast ranges west of the San Joaquin Valley to Jolon
and Jamesburg on west side of Salinas Valley, in Monterey
County; and east around southern rim of San Joaquin Valley
to vicinity of Walker Pass (Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, 29,
1909, pp. 252, 253; Mus. Vert. Zool.).

Brachylagus idahoensis (Merriam)
Idaho Pigmy Rabbit

Original description—Lepus idahoensis Merriam, N. Amer.
Fauna, 5, July, 1891, pp. 76, 77.

Type locality—Pahsimeroi Valley, Custer County, Idaho.

Range—Upper Sonoran zone in extreme eastern part of the
Modoc region, northeastern California; the only record station
to date is Goose Lake, Modoc County (Nelson, N. Amer.
Fauna, 29, 1909, pp. 275, 278).

Order ARTIODACTYLA
Family CERVIDAE

Cervus roosevelti Merriam
Roosevelt Elk

Original description—Cervus roosevelti Merriam, Proc. Biol.
Soc. Wash., 11, December 17, 1897, pp. 272, 273.

Type locality—Mount Elaine, near Mount Olympus, Olym-
pic Mountains, Washington.

Synonyms—Cervus canadensis, part; Cervus canadensis
occidentalis; Roosevelt Wapiti.

Range—Northwest humid coast belt chiefly in the Transition
zone, south formerly to Marin County (Mailliard, MS), east

366 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER

at least to the vicinity of Mount Shasta (Townsend, Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus., 10, 1887, p. 168) ; now existing in relatively
small numbers in Del Norte and Humboldt counties (accord-
ing to information received through California Fish and Game
Commission).

Cervus nannodes Merriam
Dwarf Elk

Original description—Cervus nannodes Merriam, Proc. Biol.
Soc. Wash., 18, February 2, 1905, pp. 24, 25.

Type locality—Buttonwillow, Kern County, California.

Synonym—Cervus canadensis, part; California Wapiti; San
Joaquin Valley Elk; Tule Elk.

Range—Lower Sonoran zone, formerly in the San Joaquin
Valley, especially in its southern part, west through the coast
ranges to the Cuyama Valley in northern Santa Barbara
County, and to Santa Clara Valley in Santa Clara County
(Rowley, MS; Mus. Vert. Zool.) ; also probably north through
the Sacramento Valley at least as far as the vicinity of Marys-
ville Buttes. Now only in western Kern County, between
Tulare and Buena Vista lakes and adjacent hills to the west;
a transplanted herd in the Sequoia National Park, Tulare
County.

Odocoileus virginianus macrourus (Rafinesque)
White-tailed Deer

Original description—Corvus (=Cervus) macrourus Ra-
finesque, Amer. Monthly Mag., 1, October, 1817, p. 436.

Type locality—Plains of Kansas River, Upper Missouri
Valley.

Synonym—Odocoileus americanus macrourus.

Range—Said to have formerly occurred in extreme eastern
and northeastern California, chiefly in the Modoc region. Many
accounts by hunters, but no verified or recent report.

Odocoileus columbianus columbianus (Richardson)
Columbian Black-tailed Deer

Original description—Cervus macrotis var. columbiana
Richardson, Fauna Boreali-Americana, 1, 1829, p. 257.

Vor. III] GRINNELL—MAMMALS OF CALIFORNIA 367

Type locality—Mouth of the Columbia River, Oregon or
Washington.

Synonym—?Cervus lewisii Peale, U. S. Exploring Exped.,
8, 1848, “p. 39, pl. 9” (type from Feather River, Upper Cali-
fornia).

Range—Northwest coast region chiefly in the Transition
and Boreal zones; east throughout the inner coast ranges to
the Sacramento Valley, and at the north to and including
Mount Shasta and near vicinity; south to the north side of
San Francisco Bay.

Odocoileus columbianus scaphiotus Merriam
Southern Black-tailed Deer

Original description—Odocoileus columbianus scaphiotus
Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 12, April 30, 1898, p. 101.

Type locality—Laguna Ranch, Gabilan Range, San Benito
County, California.

Synonyms—Odocoileus columbianus, part; Columbian
Black-tailed Deer, part.

Range—Transition and high Upper Sonoran zones south
from San Francisco Bay through the Santa Cruz district at
least into Monterey and San Benito counties. In spite of
expressed doubts as to the existence of two recognizable forms
of the black-tailed deer within the state, material accumulated
in the collection of the California Academy of Sciences affords
basis for the belief that two races do exist (columbianus and
scaphiotus), with ranges as here defined (Rowley, MS).

Odocoileus hemionus hemionus (Rafinesque)
Rocky Mountain Mule Deer

Original description—Cervus hemionus Rafinesque, Amer.
Monthly Mag., 1, October, 1817, p. 436.

Type locality—Sioux River, South Dakota.

Range—Eastern California, including main Sierra Nevada
south into Kern County and north to vicinity of Mount Lassen,
thence northeast through the Modoc region. Western limit
at extreme north, Mount Shasta (Rowley, MS). Not in the
desert ranges east of Owens Valley except in winter. Occurs
in summer on the high Sierras up to timberline; in winter
most numerous in the foothills.

368 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser.

Odocoileus hemionus californicus (Caton)
California Mule Deer

Original description—Cervus macrotis var. californicus
Caton, Amer. Nat., 10, August, 1876, p. 464.

Type locality—Near Gaviota Pass, 40 miles westward from
Santa Barbara, in Santa Barbara County, California.

Range—Upper Sonoran and Transition zones of southern
California west of the desert proper, from the Mexican line
northwest through the San Diegan district at least to San Luis
Obispo County, and east through the Tejon region to the
Tehachapi Mountains.

Odocoileus hemionus eremicus (Mearns)
Burro Deer

Original description—Dorcelaphus hemionus eremicus
Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 20, February 11, 1897, pp.
470, 471.

Type locality—Sierra Seri, Sonora, Mexico, near Gulf of
California.

Synonym—Desert Mule Deer.

Range—Lower Sonoran zone on the Colorado desert, for-
merly north along the Colorado River at least to the vicinity
of Palo Verde, and northwest around Salton Sea; now rare or
entirely wanting north of the Mexican line.

Family ANTILOCAPRIDAE

Antilocapra americana americana (Ord)
Prong-horn Antelope

Original description—“Antelope americana Ord, Guthrie’s
Geo., 2nd Amer. ed., 2, 1815, pp. 292, 308.”

Type locality—On the plains and highlands of the Missouri
(fide Miller and Rehn, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 30, 1901,
p. 20).

Range—Formerly nearly throughout the state south and
east of the humid coast-belt and below the Boreal zone; chiefly,
however, on the interior plains and valleys both east and west
of the desert divides. Now only isolated bands exist: in the
Modoc region, in the southern San Joaquin Valley on the west

Vor. III] GRINNELL—MAMMALS OF CALIFORNIA 369

side, on the western arm of the Mohave desert in northern
Los Angeles County or southern Kern County, and on the
Colorado desert near the Mexican line, in eastern San Diego
County or western Imperial County.

Family BOVIDAE
Ovis canadensis nelsoni Merriam
Desert Bighorn

Original description—Ovis nelsoni Merriam, Proc. Biol.
Soc. Wash) tl July: 15, 1897, ppaZzl75 218:

Type locality—Grapevine Mountains, on boundary between
California and Nevada, just south of latitude 37°.

Synonyms—Ovis canadensis, part; Ovis cervina nelsoni;
Mountain Sheep, part; Desert Sheep.

Range—Lower and Upper Sonoran zones on the Mohave
and Colorado deserts and adjacent and included ranges, west
to the Santa Rosa Mountains, Riverside County, northwest
(formerly) through the Tejon region to the Caliente Hills,
San Luis Obispo County, and north through the Inyo region
east of Owens Valley.

Ovis canadensis sierrae Grinnell
Sierra Nevada Bighorn

Original description—Ovis cervina sierrae Grinnell, Univ.
Calif. Publ. Zool., 10, May 9, 1912, pp. 144-150.

Type locality—East slope Mount Baxter, 11,000 feet alti-
tude, Sierra Nevada, Inyo County, California.

Synonyms—Ovts canadensis, part; Mountain Sheep, part.

Range—High Sierra Nevada, formerly at least from Mari-
posa County to Tulare County; also (probably this race) in
the vicinity of Mount Shasta east to the Warner Mountains,
Modoc County. Now only from Mono County south to the
vicinity of Mount Whitney; restricted to Boreal zone in
summer, descending in winter to east base of the Sierra
Nevada. There are sheep still existing on the San Gabriel
Mountains (Transition zone), southern California; status
unknown.

370 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

Order/ CETACEA
Family DELPHINIDAE
Tursiops gilli Dall
Cowfish

Original description—Tursiops gillii Dall, Proc. Cal. Acad.
Sci., 5; April) 1873; p, 13:

Type locality—Monterey, California (fide True, Bull. U. S.
Nat. Mus., 36, 1889, p. 43).

Range—The ocean and bays coastwise (Scammon, Marine
Mammals, 1874, p. 101).

Delphinus delphis Linnaeus

Common Dolphin

Original description—Delphinus delphis Linnaeus, Syst.
Nat: 151798; p: 77.

Type locality—North Atlantic Ocean near Europe.

Synonym—Delphinus bairdii Dall, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci.,
5, April, 1873, pp. 12, 13 (types from Point Arguello, Santa
Barbara County, California) ; Baird Dolphin.

Range—The ocean and bays coastwise (Scammon, Marine
Mammals, 1874, p. 99; True, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 36, 1889,
p.- 52).

Lissodelphis borealis (Peale)
Northern Right Whale Porpoise

Original description—Delphinapterus borealis Peale, U. S.
Explor. Exped., 8, 1848, p. 35, “pl. 8, fig. 2.”

Type locality—North Pacific Ocean, lat 46° 6’ 50”, long.
134° 5’ W.

Synonyms—Leucorhamphus borealis; Tursio borealis.

Range—The ocean coastwise from San Diego Bay north-
wards (Scammon, Marine Mammals, 1874, p. 101).

Lagenorhynchus obliquidens Gill
Striped Porpoise

Original description—Lagenorhynchus obliquidens Gill,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., September, 1865, pp. 177, 178.
Type locality—San Francisco, California.

Vor. IIT] GRINNELL—MAMMALS OF CALIFORNIA 371

Synonym—Common Porpoise, part.
Range—The ocean coastwise (Scammon, Marine Mammals,

1874, p. 98).
Phocaena phocaena (Linnaeus)
Bay Porpoise

Original description—Delphinus phocaena Linnaeus, Syst.
Nat 1) 1758; p:. 77.

Type locality—European and Baltic seas.

Synonyms—Phocaena communis; Phocaena vomerina;
Common Porpoise, part.

Range—The ocean and bays coastwise including San Fran-
cisco Bay (Scammon, Marine Mammals, 1874, pp. 95, 97).

Grampus griseus (Cuvier)
Common Grampus

Original description—“Delphinus griseus Cuvier, Ann. Mus.
Paris, 1812; p: 14) pl. 1; figs

Type locality—‘Brest, coast of France.”

Synonym—Grampus stearnsii Dall, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci.,
5, January, 1873, p. 13 (types from Monterey, California).

Range—The ocean coastwise (Scammon, Marine Mammals,

1874, pp. 103, 300).

Globicephalus scammoni Cope
Scammon Blackfish
Original description—Globiocephalus scammoni Cope, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1869, p. 21.
Type locality—Coast of Lower California (fide Dall, in
Scammon, Marine Mammals, 1874, p. 299).

Range—The ocean north from Lower California (Scammon,
Marine Mammals, 1874, pp. 85-87).

Orcinus ater (Cope)
Pacific Killer

Original description—Orca ater Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila., 1869, p. 22.
Type locality—Northwest coast.

372 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

Synonyms—Orcinus orca; Orcinus rectipinna, part; Black
Killer; Orca.
Range—In the ocean coastwise (Scammon, Marine Mam-

mals, 1874, p. 90).

Orcinus rectipinna (Cope)
Straight-finned Killer

Original description—Orca rectipinna Cope, Proc. Acad.
Nati ‘Sci: Phila, 1869)4p..22-

Type locality—California.

Range—In the ocean coastwise, especially to the northward
(Scammon, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1869, pp. 56, 57).

Family ZIPHIIDAE
Berardius bairdi Stejneger
Baird Beaked Whale

Original description—Berardius bairdii Stejneger, Proc. U.
S. Nat. Mus., 6, 1883, pp. 75, 76.

Type locality—Stare Gavan, Bering Island, Bering Sea.

Synonym—Baird Sperm Whale.

Range—Ocean along northwest coast: Centerville Beach
near Ferndale, and Trinidad, Humboldt County (True, Bull.
U.S: Nat Mus;'73, 1910, pp: 2.635).

Family PHYSETERIDAE
Physeter macrocephalus Linnaeus
Sperm Whale

Original description—Physeter macrocephalus Linnaeus,
Syst. Nat., 1, 1758, p. 76.

Type locality—North Atlantic Ocean near Europe.

Range—Formerly in the ocean north along the coast of
California (Scammon, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1869,
p. 61).

Vor. IIT] GRINNELL—MAMMALS OF CALIFORNIA 373

Family BALAENIDAE
Balaena sieboldi Gray
Pacific Right Whale

Original description—Balaena sieboldii Gray, Ann. and
Mag. Nat. Hist., 3rd ser., 14, 1864, p. 349.

Type locality—Coast of Japan.

Synonym—Siebold Baleen Whale; Balaena japonica;
Balaena cullamach.

Range—Few along coast of California (Scammon, Marine
Mammals, 1874, p. 66).

Rhachianectes glaucus (Cope)
California Gray Whale

Original description—A gaphelus glaucus Cope, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila., June, 1868, pp. 159, 160.

Type locality—Coast of California: Monterey (see Dall, in
Scammon, Marine Mammals, 1874, p. 301).

Synonym—Gray Baleen Whale.

Range—Frequent in the ocean and bays coastwise from
November to May (Scammon, Marine Mammals, 1874, pp.
22,23).

Megaptera versabilis Cope
Pacific Humpback Whale

Original description—Megaptera versabilis Cope, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1869, pp. 15, 16.

Type locality—North Pacific.

Synonym—Megaptera nodosa versabilis.

Range—In the ocean and bays coastwise; Monterey Bay,
April to December (Scammon, Marine Mammals, 1874, p.
44).

Balaenoptera velifera Cope
Pacific Finback Whale

Original description—Balaenoptera velifera Cope, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, p. 16.

Type locality—Coast of Oregon.

Synonyms—Balaenoptera physalis velifera; Oregon Finback
Whale.

374 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47TH Ser.

Range—In the ocean and bays coastwise (Scammon, Ma-
rine Mammals, 1874, pp. 34-36).

Balaenoptera sulfureus (Cope)
Pacific Sulphur-bottom Whale
Original description—S ibbaldius sulfureus Cope, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila., 1869, p. 20.
Type locality—Northwest Coast.
Range—At all seasons along the coast of California (Scam-
mon, Marine Mammals, 1874, p. 71).

Vor, IIT] GRINNELL—MAMMALS OF CALIFORNIA 375

INDEX

Adelonycteris fuscus ........ 280 IB aitey CAV CY cravayeretave y ciate archey-Aviotors 276
Agaphelus glaucus .......... 373 Desertwballid ns. ..casceis 282
Ammospermophilus leucurus GIN CMY eects cneace’sioleieteoiere 278
LEUCUTUS Bosco masniecihe 354 ENOaR ye cs) caeiiecivoaeee enc 280
METS ON eer orc asia iclonele otezate 355 PV OMISHeT ee Haein sate, ceevere 276
Antelope, Prong-horn ....... 368 Way Grulla) Browm <3... 5.. 278
Antelope americana ......... 368 Marge! BLOWN oi sera se's.~ 280
Antilocapra americana ameri- Iittle /Galifomia’ ...).5.. 277
COND eisscineetoiels ela ers 368 Wongeeared! s.i5:<:sielesccccs 278
ANTILGCAPRIDAE® << <.cci02 sec 368 TKong-legeed’ ..5....h000 276
Antrozous pallidus pallidus... 282 Long-shanked, 2.0.0.0... 276
pallidus pacificus ........ 282 GSKA WP retarete cin soles erosiers 279
Aplodontia californica ....... 344 Mexican Free-tailed ..... 283
MAJOP) Ac nieie Homose ate 344 IMilleritasoties sicls oe cies 277
WOH io crane meron oeades 344 IO HAV Cree toes eters isistcioconts 283
FAPLODONDLIDAB)) a's s:ctecsepelelejres 344 Neva ay yer icche s acuissvenis 283
Arctocephalus gilliespti ...... 300 Northwestern Lump-nosed 281
MONLETIENSIS ......000005 300 pacihcweballtdi tons ce sci ce 282
LOTOMS ENO) eae) araincienctatiets 300 allele terncaensistestsa arses cyaie 282
Arctomys beecheyi .......... 345 Pale Lump-nosed ....... 281
GOUGlaStts voces ericteleietalstore 345 Pallid Big-eared ........ 281
HOGUYUONTEN, cieieleesicieteieriiae 345 Palm Springs Free-tailed 282
IARTIODAGEVIUAY tem seeicteicie jerome 365 Rocketed) cctccvesejs csienisie 282
Arvicola californica ......... 318 San Bernardino Brown.. 280
GITATA IN niianes ates nis 321 Silver-haired ..........+- 279
(Ui (cas SAA ae ees eA Dee 319 Spottedimese. oo. cenececee 281
VON GAR O'SERUSH alee nrcrsteis ett 317 Stephens Little Pallid ... 277
MONTANA .......000% 317, 318 Tacubaya Free-tailed..... 283
MOOT tena ses ecceeeies 319 ANALG) 15 OSS CORR ee 276
OVE ZONUNocararelaisterspelete ars Saree 320 Wiesfemniicyeiciicc.c\-15 sececysts 279
TOWDTIG LA a weaiiersiee ste 318 Wresternp Red. ccsc.ec ee 280
Atalapha cinerea ............ 281 PVCU alge esis cee aions 276
ielvo tis) Paneer ie 280 Beanw blacker alstesaetes areniet 284
Atophyrax bendirei ......... 275 BOW icharnisisis siereiets cise 284
Cinnamon asics. secre 284
Badger, American .......... 296 Grizz lye resaneciesac eis 284
Galifornia\s tics. seiner 296 Northwestern Black ..... 284
WMesxciGany Reetemeecmenaees 296 Beaver, California Mountain. 344
Wiestenniiccimenne mete 296 Goldener. casos enna 358
Balaena cullamach .......... 373 Point Reyes Mountain... 344
TOMES Scadssasoancnoc 373 Sierra Mountain ........ 344
SIEDOIOU terctatehe farcrensteeeotn ee 373 Sononalyenns (icy enemtiocne 358
IBATABNIDAR » meer inictacaractee 373 Berardius. bards ..... 65sec. 372
Balaenoptera physalis velifera a Bighoum Desert jis soeiee 369
SUL TAUT CUS Mier fete icles hile pete Sierra JNevada .s.c.-<.0e 369
VETERE aoa neer Ac eee 1B Blackfish, Scammon ......... 371
IBASSOMUSTOStULGT secre eee 289 IB OVID ATE MMe torts ic. ta btesielaesesls 369
TOPLO RINE hee 289 Brachylagus idahoensis ...... 365
Bassariscus astutus .......... 289
GStUtUS 7OPLOT Vi.inefn heres 289 Callorhinus alascanus ........ 300
flavus oregonus ......... 289 UNSINWS (25 stirs sce k ae *.300, 301
Bat) Big-eared: ‘Palewa.c2sa (2o2 Callospermophilus chrysodei-
Black-winged ........... 280 rus bernardinus .......
Bonnets crest econ 283 chrysodeirus chrysodetirus 353
California Leaf-nosed ... 275 chrysodeirus trinitatis ... 353
California Mastiff ...... 283 Callotaria alascana .......... 300

Ganyoniyts noises eee ae 279 (GANIDA Berets cacecnusieraveee meee 284

376 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser.

Canisieston x deen eaten a 285 Citellus beldingit ..........-- 349
DLA OS) ays arc poiereraishelete slererare 284 CUENSODCI US, Ji cmeuece 354
Latramslestesm sc cers stavsisiae 285 chrysodeirus bernardinus. 354
LeStesy tes eile caves 285 CRIOTUS Bites ehinte.ctereeieiene 347
lupus griseo-albus ...... 285 WOW EIOSIS tatete ra aroterstecteniocn 345
WCALNSIA! axay.\orcteisielelaiesnie‘ers' 285 CYEMONOMUS ........000. 347
MEICONWUS ” aielela reloioresicistere 285 grammurus beecheyi .... 346
NUDIUS wrlasece con aso ns 285 grammurus douglasi .... 345
ochropus estor .......+++ 285 grammurus fisheri ...... 346
ochropus ochropus .....- 285 VOUCUTADS <i) eeersieis:seeleete 354

GARNIVORA’ -£.20% ste erteeesiciersienete 284 leucurus vinnulus ....... 354

Castor canadensis .........++ 358 MONAUENSIS, ...20cc000006 348
canadensis frondator .... 358 mollis stephensi ......... 348
canadensis pacificus ..... 358 MELSONDE . Sitehe cts Nowwiestoenc 355
SUDOUTALUS 6. . cece eeeeee 358 NESLOVICUS Bcrarcteyosieies ieee 346

GUSTORIDAB hee haters tees 358 OV EB ONUS We eaciooece coho 348

Cat, California Ring-tailed... 289 tereticaudus chlorus ..... 347
Giveti ta ctasteraciatewtetrtacrelerai 289 tereticaudus mohavenis .. 348

GERVIDAT. wiyvieisieieters:cSretis one ereres 365 tereticaudus tereticaudus. 347

Cervus canadensis ....... 365, 366 variegatus beecheyi ...... 346
canadensis occidentalis... 365 variegatus douglasi ...... 345
ROMIONUS: arciare varevrss visisis 367 variegatus fisheri ....... 346
LAWS) she mieldicrwnre s(sis sisvecete 367 variegatus grammurus.... 347
macrotis var. californicus 368 Cony, Gray-headed ......... 358
macrotis var. columbiana. 366 Mount Whitney ......... 359
MACTOULUS oo... eeceeeees 366 Warner Mountain ....... 359
NONNODES fiz, ciwtaielnsie orsie errs 366 Coon; (California vayemscenise 290
TOOSCUELED, here vious oree eieiefaiz 365 Pacihesir.caene socio 290

G@ETACHA . San cts eloranaisnersisiahereiss 370 PBallidy six Saecteest satis 290

Chickaree, Redwood ......... 355 Corynorhinus macrotis palles-
Siekray Atte oe cslern a eentorics 355 CONS es wirne Seaerieetslahes

Chincha occidentalis ......... 295 macrotis townsendi ..... 281
occidentalis holzneri .... 295 Gottontatl; Arizona casecescae 363
occidentalis major ...... 295 Blacks (Hillsut Seciteercmetes 362
Platyrhings sails ssciesis sisiniece 296 Sacramento: oac..0ssaceas< 362

Chipmunk, Allen 05... i. ss. 352 San Joaquin 2eccienciate 363
IAT Ine irecyoetensieveiels'ssere.3 'o1ss> 349 SaneDiegor saris ciinitevets 363
AnitelopGsa.ca.jac% 05 sisece's 354 Washington (osc. crise one's 362
Grayaiocs cesses cteoeets 352 Gougars Brown! §...../acctewisacioe 298
Lind saz iastenire ce csiers ote 352 Northwestern” cs ccacecis's 297
Tan yr celia ialteierc isis, sree bier 351 PacificeGoast secre 298
Kalamatiteesiercis srale-eicicte cielo 349 Wamaies as Suscateccicoratets 298
TMong-eared vccaaadececus 351 Cowlfishy Wascaavsioncscteeuuier 370
Marin: pysich aie os oo essere 352 Coyote, California Valley.... 285
Mierriam Guster sos steterelerers 353 Desert, t..4., 5 tose esters 285
Mount eRInOsiele:s.cciessi2 et 351 Mearns? 2)-fisisis dswstersectents 285
Panamaints tosisientectaeisiiees 350 Moin tain 9 tonrosesrarcistotereres 285
PrICe. Sajacto le csatee 353 Valley < sssadecccsaieected 285
Redwood) tiines.ceatemes 352 Cricetodipus parvus ......... 330
Sacramentoweiciiss cccies eet 349
Sagebrush -cictoec eres ayers 349 Deer, , Burro: ‘sites serelecemisciers 368
San. Bernardinoy .<<)-/e< 0 350 California Mules <2 .i.j.s<< 368
Sanita) @riziiies).2sicx's 353 Columbian Black-tailed..
Sierraw Nevada acca otclrons <0 | aR orienta tS pt3c, cin 366, 367
Tahoe sess Meat Bs c's fa oreterNe 350 Desert Mule: sseesnesec 368

(CHIROPTERA, Bei cicaaicciereecaareieis 275 Rocky Mountain Mule... 367

Citellus beecheyi beecheyi.... 345 Southern Black-tailed.... 367
beecheyi douglasi ........ 345 White-tailed tiene. aes 366
beecheyi fisheri ......... 346 DEULPHINIDAE! ascii meciclesiies 370

beecheyi nesioticus ...... 346 Delphinus bairdtt ........... 370

Vor. III]

Delphinus delphis .........-. 370
ISIS EUS A sajaivie\eleleicretavol stelle 371
BNWOCGENG Were icitersieccisetecee 371

Delphinapterus borealis...... 370

Dipodomys agilis..........+. 335
COMPOTACWSiiacierecel-tsoleleiaterate 342
californicus pallidulus.... 342
deserti deserti .......5.. 339
deserti helleri ........... 339
heermanni .... 000000008 335
merriami extlis ......+.- 341
merriamt kernensis ..... 341

merriami mortivallis .... 340
merriami nevadensis .... 341
merriami nitratoides .... 341

merriamt nitratus........ 340
merriamt parvus.......-- 340
merriami simiolus....... 339
PARUWS eretecteiaclers ecient 340
PUAUUPSY srarisisrcinsresier 340, 342
SLOMULUSTY ve nheyeisietcteloncielaisiersios 339
ISUINTOLUS nicsaareenoersie eres 339
QUOLWMET. sctese stron isiererettee B35
Dolphin, Common .......... 370
Band pate eicyateteicle crntereretsieds 370
Dorcelaphus hemionus erem-
SCUS. | scale oisteiv lois siainlectale 368
Eilephant Sea a wicletesveic(eteterertatans 301
IO ID Eb amn Geena enOD doo ae 366
IROOSEVElt) <hajsecrecrsnielee ste 365
San Joaquin Valley .... 366
PIRI Les arash aiavovarsnavetareve crcrsteks 366
EWN OKGALUEYUS S -cccc tetavejevorelslersie 297
MUATUAGY “fore. e- sare: sssnaveiaksterint 297
Epimys alexandrinus ........ 322
MOVTUESACUS) 1 isis seteretsieierelers 322
MEMS I sara crersrses eo sisieieivoseets 322
Eptesicus fuscus bernardinus. 280
ARS CUS ELSCUSaacietertlcciaele 280
fuscus melanopterus ..... 280

Erethizon dorsatus epixanthus 344
epixanthum epixanthum. 344
3

EPUANTWUSS Vs \e.diss|eists\exorntete
EREDHIZONTIDAB 21 «sisveieieiel ove 344
Euderma maculatum ........ 281
Eumetopias jubata .......... 300

SECULOTG oo, oa kvainvt) ofainrararsioiane 300
Eumops californicus......... 283
Eutamias alpinus..........+. 349

COGS “Bpacocnusu0da0d 349

RATTLE EBOOT EI AOOOS OOhSHS 350

ANd sts rvrcn eee ees 352

macrorhabdotes ......... 351

merriamt merriami ...... 353

merriami pricet......... 353

minimus pictus ......... 349

panamintinus .......2006 350

PUCTUS We areseisi reve sitet 349

quadrimaculatus ........ 351

GRINNELL—MAMMALS OF CALIFORNIA 377

Eutamias sen€x .........000. 352
speciosus callipeplus ..... 351
speciosus frater......... 350
Speciosus inyoensis...... 351
Speciosus Speciosus...... 350
townsendi ochrogenys... 352

Evotomys californicus ....... 317
PNA ZOUNG rcceeysiovors Sctevess is clei 316
ODSCUTUSH Nas aeiloccemcottle 316

IRELIDAR irae cic isciaieinereloveis 297

Felis aztecus browni......... 298
CONCOLOT Mae eisersieeiai-fs\ciays 298
concolor oregonensis..... 298
hippolestes olympus ..... 298
oregonensis brownt...... 298
oregonensis oregonensis.. 297
rufa californica ......... 299
TUFO CVEMICE ..0......0008 299
WUT OMNOCULED: ate ccaiciatas hesee 298
rufa pallescens .......... 298

Felix [=Felis|] oregonensis.. 297

Fiber szibethicus mergens..... 321
zibethicus pallidus....... 321

ishemam ba Citicavs, sjcrecraceertets 291

BoxyeArizona: Gray'cc sce 288
@alitornia, (Gray2.25. <..\. 288
G@ascadewived! Vin seiaci ae ote 286
Coaster ccs cesses sree 288
ache Sierra Red sosien ss 286
Inyo Mountains Gray.... 288
Long-eared Kit.......... 286
Mohave Desert Kit...... 287
Mountain Red .......... 286
Redwood Gray.......... 287
San Clemente Island.... 289
Sam Oaqtin« Kat sejsii0s'1« 287
San Miguel Island...... 288
Santa Catalina Island.... 289
Santa Cruz, Islands --22) 289
Shortetatled)) frie eaeie 288
Townsend Gray?)........ 287

(GEOMRVADAT My eecisiescto claieieleietsherets 323

Globicephalus scammoni ..... 371

Gopher, Alpine Pocket....... 327
Broad-headed Pocket.... 323
Cabezon Pocket.......).. 326
California: Pocket’ 22/3... 323
Dark=colored? 2.2).c:/1-'«,0. 327
Digger Pine Pocket..... 324
ishenwPocket® .iajsesisiels 325
Fresno Pocket .......... 324
GoldenuiPocket: 25.6 casiacets 325

Humboldt Bay Pocket .. 323
Imperial Valley Pocket.. 326

Lone Pine Pocket....... 325
Mos Banos Pocket... 2.00. 324
Mount Whitney Pocket.. 327
Mountain Pocket ....... 328

August 26, 1913.

378 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER.

Gopher, Owens Lake Pocket. 325 Lepus bachmani ............. 364
Owens Valley Pocket.... 325 bachmani ubericolor ..... 364
Pale-colored) *:2.2..,¢1<« 11% 326 bennett oc cieee sate etree 361
PallidiwPockety cen.s-ieris 326 CAUPOTNICUS. o...0000005 360, 361
Palm Springs Pocket.... 326 californicus californicus 360
PanamintsPocket, <)..%% 325) californicus bennetti ..... 361
Pine? Woods: ciicca.ccs.ielee 328 californicus deserticola .. 361
Red Bluff Pocket........ 324 californicus richardsoni... 361
San Bernardino Mountain californicus wallawalla... 360

Pockétinsssccamemtanaes 327 COMP CSIP S= aioe ois nines os we 359
San Diego Pocket....... 323 campestris sierrae ....... 360
San Joaquin Pocket..... 324 campestris townsendi..... 359
Sierra Nevada Pocket... 328 CIMEFASCENS Se ceeeeicinnnas 365
Southern Pocket........ 323 floridanus sanctidiegi.... 363
Tawnyw Pocket \sccni.2% « 327 floridanus ubericolor..... 364
Yosemite Pocket ....... 327 MAGNO ENSIS sixes cc encee 365

Grampus, Common .......... 371 Rlamathensis: ....s05552 360

GrOMPUS IETUSEUS, «61 21:05 22m = 371 LOH CINCLUS en wiercies Settee 363
SHEOTMSU? occ icressea.ie woe 371 laticinctus perplicatus.... 362

Grizzly, ‘California 2:.........- 284 laticinctus rufipes........ 363

Gulovcluscus: 2a sta cosocecclos 291 longicaudatus ........... 360
luscus luteus ........... 291 muttalln Stace cenies thine 362
LUPUS le cotateaais teres ete 291 TiCharadson, “cscmen seicete 361

sylvaticus var. arizonae.. 363

Haplodon leporinus var. cali- sylvaticus auduboni ..... 362

FOFRACUS Sateen oc ocie 344 sylvaticus grangeri ...... 362
TUPUS) oscicatercts oe Nerew oo oess 344 texianus deserticola ..... 361

Haplodontia phaea .......... 344 texianus wallawalla...... 360
rufa californica ......... 344 LOWMSENAIE sees aet eee 359

Hesperomys aztecus ......... 307 WOWOTIAGEM 6 ose ewan 364
BONE We een « ante 306 EULBLENSIS ro teeoccmiine ces 361
COMPOTMICUS! Ve eiicei.e 40.088 310 washingtoni klamathensis. 360
CYUNATUS) Ueno Scrat 309 Leucorhamphus borealis ..... 370
CFEMICUS, celeeies <wicwicoe 310 Lion; (Calitornias Seas. se-.-.. 299
ZOMDENL: Ge Seiertet se ocesere 6 305 Mountain: shsceseonciecee 298
leucopus deserticolus..... 306 Steller (Seamecncsae scene 300
SONOVLENSISH frais steretsicrsiave as 306 Lissodelphis borealis......... 370
LOTPIDUSE Nee eis 5 Cee Scie 302 obo Marino si ca-ecccesece: 300
EVE? \Pekecomee tek oioerc eer 307 LUPUSe BAGS Uycchassecn eee 284

HIETEROMYIDAE, “Ss cen css ccs. 328 Lutra californica... ac.6 soe 297

Histiotus maculatus ......... 281 CONDGEMSISH wan sercteisiciesee/ele 297

canadensis pacifica....... 297

TINSEC@TIVORAY *. ceetee 7s ons cesses 268 hudsonica pacifica........ 297

Lutreola vison energumenos.. 293

Killer Blacks senerers. cases 372 Ieynxs Deserta sas ceeenconios
Pa cificsy..njasertetyoleae 's,e.s.080 371 Pallidie :fc.cserts tee cee 298
Straight-finned .......... 372 Sharp=sighteds s.sns.ceaens 298

Lynx californicus ........... 299

Lagenorhynchus obliquidens.. 370 CKEMICUS Sa aieisiae sae calcite 299

TUAGOMORPEDA:. S:ciicietectstarsis otaetere 358 eremicus californicus .... 299

Lagomys princeps ........... 359 eremicus eremicus....... 299
SCHISHCEDS Jewels oom. 358, 359 fasciatus oculeus...:..... 298

Lagurus curtatus ....ec00sses 321 fasciatus pallescens ...... 298

Lasionycteris noctivagans .... 279 rufus califormicus ....... 299

Lasiurus borealis teliotis..... 280 TUfUS EFEMICUS 2.000000. 299
CINCEUS WE Erremiacteelces 35:2 281

Eatax 1utris: octets scsies 297 Macrorhinus angustirostris... 301
LMiTtS NETEIS cole eeeescs 297 Macrotus californicus........ 275

ISHPORTDABL 2 Selremineiice.<eioelacts 359 WAaterROuset ......ccccees 275

Lepus audubonti .......0000- 362 Marmot, Yellow-bellied...... 345,

Vor. IIT]

Marmota flaviventer ........ 345

Marten, Northwestern Pine.. 290
Benmnatity qcreisercnistacrerevetsts 291

Martes caurina caurina....... 290
pennanti pacifica ........ 291

Megaptera nodosa versabilis.. 373

WET SCOUTS) Terayaten c\alesValsysteiele 373
Mephitis: bicolor (2... <0 sc0.c0 294
CSEOM NIMs Creel yer horses 294
OCCIENTAWS, Falatersts, siete sorerer= 295
occidentalis occidentalis.. 295
occidentalis holzneri...... 295
occidentalis major ....... 295
UTA opApOUcanOnGAS 296
OUI ae Aohseh either a 294
Microdipodops californicus... 342
Microtus angusticeps ........ 320
californicus californicus.. 318

californicus constrictus... 318

californicus vallicola..... 318
GurtatUSy Vsasciselrcesss.oe ee 321
dutchers. Jean nsdn siose 317
Cilti x Capea maoonendo se 318, 319
montanus dutcheri ...... 317
montanus montanus...... 317
mordax angusticeps...... 320
mordax bernardinus..... 320
mordax mordax ........ 319
oregoni adocetus ........ 320
oregoni oregoni..........- 320
SCIP DONMSIS | wo iorascicissietstsleiersit 319
Minky Amenicam. ois) a-/tcl- 293
PAGHIGl Hyse teciae eect scars 293
Mirounga angustirostris...... 301
Mole; Amthony.. x.cocteietocyeteie'= 269
Central? California. .5.....- 269
Gibbs as soeeeoenenoas 270
IM adores ricsiacrsinctetecie are 269
Northwest Coast........ 268
Oregon cies ceisiaste 268
Southern California ..... 269
Mownsendiqesprlefetcervnheys 268
MOLOSSIDAPR IS eaeacksoulrerraiceye 282
Molossus californicus........ 283
Mouse, Allen Jumping....... 343
Amargosa Meadow...... 319
Arizona Grasshopper..... 302
Bailey “Pocket <j: hays): 332
Bangs sPocketacreacacile 328
Boyle White-footed...... 306
California Meadow...... 318

California Pocket
California Red-backed.... 317
Cantankerous Meadow... 319
Catalina Island Harvest.. 304

Catalina Island White-
footed! eis weysientoteiats
Coast Jumping 2.5... s5n). 343
Colorado Desert Pocket.. 333
Gottes; Pocketsfo see seeees 331

GRINNELL—MAMMALS OF CALIFORNIA

Mouse, Desert Deer ........ 306
Desert Harvestii... <i... 304
Desert White-footed..... 310
Dulzura Pocket ......... 335,
Dulzura White-footed.... 310
Dusky Red-backed....... 316
Gambel White-footed.... 305
Gilbert White-footed..... 308
Great Basin Pocket ..... 331
Great California Pocket.. 335
TVOUSE. Sayciaveharscetsiale stevsicies ee 322
IdahomG@anyomy eae cco 309
Kern County Pocket..... 334
Klamath Harvest ....... 303
Long-tailed Harvest..... 303
Long-tailed Lemming .... 316
Long-tailed Pocket ...... 332
Mazama Red-backed..... 316
McKittrick Pocket ...... 330
Mendocino Meadow ..... 318
Mount Magruder Pocket. 331
Mount Pinos Pocket..... 329
Mount Whitney Meadow. 317
Mountain Lemming ..... 315
Northwest Coast Meadow 320
Northwestern Jumping... 342
Oregon Meadow......... 320
Owens Valley Meadow... 318
Pacific Jumping ......... 343
PaciictiPocket iss secre. 329
Pallid Short-eared Pocket 334
Panamint Pocket ....... 328
Parasitic White-footed... 309
Peale Meadow .......... 317
Point Reyes Jumping.... 343
Ramona Grasshopper .... 302
Red-bellied Harvest...... 304
Redwood White-footed .. 305
Rowley White-footed .... 307
Salt Marsh Harvest. .304, 305
San Bernardino Grasshop-

WSs Scneotinetumanameono 303
San Bernardino Meadow. 320
San Clemente White-foot-

Cm bestc atevers cieerooneenaenive 306
San Diego Short-eared

IROGKetAM aise etronicccnceters 333
San Joaquin Pocket...... 330
San Pedro Martir Big-

CARE Me hase cinta. 308
San Pedro Martir White-

LOGLEOIME = Joleen iset 308
Sierra Valley Kangaroo.. 342
Short-nosed Pocket ..... 329
Short-tailed Grasshopper. 302
Short-tailed Meadow..... 321
Sonoma Harvest ........ 303
Sonora White-footed..... 306
Southern Parasitic ...... 310
Spiny Pocket rece eet 335

380 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

Mouse, Stephens Canyon .... 309

Stephens Pocket ........ 333
Tidal Marsh Harvest.... 304
True White-footed ...... 307
Tulare Grasshopper...... 303
Tule. Meadow: 2 ices). c1esri0 319
Walker Pass Pocket..... 331
Warner Mountain Jump-
ANS Saha artes Heer erie ioe 342
White-eared Pocket...... 332
White-footed Lemming... 316
Yolla Bolly Meadow..... 320
Yama, Pocket: a.eccsasis ot 330
MUIRIDA Bid ot otciccieeis s7aleionslolcve 302
Mus alexandrinus .......+.+ 322
CONPOTRICUS « sjeieis.cicieie'sia rats 309
CINCY EUS) ciate ciarcisis 8 0ims poles 315
CE CUNNONMES, <5: 0 scishs:5:2%01<hcJerevers Bee
LEUCOPUS os carrearnae wefeisieee 305
musculus musculus ...... 322
NOTUCZUCUS: eictyes noi. ss'e\0'« 322
HOLEUS y, oo orate werarssohe's! 18158 Ayer 322
Muskrat, Nevada ........... 321
allt? Ssciciecsscate.cvasateretetore 321
Mustela americanus.......... 291
GTIZONENSIS. s..55cc050006 292
canadensis pacifica ...... 291
COUTING Bae) Foic a aivisians elsrsiete 290
WMUTICUS, sicteihsiefsio on, w tie Syne 292
DENNGNEE, sere.sjcjoteajsiele1s oless' si 291
pennanti pacifica ........ 291
vison energumenos ...... 293
wanthogenys ...cccseeess 292
xanthogenys munda ..... 292

xanthogenys xanthogenys 292
IMUSTELIDAE Aofes cdeercis cress 290

Myotis californicus ......... 278
californicus californicus.. 277
californicus pallidus...... 277
CUO: ctsa even sais wie saat 278
lucifugus longicrus...276, 278
OCCULEUS reorient oilescisiansiez= 276
OVIN OPUS erejo tires 6 are lese 278
ERYSONOGES! Be ciarsicvais: ici esa. 278
DWOUF EPL siaeiterrerste to 26 a saheycya 276
yumanensis saturatus..... 277

yumanensis yumanensis.. 276

Neosorex bendirei bendirei... 275
MOULZOLOT, «Dice aazeis es oicters 274
palustris navigator ...... 274

Neotoma albigula venusta.... 311
Della yates oe os aie iere Sate 312
COLLPOFHACA! Weitiatsseiai< s\sh0srese 311
cinerea cinerea .......+4. 315
cinerea occidentalis ..... 315
CUMULDIOP, «cece oes vise 311
eserLOrUumn. Gsicisie.siss/e)00:0's 312
desertorum sola ......... 312

Neotoma fuscipes ........... 313
fuscipes affinis .....-.+.. 313
fuscipes annectens ....... 313
fuscipes cnemophila ..... 314
FUSCLPES AAS PON’ wy. rarsteieniele 314
fuscipes fuscipes ........ 313
fuscipes mohavensis ..... 314
fuscipes macrotis ........ 314
fuscipes simplex ........ 314
fuscipes streatori ....... 313
INTCTUVEOUG) Wa, = «41,2 )eo oieie eels 311
intermedia desertorum ... 312
intermedia gilva ........ 312
intermedia intermedia.311, 312
AULCTOWS ic tcctea even oteleiais 314
macrotis simplex ........ 314
Occidentals® soc oni se05si0 315
SPlENDENS: 2’ cies aisieve oe ele one 313
UORUSEDY D3 Ieratsjaccissie mete 311

Neurotrichus gibbsi ......... 270
gibbsi hyacinthinus ..... 270
ZIDDSE MAO .....000000s 270

Notiosorex crawfordi craw-

FOPEE carecvigh Sacaeeee ee 275

Nycteris borealis teliotis...... 280
CULETED “orci atc Costneie ie! mes OF 280

Nyctinomops femorosaccus... 282
MONGUENSIS® .%, s/o cva'e 0101s sia 283

Nyctinomus brasiliensis cali-

FOTMACUS 2 las. 2 siatarers apatorers
GED ESSUS) ash cyoe ia cme’. 283
KEMOPOSACCUS, “isyaianctasieye 282
macrotis nevadensis...... 283
MLEXUCAIUS) \oa'-faleseiaysyaieconni 283
mohavensis .......00005 283

Ochetodon longicauda ....... 303

Ochotona albatus ............ 359
SCHIST CEP S rareiclavs eiciotes 358, 359
taylor: ca hcaatoseaeeae 359

QOGHOTONIDAET S2eceihcccscees 358

Odocoileus americanus mac-

VOUTUSY oqo toe ch nica 3
columbianus ......06000% 367

columbianus columbianus. 366
columbianus scaphiotus... 367
hemionus californicus.... 368
hemionus eremicus....... 368

virginianus macrourus ... 366
Ondatra zibethica mergens... 321

sibethica pallida.......... 321
Onychomys leucogaster brevi-
COMAUS ster ebeiel coeur ee
1 UC ROPERS OCOROOUGH 302
HOMOME » Scie cieiaterssnstoreivels io.3 302
torridus longicaudus .... 302
torridus perpallidus ..... 302
torridus ramonad ........ 302
torridus torridus ........ 302

Vor. III]
Onychomys torridus tularensis 303
ORCAS bars arsine eaten 372
Oncanadieniarnrcuden nents 371
VECHUDINMG) Wieeaenleeelsboieya 372
ORCMMUSH TERS osebicns mee eels 371
ONC DidPalcecreterslctors tier sarerete terete 372
ECHDINNGL (s crchc ctcccsnvels sicics 372
Oryctomys bottae ..........- 323
Otaria californiana .......... 299
(SOL CGL ate Uden cee a cud cic 300
WUUGLOL vase ancioisioe ieee 300
SHELL OvA Seeweleteyscats iets inci 300
ODARTIDAR este iaestere eerie 299
Otognosis longimembris ..... 330
Otopterus californicus ....... 275
Otter, WGalifornia.. -..'.siscacies 297
IPaciicu Ravens ieee tate 297
San Miguel Island Sea... 297
Southern|Seamssinsscaeene 297
Opis! T6canadensis sin. tcsenoee 369
canadensis nelsoni ...... 369
canadensis sierrae ....... 369
cervina nelsoni .........+ 369
COTUING, Sterrae vcvucsees 369
NelSOniae east oe aoe 369
Perodipus agilis agilis........ 335
agilis tularensis ......... 336
CUDEZONGEN ays sic lam sisjersmiocnnie 338
ZOlAMOANU! Kure sea. wrclettyt 336
ULE EMS i eis sta/cfois) haisiersiorsterelersce 337
MUCK OP Sides ete srets sei Seis sac 338
microps levipes ......... 339
Microps Microps ........ 338
MMO OOMSES: eis wavelets oe 336
PANGMINTINUS occ s,<7.eis's cee 338
DEP PLEAUS. \aje cistevnsiciernrenee 336
SLED WEMSU turcrersietetaichaietelsteters 338
SEMECLO Mle Seclerioess alo tisioree 337
streatori simulans ....... 337
streatori streatori ....... 337
DCN US LUSH ANe area eet eh teint 337
Perognathus alticola ........ 332
OINUTUS perenne 334
barlenisbatlesy Micke 332
BOMB CINUS Tye acts ee 330
COLFOVNICUS, serene elas 334
californicus californicus.. 334

californicus dispar....334, 335

californicus femoralis.... 335
californicus ochrus ...... 334
CUD OTUs: Vartan temceaa acer 329
llamar Allaah = Ate ceesan ia: 333
fallax) pallidus =... 334
FEMORIS) Re, Mey et eee res 335
HOVMAO SUS 1 thee eee aoe
AN ORNGEUS | of. aha B os se 330
longimembris 24.25.00... 329

longimembris bangsi .... 328

GRINNELL—MAMMALS OF CALIFORNIA

381

Perognathus longimembris

longimembris ........- 330
longimembris neglectus .. 330
longimembris panamint-

AM USi ea eysiateasisse nusepterstate 2
MVESCIMOKINUS «si <> vse sie o/s 332
MOP ILO SUS ie. saccatieeen 331
MLORLEGOLGN, Wer. s\n tel erersteyst<tee 331
ONUACEUSa eterno direst 331
POCITUCIUSIG., ci ao eceheteisieenier 329
panamintinus arenicola... 329
panamintinus bangsi..... 328
panamintinus brevinasus. 329
panamintinus panamintin-

MSI rraracyetet facet ae Catone 32
parvus
parvus magruderensis ... 331
parvus mollipilosus ...... 331
parvus olivaceus ........ 331

penicillatus angustirostris 333
penicillatus penicillatus....333

penicillatus stephensi .... 333
PETECULLES)) \osecccehsss sieve colores’ 329
Spinatus spinatus ........ 335
Ske PWemist: hycrass'c<\s!creee\evaise 333
HANNONOLUS 2.4 0s\s's\0 ee 331
Peromyscus, boylet oss. ses 308
doyle boylet. ss eee 306
bovler, rowley... cee. 307
californicus californicus.. 309
californicus insignis ..... 310
COtMaden tek, . somiseiectaeie 306
crimttus crinitus ......... 309
crimitus stephenst ........ 309
GUSEIUSH Metalcore ntistesisia ers 308
eremicus eremicus ...... 310
eremicus fraterculus ..... 310
LOMB Clie iets sles eee 305
OMSUSIUS IN \stalethars ase sreysiorsisers 310
URGTIG? ee A MPA Saat 307
maniculatus catalinae.... 306
maniculatus clementis.... 306
maniculatus gambeli..... 305
maniculatus rubidus...... _ 305
maniculatus sonoriensis.. 306
MONUUPINOTIS <)s ccc tesiewle 308
oreas rubidus .......0..- 305
POL OSUICUSY (cy. sstatee steeds 307
PAAR RONG eR ae cao oes 309
sonoriensis gambeli ..... 305
SLORMEMSU crsisateaieetoeierte 309
texanus clementis ....... 306
teranus gambeli ........ 305
texanus medius ......... 305
texensis gambeli ........ 305
texensis thurbert ........ 306
TUCUNCHIDETED, ocdeisaesloereie 308
trueit martirensis ........ 308
ERA CUGTIRAL CL \s.0\sierotera since oes 307
PETAURISTEDAR) casseisieeere ase 357

382 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.
Phenacomys albipes ......... 316 Rat, Banning Wood ......... 312
longicaudus ......00.+-s 316 Big Desert Kangaroo.... 339
OT OPHALUSY Wrsrciesistencite einer 315 BigSPockety sriecesisessies 337
Phoca' pealet: con. senacie sisters © 301 Blacks ecceicstincceecior 322
richardi richardi ........ 301 BROW jets jaia.c ct hotereye le, sie 322
richardi geronimensis . 301 Cabezon Kangaroo ...... 338
CUEWUNG.!, Cras,c.ceeiloreiaestecvers 301 California Dwarf Pocket. 342
Phocaena communis ......... 371 California Kangaroo .... 342
PHOCOCNGO Welch jereialorenciever-te 371 California Pocket ....... 342
VOMETING 6.5.0.6 ssl wivels oi 371 Carrizo Plain Kangaroo.. 337
IP OCIDAR Beste sore etches chores clever 301 Colorado Valley Wood... 311
PHYLLOSTOMIDAE® a's). s.c,0le+ 0) 275 Death Valley Kangaroo... 340
Physeter macrocephalus ..... 372 Desert (Pockets. e.e0.+ 21 339
PELYSETERIDAB) (acm arse storsiici oreo 372 Desert Wood! .. 3.20205. 312
Pika, Gray-headed .......... 359 Dulzura Kangaroo ...... 337
IPININTPEDIA A cescystsseveie-cyaneisyele = sys 299 Dulzura White-footed
Pipistrellus hesperus ........ 279 Wood! hea seria tenece 311
hesperus hesperus ....... 279 Dusky-footed Wood ..... 313
hesperus merriami ...... 279 Fort Tejon Wood....... 314
Plecotis townsendit ......... 281 Fresno Kangaroo ....... 341
Porcupine, Yellow-haired..... 344 Gambel Kangaroo ....... 335
IPorpoise; Baya scsteccissracre s/erete'= 371 Garhbel Pocket .......... 335
Commons ais 25,20ce0 cn 371 Gray Bushy-tailed Wood. 315
Northern Right Whale.. 370 Goldman Kangaroo ..... 336
Striped scicc seme cces see oe 370 Heller Kangaroo ........ 339
Procyon lotor sasierscrslajastete eve 290 Intermediate Wood ..... 311
lotor hernandesi ........ 290 InyomRockebas- acca eae 338
lotr: PALdUS nies oo oe 290 Keeler Kangaroo ....... 340
Palltdus Wc sec «og cca we 290 Keeler: Pocket cc.csc oer 340
DPSONG PACKED %.srs.sieraj<.cs:<1s 290 Kern Valley Kangaroo... 341
PSOTD PSOTE 2 occcccwcvacs 290 east Pocket... gence 341
PROGYONIDAEY Misielerecstaicrare oy eessysis 289 Light-footed Kangaroo... 339
Promops californicus ........ 283 Long-eared Wood....... 314
perotis californicus ...... 283 Mimic ’Rocketie aera 340
Puma, Northwestern ..:..... 298 Mohave Wood .......... 314
Putorius arizonensis ......... 292 Morro Kangaroo ........ 336
brasiliensis frenatus ..... 292 Nevada Kangaroo ....... 341
MUTT CUS) Ise Ae w atiotorndnee 292 Norway, So. ses ceronemer 322
WSO CE oat ee cmueane 293 Panamint Kangaroo ..... 338
vison energumenos ...... 293 Panamint Pocket ....... 338
HONTNOZENYS ..2-2ccecaes 292 Postola Wood) <.......2..+ 313
xanthogenys mundus .... 292 Rhoads* Wood! =. -./.e2- 311
Root, sic cemtoscet seen oon 322
Rabbit, Ashy Brush.......... 365 San Bernardino Kangaroo 340
California. Brush: ....2202.. 364 San Bernardino Pocket.. 340
California acky eeoncs nce 360 Santa Cruz Kangaroo.... 337
Colorado Desert Jack... .361 Santa Cruz Pocket...... 337
Idaho) Piginy? 24 siesieees,s 365 Small-faced Kangaroo... 338
Klamath eerie ove «.ctvievere 360 Stephens Kangaroo ..... 338
Oregon Snowshoe ....... 360 Streator Kangaroo ...... 337,
Redwood Brush ......... 364 Streator’ Pocket) /: 2a4-cnc 337
San DiegoWJackw. 2 wc: 361 Streator Wood! ....5..!.2 «1 313
San Joaquingiyacks:25.22: 361 Tipton Kangaroo ....... 341
Sierra White-tailed Jack. 360 Tulare Kangaroo ....... 336
Washington Jack ....... 360 Tulare Pocket Gece crias 341
Western White-tailed Jack 359 Walker Basin Kangaroo. 336
Raccoon, California ......... 290 Western _ Bushy-tailed
T)Serti sp Saeeriecs oe-fee 290 Wood. .sceebeetees 315
Raccoon=tox iaisoseiere eis o sisi /si sve 289 Western Desert Cotton.. 311
Rat, Allied Kangaroo ....... 339 Wihart 4m Sacco fecie mee 322

Vor. IIT]
Rate Yellow: \Wiood) ssc oleae 312
Reithrodon longicauda ...... 303
Reithrodontomys catalinae.... 304
WaWcoere sw ison iseirer 304
RIGMGTNENSISY vi eetoiecntelesovere 303
VOM BUCHUAG 2 isin). Fieve eh) /<roh-r= 303
longicauda pallidus ..... 303
MER MLO CUS marie. cteseholelelerslerte 304
megalotis catalinae ...... 304
megalotis deserti ........ 304
megalotis klamathensis... 303
megalotis longicauda..... 303
DOUGUSH Ga as hyo eee 303
MOUVOCNUNUS iad x «sla ete dei sjere 304
Rhachianectes glaucus........ 373
RODENTIA’) Sasisias Ssises eenreiserss 302
Scalops californicus ......... 269
LOH MNANUS) cele ss; s\sicisseieys ete 269
EOLOMS EMG iii erlevaleletsielstetevele 268
Scapanus anthonyi .........- 269
COWOTNACUS® Ba. aij nacelerole 269

californicus anthonyi .... 269
californicus minusculus... 269

californicus truei ........ 270
Latimnanness | 6 farsa toce\elo-ave.e roles 269
latimanus occultus ..... 269
latimanus latimanus...... 269
latimanus truei. v.s.je 05s s 269
OMOTIUIS |. eis dat clees ate, cistacoislalers 268
TOLUMSENAY Wa, e)n\vlelelsjeicls 268, 269
PY AOU el sete a chev evosae tere rorateretete 269
SCLURID AW ye)-/se ssioiisistste ne erin 345
Sciuropterus alpinus califor-
WACWS Via Ne talaleis ie eels eeloye
alpinus klamathensis..... 357
alpinus lascivus.......... 357
alpinus stephensi ........ 357
CONPOTMICUS Oa nree teeters 358
oregonensis stephensi.... 357
volucella hudsonius...... 357
Sicturus /Cowglasi +. snes. ce 355
douglast albolimbatus .... 355
douglasi mollipilosus..... 355
LOSSOMM se ercrerctensrac telco rstcrees 356
fossor anthonyi.......... 356
FOSSOFMUSTAPES) ins chjeeee 356
SPOMMMUTUS oo ccc. cnncees 347
SLUS CUS ve menereleeieisioe otis 356
griscus anthonyi ........ 356
ETISCUS ZYISCUS se.veesees 356
SISEUS NUSTIPE'S) vic waives. 356
Weer manny tary cst: 356
hudsonius californicus ... 355
hudsonius douglassi...... 355
hudsonicus orarius....... 355
leporinuls: Wantese eer 356
molli-pilosus ........005. 355
Scotophilus hesperus......... 279
Seal, California Harbor...... 301

GRINNELL—MAMMALS OF CALIFORNIA

Seal, Guadalupe Fur ........ 300
Northern Elephant ...... 301
Northern Fur....... 300, 301
Pribilopebtur wee acme 300
San Geronimo Harbor... 301

Sewellel, California.......5..... 344
IDES een een R saeareccint ar 344

Sheep eserti wsniaaenesie tits 369
IMIG unitalnwes stasis eee meiner 369

Shrews wAdorned sc.,.:cciescs ae 272
Bendire ists yascceen enn: 275
WalatOnniayy isc avsseyerstsineiee 272
Grawitonds Wiaue ccs wee ees 275
ID ESEREN aie qaernserlewee ees 275
DIS Lovie rarshapclalnd aca sevdencederele 271
Grayvee lester aie cers 275
sy OWins srapeisraieee matesece oe 273
Monterey) cyrus. cue wieros ee 272
Mounts luyellii see temeeace 274
Navizaton Wyo ssesccwecsen 274
Racihie gratia etateritterestaciete 274
Sale Manshu so ctyertrciosecer 271
Shrastane rset inen 273
Sierra yNevadal jcc cssiec 271
Sulisuinverst these aston 273
Wanderings usec secre 270
Watery a itercccsanceaneniae 274
White Mountains........ 274
WVOSEMItE 2 acura et 272

Shrew-mole, Broad-palmed... 269
GCalttformiaiie jiaaesden yar 270
Hiya cin thin ei .tsre sss nee tices 270
Aare eM ei rsa a nitnnte cere cers 270

Sibbaldius sulfureus.......... 374

Sigmodon hispidus eremicus.. 311

Sitomys americanus gambeli.. 305
PULD Ort” arajsletesaro vlecsietejcie ste > 308
WERU ON voonrsre erste 310
herroni nigellus ......... 310
HWS OIGTUS: rietertstelavenieherteteleys 306
CO AOC ROOT OST 307
MUGTEULENSIS) << /s.c iavsietsieisies 308
(AOS IS: Hmemeedaanaecoar 307
MO RUIEV I), aie eresn ecteayrnsiat Pca rs 307

Skunk, Arizona Spotted...... 294
Arizona ‘Striped tii acciisa: 294
Broad-nosed Striped..... 296
Galtiormiaie’ csjpescsstne cer 295
California Spotted ....... 294
Ganyon Spottedi..220 3. « 293
Great Basin Spotted...... 293
Great Basin Striped...... 295
Enydrop hobialy escte'sceeserei- ei 294
WittleotSpottedsyeesemen.cte 294
lower California. ..... 2. 295
Northern California

Striped) | An eteantecreces 295
Oregon Spotted.......... 294
Southern California

Stripedincacenaeseenee 295

384 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

Skunk, Western Spotted ..... 294 Squirrel, California Coast Fly-
Sorex AMOENUS ......00eeeees 271 ing Ee ie aeteeeieeciieee 357
Denmdtrer) srcciicispversrecsia tee 275 California Flying 22... .:. 358
CQUPOTNIGWS. <n1eviss0ccnces 272 California Gray.......... 356
californicus californicus.. 272 California Ground ...... 345
CTAWFOTGL 220s ec.caieesacias 275 Catalina Island Ground.. 346
RAWCOEKE SW aissaiercaacces 271 Death Valley Ground.... 347
MONECLEYENSIS 22.22.0005 272 Digger Wess crercceewares 346
montereyensis mariposae. 272 Douglas Ground ........ 345
montereyensis monterey- Hisher, Ground...2.02% se. 346
ONSIS!« boas niweoactsenaniots 272 Gilded Ground .......... 354
obscurus ObSCUrUS ....... 271 Klamath Flying.......... 357
OFNGLUS. fe, cycfavatrecisn sie lnseid « 272 Mendocino Flying........ 357,
POCHRCUS crass ectetai tears 274 Mohave Ground......... 348
palustris navigator....... 274 Nelson’ “Ground s.52.5-7..01 355
SHASEENSUS siersicyoinyem cists be 273 Oregon Ground.......... 348
SINWOSUS) saikalsaaiccccss ss 273 Palm Springs Ground.... 347
LENnellus? was cscesasciest ties 273 Racks 3. ecisadecsuneesse 347
tenellus lyelli............ 274 Round-tailed Ground..... 347
tenellus MyOPS.........++ 274 San Bernardino Flying... 357
tenellus tenellus ......... 273 San Bernardino Golden-
DWALVONS) \eiwiscasvelsccis esis 270 mantled Ground ....... 354
vagrans AMOENUS ......-- 271 Sierra Golden-mantled
VAZYaNS VAZYANS.......4% 270 Ground) j-ceiesic sew eae 353
SORIGIDAE? fove,slaivrefaieceaecraieate ns 270 Sierra Nevada Flying.... 357 .
Spermophile, Belding......... 349 Stephens Flying ......... 357 |
Death Valley: scc.c5.0502 348 Stephens Ground......... 348
Mohave Desert.........- 348 Sylvilagus auduboni arizonae. 363 j
Nelson sierra ateerets ocreusias 355 auduboni auduboni ...... 362
Pale aise retire eeisioivaailerne 347 auduboni sanctidiegi .... 363 .
Round=tailed: ci.s sisisieiei a0 347 auduboni vallicola ....... 363
SECDNEMS: ahaa sivecisves oe 348 bachmani bachmani...... 364
Spermophilus beecheyi....... 346 bachmani cinerascens..... 365
beecheyi fisheri .......... 346 bachmani ubericolor...... 304
Deldinee’ skec hares s:sriaisiee 349 nuttalli grangeri......... 362
Dernardinus, ...cccvcceess 354 nuttalli nuttallt .....+0..% 362
CUPYSODCITUS: 2 siereiniersine.s 354
chrysodeirus brevicaudus. 354 TRALPID AES (s/steleiucts ersiacelnciateio eters 268
grammurus beecheyi ..... 346 LQMmias: SaIPMUs cchericte oe we aioe 349
grammurus douglasi...... 345 CMO CNUS) Vewlcniacleimeaeenrs 349
grammurus fishert....... 346 GStatiCUS MINAS % ic) isi vitae 352
LOU CUPUS. 2 Sst emis c cei 354 asiaticus merriami....... 353
MVONGUCHS1S2a 2, ote) cetehsisis}eieia:s 348 asiaticus quadrivittatus ......
mollis stephensi ......... SASH || tN epee a eee ere 349, 353
MElSOM. se ve eee sisters \slevcssise 355 asiaticus townsendi...... 352
OVE ZONUS). © ccciseasstotars cxohafoleve 348 COUPE DIUS? oe acute agele cite 351
tereticaudus 1.22.0... 347 GRrYSODEITUS® Giesciccn cine 353
Spilogale arizonae arizonae... 294 FTOEER 7 cine crlbra, Habiced tie 350
Bracilis gracilis <<. ...0.+ 293 Winder catrraacawance es wets 352
gracilis saxatilis ......... 293 leucurus: 2.2 camaectoaces 354
DILEN Cites She temieret ess a) si oiate 294 macrorhabdotes ......... 351
phenax arizonae......... 294 WICTYACIND a. sfaretaeinttneioetor 353
phenax latifrons ......... 294 mimimus pictuS........20+ 349
phenax phenax .......... 294 panamintinus ..........- 350
SAU GUUS | 3. elettevetate a: sistaai 293 PECEUS — Woa-scotarcterstartotnoterare ce 349
Squirrel, Antelope Ground.... 354 PIECE 2 cassie Cattle 353
Anthony (Graystone. «cae: 356 quadrimaculatus...... 349, 351
Beechey Ground......... 346 quadrivitiatus ..6.0....0.- 350
Belding Ground.......... 349 SEMEL > Bion ncrancvcta wroyerorstaiat tr atehe 352
Black-footed Gray....... 356 SPECLOSUS™ Riatrtcleiclormyerejrersye 350

Vor. IIT]

Tamias speciosus inyoensis... 351

LOWNSENA ae aeiooe ie elee ae 352
townsendt ochrogenys.... 352
townsendi pricei ......... clas)
Taxidea americana........... 296
americana neglecta....... 296
Gerlandtert: ei acceectite 296
LABS aks stepetatoiaisia.siateveieelernte 296
taxus berlandieri ........ 296
taxuUs, neglecta «<0 296
Teonoma cinerea .....+...00% 315
cinerea acraia .......... 315
cinerea occidentalis ...... 315
Thomomys albatus .......... 326
alpinus alpinus .......... 327
alpinus awahnee ......... 327
GUMS, hava eeeie oles 327
angularis angularis ..... 324
angularis pascalis ....... 324
GUPEUS PETPES oo .cscsewss 325
DOLE tes a insercenis Malte 323
bottae-botiae) \sncecssde. 323
botiae laticeps ......2.00- 323
bottae pallescens ........ 323
BULDTUOTAS oan eee 323
COUEZONAEMM lysate 326
puluuSpe meaner 326, 327
fulvus nigricans ......... SLL.
fulvus perpallidus ....... 326
fuscus ishert oie oun. 325
OMICED SH teers nao ate 323
leucodon navus ......... 324
MEWG! & -/<haisra'aieiiayslatar eles Sats 324
MONTLCOIG) “sven sien ae 328
monticola pinetorum .... 328
MISULCONS: sem as eras tee 327
OAM Boreodanoepe ear 325
Perpalluduse =e na: 325, 326
perpallidus perpes ....... 325
SCOPLETUSO as curation: 325
talpoides bulbivorus...... 323
talpoides perpallidus ..... 326
Murstonboradluss cece mene 370
LETROPIS CHE ante ob boaonioe 370
Urocyon californicus...... 287, 288

californicus sequoiensis... 287
californicus townsendi ... 287

CQLalin@ee pene eee 289

Glemenidcunn 44 eeee 289

cinereoargenteus califor-
MACUSER ae hes 287, 288

cinereoargenteus scotti .. 288

cinereoargenteus sequo-
LENSUSLO Morse, eat tae 287
cinereoargenteus towns-
CTA ietep enue es pines e287.
cinereo-argenteus imyoen-
Ost odheeopddondgacaccds

GRINNELL—MAMMALS OF CALIFORNIA 385

Urocyon littoralis santacruzae 289

virginianus littoralis ..... 288
virginianus scotti ........ 288
NOIR SIMA A fate nero ile ora aerate 284
Ursus altifrontalis .......... 284
GWVEFICONUS, |e «ie /etjeJelsiabe 5 284
americanus altifrontalis .. 284
cinnamoneus ............-
LOO IES rep oeoeo wee 284
horribilis californicus .... 284
horribilis horriaeus....... 284
Vesperimus fraterculus ...... 310
Vespertilio albescens...... 276, 277
albescens evotis....... 278, 279
albescens melanorhinus .. 277
albescens velifer ......... 279
GOMROTMICUS Neleae ase ncscee 277
COVEREN SA vee Sects ee 280
CUOLMSH Riemer fercre ne ecto een core 278
EES CUS Pe roe ree re 280
LON CICrUS TN rss reac 276
(LULLED BAS BO CRE RAE eee 277
NOCHUAZOMS vod. veces 279
OTE ZONCWSUS cosie cies: vied ne 277
DOULA Ss eerie eoreieveicisre eee 282
CDG Spa eDAnBB REO Roe abe 276
YUMONENSIS oc ccecsosee 276
VESPERTILIONIDAE ........0.- 276
Vesperugo hesperus ......... 279
MNERVULINGN acters ccs Ga caeere 279
VolewCalitorntay © -/o.eeceae. 318
Cantankerous. 5.3.00. 555. 319
Coen akee ie aaa 319, 320
IDYSIY=5 ces ne ca 319
Dutchererortenct nas 318
Orecone erty ees ee 320
ICAO Mn rte sero iaceiiene tas 317
Short-tatled’ 0.0 Jace en 321
Ue ya anc cs soca outs 319
Valley atta steceics alone 318
Vulpes Grsipus. 0.2.0.0. c<cn. 287
CASCODENSIS) wc cinisisccse 286
ittoralysmeen tear 288
TLHEMODS: Godenpauanonnene 286
macrotis arsipus ........ 287
macrotis macrotis........ 286
macrotis muticus ........ 287
MNDGLOUTMSE araveraaieicictseeee 286
NUL CUS eaters cee eee 287
WUEC LU OP I wyctera is acolavs ci ctetehererers 286
DUN OUMIGMUS, sieves ocecnete 287
Wapiti, California............ 366
ROoOSeVvelts No ec so stocceee 365
Weasel, Arizona ............ 292
Californian tele sme ane 292
Wo wantainiin Mice pees 292
Redwoodlt: 5). 1-sceneteee 292
Sierrapleast oo jssc2. 4... 292

386

Weasel, Yellow-cheeked ..... 292
Whale, Baird Beaked ....... 372
Sperm. asec ctoceaeeiis

California Gray
Gray Baleen ....
Oregon Finback
Pacific Finback

Pacific Humpback 25... 373
Pacihic Right) 2 ohsecesese 373
Pacific Sulphur-bottom... 374
Siebold Baleen .......... 373
Shiasnbnarremnocnccge iar 372
Wildcat, California........... 299
Desert: 2. )ciicasicess carats 299
Pallid Barred! v..sccsccns 298

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Wold: sGrayicnis ct mista soreeiere terete

Northwestern Timber ...
Wolverine, Sierra Nevada....
Woodchuck, Yellow-bellied...

Zalophus californianus ......
SIM CSHiW orice ee esters ake acters
ZAPODIDAE Ups tiselenfaisiers selene eiers
ZOPuUs, OMEN, iictsrs.cisi2:<isaiaterstars
major
orarius
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EVIMOLOTUS s510,0,2(c1sie.ielole store
trinotatus alleni .........
trinotatus trinotatus .....
ZIPHUIDAE oes siete srareleitercie Soros

[Proc. 4TH Ser.

HATA
iy No

388 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XV

Map showing the Life Zones of California.

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EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVI

Map showing Faunal Districts of California.

Proc.CaLAcan. Scr 47! Spr. Var III [GRINNELL] PLATE XVI

i = = : = = = = = a = = <= ——<—<—<——$—=— 7
usr oy? gE ae FAUNAL DISTRICTS OF CALIFORNIA |
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M1. San Diego

> sede San Bernardino Mourlain

= 13.0anla Barbara Islands
\ 14.Inyo

Z ; 7) ay JS. Mohave Oesert
‘16. Glorado Deserl

DISTRIBUTION MAP
MUSEUM OF VERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY

i UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
FourtTH SERIES

Vox. III, pp. 391-454, pls. 17-28 NoOvEMBER 5, 1913

A LIST OF THE AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES OF
ARIZONA, WITH NOTES ON THE SPECIES IN
THE COLLECTION OF THE ACADEMY

BY
JOHN VAN DENBURGH
Curator of the Department of Herpetology
AND
JOSEPH R. SLEVIN
Assistant Curator of the Department of Herpetology

Early in March, 1912, the authors of this paper arrived in
Yuma and began the gathering of a representative collection
of Arizonan reptiles and amphibians. March and the first week
of April were spent there and in the vicinity of Tucson, where
large collections were secured. The senior author then re-
turned to San Francisco, leaving Mr. Slevin to continue the
work in various parts of Arizona throughout the summer.
Mr. John I. Carlson, in 1910, had made considerable collec-
tions in Yuma and Maricopa counties under my direction.
Our thanks are particularly due to the late Mr. Herbert Brown
of Tucson, who is well known as a student of the natural his-
tory of Arizona, for his kind aid, gifts of specimens, and ad-
vice as to favorable collecting grounds. Professor Brown, of
the University of Arizona, and Mr. Bancroft very kindly gave
us a number of specimens. The authorities of the Carnegie
Desert Laboratory at Tucson also were most generous in their
assistance, with gifts of specimens and the loan of camping
equipment which made possible the trip to the summit of Mt.
Lemon.

The Arizonan collections at hand number about three thou-
sand specimens, and include a large majority of the species
known from the state. Some species have been credited to

November 3, 1913

392 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 47H Ser.

Arizona without sufficient evidence of their occurrence there.
The following list is thought to include all species now known
to live in Arizona. Those which the Academy has not yet
secured from within the borders of that state are indicated by
a star preceding the number. Following this list are given
notes on the species represented in our collections.

List OF THE AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES OF ARIZONA

Ambystoma tigrinum
Hyla arenicolor

Bufo lentiginosus woodhousii
Bufo punctatus

Bufo alvarius

Bufo cognatus
Scaphiopus couchii
Scaphiopus hammondii
Rana pipiens

10. Kinosternon sonoriense
11. Terepene ornata

12. Gopherus agassizii

13. Coleonyx variegatus
14. Dipsosaurus dorsalis
15. Sauromalus ater

16. Crotaphytus collaris baileyi
. Crotaphytus wislizenii
18. Uma notata

19. Holbrookia maculata approximans
20. Holbrookia texana

21. Callisaurus ventralis
22. Uta stansburiana

23. Uta ornata

24. Uta graciosa
Sceloporus jarrovii
Sceloporus clarkii

. Sceloporus magister
28. Sceloporus consobrinus
*29. Sceloporus scalaris

30. Phrynosoma _ hernandesi
31. Phrynosoma solare
*32. Phrynosoma cornutum

Oe ONE ar) DO

DN dO det
NAW

Vor. III]

Ooh
34.
3:
36.
37.
38.

oho).
40.
41.

*42.

*43,

*
mut

* *
NDNNDUMNMNMimwn
NESS RNAKNRWNHES

VAN DENBURGH AND SLEVIN—ARIZONAN REPTILES

Phrynosoma modestum
Phrynosoma _ platyrhinos
Phrynosoma m’'callii
Heloderma suspectum
Gerrhonotus kingii
Cnemidophorus gularis
Cnemidophorus arizonae
Cnemidophorus melanostethus
Cnemidophorus tigris
Eumeces obsoletus
Leptotyphlops dulcis
Siagonodon humilis
Lichanura roseofusca
Chilomeniscus cinctus
Sonora semiannulata
Sonora episcopa

Sonora occipitalis
Gyalopium canum
Rhinocheilus lecontei
Heterodon nasicus
Salvadora grahamiae
Phyllorhynchus brownii
Hypsiglena ochrorhynchus
Diadophis regalis
Lampropeltis pyrrhomelaena
Lampropeltis splendida
Lampropeltis conjuncta
Lampropeltis boylii
Bascanion flagellum frenatum
Bascanion piceum
Bascanion semilineatum
Bascanion taeniatum
Arizona elegans

Pituophis catenifer deserticola
Thamnophis vagrans
Thamnophis eques
Thamnophis marcianus
Thamnophis megalops
Thamnophis angustirostris
Trimorphodon lyrophanes

393

394 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser.

73. Tantilla nigriceps
74. Tantilla wilcoxi

75. Elaps euryxanthus
*76. Sistrurus catenatus edwardsii
77. Crotalus molossus
78. Crotalus atrox

79. Crotalus tigris

80. Crotalus confluentus
81. Crotalus oregonus
82. Crotalus cerastes
83. Crotalus mitchellii
84. Crotalus lepidus

85. Crotalus pricei

*86. Crotalus willardi

NOTES ON THE SPECIES IN THE COLLECTION OF THE
ACADEMY

2.—Hyla arenicolor Cope

Forty-three adult specimens are at hand, and the collection
includes also some tadpoles and young. In Pima County
this tree-toad was collected at East Sabino Basin, June 19,
1912; in Pima Canyon, June 7, 1908; at the steam pump
eighteen miles north of Tucson, May 16-18, 1912—all in the
Catalina Mountains. In Cochise County this species was
found in Ramsey Canyon in the Huachuca Mountains, July 7,
1912. In Maricopa County some were secured at Cave Creek,
April 17, 1910; and in Coconino County three were caught at
Oak Creek, Sept. 2-4, 1912. They usually were found sitting
on boulders in rocky streams.

3.—Bufo lentiginosus woodhousii Girard

We have secured twenty-one adults and a number of young
toads of this kind. Of these, eight are from Yuma, Sept. 10-
21, 1912, and Dec. 31, 1909; three from Phoenix, March 16,
1910, and Sept. 13, 1912; five were collected at Cave Creek,
April 2—Sept. 14, 1910; and five were caught at Fairbank,
August 12-18, 1912. At Yuma, they were found at night
under the electric lights. :

Vor. IIT] VAN DENBURGH AND SLEVIN—ARIZONAN REPTILES 395

4—Bufo punctatus Baird and Girard

We have at hand only five Arizonan specimens of this
toad. Nos. 17581, 17582, and 20871 were collected at Cave
Creek, Maricopa County, May 16-27, 1910. No. 33847 was
found by Mr. Herbert Brown in the foothills of the Catalina
Mountains, 18 miles northwest of Tucson, Pima County. No.
35002 was secured in Ramsey Canyon, Huachuca Mountains,
Cochise County, July 7, 1912.

5.—Bufo alvarius Girard

Thirty-one examples of this little-known toad are now be-
fore us. Twenty-six of these (33728 to 33752 and 33799)
were caught at Yuma, Sept. 10-21, 1912. Many of these are
young, showing the characteristic spotted style of coloration
which disappears with age. Nos. 13166 to 13168 were se-
cured in Phoenix, July 10-12, 1907. Two very large speci-
mens (Nos. 35322 and 35323) were collected on the desert
close to Tucson, August 22, 1912.

6.—Bufo cognatus Say

Forty-six toads (Nos. 33753 to 33798) of this species were
collected at Yuma, Sept. 10-21, 1912, We did not find this
toad at Tucson, although it is known to occur there, but we
have seen specimens from Phoenix. The Yuma specimens
were caught at night under the electric street lights.

7.—Scaphiopus couchii Baird

This spade-foot toad was found by us only at Fairbank,
Cochise County, where eight specimens (Nos. 35227 to 35234)
were collected August 12-18, 1912. They were caught in the
water in a cattle-guard on the railroad. This species is said
to be common at Tucson.

9.—Rana pipiens Schreber

We have about one hundred and thirty adult specimens of
this frog from Arizona, besides eggs and many tadpoles. Most
of these are from the Santa Cruz River at Tucson, but the
species was found also at Yuma, Yuma Co.; Oak Creek, Co-
conino Co., Sept. 1-3, 1912; Cave Creek, Maricopa Co., April
2—May 27, 1910; Phoenix, Maricopa Co., March 11-31,
1910; Sabino Canyon, Santa Catalina Mountains, April 4 and

396 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 41m Ser.

June 19, 1912; at the steam pump eighteen miles north of
Tucson, Pima Co., May 16-18, 1912; and at Fairbank,
Cochise Co., August 13-17, 1912. Eggs were found at Tuc-
son, March 25, 1912; and large tadpoles were taken at the
same time.

10.—Kinosternon sonoriense Le Conte

We have secured twenty Arizonan specimens of this mud-
turtle. Two (Nos. 17282 arid 20643) were collected at Cave
Creek, Maricopa Co., April 19 and June 29, 1910. One (No.
35157) was caught at Fairbank, Cochise Co., Sept. 1912.
The other seventeen (33850 to 33866) are from the Santa
Cruz River, near Tucson, April 17—June 4, 1912. This spe-
cies lives also in the Colorado River at Yuma, whence we have
a specimen (No. 33403) from the Californian side of the river,
collected April 8, 1912. This turtle has been recorded also
from Ash Creek, Guadalupe Canyon, Sabino Canyon in the
Santa Catalina Mountains, and from the Huachucas.

Yarrow recorded a specimen from Ft. Yuma, California, as
Cinosternum flavescens; but I know of no evidence that this
species occurs in Arizona. Certainly all of the Yuma speci-
mens sent to the Academy—six or eight before the fire—have
been Kinosternon sonoriense.

It would seem that this turtle is generally distributed
throughout the Gila River and its tributaries. Whether it
ascends the Colorado River above the Gila is not known.

Captive specimens ate meat voraciously under water. The
Tucson specimens were caught with hook and line baited with
meat.

11.—Terrapene ornata (Agassiz)

The specimen of this turtle collected by Mr. Price at Fort
Lowell, near Tucson, June 10, 1893, has remained the only
Arizonan record of this box tortoise. We now have at hand
eight alcoholic specimens (Nos. 35148 to 35155) and one skull
(No. 33156) from Fairbanks, Cochise County, August, 12-
18,1912. These specimens were found in the grass and weeds
along an old railroad track about a mile out of town. Some
of these turtles have the plates of the carapace nearly smooth,
while others are striated. Some are nearly unicolor, while
others are very distinctly rayed.

Vor. IIT] VAN DENBURGH AND SLEVIN—ARIZONAN REPTILES 397

12.—Gopherus agassizii (Cooper)

Although it has long been known that this turtle is common
in Arizona, we have found only two definite records of locali-
ties where it has been taken. Cox mentioned its presence near
Tucson, and Ditmars records a specimen secured near Phoenix.
Mr. Herbert Brown sent us a fine large pair from Ehrenburg,
Yuma County, but these unfortunately were destroyed in the
great San Francisco fire of April, 1906. Mr. Brown tells us
that this species is fairly common in the Tortolita and Santa
Catalina Mountains, in Pima County.

Our collection includes six specimens. These are one young
specimen from Yuma; one (No. 13165) taken twenty miles
west of Tucson, March 9, 1908; a half-grown specimen (No.
33867) and an adult (No. 33868) from the desert near Tuc-
son; and two young (Nos. 34263 and 34264) found near the
steam pump eighteen miles north of Tucson, May 15, 1912.

13.—Coleonyx variegatus Baird

We collected fifty specimens of this gecko during the spring
and summer of 1912. Eleven (Nos. 33491 to 33501) were
found at Yuma, March 11-19. Three (Nos. 35341 to 35343)
were secured at Gunsight, Pima Co., April 16-22. Thirty-six
(Nos. 33890 to 33925) were collected near Tucson, April 8-13.

At Yuma they were found on the desert under tin cans, old
clothes, boards, and stones. The Gunsight and Tucson speci-
mens were found under stones. Near Tucson they seemed to
live in colonies near the tops of certain low rolling desert hills
near the lower edge of the giant cactus belt. On some of
these hills we found six or eight specimens under stones six to
twenty inches in diameter, while on other similar hills none
could be found, although nearly every suitable stone was
turned. Later in the season we could find none, and it is
probable that they descend into holes as the ground dries and
the weather becomes warmer. They often utter a little squeak
when caught.

No. 33922, Tucson, March 26, 1912, in life was colored as
follows: Limbs dark flesh. Dark markings on head; body
and tail deep liver brown. Light markings on tail and body
bright lemon yellow, on head grayish yellow. Lower surfaces
of head, body, and limbs pure white, of tail light lemon yellow.

398 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 41TH Ser.

14.—Dipsosaurus dorsalis (Baird and Girard)

Our present collection contains seventy specimens of this
lizard. Sixty-seven of these were collected at Yuma, March
11-21, 1912, and June 8-25, 1910. One (No. 34209) was
shot at Papago Wells, Yuma Co., April 16-22, 1912. Two
(Nos. 17284 and 17285) were secured at Cave Creek, Mari-
copa County, April 20, 1910.

Of these specimens, sixty-two have the rostral separated
from the nasal on each side by two granules, one has two on
one side and none on the other, while six have but one granule
intervening on each side. The femoral pores vary from 18 to
26; being 18 five times, 19 thirteen times, 20 twelve times,
21 twenty-one times, 22 twenty-two times, 23 twenty-nine
times, 24 seventeen times, 25 nine times, and 26 three times.

15.—Sauromalus ater Duméril

The single Arizonan specimen (No. 17645) in our collection
was secured near Cave Creek, Maricopa Co., July 19, 1910.
Its femoral pores are 16-17. I have seen a specimen secured
near Tempe, Maricopa Co., and we caught a young one (No.
33446) March 18, 1912, on the California side of the Colorado
river a few miles below Yuma.

16.—Crotaphytus collaris baileyi (Stejneger)

One (No. 34321) was collected May 7, 1912, in the foot-
hills of the Catalina Mountains, near the steam pump eighteen
miles north of Tucson. Eight (Nos. 35128 to 35135) were
secured August 6-8, 1912, at Cave Creek, Chiricahua Moun-
tains, Cochise County. These lizards are very timid. They
seem to come out late in the afternoon, and then appear on
the tops of boulders, where they may be seen bobbing up and
down as many lizards do. This seems to be distinctively a
rock-loving species, while C. wislizenii is found on the ground.

The femoral pores in these specimens vary from 14 to 19;
being 14 once, 15 twice, 16 five times, 17 five times, 18 four
times, and 19 once.

17.Crotaphytus wislizenii Baird and Girard

Nine of these lizards were collected by us. Two were shot
near Yuma, No. 33490, March 19, 1912, and 33686 Sept. 9,

Vor. IIT] VAN DENBURGH AND SLEVIN—ARIZONAN REPTILES 399

1912. Five were secured at Papago Wells in southeastern
Yuma Co., April 16-22, 1912. One (No. 17283) was caught
in Paradise Valley, Maricopa Co., May 9, 1910. No. 34320
was found at the steam pump eighteen miles north of Tucson,
May 18, 1912. One was seen chasing a Callisaurus on the
desert.

In eight specimens the femoral pores vary from 19 to 25;
being 19 three times, 20 twice, 21 once, 22 four times, 23
three times, 24 twice, and 25 once.

18.—Uma notata Baird

Our present collection contains only one Uma. This is No.
20812, and was collected near Yuma, June 13, 1910. We
failed to find any here in March and in September, 1912, al-
though careful search was made on the same sand hills where
Mr. Carlson shot more than forty for us in 1905. These
specimens secured by Mr. Carlson were destroyed in the great
San Francisco fire of April, 1906. It is probable that there is
only one species of Uma. We were unable to find this lizard
near Tucson.

19.—Holbrookia maculata approximans Baird

Twenty-seven Arizonan specimens are at hand, collected at
Tucson, April 16—Sept. 3, 1912; Fairbank, August 12, 1912;
Cave Creek in the Chiricahua Mountains, Cochise Co., August
6, 1912; and on the desert near the mouths of Ramsey and
Carr Canyons, Huachuca Mts., Cochise Co., June 28—July
29, 1912. This Holbrookia was found always on the ground
out on the open desert, while the other species secured fre-
quents canyons and hillsides, and is usually seen on top of
large stones or boulders.

Femoral pores in twenty-five specimens vary from eight to
sixteen; being 8 twice, 10 seven times, 11 four times, 12 ten
times, 13 fourteen times, 14 seven times, 15 three times, 16
twice.

20.—Holbrookia texana (Troschel)

This Holbrookia was recorded as Arizonan on the evidence
of a single specimen collected by Mr. Price in 1894. We now
have at hand forty-five specimens of various ages. Thirty-
four were secured in the Catalina Mountains, where they were

400 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47u Ser.

found at the steam pump eighteen miles north of Tucson, and
in Ventana and Sabino Canyons, April 4—May 2, 1912, and
eleven were collected at Cave Creek, Maricopa County, April
4—May 27, 1910.

This lizard is easily distinguished from H. maculata ap-
proximans by black cross-bars on the lower surface of the tail,
and large blue patches on the sides of the belly. Its habit of
constantly wanting to get up on the tops of boulders attracts
attention to it in life. It is a larger species than H. m. approx-
imans, being about equal in size to Callisaurus ventralis which
it much resembles.

Femoral pores vary from 11 to 18; being 11 once, 12 twice,
13 seven times, 14 eighteen times, 15 twenty-two times; 16
ten times, 17 five times, and 18 three times in thirty-four
specimens from the Catalina Mountains.

21.—Callisaurus ventralis (Hallowell)

Three hundred and eighty-seven Arizonan specimens of this
species are before us. One hundred and thirty of these are
from Yuma, Feb. 7-28, 1910, March 11-21, 1912, June 8-24,
1910, and Sept. 9-17, 1912. Sixteen were shot at Papago
Wells, Yuma Co., April 16-22, 1912. Two were secured at
Growler Well, and four at Ajo in western Pima Co., April
16-22, 1912. One hundred and thirty-one were collected at
Cave Creek, Maricopa Co., April 2—May 14, 1910. Three
were preserved at Phoenix, March 16-22, 1910; and others
were found at Tucson, April 1-13, 1912, at the steam pump
in the foothills of the Catalina Mts., 18 miles north of Tucson,
May 3-18, 1912; at Ventana Canyon, Catalina Mts., June 14,
1911; at old Fort Lowell, March 29, 1912; and at Agua
Caliente, six miles east of Fort Lowell, May 14, 1911.

Femoral pores in forty-one specimens range from 11 to 21;
being 11 once, 13 once, 14 four times, 15 fifteen times, 16
thirteen times, 17 twenty-one times, 18 twelve times, 19 four
times, 20 five times, 21 twice.

22—Uta stansburiana Baird and Girard

Ninety-eight specimens from Arizona are at hand. They
were secured: forty-four at Yuma, March 11-21, 1912, Sept.
10-17, 1912, Dec. 4, 1910; fifteen at Papago Wells, Yuma
County, April 16-22, 1912; four at Ajo, western Pima County,

Vo. IIT] VAN DENBURGH AND SLEVIN—ARIZONAN REPTILES 401

April 16-22, 1912; eight at Tucson, March 28—April 13,
1912; three at the steam pump eighteen miles north of Tucson,
May 8-18, 1912; five at old Fort Lowell, March 29—April 4,
1912; one from the Catalina Mts., Pima County; sixteen at
Cave Creek, Maricopa County, April 5—May 17, 1910; and
two from Dome, Yuma County, Jan. 20 and 21, 1910.

The femoral pores in forty specimens, mostly from Yuma
County, vary from twelve to seventeen; being 12 four times,
13 ten times, 14 twenty-six times, 15 twenty-seven times, 16
seven times, 17 once.

All styles of coloration are to be seen in this series. Some
have longitudinal light stripes, some have dark dorsal blotches,
some are without large markings, but are sprinkled with small
blue spots. A living male from Palm Springs, Cal., showed
these various types of coloration at different times.

23.—Uta ornata Baird and Girard

More than three hundred and sixty specimens of these tree
Utas are at hand. After careful comparison of individuals
from Yuma and from eastern Arizona we are unable to detect
any constant difference nor are we able to distinguish Arizonan
examples from the few specimens from Texas which we have
for comparison. We, therefore, make use of the name Uta
ornata for all these lizards, and regard Uta symmetrica as a
synonym. Our specimens are from the following localities:

Yuma County—Yuma and Papago Wells.

Maricopa County—Cave Creek.

Coconino County—Oak Creek.

Pinal County—Oracle.

Pima County—Tucson, Fort Lowell, and in the Catalina
Mountains at the steam pump 18 miles north of Tucson,
in Ventana and Sabino Canyons, and in East Sabino
Basin.

Santa Cruz County—Mowry in the Patagonia Mountains.

Cochise County—Fairbank, the vicinity of Ramsey Canyon
in the Huachuca Mts., and at Cave Creek and Paradise
in the Chiricahua Mts.

The femoral pores in forty specimens from Yuma vary from

ten to fifteen; being 10 three times, 11 eighteen times, 12
thirty-four times, 13 seventeen times, 14 seven times, and 15

402 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [ Proc. 47H Ser.

once. The average for the eighty thighs is 11.51. In forty
specimens from Pima and Cochise counties the number varies
from nine to thirteen; being 9 once, 10 eight times, 11 thirty
times, 12 thirty-one times, and 13 ten times. The average for
the eighty thighs is 12.12.

In Yuma specimens the color in life in both sexes varies on
the upper surfaces from light clay to blackish brown. Most
males show the blackish collar and dorsal blotches much more
clearly than females. Males have a blue area on each side of
the belly, absent in nineteen females. One large male had deep
“fron rust” orange covering the entire throat and chin. A
smaller male had similar coloring of the throat but with a
bright turquoise blue central patch. Five large and two
medium-sized males had throats bluish yellow, varying, with-
out respect to size, from nearly clear blue to faintly bluish
lemon yellow. One large and one small male had clear lemon
yellow throats. One moderately large male had the throat
gray without blue or yellow or orange. Nineteen females had
no blue on the throat or sides of belly. Eight females had
orange-colored, and eight had lemon-colored, throats; while
one large and one small female had the throat orange with
lemon center.

The coloring of living specimens from Tucson shows a
similar variation. Females have no blue on belly. Males have.
The blue of the throat varies from clear turquoise to the green-
blue of old turquoises. The throat is blue in thirteen males;
orange in eight females; clear yellow in three males and six
females; orange with yellow center in seven males; orange
with blue center in eight males; orange with green center in
one male; and plain gray in one female. These color notes
were all made in March, 1912.

At Yuma, these lizards are very common on trees and
wooden bridges. At Tucson, we found them on trees, fences,
and piles of stones.

24.—Uta graciosa (Hallowell)

This species still remains rare in collections. We secured
only eight specimens, all at Yuma, in Sept. 1911, and March
11-21, 1912. These are Nos. 20722 and 33643 to 33649.
Their femoral pores range from nine to twelve; being 9 once,

Vor. III] VAN DENBURGH AND SLEVIN—ARIZONAN REPTILES 403

10 five times, 11 seven times, and 12 once. Some were found
lying along the limbs of mesquite trees and some were in low,
thick-growing bushes on the sand hills east of Yuma.

25.—Sceloporus jarrovii Cope

Our collections include one hundred and forty-three speci-
mens. These were collected in Carr, Ramsey and Miller Can-
yons in the Huachuca Mts., June 30—July 25, 1912; and in
the vicinity of Paradise, Chiricahua Mts., August 4-9, 1912.
These lizards are found on rocks in the oak and conifer belts,
and range up to eight thousand feet in the Huachucas. They
are not so common in the Chiricahuas as in the Huachucas.

The femoral pores in forty specimens vary from thirteen to
eighteen; being 13 three times, 14 twenty-three times, 15
twenty-one times, 16 seventeen times, 17 thirteen times, and
18 twice.

The color of Sceloporus jarrovii in life is as follows: In an
adult male, the collar is blue-black with some brilliant blue
extending up from the throat near its anterior edge. The
scales of the back and sides of body are outlined with black
while the central portion of each scale is light, and in different
lights appears white, gray, green, yellow, or irridescent bronze.
The head, limbs, and tail are dark brown much relieved with
malachite green. A whitish or irridescent bronze line runs
back from the eye. Another runs along the upper lip to the
ear. A similarly colored longitudinal bar extends forward on
each side of the neck from the collar, and a band of the same
tint, a scale in width, borders the collar behind except in the
middorsal region. The collar is complete across the neck, and
has a brownish continuation forward on the middle of the neck
to the head. The chin, lower surfaces of the limbs and tail,
and the center of the chest and belly are gray. The entire
gular region and a stripe along each side of the belly are deep
blue, the belly patches shading to malachite green laterally.

Females and young are similarly but less clearly and brightly
marked, particularly as regards the light centers of the scales,
the intense black collar, and the blue of the inferior surfaces.
In young specimens the predominant color is brown: though
the characteristic collar shows in even the smallest specimens.
The blue throat patch always is single.

404 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser.

26.—Sceloporus clarkii Baird and Girard

We have secured eighty specimens of this lizard. Twenty-
three of these are from Tucson, where they were shot between
March 28 and April 24, 1912. Two (Nos. 20951 and 20952)
are from old Fort Lowell. Seventeen were collected in the
foothills of the Catalina Mountains, near the steam pump
eighteen miles north of Tucson, May 2-18, 1912. One (No.
34685) was taken in the Catalina Mts., at an elevation of 8500
feet on the trail to Mt. Lemon, May, 1912. At Oracle, Pinal
Co., two specimens (Nos. 34167, 34168) were caught April
2 and 3, 1912. Mr. Herbert Brown gave us five (Nos. 33819
to 33823) from the Patagonia Mountains, Santa Cruz Co.,
July 11-21, 1910. Five of these lizards (Nos. 35179 to 35183)
were collected at Fairbank, Cochise Co., Aug. 13-18, 1912.
From the Huachucas we have twelve specimens (Nos. 34882
to 34893) taken in the lower portions of Ramsey, Carr, and
Miller Canyons, July 2-29, 1912. Mr. Slevin collected four-
teen in the Chiricahua Mountains, one (No. 35141) from Cave
Creek, and thirteen (Nos. 35005 to 35017) from Paradise,
August 4-8, 1912.

The femoral pores in thirty-eight specimens vary from eleven
to fifteen; being 11 fifteen times, 12 thirty-three times, 13
seventeen times, 14 nine times, and 15 twice. The average of
the seventy-eight thighs is 12.34.

At Oracle these lizards were found in cracks in the granite
boulders. The one from Mt. Lemon was also taken on a
boulder. Nearly all the others were found on trees—at Tucson
on willows along the Santa Cruz River, in the foothills of the
Catalinas on mesquites, in the Huachucas and Chiricahuas on
oaks and pines. Those taken at Fairbank were under the
eaves of an old adobe barn. They sometimes climb trees to a
height of thirty or forty feet.

27.—Sceloporus magister Hallowell

Nineteen Arizonan specimens are in the collection. Nos.
33488 and 33489 were found in an old adobe house at Yuma,
March 11-16, 1912. In Maricopa County this species was col-
lected (No. 17286) at Paradise Valley, and (Nos. 17287 to
17289 and 20718) at Cave Creek, May 14-19, 1910. Two
(Nos. 34054 and 34057) were secured near Tucson, April 1-

Vor, IIT] VAN DENBURGH AND SLEVIN—ARIZONAN REPTILES 405

16, 1912. Ten were taken near the steam pump in the foothills
of the Catalina Mts., eighteen miles north of Tucson, April
28—May 18, 1912.

Femoral pores in seventeen specimens vary from eleven to
fifteen; being 11 eight times, 12 thirteen times, 13 nine times,
and 14 four times. The average in the thirty-four thighs is
12°23:

At Tucson this species was found on willow trees in the
river-bed, while at the steam pump they frequented the wooden
fences about the corral.

28.—Sceloporus consobrinus Baird and Girard

Thirty-one (Nos. 35037 to 35067) were secured near Para-
dise in the Chiricahua Mts., August 4-10, 1912. This lizard
was found also in a wash on the desert near the mouth of
Ramsey Canyon, Huachuca Mts., July 2, 1912. Four (Nos.
34686 to 34689) were collected at 8500 feet on Mt. Lemon,
Santa Catalina Mts., June 4-17, 1912. Nineteen were caught
in the river-bed at Tucson, March 24 to April 5, 1912. This
species was taken also at Oak Creek, Coconino Co., Sept. 1-4,
LOND:

The femoral pores in thirty-one specimens vary from twelve
to nineteen ; being 12 four times, 13 seven times, 14 nine times,
15 thirteen times, 16 twelve times, 17 nine times, 18 five times,
and 19 three times. The average of the sixty-two thighs is
1583.5:

30.—Phrynosoma hernandesi (Girard)

We have forty-two specimens of this horned toad. Thirty-
one of these (Nos. 34691 to 34721) are from the top of Mt.
Lemon in the Catalina Mountains, where they were collected
June 4-17, 1912. Mr. Herbert Brown gave us six (Nos. 33827
to 33832) from Manning Camp, Rincon Mountains, August
17-22, 1911, and states that they are extremely common in this
locality. Nos. 35001 and 35004 were collected in the pine belt
in Carr Canyon, Huachuca Mts., July 10-27, 1912. Nos.
35098 and 35099 were found in the pine belt at Paradise in
the Chiricahua Mts., Cochise Co., Aug. 4-10, 1912. No.
35292 was caught at Ash Fork, Yavapai Co., Aug. 30, 1912.

One of the specimens from Mt. Lemon has the occipital
horns as Dr. Stejneger describes them to be in P. ornatissimum,

406 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 47H Ser.

We therefore regard this name and P. hernandesi as synonyms.
In southern Arizona this lizard seems to be confined to the
higher levels of the mountains. A large female taken in the
Huachucas in July contains a number of young, showing that
this species is ovoviviparous.

Femoral pores in twenty specimens vary from eleven to
nineteen; being 11 once, 12 six times, 13 three times, 14 eleven
times, 15 eight times, 16 four times, 17 three times, 18 once, 19
once.

31.—Phrynosoma solare Gray

Twenty-three specimens are at hand. No. 35185 was col-
lected at Fairbank, Cochise Co., August 12, 1912. No. 20933,
was caught at Fort Lowell. Four were secured at Tucson
May 30—Aug. 23, 1912, and one June 29, 1911. No. 34322
was found at the steam pump in the foothills of the Catalina
Mountains, eighteen miles north of Tucson, July 9, 1912. The
other fifteen are from Phoenix, where they were collected
March 15—June 6, 1910.

Femoral pores in twenty specimens vary from fourteen to
twenty-six ; being 14 once, 15 once, 17 twice, 18 four times, 19
three times, 20 eight times, 21 eight times, 22 six times, 23 five
times, 24 once, 26 once. Unlike the preceding, this horned
toad is a desert species. ‘

34.—Phrynosoma platyrhinos Girard
Two specimens (Nos. 34210, 34211) were caught at Papago
Wells, in the southeastern part of Yuma County, April 16-22,
1912. Femoral pores are 7-6 and 9-7.

35.—Phrynosoma m’callii (Hallowell)

Three specimens (Nos. 33486, 33487 and 33657) were col-
lected at Yuma, March 14 and 15, and Sept. 12, 1912. All
were secured on the sand hills east of town. One was found
sitting on an ant hill, but not an ant was in sight although a
half hour later they were swarming over it. It seemed as
though the ants remained under cover in the nest as long as
the lizard was watching for them. Femoral pores are 18-19,

21-23, and 18-18.
36.—Heloderma suspectum Cope

Our collections include twenty Gila Monsters. No. 35301,
was caught in a wash on the grounds of the Desert Laboratory,

Vor. III] VAN DENBURGH AND SLEVIN—ARIZONAN REPTILES 407

Tucson, at about five in the afternoon, August 23, 1912. No.
34061, was secured thirty miles west of Tucson, April 25, 1912.
No. 34198, was taken in Ventana Canyon, Catalina Mountains,
April 28, 1912. Eleven (Nos. 34283 to 34293) were collected
near the steam pump in the foothills of the Catalina Moun-
tains, eighteen miles north of Tucson, May, 1912. No. 35000
was caught in Ramsey Canyon, Huachuca Mts., July 27, 1912.
Three (Nos. 17642 to 17644) were found at Cave Creek,
Maricopa County, May, 1910. No. 17641 is from Paradise
Valley, Maricopa Co., May 1910. No. 13169 is labeled merely
Arizona.

Helodermas were found out at any time of day. They were
found in the giant cactus, creosote bush, and oak belts. All
found were merely walking about. They hasten their gait
when one approaches them, but were never seen to run. Two
put ina pillow case and hung in a tree, scratched a hole through
the cloth and escaped. ‘The species still is common in favorable
locations.

37.—Gerrhonotus kingii Gray

‘We have five specimens of this handsome lizard (Nos. 34962
to 34966) secured in Ramsey and Carr Canyon in the
Huachuca Mountains, Cochise County, July 3 to 29, 1912.
They were found in the oak belt, on the ground among stones
and dead leaves, walking about in the day time, and were very
shy. All five have fourteen longitudinal rows of dorsal scales,
of which three rows on each side of the middorsal line are
weakly keeled except in No. 34963, which has four keeled rows
on each side. The dorsal scales in a row from the interoccip-
ital plate to the backs of the thighs are 45, 48, 50, 51, 52. On
the belly one counts in a row from the mental plate to the anus
55, 58, 53, 59 and 60. Three have ten dark cross-bands on the
body, while one has nine and one eleven. The dark bands on:
the tail vary in number from fourteen to nineteen.

38.—Cnemidophorus gularis Baird and Girard

We have secured one hundred and eighty-six of these lizards.
These are: thirty-three from the vicinity of Paradise and
Cave Creek, Chiricahua Mts., August 4-10, 1912; sixty-eight
from the lower parts of Ramsey, Miller, and Carr Canyons in
the Huachuca Mts., July 2-30, 1912; fifteen from Fairbanks,

November 3, 1913

408 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser.

Aug. 12-18, 1912; one from an altitude of 8500 feet on Mt.
Lemon in the Catalina Mts., June 4 to 17, 1912; forty-six from
the steam pump in the foothills of the Catalina Mts., eighteen
miles north of Tucson, May 2-18, 1912; nineteen from Tucson,
March 31—June 23, 1912; three from Fort Lowell near Tuc-
son; and one (No. 35286) from Oak Creek, Coconino Co.,
Sept. 4, 1912.

The femoral pores in forty specimens vary from fifteen to
twenty; being 15 once, 16 eight times, 17 twenty-one times, 18
thirty-four times, 19 thirteen times, and 20 three times. The
average of the eighty thighs is 17.7.

Our series from Tucson and the steam pump include a num-
ber of very large individuals with the coloration typical of the
form which has been called C. scalaris. As we have also
specimens intermediate in size and coloration, it would appear
that C. scalaris is based upon very old individuals of C. gularis.

Some young specimens from Fairbank show a distinct
median dorsal light line. While none of these specimens has
the nasal in contact with the second labial, this relation is
found on one side of the head in a specimen with the coloration
usually seen in young C. gularis. It may possibly be, there-
fore, that C. arizonae is based upon an abnormal individual of
C. gularis, which differed from the usual type in coloration, in
the relations of the nasal and second labial plates, in the num-
ber of femoral pores, and in the size of the postantebrachial
plates.

40.—Cnemidophorus melanostethus (Cope)

Our collections include one hundred and fifty-nine specimens
of this lizard. Of these, two were secured at Fairbank, Cochise
Co., August 12-14, 1912; one from Pima Canyon, Catalina
Mts., June 7, 1908; seventy-six from near the steam pump in
the foothills of the Catalina Mts., eighteen miles north of
Tucson, May 2-18, 1912; six from Tucson, April 24—June 23,
1912; three from Fort Lowell near Tucson; one from Gun-
sight, western Pima Co., April 16-22, 1912; and seventy from
Cave Creek, Maricopa Co., April 1—August 13, 1910.

The specimen (No. 35340) from Gunsight is a typical one
with black throat and chest.

Femoral pores in forty specimens vary from seventeen to
twenty-four; being 17 six times, 18 eight times, 19 eighteen

Vor. IIT] VAN DENBURGH AND SLEVIN—ARIZONAN REPTILES 409

times, 20 twenty-two times, 21 thirteen times, 22 eleven times,
23 once, and 24 once. The average number is 19.87,

41.—Cnemidophorus tigris Baird and Girard

Seventy-three Arizonan specimens of this lizard are at hand.
Fifty-three of these were collected at Yuma in March, June,
September, October, and December. Nineteen were shot
at Papago Wells, southeastern Yuma Co:; April 16-22, 1912)
One (No. 35328) was secured at Ajo, Pima County, April 16—
22, 1912. None of these specimens have black throats and
chests, although these regions may be slaty with a few black
spots. The specimen from Ajo is as typical as the others, al-
though this locality must be near the eastern limit of the range
of this form, for typical C. melanostethus was collected at Gun-
sight, Pima Co., only about forty miles southeast,

Femoral pores in forty of these specimens vary from seven-
teen to twenty-five; being 17 three times, 18 four times, 19 ten
times, 20 fourteen times, 21 eighteen times, 22 eleven times,
23 nine times, 24 four times, 25 twice, and 5 injured. The
average number is 20.89. as against 20.4 in forty specimens
from Yuma recorded in a former paper.

43.—Leptotyphlops dulcis (Baird and Girard)

We did not collect any specimens of this worm snake. So
far as we can learn it has not been recorded from Arizona:
but its occurrence there was shown by a typical specimen which
Mr. Herbert Brown collected at Yuma and sent to me a short
time before the great San Francisco fire of April, 1906, in
which the specimen unfortunately was destroyed. Professor
Brown of the University of Arizona told us that he had seen
both kinds of worm snakes at Tucson, this species being rep-
resented by a single specimen collected on the grounds of the
Carnegie Desert Laboratory in 1911,

44.—Siagonodon humilis (Baird and Girard)

We have at hand four specimens from Arizona. Three are
from Tucson. Nos. 33835 and 33836, collected April 17, 1895,
and No. 35325 without date were presented to us by Professor
Brown of the University of Arizona. The fourth specimen,
No. 33849, was collected about the middle of May, 1912, in the
foothills of the Catalina Mts., about eighteen miles northeast of

410 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser.

Tucson by Mr. Herbert Brown. It was found under a stone
about a foot square, and about twenty feet from the edge of
a pool of water. Under the stone the earth had been worked
from between the grass roots, showing several runways in one
of which this snake was coiled up.

The largest specimen we have seen is in the University of
Arizona, and measures 384mm., of which 16mm. represent the
tail. It was secured by Mr. Herbert Brown at Yuma.

45.—Lichanura roseofusca Cope

Cope has recorded this boa from the Harqua Halla Moun-
tains. Mr. W. E. Bancroft writes us that he has seen this
snake only in these mountains and in the Harcouvar Range in
northern Yuma County. He very kindly sent us a beautiful
specimen from Aguila, Maricopa County. This is now No.
35348, and has scales in 3641-41-33 rows, gastrosteges 230,
urosteges 47, anal entire, supralabials 14-15, infralabials 15-
15, loreals about 4.

46.—Chilomeniscus cinctus Cope

The collection contains five specimens of this snake. Two
of these (Nos. 33839 and 33840) were presented by Professor
Brown of the University of Arizona, and are labeled merely
Arizona.

No. 33834, Cabali Mts., Pima County, given to us by Mr.
Herbert Brown, was collected Nov. 2, 1910. No. 34172 was
collected in Ventana Canyon, Catalina Mts., May, 1912. No.
17551, Cave Creek, Maricopa County, April 23, 1910; was col-
lected by John I. Carlson. A mutilated specimen was found by
us near Fort Yuma, California.

No. 17551 has scales in 13 rows, gastrosteges 113, anal
divided, urosteges 29, supralabials 7-7, infralabials 8-8, pre-
oculars 1-1, postoculars 2-2, loreals O-O, temporals 1--1,
posterior genials shorter, black bands 18 on body and four on
tail.

No. 33834 has scale rows 13, gastrosteges 113, anal divided,
urosteges 22, supralabials 7-7, infralabials 8-8, preoculars 1-1,
postoculars 2—2, loreals 0O-O, temporals 1+1, posterior genials
shorter, black bands 18 on body and 3 on tail.

No. 33839 has scale rows 13, gastrosteges 115, anal divided,
urosteges 28, supralabials 7—7, infralabials 7-7, preoculars 1-1,

Vor. IIT] VAN DENBURGH AND SLEVIN—ARIZONAN REPTILES 411

postoculars 2-2, loreal 0-0, temporals 1+-1, posterior genials
shorter, black bands 19 on body and 4 on tail.

No. 33840 has scale rows 13, gastrosteges 121, anal divided,
urosteges 23, supralabials 7—7, infralabials 7-7, preoculars 1-1,
postoculars, 2=2, loreals 0-0, temporals 1++1, posterior genials
shorter, black bands 21 on body and 4 on tail.

No. 34172 has scale rows 13, gastrosteges 122, anal divided,
urosteges 25, supralabials 7-7, infralabials 7-6, preoculars 1-1,
postoculars 2-2, loreals 1-1, temporals 1+-1, posterior genials
shorter, black bands 20 on body and 4 on tail.

In life the dorsal portions of the white rings are suffused
with reddish orange.

The black bands are not so widely separated as in Sonora
occipitalis. No. 34172 has a well developed loreal on each side
of the head, but in other respects is quite typical.

In No. 17551, the prefrontal reaches the labials on one side
of the head but not on the other, where the postnasal and pre-
ocular are in contact.

No. 33834 has the prefrontals separated from the labials by
the meeting of the postnasal and preoculars. No. 34172 has
them separated by the intervening loreals. The other two
specimens have the prefrontals and labials in contact.

We, therefore, cannot recognize Cope’s Chilomeniscus ephip-
picus as distinct from his C. cinctus.

47 —Sonora semiannulata Baird and Girard

There can be be no doubt that the snake described under this
name by Baird and Girard is the same species as Cope’s Contia
or Chionactis isozonus. This being true, both the generic and
specific names of Baird & Girard must replace those later sug-
gested by Cope. Hallowell’s Lamprosoma seems not to be
generically distinct, although the species occipitale is so. We
thus have in Arizona three species of Sonora as follows: .

Sonora semiannulata=Chionactis isozonus
Sonora episcopa =Chionactis episcopa
Sonora occipitalis —=Chionactis occipitalis

We have seen no evidence of intergradation of these forms,
and therefore regard them all as species, although Cope states
that intermediate types of coloration connect the first two
forms.

412 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser.

We have at hand only one specimen of Sonora semiannulata,
No. 17550, collected at Cave Creek, Maricopa Co., April 20,
1910. It agrees in all essential particulars with the description
and plate given by Baird and Girard, and with the description
by Cope, except in the number of its black dorsal cross-bands,
which are forty on the body and ten on the tail. This is about
twice as many as in the specimens recorded by these authors.

This specimen has 15 scale rows, gastrosteges 168, anal
divided, urosteges 45, superlabials 7—7, infralabials, 7-7, pre-
oculars 1-1, postoculars 2-2, loreal 1-1, temporals 1-+2,
posterior genials much shorter. The black bars each occupy
about the length of two or three scales, and are separated by
slightly greater light intervals. These intervals are yellowish
white laterally with dark spots at the bases of the scales, while
the central dorsal portions are pinkish anteriorly, becoming
reddish orange toward and on the tail. The length to anus
is 230mm., of the tail 56mm.

48.—Sonora episcopa (Kennicott)

Our collection contains no specimens of this pretty little
snake. Mr. Herbert Brown showed me one in the collection of
the University of Arizona. This specimen was collected at
Yuma, and has scales in fourteen rows, gastrosteges 173,
urosteges 47, loreal 1-1, and the typical coloration.

I have described elsewhere (Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., (4), II,
1912, p. 153) two specimens from Yuma, which are in the col-
lection of Stanford University. These had scales in 15 rows,
gastrosteges 169, 168, anal divided, and urosteges 45, 47.

49.—Sonora occipitalis (Hallowell)

A fine specimen (No. 33451) was dug out of the sand at the
base of a bush on a dune two or three miles east of Yuma,
March 19, 1912. It was about a foot below the surface.

In life, the dark rings were pure black, and between each
pair of black rings was a transverse bar or half ring of cad-
mium orange, of about the same width on the midline as the
black rings, and separated from them by a nearly equal space,
which was pale lemon yellow. This lemon tint extended down
on to the sides, and the lower surfaces were a paler lemon.

This specimen has 15 scale rows, gastrosteges 164, anal
divided, urosteges 51, supralabials 7-7, infralabials 7-7, pre-

Vor. III] VAN DENBURGH AND SLEVIN—ARIZONAN REPTILES 413

oculars 1-1, postoculars 22, loreals 1-1, temporals 1-+2, pos-
terior genials very small, black bars 21 on body and 8 on tail.

A second specimen (No. 33809) from Yuma, presented by
Mr. Herbert Brown, has scale rows 15, gastrosteges 167, anal
divided, urosteges 22+-, supralabials 7-7, infralabials 8-8. pre-
oculars 1-1, postoculars 2-2, loreals 1-1, temporals 1+-2, pos-
terior genials very small, black bars 22 on body.

51.—Rhinocheilus lecontei Baird and Girard

No. 35295, Desert Laboratory, Tucson, June 20, 1912.—
Scale rows 23, gastrosteges 197, anal entire, urosteges 51 last
six divided, supralabials 8-8, infralabials 8-8, preoculars 2-2,
postoculars 2-2, loreal 1-1, temporals 2+3, posterior genials
shorter, 25 dark blotches on body and tail.

No. 33843, Arizona——Scale rows 23, gastrosteges 193, anal
entire, urosteges 50 of which 10 are divided, supralabials 8-8,
infralabials 9-9, preoculars 1-1, postoculars 2-2, loreal 1-1,
temporals 2+-3, posterior genials shorter,

No. 33842, Arizona.—Scale rows 23, gastrosteges 186, anal
entire, urosteges 47 of which 12 are divided, superlabials 8-8,
infralabials 9-10, preoculars 1-1, loreal 1-1, temporals 2+3,

No. 33844, Arizona.—Scale rows 23, preoculars 1-1, post-
oculars 2-2, supralabials 8-8.

No. 33838, Tucson, July 22, 1892.—Supralabials 7-8, pre-
oculars 1-1, postoculars 2-2, loreal 1-1, temporals 2+3.

53.—Salvadora grahamiae Baird and Girard

The present collection includes six specimens of this snake.
The scale counts are as follows:

No. 33453, Yuma, March 14, 1912.—Scale rows 17, gastro-
steges 211, anal divided, urosteges 67, supralabials 9-10, infra-
labials 10-10, preoculars 2-2, postoculars 2-2, loreals 1-1,
temporals 2+-3, genials equal. This specimen was caught late
in the afternoon, as it was traveling along under some bushes
on the desert.

No. 33810, Yuma, Herbert Brown.—Scale rows 17, gas-
trosteges 209, anal divided, urosteges 98, supralabials 9-10,
infralabials 9-9, preoculars 1-1, postoculars 3-3, loreal 2-2.
temporals 2+2, genials equal.

No. 35296, Tucson, June 20, 1912—Scale rows 17, gas-

414 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47x Ser.

trosteges 195, anal divided, urosteges 73, supralabials 9-9, pre-
oculars 2-2, postoculars 2-2, temporals 2+-2-2+3.

No. 33875, Desert Laboratory, Tucson.—Scale rows 17,
gastrosteges 202, anal divided, urosteges 80, supralabials 9-9,
infralabials 10-10, preoculars 2-2, postoculars 2-2, loreals 1-1,
temporals 2+2, posterior genials longer.

No. 34275, steam pump, eighteen miles north of Tucson,
May 7, 1912.—Scale rows 17, gastrosteges 200, anal divided,
urosteges 80, supralabials 9-9, infralabials 11-12, preoculars
1-1, postoculars 2-2, loreals 1-1, temporals 2+2-2-++3, poste-
rior genials longer.

No. 34754, Ramsey Canyon, Huachuca Mts., July 10, 1912.
—Scale rows 17, gastrosteges 178, anal divided, urosteges 99,
supralabials 8-8, infralabials 10-10, preoculars 2-2, postoculars
2-2, loreals 1-1, temporals 2+-2, posterior genials shorter. This
specimen was found lying on the ground in a small orchard
toward evening.

Mr. Herbert Brown showed us specimens from Pima Can-
yon, Santa Catalina Mts., Pima Co., and from Mowry, Pata-
gonia Mts., Santa Cruz County.

55.—Hypsiglena ochrorhynchus Cope

We have secured only four Arizonan specimens of this snake.
These are as follows:

No. 17548, Cave Creek, Maricopa Co., April 6, 1910, John
Carlson.—Scale rows 21, gastrosteges 185, anal divided, uros-
teges 50, supralabials 8-8, infralabials 9-9, preoculars 2-2,
postoculars 2-2, loreals 1-1, temporals 1+-2, posterior genials
longer.

No. 33874, vic. Desert Laboratory, Tucson, March 23, 1912.
—Scale rows 21, gastrosteges 175, anal divided, urosteges 57,
supralabials 8-8, infralabials 9-9, preoculars 1—1, postoculars
3-3, loreals 1-1, temporals 1+-2, posterior genials shorter. This
snake was found under a stone.

No. 34276, steam pump, eighteen miles north of Tucson,
May 3, 1912.—Scale rows 21, gastrosteges 176, anal divided,
urosteges 39-++, supralabials 8-8, infralabials 10-10, preoculars
2-2, postoculars 2-2, loreals 1-1, temporals 1+1-1+2. This
specimen was found under a tin can in a chicken yard.

No. 35339, Gunsight, western Pima County, April 16-22,
1912.—Scale rows 21, gastrosteges 178, anal divided, urosteges

Vor. III] VAN DENBURGH AND SLEVIN—ARIZONAN REPTILES 415

58, supralabials 8-8, infralabials 10-10, preoculars 1-1, post-
oculars 2-3, loreals 1-1, temporals 1+2, posterior genials
longer. Caught under a stone on the desert.

56.—Diadophis regalis Baird and Girard

A single specimen, No. 34756, was caught in a peach orchard
near the pine and oak belts in Ramsey Canyon, Huachuca Mts.,
July 29, 1912. This snake was found just before dusk as it
was entering a hole by the side of a fence post. When opened
this Diadophis was found to contain a fine large Tantilla wil-
coxi which it must have just eaten.

Scales are in 17 rows, gastrosteges 212, anal divided,
urosteges 72, supralabials 7—7, infralabials 8-8, preoculars 2-2,
postoculars 2-2, temporals 1+2, loreal 1-1, posterior genials
shorter.

57.—Lampropeltis pyrrhomelaena Cope

Three specimens were secured. No. 34684, from an altitude
of 7000 ft. in the pine belt in Bear Canyon, on Mt. Lemon,
Catalina Mts., Pima County, has scales in 23 rows, anal entire,
urosteges 79, body and tail with 61 yellow rings.

No. 34753, from the pine region in Ramsey Canyon, Hua-
chuca Mts., July 11, 1912, has scales in 23 rows, anal entire,
gastrosteges 227, urosteges 78, supralabials 7-7, infralabials
10-11, preoculars 1-1, postoculars 2-2, temporals 2++3, loreal
1-1, posterior genials shorter, body and tail with 48 yellow
rings, snout yellow. ,

No. 35326, from pine woods in Oak Creek Canyon, Coco-
nino County, Sept. 4, 1912, has scales in 23 rows, anal entire,
gastrosteges 217, urosteges 70, supralabials 7-8, infralabials
10-10, preoculars 1-1, postoculars 2-3, temporals 2+-3, loreal
1-1, posterior genials shorter, body and tail with 60 yellow
rings, snout yellow.

60.—Lampropeltis boylii Baird and Girard
A milk snake, No. 17542, collected at Cave Creek, Maricopa
County, has white rings without black edging on the scales.
It has scales in 25 rows, gastrosteges 226, anal entire, urosteges
48, supralabials 7-7, infralabials 9-9, preoculars 1-1, post-
oculars 2—2, temporals 2+-4, loreal 1-1, posterior genials short-
er, thirty-five white rings on body and tail.

416 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 47H Ser.

61.—Bascanion flagellum frenatum Stejneger

The collection includes specimens from Yuma, from Papago
Wells close to the southeastern corner of Yuma County, and
from Cave Creek, Maricopa County.

No. 34203, Papago Wells, has scale rows 17, gastrosteges
192, anal divided, urosteges 110, supralabials 8-8, infralabials
10-11, preoculars 2-2, postoculars 2—2, temporals 24-2+2,
loreal 1-1, posterior genials longer.

No. 17549, Cave Creek, has scale rows 17, gastrosteges 191,
anal divided, urosteges 102, supralabials 8-8, infralabials 10—-
10, preoculars 1-2, postoculars 2—2, temporals 2+-2-+-2, loreal
1-1, posterior genials longer.

No. 30672, Yuma, Oct. 22, 1911, has scale rows 17, gas-
trosteges 199, anal divided, urosteges 105, supralabials 8-8, in-
fralabials 10-10, preoculars 1-1, postoculars 2—2, temporals
2+2-+2, loreal 1-1, posterior genials longer.

No. 30673, Yuma, Oct. 22, 1911, has scale rows 17, gas-
trosteges 194, anal divided, urosteges 35+, supralabials 8-8,
infralabials 10-10, preoculars 1-1, postoculars 2—2, temporals
2+2-+2, loreal 1-1, posterior genials longer.

62.—Bascanion piceum Cope

Two specimens were captured in the bed of the Santa Cruz
River near Tucson, May 29, 1912, and one was seen near the
steam pump eighteen miles north of Tucson, and a fourth
specimen was found dead in the central part of Pima county.

The specimens caught May 29, 1912, were apparently mat-
ing. They were lying on the sand at full length but entwined.
When disturbed they immediately separated and _ instantly
mounted to the top of a willow tree some twenty feet high,
where they were captured with much difficulty. Both were jet
black with the lower surfaces a beautiful coral pink. The fact
that these two black snakes were mating is very interesting,
since it would seem to indicate that they may really represent a
distinct species rather than a melanistic phase of Bascanion
flagellum frenatwm.

In addition to the above localities these black racers have
been taken at Fort Lowell and at Camp Grant, Arizona, and
near Ensenada, Lower California.

Vor. IIT] VAN DENBURGH AND SLEVIN—ARIZONAN REPTILES 417

No. 33871, a female, has scales in 17 rows, gastrosteges 195,
and divided, pees 102, Sputarials 7-8, infralabials 9-10,
preoculars 2—2, postoculars 2—2, temporals 2+2-+2, loreal 1-1,
posterior eons longer.

No. 33872, a male, has scales in 17 rows, gastrosteges 200,
anal divided, urosteges 112, subrainls 8-8, infralabials 10-
11, preoculars 2-2, postoculars 2-2, temporals 2+-2+-2, loreal
1-1, genials equal.

63.—Bascanion semilineatum Cope

Several specimens of this snake were captured in the Hua-
chuca Mountains. They were found in the oak region near the
lower ends of Miller, Ramsey, and Carr Canyons, July 10-30,
1912. One was found under a stone, one on a wall of rock,
and the others on fairly open ground. The lower surfaces were
straw-yellow. All have scales in seventeen rows, anal divided,
loreal 1-1, postoculars 2—2, supralabials 8-8. The other counts
are in order for Nos. 34749, 34750, 34751, 34752; gastro-
steges 200, 200, 196, 200, urosteges 129, 138, —, 132, ie
labials 9-9, 9-9, 9-10, 10-10, preoculars 1-1, 1- it Je My22:
temporals 2+-2, 1+2-+3, 2+2+3, 24+2+2—2+3+3.

Mr. Herbert Brown showed us a specimen collected at Har-
shaw, Patagonia Mts., Santa Cruz County, July 20, 1910.

64.—Bascanion taeniatum (Hallowell)

One typical specimen of this racer was collected at Oak
Creek, Coconino County, September 2, 1912. It was found in
the brush on the side of the canyon. It is No. 35235, and has
scales in 15 rows, gastrosteges 198, anal divided, urosteges
125, supralabials 8-8 infralabials 9-9, preoculars 2-2, post-
oculars 2-2, temporals 2+2-+-2, loreal 1-1, posterior genials
longer.

65.—Arizona elegans Kennicott

The only snake of this kind obtained, No. 33452, was dug
out of a hole in a sand hill east of Yuma, March 19, 1912. It
has scales in 27 rows, gastrosteges 209, anal entire, urosteges
49, supralabials 9-8, infralabials 13-12, preoculars 1-1, post-
oculars 2-2, temporals 2+-3, posterior genials divided.

In life the lower surfaces and two to three rows of lateral

418 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH Ser.

along mid back are lighter yellowish with whitish edges and
with reddish or reddish brown marking near the base of each
scale. The dark markings are in part blackish brown, in part
deep olive. The head is light olive with darker olive mark-
ings.

This specimen contained a Dipsosaurus which it had eaten.

’

66.—Pituophis catenifer deserticola Stejneger

A large specimen, No. 33447, was found under some boards
near Yuma, March 17, 1912. Two, Nos. 33869, 33870, were
caught near the Santa Cruz River at Tucson, April 9, 1912;
one, No. 34755, in Carr Canyon, Huachuca Mts., July 20, 1912,
and three specimens, Nos. 17541, 17546, 17547, were secured
at Cave Creek.

No. 33447, from Yuma, has scale rows 33, gastrosteges 258,
anal single, urosteges 59, supralabials 8-8, infralabials 12-12,
preoculars 1-1, postoculars 4-5, temporals 3+3 loreal 1-1,
posterior genials shorter. This snake contained a small rodent.

No. 33869, from Tucson, has scale rows 33, gastrosteges
237, anal single, urosteges 59, supralabials 9-10, infralabials
12-12, preoculars 1-1, postoculars 3-4, temporals 2+3, loreal
1-1, posterior genials shorter.

No. 33870, from Tucson, has scale rows 31, gastrosteges
226, anal single, urosteges 64, supralabials 8-8, infralabials
13-13, preoculars 1-1, postoculars 3-3, temporals 3+-3, loreal
1-1, posterior genials shorter.

No. 34755, from Huachuca Mts., has scale rows 33, gastro-
steges 233, anal divided, urosteges 57, supralabials 8-8, infra-
labials 13-14, preoculars 1-1, postoculars 3-4, temporals 4+4,
loreal 1-1, posterior genials shorter.

No. 17541, from Cave Creek, has scale rows 31, gastro-
steges 237, anal single, urosteges 64, supralabials 9-9, infra-
labials 14-14, preoculars 2-2, postoculars 44, temporals 3-3,
loreal 1-1, posterior genials shorter.

No. 17546, from Cave Creek, has scale rows 35, gastro-
steges 245, anal single, urosteges 60, supralabials 9-9, preocu-
lars 1-1, postoculars 3-3, loreal 1-1, posterior genials shorter.

Vor. IIT] VAN DENBURGH AND SLEVIN—ARIZONAN REPTILES 419

No. 17547, from Cave Creek, has scale rows 31, gastro-
steges 235, anal single, urosteges 57, supralabials 8-8, infra-
labials 12-12, preoculars 1-1, postoculars 3-3, temporals 4+-4,
loreal 1-1, posterior genials shorter.

67.—Thamnophis vagrans (Baird and Girard)

Our collection includes only one Arizonan specimen of this
snake. It (No. 35266) was caught Sept. 1-3, 1912, on Oak
Creek, Coconino County, with numerous specimens of Tham-
nophis eques and T. angustircstris. All three species were
found in the water or on the rocks in the stream.

No. 35266 has 21-19-17 scale rows, gastrosteges 148, anal
entire, urosteges 76, supralabials 8-8, infralabials 10-10, pre-
oculars 1-1, postoculars 3-3, loreals 1-1, temporals 1+-2,
posterior genials slightly shorter. The dorsal line is rather
indistinct except anteriorly, but it can be seen that the upper
spots encroach upon it. The lateral lines are upon the second
and third rows of scales. There are no definite dark nuchal
blotches or light postoral crescents. The gastrosteges show
only a little dark brown or black along their anterior edges.

This species has been recorded from Fort Verde, Fort
Whipple, San Francisco Mountain, Mineral Spring and Pres-
cott, Arizona.

68.—Thamnophis eques (Reuss)

We have at hand twenty-one specimens of this snake. Three
(Nos. 17543, 17544, and 17545) are from Cave Creek, Mari-
copa County, May 9, 1910. Ten (Nos. 35256 to 35265) were
secured at Oak Creek, Coconino County, Sept. 1-3, 1912.
Two (34169 and 34170) were shot in Sabino Canyon, Santa
Catalina Mountains, April 4, 1912. The other six (34277 to
34282) were collected in the foothills of the Catalina Moun-
tains near the steam pump eighteen miles north of Tucson,
May 10-18, 1912.

All of these specimens show the normal coloration with
lateral lines on the second and third rows of scales, prominent
dark nuchal blotches and no light postoral crescents. WVaria-
tion in scale characters is given in the following table:

420 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 47H Ser.

ee ee a somalia
4 2 2 5 a =
No. Scale rows 8 3 4 ‘S 3 3 = Temporals

3 3 & & hall Fy are

5 5 a eS Vays eee
17543 | 19—17 164 | 82 8—8 | 10—10 }1—1/3—3]1—1] 1+2
17544 | 19—17 172 | 47+] 8—8 | 10—10 }1—1/3—3}1—1) 1+2
17545 | 19—17 172 | 93 8—9 | 11—11 |1—1/)3—3]1—1] 1+3
34169 | 19—17 167 | 77 8—8 | 10—10 }1—1/3—4]1—1] 1+2
34170 | 19—17 167 | 85 8—8 | 10—10 |1—2/3—3}1—1] 1+3
34277 | 19—17 167 | 97 8—8 | 10—10 |1—1/3—3}1—1| 1+2—1-+3
34278 | 19—17 174 | 93 8—8 | 10—10 |1—1/3—3}1—-1| 1-+2
34279 | 19—17 171 | 80 8—8s | 10—10 |1—1/3—3]1—-1| 2+3
34280 | 19—17 173 | 87 8—8s | 10—10 }1—1)3—3}1—1) 1+2

34281 | 19—17 166 | 55+] 8—9 | 10—10 |1—1/3—3}1—1] 1+3

34282 | 19—17 166 | 48+] 8—8 | 10—10 }1—1/3—3}1—1| 142
35256 | 19—17 92 | 8—8 | 10—10 |1—1/3—3}1—1| 14+2—1+3
35257 | 19—17 170 | 90 | 8—8 } 10—10 |1—1)3—3)1—1) 1--2
35258 | 21—19—17| 166 | 88 | 8—8 | 10—10 }1—1/3—3]1—1) 1-+-2
35259 | 19—17 173 | 96 | 8—8 | 10—10 |1—1)2—2)1—1| 1+2
35260 | 19—17 175 | 92 8—8 | 9—10 |1—1/3—4/1—1} 142
35261 | 19—17 168 | 88 | 8—8 | 10—11 |1—1|3—3}1—1| 1+2
35262 | 19—17 170 | 88 | 8—8 | 10—10 }1i—1|3—4]1—1) 1+-2
35263 | 19—17 172 | 97 | 8—8 | 10—10 |1i—1}3—3]1—1| 1+2
35264 | 19—17 171 | 91 8—8 | 10—10 }1—1)3—3]1—1| 1+2

35265 | 19—17 170 | 86 | 8—8 | 11—11 |1—1/3—3}1—1|] 1+2—1+3

69.—Thamnophis marcianus (Baird and Girard)

Four specimens of this species are in the collection. Nos.
35298, 35299, and 35300 are from Tucson Aug. 22-23, 1912,
while No. 35159 was caught at Fairbank, Cochise County,
August 16-17, 1912. These specimens agree in coloration,
having postoral crests, dark nuchal blotches, lateral line on
third row of scales or indefinite, large dorsal spots, and gastro-
steges marked with black laterally.

No. 35298, has scale rows 21-19-17, gastrosteges 149, anal
entire, urosteges 64, supralabials 8-8, infralabials 10-10, pre-
oculars 1-1, postoculars 3-4, loreal 1-1, temporal 1+3-2+3,
posterior genials longer.

No. 35299, has scale rows 21-19-17, gastrosteges 162, anal
entire, urosteges 65, supralabials 8-8, infralabials 10-11, pre-
oculars 1-1, postoculars 3-4, loreal 1-1, temporals 1+2+3,
posterior genials longer.

No. 35300, has scale rows 21-19-17, gastrosteges 156. anal
entire, urosteges 65, supralabials 8-8, infralabials 10-11, pre-
oculars 1-1, postoculars 4-4, loreal 1-1, temporals 1+3+
3-1+-3-+-3, posterior genials longer.

Vor. IIT] VAN DENBURGH AND SLEVIN—ARIZONAN REPTILES 421

No. 35159, has scale rows 21-19-17, gastrosteges 157, anal
entire, urosteges 67, supralabials 8-8, infralabials 10-11, pre-
oculars 1-1, postoculars 3-3, loreal 1-1, temporals 14-3, pos-
terior genials longer.

These snakes were caught in mud puddles on the desert a
mile or more from the river.

Mr. Herbert Brown sent us a number from Yuma, but
they were destroyed in the San Francisco fire of April, 1906.

70.—Thamnophis megalops (Kennicott)

We have six specimens of this garter snake. Nos. 35158,
35160, 35161, were collected at Fairbank, Cochise County,
August 15-17, 1912. Nos. 33876, 33877, and 33878, were
caught at Tucson, March 20-April 13, 1912. These speci-
mens all have loreals 1-1, preoculars 1-1, anal entire, posterior
genials longer. No distinct postoral light crescents, no very
definite dark blotches on nape, lateral lines on the third and
fourth rows of scales. Variation is shown in the following
table :

gy as 3 &
No. Scale rows 3 3 4 3 8 Temporals
() P n at o¥
33876 | 21—19—17 162 75 88 LO 10. esa aS
33877 | 21—19—17 154 38+] 8—9 | 10—10 | 3—4 } 14+2—1+43
33878 | 21—19—17 157 74 8—8 | 10—10 | 3—3 | 143
35158 | 21—23—21—19) 159 77 8—8 |} 10—10 | 3—4 | 1+2+3
35160 | 21—19—17 161 8—8s } 10—10 | 3—3 | 1+2+3
35161 | 2i—19—17 162 72 lore 10—10 |} 4—4 | 14+2+3

The specimens secured at Tucson were caught close to the
Santa Cruz River. No. 33876 was caught at about 4+ p. m.
in a pool near a ditch. It was swimming several inches be-
low the surface of the water, seemingly in pursuit of the little
fish which were very numerous in the pool. The snake soon
coiled up under some brush at the edge of the pool, and there
we captured it. On the morning of March 30, 1912, we were
walking along the banks of the Santa Cruz River hunting
frogs, when we heard a cry similar to that of a young kitten.

422 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 47H Sex.

As we drew nearer indistinct though loud croaking sounds
could be heard at intervals interspersed with the kitten-like
cries. Soon we discovered a garter snake (No. 33877) of
this species coiled up on shore a couple of feet from the edge
of the water holding in its jaws a Rana pipiens, which it had
seized by one hind leg, and which was crying lustily. When
we approached still closer, the snake dropped the frog and
both made for the water, which the frog succeeded in reaching.

No. 33876, was colored in life as follows: The head above
is clear olive. The supralabials are straw yellow, the anterior
and posterior ones tinged with olive, and all showing posterior
edgings of black. The oculars are yellowish olive. The dor-
sal line is bright ochre anteriorly, becoming dull yellow on
the posterior half of the body. The laterals lines are olive
yellow on the neck, but posteriorly become grayish yellow
and then cream or grayish white. Nuchal blotches are black-
ish, but are not very evident. The area between the dorsal and
lateral lines is clear olive brown, with two rows of nearly con-
cealed blackish blotches separated by concealed light greenish
white areas on the skin between the scales. The lower laterals
and tips of the gastrosteges are olive brown, a little lighter
than the area between the stripes. The lower surfaces are
yellowish white on head and neck, grayish or olive white
elsewhere, the gastrosteges with concealed black markings
laterally.

71.—Thamnophis angustirostris (Kennicott)

Eighteen of these snakes were collected at Oak Creek,
Coconino County, Sept. 1-4, 1912. Oak Creek is a moun-
tain stream running through a deep canyon with many oak
trees. Perhaps a thousand feet above the stream is the pine
forest of the plateau. These snakes were found in the stream,
either on rocks or in the water.

All have 21-19-17 scale rows. The posterior genials are
either equal to or longer than the anterior.

No. 35248 has the anal divided. The loreals are 1-1 ex-
cept in No. 35249, which has two on one side of the head.
Variation in other scale characters is shown in the following
table :

Vor. IIT] VAN DENBURGH AND SLEVIN—ARIZONAN REPTILES 423

35245 | 171 85 8—8 | 10—X
35246 | 166 73 tee Aly ko al)

3—4 | -F1-+-3—1--2-43
i Pa

e B 3 t @ g
No 3 2 3 ci 3 z Temporals

$ 8 5 2 3 8

5 5 B ic a a
35238 175 85 8—8 | 10—10 — 3—3 | 1+1+2—1+1+4+3
35239 165 69 8—8 9—9 — 3—3 | 1+1+1—1+1+3
35240 | 170 82 8—7 9—10 | 2—2 | 3—3 | 1+2+3—1+1+43
35241 170 84 8—9 9—10 rom 3—3 | 1+2+2—1+1+2
35242 166 72 8—8 | 10—10 — 3—3 | 1+1+2—1+1+2
35243 165 75 8—8 | 10—10 — 3—4 | 1+14+3—1+4+1+3
35244 177 87 8—8 9—10 — 3—3 | 1+1+3—1+2+4+3

35247 | 172 80 8—8 | 10—10 Sad Mis allie hee a)
35248 | 161 72 8—8 | 10—10 Ceol el ee lle tl OY
35249 | 172 83 8—8 | 10—10 ee Wn ee aE as}
35250 | 173 86 88) 10-10 ed |i lS ale il Se)
35251 176 87 8) 9—9 Sse SS
35252 | 167 80 8—8 | 10—10 Bad a eel bs Ya)

35253) 165 83 $—87 |) 10—10
35254 | 166 86 i—i 9—9
35255 | 161 74 8— 8 | 9—9

Se A ihr bea)
3—3 | 1+-1-+-3—1-+41+3
Si=o)y)| IS sabe ies

NNWNYNNNNNNHNNNNNNNN
i,
cS

NNN NNY NNN NNYWNHNNH NHN d bdo

72.—Trimorphodon lyrophanes Cope

One specimen was obtained from Professor Brown. It is
labeled Rosemont, Pima County. It is No. 33846, and has
scales in 21 rows, gastrosteges 234, anal divided, urosteges
56+, supralabials 7-7, infralabials 10-11, preoculars 2-2,
postoculars 3-3, temporals 2-+-3-3-+-4, loreal 2-2, posterior
genials shorter. There are thirty-seven dark dorsal blotches,
of which nine are on the tail.

73.—Tantilla nigriceps Kennicott

A species of Tantilla was found to be fairly common along
the Santa Cruz River near Tucson, where eleven specimens
were collected between March 26 and April 1. One (No.
34171) was secured in Ventana Canyon, near the base of the
Catalina Mts., April 28, 1912. They are much smaller than
Tantilla wilcoxi, and have fewer gastrosteges and no posterior
dark border on collar. These twelve specimens agree in hay-
ing scales in 15 rows, preoculars 1-1, temporals 1-1, supra-
labials 7-7, infralabials 7-7, anal divided, posterior genials
shorter. Other scale counts are:

November 3, 1913

424 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser.

Number. Gastrosteges. Urosteges Postoculars.
33879 135 58 2-2
33880 140 58 2-2
33881 141 26+ 2-2
33882 142 51 2-2
33883 135 64 2-2
33884 143 58 1-1
33885 140 62 2-2
33886 141 64 2-2
33887 148 5 2-2
33888 143 62 2-2
33889 142 59 2-2
34171 135 53 2-2

The first infralabials of all these specimens are separated
by the mental.

The collar in all is from one to three rows of scales behind
the parietals, is from one to one and a half rows of scales
in width, and is not edged with darker scales. The lower
surfaces are suffused with coral-red.

Although the type of T. wilcoxi was recorded by Cope as
T. nigriceps, it is probable that the latter has not hitherto been
taken in Arizona.

This Arizonan Tantilla is readily distinguished from the
Californian Tantilla eiseni by its smaller number of gastro-
steges (135 to 148 as against 167 to 181 in T. eiseni). Tan-
tilla planiceps from Lower California has only 138 to 140
gastrosteges, but the white nuchal collar is on the sixth and
seventh rows of scales behind the parietals. Tantilla wilcoxt
has a larger number of gastrosteges (148 to 157) and the
white collar crosses the parietals.

No. 33885 was colored in life as follows: Upper surface
of head dark olive, becoming blackish brown. posteriorly.
Labials, lower surface of head and neck to sixth gastrostege,
tips of all gastrosteges, and two or three rows of lateral scales
on each side, grayish white. Upper surfaces (except of head)
unicolor, light yellowish hair-brown or brownish straw. Rest
of lower surfaces from sixth gastrostege to tip of tail bright
coral red.

74.—Tantilla wilcoxi Stejneger

The only example of this species secured is a fine large
specimen removed from the stomach of a Diadophis regalis

Vor. IIT] VAN DENBURGH AND SLEVIN—ARIZONAN REPTILES 425

caught in Ramsey Canyon, Huachuca Mts., July 29, 1912.
It is No. 34757, and has scales in 15 rows, gastrosteges 157,
_ anal divided, urosteges 58, superlabials 7-7, infralabials 7-6,
preoculars 1-1, postoculars 2-2, temporals 1+1, posterior
genials shorter. The white collar crosses the posterior por-
tion of the parietals and about two rows of scales on the
neck. It is about as wide as the length of three scales, and
is bordered behind by a dark band about the width of one
scale row, and is similarly edged with dark anteriorly. The
first infralabials just meet on the midline. The color below
is coral-red.

This species may be distinguished from T. nigriceps by
the position of the light collar, the larger number of gastro-
steges, and the meeting of the first infralabials.

The specimen collected in the Huachucas by Mr. Price,
August 20, 1893, originally recorded by me (Proc. Cal. Acad.
Sci. (2), VI, 1896, p. 346), as T. coronata has only 148
gastrosteges, while Dr. Stejneger’s type has 152.

75.—Elaps euryxanthus Kennicott

Nos. 35324 and 33837 from Tucson, and No. 33845 from
Rosemont, Pima County, were presented by Professor Brown,
while No. 35326 was secured from the Carnegie Desert
Laboratory at Tucson.

No. 33837, from the University Campus, Tucson, May 31,
1905, has scales in 15 rows, supralabials 7-7, infralabials 7-7,
preoculars 1-1, postoculars 2-2, temporals 1+2, black bands
on body and tail 14.

No. 35324, Tucson, has scale rows 15, gastrosteges 216,
anal divided, urosteges 29, supralabials 7-7, infralabials 6-6,
preoculars 1-1, postoculars 2-2, temporals 1+2, black bands
on body and tail 12, yellow 22, red 10.

No. 33845, Rosemont, Sept. 22, 1902, has scale rows Wp
gastrosteges 224, anal divided, urosteges 24, supralabials
7, infralabials 8, preocular 1, postoculars 2, temporals
1-2, black bands on body and tail 13, yellow 24, red 11.

No. 35326, Tucson, has scale rows 15, anal divided, uro-
steges 25, black bands on body and tail 9, yellow 19, red 9.

426 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH Ser.

77.—Crotalus molossus Baird and Girard

Seven specimens of this rattlesnake are in the collection.
One (No. 17535) was collected, April 4, 1910, at Cave Creek,
Maricopa County. The others are from the Huachuca Mts.,
in Cochise County.

No. 17535, Cave Creek, has scale rows 27, gastrosteges
191, anal entire, urosteges 25, two divided, supralabials 17-18,
infralabials 17-18, preoculars 2-2, postoculars 3-3, loreal 2-3,

No. 34735, near Ramsey Canyon, Huachuca Mts., June 29,
1912, female, has scale rows 27, gastrosteges 189, anal entire,
urosteges 22, supralabials 17-18, infralabials 16-16, preocu-
lars 2—2, postoculars 3-3, loreal 1-1.

No. 34736, head of Ramsey Canyon, July 11, 1912, has
scale rows 27, gastrosteges 190, anal entire, urosteges 23 two
divided, supralabials 17-17, infralabials 15-16, preoculars 2-2,
postoculars 3-3, loreal 1-1.

No. 34737, Ramsey Canyon, July 30, 1912, has scale rows
27, gastrosteges 193, anal entire, urosteges 21, supralabials
17-17, infralabials 18-18, preoculars 2-2, postoculars 3-3,
loreal 1-1.

No. 34738, Ramsey Canyon, July, 1912, has scale rows 27,
gastrosteges 191, anal entire, urosteges 27, supralabials 16-17,
infralabials 17-18, preocular 2—2, postoculars 3, loreal 1-1.

No. 34739, Miller Canyon, Huachuca Mts., July 27, 1912,
female containing seven young, has scale rows 27, gastrosteges
191, anal entire, urosteges 23, supralabials 17-18, infralabials
16-18, preoculars 2-2, postoculars 3-3, loreal 1-1.

No. 34740, Ramsey Canyon, July 28, 1912, has scale rows
27, gastroteges 194, anal entire, urosteges 20 two divided,
supralabials 18-18, infralabials 17-18, preoculars 2-2, post-
oculars 3-3, loreal 1-1.

78.—Crotalus atrox Baird and Girard

The collection includes one specimen (No. 33656) from
Yuma, Sept. 14, 1912, six (Nos. 17532, 17533, 17534, 17536,
17537, 17538) from Cave Creek, Maricopa County, April 10-
May 15, 1910, and ten from the vicinity of Tucson, April 11-
August 23, 1912. These all show the typical coloration.
Their scale characters are shown in the following table:

Vor. IIT] VAN DENBURGH AND SLEVIN—ARIZONAN REPTILES 427

g 3 ct 2 Ei
No i B Urosteges 4 ic] | FI =,
2 £ é @ 8 2 3
e ¢ a c= 2 3 8
n 1a) nD 4 AY Ay yn
33656 183 24 (1+) 15—16 | 17—17 | 2—2 | 3—3 | 1-1
17532 yf 188 22 (1+) 15—15 | 16—16 | 2—2 | 3—3 | 1—1
17533 27 186 18 (4+) 15—15 | 16—17 | 2—2 | 3—3 | 1—1
17534 25 184 23 (O+) | 14—14 | 16—16 | 2—2 | 3—3 | 1_-1
17536 27 185 18 (2+) 15—17 | 18—19 | 2—2 | 3—3 | 1—-1
17537 25 185 21 (5+) | 16—16 | 16—16 | 2—2 | 3—3 | 1—1
17538 27 182 24 (10+)} 14—15 | 16—17 | 2—2 | 3—3 | 1—-1
33873 25 179 24 (3+) PSO S15) i) 2 —— 2) eS —— 3S) | ——
34265 27 183 23 (1+) | 15—16 | 17—17 | 2—2 | 3—3 | 1—1
34266 25 187 19 (3+) 15—15 | 17—18 | 2—2 | 3—3 | 11
34267 25 183 26 (5+) | 16—16 | 18—18 | 2—2 | 3—3 | 1—1
34268 BS 183 24 (1+) | 14—14 | 16—17 | 2—2 | 3—3 | 1—1
34269 25 181 27 (O+) | 14—14 | 14—15 | 2—2 | 3—3 | 1-1
34270 27 190 21 (1+) | 15—17 | 16—16 | 2—2 | 3—3 | 1—1
34271 25 184 25 (4+) | 15—14 | 17—17 | 2—2 | 3—3 | 1-1
34273 25 185 19 (2+) | 15—15 | 16—18 | 2—2 | 3—3 | 1—1
35297 25 183 24 (0+) 15—16 | 18—18 | 2—2 | 3—3 | 0—0

79.—Crotalus tigris Kennicott

This species seems to be quite rare in southern Arizona.
We secured only one specimen (No. 34274) near the steam
pump about eighteen miles north of Tucson, May 8, 1912.
This one was caught about four p. m. just as it was entering
a hole in the ground. Crotalus atrox was common in the
same locality.

The scale rows are 25, gastrosteges 165, anal entire, uro-
steges 20, supralabials 14-14, infralabials 14-15, preoculars
2-2, postoculars 2-3, loreals 1-1. There are forty dark bars
on the body and five on the tail.

80.—Crotalus confluentus Say

We refer to this species one specimen (No. 17531) from
Cave Creek, Maricopa County. The coloration in life was
greenish. In alcohol it is pale and resembles C. atrox. The
bands on the tail are pure black on a light ground as in C.
atrox. On the posterior portion of the body the rhombs be-
come cross-bars. The lower surfaces are white, unmarked.
The head markings are somewhat faded, but in position and
character are those of C. confluentus, with which species it
agrees in scale characters.

It has scales in 25 rows, gastrosteges 177, anal entire,
urosteges 19, two divided, supralabials 16-16, infralabials 16-

428 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 47H Ser.

16, preocular 2-2, postoculars 3-3, loreal 1-1, dark markings
on body are 26 rhombs and 12 cross-bars to anus, 4 black
bands on tail.

81.—Crotalus oregonus Holbrook

We have three Arizonan specimens of the Pacific Rattle-
snake. One is a young specimen (No. 35237) from Oak
Creek, Coconino County, Sept. 2, 1912. The coloration of
head, body, and tail is perfectly typical of this species. The
scales are in 23 rows, gastrosteges 165, anal entire, urosteges
24, supralabials 15-15, infralabials 15-15, preoculars 2-2,
postoculars 3-3, loreals 1-1, dark dorsal markings on body 38.

No. 17539, is a large adult secured at Cave Creek, Maricopa
County, May 1, 1910. Its head is unicolor above and on
sides, dark brown without any trace of markings. The dorsal
rhombs are somewhat indistinct, and number 33 on the body
to the tail, which bears six brown cross-bars. The lower sur-
faces are mottled with brown. The scale rows are 25,
gastrosteges 170, anal entire, urosteges 24, supralabials 15-15,
infralabials 14-15, preoculars 2-2, postoculars 3-3, loreal 1-1.

No. 34683, caught at an altitude between 7000 and 8000
feet at the Wilderness of Rocks, on Mt. Lemon, Santa Cata-
lina mountains, Pima County, June 12, 1912, has dorsal
rhombs solid jet-black without lighter centers, but separated
from each other by bright sulphur yellow edgings. The sides
are brownish drab with dark brown markings and a few scat-
tered yellow scales. The lower surfaces are yellowish white
marbled with dark brown. There are eight dark brown rings
on the tail, separated by narrow dark gray intervals. The
head markings are as in typical C. oregonus. Scale rows 25,
gastrosteges 170, anal entire, urosteges 25 one divided, supra-
labials 16-16, infralabials 15-15, preoculars 2-2, postoculars
3-3, loreals 1-1, dorsal rhombs to tail 31.

When we reached Tucson we heard much of the black rattle-
snake of the Catalinas, as this species is locally known. It
was with much difficulty that we secured a specimen (No.
34683). There can be no doubt that it is specifically identical
with C. oregonus of California. Whether it will be necessary
to regard the dark Arizona snakes as a subspecies, C. oregonus
cerberus (Coues), cannot be decided until more specimens are

Vor. IIT] VAN DENBURGH AND SLEVIN—ARIZONAN REPTILES 429

received. The lighter specimens from Cave and Oak creeks
make us doubt the wisdom of using a distinct name for these
snakes. Crotalus oregonus probably occurs in Arizona only
at considerable altitudes.

82.—Crotalus cerastes Hallowell

This rattlesnake was found by us near Yuma, where five
were secured.

No. 33450, March 15, 1912, adult, found coiled in the
mouth of a hole under a cactus.—Scale rows 21, gastrosteges
145, anal entire, urosteges 21, none divided, supralabials 12—
12, infralabials 13-13, preoculars 2-2, postoculars 3-3
loreals 1-1.

No. 33448, March 17, 1912, young, found crawling under
a bush.—Scale rows 23, gastrosteges 139, anal entire, urosteges
21, five divided, supralabials 12-12, infralabials 12-12, pre-
oculars 2-2, postoculars 3-3, loreals 1-1.

No. 33449, March 17, 1912, young, found coiled in the
mouth of a hole-——Scale rows 23, gastrosteges 143, anal en-
tire, urosteges 23, one divided, supralabials 13-13, infralabials
13-13, preoculars 2-2, postoculars 3-3, loreals 1-1.

No. 33654, Sept. 16, 1912, adult, caught on the desert at
night.—Scale rows 21, gastrosteges 146, anal entire, urosteges
15, one divided, supralabials 12-12, infralabials 13-13, loreals
1-1.

No. 33655, Sept. 12, 1912, young, found under a tin can on
desert.—Scale rows 21, gastrosteges 146, anal entire, uro-
steges 16, two divided, supralabials 13-13, infralabials 13-13,
preoculars 2-2, postoculars 3-3, loreals 1-1.

No. 33448 contained a Uta stansburiana, while No. 33449
had eaten a Cnemidophorus tigris.

83.—Crotalus mitchellii Cope

Two bright red specimens of this species were secured by
Mr. Carlson at Cave Creek, Maricopa County: No. 17540 on
April 16, and No. 20814 on May 25, 1910.

No. 17540 has scale rows 23, gastrosteges 163, anal entire,
urosteges 18, none divided, supralabials 15-15, infralabials
14-16, preoculars 2—2, postoculars 3-3.

No. 20814 has scale rows 25, gastrosteges 169, anal entire,
urosteges 21, three divided, supralabials 15-17, infralabials

430 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 41TH Ser.

16-17, preocular 2-2, postoculars 3-3.

Mr. Herbert Brown sent us two white rattlesnakes of this
species collected by Dr. W. J. McGee in the Tinajas Atlas
Range about fifty miles southeast from Yuma. Unfortu-
nately they were destroyed in the great fire of April, 1906.

84.—Crotalus lepidus Kennicott

The only specimen secured was found crawling up a granite
boulder on the hillside above Carr Canyon, Huachuca Mts.,
July 17, 1912. In life the coloration was light green, with
light brown bands. No. 34747 has scale rows 21, gastrosteges
162, anal entire, urosteges 24, none divided, supralabials 11-12,
infralabials 11-12, preoculars 2-2, postoculars 2-2, loreals 2-2.

85.—Crotalus pricei Van Denburgh

The only specimen of this handsome little rattlesnake was
found in the bed of a stream in Ramsey Canyon, Huachuca
Mts., July 16, 1912. It is No. 34748, and has scales in 21
rows, gastrosteges 154, anal entire, urosteges 24, nine divided,
supralabials 9-9, infralabials 10-10, preoculars 2-2, postocu-
lars 3-3, loreals 2-2, coloration typical.

Mr. Herbert Brown sent me for examination a fine speci-
men found by Mr. W. B. McCleary, May 28, 1912, on a rock
at an altitude of about 7500 feet, on a ridge near Old Baldy,
Madero Canyon, Santa Rita Mts., Santa Cruz County. This
snake has scales in 23-21—21-21-19-17 rows, gastrosteges
153, anal entire, urosteges 25, the last seven divided, supra-
labials 9-9, infralabials 10-10, spots along back to anus 48
on right, 56 on left, 8 dark bars on tail. Length to anus 395
mm., of tail 38 mm. to rattle. Rattle 17 mm. complete with
seven segments.

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432 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF CES —— (Proc. 47 Sr.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVII

Crotalus molossus Baird and Girard: BLAcK-TAILED RATTLESNAKE—Photo-
graph from alcoholic specimen (No. 34738) collected in Ramsey Canyon,
Huachuca Mountains, Arizona, July, 1912.

Proc. CaLAcan. Sci 47 Ser VoLIil [VAN DENBURGHanp SLEVIN] PLATE XVII

\
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CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVIII

Crotalus atrox Baird and Girard: Desert DiaMonp RaTTLESNAKE—Pho-
tograph from living specimen (field No. 1011) collected near Tucson,
Arizona, August, 1912.

Proc.CaLAcan. Sti 47% SER VoL (VAN DENBURGHanp SLEVIN] PLATE XVIII

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436 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIX

Crotalus tigris Kennicott: Ticer RATTLESNAKE—Photograph from alco-
- holic specimen (No. 34274) collected near the Steam Pump eighteen
miles north of Tucson, Arizona, May 8, 1912.

Proc. Cal Acan. Scr 4.7 Ser. VoL Il [VAN DENBURGHanp SLEVIN] PLATE XIX

hi Perey 006) ny ' . ui

i aT ni

i H i t a , Ate i i

: ae vn at
on Wii i )
it ASN [ mM ; i‘ ie ral he
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tity id vai fi KAW p ii pia re i hel i 7) :

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438 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Paoc. 4m Sex.
i
\
t
(eo)
- EXPLANATION OF PLATE XX

Crotalus confluentus Say: Prairte RATTLESNAKE—Photograph from alco-
holic specimen (No. 17531) collected at Cave Creek, Maricopa Co.,
Arizona, in 1910.

Proc.CaLAcan. Scr 4™ Ser. Vouiil (VAN DENBURGHanp SLEVIN] FLATE XX

‘| en eng Ae ; vy \ yea: nA ALG? : ‘
eh i ) , vk DAL eH Peers
yh hota! TA ae yl \ fy ae ;
i ie te 5 AN ae Phar \ te |
: i : Hl
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i Mi

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4rH Ser.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXI.

’ Crotalus oregonus Holbrook: Pactric Rat?rLESNAKE—Photograph from
alcoholic specimen (No. 34683) collected on Mt. Lemon, Santa Catalina

Mountains, Arizona, June 12, 1912.

PRoc. CALAcap Scr 47 SER Vat Il [VAN DENBURGHanp SLEVIN] PLATE XXI

; Paria fen Mid :
7 a q ae od ye
i UAT iyi
re" Se

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a
442 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 47H Ser.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXII

Crotalus cerastes Hallowell: Hornep RattLesNAKE—Photograph from
. living specimen (No. 33655) collected at Yuma, Arizona, Sept. 12, 1912.

Proc.CaLAcap Scr 47 Ser Vob Ill [VAN DENBURGHanp SLEVIN] PLATE XXII

ey
hy nna !

aye
Oy yatunie!
ei ray ba

C1
AO
fun! fil

TAY ,
|
anh
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pM,

444 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIII

Crotalus lepidus Kennicott: GREEN RaTTLESNAKE—Photograph from
alcoholic specimen (No. 34747) collected in Carr Canyon, Huachuca
Mts., Arizona, July 17, 1912.

Proc.CaLAcap Scr 4-7 Ser Voulll [VAN DENBURGHanp SLEVIN] PLATE XXII]

are

AWA
SUE Ah AERURR AND
id ‘ met

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446 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 47H Ser.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIV

Crotalus pricei Van Denburgh: Price’s RaTtLESNAKE—Photograph from
alcoholic specimen (No. 34748) collected in Ramsey Canyon, Huachuca
Mts., Arizona, July 16, 1912.

Proc.CaLAcap. Sri 47 SER VoL III [VAN DENBURGHanp SLEVIN] PLATE XXIV

‘ie

i
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i ny
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EA GU ae
t i

448 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 41m Ser.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXV

Fig. 1. Crotalus molossus Baird and Girard—Section of skin.
Fig. 2. Crotalus atrox Baird and Girard—Section of skin.

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

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450 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXVI

Fig. 1. Crotalus tigris Kennicott—Section of skin.
Fig. 2. Crotalus mitchellii Cope—Section of skin.

Proc.CaL Acan. Sci 47 SER Vou Iil [VAN DENBURGHanp SLEVIN] XXVI

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

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EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXVII

Fig. 1. Crotalus confluentus Say—Section of skin.
Fig. 2. Crotalus oregonus Holbrook—Section of skin.

Proc. CaLAcan. Sci 47" Ser Vou Ill [VAN DENBURGHanp SLEVIN] XXVIi

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

- rea’

454 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXVIII

Fig. 1. Crotalus cerastes Hallowell—Section of skin.
Fig. 2. Crotalus lepidus Kennicott—Section of skin.
Fig. 3. Crotalus pricei Van Denburgh—Section of skin.

Proc.CaLAcap. Scr 4-™ Ser Vou Il [VAN DENBURGHanp SLEVIN] XXVIII

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

ie Ve

“

INDEX TO VOLUME III, FOURTH SERIES.

For Index to A Distributional List of the Mammals of California, see
Page 375.

New names in heavy-faced type; Synonyms in italics.

Achalinus spinalis, 254
werneri, 188, 254
Acteon, species, 10
Actitis macularia, 71
acuta, Dafila, 68
acutilineatus, Phacoides, 100
acutus, Agkistrodon, 52
Zichmophorus occidentalis, 58
AHgialitis nivosa, 71
Agasoma, 39, 98
barkerianum, 165
gravidum, 77, 100, 101, 165
kernianum, 19, 23, 25, 77, 100,
101
sanctacruzanum,
species, 19
Agassiz, Prof. Louis, 76
agassizii, Gopherus, 392, 397
Agkistrodon acutus, 52, 55
alamedaénsis, Pinna, 100
albaria, Mactra, 167
Albatross, Black-footed, 64
Short-tailed, 64
albatrus, Diomedea, 65
albeola, Charitonetta, 69
aleuticus, Ptychoramphus, 59
alta, Metis, 19, 166
Metis (Lutricola), 30
alvarius, Bufo, 392, 395
alveata, Amauropsis, 10, 15
amamiensis, Eumeces marginatus, 188,
212, 217, 221
Amauropsis alveata, 10, 15
Amblycephalus formosensis, 55
Amblystomating, 183
Ambystoma macrodactylum, 259
tigrinum, 3892
americana, Fulica, 70
Oidemia, 69
americanus, Numenius, 71
Amphibians and Reptiles of Arizona,
with Notes on the Species in the
Collection of the Academy.
By John Van Denburgh and
Joseph R. Slevin, 391-454
Anderson, F. M., 78, 162
Anderson, F. M.
A Further Stratigraphic Study
in the Mount Diablo Range
of California, 1-40

166

[455]

The Neocene Deposits of
Kern River, California, and
the Temblor Basin, 73-148
andersoni, Heptranchias, 101
Pecten, 98, 100, 168
anglonana, Bullia, 166
Bullia (Molopophorus), 100
angustata, Aturia, 4
angustirostris, Thamnophis, 393
Anodonta, 31
antiquus, Carcharias, 101
Synthliboramphus, 59
antillarum, Sterna, 64
antiselli, Astrodapsis, 167
annulatus, Phacoides, 166
Aphriza virgata, 71
approximans, MHolbrookia
392, 399
aratus, Saxidomus, 27, 30
arborea japonica, Hyla, 190, 191
Arca breweriana, 8
canalis, 167
microdonta, 101, 167
montereyana, 19, 99, 165
obispoana, 167
trilineata, 27, 30, 167
arctatus, Colus, 101
Ardea herodias, 69
Arenaria interpres, 71
melanocephala, 71
arenicolor, Hyla, 392, 394
argentatus, Larus, 62
Arizona elegans, 150, 393, 417
arizonae, Cnemidophorus, 393
Arnold, Dr. Ralph, 104, 108, 116, 162
arnoldi, Nassa, 100, 101
Ascaphus (Notes on), 259-264
Ascaphus truei, 259
astori, Macoma, 167
Astrodapsis antiselli, 167
merriami, 19
perrini, 167
tumidus, 23, 26, 167
whitneyi, 26, 167
species, 18, 28, 25
ater, Sauromalus, 392, 398
atrocostata, Emoia, 234
atrox, Crotalus, 394, 426
attwoodi, Ostrea, 25, 167
Aturia angustata, 4

maculata,

456 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Serr.

atwoodi, Ostrea, 167
Aucella, 9
Auklet, Cassin’s, 59
Paroquet, 59
Rhinocerus, 59
auritus, Colymbus, 58
Phalacrocorax, 68
aurora, Rana, 159
Babina, 196
holsti, 196, 197, 198, 199
subaspersa, 197, 198, 199, 200
bachmani, Haematopus, 72
Baculites chicoénsis, 8
species, 8
baileyi, Crotaphytus collaris, 147, 392,
398
bairdi, Pisobia, 70
Balanus concavus, 165
species, 30
barbarensis, Glycimeris, 166
barbouri, Eumeces, 188, 189, 213, 214,
216
Barker, John, 78, 101
barkerianum, Agasoma, 165
Barker ranch Well, 86
Barnacles, 18
Bascanion flagellum frenatum, 154,
393, 416
piceum, 393, 416
semilineatum, 393, 417
taeniatum, 157, 393, 417
Bathytoma keepi, 166
beldingi, Verticaria hyperythra, 150,
152
Belemnites, 9
bellus, Pecten, 168
bicolor, Dendrocygna, 69
biplicata, Cuma, 100, 165
biscutata, Thamnophis vagrans, 158
biseriatus, Sceloporus, 148, 149, 150,
151, 152, 156
blainvillii, Phrynosoma, 148, 152
frontale, Phrynosoma, 148, 149
Blake, Wm. P., 76, 97, 101
boettgeri, Hemibungarus, 257
Leilopisma laterale, 188, 237,
239
borealis, Lucina, 19, 23, 26
boulengeri, Sphenomorphus, 188, 189,
232
boutonii nigropunctatus, Cryptobleph-
arus, 241
bowersi, Pecten, 100
bowringii, Hemidactylus, 207
boylii, Lampropeltis, 150, 393, 416
Rana, 159
brachycephala, Rana pipiens, 158
Brachyramphus craverii, 60
hypoleucus, 60
marmoratus, 59

branneri, Carcharodon, 101
Glycimeris, 165
Pecten, 165
Pectunculus, 100
Branta nigricans, 69
breweriana, Arca, 8
Scutella, 165
brewerianus, Clypeaster (Scutella), 30
brownii, Phyllorhynchus, 393
browni, Lygosaurus pellopleurus, 188,
240
buergeri, Polypedates, 204
Bufo alvarius, 392, 395
cognatus, 392, 395
lentiginosus woodhousii, 392,
394
punctatus, 392, 395
Bulla, species, 19
bulleri, Puffinus, 66
Bullia anglonana, 166
(Molopophorus) anglonana,
100
Bungarus, 42
Buwalda, John P., 74
calearea, Macoma, 166
Calidris leucophwa, 71
californiw, Lampropeltis, 149, 151
californica, Crytomya, 27
Nassa, 30
Oliva, 19, 100, 166
Placuanomia, 167
californicum, Tritonium, 15
californicus, Larus, 62
Pelecanus, 68
Calliophis macclellandii, 54, 255, 256
swinhoei, 188, 255
Callisaurus dracontoides, 153
ventralis, 148, 152, 158, 392,
400
Callista, species, 16
Callophis macclellandii (?), 54, 255,
256
callosa, Neverita, 19, 98, 100
canalifera, Rimella, 4, 10
eanalis, Arca, 167
Cancellaria condoni, 100, 166
dallana, 100
joaquinensis, 100
pacifica, 100
simplex, 100
species, 19, 23, 39
candata, Urosyca, 4
canum, Gyalopium, 393
canus, Larus, 63
capense, Daption, 65
Carcharias antiquus, 101
Oarcharodon branneri, 101
rectus, 101
Cardita veneriformis, 15
Cardium cooperi, 11, 18, 15
coosense, 167

Vor. III.J

meekanum, 167
quadrigenarium, 166
(ef. C. quadrigenarium), 25
vaqueroénse, 99
vaquerosense, 165
species, 101
carinatus, Pseudagkistrodon, 51
carisaénsis, Chorus, 23, 26
Trophon, 167
Carman, F. J., 86, S87
carneipes, Puffinus, 66
Carpenter, A. G., 74, 99
eatenatus edwardsii, Sistrurus, 394
eatenifer, Pituophis, 149, 150, 158
deserticola, Pituophis, 393,
418
eatilliformis, Mactra, 25, 166
Mactra (Spisula), 30
Pecten, 101
Catoptrophorus semipalmatus, 71
Cepphus columba, 61
cerastes, Crotalus, 394, 429
Cerorhinca monocerata, 59
cerrosensis, Pecten, 167
mendenhalli, Pecten, 167
Chama, species, 30
Charitonetta aIbeola, 69
Check List of Miocene Invertebrates
of California, 170-177
chicoénsis, Baculites, 8
Chilomeniscus cinctus, 3938, 410
chinensis, Eumeces, 211, 213, 225
formosensis, Eumeces, 188,
218, 226
Hyla, 190, 191
Chionactis episcopa, 411
episcopus, 153
isozonus, 411
occipitalis, 411
Chione, 39
conradiana, 165
mathewsoni, 165
securis, 167, 168
staleyi, 167
succincta, 168
temblorensis, 19, 23, 25, 26,
88, 98, 100, 167, 168
species, 8, 19, 25
Chondrotus paroticus, 259
Chorus, 39
carisaénsis, 23, 26
Chrysodomus imperialis, 167
portolaensis, 167
species, 100
cinctus, Chilomeniscus, 393, 410
cinereus, Priofinus, 66
Cinulia obliqua, 8
Circinaria, 102
cirrhata, Lunda, 59
clarkii, Sceloporus, 392, 404
clavata, Lamna, 101

INDEX 457

Clemmys marmorata, 155
clypeata, Spatula, 68
Clypeaster (Scutella) brewerianus, 30
gibbsi, 30
Cnemidophorus arizonae, 393, 408
gularis, 393, 407
melanostethus, 393, 408
scalaris, 408
stejnegeri, 150, 151
tigris, 153, 157, 393, 409, 429
coalingaénsis, Glycimeris, 167
Mytilus, 167
Pecten, 27, 30, 167
cognatus, Bufo, 392, 395
Coleonyx variegatus, 152, 392, 397
collaris baileyi, Crotaphytus, 147, 392,
398
collaris, Marila, 68
collina, Crassatella, 27
colubrina, Laticauda, 46
columba, Cepphus, 61
Colus arctatus, 101
Colymbus auritus, 58
holbelli, 58
nigricollis, 58
concavus, Balanus, 165
Concerning Certain Species of Rep-
tiles and Amphibians from China,
Japan, the Loo Choo Islands, and
Formosa.
By John Van Denburgh, 187-
258
condoni, Cancellaria, 100, 166
confluentus, Crotalus, 394, 427
congesta, Tellina, 16, 166
conjuncta, Lampropeltis, 154, 393
Conrad, T. A., 76
conradi, Dosinia, 99, 165
conradiana, Chione, 165
Gyrodes, 8
consobrinus, Sceloporus, 392, 405
Conus hayesi, 166
owenana, 100
owenianus, 19, 166
Cooper, Dr. J. G., 77, 98, 99
cooperi, Cardium, 11, 18, 15
Dentalium, 10, 15
Ficopsis, 15
Terebra, 100, 166
coosense, Cardium, 167
Coot, 70
copei, Natrix, 52
Corbicula, 102
dumblei, 102, 166
Cormorant, Brandt's, 68
Double-crested, 68
Pelagic, 68
cornutum, Phrynosoma, 392
coronata, Tantilla, 425
eostata, Oylichna, 10, 13
costellata, Trochita, 30, 165

458 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4tH Sze.

Cosymobotus platyurus, 208
couchii, Scaphiopus, 392, 395
Crassatella collina, 27
crassicardo, Pecten, 23, 25, 26, 30, 40,
167
craverii, Brachyramphus, 60
creatopus, Puffinus, 65
Crepidula praerupta, 100, 101
princeps, 100, 168
species, 19
cretacea, Lucina, 10, 11
Crotalus atrox, 394, 426
cerastes, 394, 429
confluentus, 394, 427
lepidus, 394, 430
mitchellii, 152, 394, 429
molossus, 394, 426
oregonus, 149, 151, 158, 394,
428
pricei, 394, 430
tigris, 394, 427
willardi, 394
Crotaphytus collaris baileyi, 147, 392,
398
silus, 155
wislizenii, 152, 153, 155, 392,
398
Crustacea, species, 15
Cryptoblepharus boutonii nigropuncta-
tus, 241
Oryptomya californica, 27
ovalis, 167
Cuma biplicata, 100, 165
Curlew, Hudsonian, 71
Long-billed, 71
eyanocincta, Disteira, 41, 46
cyanura, Emoia, 235
Cylichna, 4
costata, 10, 13
Oyrena (Corbicula) dumblei, 99
Cytherea diabloénsis, 167
(Callista) mathewsoni, 99, 101
(Callista) species, 23
species, 99
Dafila acuta, 68
Dalatias occidentalis, 101
Dall, Dr., 102
dallana, Cancellaria, 100
Daption capense, 65
darwiniensis, Hydrelaps, 42
deglandi, Oidemia, 69
delawarensis, Larus, 62
Dendraspis, 42
Dendrocygna bicolor, 69
densata, Mactra, 19
Mulinia, 167
Dentalium, 4
cooperi, 10, 15
stramineum, 8
substriatum, 100
species, 100

dentata, Zirphwa, 23, 167
Description of a New Genus and Spe-
cies of Salamander from Japan. By
Surgeon J. ©. Thompson, U. S.
Navy, 183, 186
Description of a New Species of Sea
Snake from the Philippine Islands,
with a Note on the Palatine Teeth
in the Proteroglypha. By John Van
Denburgh and Joseph ©. Thomp-
son, 41-48
deserticola, Pituophis catenifer, 393, 418
Desmostylus, 101, 102
species, 19
diabloensis, Cytherea, 167
Diadophis regalis, 393, 415, 424
Diamenia, 42
Diatomaceae, 111, 115, 116
diegoensis, Solen (Hypogella), 10
Diemictylus, 200
Diomedea albatrus, 65
nigripes, 64
Diplodonta harfordi, 23, 30, 167
parilis, 167
Dipsosaurus dorsalis, 152, 392, 398
directus, Modiolus, 167
Discoglossidae, 259
Discohelix leana, 15
discus, Pecten, 18, 19, 167, 168
Disteira, 41
brookii, 42
cincinnatii, 42
eyanocincta, 41, 46
fasciata, 41, 42
ornata, 46
stokesii, 46
Distributional List of the Mammals
of California (A). By Joseph Grin-
nell, 265
Doliophis, 42
Dolium petrosum, 4
dorsalis, Dipsosaurus, 152, 392, 398
Takydromus, 242, 252
Dosinia .conradi, 99, 165
mathewsoni, 27, 165
ponderosa, 19, 166
whitneyi, 98, 99
species, 19, 101
douglassii, Phrynosoma, 156
dracontoides, *Callisaurus, 153
draytonii, Rana, 149
Duck, Black Brant, 69
Buffle-head, 69
Fulvous Tree-Duck, 69
Harlequin, 69
Old-squaw, 69
Ring-necked, 68
Ruddy, 69
Scoter, 69
Surf, 69
White-winged, 69

Vor, III.]

dulcis, Leptotyphlops, 893, 409
dumblei, Corbicula, 102, 166
Cyrena (Corbicula), 99
Pleurotoma (Clathurella), 100
Eakle, Dr. A. S., 94
edentula, Psammobia, 165
edwardsii, Sistrurus catenatus, 394
effingeri, Polypedates, 203
eiseni, Tantilla, 424
Elaphe porphyracea, 53
Elaps, 42
euryxanthus, 394, 425
Eldridge, Geo. H., 77, 82
eldridgei, Ostrea, 100
elegans, Arizona, 150, 393, 417
Eumeces, 189, 211, 212, 222,
223, 234
Sterna, 63
Thamnophis, 158
Emoia atrocostata, 2384
cyanura, 235
Epiphragmophora, 102
episcopa, Chionactis, 411
Sonora, 398, 411, 412
episcopus, Chionactus, 153
Epitonium (Opalia) (cf O. rugiferum),
100
eques, Thamnophis, 393, 419
Ereunetes pusillus, 70
Erismatura jamaicensis, 69
erythrorhynchos, Pelecanus, 68
estrellana, Panopaea, 167
estrellanus, Pecten, 23, 25, 26, 30, 40,
167
Etchegoin fauna, 164, 166, 167, 180,
181
etchegoini, Pecten, 30
Eumeces, 211
barbouri, 188, 189, 213, 214,
216
chinensis, 211, 213, 225
chinensis formosensis, 188, 213,

226

elegans, 189, 211, 212, 222,
223, 234

ishigakiensis, 188, 212, 213,
217, 221

kishinouyei, 211, 213, 227
latiscutatus, 212, 213, 214, 216
latiscutatus okadae, 213, 214
Marginatus, 189, 212, 216, 223
marginatus amamiensis, 188,
212, 217, 221
kikaigensis, 188, 212,
219
obgoletus, 393
skiltonianus, 147, 149, 151
Euprepes ruhstrati, 229
euryxanthus, Elaps, 394, 425
excavatus, Pecten, 168
Fairbanks, Dr., 108, 118, 162

INDEX 459

fairbanksi, Scutella, 165
fasciata, Disteira, 41
fasciatus, Hydrophis, 47
Faunal Zones in the Miocene of Cali-
fornia, 162
fedoa, Limosa, 71
Ficopsis cooperi, 15
Ficus, 102
kernianus, 166
nodife1us, 166
pyriformis, 25, 166
stanfordensis, 166
filosa, Trochita, 19, 100, 167
fissipes, Microhyla, 204
flagellum frenatum, Bascanion, 154,
393, 416
Foraminifera, 15
formosanus, Takydromus, 234, 243,
245
formosensis, Amblycephalus, 55
formosensis, Eumeces chinensis, 188,
213, 226
Leiolopisma laterale, 188, 237,
238
Sphenomorphus indicus, 188,
231, 234
forsteri, Sterna, 64
fortis, Pisania, 167
frenatum, Bascanion flagellum, 154,
398, 416
frenatus, Hemidactylus, 207
frontale, Phrynosoma blainvillii, 148
Fulica americana, 70
fulicarius, Phalaropus, 70
Fulmarus glacialis, 65
rodgersi, 65
fureata, Oceanodroma, 66
Further (A) Stratigraphic Study in
the Mount Diablo Range of Cali-
fornia. By Frank M. Anderson, 1-40
Fusus (cf. Fusus aequilateralis), 13
futheyana, Oliva, 100
gabbi, Leda, 10, 13, 15
Pseudocardium, 27
gabbianus, Trophon, 166 ‘
Galeocerdo productus, 101
Gavia immer, 58
pacifica, 58
stellata, 58
Gekko japonicus, 206, 207, 208
swinhonis, 206, 207
generosa, Glycimeris, 25, 27, 30
Panopaea, 166
genticulata, Natica, 101
Geologic Range of Miocene Inverte-
brate Fossils of California. By
James Perrin Smith, 161-182
Geomolge, 183
Gerrhonotus kingii, 393, 407
scincicauda, 157
scincicauda ignavus, 148, 150

460 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser.

gibbsi, Clypeaster (Scutella), 30
Scutella, 25, 31, 167
giganteus, Hinnites, 165
Godwit, Marbled, 71
Goodyear, W. A., 77
Gopherus agassizii, 392, 397
glacialis, Fulmarus, 65
glaucescens, Larus, 62
globosa, Neverita, 10
Glycimeris barbarensis, 166
branneri, 165
coalingaensis, 167
generosa, 25, 27, 30
Goniobasis, 30
Grace Oil Co.'s Well No. 5, 85, 86
graciosa, Uta, 392, 402
graciosus, Sceloporus, 149, 156
grahamiae, Salvadora, 150, 393, 413
gravidum, Agasoma, 77, 100, 101, 165
Grebe, Eared, 58
Holbell'’s, 58
Horned, 58
Pied-billed, 58
Western, 58
gregaria, Tamiosoma, 25, 26, 40, 167
Grinnell, Joseph:
A Distributional List of the
Mammals of California, 265-
390
griseus, Puffinus, 65
Guillemot, Pigeon, 61
gularis, Cnemidophorus, 393, 407
Gull, Bonaparte’s, 63
California, 62
Glaucus, 62
Glaucus-winged, 62
Heermann’s, 63
Herring, 62
Mew, 63
Ring-billed, 62
Sabine’s, 63
Western, 62
Gyalopium canum, 393
Gyrodes conradiana, 8
Hematopus bachmani, 71
hallowelli, Hyla, 188, 190
hamlini, Pecten, 166
hammondii, Scaphiopus, 392
Thamnophis, 149, 150, 151, 152
hardwickii, Lapemis, 46
Harelda hyemalis, 69
harfordi, Diplodonta, 23, 30, 167
harti, Ophisaurus (7%), 50
hayesi, Conus, 166
heermanni, Larus, 63
Heloderma suspectum, 393, 406
Hemibungarus boettgeri, 257
japonicus, 254, 256, 257
Hemidactylus bowringii, 207
frenatus, 207
marmoratus, 207

Hemifusus wilkesana, 19
Hemipristis heteropleurus, 101
Heptranchias andersoni, 101
hernandesi, Phrynosoma, 392, 405
herodias, Ardea, 69
Heron, Great Blue, 69
Night, 69
Heteractitis incanus, 71
Heterodon nasicus, 393
heteropleurus, Hemipristis, 101
Heteroterma trochoidea, 4
Hinnites giganteus, 165
(rel. H. giganteus), 19
hirundo, Sterna, 64
Histrionicus histrionicus, 69
histrionicus, Histrionicus, 69
hoffmani, Turritella, 108, 109
holbelli, Colymbus, 58
Holbrookia maculata approximans, 392,
399
texana, 392, 399
holsti, Babina, 197, 199, 200
Rana, 196
homochroa, Oceanodroma, 67
Homomya, species, 99
Hoplites, 9
horni, Meretrix, 10, 15
Tellina, 15
horsfieldii, Ptychozoon, 208
hudsonicus, Numenius, 71
humilis, Siagonodon, 153, 393, 409
Hydrelaps darwiniensis, 42
Hydrochelidon nigra, 64
Hydrophinae, 42
Hydrophis, 41
fasciatus, 47
Hydrus platurus, 46
hyemalis, Harelda, 69
Hyla arborea japonica, 190, 191
arenicolor, 392, 394
chinensis, 190, 191
hallowelli, 188, 190
regilla, 149
Hynobius, 183
hyperboreus, Larus, 62
hyperythra beldingi, Verticaria, 150,
152
hypoleucus, Brachyramphus, 60
Hypsiglena ochrorhynchus, 393, 414
idriaénsis, Ostrea, 10
ignavus, Gerrhonotus scincicauda, 148,
150
ijimae, Rana, 193
immer, Gavia, 58
imperialis, Chrysodomus, 167
impressa, Voldia, 4, 166
incanus, Heteractitis, 71
indicus, Sphenomorphus, 280, 232, 234
formosensis, Sphenomorphus,
188, 231, 234

Vor. III.)

inezana, Natica, 165
Tevela, 100
Turritella, 165
sespeensis, Turritella, 165
inezanus, Modiolus, 165
inornata, Trochita, 167
inquinata, Macoma, 30
interpres, Arenaria, 71
interradiatus, Pecten, 11
Invertebrates (Miocene) of California
(Check List of), 170-177
ishigakiensis, Eumeces, 188, 212, 213,
217, 221
Japalura polygonata, 188, 210,
211
isozonus, Chionactis, 411
Tsurus planus, 101
smithi, 101
tumulus, 101
Jaeger, Long-tailed, 62
Parasitic, 61
Pomarine, 61
jagorii, Sphenomorphus, 234
jamaicensis, Erismatura, 69
Japalura polygonata, 209, 210
polygonata ishigakiensis, 188,
210, 211
miyakensis, 188, 210, 211
polygonata polygonata, 210
swinhonis, 208
swinhonis mitsukurii, 209,
210
japonica, Hyla arborea, 190
japonicus Gekko, 206, 208
hemibungarus, 254, 256, 257
polypedates, 205
jarrovii, Sceloporus, 392, 403
Jepson, Willis L., 75
joaquinensis, Cancellaria, 100
Jordan, Dr. David Starr, 78, 99, 101
jugularis, Scaphander, 100, 101
keepi, Bathytoma, 166
kennedyi, Terebratalia, 165
kernensis, Trophon, 19, 100
kernianum, Agasoma, 19, 23, 25, 77,
100, 101
kernianus, Ficus, 166
Kern River Group, 95, 106, 111
Kern River stratigraphy, 83-85
kettlemanensis, Thais, 167
kikaigensis, Eumeces marginatus, 188,
212, 219
Killdeer, 71
kingii, Gerrhonotus, 393, 407
Kinosternon scnoriense, 392, 396
kishinouyei, Eumeces, 211, 213, 227
Kittiwake, 62
kuehnei, Takydromus, 50, 252
kuhlii, Rana, 195
Lamna clavata, 101
Lampropeltis boylii, 150, 393, 415
ealiforniw, 149, 151

INDEX 461

conjuncta, 154, 393
pyrrhomelena, 398, 415
splendida, 593
Lapemis hardwickii, 46
Larus argentatus, 62
californicus, 62
canus, 63
delawarensis, 62
glaucescens, 62
heermanni, 63
hyperboreus, 62
occidentalis, 62
philadelphia, 63
laterale, Leiolopisma, 235
boettgeri, Leiolopisma, 188,
237, 238
formosensis, Leiolopisma, 188,
237, 238
laterale, Leiolopisma, 237
reevesii, Leiolopisma, 237
Laticauda colubrina, 46
latiscutatus, Eumeces, 212, 213, 214
okadae, Eumeces, 213, 214
leana, Discohelix, 15
lecontei, Rhinocheilus, 154, 393, 413
Leda, 3, 4
gabbi, 10, 13, 15
oregona, 99
oregona (?%), 16
taphria, 166
Leiolopisma laterale, 235, 239
boettgeri, 188, 237, 239
formosensis, 188, 237, 238
laterale, 237, 237
reevesii, 237, 237
lentiginosus woodhousii, Bufo, 392,
394
lepidus, Crotalus, 894, 480
Leptotyphlops dulcis, 393, 409
leucomystax, Polypedates, 206
leucophea, Calidris, 71
lewisi, Natica, 30
lewisii, Lunatia, 166
Lichanura roseofusea, 151, 393, 410
lima, Purpura, 100
Limosa fedoa, 71
lobatus, Lobipes, 70
Lobipes lobatus, 70
Logs of Deep Wells, 120
lompocensis, Pecten, 165
longa, Tellina, 10
longicaudata, Mabuya, 228
ruhstrati, Mabuya, 229
longicaudus, Stercorarius, 62
Loon, 58
Pacific, 58
Red-throated, 58
Lucina borealis, 19, 23, 26
Lucina.(?) cretacea, 10, 11
Lunatia lewisii, 166
Lunda cirrhata, 59

462 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4tH Ser.

Lygosaurus pellopleurus, 240
pellopleurus browni, 188, 240
lyrophanes, Trimorphodon, 393, 423
Mabuya longicaudata, 228
longicaudata ruhstrati, 229
m’callii, Phrynosoma, 153, 393, 406
macclellandii, Calliophis, 255, 256
Callophis ({%), 54
Macoms astori, 167
calcarea, 166
inquinata (1%), 30
nasuta, 23, 165
secta, 27, 166
species, 19, 27
macrodactylum, Ambystoma, 259
Macropisthodon, 51
Mactra albaria, 167
(cf. M. albaria), 99
eatilliformis, 25, 166
(Spisula) catilliformis, 30
(Spisula) (rel. M. falcata),
99
densata, 19
species, 10, 11, 99
macularia, Actitis, 71
maculata approximans,
392, 399
magister, Sceloporus, 148, 153, 393,
404
magnolia, Pecten, 100, 165
Mammals of California, A Distribu-
tional List of the. By Joseph Grin-
nell, 265-390
Marcia oregonensis, 167
marcianus, Thamnophis, 154, 393, 420
Margarita, species, 8
marginatus, Eumeces, 189, 212, 214,
216, 223
amamiensis, Eumeces, 188,
212, 217, 221
kikaigensis, Eumeces, 188, 212,
219
Marila collaris, 68
marmorata, Clemmys, 155
marmoratus, Brachyramphus, 59
Hemidactylus, 207
mathewsoni, Chione, 165
Oytherea (Callista), 99, 101
Dosinia, 27, 165
Mytilus, 19, 25, 30, 99
maxima, Sterna, 63
meekanum, Cardium, 167
Megalestris skua, 61
megalops, Thamnophis, 393, 421
melania, Oceanodroma, 67
melanocephala, Arenaria, 71
melanocephalus, Oligodon, 54
melanoleuca, Naja, 42
melanostethus, Onemidophorus, 893,
408
mendenhalli, Pecten cerrosensis, 167

Holbrookia,

Meretrix horni, 10, 15
uvasana, 10
Merganser, Red-breasted, 68
Mergus serrator, 68
Merriam, Dr. J. C., 77, 98, 108, 162
merriami, Astrodapsis, 19
Scutella, 165
Metis alta, 19, 166
Metis (Lutricola) alta, 30
microdonta, Arca, 101, 167
Microhyla fissipes, 204
miguelensis, Pecten, 165
minutilla, Pisobia, 70
Miocene Invertebrates of Oalifornis
(Check List of), 170-177
Miocene Species that are Still Living
(List of), 181
Miopleioma oregonensis, 167
mitchellii, Crotalus, 152, 394, 429
mitsukurii, Japalura polygonata, 210
Japalura swinhonis, 209
miyakensis, Japalura polygonata, 188,
210, 211
modestum, Phrynosoma, 393
Modiola ornata, 11
Modiolus directus, 167
inezanus, 165
multiradiatus, 167
molossus, Crotalus, 394, 426
moltrechti, Polypedates, 203
Rhacophorus, 200
monocerata, Cerorhinca, 59
montereyana, Arca, 19, 99, 165
Monterey Shales, 109
Monterey-Temblor faunas, 164, 165,
166, 177-179
Morio (Sconsia) tuberculatus, 10
Morrice, Charles, 102
Mount Diablo Range of California (A
Further Stratigraphic Study in the).
By Frank M. Anderson, 1-40
Mulinia densata, 167
multiradiatus, Modiolus, 167
Muremnichthys, 46
thompsoni, 46
Murre, 61
Murrelet, Ancient, 59
Marbled, 59
Xantus', 80
Mytilus coalingaénsis, 167
mathewsoni, 19, 25, 30, 99
species, 100
Naja melanoleuca, 42
namiyei, Rana, 194, 197
nasicus, Heterodon, 393
Nassa arnoldi, 100, 101
californica, 30
nasuta, Macoma, 23, 165
Natica genticulata, 101
inezana, 165
lewisi, 30

Vor. III.)

(rel. N. lewisi), 100
ocoyana, 101
species, 8, 25
Natrix copei, 52
Neocene Deposits of Kern River, Oali-
fornia, and the Temblor Basin
(The). By Frank M. Anderson, 73-
148
nevadanus, Pecten, 165
nevadensis, Pecten, 100, 101
Neverita callosa, 19, 98, 100
globosa, 10
recluziana, 27, 30
secta, 10
species, 10
New and Previously Unrecorded Spe-
cies of Reptiles and Amphibians
from the Island of Formosa. By
John Van Denburgh, 49-56
nigra, Hydrochelidon, 64
nigricans, Branta, 69
nigriceps, Tantilla, 394, 423
nigricollis, Colymbus, 58
nigripes, Diomedea, 64
nigropunctatus, Cryptoblepharus bou-
tonii, 241
nivosa, Adgialitis, '71
nodiferus, Ficus, 166
notata, Uma, 153, 392, 399
Notes on a Collection of Reptiles from
Southern California and Arizona.
By John Van Denburgh, 147-154
Notes on Ascaphus, the Disceglossoid
Toad of North America. By John
Van Denburgh, 259-264
Notes on Some Reptiles and Amphi-
bians from Oregon, Idaho and Utah.
By John Van Denburgh, 155-160
Nucula truncata, 4
Numenius americanus, 71
hudsonicus, 71
nuttalli, Saxidomus, 166
nutteri, Pecten, 167
Nycticorax nycticorax, 69
nycticorax, Nycticorax, 69
obispoana, Arca, 167
obliqua, Cinulia, 8
obsoletus, Eumeces, 393
Oceanodroma furcata, 66
homochroa, 67
melania, 67
occidentalis, #chmophorus, 58
Dalatias, 101
Larus, 62
Sceloporus, 156
Terebratalia, 165
occipitalis, Chionactis, 411
Sonora, 393, 411, 412
ochrorhynchus, Hypsiglena, 393, 414
Ochsner, W. H., 74, 99
ocoyana, Natica, 101

INDEX 463

Tellina, 100, 101
Turritella, 18, 19, 77, 88, 98,
100, 101, 166
ocoyanus, Syectypus, 101
Oidemia americana, 69
deglandi, 69
perspicillata, 69
okadae, Humeces latiscutatus, 213, 214
okinavana, Rana, 192
Oligodon melanocephalus, 54
ornatus, 53
subgriseus, 54
templetoni, 54
waandersii, 54
Oliva californica, 19, 100, 166
futheyana, 100
Olivella pedroana, 166
Onychodactylus, 183
Ophisaurus harti (?), 50
opisthomelas, Puffinus, 65
oreutti, Sceloporus, 149, 150, 151, 152
oregona, Leda, 99
Leda (7%), 16
Yoldia, 166
oregonensis, Marcia, 167
Miopleioma, 167
oregonus, Crotalus, 149, 151, 158, 394,
428
ornata, Disteira, 46
Modiola, 11
Terepene, 392, 396
Uta, 392, 401
ornatus, Oligodon, 53
Ostrea, 39, 100
attwoodi, 25, 167
eldridgei, 100
idriaénsis, 10
titan, 19, 23, 26, 30, 35, 40,
167
veatchi, 167
vespertina, 167
ovalis, Cryptomya, 167
owenana, Conus, 100
oweni, Pecten, 30, 167
owenianus, Conus, 19, 166
owstoni, Polypedates, 200, 201
Polypedates schlegelii, 202,
203
Oxyechus vociferus, 71
Oyster-catcher, Black, 72
pabloensis, Pecten, 167, 168
pachecoénsis, Turritella, 13
Pachypalaminus, 183
boulengeri, 184
pacifica, Cancellaria, 100
Gavia, 58
pajaroanus, Schizothoerus, 167
Panopaea estrellana, 167
generosa, 166
paradisaea, Sterna, 64
parasiticus, Stercorarius, 61

464 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 41m Sep.

parietalis, Thamnophis, 150-158
parilis, Diplodonta, 167
paroticus, Chondrotus, 259
peckhami, Pecten, 3, 4, 16, 18, 20, 165
Pseudomusium, 4
Pecten, 39
andersoni, 98, 100, 167, 168
bellus, 168
bowersi, 100
branneri, 165
catilliformis, 101
cerrosensis, 167
mendenhalli, 167
coalingaénsis, 27, 30, 167
crassicardo, 23, 25, 26, 30, 40,
167
discus, 18, 19, 167, 168
estrellanus, 23, 25, 26, 30, 40,
167
(rel. P. estrellanus), 100
etchegoini, 30
excayatus, 168
hamlini, 166
interradiatus, 11
(rel. P. islandicus), 23
lompocensis, 165
magnolia, 100, 165
miguelensis, 165
nevadanus, 165
nevadensis, 100, 101
nutteri, 167
oweni, 30, 167
pabloénsis, 167, 168
peckhami, 3, 4, 16, 18, 20,
165
perrini, 100, 165
propatulus, 166
sanctaecruzensis, 165, 168
sespeénsis, 100, 165
vanvlecki, 165
vaughani, 165
wattsi, 30, 167
species, 19
Pectunculus, 30
branneri, 100
Sagitatus, 15
septentrionalis, 30, 98, 100
pedroana, Olivella, 166
pelagicus, Phalacrocorax, 68
Pelecanus californicus, 68
erythrorhynchos, 68
Pelican, California Brown, 68
White, 68
pellopleurus, Lygosaurus, 240
browni, Lygosaurus, 188, 240
penicillatus, Phalacrocorax, 68
Perissolax, species, 8
perrini, Astrodapsis, 167
Pecten, 100
perspicillata, Oidemia, 69
pertenuis, Venus, 98, 167

Petrel, Ashy, 67
Black, 67
Fork-tailed, 66
Pintado, 65
petrosum, Dolium, 4
Phacoides acutilineatus, 100
annulatus, 166
richthofeni, 100, 165
sanctaecrucis, 167
Phalacrocorax auritus, 68
pelagicus, 68
penicillatus, 68
Phalarope, Northern, 70
Red, 70
Phalaropus fulicarius, 70
Phaleris psittacula, 59
philadelphia, Larus, 63
Phrynosoma blainvillii, 148, 150, 151,
152
blainvillii frontale, 148
cornutum, 392
douglassii, 156
frontale, 148
hernandesi, 392, 405
m’callii, 153, 393, 406
modestum, 393
platyrhinos, 156, 157, 393, 406
solare, 392, 406
Phyllorhynchus brownii, 393
piceum, Bascanion, 393, 416
Pinna alamedaénsis, 100
Pintail, 68
pipiens, Rana, 392, 395, 422
brachycephala, Rana, 158
Pisania fortis, 167
Pisobia bairdi, 70
minutilla, 70
Pituophis catenifer, 149, 150, 158
catenifer deserticola, 393, 418
Placuanomia californica, 167
planiceps, Tantilla, 424
planus, Isurus, 101
Platanus, 102
platurus, Hydrus, 46
platyrhinos, Phrynosoma, 156, 157,
393, 406
platyurus, Cosymobotus, 208
Plethodon vandykei, 259
Pleurotoma (OClathurella)
100
Pleurotoma transmontana, 101
Plover, Black-bellied, 71
Snowy, 71
podiceps, Podilymbus, 58
Podilymbus podiceps, 58
polygonata, Japalura, 209, 210
ishigakiensis, Japalura, 188,
210, 211
miyakensis, Japalura, 188,
210, 211
polygonata, Japalura, 210

dumblei,

Vor. III.)

Polyodontophis collaris, 50

Polypedates buergeri, 204, 206
eiffingeri, 203
japonicus, 205
leucomystax, 206
moltrechti, 203
owstoni, 200, 201
robustus, 206
schlegelii, 200
schlegelii viridis, 202

owstoni, 202, 203

viridis, 200, 201
pomerinus, Stercorarius, 61
ponderosa, Dosinia, 19, 166
ponderosus, Trophon, 167
porphyracea, Elaphe, 53
portolaensis, Chrysodomus, 167
Poso Creek, stratigraphy, 83-85
praerupta, Crepidula, 100, 101
pretiosa, Rana, 159, 259
pricei, Crotalus, 394, 430
princeps, Crepidula, 100, 168
Priofinus cinereus, 66
productus, Galeocerdo, 101
propatulus, Pecten, 166
Proteroglypha, 41-48
Psammobia edentula, 165
Pseudagkistrodon, 51

carinatus, 51
Pseudelaps, 42
Pseudocardium gabbi, 27
Pseudomusium peckhami, 4
psittacula, Phaleris, 59
Ptychoramphus aleuticus, 59
Ptychozoon horsfieldii, 208
Puffinus bulleri, 66

carneipes, 66

creatopus, 65

griseus, 65

opisthomelas, 65

tenuirostris, 66

Tufted, 59
punctatus, Bufo, 392, 395
Purpura lima, 100

vaquerosensis, 165
pusillus, Ereunetes, 70
pyriformis, Ficus, 25, 166

pyrrhomelaena, Lampropeltis, 398, 415

Pyrula tricostata, 4
quadrigenarium, Cardium, 166
Rail, Virginia, 70
Rallus virginianus, 70
Rana aurora, 159
boylii, 159
draytonii, 149
holsti, 196
ijimae, 193
kuhlii, 195
latouchii, 55
namiyei, 55, 194, 197
okinavana, 192

INDEX

465

pipiens, 392, 395, 422
brachycephala, 158
pretiosa, 159, 259
subaspera, 196
taipehensis, 56

recluziana, Neverita, 27, 30
rectus, Carcharodon, 101

reevesii, Leiolopisma laterale, 237

regalis, Diadophis, 393, 415, 424
regilla, Hyla, 149
Reptiles and Amphibians:

Concerning Certain Species of
Reptiles and Amphibians
from China, Japan, the Loo
Choo Islands, and Formosa.
By John Van Denburgh,
187-258

Description of a New Species
of Sea Snake from the
Philippine Islands, with a
Note on the Palatine Teeth
in the Proteroglypha. By
John Van Denburgh, 41-48

(A) List of the Amphibians
and Reptiles of Arizona, with
Notes on the Species in the
Collection of the Academy.
By John Van Denburgh and
Joseph R. Slevin, 391-454

New and Previously Unre-
corded Species of Reptiles
and Amphibians from the
Island of Formosa. By John
Van Denburgh, 49-56

Notes on a Collection of Rep-
tiles from Southern Cali-
fornia and Arizona. By
John Van Denburgh, 147-
154

Notes on Ascaphus, the Dis-
ecoglossoid Toad of North
America. By John Van
Denburgh, 259-264

Notes on Some Reptiles and
Amphibians from Oregon,
Idaho and Utah. By John
Van Denburgh, 155-160

Rhacophorus moltrechti, 200

Rhinocheilus lecontei, 154, 393, 413
richthofeni, Phacoides, 100, 165
Rimella canalifera, 4, 10

Ripley, F. C., 88

Rissa tridactyla, 62

robustus, Polypedates, 206
rodgersi, Fulmarus, 65

roseofusea, Lichanura, 151, 393, 410
ruhstrati, Euprepes, 229

Mabuya longicaudata, 229

sabini, Xema, 63
saffordi, Turritella, 15
sagitatus, Pectunculus, 15

466 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 41H Srp.

Salamandrella, 183
Salix, 102
Salvadora grahami, 150, 393, 413
sanctacruzanum, Agasoma, 166
sanctaecrucis, Phacoides, 167
santaecruzensis, Pecten, 165, 168
Sanderling, 71
Sandpiper, Baird's, 70
Least, 70
Semipalmated, 71
Spotted, 71
San Pablo—Santa Margarita faunas,
164, 166, 167, 180-181
Santa Fe Well ‘‘Rasmussen'’ No. 28,
85, 86, 88
Sauromalus ater, 392, 398
sauteri, Takydromus, 50, 251
Saxidomus, 30
aratus, 27, 30
nuttalli, 166
scalaris, Cnemidophorus, 408
Sceloporus, 392
Scaphander, 4
jugularis, 100, 101
Scaphiopus couchii, 392, 395
hammondii, 392
Sceloporus biseriatus, 148, 149, 1650,
151, 152, 156
clarkii, 392, 404
consobrinus, 392, 405
graciosus, 149, 156
jarrovii, 392, 403
magister, 148, 153, 392, 404
occidentalis, 156
orcutti, 149, 150, 151, 152
scalaris, 392
Schizothoerus pajaroanus, 167
schlegelii, Polypedates, 200
owstoni, Polypedates, 202, 203
viridis, Polypedates, 202
scincicauda, Gerrhonotus, 157
ignavus, Gerrhonotus, 148, 150
scopulosis, Sigaretus, 100, 167
Scutella, 30
breweriana, 165
fairbanksi, 165
gibbsi, 25, 30, 31, 167
merriami, 165
secta, Macoma, 27, 166
Neverita, 10
securis, Chione, 167, 168
semiannulata, Sonora, 393, 411, 412
semilineatum, Bascanion, 393, 417
semipalmatus, Oatoptrophorus, 71
septentrionalis, Pectunculus, 30, 98
Takydromus, 50, 242, 243
serrator, Mergus, 68
sespeénsis, Pecten, 100, 165
Turritella inezana, 165
Shearwater, Black-tailed, 66
Black-vented, 65

Buller's, 66
Flesh-footed, 66
Pink-footed, 65
Slender-billed, 66
Sooty, 65
Shoveller, 68
Siagonodon humilis, 153, 393, 409
sicarius, Solen, 98, 100, 166
Sigaretus scopulosis, 100, 167
silus, Crotaphytus, 155
simplex, Cancellaria, 100
Sistrurus catenatus edwardsii, 394
skiltonianus, Eumeces, 147, 149, 151
Skua, 61
skua, Megalestris, 61
Slevin, Joseph R. (With John Van
Denburgh):
A List of the Amphibians and
Reptiles of Arizona, with
Notes on the Species in the
Collection of the Academy,
391-454
smaragdinus, Takydromus, 247
Smith, Dr. J. Perrin, 102, 118
Smith, James Perrin:
Geologic Range of Miocene
Invertebrate Fossils of Cali-
fornia, 161-182
smithi, Isurus, 101
solare, Phrynosoma, 392, 406
Solen (Hypogella) diegoénsis, 10
episcopa, 393, 411, 412
occipitalis, 393, 411, 412
Sicarius, 98, 100, 166
stantoni, 10
species, 23, 27, 100, 101
Sonora semiannulata, 393, 411, 412
sonoriense, Kinosternon, 392, 396
Spatula clypeata, 68
Sphenomorphus boulengeri, 188, 189,
232
indicus, 230, 232, 234
indicus formosensis, 188, 231,
234
jagorii, 234
spinalis, Achalinus, 254
splendida, Lampropeltis, 393
Squatarola squatarola, 71
squatarola, Squatarola, 71
staleyi, Chione, 167
stanfordensis, Ficus, 166
stanleyi, Tapes, 27, 30
stansburiana, Uta, 148, 149, 150, 151,
152, 153, 156, 392, 400, 420
stantoni, Solen, 10
stejnegeri, Cnemidophorus, 150, 151
Takydromus, 188, 234, 248
stellata, Gavia, 58
Stercorarius longicaudus, 62
parasiticus, 61
pomarinus, 61

Vor. III.)

Sterna antillarum, 64
elegans, 64
forsteri, 64
hirundo, 64
maxima, 63
paradisaea, 64
stokesii, Disteira, 46
stramineum, Dentalium, 8
subaspera, Babina, 197, 198, 199, 200
Rana, 196
subgriseus, Oligodon, 54
substriatum, Dentalium, 100
sueccincta, Chione, 168
Surcula, species, 25
Surf-bird, 71
suspectum, Heloderma, 393, 406
swinhoei, Calliophis, 188, 255
swinhonis, Gekko, 206, 207
Japalura, 208
mitsukurii, Japalura, 209
Sycotypus ocoyanus, 101
symmetrica, Uta, 153
Synthliboramphus antiquus, 59
taeniatum, Bascanion, 157, 393, 417
Takydromus dorsalis, 242, 252
formosanus, 234, 2438, 245
kuehnei, 50, 252
sauteri, 50, 251
septentrionalis, 50, 242, 243
smaragdinus, 247
stejnegeri, 188, 234, 243
Tamiosoma, 39
gregaria, 25, 26, 40, 167
Tantilla coronata, 425
eiseni, 424
nigriceps, 394, 428, 425
planiceps, 424
wilcoxi, 394, 424
Tapes, 30
stanleyi, 27, 30
species, 27
taphria, Leda, 166
Tattler, Wandering, 71
Tellina, 3, 4
congesta, 16, 166

horni, 15
idae, 166
longa, 10

ocoyana, 100, 101

species, 30, 100
Temblor Basin (The), 104
Temblor Group, 90, 106
temblorensis, Chione, 19, 23, 25, 26,

88, 98, 100, 167, 168

Venus (Chione), 100
templetoni, Oligodon, 54
tenuirostris, Puffinus, 66
Terebra cooperi, 100, 166
Terebratalia kennedyi, 165

occidentalis, 165
Terebratella, species, 30

INDEX 467

Terepene ornata, 392, 396
Tern, Arctic, 64
Black, 64
Common, 64
Elegant, 64
Forster's, 64
Least, 64
Royal, 63
Tevela inezana, 100
texana, Holbrookia, 392, 399
Thais kettlemanensis, 167
Thamnophis angustirostris, 393, 422
elegans, 158
eques, 393, 419
hammondii, 149, 150, 151, 152
marcianus, 154, 393, 420
megalops, 393, 421
parietalis, 150, 158
vagrans, 158, 393, 419
vagrans biscutata, 158
Thompson, Joseph ©.:
Description of a New Genus
and Species of Salamander
from Japan, 183-186
Description of a New Species
of Sea Snake from the
Philippine Islands, with a
Note on the Palatine Teeth
in the Proteroglypha (with
John Van Denburgh), 41-48
Thracia trapizoidea, 167
tigrinum, Ambystoma, 392
tigris, Cnemidophorus, 153, 157, 393,
409, 429
Crotalus, 394, 427
titan, Ostrea, 19, 23, 26, 35, 40, 167
transmontana, Pleurotoma, 101
trapizoidea, Thracia, 167
tricostata, Pyrula, 4
tridactyla, Rissa, 62
trilineata, Arca, 27, 30, 167
Trimorphodon lyrophanes, 393, 423
Tritonium californicum, 15
species, 10
Trochita costellata, 30, 165
filosa, 19, 100, 167
inornata, 167
species, 19
trochoidea, Heteroterma (17), 4
Trochosmilia, species, 15
troille, Uria, 61
Trophon carisaensis, 167
gabbianus, 166
kernensis, 19, 100
ponderosum, 25
ponderosus, 167
species, 23, 25, 26
truei, Ascaphus, 259
truncata, Nucula, 4
tuberculatus, Morio (Sconsia), 10
tumidus, Astrodapsis, 23, 26, 167

468 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 41H Srp.

tumulus, Isurus, 101
Turnstone, 71
Black, 72
Turritella, 10, 39
hoffmani, 108, 165
inezana, 165
sespeensis, 165

ocoyana, 18, 19, 77, 88, 98,
100, 101, 109, 166

pachecoénsis, 13

Turritella saffordi, 15

uvasana, 10, 15

vanvlecki, 167

variata, 166

species, 23, 25, 26

Uma notata, 152, 392, 399

Uria troille, 61

Urosyca candata, 4

uvasana, Meretrix, 10
Turritella, 10, 15

Uta graciosa, 392, 402

ornata, 392, 401

stansaburiana, 148, 149, 150,
151, 152, 153, 156, 392, 400,
429

symmetrica, 153

vagrans, Thamnophis, 158, 393, 419

biscutata, Thamnophis, 158

Van Denburgh, John:

Concerning Certain Species of
Reptiles and Amphibians
from China, Japan, the Loo
Choo Islands, and Formosa,
187-258

Description of a New Species
of Sea Snake from the
Philippine Islands, with a
Note on the Palatine Teeth
in the Proteroglypha (Jo-
seph ©. Thompson, collabo-
rator), 41-48

(A) List of the Amphibians
and Reptiles of Arizona,
with Notes on the Species
in the Collection of the
Academy (Joseph R. Slevin,
collaborator), 391-454

New and Previously Unre-
corded Species of Reptiles
and Amphibians from the
Island of Formosa, 49-56

Notes on a Collection of Rep-
tiles from Southern Oali-
fornia and Arizona, 147-154

Notes on Ascaphus, the Dis-
coglossoid Toad of North

America, 259-264
Notes on Some Reptiles and
Amphibians from Oregon,
Idaho and Utah, 155-160
vandykei, Plethodon, 259
vanvlecki, Pecten, 165
Turritella, 167
vaqueroénse, Cardium, 99
**Vaqueros,’' 108
Vaqueros fauna, 164, 165, 177
vaquerosense, Cardium, 165
vaquerosensis, Purpura, 165
variata, Turritella, 166
variegatus, Coleonyx, 152, 392, 397
vaughani, Pecten, 165
veatchi, Ostrea, 167
veneriformis, Oardita, 15
ventralis, Callisaurus, 148, 152, 153,
392, 400
Venus pertenuis, 98, 100, 167
Venus (Chione) temblorensis, 100
Venus, species, 19, 101
Verticaria hyperythra beldingi, 150,
152
vespertina, Ostrea, 167
virgata, Aphriza, 71
virginianus, Rallus, 70
viridis, Polypedates, 200, 201
Polypedates schlegelii, 202
vociferus, Oxyechus, 71
Volutilithes, 39
species, 25
waandersii, Oligodon, 54
Water Birds of the Vicinity of Point
Pinos, California. By Rollo Howard
Beck, 57-72
Watts, W. L., 77, 86, 98
wattsi, Pecten, 30, 167
werneri, Achalinus, 188, 254
whitneyi, Astrodapsis, 26, 167
Dosinia, 98
wilcoxi, Tantilla, 394, 424
wilkesana, Hemifusus, 19
willardi, Crotalus, 394
Willet, 71
Williamson, Lieut. R. S., 76
wislizenii, Crotaphytus, 152, 158, 155,
392, 398
woodhousii, Bufo lentiginosus, 392, 394
Xema sabini, 68
Yoldia (rel. V. cooperi), 100
impressa, 4, 166
oregona, 166
Zirphea, species, 19
Zirphewa dentata, 23
Zirphea dentata, 167

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