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Proceedings of the Lake Superior
Mining Institute ... Annual Meeting

Lake Superior Mining Institute

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SCIENCE LIBRAKY

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PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

LAKE SUPERIOR
MINING INSTITUTE

EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING

MISSABE RANGE

AUGUST 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 1913

VOL. XVllI

I8HPEMING, MICH.

PUBLISHED BY THE INSTITUTE

AT THB OFFICB OF THE 8BCRBTABY

1913

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PRESSES OF IRON ORE
ISHPEMING, MICH.

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/V^£ -^^^^

INDEX TO VOLUME XVIII.

Page.

Officers of the Institute, 1913 v

Officers of the Institute, 1914 vi

List of Standing Committees for year ending 1914 vii

Members of the Institute, 1913 vili

Deceased Members xxii

List of Papers Published In Preceding Numbers xxiii

List of Meetings of the Institute xxx

Rules of the Institute 1

Minutes of the Eighteenth Annual Meeting 6

Report of the Council 16

PAPERS.

Report of Committee on the Practice for the Prevention of Ac-
cidents 31-37

Sanitation for Mine Locations, by W. H. Moulton 38-42

Winoiia Stamp-MIll^ by ft. R. Seeber 43-62

Safety in the Mines of the Lake Superior Iron Ranges, by Edwin

Higglns 63-84

What Our Neighbors Can Do in Mining Iron Ore, by Dwight E.

Woodbridge 85-89

Re Lining No. 2 Hamilton Shaft with Reinforced Dividers, End

Plates and Poured Concrete Walls, by S. W. Tarr 90-102

Snsgestions on the Application of Efficiency Methods to Mining,

by C. M. Leonard 103-107

Mine Laws, Special Rules and the Prevention of Accidents, by

E. B. Wilson 108-128

Concentrating at the Madrid Mine, by Benedict Crowell 129-132

Mining Methods on the Missabe Iron Range, by Committee, con-
sisting of Willard Bayliss, E. D. McNeil and J. S. Lutes 133-154

Wash Ores of Western Missabe Range and the Coleraine Con-
centrating Plant, by John Uno Sebenius 155-186

The -Application of Mining Machines to V^^^^sround Mining on

the Mesabi Range, by H. E. Martin and W. J. Kaiser 187-191

Opening the Leonidas Mine at Eveleth, Minnesota, by H. E.

Loye 192-210

The New Change House at Vulcan Mine, by Floyd L. Burr 211-223

DISCUSSION.

Of Messrs. Bayliss', McNeil's and Lutes' Paper on Mining Meth-
ods on the Missabe Iron Range (see p. 133) 227

Of the Report of Committee on the Practice for the Prevention

of Accidents (see p. 31) 228

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IV INDEX TO VOLUME XVlll

Of Mr. Wilson's Paper on Mine Laws, Special Rules and the

Prevention of Accidents (see p. 108) 229

Of Mr. Higgins' Paper on Safety in the Mines of the Lake Su-
perior Iron Ranges (see p. 63) 231

Biographical Notices 235-240

Past Officers of the Institute 241-243

List of Publications Received by the Institute 244

Lake Superior Iron Ore Shipments 245

Picture of Members and Guests in Attendance Frontispiece

Appendix — Duluth and the Minnesota Iron Ranges by W. W. J.

Croze, Mining Engineer 1-63

Map of Minnesota Iron Ranges Following page 32 of Appendix

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OFFICERS OF THE INSTITUTE

(Term expires 1913).
(The &bove officers constitute the council).

+To fln vacancy of Qraham Pope, deceased.

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INDEX TO VOLUME XVIU

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OFFICERS OF

■'if^-'-

1%., «-> a «#«^%«A«A^w *» ....

(Term expires 1913).
(The above officers constitute the council).

f To fill yacancy of Qraham Pope, deceased.

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INDEX TO VOLUME XVlll

i'j?

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OFFICERS OF THE INSTITUTE

OFFICERS.

For the Year Ending With the Close of the Annual Meeting, August

30th, 1913.

PRESIDENT.

PENTECOST MITCHELL Duhith, Minn.

(Term one year).

VICE PRESIDENTS.

GEO. H. ABEEL Ironwood, Mich.

+W. P. CHINN McKinley, Minn.

W. H. JOBE Palatka, Mich.

(Term expires 1913).

FRANCIS J. WEBB Duluth, Minn.

AL D. EDWARDS * Aftlantlc Mine. Mich.

(Term expires 1914).

MANAGERS.

M. H. GODFREY Coleralne, Minn.

JAMES E. JOPLING Ishpeming, Mich.

(Term expires 1913).

G. S. BARBER Bessemer, Mich.

WM. H. JOHNSTON Ishpeming, Mich.

C. H. BAXTER Loretto, Mich.

(Term expires 1914).

TREASURER.

E. W. HOPKINS Commonwealth, Wis.

(Term expires 1913).

SECRETARY.

A. J. YUNGBLUTH Ishpeming, Mich.

(Term expires 1913).
(The above officers constitute the council).

f To fill vacancy of Graham Pope, deceased.

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VI OFFICERS OF THE INSTITUTE

OFFICERS.

The following is list of officers elected at the annual meeting.
August 30th, 1913, also the officers holding over from the previous
year which are indicated by ♦.

PRESIDENT.

WM. 11. JOHNSTON Ishpeming, Mich.

(Term one year).

VICE PRESIDENTS.

♦FRANCIS J. WEBB Duluth, Minn.

•A. D. EDWARDS Atlantic Mine, Mich.

(Term expires 1914).

CHARLES T. KRUSE Ishpeming, Mich.

CHARLES E. LAWRENCE^ Palatka, Mich.

LUTHER C. BREWER ..*..' Ironwood, Mich.

(Term expires 1915).

MANAGERS.

*G. S. BARBER : Bessemer, Mich.

•CHARLES H. BAXTER Loretto, Mich.

f STUART R. ELLIOTT Negaunee, Mich.

(Term expires 1914).

W. A. SIEBENTHAL Republic, Mich.

J. S. LUTES Biwabik, Minn.

(Term expires 1915).

TREASURER.

E. W. HOPKINS Commonwealth, Wis.

(Term one year).

SECRETARY.

A. .T. YUNGBLUTH Ishpeming, Mich.

(Term one year).
(The above officers constitute the council).

•jTo fill vacancy of Wm. H. Johnston, elected to presidency.

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LIST OF STANDING COMMITTEES VU

LIST OF STANDING COMMITTEES FOR YEAR
ENDING 1914.

PRACTICE FOR THE PREVENTION OF ACCIDENTS.

C. E. LAWRENCE. Chairman Palatka, Mich.

1). E. SUTHERLAND Iron Mountain. Mich.

WM. CONIBEAR Ishpeming, Mich.

W. H, SCHACHT Painesdale, Mich,

M. H. GODFREY Virginia, Minn.

OARE AND HANDLING OF HOISTING ROPES.

W. A. COLE, Chairman Ironwood, Mich.

O. D. M'CLURE Ishpeming, Mich.

J. S. JAOKA Crystal Falls, Mich.

W. J. RICHARDS Painesdale. Mich.

A. TANCIG Hibbing, Minn.

PAPERS AND PUBLICATIONS.

WM. KELLY, Chairman Vulcan, Mich.

J. H. HEARDING Duluth, Minn.

F. \V. M'NAIR Houghton, Mich.

.1. E. JOPLING Ishpeming, Mich.

P. S. WILLIAMS Ramsay, Mich.

BUREAU OF MINES.

M. M. DUNCAN, Chairman Ishpeming, Mich.

.J. B. COOPER Hubbell, Mich.

A. J. YUNGBLUTH, Secretary Ishpeming, Mich.

BIOGRAPHY.

J. H. HEARDING, Chairman Duluth. Minn.

J. B. COOPER Hubbell, Mich.

R, A. DOUGLAS Ironwood, Mich.

M. B. M'GEE Crystal Falls, M:ch.

W. H. NEWETT Ishpeming, Mich.

MINING METHODS ON THE MARQUETTE RANGE.
Committee to consist of three members to be appointed later.

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Vlll MEMBERS OF THE INSTITUTE

MEMBERS OF THE INSTITUTE 1913.

HONORARY MEMBERS.

DOUGLAS, JAMES 99 John St., New York City

POMPELLY, RAPHAEL Dublin, N. H.

VAN HISE, C. R Madison, Wis.

WINCHELL, N. H 501 East River Road, Minneapolis, Minn.

LIFE MEMBERS.

KELLY, WILLIAM Vulcan, Mich.

SILLIMAN, A. P Hlbbing, Minn.

ACTIVE MEMBERS.

ABBOTT, C. E Bessemer, Ala.

ABEEL, GEORGE H Ironwood, Mich.

ABEEL, GEO. H., JR Ironwood, Mich.

ADAMS, DAVID T 516 Providence Bldg., Duluth, Minn.

ADGATE, FREDERICK W 419 Rookery Bldg., Chicago, Ills.

AISHTON, R. H 215 W. Jackson Blvd., Chicago, Ills.

ALLEN, R. C Lansing, Mich.

AMBERG, J. W 1400 Fulton St., Chicago. Ills.

AMBERG, WILLIAM A 1400 Fulton St., Chicago, Ills.

ANDREWS, C. E Escanaba, Mich.

APPLEBY, WILLIAM R School of Mines, Minneapolis, Minn.

ARMSTRONG, FRANK H Vulcan. Mich.

ATKINS. SAMUEL E 909 Al worth Bldg., Duluth, Minn.

BAER, HENRY L Hancock, Mich.

BALDWIN, C. KEMBLE 1070 Old Colony Bldg., Chicago, 111.

BALL, EDWIN Birmingham, Ala.

BANDLER, ARTHUR S 30 E. 23rd St., New York City

BARABE, C. A Ishpeming, Mich.

BARBER, G. S Bessemer. Mich.

BARBER, MAX H Nashwauk, Minn.

BARR, J. CARROLL Crosby, Minn.

BARROWS, WALTER A., JR Bralnerd, Minn.

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Members of the institute ix

BATCHELDER, B. W Naahwauk, Minn.

BAYUSS, WILL/ARD Chisholm, Minn.

BAXTER, CHARLES HOMER Loretto, Mich.

BELDEN, WILLIAM P Ishpeming, Mich.

BENEDICT, C. HARRY Lake Lfnden, Mich.

BENGRY, WILLIAM H Palatka, Mich.

BENNETT, R. M 710 Security Bank Bldg., Minneapolis, Minn.

BINNY. JOSEPH McKinley, Minn.

BITTCHOFSKY, A. C Cleveland, Ohio.

BJORK, ARVID Crystal Falls, Mich.

BLACKWELL, FRANK Ironwood, Mich.

BOLEY. W. E Baltic, Mich.

BOLLES. FRED R Houghton, Mich.

BOND, WILLIAM Ironwood, Mich.

BONE, ALFRED Princeton, Mich.

BOSS. CLARENCE M '..200 Wolvin Bidg., Duluth, Minn.

BOWDEN. RICHARD Trimountain, Mich.

BOWEN. REUBEN Pittsburg, Pa.

BOWERS, E. C Iron River, Mich.

BRiADT, E. F Jones & Laughlin Bldg., Pittsburg, Pa.

BRADY, SAMUEL Rockland, Mich.

BREITUNG, EDWARD N Marquette, Mich.

BRETT, HENRY Calumet, Mich.

BRETTING, R. C Ashland, Wis.

BREWER, CARL Ironwood, Mich.

BREWER, LUTHER C Ironwood, Mich.

BRIGHAM, E. D 215 Jackson Blvd., Chicago, Ills.

BROWN, JOHN JACOB Carteret, N. J.

BURDORF, HARRY A 2316 Garfield Ave., S. Minneapolis, Minn.

BURNHAM, R 936 Metropolitan Bldg., Minneapolis, Minn.

BURR. FLOYD L Vulcan, Mich.

BURT. JOHN H Virginia, Minn.

BUSH, JOHN M Iron River, Mich.

BUSH, E. G 909 Alworth Bldg., Duiuth, Minn.

BYRNE, S. E Houghton, Mich.

CADDY, THOMAS Hibbing, Minn.

CAINE, D. T Gilbert, Minn.

CAIRNS, FREDERICK I Houghton, Mich.

CALVERLEY, W. D Houghton, Mich.

CAMERON, ALLEN Calumet, Mich.

CAMPBELL, D. H Iron River, Mich.

CARBIS, FRANK Iron Mountain; Mich.

CARMICHAEL, WILLIAM Biwabik, Minn.

CARNAHAN, ARTHUR L 101 Milk St., Boston, Mass.

CARROL, MICHAEL J Houghton, Mich.

CARSON, JOHN A Appleton, Wis.

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X MEMBERS OF THE INSTITUTE

CARTER, RAYMOND B 301 W. Randolph St., Chicago, Ills.

CASH, F. H Kinney, Minn.

CHAMPION, CHARLES Beacon, Mich.

CHAMPION, JOHN Humboldt, Mich.

CH ANNING, J. PARKE 42 Broadway New York City

CHARLTON, WILLIAM H...901 Buena Vista St., San Antonia, Texas

CHASE, PHILO P Ishpeming, Mich.

CHEYNEY. H. C 215 Jackson Blvd., Chicago, Ills.

CHINN, WILLIAM P MoKlnley, Minn.

CHR'ISTENSEN, GEORGE L Houghton, Mich.

CHRISTIANSON, PETER Minneapolis, Minn.

CHURCH, EDWARD Marquette, Mich.

CHYNOWETH, B. F Houghton, Mich.

CHYNOWETH, JAMES Calumet, Mich.

CLARK, WESLEY Copper Falls, Mich.

CLARK, KIMBALL Kimball, Wis.

CLIFFORD, J. M '. Escanaba, Mich.

COKEFAIR FRANK A Providence Bldg., Duluth, Minn.

COLE, THOMAS F Duluth, Minn.

COLE, WILLIAM T Ishpeming, Mich.

COLE, CHARLES D Ishpeming, Mich.

COLE, WILLIAM A Ironwood, Mich,

COLE, WILLIAM H 713 Sellwood Bldg., Duluth, Minn.

COLEMAN, MILTON W Virginia, Minn.

COMSTOOK. HENRY Mineville, New York

COMSTOCK, EHLING H Minneapolis, Minn.

COOK, CHARLES W Economics Bldg., U of M„ Ann Arbor, Mich.

CONIBEAR, WILLIAM Ishpeming, Mich.

CONNORS, THOMAS Negaunee, Mich.

CONOVER, A. B 171 Lake St., Chicago, Ills.

COOPER, CLAUDE H Hancock, Mich.

COOPER, JAMES B Hubbell, Mich.

COPELAND, FRANKLIN Vulcan, Mich.

CORY, EDWIN N Negaunee, Mich.

COVENTRY, F. L Hibblng, Minn.

COYNE, WILLIAM Wilmington, Del.

CRAM, FRED W Nashwauk, Minn.

CROSBY, GEO. H Lonsdale Bldg., Duluth, Minn.

CROWELL, BENEDICT Cleveland, Ohio

CUNDY, H. J Iron Ridge, Dodge Co., Wis.

CUNNINGHAM, MARK H Freda, Mich.

DALTON, H. G Cleveland, Ohio

DAUME, PEERLESS P Painesdale, Mich.

DAVEY, THOMAS H Eveleth, Minn.

DAVIDSON, O. C Iron Mountain, Mich.

DAVIDSON, WARD F Iron Mountain, Mich.

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MEMBERS OF THE INSTITUTE XI

DAVIS, W. J Verona, Mich.

DEAN, DUDLEY S 87 Milk St, Boston, Mass.

DEB, JAMES R Houghton, Mich.

DEHAAS, NATHAN G Marquette, Mich.

DENTON, F. W Painesdale, Mich.

DESOLIiAR, T. C Hancock, Mich.

DESROCHERS, GEORGE E 157 Montezuma St., Houghton, Mich.

DICKERMAN, ALTON L 70 State St., Boston, Mass.

DIEHL, ALFRED S Coleraine, Minn.

DIEHL, G. E 607 Wolvln Bldg., Duluth, Minn.

DONAHUE, E. J. W 416-17 Lonsdale Bldg., Duluth, Minn.

DONOVAN. PERCY W Bralnerd, Minn.

DORMER. GEORGE H Eveleth, Minn.

DOUGLAS, ROBERT A Ironwood, Mich.

DOW, HERBERT W Milwaukee, Wis.

DRAKE, FRANK 79 Milk St., Boston, Mass.

DRAKE, JOHN M , Hibbing, Minn.

DUDLEY, HARRY C 807 Lonsdale BMg., Duluth, Minn.

DUNCAN, MURRAY M Ishpeming, Mich.

DUNSTER, CARL B Marquette, Mich.

EATON, LUCIEN Ishpeming, Mich.

ECKSTROM, ALEXANDRE J Keewatin, Minn.

EDWARDS, A. D Atlantic, Mich.

EISELE, GEORGE J Iron Mountain, Mich.

ELLIOTT MARK Virginia, Minn.

ELLIOTT, STUART R Negaunee, Mich.

EMMONS, WILLIAM H Minneapolis, Minn.

ERICKSON, CARL E Ironwood, Mich.

ESSELSTYN, J. N Sugar Loaf, Colo.

FACKENTHAL, B. F., JR Riegelsville, Pa.

FAIRBAIRN, CHARLES T Woodward Bldg., Birmingham, Ala.

PAIRCHILD, DAVID L 616 Lonsdale Bldg., Duluth, Minn.

PARRELL, AUSTIN Marquette, Mich.

PAY, JOSEPH : Marquette, Mich.

PELCH. THEODORE A Ishpeming, Mich.

FEIJ.OWS, OTIS D, JR Redridge, Mich.

FELVER, HOWARD C Houghton, Mich.

FERGUSON. J. A 316 W. Superior St., Duluth, Minn.

FESING, HERMAN W Houghton, Mich.

FISHER, HENRY Lake Linden, Mich.

FISHER, JAMES, JR Houghton, Mich.

FISH WICK, EDWARD T 60th & Greenfield Aves., Milwaukee, Wis.

FITCH, WALTER Eureka, Utah

FLANNIGAN, THOMAS A Gilbert, Minn.

FLODIN, NELS P. Marquette, Mich.

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XH MEMBERS OF THE INSTITUTE

FOOTE, GEORGE C Port Henry, New York

FORBES, GUY R 329 Hemlock St., Virginia, Minn.

FORMIS, ANDRE Ojibway, Mich.

POX, M. J Iron Mountain, Mich.

FRASBR, WILLIAM H Crystal Falls, Mich.

GARDNER, OCTAVE D Calumet, Mich.

GARDNER, W. A 215 Jackson Blvd., Chicago, Ills.

GAY, JOSEPH E 15 William St., New York City

GAYNOR, WILLIAM E Duluth, Minn.

GHOLZ, ARTHUR L Hibbing, Minn.

GIBSON, WILLIAM M Calumet, Mich.

GIBSON, T. THOBURN Amasa, Mich.

GILCHRIST, J. D 1405 Downing St., Denver, Colo.

GISH, JOHN R Beaverdam, Wis.

GLASS, PRANK A Bralnerd, Minn.

GODFREY, M. H Virginia, Minn.

GOODALE, G. S Houghton, Mich.

GOODELL, H. S Painesdale, Mich.

GOODMAN, FRANK B Hurley, Wis.

GOODSELL, B. W 20 S. Canal St., Chicago, Ills.

GOODNEY, S. .J Stambaugh, Mich.

GOUDIE, JAMES Ironwood, Mich.

GOULD, E P Cincinnati, Ohio

GOW, ALEXANDER M Wolvin Bldg., Duluth, Minn.

GRAFF. W. W Ishpemlng, Mich.

GRABOWSKY, CHARLES Virginia, Minn.

GRANT, B. F 625 W. 41st Drive, Los Angeles, California

GRIERSON, EDWARD S ...Calumet, Mich.

GRIBBLE, SAMUEL J Ironwood, Mich.

HALLER, FRANK H Osceola, Mich.

HALLINGBY, OLE Calumet, Mich.

HALLODAY, FRED H Hibbing, Minn.

HAMPTON, H. C 165 Lake St., Chicago, Ills.

HANNA, L. C Cleveland, Ohio

HARDENBURG, L. M Hurley, Wis.

HARRIS, H. R Marquette. Mich.

HARRIS, JOHN L Hancock, Mich.

HARRIS, S. B Hancock, Mich.

HARRIS, S. T Houghton, Mich.

HARRISON. G. E Hibbing. Minn.

HARTLEY. G. G Duluth, Minn.

HARVEY. W. H Eveleth. Minn.

HAYDEN, GEORGE S Ishpemlng, Mich.

HiAYDEN. J. ELZEY Ishpemlng, Mich.

HEARDING, JOHN H ^ Duluth, Minn.

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MEMBERS OF THE INSTITUTE Xlll

HEARLBY. MICHAEL T , Cleveland, Ohio

HEATH, GEORGE L ...'. Hubbell, Mich.

HEQGATON, WM. S Negaunee, Mich.

HEIM. HARRY R 936 Metropolitan Life Bldg., Minneapolis, Minn.

HELPS, S. E '. Eveleth, Minn.

HELMBR, CHESTER E Escanaba, Mich.

HENDRIOK, C. E Virginia, Minn.

HENDERSON, ENOCH Houghton, Mich.

HEYN, HOWARD A Ishpeming, Mich.

HIOKOK, ELBERT, E 137 E. Lake St., Chicago, Ills.

HICKS, B. W Warren, Ills.

HIGGINS, EDWIN Ironwood, Mich.

HILL, STACEY H Providence Bldg., Duluth, Minn.

HINE, S. K Girard, Ohio

HINGSTON, E. C 707 Alworth Bldg., Duluth, Minn.

HITCHENS, JOHN H Iron Mountain, Mich.

HOATSON, THOMAS Laurium, Mich.

HOOKING, RICHARD O Keewatin. Minn.

HODGE, JOHN E Marquette, Mich.

HODGE, RICHARD Hibbing, Minn.

HODGSON, JOSEPH Bisbee, Arizona

HODGSON, J. H Houghton, Mich.

HOLLEY, CARLOS E Bessemer, Mich.

HOLLEY, A. B Virginia, Minn.

HOLMAN, J. W1NCHESTEJR....1420 Monadnock Bldg., Chicago, Ills.

HOLTHOPP, HENRY C Riverside, 111.

HONNOLD, W. L Box 2209 Johannesburg, South Africa

HOOD, O. P Pittsburg, Pa.

HOOSE, J. WILLIAM Iron Mountain, Mich.

HOPKINS, E. W... Commonwealth, Wis.

HORE, REGINALD E Houghton, Mich.

HOUSE, ALLAN C Cleveland, Ohio

HOVLAND, JOSEPH T Hibbing. Minn.

HUBBARD, LUCIUS L Houghton, Mich.

HUHTALA, JOHN - Palmer, Mich.

HULST, HARRY T Ishpeming, Mich.

HULST. NELSON P 300 Knapp St., Milwaukee, Wis.

HUNNER, EARL E .010 Sellwood Bldg, Duluth, Minn.

HUNTER, ROY D 1500 Railway Exchange Bldg., Chicago, Ills.

HURTER. CHARLES S DuPont Bldg , Wilmington, Del.

IMHOFP, WALLACE G 6805 Penn. Ave., Pittsburg, Pa.

IRELAND, JAMES D 701 Sellwood Bldg., Duluth, Minn.

JACKA, JOSIAH S Crystal Falls, Mich.

JACKSON, C Madison, Wis.

JACKSON, GEORGE R Princeton, Mich.

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XIV MEMBERS OF THE INSTITUTE

JACKSON, FRANK W Market and Randolph Sts., Chicago. Ills.

JANSON, F. A Norway, Mich.

JENKS, C. O Superior, Wis.

JETTNER, AUGUST R. 171 W. .Randolph St., Chicago, Ills.

JEWELL, SAMUEL Negaunee, Mich.

JEWETT, NORMAN R Laurium, Mich.

JEWETT, FRANK G 2105 S. Humboldt Ave., Minneapolis, Minn.

JOBE, WILLIAM H Palatka, Mich.

JOHNSON, R. M Greenland, Mich.

JOHNSON, EDWIN F Virginia, Minn.

JOHNSON. O. MARTIN Ishpeming, Mich.

JOHNSON. HENRY O Virginia, Minn.

JOHNSON, NELS Keewatin, Minn.

JOHNSTON, WILLIAM H Ishpeming, Mich.

JOHNSTONE, ORLAND W Duluth, Minn.

JOLLY, JOHN Painesdale, Mich.

JONES, B. W Vulcan, Mich.

JOPLING, ALFRED O Marquette, Mich.

JOPLING, JAMES E Ishpeming, Mich.

JOPLING, M. W Marquette, Mich.

JORY, WILLIAM Princeton, Mich.

KARKEET, J. H Iron Mountain. Mich.

KAUFMAN. HARRY L Marquette, Mich.

KEARNEY, F. H Ironwood, Mich.

KEAST, WILLIAM J Houghton, Mich.

KEESE. FRANK E Ishpeming, Mich.

KENNEDY, F. A Hibbing, Minn.

KIEREN, JOSEPH Gilbert, Minn.

KING, ROBERT Hurley, Wis.

KIRKPATRICK. J. CLARK Escanaba, Mich.

KITTS, THOMAS J Houghton, Mich.

KLEFFMAN, JOHN Hibbing, Minn.

KLINGLUND, F. D Palmer, Mich.

KNAPP, GEO. F G02 Rockefeller Bldg., Cleveland, Ohio

KNIGHT, J. B Norway, Mich.

KNIGHT, R. C Eveleth, Minn.

KNOX, JOHN JR Calumet, Mich.

KOEPEL, ED Beacon Hill, Mich.

KRUSE, CHARLES T Ishpeming, Mich.

KURTZMAN, P. L McKinley, Minn.

LADD. DAVID H HubbeP, Mich.

LAIST, ALEXANDER Hancock, Mich.

LAMBRIX, MICHAEL Hurley, Wis.

LAMONT, JOHN D Virginia, Minn.

LANE, ALFRED C Tuf*s College, Mass.

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MEMBERS OF THE INSTITUTE XV

LANG, 8. S Houghton. Mich.

LAROCHELLE. LOUIS Houghton, Mich.

LARSSON, PER Striburg, Sweden

LA RUB, WILLIAM G 1504 Alworth Bldg., Duluth, Minn.

LASIER. F. G Birmingham, Mich.

LATHAM, ARTHUR M Hibbing, Minn.

LAWRENCE, CHARLES E Palatka, Mich.

LAWTON. CHARLES L Hancock, Mich.

LEACH, EDWARD J Hancock, Mich.

LEOPOLD, N. F 108 Dearborn St., Chicago, Ills.

LETZ, JOHN F GC2 12th St., Milwaukee, Wis.

LIBBY, DR, E. M Iron River, Mich.

LINDB^RG, JOHN FREDERICK Hibbing, Minn.

LINN. A. E Norway, Mich

LINSLEY, W. B Escanaba. Mich

LOCHER, W. H Duluth, Minn.

LONGYEAR, E. J 710 Security Bank Bldg., Minneapolis, Minn.

LONGYEAR, J. M Marquette, Mich.

LONSTORF, GEORGE J 2301 Grand Ave., Milwaukee, Wis.

LOOK, WILLIAM F Panama City, Fla.

LOUDENBACK, CLYDE 1 228 W. Randolph St., Chicago, Ills.

LUKEY. FRANK Hurley, Wis.

LUTES, J. S Biwabik, Minn.

LUXMORE, THOMAS L Iron Mountain, Mich.

LYNCH, THOMAS F Houghton, Mich

MAAS, ARTHUR E 352 29th St., Milwaukee, Wis.

MAAS, GEORGE J Negaunee, Mich.

MACE. ROBERT E Wolvin Bldg., Duluth, Minn.

MACKILLICAN, JAMES A Hibbing, Minn.

MACNAUGHTON, JAMES Calumet, Mich.

MACOMBER, F. B No. 507 S. Clinton St., Chicago, Ills.

MANVILLE, T. F Madison Ave. and 41st Street, New York City

MARS, WILLIAM P.» Duluth, Minn.

MARTIN, ALFRED Virginia, Minn.

MATHER, S. LIVINGSTON Rockefeller Bldg., Cleveland, O.

MATHER, WILLIAM G Rockefeller Bldg., Cleveland, Ohio

MATTHEWS. WILLIAM C Wilmington, Del.

MEADS, ALEXANDER P Marquette, Mich.

MERCER, HARRY T Painesdale, Mich.

MEUCHE, A. H Houghton, Mich.

MEYERS, WILLIAM R Princeton, Mich.

MIDDLEMISE, BRUCE A Hibbing, Minn.

MILLAR. JOHN M Escanaba, Mich.

MILLER, L. B Wade Bldg., Cleveland, Ohio

MILLS, FRANK P Kimberley. Nevada

MITCHELL, PENTECOST Duluth, Minn.

Digitized by VjOOQ IC

XVI MEMBERS OF THE INSTITUTE

MITCHELL, R. J Eveleth, Minn.

MITCHELL, WILLIAM A 16th and Rockwell Sts., Chicago, Ills.

MITCHELL, SAMUEL J Marquette. Mich.

MITCHELL, HAROLD E Eve^^eth, Minn.

MOELLER, FRANKLIN 42 Chapman Ave., Cleveland, Ohio

MONROE, W. G Iron Mountain, Mich.

MOORE, C. F 920 Newhouae Bldg., Salt Lake City, Utah

MOORE, CLARENCE E Virginia, Minn.

MORGAN, DAVID T Detroit, Mich.

MORRIS, CHARLES S 2232 E. First St., Duluth, Minn.

MO WATT, NEVILLE P ....3rd Ave. and Michigan St., Duluth, Minn.

MULLEN. THOMAS M Houghton. Mich.

MUNGER, CHARLES H Duluth, Minn.

MUNROE, HENRY S Columbia University, New York City

MURRAY, ROBERT Hibbing, Minn.

MYERS, ALBERT J Iron Mountain, Mich.

M'CLURE, O. D Ishpeming, Mich.

M'CORMICK, EDWARD Negaunee, Mich.

M'DONALD, D. B Duluth, Minn,

M'DOWELL, JOHN Hibbing, Minn.

M'GEE, M. B Crystal Falls. Mich.

M'GONAGLE, WILLIAM A Wolvin Bldg., Duluth, Minn.

M'GREGOR, SILAS J Iron Mountain, Mich.

M'INDOE, JAMES A Norway, Mich.

M'INTYRE, JOHN E Nogales, Arizona

M'LAUGHLIN. W. J Loretto, Mich.

MT.EAN, JOHN H Duluth, Minn.

M*LEAN, RICHARD EARLE Wells, Delta Co., Mich.

M'NAMARA, THOMAS B Ironwood, Mich.

M'NAIR, F. W Houghton, Mich.

M'NEIL, E. D Virginia, Minn.

M'RANDLE. WILLIAM E. R Bessemer, Mich.

NELSON, S, T 1170 W. Lake St., Chicago, Ills.

NEWBY, WILLIAM PuriUn P. O., N. Ironwood. Mich.

NEWETT, GEORGE A -.Ishpeming, Mich.

NEWETT, W. H Ishpeming, Mich.

NEWTON, L. L 1324 La Salle Ave., Chicago,. Ills.

NICHOLAS, THOMAS J Palmer, Mich.

NICHOLS, F. W Houghton, Mich.

NICKERSON, H. F Houghton, Mich.

NIXON, JOHN A Ishpeming, Mich.

NOBLE, THOMAS H Marquette, Mich.

NOETZEL, BENJAMIN D Trimountain, Mich.

OBERG, ANTON C Hibbing, Minn.

OLCOTT, WILLIAM J Duluth, Minn.

Digitized by LjOOQIC

MEMBERS OF THE INSTITUTE XVll

ORBISON, THOMAS W Appleton, Wis.

ORR, FRANK D Lyceum, Bldg., Duluth, Minn.

OSBORN, CHASE S Sault Ste. Marie, Mich.

OVERPECK, HOLLIS W Box 617, Virginia, Minn.

PAINE, W. A 82 Devonshire St., Boston, Mass.

PAINE. FRANCIS W Houghton, Mich.

PARKER, RICHARD A 929 Foster Bldg., Denver, Colo.

PASCOE. PETER W Republic, Mich.

PATRICK, RICHARD S 314-15 Sellwood Block, Duluth, Minn.

PELLJNG. WILLIAM F. J Carson Lake, Minn.

PENGILLY, EDWARD Crystal Falls, Mich.

PENMMAN, DWIGHT C Clin'ton Hotel, Minneapolis Minn.

PENTON, JOHN A Iron Trade Review, Cleveland, Ohio

PERKINS, SAMUEL J Ironwood, Mich.

PETERSON, A. Y Chisholm, Minn.

PHILBIN, DONALD M 408 Sellwood Bldg.. Duluth, Minn.

PHILLIPS, W. G Calumet, Mich.

PITKIN, S. H 682 W. Market St., Akron, Ohio

POTTER, OCHA Houghton, Mich.

POWELL, D. W Marquette, Mich.

PRESCOTT, FRED M Oregon St., Milwaukee, Wis.

PRESCOTT, L. L Menominee, Mich.

PRYOR, R, C Houghton, Mich.

PURSELL, H. E Kewanee, Illinois

QUIGLEY, G. J Antigo, Wis.

QUINE, JOHN THOMAS 413 Vine St., Ishpeming, Mich.

QUINN, CLEMENT KRUSE Virginia, Minn.

RAHT, CHARLES ^9 Broadway, New York City

RAISKY, F. H Ishpoming, Mich.

RALEY, ROBERT J Spalding Hotel, Duluth, Minn.

RANKIN, WILLIAM A Painesdale, Mich.

RASHLEIGH. WILLIAM J Aurora, Minn.

RAYMOND, HENRY A Rockefeller Bldg., Cleveland, Ohio

REDFERN, JOHN A Hibbing, Minn.

REDNER, A. E 21G Aurora location, Ironwood, Mich.

REEDER, J. T Houghton, Mich.

REEDER, EDWIN C 1917 Fisher Bldg., Chicago, Ills.

REEDEiR, J. H Houghton, Mich.

REHFUSS. LOUIS I LaCrosse, Wis.

REIGART, JOHN R Princeton, Mich,

REIFEL, H. T Nashwauk, Minn.

REYNOLDS, M. K 430 E. Arch St., Marquette, Mich.

RICE, CLAUDE T 1420 Monadnock Bldg., Chicago, Ills.

RICE. JOHN H Houghton, Mich.

RICHARDS, WILLIAM J Crystal Falls, Mich.

Digitized byVjOOQlC

XVlll MEMBERS OF THE INSTITUTE

RICHARDS, MORRIS EARL Virginia. Minn.

RICHARDS, WILLIAM J Paitiesdale, Mich.

RICHEY. E. W 211 Railway Exchange Bldg., Chicago, Ills.

RIDLEY, FREDERICK WILLIAM Calumet, Mich.

ROBERTS, HARRY Duluth, Minn.

ROBERTS, ALTON T Marquette, Mich.

ROBERTSON, HUGH J Escanaba, Mich.

ROHN. OSCAR Butte, Mont

ROSE, R. S Marquette, Mich.

ROSKILLY, JOSEPH Virginia, Minn.

ROUCHLBAU, LOUIS Minneapolis, Minn.

ROUGH, JAMES H Negaunee, Mich.

ROWE, HENRY Ironwood, Mich.

ROWE, WM. C Bessemer. Mich.

RUEZ, GEORGE F Ishpeming, Mich.

RUMSEY, SPENCER S 610 Wolvin Bldg.. Duluth, Minn.

RUNDLE, A. J Iron Mountain. Mich.

RYAN, JOHN A Iron Mountain, Mich.

SALSICH, L. R Coleraine, Minn.

SCADDEN, FRANK Crystal Falls, Mich.

SCHACHT, WILLIAM H Painesdale, Mich.

SCHLESINGER H. J Milwaukee, Wis.

SCHUBERT, GEORGE P Hancock, Mich.

SEAMAN, A. E Houghton,' Mich.

SEBENIUS, JOHN UNO Wolvin Bldg.. Duluth, Minn.

SEEBER, R. R Winona, Mich.

SEELYE, R. W Sault Ste. Marie, Ont

SELLS, MAX Florence, Wis.

SELLWOOD, R. M Duluth, Minn.

SENTER, A. W Hubbell, Mich.

SHELDEN, R. SKIFF Houghton, Mich.

SHELDON, ALBERT F 112 N. Arch St., Marquette, Mich.

SHERLOCK, THOMAS Escanaba, Mich.

SHERRERD, JOHN M 340 Spring Garden St.. Easton, Pa.

SHIELDS, IRVIN J Houghton. Mich.

SHOVE, BRIGHAM W Ironwood, Mich.

SIEBENTHAL, W. A Republic, Mich.

SILL, GEO. A 504 Marquette Bldg., Chicago, Ills.

SILLIMAN, THOMAS B Coleraine. Minn.

SILVER, C. R 29 W. Lake St., Chicago, Ills.

SIMMONS, CHARLES Beacon. Mich.

SKINNER, MORTIMER B. 558 5(50 W. Washington Blvd.. Chicago, Ills.

SLINEY, DAVID J Ishpeming, Mich.

SMITH, FRED Kearsarge, Mich.

SMITH, WILLARD J Mohawk, Mich.

SMITH, CARL G Kearsarge, Mich.

Digitized byVjOOQlC

MEMBERS OF THE INSTITUTE XIX

SMITH, ALFRED L Wakefield, Mich.

SMYTH, H. L Rotch Bldg., Cambridge, Mass.

SOADY, HARRY Duluth, Minn.

SPARKS, BENJAMIN F 205 Ruby St., Houghton, Mich.

SPERR. F. W Houghton. Mich.

STAKEL, CHARLES J Ishpeming, Mich.

STANTON, F. McM 208 5th Ave., New York City

STANTON, J. R 11 William St., New York City

STEPHENS, JAMES Ishpeming, Mich.

STEVENS, THOMAS J Ironwood, Mich.

STOEK, H. H University of Illinois, Urbana, Ills.

STRONG, CLARENCE G Cincinnati, Ohio

SUESS, JOSEPH E Negaunee, Mich.

SULLIVAN, A. J Chisholm, Minn.

SUTHERLAND, D. E Ironwood, Mich.

SWIFT, GEORGE D Duluth, Minn.

SWIFT, PAUL D Houghton, Mich.

TALBOYS, HENRY H 717 Providence Bldg., Duluth, Minn.

TANCIG, A Hibbing, Minn.

TAPPAN, WILLIAM M Hibbing, Minn.

TARR, S. W 610 Wolvin Bldg., Duluth, Minn.

TAYLOR. JAMES HALL Box 485, Chicago, Ills.

THIEMAN EDWARD Florence, Wis.

THOMAS, KIRBY 505 Pearl St., New York City

THOMS, REUBEN KNIGHT Ely, Minn.

THOMPSON, CARMI A Room 222, G. N. Bldg., St. Paul, Minn.

THOMPSON, G H '. Hibbing, Minn.

THOMPSON, HENRY S Beacon, Mich.

THOMPSON, JAMES R Ishpeming, Mich.

TOWNSEND, C. V. R Negaunee, Mich.

TRAVER, WILBER H Fisher Bldg., Chicago, Ills.

TREBILCOCK, JOHN Ishpeming, Mich.

TREBILCOCK, WILLIAM North Freedom, Wis.

TREPANIER, HENRY Iron Mountain, Mich.

TREZONA, CHARLES Ely, Minn.

TREVARROW. HENRY Negaunee, Mich.

TREVARTHAN, W. J Bessemer, Mich.

TRIPP, CHESTER D 1515 Corn Exchange Bldg., Chicago, Ills.

TRUDGEON, JOHN Wakefield, Mich.

TUBBY. CHARLES W Voj Commerce Bldg., St. Paul, Minn.

TUFTS, JOHN W 900 Hackett Ave., Milwaukee, Wis.

TURNER, CHAS. N Colby-Abbott Bldg., Milwaukee, Wis.

UHLER, FRED WALTER Buhl, Minn.

ULRICH, WILLIAM F Chisholm, Minn,

UREN, WILLIAM J 124 College Ave., Houghton, Mich.

Digitized byVjOOQlC

XX MEMBERS OF THE INSTITUTE

VALLAT, BENJAMIN W Ironwood. Mich.

VAN DYKE. W. D Milwaukee, Wis.

VANDEVENTER, VIVIAN H Ishpemlng, Mich.

VAN EVERA, JOHN R Marquette. Mich.

VAN EVERA, WILBUR Virginia, Minn.

VAN MATER, J. A 55 Wall St., New York City

VAN ORDEN, F. L Houghton, Mich.

VILAS, P. M. . . I 425 New York Life Bldg., Minneapolis, Minn.

VILAS, ROYAL L Ishpemlng, Mich.

VIVIAN, JAMES G 909 Alworth Bldg., Duluth, Minn.

VOGEL, P. A 25 Broad St., New York City

WADE, JEPTHA H Wade Bldg., Cleveland, Ohio

WAGNER, JOHN M Houghton, Mich.

WALKER, ROBERT S Fidelity Bldg., Duluth. Minn.

WALKER, ELTON WILLARD Mass, Mich.

WALL, JAMES S Iron River, Mich.

WALLACE. W. R Houghton, Mich.

WALLACE GEORGE Marquette, Mich.

WARE, JOHN FRANKLIN Forest and Five Oaks Ave., Dayton, O.

WARE, FRED Negaunee, Mich.

WARREN, O. B Hlbblng, Minn.

WARRINER, S. D Wllkesbarre, Pa.

WATSON, CHARLES H Crystal Falls, Mich.

WEARNE, WILLIAM Hlbblng, Minn.

WEBB, FRANCIS J 812 Fidelity Bldg., Duluth, Minn.

WEBB. WALTER M • OUbtert, Minn.

WELLS, PEARSON Ironwood, Mich.

WENGLER, MATT P 1055 Cambridge Ave., Milwaukee, Wis.

WESSINGER, W. E 610 Wolvln Bldg., Duluth, Minn.

WEST, WILLIAM J Hlbblng, Minn.

WHEELWRIGHT, O. W Florence, Wis.

WHITE, V/ILLIAM Virginia, Minn.

WHITE, EDWIN E Ishpemlng, Mich.

WHITE, J. W 1905 E. Superior St., Duluth, Minn.

WHITEHEAD, R. G Amasa, Mich.

WHITESIDE, DR. JOHN W Ironwood, Mich.

WILCOX, LEE L Gilbert, Minn.

WILLARD, PAUL D Hlbblng, Minn.

WILLEY, NORMAN W Hlbblng, Minn.

WILKINS, WILLIAM Detroit, Mich.

WILLIAMS, THOMAS H Ely, Minn.

WILLIAMS, PERCIVAL S Ramsay, Mich.

WILLIAMS, DEAN R 1213 Majestic Bldg, Milwaukee, Wis.

WILSON, EUGENE B Scranton, Pa.

WILSON, ARTHUR O Hlbblng, Minn.

WINCHELL, HORACE V 505 Palace Bldg., Minneapolis, Minn.

Digitized byVjOOQlC

MEMBERS OF THE INSTITUTE XXI

WINTER, JOSEPH H Negaunee, Mich.

WITHERBEE, P. S Port Henry, New York

WOOOBRIDGE. DWIGHT E Sellwood Bldg., Duluth, Minn.

WOOr>WORTH, G. L Iron River. Mich.

WOOIXWORTH, R. B 42T Carnegie Bldf., Pittsburg, Pa.

WOOLP, PERCIVAL J Minneap^is, Minn.

^WORDEN, EUCLID P 571 Summtt Ave., MU'waukee, Wla.

YATES, W^ILLIAM H ..Negaunee, MtelL

YOUNO. H. OLJN Ishpemlng,. McIl

YOUNGS, FRANK W Iron River, Mich.

YOUNGS, G. W Iron River, Mfehu

YUNGBLUTH, A. J laHpemtog; Mich.

ZAPP^FE, CARL 213 Citizens State Bank Bldg,, Brainerd, Minn.

ZIMMERMAN, WALTER G Duluth, Mian.

Digitized byVjOOQlC

XXll

DECEASED MEMBERS OF THE INSTITUTE

DECEASED MEMBERS.

ARMSTRONG, J. F 1898

BAWDEN, JOHN T 1899

BENNETT, JAMES H

BIRKHEAD, LENNOX ....1911

BROOKS, T. B 1902

BULLOCK, M. C 1899

COWLING, NICHOLAS ...1910

CONRO, ALBERT 1901

CLEAVES, WILL S 1910

CHADBOURNE. T. L 1911

CUMMINGS, GEO. P 1911

DANIELS, JOHN 1398

DICKENSON, W. E 1899

DOWNING, W. H 1906

DUNCAN, JOH.V 1904

DUNSTON, THOMAS B

GARBBRSON, W. R 1908

HALL, CHAS. H 1910

HARPER, GEORGE V 1905

HASELTON, H. S 1911

HAYDEN, GEORGE 1902

HINTON, FRANCIS 1896

HOLLAND, JAMES 1900

HOLLER, S. H 1899

HOUGHTON, JACOB 1903

HYDE, WELCOME

JEFFREY, WALTER M.. .1906

JOCHIM, JOHN W 1905

KRUSE, JOHN C 1907

LUSTFIELD. A 1904

LYON, JOHN B 1900

MAAS, WM. J 1911

MARR, GEORGE A 1905

MILLER, A. M 1912

MITCHELL, SAMUEL ....1908

M'VICHIE, D 1906

NINBSE, EDMUND 1909

OLIVER. HENRY W 1904

PEARCE, H. A 1905

PERSONS, GEORGE R....1908

POPE, GRAHAM 1912

ROBERTS, E. S

ROWE, JAMES 1911

RYAN. EDWARD 1901

SHEPHARD, AMOS ......1905

STANLAKE, JAMES 1910

STANTON, JOHN 190G

STEVENS, HORACE J.... 1912

STURTEVANT, H. B 1910

THOMAS, HENRY 1905

TOBIN, JAMES 1912

TREVARTHEN, G. C 1898

TRUSCOTT, HENRY 1910

VAN DYKE, JOHN H 1906

WALLACE. JOHN 1898

WHITE. PETER 1908

WHITNEY, J. D 1894

WILLIAMS, W. H 1897

LIST OF DECEASED MEMBERS REPORTED SINCE THE ANNUAL
MEETING OF 1912.

CLARK, H. S

KOENIG, GEORGE A January 14th, 1913.

THOMAS, WILLIAM ...'.

M'NAMARA, T October 26th, 1912

MINER,. A. B January 12th, 1913

PEACON, JOHN May 15, 1913

Digitized byVjOOQlC

LIST OF PAPERS PUBLISHED IN PRECEDING NUMBERS XXlll

LIST OF PAPERS PUBLISHED IN PRECEDING
VOLUMES.

1893— Vol. L

Page.
Soft Ore Mining on Lake Superior, by Per Larsson 13

The Geology of that Portion of the Menominee Range, East

of the Menominee River, by Nelson P. Hulst 19

1894— Vol. II.

Historical Address of the Retiring President, .Nelson P. Hulst. . 11

Curvature of Diamond Drill Holes, by J. Parke Channing 23

Historical Sketch of the Discovery of Mineral Deposits in the

Lake Superior Region, by H. V. Winchell 33

Partial Bibliography of the History of Mining on Lake Superior,

by H. V. Winchell 71

Two New Geological Cross-Sections of Keweenaw Point, With
a Brief Description of the Main Geological Features of

the Copper Range, by L. L. Hubbard 79

Ore Dressing on Lake Superior, by F. F. Sharpless 97

Sinking "C" Shaft at the West Vulcan Mine, Mich., by Wil-
liam Bond 105

A Pocket Stop, by William Kelly Ill

1895— Vol. m.

The Iron Ranges of Minnesota, Prepared as a Guide for Third

Annual Meeting, by H. V. Winchell 11

Mine Accidents — ^Address of the Retiring President, J. Parke

Channing 34

Distribution of Phosphorus and System of Sampling at the Pe-

wabic Mine, Michigan, by E. F. Brown 49

Efficiencies of Some Pumping Plants on the Menominee Range,

Michigan, by Per Larsson 56

Additional Pumping Data, Cleveland Iron Mining Co., by F.

P. Mills 63

The New Pumping Plant of the Stirling Iron & Zinc Co., New

Jersey (Including results of an official duty test), by J.

Parke Channing 64

The Hoisting Plant of the Lake Mine, Cleveland Iron Mining

Company, by J. M. Vickers 69

Digitized byVjOOQlC

XXIV LIST OF PAPERS PUBLISHED IN PRECEDING NUMBERS

The Relation of the Vein at the Central Mine, Keweenaw Point,

to the Kearsarge Conglomerate, by L. L. Hubbard 74

Open-Pit Mining, with Special Reference to the Mesabi Range,

by F. W. Denton 84

Communication Upon the Cost of Crushing Hard Hematite,

Minnesota Iron Co 93

1896— Vol. IV.

Electric Mine Haulage Plant, Pittsburg & Lake Angeline Iron

• Company, by E. P. Bradt 9

Underground Electric Haulage Plant, Cleveland Lake Mine, ,
by James E. Jopling 17

Methods of Sampling Iron Ore, by C. T. fMixer 27

Comparative Tests of Bracing for Wooden Bents, by Edgar

Kidwell 34

The Steam Shovel in Mining, by A. W. Robinson 69

The Occurrence of Copper Minerals in Hematite Ore,, by F.

W. Denton, Part I, J. H. Eby, Part II 69

A Single Engine Hoisting Plant, by T. F. Cole 81

The Pioneer Mine Pumping Engines, by H. B. Sturtevant 84

The Marquette Iron Range of Michigan, by George A. Newett. . 87

1898-^Vol. V.

Some Observations on the Prin<:lple of Benefit Funds and Their
Place in the Lake Superior Iron Mining Industries, by Wil-
liam G. Mather, Retiring President 10

Mine Accounts, by A. J. Yungbluth 21

A System of Mining Ore Bodies of Uniform Grade, by E. F.

Brown 40

A New Iron-Bearing Horizon in the Kewatin, in Minnesota, by

N. H. Winchell 4G

History of Exploration for Gold in the Central States, by C.

W. Hall 49

1900— Vol. VL

The Present Condition of the Mining Business, by William Kel-
ly, Retiring President 13

The Pewabic Concentrating Works, by L. M. Hardenburg 21

Electric Signals at the West Vulcan Mine, by A. W. Thomp-
son 27

Mine Dams, by James MacNaughton 37

Economy in the Manufacture of Mining Machinery, by Charles

H. Fitch 44

Method of Mining at the Badger Mine, by O. C. Davidson 52

Balancing Bailers, by William Kelly 54

1901~Vol. VII.

Some Early Mining Days at Portage Lake, by Graham Pope,

President 17-31

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UST OF PAPERS PUBLISHED IN PRECEDING NUMBERS XXV

Steel Construction for Mines, by J. F. Jackson 32-43

Historical Sketch of Smelting and Refining Lake Copper, by

James B. Cooper 44-49

No. 5 Shaft at the Tamarack Mine, by W. E. Parnall, Jr 50-61

T-he Crystallization of Mohawkite, Domeykite and Other Similar

Arsenides, by Dr. George A. Koenig 62-()4

A Cause for Inaccuracy In Colorimetric Copper Determinations,

by Dr. George A. Koenig 65-67

The Testing and Control of the Produce in a Modem Copper

Refinery, by George L. Heath 68-82

Corliss Cross-Compound Pumping Engine in Penobscot Mine,

by John A. Redf em 83-87

The Invasion of the Water Tube Boiler into the Copper Coun-
try, by O. P. Hood 88-93

A New Form of Mine Drill Bit, by Walter Fitch 94-100

College View of Mining Graduate, by F. W. McNair, President

M. C. of Mines 101-106

A Plea for Accurate Maps, by L. L. Hubbard 105-118

Tapping the Water in the Old Minnesota Mine, by S. Howard

Brady 119-120

1902— Vol. vin.

Moisture in Lake Superior Iron Ores, by Dr. N. P. Hulst 21-33

The Use of Steel in Lining Mine Shafts, by Frank Drake 34-61

Geological Work on the Lake Superior Region, by C. R. Van

Hise 62-69

A New Changing-House at the West Vulcan Mine, by William

Kelly 70-74

A Comparison of the Origin and Development of the Iron Ores

of the Mesabi and Gogebic Ranges, by C. K. Leith 75-81

Efficiency Test of a Nordberg Air Compressor at the Burra

Burra Mine of the Tennessee Copper Co., by J. Parke Chan-

ning 82-88

The Mine Machine Shop, by J. F. Jackson 89-92

Map of Mesabi and Vermilion Ranges 93

1903— Vol. IX.

Sinking and Equipping No. 9 Shaft, Ashland Mine, by H. F.

Ellard 24-38

High Explosives, Their Safe and Economical Methods of Hand-
ling, by J. H. Karkeet 39-47

Mine Accounting by W. M. Jeffrey 48-62

Charcoal iron Industry of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan,

by Williain G. Mather G3-88

Pioneer Furnace No. 2, Description 89-93

Iron Ores of Arctic Lapland, by Chase S. Osborn 94-113

A Card System for Mine Supply Accounts, by F. W. Denton 114-118

The Greenway Ore Unloader, Description 119-120

A New Changing House at the Clifts Shaft Mine, by J. S.

Mennie 121-124

The Champion Mine Mill Intake Tunnel, by F. W. O'Neil 127-139

Digitized byVjOOQlC

XXVI LIST OF PAPERS PUBLISHED IN PRECEDING NUMBERS

1904--VO1. X.

Iron and Steel Consumption, by George H. Abeel, Retiring

President 27-30

Titanium and Titaniferous Iron Ores,, by Dr. Nelson P. Hulst... 31-47

Practical Use of Magnetic Attractions, by V. S. Hillyer 48-59

Shaft Sinking Through Quicksand at Susquehanna Mine, by

H. B. Sturtevant 60-65

An Underground Magazine and Electric Powder Thawer, by

William Kelly 66-71

The Hoisting Problem, by J. R. Thompson 72-87

The Geology of Some of the Lands In the Upper Peninsula, by

Robert Seldon Rose 82-100

Some Aspects of the Analyzing and Grading of Iron Ores of

the Gogebic Range, by Edward A. Separk 103-126

The Bisbee, Arizona, Copper Camp, by Geo. A. Newett 127-143

Mining Methods in the Vermilion and Mesabi Districts, by Kirby

Thomas 144-157

The Gogebic Range, Historical 158-162

Brief Description of Steel Lining for Shafts, by J. R. Thomp-
son • 163-164

1905--Vol. XI.

Menominee Range, by John L. Buell 38-49

The Utilization of Exhaust Steam, by Means of Steam Regen-
erators and Low-Pressure Turbines on the Rateau System,
by L. Battu 50-79

Methods of Iron Ore Analysis Used in the Laboratories of the
Iron Mining Companies of the Lake Superior Mining Region
by W. A. Siebenthal 71-138

The Unwatering of the Hamilton and Ludington Mines, by

John T. Jones 139-147

Determination of Angles of Diamond Drill Holes, by F. A.

Janson 148-151

Card System of Accounting for Mining Supplies, by W. M.

Jeftrey 152-163

A Method of Survey for Secondary Mine Openings, by Floyd

L. Burr 164-172

Cargo Sampling of Iron Ores Received at Lower Lake Ports —
Including the Methods Used in the Analysis of the Same,
by W. J. Rattle & Son 173-180

Notes on Some of the Recent Changes in the Equipment of the

Republic Mine, Michigan, by Frank H. Armstrong 181-189

Discussion of Mr. Battu's Paper on Steam Regenerator for

Hoisting Engines by the Rateau System 190-196

1906— Vol. XII.

Mines of the Lake Superior Copper District, by Horace J.

Stevens 8-24

The Geology of Keweenaw Point — A Brief Description, by Al-
fred C. Lane, State Geologist 81-104

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LIST OF PAPERS PUBLISHED IN PRECEDING NUMBERS XXVll

The Importance of the Ordinary Sanitary Precautions in the
Prevention of Water Borne Disease in Mines, by B. W.
Jones, M. D 105-115

The Iron Ore Deposits of the Ely Trough, Vermilion Range,

Minnesota, by C. E. Abbott 116-142

Five Years of Progress in the Lake Superior Copper Country,

by J. F. Jackson 143-153

Salt Water in the Lake Mines, by Alfred C. Lane, State Geol-
ogist 154-163

A High Duty Air Compressor at the Champion Mine (Cop-
per), by O. P. Hood 164-176

1908— Vol. XIII.

The Iron Range of Minnesota, Prepared for the Program, by

Dwight E. Woodbridge 13-27

Mine Waters, by Alfred C. Lane, State Geologist, Michigan 63-152

The Hydro-Electric Plant of Penn Iron Mining Co., at Vulcan,

Mich., by T. W. Orbison and F. H. Armstrong 153-181

Automatic Throttle Closing Device for Hoisting Machinery, by

Spencer S. Rumsey 183-188

Structures of Mesabi Iron Ore, by N. H. Winchell 189-204

Acetylene as an Underground Light, by William P. Slaughter. .205-207
The Standard Boiler House of The Oliver Iron Mining Co., by

A. M. Gow 209-224

The Sampling of Iron Ores, by L. S. Austin 225-230

Standard Method for Sampling Cargoes of Iron Ore at Low-
Lake Ports — 1907 — Oscar Textor 231-233

Biographical Notices 235-252

1909— XIV.

The Marquette Iron Range, by Geo. A. Newett 19-26

Compensation to Workmen in Case of Injuries, by Murray M.

Duncan 47-53

Sinking Reinforced Concrete Shafts Tlyough Quicksand, by

Frederick W. Adgate 55-70

Mine Accidents, by John T. Quine 71-81

The Sociological Side of the Mining Industry, by W. H. Moul-

ton 82-98

Wood Preservation with Especial Reference to Mine Timbers,

by John M. Nelson, Jr 99-115

How Reforestation May Be Applied to the Mine Timber In-
dustry, by Thomas B. Wyman 116-130

Capillary Attraction in Diamond Drill Test Tubes, by J. E.

Jopling 131-139

The Brier Hill Concrete-Lined Shaft, by William Kelly 140-147

Code of Mine Signals — The Cleveland-Cliffs Iron Company, by

O. D. McClure 147-155

A Diamond Drill Core Section of the Mesabi Rocks, by N H.

Winchell 156-178

The Tariff on Iron Ore, by H. Olin Young 179-193

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XXVlll LIST OF PAPERS PUBLISHED IN PRECEDING NUMBERS

Biographical Notices 194-198

Reminiscences 202-215

1910— Vol. XV.

Underground Steel Construction, by iR. B. Woodworth 45-99

A Diamond Drill Core Section of the Mesabi Rocks — II and

III, by N. H. Wlnchell 100-141

The Proper Detonation of High Explosives, by Chas. S. Hur-

ter 142-178

Underground Methods of Mining Used on the Gogebic Range,

by Percival S. Williams 179-194

The Company Surgeon, by E. M.%Libby, M. D 195-200

The Indiana Steel Co., Gary, Ind., Brief Description 201-209

Steel Head Frame, No. 4 Shaft, Montreal Mine, by Frank B.

G<90dmati 209-211

Biographical Notices 212-218

1911— Vol. XVI.

A Diamond Drill Core Section of the Mesabi Rocks— IV., by N.

H. Wlnciieil C1-G9

Time Keeptog System of the Crystal Falls Iron Mining Co., by

James D. Vivian 70-7C

Some Practical Suggestions for Diamond Drill Explorations, by

A. H. Meuche 77-81

Stanflard Boiler House and Coal Handling System of the Crystal

Falls Iron Mining Co., by J. S. Jacka 82-87

Recording and Signalling Device for Mines, by John M. Johnson 88-99
Surveying and Sampling Diamond Drill Holes, by E. E. White .. 100-120
Social Surroundings of the Mine Employe, by Chas. E. Law-
rence 121-12€

Time Keeping System and Labor Distribution at the Newport

Mine, by G. L. Olson 127-143

Square Set Mining at the Vulcan Mines, by Floyd L. Burr 144-155

Some Safety Devices of the Oliver Iron Mining Co., by Alex.

M. Gow 15C-167

Diversion of the Sturgeon River at the Loretto Mine, by Chas.

H. Baxter 108-170

Raising Shaft on Timber in Hard Rock at the Armenia Mine, by

S. J. Goodney 171-17C

Accidents in the Transportation, Storage and Use of Explosives,

by Charles S. Hurter 177-210

The Relations of the Mining Industry to the Prevention of

Forest Fires, by Thos. B. Wyman 211-217

Block Caving and Sub-Stope System at the Tobin Mine, by

Fred C. Roberts 218-226

The Cornwall, Pa., Magnetite Deposits, by E. B. Wilson 227-238

Top Slicing at the Caspian Mine, by Wm. A. McEachern 239-243

Electrical Operation of the Plants of the Penn Iron Mining

Company, by Frank H. Armstrong 244-250

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LIST OF PAPERS PUBLISHED IN PRECEDING NUMBERS XXIX

Reminiscences of the Gogebic Range, Ironwood in 1887, by

J. H. Hearding 251-257

Map of Menominee Iron Range, following page 265

Biographical Notices 259-260

1912— Vol. XVII.

Methods of Sampling at Lake Superior Iron Mines, by Bene-
dict Crowell , 76-93

System of Safety Inspection ol3 The Cleveland CI Ifts Iron Co.,

by William Conibear 94-111

Raising Shaft at Rolling Mill Mine, Negaunee, Mich., by Ed-
win N. Cory 112-116

Mine Sanitation, by E. B. Wilson 117-126

Unexplored Parts of the Copper Range of Keweenaw Point,

by Alfred C. Lane 127-143

Pootwall Shafts in Lake Superior Copper Mines, by L. L.

Hubbard 144-161

Balancing Rock Crushors, by O. P. Hood 162-166

Some Applications of Concrete Underground, by H. T. Mercer 167-185

Construction of Intakes at the Mills of the Trimounta.n and

Champion Mining Companies, by Edward Koepel 186-210

Description of an Air Balanced Hoisting Engine, Franklin

Mining Company, by R H. Corbett 211-216

Rockhouse Practice of ithe Quincy Mining Company, by T. C.

DeSollar 217-226

In the Lake Superior Area What Influence If Any, Did the
Thickness and Contour of Poot-Wall Beds Have Upon the
Subsequent Deposition and Distribution of Copper in Over-
lying Beds, by L L. Hubbard 227-237

Failures of the Rule of Following the Hanging, In the Devel-
opment of Lake Superior Copper Mines, by F. W. Sperr. . 238 246

economical Lubrication, by W. M. Davis 247 259

R&ising, Sinking and Concrerting No. 3 Shaft, Negaunee Mine,

by S. R Elliott 260-282

Rockhouse Practice of the Copper Range Consolidated Com-
pany, by H. T. Mercer 283-289

Map of Portage Lake Mining District, following page 295

Map of Mines and Properties Included in a Portion of the

Lake Superior Copper District, following page 295

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XXX LIST OF MEETINGS OF THE

LIST OF MEETINGS OF THE INSTITUTE AND THEIR LOCALl-
TIES FROM ITS ORGANIZATION TO AUGUST, 1913.

No. Place. Date. Proceedings.

1 Iron Mountain, Mich March 22-23, 1893 Vol. I

2 Houghton, Mich March 7-9, 1894 Vol. II

3 Mesabl and Vermilion Ranges.... March 6-8, 1895 Vol. Ill

4 Ishpeming, Mich August 18-20, 1896... Vol. IV

5 Ironwood, Mich August 16-18, 1898. . . Vol. V

6 Iron Mountain, Mich February 6-8, 1900.. Vol. VI

7 Houghton, Mich March 5-9, 1901 Vol. VII

8 Mesabi and Vermilion Ranges August 19-21, 1902. . . Vol. VIII

9 Ishpeming, Mich August 18-20, 1903 . . . Vol. IX

10 Ironwood, Mich August 16-18, 1904. .. Vol.. X

11 Iron Mountain, Mich October 17-19, 1905. . .Vol. XI

12 Houghton, Mich August 8-10, 1906 .... Vol. XII

13 Mesabi and Vermilion Ranges June 24^27, 1908 Vol. XIII

14 Ishpeming, Mich August 25-27, 1909 . . . Vol. XIV

15 Ironwood, Mich .August 24-26, 1910 . . . Vol. XV

10 Crystal Falls, Mich August 22-24, 1911. . . Vol. XVI

17 Houghton, Mich August 28-30, 1912. . . VoL XVII

18 Mesabi Range August 26-30, 1913 . . Vol. XVIII

Note— No meetings were held in 1897, 1899 and 1907.

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE

RULES OF THE INSTITUTE.
I.

OBJECTS.

The objects of the Lake Superior Mining Institute are to promote
the arts and sciences connected with the economical production of
the useful minerals and metals in the Lake Superior region, and the
welfare of those employed in these industries, by means of meetings
of sccial intercourse, by excursions, and by the reading and discus-
sion of practical and professional papers, and to circulate, by means
of publications among its members the information thus obtained.

11.

MEMBERSHIP.

Any person interested in the objects of the Institute is eligible
for membership.

Honorary members not exceeding ten in number, may be ad-
mitted to all the privileges of regular members except to vote. They
must be persons eminent in mining or sciences relating thereto.

III.

ELECTION OP MEMBERS.

Each person desirous of becoming a member shall be proposed
by at least three members approved by the Council, and elected by
ballot at a regular meeting (or by ballot at any time conducted
through the mail, as the Council may prescribe), upon receiving
three-fourths of the votes cast. Application must be accompanied
by fee and dues as provided by Section V.

Bach person proposed as an honorary member shall be recom-
mended by at least ten members, approved by the Council, and elect-
ed by ballot at a regular meeting, (or by ballot at any time bonduct-
ed through the mail, as the Council may prescribe), on receiving
nine-tenths of the votes cast.

IV.
WITHDRAWAL PROM MEMBERSHIP.
Upon the recommendation of the Council, any member may be
stricken from the list and denied the privilege of membership, by

Digitized byVjOOQlC

2 RULES OF THE

the vote of three-fourths of the members present at any regular
meeting, due notice having been mailed in writing by the Secretary
to him.

DUES.

The membership fee shall be five dollars and the annual dues
five dollars, and applications for membership mu9t be accompanied
by a remittance of ten dollars; five dollars for such membership fee
and five dollars for dues for the ^first year. Honorary members shall
not be liable to dues. Any member not in arrears may become a
life member by the payment of fifty dollars at one time, and shall
not be liable thereafter to annual dues. Any member in arrears may,
at the discretion of the Council, be deprived of the receipt of pub-
lications or be stricken from the list of members when in arrears
six months; Provided, That he may be restored to membership by
the Council on the payment of all arrears, or by re-election after an
interval of three years.

VI.

OFFICERS.

There shall be a President, flve^Vice Presidents, five Managers,
a Secretary and a Treasurer, and these Officers shall constitute the
Council.

•VII.

TERM OF OFFICE.

The President, Secretary and Treasurer shall be elected for one
year, and the Vice Presidents and Managers for two years, except
that at the first election two Vice Presidents and three Managers shall
be elected for only one year. No President, Vice President, or Manager
shall be eligible for immediate re-election to the same office at the ex-
piration of the term for which he was elected. The term of office
shall continue until the adjournment of the meeting at which their
successors are elected.

Vacancies in the Council, whether by death, resignation, or the
failure for one year to attend the Council meetings, or to perform
the duties of the ofl'ice, shall be filled by the appointment of the
Council, and any person so appointed shall hold office for the * re-
mainder of the term for which his predecessor was elected or ap-
pointed; Provided, That such appointment shall not render him In-
eligible at the next election.

VIII.
DUTIES OF OFFICERS.

All the affairs of the Institute shall be managed by the Coun-
cil except the selection of the place of holding regular meetings.

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 3

Tbe duties of all Officers sliall be such as usually pertain to their
offices, or may be delegated to them by the Council.

The Council may, in its discretion, require bonds to be given by
the Treasurer, and may allow the Secretary such compensation for
his services as they deem proper.

At each annual meeting the Council shall make a report of pro-
ceedings to the Institute, together with a financial statement.

Five members of the Council shall constitute a quorum; but the
Council may appoint an executive committee, business may be trans-
acted at a regularly called meeting of the Council, at which less than
a quorum is present, subject to the approval of a majority of the
Comicfl, subsequently given in writing to the Secretary and recorded
by him with the minutes.

There shall be a meeting of the Council at every regular meeting
of the Institute and at such other times as they determine.

IX.

ELECTION OF OFFICERS.

Any five members not in arrears, may nominate and present to
the Secretary over their signatures, at least thirty days before the
annual meeting, the names of such candidates as they may select
for offices falling under the rules. The Council, or a committee there-
of duly authorized for the purpose, may also make similar nominations.
The assent of the nominees shall have been secured in all cases.

No less than two weeks prior to the annual meeting, the Secre-
tary shall mail to all members not in arrears a list of all nomina-
tions made and the number of officers to be voted for in the form
of a letter ballot. Each member may vote either by striking from
or adding to the names upon the list, leaving names not exceeding
in number the officers to be elected, or by preparing a new list, sign-
ing the ballot with his name, and either mailing it to the Secretary,
or presenting it in person at the annual meeting.

In case nominations are not made thirty days prior to the date
of the annual meeting for all the offices becoming vacant under the
rules, nominations for such offices may be made at the said meeting
by five menibers. not in arrears, and an election held by a written or
printed ballot.

The ballots in either case shall be received and examined by three
tellers appointed at the annual meeting by the presiding officer; and
the persons who shall have received the greatest number of votes for
the several offices shall be declared elected. The ballot shall be
destroyed, and a list of the elected officers, certified by the tellers,
shall be preserved by the Secretary.

MEETINGS.
Th£ animal m^etisc; of the Institute shall be keld at such time as

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4 RULES OF THE

may be designated by the Council. The Institute may at a regular
meeting select the place for holding the next regular meeting. If no
place is selected by the Institute it shall be done by the Council.

Special meetings may be called whenever the Council may see fit;
and the Secretary shall call a special meeting at the written re-
quest of twenty or more members. No other business shall be trans-
acted at a special meeting than that for which It was called.

Notices of all meetings shall be mailed to all members at least
thirty days in advance, with a statement of the business to be trans-
acted, papers to be read, topics for discussion and excursions pro-
posed.

No vote shall be taken at any meeting on any question not per-
taining to the business of conducting the Institute.

Every question that shall properly come before any meeting of
the Institute, shall be decided, unless otherwise provided for in these
rules, by the votes of a majority of the members then present.

Any member may introduce a stranger to any regular meeting;
but the latter shall not take part in the proceedings without the
consent of the meeting.

XI.
PAPERS AND PUBLICATIONS.

Any member may read a paper at any regular meeting of the
Institute, provided the same shall have been submitted to and ap-
proved by the Council, or a committee duly authorized by it for that
purpose prior to such meeting. All papers shall become the prop-
erty of the Institute on their acceptance, and with the discussion
thereon, shall subsequently be published for distribution. The num-
ber, form and distribution of all publications shall be under the con-
trol of the Council.

The Institute is not, as a body, responsible for the statements
of facts or opinion advanced in papers or discussion at its meet-
mgs, and it is understood, that papers and discussions should not
include personalities, or matters relating to politics, or purely to
trade.

XII.

SPECIAL COMMITTEES.

The Council is authorized to appoint from time to time special
committees to consider and i«eport upon, to the Institute through the
Council, such subjects as changes in mining laws, safety devices,
the securing and editing of papers on mining methods, definition of
mining terms, affiliations with other societies, and such other sub-
jects as the Council shall deem it desirable to inquire into, such re-
ports not to be binding on the Institute except action is taken b7

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 5

the Institute in accordance with the rules, and the Council is
authorized to expend not exceeding six hundred dollars in any one
year to carry out the purpose of this section.

XIH.

AMENDMENTS.

These rules may be amended by a two-thirds vote taken by let-
ter ballot in the same manner as is provided for the election of
ofTicers by letter ballot; Provided, That written notice of the pro-
posed amendment shall have been given at a previous meeting.

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EXCURSIONS

EXCURSIONS.
Tuesday, August 26th, 191 3.

The Lake Superior Mining Institute held its Eigliteenth
Annual Meeting on the Missabe Range, the members assem-
bling at Duluth, most of them arriving there on the morning
trains. Headquarters were established at the Spalding Hotel
where members and their guests secured tickets and reserva-
tions for the trip over the range. The morning was verj'
pleasantly si>ent in renewing old acquaintances, meeting new
ones, and expressions of good fellowship.^

Tlie party left Duluth at 2 o'clock on the Steamer "Colum-
bia" to inspect the plant of the Minnesota Steel Company, a
subsidiary, of the United States Steel Corporation. They
found the plant still in the process of construction upon a
tract of 1,500 acres with a water frontage of more than two
miles along the St. Louis river. It is about nine miles from
the center of Duluth. The plant when completed and
etiuipped will, it is said, be the best plant among the many
(>ix^rated by the Steel Corporation. The buildings are of steel
frames, enclosed with two-piece concrete blocks, making
tliem absolutely fire-proof. There will be two blast furnaces
of 500 tons capacity each, and ten open-hearth furnaces, also
ninety Koppers tyi>e by-pro<luct coke ovens; one 40-inch re-
versing blooming mill; one 28-inch finishing mill; one 16-
inch continuous roughing train. The power is of 10,000 k.
w. capacity ; five blowing engines, driven by gas, and of 20,-
000 cubic feet capacity each, and a pumping station of 40,-
000 gallons daily capacity. There will be also machine and
structural shops sufficient to supply the needs of the com-
pany. The company is also erecting 175 houses containing

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 7

350 apartments for the accommodation of their men and
their famiHes. They contemplate building a cement plant,
of 4,000 barrels per day capacity, in the near future.

After securing much valuable information from the in-
spection of this plant the party returned to Duluth. arriving
there shortly before 6 o'clock. The evening was very en-
joyably spent as guests of the various clubs. The party left
in three special trains over the Duluth & Iron Range Railroad
at midnight. One of these luxurious trains was composed
(^f ten sleq>ing and dining cars, the other two of fifteen private
cars.

Wednesday, August 27TH, 1913.

The first stop was made at Biwabik, which is located on
the eastern end of the range. A verj' interesting inspection
of the Biwabik mine was made. This property was the sec-
ond on the range to mine iron ore. It was opened in 1891,
one year after the discovery at Mountain Iron. A part of
the ore mined there is of a ver>' hard grade and has to be
cnished. The crusher is of the g>'ratory type. Its capacity
is 1,000 tons per hour. It is said to be the largest crusher of
this tyi^e, having an opening of 48 inches.

The party left Biwabik, in seventy automobiles, for Vir-
ginia, where the afternoon and night were spent sight-seeing
and visiting. On the road a visit was paid to the Genoa
mine, near Eveleth, one of the deep pits of the range. It is
so deep that it is no longer profitable to work with steam
shovels. Most of the ore is now taken to the surface through
two shafts. A stop was also made at the Leonidas. Here
many went underground for the purpose of inspecting the
concrete pumping station and new pumps. This is the deep-
est property on the range. They are now mining at a depth
of 480 feet.

A very enjoyable dinner of the New England style was
served by the people of Eveleth at the new Glode Hotel.
After dinner the Xorman, Union, and Commodore mines of
Virginia were insi^ected. It is interesting to note that the
Norman is the deepest pit on the range, so deep that the steam

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8 EXCURSIONS

shovel work has been abandoned. The pit is over 300 feet
deep and, owing to the narrowness of the vein and the per-
pendicular walls of rock, mining operations have been carried
on with much difficulty.

The party was next taken to the modern equipped saw-
mill plant of the Virginia & Rainy Lake Company. This
plant consists of three large mills, all within the city limits
of Virginia. They have a combined capacity of one million
feet of lumber per day. It requires a force of about 1,400
men to operate these mills. The comjxmy also has a large
force of men employeil in the woods getting out logs to sui>
ply the mills.

Some of the company who were es[:)ecially interested in
tliis feature of Missalje mine operations visited the drying
plant at the Brunt mine. The ore is brouglit from the oi)en
pit a mile distant and run through the drj^ers. This process
reduces the moisture from 18 to 8 per cent. The plant con-
sists of four dryers and the estimated output for 1913 is 200,-
000 tons. This plant is oi)erated by the M. A. Hanna Coni-
l>any. A short visit to the concentrating plant at the
Madrid mine, of the A. B. Coates group, was made. This
plant is described by Bene<lict Crowell in a i>ai)er which is
printed in this volume. A map and description of the Com-
moilore mine of the Corrigan, McKinney Company, is pub-
lished in connection with the ixiper on '^Mining Methods on
the Missalje Range."

Some other proi>erties were visited during the afternoon,
and at 4 o'ck^k a game of base ball between tlie Virginia and
Range teams was greatly enjoyeil. A splendid dinner was
served by the mining men of Virginia at the new home of
tlie Elks Lodge of that city. The dinner was followed by
an excellent musical program. A business session was held
in the evening in the high school building.

Thursday, August 28th, 1913.

The party left Virginia, at 9 o'ckx^k, for Chisholm, where
luncheon was served by the citizens at Bergeron liall. Stops

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 9

were made en route at the Mountain Iron, Shenango, and
Monroe proi)erties. As mentioned above Mountain Iron is
the place where the first iron ore on the Missabe Range was
discovered. This big pit has shipped over seventeen million
tons of iron ore. The Shenango is one of the big open pit
mines of the Missabe. It has been worked to considerable
depth. The Monroe is not operating. The m'ine is com-
pletely stripped, but no ore has been mined since 1909. The
property adjoining the Monroe is now^ being stripped by the
Great Northern Railroad interests, w^ho contemplate operat-
ing the m/'nes on the Hill Lands, now under lease to the Oliver
Iron Mining company.

The party moved from Chisholm to Hibbing, which is
only a few miles, stopi>ing on the w^ay at the Leonard mine.
Here the entertainment provided a visit to the Fair grounds
where the St. Louis County Fair was being held. Everybody
greatly enjoyed the horse races in spite of the fact that recent
rains had made the track exceedingly heavy. The exhibit of
agricultural produce was exceptionally cred'itable for such a
new ccuntr\'. The Fair was well patronized by people from
the adjoining towns and everybody seemed to be having a
gtxxl time.

The evening entertainment at Hibbing was given at the
Armor)'. The several city clubs held open-house and the
evening was very enjoyably spent.

Friday, August 29TH, 1913.

About 9 o'clock in the morning the party embarked in
flat cars provided with seats, and were taken into the open
pits of the Mahoning, Hull-Rust, Burt-Pool, and Sellers.
These mines are located in the city of Hibbing. Mining is
being done very close to the city streets in several places,
and l>efore many years a part of the city will have to be
moved to make way for mining. The Hull-Rust is the largest
iron property in the world. It has shipj^ed over 20,000,000
tons of ore up to the present time. The mine was first opened
in 1896, and there are many million tons now in sight so that

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lO EXCURSIONS

mining will be carried on there for many years to come. The
extent of the ore body at this point is given as 5 miles in
length by 3 or 4 thousand feet in width. A visit was also
made to the Buffalo & Susquehanna property. More than
140 feet of over-burden had to be removed before the ore
could be mined and shii>ping commenced. The work was
done in record time because of the character of the ground.
They found the ore to a depth of 700 feet.

Special trains departed from Hibbing at 10 130 o'clock for
Coleraine, on the western end of the Range, where the night
was spent and a business meeting held. Stops were made at
the Stephenson, Hawkins, Crosby, Hill, Holman, and Cani-
steo mines. All of these mines do open pit mining although
some are also operating with shafts. The Holman and Cani-
steo mines are very near to Coleraine. Coleraine is one of
the best laid-out and finest mining locations in the country.
Its location is almost ideal, being on the hills on the shore
of Trout Lake.

Saturday, August, 30TH, 191.3.

After breakfast Saturday morning the Oliver Iron Min-
ing Comixmy's concentrating plant was visited. Here we
saw how the ores from the pits are freed of sand. A large
lx>rtion of the ore on the Western Missalje range contains
a great quantity of sand. This worthless material is washed
out in the concentrating plant, thereby bringing the ore to a
merchantable grade. The Coleraine plant has a capacity of
20,000 tons daily. This is composed of five units of 4,000
tons each. A pai>er by John Uno Sebenius, chief engineer for
the Oliver Iron Mining Company, descrii)infr this plant, ai>-
l)ears in another i>art of this publication.

The insi)ection of the concentrating plant ended the pleas-
urable and instructive insi)ection of the wonderful Missal)e
Range, so the si)ecial trains were again boarded and the
party began the return to Duluth, where they arrived shortly
after the noon hour. Most of those who had enjoyed the
trip left on evening trains for their homes, all loud in their

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 1 1

praises of the entertainment accorded to them by the good
people of the Missabe Range. How could they feel other-
wise? Brass bands were in atendance in all towns visited
and every host seemed to endeavor to outdo every other in
the cordial sincerity of their greetings. It is always pleasant
to meet old acquaintances and fellow workers of days that
are gone. Many of the residents of the newer towns of the
Missabe Range were formerly residents and workers in the
older fields. There wras evidence of progress and improve-
ment on everj' hand which was remarked by all who had vis-
ited the Range on former trips of the Institute. The atten-
dance numbered more than 300.

A booklet, published by the General Committee, contains
many views and much interesting information, compiled and
arranged by W. W. J. Croze, mining engineer, Duluth, and
is published as an appendix to this volume.

BUSINESS SESSIONS.

The first business meeting was held on Wednesday even-
ing at 8:30, at the Roosevelt High school, in the City of
Virginia. President Pentecost Mitchell presiding. Mr. Mitch-
ell, on behalf of the membership from the Minnesota ranges,
extended a cordial welcome to the members and guests pres-
ent.

Pa[)ers were presented in the following order:
* Report of Committee on the Practice for the Prevention
of Accidents, was, in the absence of the members, read by
title. It presented the report of the two meetings held by the
Committee, on March 26th and July 22nd, 1913. The Com-
mittee especially advises the adoption of the classification
of accidents as used by the United States Bureau of Mines
in order that all reports may be uniform. Discussion of this
pai>er should te presented at the next meeting.

The following papers, in the absence of the authors, were
read by title:

^Sanitation for Mine Locations, by W. H. Moulton, Ish-
pcming, Midi.

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12 BUSINESS MEETING

♦Winona Stamp Mill, by R. R. Seetoer, Winona, Mich.

♦Mining Methods on the Missabe Range, by Willard Bay-
liss J. S. Lutes and E. D. McNeil, Committee was presented
in oral al)stract by Messrs. Bayliss and McXeil.

♦What Our Neighlx>rs Can Do In Mining Iron Ore, by
Dwight E. Wocxlbridge, Duluth, Minn., was read by the
author.

♦Safety in the Mines of the Lake Superior Iron Ranges,
by Edwin Higgins, Ironwood, Mich., was presented in oral
abstract. Discussion is published following paj^er.

,This concluded the reading of i>apers for the evening.

The President here introduced Charles E. VanBameveld,
chief of the department of Mine.^ and Metallurgy of the
Panama-Pacific Internationrd. ^x^sition, 191 5, who addressed
the meeting as ^ ..lon-s :

Someone has aptly called the Panama Canal 'ihe Gieatest Liberty
ever taken with nature." The successful ccnrplo^tion of this project
is due to American enterprise and American '^ngine^rins skill. The
nation is justly proud of this achievement and proposes to celebrate
it by holding an International Exposition in San Francisco in 1915.
I wish to lay special emphasis on the word Intsrnational. Because
of its location, the Exposition is often spoken of and more often
thought of as California's Exposition. While the majority wish it
success and hope to take it in, a great many people do not seem
to realize that practically everyone who occupies a position of any
responsibility in American professional and industrial life owes
some direct thought and attention to this Exposition now.

In a sense California is the host. In a larger sense, however,
the Nation is the host. The Nation has issued the call and has in-
vited world-wide participation. Canadian, Australian, Asiatic and
South American participation are assured on a large scale. The
same may be said of Europe. While two important European Na-
tions have officially declined to participate for the present, there
is every reason to feel assured that they will ultimately be well
represented.

The citizens of California in preparing for this Exposition have
raised 17 V^ million dollars This sum is being wisely expended in
preparation of the site, in the 'erection and equipment of the Exposi-
tion Palaces and in the maintenance of the Division of Exhibits.
The Director qf Exhibits and his staff will be in readiness to advise
with you, to receive and intelligently display the Nation's contrlbu-

•Papers distributed in printed form.

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE I3

tions towards this celebration. Beyond that, it must be clear to you
that the responsibility for a successful Exposition lies with profes-
sional and industrial America.

This Exposition will be a record of the history of the world's
progress In all the arts and industries. Its exhibits, gathered from
all over the world, will tell the casual observer, the student, the
thinker by object-lessons instead of by words, what mankind is,
does, and seeks to do. It will be a living picture illustrating and
interpreting the cold and bare statistics which, without such in-
terpretation, are incomprehensible and meaningless to the average
mind. It is therefore the privilege and duty of each industry to
properly represent its activities. Each industry being in turn the
host to all others.

The Division of Exhibits is organized into eleven departments,
one of which is Mines & Metallurgy. The Palace o: Mines is a
beautiful building, well located and has about 200,000 square feet
ef floor space. In addition^ to 'exhibiting the World's Natural Min-
eral Resources, including the iMcj* and Non-Me tallies, we hope
to fully illustrate the technique and the indu/Mal side of Mining
and Metallur^. X? is cap only be done through the mrty co-op-
eration of the profession anO the industry.

It has been said ihat mining operations do not lead themselves
readily to exhibition **nd that the legitimate mine-operator has little
commercial incentive to exhibit because he has nothing to advertise,
nothing to sell I Fortunately, the mining industry is, in the main,
in the hands of public-spirited men, accustomed to taking a large
view of things, men who will not allow the lack of commercial in-
centive, the lack of apparent direct individual benefit, to outweigh
the decided indirect, collective benefits to be derived from the right
sort of publicity. We hear much of the decadence of prospecting
and mining, of the lack of security and stability of mining invest-
ments. The miner has suffered greatly from misunderstanding, from
public ignorance, and above all from persistent misrepresentation.
We all recognize in a general way, the importance of education; it
is the greatest remedy for prejudice, superstition, and ignorance;
it makes for greater all-around efficiency. A well planned exposi-
tion is of incalculable value as an educator of the public mind and
no industry is in greater need of this service today than mining.
Many important questions in which the miner is vitally interested
are pressing for settlement. The public is taking an increasingly
active part in forcing these settlements. When not blinded by pre-
judice and ignorance, the public is essentially fair-minded; it only
needs to be educated. You have before you now an opportunity
which probably will not recur for a decade to give the public an in-
sight into the Importance, the stability, and solidarity of your in-
dustry, its legitimate speculative and investment features, your need
of capital, of fair treatment, of wise legislation, of public support
and co-operation.

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14 BUSINESS MEETING

Every mining man should see in this Exposition an opportunity
'lor some broadcast sowing. The higher he has risen in his profes-
sion, the more Important the enterprise he owns, directs or is as-
sociated with, the greater will his opportunity be. To approve the
sentiment that the industry should be properly represented is only
the .first step. While the result will be collective, the responsibility
is -Individual. If each man will ask himself. What can I do individual-
ly — What can I do to interest my company, my clients — What can
I do to interest my superiors, my subordinates, to interest machinery
men and those interested in special processes; and having asked and
thought, will then set about doing it, we will have a mining and
metallurgical exhibit worthy of the industry.

The Lake Superior Districts are justly famed for their copper
and iron ore production. From the standpoint of tonnage, scale of
operation and engineering practice, this is the iron mining center
of the world. The Lake Superior miner of the past generation was
the originator and you of the present generation are the perfectors
of mining methods which are copied all over the country. The Ex-
position therefore makes a direct appeal to your individual pride, to
your pride of industry, to your state and national pride — in a word,
to the beat that Is in you; your patriotism.

Get together on this proposition, gentlemen, and give us an Ex-
hibit worthy ol your branch of the industry which more than any
has advanced the settlement, the upbuilding and civilization of this
country.

The next order of business was appointing the various
special committees. On motions duly made, seconded and car^
ried, the President apix>inted the following committees, to re-
i:)<>rt at the business session on Friday evening.

Committee on Nominations — Mark Elliott, Virginia,
Minn.; Wm. J. Richards, Crystal Falls, Mich.; Peter W.
Pascoe, Republic, Mich.; Andre Fomiis, Ojibway, Mich.;
L. M. Hardenburgh, Hurley, Wis.

Auditing Committee — Frank B. Goodman, Hurley,
Wis.; Max H. Earlier, Nashwauk, Minn.; Charles Grabows-
ky, Virginia, Minn.

Committee ON Resolutions — ^John H. Hearding, Duluth,
Minn.; George H. Al)eel, Ironwood, Mich.; Wm. H. John-
ston, Ishi>eming, Mich.

An adjournment was then taken to I^riday evening at
8:30 o'clock, at the Village Hall, Coleraine.

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lake superior mining institute 1 5

Business Session Friday Evening.

At 8:30 the final business meeting was held. Owing to
the inability of President Mitchell to be present, Vice Presi-
dent George H. Abeel, presided. The presentation of pai)ers
was continued, and were taken up in the following order:

The following papers were read by title:

♦Relining No. 2 Hamihon Shaft with Reinforced Divid-
ers, End Plates and Poured Concrete Walls, by S. W. Tarr,
Duluth, Minn.

♦Suggestions on the Application of Efficiency Methods to
Mining, by C. M. Leonard, Gwinn, Mich.

♦The Application of Mining Macliines to Underground
Mining on the Missa:be Range, by H. E. Martin and W. J.
Kaiser, Hibbing, Minn.

♦Mine Laws, Special Rules and the Prevention of Acci-
dents, by E. B. Wilson, Scranton, Pa. Discussion is pul>-
lished with the paper.

♦Concentrating at the Madrid Mine, by Benedict Crowell,
Cleveland, Ohio.

Wash Ores in Western Missabe and the Coleraine Wash-
ing Plant, by John Uno Setenius, Duluth, Minn.

Electricity, by William Kelly, Vulcan, Mich. (Title not
final. )

Hoist Efficiency, by Frank H. Armstrong, Vulcan, Mich.
(Title not final.)

r>ry House at East Vulcan Mine, Penn Iron Mining Co.,
by Floyd L. Burr, Vulcan, Mich.

This completed the reading of Pai^ers and the report of
the Council was then presented.

^Papers distributed in printed form

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l6 BUSINESS MEETING

REPORT OF THE COUNCIL.

Secretary's report of Receipts and Disbursements fronf August
22nd, 1912 to August 18th, 1913.

RECEIPTS.

Cash on hand August 22nd, 1912 $5,994 58

Entrance fees for 1912 | 330 00

Dues for 1912 2,210 00

Back dues, 1909 . . '. | 25 00

Back dues. 1910 70 00

Back dues, 1911 210 00 305 00

Advance dues for 1913 55 00

Sale of Proceedings 31 25

Proposals for membership 30 00

Institute pin 4 00

Houghton meeting proportion of pror
gram 127 22

Total 13,092 47

Interest on deposit 205 53

Total receipts 3,298 00

Grand total $9,292 00

DISBURSEMENTS.

Stationery and printing $ 95 00

Postage 139 06

Freight and express 23 90

Exchange 2 15

Telephone and telegraphing 4 74

Secretary's salary 750 00

Stenographic work 60 00

Total $1,075 59

Publishing Proceedings Vol. XVI 1.007 98

Photographs, maps, etc 131 31

Advance papers 1912 191 75

Programs, etc., 1912 170 72

Advance papers, 1913, (cuts) 52 37

Expense Houghton meetings, rent and

stenographer 33 50

Badges for meeting. 1912 81 25

Committee meetings, traveling expenses 51 90

Total $1,720 84

Total disbursements 2,796 43

Cash on hand August 18th, 1913 0,496 15

Grand total $9,292 58

MEMBERSHIP.

1913 1912 1911

Total 518 486 51 7

Members in good standing 483 437 467

Honorary members 4 4 4

Life members 2 2 2

Members in arrears (2 years.) 29 43 44

New members admitted, 1912 71 31 46

New members not qualified 5 4 3

New members added 66 27 43

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE IJ

TREASURER'S REPORT.

Treasurer's Report from August 26th, 1912, to August 18th, 1913:

Cash on hand August 26th, 1912 |5,994.58

Received from secretary 3,062.47

Received interest on deposits 205.53

Paid drafts issued hy secretary $2,796.43

Cash on hand August 18th, 1913 6,466.15

Totals $9,262.58 $9,262.58

Summary of cash on hand:

As per treasurer's report $6,466.15

In hands of secretary 30.00

Total as per secretary's report $6,496.15

The following" standing committees were appointed by the
Council for the ensuing year:

"PRACTICE FOR THE PREVENTION OF ACCIDENTS."
(Committee to consist of five members.)
C. B. Lawrence, Palatka, Mich., Chairman; D. E. Sutherland, Iron
Mountain, Mich.; Wm. Conibear, Ishpeming, Mich.; W. H. Schacht,
Painesdale, Mich.; M. H. Godfrey, Virginia, Minn.

"CARE AND HANDLING OF HOISTING ROPES."
(Committee to consist of five members.)
W. A. Cole, Ironwood, Mich., Chairman; O. D. McClure, Ishpeming,
Mich.; J. S. Jacka, Crystal Falls, Mich.; W. J. Richards, Painesdale,
Mich.; A. T&ncig, Hibbing, Minn.

"PAPERS AND PUBLICATIONS."
(Committee to consist of five members.)
Wm. iCelly, Vulcan, Mich., Chairman; J. H. Hearding, Duluth,
Minn.; F. W. McNair, Houghton, Mich.; J. E. Jopling, Ishpeming,
Mich.; P. S. WiUiams, Ramsay, Mich.

"BUREAU OF MINES."
(Committee to consist of three members.)
M. M. Duncan, Ishpeming, Mich., Chairman; J. B. Cooper, Hub-
bell, Mich,; A. J. Yungbluth, Secretary, Ishpeming, Mich.

"BIOGRAPHY."
(Committee to consist of five members.)
J. H. Hearding, Duluth, Minn., Chairman; J. B. Cooper, Hubbell,
Mich.; R. A. Douglas, Ironwood, Mich.; M. B. McGee, Crystal Falls
Mich.; W. H. Newett, Ishpeming, Mich.

**MININa METHODS ON THE MARQUETTE RANGE."
(Committee to consist of three members to be appointed later.)

Committees to serve until their successors are appointed; each
committee to have power to appoint sub-committees as may be
deemed necessary.

The following letter and invitation was received from the
Committee of Management of the Inteniational Engineering

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1 8 BUSINESS MEETING

Congress, to he held in San Francisco, Sept. 20th to 25th,

INTERNATIONAL ENGINEERING CONGRESS, 1915i
New York City, N. Y.
To the Secretary of

Lake Superior Mining Institute,
Isiipeming, Mlcli.
Dear Sir:

On behalf of the Committee o* Management of the International
Engineering Congress to be held in San FVancisco in 1915. we have
the honor to enclose herewith a most cordial invitation to the officers
and members of your Society to attend and to participate in the pro-
ceedings of this Congress.

We would respectfully request that you transmit to your mem-
bers the information contained in the prelim nary announcement,
which is also enclosed and which gives such outline of the Congress
as can be furnished at the present time.

Further details relative to the Congress will be sent to you in the
near future by the Secretary of the Committee of Management in
San Francisco, and we would request that your reply to the invita-
tion and to this, as well as to all future communications relative to
the Congress, be addressed to the Executive Officers of the Com-
mittee of Management in San Francisco.

Very respectfully yours,
GEO. F. SWAIN, President.

CHAS. WARREN HUNT, Secretary.

American Society of Civil Engineers.
CHiAS. F. RAND, President.

BRADLEY STOUGHTON, Secretary.

American Institute of Mining Engineers.
W. F. M. GOSS, President.

CALVIN W. RICE, Secretary.

The American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
RALPH DAVENPORT MBRSHON. President.
F. L. HUTCHINSON, Secretary.

American Institute of Electrical Engineers.
ROBERT M. THOMPSON, President.
DANIEL H. COX, Secretary.

The Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers.

The American Society of Civil Eng neers

The American Institute of Mining Engineers

The American Society of Mechanical Engineers

The American Institute of Electrical Engineers

and

The Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers

extend to the officers and members of

THE LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE

a most cordial invitation

to attend and to participate in the proceedings of

The International Engineering Congress

to be held in connection with

The Panama Pacific International Exposition

September twentieth to twenty-flfth

in the year one thousand nine hundred and fifteen

in San Francisco

California

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE I9

The letter ballot on the resolution presented at the last
annual meeting was referred to William Kelly and L. C.
Brewer as tellers, who canvassed the vote and presented the
following results:

Whole number votes cast, 200.

In favor of resolution, 200.

The resolution was accordingly adopted and added to the
rules as Rule XII.

On motion the reix)rt of the Council was adopted.

The following pro[X)sals for meml>ership have been ap-
]>n>ved by the Council:

Barr, J. Carroll, General Manager, Pittsburg Steel Ore
Co., Crosby, Minn.

Batchelder, B. W., Superintendent Hawkins Mine, Nash-
wauk, Minn.

Bolles, Fred R., Assistant General Manager, Copper
Range R. R., Houghton, Mich.

Burdorf, Harry A., Representative The Lunkenheimer
Co., -2316 Garfield Ave., S. Minneapolis, Minn.

Bush, E. G., Diamond Drill Contractor, 909 Ahvorth
Bldg., Duluth, Minn.

Caine, D. T., Local Superintendent, Republic Iron & Steel
Co., (lilbert, Minn.

Cash, F. H., Local Superintendent, Rqxiblic Iron & Steel
Co., Kinney, Minn.

Christianson, Peter, Professor of Metallurgy, School of
Mines. University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn.

Comstock, Henry, General Superintendent, Witherl)ee
Shemian & Co., Mineville, New York.

Comstock, Ehling H., Professor Mechanics & ]Mathe-
matics. School of Mines, University of Minnesota, Minnea-
jx;lis. Minn.

Cook, Charles W., Instructor in Economic Geology, Uni-
versity of Michigan, Economics Bldg., Ann Arlx:>r, Mich.

DeHaas, Nathan G., Wholesale Lunil)er, Marquette, Mich.

Diehl, Alfred S., Chief Engineer, Oliver Iron Mining
Company, Coleraine, Minn.

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20 BUSINESS MEETING

Donahue, E. J. W., Secretary, Cuyuna-Duluth Iron Com-
pany, 416-17 Lonsdale Bldg., Duluth, Minii.

Dow, Herbert W., Sales Manager, Nofdberg Mfg. Co.,
Milwaukee, Wis.

Drake, John M., Superintendent, Meridan Mine, Hibbing,
Minn.

Eckstroni, Alexander, J., Mining Engineer, Keewatin,
Minn.

Emmons, William H., Director, Minnesota Geological
Survey, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn.

Flannigan, Thomas A., General Superintendent, Repub-
lic Iron & Steel Co., Gilbert, Minn.

Foote, George C, Resident Director, Witherbee Sher-
man & Co., Port Henry, New York.

Forbes, Guy R., Mining Engineer, 329 Hemlock St.,
Virginia, Minn.

Gaynor, William E., Manager Great Lakes Dredge &
Dock Co., Duluth, Minn.

Halloday, Fred H.,^ Superintendent Winston & Dear, Hib-
bing, Minn.

Hayden, J. Elzey, Mining Engineer, C. C. I. Co., Ishpem-
ing, Mich.

Heim. Harry R., Salesman Westinghopse Elec. Co., 936
MetroiK>litan Life Bldg., Minneapolis, Minn.

Higgins, Edwin, Mining Engineer, care Bureau of Mines,
Ironwood, Mich.

House, Allen C, care M. A. Hanna & Co., Cleveland,
Ohio.

Jenks, C. O., General Superintendent, G. N. Ry., Super-
ior, Wis.

Johnson, Harry O., Osterberg & Johnson, Diamond Drill
Conti-actors, Virginia, Minn.

Johnson, Xels, Local Superintendent Republic Iron &
Steel Co., Keewatin, Minn.

Johnstone, Orland W., Si>ecial Agent Soo Line, Duluth,
Minn.

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 21

Kieren, Josq>h, Master Mechanic, Republic Iron & Steel
Co., Gilbert, Minn.

Kurtzman, P. L., Local Superintendent Republic Iron &
Steel Co., McKinley, Minn.

Locker, W. H., Treasurer, Cuyuna-Duluth Iron Com-
pany, 416 Lonsdale Bldg., Duluth, Minn.

Middkmise Bruce A., Mine Superintendent, Hibbing,
Minn.

Mitchell, Harold E., Leonidas, Oliver Iron Mining* Coni-
l)any, Eveleth, Minn.

MacKillican, James A., Mining Engineer, Meridan Iron
Co., Hibbing, Minn.

McRandle, William E. R., Superintendent Gale Mine,
Bessemer, Mich.

Oberg, Anton C Chief Engineer, Arthur Iron Mining
Co., Hibbing, Minn.

Overpeck, Hollis \V., Safety Inspector, Oliver Iron Min-
ing Co., Virginia District, Virginia, Minn.

Pellenz, William P., Jr., Mining Superintendent, Carson
Lake, Minn.

Penniman, Dwight C, Representative Central Electric
Company, Clinton Hotel, Minneapolis, Minn.

Peterson, A. Y., Assistant General Superintendent, Oliver
Iron Mining Co., Chisholm, Minn.

Philbin, Donald M., Charge Great Northern Iron Ore
Properties, 408 Sellwood Bldg., Duluth, Minn.

Pursell, H. E., Sales Manager, Kewanee Boiler Co., Ke-.
wanee, Illinois.

Redner, A. E., Mining Captain, 216 Aurora Location,
Iron wood, Mich.

Reifel, H. T., Superintendent La Rue Mine, Xashwauk,
Minn.

Rouchleau, Louis, Mine Owner, West Hotel, Minneapolis,
Minn.

Sellwood, R. M., Mining & Banking, Duluth, Minn.
Sheldon. All:)ert P., Garlock Packing Co., 112 X. .\rch
St., Marquette, Mich.

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22 BUSINESS MEETING

Shove, Brigham W., Agent C. N. W., Ry., Ironwood,
Mich.

Silliman, Thomas, B., Mining Engineer, Coleraine, Minn.
^ Stephens, James, Mining Captain. North Lake, R. F. D.,
Ishpeming, Mich.

Sullivan, A. J., General Superintendent, Oliver Iron Min-
ing Co., Chisholm, Minn.

Tal'boys, Henry H., Salesman, Ingersoll-Rand Drill Co.,
717 Providence Bldg., Duluth, Minn.

Tappan, William M., Mining Superintendent, Hibbing,
Minn.

Thomson, Camii A., General Manager, Great Northern
Iron Ore Proi>erties, Room' 222, G. N. Bldg., St. Paul, Minn.

Tubby, Charles, W., District Manager, International
Steam Pump Co., 703 Commerce Bldg., St. Paul Minn.

Ulrich, William R, Chief Chemist Oliver Iron Mining
Company, Chisholm, Minn.

Wiebb, Wa;lter M., Safety Inspector, Republic Iron &
Steel Co., Gilbert, Minn.

White, J. W., Sales Representative, Tlie Jeffrey Mfg.
Comixmy, 1905 E. Superior St., Duluth, Minn.

Wilcox, Lee L., Chief Engineer, Republic Iron & Steel
I Co., Gilbert, Minn.

Willard, Paul D., Mining Engineer, Hibbing, Minn.

Williams, Dean R., Sales Agent, Williams & Wolff, 1213
Majestic Bldg., Milwaukee, Wis.

Wilson, Arthur O., Engineer Susquehanna Mine, Hib-
l):ng, Minn.

Woodbridge, Dwight E., Mining Engineer, Sellw^ood
Bldg., Duluth, Minn.

Zimmemian, Walter G., Contracting Manager, American
Bridge Co., Duluth. Minn.

On motion the Secretary was instructed to cast the ballot
for the elect'on of the applicants to membership.

The Auditing Committee then presented the following re-
ix>rt:

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE ^3

Yoiir Committee appointed to examine the books of the
Secretary and Treasurer, beg leave to report that we have
carefully examined same and find the receipts and expendi-
tures shown therein to be in accordance with the statements
of the Secretary and Treasurer for the fiscal year ending
August 26th, 1913.

FRANK B. GOODMAN^
MAX H. BARBER,
CHAS. GRABOWSKY.

On motion the reix>rt of the Committee was adojited.
Report of Committee on Nominations.

Your Cciiimittee on nominations beg leave to submit the
following names for oflficers of the Institute for teiTns speci-
fied :
For President (one year) :

W. H. Johnston, Ishpeming, Mich.
For Vice Presidents (two years) :

C. T. Knise, Ishpeming, Mich.

Charles E. Lawrence, Palatka, Mich.

Luther C. Brewer, Ironwood, Mich.
F(/r Managers (two years) :

W. A. Sielxinthal, Repu1>lic, Mich.

J. S. Lutes, Biwabik, Minn.
For Manager (one year, to fill vacancy) :

S. R. Elliott, Xegaunee, Mich.
F< r Treasurer (one year) :

E. W. Hoi:^ins, Commonwealth, Wis.
Ft:r Secretary (one year) :

A. J. Yungbluth, Ishi^eming, Mich. •

mark ELLIOTT,

W. J. RICHARDS,

PETER W. PASCOE,

ANDRE FOR MIS,

L. M. HARDENBURGH,

Committee,

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24 BUSINESS MEETING

On motion the Secretary was instructed to cast the ballot
for the election of the officers as submitted by the Committee.

On motion by Robert A. Douglass, the chair appointed
the following Committee to escort the new^ly elected Presi-
dent to the platform: Robert A. Douglass and Pearson
Wells. Mr. Johnston, upon l)eing introduced, addressed the
meeting as follows :
Mr. Johnston :

Mr. Pi-esident and Meml^ers of the Institute: I ap-
preciate what a very great honor you have conferred upon
me, for I realize that it is a great honor to be President of
the Institute. With this honor also goes a very great re-
sponsibility. I am more impressed with this responsibility
after the fine program they have given us on this range.
This meeting has been one of the most enjoyable I have ever
attended. I think we have never had a greater number pres-
ent than we have at this meeting. I should hesitate some-
what about accepting the responsibility, or the honor, if it
were not for the fact that I know the meinbers of the Insti-
tute stand so loyally by the President, and that they do every-
thing in their power to make their meetings successful. I
also know that I have some friends on the Marquette Range,
members of the Institute, who will do everything in their
power to make the meeting successful. I thank you for the
honor.

The Coinmittee on Resolutions presented the following
reiK>rt which was on motion adopted :

Whereas, The Virginia Club, Elks Club of Virginia,
Algonquin Club of Hibbing, the Commercial Clubs of Du-
luth, and the entire Missalje Range have extended to this
organization the facilities, conveniences, and what is much
more, the greatest ix)ssible hospitality;

And Whereas, Many of our friends and associates have
ccnitributed most kindly the use of their automobiles for our -
comfort and pleasure;

And Whereas, Many of the church societies, other or-

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 2$

g'anizations and hotels, have given to us mast plenteously
of their food and good cheer;

And Whereas, The Duhith Commercial Club contributed
greatly to our enjoyment in the visit to the Minnesota Steel
Plant by boat;

And Whereas, The Duluth, Missabe and Northern Rail-
way, the Duluth and Iron Range Railway, and the Great
N(^rthem Railway, and the Mining Companies, have made
this trip ix,«sible through the use of their tracks and loco-
motives;

Now Therefor, Be it resolved by the Lake Sui>erior Min-
ing Institute, and particularly by those mem1)€rs attending the
1913 meeting, they being well-fed, well-cared for, and widely
travelled, that they extend to each and all of the above men-
tioned i>ersons, individually and collectively, their sincere and
hearty thanks.

J. H. hearding^

G. II. ABEEL,

W. H. JOHNSTON.

Committee.

This concluded the business sessions of the Eighteenth
.\nnual meeting. The splendid list of papers prq>ared by
the members will make this volume one of the most interest-
ing yet published. The authors are fully entitled to the ai>-
preciation so freely expressed by the members for their ef-
forts in contributing to the interest of the meeting.

Before the adjournment w^as taken the acting President
announced that Mr. Sebenius would present some moving
pictures of the various features connected with mining on the
Missabe range. These consisted in views of the first steps
in breaking roads and establishing diamond drilling, mining
ojKrations, loading and hauling ore to the docks and loading
same into boats. Also the complete oi>eration of getting out
the timber used by mines, running logs and delivering same
to the mines. This feature of the meeting was novel and most
interesting.

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REGISTRY OF MEMBERS

The following is a partial list of those in attendance :

Abeel, G. H Ironwood, Mich.

Abeel, G. H. Jr. . Ironwood, Mich.

Abell, O. J Chicago. Ills.

Allen, R. C Lansing, Mich.

Armstrong, F. H. . .Vulcan, Mich.
Atkins, S. E Duluth, Minn.

Baldwin, C. K Chicago, 111.

Barber, M. H.. .Nashwauk, Minn.

Barber, G. S Bessemer, Mch.

Barney, Joseph .McKinley, Minn.

Barr, J. C Rlverton, Minn.

Batchelder, B. W

Nashwauk, Minn.

Bayllss, Willard . . Chisholm, Minn.
Benjamin, P. S.... Duluth, Minn.
Bergeat, Prof. A

Koenigsberg, Germany

Bernhardt, F. J Duluth, Minn.

Binney, Joseph. .McKinley, Minn.
Blackburn, R. D.. Hancock, Mich.

Bolles, F. R Houghton, Mch.

Bond, Wm Ironwood, Mich.

Bond, Thomas ..Ironwood, Mich.

Boss, C. M Duluth, Minn.

Boyd, A. H Denver, Colo.

Brewer, L. C Ironwood, Mich.

Brewer, Carl. Crystal Falls, Mich.

Brigham, E. D Chicago, 111.

Burdorf, H. A.Minneapolis, Minn.
Bush, E. C Duluth, Minn.

Caddy, Thomas. . .Hibbing, Minn.

Caine, D. S Gilbert, Minn.

CampbeU, D. H.Iron River, Mich.
Carbis, F..Iron Mountain, Mich.
Carbis.W. J.Iron Mountain, Mich.
Carmlchael, Wm . . Biwablk, Minn.

Carroll, J. R Houghton, Mich.

CarroH, Philip. .Houghton, Mich.

Cash, F. H Kinney, Minn.

Carlton, D. E Biwabik, Minn.

Chinn, W. P McKinley, Minn.

Christianson, Peter, .'

Minneapolis. Minn.

Clifford, J. M Escanaba, Mich.

Cole, C. D Ishpeming, Mich.

Cole, W. T Ishpeming, Mich.

Cole, T. F Duluth, Minn.

Conibear, Wm. .Ishpeming, Mich.

Comstock, E. H

Minneapolis, Minn.

Cook. C. W...Ann Arbor, Mich.

Congdon, W. B Duluth, Minn,

Congdon, E. C Duluth, Minn.

Cory, E. N Negaunee. Mich.

Coven'try, Frank. .Hibbing. Minn.
Crosby, Geo. H Duluth, Minn.

Desrcchers, G. E.Houghton, Mich.

Diehl. A. S Coleraine, Minn.

Donahue, E. J. W.. Duluth, Minn.

Donovan, M. J

Iron Mountain, Mich.

Dormer, Geo. H...Eveleth, Minn.

Douglas, R A Ironwood, Mich.

Dow, H. W Milwaukee. Wis.

Dudley, H. C Duluth, Minn.

Drake, J. M Keewatln, Minn.

Eaton, Lucien.. Ishpeming, Mich.
Eichenberger, R. W.. Chicago, III.

Elliott, Mark Virginia, Minn.

Emmons, W. H

Minneapolis, Minn.

Erickson, Carl E. Ironwood, Mich.
Estep, H. Cole Chicago, 111.

Farchild, D. L.... Duluth, Minn.

Fay, Joseph Marqueitte, Mich.

Fay, A. H Washington, D. C.

Federstrom, J. A. Ironwood, Mich.
Fclver, H. C. .. .Houghton, Mich.
Fish wick, E. T..Mnwaukee, Wis.
Flannigan, T. A... Gilbert. Minn.

Flodin. N. P Marquette, Mich,

Forbes, G. R Virginia, Minn.

Formis, A Oj.bway. Mich.

Gardner, O. D Calumet. Mich,

Gaynor, W. E Duluth, Minn.

Gish, J. R Beaver Dam, WHs.

Godfrey, M. H. .. .Virginia, Minn.

Goodman, F. B Hurley, Wis.

Goodsen, B. W Chicago, 111.

Goudie, James ..Ironwood, Mich.
Grabowsky, Chas. Virginia, Minn.

Halloday, F. H. .. .Hibbing, Minn.
Harris, S. T Houghton, Mich.

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE

Harrison. G. E... Ribbing, Minn.
Hart, Wm. C .... Ribbing, Minn.
Rarvey, W. H . . . . Eveleth, Minn.

Hardenburgh, L. M

Iron wood, Mich.

Hastings. R X.. Green Bay, Wis.
Hayden, J. £. .Ishpeming, Mich.

Hearding, J. R Duluth, Minn.

Hearn, A. L Virginia^ Minn.

Heggaton, W. S.Negaunee, Mich.
Heim. H. R. . .Minneapolis, Minn.

Helps, S. E Eveleth, Minn.

Hendrick. C. E.. Virginia, Minn.
Heyn, Howard ..Ishpeming, Mich.
Higgins, Edwin.. Iron wood, Mich.

H.ll, S-tacy R Duluth, Minn.

Ringston, C. E Duluth, Minn.

Hoatson, Thomas. Calumet, Mich.
Hocking, R. O .... Ribbing, Minn.
Hodge, Richard . . Ribbing, Minn.
HoUey, A. B .... Virginia, Minn.

House, A. C Cleveland, Ohio.

Huhtala, John .,,. Palmer, Mich.

Runner, Earl E Duluth, Minn.

Huyck, Charles Clio, Mich.

Ireland, J. D Duluth, Minn.

Jenks, C. O Superior, Wis.

Johnson, E. F Virginia, Minn.

Johnson, R. O.. Virginia, Minn.
Johnston, W. R. . Ishpeming, Mich.
Johnstone, O. W.. Duluth, Minn.

Jory, Wm Gwinn, Mich.

Johnson, Nels. . Keewatin, Minn.

Kelly, Wiliam ....Vulcan, Mich.

Kennedy, C. S Duluth, Minn.

Kieren, Jos Gilbert, Minn.

Kitts, Thos .-Hancock, Mich.

Kleffman, John Ribbing, Minn.

Knight, R. C Eveleth, Minn.

Kreiter, J. W Duluth, Minn.

Kurtzman, P. L..McKinley, Minn.

LaCroix, M. F. .Ishpeming, Mich.

Lane, J. S New York, N. Y.

Larochelle, L.. .Houghton, Mich.

LaRue, W. G Duluth, Minn.

Latham, A. M Virginia, Minn.

Letz, J. F Milwaukee, Wis.

Lien, Nels Eveleth, Minn.

Lindberg, J. F. .. .Ribbing, Minn.

Locker, W. R Duluth, Minn.

Loudenback, C. I... Chicago, 111.
Lutes, J. S Blwablk, Minn.

Mace, R. E Duluth, Minn.

Markell. John Duluth, Minn.

Mars, W. P Duluth, Minn.

Martin, E. C Chicago, 111.

Middlemise, B. A. Ribbing, Minn.

Mitchell, R. E Eveleth, Minn.

Mitchell, R. J Eveleth, Minn.

Mitchell, Pentecost. Duluth, Minn.
Mitchell, W. A.... Chicago. 111.

Mowatt N. P Duluth, Minn.

Murray, Robert ..Ribbing, Minn.

McCord. R. D Duluth, Minn.

McDonald, D, B Duluth, Minn.

McDowell, John.. Ribbing, Minn.
McGee, M. B. Crystal Falls, Mich.
McGonagle, W. A. . . Duluth, Minn.
McLane, John R.. Duluth, Minn.
McNamara, T. B.Ironwood, Mich.
McNeil, E. D. .. .Virginia, Minn.
McRandall, W. E.Bessemer, Mich.

Nelson, S. T Chicago, 111.

Newett, Wm. R. Ishpeming, Mich.

Oberg, Anton C Ribbing, Minn.

Olcott, W. J Duluth, Minn.

Orr, F. D Duluth, Minn.

Overpeck, R. W.. Virginia, Minn.

Parker, E. W. .Washington, D. C.
Pascoe. Peter W. .Republ.c, Mich.
Pascoe, P. W., Jr. Republic, Mich.
Felling, W. T. Jr. Ribbing, Minn,

Pendry, Wm Duluth, Minn.

Penniman, D. C

Minneapolis, Minn.

Perkins, F. J..Ironwood, Mich-
Peterson, A. Y

Carson Lake, Minn.

Phillips, W. G Duluth, Minn.

Philbin, D. M Duluth, Minn.

Powell, D. W.. Marquette, Mich.

Power, R Duluth, Minn.

Prescott, Fred M.Milwaukee, Wis.
Prescott, L. L. .Menominee, Mich.

Prince, W. J Duluth, Minn.

Pursell, R. B Kewauee, Ills.

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REGISTRY OF MEMBERS

Quigley, G. J Antigo, Wis.

Quine, John T. .Ishpeming, Mich.

Quine, Wm Ishpeming, Mich.

Quinn, C. K Virginia, Minn.

Raisky, F Ishpeming, Mich.

Raley , R. J Duluth, Minn.

Redfern, John A..Hibbing, Minn.

Redner, A. E Ironwood, Mich.

Reifel, H. T Nashwauk, Minn.

Richards, W. J

Crystal Falls, Mich.

Richards, M. E..Virgnia, Minn.
Richards, John C. Virginia, Minn.

Roberts, Harry Duluth, Minn.

Rowe, W. C. .. .Bessemer, Mich.
Rowe, Nathaniel. Ishpeming, Mich.
Rouchleau, L. .Minneapolis, Minn.

Rough, J. H Negaunee, Mich.

Rough, J. H., Jr. Negaunee, Mich.
Rumsey, S. S Duluth, Minn.

Salsich. L. R Duluth, Minn.

Sampson, John Ashland, Wis.

Schubert, Geo. P.Hancock, Mich.

Scott, A. J Iron River, Mich.

Scott, Harry, M Chicago, 111.

Searle, C. E Milwaukee, Wis.

Sebenius, J. Uno. .Duluth, Minn.

Sell wood, R. M Duluth, Minn.

Sheldon, A. F. .Marquette, Mich.

Shove, B. W Iron wood, Mich.

Silliman, A. P. . . .Hibbing, Minn.
Silliman, T. B. .. .Hibbing, Minn.

Silver, C. R Chicago, 111.

Smith, Bert Iron wood, Mich.

Sparks, B. F Houghton, Mich.

Stakel, C. J Ishpeming, Mich.

Sutherland, D. E.Ironwood, Mich.

Sullivan, A. J Chisholm, Minn.

Swain, R. A . . Minneapolis, Minn.
Swift, G. D Duluth, Minn.

Talboys, H. H Duluth, Minn.

Taley, D Duluth, Minn.

Tancg, A Hibbing, Minn.

Tappan, W. M Hibbing, Minn.

Thompson, G. H.. Hibbing, Minn.
Thomson, C. A.. St. Paul, Minn.

Traver. W. H Chicago, 111.

Trebilcock, Wm

North Freedom, Wis.

Trebilcock, J. . .Ishpeming, Mich.
Trevarrow, H ... Negaunee, Mich.

Trevarthan, W. J

Bessemer, Mich.

Trezona, Charles ...Ely, M nn.
Tubby, C. W....St. Paul, Minn.

Turner, C. N Milwaukee, Wis.

Tyler, W. E Mendota, 111.

Ulizen, B. A Crosby, Minn.

TJlrich, W. F. .. .Chisholm, Minn.

VanBarneveld, Charles E

San Francisco, Calif,

Vilas, R. L Ishpeming, Mich.

Vivian, J. G Duluth, Minn.

Vogel, F. A.... New York, N. Y.

Wall, J. S Iron River, Mich.

Ware, W. F Negaunee, Mich.

Watson, C. H. Crystal Falls, Mich.

Wearne, Wm Hibbing, Minn.

Webb, F. J Duluth, Minn.

Webb, W. M Gilbert, Minn.

Welker, W. F Ashland, Wis.

Wells, Pearson . . Ironwood, Mich.

West, W. J Hibbing, Minn.

Westcott, J. W. .Riverton, Minn.

White, J. W Duluth, Minn.

White, Wm Virginia, Minn.

Whitehead, R. G. .Amasa, Mich.

Whitney, J. H Oshkosh, Wis.

Whitney, A. E Oshkosh, Wis.

Whiteside, Robert. .Duluth, Minn.

Wilcox, L. L Gilbert, Minn.

Willard, P. D Gilbert, Minn.

Wilson, A. O.... Hibbing, Minn,

Williams, T. H Ely, Minn.

Williams, P. S Ramsay, Mich.

Winchell, H. V.Minneapolis, Minn.
Wivell, Wm. . . .Nashwauk, Minn.
Woodbridge, R. M.. Duluth, Minn.
Woodbridge, D. E.. Duluth, Minn.

Woodworth, G. L

Iron River, Mich.

Wodlf, P. J. .Minneapolis, Minn.

Yates, W. H Duluth, Minn.

Yungbluth, A. J. Ishpeming, Mich.
Yungbluth, R. O. Ishpeming, Mich.

Ziesing, August Chicago, 111.

Zimmerman, W. G . . Duluth, Minn.

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PAPERS

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 3 1

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON THE PRACTICE FOR
THE PREVENTION OF ACCIDENTS.

The Committee on the Practice for the Prevention of Ac-
cidents met in Ishpeming on March 26th, 1913, and the fol-
lowing members were present: J. E. Jopling, Ishpeming,
Chairman; C. E. Lawrence. Iron Moimtain; D. E. Sutherland.
Ironwood, A. M. Gow, Duluth.

After duly considering the subject and discussing the vari-
ous suggestions which were made by members of the Com-
ittee, the following resolutions were adopted :

Uniform Mining Rides — It is thought advisable to collect
information of mining rules used in the Lake Superior mining
district and to compare the same with those published in the
reix)rt to the American Mining Congress, American Institute
of Mining Engineers and the Mining & Metallurgical Society
of America by the Committee on Uniform Mining Laws for
Prevention of Mine Accidents, October, 19 10, and the pro-
posed form now being prepared by the Bureau of Mines; also
that a competent person or persons should be employed under
the direction of the Committee to draft a set of rules to be
presented to the Lake Superior Mining Institute as a prq)osed
standard for mines in the Lake Superior district.

Uniform Reports of County Mine Inspectors — It is sug-
gested that the reix)rts of the County Mine Inspectors of Mich-
igan, Wisconsin and Minnesota be standardized; that the re-
ports should cover the calendar year, and that they should in-
clude fatal and serious accidents of all mine employes wheth-
er surface or underground. In the judgment of the Com-
mittee these accidents should be classified according to a uni-
fonii system and recorded upon a unifonn blank.

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32 REPORT ON PREVENTION OF ACCIDENTS

Classification of Accidents — It is recommended that inves-
tigations be made leading to a unifomi classification of acci-
dents for mines in the Lake Superior district.

Reports as to Carrying Out Safety Rules — The Committee
recommends the collection of blank forms used for reports to
show the carrying out of safety rules adopted, these blank
forms to be only such as are used by employes in various de-
partments of the mining companies for their information.

Contagious Diseases — It is the sense of this Committee that
more definite action should be taken in the matter of con-
tagious diseases in the different localities, in the form of a rigid
quarantine to be established by the health officer.

Physical Examination of Employes — Investigations should
l3e made to find out what is being done in the matter of physical
examination of employes by employers of labor.

Publicity of Mining Rules — It is recommended that sug-
gestions be made as to the dissemination of the Rules for the
Prevention of Accidents among employes.

Mine Rescue Car — It is recommended that the Bureau of
Mines be requested to send mine rescue car No. 8 to the Me-
sabi Range at the time of the meeting of the Institute.

It is requested that the Council comment on the above reso-
lutions, stating whether an appropriation will be made to car-
ry out any of the investigations enumerated above.

The resignation of Mr. Edward Koepel of Beacon Hill,
Michigan, was submitted to the Committee. The Committee
offers this resignation and suggests that Mr. W. H. Schacht
of Painesdale, Michigan, be appointed in his place.

The Committee met for the second time in Ishpeming on
July 22nd, 1913. and the following members were present: J.
E. Jopling, Ishpeming, Chairman; C. E. Lawrence, Palatka;
A. M. Cow, Duluth; W. H. Schacht, Painesdale.

In resiK)nse to a request to Mr. II. M. Wilson of the
Bureau of Mines, Pittsburg, for consultation at this meet-
ing, he sent Mr. Edwin Higgins, District Engineer, United

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 33

States Bureau of Mines, who was present and gave much val-
uable assistance and information.

The resolutions adopted at the former meeting were fur-
ther discussed. Mr. Gow had prei>ared a series of fifteen
charts showing in parallel columns the mining rules adopted
by The Cleveland-Qiffs Iron Company, The Inland Steel
Company, Pickands, Mather & Company, and the Oliver Iron
Mining- Co. These fifteen classifications are as follows:

1. Locomotives, Steam Shovels and Cars.

2. Boilers and Boiler Houses.

3. Engine Rooms, Engine Hoists and Signals.

4. Shops, Tools and Machines.

5. Buildings, Headframes and Structures.

6. Open Pits, Tracks, Roads and Test Pits.

7. Standard Signs and Danger Signals.

8. Cages, Skips, Buckets, Ropes, Cables, Hooks, Chains
and Sheaves.

9. Shafts, Ladderways, Ladders and Pump Stations.

10. Underground Mining, Timl>ering and Tramming.

1 1 . Explosives.

12. General Safety Rules and Admonitions.

13. Electrical Rules and Regulations.

14. Medical and Sanitar}^

15. Fire Protection and Precautions.

In the printed rules of the different mining companies
referred to there is the widest divergence in classification, in
number of rules l>earing upon a particular subject and in the
emphasis placed upon them. Your Committee has therefore
found it impossible to frame a code of safety rules to present
at the meeting of the Institute for adoption. A committee
of mining engineers consisting of Messrs. Ingalls, Channing,
Douglas, Finlay and Hammond, framed a proposed code.
We would recommend that the Lake Superior Mining Insti-
tute apix)int a similar committee of oj)erating officials from
the copix^r and iron ranges who shall make a report at the
next meeting of the Institute as to the desirability of a uni-

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34 REPORT ON PREVENTION OF ACCIDENTS

form code, and shall present such a code for discussion at
that time.

We deem it desirable that the safety rules to be adopted
should be based uix>n some classification. We consider it ad-
visable that such a classification should conform to that
adopted by the United States Bureau of Mines in collecting
statistics of metal mining accidents. This classification ai>
l>ears to us to be thoroughly practical and inasmuch as the
mining companies are required to refx^rt to this department
all accidents in accordance with this classification, we see
every reason why we should adopt it for our own reports.

Presented herewith is a copy of the Bureau of Mines class-
ification. Such an arrangement will simpHfy to a great extent
the making of reports to the government by the mining com-
panies.

Owing to the desirability of having uniform reports made
I)y mining companies and by county mine inspectors, it is rec-
ommended that the atove fonn of report, except in relation to
minor accidents, l)e adopted by county mine insi)ectors, thus
making their reports uniform witli that called for by the
Ijureau of Mines.

In view of the fact that some county mine ins[>ectors re-
port only on underground accidents while others reiK>rt on both
surface and underground accidents, complications have arisen
in the past in comparing the accident reports of the various
districts. To improve this condition we recommend that all
county mine insi)ectors make their re[x>rts covering lx>th sur-
face and underground. The word "surface'' is here meant to
include all o[)erations having to do with the actual operation
of the mine, excluding all those which are at present covered
by factory or mill inspection.

From such information as we are able to obtain we are
satisfied that the installation of safety devices and appliances,
such as guards, t()c-l)oav(ls, hand rails, etc., is the smaller part
of tlic safety movement. We l>elieve that efliciency in safety
can only be attained by education and constant agitation of

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 35

the subject and the hearty C(>-oi)eration of the employes with
the management. The management, in even- case, should
show its wilHngness to do its part in the installation of guards
and appliances, but the most efficient work in the cause of
safety must be done by methods which will constantly keep
before the mind of everj- employe the fact that upon him rests
an individual and i)ersonal res[x>nsibility. To put it another
way, the problem is a psychological and not a mechanical one.
We ihcrefiTe urge that in addititm to the installation of guards
and appliances that consideration be given to those means
and methods, other than mechanical, which will secure the
c(M)i>eration of the employes in and alx)ut the mines.

Your Committee gave consideration to the question of the
physical examination of employes and while we believe that
g(H)(l results might be obtained from such procedure, we are
not, at this time, prepared to make any definite recommenda-
tions whatsoever.

CLASSIFICATION OF ACCIDENTS IN METAL MINES ACCORDING

TO THE UNITED STATES BUREAU OF MINES.
Sub-Divided Under Following Caption —
KILLED.
SERIOUSLY INJURED. (Broken arm, leg, ribs, or other Injury

involving loss of 20 or more days* work.)
SLIGHTLY INJURED. (Injury involving loss of more than 1
day's work, but less than 20.)

Underground

1. By fall of rock or ore from roof or wall.

2. By rock or ore while loading at working face.

3. By timber or hand tools.

4. By explosives (fncludes premature blasts, explosion of misfires,

flying pieces from blasts, suffocation by gases from blasts,
etc.)

5. By haulage accidents (by mine cars, mine locomotives, breakage

of rope, etc.)

6. By falling down chute, winze, raise, or stope.

7. By run of ore from chute or pocket.

8. By drilling accidents (by' machine or hand drills.)

9. By electricity (shock or burn.)f

10. By machinery (pumps, hoisting and haulage machinery, etc.. not
including locomotives or drills.)

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36 REPORT ON PREVENTION OF ACCIDENTS

11. By mine fires.

12. By suffocation from natural gases.

13. By inrush of water. ,

14. By stepping on na?I.

15. By other causes, (Please list, showing causes.)
Total number killed or injured underground.

Shaft Accidents
IG. By falling down shafts.

17. By objects falling down shafts.

18. By breaking of cables.

19. By overwinding.

20. By skip or cage.

21. By other causes. (Please list, showing causes.)
Total number killed or injured by shaft accidents.

Surface Accidents*

(Where surface mining is not performed.)

22. By mine cars or mine locomotives.

23. By railway cars and locomotives.

24. By run or fall of ore in or from ore bins.

25. By falls of persons.
2G. By stepping on nail.

27. By hand tools, axes, bars, etc.

28. By electrlcity.f

29. By machinery.

30. By other causes. (Please list, showing causes.)
Total number killed or injured by surface accidents.

Surface Accidents*
(Where surface mining is performed.)

31. By falls or slides of rock or ore.

32. By explosives (including premature blasts, explosion of mis-

fires, flying pieces from blasts, etc.)

33. By haulage accidents (by cars, locomotives, etc.)

34. By steam shovels.

35. By falls of persons.

36. By falls of derricks, booms, etc.

37. By run or fall of ore in or from ore bins.

3S. By machinery (other than locomotives or steam shovels.)

39. By electrlcity.f

40. By hand tools.

41. By other causes. (Please list, showing causes.)
Total number kUled or injured by surface accidents.

Grand total.
*Does not Include accidents in ore dressing,
f Please state the voltage of current.

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 37

PAPERS PUBLISHED BY THE INSTITUTE, WHICH TREAT OF
MINE SAFETY AND SOCIAL CONDITIONS.

Vol. Page.

Mine Accidents — Address of the Retiring President, J.

Parke Channing Ill 34-48

Some Observations on the Principle of Benefit Funds
and Their Place In the Lake Superior Iron Mining
Industries, by William G. Mather, Retiring President V 10-20

High Explosives, Their Safe and Economical Methods

of Handling, by J. H. Karkeet IX 3947

The Importance of the Ordinary Sanitary Precautions
in the Prevention of Water Borne Disease in Mines,
by B. W. Jones, M. D XII * 105-115

Compensation to Workmen in Case of Injuries, by

Murray M. Duncan, Retiring President XIV 47-53

Mine Accidents, by John T. Qulne, Mine Inspector, Mar-
quette County XIV 71-81

The Sociological Side of the Mining Industry, by W.

H. Moulton XIV 82-98

Social Surroundings of the Mine Employe, by Chas. E.

Lawrence XVI 121-12G

Some Safety Devices of the Oliver Iron Mining Co.,

by Alex. M. Gow XVI 156-167

Accidents in the Transportation, Storage and Use of

i Explosives, by Charles S. Hurter XVI 177-210

System of Safety Inspection of the Cleveland Cliffs

Iron Company, by William Conibear XVII 94-111

Mine Sanitation by E. B. Wilson XVII 11 < -126

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38 SANITATION FOR MINE LOCATIONS

SANITATION FOR MINE LOCATIONS.

BY W. H. MOULTON, ISIIPEMINQ, MICH.*

Sanitation is the practical application of knowledge and
science to the preservation of health. There is no one thing
tliat more directly aflfects the successful oi)eration of our mines
than the licalth and well being of the men, and we are now
coming to realize that it is a practical as well as a scientific
niaiter. The value of sanitation is being recognized today in
all brandies of industry as well as in its effect upon a com-
munity as a whole. Our higher educational institutions have
regular courses in this subject and men are graduated in this
branch of engineering.

It is undoubtedly true, that the better living conditions
and Ijetter physical health make for more satisfactory service.
The health of the men may be conserved in many ways which
are of practical application around our mines. Much has^ al-
ready been accomplished and due credit should be given to
the many companies who have given si>ecial consideration to
the health of its men.

The old wocxlen dry, of a comi>aratively few years ago, is
now being replaced by the mcxleni one with ample hot and
cold water, individual basins or buckets, lockers for the street
and mine clothes, and drying and ventilating systems which ef-
fectually take care of the wet clothing of the miner. The
plan of susi^ending the wet clothes by means of a rope or
chain, with individual lock, has much to commend it. The
shower bath, which is a part of all the modern drys, has
made it ix)ssible for the men to bathe who have not the proper
facilitie*^ at home. Their constant use has demonstrated their
value.

♦Secretary Penslpn Department, The Cleveland-Cliffs Iron Co.

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 39

The introduction of water closets in the drys has not al-
ways met with complete success, but in the majority of cases
it is working very advantageously and improving the under-
ground conditions.

Dry closets should be placed in every main level and they
should be provided in proportion of one to every twenty-five
men. These closets should be made of wood or iron of a
size to be conveniently handled by two men. They should be
taken to the surface and washed out with the hose when em[>-
tied. Lime should be kept convenient to the boxes and used
regularly. There is no more fruitful source of disease than
the human excreta left in the mine workings.

The water that the men drink should have the most care-
ful attention and under no circumstances should the men be
l)ermitted to drink water that is not known to be pure. This
can only he made possible by furnishing good water so that
the men can readily obtain it. The plan of the Oliver Iron
Mining Company in providing bubbling fountains, thus doing
away with the old dirty drinking cup, is also to be highly
ccmmended.

Anything that will lessen those diseases frequent among
our miners such as tuberculosis, typhoid, and other contagious
or communicable diseases, should be carefully considered.
There should be a more rigid quarantine in cases of con-
tagions diseases, and it is desirable that the minmg companies
co.4>erate more fully with the health officers and that such reg-
ulat:(.>ns be made and enforced that our unenviable record in
contagious diseases, especially in diphtheria and scarlet fever
may be greatly improved upon.

Owing to the relation that the physicians bear to the mining
companies, they may hesitate to suggest things which might
appear as criticism of existing conditions or methods of mine
management, and should therefore be given full authority to
correct undesirable conditions. I l>elieve we would get bet-
ter results in this matter of sanitation by employing the physi-
cians, at a stated added remuneration, to make i>eriodical in-
spection of the entire properties.

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40 SANITATION FOR MINE LOCATIONS .

Proi:)er ventilation should be provided in all of our mines
which would add to the efficiency of the men and incidentally
prolong their lives. Tuberculosis and similar diseases would
be less prevalent.

The sanitary condition of the home has a great influence
on the lives of the men. What can reasonably be expected of
a man living in unhealthful surroundings?

I believe that there is a duty that the mining companies
owe to men employed by them and the community in which
they live. One of the most efficient ways of fulfilling this ob-
ligation is in providing satisfactory homes, with healthful sur-
roundings for the men and their families. Any work of this
kind must be wisely done and in such a way that the men
will be led to cooperate in it so that there will be no sug-
gestion of pateniatism in its methods or manner of inforce-
ment. The importance of providing houses for rental is gen-
erally recop-^^'zed but after the house is provided it is just as
essential th t its condition Ije not neglected. We have seen
houses wit.i no provision for waste water, which must be
thrown out upon the ground. The only good things that
may be said of this is that it usually provides a good place for
the propagation of fish worms, but it also assists in the propa-
gation of other less desirable things.

The old boxed-in cupboard sink may yet be found which
is a place for refuse and vermin, and is so frequently a rotten,
dirty, slimy hole. If there are sucli, let them be torn out.

The drainage around our houses and other properties re-
quires carefuC attention. Ditches should Ije dug and kept open
even if the boys fillthem up, and no stagnant water left to
breed mosquitoes and infection.

Garbage and refuse should be deposited in covered re-
ceptacles, preferably galvanized iron cans, and where such
services are not rendered by the city or village, the companies
should provide for its regular collection and disposal not less
frequent than once each week. It has been found feasible in
some places to have the occupants of the premises purchase

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 4 1

the cans, which are supplied at wholesale rates, or through the
comijany at cost, with the understanding that proper collection
is assured. Rubbish should not be dumped around promis-
cuously but deposited in a designated place, collected, and dis-
posed of. Few of the men have time or facilities for eco-
nomically doing this and if not looked after by the city or the
company, it will not be taken care of at all satisfactorily. A
refuse burner, costing very little, can be so located as to make
the disposal of rubbish a simple matter and comparatively an
incxi>ensive one.

It is desirable in many cases to permit the keeping of a cow
or horse but provision should be made for the care of the
manure. It should not be allowed to accumulate from month
to month but should be removed promptly. It also should be
treated with chloride of lime, or with a kerosene carbolic acid
mixture.

The companies should encourage the beautiTyJaig of home
surroundings but it is even more important to set''<-hat the san-
itary conditions are what they should l^e. In those localities
having no sewer connections, the question of out-houses is a
serious matter. Too often the out-house is set on the ground
with no proper receptacle for the human excreta which often
spreads over the ground, even if a pit is dug. This is fre-
(juently allowed to collect throughout the season thus becom-
ing a menace to the family. Often the houses are more or
less open; vermin enters without hindrance; the ever-present
disease-carrying fly freely finds access, goes from there to the
liouse, feeds en the baby, and has even been known to be on
the household food. We have just begun to appreciate the
danger from these i)ests. The companies which have already
set us an example in their campaign against the fly should
lie congratulated, and it should also stimulate the rest of us
to make an equal effort. These out-houses should be pro-
vided with a proi^er receptacle which should be emptied at reg-
ular and not too separate intervals, and properly cleaned.
Either earth, slaked lime or chloride of lime should be con-
stantly used.

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42 SANITATION FOR MINE LOCATIONS

Much good can be accomplished by the teaching of sani-
tation in the public and parochial schools. Some of us may
be too old to take kindly to the need of sanitary precautions
but it is not too much to expect that the young may be taught
to look on these matters as important and to a considerable
degree help to improve conditions.

The value of the physical inspection of school children is
only just beginning to be appreciated. It should be in effect
in all of our communities. It is a health precaution of great
merit.

The most efficient agency in extending the benefit of this
work of sanitation is the Visiting or Public Health Nurse.
A number of mining companies in the Lake Superior region
have already introduced this service with much success. No
other person can have the same opportunity of reaching the
homes and the members of the families and assisting in the
understanding of the benefits to be derived from fresh air,
cleanliness and other sanitary precautions. The importance of
fresh air cannot be emphasized too strongly.

The advantage of all this is a better home life, the preven-
tion of serious contagion, and the men in better condition for
work. Anything that tends to the more regular work of the
men is well worth consideration.

The mining companies of the Lake Superior region are
to be commended for the work that has been done for the
men, their families, and the communities in which their op-
erations are conducted, but with this commendation must come
the realization that there is still much to be accomplished. This
can best be done by makng some one i)erson directly respon-
sible for the execution of the plans and methods of sanitation
authorized by the mine manager.

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 43

WINONA STAMP-MILL.*

BY R. R. SEEBER, WINONA, MICH.

From Octoter, 1906, to November, 1907, the Winona
mine shipped rock from one shaft to the Adventure stamp-
mill. This rock showed a total copper content of about twen-
ty pounds per ton stamped. A large part of the contained
copper w^as fine or flaky, making extraction very difficult.

Winona Stamp Mill

Only a trifle over thirteen pounds per ton stamped was re-
covered during this period. With such a low grade ore, it was
obviously necessary to practice every economy if a profit was

•Winona Copper Company, Winona, Michigan.

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44 WINONA STAMP MILL

to be obtained. The transportation cost per ton stamped was
17.5 cents during tliis period, or considerably over one cent
per pound on the copper obtained. If a stamp-mill were to
l>e built on the mine location without otherwise increasing op-
erating expenses evidently a large proix>rtion of this expense
might be eliminated.

There are two principal reasons for the location of stamp-
mills away from the mine, namely: To provide ample wa-
ter for washing and to provide room for disposal of tailings.
To meet the water requirement, with the mill on the mine
at Winona, a dam across the Sleq>ing river was necessarv'.
For a two-head mill it would also be necessary to use at least
50 per cent of the water over and over as the stream flow is
only about 3,000,000 gals, per 24 hours.

To meet the sand room requirements, some de-watering
device and sand-stacking equipment would be necessarj'.

After considerable study it was decided that these re-
quirements could be met without prohibitive first cost or
undue oj^erating exjjense and work on a two-head mill was
begun May 22(1, 1909.

The location chosen was a hillside between No. 4 shaft,
Winona, and Xo. i shaft, King Philip. On the line of the
stamp heads pipes were driven which, when stopped, indicat-
ed a layer of hard material at a depth of 40 feet below the
intended plane of the stamp base. On this material the con-
crete foundation of each stamp head was expected to rest.
This foundation is cyHndrical. A steel caisson, 15 ft. in
diameter, was weighted with a concrete ring 3 ft. thick and
sunk as a drop shaft. When the expected layer of hard ma-
terial was reached it was found to be thin and to be under-
lain by at least 80 ft. of sand, some of which was wet. Sink-
ing was therefore continued until a sufficiently hard layer of
material was encountered at about 55 ft. Ix^low the intended
plane of the stani]) base. The concrete ring was blocked up
and a mushroom fiK)t of concrete built in, as shown in the
drawing, Fig. 3. The top 7 ft. of the caisson and concrete

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE

Fig, 1

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46 WINONA STAMP MILL

foundation was made 22 ft. in diameter in order to accom-
modate the i6-ft. square base for the head casting. The
casting's below the rock (from mortar down) weigh about 80
tons. The total weight of the stamp is about 115 tons. When
sinking the 15-ft. caisson it was found that 43 ft. of concrete
ring would be held up by the friction of the sand against the
outer surface of the steel shell. Including the 7 feet of 22-ft.
ring, this skin friction would care for at least 400 tons of
total weight of about 1,050 tons to be supported, (935 tons
foundation; 115 tons stamp), leaving 650 tons to be supported
on the sand under the 20-ft. ring, 203 square ft. and the
20-ft. diameter base (314 square ft.) or a load of a little over
1.25 tons i>er square ft. on the total area of 517 square ft.

Velocity cards of the stamps show a blow of from 24 to
33-ft. tons. This is partly absorbed in crushing rock. As
a foundation to assist in absorbing the balance there are sui>-
plied 80 tons of cast iron and 930 tons of concrete. After
two years of use, no settling of foundations is in evidence and
I am inclined to the belief that the foundations are much
larger than is necessary. The concrete for all purposes was
supplied from a central mixing station using a Smith mixer
of one-half yd. capacity. Sand and ciatshed rock were dumped
from a temporary track and trestle into temporary bins alwve
the mixer. Rock was first run into the hopj>er up to a mark,
then sand. Cement from sacks was emptied on top and the
charge dumjx^d into the mixer. The mixed charge was emptied
into two-wheeled, steel-concrete buggies, wheeled over run-
ways and dumped into the forms. Two of the steel rock
bins were used for storing sand and rock for floors and other
concrete work, placed after the erection of most of the steel.

Foundation walls were all of concrete, of a 1 13 15 mixture ;
all walls stand on dry, hard sand. The bin foundation walls
were separated from the stamp foundations by tarred paper in
order that any settling of the latter need not disturb the build-
ing foundations. The octagonal foundations for the rock
bins were tied together, to a certain extent, by old wire cable.

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 47 .

The detailed construction of the concrete settling tanks is
l:)est shown in Photo "B," and drawings, Figs. 4 and 5. Un-
der the sh'me dq)artment floors eight tanks were built for set-
tling" the slimes and decanting the dirty water, to be re-used
in the mill. These tanks are 46 ft. long by 24 ft. wide, and

Photo B

14 ft. deep. The w'alls are 14 to 24 in. thick and are rein-
forced by vertical iron rods three-quarter in. in diameter, bent
at the bottoms to make the joint into the floor.

It was very difficult to place and tamp the concrete about
these rods, but the walls when completed showed but a few

small leaks which were easily stopi>ed and give no trouble in
operation.

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' I

'il

1
1

—

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winjona stamp mill

The steel structure was made and erected by the Wisconsin
Bridg-e & Iron Company. In general arrangement, it is the
same as the usual copper country mill. Circular steel rock
bins are used, two supplying each head, the openings being nni
together high up the sides thus allowing a large proportion
of the contents to run out freely. The storage capacity of four
•bins is about 525 tons, or sufficient to last over night.

Instead of a trolley beam over the stamps a light crane
beam was installed. This has proved very convenient in op-

j:^:^^^^''

u^ ,/ 1^;

WINONA COPPER CO.

WIMONA MKH

St^BTCH or DP^IN

ON MILL ROOF

ivCCfV^

OATc2'/0'>9

N0C-5S

Figr. 10

crating as well as during erection. This crane also handles
all roll parts, etc.

Over the slime department, at right angles to the line of
the stamps, it was imjx^ssible to get in the usual step form of
roof in a manner to allow sufficient light. Skylights of wire-
glass were therefore tried and have proved satisfactory al-
though snow sometimes accumulates over them. The roof is
the usual form of matched flooring but is covered with Bnx)ks'
4-ply asbestos rcx)ting, in sheets about 3 ft. by 7 ft. During
the first winter much trouble was experienced with ice on

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE

the eaves. As snow melts over the main bocly of the wami
rcxjfs the water nms down until it strikes the eaves, which
are cold. It there freezes and makes a dam of ice which backs

WINONA COPPER CO.

WINONA. MKH

SKETCH OF ST/IMP MiLL
yV/TLLS.

FifiT. 8

^Thtae I Seams are 5pi»emJ a' op^rt.

Jjjjl^ ShefthojB

P7FT

-J 5- L \ (Triangle mvsh steel ►
\rm.nforcem^T"

SKETCH or CONCRETE FLOOR.

Fig. 9

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52 WINONA STAMP MILL

the water up until it runs through some opening or freezes and
adds to the ice already formed. Immense icicles were some-'
times formed down the sides of the building to the ground.
This trouble has been entirely overcome by building wooden
dams just back of the line of the eaves on each step of roof.
These dams slope to holes in the roof leading to a piping sys-
tem inside the mill which carries off the water. The warm
air from the interior keeps these pipes free from ice, and as
fast as snow melts it runs off the roof. This scheme was
copied from a similar one at the Calumet & Hecla mills but
I have seen no description of it in print.

The main slime department floor over the top of the' set-
tling tanks is made of concrete reinforced with triangle-mesh
wire. The outside walls of the building are formed by a
thick coat of cement plaster on a chicken-wire reinforcement.
The inside face of the wall is made in the same manner, which
leaves a good air space in the wall. The mortar is made of
cement, sand, and a little lime. A detailed sketch is shown
in Figs. 8 and 9.

The bins for storing mineral are in the bottom of the mill,
over a spur from the railroad. They are made of steel and
have 10 compartments, each of 200 cu. ft. capacity. A narrow-
gauge track runs along one side of the mill and aci"oss it,
l)ack of the jigs. Headings and No. i mineral from the jigs
are emptied directly into cars running on this track. Settling
bins for finer grades of mineral are situated above this track,
c>n the head foundation level. All the finer grades of mineral
are pumi)ed back to these bins from the various settling boxes
of tables and jigs and excess water is allowed to drain off.
When comparatively dry, this mineral is dumi>ed into the
mineral car, and trammed over a track scale at the lower
end of the mill and dumi)ed into the bins over the railroad
track. All mineral is shipi>ed in steel mineral cars belonging
to the Copper Range Railroad Company.

Rongh tailings from the tails of the jigs are de-watered by
a large wheel and fed to a cross conveyor which discharges

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE

over the main conveyor running the long way of the mill.
This main conveyor operates within a steel bridge supported
on three steel towers and, when dumping, reaches a maximum
heighth of 84 ft. above the track level at the bottom of the
mill and 123 ft. above the ground. The conveyor is of the
usual Rabins type with troughing idlers on a 30 degree angle.
The belt is balata, 20 in. wide. It has been in operation since

De-waterinsT Wheel and Cross Conveyor, Winona Stamp Mill.

March, 191 1, and apparently has a long time yet to run be-
fore needing replacement. The conveyor is inclined i;?4 i"-
l)er ft., or 8 deg. 18 min.

A slime launder of steel extends 1,200 ft. \ye\o\\ the mill.
This has a semi-circular bottom, with straight sides. We are
now, (March, 191 3) putting in the first steel liners. The
wear is only around the rivet heads where eddy-currents are
>tt up. This launder slopes yi of an in. to the ft. and carries
all the slime material. It empties into a ravine which joins
the main river at a distance of about a mile and a half from
the mill but on land belonging to the Winona Copper Com-
pany. If necessaiy, at any time in the future, a dam cuuld
l)e built across the river at this point and w^ater pumped back
to the mill.

A circular steel bin that can hold about four cars of coarse
i^and is situated over the track to the mineral bin. This can
W fiWed from a separate belt conveyor parallel to the main
conveyor and, during the summer months, much of the coarse
sand is sold for concrete work and for railroad ballast.

The main trestle to the rock bins is used as a coal trestle.
The coal plat is 30 ft. below^ the base of the rail. The floor
is of concrete, about 4 in. thick. Th^ usual coal adit under

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54 WINONA STAMP MILL

the main trestle is also made from concrete. The storage ca-
pacity of the plat is about 6,000 tons. The trestle is of steel.
The coal adit enters the boiler house at the same elevation as
the ash adit in front of the boilers. An electric elevator ele-
vates the car with ashes to an ash trestle and the car with
coal to a trestle 8 ft. above the floor and running parallel to
the boiler front. The coal supply is dumped on the floor and
the boilers are fired by hand. The stack is of steel, brick
lined. It is 150 ft. high and 6 ft. in diameter. The boilers
were made by Parker, of Philadelphia. They are three in
number, each 268 horsepower and are set in brick. They
are equipped with Andrews' shaking grates, draft regulators
and feedwater regulators.

The assay office is near the railroad at the bottom of the
mill. It is supplied with the usual equipment for both fire
and electrolytic assaying. A motor generator supplies the
storage batteries for electrolytic work. A Tirrill gasolene gas
plant supplies the gas.

A dam for the main water supply of the mill is situated on
the Sleeping river, about 3,900 ft. from the mill. It is 440
ft. long and 27 ft. high. The width of the bank on top is 15
ft. The slope on the water side is 2 to i and on the down
stream side is 2>4 to i. The spillway is 7 ft. wide and 8
ft. deep from the top of the concrete core wall. With all
flasli lx)ards out of the spillway, the storage capacity of the
dam is about 77,000,000 gals. Its volume is just about dou-
bled by 5 ft. of flash boards. The core wall of the dam is con-
crete, 12 in. thick at the top and as much as 6 ft. at the very
lK)ttom. The sand fill was made mostly by the hydraulic pro-
cess, a pump on the stream supplying water for washing sand
from the banks. Both slopes are riprapped with coarse rock
from the mine. A sheet steel intake 4 ft. square with a screen
underneath, was first used but quickly became clogged with
leaves, etc. A straight pipe 18 in. in diameter, the periphery
filled with 13/2 in. holes and rising above the highwater level,
was then tried. This has given no trouble beyond catching
in the ice once as the water level dropped.

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 55

The main pump is situated in a compressor house on the
river bank. The pump was made by the Laidlaw-Dunn-Gor-
don Company. It has water cylinders 11^4 b-y 24 in. and
steam cylinders 12 and 25 by 24 in. stroke. The cooling
water for condensation is furnished by the main suction of
the pimip. Water enters the suction under a head of 5 pounds.
Steam pressure is 200 pounds. The pumping capacity, at
67 J 'j revolutions per minute, is 4,000,000 gals, per 24 hours.

Interior of Winona Mill

The pipe line connecting the pump to the surge tank on top
of the stamp-mill is spiral-riveted double galvanized pipe, with
bolted points and rubber gaskets. The pressure at the pump
is 86 Jpounds per square in. with the pump running. \Vt have
ruptured several lengths of this pipe, the rupture cutting
clear across the steel. This was probably due to flaws in
the steel. The joints have not given trouble. The pipe is
14 in. in diameter and 3,900 ft. long. The surge tank on top

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56 WINONA STAMP MILL

of the mill supplies pressure for fire lines. All piping for the
mill is direct from this tank.

The steam stamps were made by the Allis-Chalmers Com-
pany. One is a simple stamp with a cylinder 24 in. dia. by
25 in. stroke and the other a compound with cylinders 16 and
32 in. dia. by 25 in. stroke. Both stamps have piston valves
and only two eccentrics. The high-pressure cylinder Of the
compound stamp is on top and is removed bodily by the crane,
if necessary to inspect the low-pressure cylinder or the piston.
The rolls are of the rigid type and were made by the Allis-
Chalmers Company. Four trommels are used instead of two.

The jigs are of the Woodbury system. One bull jig is used
for the oversize and four four-compartment sets per head for
the material through the trommels. Owing to the small per-
centage of No. I copper (medium-sized pieces) contained in
the Winona rock, these jigs do not seem well adapted to the
purpose. They do make an excellent separation of slimes for
table treatment and provide a middling feed for regrinding
mills. The jigs are supported on iron brackets instead of the
usual timber supports. This makes it easier to get under the
machines for adjustment and repairs and for washing floors.

The principal machine developed for the operation of this
mill is the de-watering wheel. As it is necessary to re-use the
water, the tailings had to be separated from it. The water
carrying the tails of the jigs is comparatively free from slime
so that it is kept separate as "clear water'' and re-used as wash
water. The first de-watering device tried consisted of a
screen tacked on a cylindrical frame which revolved slowly.
The tails were drawn through spigots onto the outside of this
screen the water falling through and the coarse material go-
ing over with the screen on to the cross conveyor belt. This
scheme was not satisfactory as the spigots required a great
deal of attention, having a tendency to either clog or to run
water as the feed varied. An 8-ft. wheel along the lines of
the present wheel was then developed. This worked well but
the i2-ft. diameter wheel now used gives more room for

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE

launders, etc., and takes care of two heads. As shown by the
drawing, Fig. ii, the de-watering w'heel consists of a sheet
steel w-ater-tight wheel with radial partitions along the peri-
phery forming pockets in which the sand is caught and lifted
out of the water and discharged at the top of the wheel over
an apron on to the belt conveyor. The sand is run from
settling tanks through spigots into the bottom of the wheel.
The water overflowing from the wheel is carried to the set-
tling tanks and re-used.

The sand conveyor problem gave some little trouble be-

DewritBrlrig Vt/heal.
FijT. n

lore it was satisfactorily solved. The first cross conveyor used
delivered sand to a bucket elevator w^hich persisted in clog-
ging and otherwise causing trouble. This w^as removed and
the cross conveyor curved up to deliver directly to the main
conveyor. Some trouble was experienced with the belts get-
ting out of line but this was gradually eliminated until the
sand conveyor equipment now has no special attendant. As
a large pile of sand was piled up around the last tower of the
sand conveyor the ground began to bulge up around the edge
of the pile. Settlement of the outside tower came with this

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WINONA STAMP MILL

movement and finally caused shearing of rivets on the upjier
side of the conveyor bridge over the middle tower. These
rivets were then cut out and bolts in slots substituted. A pin
joint was placed in the bottom of the truss. This allowed
for about 2 ft. of settlement in the outer tower. The settling
continued until it became necessary to cut the conveyor house
free from the outside tower. The conveyor bridge is now
supported at the far end on blocking and jacks from the steel
of the tower embedded in the sandpile. If settlement con-
tinues, the conveyor bridge will be jacked up to keep pace.
As the sand accumulates the conveyor will Ix extended and

U i3

Seconds of Time
Fig. 12

supixjrted on the sand. As regrinding increases the amount
of coarse sand to Ije stacked will decrease.

Milling was started with one 8 by 30 in. Ilardinge conical
mill. During 191 2 two more were installed, one a 6- ft. by
6o-in. straight face and the other an 8-ft. by i8-in. straight
face. For one i)€riod of January, 191 2. no mill was at work.
For most of the first six months two mills were in operation
and for the last six months three mills were in operation.
During the year about 36,000 tons of material was reground.

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 59

This figure is of course not exact but from several tests and
records of time, etc., I feel sure that it is very nearly right.
From the reground material 215,248 pounds of refined copper
was produced. The grade of this mineral will average bet-
ter than 50 per cent. The total cost of regrinding during the
year was $9,697.09 or 26.93 cents per ton reground, and 4.5
cents per pound of copper recovered. With electricity costing
1.2 cents per k. w. hour, the power cost was $7,501.97 of the
above total amount. Labor was $402.85 and supplies cost
$1,792.27. Of the supplies, $1,235.80 was for 172,030 pounds
of French pebbles and $280.68 for 19,342 pounds of silex lin-
ing. The balance was for oil and supplies incidental to repairs.
The pebble loss figures nearly five pounds per ton reground
as it includes the initial charge for two new mills. The pebble
loss is now running a trifle under four pounds per ton re-
p^round, which is higher than usual in this district on account
of the hardness of the rock.

COSTS OF GRINDING 36,000 TONS.

Total ^®^ ^°^ Units per ton

' Reground. Percent. Ground.

Power 1.2c per k. w. hr $7,501.97 20.84<; 77.36 17.415 k. w. hrs.

Labor 402.85 1.12 4.15

Supplies —

.7184c per lb. pebbles.... 1,235.80 3.43 12.74 4.781b. pebbles

1.4.512c per lb. lining 280.69 .77 2.90 .537 lb. lining

Incidentals 275.78 .77 2.85

$9,697.09 26.93c 100.00
The 8-ft. diameter by 30-in. straight face mill has proved
Ihe most economical in power cost per ton ground and also has
ibe largest capacity of any we have tried. We are now in-
stalling three more 8-ft. mills w^hich have a 36 in. straight
face and we expect still greater capacity. These mills have
Talk's cut herringbone gears and there is only one speed re-
duction, which will materially reduce the power cost. The
first mill installed has a silex lining but the subsequent mills
are I'^^^^l ^^^ ^he straight face with pebbles set in grooves in
L^l plates. The conical faces are lined with silex blocks,
gt^l pebble linings have proved very satisfactory. A mill is

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WINONA STAMP MILL

out of service at least four days to replace silex lining as the
cement must be allowed to set. With a steel pebble lining,
the mill can go into service again as soon as new plates are
placed, a matter of hours only. So far, our experience shows

Fifif. 6

a^nt tai-rsiH

WINONA 5TAMP MILU

n.VfOtUtT or OK Miwi. J«CTIOn

Fiff. 7; Flow Sheet of One Mill Section, Winona Stamp Mill.

that the steel pebble linings are cheapest. All our new mills
will be equipped with the steel pebble linings on the cones as
well as the straight faces. The mill is lighted at night, prin-

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 6l

cipally, by icx) candle power series Tungsten incandescent
lamps on a 6.6 ampere constant current. These have been
found satisfactory, the life of the lamps running above 2,000
hours.

A small lathe, drill press and power shear for cutting plate
are the only power tools in the stamp mill as the mine shop
is equipped for handling all other work. The detailed flow-
sheet of water and material give, I believe, full information
as to the manner of handling and method of operation.

The water re-used in the mill is pumped back by two
separate pumps, one for the dirty water and one for the clear
water. These are both centrifugal pumps, direct connected
to electric motors, the "clear" water pump having a capacity
of 4,000,000 gallons and the "dirty'* water pump a capacity
of 3,000,000 gallons. Both are regulated to suit conditions
by throttling of discharge. Sand from both the "clear" and
"dirty" water is simply spigoted out of the bottom of the
settling tanks while the pumps are drawing from the upper
part of these tanks. Following is a list of motors :

Make. H.P. Voltage. Speed. Driving.

A-C 75 2200 850 No. 1 Head Jigs, Shops & Gen.

A-C 75 2200 850 No. 2 Head Jigs, Shops & Gen.

A-C 50 2200 850 8'x30" Hardlnge Mill.

A-C 45 2200 835 8'xl8" Hardinge Mill.

G-E 35 2200 850 6'xGO" Hardinge MIH.

Westinghouse ...50 2200 500 8'x36" Hardinge MiU.

Westinghouse ...50 2200 500 8'x3G" Hardinge Mill.

Westinghouse ...50 2200 500 8'x36" Hardinge Mill.

G-E 35 2200 600 10" Centrifugal Pump.

G-E 25 2200 600 8" Centrifugal Pump.

A-C 30 2200 850 Two Sets of Rolls.

A-C 30 2200 850 Sand Conveyor.

A-C 20 2200 1130 Tables and Pumps.

A-C 20 22oii 1130 Tables and Pumps.

A-C 20 2200 1130 Tables and Pumps.

A-C 5 220 1200 Ash and Coal Elevator.

G-E 3 220 1200 No. 1 Head Valve Gear.

G-E 3 220 1200 No. 2 Head Valve Gear.

Westinghouse ... 5 220 1120 Tables.

The Winona stamp-mill was built on the mine to reduce

oi>erating expenses per ton by reducing transportation charges.

Seventeen and one-half cents per ton was cut out of the

transiMDrtation charge and the following items were added:

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62 WINONA STAMP MILL

Stacking sand 1.2c per ton stamped

Transportation on the mine 3.6c per ton stamped

This still leaves an important net saving due to location of

mill on the mine. The unit costs given are necessarily high

due to the small tonnage handled, namely, 181,184 tons for

the year 1912. The detail of these costs follows:

Cost of belt and conveyor idlers, about $4,000 erected; life 40

months; cost per moMh $100.00

Power at the rate of 8 k. w. at 1.2c per k. w. hour 60.00

Attendance 10.00

Oils, etc 10.00

$180.00
Or 1.2 cents per ton on 15,000 tons stamped. These will
of course be reduced materially with increased tonnage han-
dled. Of the ix>wer used, at least two-thirds is in friction.

In addition, the following interest and depreciation charges
might I^e listed against this operation :

Cost of conveyor bridge and towers, fully equipped with belt

and machinery $12,000.00

Interest at 6 per cent 720.00

5 per cent depreciation on $8,000 of this amount 400.00

The depreciation of the otiier $4,000 is already accounted
for in the working cost.

Pumping costs should not be increased over similar costs
with a stamp-mill on Lake Superior as while the water re-
handled is pumped with less efficient machinery the head
against which it is pumped is very materially reduced. The
pumping cost taken from our cost sheet for the year 191 2 is
2.3 cents per ton stamped. This is materially higher than the
usual figure on Lake Sui>erior, owing, principally, to the
smaller tonnage stamped.

There is undoubtedly considerable gained by the concen-
tration of all operations at the mine. Some of this gain can-
not be expressed in cents per ton. During part of the month
of March, 191 3, railroad service in Houghton county was
very much hindered by heavy storms. Several of the mines
were shut down temporarily and freight train service, at least,
was cancelled for days at a time. Neither the Winona mine
nor the mill was delayed on this account as our tracks are
comparatively short and easily kept clear of snow.

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 63

SAFETY IN THE MINES OF THE LAKE SUPERIOR
IRON RANGES.

BY EDWIN HIGGINS^ IRONVVOOD, MICH.*

It is not the purpose of this paper to go into a detailed dis-
cussion of safety in mines, or to submit a set of rules that
will eliminate accidents. No living- man, whatever his occu-
pation, is immime from accidental bodily injury. Accidents
cannot be eliminated; they may, however, by the exercise of
care and vigilance, be kept within certain reasonable limits.

As a result of visits to many of the iron mines of the
Lake Superior region, for the purpose of studying conditions
and possibly learning something as to the causes of accidents,
some impressions have been gathered that might be of inter-
est. In this paper, certain existing conditions will be dis-
cussed, and some suggestions offered, not in a spirit of criti-
cism, but with a view to emphasizing some of tlie features
of safety work.

In general, interest in the work is high. A great deal of
money is being spent in safety devices and other means look-
ing to a reduction in the numl^cr of accidents. PZxcept in a
few cases, the mine officials are doing all in their power to
accomplish this end. The seed of **safety first," sowed some
years ago on the iron ranges, has become firmly rooted.

It seems natural in a discussion of safety to turn first to
the causes of accidents, for the remedy of aily evil lies in
removing the cause. Few accidents may be charged to any one
direct cause; most of them are due to a conil)ination of cir-
cumstances or conditions. For example, a man is hurt from

•District Engineer, Mlchlgan-Mlnnesota-Wisconsin Division, United
States Bureau of Mines.

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64 SAFETY IN LAKE SUPERIOR IRON MINES

a fall of ground. The direct cause of the injury here was
the falling of a section of ground. However, the falling of
the ground might have been due to the failure of the miner
to pick down the back ; the timbering might have been insuffi-
cient or improperly placed ; possibly the miner was trying for
"easy dirt" and was taking a chance; or the working place
might not have been carefully inspected. In turn, any or all
of these conditions might have been due, indirectly, to a de-
mand for more ore production, either by the management or
by an over-ambitious captain or shift boss.

A man is crushed between a post and a motor or car.
This accident might have been due to the fact that in laying
the track insufficient clearance was allowed for between the
cars and the post; or to the lack of a bell on the motor; or
to the carelessness or inexperience of either the motonnan or
miner who was hurt.

In a broad sense it seems reasonable to assume that safety
in and about the mines is closely related to and dependent upon
the following conditions and elements:

Rapidity of production of ore.

Labor conditions.

Accident preventive measures and devices.

The Human element.

Rapidity of Production of Ore.

Forcing the production of more ore than can be supplied
under normal working conditions doubtless tends to increase
the number of accidents j^er man employed in the mine. A
comparison of accident and production records will show this
to be true in many cases. When the working places are over-
crowded with men and machinery and the mine equipment is
being worked beyond its capacity, there is a tendency for
the work to go with a slam and a bang that allows little
chance for anyone who hapi:)ens to get in the way.

The demand for over-production might come from the
management or officials; or, as is often the case, it might
result from the spirit of rivalry that exists between some

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 65

captains or shift bosses. To a certain extent, the belief is
still prevalent that a man's worth is gaged by the amount of
ore he produces. There are doubtless other causes that tend
to spur the miner on in his work; the result in most cases is
to make him less careful of his safety. The elimination of
undue haste in all departments of mine work will tend to
reduce accidents.

Labor Conditions.

A scarcity of labor means that there are a correspondingly
smaller number of experienced men available. It follows
that green men must be employed in the mines and that in-
competent men must be kept at work vVhen they should be
discharged. Such conditions are productive of accidents. The
green hand, being unfamiliar with his working place, machin-
ery and tools, does not know what to do in an emergency.
Usually he does the wrong thing and receives an injury.

Where an entire district is effected by a shortage of labor
it is practically impossible for any one operator to remedy
permanently conditions at his property. He may secure men
from outside of his district but this is expensive and is not
a lasting or satisfactory remedy.

Accident Preventive Measures and Devices.

No attempt will be made to describe the many safety de-
vices and methods in use. The subject of accident prevention
will be discussed in a general way under the following heads :

Machinery, Tools and Appliances.

Timbering.

General Conditions in and About the Mines.

Handling of Explosives.

Fire Prevention and Protection,

Rules and Regulations.

Inspection.

Machinery, Tools and Appliances.

Usually the master mechanic is held accountable for the
condition of all machinery. He must l>e certain at all times
that his machinery is in safe condition for use, and that all

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66 SAFETY IN LAKE SUPERIOR IRON MINES

exposed parts, such as fly wheels, belts, pulleys, etc., are so
covered that men cannot be caught and injured by them. This
applies to underground as well as surface machinery, al-
though the care of the underground machinery usually comes
under a different man. Some companies make it a rule, where
there is a choice, to avoid the use of machinery, devices or
appliances that offer a chance of pinching or mangling the
limbs of employes. In general, it was found that much has
been done towards protecting men from exposed parts of
machinery.

Hoists, especially those used for handling men, should be
provided with an automatic cut-off to prevent overwinding-.
Cables should be carefully inspected at frequent intei-vals and
the ends cut at stated periods. Cages for handling men should
be provided with safety dogs and doors. Safety dogs should
be tested at least once a month by dropping the cage; there
are various well known methods of doing this. Although
nearly ^very cage inspected on the iron ranges was equipped
with safety dogs, it was found that less than 40 per cent of
them were tested at regular intervals; many never had been
tested. A safety dog is not safe unless it is known to be in
perfect working order.

Where electrical haulage is used underground, the as-
sistant, or "swamper,*' on the motor is often injured by having
his legs crushed or mangled. Accidents of this nature are
due to the fact that no place is provided on the rear of the
motor for the **swanii:)er ' to ride in safety. At one mine this
class of accident became so common that motors were pro-
vided with a place for the *'swaniper" to sit, so that his legs
are protected the same as are those of the motorman on the
front end.

All electric feed wires should be well insulated and care-
fully laid to prevent short circuiting. Trolley wires should
have protection, esi>ecially at ore chutes. The common mode
of protection is to provide, where the trolley passes in front
of ore chutes, inverted troughs or launders of square or V-

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE (ij

shajied section ; or to secure, on each side of the trolley, round
timbers from 5 to 8 in. in diameter.

Telephones underground often play the part of a safely
device. They should be installed in every mine.

Timbering.

From a safety standpoint, the proper timbering of work-
ing places is of great importance. In most of the accidents
happening from insecure or improperly-placed timbering, it
has been found that the work has been done, or left undone,
by an inexi)erienced man. The green man is most likely t(^
overlook one of the first principles of proj>er tim)>ering.
viz: that of using sufficient blocking l^etvveen the timber and
the back. This has been the- cause of a great many accidents.
Under the head of improper timbering many conditions couM
be referred to that may result in injury to the miner, but it
seems unnecessary to go further into this subject. The remedy
for such conditions, esi>ecially where green men must l)e em-
ployed, is a closer insi)ection of all timbering. This remedy
lias brought forth good results in several instances known
to the wn'iter.

Another plan that has been adopted with good results is
to timber every place where there api)ears to l)e the slightest
d^ahce of a fall. In one large mine a cl(>^se study of accident
reix.Tts brought out the fact that falls of ground, resulting in
injury, were occurring in rock drifts where it was thought that
timl)er was entirely unnecessary.

It is the rule in many of the mines for the captain or
someone else to either climb, or make a slow trip by cage,
through the shaft at frequent intervals, closely inspectin*;-
guides and timbering. Such trips do not consume much time
and should be made every day.

General Conditions

Handling Men — In order to avoid accidents that might re-
sult from the sudden disability of the hoisting engineer, two
men should be on the hoist when lowering men into or hoist-
ing them out of the mine.

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68 SAFETY IN LAKE SUPERIOR IRON MINES

Miners are often hurt by crowding too close to the shaft
when coming on or going off shift. The usual effective meth-
od of preventing accidents of this kind is to provide some
kind of enclosure around the shaft collar and underground sta-
tions, into w^hich men may be admitted in limited numbers.

Traveling Ways — Every mine should be provided with at
least two outlets with ladderways in good rei)air. If the dis-
tance is not too great the men should be made to pass through
the second outlet from time to time in order to familiarize
them with the w^ay.

All traveling ways underground should be kept as clear
of rubbish and old timber as possible. Timl^er with j^ggc6
edges or with nails protruding, powder and candle boxes, in
short, trash of any kind, are sources of danger when allowed
to collect in traveling ways. A small piece of wood has been
known to derail a motor or tramcar; men often are caught be-
tween a derailed car and the timber. A man may trip over a
slight obstruction, fall and receive a serious injury.

In repair work in haulage drifts, neither old or new tim-
ber should be left laying or standing any longer than is ab-
solutely necessary. Men have been crushed by motors and
cars because the way was so full of obstructions that they
could not escape.

Protection of Open Places — Every place into which it is
possible for a miner to fall should be protected in some man-
ner. This refers to gates or fences for shaft collars and sta-
tions, doors for manways, bars or fences for ore chutes, and
fences for dangerous abandoned places.

Where cribbed ore chutes are used, as in the soft ore
mines, there seems to be a tendency, due to the weight of the
ore in the chute and the working of the surrounding ground,
for the cribbing to settle and become distorted. Under such
conditions it' is important to keep the collar of the chute in
repair. In the course of time the iron bars used to prevent
men from falling into the chute will settle with the cribbing.
While bars four or five feet below the collar of the chute

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE

may prevent serious falls, they are as much a source of dan-
g-er as they are a protection ; a man falling upon them is liable
to very serious injur}-. To remedy this condition, a special
grating is used at one mine. It consists of i-in. square iron
pieces riveted loose to angle-iron end pieces. The square iron
pieces are placed 8 in. apart and the grill so formed is suj)-
ported to the chute collar by means of four round iron hooks,
I ft. long, bolted to the angle-iron end pieces and passing over
the top set of cribbing. In the end of the hook is a hole

Afyl*'fwfS-4'>i3r*i 2

I MIk ^-4 ^, 4 lY ♦

■ %• tjvUs Utru b^r i/«7 ^ttd
^95/« ir 01;.

0» -'ZtH^va j»r f^0h-l^^/^yfrs .

>3<£TCH or Gkiq-iroh fo^'' Frotcctiom
AT Coll A/? or Ore Chutc.

through whidi a spike is driven to secure the hook to the
cribbing. The device always hangs i ft. below the top of
the chute; it will adjust itself to any distortion of the crib-
bing. This device is shown in an accompanying sketch.

Open and dangerous places should be further protected by
the use of ample lighting. This is simple on main levels where
electric lamps are used. Great care should be used, however.

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yO SAFETY IN LAKE SUPERIOR IRON MINES

where it is necessary to employ some type of torch or other
oi>en light, esi:)ecially if there is much timber in the immedi-
ate vicinity.

Ladderways and Ladders — For shafts, ladders placed in
an inclined (forward) position, with platforms, or sollai*s, not
more than 24 ft. apart, are recognized as safer than the con-
tinuous ladderw^ay without platfoniis. Ladders should pro-
ject at least 3 ft. above platforms, or there should be a hand
hold of some description provided just alx>ve the platform.

Ladders, wherever used, should te placed about 3 in. out
from the (r[)ening in which they are hung, and should be
securely fastened. The spacing between rungs should be uni-
form througliout aind not more than 12 in. from center to
center. Broken or badly Ijent rungs should be immediately
replaced. Three tyi)es of rungs are in general use — round iron
bars, wood, and iron pipe. Wood rungs present a better hold
for both hand and foot. They are subject to rot or easy
breakage from falling rock or other material, and hence are
not as serviceable as iron. Solid iron rungs are good, ImU
when they are bent, especially in a wet mine, they make it
easy for the miner to slip. Rungs made from discarded i-in.
iron pipe are cheap and effective; Ijeing larger, they present
a better hand and foot hold than the solid iron rung. For
the protection of rungs, as well as human life, the top of every
ladderway should be kept clear of loose rock. Careful inspec-
tion and repair of ladders will tend to reduce accidents from
falls.

Tracks — Some importance is attached to the proper grad-
ing of tracks, from a standpoint of economical w^ork, and be-
cause pushing cars up too steep grades may l>e the cause of
injuries in the nature of strains. In the haulage ways, es-
jx^cially in rounding curves, ample room should be provided
for men to stand to avoid being crushed l)etween the car or
motor and the timber. A great many accidents happen from
this cause.

Tracks should be kept clear of all rubbish, especiallv pieces
of wood and rock.

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 7I

Signs — Various kinds of signs are in use in many of the
mines. This is a subject that is worthy of serious considera-
tion. The most useful signs appear to be the following:
Something to call attention to places where explosives are
stored ; something to indicate dangerous places, such as aban-
doned open stopes, places over which work is being done, etc. ;
signs pointing the way to the different outlets of the mine.
The latter should be more numerous where the vein is wide
and the workings intricate. There is a great need of a uni-
versal danger sign, something that by constant use will event-
ually become familiar to men of all nationalities.

Handling of Explosives.

For underground work it is the general practice to use
various grades of dynamite, such as straight dynamite, and
the low-freezing, ammonia, gelatin, and granular dynamites.
Explosives are fired by means of fuse and detonator, except in
shaft sinking, in which it is customary to use an electrical
firing device.

In nearly all cases the explosive is carried into the mine
in the original box, usually with the cover on, but in some
cases with the cover removed. The l)est practice seems to ])e
to remove the cover after the explosive is received under-
ground, using a wcxxlen mallet and wedge for the purpose.

Storage Underground — Explosives are stored under-
ground either in a central magazine or in l>oxes kept near the
working places. The chief factor in detemiining the l>est
method of storage is the system of mining in use. Under dif-
ferent conditions either method of storage may be l>est. In
any event, no more than 48 hours' supply should be kq)t un-
derground at any one time.

Powder houses should l^e removed from working places
and traveling ways. Those cut out of the solid rock, sui)port-
ed where necessary by steel and concrete, are safest. Thev
should be in charge of a powder man who shall deliver ex-
plosives to the miner on written order only. In several mines
the practice is followed of requiring the shift boss to make out

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JT. SAFETY IN LAKE SUPERIOR IRON MINES

and sign the order for explosives. It is claimed that this meth-
od is both economical and safe, as it prevents the miner or-
dering too much explosive, at the same time eliminating the
habit of leaving sticks of explosives lying around promis-
cuously. The powder magazine should be electrically light-
ed and no one should be allowed to enter wMth an open light
of any kind. A good precaution is to place a fuse in the line
leading to the powder magazine in order to prevent the ex-
plosion of an incandescent lamp in c^se the current should
rise suddenly. r

Fuse and Detonators — The powder man should have
charge also of the detonators and fuse and these should be kept
in a room at least 50 ft. from the explosives. The duties
of the powder man may include the cutting of the fuse and
the crimping on of the detonator, for which latter purpose a
crimper should be supplied. There are still a few miners left
who will crimp a detonator with their teeth.

Tlmidng — Thawing is variously performed. In cases
where low freezing dynamite is used no means is provided for
thawing. Some magazines are heated by steam coils and
kept at a cerl.iiii temi>ijrature. Tliawing devices heated elec-
trically or by steam pipes are used, as well as different types
of hot water thawers. Electrical heaters require careful plan-
ning to prevent dangerous conditions due to short circuits '.)r
overheating. Only in a few cases w^as the dangerous prac-
tice of thawing in contact widi a heated metal surface ob-
served. Where steam is used for thawing it should be used
under low pressure; exhaust steam from some source may be
available. The practice of carrying sticks of explosives in the
clothing in order to thaw them from the heat of the boily
should be prohibited.

Carrying Explosives — In carr}M'ng exp^(\sives from the
magazine to his working place the miner has l)een observed ^o
make up a bundle of a dozen or more sticks and tie it up with
fuse; or he may carry the explosive loose or in a cloth sack.
Obviously, the latter method is safest, because the explosive

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE

is better protected and is not likely to be lost. One objection
to tying up a bundle with a length of fuse is that the fuse is
very- likely to develop a defect from such treatment.

Loading Detonator Into Primer — There were few mines
visited in w^hich any regulation method of attaching the de-
tonator to the primer was followed. In practically all cases
the superintendents and captains knew that certain methods
were to be preferred; the difficulty seemed to be in causing
the miners to adhere to rules. Any method of performing this
operation that allows the detonator to protrude from the prim-
er, or the fonnation of sharp angles in the fuse, should be
proliit>ited, as they give rise to premature explosions and miss-
fires. Eitlier of the inethods shown in the accompanying
sketch is both safe and efficient. A skewer of wood or brass
should be used for punching the hole in the cartridge.

Tamping — From a standix)int of both safety and economy,
all explosives should be well tamped. For this purix)se damp
clay may be used ; the tamping stick should be of woo<l.

Missed Holes — In handling missed holes much care is
generally used, although in some mines no set rule is fol-
lowed. Usually some form of report is used whereby th^

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74 SAFETY IN LAKE SUPERIOR IRON MINES

captain or shift boss of the oncoming shift is notified of the
missfire. The shift boss locates the hole, removes the tamping,
then inserts and fires another primer. In locating the hole
the shift Ix)ss may be guided by the experienced miner, who
can designate, in many cases, the charge that has failed ro
explode from the sequence of the reports. No set rules can
be laid down for handUng missfires. It may be said, how^-
ever, that at least one hour should elapse before anyone is
allowed to return to the hole; that great care should be ob-
served in locating the hole and removing the tamping; that
the charge should never be gouged out with a metal scraper;
and that no attempt should be made to pull the fuse and de-
tonator from the hole. There should be some place for post-
ing or delivering a printed form for the attention of the cap-
tain or shift boss of the oncoming shift. This fomi should be
so filled out as to draw attention to the exact place where the
missfire has occurred, and the numl>er of holes missed.

Black Powder — For blasting on surface, as in open pits,
various classes of black blasting jx^wder are used. Care should
be used in the storage and opening of the ix>wder canisters.
Loading should be done by careful and exjoerienced men. The
safety precautions in this class of work are well known and
will not be discussed here. It seems only necessary to mention
the fact that constant vigilance is essential, for even men of
long exi)erience in handling powder will in time become care-
less and overlook the simplest rules for safety.

Rules and Blasting Signals — Rules and regulations con-
cerning the handling of explosives should be printed and i)()st-
ed in proi>er places. Such placards should contain a few
short and concise statements regarding the chief dangei-s in
handling explosives.

Miners should never Ije allowed to blast a hole, or even a
plug shot of half a stick of dynamite, without giving the cus-
tomary warning. The strict enforcement of this rule will pre-
vent accidents.

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lake superior mining institute 75

Inspection.
Safety inspectors, or committees, are to be found at many
of the mines, but a great number of them still clq>end upon
the captains and shift bosses alone to keep the mine in a safe
condition. The mines at which some form of inspection was
provided showed the good results of the work. Constant
contact with certain conditions may cause even the careful
captain or shift boss to overlook the dangerous features.
Fire Prevention and Protection.

While generously provided in few cases and moderately
in most, fire protection was found entirely lacking in some
of the mines. As a protection to life and property every mine
should be provided with some means of preventing and fight-
ing fires, both on the surface and underground. The aim
should l)e to remove, as far as conditions and necessity will
permit, the causes of fires ; and to provide the necessary equip-
ment for attacking quickly any fire which may originate.
The following may be set down as the causes of metal mine
fires:

Careless use of lights underground, in shaft, or at shaft
collar.

Defective electric wiring.

Spontaneous combustion from friction in shaft rollers or
underground machinery.

Spontaneous ignition of combustible rock.

Dropping lighted paper, candle or other material in ore
• chutes.

Building small fires underground for any purpose.

Dumping ashes into open pits connected with underground
workings.

Careless use of matches.

Incendiarism.

Smoking in timbered places underground, in shaft, or at
or near shaft collar.

Sparks from surface engines of any kind, or from surface
fires.

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76 SAFETY IN LAKE SUPERIOR IRON MINES

Allowing combustible rubbish to collect underground.

By studying the causes of mine fires and some of the well
known preventive and protective measures, many of which
are embraced in the following suggestions, an efficient sys-
tem may be worked out for almost any conditions.

Do not place wooden structures close to the shaft collar.
Have as little wood construction as ix)ssible around collar;
steel headframes with steel and concrete construction to a
depth of 25 ft. below the collar are safest. Sprinkle dr}-
shafts. In all shafts use care in electric wiring; keep rollers
we'l oiled; cover steam pipes, esi^ecially if laid close to timber;
do not allow candle snuffs or other open lights to be left on
timber.

In shaft and pump stations use as little wooden construc-
tion as possible; provide steel and concrete where support is
necessary. Do not allow combustible material of any kind
to collect; do away with open lights as far as possible; use
care in electric wiring; provide separate receptacles for clean
and oily waste; do not place machiner>' close to timber; do
not spill oil on timber. If conditions do not warrant stet*l
and concrete construction, at least break timl>ering connect-
ing pump station with shaft, using steel and concrete if sup-
ix>rt be necessary.

Do not allow dry wood, ix>wder and candle boxes, paper,
hay, waste, manure, or other combustible material, to collect
anywhere underground.

Provide a fire patrol for all timbered parts of mine.

Do not store lighting or lubricating oils in great quantity
luiderground, especially near timbered places.

Provide one or more chemical fire extinguishers at or near
ihe shaft collar, at every station, at ix)wder house, and in
timbered drifts or crosscuts distant from the shaft.

Provide one or more water plugs or connections, with
several lengths of hose, at or near shaft collar and at stations.
Water may be supplied underground from pumps, water col-
umn, or by separate line from surface. A shaft sprinkling

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 7/

device is useful under certain conditions. In tapping water
column it may l)e necessary to use a special pressure reducing
valve.

Make air line convertible into water line.

Have a barrel of water and buckets at shaft stations.

Provide dry fire extinguishers, such as sand, salt or ix)w-
dcred limestone.

Arrange for the control of ventilation through the use of
doors.

Provide air tight fire doors for isolation of parts of mine.

Make rules for fire prevention and enforce them.

Have fire drills and a pre-arranged plan of action in case
of fire.

Provide oxygen breathing apparatus.

Provide fire signals.

Arrange to notify miners in case of fire and be prepared
to get them to surface promptly.

Before leaving this subject, it is desired to draw attention
to the use of candles for lighting underground. This article
has probably been the cause, directly or indirectly, of more
mine fires than any other known agent. It is notable that the
candle is fast being replaced by the carbide lamp on the iron
ranges. Xo mine, especially if it be dry and timbered, is safe
from fire while candles are permitted below the collar of the
shaft. Carbide lamps, while they are not an ideal lamp for
the purpose, seem to be the best and safest device at present
known for lighting underground in metal mines. Compared
with candles, they consume less oxygen, give a brighter light,
are at least half as costly, and present little danger of setting
fires underground, chiefly because they are not hung on dry
timbers and are carried out of the mine when the miner goes
off shift. It might be mentioned also that the carbide lamp,
because of its greater brightness of light, affords a better
chance for kxrating loose pieces of rock in the back, and for
seeing obstructions under foot. From a standpoint of fire
prevention, there is great need of some lighting device for

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78 SAFETY IN LAKE SUPERIOR IRON MINES

underground that has an enclosed flame; at the same time it
must ]ye simple, inexpensive and eflfective. Portable electric
lamps (storage battery) are now coming on the market for use
in coal mines. Lamps of this type present advantages for use
in metal mines, but they must be simplified and improved be-
fore their adoption is likely to become at all general.
Oxygen Breathing Apparatus.

By the use of oxygen breathing apparatus, the wearer is
enabled, without inconvenience, to perform hard labor in an
atmosphere containing smoke, fumes or poisonous gases. This
device is an important part of the equipment for fighting un-
derground fires and may be instrumental in saving life where
men are overcome or lost in gas-filled mines. The appar-
atus should be kept clean and should be tested at frequent iii-
tervals to make sure that it is ready for instant use. In stor-
age, it should be protected from steam, hot air and dust. A
sufficient supply of oxygen should be kept on hand at all times.

There should be two or more trained crews of five men
each. If a crew consists of three or even four men and
one of these men should meet with an accident, there is great
danger that the two or three remaining men may not be able
to carry him out of the danger zone. The leader of the crew
should be cool and deliberate aud should exact absolute obedi-
ence from every man under him. He should take every pre-
caution for the safety of his men, thoroughly testing every
apparatus before going underground in case of fire.

For a more detailed discussion of this subject the reader
is referred to Miner's Circular 4, **The Use and Care of Mine
Rescue Breathing Apparatus," by James W. Paul, published
by the United States Bureau of Mines, Washington, D. C.
First Aid to the Injured.

From the standpoint of safety, first aid to the injured,
where practiced, suggests to the miner that he is liable to
injury; it protects the miner who has received an injury, and
prevents simple injuries from developing into something more
serious, thus shortening periods of disability.

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 79

In the generally accepted sense, first aid to the injured does
not contemplate the production of physicians after a few les-
sons — or any number of lessons. Its purpose is to give tem-
porary relief, by the simplest possible means, until the injured
man can l>e taken to a physician or hospital. The study of
first aid teaches what not to attempt, as well as what to do.
As taught by the American Red Cross Association, the Unit-
ed States Bureau of Mines, and other institutions, a man of
no schooling may become as proficient in the work as the man
of highest education.

The larger companies operating on the iron ranges, and
many of the smaller ones, have taken up the work of first
aid to the injured. In some localities the work is well or-
ganized and is doing a wonderful amount of good. Most
operators and physicians are firm believers in the efficiency
of the work, both from a humane and from an economical
standpoint.

It is suggested to any who have not given this subject
serious consideration that they look up the records of what
first aid has accomplished in the coal fields of the United
States in recent years; or better still, obtain records of w^hat
the work is doing on die iron ranges. Reports from one
large hospital show that cases of infection have been reduced
50 per cent since the introduction of first aid work.
Sanitation and Ventilation.

Sanitation and ventilation in mines are closely related to
safety. A miner's general health is more valuable to him
than a sound leg, arm or finger; and lie will do more efficient
work and be less liable to long disability when injured, if his
general health is good. Unsanitary conditions in the mine,
coupled with an insuflficient supply of fresh air, will sooner or
later show their eflfects upon the strongest man.
Rules and Regul.vtions.

Practically all of the mine oi^erators believe in the use of
rules and regulations. This Ijelief is exemplified in some
cases by the official who at least posts a notice against smok-

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8o SAFETY IN LAKE SUPERIOR IRON MINES

ing ill certain places, or one refusing admittance to the mine
or plant; passing through many gradations up to the official
who believes in the printing of rules and regulations in eight
or ten different languages. There can be no question as
to the necessity of rules; and there seems to be no suitable
method of reaching the men of various nationalities without
printing these rules in numerous languages.

The important point, often difficult to attain, is the en-
forcement of these rules and regulations. The only satisfac-
tory method of enforcing rules is to discipline, and finally dis-
charge, offenders against them. Unfortunately, labor con-
ditions are not always such that this course can be follow^ed.

The Human Element.

The human element enters into every angle of the safety
problem. Rules may be provided, safety devices and precau-
tions may l>e provided in the greatest abundance, and every
preventive measure known to science may be brought into
use; but they will not avail to reduce accidents to the minimum
if the safety spirit is lacking in the officials, the captains, the
shift bosses and the men under them.

For instance, such an experience as the following is not
uncommon. An official goes underground and finds certain
dangerous conditions existing, against which there are strict
and clearly worded rules. These rules might not have been
observed for any one of several reasons. The captain might
not have been sufficiently impressed with the "safety first"
idea ; the captain might not have educated his shift boss suffi-
ciently; or either the captain or shift boss might have been
of that type who cannot adjust himself to ideas of safety as
against ore production.

The remark has been heard that this or that captain or-
shift boss could not l>e brought to give serious attention to
matters of this kind; that they were too valuable to discharge
and would doubtless come around to the changed conditions
later. In cases of this kind it seems to be a question of which
man is the most valuable, the man who gets out ore without

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 8 1

injur>' to his men, or the man who produces a greater ton-
nage at the cost of human life. This is a question that may
be studied either from a humane or from an economical view-
point.

Unless the mine official is of the firm belief that safety
pays, little may be ex^xcted from the men under him. The
best results seem to be forthcoming from the mines where
the slogan "safety first'' is strong with the officials, and by
them is made to penneate every department until it finally
reaches, through the captains and shift bosses, the men be-
hind the drill, the pick and the shovel.

It is the rule on the iron ranges to find the mine officials
greatly interested in safety, and the same may be said of
the captains. However, the general run of shift bosses do
not present a fertile field for the safety seed; either that, or
the seed is improperly sowed. This does not refer to all shift
bosses, for there are many safety enthusiasts among this class ;
nor does it mean to imply that a shift boss would willingly or
knowingly put a man in a dangerous position. The idea
that it is desired to bring out is that, in general, the safety
spirit is high with the average official, and most of the cap-
tains; but when it reaches the shift bosses it begins to die,
and by the time it comes down to the miner it is almost dead.
The average miner resents suggestions for his safety. He
will take care of his dinner pail and he will be careful to get
all that is coming to him from his contract, but he will not
take the necessary precautions to safeguard his life. Of course,
there are some who are careful.

The above statements are made after a close study of this
particular feature of safety work in many of the mines. They
lead up to what the writer believes to be of the utmost im-
portance in the prevention of accidents, namely: That far
more good may be accomplished by educating and securing
the co-operation of the man underground than by the use
of safety devices or measures of any other kind. Safety de-
vices are good and they are absolutely essential for protecting

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82 SAFETY IN LAKE SUPERIOR IRON MINES

the miner; if they could be coupled with a mine full of men
whose thoughts w^ere for their safety, then conditions w^ould
l>egin to approach the ideal. The method of securing this
co-oi)eration is the problem of the management, and the prolv
lem is not the same in every mine. Schemes that will work
out well in one mine might fail under widely different condi-
tions.

Organization and Co-Operation.

In many of the mines the captains and shift bosses are
looked to for the reduction of the accident list. Another class
is made up of those mines which have one or more safety in-
si>ectors. Still another class embraces the mines of the larger
companies that maintain safety departments and si)end a great
deal of time and money looking to the welfare and safety of
the man in and about the mine.

Of the schemes for securing the co-operation of the cap-
tains and shift bosses there are none that seem to bring better
results than the monthly or semi-monthly meetings at which
accident reports are read and the accidents, with possible sug-
gestions as to how they might have been prevented, dis-
cussed. In some cases rivalry is stirred up amongst the shift
bosses by offering small monthly prizes to the boss whose rec-
ord for injuries to men is the cleanest.

The writer is of the belief that a yearly cash bonus to
shift lx)sses, based uiK>n the number of men injured (or the
number of days disability resulting therefrom) and killed, will
be effective in reducing accidents. At first thought this prop-
osition might not be attractive. However, let us start with
the premise that in a certain mine the shift bosses are not as
careful as they should be — and this applies practically to all
mines. There are. say, ten shift bosses. You appeal to them
from the humane standpoint; ix)ssibly three will be deeply
interested, three more moderately so — the remaining four are
thinking of something else. And so it will be if you talk of
prizes of any kind, until you mention, say $500 as a yearly
bonus; there are then exactly ten shift bosses intensely in-

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 83

terested in your conversation. Consider the number of broken
fingers it will take to cost $500 in compensation.

The cash bonus is a suggestion ; the plan in detail must be
worked out with careful regard to the conditions under which
the men work. One objection that has Ijeen heard is that
conditions in one place might be more dangerous than in an-
other, in this way presenting difiiculties that might arise un-
der any bonus system. It would seem that in the course of a
year conditions would change sufficiently to equalize risks
of injuries. As a matter of fact it is often found that more
accidents hapi^en in places that are supposedly safe than in
those that are known to be dangerous. In this connection, at-
tention is directed to the fact that certain companies have
brought about great improvement by oflfering cash prizes to
miners for gardens and clean premises.

During the past six months committees or associations
have been organized in various districts on the iron ranges.
Membership is made up of mine officials, captains, shift
bosses, engineers and others interested in safety work from
all operating proj^rties of the district. The purposes of the
organization are, through co-operation, to promote welfare,
safety in and about the mines, social intercourse, first aid to
the injured and rescue work, and sanitation. The co-opera-
tion is to be effected by regular meetings, at which these vari-
ous subjects will be discussed, and by visits to the different
mines. Several of these organizations show signs of becom-
ing j)ennanent and ix>werful institutions.

The methods of securing the co-operation of the miner
are throuerh the posting of warnings of different kinds, the
printing of rules and regulations, the ix)sting of newspai>er
accounts of mine accidents with illustrations showing how men
are injured, the foniiation of inspection committees of min-
ers, and through personal contact of the officials, captains
and shift bosses. These methods are more or less productive
of results, but there still exists a woeful lack of willing co-
operation among the miners. Just how this condition may

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84 SAFETY IN LAKE SUPERIOR IRON MINES

h€ improved is a problem, the solution of which will do mucli
for the cause of safety in mines. Suggestions along these
lines may be obtained through a study of the methods in use
by many of the large industrial organizations of various parts
of the United States.

Conclusions.

The reader, if he has the patience to go carefully through
this paper, will doubtless make the mental note that there is
still much to be written on the subject of safety; that the sug-
gestions made are mostly old and well known ; or that he docs
not agree with the writer on some points. It is hoped that
these very faults might have the good effect of suggesting the
ix)ints that have l>een omitted; in stirring someone to adopt
a suggestion that he has neglected in spite of its age; or in
bringing out, through discussion, a better way to accom-
plish some of the objects outlined.

More than this, it is hoped that by giving publicity to the
subject of safety in mines, more converts will be made for
the cause. The protection of our fellowman is a duty that we
owe to ourselves and to mankind. If there is no appeal in
the humane side of the question, study it from a standpoint
of dollars and cents, for safety in mines pays, first, last and
all the time.

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 85

WHAT OUR NEIGHBORS CAN DO IN MINING IRON

ORE.

BY DWIGHT E. WOODBRIDGE, DULUTH, MINN.*

Lest we forget that there are others in the United States
than we of Lake Superior, who are doing things in iron min-
ing, and other places than the Mesabi range where iron is
mined, and where records are made, I want to call attention
to a few items from my note books. These items were gath-
ered recently in work for the United States Government, as
consulting engineer of the Bureau of Mines.

I found that in the brown ore regions of Alabama, they
are mining an average of 7 or 8 cu. yds. of material for every
tf>n of 50 to 52 per cent ore, dried analysis, that they save.
The Weems mine of brown ore, in the Rock Run district of
Alabama, has mined 2,200,000 yds., and has secured 300,000
tons of ore; one ton to every 7 yds., plus. A company in
that vicinity was mining, at the time of my visit, 15 yds. to
get I ton. All this material has to be mined from the ore
bank, transi>orte<:l to the washery, washed and loaded on cars,
and the cost figure for this oi)eration of 15 yds. to the ton
was alx>ut $1. Companies like the Republic Iron & Steel
Company are buying brown ore of a guarantee of 45 per
cent, dr>', at $1.35 a ton f. o. b. cars. The Roane Iron Com-
pany, of Chattanooga contracts for brown ore at $1 a ton
when No. 2 foundry iron is selling at Birmingham at $7, and
a 5 cent premium for every dollar added to the price of i>ig
iron until it has reached a maximum cost of $1.50. That
would make the Roane Company's brown ore cost it, now,
about $1.20. This is for a ton of 2,268 pounds, which is a

^Consulting Engineer.

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86 MINING IRON ORE BY OUR NEIGHBORS

weight used, I believe, nowhere else. The Woo<lwar(l Iron
Company figures its brown ore costs at about $0,821 at the
mine.

In the Clinton ore district of New York state, where the
iron content of the ore is about 40 to 45 per cent dry, they
are removing an overburden that is from 10 to 20 ft. thick,
half of it consisting of a hard limestone which must be blast-
ed l)efore removal by the shovels, in order to get at a thick-
ness of alx)ut 2 ft. of ore. This ore dips flatly into the earth,
and they are now trying to figure out how they will be able
to follow the ore to a depth of 500 ft. vertically, underground.
This will mean a distance of 4 or 5 miles from the outcroj)-
ping. This Clinton ore district of New York state, about
which we hear very little, and from which but a trifling quan-
tity of ore is now taken, is estimated to contain not less than
500,000,000 tons of merchantable ore.

An underground mine in Etowah county, Alabama, on the
Clinton formation, is successfully producing a 45 per cent ore
from a seam that averaged, at the time of my visit, 25.5 in.
thick. Ore is successfully mined in this property to a thin-
ness of 14 in. Miners get 55 cents a ton for ore in faces
36 in. thick, with a premium on thinner seams and a penalty
on thicker. At this mine the ore is trammed undergroimd in
main galleries 48 in. high by ^'jennies" whose ears seem to
have l>een cropped to fit the openings, is hoiste<l to the main
tunnel level on platforms up an incline, is trammed out to
surface by mules and run through a crusher and over a pickirig
l>elt to remove slate, and the picked ore is then let down a
long incline to the railroad track. The cost of all these op-
erations was averaging, at the time I saw the mine, about
$1.40 per ton of picked ore, this figure including all overhead
costs as well as transportation to the furnace and amortization.

(icnerally accepted figures on the tonnage of Clinton ores
available in that part of Alabama l>etvveen Birmingham and
the suburb of Bessemer have been for about 800,000,000 tons
of the better grade, or "self-fluxing" ore. But by virtue of a

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 87

drill hole sunk last year by Cole & McDonald, of Diiluth, this
%ure should be doubled, as to probable ore. This drill hole
went vertically 1,902 ft. to the top of the *'big seam" of Clin-
ton ore, that outcrops 14,500 ft. away. At the outcrop of
the "big seam'' it shows a thickness of some 12 ft., but at
this point some 3 miles back from the outcrop, and 1,900 ft.
deep, the ore shows a combined thickness of 15 ft. in two
seams parted by 2 ft. of slate. It is probable that there is as
much good ore between Birmingham and Bessemer, an ex-
treme length of about 20 miles, as there is on the Mesabi range,
and that there is alxmt as much merchantable ore of the Clin-
ton hematites in Alabama as of all merchantable ores in the
Lake Superior region. And lest we forget the comparative
value of th.ese ores, let us bear in mind that a 40 j^er cent
hard Clinton hematite of Alabama, is as good for furnace use
as a 50 per cent ilesabi hematite, on account of its compara-
tive freedom from moisture and its high percentage of car-
bonate of lime.

The d'stributioh of brown ore banks, throughout the
United States, is far wider than that of any other tyi>e of iron
l)earing material. These banks occur in the states of Ver-
mont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania,
Maryland, Georgia, Tennessee, Alabama, Kentucky, Missouri,
Texas, Iowa and. Wisconsin. They are mined in Pennsylvania,
Virginia, Tennessee, Georgia, Alabama, Texas, Iowa and Mis-
souri; chiefly in Alabama and Georgia. That they are some
factor to be reckoned with in the future, may be gathered
V'lien I say that there are areas of these banks in Alabama
alone, covering 7,000 square miles. Ko estimates of ton-
nages that are worthy of credence have ever Ixen made, and
it is imjKJSsible to make such estimates, on account of the un-
certainty of the deposits. It is a common saying in the south
that no man can see into a brown ore bank, further than the
end of his pick. But, it is not unlikely that the deposits of
these ores in the southern states of Virginia, Tennessee,
CiecTgia and Alabama, will be found ultimately to be of
enormous cjuantity.

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88 MINING IRON ORE BY OUR NEIGHBORS

In the Clinton ore mines of Birmingham some of the min-
ing companies pay their miners on the basis of 30 cents a ton
for ore. This means the breaking of the ore, loading in tram-
cars, and the delivery of the cars to the main heading, where
the cars are picked up by the company and pulled to the tij>
pie at surface. In these cases the company furnishes drills,
air and steel, the contractor, usually a negro, supplies la-
bor and powder. Some companies pay less than 30 cents
a ton. The pig iron costs of one of the large mining and iron
making companies of the district, with the elimination of all
intermediate profits, and by the use of by-product coke, have
been under $6.50 a ton, and can now be figured at alx)ut $7.
Possibly there are others that can not do so well.

In the case of one of the oi^erating companies of the dis-
trict, the assemblage of materials is on the following basis:
It owns a strip of land 4 miles long and about a mile wide.
At one end of this strip are its ore mines, as good as can be
found on Red Mountain. At the other end are its coal en-
tries. In the center are its furnaces. Connecting all is a
standard gauge railway laid with loo-lb. steel, and using
cars of 140,000-lb. caj>acity. This road connects at points
less than a mile from the furnaces, with ten trunk lines of
railway. Another oi>erating company starts the incline track
carrying ore to its furnace mouths in a limest*one quarry, suit-
able for flux. The advantage of this condition is neutrahzed,
however, by the fact that none of these companies use any
flux to six^ak of. Another comixmy has five great blast fur-
naces in a row, some of them of 500 tons per day capacity.
I think it is a fact that nowhere in the world outside of Birm-
ingham can five great blast furnaces be found under single
ownership in one, except at Gary.

There are in the state of Maryland four blast furnaces of
a daily capacity of about 350 tons of pig iron each. All the
iron pnxluced in that state is made in these stacks. Sixty years
ago Mar)'land had no less than 31 active furnaces and their
combined capacity was 70,000 tons a year, or as much as the

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 89

four now in blast can make in two months. All those old
stacks, which averaged about six tons of iron per day, and
whose ruins now dot the state, produced iron from brown
ore banks that were then active, and all of which lay within
a few miles of the stacks. In those days there w^ere many
stacks in the city of Baltimore and the ore to run them was
mined within thirty miles of the city. Now' those ore banks
are deserted, and the four great furnaces of Baltimore re-
ceive their ore supplies from foreign mines situated more than
1,000 miles away on the Caribbean sea. The Lake Superijr
district is largely responsible for this and other similar changes
in the iron trade.

In New York state there are large deposits of low grade
magnetites mnning, say 40 per cent and better in iron, and
up to 2 per cent and more in phosphorous, that are being
made into a very high grade ore, both bessemer and non-
Ixssenier, by the elimination of the gangue and of the con-
tained apatite, which is the mineral carrying the phosphorus.
Thcv have pro<luced so far, of magnetic ore from this Ai>-
palachian field, more than 35,000,000 tons, showing it to be
a most important district. At Mineville they are now con-
centrating these 2 j>er cent phosphorus ores at the rate of a
million Urns a year, which is the capacity of their mines, and
cf their m:lls when working one shift per day. In these
mills thty are bringing their 40 per cent ere up to 63 and
65 jjer cent, and their 2 i>er cent of phosphorus tliey are re-
ducing, for some grade, to .03 per cent, and they are making
products that do not var\- from month to month mere than
f(;ur or five one- thousandth of one i)er cent in their phos-
])horus content. Such close work seems almost uncanny.
When one considers the vast tonnage probabilities in low
gra'le magnetites on Lake Superior, now unused, he appre-
ciates the opjx>rtunities for the application of such methods
t<; the re<er\'es of this region. At Mineville they are able to
mine and concentrate on -a commercial basis ores running a
little better than 50 per cent that are taken out of a 12 ft.
seam from 700 ft. underground.

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RE-LINING NO. 2 HAMILTON SHAFT

RE-LIXING NO. 2 HAMILTON SHAFT WITH REIN-

FORCEi;) DIVIDERS, END PLATES AND

POURED CONCRETE WALLS.

BY S. W. TARR^ DULUTII, MINN.*

The No. 2 Hamilton (vertical) Shaft, Chapin Mine, at
Iron Mountain, Mich., was sunk in 1891, as described in Vol-
ume XI, of the Proceedings of the Lake Superior Mining- In-
stitute, under title of "The Unwatering of the Hamilton and
Ludington Mines'* (page 139-147), by John T. Jones.

The original shaft consisted of six compartments, two for
skips or bailers, 4 ft. 8 in.x7 ft. o in., two for cages, 4 ft. 8
in.x4 ft. 6 in., and two compartments for steam and column
pij^s for pumping, located in the end of the cage compart-
ments, 4 ft. 8 in.x 2 ft. o in., as shown in Plate i.

This shaft was lined with wood sets, consisting of 16 in.

3 5>^ip E

3 st^ip E

Sc/^c^E E

=*=?

Sc:/\c^E g

f(CTior\i OF NQg ^^A^^lL.TO^

-^c

OOP- i-l NED SHA^T=X-

Plate 1. Oriifinal Shaft Before Enlarging and Relinins

♦Engineer of Construction, Oliver Iron Mining Company,

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE

:.i

square timl)€rs, spaced 6 ft. 2^^ in. center to center, with wood
stuttles and steel hanging l3ohs, the outside of which was lathed
with 2 in plank, making a minimum opening to \ye cut in the
n;ck of 10 ft. o in.x24 ft. 4 in. The timbers in this shaft,
due to long service, l>ecame badly decayed, so that it was neces-
sarv' to re-line the shaft or abandon it.

Early in the year 191 1, it was decided to make the No.

111

PJsAIlJf 1Q-S

4E67

Plate 2. Sketch Showing: Enlarged Shaft

2 Hamilton. Shaft a permanent outlet to the Chapin Mine, and
install in this shaft the permanent underground electrical cen-
trifugal pumping equipment. It was, therefore, necessary to
re-line this shaft from collar to bottom, a distance of 1,434
feet, and since there was a possibility of striking another vug
of water in the underground workings at any time, provision

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92 RE-LINING NO. 2 HAMILTON SHAFT

had to be made in the design of re-lining so that bailers could
be put in service on a very short notice. Since this shaft was
to be the permanent outlet, provision had to be made for col-
umn pipes and transmission cal)les to transmit electric power
to the underground pumps. To provide for these cokimn pii)es
and transmission cables, it was necessary to increase the in-
side dimensions of the shaft from 7 ft. o in.x 21 ft. 4 in.
to 9 ft. o in.x2i ft. 4 in., making the ix)ured concrete wall 6
in. thick. Thus, the outside dimensions of the shaft were not
increased over the original wo(k1 Hned shaft. The shaft now
consists of eight com|xirtments, two for skips or bailers and
two for cages, each 4 ft. 8 in.x6 ft. 4 in., three compartments
for pii)es and transmission cable and one for ladder, each 2
ft. 4 in.x4 ft. 8 in., with concrete slab ixirtitions jjetween cage
and skip comjxirtments, pii)e and skip compartments, and lad-
der and skip compartments, as per Plate 2.

Various methods of re-lining this shaft were considered,
as follows:

1st. Re-lining with timber sets and woo<l lath, i. e. replac-
ing the present sets.

2d. Re-lining with steel sets and wcxxl lath.

3d. Re-lining with steel sets and reinforced concrete lath.

4th. Re-lining with steel sets, angle stuttles, and concrete
poured walls.

5th. Re-lining with reinforced concrete dividers, end plates
(made on surface), and ixnired concrete side walls.

The first and second schemes were neither fire-proof nor
permanent; the third and fourth schemes were not considered
practicable; the fifth scheme was adopted on account of its
l)ermanent qualities, being strictly fire-proof and water-proof.

Concrete Mixing Plant.

To economically make the reinforced concrete dividers,
end plates and slabs, also the concrete for poured walls in
shaft, a concrete mixing plant was built near the shaft, as
shown on Plate 3. The mixing i)]ant consists of a crusher,
bucket elevator, revolving screen, two concrete mixers, ix)cket

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE

divided into three divisions for sand, gravel and "over-size,"
and a drying room, equipped with an overhead hand traveling
crane.

The material for these dividers, end plates and slabs is

Plates. Concrete Mixing: Plant

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RE-LINING NO. 2 HAMILTON SHAFT

brought to the mixing plant from a nearby gravel pit in dump
wagons. This gravel contains a large percentage of sand.
The material from the wagons is clumi)ed directly into the
crusher. The product from the crusher is discharged on to
the bucket elevator which elevates it to the cylindrical re-
volving screen. This screen is divided intp two sections. The
first section is perforated with ^)i in. diameter holes and the

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45B3

Plate 4. Detail of Concrete Dividers and Slabs

second section with i]/^ in. diameter holes. All aggregate
passing through the ^8 in. diameter holes is tenned as '*sand'*
and all aggregate passing through the iV^ in. diameter lioles
is termed as '*gravel." The material larger than this is termed
*'()ver-sizc.'' This "over-size" is used either for backfilling the
concrete walls in the shaft or may be drawn out from the

Digitized byVjOOQlC

•^

Digitized byVjOOQlC

r.if>

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE

pocket into a tram car and returned to the crusher for re-
crushin^^. The concrete mixers used are Smith Xo. i, of
nine cubic feet cai>acity. The in^c^rechents are brought to the
mixer in tram cars. The body of the tram car is divided into
three sections to hold the required amount of sand, gravel and

aer/uL •' *iAM* 'm M»rt*

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»0itrv»f •r eottcite rr r»m sjt *»i
I f»jfT .Mvr«>j4A ^tfwn./*** cfj>*enT

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£ jUAr£_JN„Q ^.

4718

Plate 5. Detail of Concrete Slabs

cement, to give the proi)er mixture of one portion of cement,
two portions of sand, and four of gravel, for the making of
reinforced concrete dividers, end plates and slal)s, and shaft
wall. By moving under the sand and gravel sixiuts, the car

Digitized byVjOOQlC

RE-LINIXG NO. 2 HAMILTON SHAFT

is loaded with the proper portions of sand and gravel, and
the required amount of cement is poured into the car from
sacks. 'Jht loaded car is trammed to the mixer and contents
(lumi)ed in same. A water measuring box is placed above

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4719

Plate 7. Steel Forms for Making Concrete Slabs

each mixer, which discharges the proper amount of water into
the batch to I>e mixed. The dividers, end plates and slabs are
made in steel forms. These forms are placed beneath the mix-
er from whirh the concrete is poured directly into lliem. After

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 97

the concrete has been in the fomis a sufficient length of time
to harden, the forms are removed and the moulds are picked
up by the hand traveling crane and carried into the drying
rcxjm, where they are cured. The design of reinforced con-
crete dividers, end plates and reinforced concrete slabs are
shown in Plates 4 and 5. The steel foiTns for making the
same are shown in Plates 6 and 7.

Method of Re-Lining Shaft With Poured Concete.

The work of re-lining this shaft is done in sections. Each
section is started on permanent bearers located to support the
present tim])er shaft sets, and working upwards. A section of
old timljer, usually 12 ft., is removed and loaded on to the
cages and hoisted to the surface, where it is unloaded on to
cars and dumj^ed into the cave nearby. The timber sets above
these portions are supported by means of vertical columns with
jack screws on the lx)ttom, resting on 12x12 in. timber placed
on the l>earers. After the first 6-ft. section of concrete is
poured, the 12x12 in. timbers are placed on the reinforced
concrete dividers and end plates, which are supported on steel
fomis, as shown in Plate 8. The steel forms are made in
sections, with recesses to support end plates and dividers
spaced either 4 ft. or 6 ft. centers as shown in Plate 9. Since
■here are seven sets of steel fonns, the footings to carry the
weight of old timber sets will bear either on the pennanent
I>earers or on at least five sets or 30 ft. of concrete, i. e., the
support of the old timbers above does not depend ujx^n green
concrete. After the sections of steel fonns, 6 ft. high, are
lowered in the cages and installed, the reinforced concrete di-
viders and end plates are lowered and placed in the recesses
provided in the steel forms, and the ends bolted to the steel
forms. These end plates and dividers ser\^e as horizontal struts
to hold the steel forms in position. When a section is placed,
the vertical reinforcing rods are put in ix)sition in the wall,
and the wall is now ready to be poured. The concrete for
this shaft wall is mixed on the surface at the mixing plant
and discharged into side dump steel cars, which are pushed by

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RE-LINING NO. 2 HAMILTON SHAFT

hand from the mixer to the shaft. A turn table is installed
about 15 ft. from the shaft, tracks from which lead to both
skip compartments. Cages are used in both of these com-
ixirtments. The ccMicrete car is run on to either of these
cages from the turn table and lowered into the

i L

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f.r*

I":

L.:,_iL._,L|

Plate 8. Showing Method of Pouring Concrete

shaft. A revolving chute is attached to the spout of
the car and the contents are discharged behind the forms to
make the wall and pr()i)erly tam[KHl in place as shown in Plate
8. In places there are large crevices in the shaft. Where these

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE

crevices occur, they are filled to within lo in. of the steel forms
with large stones or rock from the over-size bin before the
concrete is poured. The average amount of material for re-
lining one 6-ft. vertical section of shaft is one cord of stone
for backfilling lo cu. yards of concrete, and 550 pounds of
steel for reinforcing.

-if...- ♦/ /v« />.^ —

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Plate 9. Steel Forms Made in Sectionsr With Recesses to Support End Plates and Dividers
XUMDER OF ^IeN EMPLOYED.

Tn removing old timber, five men are recjuired to work
helow and one man at the collar to handle old timbers from
the cage and dispose of same. The time recjuired to remove
one 6-ft. section varies according to the condition of the old
material in the shaft. In placing steel forms, four men are
required below and two at the collar to lower the forms on

469B

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lOO RE-LINING NO. 2 HAMILTON SHAFT

the cag^e. In pouring concrete, four men are required below
and two men at the collar. The above number of men does
not include the shaft foreman, concrete foreman, hoisting en-
gineer, or men working in the mixing plant, as these men do
not spend all their time on this particular job. The re-lining-
work is carried on in three eight-hour shifts per day, and
the average time required to concrete 6 ft. of vertical shaft
is 24 hours, or three shifts, which includes placing the fonns.
pLuring concrete and removing an equal amount of forms.
AVlieii the forms are removed, they are taken to the surface,
tlioro.ughly cleaned and given a coat of crude oil before they
are used again.

All hoisting and lowering of material is done with the
present reel hoists located in the No. 2 Hamilton engine house,
as showai on Plate 10.

When it was decided to make this shaft a permanent out-
let, a new- steel headframe, stockpile trestle and idler stand were
erected, as shown on Plate 10.

On account of the heavy flow of water in the underground
workings at this shaft, it was necessary, in dismantling the old
wovKlen head-frame and erecting die new steel head-frame,
that this work l)e done in the smallest possible time, as bailers
might have to be put in oi>eration on vei^ short notice. When
it came time to make this change, the old wooden head-frame
was dismantled and the new steel one erected ready for hoist-
ing in ten days. In the design of re-lining, the provision made
for installing bailers on 24 hours' notice proved to be a goixl
precaution, as a vug of water was encountered on Octo])er
22d, 191 2, and the bailers were put in operation within 24
hours, thus preventing the flooding of the lower workings of
the mine.

Progress of Work.

The first i)ortion of the work of re-lining this shaft was
started 83 ft. 3 in below collar of shaft, on May 3d, 191 2,
and the concrete lining between this point and the collar was
completed on June 29th, 191 2. The second portion was start-

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C H ATPIN AMNg
MP g 1-1 /\/v\l 1-TON SHA^rT

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Plate 11. Showinir Prosrress of Work

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I02 RE-LINING NO. 2 HAMILTON SHAFT

ed 302 ft. 7 in. 1)elo\v collar of shaft, on July ist, 1912, and
was connected to the Tirst ix)rtion on October 5th, 1912. The
third portion was started 551 ft. 3 in. below collar of shaft,
on October 12th, 1912, and connected to the second portion
March 15th, 1913. In this portion, the shaft work was dis-
continued from Octol^er 22d to November i8th, 1912, on ac-
count of striking the vug of water on the i6th level. One week
\Y2LS also lost between Januai-y nth and January i8th, 1913,
on account of a slip of eld timbers in the shaft. The fourth
portion was started 695 ft. 7 ifi. below collar of shaft, on
March 22nd, 1913, and was connected to the third portion on
May 10, 1913. The fifth portion was started 917 ft. 4 in.
below collar of shaft on May 17th, 1913. and to July 5th,
1913, 812 ft. 7 in. of the entire shaft have l)een completed.
Weekly repoits c^ the pro^.^ress of this work are sent to the
Chief Engineer's -office, where a graphic report is kept, as
shown on Plate 11.

The average rate of progress since the beginning, w-ithout
deducting the time due to delays, is 56.7 ft i>er month, or 63
ft. per month for actual working time. The progress for
the past month nas y2 feet. The preliminar}^ estimate was
based on re-lining 100 ft. i>er month. The old shaft timbers
however, were in far worse condition than could possibly be
anticipated, and the slower progress has been due entirely
to the difficulty in removing the old timbers and the precau-
tions required to protect the lives of the men who are em-
ployed on thi^ work

In the portion of shaft completed to date, all the work has
proven perfectly satisfactory and entirely up to expectations,
l^he walls are smooth and watemroof. The reinforced con-
crete dividers and end plates come fro.'^ "he steel forms per-
fectly true, straight and .s.nooth, aivl fv i*fectly in the re-
cesses provided in the sti.-el foniis.

All cement used in the construction o^.tuis shaft lining was
furnished by the Universal Portland Cement Company, and
the steel forms, reinforcing rods, steel head-frame, stockpile
trestle and idler stand were furnished by the American Bridge
Company.

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE IO3

SUGGESTIONS ON THE APPLICATION OF EFFI-
CIENCY METHODS TO MINING.

BY C. M. LEONARD, GWINN, MICHIGAN.

The originar application of the term ^'Efficiency" was made
to machiner}' and was represented by the work accomplished,
divided by the energy expended. This result in the older type
of machines was very low and men specially trained, made a
study of the appHcation of power and the results and by some
small change in the organization of an enga'ie, the use of a
different type of valve, the use of the condenser, etc., have
increased this factor several hundred per cent.

In 1883. Fred W. Taylor realized that the efficiency of hu-
man energy was low, began to analyze operating conditions
and the result of this analysis is one of the prime factors
which enables American industrial labor to 'earn more per
day than in any other country and American manufacturers
to sell their products at a profit in countries where labor re-
ceives but 40 to 50 per cent of what it receives in this
country.

Until a comparatively recent date, efficienc) engineering
was confineil to industrial plants and const ruction 'work. The
results obtained in these lines has suggested its application to
mining and from the very nature of the necessary working
conditions in mining, i^t^, would seeuwti'iat even greater results
might be looked fc : )an ;in other industries.

The cost of pn . 'on in mining. may be divided into two
parts, viz : Supplies and Labor. Of these the latter is the
larger.
Supplies —

Supplies are usually considered practically a constant factor

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I04 APPLICATION OF EFFICIENCY METHODS TO MINING

in the cost of production. They are, at least, less affected by
a study of the details than labor.

The importance of having excessive capital tied up in sup-
plies is recognized, but it is doubtful if the interest on the
amount necessary to carry an adequate stock of those in gen-
erafl use, would meet the loss due to the delays caused by con-
tinually mnning short of material. The amount of supplies
which is necessary to carry, is affected by the standardization
of equipment. F'or instance, nearly every manufacturer of
power drills is glad to have his machine given a trial. If
this trial were made on ground which were fairly uniform, a
careful record kept of the performance of each machine and
a comparison made of the records, it would probably result in
one machine of each type being selected as a standard and
a basis established for the purchase of power drills. The adoi>-
tion of one brand of steel usually insures more uniform re-
sults in the forge and consequently a better bit sent under-
ground.

Fuel, one of the principal items of supplies, is now pur-
chased by most operators on an analysis basis, after detemiin-
ing the fuel best suited for each condition.

One company has reduced the cost of their lubricating oil
by using a commercial grade of a thick oil, adding other lu-
bricants to meet various conditions.

A study of explosives, their application and instructions
in their use may result in a saving of a cent or two per pound
in this item or a pound or two of explosive per foot of drift.

The use of carbide lamps underground has demonstrated
that they not only cost less but give a better light and are
smokeless.
Labor —

During the past ten years, it has been necessary for the
mining industry to meet an increase of wages, vai-ying from
8 to 21 per cent, a decrease of 20 per cent in the working-
hours and in many instances, a decrease in the price received
for their product. The one object of labor is to receive larger

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE lOS

wages and one of the main objects of tlie operator is to get
lower costs. The question naturally presents itself, how can
this condition be met to the satisfaction of both parties?
There can be but one answer to this and that is by increas-
ing the efficiency of labor.

The conditions which have a direct bearing on the effi-
ciency, of labor are so varied, that an exhaustive treatment
can not hz brought within the confines of one paper. Not
only each district but each mine presents a different proposi-
tion in itself and a study of the details of the operating con-
ditions is the only manner by which we may arrive at any defi-
nite s-L^lution. From our practical knowledge we may be able
to sense a thing as being right or wrong. This judgment
may err 5» lo or 15 per cent one way or the other and may
represent the margin between a profit and l(;ss, but from a
set cf figures compiled from a time study of the complete cycle
of operations, from breaking the ore until it is loaded on
surface, one is able to determine to what extent and at whicli
pc.int it is possible to make changes and the exact result of
these changes. It enables the work to be so co-ordinated that
each man is given an opportunity of doing a days work and
is not being held up by some other operation. It also pro-
vides an intelligent basis for making contracts and if the aver-
age inan does not make the minimum wage, it is his fault
rather than an error in judgment on the part of the foreman.

A time study to be of practical value, must l^e enough in
detail and cover a sufficient period of time to enable one to get
a fair average of the time recpiired on each operation, and
(•ne which dees not give this information is worse than use-
less as it permits false conclusions to be drawn. To get ix)si-
tive results from this work it is absolutely essential that the
co-operation cf the entire executive force be maintained and if
there is any inclination on the part of a b;)ss or foreman \v)i
to co-operate in the work, there remains but one of two courses
to pursue, either discontinue the work along these lines or dis-
pense with that persons services.

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I06 APPLICATION OF EFFICIENCY METHODS TO MINING

No trouble should be experienced in getting the men in-
terested in the work for as soon as they realize that it means
an increase in their wages, they are only too glad to make an
extra effort. The men should be dealt with individually as
far as possible. The force of this is apparent when a man is
taken from day labor and given contract work. He immedi-
ately realizes that a premium is being offered for better work
and can see some tangible reason for making a greater ef-
fort. It is generally recognized that any system of efficiency
that does not provide for a division of the benefits to be de-
rived from any changes which affects labor, will prove a fail-
ure, and while a large percentage of the men working un-
derground may not be able to speak English fluently, there
are few who, at the end of the month, do not know approxi-
mately what they have made and a settlement on any other
basis will not prove conducive to the best results.

Tlicre are conditions in which it is rather difficult to figure
a contract basis. For example, in the Lake Superior Capper
District, the cost of copi)er per pound dei)ends upon the
quality of rock hoisted as well as the quantity. This neces-
sitates underground sorting, which item is a large proixjrtion
of the underground expense. When this operation is placed
on a contract basis, the quality of the rock decreases and the
(iuanlity increases as well as the cost of copper per pound.

To a certain extent, efficiency work is a matter of educa-
tion. While a practical training is absolutely necessary to
one who in any way has charge of men or is planning work,
it is of prime importance that they be able to appreciate the
value of figures. The result of a time study placed before some
of the older mining captains would produce about the same
feeling toward them as the man lost in the woods has toward
his compass. He will agree that they ought to be right, **but
that they are certainly off this time."

In the majority of cases the men theinselves may be
taught to accoinplish the same or greater results with an ex-
penditure of less physical force. This can not be done by

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE IO7

simply explaining the method but must be demonstrated. Tt
may be necessary to take four or five cuts out of a drift be-
fore you can convince a gang that they are not placing their
holes to the best advantage. This part of the system of
education is usually left to the boss, whose territory is so great
* that he cannot give sufficient time to any individual gang or
operation, to get the best results and too often his attitude
toward the men may be that if they do not get the best results,
they are on a contract and they, not he, will be the losers.

There are many other conditions which have a direct bear-
ing on the efficiency of labor, some of which are of such na-
ture that the results can not be measured in dollars and cents.
For instance, one large copper mine in the Southwest employs
an expert to provide ventilation form stopes where the air is
too hot or impure. Sociological and welfare work, which
might be considered a dead expense, undoubtedly has a di-
rect bearing on the efficiency of labor, in tending to presen'e
the health, loyalty and continuity of an organization. If it
were possible to determine to what extent the cost per ton
of ore or per pound of copper were aflfected by this expendi-
ture, it would doubtless show a balance on the credit side.

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I08 THE PREVENTION OF ACCIDENTS

MINE LAWS, SPECIAL RULES AND THE PREVEN-
TION OF ACCIDENTS.

BY E. B. WILSON, SCRANTON, PA.*

To cover exhaustively the subjects of this paper would re-
quire that a large book be written, even then it is improbable
that the cclntinually changing conditions about metal mines
could be anticipated so as to present all the various matters
which culminate in accidents; the unforseen possibilities that
may arise for changes and additions to mine laws ; or the nec-
essity for fonuulating new rules. The very uncertainty of
things makes this paper of a general nature, nevertheless,
there are specific matters that come under these captions to
which attention is directed.

That there may be no misunderstanding, this paper is not
a criticism, but one in which are stated conditions as they are
recorded. In the writer's opinion therefore no individual op-
erator can assume complacency in this matter, but rather all
should unite to remedy the conditions collectively.

In most mining states laws have been passed to compel
mine operators to do certain things and post certain rules,
and, to see that the provivsicns in these laws are carried out,
state mine insi)ect()rs are apix)inted or elected, whose ix>wer
also consists in recommending safety measures, and pointing
out dangers. In some coal mining states the inspectors are
able to close mines and l)ring suits if oi)erators do not comply
with their suggestions.

In going over the various state mine laws in operation and
proposed, one will find a list of subjects adopted years ago, but
now suited only for use in kindergarten mining. Tliere are

♦Editor, The CoUiery Engineer.

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE IO9

also *'Dant's'' for operators and everyone else about a mine
which to say the least are insults to average mining intelli-
gence, but there are also some features in these various state
laws which are good and might be adopted more extensively
to advantage. Copies of these laws may be obtained by writ-
ing to the Secretaries of the various metal mining states, and
a proposed uniform metal mining law may be ol>tained by
writing to James F. Callbreath, Secretary, American Mining
Congress, Washington, D. C.

Insi)ectors have had laws enacted which proved burdensome
without corresj^onding decrease in fatalities, they have also
created considerable friction l>y their suggestions and demands
for their enforcement, but, as a rule, when they receive their
i>ffice by appointment, and not by election, they work as har-
moniously with the operators as the nature of their oath will
peniiit.

The selection of a state mine insi>ector is a matter of con-
siderable importance as his first duty consists in providing
for the maximum protection to mine workers. Violations of
mine laws by oi>erators, mine officials or mine workers, where-
by ilx' lives and health of men ar-e jeopardized, must be
prosecuted, therefore a mine insi>ect(>r must be conversant
with conditions existing in mines, and besides having an ex-
tensive practical experience must possess moral courage and
a mental temi>erament that will ensure the avoidance of
hasty and ill-advised action.

If inspection is to be properly performed, competent in-
spector:; must be obtained free from any influence that will
detract from the ix>wers vested in tliem. The proper way
in the writer's estimation to obtain competent inspection is
by appointment by the Governor, he however to he limited in
his appointments to men who have passed a civil service ex-
amination before an examining board composed of three
mining engineers, three mine bosses and three miners. The
examining board may select from the candidates who have
I>assed both a written and oral examination with a percentage

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no THE PREVENTION OF ACCIDENTS

of 90, those who have temperaments and moral characters that
may be depended on and recommend thejn for appointments.

In the anthracite fields of Pennsylvania men have been
elected inspectors not because of character or ability but
because they were politicians. Most of those who vote for
mine nispectors, being farmers, laborers, business and profes-
sional men, are incompetent to judge as to the fitness of
candidates for mine inspectors, in fact may never have seen or
heard oi them before their names were placed on the ballot.

This is not all, if an elected inspector wants to retain his
office he must be "suave'*; a "trimmer" at all times; spend
most of his time electioneering for himself and party and not
offend any of his constituents or they will defeat liim at
the polls.

A good inspector should be kept in office so long as he
is physically able to [Derfomi his duties, and if a poor in-
spector is appointed his removal should be recommended by
the examining board that had him appointed. The con-
stant change in inspectors made possible by the elective laws
or by executive appointments, if not surrounded by civil ser-
vice limitations, frequently makes the laws farcial to an ex-
tent which gets on the public nerves. After following both
the appointment and the election plans of creating inspectors,
I am convinced that the plan here proposed will prove more
satisfactory to miners, operators and .the public than any
other that has been advanced.

Large coal companies not satisfied with i>eriodic state mine
inspection, hire company insj)ectors who examine the mine and
appliances and suggest both changes and improvements that
make for safety. Provided the right kind of a man is em-
ployed, a company inspector will save his wages readily by act-
ing as an efficiency engineer. In positions of this kind only
experienced men with liberal educations should be employed,
and if a concern is not large enough to hire such a man two
or three should club together for the purpose. That he may
not conflict with the Sui>erintendent and Foreman a perfect

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE III

understanding as to each one's duties should be stated in writ-
ing. Further he is hot to give orders either alx>ve or below
ground and should write his suggestions in triplicate for the
l>enefit of the Manager, Superintendent and Foreman.

In the absence of state mine laws to govern metal min-
ing, it certainly is advisable that the operator appoint a safety
committee, make a uniform set of mine rules, make use of
danger signs, and also issue from time to time Safety Pamph-

Copyrisrht 1918, by J. W. Stonehouse, Denver, Colo.
Fiff. 1

lets for the miners all over the fields, calling attention to the
accidents that have happened and how they may be avoided.

Where there are state mine laws both the miner and the
operator must obser\^e them, and in addition the miner must
abide by the rules of the company. It is undoubtedly true
that the number of accidents may be decreased by united ef-
forts to teach the miners to care for themselves and by using
strict disciplinary measures to regulate carelessness and eva-
sion of rules. It is not enough to make one set of rules for
the guidance of the miner, special sets of rules must be form-
ulated for those men who follow distinctive lines of work in-
side and outside the mine. ,

In case of an accident the cause should be investigated and
wherever possible a rule formulated in such a way that a sim-
ilar accident will not be likely to occur. Although this may pro-
duce radical changes in the work and the discharge of several
men for infringement of the rules, nevertheless it has been

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112 THE PREVENTION OF ACCIDENTS

found to add to efficiency and eventually decrease accidents.

The most difficult cases to contend with will be those of
old miners who have worked for years doing things certain
ways. They are "bull-headed" and will tell how long they
have mined, etc. However, they must understand that
they are to do things differently if they want to continue* at
work. These men may purposely do things they are told in
a wrong way, but a lay-off with the reprimand that they are
not good miners will bring them to reason.

In mining two parties are concerned in an undertaking in
which a contract is implied if not signed, sealed, acknowledged,
and recorded. Both miner and operator are under obligations
by this contract to refrain from doing or leaving undone those
acts which will work injury to the other. This being a rec-
ognized fact the next step is for the contracting parties to
work in harmony for mutual benefit, in other words, place
confidence in each other.

Mr. Thomas Lynch, head of the H. C. Frick Coke Com-
pany seems to have gained the confidence of his men, by
appointing a safety committee of miners who investigate when-
ever a miner anticipates danger and who immediately rec-
ommend that conditions be made 'safe. A comparison be-
tween the fatal accidents in Great Britain and the H. C. f'rick
Company per million tons of coal mined is 4.52 to 1.88. The
H. C. Frick Coke Company produced in 191 2, twice as much
coal per fatal accident as the bituminous fields of Pennsylvania,
Ohio. Illinois, and West Virginia. Tlie success of Mr. Lynch
in decreasing accidents is due to his making the men resp<.:)n-
sible for them, and by the strict enforcement of mine rules.

Michigan employed 31,584 metal miners in 1911, of which .
numl^er 134 were killed or 4.24 per thousand employed.

Minnesota employed 16,548 metal miners of which num-
l)er 76 were killed or 4.59 out of every 1,000.

As Michigan and Minnesota employ 29 per cent of the
if)5,979 metal miners in the United States it naturally fol-
lows that there would be more accidents in these two states,

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE II3

but we find on further analysis of the Census Bureau Reports
that Houghton County, Michigan, had 563 deaths recorded
during the period extending from 1894 to 1908, inclusive, yet
in every one of these 14 years the death rate was less per
thousand men employed than in the iron mines of the state.
The average by counties was as follows : Dickinson County,
4.01 ; Houghton County, 2.94, and Marquette County, 4.32.

The writer has no statistics relative to the Minnesota Mine
accidents for the 14 years mentioned, however, the data com-
piled by Albert H. Fay and printed in the Bureau of Mines
Technical Paper 40 is sufficient to show that the fatal accident
list is much too high being 4.59 per 1,000.

Taking Mr. Fay's figures, the total number of fatal acci-
dents in 191 1 in Michigan and Minnesota ore n^ines were
157, while those seriously injured numbered 1.839. These are
tabulated for ready reference as follows:

Accident Table Lake Superior Ore Mixes 191 i.

Per cent Seriously Per cent

Cause. KiUed. o? total. injured. of total.

Falls of rock or ore 65 41 611 33

Timber or hand tools 3 2 192 10

Explosives 13 8 45 2

Haulage 4 3 392 21

Palling down chute, or

winze, raise or stope... 10 6 92 5

Palling down shafts 27 17 18 1

Run of ore from chute or

pocket 4 70 3

Drilling machines 132 7

Electricity 1 0.6 2 0.1

Machinery other than drills

and locomotives 5 3 60 3

Mine fires 8 5

Natural gas 1 0.6

Miscellaneous 10 6 199 11

Objects falling down shafts 3 2 21 1

Hoisting rope breaking 1 0.0 1 0.1

Overwinding 4 0.2

157 1,839

It is customary for statisticians to tabulate accidents whicli
occur on the surface separately from those which occur under-

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114 THE PREVENTION OF ACCIDENTS

ground and also to sub-divide the accidents under headings.
In the accident table, only underground and shaft accidents
are given.

In 1911 there were 32,793,130 tons of iron ore and 10,-
978,827 tons of copper rock mined in the Lake Superior re-
gion, but for every 278,802 tons of ore raised one life was lost,
and for every 23,802 tons a man was seriously injured.

Accidents above ground seem to be due to carelessness, al-
though frequently it is commendable if misguided carelessness
when to save property or time the etnploye risks safety. It

Fig. 2. Safety Hooks

should be thoroughly instilled into men's heads that no piece
of proi^erty is worth so much as his life. Outside accidents
happen through machinery ; haulage arrangements, tramming,
coupling and dumping cars; falls from headframe and stag-
ing; while carrying tools or materials; into chute or ore bin
and getting caught with nmning ore; and in getting on or off
the cage or bucket at the surface. Overwinding is not so com-
mon as it once was, since at a large number of small operations
Humble or Akron safety or detaching hooks have been adopt-
ed and at large mines overwinding devices are used that take
control of the hoisting engine if the engineer is incapacitated
or fails to pay attention to the work or the indicator fails to
register correctly.

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE II5

That the top of all shafts, slopes and machinery is to be
fenced goes without saying, and so far as my observation goes
this is done at the Lake Superior mines without laws. Shaft
gates should be arranged to open automatically whenever the
landing is at the surface. Where, however, the landing or dump
is above the ground, the surface gates should be kept locked.
There is danger from pieces of ore falling from the dump
where self-dumping cages and buckets are in use, and people
should be warned from standing near the shaft collar when
dumping is carried on above ground. Skips usually dump so
far into the chute that with ordinary care no ore falls out-
side the chutes.

Getting off or on the bucket, skip or cage when in motion
is a frequent cause for injury. No one should be allowed to

Fig. 4. Fancy Skip Ridinfir. Two Skips on One Rope

ride on cages carrying supplies except the man in charge and
he should be instructed how to fasten the material so it will
not move on the cage or project beyond the sides.

At a mine in one of the eastern states, the men ride down
ihe slope on skips. In addition to their overcrowding the
skip they ride on the outside and on the rope steadying them-
selves by placing their feet on the rail. While the speed of
hoisting is not fast, there are any number of chances for acci-
dents. The number of men that shall ride in a skip or cage
should be posted at the top and bottom of the mine and at

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Il6 THE PREVENTION OF ACCIDENTS

each level. The man that gets oh after this limited number
is reached should be laid off and for a second offense dis-
cliarged.

Hoisting- ropes should be inspected each morning before the
men go down and each evening before the men come up. This
is readily done by letting* the rope run slowly through the
gloved hands of two men. Ropes are subject to greatest wear
near the cage fastenings and the clami^s or sockets should l>e
examined each morning and evening, also bridle chains should
l^e used. Occasionaly a timter or tool may drop from a cage,
etc., or a trammer may push a car from a level into the shaft
and follow it down, or as in Colorado men may be killed bv
being struck with a descending cage or bucket; however, to
guard against the numerous kinds of accidents that might
happen in a shaft, niles should be posted stating what may not
be done. It is considered advisable to give publicity to shaft
accidents and shew how they may be avoided. This is best
accomplished by an operator's Publicity Pamphlet.

One fruitful source for accidents in the Lake Superior met-
al mines is falling down shafts, 17 per cent of the fatal ac-
cidents l^eing due to that cause. It is hard to account for this
if the levels, station?^, and shaft collars are properly fenced
and run-arounds provided. It may possibly l)e due to falling
from ladders. It certainly is not due to overwinding or the
hoisting roi)es breaking, for such accidents are reported sep-
arately.

There were three killed by objects falling down shafts and
21 injured. The table fails to si)ecifically state whether the
objects were loose rock fn:m the sides of the shaft or material
falling from buckets, skips or cages overloaded.

In this connection no one should ]ye i>ennitted to stand di-
rectly under a shaft opening, and not close to the shaft on a
level. The shaft walls should be examined at regular intervals
from top to bottom and locsc rock taken down or timbers re-
paired as delay may prove serious. Universal danger signs
should be freely used to warn people of a danger zone.

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE II7

When sliafts are l>eing repaired, the men should he pro-
xi'Ied with strong platforms hr'aced rigidly to the top mem-
hcrs of the cage. A swinging platfomi below the cage is not
f-afc.

Falling down chutes, winzes, raises and stopes, killed lo
and wounded 92 men. Ladders should be provided in raises
and w^inzes and kept in repair. Chain ladders w-ill be found
serviceable in this connection and when provided with stretch-
ers of great help in avoiding accidents. Hoisting men out of
winzes by a windlass is not so safe as making use of ladders.
In raises care should be taken to sec that the timbers support-
ing the staging have proper footings even if it re(iuires cutting
hitches. Chicken ladders well made will answer for stope
climbing if properly fastened at the top and bottom. Where
winzes connecting levels are used for ventilation and exit, good
ladders shculd be provided, all other openings on levels should
be lx:arded over to prevent falls, and those used as traveling
ways should hz fenced on the upi>er level. The number of
winzes en each level equipped with ladders will of course be
only those used for traveling ways.

When there is a ladder conipartment the ladders should
not have an inclination above 60 degrees and should have
substantial landings at 'east every 20 ft. The rungs of the
ladders should be inspected and repaired quickly when broken,
likely to break, or missing. Men carrying more than one
tool should not be pennitted to climb ladders. At about 25 ft.
from the surface a bulkhead should be placed over the ladder
compartment ; from this bulkhead a level should be driven and
in the case of comparatively level surface,ground a riser made.
There are a number of reasons for this level among which are :
prevention of material falling on men's heads; improved ven-
tilat'on; in case of fire in the head hoifse or near it, the men
will not be overcome with gases, and besides fomiing a partly
second opening it gives the men a chance to rest.

While there were but four fatal haulage accidents in the
Lake Superior mines there were 392 serious injuries. It would

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Il8 THE PREVENTION OF ACCIDENTS

appear from this that more are injured by haulage arrange-
ments in ore mines in proportion to the number of men em-
ployed than in coal mines where haulage is longer and where
many more cars are in use. There being no data to go by,
the only suggestion to be offered is a warning to men not to
ride on loaded cars or jump from moving cars. Rules made

Fiar. 5. Collapsible Timber Derrick

to cover haulage matters underground should be strictly en-
forced.

As in coal mines it is found that rock-falls are the most
prolific cause of accidents underground and the most diffi-
cult to prevent. The manager can go only so far as to furnish
materials that men may protect themselves ; however, with the

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE IIQ

aid of inspectors men may be educated to protect themselves.
In this connection inspection will disclose whether the sides of
the level are in order, and another frequent source of injury
will be removed namely falls of rock when traveling through
levels.

While there were three deaths from timbers and hand
tools, 192 men were seriously injured by them. There is no
branch of metal mining so important to successful operation
as timbering and possibly no part of -the industry has been
neglected to such an extent as that of handling timber. Re-
cently a collapsible timber setting derrick (Fig. 5) has l>een
placed on the market and this may prove useful for raising and
placing stulls and stemples, also in placing collars in timber
sets. The Eureka Timber Hook (Fig. 6) or *'toad'' for short.

Fifir. 6. Eureka Timber Hook

may l>e used on the end of sticks to lift them or snake them
along. Sometime probably small electric cral>s will l^e de-
vised to assist in handling timber in the mines; then there will
be fewer falls of timber and fewer injuries from tools, and
falls from staging.

In the Lake Superior region 13 were killed from explosives
and 45 seriously injured, which shows that in this resi>ect the
operators are aware of the importance of proi^erly handling
this material. In Colorado in 191 1, 43 were killed and 247

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I20 THE PREVENTION OF ACCIDENTS

injured by explosives, and in 191 2, 47 were killed and 435
injured. Some of the coinmon accidents result from thawing
dynamite over a candle, in a stove, by using too hot water or
placing it on too hot sand; picking out missed shots; drilling
into missed fire charges; using metal tools for ramming
charges in holes; remaining too long after lighting fuse; re-
turning too soon after blast had been lighted ; flying rock irom
blast, men not being in place of safety; explosions from un-
known causes; picking or mucking dirt in which was unex-
ploded powder or caps ; carelessness in handling and carrying
caps and drilling in blownout shot holes.

Underground magazines are unsafe. Within the past few-
years one blew up in Park City, Utah ; another on Treadwells
Island, Alaska, and one in Calif omia. There have been oth-
ers likely. No definite reasons for these explosions have been
advanced, although lightning went down the same coal mine
twice in two years and exploded black powder, also dynamite
in holes which were connected to a battery.

Quite a number of accidents both fatal and non- fatal occur
in chutes where men get drawn in when starting the ore run-
ning after a jam. This can be avoided by the use of ladders
outside and inside the chute but not where a man stands on
the ore and tries to bar a hole from above or gets below the
jam and starts to make it move. Lake Superior mines are
not alone in this matter of chute accidents inside and outside
the mine, and some means should be devised to prevent them,
for so long as rock will jam and arch, the chutes must be
barred. A few dollars expended on a chute might possibly do
away with these accidents.

While no fatal accidents are recorded from drilling ma-
chines 132 serious injuries are recorded. It is sometimes hard
work to haul machines up a stope and sometimes difficult to
keep them there, consequently every man for himself on this
proposition until some one devises a remedy. Machinery other
than drills and locomotives is responsible for the deaths of 5
and the injury of 60 men. Not knowing th^ kind of ma-

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 121

chines connected with these accidents, one naturally wonders
how men got against them or into them if they were fenced
as machines should be.

Mine fires are miserable affairs and have caused great dam-
age and expense more particularly in metal mines. It is pos-
sible that most of them can be avoided by using foresight,
making rules and demanding their rigid enforcement. No
steam pipes or electric -wires should be allowed to come in
contact with mine timbers. Miners should not be pennitted
to leave their candles or lamps buming in the mine, and
should not attach them so close to timbers that the flames
will scorch. Punk easily catches fire and in course of time
creates a blaze. Pyrite can be ignited for which reason the
lamps should be as carefully kept from pyritic rocks as from
wood. Old timbers which have been replaced by new ones
or are no longer needed should be removed from the mine.
The reasons are they may trip some one, they are liable to
catch fire; they will transmit fungii to sound timbers and will
vitiate the mine air.

Rules of the mine should be printed and each man pre-
sented with a copy. Shaft rules and signals should be posted
in the shaft house and at the landings.

To protect life and avoid accidents all hands from the man-
ager to the nipper should regulate their actions to conform to
the rules of the mine and neither do or leave undone anything
liable to cause an accident.

The Prevention of Overwinding.
A device to prevent overwinding demands that the control
of a hoisting engine be taken out of the hands of the en-
gineer if the cage passes a certain point, say 3 or 4 feet alx)ve
the landing. Such a device must shut off the steam and apply
the brake instantly so that the cage shall not travel more than
from 10 to 15 feet before it is brought to a stop, and held in
suspension above the shaft. C. R. Welch has made a simple
device of this kind which consists of a few valves, levers, a
rain, some pipes and a weight.

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122 THE PREVENTION OF ACCIDENTS

There is a revolving hub having projecting arms which
travels to the right on a threaded shaft when the cage is as-
cending and to the left wlien it is descending. The length
of the horizontal movement of the hub is proportioned to the
exact distance from the bottom to the top landing, and should
the cage travel 3 or 4 feet above the top landing, the arms on
the revolving hub will strike a lever which opens a valve and
sends steam to a ram whose piston puts on the brake and closes
the throttle almost instantaneously, thus preventing overvvind-

Figr. 7. Overwinding Device.

ing. The engineer has no volition in the matter, the control
of the engine is out of his hands, and l^efore he can recom-
mence hoisting he must reset the device which prevents over-
winding.

There is a regulator on this machine which, should the en-
gineer fail to sl(;\v down as the cage reaches a certain point
near the top of the shaft, will by the increased speed of rota-
tion raise a weight and shut off the steam, also apply the brake.

The ai>i>aratus which is sliown in Fig. 7 occupies little
space on the floor and is a i>03itive check on overw^inding. The

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 1 23

only possible way to prevent its stopping the engine in case of
overwinding vvonld be to shut the steam oflf from it. Its very
sim[>licity recommends it. When hoisting in balance, the two
drums being fixed on the same shaft, but one overwinding de-
vice is needed l)ecause lx>th cages travel specified distances rel-
ative to each other.

If, however, one drum is fixed and the other loose, or if
drums are loose on the shaft to hoist from different levels, two
devices are required, one for each dnmi. The drum shaft is
connected to the overwinding device by a sprocket chain, and
the regulator to the overwinding device by another sprocket
chain. In case the drums were loose on the shaft the over-
winding sprocket would l)e fastened to the drum.

Safety Gates for Shafts.

To prevent shaft accidents at the surface a gate of sim-
ple construction is used by the D. L. & \V. Coal Company,

Fi». 8. Safety Gate, D. L. & W. Coal Co.

that may be raised or lowered into ix>siti()n before the shaft
oi>ening, by the cage as it comes to or leaves the surface land-
ing. (See Fig. 8). It is a double gate, that is, it is constructed
the same for each side of the shaft and is raised by the top of
the cage striking against the two woo<len cross pieces '*A'* fast-
ened to both gates.

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124 THE PREVENTION OF ACCIDENTS

Fig. 9 shows the gate raised. Two iron guide rods "B"
one each side of the gate keep the gate from swinging or sway-
ing when the cage strikes the cross beams and also causes it
to seat properly. To take up the shock of seating there are

Fiff. 9. Safety Gate Raised, D. L. & W- Coal Co.

FiflT. 10. Safety Gate, PennBylvania Coal Co.

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE I25

two coil springs "C" which answer every purpose. Because
the ends are boarded there is no way for a person to fall into
this shaft unless he climbs the gates.

Another safety gate is shown in Fig. lo. This gate is used
at Pennsylvania Coal Company's No. i Dunmore shaft where
the landing is on a high steel trestle and landers must at times
cross the cage opening. The horizontal gate is raised and
lowered by the top of the cage and both gates are always
over the? openings except when one of the cages is at the land-
ing. The shaft collar at the surface of this mine is fenced on
four sides and these fences must be removed by some one in
authority l:)efore a person could fall down the shaft. It will
be noted that these gates are worked automatically so that

Fig, 11. Safety Gate, Stronjr Shaft, Victor, Colo.

only som^ one vested with authority to make use of the cage
can raise them.

The shaft gate shown in Fig. ii is in use at the Strong
shaft, Victor, Colo. The l>ar "B'' is made of 4 in x 8 in. tim-
ber or of any other convenient size. It is pivoted at *'H'' by
a bolt upon the head-frame leg **A'' and at the opposite end
fits into the rest or catch "G" of 3^^ in. x 3 in. iron. "F" is
a counterweight of the proper heaviness and distance from
"H" to permit of the gate being raised or turned on the pivot
**H/' by a very light upward pull.

Suspended from the bar **B'' by means of the rods '*D,''
etc., is the lower bar "C" which may be made of lighter ma-
terial than *'B/' The rods "D," etc., are flattened at the upper

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126 THE PREVENTION OF ACCIDENTS

and lower ends and bolted to both **B" and "C* so that they
may turn freely.

Attached to the inner side and on the left end of the bar
"C" is a slotted plate of thin iron, through which the bolt
"K," set in the leg "A" passes.

When the bar **B*' is raised by an upward pull near "G"
it revolves on the bolt "H/' and rods "D/' etc., turn on their
upper and lower pivots and the plate *'E'' turns downward on

Fiff. 12. Shaft Gate Locking Device. H. C. Frick Coke Co.

the l)olt "K," the whole gate l^eing raised and folded like a fer-
ity lx>at gate. The arrangement is very simple and can be made
by any mine carpenter at a reasonable cost.

As gates of this description can l>e interfered with, the
H. C. Frick Coke Company have adopted safety catches and
leaking device.

With the shaft gate locking device shown in Fig. 12, it
is imix)ssible to open the gate in the railing about the top of

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 12/

the shaft unless the cage is there. The latch can he raised
only by a system of levers operated by a handle extending
through the fence just beside the gate; and it is only when
the cage is in position at the surface that tlie proi^er bearing
is afforded to the levers so that the latch can be lifted. On
the shaft framing at the ground level is fastened a horizontal
plate — an L-shaped lever turns about a pin in this plate. The
lever arm is ordinarily back from the shaft out of the way of
the cage, but when the cage is present one arm may be turned
so as to bear against the side of the cage ; the other ami being
connected by a straight rigid link ta the lower end of an up-
rig-ht lever, to the upper end of which is fastened the rod
and handle to operate the gate latch, and which ordinarily,
when the cage is not present, turns al>out a pin held by a
heavy weight about lo inches from the lower end. If now
the upright lever is pulled with the cage away from the land-
ing the L-shaped arm is simply turned forward and one arm
extends out over the shaft; but if the cage is present the L
arm can turn only until it hits the side of the cage when the
lower end of tlie upright lever is prevented from further mo\'e-
ment by the rigid link and the weight is lifted by any further
pull. The gate latch is connected by a simple system of levers
to this weight, holding the gate locked except when this
weight is moved by the lever only when the cage is present.

It is proposed to connect this device also to operate a car
stop so that it will not l>e possible for a car to run to the
shaft except when the gate is oy^en, the cage in position and
ready for the car. The car stop prevents heavy cars from
running into the gate.

The D. L. & \V. Coal company have a combination of a
g-ate which is lifted up by the cage and for a special reason
can be made to swing open when the cage is not at the land-
ing. It may l^e un(lerst(X)d that in some instances this doul)lc
arrangement may be valuable but as a rule the positive open-
ing and shutting of the gate by the cage will prevent acci-
dents.

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128 THE PREVENTION OF ACCIDENTS

The writer has been unable to find or hear of any auto-
matic shaft gates used on levels underground. In the an-
thracite fields the gates on levels swing on hinges, and are oi>-
erated by the lander who ()i)ens and shuts the pair on his side
of the shaft and by the loader who does the same on his side.

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 1 29

CONCENTRATING AT THE MADRID MINE.

BY BEx\EDICT CROWELL, CLEVELAND, OHIO.

The Madrid mine, Virginia, Minn., has an output of about
400 tons i^r day. The ore requires concentration to pro-
duce a commercial grade, lx>th as to the chemical analysis
and the physical stnicture of the ore. The problem of cheap-
ly concentrating this small output seems to have been suc-
cessfully met by the introduction of the Wetherbee concen-
trator, which has been working sucessfully for some time
past.

The concentrator is installed in the headframe, just be-
low a pocket which receives all of the material that passes
through a one-half inch screen. This amounts to about 50
per cent, of the ore hoisted. The coarse ore does not require
treatment, and goes direct to the shipping pocket. The con-
centrator receives the material that has i>assed through the
one-half inch screen, and discharges the concentrates which
have been unwatered by a perforated bucket elevator into
the same ixxrket that receives the coarse ore.

The concentrator is 3 feet in diameter, and is 6 feet high.
It requires less than i horse power to operate and receives
6.5 gallons of water per minute, the water being pumped as
needed from the sump in the mine to a small storage tank in
the headframe. It is operated less than one-half of the time
to take care of the output of the mine, and reciuires only one
man in addition to the regular lander.

The output is desirable, both as to analysis and structure.
It carries less moisture than the original ore, as all of the ma-
terial that has been removed w'ill pass through a 100 mesh
screen, and this material increases the power of the ore to

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130 CONCENTRATING AT THE MADRID MINE

hold moisture. The concentrates average about 57.50 per
cent, iron, and the taihngs about 40.00 i>er cent. iron. The
recovery is about 84 per cent, of the material treated, or 92
per cent, of the total hoist.

The machine consists of a cylindrical drum and a cylin-
drical casing, the axis of the drum and of the casing l^eing
concentric and vertical. The drum is driven from above,
and is made with two compartments, the lower of which is
an air chamber that causes the drum to just float in water.
The upper compartment receives the material to l^e washed,
and discharges it by centrifugal force through openings int^
the anni:lar space between the drum and casing. The cas-
ing has an overflow launder at the top. and is bolted at the
bottom to a water tight compartment, that is connected with
the boot of the elevator. The water required enters at the
base of the machine, and rises through the annular space be-
tween the revolving drum, and casing, and discharges into
the overflow launder at the top of the casing.

The principle of the machine is based on the following
theory: Supposing a particle of ore and a particle of quartz
were allowed to settle in still wafer for a certain length of
time, and that the particle of ore settled 4 inches, while the
particle of quartz was settling 2 inches — it is evident that in
order to separate these two particles by an upward flow of
water, liiat a velocity of somewliere between 2 and 4 inches
would be required or, s^iy 3 inches a second. Assuming that
these same two particles were placed in the machine, and the
revolving drum given such a velocity that the quartz par-
ticle remained in suspension, traveling in the same horizon-
tal plane, the ore particle, in the same length of tmie, would
settle, say i inch. It is then evident that the slightest upward
flow of water would wash out the particle of quartz, and
would still allow the particle of ore to settle and that we
have secured the same result by the use of the machine with
an upward flow, of say, one sixteenth of an inch a second,
that we did before with a flow of 3 inches a second, or in

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE

131

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132 CONCENTRATING AT THE MADRID MINE

Other words, with the use of one forty-eighth of the amount
of water. The fact that the whiriing current can be con-
trolled independent of the velocity of the upward rising cur-
rent allows an exact and independent control over the ma-
terial that goes into the overflow or into the concentrates
by changing either the speed of the drum, or the amount of
water used.

The capacity of this machine has not yet been tested at
the Madrid mine, owing to the inability of the mine to hoist
enough ore to make such a test. Twenty-five tons per hour
has l^een put through, however, which is equivalent to say,
500 tons per day. The larger size machine^, now being con-
structed, will greatly incre?s: .h,. output. *

The Wetherbee concentrator was designed primarily to
treat Ihc sandy ores on the Western Mesaba range, and a
number of tests have demonstrated that these ores can be
concentrated up to nearly 60 per cent., the railings consisting
of fine material, that will pass through a 100 mesh sieve,
running about 40 per cent, in iron, in ^dici^ words, material
that would make flue dust.

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE I33

MINING METHODS ON THE MISSABE IRON
RANGE.

BY COMMITTEE, CONSISTING OF WILLARD BAYLISS, E. D. m'NEIL
AND J. S. LUTES.

The ore bodies of the Missabe Range are essentially flat
(leIx:^slts, of great-area as compared to their depth. As an
illustration, one of die largei tiei>osit3, located near Chisholm,
has l)€en proved by the drilling on contiguous forty-acre tracts
to be two and one-half miles in lengrii, and to average three-
quarters of a mile in width. Within this area, however, there
are some isolated barren portions where ore concentration has
not taken place. This ore body is overlaid in some places by
slate or taconite aud^'glacial drift; in others, by glacial drift
alone. The average of 202 drill holes through to the bottom
of the ore was " ^t. of ore and 76 ft. of glacial drift and
rcKk al3ove. The dq>th of ore ranged from 5 to 243 ft., while
the glacial drift and rock ranged from 11 to 215 ft.

Taking the whole range into consideration, it may be said
that the ore bodies are generally less than 200 ft. thick, with
a maximum of 500 ft.

Mining Methods in Present Use.

There are three general methods in use at the present time
in mining these ore bodies, viz :

1. Underground Mining — The ore being mined by hand
and hoisted through a shaft, the underground oi^enings being
supix>rted by timl^er.

2. Open Pit Mining — Where the material above the ore
body is first removed and the ore then mined by steam shovels
and loaded direct into standard-gauge railroad cars.

3. Milling-Pit Mining — A combination of the two for-

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134 MINING METHODS ON MISSABE IRON RANGE

mer methods, the material above the ore body being first re-
moved, after which the ore is mined through underground
openings and hoisted through a shaft.

Selection of Method of Mining.

Tlie selection of die method of mining to be adoj>ted in-
volves a great many considerations and calls for experienced
engineering and business judgment. Regardless of the meth-
od to be adopted, its selection should be preceded by thorough
drilling to determine the limits and size of the ore body and
the grades of the ore. Maps showing the top and bottom con-
tours of the ore, and cross-section maps shownig relative
thickness of stripping and ore are indispensable. It is not
the intention of this paper to go into the subject of the costs
of mining, but in order to show the basis on which calcula-
tions are made, we quote the following from "Iron Mining in
Minnesota/' by Charles E. Van Barneveld.*

''Operating Estimates — When a property has been drilled
and estimated, the engineer makes further estimates to de-
termine the method of mining best suited to the ore body
under consideration. The following basis has been estaij-
lished for comparison of underground and oi>en pit mining
costs :

Table No. i.

Stripping ordinary glacial drift, 30 cents a cubic yard.

Strii>ping ordinary j>aint-rock, 30 cents a cubic yard.

Stripping ordinary broken taconite, 75 cents a cubic yard.

Stripping ordinary solid taconite, $1.00 a cubic yard.

Steam shovel mining, ordinary ground, 15 cents a ton.

Underground mining, ordinary conditions, 75 cents a ton.

One cubic yard of ore is roughly 2 tons.

Sometimes a glance at the ore estimate will suffice to clas-
sify part or all of an ore Ixxly. Often a calculation must be
made as exemplified by this case: A drill hole shows 50 ft.

♦Published by Authority of the Board of Regents of the University
of Minnesota. Copyrighted, 1913.

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE I35

of ordinary glacial drift and paint rock, 15 ft. hard taconite,
36 ft. merchantable ore.. All other things teing equal, is this
an open-pit or an underground proposition ?

Reducing the consideration to a column of one yard square
at the drill hole, a comparison may be made using the data in
Table No. i.

Underground Mining —
Cost of mining a column of ore i yd. square and 36

ft. high at 75 cents a ton (i cu. yd. equals 2 tons),

36/3x2x$o.75= $18.00

Open Pit Mining —
Stripping a column i yd. sq. and 50 ft. high of glacial

drift at 30 cents a cu. yd., 5o/3x$o.30= 5.00

Stripi^ing 15 ft. solid taconite at $1.00, i5/3x$i.oo=.. 5.00
Steam shovel mining 36 ft. ore at 15 cents per ton,

36/3x2x$o.i5= 3.60

Total cost of open pit work ; $13.^)0

Difference in favor of open pit 4.40

* * * *

This offers a ready method of preliminary comparison to
be supplemented by more exact figures when si^ecial consid-
erations enter. It is of course understood that such ques-
tions as adverse or favorable topography, accessibility of dump
room, quick-sands, swamps, etc., have a sj^ecial l^earing on
each individual case that does not admit of generalization.

The economical limit of stripping is at present considered
to be within the following proportions:

1 . One yard of overburden to i ton of ore.

2. Not to exceed 2-ft. depth of overburden to i-ft. deptli
of ore. Hard slates and taconite cost from 2 to 3 times as
much to strip as ordinary glacial drift and it is customary
when applying these figures to consider i ft. of such ma-
terial as equal to 3 ft. of overburden.

3. A maximum stripping depth under any considerations
of 150 feet."

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136 MINING METHODS ON MISSABE IRON RANGE

In general, underground methods are used for those ore
bodies lying under slates or taconite, or deep glacial drift. It
is an alternative method, adopted only when the other two
methods are out of the question. About the only considera-
tion in its favor is that production can be obtained quicker
and with less initial cost than with the other methods.

Open pit mining is used for the larger bodies of ore lying
under comparatively shallow surface material and where the
operating company is able to make the large initial expendi-
ture in stripping. Besides permitting the lowest operating
cost, • it has many other advantages. ' The capacity for pro-
duction from an open pit is enormous as compared to a shaft.
One forty acre tract opened up as an open pit, provided the
approach can lie on adjoining land, operating with two shovels
and five locomotives, can send forward 9,000 tons daily, while
the same area being operated as an underground mine, hoist-
ing through one shaft, would ordinarily produce about 2,000
tons daily.

The milling pit method of mining is adopted generally for
the smaller bodies of ore lying under comparatively shallow
surface material. The amount of initial expenditure for
stripping is much less than for an open pit, where the cost of
the approach is a large item. The cost of production from
a milling pit lies between that of open pit and underground
mining.

Underground Mining.

There is one prevailing method of underground mining in
use on the Missabe Range at the present time. This is the
Top Slicing or Caving Method. The ma,in points of this
method are as follows :

A top slice over the whole area of the ore body is re-
moved, using timber to the full height of the ore. As fast
as the various rooms of this top slice are worked out, the
bottoms are covered with boards, and the timber is blasted
down, allowing the overburden to cave and fill up solidly the
space formerly occupied by the ore.

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 1 37

When the top slice is out, another slice over the whole
area is taken out just below it, also using timl^er the full
height of the slice, up to the boards of the slice above. Rooms
are blasted in as fast as they are mined out and the cave fol-
lows. Successive slices are taken in like manner to the bot-
tom of the ore body. The use of timber to the full height of
the ore in each slice, thus insuring a very high percentage of
extraction, is the most important feature of this methoil.
The cross-cuts to the various rooms are always in solid
ground, providing a safe retreat for the miners.

The general practice in opening up and mining an ore
Ixxly to be worked on the Top Slicing system may now be
briefly considered.

Size and Location of Main Slmft — For an ore body of
considerable size, a shaft 8 by 20 ft. outside is largely used.
There are two skip compartments, 5 by 6 ft., and one ladder
and pipe compartment, 6 by 7 ft. with 6 in. dividers. The
sets are of 12 by 12 in. timber. The shaft is located near
the deepest part of the ore Ixxly, either in the ore itself or
in the adjacent rock. From this position the drainage of all
the ore to be mined through the shaft may be taken care of.

Timber Shafts — Usually the sinking of a timl>er shaft,
somewhere near the main shaft, is begun at the same tinvj
as the latter. From one to three additional shafts, dej^endin^
on the size of the mine, are sunk at advantageous ix>:nts. The
size may be 6 ft. square, or 6 by 9 ft.

Locaiion of Main Drifts — A close study of the bottom
contour map is necessary to decide this point. Where tlie
drilling has been sufficient, one or more troughs of deep ore
will be found running through the ore body, generally from
northwest to southeast, or from west to east, with the deei)-
est nart of the trough at the easterly end. It is in these troughs
that the main drifts are located. The chief considerations are
to have them near the bottom rock and still have them ex-
tend as near to the limits of the ore body as possible. The
idea is to make the motor tramming long and the hand tram-

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3

p;ao

OB
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CD'S

11
P

eo9

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE I39

ining short. When an ore body is 50 ft. thick or more, it is
good practice to locate the main level high enough up in the
ere Ixxly so that it will extend a considerable distance from the
shaft, another main level being opened up nearer the bottom
later. If the ore trough is wide enough, two parallel drifts,
from 60 to 100 ft. apart, are driven, connected by a loop near
the shaft. The advantage of two drifts is in opening up the
ground quicker for drainage; small drifts across connecting
them improve the ventilation ; if one strikes rock unexpectedly
it can be discontinued temporarily, while the other continues
ahead, frc«n which exploration of the rock encountered can
l)e made. The main drifts are timbered with sets 5 ft. apart,
using 8 or 9 ft. posts and 10 or 12 ft. caps, with lagging
over the back. Vertical raises, 4 ft. square and without crib-
bing, are put up every 50 ft. along the main drifts and car-
ried up to the top of the ore.

Top Sub'Lcz'el — (See Fig. i, which also shows plan of
main drifts and raises.) The Top Sub-Level is located at
such an elevation that the average height of the ore to be
removed will be from 12 to 14 ft., so that most of it can
be taken out with drift sets. From each raise 5 by 6 ft. drifts,
untimbered, are driven parallel with each other and at right
angles to the main drifts, until they reach the limit of the
ort body or the boundary line of the property. Here the stop-
ing or slicing of the ore begins.

Slicing Details — Fig. No. 2 shows plan of two adjoining
rooms each 50 ft. long and 15 ft. wide, opened up at the bound-
ary line, together with a cross-section through one of them.
When the boundary line was reached by cross-cut No. i, the
first drift slice was started by blasting out all the ore at set
marked No. i, and sets of timber, (12 ft. posts and 7 ft. caps),
with the caps parallel with the cross-cut, put in place, using
6 ft. lagging overhead. Set No. 2, also in the cross-cut, is the
next to be taken and securely timbered and spragged, thus
making the entrance secure. These four sets of timber at the
entrance of the two slices of a room or stope are usually re-

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140

MINING METHODS ON MISSABE IRON RANGE

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE

141

ferred to as the ''open sets." The first slice on the long side
of the 55 ft. room is now completed by taking mit sets 3 to
9. The track is continued frc«n the cross-cut into this slice
as it advances. The next sets to be taken out depend upon
whether the timber is taking much weight or not. If it is not,

Vb ^A/se r/^oAf /^^/Af ^wv/^r- c^^ass-cov /Va/i? /

-f-> N

Yb /T^AAf ^m^ /f^/r* fim^T- ^m^s^' Ct/f- A^Jt g /

PLAN

sets 10 to 16 are consecutively mined out, completing the long
side of the room. The short side of the room is now taken out
in the order indicated (sets 17-18-19-20). On the other hand,
it the room is heavy and timbers are taking considerable
weight, the order of removing the sets must be changed. A

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142 MINING METHODS ON MISSABE IRON RANGE

safe exit for the miners must be maintained and it would
1^ inadvisable to weaken the entrance to the room by taking
cut set No. 10 at this time. The slice would be worked out
from the far comer retreating toward the cross-cut. Instead
of taking set No. 16 first, however, the miners make their at-
tack on set No. 15, because it would blast out a little easier
and there would be more room for them to shovel into the
tram car standing on track in set 7 or 8. Therefore the se-
([uence of sets taken out would be 15-16-14-13-12-11. Set
No. 10 is left standing to protect the entrance while the short
side of room (sets 17-18-19-20) is next mined out, and is
the last set to be taken. This order of working out a room is
not invariable, many changes being made depending on dif-
ferir^g conditions. Under a strong back, or with solid ore
on both sides of a room, the ore would be taken out two sets
wide from the cross-cut back to the far end. Again, when
the preceding room has not filled up solid with the cave, sets
iO to 16 would be taken first, leaving one set of solid ground
against the unfilled cave, after which sets 9 back to 3 would
be taken.

The reason for having a long side and a short side to a
room is that only one set of curved rails need be laid to get
tram car to convenient shoveHng distance for all the sets. The
track is laid in only one of the slices. The ore from the short
side is shovelled into car standing in the cross-cut.

When a room is w^orked out, the side and ends next to
the solid ore are boarded up w^ith cull boards to prevent the
sand from mixing w-ith the ore of the next room when it is
mined. The bottom is also covered with boards if there is a
slice to be taken out underneath. The double row of posts
in the center, and those along cave side, throughout the length
of the room, are blasted out and 'the caved ground follows
and fills the room. There is usually no difficulty at this point,
the room soon being filled up solid against the boards so that
another slice may be started alongside after a few hours.

The height of the ore on the top sub-level varies consid-

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE I43

erably on account of the rolling back. The length of posts
used in the successive slic^ must be changed accordingly. The
limit to successful slicing with drift sets is reached when
posts 16 ft. long are necessary. Rather than use such long
posts to any considerable extent recourse is usually had to
using square set timber, two sets high, which would take out
the same height of ore,

Square-Set Slicing — In the cross-section in Fig. 2, a test
raise is indicated which shows a roll in the back making maxi-
mum height of ore 26 ft. above the top sub-level. Rather than
open up a suWevel of very limited area in the upper half of this
roll, in order to remove the ore with drift timber, it is the
usual practice to mine it all out on square-sets. The change
from drift slicing to square-set slicing would begin where the
height of ore shows 17 ft. The first square-set slice would
be taken in the solid, that is, leaving one set of ore standing
between it and the last drift-slice. This is to insure getting
the line of the square sets straight and at right angles to the
cross-cut. The two sets in height of this slice are both mined
out and timbered as the slice advances. The pillar left stand-
ing next to the drift-slice is then mined out and timbered, the
order of removal of the sets depending on whether the ground
is heavy or not. The long side and the short side of the room
being mined out, the side and ends next to ore are boarded up
in same manner as a drift slice, except that lagging instead
of boards is used on the bottom set. This is because they are
stronger than boards and there is more pressure from the cave
on account of room being higher. The span between sets is
also greater. The rooms are blasted in as soon as the tim-
bers show that much weight is on them which usually occurs
when they are two sets wide. The blasting is 'done in such
a manner as to leave the timber undisturbed which stands
against the solid ore.

In the succeeding square-set rooms the first slice is taken
out along the cave, the caps connecting with the timber of the
previous room. There are usually 5 sets on one side of the

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144 MINING METHODS ON MISSABE IRON RANGE

cross-cut, and one set on the other, which, with the set occupy-
ing the cross-cut itself, makes the tgtal length of room 7 sets
or 51 ft. 8 in. A cap of odd length is used in connecting the
timbering of rooms joining each other on their ends.

Bottom posts are 8 ft. over-all, with 4 in. tenon. Regu-
lar top-posts are 8 ft. over-all with two 4-in. tenons. Top-
posts of lengths varying from 4 to 12 ft. are used on the
top set where the back is irregular. The regular cap is ^ ft.
long.

There is very little square-set slicing on the Missabe
Range at the present time exceeding four sets in height.
Higher than this a great deal of trouble is experienced in
keeping the rooms in shape on account of the pressure of the
caves. Where the ore on the top sub-level is found to exceed
this height it is divided by opening up another local sub-level
and mined out with drift timber.

Square-set slicing should l3e distinguished from the well-
known square-set system of mining, where alternate pillars of
ore were left standing between large square-set roc«ns, to be
mined out after the latter were caved and filled.

Prop Slicing — There are extensive stretches of ground in
many of the Missal>e mines where the ore is overlaid by firm
taconite or slate. In such cases the top slice can be taken
out with the use of props, spaced irregularly as required. The
maximum height of proi>s used is 20 ft. Often the ore does
not exceed this height and, consequently, can all be mined
out in one slice. Where such conditions occur the cost of
mining is considerably lessened.

Second and Longer Sub-Levels — When the ore in any part
of the top sub-level has been mined out back to 20 ft. from
Ihe raise from main level drift, a second sub-level is opened
up by starting another cross-cut from the raise, directly un-
der the one above, and of the same dimensions, 5 by 6 ft.
Parallel cross-cuts on the same level are driven from each
raise as other places above are finished. The distance below
Ihe bottom of the top sub-level at which these cross-cuts are

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 145

Started depends on the total thickness of the ore down to the
main level, measured from bottom to bottom. This total
height is divided so that the sub-levels will be from ii to 15
ft. high. Where 11 ft. must be selected there would be 5
ft. of solid ground over the back of the second sub-level cross-
cut up to the boards of the top slice above. The ground is
usually firm enough so that these cross-cuts will stand with-
out being timbered. They are driven to the boundary line
or until they strike the bottom rock, when slicing begins and
is carried on in the same manner as on the top slice. The

Top Slicinsr at Edffe of Leonard Open Pit

rooms are timbered right up to the lx>ttom boards of the slice
above.

In conclusion, the Top-Slicing or Caving method of min-
ing can be adapted to all conditions met with in underground
mining on the Missabe Range. It is favored alike by fee-
owner and operator, for in these days of rapidly diminishing
ore reserves, wasteful methods of mining are no longer toler-
ated. In any method of mining, the safety of the miner should
be the first consideration ; the conservation of the ore, the sec-
ond. This system has both of them to recommend it.

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146 mining methods on missabe iron range

Open-Pit or Steam Shovel Mining.

Open-pit or steam shovel mining applies to that system
of mining where the ore from an open pit is loaded by steam
sliovels direct into railroad cars. It has been likened to load-
ing a stockpile, beginning at the top.

The first s:hipments from some Missabe Range mines have
been fully as simple as stockpile loading but as depth is
reached, approaches, grades of incline, and lay-out of tracks
to reach the various parts of the ore body require skillful en-
gineering.

As mentioned elsewhere in this article, this system is the
cheapest method and is adopted wherever it appears prac-
ticable. Recent practice shows the use of open-pit mining for
ore deposits that were formerly considered underground prop-
ositions. In fact, some mines that were opened as under-
ground propositions have been changed to the open system,
notwithstanding the fact that a considerable tonnage of ore had
already been removed and that stripping and mining both
presented conditions less favorable than before underground
mining was undertaken.

Among the mines originally operated by underground
mining and later changed to open-pit methods is the Com-
modore Mine at Virginia. It consists of one forty and is sur-
rounded by the Lincoln, Union, Lone Jack and Missabe Moun-
tain properties. Seven hundred thousand tons had been
mined through underground oj^erations when it was decided
to change to open pit mining. Adequate and suitable dump-
ing grounds were difficult to obtain and to complete the strip-
ping necessitated dumping 800,000 yds. on the Commodore
forty, over one-half of which composed the stripping area of
the open pit. The waste dump finally reached a height of 87
ft. and the height from top of ore at deepest stripping point
to top of dump was 201 ft., showing that some of this strip-
ping material was elevated in its transportation 201 ft., which
v.as accomplished without going oflf the mine forty, except at
the ends of two tail tracks where they ran on to adjoining

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE I47

l»roperty. The tracks from shovel to dump consisted of four
switch-backs on a 5 per cent grade.

The equipment was standard gauge dump cars and Shay
geared locomotives of eighty tons weight on drivers. These
locomotives are slower than the rod engines but have more
tractive power, particularly on starting their loads on heavy
grades and curves. In mining at this property both the rod
tyi^e and Shay geared locomotives are used and a comparison
of the two tyi^es under similar conditions shows the rod en-
gines more satisfactory on good tracks and low grades, but on
grades over 3 i)er cent and particularly where necessary to
start the loads on heavy grade the geared locomotives had
tije advantage.

Limited area, depth and shape of ore deposit, yard facilities,
ttc, have made conditions at this property for steam shovel
r.iining more severe than most ojDen pits on the Range. The
accompanying map shows the surface and pit lay-out. The
approach is laid out on a 3 i^er cent grade which is equalized
to allow for resistance on curves. During one season con-
siderable loading was done on a 7 per cent grade, the Shay
locomotives being able to start and haul three loads and the
rod engines two loaded ore cars of forty tons each. A few
years ago it was the practice to lay out open pits with grades
not over two and one-half per cent, and with curves not ex-
ceeding twenty degrees. While it is very desirable to keep
within these limits of grades and curves, nearly every mine
has found it ix)ssible and necessary to exceed practical rail-
road conditions.

The actual loading of the ore by steam shovels is prac-
tically the same all over the Range. At soine mines all the
ore must be blasted in order to loosen it for better loading,
while at other mines the shovels are able to handle the ore
without any blasting.

Sixty to eighty-pound rails are used for mine tracks, the
heavier steel being favored. The temporary loading tracks
have to be changed for each succeeding shovel cut. At some

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sides Mine.

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE I49

mines, and especially where the loading tracks are straight 'and
of the lighter rail section, it is the practice to jack up the
track to be moved and then line or heave it over with bars.
At other mines new track is laid behind the shovel and in
place for the next cut, the previous track being taken up.

There are several im[x>rtant special features in connection
with oi^en-pit mining of which mention should be made.

At the Biwabik mine which has the distinction of being the
first mine on the Missabe Range to use the steam shovel, much
of the ore, a high grade Bessemer, requires crushing. Re-
cently a new crusher of the gyrator>' tyj^e, with a 48-in. re-
ceiving opening, has been put in (•i)eration. It has a ca-
pacity of 1,000 tons i>er hour and is the largest gyratory
crusher that has ever l)een installed.

On the western end of the range, many of the ore Ixxlies
contain layers of fine sand, lean ore and broken taconite which
must be separated from the ore in order to make it merchant-
able. After several years of experiment a large concentrator
Vi-as erected on the east side of Trout Lake, at Coleraine, by
the Oliver Iron Mining Company, which has been in suc-
cessful oi^eration since 1909.

The Wisconsin Steel Company erected a concentrator at
Nashwauk, consisting of two units, which began operations
in 1912.

At the Leonard, Shenango, Commodore and some otlier
l)its, low grade material containing 35 to 49 j^er cent iron is
being stockpiled. This material is unmerchantable at the pres-
ent time and being mostly paint-rock it will probably not yield
to concentration.

At the Brunt mine, at Mountain Iron, a drying plant is
in operation for removing the excess moisture from the ore
The moisture is being reduced from 18 to 20 i>er cent down
below 8 per cent, resulting in considerable saving in freight
charges and rendering the ore more acceptable to the furnace-
men.

Another drying plant is in course of erection at the White-
sides Mine.

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150 mining methods on missabe iron range

Milling System of Mining.
The Milling System is adapted for mining of the ore from
deposits favorable for stripping but where the size of the de-

Crushins Plant at the Biwabik Mine.

posit, or its location, is such as to make it impracticable to
mine as a steam shovel proposition.

The relative depth of surface and ore, or rather the rela-

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE I5I

tive prcqx)rtion of over-burden to be removed to the amount
of ore uncovered, the size and shape of the ore deposit, the
space and facilities for trackage approaches, and relative out-
lay for equipment and development, are the determining fac-
tors for choosing between the milling and steam shovel meth-
ods. What is termed the **Milling System" on the Missabe
Range is in reality a form of what is termed ''Underhand
Stoping ' on the older ranges, and the development is by
shafts, tramming levels, etc., much the same as in under-
ground mining. The overburden is removed from the sur-^
face of the ore which permits of the use of underhand stoj)-
ing by working the ore into chutes, from which it is drawn
out on the tramming levels and handled in the same manner
as in other underground mining systems.

In opening up a proposition on the Milling System, the
area to be stripj^ed, the stripping approaches, location of shaft,
shaft house, tracks and mine buildings are decided upon. The
work of stripping or removing the overburden is usually the
first work started, and while this is progressing the working
shaft is sunk, tramming levels oi^ened up and raises driven
to the top of the ore dqx>sit. Raises are usually 4 by 5 ft.
or 5 ft. square, and are i)ut up at intervals of from 30 ft. to
40 ft., and are equipi>ed with chutes at the bottom. When
ready to start mining, milling or underhand stoping is start-
ed by drilling holes around the tops of the raises and blastin.^*
them so that their burden will fall into the raises. After blast-
ing, the loose dirt is usually picked down or loosened, or at
least as much of it as will readily nm into the raise, after
which blasting is again resorted to. It is customary to drill
what are usually called collar holes first, and then carry the
stope up the bank by successive blasting and picking down
the loose dirt as long as it will run into the raises. The
Missabe Range ores are of such character as to break up quite
fine and run readily at an angle of 45 degrees, and in dry
weather the ore will run on a slope of 38 degrees. Results
sre best after the niills or funnels h^ye been ^ilarged, and

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152 MINING METHODS ON MISSABE IRON RANGE

the larger the mill the better. When blasting large quantities
of ore, and particularly when starting mills, the ore from the
blasted holes falls to the bottom of the raises with such force
that it often packs so hard that it will not run out of the
chutes, and causes what is termed a "hang-up." This neces-
sitates the use of chute bars to loosen the ore and get it nin-

Jordan MUlinff Pit, 1903.

ring. It often happens that the ore continues to hang up
l:igher than can be reached with bars, when other means must
be employed. At the Monroe mine where the raises were
very high, a system of sub-drifts were driven above the work-
ing level, connecting all the raises. This plan gave an opening
for barring a hang-up raise through openings in the lagging

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 1 53

or raise cribbing. At the Albany mine the main level drifts
were made two sets high opposite the raises or chutes. This
permitted the use of longer bars and facilitated the process of
barring. At the Iroquois mine they placed a chain or wire
rope through the raise, and when hung up the rope or chain
was pulled up by a small hoist and pulled down by a number
of men standing on the level.

At the Jordan Mine the trouble with hang-up raises was
obviated to a large extent by working down to the back of
the tramming level the first two mills, and after that the
raises were holed through into the sides of the slopes. The
raises being from 30 to 40 ft. apart would hole through into
the milling slopes when 30 to 40 ft. high. The first raises
were 85 ft. high and caused a great deal of trouble with hang-
ui>s. The subsecjuent raises being from 35 to 40 ft. high
were much freer from hang-ups than the longer raises. By
starting milling on the lower sides of the raises where they
holed through into the slopes, the distance from the collar of
the raise to the chute was seldom over 30 ft., and a hang-up
could be broken down by barring or drilling from the top, if
the trammers failed to get it running by barring from be-
low.

Another plan adoi^ted to some extent was to make the
raises larger at the bottom and ta[)ering upward, but the con-
struction of the chutes permits the ore to accumulate back in
the comers and the raise openings soon become smaller. While
the hang-ups occur from the impact of the falling burden, re-
sulting usually from blasting into the raises, the trouble from
this source is contributed to by the raise opening becoming
smaller and smaller, from moist ore accumulating and caking
quite hard all around the raise. From time to time it is
necessary to clean out the sides of the raises for a distance
above the chutes.

The production by the Milling method is usually irregu-
lar and varies from day to day, being influenced largely by
weather conditions, as well as by the steadiness of the labor
employed. During a spell of nice weather and with full crew

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154 MINING METHODS ON MISSABE IRON RANGE

of men, the daily production may be at the maximum, but a
lieavy rain drives home the men working in the mills and
washes out the slopes, making holes and gullies in the mills,
?nd blocking the chutes with loose ore and water. If much wa-
ter collects in the mills and chutes, any attempt to open and
draw the chutes results in a rush of sloppy ore and water, fill-
ing the level and necessitating cleaning up before tramming
can be resumed. If the chutes are opened up more than two
(>r three inches there is no closing them if the rush starts.
In addition to the chute and level trouble, the slopes in the
mills are so uneven and irregular that for several days much
f f the ore that is loosened by blasting or picking down, fills
up the holes and gullies instead of running into the chutes.
Dry ores naturally run much better in the mills than wet ones,
and some ores that w'ould run readily on a 45 degree slope
curing dry weather become soaked and will scarcely run on
a 50 degree slope when wet.

When the mills are worked down close to the back of the
level, short raises are put up in the ridges and much of the re-
maining ore is milled in that way. At some mines steam
shovels have been used to dig the ore in the hog-backs or
ridges and drop it into the mills. This process was further
clcveloi:)ed, using the steam shovel to load tli£ ore into cars
which were either dumped direct into the skip jKHrket, or
through a transfer chute and then re-trammed to the shaft.

The Milling System is also used for the lower parts of
ore bodies opened up for steam shovel mining, when the depth
renders the use of locomotives impracticable. This system
permits the recovery of all the ore, is more economical than
underground mining and is, perhaps, a little safer. It is
subject to the accidents iiKident to the limited underground
v*ork and blasting in the open, but the greater danger is from
rien being carried into chutes by slides. This is guarded
pgainst to some extent by the use of ropes.

Tlie Milling System has been used at the Norman, Au-
burn, Fayal, Adams, Sharon, Jordan, Albany, Monroe, Dn-
luth, Leonard, and a f^w Qth^r mines.

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 1 55

WASH ORES OF WESTERN MISSABE RANGE AND
THE COLERAINE CONCENTRATING PLANT.

BY JOHN UNO SEBENIUS, DULUTH, MINN.*
CHAPTERS.

Geology.

Structure.

Mining Method.

Main Points Bearing Uix)n the Commercial Utilization of the

Western Missabe Silicious Ore Deposits.
Concentration of the Western Missabe SiHcious Ores.
Trovtt Lake Concentrating Plant:

(a) Main Building and Serving Track.

(b) Power Plant and Transmission.

Exhibits, i Map showing the location of the Coleraine

Washing Plant with reference to the mines

in the district, from which, the crude ore for

this plant is obtained.

2 Typical Cross Section of Western Missal)e

ore body.
3. Vertical section of Coleraine Washing Plant.
4 Flow Sheet of Coleraine Washing Plant.
Exhibits, A, B and C:

Photographic reductions, respectively ofi,
early experimental washing plants at Arc-
turus, Holman and Trout Lake — (Oliver
Iron Mining Company.)

♦Chief Engineer, Mining Department, Oliver Iron Mining Co.

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156 WASH ORES OF WESTERN MISSABE

leaching and subsequent enrichment was most effective, the re-
sult is our high grade merchantable ores; but where condi-
tions for this process of change and disintegration were not
entirely favorable, nature did not carry out its work to com-
pletion. Hence on the Missabe Range we find gradations all
the Way from the original "greenalite'' as the extreme on

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158 WASH ORES OF WESTERN MISSABE

one hand to the high grade ore on the other. The condi-
tions affecting the efficiency of the process for the time it
prevailed were largely such as offered the underground wa-
ers, which acted as the main agency in this important change,
opportunities for perfect percolation and circulation. In view-
ing the Range with these conditions in mind it seems that
over the eastern ix)rtion, extending from the eastern limit as
far west as a mile east of the D. & I. R. R. R. track, condi-
tions were evidently not favorable for a j^erfect change, and
we therefore now find a hard lean iron formation practically
barren at present, as far as known to<lay, of merchantable
deix>s!ts of any size, together with some lean silicious ma-
terial*; whereas in the middle portion of the Range, extending
over an area lying ai>proximately between Sec. 22, 59-14 and
the center of Sec. 23, 57-22, we find merchantable ore bod-
ies of large size occurring in a rich largely altered forma-
tion, together with a considerable amount of low grade mer-
chantable and non-merchantable silicious ore material as a con-
necting link l>etween the formation itself and the high grade
ores. Again, on the western end of the range, extending from
the central part of Sec. 23, 57-22 to alxnit twenty miles west of
the Mississippi river, the same altered iron formation occurs
as in the central portion, and in it similar large ore areas ; but
here, i;istead of the merchantable ores, the non-merchantable
silici(nis ores predominate, and in these ores are large quanti-
ties of a great variety of the altered material resulting from
an incomplete process of disintegration, and enrichment.

Therefore, instead of the clean-cut features of a stand-
ard Missal>e ore body, we see here a small amount of mer-
chantable ore underlaid or surrounded by every derivative
of the **greenalite" formation, and in some instances masses
so great tliat they fomi veritable rock Ijeds, layers and is-
lands in this silicious ore material. Thus we find here ex--
tensive deix>s:ts of taconite lying above, within and under the
ore material. These layers of silicious material within the
dei)osit are divided from each other by a rather large body or

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l6o WASH ORES OF WESTERN MISSABE

zone of more or less clayey and sticky paint-rock material,
which was originally a layer of slate occurring in the original
deposit.

As a further complication, there was found in the drilling,
right under the surface and on top of some of the large ore
areas, an entirely different deposit of ore material. This was
afterwards found to be a cretaceous deposit containing fossils
of various kinds and an ore material generally, of high phos-
phorous content.

Rock Dumps and Track Arranfirement Connecting Same With the Plant.
STRUCTURE.

After these ore areas had been explored and determined
and it was thought that possibly the ores were suitable for
concentration it became necessary to make a classification of
the various materials encountered with a view to arriving at
the physical structure of the deposits: (i) in order that
mining methods could he worked out adapted to the sizes and
conditions of the ore lx)dies; (2) in order that machinery
suitable for handling these possible wash ores might be con-
structed or found.

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE l6l

On account of the fact that chum drilling had to be re-
sorted to in exploring these ore deposits, which method of
drilling destroys the physical structure of layers of ore ma-
terial encoimtereil, and since in addition to these results of
drilling we had only a few shallow test-pits and shafts main-
ly on the Arcturus property to work from, it was at first very
difficult to get at the structure; but this was finally worked
out and I attach hereto a section showing substantially the
structure of these Western Missabe Range ore deposits. The
reader will note in the center of this section the large paint

West View of Washinff Plant Showing Tail Track. Water Supply Line and Tank;
Electric Sub-Stetion.

rock layer separating the masses of ore material into two
layers or zones. Each of these zones is a separate meml^er of
the formation, divided by the paint rock layer referred to
above, and in these zones occurs the silicious wash ma-
terial, generally speaking, in layers; and where of a standard
character, made up of large and small pieces and grains of
high grade ore arranged in seams alternating with seams of
fine sand. Interbedded in these standard wash ore areas,
however, are layers of hard taconite and all the other grada-
tions of material encountered, varying from hard taconite to

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1 62 WASH ORES OF WESTERN MISSABE

material so soft that it can be crushed in the hand, in fact
derivative layers of the original material referred to alx>ve.
Over it all lies a deposit of cretaceous ore material and over
this again the overburden or surface material, consisting of
clay, sand, gravel and lx)ulders.

Mining Methods.

After the physical structure of these ore deposits was
known it became apparent that the only way they could l>e
attacked commercially was by the oi>en-pit method. This
method, after the overburden had been removed, would afford
us (i) the opix>rtunity to stockpile or otherwise dispose of
the cretaceous material ,\v' 'ch had been found unsuitable for
concentration or other present day metho<ls of treatment;
(2) it woulr' 3iial>J<* v^"^' ]^'t\e the exact conditions of the
ore deposit l>efore us at any stage of the work; (3) it would
enable us to handle to the best advantage the large quantity of
ore material which could l)e^ treated; (4) it would aflford us
opix>rtunity to sort ottt^the waste material varying in com-
lx>sition and structure and entirely unfit for concentration
lying within the wash ore zone, from the material remain-
ing for concentration within that same zone.

MAIN POINTS BEARING UPON THE COMMERCIAL UTILIZATION
OK THE WESTERN MISSABE SILICIOl\S DEPOSITS.

In approaching the problem of utilizing commercially- the
ore material from the vast deix>sits develoi^ed. we were con-
fronted with the following conditions and facts:

Pirsi — A very heavy overburden as compared with the
depth of the available ores or the ores directly and easily
amenable to concentration.

Second — The occurrence very generally of a more or less
thick layer of cretaceous maierial which was unmerchant-
able and further unfit for present metho<ls of concentration,
but which on the other hand, could, not l)e wasted, as it
carried a>nsi(lerable iron, and therefore must l)e removed and
st(Kkpiled at a considerable exj^nse.

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 163

Tlhird — Although there were in these dqx>sits large ton-
nages of ore amenable to concentration, there was also found
with them a large quantity of material entirely unfit for con-
centration, rough and hard in cliaracter and so large in size
that it had to be sorted out either by hand or machinery, as
the c-ccasion would demand, at a considerable exi)ense over
and abc've the ordinary method of handling and disjx^ing of
such material.

Fourth — Furthermore, in this material, in and between
the layers of standard wash ore, there occurred a vast ^juantity

Section AA Showing Screen. Pickiner Belt, and Bottom of Receiving Bin.

of material which was neither washable ore nor hard rock,
in fact, consisting of every gradation possible l^etween these
extremes, and which could readily be sorted out. On ac-
count of its character and occun-ence we \vere confronted
not only with the necessity of handling this material and the
expense connected therewith, but were forced to so construct
our plant that a considerable ix>rtion of this could be ad-
vantageously dealt with in the mill operation. This particular

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164 WASH ORES OF WESTERN MISSABE

requirement for the mill meant a high degree of strength, dur-
ability and efficiency in the machines selected.

Fifth — Whereas most of the ore in the washable ma-
terial was rather coarse, there was nevertheless quite a
large amount of fine rich ore which on account of its ex-
ceeding fineness was not diserable from a furnace standpoint,
but which nevertheless had to be saved as it already had borne
a share of mining and transportation expenses, and for eco

Tracks and Crude Ore Cars on Top of Receivinir Bins.

nomical reasons alone could not be wasted when once de-
livered to the plant.

Sixth — The occurrence of the above mentioned paint rock.
This material, having been derived from an original slate layer,
was in its nature stickey and difficult to handle, when wet,
contained a considerable amount of moisture, and was not
amenable to concentration ; Ixit on the other hand its chemical
composition was such that portions of it could be shipped di-

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE l6S

rect, while the remaining portion, which had to be removed to
get at the underlying wash ores, could not be wasted and had
to be stockpiled at some additional expense, because this ma-
terial at some future day might become merchantable.

Sez'Cfvth — Practical economic and lease conditions de-
manded a large tonnage, much greater than generally had been
handled up to that time by mills elsewhere in the country.

Eighth — Large areas required, with extensive track systems

Interior View, Sbowinff Front of Receivincr Bins, Grizzlies and Revolving Screens.

to provide for the disposition of great quantities of overburden
to be removed and for the stockpiling of low grade material
not amenable to concentration.

Concentration of the Western Missabe Silicious Ores.
In 1 90 1 and 1902 Mr. Walter Barrows, Jr., Mr. Chas.
A. Purdon and associates, after obtaining certain exploration
data from the Arcturus property, and additional information
by drilling, desirous of ascertaining whether this ore was
amenable to some sort of concentration, sent a car-load of ore

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1 66 WASH ORES OF WESTERN MISSABE

to Cedartown, Georgia, for treatment. The result seemed so
satisfactory that they installed on the proi>erty at their expense
a small concentrating plant consisting of conical screens and
a set of McLanahan jigs. In 1903 and 1904 a small plant
(see photo) of somewhat similar construction, but without
jigs, was installed and oj^rated at what is now known as the
Holman mine, by Mr. Congdon and associates. While these
two smaller plants clearly indicated that something could be

di ne at least with seme portions of the vast ore Ixxlies con-
tained in the district, they also showed that these screens and
jigs would nt^t meet the requirements, first on account of the
variety of material to be treated, and second on account of the
large quantities that had to l>e handled. For this reason the
officers of the Oliver In>n Mining Comjmny appointed a com-
mittee to make a thorough study of the concentration protrfem

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 167

here presented, ascertain what was done elsewhere, and if
possible find machinery which would ineet the re<^|uirenients.

After due consideration of all the facts and after an ex-
tensive trip over the western and southwestern portion of the
United States the commission prepared its report recommend-
ing a scheme which seemed to them to offer a solution of
the problem in hand.

As suggested by the committee an experimental plant was

decided on and erected in 1906 in the vicinity of the Canisteo
deix>sits. (See photo.) In 1907 and 1908 experimental work
was conducted in this plant with the machinery originally in-
stalled as well as with additional different concentrating ma-
chines which from time to time were tried out at the sug-
gestion and request of manufacturers.

After a long, expensive and exhaustive investigation, and
compilation and study of the results obtained, it was conclu-
sively proved, ist, that th^se ores could be economically and

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l68 WASH ORES OF WESTERN MISSABE

successfully treated and on a large scale made to render a
merchantable product of a good desirable physical structure ;
2nd, that machinery substantially such as suggested by the
commfttee with some changes and improvements would suc-
cessfully treat these ores.

Trout Lake Concentrating Plant,
(a) main building and serving tracks.

With these and other facts and data at hand the con-
struction and erection of the present concentrating plant was
undertaken. This work was commenced in April, 1909, and
was complete with the machinery installed ready for use in
1910. Attached to the main building is a table house large
enough to accommodate concentrating tables for five units and
space for a small machine shop and supply store. For the
handling of the railroad cars in the upper portion of the
mill there is provided on the north side of the main structure
a trestle approach 650 ft. long, and on the south or opposite
side a tail track 300 ft. long. The latter is so constructed
as to permit its being incorporated directly in a possible future
extension of the plant. The building, viaduct approach and
tail trestle, as well as the table house, are constructed of steel,
the total amount used being 6,100 tons. The building is cov-
ered by corrugated steel sheeting over 2x6 in. wood sheeting
fastened directly to the structural steel. The north end of
the trestle approach is connected with the main road-beds
forming the track system for delivery of the crude ore to
the plant over an einbankment of a maximum height of no
feet containing over 2,000,000 cu. yds. of dirt. On the east
side of the building is arranged a system of concentrate tracks
connecting with ample storage yards for both loads and emi>-
ties. The delivery tracks over the crude-ore bins are 90 feet
above the tracks receiving the concentrates.

While not intended for winter oi^eration, the mill building
is equipped with a high pressure heating system, the steam for
which is supplied by a small boiler plant located in the im-
mediate vicinity of the mill

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 169

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170 WASH ORES OF WESTERN MISSABE

All inside wiring is placed in conduits. A traveling crane
electrically operated over a track extending the entire length of
the building provides for handling the heavy machinery.

(b) power plant and transmission.
The power plant of the mill is located on the shore of Trout
Lake, 7,000 ft. distant from the main mill building. Clear
\vater could not be obtained nearer the mill on account of
the tailing discharge into the lake.

Boiler House — The power is generated in a battery of six,
72''xi8', horizontal return tubular boilers lioused in a building
with a 120x53 ft. steel frame, brick nogged and covered with
corrugated steel. Draught for these boilers is obtained through
a chimney of hollow radial tile 150 ft. high.

Enghw ^nd Gaierator House — This building is of the same
general construction as the boiler house, size 82 by 132 ft.
In it is housed one 26x52x48 in. horizontal cross compound
Reynolds Corliss engine, direct connected to a 1,250 kw. 3-

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE I7I

phase 60-cycle alternating current generator producing a cur-
rent at 6,6cx) volts, equaling 1,675 horsepower.

In this building are also installed two 26x52x48 in. Pres-
cott compound pumping engines, of the fly-wheel type, each
with a 24-hour capacity of 10,000,000 gals., total lift being 240
ft. Each of these pumps is capable of furnishing the water
necessary to operate the mill. As the five concentrating units
contained in the mill described require individual consumption

of 1,300 gals, per min. per unit, the power requirement of
each pump is about 400 horsepower.

The electric current generated is transmitted over surface
lines to a transformer station located near the mill, where its
pressure is stejjped down to 440 volts — the working pressure
required for the plant. Power transmission in the mill is so ar-
ranged that each working unit and the main group of ma-
chines in the units themselves are independently operated by
commensurate motors. All buildings are electrically lighted.

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172

WASH ORES OF WESTERN MISSABE

Water Supply — Water is obtained from the lake through
a 40-in., 400 ft. long, steel intake pipe and is conducted
through a 30-in. lap-welded steel pipe to a 100,000 gal. cylin-
drical steel tank at the mill. The water pressure on the vari-
ous floors of the mill varies from 20 to 75 pounds per square
inch.

TROUT LAKE O0NCENTRATIH9 PLANT

ti;:!^^^^^^

LJ--*

As the mill stands today the plant contains five independeii.
units and appliances. Each individual unit is made up of
two half units which are dependent on one another only in

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE I73

bin and screening capacity. This arrangement was adopted
to prevent delay in the entire miH and in each separate unit —
should break-downs occur. Installment of individual units
was also necessitated by lease conditions requiring that ore
from each property be handled separately. All units are en-
tirely similar in construction, but were installed at various
times, the first and second units being erected in the spring
of 1 9 10, the third in the fall of the same year, the fourth

Lower End of Crude Ore Bin and Grizzly

and fifth completed at the beginning of the season 191 1.
Precaution was taken to eliminate from the mill construction
all light and unreliable machinery such as link belts, chain
elevators, conveyors and automatic feeding appliances.

Each individual unit is made up as follows : At the top of
the mill and directly under the crude ore tracks, for each unit
there is a receiving bin with a capacity of about 500 tons
crude ore. At the discharge end of this receiving bin is a
grizzly — steel rails spaced 12-in. centers — and also a hydraulic

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174 WASH ORES OF WESTERN MISSABE

nozzle connected to the water system. Under the grizzly
is a rock pocket. The hydraulic nozzle is capable of dis-
charging into the receiving bin at the direction of an oper-
ator, a heavy stream of water under a pressure of 33 pounds
per square inch. The bin extension under the grizzly is
through an apron directly connected with one conical, revolv-
ing screen or trommel having 2-in. perforations. Passing
through the center and along the entire length of this trcwnmel

Turbo.

is a spray pipe. The size of the trommel is: Length 20 ft.,
diameter at the small end 4 ft., at the larger end 8 ft.

Directly l^elow the large end of the trommel is placed a
conveyor belt 36 in. wide and 20 ft. long to take the over-size
material from this screen. Directly l^elow the trommel is con-
structed a bin or junction-lx>x divided into two compartments
into which falls the under-size material. On each side of this
bin and below the same and at proper distances and elevations

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE I7S

are placed two log* washers each taking one-half of the under-
size material delivered into the junction box from the trommel.
The size of these log washers is: Length 25 ft., width 6 ft. 8
in, depth 3 ft. They are placed at an incline of i in. to
the foot, and are each provided with twin logs with chilled
cast iron paddles. Their bottom is constructed so as to pro-
vide for three hutches covered with perforated steel plates
through which a strong current of water under a pressure of

50 lbs. to the square inch is forced. The waste material
coming over the overflow end of the log washers contains
chips, waste and other material, and for this reason a chip
screen has been placed directly behind each log washer. Di-
rectly under these log washers are placed three steel settling
tanks, Nos. i, 2 and 3, at different elevations. Located di-
rectly under No. i tank on each unit is placed one smaller
log washer locally known as a "turbo." The size of these
turbos is as follows: Length 18 ft., width 4 ft., depth t}i

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176 WASH ORES OF WESTERN MISSABE

ft. These turbos are of the same general construction as the
larger log-washers, being provided with a rising water column
forced under pressure through hutches and hutch-plates.

The tanks above referred to are "V" shaped. Tank No.
I is 5 ft. in width by 8 ft. in length and 43/2 ft. deep. Tanks
Nos. 2 and 3 are 6 ft. in width, 16 ft. in length and 5^ ft.
deep. All are provided with spigots for the discharge of the
accumulated material.

Arcturus Experimental Washing Plant, Front View.

In the table house at some distance below these three steel
tanks are located four batteries of five Overstrom tables, ar-
ranged in two parallel series. Each of the twenty concen-
trating tables is 14 ft. in length and 6 ft. wide along end
lines, and is provided with riffles, which on some tables are
constructed of wood and on others of rubber.

To convey the table concentrate from the table house, two
54-in. Frenier spiral sand pumps are installed in each one-

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 1 77

halt unit. These pumps discharge into a de-watering tank
located immediately above the bin jnto which is assembled all
the concentrate from all machines constituting the unit. This
de-watering tank is also of steel **V" shaped, top width 7 ft.,
length 12 ft., and depth 5J4 ft.

The conveyor belt above referred to is known as the **pick-
ing belt." On each side of it is located a steel chute leading
to what is known as a "rock pocket" made of steel. This dis-
charges into cars below. These car^ are hauled by an electric
locomotive to a rock dump a short distance beyond the con-
fines of the plant, over a track system overheg^ding the main
shipping tracks on the east side of the plant.

The concentrate receiving bin is large enough to accom-
modate the entire unit, built of wood and lined with steel
plates, and has a capacity of about 90 tons. I'his receiving bin
is provided with discharge lips through which this concentrate
passes into railroad cars on the tracks below.

The following arrangement gives the power distribution
for the unit: One 100 h.p. motor is used for driving the
cone-shaped trommel, tw^o log washers and two turbos. One
15 h.p. motor is used for driving the concentrating table and
chip screen. One 20 h.p. motor drives the four Frenier
pumps serving the unit.

The concentrating equipment in each unit thus includes :

One receiving bin.

One grizzly.

One conical screen.

One belt conveyor, or picking belt.

Two 2S-ft. log washers.

Two i8-ft. log washers.

Six steel settling tanks.

Two table wash-water tanks.

Twenty Overstrom concentrating tables.

Four Frenier pumps.

Two steel de-watering tanks.

Two rock pockets.

One concentrate bin.

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178 wash ores of western missabe

Process of Concentration.
At the mines the crude ore is loaded directly into hopper
cars of an average capacity of 40 tons of this material. The
cars are of pressed steel, of Sommers and Pressed Steel Car
Company design. Train loads of these cars are hauled
over the receiving tracks and over the viaduct approach to
the top of the mill and there dumped directly into the receiv-
ing bins. In these receiving bins the ores are attacked by a

stream of water from the hydraulic nozzle above referred to
and sluiceil down thi-ough the oj^ening in the lower end of
the bin over the grizzly bars, which eliminates the larger
pieces of taconite included in the shipment. This rock is
raked from the top of the grizzly by hand into the rock
jxKket provided' for each unit. Tlie material passing through
the grizzly is conducted over the connecting apron into the
revolving trommel. The over-size material in this trommel
advances through it and is in passage subjected to a thorough

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 1 79

rolling and rubbing process as well as a heavy spray of wa-
ter fixHn the spray-pipe arranged for this puipose. After
being thus abraded and washed off, the content of this
trommel passes on to the picking belt provided in front and
is here hand sorted. The rock material is thrown into the
chutes leading to the rock pocket whence it is loaded into
cars and by an electric locomotive hauled to the rock dump.
The coarse material remaining on the picking belt falls di-
rectly into a steel chute which conveys it to the concentrate
bin immediately below. The material obtained is known as
Ixrlt product and consists of lump ore concentrate of sizes
larger than 2 in.

The material passing thnnigh the conical screen or trom-
mel falls directly into the underlying junction-box, half of
the material going to eadi of the two log washers provided
on cither side of this junction-box. In these log washers
the iratcrial is subjected to a combined stirring and abrasive
action prcxluced by the i^addles of the twin logs revolving
therein, in water which enters the log washer under pressure
thn.ugh the three l»ttom hutches. This introduction of wa-
ter under pressure into the lx>tto!n of the log washer is a
decided improvement over earlier constnicteil log washers,
and is an important provision in that it prevents dead ma-
terial from lying at the bottom of the box, assists in the thor-
ough stirring and washing of all the material passing through
the machine, and gives life and activity to the entire oper-
ation. The action of the log washer in this prcxess is that
of a large, efficient, ever-ready classifier-concentrator and dis-
integrator. By stirring effect of the paddles, the friction be-
tween them and the pieces with which they come in contact,
as well as between the pieces themselves in this ever-moving
mass under strong water action, all the more or less disin-
tegrated pieces are broken up into their component parts —
grains of sand and pieces and particles of ore.

In the operation the heavy flow of water introduced into
the machine, both with the material itself as well as from

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l8o WASH ORES OF WESTERN MISSABE

the bottom, carries the sand towards and over the tail-board
at the lower end of the machine. The heavy material, on the
other hand, consisting largely of iron ore varying in size from
2 in. to grains, is forced by the action of the paddled twin
logs towards the raised or upper end and there discharged
as log product into the concentrate-receiving bin.

The overflow from the log washer is then passed through
the chip screen for the purpose of removing pieces of wood,

Vv'aste and other foreign substances. From the chip screen
tiie material is led into what is known as the first set of
settling tanks, one on each side of the unit. The heavier ma-
terial is allowed to settle and the spigot product is fed to the
two turlx>s below.

As stated before the **turbo" is similar in construction
to the large washer, but smaller. The operation is also sim-
ilar.

The overflow from the settling tanks is passed into a sec-

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE l8l

ond pair of tanks. The overflow from these is carried out of
the mill, and the spigot product is conveyed into the table room
and there distributed over two sets of five Overstrom tables,
each set serving one tank.

The concentrate obtained in the upper end of the turbos is
fed directly into the concentrate receiving bin of the unit.
The overflow from the turbos is passed into a third pair of
settling tanks. The overflow from these is ixissed out of
the mill. The spigot pro<luct is carried into the table house
and there dealt with in a manner similar to that, in which
the spigot product from the second i>air is handled.

The concentrate from the twenty tables ser\'ing each unit is
conveyed through the four Frenier pumi^s serving the unit into
the de-watering tank, the spigot pro<iuct of which falls di-
rectly into the concentrate receiving bin t^eneath.

All tailings frcin the settling tanks and tables are dis-
charged into Trout Lake below the ni'll through a 4-ft. wcxxl
bottom concrete flume.

Safety Devices.

The great amount of thought which has been put into
safety devices, and the minute detail into which those in
charge have gone, make impossible complete description in
a i^aper of this kind. Therefore only the more prominent
features will be described, and perhaps the most simple course
to follow will be the one most commonly used, that is, the
route of the ore.

The first application of a safety feature is in preventing
the crude ore from falling through the api>roach trestle from
the cars to the ground. The great height of this trestle would
make an injury from this source very serious. This is pre-
vented by a decking which also eliminates danger of fire
from the sparks of passing locomotives. A structural steel
hand-railing extends the entire length of the trestle on both
sides and is supplemented by a toe-board at its bottom.

Within the building, at the receiving bins, the most ap-
parent features are, first, the peculiar arrangement of rail-

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1 82 WASH ORES OF WESTERN MISSABE

ings and walks which compels the workman unconsciously
to guard himself from passing trains, and second, the covered
stairways and landings by which the sluicer helpers are en-
abled to work beneath the tracks with safety and freedom.

Within the mill proper, at a point where the ore is washed
from the bins into the revolving conical screens, are placed
large heavy hinged gate and a stationary wall which serves as
a sort of breastwork in front of the sluicer. The stationary
walls afford the worker safety from sudden slides of ore
while sluicing, and the hinged door protects him from the same
danger when ore is being dumped into the bin.

At the picking belts are provided hoppers located con-

El«ctric Sub-Station

veniently near both the belt and the men. While these are
built up high enough to greatly facilitate removing the waste
i\x:k from the l^elt, their primary purpose is to prevent the
men from falling into the pockets beneath. The chutes from
these pockets which receive the waste rock were provided with
the customary quarter-pan or pocket stops, but as these did
not prevent small pieces from rolling out beneath them down
on to the heads of passers-by, it was necessary to provide an-
additional means to prevent this. Such a device consisted of
a special counterbalance gate or dam made of steel plate. The
peculiar location of the stop itself and the point from which
it was to be operated made this a difficult problem. The

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 183

electric tram cars which carry the rock from these chutes to
the dumps are provided with automatic gong^ which ring when
the cars are in motion and warn the workmen of their ap-
proach.

The next point of possible danger in the course of the ore is
in the discharge from the log washers. The problem here was
somewhat difficult, for in order to inspect properly the con-
centrated product the workmen had to stand between large
revolving gears on one side, and the moving blades of the
washers on the other. However, the difficulty was solved by
means of gear housing and platforms in such a manner as

Water Supply Line

to make this point very accessible and at the same time remove
lx>th danger and fear of injury.

On the table floor, the driving-head gear of the machines
presented the chief source of danger. To obviate this, frames
built of pii>e and covered with removable steel plates were
placed around the driving mechanism. This secured safety
and accessibility. Shifting levers for the belts, so designed
as to be simple and free from projecting parts, were attached
to these frames.

In the basement the only point which was considered
dangerous, and this on account of darkness rather than loca-
tion, was the driving mechanism of the Frenier pumps. The

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1 84

WASH ORES OF WESTERN MISSABE

installation of steel geared housings, wooden troughs for belts
and a generous lighting system, did away with all danger at
this point.

There are many miscellaneous devices which though
not so intimately connected with the oi>eration of the mill,
are none the less necessary. The most important of these
are the coverings of every gear, belt, pulley, and moving part
throughout the mill, and the safety collars on all shafting.
Enameled iron signs warning oj^erators are placed at every
conceivable point of danger. Signal bells are sounded when
starting all mill machinery, so that every working man may
protect himself if in danger or invisible to the oi)erator. Per-

Power Plant

manent stair-like platforms were constnicted beneath the re-
ceiving bins, to enable workmen safely to remove the bolts
that hold the wearing plates when repairing them. Stairways
were everywhere provided rather than ladders, and all of
them were covered at the backs, thereby preventing material
from falling or being kicke<l through them on to tlie head
of persons beneath. But perhai>s tlie greatest of all provisions
for the protection of the working man in his routine dut^'
about the mill is the most carefully planned and permanently
constructed system of railed walks. These lead everywhere.
They are rigid and strong to the last degree. Their railings
are of steel pipe, their stringers and joists are of- steel beams.

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 1 85

Their treads are of the heaviest matched flooring, and their
sides are protected by the ever-efficient, though djscure, toe-
board. Records show that in this item alone, 32,300 Hneal ft.
of 134 in- standard pii)e with the necessary fittings, and 12,450
Hneal ft. of 2x8 in. surface p'ne boards have been used. Not
the least of the factors which makes this provisione one of the
most worthy of the safety device is the sense of security, which
the workmanship apparent in it engenders.

In conclusion, it must not be supposed that the apjxirent
completion of these safety devices has tended to eliminate in-
terest in safety measures. On the contrarj- the interest is
even greater, because it has l)een shown that the effort, money
and vigilance expended in this direction produces tlie most
gratifying results.

Production.

Tons.
Plant produced in 1910 with 2 units in oi>erati(>n. . . . 610000
Plant produced in 191 1 with 5 units in operation. . . . 1,978,000
Plant produced in 191 2 with 5 units in oi)eration. . .2,555,000
The construction of the plant including ix>wer installation,
water supply and necessary track arrangements, involved

an exi>enditure of approximately $1,500,000

The total amount of concentrate produced by the vari-
ous machines in the unit dei>ends largely on the character of
the crude ore treated. The following table will, however, give
a general idea thereof :

Per Cent.

Belt product . 3 to 35 ( Depending on char-

T.wo logs product 60 to 85 ) . ,

Two turbos product 2.5 to 10 ^ ^^^^ ^^ ^''"^'^ ^^^•

Twenty tables product 1.5 to 6.5

Concerning the size of the product obtained, it may be
stated that the l^elt pr€<luct is all larger than 20 mesh. Of the
log product 90 per cent, is coarser than 40 mesh and 4 per cent,
finer than 100 mesh. Of the turbo product 15 per cent, is
coarser than 40 mesh and 32 per cent, finer than 100 mesh.

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1 86 WASH ORES OF WESTERN MISSABE

Of the total table product 85 per cent, is finer than 100 mesh
and 50 per cent, is finer than 200 mesh.

These figures will indicate the care which has been taken
in the processes, in the construction of the plant and of the
various machines therein, to effect a saving commensurate
with good practice, economy and furnace requirements.

The above is a general and practical statement devoid of
complicated calculations and demonstrations, entering into
the solution of the problems connected with the handling of
the wash ores on the Western Missabe Range, involving the
construction of, and the processes devised for, the Coleraine
Washing Plant.

In conclusion I wish to slate that while it would be de-
sirable and interesting from a scientific and economical stand-
ix>int in a subject of this nature, to enter into, for instance,
the specific performance of eacli machine, the possibility of
improving and of simplifying both method and machinery,
to consider the question of recovery and the ratio of concentra-
tion, and finally to demonstrate the extent to which this plant
as a unit has ser\'e<l its purpose as a medium through which
this non-merchantable ore is made merchantable, it is im-
possible to touch upon these subjects within the scope of this
pai)er, as time and conditions will not permit it.

The items referred to above may be proper subjects for
another paper on a future occasion.

Lastly, while this plant today does its work as well and
even better than expected, at some future day no doubt it will
be changed and improved, or others will be built to take its
place to meet conditions not here presented, but fully known
from investigations made, which conditions it is neither
practicable nor advisable to approach nearer at the present
time.

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 187

THE APPLICATION OF MINING MACHINES TO UN-
DERGROUND MINING ON THE MESABI RANGE

BY H. E. MARTIN AND W. J. KAISER.

The application of machines to underground mining on
the Mesabi Range is a radical departure from the methods in
use at the present time, and while it is difficult to foretell the
ultimate results, their use cannot but l^ beneficial both to the
miner iuid the mining companies.

Since mining was started on the Mesabi Range some twen-
ty odd years ago, improvements and changes have been made
in practically every method and device except those used in
the actual mining of underground ore. During the past few
years open pit mining has grown from "a comparative infant
to its present huge proportions. Heavier steam shovels, larger
engines and standard equipment have been adopted, as well
as various changes in methods employed. In our underground
mines, the most efficient machinery has been installed for
handling the ore once it has left the miners hands. The
miners, however, still drill by hand, muck their own dirt
and otherwise mine as they have done since the start. The
number of miners on this range has not grown in proportion
to the amount of development, and in consequence the pro-
duction from underground mines has not been as large as it
should be. How to increase the production, using the limited
number of miners available, is then the question of vital in-
terest. Could power machines be successfully used, it would
necessarily mean a division of labor into two classes, miners
and muckers, and the output per miner would be largely in-
creased. The common laborers, becoming more proficient,
would eventually graduate into the miners class, thus increas-

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l88 MINING MACHINES ON THE MESABI RANGE

ing their number. With these ideas in view, it was decided
to experiment with machines on the soft ores of this range.
As used at the Harold Mine, of the Hibbing District, the
machines consist of an ordinary Sulhvan air-pick or coal
puncher, and a Jeffries air-auger. The pick machine is the
largest type manufactured by the Sullivan Machinery Com-
jxiny having a depth of undercut of five and one-half feet.

Sullivan 700 lb. Pick Machine in a four-foot vein of coal. Pennsylvania. Runner site
on board, gruiding: machine by handles and foot>clQir.

The bore of cylinder is 5]/^ inches, pressure required 80
pounds, and total weight 825 ixninds. To understand thor-
oughly the application of these machines to our mining meth-
ods, it may be well to mention first the several operations in-
cident to taking out a set of ground by (>rdinai*y means. The
miners first drill a round of holes in the breast, each hole
approximately five feet in depth and varying in number from
three tn five, dei)ending upon the height of iK)St, character of
ground and whether drifting into the solid or along side of

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 189

caved crround. The upper holes are usually fired first and
the bottom holes after the top dirt is mucked out. The amount
of dynamite used depends upon the conditions mentioned
above and varies from 15 to 30 sticks, each stick being" about
Yj, pour.d. After the upper holes are fired the miners secure
the back by poling from the last set of timber into the breast.
The ore broken in this blast is then loaded and trammed,
and the bottom holes are fired. After all the ore is mucked
out, the miners trim the breast, back and sides and the set
is ready for timber. Under ordinary conditions the amount
of time spent in these several oj^erations is approximately as
follows :

Drilhng, 17 per cent; blasting, 4 per cent; clearing of
smoke. 3 per cent; tramming, 7 per cent; trimming, 9 per
cent ; timbering, 20 per cent, and mucking, 40 per cent.

The number of men required for one machine crew, is
two machine men, three miners and six muckers. This ratio
was CKperimentally determined and is of the most import-
ance to the efficient working of the machines, in that there
should he no delay of miners, muckers or machine men waiting
upon e?ch other. The minimum number of working places or
rooms required to take care of one machine has been found
to be five, though a larger number will insure no delays and
make for higher efficiency.

The actual taking out of a set of ground with the aid
of the machines is as follows :

The set is first under-cut with the puncher to a depth of
five feet, the cut extending from the solid rib to within six
inches or so of the opposite side, thus leaving a small pillar
six inches wide and the full length of the set. The purpose of
this small pillar being to support the ground against prema-
ture caving. Two holes are then drilled with the air-auger,
about ore foot from the solid rib and spaced about two anrl six
feet respectively from the back. In case the slice was driven
into the solid four holes would be necessary, two on each side.
Two short holes are drilled in the small pillar sui>iK>rting the

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IQO MINING MACHINES ON THE MESABI RANGE

set by the miners. Boards are now placed in the cut and
under the set to be broken out, a small amount of ore picked
down upon them to hold them in place, and the holes are
loaded and fired. Being able to place boards beneath the set
before it is broken, is an advantage rather hard to estimate
but of considerable moment to those using the shovels, giving
them as it does a smooth surface from which to shovel. The
miners now secure the back by poling and the room is
ready for the muckers. After the ore is mucked out, the

Sullivan 826 lb. Pick Machine in a Southern Illinois mine, 8-foot coal. This shows the
undercut completed at left, and a fresh "board" started to the risrht.

miners square up the set, place the timber and another cycle
of operations is started.

The average time for under-cutting one set of ground ex-
cluding delays, has been 59 minutes, for moving from
place to place and setting machine, 26 minutes. To drill one
foot of ground with the air-auger has averaged 2.8 minutes,
time setting up 1.4 minutes i>er foot. These results can aixi
no doubt will be considerably lessened, as the machine men
become more proficient.

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE I9I

The advantages which can be claimed for the machine,
aside from any possible reduction in the cost of producing the
ore, are emjJoyment of one-half common labor, using ap-
proximately one-half the amount of dynamite, less liability
of posts being blasted out and consequent caving of rooms,
and always having a smooth surface to shovel from. To the
successful working of the machines, several conditions are
necessary. The rooms served by the machine must be easy
of access from one to another, their height should not be less
than seven or eight feet and no bottom stoping should be
necessary. In other words they can be applied to ordinary
slicing and square-setting.

The results obtained so far have not been as satisfactory
as cotild be wished, primarily due to the labor situation,
muckers not being obtainable in sufficient number to keep the
machine and miners busy at all times. At the start many
delays were occasioned by not having a sufficient number of
places opened up for the machine. However, during the first
five weeks of work, the average number of tons per man
per day was twelve, an amount considerably above the aver-
age for most places in our underground mines. Taking these
points into consideration, it can be conservatively said, that
it is not a question of what the machines can or will do but
merely one of organization and hence their future on the
Mesabi Range seems assured.

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192 OPENING THE LEONIDAS MINE

OPENING THE LEONIDAS MINE AT EVELETH,
MINNESOTA.

BY H. E. LOYE, EVELETH, MINN.*

At the Leonidas mine of the OHver Iron Mining Company,
at Eveleth, Minnesota, two ore lx)clies were found separated
by rock 250 ft. in thickness. The upper body averaging 49

Leonidas Mine, Eveleth, Minn.

ft. in tliickness, will be mined in greater i>art by the open pit
method, the lower body averaging 76 ft. in thickness, by Ihe
underground method.

On account of the long i)eriod of time recjuired to mine
this lower (Iqx>sit, it was desirable to have the shaft and
stations as i>ei'manent as i:K>ssible, and also as shaft stations
are the parts most sul)ject to fire, and as in this case there w^ill

*Chi3f Engineer, Oliver Iron Mining Co., Adams District.

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 1 93

be only one outlet for a number of years, it was very in>
portant to have the shaft and stations as nearly fireproof as
possible. With this in view, it was decided to use only
steel and concrete in the construction; steel sets made by the
American Bridge Co., backed by reinforced concrete slabs
made with Universal Portland cement.

The shaft, which is 10 ft. by 17 ft. 4 in. in the clear, con-
tains five compartments; two skip compartments 6 ft. by 5
ft., pipe and ladder compartments each 3 ft. 8 in. by 5 ft.
and a cage compartment 10 ft. b^- 5 ft. 8 in., as shown in
Plate I. Tlie wall and end plates are made of 6-in. 23.8-lb.
H sections, the main dividers of loin. 25-lb. I-beams, the
smaller dividers of 4-in. 13.6-lb. H sections and the studdles
of 33^ in. by 3 in. by ^-in. angle irons. Sets w^ere placed
4 ft. center to center and 2-in. planking used for temporary
lathing, to be replaced later by reinforced concrete slabs, the
planking resting in the hollow of the H section and being
flush on the inside of the shaft so as to prevent lodgment of
material. In sinking, the sets were kept from 12 to 16 ft. alx>ve
the bott(^m cf the shaft to avoid any breakage by blasting.
The bearing pieces used were 12-in. 31.5-lb. I-l:>eams, 19 ft. 6
in. long, 4 in a set, placed under the end plates and dividers
with their ends concreted into the hitches, as shown on Plate
2. Five sets of these tearers were put in as follows : At
collar, at 113 ft., af2i3 ft., at 313 ft. and at 438 ft.

In sinking the shaft, J2 ft. of surface or glacial drift was
passed through, the remainder of the shaft l^eing sunk thrcnigh
taconite. Water was encountered at a depth of 30 ft. and the
flow became so heavy at a deptli of 268 ft. that a temporary
pump station was cut, 8 ft. by 16 ft. by 41 ft. in the clear
with a sump 10 ft. by 12 ft. by 7 ft. Two 9 and 18 by 8 by
i8-in. Prescott compomid duplex pumps and a 14 by 9 by 18
in. Pre.scott duplex pump were installed in this pum|>hou.se
with four 14 by 8 by 12 in. Prescott sinking pumps shainbling
the water to them. At this time 1.500 gallons i>er minute were
being handled. The column and steam pijies were carried

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194

OPENING THE LEONIDAS MINE

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE

195

down the shaft according to the permanent lay-out as shown
in Plate i, so that when the shaft was completed it was only
necessary to carry the piping down from the 348 foot pump
station. By the time the shaft was 356 ft. in depth, 2,400
gallons per minute were being handled requiring six sinking
pumps in the shaft, one throwing to surface, and as the flow
was increasing, it was necessary to put in another temporary
pump station, at a depth of 348 ft. This is 10 ft. by 18 ft.
by 61 ft. in the clear, with a sump 14 ft. by 16 ft. by 6 ft. In

FLAJE2

Jb«<«** JA^t^mf /«W«arf m^^tttt mj —» Amff »/

OH¥(f( iHOn MIftt/VG CO

«»!.*</./ Ot* *»- /»•«

Section Throusrh Steel Shaft Sets.

this Station was installed one 12 and 24 by 12 by 24 in. and one
12 and 24 by io>4 by 24 in. Prescott comi>ound duplex pumps
and the two 9 and 18 by 8 by 18 in. Prescott compounds were
moved down from the upi)er station. This equipment, using
six sinking pumps, sufficed to complete the shaft although the
flow ran up to 3,500 gallons per minute before the shaft was
finished. When the permanent pump station was being cut
the flow ran up as high as 4,000 gallons per minute and to

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196

OPENING THE LEONIDAS MINE

handle this required the addition of a 14 by 9 by 18 in. Cam-
eron pump which with one of the sinking pumps was put in
on the entr\' level and Ix^th discharged to surface, the other
five sinkers shambling to the 348 foot pump^house.

The sinking of the shaft was greatly impeded by the flo^v
of water, the miners working in from 12 to 24 in. of water

PLATE 3.

TEMPORARY T/MBER/NG.

L£0NfOA5 PUMP ROOM.
^97 rr L£V£L No I S^ArT

all the time. The great number of pumps in the shaft took up
much rcK:m and made the shaft exceedingly warm. This shaft
drained the Adams and Spi"uce ore bodies, leaving them dry
by the time the shaft was 300 ft. in depth. In sinking from
this ix)int to the bottom, if one of the pumps broke down, it
was necessarj' to stop work to enable the other pumps to handle
the flow, and this caused many delays.

After completing the shaft to a depth of 448 ft., the entry

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE I97

to the permanent pump station was started at a depth of 438
ft. The rock-work in the entry and pumi>house was driven in
two stoj^es, the ui>i)er nnming from 5 ft. in height on the
side to 13 ft. in the center, was kept 10 to 12 ft. ahe^d of
the lower which was 8 ft. in height, the opening being 24 ft.
wide )>y 21 ft. high in the center, as shown on Plate 3. The
entry is ^2 ft. long and the pump-hoiise opening is 119 ft.
As the steel for the sets could not be delivered in time, tern-
ix>rary wood sets, as shown in Plate 3, w^ere used, placing
them Ixtween where the steel sets would come and with the
outside line of the w^oo<l posts i in. in the clear of the inside
line of the steel sets. This facilitated the work of putting in
the hokl-down bolts and small piers for the steel posts and
the erection of the steel work. When the rock-work of the
main pump-house was completed, the steel sets were placed,
as shown in Plate 4, working from each end towards the cen-
ter an I then through the entry to the shaft, affording an
easy way of completing the rock-fill behind the concrete slabs.
The start was made by removing two wood sets at the breast
and putting in three steel sets, the first two l^eing cross-braced.
Then the concrete slabs, as shown in Plate 5, which had previ-
ously been dipped in hot tar and dried on surface, w-ere laid
in place in neat cement l)ehind the steel and as each slab was
placed, it was back-filled with' broken rock tami>ed in. The
slabs were stepped up three to a set so that there were fifteen
slabs in the center of the breast set when the three sets of
steel and slabs were ready to pnKeed further with the work.
The steel gang then removed one wcxxlen set at a time, re-
placing it w'ith a steel set, the slab work l>eing raised three
slabs all around for each steel set placed. This necessarily
left the back open for quite a distance but if the back showed
any weakness props were put in either from the steel sets or
from the floor. Before the steel and concrete were placed it
was almost impossible to see from the center tO' either end of
the pump house on account of the amount of water falling
from the back but after these were in place the room was prac-
tically dry.

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198 OPENING THE LEONIDAS MINE

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE

199

To keep dawn the water pressure behind these walls short
pieces of one inch pipe were placed under the slal>s just below
the floor level and these were connected to a pipe under the
concrete floor leading to the sump. Pipes were also laid
under the floor from the sump to each fly w^heel pit so as to

S-dfT.

. ^-/4f'

tr^. : : : —.

. j:/^- ■ - - ■

S^fT^rfTeO THUS

PLATE 5.

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— Jt-iT'— ^M^tiw^7l£0 TMU4i ^ g^t^n eie/ff* a*^^^^ a^/^o

OLfVeR //?0N MtNINO CO.
D£TAHb or COAfC^£T£CUIB^

rem

^t/M^ STATfON

A/et SHA^T L£ONIO^C kifN£.

be able to drain the pits, but valves wxre placed on these
pipes and are kept closed so that in case of water rising up in
the station it will not back up into the pits. On the top of
the concrete slabs in the back, tar paper was used to shed
the water until the cement could set, the b^k-filling^ being

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200 OPENING THE LEONIDAS MINE

placed in on top of the paper. Although in some places holes
opened up in the back as high as lo ft. above the sets, still
nothing but rock was used for back-filling. When the station
had dried up, the slabs were given two coats of white cold
water paint and the steel two coats of turpentine asphaltum.
As soon as the steel sets had been placed in the clear of the
pump foundations, the templets for these were placed and work
started. These foundations were finished and had set suflS-

Plate 6. Enirine End of South Pump.

ciently before the slab work was completed so that the pumps
could be installed at once on the completion of the pump-house
supix)rtings.

The pumping engines are two i6 and 32 by 8 by 36 in.
Prescott ccrliss cross compound condensing, Missabe t>T)e,
crank and fly wheel, with horizontal jet condenser with a
normal capacity of 1,500 gallons per minute and a maximum
capacity of 2,200 gallons per minute against a head of 450

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 20I

ft. Plate 6 shows the engine end of one of these pumps.
This type of pump was selected on atcount of its economical
q)erat*on, its guaranteed duty being 135.000,000 ft. pounds
of delivered work per 1,000 pounds of dry steam consumed
by the engine, when furnished with steam at 125 pounds gauge
pressure and with a' vaccuum of 26 in. of mercury. Each
engine is supplied by a 5-in. steam line and discharges into
an :ndependent 14-in. column pipe. The steam pipes and

Plate 7. Emergency Pump in Entry Drift.

discharge pij^es are cross connected in the entry and provided
with valves so that either engine can take steam from either
steam pipe and either pump discharge into either column p pe.
This arrangement, as shown on Plate 4, prevents flooding of
the mine due to oiie pump and the steam or discharge pipe of
the otlier pump being out of commission at the same time.
An auxiliary pump was installed in the entry drift for use in
case of emergency as there is always the possibility of some-
thing going wrong with a ww installation. This is a 12 and

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•s

c
H

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 2O3

24 by 1 03^ by 24 in. Prescott cross compound capable of
pumping 1,200 gallons per minute against a 450 ft. head and
is shown in Plate 7. A trench just under the floor of the
entry connects the shaft and the sump so that the water in
the shaft can flow into the sump without running over the
entry floor. Plate 8 shows the water end of North pump and
the entry drift from shaft.

A drift 50 ft. in length was driven to the west directly
opposite the entry and at the breast a sump was put down
6 ft. by 6 ft. by 20 ft. deep. The drift is now practically

Plate 9. Clear Water Drift and Pump

dr}% as shown by Plate 9, but there is an excellent flow of
pure water from the breast, as shown in Plate 10, which was
taken from the doorway in the wire partition shown in Plate
9. In this drift was installed the pump for supplying clean
water for domestic and drinking purposes. This is an Ep-
p!ng-Carpenter pot- form pump 10 by 6 by 12 in. capable of
pumping 350 gallons per minute against a 500 ft. head. The
end of the drift has a heavy wire netting partition across it
so that no one can get near the supply of water.

The ventilating drifts were driven in rock on an incline of

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^04 OPENING THE LEONIDAS MINE

50 degrees, from each end of the pump station up to the main
tramming level 30 ft. above. These drifts required no sup-
ports. Iron stairways with railings were placed in them af-
fording a good passage-way between level and station. The
water from the level above is conducted along the drifts from
the breasts in box launders covered over for walk-ways, then
down the^e ventilating drifts in 12-in. pipes into concrete
launders below, the launders emptying into the main sump.
Board partitions are placed in the box launders and screens

Plate 10. Breast of Clear Water Drift

over the toi)s of the pipes to keep the mud, rocks and sticks out
of the sump.

After completing the pump station, the main level station
was started at a depth of 405 ft. below the collar or 33 /t.
above the pump station. The level station is 19 ft. 6 in. by
47 ft. by 12 ft. high, in the clear, and has steel sets with con-
crete slabs for lagging on sides and back. On account of the
ladderway l}eing on the other side of the shaft from the
station, a passageway around the shaft was made using steel
sets and concrete slabs, while the temporsiry wooden laths in
the shaft at the station were replaced by steel plates. Plate

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE

205

II shows the station lay-out, and Plate 12 shows a reproduc-
tion of a picture of the station.

The main drifts leading north and south from the main
station and then turning* to the east a short distance in, have
steel sets and concrete slab lagging for some distance from
the shaft. The one leading north has sets 8 ft. by 8 ft. in
the clear, made from 6-in. 23.8-lb. H sections lined with 4 in.
by 12 in. reinforced concrete slabs (Plate 5) extending for 84
ft. from the shaft station. The drift leading soiith has steel

PLATE 11.

or/r/^/>wr uttMtM S CO

Plan and Section of 405 ft. Station

sets 12 ft. by 8 ft. in the clear, with 6-in. 23.8-lb. H sections
for posts and lo-in. 25-lb. I-'beams for caps with 4 in. by 12
in. reinforced concrete slabs (Plate 5) for lining a distance of
210 ft. from the shaft station. This drift is double tracked,
with drainage launder between the tracks covered over for a
walk-way. Motor haulage will be used on this level.

When the level drifts were well under way, the opening for
the pockets was cut and the steel put in. The main pocket is
8 ft. by 24 ft. by 9 ft. deep with the bottom on an angle of

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206 OPENING THE LEONIDAS MINE

47 degrees. Chutes with finger stoppers lead from this main
pocket to an auxiliary pocket for each skip, each pocket hold-
ing one skip of ore when full. These are filled from the main
pocket while the skip is being hoisted and as soon as the skip
is in place for loading, the tiller wheel opening the door is
thrown over and the ore falls into the skip, the door closing
of its own weight. A skip can be filled almost before the

Plate 12. Shaft Station 405 ft. Level

engineer can reverse his engine. Plate 13 shows the arrange-
ment of these pockets.

The ore, outside of the pit limits in the upper ore body,
had l>een planned to be mine<:l out from the open pit but it
was decided to mine this ore through the shaft and thereby
save a number of years in the mining of the ore. Accordingly
a level was driven at a depth of 92 ft. from the collar. Steel
sets with concrete slabs in the back were used for the station

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE

207

-Et

■"=^=7

■>

« 6

t
o

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208

OPENING THE LEONIDAS MINE

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE

209

which extended back the full width of the shaft for 16 ft.
The drift extending on from the station has steel sets same
as in tKe south drift of the 405 ft. level, 12 ft. wide but with
concrete slabs in the back only. These extend for 125 ft. from
the station. As it was necessary to hoist the ore from this
level on the cage and it was found that, without chairs, the
cage settled so much when the loaded car was being pushed
on it that occasionally one stood on end, it was necessary to
design chairs to suit the equipment. The chairs used are shown
in Plate 14. These chairs have to be held in place for the

cage to rest on and when the cage is lifted off, they move
back out of place, leaving the shaft clear. Motor haulage
will be used on this level.

The lay-out of the main tramming drifts on the main level,
(405 ft. level), is shown in Plate 15. The lay-out of the
main tramming drifts on the 92 ft. level is shown in Plate 16.

The wires of the lighting system are carried in conduits
throughout and every endeavor was made to have the conduits
water tight. The positive line down the shaft is a No. 10
double- braid, nibber covered, crown cable and the various cir-
cuits below are of No. 12 duplex rubber covered wire.

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2IO

OPENING THE LEONIDAS MINE

The pump station has i8 6o-Watt Mazda lamps with lo
in. aluminum reflectors, the entry drift 5 and the clear water
station 3 lamps of the same size. These light up the station
in excellent shape.

PROPOSKD dfat:ix)pmknt

.92 FT uyuL
LKONIDAS MINK KVELKTH.MINN

'if / / V . /<>.-/•/• j/->»/- ts-iyti

The main station has 4 lOO-Watt Mazda lamps with 12
in. aluminum reflectors. Tlie lights in the tramming drifts are
16 can(lleix>wer carlx>n lamps and are placed every 50 ft.
along the drift.

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 211

. THE NEW CHANGE HOUSE AT VULCAN MINE.

BY FLOYD L. BURR^ VULCAN^ MICH.*

No meeting- of the Institute and volume of its Proceedings
seems lo be entirely complete without a paper describing the
latest and best miner's "dry" or change house. Therefore for
the sake of such completeness, I shall attempt a short de-
scription of a change house recently built at the East Vulcan
Mine of Penn Iron Mining Company.

Early in the spring of 191 2, the old imperfect and inade-
quate, wooden structure known as the "dry" burned down,
and brought to the point of early decision the previously con-
sidered project of building a new and modern change house.

At this time and in previous years, a large amount of study
and thoi:ght had been given to the question as to what would
constitute an ideal change house. The principal requirements
naiTied in the order of their relative importance seem to be :
Perfect facilities for the drying, warming and otherwise car-
ing for the miner's digging clothes, suitable provision for
washing off the dirt accumulated on the hands and face during
the day's toil underground ; a comfortable and convenient place
for changing from street clothes to underground clothes or
vice versa; satisfactory provision for the safe and convenient
storage of the miner's street clothing during his absence un-
derground; good, emergency hospital facilities; and toilet ar-
rangements comprising sanitary closets, urinals and shower
baths. Good lighting, heating, ventilation, plumbing, fire
resistance, and good construction generally, are to be consid-
ered necessary features in the attainment of the principal re-
quirements just mentioned. They are means tow^ard an end.
^Structural Engineer, Penn Iron Mining Co.

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212 NEW CHANGE HOUSE AT VULCAN MINE

The matters of permanence and economy of operation and
maintenance, have to do both with general poHcies of man-
agement and with local conditions, such as the value, size
and permanence of the mine for which the equipment is
planned. Of course there must always be in the mind of the
designer a continuous conflict between the awful ogre, cost,
and the beautiful goddess, perfection.

The decision was to build a permanent, substantial, con-
venient, sanitary change house of fire resistant constniction
at minimum cost without considerable attention to architec-
tural beauty. Minimum cost implies minimum size of build-
ing. It was considered necessary to provide for at least 150
men with the possibihty of taking care of 250 men if occasion
should require.

The first mentioned requirement of caring for the under-
ground clothing was given much consideration, many schemes
being drawn up and rejected for one reason or another. The
scheme finally adopted is in a general way one that has a
wide use in some parts of Europe and in a few places in
America. By this scheme the clothes are hung uix>n suitable
h<x>ks which are afterwards hoisted up out of reach to dry
and aerate. One of the most extensive and widely known
installations of this sort in America is located at the Marianna
Coal Mine in Washington Comity, Pennsylvania. During
the consideration of the design, a visit was paid to Marianna
and the change house inspected. Through the courtesy of
friends and associates, various descriptions of such installa-
tions from English and French technical journals were avail-
able. From all this data, however, only the general idea of
hoisting the clothes was copied.

In all the previous installations of which we have knowl-
edge one man's clothes are hung upon a single multi-pronged
hook which is attached to a simple chain, not confined against
swinging, and hoisted up to a more or less high ceiling.
These chains or hoists have been arranged in blocks com-
prising at least five rows between aisles. Their use has not

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 213

beeii confined to the mine clothes; on the contrary the street
clothes also are hung up, which practice often brings one
man's street clothes adjacent to and in contact with another
man's underground clothing.

According to the design adopted a cupola or monitor, ex-
tending the full length of the locker room, has been built and
up into this drying chamber the clothes are hoisted. Near
the base of this monitor are coils of steam pipes from the
region of which quantities of dry warm air rise through and
about the clothing. The monitor is surmounted at its center
by a large ventilator which provides for the escape from the
building of this air now laden with moisture and disagreeable
odors from the clothing. The monitor is about four feet
wide inside and provides for only two rows of hoists which
places each row adjacent to an aisle. No street clothing is
hung on these hoists, lockers being provided for them.

The sui>ports for the mine clothes, we have chosen to call
hook racks. A hi;ok rack consists of a hollow central stem
to which are attached twelve or sixteen large hooks. This
central stem is made up of two channels placed flange to
flange and held in that ix>sition by the pressure of the hooks
which are biJted together in pairs, enclosing the stem. The
stem l3cing hollow, a space is provided which is occupied by
a round steel guide rod up and down which the rack can be
made to travel at the will of the oi)erator. This guide rod
is alx>ut 22 feet long and extends from an attachment at a
ix>int about a foot above the floor up to a i>oint about a foot
below the ceiling of the drying chaml>er or monitor. The
hooks can turn about the guide rod bitt, of course, they are
confined by it against swinging. This arrangement confines
the rack to space allowed for it and prevents adjacent racks
and their hoisting chains from becoming entangled. For the
sake of economy each rank is assigned to two or three men
and to neutralize the excessive hoisting load a counter-weight
is attached to the chain. Suitable hooks are provided for hold-
ing the chain at any desired point in its travel and there are

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214 ^'EW CHANGE HOUSE AT VULCAN MINE

padlocks to lock it against the evil designs of "the other fel-
low." These devices are attached to a horizontal 3 by 3^
in. steel angle located at a height of about four feet alx>ve
the floor. The horizontal area contiguous to each hook rack

f9s Hooks

Cross S motion Through neck Rack-

is a rectangle 21 hy 24. in. and the one double row includes
a total of 84 racks. These racks have been in use -now for
several months and seem to fulfill their purpose well, though
it is not claimed that the scheme is ideal.

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 21 5

Lockers are provided for the street clothes. To economize
in floor and wall space, it was decided to use doiil)Ie-tier lock-
ers and in order to have them of proi)er height and yet be
able to reach into the upi^er tier of lockers successfully, it
was necessary to have a seat run along the front of the lock-
ers nineteen inches above the floor and to use this seat as
a step. The lockers are home-made and consist of cylinders
24 in. in diameter and 46 in. high, revolving about a central
spindle. Each locker is provided with a series of 6 3-pronged
hooks but has no shelf 011 account of limited vertical dimen-
sions due to the double-tier arrangement. They are doorless
and are closed by revolving them until the opening comes
adjacent to the wall along which they are arranged. They
may be locked in this closed position at the pleasure of the
men who possess the keys. This tyi^e of locker is the inven-
tion of the author of this pai^er and his intention is to apply
for letters patent upon the idea.

The available wall space gives room for 64 l(x:kers in each
tier or a total of 128 lockers. There is ample room in each
locker for two men's street clothes at one time while three
men would not iDe badly crowded. The lockers are strong and
to illustrate their strength, it might be mentioned that upon
several occasions a large man has been enticed into one of the
Icxrkers and the unsuspecting victim given a free merry-go-
round ride therein.

The lockers and hook- racks fKCupy a rectangidar room 17
ft. 8 in. wide and 80 ft. 4 in. long. Pivoted-ventilator steel
sash windows at a1x>ut 9 ft. above the floor are arranged along
one side and at both ends of this room. At each end of the
rcx>m is an emergency-exit door opening outward.

Connected by an open doorway with the locker room and
separated from it by a partition reaching only to within some
four feet of the ceiling is the wash room. This room is
about 9 ft. 8 in. wide and 36 ft. 6 in. long, and contains
about 70 lineal feet of wash-trough arranged on the two sides
and one end of the room. The men use this trough only a§

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2l6

NEW CHANGE HOUSE AT VULCAN MINE

a sink or support for pails, each man providing himself with
a paid to be used as a wash basin. This is standard prac-
tice at all the changing houses at the Penn Mines. The trough
is made of concrete and is so shaped as to fonn at the back a
gutter the bottom of which slopes to catch basins discharging
into the sewer and into which gutter each man dumps his pail
of wash water after the completion of his ablution. The bot-
tom of the main portion of the trough slopes slightly toward

Croat Smcfftf 7)t ro »f A hbmJk M^fn

the gutter so that water dumped upon it goes immediately into
the gutter and one man's wash water does not inconvenience
his neighbor. Hot and cold water is on tap at three foot in-
tervals along the length of the trough. A coil of steam pipes
attached to the wall just alx>ve the water pipes gives heat to
the room.

In working out the floor plat only a small sf>ace seemed
to be available for first aid purposes. This rooin is 9 ft. 3
in. wide by 9 ft, 11 in. long and may prove to be rather

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE

217

crami>ecl when equipped with the hospital apparatus needed
for such a place. However, there is a very high ceiling and
by a proj^er use of the space overhead, the floor area may be
conserved and found sufficient when the ecjuipment is in. In
order to give the room sanitary qualities, a heavy coating of
enamel has been applied to the floor, walls and cealing.

I— <-«--

The irregular shaped office room is also something in the
nature of a left-over and there w^as some doubt of its being
adequate, the floor area being only about 45 feet. However
since it has been in use, it seems to be large enough for its
purpose. The shift bosses go into it to write their daily re-
ports but its greatest use is by the dry man who uses it to
dispense carbide as well as for an office where he stands in
taking the numbers of the men going on shift.

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2l8 NEW CHANGE HOUSE AT VULCAN MINE

The toilet room is of ample size and contains two shower
baths, three urinals and three closets. Each shower room has
a vestibule where the bather may disrobe and hang up his
clothes. The fixtures are of the ordinary tyi^e without mix-
ing chambers. The urinals are high grade and arranged for
ample flushing. The closets are high grade, automatic in
action and are equipped with white enamel iron tanks. They
have proven to be extremely satisfactory in use, and as yet
no difficulty has been experienced in keeping them perfectly
clean. They flush in every way similarly to an ordinary non-
automatic, low tank closet, except that the removal of the oc-
cupants weight from the seats takes the place of the usual act
of pulling a chain, pushing a button, or otherwise voluntarily
o[)erating a lever. In the opinion of the writer of this paper,
they are far superior to the closed or air-pressure-tank type
of automatic closet.

Considerable thought was given to the subject of a proper
entrance to the building. The shortcoming of most existing
change houses was recognized in that there is no adequate
provisions against a current of cold winter air blowing in
through open doors upon men half naked in the operation of
changing and washing. It was decided to have a revolving
door, built of steel and asbestos, this has been built at our
own shoi)s and is al)out to be set up.

One of the conditions most essential in a modem change
house is i^rfect cleanliness and it was necessary in the design
to so arrange that the dry man could clean up each morning
with a minimum expenditure of time and labor and with a
maximum degree of perfection. The floor of the building
which, of course, is of concrete, is so built that it slopes from
every point in the building down to a large central catch-
basin located in the center of the locker room. There is an
exception to this statement in that the floor in each of the
shower-bath rooms sloi>es locally to a small catch basin. This
large catch basin is so provided with trap, screen, and flush-
ing arrangements that the dryman may with impunity wash

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220 NEW CHANGE HOUSE AT VULCAN MINE

all dirt and litter down to it. Sticks, matches, tobacco bags,
discarded hats, all land at the catch basin, and, of course,
there are large quantities of ore and jaspar that go the same
way. The building is so piped that at five different points a
one-inch hose may be readily attached for this floor washing.
One 25 ft. length hose is sufficient to reach every part of the
building.

Compressed air is piped into the building and is on tap
at several points where a small hose may be attached for blow-
ing dust from the tops of lockers or other points of lodgment.

The building is heated by steam, piped in from the boiler
house. The coils located in the various rooms are each pro-
vided with valves so that the temperature of the different
rooms may be regulated separately. The steam pipe located
in the monitor are in four coils, thus allowing special reg-
ulation there, to suit the season, or special conditions. All
water of condensation is discharged through a steam trap to
a concrete tank located over the revolving door-way, and hot
water is drawn from this tank for the wash room and shower
baths.

The illumination of the building is very satisfactory, due
to the high windows and to white-washed walls and ceiling.
Electric incandescent lamps are provided in plentiful number
for night illumination. It may be mentioned that there are
a few in the entrance way and main aisle that stay on all
night while the great majority are switched on only at times
when the men are in the building. The lights are arranged
on several sub-circuits for the sake of economical control. The
main switches and all the sub-switches are located in the office
room excepting one Icxrated in the hospital room to control
the lights there.

The building is of fire resistant construction throughout.
It is not fire-proof in a strict sense because many steel meni-
l:)ers are exposed, but considering the contents of the building
there is practically no risk of any fire sufficient to injure the
stmcture. The nucleus of tlie building is a structural steel

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222 NEW CHANGE HOUSE AT VULCAN MINE

frame of somewhat unusual design. The outer cokimns are
merged into a 6 in. concrete wall and the roof beams support
a concrete roof. Inside of the 6 in. concrete wall is a 2 in. air
sjxice, a layer of No. i tarred felt, a J^-in. air sjmce, and
last of all a i-in. slab of cement plaster. The roof consists
of a 13^ in. slab of concrete, below that an air space, a layer
of asphalt mastic wall board, another air si>ace, and at the
bottom a 2-in, slab of concrete. The partitions consist of
cement plaster walls 2 in. thick. Some of these partitions
reach entirely up to the ceiling, wiiile others of them reach
only part way up. All the concrete and plaster work is re-
inforced with *'Trussit" and **Self-Centering,*' furnished by
the General Fire-Proc'fing Company. Ine steel window sash
came from the Tnisse(' xrete Steel Company. Wooden
storm sash are providecj /o be used in winter. They are ap--
plied inside the regular sash. The roof inclusive of sides and
top of monitor is water-proofed by the application of Carey's
Flexible Cement Roofing, with a surfacing of asphalt. The
exterior of the walls is uniformed and slightly tinted by the
application of "Trus-Con Stonetex." The interior of all
walls and ceiling except in the hospital room are treated with
white-wash. For the lower five feet of the walls the white-
wash was stained red by the use of ix)wdered hematite. All
the exix>sed steel work is painted black.

The normal capacity of the building is taken as 252 men
but it might be possil)le to take care of more should occasion
arise. A little calculation may Ije in order. The 84 hook
racks will each hold the underground clothing of three men,
making the total capacity as regards hook-racks to be 252
men. The 128 circular lockers will each normally be issued
to two men, one man on day shift and one man on night shift,
which would total 256 men, approximately the same as the
hook racks accommodate. However these l(x:kers will easily
hold two men's clothes at one time and on a pinch three men
can crowd their clothes in. Therefore it would l)e practicable
to assign each locker to two men on each shift and each locker

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 223

would thus take care of the street clothes of four men. By
thus assigning the lockers, only 63 of the 128 would be needed
to equal the capacity of the hook-racks, and 65 lockers would
be empty. Now there are a good many miners who work in
dry places who could get along with the circular lockers for
both street and mine clothes. Two men could easily occupy
a locker together in this way and the 65 Icxkers could thus be
made to accommodate at least 130 men. By this arrangement
the capacity would l)e 252 plus 130 or 382 men. In computing
the cost per man however, a capacity of 252 men is consid-
ered.

The work of construction has all been done by the regular
mine force and, as is usual when done in that way, has dragged
along so that even yet there are \v things to do, such as
hanging permanent doors in place \./ rough temporary ones,
supplying seats and hooks in shower bath rooms, and equip-
ping* the hospital. Estimating the cost of the few items yet
to be finished, the total cost amounts to $10,325.00. This cost
includes excavation, grading, building and construction, pip-
ing, sewerage work inside and outside of building, wiring, ex-
perimental work, and equipment. For a capacity of 252 men
this amounts to a cost of about $41.00 per man.

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DISCUSSION

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 22^

MIXING METHODS ON MISSABE IRON RANGE.

(Discussion of the Paper of Willard Baylies, E. D. McNeil, and J. S.
Lutes, Committee, p. 133).

William Kelly, Vulcan Mich: The pai)er just read
gives us an excee<Hngly clear idea of the varying conditions
which are met with in mining on the Missabe and the modifi-
cations of the general methods which have been worked out in
practice to meet these conditions. The statements are so clear-
ly made that there is little room for discussion.

One matter not touched on that might give additional
value to the paper is the i^ercentage of ore recovered or con-
versely the loss of ore in the methods that are being used
on the Missabe Range. I am very strongly of the opinion that
the underground methods used here result in the saving of
a very high percentage of the original ainount of commercial
ore in the groimd, and if this is the case, and an estimate can
be made, the figures should have a place in this paper so that
the methods perfected in this district may receive the credit
to which they are justly entitled.

Pentecost Mitchell, Duluth, Minn: I think that Mr.
Kelly's suggestion is a gxxxl one, and that matter ought to
be brought out. At various times estimates have been made
and checked up very closely by some of the mining companies
and the representatives of the fee owners.

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228 DISCUSSION

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON THE PRACTICE FOR
THE PREVENTION OF ACCIDENTS.

(Discussion of the Paper, p. 31).

William Kelly, Vulcan, Mich: Mr. President, I take
it that this reix)rt is merely a report of progress, and that we
can look forward to a more extended report later. Am I
correct in that hope and expectation?

Secretary : I will say that the Committee has prepared
this classification in the hope that it woiild get the matter
started, and they are ver)-- anxious to receive suggestions re-
garding the classification. They believe that it would be ad-
visable to make reix>rts confomi to the rqx>rts of the Bureau
of Mines, and this paper sets forth the classification adopted
by the Bureau at the present time. If any of tiie mining com-
panies desired to carry the detail a little further they could
still use the general captions and elaborate their reports to
suit reciuirements.

Pearson Wells, Ironwood, Mich: I notice that one o^
the objects of the Committee was to do some work on uni-
form, mine accident laws. I have here a copy of the report
on that subject by the Committee appointed by the American
Mining Congress. The Technical Society of Colorado went
over these proposals for uniform mining laws and changed
them to a considerable extent. I would like to put this into
the hands of the ChaiiTnan of the Committee, but since he
isn't here I will hand it to the Secretary. I think the Com-
mittee can find something of value in it. The Colorado Com-
mittee was to reix>rt to the American Mining Congress and
also to the American Institute of Mining Engineers, and dis-
cussion, suggestions and criticisms by other bodies interesteil
in mining, and from mining men in general, were invited by
the original Committee.

(The report referred to is the *Troceeilings of the Colo-
rado Scientific Society, Vol. X, pp. 279-414," July, 1913).

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 229

MINE LAWS, SPECIAL RULES AND THE PREVEN-
TION OF ACCIDENTS.

(Discussion of the Paper of E. B. Wilson, Scranton, Pa., p. 108).

Edwin Higgins, Ironwocxl, Mich: On page iii of this
volume there appears a cut of a danger sign. The only ref-
erence to it in the text is where the writer states:

**In the absence of state mine laws to govern metal min-
ing, it certainly is advisable that the operator apix>int a safety
committee, make a uniform set of mine rules, make use of
danger signs, and also issue from time to time safety pamph-
lets for the miners all over the fields, calling attention to the
accidents that have happened and how they may l)e avoided."

There is a publication to come out shortly by the Bureau
of Mines, on the use of mine signs in metal mines, and an
important feature of that paper will be the recommendation
of three universal signs. The Bureau has recjuested me, if
possible, to get some discussion or some expression of opinix>n
on these signs which it will recommend. Unless there is some
objection to them by some mining IxKly or institution in some
part of the metal mining country, these signs will he recom-
mended by the Bureau as universal signs. They are as fol-
lows :

1. Universal danger sign: A circular red ball i>ainted on
a white background.

2. Universal safety sign : An arrow painted in any dis-
tinctive color. This may be used also to indicate the direction
to outlet shafts, main drifts, etc.

3. Universal sign indicating ladderways : A ladder paint-
ed in a dark color on a light colored background.

Pearson Wells, Ironwtx>d, Mich : This suggestion came
up at the last meeting of the Mine Association of the Go-
gebic Range. Although we haven't come to any definite con-
clusion on the matter, I think that the Ass(xiati(>n will be
in favor of adopting anything that the Bureau recommends.
I say this for the benefit of the operators on the other ranges.
I can't say definitely that we will resolve to adopt it on the

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230 DISCUSSION

Gogebic Range, but it certainly looks like a good thing to us
because the more general these things can be made the better
it is for all concerned. Our men are migrating from place
to place a great deal, and if we can educate them up to the
universal sig^is it is bound to help a great deal on all the
ranges. Mr. Higgins tells me that the Mining Association in
the Iron Mountain district also look upon these universal
signs favorably, in fact, I believe they have resolved to ac-
cept what the Bureau proposes.

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 23 1

SAFETY IN THE MIXES OF THE LAKE SUPERIOR

IRON RANGES.
(Discussion of the Paper of Edwin Higgins, Ironwood, Mich., p. 63).

.\. H. Fay, W^'ashington, D. C : Three years agfo I visit-
ed the iron ranges of Minnesota and Michigan and in pass-
ing- through a number of machine shops and also around the
headframes, hoisting plants, etc., I noticed that some of the
companies were putting up guard rails and other safety de-
vices on machinery, stairways and ladderways. This, hcnv-
ever, was only in a few places. These guard rails and other
safety devices were still fresh from the planing mill with
scarcely a grease mark on them, indicating that the work was
of recent date. I find today that practically all of those have
been replaced by pij^e and substantial frames of various kinds.
This is not only at a few mines, but at many. The gearing
of lathes has been enclosed; wire netting has been placed in
front of .other dangerous machiner}'; eniery wheels have been
covered with sheet iron; and band and circular saws have
l^een encased. Stairways of heading frames, and in shops
as well, have been provided with hand rails, and shaft open-
ings provided with automatic gates or covers. In addition
to all of these mechanical improvements there has been in
progress a campaign of etlucation among the miners, foremen,
and (/Iterators all of which has resulted in a decrease in the
fatality rate in the Lake Superior district. This decrease is
shown in the following tabulation of fatalities for 1911 and
1912.

FATALITY RATES IN MICHIGAN AND MINNESOTA COMPARED
FOR THE YEARS 1911 AND 1912.

Number
Killed
Number Per 1,000
Killed. Employed.

Michigan iron mines, 1911 G9 4.67

Michigan iron mines, 1912 52 3.62

Michigan copper mines, 1911 63 3.80

Michigan copper mines. 1912 44 2.96

Michigan total for all mines, 1911 134 4.24

Michigan total for all mines, 1912 96 3.25

Minnesota iron mines, 1911 76 . 4.57

Minnesota iron mines, 1912 5Q 3.02

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232 DISCUSSION

It will be noted from the above table that the fatality rate
has been decreased practically one unit in each case, and it
is hoped that with the good work that is being done in the iron
and copper mines of Lake Superior district that a still fur-
ther reduction in the fatality rate may be obtained :

Pentecost Mitchell, Duluth Minn: The figures sul>
mitted by Mr. Fay are very interesting, and I think they should
be included in our proceedings here this evening as showing
the progress that has been made during the last few years.
I think this has been general over the whole Lake Superior
country.

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BIOGRAPHICAL

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 235

BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES.

Chas. T. Harvey.

Bona in 1829, in Connecticut. In his youth he worked as
a clerk for Josiah Wright, in a grocery store, and later on he
became traveling salesman for the Fairbanks Scales Company.
In 1852 he came to Marquette, an invalid, seeking health aft-
er a severe attack of typhoid fever at his home in Connecticut.
■ At that time he represented, as western agent, the Fairbanks
Scales Company and looked after their business when he first
came.

During his visit at Marquette he saw, as had many oth-
ers, the necessity for the locks at Sault Ste. Marie and busied
himself immediately in starting such a project. Standing six
feet two inches, with great personal magnetism, he soon over-
came all opposition to such a project in the state legislature,
and organized the Sault Ste. Marie Canal & Land Co., with
the necessary capital to complete the canal.

A government land grant of 750,000 acres was given for
the building of the canal, and Mr. Han^ey was placed in
charge of the project and personally superintended the con-
struction of the canal, w^hich was completed in 1855.

In 1857 Mr. Han-ey organized the first company to build
a blast furnace in northern Michigan. It was called the Pio-
neer furnace and was located in Negaunee. This company
was later on absorbed by the present Pioneer Iron Company,
with furnace at Marquette.

He also obtained a charter for the building of a railway
from Ishpeming to Escanaba in the early sixties and which
is now the Peninsula division of the C. & N. W. R'y.

Later he was awarded a state approj^riation for the best

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236 BIOGRAPHICAL

rapid transit system in New York city, which was the elevat-
ed street railway.

Throughout his life he was continually promoting" enter-
prises of great public importance but from which he gained
but little for himself. His ability in such matters and good
judgment in their direction won wealth to many but in which
he seldom shared. He died in New York city March 14, 1912.

Louis W. Powell.

Louis Weston Powell was iDom at Wythenalle, Va., aiid
was a graduate of Washington and Lee University. For a
time he was employed in the iron mines, at Virginia, coming
to the Palms mine, at Bessemer in 1896.

In 1900 he became connected with the Oliver Iron Mining
Company, at Duluth, as assistant to the president. He re-
mained with this Company, as assistant general manager, un-
til 1906, at which time he became general manager for the
Calumet & Arizona Mining Company, at Bisbee, Arizona,
In 1910 he resigned this i>osition and was interested for a
number of years, until his death, in promoting different min-
ing comi>anies in Mexico and the Southwest. At his death,
which occurred in New York on October 24, 1913, he was
president of the Elenita Development Company, vice president
of the Cananea Copper Company, and a director in other
copper mines.

Dr. George Koenig.

Bom in Geniiany, 1845. Educated in Heidelberg. He
came to America in his youth and taught chemistry for twenty
years in the University of Pennsylvania. He established the
first course in mining ever taught in the United States. In
1892 Dr. Koenig joined the Michigan College of Mines, at
Houghton, as professor of chemistr)^

He had a kindly humor and his lectures were very popu-
lar with the students because he illuminated them with quiet
fun at times.

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 237

He died January 14, 1913, at Philadelphia, of arterio
sclerosis.

His works on chemistry are used as text books at the
Michig^an College of Mines and other colleges.

A. Lanfear Norrie.

Born in 1858; his early home was in New York city. He
received part of his education in England. Came to the
Xorthern Peninsula in 1885 and, having some capital, com-
menced to explore on the then new Gogebic range. He
located the Xorrie mine in 1885 and 1886 and then retired
from his mining work, living principally in New York city.
He died there December 22, 1910.

Graham Pope.

Mr. Poi)e was born in the city of Boston, Mass., October
12, 1840. He was educated in the public schools there and,
for a year following his student life, worked in a nautical and
scientific instrument shop. He then took a position in a
large mercantile house and there gained a business education.

In 1 86 1 Mr. Pope came to Houghton and entered the
employ of the Isle Royale Mining Company with the inten-
tion of following mining work thereafter. He was made
treasurer and manager of the Houghton Copper Works in
187 1 and continued this work for two years until the con-
cern had to close in 1873 for lack of capital. Then for a few
years Mr. Pope was engaged on tribute mining, until 1878,
when he became a member of the firm of Pope, Shepherd &
Co., later becoming sole owner.

In 1892 Mr. Pope again entered the mining field, as
manager of the Franklin Mine, and again gave up mining in
1899 owning to the pressure of his private affairs. He also
closed his mercantile business and retired to private life.

During the Civil war Mr. Pope was a lieutenant in Com-
pany I, Twenty-Third Michigan Volunteer Infantr}^ and was
largely instrumental in recruiting this Houghton county com-

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238 BIOGRAPHICAL

f>any. He was the donor of the soldiers' moniinient in Hough-
ton, dedicated May 30, 191 2.

Mr. Pope was president oAhe Lake Sui>erior Mining In-
stitute for the year 1900 and was always an enthusiastic
supporter and member of the same.

In 1864 he married Miss Alice H. Fielder, of Houghton,
who died in 1876, and they are sun'ived by one son and three
daughters. He died Sunday, July 8, 191 2. An active, aggres-
sive man, throughout his entire life, which was nearly all
spent in the upper peninsula; he also possessed those quali-
ties that drew from his associates their honor, respect and
affection. At his death there were few in the Lake Superior
region that stood as high in the estimation of those ejigaged
in the business of mining.

Edwin J. Hulbert.

Bom at Fort Brady, Sault Ste. Marie, April 30, 1829.
He was a son of John Hulbert, of Sault Ste. Marie, and a
nephew of Henry W. Schoolcraft, the liistorian. He was
employed in 1857 ^^^ ^^^^ survey of the state road from Cop-
\yer Harbor, by way of Eagle Harbor Cliff and Houghton, to
Ontonagon and, during that time, the first discoveries of
conglomerate boulders were made.

He purchased lands which he thought contained copper
veins and, in 1864, discovered the Calumet conglomerate lode
in a pit sunk by John Hulbert, Jr., and Amos Scott. No. 4
shaft, Calumet mine, marks the site of the pit in which the
discovery was made.

Mr. Hulbert had the first survey made for the Portage
Lake canal, the work loeing done by W. H. Hearding, then
of Houghton. For this survey he i)ersonally paid. The
W(;rk was afterwards completed by the government. During
his discovei*}' of the Calumet & Hecla conglomerate, ]Mr.
Hulbert acquired large tracts of land in the vicinity of the
original pit, the Tamarack Mine being situated upon some
of them.

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 239

For various reasons he lost almost all his holdings and,
not wishing to remain in the United States, moved to Rome,
Italy, where he died October 20, 1910.

Anson B. Miner.

Born in Illinois in 1846. He entered a Chicago banking
institution at an early age in the capacity of office boy. He
soon gained a knowledge of the banking business and ad-
vanced rapidly until he was appointed as cashier, a position
which he filled until 1874, when the bank was burned out
and he was forced to journey to the West because of ill
health. He returned to Chicago after an absence of several
years and tc-ok a position with the First National Bank, re-
maining there until 1883 when he went to Ishpeming as cash-
ier of the First National Bank of that city. The -bank was
reorganized later, the name being changed to the Miners'
National Bank, and Mr. Miner was named as cashier and
managing director.

He was one of the keenest bankers in the Upper Peninsula
and his advice was sought by many. He took a great deal
of interest in the mining business of the country and never
failed to attend the sessions of the Institute.

Mr. Miner was married to Miss Colter, of Ontonagon,
at Ishpeming, and one daughter, Mary Miner, -vvas born t(^
them. He died at Ishpeming on January 13, 191 3, after a
short illness.,

John McEncroe.

Born at Detroit, Michigan, in 1834. Twenty years later
he left his native city and started for the Upi>er Peninsula,
stopping first at Sault Ste. Marie, where he spent a few
months, and then journeyed to Marquette. At this place
he secured work on the Marquette, Houghton & Ontonagon
Railway, which was then being built. In 1856 he went to
work at the Eureka Mine, located a short distance from
Marquette. The proi>erty was operated by A. B. Ward and

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240 BIOGRAPHICAL

the ore was of the bog variety and was sent to the Wyandot
furnace for smelting. The mine soon played out as the de-
posit was small.

In 1858 Mr. McEncroe went to Ishpeming to enter the
employ of the Lake Superior Iron Company and he remained
in the service of that comi>any for 53 years, being placed on
the i^ension roll a few years prior to his death. He was one
of a little band of ten working under Gilbert D. Johnson,
the Company's first sui>erintendent. His first work was that
of a miner, working in the open pits, for which he received
seventy-five cents per day. In^ i860 he was promoted to
the foremanship of one of the pits. In 1865 he was made
foreman of all of the pits and all of the surface work.

In 1873 Mr. McEncroe was made mining captain of all
of the Company's hard ore mines, a position which he held
continuously until he retired, with great credit to himself and
profit to his employers. Captain McEncroe needs no greater
c( mpliment to his ability as a miner; to his organization of
a working force, or to his character as a stable citizen than the
simple statement that he had been engaged with one company
for fifty-three years. He entered the Lake Superior field when
there were but a few mining properties and the methods of
extracting ore were crude, and the experiences that he often
related of the early days on the Marquette range were highly
interesting.

He was the oldest resident of Ishi)eming, Mich., at th*
time of his death, which occurred on April 23, 1913.

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE

241

PAST OFFICERS.
PRESIDENTS.

Nelson P. Hulst 1893

J. Parke Channing 1894

John Duncan 1895

William G. Mather 1896

William Kelly 1898

Graham Pope 1900

W. J. Olcott 1901

Walter Fitch 1902

George H. Abeel 1903

O. C. Davidson 1904

James MacNaughton 1905

Thomas P. Cole 1906

Murray M. Duncan 1908

D. E. Sutherland 1909

William J. Richards 1910

F. W. Denton 19U

Pentecost Mitchell 1912

(No meetings were held in 1897, 1899 and 1907.)
VICE PRESIDENTS.

John T. Jones
F. P. Mills

F. McM. Stanton
Geo. A. Newett

E. F. Brown
James B. Cooper

O. C. Davidson
T. F. Cole

J. H. McLean
M. M. Duncan

William Kelly
Nelson P. Hulst

1893.
, Parke Channing
1894.
R. A. Parker

1895.

R. A. Parker

1896.

J. F. Armstrong

1898.

Ed. Ball

1900.

M. M. Duncan

1901.

Nelson P. Hulst
1902,

Fred Smith

Graham Pope
M. W. Burt

Graham Pope
W. J. Olcott

Per Larsson
W. J. Olcott

Per Larsson
Geo. H. Abeel

Walter Fitch
Geo. H. Abeel

J. H. McLean
F. W. Denton

F. W. Denton
William Kelly

H. F. Ellard
Wm. H. Johnston

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2A2

PAST OFFICERS

H. F. Ellard
Fred Smith

H. F. Ellard
Wm. H. Johnston

M. M. Duncan
Fred M. Prescot't

M. M. Duncan
J. M. Longyear

J. M. Longyear
F. W. Denton

W. J. Richards
Charles Trezona

W. J. Richards
John M. Bush

E. D. Brigham
John M. Bush

E. D. Brigham
Geo. H. Abeel

1903.

James B. Cooper

1904.

Fred Smith

1905.

F. W. McNair

1906.

Fred M. Prescott

1908.

David T. Morgan

1909.

D. T. Morgan

1910.

Frederick W. Sperr

1911.

Frederick W. Sperr

1912.

W. P. Chinn

Wm. H. Johnston
John H. McLean

John H. McLean
James B. Cooper

John H. McLean
J.^ B. Cooper

F. W. McNair
F. W. Denton

D. E. Sutherland
Norman W. Haire

Charles Trezona
James H. Rough

C. H. Munger
James H. Rough

C. H. Munger
W. H. Jobe

MANAGERS.

John Duncan
Walter Fitch

Walter Fitch
John Duncan

F. P. Mills
Ed. Ball

M. M. Duncan
J. D. GiU'hrist

E. F. Brown
Ed. Ball

1893.

William Kelly

1894.

M. E. Wadsworth

1895.

M. E. Wadsworth

1896.

C. H. Munger

1898.

T. F. Cole

1900.

James B. Cooper

James MacNaughton
Charles Munger

C. M. Boss
O. C. Davidson

Graham Pope
William Kelly

Graham Pope
O. C. Davidson

Walter Fitch
George H. Abeel

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 243

1901.
James B. Cooper James Clancey

James MacNaughton (One Vacancy) J. L. Greatsinger

1902.
James Clancey Graham Pope

J. L. Greatsinger Amos Shephard T. F. Cole

1903.
Graham Pope T. F. Cole

Amos Shephard W. J. Richards John McDowell

1904.
John McDowell Thomas F. Cole

Wm. J. Richards Graham Pope Amos Shephard

1905.
John C. Greenway H. B. Sturtevant

John McDowell William Kelly Wm. J. Richards

1906.
John C. Greenway H. B. Sturtevant

Jas. R. Thompson William Kelly Felix A. Vogel

1908.
James R. Thompson J. Ward Amherg

Felix A. Vogel John C. Greenway Pentecost Mitchell

1909.
F. E. Keese J. Ward Amberg

W. J. Uren L. M. Hardenhurg Pentecost Mitchell

1910.
Frank E. Keeae L. M. Hardenburg

Charles. B. Lawrence William J. Uren William J. West

1911.
Charles E. Lawrence William J. West

Peter W. Pascoe J. B. Cooper L. C. Brewer

1912.
Peter Pascoe J. B. Cooper L. C. Brewer

M. H. Godfrey J. E. Jopling

TREASURERS.

C. M. Boss 1893

A. C. Lane 1894

Geo. D. Swift 1895-1896

A. J. Yungbluth •. 1898-1900

Geo. H. Abeel 190M902

E. W. Hopkins 1903-

SECRETARIES.

F. W. Denton 1893-1S9G

F. W. Denton and F. W. Sperr 1898

F. W. Sperr 1900

A. J. Yungbluth 1901-. . . .

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244 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED BY THE INSTITUTE.

American Institute of Mining Engineers, 99 John Street, New
York City.

Mining and Metallurgical Society of America, 505 Pearl Street,
New York City.

American Society of Civil Engineers, 220 West 57th Street, New
York City.

Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boslon, Mass.

Western Society of Engineers, 1734-41 Monadnock Block, Chicago.

The Mining Society of Nova Scotia, Halifax, N. S.

Canadian Mining Institute, Ottawa.

Canadian Society of Civil Engineers, Montreal.

Institute of Mining Engineers, Neville Hall, Newcastle Upon-Tyne,
England.

North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers,
Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, England.

Chemical, Metallurgical and Mining Society of South Africa, Jo-
hanneshurg, S. A.

American Mining Congress, 1510 Court Place, Denver, Colo.

State Bureau of Mines, Colorado, Denver, Colo.

Reports of the United States Geological Survey, Washington, D. C.

Geological Survey of Ohio State University, Columbus, O.

Geological Survey of New South Wales, Sydney, N. S. W.

Oklahoma Geological Survey, Norman, Okla.

University of Oregon, Library, Eugene, Oregon.

Case School of Applied Science, Department of Mining & Metal-
lurgy, Cleveland, Ohio.

University of Illinois, Exchange Department, Urbana, Ills.

University of Missouri, Columbia, Mo.

University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.

Iowa State College, Ames, Iowa.

The Mining Magazine, 178 Salisbury House, London, E. C.

Mines and Mining, 1824 Curtis Street, Denver, Colo.

Engineering-Contracting, 355 Dearborn Street, Chicago, Ills.

Mining & Engineering World, Monadnock Block, Chicago, Ills.

Mining Science, Denver Colo.

Mining & Scientific Press, 6G7 Howard Street, San Francisco, Cal.

The Mexican Mining Journal, Mexico City, Mexico.

Stahl und Eisen, Dusseldorf, Germany, Jacobistrasse 6.

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE

245

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APPENDIX

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Printing by The O. F. Collier Press
Engravings by Duluth-Photo Engraving Co.

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Duluth and the Minnesota
Iron Ranges

Q Data and views showing
the scope of operations
pertaining to the mining,
transportation and smelting
of Iron Ore in Northern
Minnesota ::

Compiled and arranged b}f
W. W. J. CROZE, Hiniiig Engineer

DULUTH. MINN.

1913

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IRON INDUSTRY OF MINNESOTA

Lake Superior Mining Institute.
LOCAL COMMITTEES FOR 1 8th ANNUAL MEETING.

T. F. Cole

A. L. Ordean
Jno. A. Savage
C. A. Congdon

B. W. How

R. B. Whiteside
James A. Ferguson
Jas. D. Ireland
Julius H. Barnes
Geo. D. Swift
A. D. Thomson
Jos. B. Cotton
A. M. Chisholm
H. M. Peyton
H. W. Brown

RECEPTION

Geo. A. St. Clair, Chairman

A. M. Marshall

W. J. Olcott

M. H. Alworth

C. A. Luster

Jno. G. Williams

W. N. Ryerson

G. G. Bamum

Judge Page Morris

R. B. Knox

Cuyler Adams

Capt. Alex. McDougal

Hon. E. B. Hawkins

C. A. Duncan

G. A. Tomlinson

Geo. L. Reis
J. L. Washburn
Hon. W. I. Prince
Capt. Ernest D. Peek
Joseph Sellwood
W. C. Agnew
J. B. Adams

F. D. Orr

G. G. Hartley
Chas. d*Autremont
O. W. Johnstone
Herbert Warren
F. A. Brewer
W. G. La Rue

C. H. Munger
Geo. H. Crosby

D. E. Woodbridge

ARRANGEMENTS

John H. McLean, Chairman

D. M. Philbin
R. M. Sellwood
D. L. Fairchild

Geo. D. Swift
W. W. J. Croze
W. H. Cole

F. E. House
J. R. Michaels,
Thos. Owens

TRANSPORTATION

W. A. McGonagle, Chairman

W. W. Walker
A. V. Brown
Oscar Mitchell

C. O. Jenks
J. W. Kreitter
Geo. M. Smith

S. S. Rumsey
J. H. Hearding
J. D. Ireland

ENTERTAINMENT

Francis J. Webb, Chairman

A. B. Coales
J. G. Vivian
W. J. West
4

L. R. Salsich
W. P. Chinn
J. S. Lutes

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IRON INDUSTRY OF MINNE SOTA

ITINERARY

Lake Superior Mining Institute

TUESDAY. AUGUST 26th. 1913:

Headquarters at Spalding Hotel, Duluth.

Leave Fifth Avenue dock by Steamer "Columbia" for steel plant

at 2:00 P. M.. returning to Duluth between 6:00 P. M. and 7:00

P. M.
Leave Duluth by special train, via Duluth & Iron Range Railroad.

from Union Depot at 12:00 o'clock midnight for 'Aurora.
WEDNESDAY. AUGUST 27th, 1913:

Breakfast on train at Aurora. Leave at 8:00 A. M. by automobile

for the following mines: Biwabik, Corsica, Elba, Schley. Pettit.

Genoa, Fayal. Adams and Spruce.
Luncheon at Glode Hotel. Eveleth. 12:00 o'clock noon.
Leave Eveleth 1 :30 P. M. and visit the following mines: Norman.

Union, Commodore, Lincoln. Alpena and Virginia & Rainy Lake

Company's saw mill.
Baseball game at 4:00 P. M. at Virginia between Northern League

teams.
Dinner at Elk's Club. Virginia. 6:30 P. M.
Business meeting. Virginia High School, 8:00 P. M.
Elks Club and Virginia Club will be open in the afternoon and evening

to all members of the Institute.
THURSDAY, AUGUST 28th, 1913:

Breakfast on train at Virginia. Leave at 8:00 A. M. by automobile

for following mines: Brunt, Mountain Iron. Wacoutah. Kinney.

Whiteside. Woodbridge, Grant and Shenango.
Luncheon at 1 2 :00 o'clock noon at Chisholm, in Bergeron Hall.
Leave Chisholm 1 :30 P. M. and visit the following mines: Leonard

and Monroe.
Arrive at Fair Grounds, Hibbing, 3:30 P. M. Attend horse races.
Dinner on train at 6:30 P. M.
Vaudeville entertainment. Armory, 8:30 P. M.
Algonquin and Oliver Clubs will be open in afternoon and evening to

the Institute Members.
FRIDAY, AUGUST 29th, 1913:

Breakfast on train at Hibbing. Leave at 8:00 A. M. for Hull-Rust,

Burt-Pool, Sellers and Buffalo & Susquehanna Mines.
Leave on Great Northern Railway at 10:30 A. M., visiting the fol-
lowing mines: Stevenson. St. Paul, Bray, Hawkins, Crosby, Hill,

Holman and Canisteo, arriving at Coleraine between 5:00 and 6:00

P. M.
Luncheon and dinner on train.
Moving pictures of Missabe Range mines and business meeting. Village

Hall, 8:00 P. M.
SATURDAY. AUGUST 30ih. 1913:
Breakfast on train at Coleraine.
Leave at 8:00 A. M. for inspection of Concentrating and Power

Plants.
Leave Coleraine, via Duluth, Missabe & Northern Railway, at 10:30

A. M. for Duluth.

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IRON INDUSTRY OF MINNESOTA

HISTORY of DULUTH

HE HISTORY of Duluth commences with Daniel de
Gresolon, Sieur Dulhut, one of the explorers of the
Upper Mississippi, who came to the head of the lakes
in the summer of 1679. Radisson and Groseillier, and
Claude Allouez, a Jesuit priest, preceeded Dulhut to
the Lake Superior district, and are supposed to have

visited the head of the lakes, but there is no authentic account

previous to that of Dulhut.

Q In I 792 the fur traders established a fort at Fond du Lac, on the
St Louis river, 1 5 miles above the present city of Duluth. In the
early 30*s there were a few ttered squatters at Oneota and around
the George Stuntz trading post on Minnesota Point In 1833-36 the
setdement on Minnesota Point was called Duluth, commemorating
the name of Dulhut.

fl The first railroad was built to the head of the lakes in 1870. The
charter for this road had been granted in 1861 to the Lake Superior
and Mississippi Railroad Company, afterward called the St. Paul and
Duluth, and which is now a part of the Northern Pacific.

Q In 1870 the population of Duluth was about 1,200, and Oneota
300; 1880,3,480; 1890.33,113; 1900,32,969; 1910,78,184.

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St. LouiB County Court House, Duluth, Minnesota

Club House, Northland Country Club
9

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IRON INDUSTRY OF MINNESOTA

Aflinnesota Steel Company Shop Buildings

^ The plant of the Minnesota Steel G>mpany is located on
the St. Louis River, nine miles from Union Depot at Duluth,
on a tract of 1 300 acres, with two miles of water front and
connected by the Spirit Lake Transfer Ry. and Interstate
Railroad, with all railroads entering Duluth or Superior. The
present plans include:

Two blast furnaces— 300 tons daily capacity each; thin lined, water cooled shells;

10 stoves, gas washers, etc.
Ninety Koppers type by-product coke stoves.
Ten open hearth furnaces — rated capacity 73 tons each. (EUich furnace equipped

with 400 h. p. boiler for utilizing waste heat.)
Four 4-hole soaking pits.
One 40-in. reversing Blooming Mill, steam driven, with low pressure turbine

generator set.
One 28- in. finishing mill — Motor driven
One 16-in. continuous roughing train with J

7 t!'"j In'^"- t^\^"^ > Motor driven

2 5tand lU-m. hnishmg i

2 Stand 8-in. finishing )

Power house — 10,000 K W capacity

Five blowing engines - gas driven, 20,000 cu. ft. capacity each.

Pumping station — 40,000,000 gallons daily capacity

Machine Forge and Structural Shop.

Three continuous reheating furnaces — regenerating type, end discharge, designed to

use 16-foot billets. Elstimated daily capacity of 1,000 tons ingots.
All buildings steel frames, enclosed with two-piece concrete blocks.

^ The company are also erecting 1 75 houses containing
350 apartments. A cement plant with a capacity of 4000
barrels per day will also be built.

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4-*

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IRON INDUSTRY OF MINNESOTA

GREAT NORTHERN POWER COMPANY

4 The Great Northern Power Company started a commercial
operation July Ist, 1908, with ten customers, using 16,000 horse-
pow^er. Today it is supplying forty customers using 40,000 horse-
power. These customers include railway companies, lighting com-
panies in Duluth and Superior, also power for pumping the water
supply to the city of Duluth and several miscellaneous customers
including sixteen of the twenty-one coal docks at the head of the
lakes.

4 The installation consists of three 1 3,000 horsepower units and a
20,000 horsepower unit is to be put in this winter.

4 The plant is fifteen miles from the center of the city and the
present development has an effective head of 373 feet at the Power
House. The company owns the further rights for a 70 foot develop-
ment at Fond du Lac.

4 Rates for power are lower than at any other lake port for simi-
lar service and range from one to two cents per kilowatt hour or from
$10 to $30 per horsepower per year, depending upon the average
use of horsepower installed.

^ The Power Company can only handle customers with an
installed capacity of 30 or more horsepo.wer; the small customers
being served by the local lighting companies in the two cities.

^ The total capacity of the plant with no steam auxiliaries is
1 00,000 horsepower and with steam auxiliaries, this can be increased
to a considerable extent

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ZENITH FURNACE COMPANY

Q In 1 903 an organization was perfected at Duluth, having for its
primary motive the manufacture of Bessemer and Foundry pig iron,
for the purpose of supplying the trade tributary to the Head of the
Lakes.

Q Until the completion of the immense steel plant of the United
States Steel Corporation, now under construction on the St Louis
River, a few miles beyond the location of the Zenith Furnace Com-
pany, the latter will enjoy the distinction of operating the only blast
furnace on the South Shore of Lake Superior producing Bessemer and
Foundry coke iron.

Q The most serious obstacle confronting the enterprise at its incep-
tion was the inability to obtain high grade coke at prices which were
not prohibitive. This problem was eventually satisfactorily solved
by the installation of a battery of fifty by-product coke ovens.

Q The daily consumption of this battery of ovens is about 373 tons
of the highest qusJity of Youghiogheny gas coal screenings, produc-
ing about 260 tons of Bessemer coke for blast furnace use.

Q The by-products are gas, which is supplied to the cities of
Duluth and Superior for illuminating, cooking and heating purpose*,
tar and ammonia.

Q Only the purest Thin Vein Youghiogheny gas coal, mined in the
Pittsburgh district, is suitable for the production of Zenith coke, and
after the screenings are separated from the run of pile coal, which is
received in cargo lots, the screened coal is sold to the steam and
domestic trade in two sizes, which have long since become well and
favorably known throughout the northwest under the names of
Zenith Lump and Zenith Stove coal.

Q The cleanest of preparation and promptness in filling shipping
instructions have been specialties with the Zenith Furnace Company's
dock organization, and to the latter end it operates its own terminal
railway, in preference to depending upon the railroads for switching
service.

Q The annual capacity of the Zenith Furnace Company now
aggregates about 600,000 tons of coal, 1 00,000 tons of coke, 73,000
tons of pig iron, 700,000,000 cubic feet of gas, 600,000 pounds of
ammonia and 1 ,200,000 gallons of tar.

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IRON INDUSTRY OF MINNESOTA

"Che IRON RANGES of MINNESOTA

^JTHE FIRST mention of iron bearing formation in this region is
111 by Norwood in 1852, but it was not until 1875 that we have
^^ any record of work being done to establish the economic
value of the district. In this year Prof. A. H. Chester examined
the Missabe range from Embarrass Lake eastward to Birch Lake*
In the greater portion of the district examined by Prof. Chester, the
formation is highly magnetic and has never produced bodies of
merchantable ore. Shortly after attention was almost wholly diverted
from the Missabe by the discovery of ore on the Vermilion range.

4 In the early 80's, Mr. Geo. C. Stone succeeded in interesting
Mr. Charlemange Tower in the ore deposits on the Vermilion range
near Tower. The first shipment of ore was made in 1 884. In 1 886
the whole property including mines, railroad, docks, and land grant
was sold to the Minnesota Iron Company and later, on the organiz-
ation of the U. S. Steel Corporation, became a part of the holdings of
that corporation. The first mine to be developed near Elly, 2 1 miles
east of Tower, was the Chandler, which began shipping in the fall of
1 888. Since then the Pioneer, Zenith, Sibley and Savoy have been
opened in what is known as the Elly trough. A new mine called the
Section 30 is being worked on another trough about 3 miles east of Ely.

4 On the Missabe range, ore was discovered in the fall of 1890
near the present Mountain Iron mine by the Messrs. Merritt of
Duluth, and in the fall of the following year on the Biwabik property
by the same parties. Since these discoveries the development of this
range has been phenomenal.

4 The Cuyuna Range was located from the results of magnetic
work done by Mr. Cuyler Adams about the year 1895. Very litde
was done, other than magnetic research work, until the year 1 904
when the first drilling was started in Sec. 1 6, Town 46, Range 28,
about a mile southeast of Deerwood.

4 The first shipment of ore from the Cu3mna Range was made
in 1911 from the Kennedy mine.

fl Minnesota furnishes yearly about three-fifths of the iron ore
produced in the United States; the shipments during 1912 amounting
to 34,197,501 tons.

Missabe Range 32.047,409 tons

Vermilion Range 1.844,981 tons

Cuyuna Range 303, 1 1 1 tons

Lake Superior District 48.221,546 tons

TOTAL IRON ORE PRODUCED TO JAN. I. 1913.

Lake Superior District 574. 125,258 tons

( Missabe Range 279,067.325 tons

Minnesota < Vermilion Range 33,262,473 tons

( Cuyuna Range 452,542 tons —3 1 2.782,340 tons

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IRON INDUSTRY OF MINNESOTA

VERMILION RANGE

^JTHE vermilion range extends from the vicinity of Tower to
flL and beyond the international boundary, crossing into Canada
^^ at the eastern end of Hunter's Island. Merchantable bodies
of ore have been discovered at but two localities along this
extent, one at Tower and the other near Ely.

^ The iron bearing formation of this range occupies the lowest
position geologically of any of the Lake Superior iron formations,
being designated by Van Hise and Clements as in the Archean.

Q At the Minnesota mine the ore is a dense hard hematite occur-
ing in irregular connected and disconnected lense shaped bodies in
the jasper, which is intricately infolded in the spheroidal greenstone
or green schists, so-called on account of a characteristic spheroidal
parting. The strike is about east and west and the dip approximately
vertical with a westerly pitch. The underground workings at this
mine are some 4,500 feet in extent east and west, and over 1,500
feet in depth. The structure here is probably the most complex in
the Lake Superior iron districts. Above the iron bearing formation,
geologically, comes the basal conglomerate of the Lower Huronian,
arr3ring large boulders and masses of the iron bearing rocks.

9 The ores at Ely differ from the preceeding, mainly in their
physical structure, being much more broken and friable. The area
in which they lie is a double ended trough about two miles in length
east and west and some 1,500 feet in width. The general dip is
nearly vertical and the pitch of the ore bodies at the west end of the
trough, is to the east, while the pitch of those at the east end is to
the west. The iron formation here, as at the Minnesota mine, lies in
a trough of the older spheroidal greenstone, but the folding is not so
close. Intrusive masses and dikes of granitic porphyry and basic
eruptives cut the whole series.

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A Shaft, Pioneer Mine, Elly. Minnesota

B Shaft, Pioneer Mine, Ely, Minnesota
20

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MISSABE RANGE

^ The ores of the Missabe are red, brown and yellow hematites
and limonites, more or less hydrated, and are secondary replace-
ments or enrichments of the jasper. They are supposed to be
mainly derived from the silicates of iron, which are abundant in the
rocks of the iron formation, and to a less degree from siderite. In
physical structure they vary from a fairly compact phase to earthy
or powdery phases, and are comparatively high in moisture. At the
west end of the range the ores are more or less "sandy," a condition
evidcndy resulting from the decomposition of the cherty layers in
the banded iron and chert.

Q The first ore from the Missabe range was shipped from the
Mountain Iron mine over the Duluth, Missabe & Northern Railroad
in 1892. The total shipments during that year amounted to 4,248
tons. Since that time the Mountain Iron mine has produced
I 7,200,000 tons.

IRON ORE PRODUCTION.

1911 22,093,532 tons

1912 32.047,409 "

Total to January 1.1913 - - 2 79.067.325 "

Q Since the Missabe range opened there has been removed
205,949.000 cubic yards of stripping. The total excavation, taking
into account the ore and stripping, is as follows:

1892 to 1900 stripping - 22,089,000 cu. yds.

1901 to 1913 " - 183,860,000 " "

1 892 to 1 900 ore (estimated) 1 5,700.000 " "

1901 to 1913 ore - 123 ,833,6 00 " "

Grand Total - 345,482,C00 " "

fl Besides this, 5,000.000 cubic yards of lean ore has been put in
stock pile. The total excavation for the Panama Canal is, according
to the latest figures, 2 1 8, 1 38,300 cubic yards.

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IRON INDUSTRY OF MINNESOTA

List of Mines on the Missabe Range

With Name of Mine, Operating Company and Elstimated
Shipments for 1913.

OLIVER IRON MINING COMPANY'S MINES

Mine

Operating Company^

Adams

Oliver '.

ron Mining Company

Auburn

Oliver ]

Iron Mining Company

Burt-Pool-Day

Oliver

[ron Mining Company

Canisteo

Oliver

[ron Mining Company

Canton

Oliver

[ron Mining Company

Chisholm

Oliver ]

[ron Mining Company

Clark . .

Oliver ]

[ron Mining Company

Dale . .

Oliver 1

[ron Mining Company

Duluth

Oliver ]

[ron Mining Company

Fay . .

Oliver ]

Iron Mining Company

Fayal . .

Oliver ]

[ron Mining Company

Genoa-Sparta

Oliver ]

iron Mining Company

Gilbert

Oliver ]

ron Mining Company

Glen . .

Oliver ]

[ron Mining Company

Graham

Oliver 1

[ron Mining Company

Harold

Oliver 1

Ton Mining Company

Hartley

Oliver

Ton Mining Company

Higgins

Oliver

[ron Mining Company

Hill . . .

Oliver ]

ron Mining Company

Holman

Oliver ]

ron Mining Company

HuU-Rust .

Oliver 1

Ton Mining Company

Judd . .

Oliver ]

ron Mining Company

Leonard

Oliver 1

ron Mining Company

Leonidas

Oliver 1

ron Mining Company

Lone Jack .

Oliver ]

Ton Mining Company

McKinley

Oliver 1

Ton Mining Company

Mace

Oliver ]

ron Mining Company

Minnewas

Oliver

ron Mining Company

Missabe Mountaii

1 Oliver

ron Mining Company

Mississippi

Oliver

ron Mining Company

Monroe-Tener

Oliver ]

ron Mining Company

Morris

Oliver ]

ron Mining Company

Mountain Iron

Oliver ]

Ton Mining Company

Myers

Oliver 1

Ton Mining Company

Norman

Oliver ]

ron Mining Company

Ohio . .

Oliver 1

[ron Mining Company

Pillsbury

. Oliver ]

[ron Mining Company

Sauntry-Alpena

Oliver 1

ron Mining Company

Sellers . .

Oliver 1

[ron Mining Company

Sharon

. Oliver

iron Mining Company

Spruce

Oliver 1

ron Mining Company

Stephens

Oliver ]

[ron Mining Company

Estimated

Shipm'ts ' 1 3

932.000

695.000
1.100.000

600.000
450.000
560,000

260.666
1.271.000
1.020.000

185.000

100.000
245.000

810.000

775.000
3.742.000

100.000
1.525.000

555.000

150.000

325,666
275.000
500.000

90.000
400.000

1 .600.000
244.000

750.666

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IRON INDUSTRY OF MINNESOTA

Estimated

Mine

Operating Company Shipm'ts ' 1 3

St. Clair .

Oliver Iron Mining Company

Sullivan

Oliver Iron Mining Company

Una— North

Oliver Iron Mining Company

275.000

Uno — South

Oliver Iron Mining Company

875.000

Vivian

Oliver Iron Mining Company

15.000

Walker

Oliver Iron Mining Company

Weed . .

Oliver Iron Mining Company

Winifred

Oliver Iron Mining Company

40.666

Total

70 4^4 000

PICK/

^NDS, MATHER & COMPANY'S MINES

Albany

Pickands, Mather & Company . . 350.000

Bangor

Pickands, Mather & Company

130.000

Corsica

Pickands, Mather & Company

250.000

Elba . .

Pickands, Mather & Company

125.000

Hudson

Pickands, Mather & Company

250.000

Kellogg

Pickands. Mather & Company

Malta . .

Pickands, Mather & Company

90.666

Minorca

Pickands, Mather & Company

80.000

Mohawk

Pickands, Mather & Company

200.000

Scranton

Pickands, Mather & Company

240.000

Troy

Pickands, Mather & Company

70.000

Utica . .

Pickands. Mather & Company

350.000

Virginia

Pickands, Mather & Company

350.000

Yawkey

Pickands, Mather & Company

50.000

Total

2535000

REPUBLIC IRON & S I'EEL COMPANY'S MINES

Bray . .

Republic Iron & Steel Company . . 100.000

Franklin

Republic Iron & Steel Company

50.000

Kinney

Republic Iron & Steel Company

500.000

Mariska

Republic Iron & Steel Company

Monica

Republic Iron & Steel Company

75.666

Onondaga

Republic Iron & Steel Company

40.000

Pettit . . .

Republic Iron & Steel Company

200.000

Schley . . .

Republic Iron & Steel Company

200,000

Union

Republic Iron & Steel Company

285.000

Victoria

Republic Iron & Steel Company

Wills . .

Republic Iron & Steel Company

Total

1 .450.666

. A. HANNA & COMPANY'S MINES

Brunt . .

M. A. Hanna & Company . . . 200.000

Croxton

M. A. Hanna & Company . . . 75.000

Frantz

M. A. Hanna & Company

Hanna

M. A. Hanna & Company . . . 300,000
24

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IRON INDUSTRY OF MINNESOTA

Mine
Hobart
La Rue

Sliver

Total

Operating Company
M. A. Hanna & Company
M. A. Hanna & Company
M. A. Hanna & Company

Estimated
Shipm^ts ' I 3

250,000

325,000

1.150.000

Adriatic

Cyprus

Monow

Pearson

Perkins

Total

JOSEPH SELLWOOD GROUP OF MINES

Joseph Sellwood

125.000
100.000
100.000
125.000
150,000
600.000

THE SHENANGO FURNACE COMPANY'S MINES

Shenango
Webb . .
Whiteside

Total

TTie Shenango Furnace Company
The Shenango Furnace Company
The Shenango Furnace Company

1.000.000
300.000
300,000

1.600.000

JONES & LAUGHLIN STEEL COMPANY'S MINES

Columbia

Fowler-Meadow

Grant

Leetonia

Lincoln

Longyear

Nassau

Total

Jones & Laughlin Steel Company
Jones & Laughlin Steel Company
Jones & Laughlin Steel Company
Jones & Laughlin Steel Company
Jones & Laughlin Steel Company
Jones & Laughlin Steel Company
Jones & Laughlin Steel Company

100.000
650.000
500,000
200.000
200.000

1.650.666

PITT IRON MINING COMPANY'S MINES

U Belle
Miller .
Ruddy
Wacotah

Total

Pitt Iron Mining Company
Pitt Iron Mining Company
Pitt Iron Mining Company
Pitt Iron Mining Company

15.000

350.000

40.000

405.666

Madrid
Section 17 .
Seville

Total

A. B. COATFS GROUP OF MINES

A. B. Coates

. A. B. Coates

95.000

30.000

5.000

1 30.000

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IRON INDUSTRY OF MINNESOTA

ARTHUR IRON MINING COMPANY'S MINES

Estimated
Mine Operating Company Shipm^ts * 1 3

(Great Northern Ore Properties)

Dean Arthur Iron Mining Company

Dunwoody Arthur Iron Mining Company

Smith Arthur Iron Mining Company

GEO. A. ST. CLAIR GROUP OF MINES

Spring . . Geo. A. St. Clair

Silverton Geo. A. St. Clair

Ajax . . . Geo. A. St. Clair

Hector Geo. A. St. Clair

CORRIGAN. McKINNEY & COMPANY'S MINES

St. James . Corrigan, McKinney & Company

St. Paul Corrigan, McKinney & Company

Stevenson Corrigan. McKinney & Company

Commodore Corrigan, McKinney & Company

Total

600.000
1,000,000
1.600.000

INTERNATIONAL HARVESTER COMPANY'S MINES

Agnew International Harvester Company 1 00.000

Hawkins International Harvester Company 500,000

Total 600,000

OGLEBAY, NORTON & COMPANY'S MINES
Woodbridge Oglebay, Norton & Company ... 1 50,000

BUFFALO & SUSQUEHANNA COMPANY'S MINES

(Rogers-Brown Ore Company)

Iroquois Buffalo & Susquehanna Company 1 50.000

Susquehanna Buffalo & Susquehanna Company I.I 00.000

Total 1,250.000

NEW YORK STATE STEEL COMPANY'S MINES
Knox . . . H. F. Kendall. Receiver .... 20,000

INLAND STEEL COMPANY'S MINES

Grace Inland Steel Company .... 1 00,000

Laura Inland Steel Company .... 200.000

Total 300.000

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IR ON INDUSTRY OF M I_N N E S OTA

MAHONING ORE & STEEL COMPANY'S MINES

Estimated

Mine Operating Company Shiprnts * 1 3

Mahoning Mahoning Ore & Steel G>mpany 2,000,000

TOD-STAMBAUGH COMPANY'S MINES
Morton Tod-Stambaugh & Company ... 1 50,000

CLEVELAND-CLIFFS IRON COMPANY'S MINES
Crosby . Cleveland-Cliffs Iron Company . . 250,000

BIWABIK MINING COMPANY'S MINES

(Tod-Stambaugh & Co.)

Biwabik Biwabik Mming Company . 300,000

Cincinnati Biwabik Mining Company .

Total 300,000

CLARE IRON COMPANY'S MINES
Elizabeth Clare Iron Company . . .

MERIDEN IRON COMPANY'S MINES
Pearce Meriden Iron Company .... 1 20,000

SWALLOW & HOPKINS' MINES
Helmer Swallow & Hopkins 50,000

KEEWATIN MINING COMPANY'S MINES
Bennett Keewatin Mining Company

KABEKONA IRON COMPANY'S MINES
Kabekona Kabekona Iron Company

CAVOUR MINING COMPANY'S MINES

Cavour . Cavour Mining Company ... 1 50,000

D. C. REED (Virginia, Minn.)
Roberts . . D. C. Reed

YAWKEY ESTATE
Larkin . . Yawkey Estate

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IRON INDUSTRY OF MINNESOTA

MORRIS IRON COMPANVS MINES

Estimated

Mine Operating Companif Shipints ' I 3

Allen Morris Iron Company .... 50,000

SECTION 4 MINES COMPANY'S MINES
Section 4 . Section 4 Mines Company . .

THOMAS FURNACE COMPANY'S MINES
Williams Thomas Furnace Company ... 1 35,000

REDWOOD MINING COMPANY'S MINES
Holland . Redwood Mining Company . .

WHITE IRON LAKE IRON COMPANY'S MINES

Euclid . White Iron Lake Iron Company . 25,000

Grand Total 37,134,000

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IRON INDUSTRY OF MINNESOTA

Mine Location Virginia, Minnesota

A Type of Sanitary Alley, Mine Location— Virginia, Minnesota

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IRON INDUSTRY OF MINNESOTA

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IRON INDUSTRY OF MINNESOTA

Interior View of Bray Mine Change House, Keewatin, Minnesota.

Brunt Mine — Ore Dryer, Mountain Iron, Minnesota.

Plant consists of two dryers, each of a capacity of 40 tons of dried ore per hour,

and two dryers each of a capacity of 20 tons of dried ore per hour. Ore

is reduced in moisture from around 18 per cent to 6 per cent

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I I? ON INDUSTRY OF MINNESOTA

No. 4 Shaft, Spruce Mine, Eveleth, Minnesota

Mine Location — Monroe Mine, Chisholm, Minnesota
41

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IRON INDUSTRY OF MINNESOTA

Safety Houses — Men use these to protect themselves from flying material
hurled by blasting in tte pits

^-r:

Type of Elngine used on the Missabe Range.
Note the guard railings for protection of men.

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IRON INDUSTRY OF MINNESOTA

Concentrating Plant, Coleraine, Minnesota

fl A large portion of the ore on the Western Missabe Range
occurs mixed with sand, making it necessary to build wash-
ing plants to remove the worthless material and bring the
ore to a merchantable grade.

fl The Concentrating Plant at Coleraine consists of five units,
each unit comprising the following:

1 Receiving bin,

1-20 ft. revolving screen, 2 in. holes,

I Picking belt,

2-25 ft. log washers,

2-18 ft. "turbo" washers,
20 Overstrom tables,

I Shipping pocket.
Necessary settling tanks, rock bins, sapd pumps and
driving mechanism.

^ Elach unit is operated by a 1 00 h. p. motor. The capacity of
each unit is 4,000 tons of crude ore per day, or a total of
20,000 Ions per day.

fl All structural work was furnished and erected by The
American Bridge Co.

^ In the mill, trestle and tail track, there are 6,400 tons of steel.

fl The Power Plant comprises the following:
6-72 in.xl8 ft. H. T. boilers with tile stack.
1-26x52 and 1 6x48 Prescott, Cross Compound, Condensing
Pumping-engine; capacity 12,000,000 gallons, delivering
through a 30 in. steel main to mill,
1-26 and 52x48 Cross Compound, Condensing, Corliss
engine, direct connected to 1 250 K. V. A., 6,600 volt, 60
cycle generator.
The necessary exciter sets, (switchboard, transformers, etc.)

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IRON INDUSTRY OF MINNESOTA

CUYUNA RANGE

fl The Cuyuna Range lies in the vicinity of Deerwood, 100
miles west of Duluth.

^ The occurrence of the ore deposits on the Cuyuna
Range differs greatly from that of the Missabe. The Cuyuna,
in a broad sense, occurs as a series of detached lenses or
bodies of iron bearing material, in connection with the great
slate area which abounds throughout this secStion of the State.
Within these lenses of iron bearing rocks, the ore deposits
are found. The ore bodies dip steeply from the horizontal,
conforming to the dip of the slates, their long dimensions
being about parallel and lying in a northeast and southwest
direction. The south range consists of a long, narrow belt,
containing a series of iron formation lenses, lying close to-
gether, parallel and overlapping. The deposits on the north
range are more scattered and cover a larger area.

^ The Kennedy is the pioneer mine of this range. This
property is worked by the Rogers Brown Company.

^ Shipments from the Cuyuna Range began in 191 1 and
to Jan. 1, 1913 amounted to 452,542 tons. In 1912 there
were four producing mines; Kennedy, Armour No. 1 , Armour
No. 2. and Thompson. Other properties are being opened;
one called the Pennington is to be stripped and the ore mined
by steam shovel.

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Kennedy Mine, Cuyuna Range

Armour Mine, No. I, Cuyuna Range
47

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RAILROADS

DULUTH & IRON RANGE RAILROAD.

^ The Duluth & Iron Range Railroad was built from Two Haibon to the Ver-
milion Range at Tower, a distance of 67.6 miles, in 1884, and extended to Ely, 21
miles east of Tower, in 1888. It was built into Duluth in 1886. and branches were
extended from its main line to the Missabe mines in 1892 and 1893.

DULUTH. MISSABE & NORTHERN RAILWAY.

^ The Duluth, Missabe & Northern Railway was constructed from Stony Brook
to Mountain Iron, a distance of 48 miles, in 1892. The Biwabik branch from Iron
Junction to Biwabik. a distance of 15 miles, was constructed in 1892. The Superior
branch from Wolf to Hibbing, a distance of 16 miles, was constructed in 1893. The
Duluth extension from Columbia Junction to Duluth, a distance of 29 miles, was
completed in 1893. The Albom branch from Coleraine Junction to Coleraine, a
distance of 53 miles, was constructed in 1906. The HuU-Rust short line from HuD
Junction to Hull-Rust Mine, 18 miles, was built in 19 II.

GREAT NORTHERN RAILWAY LINE.
Missabe Division.

^ The Great Northern Railway Line acquired what is now its Missabe Division,
over which line ore is transported from Missabe Range mines to docks at Allouez,
Wisconsin, by purchase of the Duluth, Superior and Western Railway (Duluth and
Winnipeg) in 1898. At time of purchase this line extended from Duluth to Deer
River, connecting with the Duluth, Mississippi River and Northern Railway at Swan
River, this latter road extending to the mines. In 1898 the purchase of the Duluth
and Mississippi River and Northern Road was atfected, which gave the Great
Northern a line through to Barclay Junction, (now Chisholm), Minnesota. In 1900
and 1901 extension was built from Barclay Junction to Virginia, and in 1901 and
1902 line was built from Ellis (near Virginia) to a point on the old D. S. & W., at
Brookston. In 1902 and 1903 what is now designated as the ''South Range Line"
"waB constructed from Hibbing to Virginia. There has also been built a **cut-off**
known as the Kelly Lake Fermoy Line.

^ All the roads mentioned above transport ore from the Missabe Range. The
Duluth & Iron Range handles the ore from the Vermilion District.

^ The following shows the general equipment of the ore carrying roads neces-
sary for the handling of the enormous yearly tonnage from the Missabe and Ver.
mi lion Ranges:

Road

Duluth & Iron Range

Duluth, Missabe & Northern ....
Great Northern (Missabe Division)

Q The Canadian Northern Railroad between Fort Frances and Duluth is now fin-
ished. This road passes through Virginia and later will no doubt carry ore from the
Missabe Range.

Q In the summer of 1910 the Soo line finished a branch road to the Kennedy mine
and later to other properties on the Cuyuna Range. This together with the Northern
Pacific, gives the district two railroads. The ore shipped so far has been handled by
the Soo Line from their dock at Superior.

Q The Northern Pacific is now building a dock at Superior. It will be ready in
August 1913.

No. of

ileage

Engines

Cars

200

104

5627

351

7687

310

6876

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The following tabulation gives the distance in miles of
Range towns from Duluth:

TOWN

RANGE

RAILROAD

DISTANCE

Ely

Vermilion

D. & 1. R.

116

Tower

Vermilion

D. & I. R.

Allen Junction

Junction Point

D. & 1. R.

Two Harbors

Ore Docks

D. & 1. R.

Biwabik

Missabe

D. & 1. R.

Biwabik

Missabe

D. M. & N.

Virginia

Missabe

D. & 1. R.

Virginia

Missabe

D. M. & N.

Eveleth

Missabe

D. & I. R.

100

Eveleth

Missabe

D. M. & N.

Mountain Iron

Missabe

D. M. & N.

Chisholm

Missabe

D. M. & N.

Hibbing

Missabe

D. M. & N.

Marble

Missabe

D. M. & N.

Taconite

Missabe

D. M. & N.

Coleraine

Missabe

D. M. & N.

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IRON INDUSTRY OF MINNESOTA

Section of D. M. & N. Ry. Main Line, showing double track, lOO-lbs. to the
yard rail, steel ties and rock ballast

50 miles of track for the storage of ore — Proctor, Minnesota, D. M. & N. Ry.

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IRON INDUSTRY OF MINNESOTA

ORE DOCKS

Duluth & Iron Range Ore Docks at Two Harbors.

Dock Length Width Working, Storage Capacity

No. Ft. Ft. In. Ton«

1 (Steel) 1376 51 8 56.000

2 1280 49 31.200

3 1054 49 25.500

4 1042 49 25.200

5 1050 49 25,200

6 ^Steel) 920 51 3j< 37.000

Total Tons

200.100

Duluth, Missabe & Northern Ore Docks at Duluth.

Dock

No.

Length
Ft.

Width
Ft.

Working, Storage Capacity
Tons

2
3
4

2336
2304
230.4

49
59
57

Total Tons

38.400

57.600

76.800

- 172.800

Great Northern

Ore Docks at

Superior, Wis.

Dock
No.

Length
Ft.

Width
Ft. In.

Working, Storage Capacity
Tons

2
3
4 (Steel)

2244

2100
1956
1812

62 8
62 8
62 8
62 6

112.200

105,000

97.800

90.600

Total Tons - 405,600
Minneapolis, St. Paul & Sault Ste. Marie Ry., at Superior, Wis.

Dock Length Width Working, Storage Capacity

No. Ft. Ft. Tons

I 1800 58 90,000

Northern Pacific Railway at Superior, Wis.

Dock Length Width Working, Storage Capacity

No. Ft. Ft. In. Tons

1 684 572 35,700

During 1912, 10,495,577 tons of ore was handled by the
Duluth, Missabe & Northern Railway from the West Duluth
docks; 9,370,969 tons by the Duluth & Iron Range at Two
Harbors; 13,935,602 tons by the Great Northern and 305,1 12
tons by the Soo Line from their docks in Superior.

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LAKE TRANSPORTATION

/g|\NE of the first ships of commerce to arrive in the harbor
l||-f of Duluth was the Meteor, in September, 1868. The
capacity of this boat was about 500 tons. The first
cargo of ore 8hipp>ed from Minnesota was carried by the
steamer Hecla. This ore was loaded on August 1 9, 1 884, at
Two Harbors at the Duluth & Iron Range dock and consisted
of 1427 tons.

fl At the present time there are about 400 boats used for
the ore carrying trade. The capacity of this fleet is estimated
around 33,000,000 tons of ore a season. This is in addition
to the transportation of coal and grain.

fl The Pittsburgh Steamship Company owns 1 03 boats.

fl During 1912 ore was carried on the Great Lakes over an
average distance of 1 ,000 miles for as low as 30 cents a ton,
the boat owners paying the unloading charge of 1 cents a ton.

fl The following will give an idea of the size of the newer
boats constituting a part of the ore carrying fleet:

Length

WidtK

Tonnage

STEAMER

Feet

Gross Tons

Col. J. N. Schoonmaker

- 617

14.000

W. P. Snyder, Jr.

617

14.000

Thonrms F. G)le

605

12,000

L S. DeGraff

605

12.900

W.B.Kerr

605

12.300

fl The usual time of loading an ordinary size boat of about
10,000 tons is six hours. The steamer Corey was loaded at
Superior, September 8, 1911, with 9,436 gross tons of ore in
twenty-five minutes (actual time loading). The steamer W. P.
Palmer unloaded 1 1 ,000 tons of ore at Conneaut in two hours
and fifty-eight minutes.

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Loading Boat at Ore Docks

Fire Tug, W. A. McGonagle
57

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Draegcr Oxygen Apparatus — Used in case of fire or bad air to extricate men
from dangerous places

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• 'I y' "r -^ ■ "

Mining timber logs being stored in the east arm of Bumtside Lake

Driving mining timber logs down the Cloquet River
60

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Loading assorted mining timber logs on cars for shipment to the mines

Logging crew eating dinner in the open on the works
61

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^ E

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Logging Camps on Bass Lake, showing Mess Camp, Sleeping Camp,
Blacks mith Shop, Office and Stables

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PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

LAKE SUPERIOR
MINING INSTITUTE

NINETEENTH ANNUAL MEETING

MARQUETTE RANGE
AUG. 31, SEPT. 1, 2, 3, 1914

VOL. XIX

I8HPEMING. MICH.

PUBLISHED BY THE INSTITUTE

AT THE OFFICE OF THE 8BCRBTART
1914

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PRESSES OF IRON ORB

ISHPEMING, MICH.

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INDEX TO VOLUME XIX.

Page.

Officers of the Institute, 1)914 v

Officers of the Institute, 1915 vi

List of Standing Committees for year ending 1915 vil

Members of the Institute, 1914 vili

Deceased Members xxll

List of Papers Published in Preceding Numbers xxill

List of Meetings of the Institute xzxil

Rules of the Institute 1

Minutes of the Nineteenth Annual Meeting 6

Report of the Council 15

Partial List of Members in Attendance at Nineteenth Meeting. . 27

Description of Mechanical Underground Shovel 30

PAPERS.

Use of Electricity at the Penn and Republic Iron Mines, Michigan,
by William Kelly and F. H. Armstrong; with discussion 35

Methods of Stocking Ore on the Marquette Range, by Lucien Eaton 72
General Outline of Mining Methods Used in the Copper Queen
Mine, Bisbee. Arizona , 100

The Sinking of a Vertical Shaft at the Palms Mine of the New-
port Mining Company, at Bessemer, Michigan, by Frank Black-
well; with discussion 116

Mining Methods on the Marquette Range, by Committee consisting
of H. T. Hulst, G. R. Jackson, W. A. Siebenthal; with discus-
sion 131

Steel Stocking Trestle at No. 3 Shaft, Negaunee Mine, by Stuart
R. Elliott; with discussion 142

Ventilation in the Iron Mines of the Lake Superior District, by Ed-
win Hlggins ; with discussion 154

FoUow-Up System and Method of Recording Injuries in Compliance
With the ''Workmen's Compensation Law," by Herbert J. Fisher.lT?

The Electrification of the Mines of The Cleveland-Cliffs Iron Com-
pany by F. C. Stanford ; with discussion 189

Titaniferous Ores in the Blast Furnace — ^A Recent Experiment, by
Dwlght E. Woodbrldge 223

Michigan Iron Ore Reserves; Methods of Appraisal for Taxation,
by R. C. Allen 229

The Caving System of Mining in Lake Superior Iron )bllnes, by J.
Parke Channing; with discussion 245

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IV INDEX TO VOLUME XIX

MISCELLANEOUS.

List of Iron Mining Properties of Michigan and Wisconsin, com-
piled by Carl C. Brewer 252

Report of the First Annual First-Aid Contest, by C. S. Stevenson .. 269

Past Officers of the Institute 279

List of Publications Received by the Institute 282

Producing Mines of Marquette Range 283

Idle Mines and Mines Being Developed in Marquette County 284

Abandoned Mines on Marquette Range 285

Iron Ore Shipments from Marquette Range 285

Lake Superior Iron Ore Shipments (1855 to 1913, Inclusive) 286

Biographical Notices 289

APPENDIX.

The Early History of the Marquette Iron Ore Range by George

A. Newett 297

History of Marquette Ore .Docks, by D. H. Merritt 305

A Trip to Lake Superior in 1853 (Narrative by Robert Kelly) 309

ILLUSTRATIONS AND MAPS.

Monument Jackson Forge, Negaunee, Mich Frontispiece

CoUinaVille Furnace near Marquette, 1860 Following page 228

Locks at Sault Ste. Marie, 1855

Cleveland Ore Dock, Marquette, 1873

Scene on the Ishpeming-Marquette Highway "

The Ropes Gold Mine "

New L. S. & I. Railway Dock at Marquette

Concentrating Plant at the American Mine, Diorite,

Mich, (near Ishpeming) "

Timber Tunnel, Negaunee Mine "

Approach to Hill Mine, at Marble, Western End of

Mesaba Range (Meeting 1913) "

Group Picture taken at Wawonowln Golf Club,

Ishpeming, Monday, August 31st, 1914 "

Picture taken at Marquette, Mich., November,

18G3 of Crew of Ste. Marie's Canal Mineral

Land Company Enroute to Houghton

Marquette Docks and Shipping; About 1861 "

Map of the Marquette Range Following page 323

Map of a Portion of the Marquette Iron Range,

Geological Survey of Michigan 1872 "

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Monument Erbctbd by the Jackson Iron Co.. to Mark the Spot Where
THE First Forge War Built by the Jackson Mining Co. in 1847.

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OFFICERS OF THE INSTITUTE

OFFICERS.

For the year ending with the close of the annual meeting, Sep-
tember 3rd, 1914.

PRESIDENT.

WM. H. JOHNSTON Ishpemlng, Mich.

(Term one year).

VICE PRESIDENTS.

FRANCIS J. WEBB Duluth, Minn.

A. D. EDWARDS Atlantic Mine, Mich.

(Term expires 1914).

CHARLES T. KRUSB Ishpeming, Mich.

CHARLES E. LAWRENCE Palatka, Mich.

LUTHER C. BREWER Ironwood Mich.

(Term expires 1915).

MANAGERS.

G. S. BARBER Bessemer, Mich.

CHARLES H. BAXTER Loretto, Mich.

♦STUART R. ELLIOTT Negaunee, Mich.

(Term expires 1914).

W. A. SIEBENTHAL Republic, Mich.

J. S. LUTES Biwabik, Minn.

(Term expires 1915).

TREASURER.

E. W. HOPKINS Commonwealth, Wis.

(Term one year).

SECRETARY.

A. J. YUNGBLUTH Ishpeming, Mich.

(Term one year).

(The above officers constitute the council).

•To fill vacancy of Wm. H. Johnston, elected to presidency.

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Yl OFFICERS OF THE INSTITUTE

OFFICERS.

The following is list of officers elected at the annual meeting,
September 1st. 1914, also the officers holding over from the previous
year which are indicated by an asterisk.

PRESIDENT.

L. M. HARDENBURG Hurley, Wis.

(Term one year).

VICE PRESIDENTS.

♦CHARLES T. KRUSE Ishpeming. Mich.

♦CHARLES E. LAWRENCE Palatka. Mich.

♦LUTHER C. BREWER Ironwood, Mich.

(Term expires 1915).

GEORGE R. JACKSON Princeton, Mich.

THOMAS A. FLANNIGAN Gilbert, Minn.

(Term expires 1916).

MANAGERS.

♦W. A. SIEBENTHAL Republic, Mich.

♦J. S. LUTES Biwabik, Minn.

(Term expires 1915).

HENRY ROWE Ironwood, Mich.

M. E. RICHARDS Virginia, Minn.

ENOCH HENDERSON Houghton, Mich.

(Term expires 1916).

TREASURER.

E. W. HOPKINS Commonwealth, Wis.

(Term one year).

SECRETARY.

A. J. YUNGBLUTH Ishpeming Mich.

(Term one year).

(The »bgve officers constitute the council).

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LIST OF STANDING COMMITTEES VII

LIST OF STANDING COMMITTEES FOR YEAR END-
ING 1915.

PRACTICE FOR THE PREVENTION OF ACCIDENTS.

C. E. LAWRENCE, Chairman Palatka, Mich.

WM. CONIBEAR Ishpeming, Mich.

W. H. SCHACHT Painesdale, Mich.

M. H. GODFREY Virginia, Minn.

P. S. WILLIAMS Ramsay, Mich.

CARE AND HANDLING OF HOISTING ROPES.

W. A. COLE. Chairman Iron wood, Mich.

O. D. M'CLURE Ishpeming, Mich.

J. S. JACKA Crystal Falls Mich.

W. J. RICHARDS Palnesdale, Mich.

A. TANCIG Hibbing, Minn.

PAPERS AND PUBLICATIONS.

WILLIAM KELLY, Chairman Vulcan, Mich.

J. H. HEARDING Duluth, Minn.

F. W. M'NAIR Houghton, Mich.

J. E. JOPLING Ishpeming, Mich.

FRANK BLACKWELL Ironwood, Mich.

BUREAU OF MINES.

M. M. DUNCAN, Chairman Ishpeming, Mich.

F. W. DENTON Palnesdale, Mich.

A. J. YUNGBLUTH, Secretary Ishpeming, Mich.

BIOGRAPHY.

J. H. HEARDING, Chairman Duluth, Minn.

R. A. DOUGLAS Ironwood, Mich.

M. B. M'GEE Crystal Falls, Mich.

W. H. NEWETT Ishpeming, Mich.

JAMES FISHER Houghton, Mich.

MINING METHODS ON THE GOGEBIC RANGE.
Committee to consist of three members to be appointed later.

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Vlll MEMBERS OF THE INSTITUTE

' MEMBERS OF THE INSTITUTE 1914.

HONORARY MEMBERS.

DOUGLAS, JAMES 99 John St., New York City

POMPELLY, RAPHAEL Dublin, N. H.

VAN HISE, C. R Madison, Wis.

WINCHELL, N. H 501 East River Road, Minneapolis, Minn.

LIFE MEMBERS.

KELLY, WILLIAM Vulcan, Mich.

SILLIMAN, A. P Hibbing, Minn.

ACTIVE MEMBERS.

ABBOTT, C. E 1405 Minnesota Ave., Bessemer, Ala.

ABEEL, GEORGE H Ironwood, Mich.

ABEEL, GEO. H., JR Ironwood, M'ch.

ADAMS, DAVID T 516 Providence Bldg., Duluth, Minn.

ADGATE, FREDERICK W 419 Rookery Bldg., Chicago, Ills.

AISHTON, R. H 215 W. Jackson Blvd., Chicago, Ills.

ALLEN, R. C Lansing, Mich.

AMBERG, J. W 1400 Fulton St., Chicago, Ills.

AMBERG, WILLIAM A 1400 Fulton St., Chicago, Ills.

ANDREWS, C. E Escanaba, Mich.

APPLEBY, WILLIAM R School of Mines, Minneapolis, Minn.

ARMSTRONG, FRANK H Vulcan, Mich.

ATKINS, SAMUEL E 909 Alworth Bldg., Duluth, Minn.

BAER, HENRY L Hancock, Mich.

BALDWIN, C. KEMBLE 1070 Old Colony Bldg., Chicago, 111.

BALL, EDWIN Birmingham, Ala.

BANDLER, ARTHUR S 30 E. 23rd St., New York City

BARABE, C. A Ishpeming, Mich.

BARBER, G. S Bessemer, Mich.

BARBER, MAX H Nashwauk, Minn.

BARR, J. CARROLL Crosby, Minn.

BARROWS, WALTER A., JR Brainerd, Minn.

BATCHJ3LDER, B. W Nashwauk, Minn.

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AffiMBERS OF THE INSTITUTE IX

fiAYLiSS, WILLARD Eveleth, Minn.

BAXTER, CHARLES HOMER Loretto, Mich.

BELDEN, WILLIAM P... Ishpeming, Mich.

BENEDICT, C. HARRY Lake Linden, Mich.

BENGRY, WILLIAM H Paldtka, Mich.

BENNETT, R. M 710 Security Bank Bldg., Minneapolis, Mintl.

BIGELOW, C. A Ishpeming, Mich.

BINNY. JOSEPH McKinley, Minn.

BITTCHOPSKY, A. C Cleveland, Ohio.

BJORK, ARVID CrysUl Falls, Mich.

BLACKWELL, PRANK Ironwood, Mich.

BOLEY, W. E Baltic, Mich.

BOLLES, PRED R Houghton, Mich.

BOND, WIIJLIAM Ironwood, Mich.

BONE. ALFRED Princeton, Mich.

BOSS, CLARENCE M 200 Wolvin Bldg, Duluth, Minn.

BOWDEN, RICHARD .Trimountain, Mich.

BOWEN, REUBEN Pittsburg, Pa.

BOWERS, E. C Iron River, Mich.

BRADT, E. P Jones & Laughlin Bldg., Pittsburg, Pa.

BRADY, SAMUEL Rockland, Mich.

BREITUNG, EDWARD N Marquette, Mich.

BRETT, HENRY Calumet, Mich.

BRETTING, R. C Ashland, Wis.

BREWER, CARL Crystal Falls, Mich.

BREWER, LUTHER C Ironwood, Mich.

BRIGHAM, E. D 215 Jackson Blvd., Chicago, Ills.

BROWN. JOHN JACOB Carteret, N. J.

BROWN, W. G 302 W. Superior St., Duluth, Minn.

BURDORP, HARRY A 2316 Garfield Ave., S., Minneapolis, Minn.

BURNHAM, R 936 Metropolitan Bldg., Minneapolis, Minn.

BURR. FLOYD L Vulcan, Mich.

BURT, JOHN H Virginia, Minn.

BUSH. JOHN M Republic, Mich.

BUSH, E. G 909 Alworth Bldg., Duluth, Minn.

CADDY, THOMAS Hibbing, Minn.

CAINE, D. T Gilbert, Minn.

CAIRNS, FREDERICK I Houghton, Mich.

CALVERLEY, W. D Houghton, Mich.

CAMERON, ALLEN Calumet, Mich.

CAMPBELL, D. H Iron River, Mich.

CARBIS, FRANK Iron Mountain, Mich.

CARMICHAEL, WILLIAM Biwabik, Minn.

CARNAHAN, ARTHUR L 101 Milk St., Boston, Mass.

CARROL, MICHAEL J Houghton, Mich.

CARROLL, RICHARD , .Houghton, Mich.

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X MEMBERS OF THE INSTITUTE

CARROLL, JAMES R .Houghton, Mich.

CARROLL, PHILIP Houghton, Mich.

CARSON, JOHN A Appleton, Wis.

CARTER, RAYMOND B 301 W. Randolph St.. Chicago, Ills.

CASH, P. H Knney. Minn.

CHAMPION, CHARLES Beacon, Mich.

CHAMPION, JOHN Iron River, Mich.

CHANNING, J. PARKE 61 Broadway, New York City

CHARLTON, WILLIAM H...901 Buena Vista St., San Antonia. Texas

CHARLTON, D. E Virginia, Minn.

CHASE, PHILO P Ishpeming, Mich.

CHEYNEY, H. C 215 Jackson Blvd., Chicago, Ills.

CHINN, WILLIAM P Gilbert, Minn.

CHRISTENSEN, GEORGE L Houghton. Mich.

CHRISTIANSEN, PETER.... 217 Union St., S. E., Minneapolis, Minn.

CHURCH, EDWARD Marquette, Mich.

CHYNOWETH, B. F Houghton, Mich.

CLARK, WESLEY Copper Palls. Mich.

CLARK, KIMBALL Kimball, Wis.

CLIFFORD, J. M Green Bay, Wis.

COKEPAIR FRANK A Providence Bldg., Duluth. Minn.

COLE. THOMAS F Duluth, Minn.

COLE, WILLIAM T Ishpeming, Mich.

COLE, CHARLES D Ishpeming, Mich.

COLE, WILLIAM A Ironwood, Mich.

COLE, WILLIAM H 302 Glencoe Bldg , Duluth, Minn.

COLEMAN, MILTON W ....Virginia. Minn.

COMSTOCK, HENRY Mineville. New York

COMSTOCK, EHLING H Minneapolis. Minn.

COOK, CHARLES W. .. .Economics Bldg., U of M., Ann Arbor, Mich.

CONIBEAR, WILLIAM Ishpeming, Mich.

CONNORS, THOMAS Negaunee, Mich.

CONOVER, A. B 171 Lake St., Chicago, Ills.

COOPER, CLAUDE H Hancock, Mich.

COPELAND, FRANKLIN Vulcan, Mich.

CORY, EDWIN N Negaunee, Mich.

COVENTRY, F. L Hibbing. Minn.

COYNE, WILLIAM Wilmington, Del.

CRAM, FRED W Nashwauk. Minn.

CROSBY, GEO. H Lonsdale Bldg., Duluth, Minn.

CROWELL, BENEDICT Cleveland. Ohio

CUNDY, H. J Iron Ridge, Dodge Co., Wis.

CUNNINGHAM, MARK H Freda, Mich.

DALTON, H. G Cleveland, Ohio

DAUME, PEERLESS P Painesdale, Mich.

DAVEY, THOMAS H Eveleth, Minn.

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Members dF the institute xi

DAVIDSON, O. C Iron Mountain, Mich.

DAVIDSON. WARD P Iron Mountain. Mich.

DAVIS. W. J Wakefield, Mich.

DEAN. DUDLEY S 87 Milk St, Boston, Mass.

DEHAAS. NATHAN G Marquette, Mich.

DENTON. F. W Palnesdale, Mich.

DESOLLAR, TENNY C Hancock, Mich.

DESROCHERS, GEORGE E Pineville, St. Louis Co., Minn.

DIBBLE, S. E 801 Fidelity Bldg., Duluth, Minn.

DICKERMAN, ALTON L 70 State St, Boston, Mass.

DIEHL. ALFRED S Coleralne, Minn.

DONAHUE, E. J. W 41617 Lonsdale Bldg., Duluth, Minn.

DONOVAN, PERCY W Brainerd, Minn.

DORMER, GEORGE H Eveleth, Minn.

DOTY, O. P., JR Palatka, Mich.

DOUGLAS, ROBERT A Ironwood, Mich.

DOW, HERBERT W Milwaukee, Wis.

DRAKE. FRANK 79 Milk St, Boston, Mass.

DUDLEY, HARRY C 807 Lonsdale B^dg., Duluth, Minn.

DUNCAN, MURRAY M Ishpeming. Mich.

DUNSTER, CARL B Marquette, Mich.

EATON, LUCIEN Ishpeming, Mich.

ECKSTROM, ALEXANDRE J Keewatin, Minn.

EDWARDS, A. D Atlantic, Mich.

EISELE, GEORGE J Iron MounUin, Mich.

ELDREDGE, A. B Marquette, Mich.

ELLIOTT MARK Virginia, Minn.

ELLIOTT, STUART R Negaunee, Mich.

EMMONS, WILLIAM H Minneapolis, Minn.

ERDLETS. J. F. B.. JR 5 London Wall Bldg., E. C.

ERICKSON, CARL E Ironwood, Mich.

ESSELSTYN, J. N Sugar Loaf, Colo.

FACKENTHAL, B. F., JR RiegelsvlUe, Pa.

FAIRBAIRN, CHARLES T Woodward Bldg., Birmingham, Ala.

FAIRCHILD, DAVID L 500 Lonsdale Bldg., Duluth, Minn.

PARRBLL, AUSTIN Marquette, Mich.

fay; JOSEPH .Marquette, Mich.

PELCH, THEODORE A Ishpeming, Mich.

FELLOWS. OTIS D, JR Redridge, Mich.

FELVER, HOWARD C Houghton, Mich.

FERGUSON, J. A 316 W. Superior St, Duluth, Minn.

FESING, HERMAN W Houghton, Mich.

FISHER, HENRY Lake Linden, Mich.

FISHER. JAMES, JR Houghton, Mich.

FI8HWICK, EDWARD T COth & Greenfield Aves., Milwaukee, Wis.

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Xli MEMBERS OF THE INSTITUTE

FITCH, WALTER Eureka, Utah

PDANNIGAN. THOMAS A GUbert, Minn.

FLODIN, NELS P Marquette. Mich.

FOOTE, GEORGE C Port Henry, New York

FORBES, GUY R 329 Hemlock St., Virginia, Minn.

FORMIS, ANDRE Iron River, Mich.

FOX, M. J Iron Mountain, Mich.

FRASER, WILLIAM H Crystal Falls, Mich.

GARDNER, OCTAVE D ;... Calumet, Mich.

GARDNER, W. A 215 Jackson Blvd., Chicago, Ills.

GAY, JOSEPH E 15 William St., New York City

GAYNOR, WILLIAM E Duluth, Minn.

GHOLZ, ARTHUR L Crystal Falls, Minn.

GIBSON, WILLIAM M Calumet, Mich.

GIBSON, T. THOBURN Amasa, Mich.

GILCHRIST, J. D 1405 Downing St., Denver, Colo.

GISH, JOHN R Beaverdam, Wis.

GLASS, FRANK A Brainerd, Minn.

GODFREY, M. H Virginia, Minn.

GOODALE, GEORGE S Houghton, Mich.

GOODELL, H. S Houghton, Mich.

GOODMAN, FRANK B Hurley, Wis.

GOODSELL B. W .31 W. Lake St., Chicago, Ills.

GOODNEY, S. .J Stambaugh, Mich.

GOUDIE, JAMES Ironwood, Mich.

GOULD, E P Cincinnati, Ohio

GOW, ALEXANDER M Wolvin Bldg., Duluth, Minn.

GRAFF, W. W Ishpeming, Mich.

GRABOWSKY, CHARLES Virginia, Minn.

GRANT, B. F 025 W. 4l8t Drive, Los Angeles, California

GREEN, A. C Halsted and 48th Sts., Chicago, Ills.

GRIERSON, EDWARD S Calumet, Mich.

GRIBBLE, SAMUEL J Ironwood, Mich.

HALLER, FRANK H Osceola, Mich.

HALLINGBY, OLE Calumet, Mich.

HALLODAY, FRED H Chisholm, Minn.

HAMILTON, ORR R Lansing, Mich.

HAMPTON, H. C 165 Lake St., Chicago, Ills.

HANNA, L. C Cleveland, Ohio

HARDENBURG, L. M Hurley, Wis.

HARRIS. H. R Marquette, Mich.

HARRIS, JOHN L Hancock, Mich.

HARRIS, S. B Hancock, Mich.

HARRIS, S. T Houghton. Mich.

HARRISON, G. E Hibbing, MUin.

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MEMBERS OF THE INSTITUTE Xlll

HARVEY, W. H Eveleth, Minn.

HAYDEN, GEORGE S Ishpeming, Mich.

HAYDEN, J. ELZEY Ishpeming, Mich.

HEARDING, JOHN H Duluth, Minn.

HEATH, GEORGE L Hubbell, Mich.

HEGGATON, WM. S Negaunee, Mich.

HEIM, HARRY R 936 Metropolitan Life Bldg., Minneapolis, Minn.

HELPS, S. E Eveleth, Minn.

HELMER, CHESTER E 558 W. 7th St., Winona, Minn.

HENDRICK, C. E Virginia, Minn.

HENDERSON, ENOCH Houghton, Mich.

HEYN, HOWARD A Ishpeming, Mich.

HICKOK, ELBERT E 173 W. Lake St , Chicago, Ills.

HICKS. B. W Warren, Ills.

HICOK, J. H Hancock, Mich.

HIGGINS, EDWIN Bureau of Mines, Pittsburg, Pa.

HILL, STACEY H Providence Bldg., Duluth, Minn.

HINE. S. K Girard, Ohio

HINGSTON, E. C 707 Alworth Bldg., Duluth, Minn.

HITCHENS, JOHN H Iron Mountain, Mich.

HOATSON, THOMAS Laurium, Mich.

HOCKING, RICHARD O Keewatin, Minn.

HODGE, JOHN E Minneapolis, Minn.

HODGE, RICHARD Shenango Mine, Chisholm, Minn.

HODGSON, JOSEPH Bisbee, Arizona

HOLLEY, CARLOS E Bessemer, Mich.

HOLLEY, A. B Virginia, Minn.

HOLM AN, J. WINCHESTER.... 1420 Monadnock Bldg., Chicago, Ills.

HOLTHOFF, HENRY C Juneaa Place, Milwaukee, Wis.

HONNOLD, W. L Box 2269 Johannesburg, South Africa

HOOD, O. P Pittsburg, Pa.

HOSKINS, SAMUEL Hurley, Wis.

HOOSE, J. WILLIAM Iron Mountain, Mich.

HOPKINS, E. W Commonwealth, Wis.

HORE, REGINALD E Houghton, Mich.

HOUSE, ALLAN C '. Cleveland, Ohio

HOVLAND, JOSEPH T Hibbing, Minn.

HUBBARD, LUCIUS L Houghton, Mich.

HUHTALA, JOHN Palmer, Mich.

HULST, HARRY T Ishpeming, Mich.

HULST, NELSON P 300 Knapp St , Milwaukee, Wis.

HUNNER, EARL E 610 Sellwood Bldg, Duhith, Minn.

HUNNER. H. H Hibbing, Minn.

HUNTER. ROY D 1506 Railway Exchange Bldg., Chicago, Ills.

HURTER. CHARLES S Hercules Powder Co., Wilmington, Del.

HUTCHINSON, FRANK Riverton, Minn.

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XIV MEMBEkS OF THE INSTITUTE

IMHOFF, WALLACE G 6805 Penn. Ave., Pittsburg. PA.

IRELAND, JAMES D 701 Sellwood Bldg., Duluth, Minn.

JACKA, JOSIAH S Crystal Palls. Mich.

JACKSON, C Madison, Wis.

JACKSON, GEORGE R Princeton, Mich.

JACKSON, FRANK W Market and Randolph Sts., Chicago, Ills.

JANSON, F. A Norway, Mich.

JENKS, C. O Superior, Wis.

JENKS, FRANK G Marquette, Mich.

JETTNER, AUGUST R 171 W. Randolph St. Chicago, Ills.

JEWELL, SAMUEL Negaunee, Mich.

JEWETT, FRANK G 710 Security Bank Bldg., Minneapolis, Minn.

JOBE, WILLIAM H Palatka, Mich.

JOHNSON, R. M Greenland, Mich.

JOHNSON, EDWIN F Virginia. Minn.

JOHNSON. O. MARTIN Ishpeming, Mich.

JOHNSON. HENRY O Virginia, Minn.

JOHNSON, NELS Keewatin, Minn.

JOHNSTON, WILLIAM H Ishpeming. Mich.

JOHNSTONE, ORLAND W Duluth, Minn.

JOLLY, JOHN Painesdale, Mich.

JONES, B. W Vulcan. Mich.

JOPLING, ALFRED O Marquette, Mich.

JOPLING, JAMES E Ishpeming. Mich.

JOPLING, M. W Marquette. Mich.

JORY, WILLIAM Princeton. Mich.

KARKEET, J. H Iron Mountain, Mich.

KAUFMAN, HARRY L Marquette, Mich.

KEAST, WILLIAM J Houghton. Mich.

KEESE, FRANK E Ishpeming, Mich.

KENNEDY, F. A University of Wisconsin. Madison, Wis.

KIEREN, JOSEPH Gilbert. M.nn.

KIRKPATRICK, J. CLARK Escanaba. Mich.

KITTS, THOMAS J Houghton, Mich.

KLEFPMAN, JOHN Hibbing, Minn.

KLINGLUND, F. D Palmer. Mich.

KNAPP, GEO. F G02 Rockefeller Bldg., Cleveland, Ohio

KNEIP, L. H. P Palmer, Mich.

KNIGHT, J. B Norway, Mich.

KNIGHT, R. C Eveleth. Minn.

KNOX, JOHN JR Calumet, Mich.

KOEPEL, ED Beacon Hill. Mich.

KREITTER, JOHN W Proctor, Minn.

KRUSE, CHARLES T Ishpeming, Mich.

KURTZMAN. P. L McKinley, Minn.

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MEMBERS OF THE INSTITUTE XV

LADD, DAVID H 110 Front St., Hancock Mich.

LAIST, ALEXANDER Hancock. Mich.

LAMBRIX, MICHAEL Hurley, Wis.

LAMONT, JOHN D Virginia, Minn.

LANE, ALFRED C Tufts College, Mass.

LANG. S. S Houghton, Mich.

LA ROCHELLE, LOUIS Box 9, Houghton, Mich.

LARSSON, PER Striburg, Sweden

LA RUE. WILLIAM G 1504 Alworth Bldg., Duluth, Minn.

LASIER. F. G Birmingham, Mich.

LAWRENCE, CHARLES E Palatka, Mich.

LAWTON, CHARLES L Hancock, Mich.

LEACH. EDWARD J Hancock, Mich.

LEOPOLD, N. F 108 Dearborn St., Chicago, Ills.

LETZ. JOHN F 6G2 12th St , Milwaukee, Wis,

LIBBY, DR. E. M Iron River, Mich.

LINDBERG, JOHN FREDERICK Hibbing, Minn.

LINN. A. E Norway, Mich

LOCHER, W. H Duluth, Minn.

LOHNEIS, HENRY G Virginia, Mina

LONGYEAR, E. J 710 Security Bank Bldg., Minneapolis, Minn.

LONGYEAR, J. M Marquette, Mich.

LONSTORF. GEORGE J 2301 Grand Ave., Milwaukee, Wis.

LOUDENBACK, CLYDE 1 228 W. Randolph St.. Chicago, Ills.

LUKEY, FRANK Hurley, Wis.

LUKEY, PRANK G Houghton, Mich.

LUTES, J. S Biwabik, Minn.

LYNCH, THOMAS F Houghton, Mich

MAAS, ARTHUR E 352 29th St., Milwaukee, Wis.

MAAS, GEORGE J Negaunee, Mich.

MACE. ROBERT E Wolvin Bldg , Duluth, Minn.

MACKILLICAN, JAMES A Hibbing, Minn.

MACNAUGHTON, JAMES Calumet, Mich.

MACOMBER, F. B No. 507 S. Clinton St., Chicago, Ills.

MANVILLE, T. F Madison Ave. and 41st Street, New York City

MARS. WILLIAM P Duluth, Minn.

MARSHALL, NEWTON C Winona Mich.

MARTIN, ALFRED Crystal Falls, Mich.

MATHER, S. LIVINGSTON Rockefeller Bldg., Cleveland, O.

MATHER, WILLIAM G Rockefeller Bldg., Cleveland, Ohio

MATTHEWS, C. H 801 Fidelity Bldg., Duluth, Minn.

MATTHEWS, ABE, JR Crystal Falls, Mich.

MEADS, ALEXANDER P Marquette, Mich.

MERCER, HARRY T Painesdale, Mich.

MEUCHE, A. H Houghton, Mich.

MEYERS, WILLIAM R Princeton, Mich

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XVI MEMBERS OF THE INSTITUTE

MIDDLEMISS. BRUCE A ....Hibbing, Minil.

MILLAR, JOHN M Escanaba, Mich.

MILLER. L. B Wade Bldg.. Cleveland, Ohio

MILLS, FRANK P Grand Rapids, Minn.

MITCHELL, PENTECOST Duluth. Minn.

MITCHELL. EDWARD Marquette, Mich.

MITCHELL, R. J Eveleth, Minn.

MITCHELL, WILLIAM A ICth and Rockwell Sts., Chicago, Ills.

MITCHELL, SAMUEL J Marquette, Mich.

MITCHELL, HAROLD E Eve'iBth, Minn.

MOELLER, FRANKLIN 42 Chapman Ave., Cleveland, Ohio

MONROE, W. G Iron Mountain, Mich.

MOORE, C. F 920 Newhouse Bldg., Salt Lake City, Utah

MOORE. CLARENCE E Virginia, Minn.

MORGAN, DAVID T 54 California Ave., Detroit, Mich.

MO WATT, NEVILLE P ....3rd Ave. and Michigan St, Duluth, Minn.

MULLEN, THOMAS M Houghton, Mich.

MUNGER, CHARLES H Duluth. Minn.

MUNROE, HENRY S Columbia University, New York City

MURPHY, C. M IShpeming, Mich.

MURRAY, ROBERT Hibbing, Minn,

MYERS, ALBERT J Iron Mountain, Mich.

M'CLURE, O. D Ishpeming, Mich.

M'CORMICK, EDWARD Negaunee, MICh.

M'DONALD. D. B 303 Glencoe Bldg., Duluth, Minn.

M'DOWELL, JOHN .Hibbing, Minn.

M'GEE. M. B Crystal Falls, Mich.

M'GONAGLE, WILLIAM A Wolvin Bldg., Duluth, Minn.

M'GREGOR. SILAS J ..Iron Mountain, Mich.

M'INDOE, JAMES A Norway, Mich,

M'INTYRE, JOHN E Nogales, Arizona

M'LAUGHLIN. W. J Loretto, Mich.

M'LEAN, JOHN H Duluth, Minn.

M'LEAN, RICHARD EARLE Wells, Delta Co., Mich.

M'NAMARA, THOMAS B ' Ironwood, Mich,

M'NAIR, F. W Houghton. Mich.

M'NEIL, E. D Virginia, Minn.

M'RANDLE, WILLIAM E. R Bessemer, Mich.

NELSON. S. T 1170 W. Lake St., Chicago. Ills.

NELSON. JOHN E Negaunee, Mich.

NEWBY, WILLIAM Puritan P. O., N. Ironwood, Mich.

NEWETT, GEORGE A Ishpeming, Mich.

NEWETT, W. H Ishpeming. Mich.

NEWTON, L. L 1324 La Salle Ave., Chicago. Ills.

NICHOLAS, THOMAS J Palmer, Mich.

NICHOLS, F. W Houghton, Mich.

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MEMBERS OF THE INSTITUTE XVll

NICKERSON, H. F Houghton, Mich.

NIXON, JOHN A Ishpeming, Mich.

NOETZEL, BENJAMIN D Triraountain, Mich.

OBERG. ANTON C 503 Manhatten Bldg., Duluth, Minn.

OLCOTT, WILLIAM J Duluth, Minn.

ORBISON, THOMAS W Appleton, Wis.

ORR, FRANK D Lyceum, Bldg., Duluth, Minn.

OSBORN, CHASE S Sault Ste. Marie, Mich.

OVERPECK. HOLLIS W Box 617, Virginia, Minn.

PAINE, W. A. . 82 Devonshire St., Boston, Mass.

PAINE, FRANCIS W Houghton, Mich.

PARKER, RICHARD A 802 Equitable Bldg., Denver, Colo,

PASCOE, PETER W Republic, Mich.

PATRICK, RICHARD S 314-15 Sellwood Block, Duluth, Minn.

PEARCE, E. L Marquette, Mich.

FELLING, WILLIAM F. JR Carson Lake, Minn.

PENGILLY, EDWARD Crystal Falls, Mich.

PENNIMAN. DWIGHT C Curtis Court, Minneapolis, Minn.

PENTON, JOHN A Iron Trade Review, Cleveland, Ohio

PERKINS, SAMUEL J Ironwood, Mich.

PETERSON, A. Y Chlsholm, Minn.

PITKIN, S. H 682 W. Market St., Akron, Ohio

POTTER, OCHA Houghton, Mich.

POTTER, W. T Ishpeming, Mich.

POWELL, D. W Marquette. Mich.

POWELL, A. E Marquette, Mich.

PRESCOTT, FRED M Oregon St., Milwaukee, Wis.

PRESCOTT, L. L Menominee, Mich.

PRYOR, R. C Houghton, Mich.

PURSELL, H. E Kewanee, Illinois

QUIGLEY, G. J Antigo, Wis.

QUINE, JOHN THOMAS 413 Vine St., Ishpeming, Mich.

QUINN, CLEMENT KRUSE Virginia, Minn.

RAISKY, F. H Duluth, Minn.

RALEY, ROBERT J Ketchi-Gaumi Club, Duluth, Minn.

RANKIN, WILLIAM A Painesdale, Mich.

RASHLEIGH, WILLIAM J Aurora, Minn.

RAYMOND, HENRY A Rockefeller Bldg., Cleveland, Ohio

REDFERN, JOHN A ' Hibbing, Minn.

REDNER, A. E 216 Aurora location, Ironwood, Mich

REEDER, J. T Houghton, Mich.

REEDER, EDW!N C 1917 Fisher Bldg.. Chicago, Ills.

REEDER. J. H Houghton, Mich.

REHFUSS, LOUIS I LaCrosse, Wis.

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XVlll MEMBERS OF THE INSTITUTE

REIGART, JOHN R Princeton, Mich.

REIFEL. H. T Nashwauk, Minn.

REYNOLDS, M. K Ridge St., Marquette, Mich.

RICE, CLAUDE T 1420 Monadnock Bldg.. Chicago, Ills.

RICE, JOHN H Houghton. Mich.

RICE, C. W Milwaukee, Wis.

RICHARDS, WILLIAM J Crystal Palls, Mich.

RICHARDS, MORRIS EARL Crystal Falls, Mich.

RICHARDS, WILLIAM J Painesdale, Mich.

RICHARDS, GUY A Biwabik, Minn.

RICHEY, E. W 211 Railway Exchange Bldg., Chicago, Ills.

RIDLEY, FREDERICK WILLIAM Calumet, Mich.

ROBERTS, HARRY Duluth, Minn.

ROBERTS, ALTON t Marquette, Mich.

ROBERTSON, HUGH J Escanaba, Mich.

ROHN, OSCAR Butte, Mont

ROSE, ROBERT S Marquette, Mich.

ROSKILLY, JOSEPH Virginia, Minn.

ROUCHLBAU, LOUIS Minneapolis, Minn.

ROUGH, JAMES H Negaunee, Mich.

ROWE, HENRY , Ironwood, Mich.

ROWE, WM. C Bessemer, Mich.

RUMSEY, SPENCER S 610 Wolvin Bldg., Duluth, Minn.

BUNDLE, A. J Iron Mountain, Mich.

RUSSELL, JAMES Marquette, Mich.

RYAN, JOHN A Iron Mountain, Mich.

SALSICH, L. R Coleraine, Minn.

SCADDEN, FRANK Crystal Falls, Mich.

SCHACHT, WILLIAM H Painesdale, Mich.

SCHLESINGER H. J Milwaukee, Wis.

SCHUBERT, GEORGE P Hancock, Mich,

SEAMAN, A. E Houghton, Mich.

SEBENIUS, JOHN UNO Wolvin Bldg., Duluth, Minn.

SEEBER, R. R .Winona, Mich.

SEELYE, R. W^ Sault Ste. Marie, Ont.

SELDEN, WILLIAM H., JR Iron River, Mich.

SELLS, MAX Florence. Wis.

SELLWOOD, R. M Duluth, Minn.

SENTER, A. W Hubbell, Mich.

SHELDEN, R. SKIFF Houghton, Mich.

SHELDON, ALBERT F 112 N. Arch St., Marquette, Mich.

SHERLOCK, THOMAS Escanaba, Mich.

SHERRERD, JOHN M 340 Spring Garden St., Easton. Pa.

SHERWOOD, M. J Marquette, Mich.

SHIELDS, IRVIN J Houghton, Mich.

SHOVE, BRIGHAM W Ironwood, Mich.

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MEMBERS OF THE INSTITUTE XIX

SIEBENTHAL, W. A Vulcan, Mich.

SILL, GEO. A 507 Germain Bldg.. Los Angeles, CaT.

SILLIMAN, THOMAS B Coleraine. Minn.

SILVER, C. R 29 W. Lake St., Chicago, Ills.

SIMMONS. CHARLES Beacon, Mich.

SKINNER, MORTIMER B.558 5C0 W, Washington Blvd., Chicago, Ills.

SLINEY, DAVID J Ishpeming, Mich.

SMALL, H. H 4834 S. Halsted St., Chicago, Ills.

SMITH, FRED Kearsarge, Mich.

SMITH, WILLARD J Mohawk, Mich.

SMITH, CARL G Kearsarge, Mich.

SMITH, ALFRED L 28 Loraine St.. Pontiac, Mich.

SMYTH, H. L Rotch Bldg., Cambridge, Mass.

SOADY. HARRY Duluth, Minn.

SPARKS, BENJAMIN F 205 Ruby St., Houghton, Mich.

SPERR, F. W Houghton. Mich.

STAKEL, CHARLES J Ishpeming, Mich.

STANTON, F. McM 208 5th Ave., New York City

STANTON, J. R 11 William St., New York City

STEPHENS, JAMES Ishpeming, Mich.

STRONG. CLARENCE G Lunkenheimer Co., Cincinnati, Ohio

SUESS, JOSEPH E Negaunee, Mich.

SULLIVAN, A. J Chisholm, Minn.

SUTHERLAND, D. E Ironwood, Mich.

SWIFT, GEORGE D Duluth, Minn.

SWIFT, PAUL D Houghton, Mich.

TALBOYS, HENRY H 717 Providence Bldg., Duluth, Minn.

TAPPAN, WILLIAM M Hibbing, Minn.

TARR, S. W CIO Wolvin Bldg., Duluth, Minn.

THIEMAN EDWARD Florence, Wis.

THOMS, REUBEN KNIGHT Ely, Minn.

THOMPSON, CARMI A Room 222, G. N. Bldg., St. Paul, Minn.

THOMPSON, HENRY S Beacon, Mich.

THOMPSON, JAMES R Ishpeming, Mich.

TOWNSEND, C. V. R Negaunee, Mich.

TRAVER, WILBER H Fisher Bldg., Chicago, Ills.

TREBILCOCK, JOHN Ishpeming, Mich.

TREBILCOCK, WILLIAM North Freedom, Wis.

TREZONA, CHARLES Ely, Minn.

TREVARROW, HENRY Negaunee, Mich.

TREVARTHAN, W. J Bessemer, Mich.

TRIPP, CHESTER D 1515 Corn Exchange Bldg., Chicago, Ills.

TRUDGEON, JOHN Wakefield, Mich.

TUBBY, CHARLES W '<Uo Commerce Bldg., St. Paul, Minn.

TUFTS, JOHN W 900 Hackett Ave., Milwaukee, Wis.

TURNER, CHAS. N Colby-Abbott Bldg., Milwaukee, Wis.

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XX MEMBERS OF THE INSTITUTE

UHLER, FRED WALTER Al worth Bldg , Duluth. Minn.

ULRICH, WILLIAM P Chisholm, Minn.

UREN, WILLIAM J 124 College Ave., Houghton, Mich.

VALLAT, BENJAMIN W 347 E. Grand Block, Detroit, Mich.

VAN DYKE, W. D 910 Wells Bldg., Milwaukee, Wis.

VANDEVENTER, VIVIAN H Ishpeming, Mich.

VAN EVERA, JOHN R Marquette, Mich.

VAN EVERA, WILBUR Virginia, Minn.

VAN MATER, J. A 55 Wall St., New York City

VAN ORDEN, F. L Houghton, Mich.

VIVIAN, JAMES G 909 Alworth Bldg., Duluth, Minn.

VOGEL, F. A 25 Broad St., New York City

WADE, JEPTHA H Wade Bldg., Cleveland, Ohio

WAGNER, JOHN M Houghton. Mich.

WALKER. ROBERT S Fidelity Bldg., Duluth, Minn.

WALKER, ELTON WILLARD Mass, Mich.

WALL, JAMES S Iron River, Mich.

WALLACE, W. R Houghton. Mich.

WALLACE GEORGE Marquette, Mich.

WARE, JOHN FRANKLIN Forest and Five Oaks Ave., Dayton, O.

WARE, FRED Negaunee, Mich.

WARREN, O. B Hibbing. Minn.

WARRINER, S. D 437 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, Pa.

WATSON, CHARLES H Crystal Falls, Mich.

WP:ARNE, WILLIAM Hibbing, Minn.

WEBB, FRANCIS J 812 Fidelity Bldg., Duluth, Minn.

WEBB. WALTER M Gilbert. Minn.

WELLS. PEARSON 221 Van Dyke Ave., Detroit Mich.

WENGLER, MATT P 1055 Cambridge Ave., Milwaukee, Wis.

WESSINGER. W. E 610 Wolvin Bldg., Duluth, Minn.

WEST. WILLIAM J Hibbing, Minn.

WHEELWRIGHT, O. W Florence, Wis.

WHITE, WILLIAM Virginia. Minn.

WHITE, EDWIN E Ishpeming, Mich.

WHITE, J. W 1905 E. Superior St., Duluth, Minn.

WHITEHEAD, R. G Alpha, Mich.

WHITESIDE, JOHN W Ironwood. Mich.

WILCOX, LEE L Gilbert, Minn.

WILLARD, PAUL D Hibbing. Minn.

WILLEY, NORMAN W Hibbing, Minn.

WILKIXS. WILLIAM Ashland, Wis.

WILLIAMS, THOMAS H Ely, Minn.

WILLIAMS, PERCIVAL S Ramsay, Mich.

WILLIAMS, DEAN R 1213 Majestic Bldg, Milwaukee. Wis.

WILSON, EUGENE B Scranton, Pa.

Digitized byVjOOQlC

MEMBERS OF THE INSTITUTE XXI

WILSON. ARTHUR O Hibbing, Mlnn.

WILSON, W. G Palmer, Mich.

WINCHELL. HORACE V 505 Palace Bldg., Minneapolis, Minn.

WINTER. JOSEPH H Negaunee, Mich.

WITHERBEE, F. S Port Henry, New York

WOODBRIDGE, DWIGHT E Sellwood Bldg., Duluth, Minn.

WOODWORTH. G. L Iron River, Mich.

WOOLF. PERCIVAL J Monadnock Bldg., Chicago, Ills.

WORDEN. EUCLID P 571 SummH Ave., Milwaukee, Wis.

YATES. WILLIAM H 507 Alworth. Bldg.. Duluth, Minn.

YOUNG, H. OLIN Ishpeming, Mich.

YOUNGS, FRANK W Iron River, Mich.

YOUNGS. G. W Iron River, Mich.

YUNGBLUTH, A. J Ishpeming, Mich.

ZAPFFB, CARL 213 Citizens State Bank Bldg., Brainerd, Minn.

ZIMMERMAN, WALTER G Duluth, Minn.

Digitized byVjOOQlC

XXll

DECEASED MEMBERS

DECEASED MEMBERS.

ARMSTRONG, J. F 1898

BAWDEN, JOHN T 1899

BENNETT. JAMES H

BIRKHEAD, LENNOX ....1911

BROOKS, T. B 1902

BULLOCK, M. C 1899

COWLING. NICHOLAS ...1910

CONRO, ALBERT 1901

CLARK. H. S

CLEAVES. WILL S ..1910

CHADBOURNE, T. L 1911

CUMMINGS. GEO. P 1911

DANIELS, JOHN 1898

DEACON. JOHN 1913

DICKENSON. W. E 1899

DOWNING, W. H 1906

DUNCAN. JOHN 1904

DUNSTON. THOMAS B

GARBBRSON. W. R 1908

HALL, CHAS. H 1910

HARPER,' GEORGE V 1905

HASELTON. H. S 1911

HAYDEN, GEORGE 1902

HINTON, FRANCIS 189G

HOLLAND, JAMES 1900

HOLLEY, S. H 1899

HOUGHTON, JACOB 1903

HYDE, WELCOME

JEFFREY, WALTER M.. .1906

JOCHIM, JOHN W 1905

KOENIG, GEORGE A 1913

KRUSE, JOHN C 1907

LUSTFIELD, A 1904

LYON, JOHN B 1900

MAAS, WM. J 1911

MARR, GEORGE A 1905

MILLER, A. M 1912

MINER, A. B 1913

MITCHELL, SAMUEL ....1908

M'VICHIE, D 1906

M'NAMARA, T 1912

NINESE, EDMUND 1909

OLIVER, HENRY W 1904

PEARCE, H. A 1905

PERSONS. GEORGE R 1908

POPE, GRAHAM 1912

ROBERTS, E. S

ROWE, JAMES 1911

RYAN. EDWARD 1901

SHEPHARD, AMOS 1905

STANLAKE, JAMES 1910

STANTON, JOHN 1900

STEVENS, HORACE J 1912

STURTEVANT, H. B 1910

THOMAS, HENRY 1905

THOMAS, WILLIAM

TOBIN, JAMES 1912

TREVARTHEN. G. C 1898

TRUSCOTT, HENRY 1910

VAN DYKE, JOHN H 19CG

WALLACE. JOHN 1898

WHITE, PETER 1908

WHITNEY, J. D 1894

WILLIAMS, W. H 1897

LIST OF DECEASED MEMBERS REPORTED SINCE THE ANNUAL
MEETING OF 1913.

DRiAKE, J. M November 27, 1913

JEWETT, N. R 1914

LINSLEY, W. B January 10, 1914

COOPER JAS. B February 27. 1914

PHILBIN, D. M , August, 1914

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LIST OF PAPERS PUBLISHED IN PRECEDING NUMBERS XXlll

LIST OF PAPERS PUBLISHED IN PRECEDING
VOLUMES.

1893— Vol. I.

Page.

Soft Ore Mining on Lake Superior, by Per Larsson 13

The Geology of that Portion of the Menominee Range, East

of the Menominee River, by Nelson P. Hulst 19

1894— Vol. II.

Historical Address of the Retiring President, Nelson P. Hulst. . 11

Curvature of Diamond Drill Holes, by J. Parke Channibg 23

Historical Sketch of the Discovery of Mineral Deposits in the

Lake Superior Region, by H. V. Winchell 33

Partial Bibliography of the History of Mining on Lake Superior,

by H. V. Winchell 71

Two New Geological Cross-Sections of Keweenaw Point, With
a Brief Description of the Main Geological Features of

the Copper Range, by L. L. Hubbard 79

Ore Dressing on Lake Superior, by F. F. Sharpless 97

Sinking **C" Shaft at the West Vulcan Mine, Mich., by Wil-
liam Bond 105

A Pocket Stop, by William Kelly Ill

1895— Vol. III.

The Iron Ranges of Minnesota, Prepared as a Guide for Third

Annual Meeting, by H. V. Winchell 11

Mine Accidents — Address of the Retiring President. J. Parke

Channing 34

Distribution of Phosphorus and System of Sampling at the Pe-

wabic Mine, Michigan, by E. F. Brown 49

Efficiencies of Some Pumping Plants on the Menominee Range,

Michigan, by Per Larsson 56

Additional Pumping Data, Cleveland Iron Mining Co., by F.

P. Mills 63

The New Pumping Plant of the Stirling Iron & Zinc Co., New

Jersey (including results of an ofticial duty test), by J.

Parke Cbanning 64

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XXIV LIST OF PAPERS PUBLISHED IN PRECEDING NUMBERS

The Hoisting Plant of the Lake Mine, Cleveland Iron Mining

Company, by J. M. Vickers 69

The Relation of the Vein at the Central Mine, Keweenaw Point,

to the Kearsarge Conglomerate, by L. L. Hubbard 74

Open-Pit Mining, with Special Reference to the Mesabi Range,

by F. W. Denton 84

Communication Upon the Cost of Crushing Hard Hematite,

Minnesota Iron Co 93

1896— Vol. IV.

Electric Mine Haulage Plant, Pittsburg & Lake Angeline Iron

Company, by E. F. Bradt 9

Underground Electric Haulage Plant, Cleveland Lake Mine.

by James E. Jopling 17

Methods of Sampling Iron Ore, by C. T. Mixer 27

Comparative Tests of Bracing for Wooden Bents, by Edgar

Kidwell 34

The Steam Shovel in Mining, by A. W. Robinson 59

The Occurrence of Copper Minerals in Hematite Ore, by F.

W. Denton, Part I, J. H. Eby, Part II 69

A Single Engine Hoisting Plant, by T. F. Cole 81

The Pioneer Mine Pumping Engines, by H. B. Sturtevant 84

The Marquette Iron Range of Michigan, by George A. Newett.. 87

1898— Vol. V.

Some Observations on the Principle of Benefit Funds and Their
Place in the Lake Superior Iron Mining Industries, by Wil-
liam G. Mather, Retiring President 10

Mine Accounts, by A. J. Yungbluth 21

A System of Mining Ore Bodies of Uniform Grade, by E. F.

Brown 40

A New Iron-Bearing Horizon in the Kewatin, in Minnesota, by

N. H. Winchell 46

History of Exploration for Gold in the Central States, by C.

W. Hall 49

1900— Vol. VL

The Present Condition of the Mining Business, by William Kel-
ly, Retiring President 13

The Pewabic Concentrating Works, by L. M. Hardenburg 21

Electric Signals at the West Vulcan Mine, by A. W. Thomp-
son 27

Mine Dams, by James MacNaughton 37

Economy in the Manufacture of Mining Machinery, by Charles
H. Fitch , 44

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LIST OF PAPERS PUBLISHED IN PRECEDING NUMBERS XXV

Method of Mining at the Badger Mine, by O. C. DavidBon 52

Balancing Bailers, by William Kelly 54

1901— Vol. VII.

Some Early Mining Days at Portage Lake, by Graham Pope,

President 17-31

Steel Construction for Mines, by J. F. Jackson 32-43

Historical Sketch of Smelting and Refining Lake Copper, by

James B. Cooper 44-49

No. 5 Shaft at the Tamarack Mine, by W. E. Parnall, Jr 50-61

The Crystallization gf Mohawkite, Domeykite and Other Similar

Arsenides, by Dr. George A. Koenig 62-64

A Cause for Inaccuracy in Colorimetric Copper Determinations,

by Dr. George A. Koenig 65-67

The Testing and Control of the Product In a Modem Copper

Refinery, by George L. Heath 68-82

Corliss Cross-Compound Pumping Engine in Penobscot Mine,

by John A. Redfern 83-87

The Invasion of the Water Tube Boiler into the Copper Coun-
try, by O. P. Hood 88-93

A New Form of Mine Drill Bit, by Walter Pitch 94-100

College View of Mining Graduate, by F. W. McNair, President

M. C. of Mines 101-106

A Plea for Accurate Maps, by L. L. Hubbard 105-118

Tapping the Water in the Old Minnesota Mine, by S. Howard

Brady 119-120

1902— Vol. VIII.

Moisture in Lake Superior Iron Ores, by Dr. N. P. Hulst 21-33

The Use of Steel in Lining Mine Shafts, by Frank Drake 34-61

Geological Work on the Lake Superior Region, by C. R. Van

Hise 62-69

A New Changing-House at the West Vulcan Mine, by William

Kelly 70-74

A Comparison of the Origin and Development of the Iron Ores

of the Mesabi and Gogebic Ranges, by C. K. Leith 75-81

Efficiency Test of a Nordberg Air Compressor at the Burra

Burra Mine of the Tennessee Copper Co., by J. Parke Chan-

ning 82-88

The Mine Machine Shop, by J. F. Jackson 89-92

Map of Mesabi and Vermilion Ranges 93

1903— Vol. IX.

Sinking and Equipping No. 9 Shaft, Ashland Mine, by H. F.

EUard 24-38

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XXVI LIST OF PAPERS PUBLISHED IN PRECEDING NUMBERS

High Explosives, Their Safe and Economical Methods of Hand-
ling, by J. H. Karkeet 39-47

Mine Accounting by W. M. Jeffrey 48-62

Charcoal Iron Industry of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan,

by William G. Mather 03-88

Pioneer Furnace No. 2, Description 89-93

Iron Ores of Arctic Lapland, by Chase S. Osborn 94-113

A Card System for Mine Supply Accounts, by F. W. Denton 114-118

The Greenway Ore Unloader, Description 119-120

A New Changing House at the Cliffs Shaft Mine, by J. S.

Mennie 121-124

The Champion Mine Mill Intake Tunnel, by F. W. O'Neil 127-139

1904— Vol. X.

Iron and Steel Consumption, by George H. Abeel, Retiring

President 27-30

Titanium and Titaniferous Iron Ores, by Dr. Nelson P. Hulst.. 31-47

Practical Use of Magnetic Attractions, by V. S. Hillyer 48-59

Shaft Sinking Through Quicksand at Susquehanna Mine, by

H. 3. Sturtevant 60-65

An Underground Magazine and Electric Powder Thawer, by

William Kelly 66-71

The Hoisting Problem, by J. R. Thompson 72-87

The Geology of Some of the Lands in the Upper Peninsula, by

Robert Seldon Rose 82-100

Some Aspects o( the Analyzing and Grading of Iron Ores of

the Gogebic Range, by Edward A. Separk 103-126

The Bisbee, Arizona, Copper Camp, by Geo. A. Newett 127-143

Mining Methods in the Vermilion and Mesabi Districts, by Kirby

Thomas 144-157

The Gogebic Range, Historical 168-162

Brief Description of Steel Lining for Shafts, by J. R. Thomp-
son 163-164

1905— Vol. XI.

Menominee Range, by John L. Buell 3g.49

The Utilization of Exhaust Steam, by Means of Steam Regen-
erators and Low-Pressure Turbines on the Rateau System,
by L. Battu 50.79

Methods of Iron Ore Analysis Used in the Laboratories of the
Iron Mining Companies of the Lake Superior Mining Region
by W. A. Siebenthal 71-138

The Unwatering of the Hamilton and Ludington Mines, by

John T. Jones ^ 139-147

Determination of Angles of Diamond Drill Holes, by F. A.

Janson 148-161

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LIST OF PAPEkS PUBLISHED IN PRECEDING NUMBERS XXVll

Card System of Accounting for Mining Supplies, by W. M.

Jeffrey 152-163

A Method of Survey for Secondary Mine Openings, by F*loyd

L. Burr 104-172

Cargo Sampling of Iron Ores Received at Lower Lake Ports-*

Including the Methods Used in the Analysis of the Same,

by W. J. Raitle & Son 173-180

Notes on Some of the Recent Changes in the Equipment of the

Republic Mine, Michigan, by Frank H. Armstrong 181-189

Discussion of Mr. Battu's Paper on Steam Regenerator for

Hoisting Engines by the Rateau System 190-196

1906— Vol. XIL

Mines of the Lake Superior Copper District, by Horace J.

Stevens 8-24

The Geology of Keweenaw Point — A Brief Description, by Al-
fred C. Lane. State Geologist 81-104

The Importance of the Ordinary Sanitary Precautions in the
Prevention of Water Borne Disease in Mines, by B. W.
Jones, M. D 105-115

The Iron Ore Deposits of the Ely Trough, Vermilion Range,

Minnesota, by C. E. Abbott 116-142

Five Years of Progress in the Lake Superior Copper Country,

by J. F. Jackson 143-153

Salt Water in the Lake Mines, by Alfred C. Lane, State Geol-
ogist 154-163

A High Duty Air Compressor at the Champion Mine (Cop-
per), by O. P. Hood 164-176

1908— Vol. XIII.

The Iron Range of Minnesota, Prepared for the Program, by

Dwight E. Woodbridge 13-27

Mine Waters, by Alfred C. Lane, State Geologist, Michigan 03-152

The Hydro-Electric Plant of Penn Iron Mining Co., at Vulcan,

Mich., by T. W. Orbison and F. H. Armstrong 153-181

Automatic Throttle Closing Device for Hoisting Machinery, by

Spencer S: Rumsey 183-188

Structures of Mesabi Iron Ore, by N. H. Winchell 189-204

Acetylene as an Underground Light, by William F. Slaughter. .205-207
The Standard Boiler House of The Oliver Iron Mining Co., by

A. M. Gow 209-224

The Sampling of Iron Ores, by L. S. Austin 225-230

Standard Method for Sampling Cargoes of Iron Ore at Low-
Lake Ports— 1907— Oscar Textor ..231-233

Biographical Notices ... 235-252

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XXVni LIST OF PAPERS PUBLISHED IN PRECEDING NUMBERS

1909— XIV.

The Marquette Iron Range, by Geo. A. Newett 19-26

Compensation to Workmen in Case of Injuries, by Murray M.

Duncan 47-53

Sinking Reinforced Concrete Shafts Through Quicksand, by

Frederick W. Adgate 55-70

Mine Accidents, by John T. Quine 71-81

The Sociological Side of the Mining Industry, by W. H. Moul-

ton 82-98

Wood Preservation with Especial Reference to Mine Timbers,

by John M. Nelson, Jr 99-115

How Reforestation May Be Applied to the Mine Timber In-
dustry, by Thomas B. Wyman 116-130

Capillary Attraction in Diamond Drill 'Test Tubes, by J. E.

Jopling 131-139

The Brier Hill Concrete-Lined Shaft, by William Kelly 140-147

Code of Mine Signals — The Cleveland-Clifts Iron Company, by

O. D. McClure 147-155

A Diamond Drill Core Section of the Mesabi Rocks, by N. H.

Winchell 156-178

The Tariff on Iron Ore, by H. Olin Young 179-193

Biographical Notices 194-198

Reminiscences 202-215

1910— Vol. XV.

Underground Steel Construction, by R. B. Woodworth 45-99

A Diamond Drill Core Section of the Mesabi Rocks — II and

III, by N. H. Winchell 100-141

The Proper Detonation of High Explosives, by Chas. S. Hur-

ter 142-178

Underground Methods of Mining Used on the Gogebic Range,

by Percival S. Williams 179-194

The Company Surgeon, by E. M. Libby, M. D 195-200

The Indiana Steel Co., Gary, Ind.,- Brief Description 201-209

Steel Head Frame, No. 4 Shaft, Montreal Mine, by Frank B.

Goodman 209-211

Biographical Notices 212-218

1911— Vol. XVL

A Diamond Drill Core Section of the Mesabi Rocks — IV., by N.

H. Winchell C1-C9

Time Keeping System of the Crystal Falls Iron Mining Co., by

James D. Vivian ] . . . 70-76

Some Practical Suggestions for Diamond Drill Explorations, by

A. H. Meuche 77-81

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LIST OF PAPERS PUBLISHED IN PRECEDING NUMBERS XXIX

Standard Boiler House and Coal Handling System of the Crystal

Falls Iron Mining Co., by J. S. Jacka 82-87

Recording and Signalling Device for Mines, by John M. Johnson 88-99
Surveying and Sampling Diamond Drill Holes, by E. E. White.. 100-1 20
Social Surroundings of the Mine Employe, by Chas. E. Law-
rence 121-126

Time Keeping System and Labor Distribution at the Newport

Mine, by G. L. Olson 127-143

Square Set Mining at the Vulcan Mines, by Floyd L. Burr 144-155

Some Safety Devices of the Oliver Iron Mining Co., by Alex.

M. Gow 150-167

Diversion of the Sturgeon River at the Loretto Mine, by Chas.

H. Baxter 108-170

Raising Shaft on Timber in Hard Rock at the Armenia Mine, by

S. J. Goodney 171-170

Accidents in the Transportation, Storage and Use of Explosives,

by Charles S. Hurter 177-210

The Relations of the Mining Industry to the Prevention of

Forest Fires, by Thos. B. Wyman 211-217

Block Caving and Sub-Stope System at the Tobin Mine, by

Fred C. Roberts 218-226

The Cornwall, Pa, Magnetite Deposits, by E. B. Wilson 227-238

Top Slicing at the Caspian Mine, by Wm. A. McEachern 239-243

Electrical Operation qt the Plants of the Penn Iron Mining

Company, by Frank H. Armstrong 244-250

Reminiscences of the Gogebic Range, Ironwood in 1887, by

J. H. Hearding 251-257

Map of Menominee Iron Range, following page 265

Biographical Notices 259-260

1912—Vo\ XVII.

Methods of Sampling at Lake Superior Iron Mines, by Bene-
dict Crowell 76-93

System of Safety Inspection 6^ The Cleveland Cliffs Iron Co.,

by William Conibear 94111

Raising Shaft at Rolling Mill Mine, Negaunee, Mich., by Ed

w:n N. Cory 112-llG

Mine Sanitation, by E. B. Wilson 117-126

Unexpired Parts of the Copper Range of Keweenaw Point,

by Alfred C. Lane 127-143

Footwall Shafts in Lake Superior Copper Mines, by L. L.

Hubbard 144-161

Balancing Rock Crush»3rs, by O. P. Hood 162-166

Some Applications of Concrete Underground, by H. T. Mercer 167-185
Construction of Intakes at the Mills of the Trimounta!n and

Champion Mining Companies, by Edward Koepel 186-210

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XXX LIST OF PAPERS PUBLISHJiD IN PRECEDING NUMBERS

Description of an Air Balanced Hoisting Engine, Franklin

M ning Company, by R. H. Corbett 211-216

Rockhouse Practice of the Quincy Mining Company, by T. C.

DeSollar 217-226

In the Lake Superior Area What Influence If Any, Did the
Thickness and Contour of Foot-Wall Beds Have Upon the
Subsequent Deposition and Distribution of Copper in Over-
lying Beds, by L. L. Hubbard 227-237

Failures of the Rule of Following the Hang ng, in the Devel-
opment of Lake Superfor Copper Mines, by F. W. Sperr. . 238 246

Economical Lubrication, by W. M. Davis 247 259

Raising, Sinking and Concreting No. 3 Shaft, Negaunee Mine,

by S. R. Elliott 260-282

Rockhouse Practice of the Copper Range Consolidated Com-
pany, by H. T, Mercer 283-289

Map of Portage Lake Mining District, following page 295

Map of Mines and Properties Included in a Portion of the

Lake Superior Copper District, foPowiv -v^ £95

1913— -VOL. XVIII.

Report of Committee on the Practice for tU rreveution of Ac-
cidents 31-37

Sanitation for Mine Locations, by W. H. Moiilton 38-42

Winona Stamp-Mill, by R. R. Seeber 43-62

Safety in the Mines of the Lake Superior Iron Ranges, by Edwin

Higgins 03-84

What Our Neighbors Can Do in Mining Iron Ore, by Dwight E.

Woodbridge 85-89

Re-Lining No. 2 Hamilton Shaft With Reinforced Dividers, End

Plates and Poured Concrete Walls, by S. W. Tarr 90-102

Suggestions on the Application of Efficiency Methods to Mining,

by C. M. Leonard 103-107

Mine Laws, Special Rules and the Prevention of Accidents, by

E. B. Wilson 108-128

Concentrating at the Madrid Mine, by Benedict Crowell 129-132

Mining Methods on the Missabe Iron Range, by Committee, con-
sisting of Willard Bayliss, E. D. McNeil and J. S. Lutes 133-154

Wash Ores of Western Missabe Range and the Coleraine Con-
centrating Plant, by John Uno Sebenius 155-186

The Application of Mining Machines to Underground Mining on

the Mesabi Range, by H. E. Martin and W. J. Kaiser 187-lin

Opening the T^onidas Mine at Eveleth, Minnesota by H. E.

Loye 192-210

The New Change House at Vulcan Mine, by Fl-/d L. Burr 211-223

Discussion of Messrs. Bayliss*, McNeil's and Lr'^-s* Paper on

Mining Methods on the Missabe Iron Range (see p. 133) 227

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LIST OF PAPERS PUBLISHKt> IN PRECEDING NUMBERS XXXI

Discussion of the Report of Committee on the Practice for the

Prevention of Accidents (see p. 31) 228

Discussion of Mr. Wilson's Paper on Mine Laws, Special Rules

and the Prevention of Accidents (see p. 108) 229

Discussion of Mr. Higgins' Paper on Safety in the Mines of the

Lake Superior Iron Ranges (see p. G3) 231

Biographical Notices 235-240

Past Ofticera of the Institute 241-243

List of Publications Received by the Institute 244

Lake Superior Iron Ore shipments • 245

Picture of Members and Guests in Attendance Frontispiece

Appendix — Duluth and the Minnesota Iron Ranges by W. W. J.

Croze, Minimg Engineer 1-63

Map of Minnesota Iron Ranges Following page 32 of Appendix

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XXXn LIST OF MEETINGS OF TTIE

LIST OF MEETINGS OF THE INSTITUTE AND THEIR LOCALI-
TIES FROM ITS ORGANIZATION TO AUGUST, 1914.

No. Place. D.ate. Proceedings

1 Iron Mountain, Mich March 22-23, 1893 Vol. I

2 Houghton, Mich March 7-9, 1894 Vol. II

3 Mesabl and Vermilion Ranges. March G-8, 1895 Vol. Ill

4 Ishpeming, Mich August 18-20, 1896 Vol. IV

5 Ironwood. Mich August 16-18, 1898 Vol. V

C Iron Mountain, Mich February 6-8 1900 Vol. VI

7 Houghton, Mich March 5-9, 1901 Vol. VII

8 Mesabi and Vermilion RangesAugust 19-21, 1902 Vol. VIII

9 Ishpeming, Mich August 18-20, 1903 Vol. IX

10 Ironwood, Mich August 10-18, 1904 Vol. X

11 Iron Mountain, Mich October 17-19, 1905 Vol. XI

12 Houghtoa, Mich August 8-10, 1906 Vol. XII

13 Mesabi and Vermilion Ranges. June 24-27, 1908 Vol. XIII

14 Ishpeming, Mich August 25-27, 1909 ... . Vol. XIV

15 Ironwood, Mich August 24-26, 1910 Vol. XV

16 Crystal Falls, Mich August 22-24, 1911 Vol. XVI

17 Houghto 1, Mich August 28-30, 1912 Vol. XVII

18 Mesabi Range August 26-30, 1913 Vol. XVIII

19 Marquette Range Aug. 31 to Sept. 3, 1914 Vol. XIX

Note:— No meetings were held in 1897, 1899 and 1907.

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE

RULES OF THE INSTITUTE.

OBJECTS.

The objects of the Lake Superior Mining Institute are to promote
the arts and sciences connected with the economical production of
the useful minerals and metals in the Lake Superior region, and the
welfare of those employed in these industries, by means of meetings
of social intercourse, by excursions, and by the reading and discus-
sion of practical and professional papers, and to circulate, by means
of publications among its members, the information thus obtained.

11.
MEMBERSHIP.

Any person interested in the objects of the Institute is eligible
for membership.

Honorary members not exceeding ten in number, may be ad-
mitted to all the privileges of regular members except to vote. They
must be persons eminent in mining or sciences relating thereto.

in.

ELECTION OF MEMBERS.

Each person proposed as an honorary member shall be recom-
mended by at least ten members, approved by the Council, and elect-
ed by ballot at a regular meeting, (or by ballot at any time conduct-
ed through the mail, as the Council may prescribe), on receiving
nine-tenths of the votes cast.

IV.

WITHDRAWAL FROM MEMBERSHIP.

Upon the recommendation of the Council, any member may be
stricken from the list and denied the privilege of membership, by
the vote of three-fourths of the members present at any regular

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2 RULES OF THE

meeting, due notice having been mailed in writing by the Secretary
to him.

DUES.

The membership fee shall be five dollars and the annual dues
five dollars, and applications for membership must be accompanied
by a remittance of ten dollars; five dollars for such membership fee
and five dollars for dues for the first year. Honorary members shall
not be liable to dues. Any member not in arrears may become a
life member by the payment of fifty dollars at one time, and shall
not be liable thereafter to annual dues. Any member in arrears may,
at the discretion of the Council, be deprived of the receipt of pub-
lications or be stricken from the list of members when in arrears
six months; Provided, That he may be restored to membership by
the Council on the payment of all arrears, or by re-election after an
interval of three years.

VI.

OFFICERS.

There shall be a President, five Vice Presidents, five Managers,
a Secretary and a Treasurer, and these Officers shall constitute the
Council.

VII.
TERM OF OFFICE.

The President, Secretary and Treasurer shall be elected for one
year, and the Vice Presidents and Managers for two years, except
that at the first election two Vice Presidents and three Managers sl^all
be elected for only one year. No President, Vice President, or Manager
shall be eligible for immediate re-election to the same office at the ex-
piration of the term for which he was elected. The term of office
shall continue until the adjournment of the meeting at which their
successors are elected.

Vacancies in the Council, whether by death, resignation, or the
failure for one year to attend the Council meetings, or to perform
the duties of the office, shall be filled by the appointment of the
Council, and any person so appointed shall hold office for the re-
mainder of the term for which his predecessor was elected or ap-
pointed; Provided, That such appointment shall not render him in-
eligible at the next election.

VIII.

DUTIES OF OFFICERS.

All the affairs of the Institute shall be managed by the Coun-
cil except the selection of the place of holding regular meetings.

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 3

The duties of all Officers shall be such as usually pertain to their
offices, or may be delegated to them by the Council.

The Council may, in its discretion, require bonds to be given by
the Treasurer, and may allow the Secretary such compensation for
his services as they deem prop.er.

At each annual meeting the Council shall make a report of pro-
ceedings to the Institute, together with a financial statement.

Five members of the Council shall constitute a quorum; but the
Council may appoint an executive committee, business may be trans-
acted at a regularly called meeting of the Council, at which less than
a quorum is present, subject to the approval of a majority of the
Council, subsequently given in writing to the Secretary and recorded
by him with the minutes.

There shall be a meeting of the Council at every regular meeting
of the Institute and at such other times as they determine.

IX.
ELECTION OF OFFICERS.

Any five members not in arrears, may nominate and present to
the Secretary over their signatures, at least thirty days before the
annual meeting, the names of such candidates as they may select
for offices falling under the rules. The Council, or a committee there-
of duly authorized for the purpose, may also make similar nominations.
The aEsent of the nominees shall have been secured in all cases.

In case nominations are not made thirty days prior to the date
of the annual meeting for all the offices becoming vacant under the
rules, nominations for such offices may be made at the said meeting
by five members, not in arrears, and an election held by a written or
printed ballot.

X.
MEETINGS.
The annual meeting of the Institute shall be held at such time as
may be designated by the Council The Institute may at a regular

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4 RULES OF THE

meeting select the place for holding the next regular meeting. If no
place is selected by the Institute it shall be done by the Council.

Special meetings may be called whenever the Council may see fit;
and the Secretary shall call a special meeting at the written re-
quest of twenty or more members. No. other business shall be trans-
acted at a special meeting than that for which it was called.

No vote shall be taken at any meeting on any question not per-
laining to the business of conducting the Institute.

Every question that shall properly come before any meeting of
the Institute, shall be decided, unless otherwise provided for in these
rules, by the votes of a majority of the members then present.

Any member may introduce a stranger to any regular meeting;
but the latter shall not take part in the proceedings without the
consent of the meeting.

XI.

PAPERS AND PUBLICATIONS.

XII.

SPECIAL COMMITTEES.

The Council is authorized to appoint from time to time special
committees to consider and i«eport upon, to the Institute through the
Council, such subjects as changes in mining laws, safety devices,
the securing and editing of papers on mining methods, definition of
mining terms, affil.'ations with other societies, and such other sub-
jects as the Council shall deem it desirable to Inquire into, such re-
ports not to be binding on the Institute except action is taken by
the Institute in accordance with the rules, and the Council is

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 5

authorized to expend not exceeding six hundred dollars in any one
year to carry out the purpose of this section.

XIII.

AMENDMENTS.

These rules may be amended by a two- thirds vote taken by let-
ter ballot in the same manner as is provided for the election of
officers by letter ballot; Provided, That written notice of the pro-
posed amendment shall have been given at a previous meeting.

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BUSINESS MEETING

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NINETEENTH ANNUAL
MEETING, MARQUETTE RANGE.

LOCAL COMMITTEES.

Arrangements.
F. E. Keese, Chairman.

D. J. Sliney G. R. Jackson

E. N. Cory R. S. Rose S. .Jewell

C. A. Barabe O. D. McClure Austin Parrell

D. W. Powell Wm. Conibear H. S. Thompson

A. T. Roberts
Luclen Eaton
H. L. Kaufman

G. F. Ruez
W. H. Newett
J. R. Van Evera

H. R. Harris
C. J. Stakel

Thos. Walters
G. G. Barnett
W. P. Belden
T. A. Felch
E. E. White
Peter Pascoe
J, M, Longyear

Finance.
C. T. Kruse Chairman.
F. D. Klinglund H. T. Hulst

H. Huhtala T. J. Nichols

J. R. Thompson H. A. Heyn

Entertainment.
S. R. Elliott, Chairman.

J. E. Hayden
N. P. Flodin

J. H. Rough
J. M. Bush
M. W. Jopling

Transportation.
Geo. A. Newett, Chairman.

C. E. Lytle
J. H. Malloy C. A. Barabe

Reception.
M. M. Duncan, ChaTman.

S. J. Mitchell
Geo. J. Maas
J. H. Winter
M. J. Sherwood
H. O. Young
G. S. Hayden
J, B. Jopling

W. W. Graff

H. L. Smyth

E. N. Breitung

Jas. Russell

Jos. Fay

C. V. R. Townsend

W. S. Heggaton

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 7

Monday^ August 31ST, 1914.

The Nineteenth Annual Meeting of the Lake Superior
Mining Institute oi>enecl in Ishpeming on Monday, August
31st. Members and guests were met at incoming trains by
niemljers of the Local Committees, who escorted them to the
Nelson House, where headquarters were established. Here
they were supplied with badges, programs, copies of advance
l>ai)ers, and also tickets for local events. Arrangements were
also completed for the excursion trip to Detroit, Michigan.

At 9:30 a. m. the party left by special street cars for
Union Park, where a First Aid demonstration was held. This
feature of the program was under the supervision of the
Committee on "Practice for the Prevention of Acci-
dents," and was the first one held under the auspices of the
Institute, and proved very successful. A complete reix)rt of
the event is published in a special chapter, giving also the list
of prize winners.

At 12:30 luncheon was served at the Wawanowin (iolf
Club by the ladies of Grace Church for 230 guests. Follow-
ing the luncheon an interesting ball game was witnessed at
Union Park between the Ishpeming and Negaunee teams ; the
Xegaunee team being the winner.

'^t 3-15 the members and guests journeyed by automobiles
to the Athens- Mine at Negaunee, where a shaft is being
sunk, the ultimate depth of which will be over 2,000 feet. The
work of concreting is carried down and the steel dividings
placed, as sinking progresses. The powder plant for hoisting
and compressing is operated electrically; current for which
is furnished from the hydro-electric plant of the Cleveland-
Cliffs Iron Company under whose supervision the develop-
ment work is being conducted.

The Negaunee Mine, located near the Athens, was next
visited. During the past few years a new shaft has been sunk
and an entirely new surface plant installed. The new shaft
was put in commission in 1913, and is designated as No. 3.
The jx^wer plant is operated electrically from the hydro-elec-
tric plant of the Cleveland-ClifTs Iron Company. The grounds
around the property are well kept, shrubbery, vines and flow-
ers adorning the grassy plats, and present a very neat ap-
pearance. The steel stocking trestle w^as a feature of sjie-
cial interest to the visitors, it being the first of its kind erected
in the Lake Superior District, and is described in a paper by

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8 BUSINESS MEETING

S. R. Elliott, Superintendent. The machinery plant is also
described in the paper by F. C. Stanford, Chief Electrician. .
The party then went to Marquette by automobiles over the
splendidly macadamized county road which connects the two
cities. After inspecting the steel-concrete ore dock of the I^ake
Superior & Ishpeming Railway at Presque Isle, near Mar-
quette, the party proceeded to the Lake Shore Engine Works,
where a demonstration of their underground loading machine
was witnessed, attracting much attention. A banquet was
tendered the visitors in the pattern shop of the Lake Shore
Engine Works, which was artistically decorated for the occa-
sion, and over three hundred guests w'ere served. Lake Su-
I>erior whitefish was the feature of the menu.

In the evening the citizens of Marquette provided a mov-
ing picture entertainment at the opera house which included
some special features, among which was an interesting picture
of the Kimberly Diamond Mines of South Africa, also a
complete set of pictures of the surface and underground
equipment of the Witherbee, Sherman Company's mines at
Port Henry, New York, the latter set being furnished by
Edwin Higgins, Engineer, of The United States Bureau of
Mines, and made a specialty of the "Safety First" movement
as carried on by the Bureau. During the remainder of the
evening the Marquette Club and the Elks Club supplied lunches
for the visitors. Sleeping cars were provided for those de-
siring to make the trip to St. Ignace.

Tuesday, September ist, 1914.

The" sf^ecial train of the Duluth, South Shore & Atlantic
Railway left Marquette at six a. m., arriving at St. Ignace at
II o'clock. Immediately upon the arrival of the train the
party boarded the Steamer **City of Detroit ii'' of the D.
& C. line, for Detroit. A brief stop was made at Mackinac
Island. A business session was held on the boat at 2 o'clock,
which was called to order by W. H. Johnston, President, of
Ishpeming, who delivered the opening address, which was re-
sixMided to by W. H Emmons, Directoi", Minnesota Geolog-
ical Survey, Minneapolis, in behalf of the American Associa-
tion of State Geologists. F. W. DeWolf, Director, State
{Geological Survey of Illinois, Urbana, Ills., spoke on the
Kern-Foster bill now before Congress ; William Kelly, of the
Penn Iron Mining Company, Vulcan, Mich., replying to Mr.
DeWolf. R, C. Allen, State Geologist of Michigan, spoke in

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LAlCfi SUPERIOR MiKiNG INSTITUTE ^

reference to the trip made by the American Association of
State Geologists. The addresses are given in full in another
chapter.

The following papers were presented in oral abstract !
♦Use of Electricity at the Penn and Republic Mines—By Wm. Kel-
ly and P. H. Armstrong, Vulcan, Mich.

♦Methods of Stocking Ore on the Marquette Range — By Luclen
Eaton, Ishpeming, Mich.

♦The Sinking of a Vertical Shaft at the Palms Mine of the New-
port Mining Company at Bessemer, Mich. — By Frank Blackwell, Iron-
wood, Mich.

♦Mining Methods on the Marquette Range — Report by Committee.
♦Steel Stocking Trestle, at No. 3 Shaft, Negaunee, Mine— By S. R.
Elliott, Negaunee, Mich.

♦Ventilation in the Iron Mines of the Lake Superior District — By
Edwin Higgins, Pittsburg, Pa.

The following papers, in the absence of the authors, were
read by title:

♦General Outline of Mining Methods Used in the Copper Queen
Mine, Bisbee, Arizona — By Joseph Park Hodgson, Bisbee, Arizona.

♦Follow-Up System and Method of Recording Injuries in Compliance
With the Workmen's Compensation Law — By Herbert J. Fisher, Iron
River, Mich.

This concluded the reading of paj^ers for the afternoon
session.

On motion by William Kelly, the President appointed the
following a Committee on Nominations: William Kelly,
Lucien Eaton, William Bond, John A. Red fern and F. W.
Sj^err.

On motion by F. W. McNair, the President appointed the
following a Committee on Resolutions: F. W. McNair, J.
S. Lutes, W. H. Newett, Frank Carbis and P. S. Williams.

On motion by D. J. Sliney, the President apix)inted the
following a Committee to audit the l)ooks of the Secretary
and Treasurer: D. J. Sliney, C. E. Abbott and Thos. A.
Flannigan.

Committee to reix>rt at the evening session.

'Papers distributed in printed form.

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lO BUSINESS MEETING

ADDRESS OF WELCOME BY W. H. JOHNSTON, PRESIDENT.

Members and Guests of the Lake Superior Mining Institute: This
is the first good opportunity I have had to extend to you in behali
Oi the members and citizens of the Marquette Range a hearty wel-
come. After our visit last year to the big steel plant under construc-
tion at Duluth and many of the iron mines of Minnesota, we realized
how small our mines on the Marquette Range would look in compari-
son. We, however, prepared a program which we trust will meet
your approval. After several conferences with the local members
and some correspondence it was decided to spend one day on the
Marquette Range and then visit Detroit, the metropolis of our State,
and look over some of the large industrial works o? which Detroit
has many. We were assured of a hearty welcome and that an inter-
esting program would be prepared that would keep us busy during
our short stay.

We decided to hold our business meetings on the boat which would
give us a good opportunity for the discussion of the excellent papers
to be presented, for we would have ample time to do this. At our
recent meetings we have had so much work laid out for us oi an in-
teresting character that the discussion of papers has been somewhat
neglected and I trust that this meeting will be an exception and that
we will have a full and general discussion of the papers, for I regard
this as one of the important features of our meetings.

I regret that the attendance is not larger and am sure it would
have been under normal conditions. Quite a number who expressed
their intention of attending the meeting have since notified our Sec-
retary that they would be unable to do so and I have received a
telegram since leaving home from one of our ex-Presidents, Mr. W.
J. Olcott, expressing his regrets that he could not be with Us and
wishing us a very successful meeting and delightful trip.

Tomorrow morning a committee from the Detroit Board of Com-
merce will meet us and I understand have arranged so we will have
an opportunity to view the parade of the G. A. R., after which we
are to go at once to the Detroit Board of Commerce which is to be
headquarters while we are in Detroit.

I desire to take this opportunity to thank the members of our
committees who have assisted me in arranging for this meeting.

RESPONSE TO PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS, BY MR. W. H. EMMONa
OF MINNESOTA.

Gentlemen of the Lake Superior Mining Institute: On behalf of
the American Association of State Geologists, I wish to thank you
for your cordial invitation to be with you on this trip. There are,
I think, thirty-five state geologists in the United States. Of this num-
ber there were twenty on an excursion and meeting which has just
terminated, during which we were the guests of Mr. R. C. Allen, Di-

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Lake sOPEkiok mining Institute ii

rector of the State Geological Survey of Michigan. This morning and
last night telegrams began to come from various places for seversH
ol these men, and a number who had intended to be present at this
meeting found it would be necessary for them to go home, so there
are only about ten or a dozen of us left. I wish to express the sin-
cere regrets of those who were not able to attend this meeting.

After spending a number of years in various mining camps in
the western part of this country and then coming to Minnesota a
year or two ago, and up here, and visiting the deposits of this region,
the most striking thing, it seems to me, about the ore bodies of the
Lake Superior country is their great regularity and the great sta-
bility of the industries that depend on them. I think that those of
U3 to whose lot it has fallen to be placed in this favored region are
to be congratulated particularly at this time when the great mining
camps o! the West are curtailing production and many of them clos-
ing down. We should be particularly grateful that we have these
great syngenetic ore deposits of the Liake Superior region which seem
to stand the various vicissitudes of finance and politics and weather
the storm so well as they are weathering it now. In this connection
I would like to say that it seems to me that there is also a very seri-
ous responsibility resting on the members of this organization and on
all others who are interested in the great deposits of the Lake Su-
perior region. Now at the time when we may say a lower point, or
perhaps the lowest point in the trough of the curve of progress is
reached, when conditions perhaps are as serious as they have ever
been, is the time to think of the g^'eat problems in connection with
these deposits, in connection with working the lower grade ores and
lengthening the life of the deposits, and increasing the stability of
the industries depending upon them. In this, of course, we will all
have to play a part. I do not wish to anticipate the remarks of
my friend, Mr. DeWolf, of Illinois, who will have something to say
on that subject. I thank you, Mr. President and gentlemen.

MR. DEWOLF, SECRETARY OF ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA,

STATE GEOLOGIST, AND DIRECTOR OF THE ILLINOIS

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.

At a recent meeting of our Association we had up for discussion
certain proposed legislation in which we as geologists feel particularly
interested. It was suggested that this Institute would very likely be
interested in the same matter if, indeed, the subject had not already
been brought to your attention. When I spoke to your Secretary and
President I was asked to present the subject myself for your con-
sideration and action if desirable.

Congressman Foster from my State introduced a bill at Wash-
ington providing for extension of the work of the Bureau of Mines
with regard to mine safety and the development of efficient mining,
quarrying and metallurgical practices. It is known as the Kern-Fos-

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12 BUSINESS MEETING

ter Bill, (H. R. 15869), and while I might read it to you, It Is per-
haps enough to say that the gist of this bill Is the provision for fif-
teen additional mine safety stations or crews and for ten mining ex-
periment stations. It may be assumed that these will be distributed
throughout the country geographically so as to serve the needs of
the Industries, and also to meet the constant demand which has been
coming for work in various regions.

It is anticipated that each of these safety stations or orews will
be manned by a mining engineer, two miners, and a surgeon or physi-
cian, besides other routine employes, and if I remember it something
like $16,000.00 per year will have to be provided for the support of
each of these safety stations or crews. Similarly the mine experi-
ment stations are to be manned by a scientific staff, presumably min-
ing engineers and chemists and will require $25,000.00 a year each.
As I understand those who are behind this bill, it is the Intention
that some of these experiment stations shall be In or near mining
camps where mining, milling and metallurgical problems are yet to
be solved. Of course this Lake Superior district is Important and
any scheme would doubtless contemplate the location of an experi-
ment station or a safety station in this district. In general it is
planned to associate these experiment stations with existing mining
schools, or with State Geological Surveys, or with other State agen-
cies, working along these general lines, and it is probable that co-
operative arrangements will be made wherever these stations are
placed, so as to result in a combination of resources and activity
wisely devoted to local needs.

It is my understanding that this bill is well along but probably
will not pass at this session of Congress. The sponsors of the bill
hope to pass it early in the next session so that the various State
Legislatures which meet during the first part of January may, if
they see fit, provide for permanent co-operation with the new federal
stations.

The Association of State Geologists has appointed a Committee
of five to give this matter special thought and to consult with the
Bureau of Mines' authorities, on invitation, in determining the char-
acter of work to be done at each of these stations and in bringing
about a logical and efficient distribution of the stations. Some of
us feel that greater efficiency would perhaps come from strengthening
the present main station at Pittsburg, but we know that the logical
way to make rapid progress in this line is to bring about a geograph-
ical distribution of the work in response to local interest among the
mining industries. This course will more quickly induce Congress-
men to furnish the necessary funds for this urgent work. Inasmuch
as the Government's money is being spent for the purposes which
are most strongly supported, and since the needs of the mining in-
dustries have been neglected, it seems to our Association that it is
desirable to support this bill strongly.

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 1 3 .

Mr. President, I have presented the matter briefly, but I have the
bill here and if any questions are asked I shall be glad to try to
answer them. My purpose was to bring this subject to your atten-
tion for deliberation.

Question: How much is provided for each station?

Answer: Another bill would provide the appropriations. I be-
lieve the estimates provide $25,000.00 annually for each experiment
station, and $16,000.00 annually for each safety station or car.

MR. KELLY OF VULCAN, MICHIGAN, RESPONDING.

We on Lake Superior have greatly at heart this proposition of
the safety of the men who work in the mines. Perhaps one of the
best evidences of the work that is being carried on for this purpose
was that shown yesterday by the contests of First Aid Corps from
various mines. Most of the mines are adopting measures for First
Aid and Rescue work, providing devices to guard the safety of men
and coming in closer touch with the men underground, to further the
safety of life and limb. We have had great aid in this work from
the Government car which has been located in our region during the
last two or three years and we hope for more of this work. We
can, therefore, heartily approve of this proposition to have the work
extended broadly throughout the different mining districts ol the coun-
try. I am sorry to say, however, that a proposition to indorse this
measure lies outside of the functions of this Institute. This Institute
has a constitution similar to that of the American Institute of Min-
ing Engineers and under it there Is no way in which the Institute
as a body can be bound by the action of a session of the Institute;
nor is there any way provided for taking a consensus of opinion of
the body of the Institute outside of its re^lar routine proceedings.
If individual expression can add to this measure and if individual ef-
fort with the members of Congress will help, I think we can rest
assured that everything possible will be done, and my own opinion
is that these individual efforts, if they can be aroused, will be more
effective than any expression of opinion passed by a session or con-
vention.

MR. ALLEN OF MICHIGAN.

Gentlemen: It is my impression that some of the members of
this organization hear from me too many times during the course of
the year. However, I am glad of this opportunity to thank the mem-
bers of the Lake Superior Mining Institute for the invitation to the
Association of American State Geologists to join you on this trip,
and particularly to thank those of you who have been so kind and
courteous to the visiting geologists. It is one of the traditions of
this upper country, both on the iron ranges and in the copper coun-

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14 BUSINESS MEETING

try^ that visitors are always well treated and I am sure that you
have maintained this tradition in the way you have helped me to
show these visiting geologists around the country.

During the last two or three years it has heen my good fortune
to come into very close contact with many of the mining men of
Michigan, more particularly those in the iron mining industry, and
I feel that I have been benefitted greatly thereby; that I have been
growing; and that I have learned a great deal from you. I derive
a great deal of personal satisfaction from my acquaintanceship amons:
you, and I hope that whatever may result from the dealings that we
have had. or may have in the future, nothing will intervene to mar
our pleasant relations.

We are sorry that all of our members were not able to join us
in this trip. It is one of the most desirable features of our Mich-
igan tour and the itinerary was arranged so that all of us would
have the opportunity of joining you here. However, we have been
moving rapidly since we started about a week ago at Houghton,
partly on loot, and by the time we reached St. Ignace some of the
older members of our organization were really exhausted and anxious
to get home. There are ten of us here and we are all glad that we
are here. Speaking for myself, I do not want ever to miss any of
these annual excursions of the Mining Institute. Gentlemen, I thanK
you.

Evening Session.

The evening session was held at 8 o'clock, President W.
H. Jolmston, presiding. The following pai)ers were presented
in oral abstract :

♦Mining Methods on the Marquette Range — Report by Committee.

♦Hydro-Electric Plant of The Cleveland-Cliffs Iron Company — By
F. C. Stanford, Ishpeming, Mich.

^ In the absence of the authors the following pai)ers were
read by title:

♦Titaniferous Ores in the Blast Furnace — A Recent Experiment —
By D. E. Woodbridge, Duluth, Minn.

♦The Caving System of Mining in the Lake Superior Iron Mines —
By J. Parke Channing. New York.

After the presentation of papers the Council presented
its rei)ort as follows:

*Papers distributed in printed form.

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 1 5

REPORT OF THE COUNCIL.

Secretary's report of Receipts and Disbursements from August 18th,
1913 to August 24th, 1914.

RECEIPTS

Cash on hand August 18th, 1*913 $6.49G.15

Entrance fees for 1913 | 3?0.00

Dues for 1913 2,280.00

Back dues, 1910 % 20.00

Back dues. 1911 40.00

Back dues, 1912 115.00 175.00

Advance dues. 1914 60.00

Advance dues, 1915 5.00 65.00

Sale of Proceedings 91.70

Institute pin 4.00

Total $2,935.70

Interest on deposits 201.29

Total receipts 3,136.99

Grand total on hand and received . . $9,633.14

DISBURSEMENTS.

Stationery and printing | 101.00

Postage 177.20

Freight and express 33.84

Exchange 2.45

Telephone and telegraphing 6.69

Secretary's salary 750.00

Stenographic work 60.00

Editing papers 33.00

Total $1,104.18

Publishing Proceedings 1,028.50

Advance Papers 211.50

Photographs. Maps, Cuts, etc 310.33

Badges for 1913 81.48

Expenses Duluth meetings, rent and mes-
senger service 3.50

Committee meetings 10.00

Total 1,645.31

Total disbursements 2,809.49

Cash on hand August 24th, 1914 6,823.65

Grand total $9,633.14

MEMBERSHIP.

1914 1913 1912

Total 549 518 486

Members in good standing ♦524 -}-483 437

Honorary members 4 4 4

Life members 2 2 2

Members in arrears (2 years) 19 29 43

New members admitted. 1913 71 31 46

New members not qualified 5 4 3

New members added 66 27 43

'Includes 54 in arrears for one year. flncludes 34 in arrears for one year. .

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1 6 BUSINESS MEETING

TREASURER'S REPORT.

Treasurers Report from August 18th, 1913, to August 24th 1914:

Cash on hand, August 18th, 1913 |6,466.15

Received from Secretary 2,965.70

Received interest on deposits 201.29

Paid drafts issued by Secretary |2,809.49

Cash on hand, August 24th, 1914 6.823.65

Totals 19,633.14 |9,633.14

The following standing committees were appointed by the Council
for the ensuing year:

"PRACTICE FOR THE PREVENTION OF ACCIDENTS."
(Committee to consist of five members).
C. E. Lawrence, Palatka, Mich., Chairman; P. S. Williams, Ram-
say, Mich.; Wm. Conibear, Ishpeming Mich.; W. H. Schacht, Paines-
dale, Mich.; M. H. Godfrey, Virginia, Minn.

"CARE AND HANDLING OF HOISTING ROPES."
(Committee to consist of five members).
W. A. Cole, Ironwood, Mich., Chairman; O. D. McClure, Ishpeming:,
Mich.; J. S. Jacka, Crystal Falls, Mich.; W. J. Richards, Painesdale,
Mich.; A. Tancig, Hibbing, Minn.

"PAPERS AND PUBLICATIONS."
(Committee to consist of five members).
Wm. Kelly, Vulcan, Mich., Chairman; J. H. Hearding, Duluth»
Minn.; F. W. McNair, Houghton, Mich.; .1. E. Jopling, Ishpeming,
Mich.; Frank Blackwell, Ironwood, Mich.

"BUREAU OF MINES."
(Committee to consist of three members).
M. M. Duncan, Ishpeming, Mich., Chairman; F. W. Denton. Paines-
dale, Mich.; A. J. Yungbluth, Secretary, Ishpeming, Mich.

"BJOGRAPHY."
(Committee to consist of Ave members).
J. H. Hearding. Duluth, Minn., Chairman: .Tames Fisher, Hough-
ton, Mich.; R. A. Douglas, Ironwood, Mich.; M. B. McGee. Crystal
Falls, Mich.; W. H. Newett, Ishpeming. Mich.

"MINING METHODS ON THE GOGEBIC RANGE."
(Committee to consist of three members to be appointed later).
Committees to serve until their successors are appointed; each
committee to have power to appoint sub-committees as may be deemed
necessary.

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 1 7

The following proposals for membership have been approved by
the Council:

Blgelow, Charles A., Manager Pluto Powder Co., Ishpeming, Mich.

Carroll, Philip, Foundry man, Houghton, Mich.

Carroll, Richard Foundry man, Houghton, Mich.

Carroll, James R., Foundryman, Houghton, Mich.

Dibble, Samuel P., Manager General Electric Co., Duluth, Minn.

Doty, Oliver P., Jr., Superintendent Spring Valley Iron Co., Palatka,
Mich.

Erdlets, Joseph F. B. Jr., Mining Engineer, 5 London Wall Bldgs.,
London, E. C.

Eldredge, A. B., Lawyer, Marquette, Michigan.

Green, Arthur C, Sales Engineer, Goodman Manufacturing Co.,
Chicago, Ills.

Hicok J. H., Manager Portage Coal & Dock Co., and Jas. Pickands
& Co.. Hancock, Mich.

Hunner, Hale H., Mining Engineer, Merlden Iron Co., Hibbing,
Minn.

Hutchinson, Frank, Chief Engineer, Pittsburg Steel Ore Co., River-
ton, Minn.

Kneip, Leo H., Mine Clerk, Cascade Mining Co., Palmer, Mich.

Kreitter. John W., Superintendent Duluth, Missabe & Northern Ry.,
Proctor, Minn.

Lohneis, Henry G., Assistant Superintendent, Virginia, Minn.

Lukey, Frank G., Representative, A. Milne & Co., Houghton, Mich.

Marshall, N. C, Mining Engineer, Winona, Mich.

Matthews, Charles H., Salesman. General Electric Co., 801 Fidelity
Building, Duluth, Minn.

Mathews Abe, Jr., Mining Engineer, Crystal Falls, Mich.

Mitchell, Edward, General Contractor, Marquette, Mich.

Murphy, C. M., Master Mechanic Oliver Iron Mining Co., Ishpem-
ing, Mich.

Pearce, Ernest L., Manager Lake Shore Engine Works, Marquette,
Mich.

Powell, Arthur E., Civil Engineer, Marquette, Mich.

Rice, Charles W., Pumping Machinery Salesman, Milwaukee, Wis.

Richards, Guy A.. Superintendent Williams Mine, Biwablk, Minn.

Russell, James, Publisher, Marquette, Mich.

Selden, William H., Jr., Capitalist, Iron River, Mich.

Sherwood, Myron J., Miner, Marquette, Mich.

Small, Harry H., Sales Manager Goodman Manufacturing Co.,
Chicago, Ills.

Wibon, Wm, G., Master Mechanic, Cascade Mining Co., Palmer,
Mich.

On motion by F. W. McNair, the Secretary was instruct-
ed to cast a ballot for the election to membership of the list
as approved by the Council.

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l8 BUSINESS MEETING

Report of Committee on Nominations.
Your Committee on Nominations beg leave to submit the
following names for officers of the Institute for terms spe-
cified :

For President— L. M. Hardenburgh, one year.
For Vice President — G. R. Jackson, T. A. Flannigan, two
years.

For Managers — Henry Rowe, M. E. Richards, Enoch
Henderson, two years.

For Treasurer — E. W. Hopkins, one year.

William Kelly,
LuciEN Eaton.
William Bond,
Jno. a. Redfern,
F. W. Sperr,

Committee.
The Auditing Committee presented the following report:
Your Committee appointed to examine the books of the
Secretary and Treasurer, beg leave to report that we have
carefully examined same and find the receipts and exi>endi-
tures shown therein, to be in accordance with the statements
of the Secretary and Treasurer for the fiscal year ending Au-
gust 26th, 1 914.

D. J. Sliney,
C. E. Abbott,
Thos. a. Flannigan.
On motion the report of the Committee was adopted.

Report of Committee on the Practice for the Pre-
vention OF Accidents.
To The Council and Meml^ers of the Lake Superior Mining
Institute.

We, the committee on "The Practice for the Prevention
of Accidents,'' submit the following for your consideration
and action at the coming meeting, August 31st to Septemljer
4th, 1 914.

This committee, in session w^th your president and sec-
retary, held a meeting on Friday, i\pril loth, 1914, at which
was discussed the offer of the American Mine Safety Asso-
ciation, for a joint meeting of the two associations, for the
furtherance of a program in '*First Aid" and rescue work.

It was decided after due consideration, that owing to only
one day of the Institute's time on the Marquette range, that

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE I9

it would be impossible to hold a joint demonstration, but so-
licited through H. M. Wilson, Engineer in charge, of the Bu-
reau of Mines, a future arrangement of such a demonstra-
tion, covering more than one day, to be held in 191 5, or at such
time as the council may deem wise ; also, as the necessity for
raising five hundred dollars to defray the expenses that would
be entailed at such a meeting, the action of the whole Insti-
tute on the proposition, would be needed, to incur this amount,
for this vvordiy project, and that the matter would be placed
before the Institute at its coming meeting and try to secure
favorable action on this proix>sition. In lieu thereof, the
committee has made arrangements for a **First Aid" demon-
stration, under the management of the Marquette Range
Safety Association.

Due to the vital interest and active work on the various
ranges, both from individual companies and through general
action of Range Associations and meets, assisted materially
by the aid of the Bureau of Mines, all of which has been
highly educational, and the results of which are greatly ap-
preciated by mine officials, the committee feels justified in
recommending that the exi>ense solicited be allowed, and that
llie council and meml^ers of the Institute, who have encour-
aged the work thus far, in the last three years, will, by its
favorable action, continue the progress along these lines.

Further, the committee would reiterate and call attention
to the complete report on recommendations, of the 1913 com-
mittee reix)rt, for favorable action, and the appointment of a
special committee, for the purpose of printing a book on uni-
form mine rules, working in conjunction with the rex>ort pul)-
lished by the American Mining Congress, American Institute
of Mining Engineers, the Mining and Metallurgical Society
of America, the Colorado Scientific Society, also mine laws
of Canada and other countries, which b<.)ok would help broad-
en, codify and disseminate general customs covering the whole
field of mining operations in the Lake Superior district. This
s[)ecial committee to I^e composed of five meml)ers of tlie l^oard.
theoretical and practical exi)erience; the expense of which is
to l)e home by the Institute; this to include payment of the
committee, for time given to the subject and the employment
of a secretary, and other expense of printing and publishing
same in book form.

The committee recommends that a vote of sincere thanks
and appreciation be given by the Institute, to the officials of

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20 BUSINESS MEETING

the United States g-overnment, in charge of the Bureau of
Mines car, for the capable demonstration of its work in the
Lake Superior district, and the results of education accom-
plished along these lines.

The committee further recommends, that the present vari-
ous range associations, composed of superintendents, min-
ing captains and shift bosses, l>e given further encourage-
ment in the practical work it is showing to the individual min-
er and employe, by continuing the holding of frequent meet-
ings on the various ranges; in this way disseminating a broad
general knowledge of mining operations, particularly that of
safety and efficiency in the individual, under extreme and hard
conditions met with.

The committee further recommends that every member of
the Lake Superior Mining Institute assume an urgent respon-
sibility in furthering this activity of education. Its dissemina-
tion along safety and efficiency lines among the thousands
of mine employes is important. The newness of the subject,
the indifference to overcome, the mixed nationality of the em-
ployes all combine to make the work of introduction rather
hard of accomplishment. Careful, conscientious work by
every meml)er of the Institute is urged.
Respectfully submitted,

CiiAS. E. Lawrence,

Chairman.
William Conibear,

For Committee.

Mr. McXair: I question whether the Institute is ready
to commit itself to any decision, action or recommendation at
the moment. It occurs to me that the proper handling of the
re]X)rt is to receive it ; order it printed in the proceedings, and
refer questions of action or recommendation involved to the
Council.

Mr. Higgins : I would like to say just one word about the
hoisting signals as a matter of information when the subject
is discussed. The Gogebic Range Mining Association ap-
pointed a committee to investigate the signals on the Gogebic
Range and a report was made and submitted. In discussing
that subject it may be possible to get a copy of that report.
It was found that there were eight to ten different signals for
doing the same thing. The consensus of opinion was that the
signals should be universalized ; that they should be made with
respect to three or four of the cardinal signals only. Mr. Jobc

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 21

of Iron Mountain went into that quite thoroughly so that
there would be considerable data to work on when that subject
is considered.

The following communication from the Panama-Pacific
International Exposition Bureau was read and on motion re-
ferred to the Council for consideration:

"Feelicg that it win be impossible for me to attend your com-
ing Convention in person, I take this occasion to extend greetings
and a cordial Invitation in the name ol the Panama-Pacific Interna-
tional Exposition for the Lake Superior Mining Institute to meet in
San Francisco in 1915.

"The series of congresses and conventions to be held in that city
during the Exposition Is becoming a more significant feature every
week; as much for the notable character of the associations to meet
tiiere and the topics they will discuss, as because of the number that
are scheduled. We are now certain that this series of assemblages
will attract a larger number of the ablest thinkers and most suc-
cessful doers from the world at large, than ever were gathered in a
single city in one year before. So pronounced has become this
feature that those most familiar with the subject have aptly termed
it *ten months' course in world development.*

'Some of the Exhibits will be of special interest to your Institute.
Many organizations are planning to have surveys made of the Ex-
position by committees in advance of their meeting and a syllabus
of the exhibits deserving special attention may be printed with re-
ports on the exhibits and comparisons of notes, thus correlating the
work of the meeting with the exhibits and obtaining the utmost pos-
sible benefit from both.

'*I trust this matter wiil receive the careful investigation of your
Institute. With favorable action, a committee should be appointed
to make definite arrangements. The Exposition officials and espe-
cially the undersigned, will be pleased to assist in every way possible
to make your trip to San Francisco a great success.

"We want you and we expect you; and you will never regret your
session with us next year. Hoping to hear from you soon and
favorably, and expecting to greet you at the Golden Gate in 1915,
1 remain."

G. F. HATFIELD.
Chicago, Lis., August 20th, 1914. Field Secretary.

The following communication from the ^'Manufacturers
Rec(n-d," extending a cordial invitation to hold a meeting in
the Birmingham, Alabama, district, was read and on mo-
tion referred to the Council for consideration :

"Understanding that the members of your Institute have been
considering the possibility of holding an annual meeting in Birming-
hum in order that they might have the opportunity of seeing for

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22 BUSINESS MEETING

themselves the resources and the development of that section, I
wish to take the liberty of urging this very strongly upon your In-
stitute. I trust that at the coming meeting the matter may be brought
before the members and careful consideration given to it.

**I need not call your attention to the extent of the resources of
ore and coal in the Birmingham district, and in a large part of the
area of the mountain region of the South from Virginia to Northern
Alabama. In no other way could the members of your Institute have
the opportunity of studying these resources and of forming their own
conclusions as to their extent and the possibilities of their develop-
ment, to such advantage as by holding an annual meeting in Birm-
ingham. Such a meeting would be warmly welcomed not only by
Birmingham, but by Chattanooga and other leading centers of the
iron and steel industry of the South, and I can assure you that every
effort would be put forth to make the trip one of Interest and of
entertainment to all who might attend."

RICHARD H. EDMONDS,
Baltimore, Md.. August 10th, 1914. Editor.

MR. ABBOTT OF BESSEMER, ALA.

"I am quite certain that the members of the Institute would be
very well pleased with what they would see in the Birmingham Dis-
trict. A great many of the developments there in the last ten years,
especially in the iron ores, have been merely the adoption of Lake
Superior methods as regards installations of mining equipment and
of mining methods.

"We are unusually fortunate in the location of our raw materials.
The members of the Institute can see anything and everything from
the mining of the ore and coal, to the manufacture of the raw material
into a finished product. The steel plant and furnaces are located
between the coal deposits and the iron ore deposits, in fact, can be
seen from the crest of Red Mountain, which is the main source of
the iron ore supply. We have in addition, a by-product plant w^here
coal tar and ammonium sulphate are being recovered from the gas
from the coal in the coking process.

"The American Steel & Wire Company has a large plant whicn
will eventually use about six hundred tons of steel per day in the
manufacture of wire products. We have many foundries and other
industries which would prove interesting. The Birmingham District
is the only place in the known world where the raw materials are so
well located. The District has its disadvantages also, such as low
grade iron and coal which has to be washed.

"I feel that the trip south would be very pleasant for the members
of the Institute, and hope you will make it. You can be assured of a
very hearty welcome."

The following communication from George H. Crosby,
in reference to a meeting on the Cuyuna Range in 191 5, was
read and on motion referred to the Council for consideration :

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE

"I expected to be present at the Institute meetings to be held at
Marquette, August 31st, and September 1st, 2nd and 3rd, 1914, but
I find at the last minute that I will not have that opportunity and
pleasure, which I regret exceedingly.

"I wish to extend an invitation to the members of the Lake Su-
perior Mining Institute on behalf of the operators of the Cuyuna
Range and the citizens of Crosby to hold their next annual meeting
on the Cuyuna Range and to make their headquarters at Crosby.

''Crosby has splendid hotel accommodations and is a strictly mod-
ern mining town. The Cuyuna iron range is a new country and
should be of great interest to all members of the Institute. We
have three open-pit mines now in operation and three underground
mines, and will have by next year at least three more, which are
now approaching the production state.

"Hoping this invitation will be favorably acted upon by members
of the Institute."
Duluth, Minn., August 29th, 1914. GEORGE H. CROSBY.

This concluded the business session and reading of ixii>ers
for the meeting. The papers presented brought out consid-
erable discussion which is printed with the papers. Memljers
are urgently requested to present further discussion of these
pa[>ers for the next meeting. The subject of **Mining Meth-
ckIs" offers a splendid field for further presentation, and it is
to be hoi>ed that this subject will be kept active as long as
nevv conditions develop. The work of shaft sinking and clrift-
ing should receive further attention as the constant develoi>-
ment in jxjwer drills adds greater efficiency in the results ob-
tained.

Excursion to Detroit Under the Auspices of the
Detroit Board of Commerce.

DETROIT BOARD OP COMMERCE.

Charles B. Warren — President.

Byres H. Gitchell — Secretary.

A. T. Waterfall— Traffic Commissioner.

Entertainment Committee.
Oliver Phelps, Chairman, M. A. Hanna & Co.

Paul Bagley,
John J. Bagley & Co. Tobacco
Manufacturers.

George H. Barbour,
Michigan Stove Co.

Warren S. Blauvelt,
Semet-Solvay Co., Coke
Manufacturers.

Frank E. Bogart,
Farrand, Williams & Clark,
Wholesale Drugs.

Wayne C. Bogue,
Carnegie Steel Co.

D. C. Delamater,
Delamater Hardware Co.,
Wholesale Hardware.

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EXCURSIONS

L. H. Carlisle,

Cambria Steel Co.
Frank H. Croul,

Detroit Oak Leather Belting Co
Sherman L. Depew,

F. C. Pingree Sons Shoe Co.
Caleb M. East,

Murphy Iron Works, Automatic

Stokers.
William Gerhauser,

Superior Charcoal Iron Co.
Andrew H. Green, Jr.,

Solvay Process Co., Soda Ash

Manufacturers.
William G. Henry,

Detroit Stove Works.
Frederick H. Holt,

Jones & Laughlin Steel Co.
J. S. Hageman,

Bethlehem Steel Co.
Henry W. Horton,

Buhl Sons Co., Wholesale

Hardware.
F. W. Hutchings,

Lake Superior Iron & Chemical

Co.
F. L. Klingensmith,

Ford Motor. Co.
Bamlet Kent,

U. S. Engineers.

Abner E. Larned,

Larned, Carter & Co. Overall

Manufacturers.
James L. Lee,

Wm. M. Finck & Co., Overall

Manufacturers.

Thomas J. Marsden,

Lee & Cady, Wholesale Grocers.

Jay C. McLauchlan,
Pickands, Mather & Co.

P. J. Moran,
Detroit Iron & Steel Co.

William R. Orr,

Detroit Saturday Night
Percy Owen,

Chalmers Motor Co.
Oliver Phelps, Jr.,

Miller, Selden Electric Co.,

Construction and Supplies.
Charles M. Roehm,

Roehm & Davison, Wholesale
. Hardware.
C. W. Russell,

Russell Wheel & Foundry Co..

Structural Iron & Mine Cars.
John R. Searle^,

Detroit Copper & Brass Rolling

Mills.

James Schermerhorn,

The Detroit Times.
W. C. Standish,

U. S. Tire Co.
F. C. Stoepel,

Bumham, Stoepel & Co., Whole-
sale Dry Goods.
Frederick Stockwell,

Edson, Moore & Co., Wholesale

Dry Goods.
Joseph S. Stringham,

Monarch Steel Casting Co.
Robert W. Standart, Jr.,

Standart Brothers, Ltd., Whole-
sale Hardware.
A. A. Templeton,

Morgan & Wright, Rubber

Manufacturers.
James T. Whitehead,

Whitehead & Kales Iron Works,

Structural Iron.
Maurice O. Williams,

Michigan Drug Co., Wholesale

Drugs.
Frank R. Wylie,

W. H. Edgar & Sons, Wholesale

Sugar.

PROGRAM.
Wednesday, September 2nd.

8:30 a. m.— The City of Detroit II will dock at the foot of Third
Street.

9.00 a. m. — Visitors will be escorted to seats tc review G. A. R. parade,

1:00 p. m. — Luncheon in Board of Commerce dining room.

2:30 p. m. — Leave Detroit Board of Commerce building for boat at
foot of Third Street, going to the Detroit Copper & Brass
Rolling Mills, the Detroit Iron & Steel Company's fur-
nacesi and t)ie Semet-Solvay Company's coke ovens,

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Lake superior mining institute 25

5:30 p. m. — Boat returns to foot of Third Street.

Free time until:

8:15 p. m. — Temple Theater.

Thurscbfiy, September Srd.

9:00 a. m. — Assemble at Detroit Board of Commerce building.

9:30 a. m. — Leave by Woodward Avenue street cars marked "Log
Cabin'* for Ford Motor Company. After Inspection of
plant, return to Ferry dock at right-hand side of street,
foot of Woodward Avenue, taking ferry boat to Belle Isle.

1:30 p. m. — Luncheon at the 'Detroit Boat Club.

2:30 p. m. — Ride around Belle Isle in automobiles then to the Chal-
mers Motor Company. After inspection of plant, guests
will return at their convenience by street car for down
town.

Wednesday, September 2nd.

Members of the reception committee with Oliver Phel[>s,
Chairman, lx>arded the steamer from a tug at six o'clock in
the morning to receive the party and complete the plans for
the visit at Detroit, such was the interest manifested for the
visitors from the North. The steamer docked at eight o'clock,
and the party was escorted to the new Chamber of Commerce
building where a luncheon was prepared. During the fore-
n(Kjn the visitors w-ere afforded an opportunity to view the
G. A. R. parade. After the luncheon, Chas. B. Warren, Presi-
dent of the Chamber of Commerce, in a brief address extend-
ed to the Institute a cordial welcome to which W. H. John-
ston, President, William Kelly and James Russell responded
in l^ehalf of the visitors. The party then boarded a special
steamer and was taken for a trip down the river to the plant
of the Detroit Copper & Brass RolHng Mills and the Detroit
Iron & Steel Company's furnaces and the Semet-Solvay plant.
In the evening the members were guests at the Temple The-
atre.

Thursday, September 3RD.

The party assembled at the Chamber of , Commerce build-
ing at nine o'clock and proceeded to the Ford Motor Com-
j>any's plant where an hour was pleasantly spent in a tour
through the works. Automobiles then conveyed the visitors
to the Detroit Boat Club on Belle Isle, where a luncheon was
served by the club, after which a trip was made around the
island. The next stop was at the Chalmers Motor Company's
plant where some time was spent in inspecting the various op-

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26 EXCURSIONS

crating departments. The party was then taken to the dock
where they boarded the Steamer Detroit II for the return trip
to St. Ignace, enroiite to their homes in the Iron and Copi^er
Country of Lake Superior.

The meml3ers are most enthusiastic over the cordial recep-
tion extended to them by the citizens of Detroit, the many
interesting places visited, and the entertainment afforded them
uix>n this occasion; their first visit to the metroi>oHs of Mich-
igan.

The following is the report presented by the Committee
on Resolutions:

Resolved by the members in attendance at the 1914 meet-
ing of the Lake Sui)eri<)r Mining Institute that we hereby ex-
tend our thanks to the Mining Comi>anies of the Marquette
Range, the Wawonow^n Golf Club, Marquette Club, the Elks
Club of Marquette, the Lake Shore Engine Works, the E. J.
I^)ngyear Co., and resident citizens for entertainment enjoyed
by us while on the Marquette Range, and

Also to those who kindly provided motor cars, the D., S.
S. & A. R'y. Co., the D. & C. Navigation Co., and other Rail-
way Companies who have extended courtesies to insure our
comfort, and

Also to the Detroit Board of Commerce, the Convention
and Tourist Bureau of Detroit, the Detroit Boat Club, the
r\)rd Motor Car Co., and the Chalmers Motor Car Co. for en-
tertaining us and facilitating our visits to ix)ints of interest in
their City, and

Further, that we particularly appreciate the First Aid Ex-
hibition which we have witnessed at Ishpeming, the spirit and
skill shown by the participants, the interest in this w^>rk on
the part of those who made it ix>ssible for the several teams
to participate, and the interest of those whose contributions
added to the zeal of the contestants.

V. W. McNair.
J. S. Lutes,
W. H. Newett,
Frank Carbis,
P. S. Williams,

Committee.

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE

FOLLOWING IS A PARTIAL LIST OF THOSE IN ATTENDANCE.

Abbott, C. E Bessemer, Ala.

Allen, R. C Lansing, Mich.

Archibald, R. S..Negaunee, Mich.

Armstrong F. H Vulcan, Mich.

Atkins, S. E Duluth, Minn.

Barabe, C. A Ishpeming, Mich.

Barbour, Edwin H.. Lincoln, Neb.
Barnett, G. G . . . Ishpemiag, Mich.
Begole, F. H. . .Marquette, Mich.

Bengry, W. H Palatka, Mich.

Benjamin, F. S Duluth, Minn.

Berteling, John. .Ishpeming, Mich.
Bigelow, C. A. .Ishpeming, Mich.
Bittcho&ky, A. C.Cleveland, Ohio

Bitters, H Marquette, Mich.

Blackwell, fYank. Iron wood, Mich.

Bond, Wm Ironwood, Mich.

Bowers, E. C.Iron River, Mich.
Bownocker, J. A.Columbus, Ohio

Brown, W. G Duluth, Minn.

Brown, P. W. .Marquette, Mich.
Buehler, H. A RoUa, Mo.

Carbis, F...Iron Mountain, Mich.

Case, P. N Springfield, Mass.

Champion, Chas Beacon, Mich.

Charlton, D. E Virginia, Minn.

Chase, P. P Ishpeming, Mich.

Cheyney, H. C Chicago, Ills.

Chipman, J. C. W.Ishpeming, Mich
Clancey, James .. Ishpeming, Mich.

Clifford, J. M Green Bay, Wis.

Cole, C. D Ishpeming, Mich.

Cole, W. T Jshpeming, Mich.

Conibear, Wm .. Ishpeming, Mich.

ConoUy, J. J Marquette, Mich.

Cory, E. N Negaunee, Mich.

Davies, W. J .... Wakefield, Mich.

Davi^, J. M Milwaukee, Wis.

DeHaas, N. G ... Marquette, Mich.

Derby, E. L Ishpeming, Mich.

DeWolf. F. W Urbana, Ills.

Dickerson, L. R Chicago, Ills.

Doty. O. P Palatka, Mich.

Duncan, M. M .. Ishpeming, Mich.
Durham, T. W. .Marquette, Mich.

Elliott, S. R Negaunee, Mich.

Emmons, W. H.Minneapolis, Minn
Erick,son, E. R..Iron River, Mich.

Fay, Joseph Marquette, Mich.

Felch, T. A Ishpeming, Mich.

Fesing, G. F Houghton, Mich.

Fesing, H. W Houghton, Mich.

Flannigan, T. A... Gilbert, Minn.

Flodin, Nels Marquette, Mich.

Fogerberg, August . Gwinn, Mich.

Formis. A Iron River, Mich.

Fink, Fred ....Iron River, Mich.
Fisher, James ... Houghton, Mich.

Goodney, S. J. .Stambaugh, Mich.

Gow, A. M Duluth, Minn.

Graff, W. W.... Ishpeming. Mich.

Green, A. C Oiicago, Ills.

Gribble, Thomas . Negaunee, Mich.

Hansen, Chris .. Negaunee, Mich.

Hanst, J. F Ishpeming, Mich.

Hardgrove, T. H Gwinn, Mich.

Hart, W. C Wakefield, Mich.

Harvey, W. H. . . .Eveleth, Minn.
Harvey, Ed.. Iron Mountain, Mich.

Hawes, G. H Pittsburg, Pa.

Hayden, J. E. . .Ishpeming, Mich.

Hearding. J. H Duluth, Minn.

Helmer, C. E Winona, Minn.

Hetzel, H. F Pittsburg. Pa.

Heyn, H. A Ishpeming, Mich.

Higgins. Edwin Pittsburg, Pa.

Hise. R. R Beaver, Pa.

Hoatson. Chester. Calumet, Mich.
Hoatson, Thomas. Calumet, Mich.

Holman, J. W Chicago, Ills.

Holmgren, Axle. .Ironwood, Mich.

Hopkins E. W

Commonwealth, Wis.

Hoskias, Samuel Hurley, Wis.

Hotchkiss, W. O... Madison, Wis.

Howie, T. C

Huhtala, John Palmer, Mich.

Hunt, S. H Ironwood, Mich.

Ives, L. E New York City

Eaton, Lucien. .Ishpeming, Mich. Jackson, G. R. .... .Gwinn. Mich.

Edwards, A. D Atlantic, Mich. Jackson, Harry Gwinn, Mich.

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REGISTRY OF MEMBERS

Jaedecke Clarence

Iron River, Mich.

Jenks, F. G Marquette, Mich.

Jewell, Samuel . . Negaunee, Mich.
Johnson, O. M . . Ishpeming, Mich.

Johnson, H. O Virginia, Minn.

Johnston, W.H . . Ishpeming, Mich.

Jones. Henry Gwinn, Mich.

Jopling, J. E Ishpeming, Mich.

Jory, Wm Princeton, Mich.

Kay, G. F Iowa City, Iowa.

Keese, F. E Ishpeming, Mich.

Kelly, Wm Vulcan, Mich.

Kleffman, John. . .Hibbing, Minn.

Klinglund, P. D Palmer, Mich.

Knoeffel, A. F.. Terra Haute, Ind.
Kohlhaas, F. W.. Calumet, Mich.
Kruse, C. T Ishpeming, Mich.

Lacroix, M. F. . .Ishpeming, Mich.

Lasier, F. G Detroit, Mich.

Lawrence, C. E...Palatka, Mich.

Lawton, C. L Hancock, Mich.

Lawton, N. O Miami, Ariz.

Leonard. C. M Gwinn, Mich.

Longyear, J. M .. Marquette. Mich.

Lukey, Frank Hurley Wis.

Lutes, J. S Biwabik, Minn.

Lytle, C. E Marquette, Mich.

Moss, C. H Ishpeming Mich.

Maney, James Duluth, Minn.

Mather, S. L Cleveland, Ohio

Matthews, A. .Crystal Falls, Mich.

Myers, E. R Cleveland, Ohio

Mildon H. H. . .Ishpeming, Mich.

Mildren, John Ironwood, Mich.

Miller, W. G Toronto, Ont.

Mitchell, W. A Chicago, Ills.

Mitchell, S. J Marquette, Mich.

Mitchell, Ed Marquette, Mich.

Morgan, I). T Detroit, Mich.

Moulton, W. H. .Ishpeming, Mich.
Moulton, H. O.. Ishpeming Mich.
Murphy, C. M .. Ishpeming, Mich.

Myers, Wm Princeton, Mich.

McDonald, D. B Duluth, Minn.

McGee. M. B. .Crystal Falls, Mich.
McNair, F. W. . . .Houghton. Mich.
McNamara, T. B. Ironwood, Mich.
Nelson, J. E Negaunee, Mich.

Nelson. E. R Ishpeming, Mich.

Newett, Geo. A. .Ishpeming, Mich.
Newett, W. H ... Ishpeming, Mich.

Newton, L. L Ironwood, Mich.

Nixon, J. A Ishpeming, Mich.

Nolan, Dan Ironwood, Mich.

Orr, F. D Duluth, Minn.

Pascoe, P. W Republic, Mich.

Pellow, Kenneth, C

Negaunee, Mich.

Pellow, Thomas .. Negaunee, Mich.

Perkins, G. H Burlington, Vt.

Peterson, Otto. . .Ironwood, Mich.
Petruscak, Tony. Iror wood, Mich.
Platto, Frank. . .Ishpeming, Mich.

Powell, D. W Marquette, Mich.

Pratt, J. H.... Chapel Hill, N. C.
Prescott, F. M .. Menominee, Mich.

Quigley, G. J Antigo, Wis.

Quine, J. T Ishpeming, Mich.

Raisky, F. H Duluth, Minn.

Raley, R. J Duluth, Minn.

Redfern, J. A Hibbing, Minn.

Reigart, J. R Princeton. Mich.

Richards, F. G. . .Ironwood, Mich.
Richards, M. E

Crystal Falls, Mich.

Richards, W. J

Crystal Falls, Mich.

Richards, W. A

Crystal Falls, Mich-
Richmond, W. .Marquette, Mich.
Roberts, A. T ... Marquette, Mich.
Rockwell, F. G. .Ishpeming, Mich.

Rough, J. H Negaunee, Mich.

Rough Jas. Jr. . .Negaunee, Mich.

Ruez, G. F Ishpeming, Mich.

Russ, Ernest Ironwood, Mich.

Russell, Jas Marquette, Mich.

Salsich, L. R Coleraine, Minn.

Sampson, John Ashland, Wis.

Sawhill, R. V Cleveland, Ohio

Scadden, Frank

Crystal Falls. Mich.

Schaus, O. M Hurley. Wis.

Scheder, M. J Vulcan, Mich.

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE

Scheiber, H. L

Schneider, Theo . Marquette, Mich.
Schubert, Jos. M . . Hancock, Mich.

Schubert, G. P Hancock, Mich.

Sedgwick, B. G. .Ishpeming, Mich.
Sellards, E. H. . .Tallahassee, Fla.

Shannon, C. W Norman, Okla.

Sheldon R. F.. .Marquette, Mich.

Shields, I. J Houghton, Mich.

Shields, J. C Detroit, Mich.

Shove, B. W Ironwood, Mich..

Siebeiathal, W. A... Vulcan, Mich.

Sink, Ed Marquette, Mich.

Sliney, D J Ishpeming, Mich.

Small, H. H Chicago, Ills.

Smith. E. A University, Ala.

Smith. R. T Ishpeming, Mich.

Smyth, H. L. . .Cambridge, Ma3s.

Soady, Harry Duluth, Minn.

Sperr, P. W Houghton, Mich.

Sporley, C. L Negaunee, Mich.

Stack G. M Escanaba, Mich.

Stafford, E. O .. Marquette, Mich.

Stakel, O. J Ishpeming, Mich.

Stanford, F. C. .Ishpeming, Mich.
Stannard, W. L... Calumet, Mich.
Stephens Jas . . . Ishpeming, Mich.
Stevenson, C. A. Ishpeming, Mich.
Stewart, H. E. . .Houghton, Mich.
Strong, C. G Detroit, Mich.

Talboys, H. H Duluth, Minn.

Taylor, J. C Houghton, Mich.

Thomas J Negaunee, Mich.

Tillson, A. H Gwinn, Mich.

Traver, D. R Chicago. Ills.

Traver. W. H Chicago, Ills.

Trebilcock, John.Ishpeming, Mich.
Trebilcock, Wm . N. Freedom Wis.

Trevarrow, Henry

Negaunee, Mich.

Trumbull, L. W.. Cheyenne, Wyo.

Ulrich, E. O ... Washington, D. C.

Uren, W. J Houghton, Mich.

Urick, W. H Marquette, Mich.

Vallett, B. W Detroit, Mich.

Vandeventer. V. H

Ishpeming, Mich.

\anEvera, W Virginia, Minn.

Walker, W. W Duluth, Minn.

Waller, F Marquette, Mich.

Walters, Thos .. Ishpeming, Mich.

Ware, F Negaunee, Mich.

Watson, C. H. Crystal Falls, Mich.

Webb, W. M Gilbert Minn.

Webb, F. J Duluth, Minn.

Webb, C. E Houghton, Mich.

Wells, Pearson Detroit, Mich.

Westergren, Arthur

Ironwood, Mich.

White, Wm Virginia, Minn.

White, E. E..... Ishpeming, Mich.
White, L. C.Morgantown, W. Va.
Whitney, Lowe. .Iron River, Mich.
Wieland H. J. E

Crystal Falls, Mich.

Williams, R. Y Urbana, Ills.

Williams, P. S Ramsay, Mich.

Wills, G. M Marquette, Mich.

Winn, Jos

Wold, A. N Hancock, Mich.

Worden, E. P. . .Milwaukee, Wis.
Wright, C. W Eveleth, Minn.

Yates, W. H Duluth. Minn.

Yungbluth A. J. Ishpeming, Mich.
Yungbluth, R. O. Ishpeming, Mich.

Zimmerman,, W. G. Duluth, Minn.

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30 mechanical underground shovel

Mechanical Underground Shovel.

The following description has been furnished of the un-
derground loading machine which was demonstrated on the
occasion of our visit at the plant of the Lake Shore Engine
Works, on Monday, August 31st.

The loader is designed for use in iron, copper and coal
mines, in drifts 8x8 ft. and possibly smaller. The machine has
an extreme height of 5 ft. from the top of the rail, width of
3 ft. 9 in. and an extreme length of 14 ft., including the shov-
el, or 1 1 ft. without the shovel. It can be arranged for opera-
tion on any gauge track, is self-proi>elled, com|>act and weighs
6500 lbs. The rubber conveyor belt, 22 in. wide, is the only
detail in the machine which is not either iron or steel. The
cai>acity is 40 tons of material per hour. The loader may be
arranged for operation by air or electricity although it is ex-
pected that air oi>eration will be popular because the exhaust
from the engine w-ill help to clear the drift of smoke after a
blast. It will be jx>ssible, however, to change the power, on
any machine, in an hour's time when the necessary electric
equipment is at hand. There are six different motions con-
trolled by one operator. The machine propels itself forward
and backward, the conveyor and shovel oi^erate on a vei*tical
arc of 30 degrees and in a radial arc of 60 degrees, respec-
tively; the conveyor l>elt is driven and there is the driving
mechanism of the shovel. With this combination of motions
a great deal will probably dei)end upon the ability of the oi>-
erator to get the best output from the machine, and this in
turn will depend upon his skill and experience in actual service
with it.

The loader consists of three distinct parts which may lie
disconnected with little difficulty when it is required to take
the machine from surface to points underground, or from
drift to drift. The truck constitutes one portion, the frame
with driving mechanism another, and the conveyor belt and
shovel the third. All chains for driving are heavy-construc-
tion automobile chains. The gear drive from the engine to
the main shaft is of the Wuest patented herringbone type. All
()l>erating mechanism is completely inclosed, and securely cov-
ered so that no dirt can interfere with the operation of the
drive.

The digging dipi>er, which is somewhat cup-shaped, is
fitted with teeth on the cutting edge, and hinged at the l>ack.
After securing a load, the dipper is revolved through a vertical

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 3 1

arc, and its load falls backward upon the rubber conveyor
b^it. This l^elt carries the dirt up an incline of al30Ut 30 de-
grees, dumping it at the turn into an iron chute. The latter
directs the dirt into the tram car, and both its angle and di-
rection can Ije changed within certain limits.

It is the intention of the company to manufacture several
sizes, adaptable to other mines where conditions are different.
The demonstrating machine will go into service soon at the
Jiulson mine, at Alpha, on the Menominee iron range, Mich-
igan.

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 35

USE OF ELECTRICITY AT THE PENN AND REPUB-
LIC IRON MINES, MICHIGAN.*

BY WILLIAM KELLY, AND F. H. ARMSTRONG, VULCAN, MICH.

The object of this paper is to descril^e the electric ec]uii>-
nient at the iron ore mines of Penn Iron Mining Company,
Vulcan, Mich., and of Republic Iron Company, Republic,
Mich.; to give the results of tests; and to discuss the melh-
(xls in use from an operating as well as from an efficiency
standpoint.

Electricity was introduced at the Penn mines for pumping,
hoisting, and compressing air in the spring of 1907, upon
the completion of a hydro-electric plant built by that com-
pany on the Menominee river about 4 miles from the mines.
This plant was described in a paper^ itr^uted before the
I.^ke Sui^erior Mining Institute. A pap^i^presented at a
meeting of the same Institute describes some of the oi>erating
features, and the safety devices of the electric hoist at the
Curry shaft were briefly described in the Proceedings of the
First Co-Oi^erative Safety Congress held under the auspices
of the Association of Iron and Steel Electrical Engineers at
Milwaukee, Wis., Sept. 30 to Oct. 5, 19 12.

Generating Power Plants.

After the success of electrical operation was assured, a
second set of water wheels and generator was installed at the
falls, for which provision had been made in the original dcs'gn
and in the construction of the foundations, and later three

• Presented also by mutual afirreement at the meetinsr of the American Institute of Min-
inflT Enfiineers, February. 1914.

1 T. W. Orbison and F. H. Armstrong. Proceedinsrs of the Lake Superior Mininflr Insti-
tute. Vol. xiii. pp. 163-181, (1908).

2 Fmnk H. Armstronar, idem. Vol. xvi, 244-250. (1911).

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36 ELECTRICITY AT PENN AND REPUBLIC IRON MINES

additional wires were added to the main transmission line,
doubling its capacity and reducing the line loss.

The general conditions of this installation are particularly
favorable for hydro-electric operation. In the neighbt>rh(x>d
of three-fourths of the power used is for mine pumping, w^hich
in the main is regular and continuous. For air compressing,
power is used for about 18 hr. a day for five days, and 9
hr. for one day in the week, though occasionally when shaft
sinking is going on a very small amount of compressed air
may be required continuously. Hoisting and surface tram-
ming, which are intermittent, require only about 6 per cent,
of the power used. The pond above the falls covers an area
of about 450 acres and the head is 25 feet. There is, there-
fore, an ample quantity of water to talce care of the ordinary
irregularities of consumption without much change in the
head, but on the other hand it does not supply any extended
storage, as if the flow from alx)ve was entirely cut off the
draw'ing down of i ft. would furnish water to supply the
ix>wer requirements for only a little over 4 hours.

The power requirements of the mines, though somew^hat
variable, have been averaging about 2,400 h.p. The Me-
nominee river furnishes this amount of power at what may l)e
considered the normal stage. In dry seasons the water power
has to be supplemented, and therefore a 1,500-kw. steam tur-
bo-generator has l>een installed at the principal mine. This
is sufficient in itself to take care of the pumping, if for any
reason the hydro-electric plant should be out of commission.
As a matter of fact, this has occurred without control only
four times in six years, three times on account of anchor ice,
not over 8 hr. at either time, and once for 3 hr. on account
of a l>rcak in the transmission line due to a faulty disconnector.
The protection against anchor ice is the length of the pond,
which is about 5 miles to the next rapids above. As soon as
this ix>nd freezes over the anchor ice formed above does not
come through. The three experiences with anchor ice were
on days late in the fall before the pond had frozen over, when
the temperature fell much l^elow the freezing point and there
was a high wind.

At the falls the generating units are of 1,500 and 2,000
kw., 6,600 volts, and are run singly or together according to
the mine requirements and the quantity of water available.
During the years 191 1, 1912 and the first half of 1913, there
was generated at the falls 37,502,160 kw.-hr. at a cost, in-

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 37

eluding taxes, of 0.083c. per kilowatt-hour. The steam plant
generated 1.670,700 kw.hr. at a cost, including stand-by ex-
penses, of 1.82 ic. per kilowatt-hour. The average cost of
power for operating was 0.157c. per kilowatt-hour. Depre-
ciation for a 20-year period and interest at 5 per cent, add
0.182c., making the total cost, including operating, taxes, and
depreciation, 0.339c. per kilowatt-hour.

At Republic the small water power is used entirely for
compressing air. Electricity is used for the pumping, one
surface tram, the cnisher plant, and the shops. The principal
generating unit is a mixed-pressure steam turbo-generator
which nuis on the exhaust steam of the hoisting engines suj)-
plemented by live steam. The exhaust steam is passed through
a regenerator in order to distribute its use to as great an ex-
tent as possible during intermissions of hoisting. The success-
ful utilization of intermittent supplies of low-pressure steam
dq>ends very largely on having the regenerator capacity of
ample size. The steam turbine runs at 9,000 rev. per minute.
Live steam is automatically supplied to fill any deficiencies
in the amount of exhaust steam available. There is an inde-
l^endent condenser which produces a vacuum of 27 inches.
Geare<l to the shaft of the steam turbine are two electric gen-
erators of a combined capacity of 150 kw., which run at 900
rev. per minute. These are to have fly wheels on the shafts
so as to eliminate the peaks and reduce the heavy voltage
fluctuations. Each wheel is 52 in. in diameter by 10 in.
thick and weighs something over 5 000 pounds. The. speed of
the turbine when using live steam is 33^ i^r cent less than
when using exhaust. These fly wheels will give, for this re-
duction in si>eed, 525 h.p.-sec. There is a back pressure on
tlie hoisting engines varying from a maximum of 4 lb. to a
slight vacuum. As close as can be figured, this turbine is
furnishing a kilowatt-hour for a fuel cost of 0.15 cents.

Electric Pumps.

At the time when the original installation at Vulcan was
under consideration, centrifugal pumps for high heads had
not given good satisfaction in this country. There had been
difficulties with thrust bearings and considerable doubt al>out
continuous efficiencies. The correctness of the general me-
chanical principle of attaching a centrifugal pump directly to
a high-sjjeed motor was recognized. It was decided, there-
fore, to place the order for the main pumping units of cen-

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38 ELECTRICITY AT PENN AND REPUBLIC IRON MINES

trifugal design under specifications to cover the principal re-
quirements. In brief, these were for three units, each with
an induction motor for 2,200 volts, 450 h.p., three-phase, al-
ternating current, and a centrifugal pump in eight stages,
four on each side of the motor, all on the same shaft, with
a marine thrust bearing at each end, for a capacity of 900
gal. per minute at a speed of 1,200 rev. per minute, with suc-
tion lift of 20 ft. and discharge head including friction of
1,275 ft., with a combined efficiency of motor and pump of
63 per cent. Two of these units were put in at the West
Vulcan C shaft and one at the East Vulcan No. 4 shaft. A

Figure 1 Pump Station at West Vulcan

view of the two pumps at West Vulcan in the pump station
1,200 ft. below the surface is shown in Fig. i.

When the pumps were started they fell short of the guar-
anteed efficiency; there was trouble from heat in the thnist
bearings in starting, and rapid wear of the protecting sleeves
alK)ut the shaft in the high-pressure stuffing boxes. The prin-
cipal changes were in closing some holes in the impellers that
had been made with the expectation that they w^ould equalize
the thrust movement ; in substituting for the marine thrust
bearing a hydraulic thnist ring against which the pressure of
water in the column pipe is automatically applied by a slight

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 39

thrust movement of the shaft; in some alterations to make
it easier to change the wearing sleeves on the shaft; and in
experimenting with different kinds of packing. The result of
this work was the raising of the efficiency to the required
standard, the elimination of all thrust trouble, and a reduction
of the wear caused by the packing in the high-pressure stuf-
fing boxes to very' moderate proportions. Subsequently some
further improvements were made.

Multi-stage centrifugal pumps consist of impellers at-
tached to the shaft and stationary diffusion rings. The water
enters an impeller near the shaft and issues with great ve-
Icxity from its periphery. It then passes in a spiral direction
through the passages of a diffusion ring to the inlet of the
succeeding impeller or from the last impeller to the outlet.
The expanding passageways for the water through the dif-
fusion ring convert the velocity into pressure. The efficiency
of a centrifugal pump depends principally on the shape and
size of the impellers, the internal leakages, and the friction in
the water passages.

The three original centrifugal pumps are made with a
solid casing and the impellers and the diffusion rings are
drawn out through the end of the casing. In the pumps
installed since there is no casing, but the stationary parts of
each stage are held together by large through bolts. None
of the pumps have casings divided horizontally, which plan
introduces unfavorable joints and necessitates disconnecting
and lifting out the shaft and impellers. Without the hori-
zontal joint the diffusion rings and impellers are very easily
drawn out endways without disturbing the shaft. It takes
alx>ut 4 hr. to take a pump of four stages apart and put it
together again.

The experience of several years shows that there is very
little wear in the interior or on the periphery of the impellers,
or in the water passages leading from one impeller to another.
The principal wear and the occasion of greatest loss in effi-
ciency is t^etween the impellers and the diffusion rings. Orig-
inally, the contact faces were quite narrow, only % in. They
have since been made i 7/16 in. and the tendency to leak has
been decreased by using labyrinth rings, as shown in Fig. 2l

In later installations the hydraulic thrust ring was sup-
plied wMth oil from a separate small motor-driven plunger
pump. When oil was lacking it was found that water an-
swered equally well. The advantage of having pressure in-

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40 ELECTRICITY AT PENN AND REPUBLIC IRON MINES

dependent of the water column is because the greatest tend-
ency to thrust is on starting before the impellers become bal-
anced, as they are when under the full head, because at the
time of starting the column pipe may not supply the requisite
or perhaps any pressure, and also because the independent
puijip gives a constant quantity at a variable pressure de-
pending upon the thrust.

The main stuffing boxes were originally packed with a
solid metallic i>acking, but, as that did not prove satisfactory,

Jf/NC ON Impelled

STATIONAf^Y RtNQ
O/V HCADS AND
lNT£/in£0/ATE3

Figure 2 Labyrinth Rings to Decrease Leakage

soft metallic packing and several kinds of special packings
were tried in succession, but finally practice has settled down
to a good grade of square braided hemp packing. The leak-
age is naturally greatest through the stuffing lx)x on the dis-
charge end of the pump, where there is the full pressure of
552 lb. to the square inch. As the shaft has only a rotary
motion, when the packing is tightened up there is nothing to
distribute the pressure applied upon the outside ring of pack-
ing to the other rings, as a shaft with motion lengthways
helps to do, and consequently the outside ring is apt to be

Digitized byVjOOQlC

Lake superior mining institute 41

pressed so tight that it wears a groove in the shaft or the
protecting sleeve about the shaft. No attempt is made to
lubricate the packing. The shaft is protected from this wear
in the stuffing boxes by removable sleeves. It takes only 2
hr. to replace a sleeve. The replacing of the sleeves has teen
the greatest source of delay of a mechanical nature, but the
aggregate of the delays is very small. At the East Vulcan
mine, where for nearly three years there was only one electric
centrifugal pump, and it was run as nearly continuously as
I>ossible, the total delays amounted to only 364 hr. in 33
months, or less than i J4 per cent, of the time.

Occasionally the discharge of the pump has fallen off,
due to chips or refuse in the suction end of the pump. This
is guarded against as much as possible by having duplicate
wire screens in the suction tank, so that all' the water from
the mine has to pass through a screen. The screens are in
duplicate, so that there may always te one in place when the
other is raised for cleaning. In these mines it has I)een found
that the test protection against grit in the water is to te had
Trom good ditches which keep the water in the drifts below
the traveled road. The internal wear of the water passages
due to grit has teen exceedingly small. The water is free
from acid and without corrosive effect. The internal con-
struction of these pumjjs is simplicity itself, and their de-
pendability is much greater, and the time and cost of re-
jxiirs much less, than with the triple-expansion steam pumps
which the centrifugals displaced.

Approximate figures on the maintenance for one year of

four centrifugal pumps as compared to four triple-expansion

steam pumps doing practically the same duty are as follows :

Centrifugal. Steam.

Shop labor I 717 | 7C0

Labor on pumps G90 590

Supplies 503 2,021

11,910 13,371

The motor of these pumps have wound rotors with a de-
vice for short circuiting the secondary current and relieving
the brushes from wear by lifting them from the rings. These
pumps were rated at 900 gal. per minute and that was about
the quantity of water that they handled at first. Soon after
the quantity to te pumi>ed increased to 1,100 gal. per minute.
This was too much for one pump and not enough for two,
so that it was necessary to start and stop one pump frequently.

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4^ ELECTRICITY AT PEKK AND REPUBLIC IRON MINES

As this quantity of water continued for some time, it was
found that by increasing the speed of the generators at the
falls from 60 to 62 J^ cycles per second, the pumps were each
capable of handling from 1,200 to 1.300 gal. per minute.
This overloaded the motors, and after running for a consid-

^ __^ ^^=^=^ tt>

•^-^=-:r:r: : . H

: _ _ _ 25

flC ul

1000 UQO 1«»

CAPACITY. GALLONS PER MINUTE
Figure 8 Efficiency Curve of 8-in. EUoht-Stagb Centrifugal Pump

erable time it was found that the insulation had been baked
until it was brittle. This made trouble when it became neces-
sary to repair the windings. A dropping off in efficiency will
also overload the motor, so that it is w^ell to have centrifugal-

\\^

. B

1 1

zz^

/^« H.mk.r */ [

^*z

Figure 4 Measuring Tank

pump motors of a larger size than the specified head and
quantities under normal conditions call for.

Fig. 3 shows an approximate curve of efficiency based on
eight tests at different quantities on a pump when in first-class
condition. During these tests the unit was being run at 1,235

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINiNG INSTITUTE 43

rev. per minute and the quantity was varied by manipulating
a valve on the suction.

In order to test the efficiency of the pumps it was neces-
sary to measure the water. At first, this was done on surface,
by means of both a tank with knife-edged orifice and a weir.
Penrranent concrete tanks were later installed at both East
Vulcan and West Vulcan so as to obtain a continuous record
of the amount of water pumped. One of these tanks is shown
in Fig. 4. There is a division wall in it which is pierced
with a great many 2-in holes. The water from the mine
flows into the back i>art of the tank and through the holes in
the division wall into the front part of the tank. This breaks
up the flow of water and prevents "velocity of approach'' to
the orifice. In the front wall of the tank there is a plate of
steel with a circular knife-edge opening of exact size.

The quantity of water that flows through the orifice de-
pends on the head above the center of the orifice. The head
is recorded on a recording water-level guage and tables for
each orifice show the gallons per minute corresponding to
each tenth of a foot of head. One of the charts is shown in
Fig. 5. This chart was used in connection with an orifice
having a diameter of 7 in. and shows an average for the
week of about 894 gal. per minute. When the pumping is
irregular the average is ascertained by the use of a plani-
meter for circular charts. On this chart it can be seen that
the pumps were stopped for a few minutes three times during
the week. The charts are changed Sundays at noon. Orifices
of different sizes are used when the quantity of water changes,
so as to keep the water at somewhere between 2 and 4 ft. above
the center. With these permanent measuring tanks and suit-
able electrical instruments a test of efficiency becomes a very
simple matter.

At the Brier Hill shaft, where there are only from 30 to
40 gal. per minute, and a depth of 900 ft., there is a motor-
driven reciprocating, horizontal, plunger pump, of 125 gal.
per minute capacity, which on Sundays and holidays may be
operated from the hoist house on surface, the high- and low-
water mark in the sump being provided with an electric sig-
nalling device to the hoist house.

At the Republic mine, for pumping from a depth of 1,150
ft. a motor-driven triplex plunger pump of 95 gal. per minute
and a motor-driven horizontal duplex plunger pump of 125
gal. per minute are used, but at that point the maximum wa-

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ELECTRICITY AT PENN AND REPUBLIC IRON MINES

ter is only 150 gal. per minute, with an average of about 50
gallons. At other points where the quantities are moderate
and intermittent operation is not objectionable, motor-driven
plunger pumi>s are used.

In the smaller sizes centrifugal pumps are inefficient, but
the efficiency increases with the size. Pumps of 600 to 1,200

Figure 5 Chart From Recording Water-Level Gauge

gal. a minute can be easily maintained at an efficiency of 55
to 65 per cent, measured from the ix)vver delivered to the
motors to the water at the top of the shaft, while pumps of
larger capacity will undoubtedly give higher efficiencies.

One of the great advantages of centrifugal pumps is that
the quantity of w^ater can be regulated within comparatively
wide limits by simply opening and closing a valve on either
the suction or the discharge pipe, preferably the former, with
but slight variation in the efficiency. A reciprocating pump

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 45

driven by an induction motor, on the other hand, must run
at a constant speed. Mechanical devices to change the speed
of the pump or the quantity of water per stroke are neces-
sarily complicated. The common practice for decreasing the
quantity is to use a by-pass on the discharge column, allowing
a- portion of the water to return to the sump. This of course
is directly at the expense of efficiency. Intermittent pump-
ing" necessitates adeciuate sump capacity. It may be generally
sai<l that a reciprocating pump driven by an induction motor
is especially suited to pump a certain amount of water against
a head that may be varied at pleasure, while with a centrifugal
pump the quantity of water can be regulated but the head
cannot l)e materially changed without structural changes. To
effect the latter end a centrifugal pump should be designed
for changing either the number or the diameter of the im-
I>elleri',. High-pressure centrifugal pumps are usually de-
signed for a head of lOO to 150 ft. for each stage or im-
peller. The speed must be approximately 1,200 or 1,800 rev.
jxrr minute with a six- or four-pole motor and a 6o-cycle al-
ternating current. With a 25-cycle current the si>ee(l would
not Ix? sufficient, except with a two^pole motor.

Electric Hoists.

Before the introduction of electricity, hoisting at the Penn
mines was done at five shafts with steam hoists of the follow-
ing tyi^es :

Shaft No. of Drums ^'"^{j^^ Geared ^ Drums**'

EaGt Vulcan No. 4 2 10 Yes Tandem

East Vulcan No. 3 2 5 Yes On same shaCt

West Vulcan C 2 12 Yes Tandem

West Vulcan C 2 12 No On same shaft

Curry No. 1 2 6 Yes On same shaft

Norway No. 10 2 5 Yes On same shaft

The principal hoisting was at East Vulcan No. 4 and West
Vulcan C shafts. The geared plants at these two points were
altered so as to permit their being driven by motors. This
was done by extending the pinion shaft on the side opposite
to the steam engine and putting on the extended shaft a large
rope wheel, which was driven by an American system rope
drive from a small rope wheel on the shaft of the motor. On
the other side the connecting rod of the steam engine was dis-
connected. This arrangement is illustrated in Fig. 6. The
method of operating is to start the motor, roi>e wheels, gear
wheels, and drum shafts and when these are up to speed

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46 ELECTRICITY AT PENN AND I^EPUBLIC IRON MINES

gradually to apply the clutch of the drum, thus starting- the
skip or cage and quickly accelerating it. This had always
been the practice in starting with steam except that with the
rope wheels and motor the fly wheel effect is greater.

At the same time the East Vulcan No. 3 hoist, which was
used very intermittently and principally for depths of only
250 ft., was run by compressed air generated by a motor-

Figure 6 Tandem Drums Driven by Either Engine or Motor

driven compressor. As the work of this hoist has increased
a motor and l^elt have been substituted for the engine, as
shown in Fig. 7. The same change was made with the Nor-
way hoist. The first-motion steam hoist at West Vulcan has
l)een dispensed with. The Curry hoist was formerly nni by
steam from the saw mill. This hoist was too small for the
work and has l^een replaced by a new electrically driven plant.
A new hoist has also been supplied for the circular concrete-

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE

lined shaft at Brier Hill. These last two hoists will be de-
scribed more in detail.

The motors of the four principal hoists are all of standard
design. They are three-phase, Go-cycle, 2,200-volt induction
motors with wound rotors and external resistance for starting.

Experience shows that the motors at West Vulcan, Curry,

FiGURB 7 Parallel Drums Driven by Either Engine or Motor

and Brier Hill are much larger than is required. A
of 200 h.p. would be sufficient for the requirements
of the above shafts.

East Vulcan No. 4 220

West Vulcan 350

Curry 350

Brier Hill 450

360
360
360
300

6,700

6,000

12.000

12,000

lis

1,557

1.546

1,410

989

motor
of any

"^90
588
600
600

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48 ELECTRICITY AT PENN AND REPUBLIC IRON lalNES

The first hoist at these mines constructed solely for electric
hoisting was installed at the Brier Hill shaft. This hoist has
two drums with shells of steel plate 12 ft. in diameter by 5
ft. 9 in. face, and 2 cast-iron conical drums, of which the
small diameter is 4 ft. 6 in. and the large diameter 17 feet.
These drums, Fig. 8, are keyed on two i>arallel shafts, a
cylindrical and a conical drum on each shaft. Each cylin-
drical dnmi is driven by a Lane friction clutch from a cut
spur gear having 144 teeth, 4-in. circular pitch and 12-in.
face. The pinion has 46 teeth, giving a gear ratio of 3.13 to
I. On the pinion shaft is a rope wheel 21 ft. 6 in. in diam-

FiGURE 8 Hoist at Brier Hill Shaft

eter. having 24 grooves for ij4 i^'i- nianila rope. The pulley
on the motor is 48 in. in diameter. The friction clutches and
band brakes are operated by compressed-air cylinders each
having an oil cylinder to prevent jumping and to hold it at
any ix)int. Safety devices on this hoist fulfill the same con-
ditions as those on the Curry hoist, but are more complicated
and will not be descriljed in detail here.

Before putting in this plant it was thought that a hand-
oi>erated controller for so large a motor as 450 h.p. would l)e
hard to handle, so an automatic controller operated by alter-

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE

nating-current solenoids with a master controller was in-
stalled. This controller required frequent attention and was
very noisy. It has been replaced with a water rheostat, which
after some experimenting was built as shown in Fig. 9. The
tank is of concrete, open on top and nearly full of a weak
solution of carbonate of soda. A timber crosshead is sus-
pended above the tank and to the under side of it four iron
plates are attached. The plates are connected to the three
secondary leads from the motor as indicated in the drawing.
The crosshead and plates are raised and lowered by a rope

(^^^

Figure 9 Water Rheostat Controller for 500-h.p. Induction Motor Hoist Service

which leads from an air cylinder in the hoist house. The
plates are trapezoids in shai)e with the shortest side down
and they are set at angles to each other so that the lowest
parts are the greatest distance apart. As the plates descend
into the water the areas increase rapidly and the jxirts at the
surface of the water are closer together, so that the electrical
resistance is reduced. The setting of the plane of the plates
at an angle with the perpendicular also stirs up the solution to
some extent. Between each pair of plates are smaller plates
much closer together, electrically connected to the large plates,
and at such a height that they enter the water just as the
large plates become completely submerged. By adjusting the

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50 ELECTRICITY AT PENN AND REPUBLIC IRON MINES

distance between these small plates the amount of slip of the
motor when pulling full load at full speed can be varied.

The mechanism for regulating the speed with which the
plates are lowered into the water, for raising the plates out
of the water, and for operating the primary switch is shown
in Fig. lo. A four-way valve having only two positions, "on"
and "off," is handled by the operator. In the "on" position
air is admitted to a small cylinder which closes the primary
switch, and the pipe leading to the air cylinder is opened to
exhaust. The weight of the crosshead and plates causes them
to sink into the water at a speed determined by the amount of
opening of the by-pass valve on the oil cylinder. When the

Operators //a/7d/e.

nir operated
prt/rtary Qytitch

Air suf>f»ly.

4f WAy (Lir y/aln.

— CnhAUst

yBy-^uss vajf6.

To c/vsshud
CArr/fftf ff/Atts.

Jlir cy/iader. dil rttej-dify Cflindtr,

Unchor

Figure 10 Operating Mechanism for Water Rheostat

hoist is nearly completed the operator throws the handle to
the "off" ix>sition. This allows the air in the primary switch
cylinder to ex'haust, thereby opening the switch, and at the
same time admits air into the air cylinder, thus raising the
plates nearly out of the water.

Fig. 1 1 shows the starting curv^e with this water rheostat.
Fig. 12 shows the corresix>nding curve with the automatic
controller previously used. On comparing these it will be
seen that acceleration was accomplished with the water rheo-
stat in 20 sec, while it took 40 sec. with the automatic con-
troller, and the power drawn from the line was much more
uniform with the former. The curve in Fig. ii also shows

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 5 1

the practically perfect counterbalancing of the skip and the
unbalanced load of the cage.

The Curry hoist, shown in Fig. 13, was designed and
built by the Penn Iron Mining Company. It has been in
service since March, 191 2. It has two cast-iron drums 12
ft. in diameter by 6 ft. face on the same shaft, each drum
having a band brake 10 in. wide, 12 ft. in diameter, and
driven independently by a Lane friction clutch 12 in. wide,
which grips a friction ring 10 ft. 4 in. in diameter.

Figure U Starting Curve With Water Rheostat

Figure 12 Starting Curve With Automatic ControlleIi

The main shaft is driven by a Falk cut helical gear having
i8i teeth, lY^-'m. circular pitch, and an i8-in. face. The
pinion meshing with this gear has 19 teeth, giving a gear
ratio of 9.52 to i. On the pinion shafts is a rope wheel 9
ft. 10 in. in diameter having 24 V-grooves for 134 -in- manila
rope. The rim of this rope wheel is 3/^ -in. thick, to give it
the proi)er amount of inertia. This vo\i^ wheel is driven from
the 350-h.p. motor by a rope pulley 50 in. in diameter.

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52 ELECTRICITY AT PENN AND REPUBLIC IRON MINES

The friction clutches and band brakes are power operated.
In the basement is a small motor-driven triplex pump which
takes oil from a suction tank and pumps it into a pressure
tank. When all the oil in the system is in the pressure tank
it is only one-third full of oil, two-thirds of the volume be-
ing compressed air at 80 lb. gauge pressure. As fast as oil
is used and exhausted into the suction tank the pump puts it
back into the pressure tank. When there is no oil in the
suction tank the pump draws air, w^hich is compressed and
delivered into the pressure tank. A small safety valve allows

Figure 13 Hoist at Curry Shaft

the escape of any excess air. The brake is released by an oil
cylinder and set by a weight, oil being admitted or exhausted
by a three-way valve. The hand lever operating this valve
is connected differentially to the brake lever so that the
l>rake follows the operator's hand. The clutch is engaged by
oil cylinder and released by a weight in the same manner.
The use of oil under pressure instead of compressed air or
steam insures smooth action of the clutch and brake, mak-
ing sudden starting or stopping almost impossible, while the
use of weights to release the clutch and set the brakes insures
a reliable source of ix>wer for stopping.

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE

The safety device stops the drum under any one of four
conditions, viz: Lowering too rapidly; overwinding; at a
point 90 ft. above the bottom when lowering; and at a point
50 ft. below the surface when coming up. The two latter
stoi>s are under the control of the brak«nan, so that if he
is aware of the position of the cage or skip he can disconnect
either of these two devices. Referring to Fig. 14, the levers
which operate the valves of the clutch and brake cylinders
are shown, one in the "nmning" position and one in the
"stop" position. A solenoid is arranged to release a weight
which puts both clutch and brake levers into the **stop" po-

Oftr-mnA G»iiiuit.

Screw DrhfinlyUrvm

ThMclinf Nut wit/f Tcetfy

f^ibrc Bfoeh Gurryinf dontict Ylheet
Set for soft U/ow SurlACt. SttforfO k a/fore Bottom.

$tq^ /^itiofr.

T^vnninf ^pMittoo

5^ 5o/enoJd for T^efsAsinf Yfci^ht

TkU Hm'sS^S:

FiQURE 14 Safety Device on Hoists

sition. It remains then to have a contact made that will send
a current through the solenoid when it is desired to stoj) the
drimi. The contact for stopping when lowering too rapidly,
the condition first mentioned, is made by a simple fly ball gov-
ernor, shown in Fig. 15. The other three conditions are con-
trolled by means of the device shown in Fig. 14. A screw,
driven by the drum, carries a nut with teeth which strike
a pawl on the contact wheel, tuming the wheel slightly and
thus making a contact. By slightly turning the shaft which
carries the contact wheels, the pawds are lifted and the nut
travels under without tuming the wheel. The shaft may be

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54 ELECTRICITY AT PENN AND REPUBLIC IRON MINES

turned by pressing on the "dead man's button." The contact
for the overwind needs no description. Fig. 15 gives a gen-
eral view of this safety device. This device has been tried
many times and all of the four conditions have always been
met.

The ore formations at Vulcan are inclined at varying
angles from 45 to 90 degrees from the horizontal, but all
the shafts are vertical with the exception of the lower part of

Figure 15 Fly-Ball Governor for Speed Control

East Vulcan No. 4. The orebodies are very irregular in
shape and may be considered ore shoots rather than lenses.
The quantities on different levels vary greatly. For this rea-
son hoisting with indei^endent drums rather than with drums
in balance presents advantages. A single drum at any of the
shafts will carry all the ore required and work more or less
intemiittently. This economizes shaft space, and with a plant
of two dnims one can be us^d for a skip and the other for
a cage.

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE

In the important installations the weight of the skips,
and when heavy the weight of the cage, is counterbalanced
by a weight in the shaft. The road for the counterbalance
requires very little space in the shaft, as the counterbalance is
made fairly long and small in the other directions. In one
case an old Cornish pump plunger i6 in. in diameter and lo
ft. long partly filled with scrap has been used.

At East Vulcan No. 4 and Curry, in order to balance and
equalize the weight of the ropes, the counterbalance roi^e,
after leaving the hoisting drum, passes outside of the hoisting
house to one of two connected conical drums toward its smaller

FiouKE 16 Arramgement op Curry Hoist and Balance Drums

diameter, while from the larger diameter of the other drum
another rope leads to the shaft and carries the counterweight,
as show^n in Fig. 16. The uniformity of the balancing through-
out the travel of the skip in the Curry hoist is shown in Fig.
17. In the Brier Hill plant, instead of the pair of conical
drums outside the hoisting house there is a conical drum on
the shaft with each of the main hoisting drums and the count-
erbalance rope leads from the smaller end of the conical dnmi
(see Figs. 8 and 18.) This arrangement is possible only
when the hoisting drums are set tandem to each other. The

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56 ELECTRICITY AT PENN AND REPUBLIC IRON MINES

Strains on the counterbalance drum are so much less than on
the hoisting drum that it can be very much lighter and there
are fewer difficulties in its structural features than where con-
ical drums are used for hoisting. The counterbalancing of

14^100

lt.000

--^

-We

gilt

OfflUp^Qd^lM

:Pu

lof

iBaljnAA

2iAMM

■^

■--.

8,000

6LD0O

S.000ft.

usooft

IgOOOft

won.

fiotlom T^

FiQuitE 17 Curves Showing Variation in Balance With Curry Balance Drums.
1V4-IN. Hoisting Rope, 4,900 lb.; Skip Weighs 7,600 lb.; Weight of Countbrbalamcb

Figure 18 Arrangement of Brier Hill Balance Drums

the ropes by means of a single conical drum necessitates the
use of a drum with a wide difference between its end diam-
eters, a diffo'ence which in some cases is almost impractic-

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 57

able, and in any case requires deep grooving. Such a drum
is more expensive both for itself and for the inclosing build-
ing than the pairs of drums used on the other plants and is
heavier, thereby increasing the inertia.

In order to equalize the weight of the ropes in every part
of the shaft as nearly as possible the angle of the cones must
be carefully designed. To obtain absolute equalization would
require a cone of which the outlines of a longitudinal section
would be curved rather than straight, but the difference in
counterbalancing effect in different parts of the shaft can
usually be kept within lOO or 200 lbs. with straight cones.

In thus counterbalancing the dead weights some allowance
must be made so that the descending skip will overhaul the
drums. This requires g^erally an unbalanced load of not
exceeding 800 lbs. The excess of weight of the empty skip
or cage should only be such as to take it down with little or
no application of the brake for the greater part of. its travel.
In a shaft 2,000 ft. deep, where the weight of ore hoisted is
12,000 lb., the weight of the skip 7,400 lb., and the rope
4,900 lb., or a total dead weight of 12,300 lb., the loss, ne-
glecting friction, would be 50.6 per cent. When the dead
weights are coimterbalanced to within 800 lb. the loss is only
6.6 per cent.

in this method of counterbalancing the conical drums have
l^een designed so that the total travel of the counterbalance
will be so much less than that of the skip or cage that the
counterweights will never come to the surface when the skip
or cage is at the bottom of the shaft. This has been done
to avoid the freezing of the counterweight to its guides in
severe winter w.eather.

For a counterbalance recently designed for one of the Re-
public shafts, in place of the two conical drums there are a
nearly cylindrical drum and a reel for a flat rope which car-
ries the counterweight. This method of counterbalancing can
be used for a depth of at least 3,000 ft. in a vertical shaft
with a load of ore of 12,000 lb., as illustrated in Fig. 19. In
Fig. 20 is shown the uniformity of the l>alancing.

When a skip is in the dump a part of its weight rests on
the members of the headframe and it is necessary to make
some compensation so as to maintain the equalizing of the
weights at that point as well as at other points in the travel.
This has been accomplished in several ways. One way was
to have the counterweight made in parts, the upper part of

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ELECTRICITY AT PENN AND REPUBLIC IRON MINES

larger cross section than the lower part, so that when the skip
was entering the dump the larger part of the counterweight
near the bottom of the shaft would be caught on stationarj*^
projections from the shaft timbers and held there, to be caught

]

PlOURBlO IfSTBOD

ia.n»

•V,

Nfc,

ii,non

-W€

Ighl

Of^

kip

iDd

Sop

l%fM»

•^

Pul

iof

IfllA

100

«A ICflOfl

■^

^*s,

POU

8,000

■^

&00O

8,000 fb

or
Bottom

1^100 ft

Figure 20 Curves Showing Variation in Balancb With Wheel and Drum. IH-in.
Hoisting Rope. 9.000 lb.; % by 2H-in. Flat Balance Rope. 6*100 lb.; Weight of Sup
7,600 LB.: Weight op Balance, 8,400 lb.; Load Raised (Orb), 12.000 lb.

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LAKE SUPEKIOk MINING iNStlTtltE!

up again when the skip came out of the dump. Even with
slowly traveling ropes this put on a sudden strain which was
not desirable. Another method that has been used is to curve
the counterweight road at the bottom so that the vertical
component of the weight decreases similarly to that of the
skip when it goes into the dump. This answers the purposes
excellently, but the curved road requires additional rock ex-
cavation in the mine and is expensive to build and maintain.

funnel open on one
side J cr o/>en on ^ot^

sides ^ith sw/n^lrjf
iuiffje fi/aU )n center-

tfighest "Position.

^5t

/\s skip begios

to clump, sheath

OP skip strike*
rop^.

Figure 21 "Take On" Balance

Also, when new levels are sunk the location of the curve
must be changed. No attempt has been made to make this
equalization by change in diameters on the conical drums, for
like reason. The method which has proved to meet the con-
ditions most satisfactorily is to have the frame of the skip
pick up a weight as the box goes into the dump. In order
to take the weight gradually and without jar, an idler wheel

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6o ELECTklCItY AT PEKN AND kEPUBLiC IKON MINES

36 in. in diameter attached to the top of the bail of the skip
engages a rope which lies across the skip compartment just
as the box of the skip starts into the dump. One end of the
rope is fixed, the other end passes over a vertical wheel and
has a weight attached to it. The weight does not hang over
the shaft and a fence prevents any one from getting under it.
Without this "take-on" balance or a similar device it would
not be possible to have the counterweight in the shaft as heavy
as it might otherwise be by several hundred pounds. (See
Fig. 21.)

The use of a counterweight with independent skips and
cages not only reduces the total work but makes the work
after the moving parts are up to speed equal throughout the
whole of the travel. In hoisting with skips in balance, un-
less there is a tail rope the weight of one of the ropes is addetl
to the required starting torque, gradually decreases, is bal-
anced half way up and thereafter increases negatively.

In the system of hoisting described the extra power re-
quired to start the skip or cage and accelerate it is provided
for in the fly-wheel action of the revolving parts, especially
in the larger rope wheel. The design is based on the re-
quirement that the energy stored is sufficient to accelerate
the load without reducing the speed below the slip si:)eed of
the motor. In this method no resistance is required to reduce
the speed, as in the Ilgner system, and that loss is eliminated.
The drums are controlled mechanically by means of a clutch
and a brake in the same way that has been in general practice
for years with steam plants of like design. If built with am-
ple surfaces the clutches and brakes are effective and require
very little attention. The Brier Hill hoist was started in
April. 1 910, and has run three years and seven months, hoist-
ing during that time 500,000 tons of ore. The original fric-
tions are still in service. The Curry hoist has run 20 months
and hoisted 150,000 tons without requiring a replacement of
the frictions. When the counterweights are used the brakes
also retjuire very little attention. The control of a drum by
means of a mechanical clutch and brake is as simple and exact
as can be desired.

This system has the same advantage as the Ilgner system
in the fly-wheel action to prevent any j^eak load in starting
the drum, but the fly-wheel effect is limited to what is suffi-
cient for that purpose and is not intended to provide power to
hoist much after the power is shut off. As hoisting at these

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE

mines is generally intermittent the practice is to start up the
motor when the signal to hoist comes in. It takes about 20
sec. to get it up to speed. Before the skip or cage reaches
the top the current is cut off and the travel is completed by
means of the momentum of the moving parts. The motor is
then idle until there is another call to hoist. When hoisting
is irregular the saving over the Ilgner system by not having
to keep a heavy fly-wheel in motion is considerable. There is
also a considerable saving in the mechanical control over the
Ilgner control by the omission of the direct-current generator
and motor. There is some loss, however, in the mechanical
appliances. of a clutch and brake, but these probably do not
ccjual the rheostat losses of the other system. It must l)e ad-
mitted that no power can be derived from lowering timl)er,
men, tools and other weights, as in the case of the Ilgner
system or with a compressed-air system such as has l)een
recently installed at Butte and described in B. V. Nordl^erg's
paper entitled The Compressed-Air System of the Anaconda
Copi>er Company.^ No continued record at the Penn mines
is available for these lowered weights, but a careful record for
a week at one shaft, at which the greatest amount of timl)er
is lowered, shows that the lowered weights are 5.67 i>er cent,
of the weights hoisted. Only a small fraction of this loss
could be recovered by either the Ilgner System or the com-
pressed-air system at Butte. The total weight l>were»l at
Brier Hill in a week is less than 250 tons, a distance of 750
ft., and the power wasted costs only 47c to generate.

The following figures show the results of tests of hoisting
at the Brier Hill and Curr}-^ shafts. By "live ton-feet'' is meant
the live load of ore in tons multiplied by the number of feet
hoisted vertically.

Results of Test on Brier Hill Electric Hoist.

Date Nov.

Kilowatt

. No.

of Tons

HoiBted

From

Live Ton-

Kilowatt-

1911

houra

6th

8th

9th

feet

hours per

Level

Live Ton-foot

5G3

195

228

371,424

0.001515

578

183

249

384,579

0.001505

558

180

240

372,480

0.001497

597

1G8

270

390,162

001507

015

183

279

410,853

0.001490

287

141

190,071

0.001510

Total 3,198 2,126,169 0.001504

From the 5th level to the dump is 480 ft.; 0th level, 592 ft.; 8th
level, 780 ft.; 9th level, 887 ft. Load, two cars or 12,000 lb. of ore.
Hoisting speed, GOO ft. per minute.

8 Bull. No. 81. Sept, 1913. p. 2225. A. I. M. E.

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62 ELECTRICITY AT PENN AND REPUBLIC IRON MINES

It takes at the rate of 2.256 kw.-hr. to hoist i ton of ore
1,500 ft. and the cost of power for this work is 0.764c.

Results of Test on Curry Electric Hoist.

Data June

Kilowatt

—No. of Tons Prom— ^

Live Ton-

Kilowatt-hoon

1912

hours Intes-

16th

17th

feet

Per Uve Ton-

ratins Meter

Level

foot

243.75

117

169,956

0.001434

462.5

210

325,440

0.001421

48t25

243

343,224

0.001402

17 *

450

258

341,694

0.001318

456.25

216

316,368

0.001442

462.5

228

327,834

001411

462.5

222

315,756

0.001465

3,018.75 2,140,272 0.0014104

FYom the 16th level, 1,308 ft, to the dump; 17th level, 1,410 ft.
Hoisting speed, 600 ft. per minute. Load, two cars or 12,000 lb. of
ore.

It takes at the rate of 2. 1 1 56 kw.-hr. to hoist i ton of ore
1,500 ft. and the cost of power for this work is 0.712c.

On a capacity test recently made on the Curry hoist 13
skips, or approximately 78 tons, of ore was raised 1,410 ft.
in 61 min. This is equivalent to 325,000 to 350,000 tons a
year.

From data collected during this test it has been estimated
that with a hoisting speed of 1,200-ft. per minute, which is
well within safe limits, an output of 300,000 tons per year
could be obtained from a depth of 3,000 ft., and greater
quantities at less depth. In ad-dition to the very high effi-
ciency of this system of hoisting, the comparatively small
cost of the hoisting plant and accessories, the saving in the
size of the building to inclose it and the decreased space re-
quired in the shaft must be considered.

Electrically Driven Air Compressors.

In substituting electrical for steam machinery at the Vul-
can mines four compressors were installed. At East Vulcan
the compressor is two-stage, having a capacity of 2,200 cu.
ft. of free air per minute at a speed of 120 rev., driven by a
rope drive from an induction motor of 350 h.p., 2,200 volts
at 360 rev. per minute. At West Vulcan two two-stage com-
pressors were put in. Each has a capacity of 3,300 cu. ft. of
free air per minute, runs at 72 rev. per minute and is driven
by a rope drive from an induction motor of 450 h.p., 6,600
volts at 300 rev. per minute. At Norway a straight-line,
two-stage compressor of 780 and 390 cu. ft. of free air per
minute was changed by removing the steam cylinder, putting

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 63

a belt wheel on the main shaft and driving it from a two-
speed induction motor of loo h.p., 2,200 volts at 600 and 300
rev. per minute. The use of rope drives for the larger com-
pressors and a belt for the small one permitted the use of high-
speed motors with comparatively low-speed compressors, and
this was less expensive than compressors with motors on the
main shaft. The loss in efficiency of the rope drive is 2 per
cent, while there is a gain in efficiency and power factor with
a high-speed motor over a slow-speed motor.

The rope drives for the compressors and hoists at Vul-
can and Republic have been very satisfactory.' At Republic
one transmission rope has been in use over ten years, although
its continuous service would be only about half that, as the
plant consists of two compressors driven by water wheels
which do not always run at the same time on account of lack
of water.

The experience of the past few years indicates that it
would have been a less expensive and more efficient installation
if instead of putting in compressors at the three mines they had
all been placed at the more central point at West Vulcan with
pipe lines to East Vulcan, i]^ miles, and to Norway, i 1/3
miles. If that had been done three compressors, of 1,500
3,000, and 4,000 cu. ft. of free air per minute, would have
supplied all the requirements and could be run as required
at nearly full capacity at all times. The pipe lines would have
been less expensive than the additional compressor required
in the plan adopted.

The varying demand for air is readily met with steam
compressors by varying the speed, but with constant-speed
nK>tor-driven compressors some means must be used to reduce
the quantity of air compressed and the amount of power re-
quired. All of the above-mentioned electrically driven com-
pressors have choking inlet controllers. The controllers on
the West Vulcan compressors have oil dash pots which allow
the inlet to be partly or entirely closed. On each end of the
high-pressure cylinder is a valve that connects the two ends
of the cylinder when the pressure in the intercooler drops
below atmosphere. This by-passes the air and prevents ex-
cessive heating such as would result if air were compressed
in one cylinder from a partial vacuum to full receiver pressure.
The East Vulcan compressor has a choking inlet controller
without the oil dash pot, and instead of by-passing air from
one side of the high-pressure piston to the other, it opens each

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64 ELECTRICITY AT PENN AND REPUBLIC IRON MINES

end to the atmosphere when there is a partial vacuum in the
intercooler.

Tramming.

The output of the Perm mines has averaged for the last
few years alx>ut 400,000 tons a year, and this comes from
several shafts and from several levels in each shaft. There is
no ore body of such size or distance from a shaft as to justify
the installation of power trams. Considering the quantities,
tramming with mules is satisfactory and economical. On good

Figure 22 Tramming Plant at the Penn Mines

roads with even grade, a single mule for some time . regular-
ly drew loads of six cars, or 12 tons, of ore a distance of
2,300 ft. The maximum load recorded was 13 cars, or about
26 tons.

The ore hoisted during the winter months is stocked on
surface. As there are two, three, or four grades at each shaft,
it is necessary in summer to transport the ore from the shaft
to the different pockets at the railroad. The movement of
stockpile or jKHrket is done by a car with endless rope which
is moved by wheels geared to a motor. This plant is shown

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 65

in Fig. 22, The tram is driven by a 2oh.p., 220-volt, 720-
rev. per minute, wound-rotor, reversible, induction motor.

The 'drive wheel is made with a rim in halves that can l>e
easily replaced. The drum has four y^-\n. grooves on its
outer circumference. About 4 ft. from the center of the dmm
is a shaft carrying three idler wheels, the center one being
keyed to the shaft and the two outer ones being loose on the
shaft. This shaft is set at an angle to the horizontal so that
the top of one wheel is in line with the first groove of the
drum, while the bottom of the same wheel is in line with
the second groove on the drum. The rope is led to the first
groove on the drum, then around one idler, to second groove,
and so on. Having three separate w^heels for the idlers re-
duces the tendency of wear to cause a differential strain on
the rope. The drum being split allows of its being replaced
quickly when the grooves show a difference in diameter caused
by wear. The load of the car is about 6 tons^.of ore and
there are curves in the track of 25-ft. radius. , ' trestles
used for stocking in winter are taken down as ti.c' ore is
loaded by a shovel during the season of navigation, and are
set up again in the fall. This is considered cheaper than to
build out tracks on the ore as it is dumped. It also avoids
the necessity of any one going out on the trestle during the
cold weather except occasionally to oil the rollers. The dan-
ger of derailment does not involve life.

For these reasons and because there has l^een no other need
for direct current a trolley system of tramming has not been
considered. The quantity of power is comparatively so small
that the question of efficiency is secondary to the other ele-
ments.

Signal System.

Electric bell signals were originally operated by direct
current from primary batteries using one weather-proof wire
for each signal (skip, cage, or grade) and a common return.
So much trouble was experienced, due principally to electro-
lysis, that, before the general alternating-current system was
put in, a telephone magneto was used by plugging in at dif-
ferent levels and ringing by hand. This prevented any one
except the conductor for the cage and the dumpers for the
skip, who were furnished with magnetos, from ringing any
signals, and stop])ed all trouble from electrolysis.

When alternating current was available the present system.

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ELECTRICITY AT PENN AND REPUBLIC IRON MINES

shown in Fig. 23, was developed. A small transformer takes
1 10- volt current from the lighting system and reduces it to
30 volts. One side of this low-voltage circuit is connected to
the ground, while the other side leads to a relay for each of
the bells in the hoist house, skip, and cage, and to one side of
a grade bell in the shaft house. The other side of each re-
lay and the grade bell are each connected to one of three No.
4 bare copper wires supported on insulators down the shaft.
By grounding any one of these three wires a current will flow
through the grade bell or relays in the hoisting house. The
bell wire for the cage is near the center of one side of the
compartment, so that it is nearly inrpossible to reach it at any

SHiff ht/l , Ca^B ^«//.

FiouiiB 23 Signal System

landing place unless one stands on the cage. A short piece
of flexible wire, with a bare piece of No. 4 solid wire at the
end, is fastened to the iron work of the cage, so that the
bell wire for the cage can be grounded from the cage at any
ix)int whether at rest or moving. This plan prevents any one
from ringing the bell for the cage except from the cage itself.
The ringing of the cage bell when the cage is not in sight,
although against all rules, is occasionally done and is very
likely to have serious consequences. It is the practice at these
mines to have each cage handling men, timber, and tools in
charge of a conductor, whose place generally is riding on
the cage.

The skip and cage bells are 16 in. in diameter and are
struck a heavy blow by an alternating-current solenoid using
a local iio-volt circuit, this circuit being closed by the relay.

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 67

In addition to ringing the bell very loudly an indicator regis-
ters the number of bells rung and a lamp at the top center
and right hand corner lights. This bell, lamp, and indicator
can be seen in Fig. 13.

Power Lines in the Shafts.

All current carried underground is 2,200-volt, three-phase,
6c)-cycle alternating. At the West Vulcan and East Vulcan
No. 4 shafts three separate lines of conduit are carried from
the surface sub-station to the pump rooms. Each conduit in-
closes three separate transmission wires, two of the conduits
having No. 00 stranded wires and one having 500,000 circular
mils stranded cable. Each wire is insulated with rubber for
7,500 volts, the wall being 30 per cent. Para rubber 5/16 in.
thick. The three wires are supported on strain insulators in
the shaft house and at stations about every 500 feet. The
conduit is sealed at the upper end around the wires to prevent
the entrance of moisture and is open at the lower end to allow
the moisture of condensation to get out. The first conduits
used at the Penn mines were 3-in. pipe lined with fiber. The
inside diameter was so small that it was hard to pull the
three wires in and after being used some time the moisture
caused the fiber to swell so that it was very difficult to get
the wires out. The conduits now used are 3-in. Sheraduct
for the No. 00 lines and 5 in. for the large lines. The first
2,200-volt underground lines, put down one of the shafts at
Republic, were lead-covered cables, three cables in an iron
pipe. The alternating current seemed to build up a static
charge on the lead covering that punctured the insulation as
well as the lead and caused bad short circuits. While wires
in a shaft or mine are underground in the miner's use of that
term, they are really aerial lines, for they are not imbeddeil
in the ground, under which latter conditions lead-covered
wires are properly used.

Conclusion.

Numerous small motors are used for driving hoists and
pumps in winzes, timber hoists, portable saws, concrete mix-
ers, and shop tools. At the Penn mines no steam is used ex-
cept in the saw mill, for heating, and for supplementing the
power from the Falls when there is a deficiency. Electricity
has been entirely satisfactory from an operating standpoint
as well as very efficient. The same men who formerly oper-

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68 ELECTRICITY AT PENN AND REPUBLIC IRON MINES

ated the steam hoists and pumps operate the electric hoists
and pumps. The adaptability and reliability of electrical ma-
chinery is generally appreciated.

Discussion.

(Including discussion of paper by F. C. Stanford, *'The
Electrification of the Mines of the Cleveland-Cliffs Iron Com-
I>any," printed elsewhere in this volume.)

Mr. Kelly : There are three principal uses of electricity
in mining: for pumping, hoisting and compressing air. The
running of a compressor with an electric motor is a simple
proix)sition. One appliance is required with a constant speed
motor not necessary with steam compressors — ^an automatic
controller to check the work of compressing when the air
pressure reaches the maximum and take it up again when the
j^ressure falls. The motor may be put on the main shaft of
the compressor or a motor of higher speed than the compres-
sor may be used to drive it by means of a rope drive or belt.
The conditions of each installation .will indicate what is best
in each case as a question of first cost and efficiency.

In pumping with electricity there are two 'general methods,
one with centrifugal pumps, the other with reciprocating
pumps and they each have their limitations and their advan-
tages. For small quantities the centrifugal pump is not adapt-
ed and the reciprocating pump is the only one that can prop-
erly l3e used but as the quantity of water increases the efficiency
and the advantages of centrifugal pumps improve. The first
cost of centrifugal pumps is considerably less in most cases
than reciprocating pumps of the same capacity and power.
The efficiency of the reciprocating pump, when run to its full
capacity, I think I may properly say, is higher than that of the
centrifugal pump but it is not always feasible to maintain full
capacity. All pumping in mines is with varying quantities.
The quantity may vary with the seasons ; or with the rain fall.
New sources of water may be tapped as openings are extended,
liven if the quantity of water that the mine makes is fairly con-
stant, it is frequently necessary to sink a shaft or winze deeper
with pumps l>elow the main station pumps delivering t(y the
main pumps intermittently, so that the main pumps have either
to runintenriittently or with varying quantities. The cenrifugal
pump is a pump that can be run with different quantities of
water with a comparatively small change in the efficiency,
while the efficiency of a reciprocating pump run at full speed

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 69

•

and delivering only part of the water would, of course, be in
proportion to the quantity delivered. With the Cornish pump-
ing system the usual practice is to have a by-pass and run some
of the water back rather than vary the speed or stop and
start the pumps. A by-pass may be desirable in starting any
pump but its use at other times is a waste of power. The
high efficiency of the constant speed motor-driven reciprocat-
ing pump is frequently lost by the improper use of the by-
pass. To accommodate the variation in the quantity of water
with a centrifugal pump, the valve on the suction or discharge
(preferably the former) may be opened or closed but with a
constant speed reciprocating pump some mechanical arrange-
ment is necessary for changing the length of the stroke, size
of plungers, gear ratios — all comphcated processes — or the
pump must be stopped and started. This last plan neces-
sitates increased sump capacity With centrifugal pumps care
has to be taken that they do not lose efficieiKy by wear. When
centrifugal pumps were put in at the Penn mines some seven
years ago they had a bad name. There had been great trou-
ble especially with thrust bearings, but our consulting engi-
neers advised us that they were based on correct mechanical
principles and that the difficulties in the details could be over-
come. This was accomplished and the centrifugal pumps that
were put in seven years ago are still running and are consid-
ered more reliable than the steam pumps which they displaced.
The question as to the use of a reciprocating or a centrifugal
type of pump depends, as in fact everything else does, on the
conditions to be met. Each has its place and the conditions
of each case must determine which should be selected.

Let me say something, too, with regard to the hoisting
problem. The method which seems to have had the greatest
approval of the electrical engineers is to use a motor generator
set. A motor generator set is an arrangement by which on
the same shaft is a motor, a fly-wheel and a generator. The
motor takes current from the alternating system at high ten-
sion and drives the fly-wheel and a direct current generator.
U|K>n the shaft of the hoist is a direct current motor which
takes its current from the direct current generator. Its most
suitable application is for continuous servnce where large ton-
nages have to be raised continuously and the skips are coming
up without interruption. But there are a great many mines
where this is not the case and as the motor generator set runs
constantly, the considerable power used to run the set in the

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JO ELECTRICITY AT PENN AND REPUBLIC IRON MINES

intervals of hoisting is a loss. The operating of the drums
by means of a direct current motor is a very smooth and safe
plan, but it is accompanied by certain losses of power corre-
sponding to, but possibly exceeding the losses in a mechanical
system with clutch and brake. If a motor generator set is not
used the motor may be placed on the drum shaft as is fre-
quently done or it may operate a fly-wheel and the drums
started by a friction clutch after the other moving parts are
up to speed. The hardest part of the work of hoisting is in
starting a loaded skip with its rope from rest and bringing it
up to speed. If that work is done with a motor without a
fly-wheel it takes a tremendous flow of current — a peak load.
The system described in the paper *'On the Use of Electricity
at the Penn and Republic Mines," has the advantage of utiliz-
ing a fly-wheel to eliminate the peak at starting and the motor
is run only when hoisting is going on. The use of a clutch
for starting the drum is the same as with the ordinary geared
plant operated by steam that has been in use on Lake Superior
for twenty-five or thirty years, and if properly proportioned
the clutch requires very little attention. With the use of a
counterbalance as described in the paper, the efficiency of the
system is all that could be desired and for intermittent hoist-
ing it is particularly well adapted.

Mr. Stanford: I do not believe that I can add very
much to what has been said. I agree with the remarks made
very heartily. We have made practically all of the applica-
tions that have been suggested, excepting, we have not used
fly-wheels on induction hoist motors. I will say, however,
that we are perfectly safe in using an induction motor directly
geared or connected with the hoist when the size of that motc.r
is not greater than ten per cent of the generating capacity of
the plant. We have one 500 h.p. motor operating without a
fly-wheel with results which are entirely satisfactory, but it
seems to be pretty close to the limit which should be applied
with the power that we have back of our system. You will
note the description of the hoist. We have only one of the fly-
wheel sets with direct current motors in service and some fif-
teen or sixteen of the induction motor driven hoists. You will
note in the paper the division as to when the direct current
hoist should be applied ; that is as far as our experience has
gone. As has been said, in selecting a new system for hoisting,
if you expect to get perfect results with an Ilgner set, it is
absolutely necessary that you ^hajl have a perfect hoisting cy-

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 7 1

cle. If the hoist is designed to carry a five-ton load in a ninety-
second cyck, if you carry a five-ton load and increase the cycle
to one hundred and eighty seconds, you get no benefit from the
fly-wheel set because it will draw back from the line; that is,
your fly-wheel will have to come up to full speed at the end
of ninety seconds, but if after the close of the ninety-second
cycle there is another skip load ready to come up, then you get
the full benefit of the fly-wheel.

The only advantage of a fly-wheel in connection with an
induction motor hoist is to induce the starting peak. It will
actually take more power in k.w. hours than without the fly-
wheel.

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^2, STOCKING ORE ON THE MARQUETTE RANGE

METHODS OF STOCKING ORE ON THE MAR-
QUETTE RANGE.

BY LUCIEN EATON, ISHPEMING, MICH.*

At all of the producing mines on the Marquette Range,
except the open pits, which operate only during the summer
months, it is necessary to stock most of the ore produced dur-
ing the winter, from the middle of November to the middle of
April, while navigation on the Great Lakes is closed. The
ore that has been stocked during the winter is loaded, usually
by steam shovel, during the summer, and shipped to lower
lake ports.

For preparing the floors on which the ore is to be stocked
two methods are in vogue, and are about equally papular.
One is to cover the graded floor with 3-in. plank, usually
hemlock, and the other is to use a dressing of lean ore, w^hich
when wet down and rolled, cements together and becomes as
hard as a macadamized road. The method used depends upon
local conditions, the price of plank, and the physical character
and value of the ore.

For transferring the ore from the shaft-house to the stock-
pile, all the mines use cars, but the manner of handling the
cars varies. I have classified the different methods employed
as shown in the following table, and have also tabulated the
operating mines of the Range according to this classification.
This table will be found at the end of the paper. In pre-
senting the different methods I have made no attempt to de-
scribe all the details of practice at all the mines, but have
selected only typical examples.

*Local Superintendent The Cleveland-CliffB Iron Company.

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lake superior mining institute 73

Methods of Stocking Ore.

(a) hand tramming.

I. Stocking with end-dump cars, using only a short
trestle near the shaft-house. Example : Lake Superior Hem-
atite mine.

(b) gravity tramming with rope pull-back.

1. Stocking with end-dump cars, using only a short trestle
near the shaft-house. Example : Salisbury mine.

2. Stocking with side-dump cars, starting from tempor-
ary trestles and fanning out on both sides. Examples: (a)
Cliffs Shaft mine, (b) Republic mine.

1. Stocking from temporary trestle with gable-bottomed
cars. Example : Lake mine.

2. Stocking from permanent trestle with gable-bottomed
cars. Example : Negaunee mine, new shaft.

(d) electric motor haulage.

1. Stocking with an electric motor and end-dump cars,
using only a short trestle near the shaft-house. Example:
Mary Charlotte mine.

2. Stocking from temporary trestles with self-propelled,
side-dump cars. Example : American mine.

(A) Hand Tramming.

I. Stocking with end-dump cars, using a short trestle near
the shaft-house. Example: Lake Superior Hematite mine,
Ishpeming, Michigan.

At the No. 4 shaft of the Lake Superior Hematite mine
the ore is hoisted with a cage in ij^-ton steel end-dump cars
and is trammed by hand to the dump on the stockpile. The
tracks have about yi per cent grade in favor of the load, and
are laid with 30-lb. rails, with i8-in. gauge. The short trestle
is built west from the shaft across a street and is then branched
to three piles, — for rock and two grades of ore. A view of the
plant is shown in Fig. i. The ends of the rails on the stock-
pile tracks are turned up into horns, and the cars dump against
these. From one to three dumps are maintained on each pile,
so as to avoid delay in moving tracks.

The crew consists of four men — one lander at the shaft,
two trammers, and one man on the dump.

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74 STOCKING ORE ON THE MARQUETTE RANGE

The cycle of operations is about as follows:

Seconds.

Taking cars off cage 35

Tramming out 60

Tramming hack 85

Total 180

Capacity : 20 trips per hour or 30 tons. As the men and
supplies have to be handled on the same cage, the maximum
capacity is little over 200 tons per shift of eight hours.

The advantages of this system are its low first cost and
slight loss of elevation in the pile. As the amount of ore to
l>e hoisted was small, low first cost was essential, and as the
stocking trestle, already built, was low, gravity tramming was

PiauRE 1 No. 4 Shaft. Lake Superior Hbmatitb Mine

out of the question. The disadvantages are small capacity
and high operating cost.

(B) Gravity Tramming With Rope Pull-Back.

I. Stocking with end-dump cars, using only a short trestle
near the shaft. Example : Salisbury mine, Ishpeming, Michi-
gan.

At this plant the rock and three grades of ore are handled
with one skip, and the arraiigement of the trestles and piles
is as shown in Fig. 2. Short trestles are built from the shaft-
house to the stockpile grounds, and are extended only far
enough to start the piles. The last three bents in each trestle
have to be taken down when the pile is shipped. The ore is
hoisted in a two-ton skip, and is dumped through a chute into
an end-dump iron-body car equipped with brake and rotating

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINIKG INSTITUTE

table. There are two cars, one serving piles A and B on the
east, and the other serving piles C and D on the west. The
proper car is spotted under the chute while the skip is being
hoisted. The same rope is used for both cars, being connected
to either car according to the grade of ore hoisted. The cars
run out by gravity and dump over the end of the track or

PLAN OF STOCK-PILE TRE8TLEB

8ALIBBURY MINE

along the side, the track being extended or shifted as the pile
is enlarged. They are pulled back by a J^-in. wire rope wound
on an i8-in. drum mounted loose on a shaft, to which it is
connected by a friction clutch. The shaft is driven directly by
a horizontal engine run by compressed air. This engine is at

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^(i STOCKING ORE ON THE MARQUETTE RANGE

rest except when pulling the car back, and the friction clutch
is used as a brake when the car runs out.

The regular crew ctmsists of three men. One man samples
the car and operates the drum. Two men ride the car out
to the pile, dump it and ride back. These men are responsible
for the condition of the track and for extensions.

The track is laid with 30-lb. rails on a 2.75 to 2.5 per
cent, grade, with 39-inch gauge. Where the track is straight
the rope runs on wooden rollers placed between the rails, and

Figure 3 Sausbury Mine— No. 5 Shapt

on the curves it runs on wooden spools covered with 6-in. pipe,
placed outside the track.

The cars run out at a speed of frdm 450 to 500 feet per
minute, and are pulled back at a speed of from 500 to 550 feet
per minute. The average round trip takes two minutes, mak-
ing the capacity, counting delays, about 50 tons per hour, or
400 tons per eight-hour shift.

The advantages of this method are low first cost and great
flexibility combined with moderate capacity. The disadvant-
ages are the dangers attendant on car riding, delays due to
track disturbances from the setting of the piles, reduction of

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE TJ

cap>acity and high operating cost in stormy weather, and loss
of height due to the grade of the tracks. Views of the plant
and of one of the cars are shown in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4.

2. Stocking ziith side-dump cars, starting from temporary
trestles and fanning out on both sides.

EXAMPLE (a) : CLIFFS SHAFT MINE, ISHPEMING, MICHIGAN.

The ore at the Cliffs Shaft mine is a hafd specular hem-
atite which is separated into two grades according to the size
f>f the pieces before it goes to the stockpile. The run-of-
mine ore passes over a grizzly, from which the oversize goes

Figure 4 Top-Tram Car, Salisbury Mine

to the lump-ore pocket. The ore passing through the grizzly
goes to a revolving screen, from which the oversize passes to
a crusher and thence to the same pocket into which the fine
ore from the screen falls.

The methods of stocking the two grades of ore, "lump''
and "crushed," are essentially the same, but differ in some de-
tails, and wiH' be described sq^arately. The plan- of the
tracks is shown in Fig. 5.

Stocking Crushed Ore — The crushed ore is drawn off from

Digitized byVjOOQlC

STOCKING OfeE ON THE MAftQUEtTEl RANGIS

the pocket into a side-dumping car of 56 cu. ft. capacity,
which runs out by gravity on the stockpile trestle and is
automatically dumped by a dump-stick set between the rails,
which trips the door latches. The car is pulled back by a
yi-in, rope wound on a small drum in the crusher building.
This drum is loose on the shaft and is equipped with a brake
and friction clutch. A similar drum is used for pulling back
the lump-ore car, and is mounted on the same shaft. A 20

PLAN OF STOCK-PILE TRESTLES

CLIFFS SHAFT MINE

h.p. motor drives the shaft for both drums. Fig. 6 shows the
design of the car, with the exception of the roller-bearings
with which the wheels are equipped. The side of the car
opposite the door is weighted with about one ton of old rails.
Cars run out at a maximum speed of 700 ft. per minute, and
are pulled back at 600 ft. per minute.

The car starts on the permanent trestle on a 3 per cent
grade, but this is decreased to 2.25 per cent, on the temporary
trestle. The track is 30-in. gauge, laid with 25-lb. rails. The

Digitized byVjOOQlC

8o STOCKING ORE ON THE MAHQUETTE RANGE

temporary trestle is of the ordinary type for single track, con-
sisting of two-leg bents with corbels and two stringers. It is
alx)ut 30 ft. high. A floor of 3-in. planks is laid on the
stringers, but the rails are not spiked to this floor. Instead
they are spiked to ties, which in turn are bolted to the trestle
at intervals of about 20 feet. When the trestle is filled on
lx)th sides, these bolts are removed, the edge of the pile is
smoothed off, the track is thrown over, and stocking is contin-
ued. By successive movements of the track the stockpile is
widened until it becomes fan-shaped. In this way a pile can
l)e built up containing six to seven times the capacity of the
trestle.

When ore is being stocked from the trestle two men are
employed at the pocket, one to operate the brake and clutch
and the other to fill the car and take samples. Another man
is needed when the pile is ]ye'mg "fanned out." The cycle of
oj^rations, when the mine is nmning at full capacity, is about
as follows, the dump-stick being set about 300 ft. from the
IKKket :

Seconds.

To load 36

To nni out and dump 32

To run in . . . 28

Total 96

Capacity: 37 trips or iii tons per hour. (3-ton cars.)

Stocking Lump Ore — The ore is drawn off from the pock-
et through a finger chute, operated by an air-lift in the crusher
building, into a side-dump car of 56 cu. ft. capacity of the
same design as that used for the crushed ore. The car nms
down grade by gravity on a single-track trestle, is dumped
in the same way as on the crushed-ore pile, and is pulled back
by a J/2-in. roi)e wound on a drum in the crusher building.
The track is laid on ties on the trestle, just as with the crushed
ore, and is moved out on the pile in the same way after the
trestle has lieen filled.

As the lump ore has a compiaratively high angle of rest,
and as sampling has to be done on the pile, more men are
needed on the dump than on the crushed-ore pile. The crew-
consists of one sampler and two dump-men on the stockpile
after the trestle has been filled, and one man at the pocket,
who fills the car and operates the haulage drum.

The cycle of operations is about as follows:

Digitized byVjOOQlC

LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 8 1

Seconds.

Loading 17

Running out 44

Running in 44

Qosing car door 5

Total 1 10

The capacity is as follows :

Number of trips per hour 32

Tons per hour, 3 tons per trip 96

Tons per shift, 6j^ hours tramming 624

Figure 7 Cuffs Shaft Mine-Crushed Ore Pile. Showing Method of Fanning Out

ttLOM Trestle

This method has the advantages of comparatively large
capacity with great flexibility and low cost of installation and
operation. The ratio of storage capacity to trestle cost is high
and the dangers of car-riding are eliminated. The disadvant-
ages are the cost of erecting the temporary trestle, the loss
of height due to grade in the track, and, with wet or sticky ore,
delays due to track disturbances on the pile.

Views of the tops of the piles are shown in Fig. 7 and
Fig. 8.

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82 STOCKING ORE ON THE MARQUETTE RANGE

EXAMPLE (b) : REPUBLIC MINE, REPUBLIC, MICHIGAN.

The ore at the Republic mine is a hard specular hematite
containing little moisture, and is easily handled in the cars.
Several different systems of tramming the ore from the shafts
to the stockpiles are employed, but only that used at No. 9
shaft will be described.

At No. 9 shaft the ore is hoisted in a 3-ton Kimberiy
skip axid dumped directly into the stockpile car, which is a
side-dumping car made entirely of steel. The distinguishing
features are the slope of the bottom, which is about 60 de-

FiGURE 8 Cliffs Shaft Mine- Lump Ore Pile. Showing Method of Fanning Out

From Trestle

grees, the arrangement of the trucks, and the tripping-lever.
The body is supported on a frame between two swivelled four-
wheeled trucks, which enable the car to pass easily around
curves of small radius. The tripping-lever is on the side oi>-
[K)site the door, and is adjustable, so that, by using dump*
sticks of different heights, three different grades of ore can
Ije stocked from one trestle. Two of these cars are shown in
Fig. 9.

The track is laid with 40-lb. rails, with 36-in. gauge, on a
3 per cent, grade. The trestle is single-track, of the ordinary

Digitized byVjOOQlC

LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 83

design, and is branched a short distance from the shaft-house,
one track leading to the crusher building, one to the rock-
dump and one to the stockpile.

The car runs out by gravity and dumps automatically. It
is puiled back by a ^-in. rope wound on a drum in the shaft-
house. This drum is mounted loose on its shaft, is equipped
with clutch and brake, and is driven by a rope-drive from the
head-sheave of the skip. When the skip is hoisted, the head-
sheave drives the drum that pulls the car back. As the depth
from which the ore is hoisted is considerable, the car has

Figure 9 Republic Mine Stocking Cars

ample time to return to the shaft-house before the skip reaches
the dump.

One man acts as lander at the shaft, operates the car and
throws the switches on the trestle.

The car is of excellent design, but it is expensive to build.
Under other conditions, with a different method of oj^erating
the pull-back, the capacity of such a system would be large.
(C) Endless Rope Haulage.

I. Stocking from temporary trestles with gable-bottomed
cars. Example: Lake mine, Ishpeming, Mich.

Digitized byVjOOQlC

STOCKING ORE ON THE MARQUETTE RANGE

FLAN OP STOCK-FILE TRESTLES

LAKE MINE

Figure 12 Lakb ICinb— No. 4 Shaft

Digitized byVjOOQlC

LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE

8 =

Rock and one grade of ore are handled at this plant. The
ore is stocked from temporary double-track wooden trestles,
built east and west from the shaft. Rock is dumped from a

TEMPOITARY STOCKING TfTCfTLE
CLCvcL/iNO CLirra iron company

ltNf»CMIII« MICN.

; i ^-^-^

^tg./S

short trestle extending south from the shaft-house. The lay-
out of the trestles is shown in Fig. ii and Fig. 12. There
are five bents of permanent trestle on each side of the shaft-

Digitized byVjOOQlC

86 STOCKING ORE ON THE MARQUETTE RANGE

DCTAtLS
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60 CuTt Automatic Top TrahC^"

Lake Mine

Curve LAHO-CUFF3 I-Co liHPC^'"*

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OUn It^MO? 4tA..c I'^t

Figure lO'A

Digitized byVjOOQlC

LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE

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Figure 10 B W CU, ft. Automatic Top Tram Car- Lake Mine

Digitized byVjOOQlC

88 STOCKING ORE ON THE MARQUETTE RANGE

house before the temporary trestle begins. The design of the
bent used in the temporary trestle is shown in Fig. 13. The
trestle is 42 ft. high with bents 26 ft. ap>art. The tracks are
30-in. g^uge, laid without grade with 60-lb. rails, and 3-in.
plank is used for ties.

The ore is dumped from the skip to the stockpile cars
through a short chute, in which is placed a "butterfly'' or
swinging door, by which the ore from either skip can be de-
flected into either car. The cars are of 60 cu. ft. capacity,
of the gable-bottomed, automatic-dumping type, as shown in
Fig. 10. Both cars are moved by endless, 5^-:n. wire ropes,
driven by a 40-h.p. Corliss engine located in a small house on
the ground level. Each rope makes four turns about two 4-
ft. drums mounted loose on i>arallel shafts 10 ft. apart. These
shafts are driven in opposite directions by a crossed belt, ami
the car is pulled in or out by throwing in the friction clutch
an one dmm or the other. The maximum rope speed is 1,000
ft. per minute.

From the car the haulage rope runs out along the track
over wooden rollers to a tightener at the end of the trestle;
it is deflected at the turns by i6-in. cast-iron sheaves. This
tightener, the design of which is shown in Fig. 14, consists
of a cast-iron sheave (A) mounted on a small carriage (B)
on the track, and holds the rope in tension by means of a
compression spring (C) enclosed in a piece of 6-in. pipe. Ad-
justments are made by a long screw (D) behind the spring.
The return rope is carried on rollers on the caps of the bents
l)etween the two tracks, over a tuni-sheave, and down to the
haulage engine. Ore is stocked on one side of the shaft until
that trestle is filled, and the ropes are then moved to the
other side.

As it is impossible for the engineer operating the haulage
engine to see the stockpile cars, special signals for spotting
them are necessary. When a car is spotted in the right position
under the chute, an electric contact is made between a steel
spring that projects alx)ve the s"de of the car under the lip of
tlie chute and a metal band on the under side of the lip of the
chute. This steel spring is connected by a wire with the
axle of the car, so that when it comes in contact with the
Ixind on the lips of the chute, the circuit is grounded, and a
pair of red lamps are lighted in front of the haulage engine.
There is one of these signals for each car. As a precaution
against running the car off the end of the trestle the last 100

Digitized byVjOOQlC

_ — ^J-

i^-»

P-,..-, J

Digitized byVjOOQlC

90 STOCKING ORE ON THE MARQUETTE RANGE

ft. of rails are insulated from each other and from the rest
of the track, and when the car reaches that part of the track,
a cluster of lamps are lit over the haulage engine. In addi-
tion, marks are made on the rope to indicate the position of
the car when it is at the dump-stick and at the shaft. These
marks are made by tying cotton wicking around the rope for
a length of five or six inches, using a single knot at every half
turn. The engineer receives his signals for moving the cars
by electric bell from the landing floor.

Rock is trammed by gravity from the south side of the
shaft-house in an end-dump car, which as pulled back by a
small steam engine located on the landing floor. When not
in use this car is kept out of the way under the south skip-
chute, but when rock is to be trammed a set of temporary
rails are swung across the ore-track, and the rock car is pushed
out far enough to receive its load from the skip.

The operation of the stocking plant requires five men on
each shift, one haulage-engineer and four top-landers. One
top-lander operates the "butterfly'* and the rock-car engine,
rings b-ell signals, and keeps the tally of skips and cars; one
oils six)ols and rollers, and keeps the tracks and skip-dumps
clean and free from ice ; and the other two operate the rock-
car, brace the doors of the ore cars spotted at the chutes,
sample the cars, and keep the landing floor clean.
The cycle of operations is about as follows :

Seconds.

To load lo

To nm out and dump 55

To run in 55

Total 120

The capacity per car is 30 trips or 90 tons per hour. The
capacity for lx)th cars is 180 tons per hour.

When the dump is at considerable distance from the shaft
the cars are nni in trains of two, the two cars in each tram
l)eing sejxirated about 25 feet. In this case the cycle of o[y
erations as about as follows :

Seconds.

Loading first car 10

Spotting second car 10

I.x>a(ling second car 10

Running out 70

Runniing in 70

Total 170

Digitized byVjOOQlC

Lake superior mining institute

•)i

Digitized byVjOOQlC

92 STOCKING ORE ON THE MARQUETTE RANGE

The capacity per train is 21 trips or 126 tons per hour.
The capacity for all four carsds 252 tons per hour.

This figure is about right when the dump-stick is set from
900 to 1000 ft. from the shaft. A capacity of 150 tons per
hour has been maintained when ore is stocked 1600 ft. from
the shaft.

The advantages of this system are large capacity com-
bined with low operating cost and reliability under all sorts
of weather conditions and with all kinds of ore. The dangers
of car riding are also eliminated. The disadvantages are high
cost of installation and maantenance and lack of flexibility.

It is possible to fan out from the trestles with a side-dump

Figure 16 Neoaunee Mine Trestle

car, using the endless-rope haulage system, and this method
is sometimes used at the Lake mine and at others where sim-
ilar plants are installed, but on account of its higher cost of
operation and lower capacity, it is resorted to only in emer-
gencies.

2. Stocking from permanent trestle zvith gable-bottomed
cars. Example : Negaunee mine, Negaunee, Mich.

At this plant rock and two grades of ore are handled on
one trestle. A permanent double-track steCl trestle extends

Digitized byVjOOQlC

LAKE SUPEklOk MIKIKG iNSTlTtJlTfi 93

approximately 1500 ft. east and west from the shaft house,
and a wooden trestle is built at the west end of the steel trestle.
Ore is stocked from the steel trestle and rock from the wooden
trestle. The steel trestls is 42 ft. high, and is supported on
reinforced concrete pillars, the length of the spans being 114
feet. A detailed description of this trestle is given in a paper
by Mr. S. R. Elliott, presented at this meeting of the Insti-
tute. A view of the trestle is shown in Fig. 16. The tracks
are 30-in. gauge, and are laid with 40-lb. rails.

The ore is dumped directly from the skips into two gable-
bottomed cars of 75 cu. ft. capacity; these can be hauled
either way from the shaft-house. Each car is moved by an
endless 5^-in. wire rope 5500 ft. long driven by a 50-h.p. in-
duction motor operating a drum and idler. The haulage mo-
tors are on the ground level in a building by themselves, but
the controllers are in a concrete shanty on the landing floor.
From here the operator can watch both of the cars and spot
them directly. TTie ropes are kept in tension by the same type
of tightener as described for the Lake mine, but the slack is
not taken up by a screw as at the latter mine, but by a count-
erweight suspended from the end of the trestle. The car
doors are opened by a tripping-lever, which is raised by a
(lump-stick set between the rails. The maximum car-speed ob-
tained is 1200 ft. per minute.

The average time is about as follows :

Seconds.
To spot and load 10

• To run out and dump 55

To run in 55

Total 120

Capacity: 30 trips per hour with each car, or al>out 240
tons per hour in all.

The advantages of this system are large capacity and
reliability under all sorts of weather conditions and with all
kinds of ore, combined with low operating and maintenance
costs. Also the dangers of car riding are eliminated. The dis-
advantages are high first cost, lack of flexibility, and higli
cost for power.

(D) Electric Motor Haulage.

I. Stocking zinth an electric motor and end-dump cars,
using only a short trestle near the shaft-house. Example:
Mary Charlotte mine, Negaunee, Michigan.

Digitized byVjOOQlC

STOCKING OfeE OK tHE MAkQUETTE RANGE

At the Mary Charlotte mine three grades of ore are stocked
in separate piles on the west side of the shaft, and rock is
dumped on the east side. A short trestle extends from the
shaft-house to the first point of dumping in each case, and
from there on the track is laid on the top of the pile itself as
it advances. The track is of 36-in. gauge, laid with 6o-lb.
rails, and is kept level. The plan of the tracks is shown in
Fig. 17.

The ore is hoisted in 4^-ton skips, and is dumped directly
into an end-dump steel car equipped with a ball-bearing turn-
table. This car is pushed out to tlie dump by a 6-ton electric

ROUGH SKKTCH

SNOWW* tT«C< PILI. ailOUND

n
Hilt fMtfT NkkV CHMUtn
f«. 17

locomotive. One car is used for all three grades of ore anil
another car for rock. The same motor serves both cars. The
ore car and motor are shown in Fig. 18. The troiley-wire
is carried on overhead crosspieces supported on small poles
erected at the side of the trestle. It is extended only as far
as the dump.

The crew on each shift consists of a motomian and two
car-dumpers, who all ride on the motor, and a lander who
stays at the shaft, rings the bell, regulates the distribution o\
the ore, and keeps the landing floor clean. On day shift two
or more men in addition are needed on the dump to make ex-
tensions and keep the tracks in order.

The cycle of operations is alx)ut as follows when ore is
dumped 250 ft. from the shaft:

Digitized by VjOOQ IC

LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 95

Seconds.

Spotting and loading 15

Running out 40

Dumping 25

Running in 40

Total 120

Capacity: 30 trii>s per hour, or 128 tons. As the distance

from the shaft increases, the capacity is reduced. An average

of 600 tons a shift of eight hours is considered good work.

The advantages of this system are its flexibility, the low

Figure 18 Top Tram Car and Motor— Mary Charlotte Mine

first cost of the trestles and equipment, low maintenance, and
comparative freedom from delay on account of bad weather.
The disadvantages are danger to employes, especially to the
three men who ride, and delays from track disturbances, due
to settling of the pile either from the frost melting out of the
upper parts or from excessive moisture in the ore.

2. Stocking from temporary trestle with self-propelled
side-dump cars. Example: American mine, Diorite, Mich-
igan.

At the American mine the ore is hoisted through an in-

Digitized byVjOOQlC

Stocking okE oti tHE MAftgUEttfi RAKcfi

clined shaft by two skips; these dump directly into a No.
8 gyratory crusher. The ore, as it is discharged from the
crusher, falls through a small chute into a side dumping
self-propelled car or *'larry" of 80 cu. ft. capacity, by which
it is transferred to the railroad pockets, to the stockpile, or
to the concentrator. Rock, concentrating ore, and four grades
of high-grade ore are handled.

In stocking ore temporary single-track trestles are used,
a plan of which is shown in Fag. 19. When these are filled
the track can be moved over on the pile, as is done at the
Cliflfs Shaft mine. The tracks are level, laid with 60-lb. rails,
and have 40-in. gauge. There are three tracks across the
shaft-house on the landing floor, two for loading at the chutes
and one for a turn-out.

Iniuu, MiCM.

Hm* I'.MI '

The car or lari*y consists of a wooden body with a slop-
ing floor and with a hinged door on the side, mounted on a
sted frame. The door is opened and closed by a simple tog-
gle and lever, ojDerated by the man who rides the car. The
steel frame carrying the car body is supported at one end by
a small four-wheeled tnick, which is free to turn on a swivel,
and at the other end by a single pair of 20-in. wheels, to
which the driving motor is geared. The motor is a 6-h.p.
250-volt direct-current crane motor. Each car is equipped
with a controller and foot-brake. The trolley-wire is sup-
ported on horizontal poles at intervals of from 15 to 20 feet.
A view of this car is shown in Fig. 20.

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 9/

Figure 20 American Mine Stocking Car

Figure 21 American Mine Shaft

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98 STOCKING ORE ON THE MARQUETTE RANGE

The crew consists of one lander and two car-riders on each
shift. Ordinarily only two cars are needed, but when hoist-
ing is brisk, an additional car is used, one car being left under
the crusher chute while the other two are making their trips.
Two car-riders operating three cars in this way have an av-
erage working capacity of 100 tons an hour, and a maximum
of 160 tons an hour.

The cars travel at a speed of from six to eight miles an
hour.

The advantages of this system of stocking ore are extreme
flexibility, positive action, a small operating crew, relatively
low *power-cost, and maximum trestle capacity. Its disadvant-
ages are the dangers attendant on car-riding on trestles, and
the cost of maintenance of trestles and cars.

Tabulation of Stocking Methods Employed at Various

Mines.

A HAND tramming.

I. Stocking with end-dump cars, using only a short
trestle near the shaft house.

Lake Superior Hematite mine, Ishpeming, Mich.
Stegmiller mine, Princeton, Mich.

B gravity TRAMMING WITH ROPE PULL-BACK.

1. Stocking with end-dump cars, using only a short
trestle near the shaft house.

Salisbury mine. Ishpeming, Mich.

Austin mine, Princeton, Mich.

Chase mine, Ishpeming, Mich.

Section i6 mine, Ishpeming, Mich.

Lake Superior Hard Ore, Ishpeming, Mich.

Queen mine, Negaunee, Mich.

Prince of Wales mine, Negaunee, Mich.

Rolling Mill mine, Negaunee, Mich.

Cambria mine, Negaunee, Mich.

2. Stocking with side-dump cars, starting from tempor-
ary trestles and fanning out.

Cliffs Shaft mine, Ishpeming, Mich.
Republic mine. Republic, Mich.

C — ENDLESS ROPE HAULAGE.

I. Stocking from temporary trestle with gable-bottomed
cars.

Morris mine, Ishpeming, Mich.
Lloyd mine, Ishpeming, Mich.

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 99

Lake mine, Ishi)eming, Mich.
Maas mine, Negaunee, Mich.
Gvvinn mine, Gwinn, Mich.
Mackinaw mine, Gwinn, Mich.
Princeton mine, Princeton, Mich.
Stephenson mine, Princeton, Mich.

2. Stocking from permanent trestle with gable-bottomed
cars.

Negaunee mine, N^^unee, Mich.

D — ELECTRIC MOTOR HAULAGE.

1. Stocking with electric-motor and end-dump cars, us-
ing only a short trestle near the shaft house.

Mary Charlotte mine, Negaunee, Mich.

Volunteer mine. Palmer, Mich.

Lake Angeline mine, Ishpeming, Mich.

2. Stocking from temporary trestle with self-propelled,
side-dump cars.

American mine, Diorite, Mich.

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ICX^ MINING METHODS AT THE COPPER QUEEN

GENERAL OUTLINE OF MINING METHODS USED
IN THE COPPER QUEEN MINE, BISBEE. ARIZ.

BY JOSEPH PARK HODGSON^ BISBEE, ARIZONA.*

The Copper Queen, which might be called a group of
mines, is the principal mining operation of the Copper Queen
Consolidated Mining Company. Mining operations were com-
menced in 1880. The famous Queen orebody, which ex-
tended to the surface, was quarried from a large open cut in
the outcrop. Tlie orebody was followed down to the 300-ft.
level with the Queen incline and stoped by the square-set
method. This, I believe, marks the introduction of square-
setting into the Bisbee district. It is still the system of stoping
most commonly practiced.

Orebodies — The orebodies in the Copper Queen mine
occur in the limestones, and most of the ore hr^ ^'-^^ '

from the Abrigo, Martin and Escabrosa limef
the orebodies outcrop in the extreme westen . .ae

mine, the general dip is to the east and south, at an angle of
about 20 degrees. This dip is not by any means regular,
however; in fact, it is very irregular locally. The ore varies
remarkably in character, some of it being very soft and re-
quiring a large amount of timber, and other portions consist-
ing of extremely hard sulphides. In general the orebodies
are remarkable for their continuity, but very irregular as to
shape and size. As the mine has been in operation so many
years, and over such a large area, the overburden is constantly
shrinking. The constant movement resulting, shown by large
cracks and interstices in the surface rocks, contributes largely
to the very high deadwork or maintenance cost of the mine.
For the year 19 13 the one item of repairs and deadwork
amounted to almost $400,000.

*Mine Superintendent Copper Queen Consolidated Mlninv Co.

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE tOI

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I02 MINING METHODS AT THE COPPER QUEEN

Haulage and Hoisting — The underground openings have
been extended in the neighborhood of two hundred miles. The
ore is hoisted at a centrally located shaft, the Sacramento, to
which it is conveyed from different parts of the mine by elec-
tric haulage. There were slightly over nine miles of electric
tramway in operation in 191 3. The hoisting levels at the
Sacramento shaft are 200 ft. apart, commencing at the 400-
ft. level and continuing down to the 1600- ft. level, the aver-
age hoisting distance being 1,000 feet. Kimberly skips are
used, and are loaded from pockets. As high as four hundred
skips have been hoisted through this shaft in a 7^-hour shift.

Intermediate tramming to haulage chutes is done, in gen-
eral, by mules and by hand. Waste material is used for fill-
ing the square-set and cut-and-fill stopes. Any surplus waste
rock is sent to the surface at the subsidiary shafts, of which
there are seven in operation*. These shafts are also used for
hoisting and lowering men, timber and supplies.

Lighting — All main haulage- ways, powder houses, etc.,
are lighted by electricity. The workmen have been using
candles, but carbide lamps are being substituted for them. It
is thought that there is less danger of fire with the carbide
lamps, and it has also been demonstrated that carbide is more
economical. They also give a better light, which enables the
workmen to see better, a distinct advantage because of the
large amount of ore that is sorted underground.

Compressed Air — All hoists, with the exception of the
Sacramento, are operated by compressed air generated at the
central power plant by compressors having a total capacity of
21,000 cubic feet of free air per minute. Electric power for
underground and surface lights and for haulage is supplied
by three Curtis turbo-generators, which are connected with
seven 407-h.p. water-tube boilers.

Square-Setting — Up to about a year ago, square-setting
was the only method practiced in. this property. The system,
as a whole, has been very successful. It is quite elastic; and
stringers can be followed from any point in the stope and
prosi>ecting is efficient. Perhaps the greatest objection to it
is that in very soft ground the stopes may close in from the
excessive weight. The timber cost is also very high, and as
a whole, i>erhaps the system is not as economical as some
others. Nevertheless a very large portion of the mine will
always be worked upon this plan, by reason of the very un-
equal and changing character of the ground.

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE IO3

The general custom in the square-setting system practiced
here is to block the ore out in sections, numbering the sec-
tions consecutively, and mine, if possible, four sections around
one central raise. This can quite often be done, but frequent-
ly the ground is so heavy, and so much weight is thrown upon
the timbers, that it is impossible to take out more than two or
three sections to a raise. These sections are laid out according
to the local character of the ground, and are from two to

Orch
Opt

square 3Mn^
FIJI

Open 5€Ti

Figure 1 and 2 Illustrate Different Stages of Extracting the Ore by Means op
Sections Which Was Explained Under the Square Set System. The Chutks
Arb so Arranged as to Require the Least Amount of Mucking.

four sets in width, and from six to ten in length. The sec-
tions must be laid out with great care, because if they are
too large or too* wide, the stope may cave in. As the stoping
progresses from the sill upward, the raise is usually extended
to the next level. This gives proper ventilation to the stope,
and besides, the raise is almost necessary for the lowering of
timbers and the dumping of filling; it has been foupd neces-

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J04 MINING METHODS AT THE COPPER QUEEN

sary to carry the filling to within about two floors of the bade
of the stope and immediately below where men are working.

In many of the stopes, particularly in the oxide ores, a
good deal of the ore is sorted, as it has been demcmstrated
that it is cheaper to sort out the waste in the stope. In
many cases this increases the mining cost quite materially,
yet the Company has no doubts of its being good business to
leave the waste in the gob rather than to put it into chutes,
tram and hoist it, and pay transportation and smelting charges
upon it. So that nothing will be mined but what shows a
margin of profit, a system of minima, based upon the selling
price of copper, has been put into effect.

Cut and Fill — Within the last two years, the management
has been making some experiments in other mining methods,
and in certain portions of the mine, notably in the Holbrook,
Spray and Gardner divisions, s(xne cut-and-fill stopes have
been opened.. This system of mining is of course applicable
only in hard ground, and these stopes are exclusively in sul-
phide ores. The experiments have, to date, proved quite suc-
cessful, and have materially decreased the mining cost from
that of the square-set method, and it is believed that this sys-
tem should be used wherever the conditions are suitable. The
method in use is somewhat as follows:

The orebody is prospected as far as possible in advance,
and the side and vertical dimensions of the ore determined.
Drifts are driven where possible under the bottom of the ore
and raises put through the ore to the level above to permit
the dumping of filling. Chambers are then cut out and drifts
formed either by cribs or by sets of timber. The back is
blasted down, the raises are cribbed up at convenient points,
and filling is dumped in for the men to stand upon, so that they
will at all times be working close to the back. Wherever
possible the stope is worked on an angle of about 45 degrees,
so that the broken ore may slide down to the chutes upon a
plank bed laid upon the filling. This plan materially reduces
the cost of getting the ore into chutes, and is advantageous
wherever it can be adopted. Prospecting can be done frcwm
any elevation, as the stope is worked up to that point and
the filling is easily and cheaply disposed of. Wherever it is
possible to work a stope upon an angle of 45 degrees, very
little timber is needed, as the slope of the ground helps to
support the stope. Wherever a stope cannot be worked upon
the slope and where the backs are carried more or less hori-

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tsAJiE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE

i6§

zontal, they must often be blocked up temporarily or supported
by cribbing to make the stope safe while the ore is being ex-
tracted.

eoQLrrrl

/7fJ. CuUndnil

Figure 8. Staktino at the Top of thb Slops, Water Holes Are Drilled and a
Section op Ground About 8 ft. Thick and 20 ft. Wide is Blasted Down. The
Work is Done Underhand Wherever it is Possible in Order to Keep the
Back Solid.

n^,t Cut and r///.

Figure 4. Shows that the Ore Has Been Removed. Waste Filling Has Been Run in
and is Again in the Condition as Shown in Figure 8.

This system is also quite elastic, inasmuch as small blocks
can be worked out wherever it is deemed necessary in case
the back is heavy and will not admit of being opened up in a

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I06 MINING METHODS AT THE COPPER QUEEN

fairly large chamber. One absolute necessity in working this
system is that the men be watched closely and taught to bar
clown the backs and take down all loose or unsafe ground
before they set up their drills. Perhaps the system is at a
disadvantage where the ore is intersected by stringers or
bunches of waste; however, if care is taken, this waste can
always be blasted down or put in the gob and the ore mined
clean. The cut-and-fill method thus far has worked quite
successfully in the Copper Queen mines, and the writer knows
of many mines in Michigan and other places that have been
worked successfully by similar systems.

Shrinkage — Up to the present time, only one place has
been found in the Copper Queen mine where in our judgment
a shrinkage stope could be developed. This slope is on the
iioo-ft. level of the Lowell mine, upon an orebody approxi-
mately lOO ft. long and 50 ft. wide. To use the shrinkage
system successfully, the character of the surrounding walls
must fifst be ascertained; it must be demonstrated beyond a
doubt that they are strong enough to permit the removal of
the ore after it has been mined to the top of the orebody or
to the level above. Such work is under way at present in
the Lowell mine, and promises to show a substantial reduction
in cost as compared to square-setting in the same character
of ground. Practically no timber is needed, and as the ore
is kept close to the back, the workmen are at all times close to
the working face. As with the cut-and-fill system, care must
always be taken that the workmen bar down and make safe
the backs before commencing drilling operations. One dis-
advantage of the shrinkage system is that bars of waste occur-
ring in the orebody must necessarily be broken down and thus
may become mixed with the ore.

Top-Slicing — Another system that has also been receiving
attention in these properties is that of the top slice. The
top-slicing system probably originated in the iron ore mines
of the northern part of England, and, I believe, was first in-
troduced in this country in the iron mines in northern Michi-
gan. This system consists of first driving in the main level
drifts, crosscutting and finding the extent of the orebody,
putting up raises through the orebody to the top of the ore,
and commencing operations at the extreme top of the orebody.
It must, of course, be demonstrated to the satisfaction of the
management that there is no possibility of other orebodies
lying over the country that is to be mined, as the system,

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE IO7

D. Another View of Surface Above Dividend Ore Body. Czar Mine. Filling on
THE Left. Copper Queen C. M. Co.

A. CONCRBTB 18 MIXED IMMEDIATELY ABOVE DIVIDEND OrE BoDY FOR CONCRETE RAISES

Df Foot-Wall of Orb Body, Czar Mine, Copper Queen C. M. Co.

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io8

MINING METHODS AT THE COPPER QUEEN

when properly used, does not necessitate filling. The opera-
tions consist simply of driving lateral drifts and taking out
the ore in small blocks, — ^making sure to clean the top of the
orebody, — and placing either plank or split lagging upon the
sill of every individual slice as the operations are continued
downward, thereby forming a mat upon which the overburden
and debris will rest. It is usually found in the preliminary

jZHLad^

i^aUttl

iom

l^WiK

Limit

tt.

V>Qc>,

Oj^'

Fig. f Top 5licinf

liatLfvtl n

^ r

^ p

•% r

1 r

■

i^'ih

•

/3C€L,y^/

;-^

4tHift

timiT.

-«/— _

fftc-'

/Ty^ TopSlkinf

Figure 5, Shows a Top-Slice Started and Mat Formed. Figure 6 Shows Extremities
OF Orb Body Being Taken Out in Advance of Central Portion. This is Done
Where a Main Extraction Tunnel is Immediately Below the Slice in Order
TO Obviate Repair Costs in Main Levels.

operations of a top slice that the overburden is heaviest while
the first three or four slices are being extracted. After this,
the mat, old timber and overburden become intermixed, and
in a measure self-sustaining.

This system can be used to advantage in very soft or wet
ground; it is the writer's opinion that in such cases it will
succeed and return a profit where square-setting and other
methods fail. Top-slicing has been commenced in what is

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE

109

known as the Dividend slice of the Czar mine. This orebody
contains perhaps from 750,000 to 1,000,000 tons of very soft,
wet, aluminous ore. Square-setting wherever tried in this

i-^! -r

FlQURB 7.

Skbtch op Concrbte Pocket Built Particularly to Handle Sticky Ores from the
Dividend Slice.

territory has been very expensive and it has been almost im-
possible to complete a section successfully. As a preliminary
to starting the slice, a drift was driven in the footwall on the

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE III

o
u

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112 MINING METHODS AT THE COPPER QUfiEK

400- ft. level ; the orebody lies on the footwall and extends up
about 50 ft. above the 200-ft. level. Raises were then put
up to the 200-ft. level in the footwall; it has been found
that raises in the orebody will not stand the immense pres-
sure which is brought to bear upon them. Because the ore
is very wet and aluminous, it is hard to handle in the chutes,
and concrete pockets have been designed which have the shape
of an inverted funnel, with the large portion of the funnel
downward. About 30 ft. above the 400-ft. sill, Or in the tc^
of this funnel, an offset or baffle has been put in, and from
this point the raise is continued to the 200-ft. level. The raise
is circular and is lined with concrete. While we have not
yet proved that this type of pocket will be successful, we are
ccMifident that it will very considerably lower the cost of hand-
ling the ore. The work in this orebody has not progressed
to a point where a comparison of costs may be made, but we
are quite certain that the operation will be successful.

One advantage of toi)-slicing is that it is very elastic. Drifts
for prospecting may be driven in any direction from any floor,
and the waste disposed of in the workings. Another advant-
age is that in mining the orebody from the top down, the ore
is mined clean, and still another is that wherever it is desir-
able, incline raises may be put up at any point from main raises
to the mining floor to lower the cost of tramming. Several
orebodies in the Czar, Holbrook, Gardner and Sacramento
mines are being developed upon this plan, and the manage-
ment is of the opinion that they will show a substantial low-
ering of costs, as compared with those worked by square-set-
ting. It must be understood, however, that top-slicing can be
used only where it will not damage any portion of the mine,
and, particularly, it must be demonstrated, as before noted,
that there are no orebodies above the territory worked ac-
cording to this system.

Conclusions as to Mining Systems — It is quite evident to
the writer that in future developments in these properties,
wherever orebodies are developed which are adapted to tojv
slicing, cut-and-fill, or shrinkage methods, these methods
will be found to be much more economical than the square-
setting which has been in vogue almost exclusively in the past.
It must be remembered, however, that the square-set method
will always be used for a large portion of the ore in these
properties, because it undoubtedly has some advantages under
varying conditions that the other systems do not have.

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE XI 3

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1 14 MINING METHODS AT THE COPPER QUEEN

Ventilation — ^Until recently, natural ventilation aided by
exhaust from drill machines and by small 5-h.p. blowers and
compressed air was the only means of ventilating the exten-
sive workings of the entire mine. While the temperature in
stopes was not very high, the relative humidity in most places
exceeded ninety per cent, and in consequence, the mine air
seemed oppressive. A mechanical ventilation system was com-
pleted in the Gardner during August, 191 3. The improved
working- conditions and increased efficiency of the men that
have resulted have justified the installation of similar sys-
tems in the Lowell and Sacramento divisions.

The system of ventilation adopted in the Gardner is the
pressure system. Two Sirocco blowers, located near the 900-
ft. station, deliver a total of 70,000 cubic feet of air per
minute. Tliis entire volume of air is so conducted as to ven-
tilate the workings from the looo-ft. to the 6oo-ft. levels,
from whence it. exhausts through the shafts of the Calumet &
Arizona Mining Company.

Lowell Fire District — In the Lowell division, there is an
old fire which extends from the lOOO-ft. to the 1300-ft. levels.
Water is being nm into this fire area. In working its way
through the hot zone, this water becomes charged with cop-
l^er sulphate. In a concrete precipitating plant, 500 ft. long
and 4 ft. wide, on the 1300-ft. level these acid waters perco-
late among tin cans and scrap iron and thus deposit their cop-
per.

To make secure the drifts and raises that conduct the
gases which come from the fire district, those that are most
imix>rtant have been heavily lined with concrete.

Concrete Pockets and Raises — It has been found very eco-
nomical for certain kinds of ore to put in concrete pockets
and cylindrical raises in storage chutes; the up-keep cost of
concrete is practically nothing, whereas the maintenance of
timjjer in storage chutes is expensive.

Copper Queen — An interesting feature of the mine is that
at present large areas of old stopes are being worked, and
ore which was regarded as waste in former years is now
mined at a profit. A large amount of this work is being done
in the Czar and Holbrook divisions.

During 1913 about 104.000 ft. of development work was
done, alx>ut 70,000 ft. of it on contract. The timber used
for the year was 18,645,713 feet

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE II 5

The output for the year was 867,481 tons of copper ore,
yielding 97,181,725 pounds of copper, and 15,573 ^^"^ ^^ ^^^^
ore, yielding 5,701,628 pounds of lead. To January, 1914.
the mine has produced a total of 1,176,718,905 pounds of
copper.

B. Dividend Incline of Czab Mine. Copper Queen C. M. Co.

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Il6 SINKING A VERTICAL SHAFT AT PALMS MINE

THE SINKING OF A VERTICAL SHAFT AT THE

PALMS MINE OF THE NEWPORT MINING

CO., AT BESSEMER, MICHIGAN.

BY FRANK BLACKWELL, IRONWOOD, MICH.*

Before the sinking of the shaft at the Palms mine was
begun, the management made a detailed comparison of the
advantages and disadvantages of incline and vertical shafts in
the footwall. An incline shaft would have the disadvantag^es
of rails, back runners, skip wheels, axles and boxes, and the
expense and trouble of axle lubrication, and of frequently re-
placing supfK)rts for ropes; longer ropes would be required,
and wear and tear of same would be greater, and the skips
would have to travel a greater distance and at limited speed.
There would be a constant and considerable expense for the
upkeep of the shaft and its equipment. A vertical shaft in the
foot-wall would have only the disadvantages of longer cross-
cuts from the orebody to the shaft, and of the greater dis-
tance of transiX)rtation : but with transportation by electricity,
distance is a small consideration. Accordingly a vertical shaft
was decided upon, to be lined with steel and concrete. (Fig-.

DESIGN OF SHAFT.

The shaft is divided into five compartments : a cage com-
partment 6ft. 2 in. by lo ft.; two skip compartments
4 ft. lo in. by 6 ft. each; a ladder compartment 3 ft.
8 in. by 4 ft. 10 in.; and a pipe and counterweight compart-
ment 3 ft. 8 in. by 4 ft. 10 in. (Fig. 2.) It is 10 ft 10 in.
by 17 ft. 6 in. in outside dimensions. The wall plates, 17
ft. 6 in. long, and the end pieces and the two dividers, each
10 ft. long, are 5-in. 18.7-lb. H sections. The other two
dividers, 4 ft. 10 in. long, are 4-in. 13.6-lb. H sections. The

*Blinins Engineer.

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE

117

eight studdles are 3 in. by 3 in. by ^ in. angle iron. Most
of the sets are placed 8 ft. apart center to center. Because of
the heavy ground encountered several sets are placed 6 ft.

y^^st^Mi.

/ty^^KTi. j=

P f

L||

^ ^ ^

7^"""

i
III

;^'/

■■7

'•J'

/■

'li,

; ■/

: '

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5;"

:."

K*-

n
X

*•*. <

'^x

>»i

X J\

^-- J

* ^ T* * X X n'x * »'

Figure 1 Cross Section Through Shaft

apart, and a few of them 4 feet. The wooden guides are 5^
ill. by 7iJ4 i^^*? two of them are strengthened by 7-in. channel
iron.

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ii8

SINKING A VERTICAL SHAFT AT PALMS MINE

F10UBB2 Plan OF Shaft

ir4*f*r 9eoi,ec

FyouRsS By^^KST y^Bp FOR Shaft SiNKiNO

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE

Figuiib4 General Subfacv Plan

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I20 SINKING A VERTICAL SHAFT AT PALMS MINE

EQUIPMENT FOR SHAFT SINKING.

The temporary head frame used was high enough so that
the bucket of rock could be dumped into a car i8 ft. above
surface. After a bucket (Fig. 3) was hoisted, a counter-
weight door was let down and the car run upon it. A chain
was hooked to the bottom of the bucket so that when the
bucket was lowered it dumped its contents into the car. The
quartzite in the shaft was dumped from the trestle and re-
served for concreting. (Fig. 4.) For crushing the rock for
concreting a Gates gyratory crusher No. 2, driven by a 20-
h.p. motor, was used.

Near the shaft was the shop, (Fig. 4) where the drills
were sharpened and the drilling machines repaired. For
sharpening the drills, an Ingersoll-Rand No. 5 Leyner drill
sharpener was used. The die accompanying this machine very
easily shanked the drills for use in the jack-hammers. The
bits ranged in size from 1^4 to 1^4 inches. At one end of
the shop was located a small dry and, conveniently near, a
powder house.

In the temporary engine house was a double-drum double-
gear-reduction electric hoist, the drums 40 in. in diameter, and
with 30-in. faces, designed for a total load of 6,000 pounds,
and with an average rope speed of 600 ft. per minute. The
motor was 70-h.p. with a speed of 550 rev. per minute. This
operated the two 26-cu.-ft. rock buckets in the two end com-
partments of the shaft with a ^-in. rope, usually in balance.
Here was also a geared single-drum 50-h.p. electric hoist, with
a drum 2 ft. 6 in. both in diameter and in face, and operating
with a ^-'in. wire rope a Hght cage for timbermen in the
middle compartment of the shaft. The same engineer fired
a small boiler which heated the entire surface equipment for
shaft sinking.

For ventilation a 12-in. pipe, which still remains in the
shaft for the cage counterweight, was connected to a 7;^-
h.p. electric fan. The pipe extended down to within 15 or 25
ft. from the bottom of the shaft. Immediately after the blast-
ing, compressed air was blown into the shaft through a valve
on surface, and the fan started. The smoke and gases were
drawn through the fan in this way for about half an hour.

To the bottom end of the air line was connected a flanged
fitting with eleven ^-in. valved outlets for hose connec-
tions, Before blasting, this fitting was replaced by a flanged

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Lake superior mi^^ing Institute Hi

Reducer having a ^-in. valve opening. Thfe tiriiberinen also
used this for a hose connectiori for running the auger niachine.

SINKING THE SHAFT*

Forty hoks were drilled per cut ; ten IngersoU-Rand jack-
hammers and four spares with %-in. hollow hexagon steel
were used. In the soft slates 8-ft. holes were drilled. Dur-
ing the drilling the holes were cleaned out with a blow-pipe.
This was found to be indispensable for rapid drilling. When
the drilling was nearly completed, only about four of the
machines were running ; the other men were preparing the ex-
plosives and removing air hose.

Figure 5 Blastino Box

Figure 5 shows the blasting box used. This was a pvaraf-
fined pasteboard box 9 in. by 3^2 in. and i J4 in. deep. With an
iron punch, holes just large enough for a fuse to fit tightly
were made in the sides of this box near the bottom. In the first
lx)xes used, a positive wire was led through one end and a
negative through the other. The ends of these were connected
with a one-ampere fuse. Two of these lx>xes were used at
the same time to blast a whole cut. Two positive wires, one
for each box, of copper. No. 14 gauge, were strung from sur-
face, and the two negative wires were connected to the air
pipe. After fuses of proper length were inserted through the
holes in the box, a small amount of a mixture of FF rifle and
ordinary blasting black powder was strewn over the one-
ampere fuse, and the box covered with a wooden lid. When

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122 SINKING A VERTICAL SHAFT AT PALMS MINE

the men reached surface, they could determine positively by
means of a galvanometer whether they had made the wire
connections properly, and whether the circuit was closed. Then
the 250-volt current was thrown on, and the one-ampere fuse
burned and ignited the powder, and this, in turn, ignited the
fuses. If only a few of the fuses spit fire at first, these in
turn ignited others, and almost instantaneously all the fuses
threw fire across the inside of the box, so that it was almost
impossible for any one to miss fire. The fuses were cut to
such lengths that only one hole went off at a time.

However, too much labor was required to prepare these
one-ampere fuse boxes, so that later an electric blasting squib
was used to ignite the powder in the box. A squib was placed
through a hole at each end of the box, two being used to
insure the igniting of the black powder. The two boxes were
connected in series, with but one No. 14 positive copper wire
from surface, and with the negative wire connected to the air
pipe. Finally, a Du Pont delay electric fuse-igniter was used
in place of the squib.

Du Pont 8o-per cent gelatin i in. by 8 in. was used for
blasting. For a 7-ft. cut, from 250 to 300 sticks were used;
for a 5-ft. cut, from 200 to 250 sticks w-ere used.

After the blasting, when the smoke had been blown out,
the miners cleaned down the sets, trimmed the sides, and began
mucking. Toward the end of the mucking some of the men
used one bucket to lower the hose, machines, tools, etc., for the
next cut, while the other men picked the bottom thoroughly
and finislied mucking with single hoisting.

PLACING THE SETS.

Some of the steel sets were riveted together on surface.
Where the rock was sufficiently hard so that a distance of 14
ft. underneath the last set was available, the set was lowered
entire and swung into place. Shoes on the two lower comers
guided it through the shaft. Four one-ton duplex chain blocks
were used for swinging it into place. To each comer of the
set was fastened a j4-in. sling chain about 3 ft. long, with a
5-in. ring on one end and a 3-in. ring on the other, and to
these the hooks of the chain blocks were attached. If the dis-
tance under the last set in the shaft was less than 14 ft. the
sets were lowered in parts and bolted together in the shaft.
For blocking the sets a supply of wood sprags of different
lengths was always ready on surface for immediate use.

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LAKfi SUf^EMOR MINING iNSTlTUtfi

1^3

When the solid rock (Figs. 2 and lo) was more than 8
or 9 in. from the steel sets, 4-in. tie timbers were placed ver-
tically 4 in. outside the sets and about 2 ft. apart. Between
the steel sets and these timbers 4-in. wood blocks 12 in. long
were placed. One-inch rough boards were placed horizontally

'JjyeOttrt'nrm

F10UBB6 Mbthod OP CoNNBCTiNo A» Line

OLor f^rrs o^£/p

r/G.7

FioubbT Method op Supportino Pipb
Df Shapt

outside the verticals to act as outside forms for pouring con-
crete. Lagging was filled in between the boards and the solid
rock. When the rock was less than 8 or 9 in. from the sets,
4-in. flat timbers were placed between the flanges of the H
section sets, and lagging placed behind to the rock. (See Figi.
2 and 10). This lagging was left until concreting time, when
it was removed and hoisted to surface. In the two ends of
the shaft the rock was from 2 to 8 in. from the steel sets for

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124

SINKING A VERTICAL SHAFT AT PALMS MINE

nearly the whole distance. In the other two sides the rock
was 9 in. or less from the wall plates for about one-half the
whole distance.

A length of pipe was connected to the bottom end of the
air line as follows (Fig. 6) : To the top end of the section that
was to be lowered, a coupling was fastened very loosely by a
very few threads, and to the l»ttom end was attached a tem-
porary coupling with the socket of a ball-and-socket joint. The
pipe was lowered underneath the bucket with a half-inch chain.

FlODBB 8 DbVICB for CENTERING HOLES TO BE BORBD IN GUIDES

A clamp kept it from slipping. Tlie plate of the ball-and-
socket joint was supported underneath the air line by two
chain blocks. The lower end of the section of pipe was swung
over upon the plate by hand. The chain blocks raised the sec-
tion of pipe up to the end of the air line. Then with a few
turns of the loose coupling by hand the connection was quickly
made. The coupling was tightened with chain tongs. In the
couplings every 40 to 50 ft., J/2-in. air connections were made.
To lower a section of the 12-in. flanged pipe the bucket
was removed from the hoisting rope; eye-bolts were inserted
in three of the holes of the flange, and rods connected these

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE

I^S

eye-bolts to a ring in the device at the end of the hoisting rope.
At the end of the 12-in. line two chain blocks were hung
and by means of two ^-in. wire-rope slings the section of
pipe was taken from the hoisting rope and placed in the prop-
er position for connection to the 12-in. line. Fig. 7 shows
the method of supix>rting this pipe in the shaft. The slot
engaged the flange of the H section sets. Every alternate one
of these rested upon the wall plates and the others upon the
dividers.

The guides were lowered either in or underneath the buck-
et. When the proper depth was reached, a sling chain was

Figure 9 Hopper for Lowering Concrete in Shaft

FfG fi

fastened around the guide and a chain block hung to the set
swung it into place. In lining the guide a 2- by 2-in. wooden
gauge was placed between the wall plate and guide. This
gauge was supported by two hooks hung over the flange of the
H section divider or end piece. The bolt holes were bored
after the guide was lined up. In order to start the hole di-
rectly opposite the hole already drilled in the steel set, the
device shown in Fig. 8 was used. The hole for the bolt head
was counter-bored by hand with an extension bit, and the bolt
hole was bored with an air auger machine and twist drill.

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126 SINKING A VERTICAL SHAtIf AT PALM5 MiNfi

CONCRETING.

During the sinking, every 75 to lOO ft. two or three ad-
jacent sets were filled in to the solid rock with concrete; this
made it unnecessary to cut hitches and place steel bearers.
This concrete also serves as a permanent support to the shaft.
It was mixed on surface and lowered in a hopper (Fig. 9)
at the bottom of which was a flexible spout. (Fig. 10).

When the shaft was sunk to a depth of 1207 ft., it was
thought necessary to complete the concreting because of the
approach of cold weather. Concreting was started at a depth
of 1 1 70 feet. The concrete was mixed in the proportions
1-3-5 in a half-yard electric driven mixer (Fig. 4), and con-
ducted through a launder to a 4-in. flanged pipe laid from sur-
face. The lower end of the 4-in. pipe telescoped into a S-in.
branch (Fig. 10). This 5-in. branch took the blow of the con-
crete. To the bottom of the branch was connected a reverse
bend with its lower end vertical. A flexible spout 18 ft. long
which fitted over this conducted the concrete to the forms.
While the concreting force was filling one set, other men
were removing the blocking from the set above as explained,
hanging the strands of old wire rope vertically one foot apart
and horizontally about three feet apart for reinforcement,
and placing the inside forms. For an 8-ft. span, 2-ia hard-
wood plank was used, (Fig. 10), and for 4-ft. and 6- ft. spans,
i^-in. hardwood plank. The plank was cut on a bevel on the
upper end, so that the concrete came underneath the steel sets
for a support. The bottom end came tight against the outside
flange of the H section. Two-inch strips of wood about 12
in. long were laid one inch apart between the bottom end of
the plank and the inside flange of steel. When these strips
were taken out the planks were easily removed from- the con-
crete.

In all cases the comers were left open for a distance of at
least 12 in. from the corners of the sets. (Fig. 2). This left a
solid column of concrete in each corner for the entire depth of
the shaft. Also where the lagging and timber was left be-
tween the concrete and rock, openings for concrete were left
Thus in all cases the concrete extended from the steel set to
directly back of the wall plates and end pieces to the solid rock,
the rock (Fig. 10). A 6- by 8-in. block 12 in. long was laid
in the concrete midway between the 8-ft. sets to serve as a
support to the two end guides.

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE

127

FlOUBSlO MSTHOD OP iJLOOIMa 8sn AMD

CoNCBsnNa

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1:28 SINKING A VERTICAL SHAFT At PAtMg MlN^

WATER.

Most of the water entered the shaft at 15 ft. from surface,
and a concrete dam built about 100 ft. down collected most
of it. When the dam was full, the water was nm into a
bucket through an opened valve and hoisted to surface. The
water in the bottom of the shaft was also handled in buckets.
On the trestle landing a wheeled water tank was pushed un-
derneath the bucket.

LABOR.

The day was divided into three 8-hour shifts. Nine min-
ers and a foreman per shift did the drilling, blasting and
mucking, and assisted the timbermen in placing the sets, con-
crete bearers, and 12-in. pipe.

Three timbermen per shift for three shifts with two fore-
men for the 24 hours lagged the sets, put in the guides, ex-
tended the air line, placed the ladders, and substituted for
absent miners, etc. During 24 hours two engineers operated
the double-drum hoist, and two the single-drum. There were
two top-landers per 12 hours and two men to handle the
rock, tram, move track and level the stockpile ground. Two
blacksmiths were engaged during 24 hours with a helper
for one shift. After each cut was drilled all of the machines
were taken apart for inspection and repairs and oiled. This
required a mechanic for a few hours each day.

The concreting required the ten miners for removing lag-
ging, placing reinforcement and placing plank forms. The
four timbermen attended to the distribution of the concrete
to the forms. On surface three men wheeled rock to the
mixer, two men the sand and cement, one poured water and
attended to the securing of the proj^er mixture, one discharged
the mixer, one looked after the launder from the mixer to
the 4-in. pipe and two men conducted the concrete down the
4-in. pipe. All the men worked 8-hour shifts on the con-
creting.

The approximate time required for a 7-ft. cut was as
follows :

Hours.

Drilling 4

Hoisting tools and blasting i

Blowing smoke J^

Lowering men and cleaning off sets i

Trimming the sides I

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 1 29

Mucking and picking bottom I4j^

Placing a set . . ; 2

Lunch J4

Changing shifts 34

For extending the shaft equipment the approximate time
required was as follows :

Hours.

To lawyer and place one length of air pipe }i

To lower and place one length of 12-in. pipe i

To lower and place one length of guide - - -H

To lower and place one length of 7-in. channel ^

Concreting during sinking required two shifts to make a
plank bottom and fill between three adjacent sets or 16 feet.

The speed of sinking the shaft, including the placing of
steel sets and lagging, occasional concreting, etc., averaged
from 4 to 4.56 ft. per day during several months. For the
last three weeks in August, 191 3, it averaged 5 ft. per day.

The speed of final concreting was from 35 to 48 ft. per
day. For the total distance concreted 78 gondolas of sand
and 15,695 sacks or 21 carloads of cement were required.

The above is a description of the shaft sunk to a depth of
1207 feet. During the sinking a raise 5x12 ft. also was driven
285 ft. from the nth to the 9th levels; and then 158 ft. above
the 9th level. Here it holed underneath the shaft. Stripping
then progressed down to the nth level; with pockets installe<l
at the 9th level. The shaft is now 80 ft. below the nth level,
but is concreted only to a depth of 11 70 ft. below surface.

During the entire shaft sinking not a single serious ac-
cident resulted. Great credit is due the men for the versatility
of their suggestions, their willing application to the work, and
interest they manifested in the speed and general progress of
the shaft sinking.

DISCUSSION.

Mr. Blackwell: There are one or two things I might
say about the paper. All the shaft sinking in the foot-wall
on the Gogebic Range has been on the incline, and this is the
first sunk vertically.

I want to emphasize the use of the blasting box. By
means of it the speed of the shaft sinking was increased by
55 per cent. This box can also Ije used in high raises. Instead
of using a long fuse for each hole, one long fuse can be used

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130 SINKING A VERTICAL SHAFT AT PALMS MINE

to ignite the powder in the box, which in turn ignites all the
short ones leading from the box to the holes. This has been
used successfully.

Mr. Eaton : I should not think that studdles made of 3X3X
% angle iron would be heavy enough. I should think that
after the bearers were in, there would be a great deal of
compression on the studdles when the ground settled.

Mr. Blackwell : While sinking there were incline sprag3
placed underneath occasional sets, which support the weight
which would otherwise come upon the studdles. Finally the
concrete lining incloses these studdles so that they act as a
reinforcement, and the concrete supports all the weight.

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE I3I

MINING METHODS ON THE MARQUETTE RANGE.

by committee consisting of h. t. hulst, g. r. jackson,
w. a. siebenthal.

Shrinkage-Stope System.

At the Lloyd mine of the Cleveland-Cliffs Iron Company,
a form of the shrinkage-stope system has been followed in
mining a part of the orebody. A silicious orebody 500 ft.
in length, and from 25 to 75 ft in width, and from 50 to
175 ft. in thickness, has been taken out according to this sys-
tem. Because it forms the hanging of a narrow high-grade
orebody, it had to be mined first. Furthermore, if it was to
yield a profit, it had to be mined cheaply. After a study of
conditions, the shrinkage-stope system was selected.

The formation in the North Lake district stands at a
steep angle, the dip varying from 70 to 85 degrees. In using
this system of mining, there was no danger irom falls of
ground from the back, but special attention had to be given
the hanging side of the stope.

The shaft is located in the fcK>twall 300 ft. away from
the ore, this site having been chosen on account of the loca-
tion of the loading tracks. Levels were opened 150 ft. apart
and crosscuts were driven from the shaft to the ore. Drifts
were driven in the ore both ways with the formation to the
limit of the orebody. These drifts were timbered with sets
four feet apart, 8-ft. legs and 7-ft. caps being used. The
orebody was developed by crosscuts turned off every 100 ft.
to determine the width and grade. The main haulage drift
was driven near the footwall, in the wide part of the de-
posit; a parallel drift was later driven near the hanging, as
the orebody was too wide to be removed in one stope. Up to
widths of 40 ft, the ore was removed in one stope; greater

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132

MINING METHODS ON THE MARQUETTE RANGE

widths were taken out either in a parallel stope with a pillar
between, or by stopes at right angles with pillars between.
This latter method was used where pockets of ore extended
into the hanging at points above the main level.

As the body was being developed on the main levels, raises

without cribbing were put up to the top of the ore ^^e^'
I GO feet. Above the ist level these raises connected with
each other at the top, and two raises were extended throw?"
to surface. The raises from the 2nd level were carried up

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 1 33

to the 1st level and holed on the side of the haulage drift.
These raises provided traveling roads to the stopes, ventila-
tion, and a means of bringing in the air lines. Small raises
without cribbing, with iS-ft. pillars between, were put up
10 ft. above the level in the main haulage drift. These raises
were strongly built, being re-inforced with 40-lb. rails and
3-in. hardwood plank, because of the blasting of hang-ups.
Chutes were built to these raises. At a point about 15 ft.
above the level the raises were connected ; the stope was then
opened to full size and mining started. One gang of miners
worked about 50 ft. of the stope, or the territory above three
raises. Each miner had a raising drill, two machines thus
being to one contract.

About thirty per cenft. of the broken ore had to be drawn
from the stope to make room for the men to work. One la-
borer was required to each 100 ft. of stope to sledge the
large pieces. Occasionzilly it was necessary to block-hole
large slabs which had been blasted or barred down from the
hanging side of the stope. On the completion of the stope,
the chutes were drawn as nearly equal as possible, as this
seemed to prevent blocking.

This system of mining has worked out very satisfactorily
as regards costs and safety.

Stoping System Hartford Mine — Republic Iron and

Steel Co.

A comparison of the methods of mining at the Hartford
and Section 21 mines shows many points of similarity; the
chief difference betw^een them is that the Hartford employs
overhand stoping, and Section 21 underhand stoping. The
ore at the Hartford is peculiar as to its physical character,
being a little different from any hematite heretofore produced
on the Marquette Range. In consequence the usual methods
of mining such deposits failed to give the desired results, so
that considerable experimenting was necessary in the early
stages of development to find the most economical system
for removing the ore.

The room-and-pillar system was tried on the 750-ft level
with but indifferent success, and was finally abandoned for
the overhand-stoping and milling system modified and com-
bined. In the developing of the orebody the ground broke in
such large masses that it was almost impossible to keep the
openings small enough so that standard sized drift sets could

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134

MINING METHODS ON THE MARQUETTE RANGE

be used. Frequently a space of twelve or fifteen feet would
open up between the timber and solid ground. As a result a
prohibitive amount of lagging had to be used, and even then
the drifts were always dangerous and expensive to maintain
because of the breaking of timbers and blocking of the tracks.

To overcome this difficulty the openings were driven two
sets high; little additional labor was required to break the
ground to this increased height.

The illustration shows a cross-section through two of the
slopes which were started from raises put up from a crosscut.
The stope marked N is a little further advanced than M. in
which the core has not yet fallen. No timber is used in the
raises or stopes; thus no ladderways can be maintained in
the openings through which the ore is milled. The working
faces of the stopes are reached through the raises which are

1- HARTFORD MINE

AS cmosa aictioM Tft/rov«N arot^ta

B
«C«lC •' ret

^ ,1 1 ? t

SCCTION ON

put up at frequent intervals from the foat>vall drift marked
K. The stopes themselves are also connected by small drifts
entirely independent of the drifts from the raises, so that
there may be half a dozen or more ways of entrance or re-
treat.

As the stopes advance, several may connect before the
level above is reached. Wh'^re this happens, the conical shape
is not continued, but tli« ^ides are carried up vertically in-
stead ; or one stope may be abandoned while the other is de-
veloped as originally started.

The section through the double-set drift shows a method
of filling cars without using the chutes found in so many
mines on the Marquette Range. The caps of the lower set
of timbers are lagged over to an opening in the center di-
rectly above the track and this opening is covered with short
pieces pf timber which (ran easily be removed to let the ore

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE

135

into a car below. When any considerable tonnage falls away
at one time from the core of a stope, masses several feet
m diameter must be reduced to a size small enough to pass
through the caning in the lagging. With the double-set
drift these masses are always accessible, a few blows of a
pick being all that is required.

Section 21 Mine — Oliver Iron Mining Co.

In the western portion of Section 21 mine a stoping system
is now used which has proved both economical and safe.
The physical character of the ore is such that no timber is
required except for the construction of chutes for handling the
product when it is drawn from the mills.

In the opening of a new level, a crosscut is driven from

^LJl*^ AATO C00SS StCTfJ^

SfCr/OA/ JP/ Af/A/e

\ r . r. r ■ r ■ r

ctfa* atcri0Mf

foot to hanging and both are then followed until the drifts
connect. Crosscuts are usually driven between these drifts at
distances of from 50 to 60 feet. Raising is started on the
footwall as soon as developmen'^' has advanced enough so
that a chute can be operated w?ti:out interfering with the
other work on the level. The footwall raise is put up at
this time chiefly for ventilation purposes and traveling way,
as it is not needed for handling ore until later.

The ideal section shows a crosscut on 820-ft. level driven
to the hanging with footwall raise completed, also another
raise connected with the level above. Raises from the 760-ft.
level show the system of milling; the dotted lines indicate
the next step in advance. A floor pillar of six to ten feet is

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136 MINING METHODS ON THE MARQUETTE RANGE

sufficient to support the level until all the available ore above
it has been removed.

Between the 700- and 640-ft. levels a condition still far-
ther advanced is shown, and on the 640-ft. level is shown
the final stages of removing the pillars.

Practically all of the ore was removed to a depth of 350
ft. by this method without any apparent weakening of the
hanging, but below this depth it has been necessary to modify
the system so as to prevent caved rock from contaminating
the ore. To accomplish this the pillars above the nearly ex-
hausted level, as well as the floor pillars below it, are drille4
and blasted continuously by fuse firing, with the result that
the ore falls into the mills and is drawn from the chutes on
the level below without any appreciable contamination.

All raises are vertical or nearly so, with the exception of
the footwall raise and a few next the hanging. A plan of
the workings just below the floor of each level, after mining
has been started, would show a succession of circular mills of
various sizes with a raise in the center of each. Numerous
rock intrusions and dykes make it impossible to conform rig-
idly to any pre-determined geometrical plan further than to
locate raises to reach the thickest portions of the pillars on
the level above. Although the drawings show four levels in
operation, this is not the actual condition in practice; instead,
all of the various stages of development shown in detail are
worked simultaneously over different parts of one level.

Method of Mining at the Republic Mine, Republic;

Michigan.

by r. b. wallace.

To illustrate the method of mining used at this hard-ore
mine we will take as an example a body of ore averaging 20
ft. wide and 80 ft. long and extending several hundred feet
in height. These "lenses," if we may call them such, do not
always stand vertical, but may be inclined as much as 20 or
30 degrees.

The first step in extracting the ore is to drive a 7- by 7- ft.
drift through the entire length of the orebody. The ore is
then cut out the full size of the orebody to a height of 15 ft.
and the stull over the tramway put in place. Breaking is
then commenced and the ladderway mills are built up as is
shown in Fig. i. Fig. 2 is a longitudinal sectipn through the
stope showing the openings for drawing off the ore left every

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tAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE

137

25 ft. in the side of the timbered tramway. Only enough ore
is drawn off to enable the miner to set up his machine.

In some places where the orebody is of greater length,
this method has been modified, since the timbered tramways
have to be renewed before the stope is finished. A drift is

run parallel to the orebody about 10 ft. back in the footwall
and from this drift crosscuts are made every 25 ft. into the
stope: through these the ore is drawn off and access is ob-
tained to the ladderway mills. A cross-section through one
of these crosscuts is shown in Fig. 3.

In the old workings are some floors which are being taken

out. The process is slow, as the open stope below has to be
filled with waste rock. There is an abundance of this and
sometimes it is intermixed with enough ore from caved pillars
and floors to pay for separating and handling the rock. Fig.

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138 MINING METHODS ON THE MAftQUETTE ttANGE

4 is a longitudinal section of a stope which is almost filled with
waste rock preparatory to mining the floor. When the stope
is filled to within 6 ft. of the back, breaking is commenced and
the ore is thrown down the mills. More filling is leveled
across the stope and the floor is thinned till finally it is broken
through.

Discussion.

Mr. Blackwell : How is the ore graded when there is
a pile broken in the stope?

Mr. Graff : The ore is of one grade, and all low grade.
It would be impossible to make more than one grade in the
stopes.

Mr. Sperr: As there are quite a number of miners
present, mining captains and others, would it not be well to
define what the shrinkage-stope system means. Is it what
the miners know as stoping on arches and rigging up ma-
chines on the broken "dirt''? I have often wondered my-
self why it was called the shrinkage-stope method. I think this
term of "shrinkage-stoping" is a good one because we are
looking for terms to mean specific things in mining operations
and this term is particularly well confined to a definite meth-
od of mining; but I doubt whether to many mining people
who are not up on the literature of mining, the method would
be suggested by the term. If we could invent terms that would
mean something in practice as well as being specific, I think
we would do the best possible for the literature of mining.

Mr. Graff : I hardly know why that term is applied, be-
cause the stope is nearly full all the time; however, you have
to shrink or pull it in order to get working room. That, is my
idea of why that term is applied to this system. The stope
gets larger after each blast, and is filled more or less close
to the back. It then has to be shrunk up by pulling some of
the dirt from it in order that the men can get back to work.

Mr. Sperr : But you do not shrink the stope by pulling
some of the dirt from it. The stope is the excavation. What
you shrink is the pile of broken material in the stope ; you do
not shrink the stope.

Mr. Graff : Technically speaking you are correct in say-
ing we shrink the pile of broken dirt in the stope, practically
speaking, through virtue of common usage, we say "shrink
the stoi)e.'* As I understand it this is a meeting of practical
miners and for that reason it would appear advisable not to
be too severely technical.

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LAKfi SUPEklOfe MiKiNG iNSTltUTE l^^

Mr. Sperr: I am sure I could not attempt to add any-
thing to further illustrate the method but I would venture the
suggestion that it is a modified block-caving system. Most of
the ore is cut off over a large area and as the cutting off pro-
ceeds upward and around, the block caves and then there is
not only the central chute into which the ore may drop but all
the other chutes which have been put up. In a general way
the scheme is to cut the ore body off and allow it to settle into
the chutes prepared for it, the same as in any block-caving
method. To me it seemed a most desirable system and most
admirably executed at the time I w^as in the mine.

Mr. Higgins: I would just like to say one word about
these descriptions of mining methods; somew^hac of a defense
of the gentlemen who have written them, as a commendatory
word. I want to say that for the past two years I have been
investigating these methods of mining and have endeavored
to describe them. I have read many descriptions of the meth-
ods and have noted that most of them do not present a perfect
picture. I want to say I do not believe there is a man alive
today who can describe these methods of mining, especially
the highly complicated ones, and make them plain. I think
these gentlemen have written splendid descriptions. The per-
fect picture can only be secured by trips underground.

Mr. Sperr : I think w^e would get a great deal from these
papers, if we would get into the discussion of them and ask
questions more freely than we do. Just as Mr Higgins says,
there is no man on earth can put an underground operation on
paper so that any man can understand it who has not seen
it. I do not think I ever saw a better lot of papers than these
are, but we do get wrong notions from the best of descriptions
and for that reason I think that the papers should be freely
discussed in order to derive the fullest benefits from these
meetings.

Mr. Eaton : Is there anyone here who can tell how the
ore is drawn off in the Republic mine, whether drawn into
chutes or shoveled ?

Mr. Pascoe: I would say the method we adopted here
has been worked in the Republic Mine for several years, in
this manner, which is, as Mr. Wallace in his paper, explains :
all we do is drive our drift the length of the ore body and then
cut it out to the full width of the ore body which averages
from five to twenty-five feet in width, and to a height of sixteen
feet. We then place our stulls underneath to a height of ten

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I40 MINING METHODS ON THE MARQUETTE RANGE

feet. Then we commence on the top of the stuU and break our
ore down. In order for us to take our ore from that stope we
then have filling places, not mills, but filling places in the foot
or hanging where we fill up under. On account of our ore being
badly mixed we have to assort it underground. We fill it up
under and have rock pickers who pick the rock out of the
cars as it is filled. We draw off the excess ore about ooe-
third while we are stoping. Then we continue that stope until
we reach the level above, one hundred or one hundred and
fifty feet. We mine this stope up within ten to fifteen feet
through to the level above when we then commence on the
extreme end and mine that floor through to the old workings
until it is completely back to the extreme end, completing the
stope. Then we start on the extreme end and blast the stuUs
down and draw the ore back. In that manner we keep on
until we draw all the ore out or practically all the ore on that
level. The next level we start underneath and if there is any
ore left behind it would naturally drop down to the level below
and I think it takes practically all the ore. It beats any meth-
od that has been adopted heretofore at the mine.

Mr. Johnston : What percentage of loss do you esti-
mate?

Mr. Pascoe : We have no loss to speak of, not over five
per cent.

Mr. Abbott : I would like to ask if he makes his fill with
ore. Before the rock filling is made do you draw off all of
the ore in the back?

Mr. Pascoe : We take all the ore the first cut, then we put
our stulls in from the center and then fill with the broken ore
on each side and on top of that we start our mills, one on each
end, inlet and outlet, and all the remaining parts of the stope
we fill with broken ore.

Mr. Eaton : Is that ore thrown into the chutes by hand
or is it drawn off?

Mr. Pascoe : We do not handle it, we just draw it down.

Mr. Eaton : Do you draw it through the timber?

Mr. Pascoe: No, we draw it down over the side. Our
filling places are made on the side of the stulls. We do not
use a chute on account of the ore being so badly mixed.

Mr. Eaton : Do you pick any of the rock out in the
stopes ?

Mr. Pascoe : We do not pick any rock out until it comes
into the car.

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE I4I

Mr. Kelly: The Republic Mine consists of several dif-
ferent ore bodies, some of which are rather small and there
have been modifications in the methods of mining used in
different parts of the mine. In the largest deposit now being
worked the ore is taken out completely and no floor left be-
tween levels. That method of taking out the ore completely
has been followed for something like a thousand feet in depth,
leaving no floors in, the whole thing taken out completely. In
this part of the mine in the working stopes the ore alone is
used for standing on to break the back. In other parts of the
mine it has been necessary to leave the floors under the old
levels and in those places it has been necessary after taking
out the stope of ore to fill it with rock in order to get the
floor underneath the level above when that becomes available.
A number of experiments have been made in handling the
ore. Chutes were used for a time but in certain parts of the
mine, as Mr. Pascoe stated, a good deal of the ore is more or
less mixed with jasper and it is necessary to sort it out. Then
too, some of it comes down very big and has to be block-
holed. But where the ore is free and small enough a chute
could be used to advantage. Some experiments have also been
made in driving levels at different vertical distances apart. The
usual distance has been one hundred feet but one hundred and
fifty feet was tried in order to reduce the dead work of drift-
ing. That has proven to be a little too much as it increases
the difficulty of stoping and ties up too much ore. Since the
introduction of Leyner drills the increase in speed and decrease
in cost of drifting removes the disadvantages which previous-
ly were urged against the use of levels not exceeding one hun-
dred feet in depth.

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t4^ StEEL STOCKIKG TRESTLfi

STEEL STOCKING TRESTLE AT NO. 3 SHAFT, NE-
GAUNEE MINE.

BY STUART R. ELLIOTT, NEGAUNEE, MICH.*

A common method of stocking iron ore is by the grav-
ity system, extending the tracks on the pile of ore as it ad-
vances. The tracks are laid with sufficient grade to run the
cars to the end of the pile. The cars are brought back either
by a puffer or by trammers. For handling a large product
this system is often not practical, as the necessary grade re-
duces the height of the pile and therefore its capacity. As
the height decreases, the length of tram increases rapidly. The
tracks are difficult and expensive to maintain and keep in prop-
er alignment. Delays in hoisting are frequent and expensive.
Also where the available stocking room is limited, often the
gravity system cannot be considered. It has been proved at
mines of large production that it is more economical to erect
wooden trestles and to use some mechanical means of stock-
ing. On the other hand, the cost each year for erecting and
dismantling wooden trestles is heavy. With certain classes of
ore the yearly breakage in legs will amount to as much as 33
per cent. An actual record kept of a trestle at a large mine
shows that in six years not a single stick of the original timber
was in use. The price of timber and trestle legs is steadily
increasing and it is only a matter of a limited time when
legs will be difficult to procure at any price.

For a number of years I have believed that it would be
more economical to stock ore from permanent steel trestles.
In 1909, when it was found necessary to sink a new shaft
at the Negaunee mine, I began to collect data in order to
make some preliminary estimates as to the comparative cost

*Local Superintendent The Cleveland-CIiffB Iron Co.

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Lake supEftiOft mining institute

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144 STEEL STOCKING TRESTLfi

of wood and steel. I went to Milwaukee and submitted sev-
eral sketches of steel trestles to Mr. J. F. Jackson, of the
Wisconsin Bridge & Iron Company. When the cost of main-
tenance of wooden trestles had been explained to him, Mr.
Jackson stated that it was his opinion that for a mine with a
long life the cost of a steel trestle would not be excessive. He
prepared some sketches and submitted approximate estimates
of steel trestles. From these I was able to make some com-
parative estimates which showed conclusively that if a prac-
ticable steel trestle could be constructed, it would mean a large
saving for any mine which had a life of ten years or more.
The Wisconsin Bridge & Iron Company was asked to make
final drawings and to submit bids for a steel trestle. These
bids were accepted and the trestle constructed.

The average wooden trestle used by the Cleveland-Cliffs
Iron company cost approximately $6 per foot. The cost for
labor each year in erecting and dismantling amounts to $1.20
per foot, and the entire stocking trestle has to be renewed
in about six years. A wooden trestle must be dismantled in
order to load the ore with a steam shovel. It is not unusual
during busy seasons for railroads to fail to supply mines with
a sufficient number of cars to ship the current hoist from the
shaft pockets; if this occurs after the trestle is dismantled, a
great loss in time and money results irom the delay. Even
if a part of the trestle has not been torn down the ore can
not be stocked by hand, because the modem top tram car is too
heavy, and special cars would have to be provided. At other
times the railroads are unable to supply the mines with cars be-
cause of strikes on docks or because stonns delay boats and a
shut-down therefore becomes necessary. A permanent steel
stocking trestle would provide against all such delays, as the
tracks would not have to be disturbed to load with steam shov-
els and it would therefore be possible to stock ore at any time
at a minute's notice. On a steel trestle permanent tracks could
be ' maintained in the best possible conditions for stocking;
the tracks being in perfect alignment, no delays would be
caused by cars falling from the trestle. For all of the above
reasons, but particularly on account of the large saving in
money over a long period of years, it was decided to install a
permanent steel trestle at the Negaunee mine. The following
is a description of this trestle:

At intervals of 114 ft. there are concrete columns, the up-
per part for a distance of 28 ft. 6 in. being 4 ft. in diam-

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Google

LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE I45

eter and the lower lo ft. belling out to a diameter of 6 ft. at
the bottom. The shells of plate are 34 Jri. thick. They rest
on and are bolted to pyramid-shai>ed reenforced-concrete bases
which are 12 ft. wide by 26 ft. long by 6 ft. deep. Each
base is reenforced by 52 rods Ji in. in diameter which radiate
in all directions through the base and extend up into the shells
for a distance of 20 feet. (Fig. i). The rods were all bent
so as to extend to the proper points in the bases and to project
to the correct height in the shells. In the bottom of each pyra-
mid the rods were tied to seven old rails which extend across
the long dimension. At a point about 20 ft. above the base

Figure 1 Concrete Base and Re-enforcing for Columns

the rods were attached and properly distributed around two
horizontal rings in the shells. Above these rings other rods
were spliced so that the reenforcing extended to within a few
inches of the top of the columns.

When the excavation for the base of a column was made
and the form constructed, the rails and reenforcing bars were
placed in position and wired to keep them from shifting. The
six very heavy anchor bolts to which the steel shell is bolted
were suspended from a templet and lined up by the engin-
eers. In order to allow a small amount of leeway these anchor
bolts Avere all set in sections of pipe. A concrete mixer was

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146 STEEL STOCKING TRESTLE

set over the edge of the excavation and the concrete dumped
directly into the form. While one form was being filled the
carpenters were busy constructing the form for the next base.
In a very short time after one base was completed, the forms
could be moved with safety to the next excavation. In this
way only a small amount of lumber was used. Before the
bases were completed the bridge builders were on the ground
and ready to begin placing the steel shells in position. For
handling the heavy steel, a railroad track had been laid along
the entire length of the trestle.

The length of span between columns is 114 feet. Across
the center of each column are two short plate girders, each
38 ft. in length. Between these short girders are two other
girders 76 ft. long, thus making the total span of 114 feet
As soon as one span was bolted together two shells could be
filled with concrete. A puffer, operating two small steel
cages in balance, was set up midway between the two shells,
thus filling them simultaneously. To one end of the drum of
the puffer was attached a six)ol, and around this spool a ^-in.
wire roi:)e was wrapped four times. The ends of the rope
extended from the spool at an angle of about 30° to sheaves
supported about 6 ft. above the top of the shells. The cages
were constructed to run on wire-rope guides from the ground
to the top of each shell, the rope serving simply to keep the
cages from twisting. The hoisting rope was so adjusted that
when one cage was on the ground the other was above the
shell. Concrete was loaded in small concrete buggies holding
about a quarter of a yard. The work progressed rapidly and
at a reasonable cost. As it was feared that the dunging of
the material might throw the columns slightly out of line if
the shells were filled completely in one operation, they were
filled a little over a half full one day and completed the fol-
lowing. After the shells were filled the surface was rounded
off with a rich mixture and made as smooth as possible, to
keep water from getting between the concrete and the steel
jacket. The work was constantly watched by an engineer to
see that the shells did not shift or get out of alignment.

On top of each column the girders rest on horizontal 8-in.
I-beams supported by four braces firmly connected to the col-
umns which extend down at an angle of 45 degrees. The
plate girders are made up of angles and two plates 42 in.
wide and J4 in. thick. The distance from center to center of
girders, or center to center of tracks, is 20 feet. The entire

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE I47

length of the part of the trestle from which ore can be stocked
is 2,094 feet. In addition there are 500 ft. of curved trestle
extending from the shaft and connecting with the stocking
trestle. The legs in the curved part are built up of angles
and channels. The stringers are channels and I-beams of
various sections. On top of the I-beams are holes to which
are bolted j-in. nailing strips. On top of these nailing strips
was spiked a 5- by 7-in. sollar to serve as ties. The 40-lb.

Completed Trestle

rails on the plate girders are spiked to 5-in. sawed ties 4 ft.
in length. On the outside of the girders the ties were bolted
to 4- by 4-in. timbers placed snugly up against the girders.
These 4- by 4-in. timbers prevent any pK)ssible shifting in the
track at right angles to the length of the trestles. To prevent
the ties from creeping, they were attached at intervals by
hooked bolts to the small angles inside of the girders. Since
the tracks were completed, about two years ago, not a single

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148 STEEL STOCKING TRESTLE

penny has been spent on them. They are now in as good align-
ment as when first put in. The height of the trestle is 42 ft.
from rail to soUar. The g^uge is 30 inches.

The trestle was built under a guarantee to support a mov-
able load of ten tons. It was put into commission during the
fall of 191 2 and has been used continuously since then. No
defects in construction or design have been discovered. No
delays in loading with the steam shovel have been occasioned.
In the second cut taken by the shovel the track runs fairly
close to the piers. The operator, before reaching a point where
the pier would prevent his boom from swinging, digs into the
pile as far as possible. He then moves the shovel ahead until
the front part of it is directly opposite the far edge of the
pier. By digging in at right angles to the shovel he is able
to get all of the ore in the cut except a small strip on the
other side of the pier. The small amount of hand work re-
quired for this is hardly worth mentioning. With the wooden
trestles there is considerable delay in pulling out legs, conse-
quently ore can be loaded more rapidly from the steel trestle.

At the shaft the ore is dumped during the stocking season
into special saddleback cars of about five tons capacity. These
cars are operated by the tail-rope system, the power being fur-
nished by two 50-k.w. motors. The cars are of special con-
struction and dump automatically simply by running over a
(lump-jack placed between the tracks at the desired point on
the trestle. This releases the catches and allows the doors to
open. By shifting a lever on one end of the car, three grades
of ore can be stocked from each track. On top of the plate
girders, between the rails, the ^-in. rope is carried on wooden
rollers. On the end of the trestle it passes around a roller-
bearing sheave 2 ft. in diameter. Below the tracks the return
rope is supported on small sheaves placed at intervals of about
30 feet. The slack is taken up by four special tighteners which
are placed at the end of each track. The tightener consists of
a truck, to one end of which is attached a 2-ft. roller-bearing
sheave and from the other a rope, which passes over a station-
ary sheave to a large iron bucket suspended below the trestle.
The slack in the rope is controlled by putting the proper weight
in the bucket. Placing the tighteners at the end of the line
rather than near the w?inding drums at the shaft house has
been found to be a great improvement.

The common method of disposing the rock is to dump it
into a special car which runs out on another trestle from a

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 1 49

switch from the main line. At the Negaunee mine the rock
dump consists of a wooden trestle built at the extreme end of
one of the permanent trestles. Rock can be hoisted at any
time and disposed of without delay or extra labor simply by
throwing a lever on the end of the car and sending it to the
rock dump. This method has been found to be very practicable
and to save considerable time. Great care was used in laying
the tracks on the entire trestle and in giving the curves the
proper elevation, the consequence of which is that the cars can
be run at a speed as high as 1,400 ft. per minute on the straight
part without danger of their leaving the track. The following
table shows the cost of the various items connected with the
trestle :

Cost of Eighteen Piers.

Amount. Per Yard.

Excavation, 1,800 yards I 994.65 | .553

Concreting, 1,352 yards 5,142 70 3.80

Bolts, washers and forms 2,167.94 2.185

Reenforcing steel 1,423.89 1.053

ToUl 19,729.18 |7.197

Average cost per pier 540.41

Steel Trestle, 2,594 Feet.

Lin. Ft. Amount. Per Ft.

Steel erected 135,100 00 |13.53

Colums (18) /i,094 9,729.18 4.G5

Small piers for curved trestle (20).. 500 641.93 1.28

Decking 500 1,870.07 3.74

Ties and fastenings 2,094 1,627.59 .78

Walk and railings 500 358.78 .72

Temporary tracks for unloading 2,594 355.89 .14

Rail and laying 2,594 1,545.48 .60

Total 2,594 151,228.92 |19.7l

From figures obtained from several mines it has been
found that in five years the total cost of repairs and renewals
on wooden stocking trestles amounts to the original cost of
the trestle. Breakage in legs is exceedingly high, often
amounting to as much as 33 per cent, per year. If for any
reason ore is not shipped and the legs are allowed to remain
in the pile for several seasons, it has been observed that they
rot rapidly. Weather conditions have considerable to do wMth
the percentage of broken legs. If ore is dumped on a frozen
face of the stockpile and this new ore freezse rapidly, it will
often move in a mass down on the frozen face and break the
legs. Large masses of frozen ore also shift in this way dur-
ing loading with the steam shovel.

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150 STEEL STOCKING TRESTLE

The cost for erecting and dismantling was accurately kept
at two large mines for a period of years. It was found to
amount to $1.20 per foot. Under unusual conditions this
has run as high as $1.60 per foot. The portion of the trestle
between the shaft and the point where ore is stocked is usually
called the permanent trestle, the other port being the stocking
trestle. The permanent trestle is put up in a very substantial
way and is expensive, costing as much as $15 per foot. After
a period of ten years this permanent trestle is sure to be in
bad repair. A few of the stringers not directly below the

Stockpile After Removal op One Cut by Shovel

tracks will probably last for a short additional time, but for
the sake of an estimate it can be assumed that the permanent
trestle will have to be entirely rebuilt in ten years. In making
the following comparative statement of the cost of wood and
steel, the expenditure each year at 6 per cent, compound in-
terest has been used. This yearly expenditure has been ac-
cumulated and figured at compound interest for a period of
twenty years. It is found that at 6j4 years the costs for
wooden and 3teel trestles of th^ same length are practically

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 15!

identical. As the time increases the accumulated amount for
repairs, renewals, erecting and dismantling, figured at 6 per
cent, compound interest, increases, very rapidly. At the end
of twenty years the saving in favor of the steel stocking trestle
is $117,000. It is impossible to estimate the saving due to
better tracks and operating conditions and consequently the
minimizing of delays on the surface. With a wooden trestle
a certain number of carpenters and extra laborers must be
employed. Only a part of their time can be charged against
the stocking trestle, but it is nevertheless necessary to have
them so that they can be used when repairs are needed. At
the Negaunee mine we have only one carpenter, whose entire
time is spent in the shop.

Comparative Cost of Wood and Steel Stocking Trestles

6% Years. 20'Years.
Permanent Wood Trestle —

Original cost, 500 ft. at $15 $ 7,500.00 $ 7,500.00

Repairs and renewals, 10 per cent, per year. . 4,875.00 15,000.00

Six per cent, compound Interest 4,692.29 30,798.02

Total $17,067.29 $53,298.02

Temporary Wood Trestles —

Original cost, 2,094 ft. at $6 $12,564.00 $12,564.00

Repairs and renewals, 20 per cent per year. . 16,333.20 50,256.00
Erecting and dismantling, $1.20 per foot

per year 16,333 20 50,256.00

Six per cent, compound interest 14,0<)3.33 122,822.09

Total $59,293.73 $235,898.09

Total cost wooden trestles $76,361.02 $289,196.11

2,594 Foot Steel Stocking Trestle-
Original cost $51,228 92 $ 51,228.92

Estimated maintenance cost 1,300.00 4,000.00

Six per cent, compound interest 23,949.51 116,867.78

Total $76,478.43 $172,006.70

Net saving 117.41 117,099.41

Discussion.

Mr. Abbott: I would like to ask if you have had any
trouble in removing the ore in the vicinity of the supporting
pillars of the trestle; if it required any hand work or can the
steam shovel reach all of the ore conveniently ?

Mr. Elliott: Practically no additional labor is neces-
sary.

Mr. W. H. Johnston: Have you experienced any diffi-
culty in the ore freezing around the pillars?

Mr. Elliott: No, we have loaded ore for two seasons

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152 STEEL STOCKING TRESTLE

and no trouble has been experienced from freezing around
the columns. It does not stick to the columns. There is not
nearly as much trouble in loading from this trestle as from a
wooden trestle. In the latter you always have the delay due
to the pulling of trestle legs.

Mr. Johnston : You also have the advantage of always
being ready to stock the ore. There are times when we have
not been ready to stock ore.

Mr. Kelly: This method also eliminates the danger to
life in drawing trestle legs.

Mr. p. S. Williams: Why did they choose the endless
rope system of haulage as against handling the cars with elec-
tric motor, for which power can be furnished cheaply. I think
myself it is possibly due to increased speed of operation but I
would like to hear from Mr. Elliott who has comparative fig-
ures on the cost of different systems of stocking ore.

Mr. Elliott: I think the use of the motor would be
cheaper but, of course, the element of danger to the men rid-
ing these motors is very great, and that is one of the principal
objections to the use of motors.

Mr. Kelly : Probably there would be a little saving in
power by the trolley system, but the labor cost might be a lit-
tle more, l>ecause the man at the shaft will run out the endless
roi^e and still be at the shaft where he can answer the bells.
In certain cases the trolley system would require additional
men. Then, also, the man running out the trolley is exposed
to the inclemency of the weather while the man running the
endless rope is in a house.

Mr. Elliott : I might add that if we used motors the cost
of the trestle would have been greatly increased because it
would have been necessary to build a much more rigid trestle.
The moving load would have been increased six or seven tons,
which would have greatly increased the cost of the trestle.

Mr. Williams: I was surprised to hear Mr. Elliott say
tliat he thought the cost would probably be cheaper by motor.
From my experience with endless rope haulage, using steam«
I would say it is considerably cheaper than electric haulage on
a long trestle.

Mr. Eaton : I would say that the results we have ob-
tained with endless rope haulage using steam and electricity
for power, are almost contradictory. We hardly know where
we stand. xAt the Lake Mine in Ishpeming we have a 40-h.p.
Corliss engine driving the endless rope on two tracks. When

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Lake stPEkiflk mining institute 15 j

stocking ore 1,700 feet from the shaft, a few years ago, it
was necessary to haul the cars in trains of two, and often all
four cars would be in motion at the same time, two loaded
cars going out and two empties coming in. The steam en-
p^ine handled this load without much difficulty. In our more
recent installations each rope is driven independently by a 50-
h.p. electric motor, and this motor has all it can do to handle
one car.

Mr. Stanford : I think we all appreciate that a 40-h.p.
steam engine, under these conditions is not working at a quar-
ter cut-off, and is probably taking steam the full length of the
stroke. My judgment is that the cost is probably less with
the endless rope system than with the electric locomotive. I
would qualify by saying that it would apply to the top tram-
ming system as used at all of our mines, and I believe that
the cost of power is probably less than it would be with the
electric locomotive.

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154 VENTILATION IN THE IRON MINES

VENTILATION IN THE IRON MINES OF THE LAKE
SUPERIOR DISTRICT.

by edwin higgins, pittsburgh, pa.*

Introduction.

The purpose of this paper is to set forth the general con-
ditions existing in Lake Superior iron mines with regard to
ventilation, more especially those conditions which have an
effect upon the health and efficiency of the miner. Some
remedies are suggested for the most serious conditions, those
which undoubtdly affect the cost of producing ore through
iheir ill effect upon the miner.

It may be well to state here that I am at present engaged,
in collaboration with associated mining engineers and chem-
ists, in the investiga^ton of ventilation in the metal mines of
the United States for the Bureau of Mines. The field work
for this investigation was started in the Lake Superior dis-
trict early in 1913. While the notes on that district are ap-
proximately complete, it is probable that some further ob-
servations will be necessitated in the light of results from
experimental work that has been carried on in the Pittsburgh
laboratories of the bureau. In the course of the field work in
the Lake Superior district visits were made to nearly all the
mines in Michigan and Wisconsin, and some of those on the
Mesabi and Vermillion ranges in Minnesota.

Although many air samples were taken, their analyses
will be made use of only in pointing out general conditions.
While it is not the purpose here to detail the results of these
investigations, it has been thought that a discussion of the
more important phases of the subject might be of interest and
value. It is hoped that this paper, which is of a preliminary

*Mininff Engineer, U. S. Bureau of Mines, Pittoburgh, Pa.

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Lake superior mIKing Institute 155

nature, will lead to discussion that will be of value for use
in the bulletin on ventilation to be issued by the Bureau of
Mines.

General Conditions in the Mines.

All the mines visited, with the exception of two, depended
on natural ventilation for the supply of air to the working
places. Of the two exceptions, one mine had a blower fan
installed underground, and in the other the air was kept in
motion by means of compressed air jets. In a few cases
booster fans were found in use in dead ends, especially in
those immediately under the timber mat. The amount of air
entering the mines per man employed underground varied
greatly, but in the majority of cases was between 50 to 100
cu. ft. per man per minute.

Quality and Temperature of the Air in the Main Airways.
The analyses of many air samples showed that seldom in the
main airways did the air contain any appreciable amount of
noxious gases. The only exception to this statement might
be said to be in reference to the "return" air issuing from the
mine after use therein; this showed a minimum of 0.2 i^r
cent, and a maximum of 0.8 per cent, of carbon dioxide. In-
variably the heavily timbered mines showed a higher percent-
age of carbon dioxide in the return air, than did those mines
in which little timber is used.

As to temperatures, the fresh down-cast air varied, of
course, according to the season of the year. Summer tem-
peratures may be said to range from 50"^ (nights) to a max-
imum of 100° F. (days) in the shade; in the winter tempera-
tures range from the vicinity of o to a maximum of 30 to
40° F. below. At all times the humidity is comparitively
low.

In the deeper mines (1,000 feet or more) the tempera-
ture underground showed little variation, no matter what the
temperature on the surface. In the shallower mines, how-
ever, it is common in winter to encounter huge icicles, in
some cases as deep as 300 ft. from the collar of the down-
cast shaft. In the heavily timbered mines, the return air
ranged in temperature from 75 to 90°, and humidity usually
from 95 to 100 per cent. In mines where little timber is
used the return air is from 10 to 15° cooler.

Condition In Working Places. The working places near
the main air courses, both in mines using little timber, and

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156 VENTILATION IN THE IRON MINES

in those using a great amount of timber, were found to pre-
sent no abnormal conditions. However, in the dead ends,
such as are encountered in driving long cross-cuts or drifts,
or in sub-levels immediately under the timber mat, severe
conditions were noted in many cases. In the heavily tim-
bered mines temperatures in such working places were found
to range from 75 to 100° (humidity from 95 to 100 per
cent). Many air samples taken from such places showed
from 0.5 to as high as 3 per cent, carbon dioxide. It was
found that the gases produced by blasting gave a great deal
of trouble. The expedient of turning on the compressed air
after blasting was not always effective.

Gases Found in the Mines and Their Effect Upon the
Human System.

Atmospheric air may be considered as consisting of ap-
proximately 20.93 per cent, oxygen, 79.04 per cent, nitrc^en,
and 0.03 per cent, carbon dioxide.

Gases Produced Under Ordinary Operating Conditions.
With the exception of the combustible hydro-carbon gases
reported from time to time from some of the mines situated
in the carbonaceous black slate area of the Menominee range,
the only noxious gas that is encountered under ordinary c^
crating conditions is carbon dioxide. No explosive gases
occur. Reference is made further on to gases produced after
blasting.

In mines, carbon dioxide (CO2) is produced by the
breathing of men or animals, the combustion of timber and
explosives, the burning of lamps, and the decay of timber or
other vegetable matter. It is a colorless gas, without odor,
and has a slightly acid taste. Its specific gravity (air equals
i) is 1.529 at ordinary temperatures. 'Carbon dioxide, in
the quantities in which it is ordinarily found in mines, does
not directly poison the person or animal breathing it. When
it is present in the air of mines there is usually a deficiency of
oxygen. The first efTect of breathing air containing 2 to 3
per cent, carbon dioxide, is headache and dizziness; larger
percentages cause extreme panting. When the human being
breathes air containing about 10 per cent, of carbon dioxide
life becomes imperiled. Candles in air are usually extin-
guished when the oxygen content decreases to 16 or 17 per
cent. Carbon dioxide that may be present has but slight ef-

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE I57

feet upon the extinguishment. Carbide lamps become ex-
lingfuished when the oxygen decreases to about 12 per cent.

Gases Produced By Blasting, In addition to carbon
dioxide there are produced by the combustion of explosives,
depending on the kind used, varying percentages of hydrogen,
methane, oxides of nitrogen, carbon monoxide, water vapour
and hydrogen sulphide. For the purpose of this paper it will
suffice to say that very small percentages of either carbon
monoxide, oxides of nitrogen or hydrogen sulphide have
marked effects upon the human system. One tenth of one
l)er cent, of any of these gases have a serious effect upon
the miner. Experiments by the Bureau of Mines indicate
Ihat the oxides of nitrogen and hydrogen sulphide are even
more dangerous, in the same quantity, than carbon monoxide.

Gases Produced During Mine Fires, During timber ftres
in metal mines the noxious gases produced are carbon dioxide
and carbon monoxide; the effect of the former has been dis-
cussed above. Carbon monoxide (CO) is far more deadly
than carbon dioxide in its poisonous effect on the system. It
is a product of incomplete combustion of wood or other com-
bustible matter, also of the explosion of varix)us types of blast-
ing powder or dynamite. The amount produced is enormous-
ly increased when the explosive bums instead of detonat-
ing. Carbon monoxide is more than likely to be encountered
during a smouldering fire, such as would result in a damp or
wet mine. It is a colorless gas and has a specific gravity of
0.967. As little as 0.2 per cent, of this gas will cause death
if breathed for a sufficient length of time. It acts as a cum-
ulative poison to the human system by combining with the
haemoglobin of the blood, thus preventing that agent from
combining with sufficient oxygen to support life. It gives
little or no warning of its effect on the system. The person
breathing it usually becomes suddenly weak in the knees and
lapses into unconsciousness. Carbon monoxide may occur in
quantities sufficient to cause sudden death, and still its pres-
ence will not be indicated by the dimming of the candle flame.
Thus it may be seen that the belief of many miners that they
can live wherever a candle will burn, is erroneous.

For more detailed information regarding certain of the
gases mentioned above, the reader is referred to Bureau of
Mines technical paper 62 : "Relative Effects of Carbon Mon-
oxide on Small Animals'' by Messrs. Burrell, Seibert and

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158 VENTILATION IN THE IRON MINES

Robertson; and miner's circular 14: "Gases Found In Coal
Mines," by Messrs. Burrell and Seibert.

Effect of High Temperatures and Humidity.

By the efficiency of the miner is meant his capacity to
perform work. That high temperatures and extreme humid-
ity have a marked effect in lessening the efficiency of the
miner, there can be no dotibt. In this connection Haldane*
says "The normal body temperature of a man is frcxn 98
to 101° F., and in order to obtain efficiency in work, his tem-
perature should not exceed this upper limit. The body may
be cooled by radiation, conduction and evaporation (sweat-
ing.) Cooling by evaporation is the most important in deep
mine ventilation. Evaporation from the body can only oc-
cur when the dew point of the surrounding air is below body
temperature, 98° F. * * * In order to maintain the body
temperature in hot mines, where one is working, it is neces-
sary to keep the skin at a lower temperature than the inter-
ior of the body. The body temperature may be maintained
when 78° F. wet bulb in still air, and 88° F. wet bulb in good
moving air, is shown * * * *"

According to G. J. Young ^: "With a temperature from
95 to 105° F., and relative humidity 50 to 70 per cent, in
still air, miners can do efficient work. From no to 115°
F., and with other conditions the same as above, efficient
work cannot be done. Increasing the velocity of the air,
with other conditions the same as above, makes work more
bearable, but miners cannot work very long at a time under
such conditions. 95 to 105° F., in saturated air and no velo-
city, is dangerous ; 90 to 98° F., saturated, velocity of air cur-
rent 400 to 500 ft. per minute, and slightly vitiated, will pre-
vent efficient labor. Impurities in the mine air seem to hin-
der labor efficiency more than high temperatures do. The
humidity of the air depends upon the amount of water in the
mine and the dryness of the down-cast air."

High temperatures in a comparatively dry air do not have
so great an effect on the miner. This fact was forcefully il-
lustrated to me on a recent trip through the Comstock
mines in Nevada. In one place the dry bulb thermometer
read 110° F., and the wet bulb 100°. This represents a
humidity of 70 per cent. While performing no work the

a J. S. Haldane. Jour. Chem. Met & BCin. Soc. South Africa, VoL 11, 1910. pace 227.
b Jour. Chem. & Min. Soc. South Africa. VoL 11. 1910. page 411.

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 159

place was not unbearably hot. Nearby, where the return air
current was encountered, the wet and dry bulbs both read
iio° (representing a humidity of lOO per cent.) and the ef-
fect w^as distressing.

By frequent observations in many of the Lake Superior
iron mines, I have noted repeatedly that miners working in
temperatures above 75° wet bulb (relative humidity 100 per
cent.) showed a marked falling off in energy. At wet bulb
temperatures of from 80 to 90° (relative humidity 90 to 100
per cent.) the average miner works only from one-half to
one-third of his time; when he is at work under these condi-
tions his efficiency is not normal, and when he is resting, of
course, his time is entirely lost. In one mine 4 miners pro-
duced the same tonnage of ore as was produced by 9 miners
in a similar place in the same mine where the temperature
was 10° hotter. Many cases of this kind could be cited.
Relation of These Conditions to the Cost of Mining.

Many notes were made on the relative efficiency of miners
working under normal conditions as compared with those
working under severe conditions as to temperatures and
quality of air. The following example, in which nominal
figures are used, will serve to illustrate the effect of poor
ventilation on the cost of mining.

A well ventilated mine produces 1,000 tons of ore per
day, at a cost of $1,000. The labor cost for this tonnage
approximates $750. Now, if the places from which 300
tons of the production comes are poorly ventilated and hot
(say 85 to 90°, relative humidity 95 to 100 per cent.) the
miners will put in only one-half of their time in effective
work. Thus they would produce only 150 tons, instead
of 300, as under normal conditions; and the result would be
that there would be produced 850 tons at a labor cost of $750,
as compared with 1,000 tons at a labor cost of $750 under
normal conditions. This would represent an increase from
75c per ton, under normal conditions, to 88c per ton in a
lX)orly ventilated mine — an increase of 13c per ton.

Even if the cost of mining were increased 5c per ton by
a preventable cause it would occasion considerable concern to
the management. Thousands of dollars are spent in operat-
ing equipment in order that a few cents may be saved in the
cost of mining a ton of ore. The great importance of proper
ventilation has been recognized by some, and efforts are now

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l6o veKtilatiok In the iron mxNeS

being made to improve conditions in this respect. Grood re-
sults have already been obtained in one or two cases. The
management of one mine, where , production per man has
l)een increased greatly recently, attributes the increase in a
great measure to better ventilation facilities.

Causes of Vitiated Air In the Mines.

Oxygen is consumed, and carbon dioxide produced in the
mines, through the following agencies:

Oxidation or rotting of timbers.

Breathing of men.

Burning of various types of miners' lights.

Blasting.

Oxidation of certain rocks.

Without going into a detailed discussion, it may be stated
that investigation points to the oxidation or rotting of tim-
bers (in the heavily timbered mines) as the chief cause of
the vitiation of air. The breathing of men and the burning
of candles and lamps come next in importance. In heavily
timbered mines (especially where the mine is wet or damp)
the timbers consume from three to four times as much oxygen
as do all the other factors combined.

Recognizing the importance of this phase of the prob-
lem, an investigation was instituted at the Pittsburgh labora-
tories of the Bureau of Mines. While the work done to date
has been only preliminary, some interesting facts have been
brought out. The investigation is being carried on by G.
A. Burrell, chemist of the bureau, who writes as follows:

The Absorption of Oxygen and Production of Carbok
Dioxide from Atmospheric Air by Wood.

"Herein are shown the results of some preliminary ex-
periments having to do with the absorption of oxygen and
production of carlx>n dioxide from atmospheric air by wood.
Dried ^nd seasoned pieces of wood planks were sawed suffi-
ciently to produce sawdust. In one case very thin shavings
were used. This material was placed in bottles having a ca-
pacity of 2^ liters and the bottles securely closed. Through
each bottle stopper a glass tube was placed, provided with a
stopcock, to permit of drawing out samples of air for anal-
ysis.

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lake superior mining institute l6l

Experiments to Determine the Effect of Wood in
Changing the Composition of Atmospheric Air.

lis «S Is ^S 8g 8eg

^S^ ^S IS ^S ^2

Kind of wood andWt. in -gS^ ^S SS *S *S ^9

""" is| II U ti ti 1 •

<i^ t& |s :3 IS

« « 5 5 5

Ash sawdust CO^ .0 .15 3.38 11.6 18.9 20.6

112.6 grams O^ 20.8 20.8 17.5 8 6 1.7 .0

Cypress shavings CO .0 .15 1.98 4 6.0 10.

76 grains O 20.9 20.8 18.75 16 7 14.4 10.1

Hemlock sawdust CO .2 .20 7.87 16.6 18 17.7

135.5 grams O^ 20.8 20.8 12 2,0 .7 .3

Oak sawdust CO^ .2 .2 8.27 17.0 19 2 20.2

136. grams O^ 20.7 20.8 15.05 31 1.2 .4

(a) Water was added to each bottle 15 days after (7/16/13) prior
to these analyses. Enough water was added to saturate the wood so
that it caked.

Discussion of Results. The experiments were started on
June 6, 1913, and the first analysis of the residual air in the
bottles made on June 2yy 191 3. No appreciable change in
the oxygen or carbon dioxide content of the residual air
over the composition of ordinary atmospheric air was no-
ticed. The same held true of results obtained on July 15,
191 3» or 39 da)"^ after starting the experiment. Water was
then added to each bottle in quantity sufficient to percq>tibly
moisten the sawdust and shavings. In 16 days from the
Lime the wood- was moistened analyses were made again of
the residual air in each bottle. A marked increase in carbon
dioxide and decrease in oxygen resulted, and continued until
in the case of the sawdust samples it had all or practically all
disappeared. In the case of the fine cypress shavings the
rate of absorption of oxygen was slower, probably due to the
fact that the cypress wood was not in as fine a state of divi-
sion as the other woods tried. An interesting feature of the
results is that the carbon dioxide is only slightly less than
the molecular equivalent of the oxygen consumed. This is
a different result than that obtained when oxygen is absorbed

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l62 VENTILATION IN THE IRON MINES

by coal at ordinary temperatures. In the case of coal the
amount of carbon dioxide produced is invariably less than the
molecular equivalent of the consumed oxygen, Laboratorj^
experiments by many have shown this. The writer has also
observed it many times in the case of samples collected in coal
mines. In the case of coal and air, the oxygen may entirely
or almost entirely disappear and there result in the residual
air only two or three per cent, of carbon dioxide.

"The change in air after contact with coal may be the
result of the slow oxidation of the carbon, with the forma-
tion of a small amount of carbon dioxide; the oxidation of
certain unknown and unsaturated bodies in the coal without
the formation of carbon dioxide and possibly also the absorp-
tion of the oxygen, and presumably of some nitrogen. That
carlxjn dioxide also disappears after contact with coal has
been determined by experiment. Bacterial action apparently
does not enter into the case. On the other hand the disap-
pearance of oxygen and formation of carbon dioxide in the
case of wood and air is probably almost entirely due to bac-
terial action. Sometimes small quantdties of other gases are
formed, methane and hydrogen for instance. The samples
examined for this report were not tested for gases other than
carbon dioxide and oxygen.

"These results show that timber in metal mines (where
large quantities of it are used) may be responsible for part
of the vitiation of the air therein, especially in dead ends
where the air is stagnant, the wood moist, and much tim-
ber is present.

"The results, however, are only preliminary and not quan-
titative; hence give one no idea of the exact part played in
the vitiation of the air of metal mines by the timber. The
state of division of the wood is undoubtedly very important.
Further experimenting is required to determine the action
between air and timbers. The rock in some metal mines, es-
pecially if iron pyrites is present, is probably responsible for
some of the oxygen disappearance.

"Many of the samples of mine air collected by the bureau,
however, have shown a quantity of carbon dioxide almost
proportional to the oxygen disappearance, suggesting that
the timbers or some reaction that is analogous to that tak-
ing place between air and wood is responsible for the vitia-
tion of the air.'*

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lake superior mining institute 163

Causes of Heat and Humidity In the Mines.

In general, it may be said that heat is developed in mines
through the following agencies:

Rock temperatures.

Presence of men and lights.

Crushing and working of rock and timbers, and possibly
ihe oxidation of timbers.

Operation of machinery and presence of steam lines con-
nected thereto.

The cause of humidity, of course, is the absorption of
moisture in the mine by the comparatively dry air admitted
from outside. In practically every case in the Lake Superior
district the air issuing from mines was found to range be-
tween 95 and 100 per cent, in humidity.

It was found that rock temperatures had practically no
bearing on the great heat encountered in the sub-levels, es-
l^ecially those subs directly under the timber mat. In sev-
eral cases rock temperatures, at depths of 1,500 to 2,000 ft.
were as much as 10° lower than air temperatures from 500
lo 1,000 ft. nearer the surface (under the timber mat.) Air
currents passing through timbered workings where no men
were employed were tested at various intervals, and the tem-
peratures were found to increase gradually, regardless of
whether the course of the air was downward or upward.
With respect to working places, then, the causes men-
tioned may be disposed of as of small importance in causing
a rise in temperature, with the exceptlion of the crushing
and working of the rock and timbers, and the oxidation of
the latter. While the laboratory investigations have not pro-
gressed far enough as yet to make a positive statement in
this connection, it is my opinion, from observations made in
the field, that in these mines the oxidation of the timber is
the chief cause of the production of heat. In one mine a new
sub-level was opened under the sub directly beneath the tim-
ber mat. Before the introduction of timber in this new sub,
the temperature averaged 75° ; when drift sets had been put
in the average temperature of the level was 80°.

The Problem.

There are two problems presented in the proper ventila-
tion of Lake Superior iron mines.

I. The supply of a sufficient quantity of air, and its

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164 VENTILATION IN THE IRON MINES

proper distribution, so that it will carry off the noxious gases
produced; and have the effect of lowering the temperature
and humidity existing in working places.

2. The production of lesser quantities of noxious gases.

As to the amount of air required in the mines it might
be well to cite the requirements of coal mines in this coun-
try. In non-gaseous mines the average requirement is 100
cu. ft. of air i^er minute per man employed underground and
500 cu. ft. per minute per animal. In gaseous mines these
figures are increased. On an average, perhaps 50 per cent,
of this air reaches the working faces, the balance being lost
by leakage through stoppings and doors.

The conditions in the iron mines differ greatly from those
in coal mines. As indicated on previous pages, the most im-
ix)rtant considerations are the oxygen consumed, and carbon
dioxide produced, by the oxidation or rotting of timbers, and
by the breathing of men and the burning of lights. In the
iron mines the employment of animals exists only in occasion-
«il cases.

It is a difficult matter to state Just how much air should
be supplied in the heavily timbered mines for the reason that
there is no accurate method of calculating how much oxygen
the timbers will consume. The factors effecting this are ex-
tremely variable. Damp timbers are much more active in
oxygen consumption than are dry timbers. Again, due to
the methods of mining, it is impossible to figure with any de-
gree of accuracy the amount of timber in a mine. However,
a study of actual conditions lead me to the belief that, in un-
timl>ered mines, where no animals are used, 50 cu. ft. per
minute per man employed underground, is sufficient air. In
mines where a moderate amount of timber is used there should
be 100 cu. ft. per minute per man employed underground. In
the heavily timl)ered mines, it may be necessary to increase
the amount to 150 or even 200 feet per minute, depending
upon the amount of timber in the mine.

There are several guides in determining whether or not
there is a sufficient amount of air entering the mine. In the
first place there should be sufficient atr to prevent the humid-
ity in working places from rising higher than 90 per cent
With 90 per cent, humidity the wet bulb thermometer should
not read more than 80° in still air, and 85° in a current of
400 to 500 ft. per minute; with 100 per cent, humidity these
figures may be set at 75 and 80°.

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Google

LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 165

The second consideration is the diminution of the amount
of oxygen in the air. As pointed out, this is closely related,
in the Lake Superior iron mines, to the amount of carbon
dioxide in the air. In England, ventilation requirements deal
with the oxygen and the amount of carbon dioxide in the
air. The requirements, (not less than 19 per cent, oxygen,
or more than 1.25 per cent, carbon dioxide), refer to coal
mining, in which the ratio between the oxygen and carbon
dioxide contained in the air is not as constant as it is in metal
mines.

Distress may be caused by breathing in atmosphere con-
taining too little oxygen, or too much carbon dioxide. Hal-
dane, in a report on "The Causes of Death in Colliery Ex-
plosions and Underground Fires," writes as follows:

"A diminution from 20.93 ^^ ^5 P^^ cent, oxygen by vol-
ume is practically without effect on man, although, of course,
a candle or wick-fed flame is instantly extinguished. As the
decrease of oxygen proceeds further certain effects begin to
be noticed, but a person not exerting himself will, as a rule,
not notice anything unusual until the oxygen percentage has
fallen to about 10 per cent. The breathing then becomes deep-
er and more frequent, the pulse more frequent, and the face
somewhat dusky. Frcttn this to lower percentage the symp-
toms are more pronounced, and a person's life becomes in
grave peril."

Haldane's experiments refer to fresh air. Exi)eriments
by the Bureau of Mines support these statements.

Haldane also states that carbon dioxide in air produces
no very noticeable effect on man until the proportion of car-
bon dioxide reaches about 3 per cent. When the proportion
is increased to 5 or 6 per cent, there is distinct panting, throb-
bing, and flushing of the face.

In exploring a certain mine after an explosion engineers
of the Bureau of Mines suddenly entered a mine atmosphere
containing 13 per cent, of oxygen and 4 per cent, of carbon
dioxide. They experienced no distress, but they were in the
atmosphere only a few minutes.

While a miner may feel no discomfort while not exerting
himself, in an atmosphere in which a candle will become ex-
tinguished (from 16 to 17 per cent, oxygen), the effect may
be very different when carbon dioxide is present and he is
working hard. Another factor to be considered is the heat
usually encountered in places containing vitiated air. I have

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1 66 VENTILATION IN THE IRON MINES

noted miners, when working, showing ill effects in an atmos-
phere containing i per cent. cartx)n dioxide and 19.7 per
cent, oxygen, the temperature being 75° and the relative
humidity 95 per cent. It is my belief that miners will begin
to lose efficiency in air containing more than 1.25 per cent,
carbon dioxide and less than 19 per cent, oxygen, in ordin-
arily cool temperatures; when the woricing place is hot the
effect is correspondingly worse.

Recommendations for the Rand mines by S. Perlerich
(a) are: That sufficient air shall be provided so that in one
hour after a shot is fired, a sample taken anywhere in the
mine will not contain more than 0.2 per cent, carbon dioxide,
and o.oi per cent, carbon monoxide, and only traces of the
oxides of nitrogen.

It is a simple matter to determine whether conditions in
working places are such that miners can perform efficient
work. Temperatures and humidity may be determined by
the use of the sling psychrometer; gases present may be de-
termined by sampling and analyzing the air.

Remedial Measures.

The principal remedy for the conditions referred to is a
sufficient air supply, and its proper distribution throughout
the mine. Increased air supply may be effected; (a) by pro-
viding a greater number of openings to the mine; (b) pro-
viding for down-cast and up-cast openings, with due regard
to the elevation of the shaft collars, and the presence or ab-
sence of steam pipes in the shaft; (c) by the use of fans
either at the shaft collar or within the mine. A blower fan
at the collar of the down-cast shaft is preferable. If an air
shaft is not available, that is, one that is not used for hoist-
ing, it may be possible to utilize the manway in an operating
shaft as an airway, but in this case the partitic«i between the
manway and the hoisting compartments must be absolutely
tight. If it is not practicable to place the fan at the shaft
collar, it must then be placed within the mine workings, pre-
ferably a blower fan somewhere near the down-cast shaft.

Many of the mines have a sufficient amount of air passing
into them but, owing to insufficient airways, most of the air
escapes from the mine without reaching the working places.
Such conditions can be remedied by the running of additional

a Jour. Cb«m, Met, & Min, Soc. of South Africa, Vol. 11, 1910, p. 60.

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 167

crosscuts, drifts and raises for carrying the air, and by the
installation, at proper places, of doors and brattices. An im-
portant aid in ventilating dead ends may be found in the in-
telligent use of electrically operated booster fans.

With regard to measures looking to a reduction in the
noxious g^s produced in the mine, those worthy of considera-
tion are : (a) The treatment of timber with such preserva-
tives as will prevent or retard oxidation or rotting, and (b)
the use of explosives that produce a minimum amount of
noxious gases. The treatment of timber has been discussed
in various papers and publications and it is probable that the
use of some preservative that will act as a sterilizing agent
will be effective in the Lake Superior mines.* Probably the
preservative most used at this time is creosote. However,
this is a subject that requires further investigation before de-
finite recommendations can be made. The cost of treatment
is an important factor. It might be added that stripping the
bark from timber retards, to sc«ne extent, its liability to oxida-
tion.

Reduction of Noxious Gases from Explosives.

On account of the many reports received of the serious
effect of powder gases on miners (a surprising number have
been overcome and not a few have died), the Bureau of
Mines recently undertook an investigation with the hope of
developing a powder whith would evolve, on detonation, a
minimum quantity of noxious gases.

As the result of a number of tests with straight nitrogly-
cerin, low freezing, ammonia, and gelatin dynamites, the fact
was brought out that the gelatin dynamites evolve smaller
quantities of noxious gases than any other. There is given,
herewith, a table showing the compositions of gelatin dyna-
mites of various strengths. Table II shows the combustion
products resulting from tests of explosives in thin paraffin
paper wrappers.

Several samples of 40 per cent, gelatin dynamites were
procured from different manufacturers; of these samples the
whole produced poisonous gases on detonation. The percent-
age of carbon monoxide varied from 3 to 5.7 per cent, and of
hydrogen sulphide from 0.7 to 4.1 per cent. As a final re-
sult of the investigations a 40 per cent, strength gelatin dyna-
mite was prepared according to the following formula:

*'*Wood p i— iva tion wftb especial reference to Vine Timbers." John M. Nelaon, Jr. Vol.
Xnr. pp. W-U6.

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1 68 VENTILATION IN THE IRON MINES

Special formula for 40 per '^^nt. strength gelatin dyna-
mite.

Nitroglycerin 33

Nitrocellulose i

Sodium nitrate 54

Combustible material (a) 11

Calcium carbonate i

100

(a) Flour.

The products of combustion were collected in a Bichel
gauge. This is described in Bureau of Mines Bulletin 15,
page 103.

The resuhs of tests made with this explosive are shown
in table III.

Table i — Composition of Gelatine Dynamites of Vari-
ous Strengths.

41* 4* 4* -M «* 4* **

H H if t% §1 if H

Irun-edlentB || || || || || || ||

8" 8* 9^ S» g" S" g"

Nitroglycerin 23.0 28.0 33.0 42.0 46.0 50.0 60

Nitrocellulose 0.7 0.9 10 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.4

Sodium nitrate 62.3 58.1 52.0 45.5 42.0 38.1 29 6

aCombustible material ...13.0 12.0 13 10.0 9.0 9.0 7.0

Calcium carbonate 1.0 10 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 LO

~ioo.o 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

a Wood pulp Is used in 00 and 70 per cent strength gelatin dyna-
mite Sulphur, flour, wood pulp, and sometimes resin are used in
other grades. Some manufacturers replace a small percentage of the
nltro-glycerin in -these grades with an equal amount of ammonium
nHrate. This replacerxent, however, offers little, if any, advantage
other than reducing the cost of manufacture.

Digitized byVjOOQlC

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Digitized by VlOOQ IC

170 ventilation in the iron mines

Table hi — Combustion Products Resulting from Tests
OF Special 40 Per Cent. Strength Gelatin Dynamite.

(Analyst A. L. Hyde.)

Weight of Products, Grams.

Gaseous 85.5

Solids 102.3

Liquid 13.2

Gaseous Products, Per Cent, by Volume.

Carbon dioxide 51.0

Carbon monoxide o

Oxygen 9

Hydrogen o

Methane 7

Nitrogen 47.4

Hydrogen sulphide o

1 00.0
Solids, Per Cent.

Soluble 92.10

Insoluble 7.90

100.00

In order to determine whether these results could be
checked in actual mine operation, tests were made in two dif-
ferent mines and the results were practically the same.

The above investigations are described in detail in Bul-
letin 48, Bureau of Mines, "The Selection of Explosives
Used in Engineering and Mining Operations" by Clarence
Hall and Spencer P. Howell. The following statement re-
garding the work is of interest :

"The mine tests, although of «nall scope, confirmed, with
a few exceptions, the tests made in the pressure gauge. The
odor of hydrogen sulphide was noticeable immediately after
firing some of the explosives containing sulphur, but the chem-
ical analyses of the mine-air samples failed to disclose the pres-
ence of an appreciable quantity of this gas. Several days in-
tervened between the taking of the samples in the mine and
the chemical examinations made of them, and it is possible
that if minute quantities of hydrogen sulpiiide were collected
in any of the samples, they were decomposed by standing so
long. It is worthy of note that in all the tests the explosives

Digitized byVjOOQlC

Lake sUpeIuOr miKing iNSTltutE iyt

were completely detonated and there was no formation of
nitrognen oxides.

"The results of the experiments indicate that all gelatin
dynamites should be made with an oxygen excess sufficient
to completely oxidize all combustible materials present, in-
cluding the wrappers; furthermore, the tests show that when
this class of explosive is properly and completely detonated
the proportion of harmful gases evolved is reduced to a min-
imum. However, it should be remembered that proper con-
ditions do not exist if there has been any chemical or ptiy-
sical change in the explosive or if it is fired under conditions
that cause burning or incomplete detonation. When the ex-
plosive has aged to such an extent as to materially decrease
its sensitiveness, when weak detonators are used, or when the
explosive is used in a frozen or partly frozen condition, a
greater quantity of poisonous gases is evolved."

' Conclusions.

It is hoped that the foregoing discussion will impress
mine operators with the importance of the subject of mine
ventilation, both as to its effect upon the health of the miner,
and as to its relation to the cost of mining. It is further
hoped that the remedial measures suggested will have the re-
sult of instituting attempts looking to the improvement of
ventilation in the mines. The result of such attempts will be
of great value in the ultimate solution of this important prob-
lem. While the problem is not serious in the mines using
little timber, it is one of great moment in heavily timbered
mines ; and it will increase in seriousness as the mines of the
district reach greater depth.

Mr. Higgins : I wish to bring out one point and that is
the chief purpose of this paper, which is to indicate the effect
of poor ventilation on the efficiency of the miner and to show
how this may seriously affect the cost of mining. I think that
if some one would come to the oi>erator of a large mine in
the Lake Superior district and say, "I can install a machine
or machines that will decrease your cost of mining five cents
a ton" that a great deal of attention would be given to the mat-
ter. It is probable that if the machine proved its worth that
many thousands of dollars would be spent on its installation.
I maintain that many of the operators are overlooking an im-

Digitized byVjOOQlC

172 VENTILATION IN THE IRON MINES

portant factor in the cost of mining, and that the cost of min-
ing is seriously affected by poor ventilation.

In my paper I have submitted an illustration, using nom-
inal figures, which show that under ordinarily serious condi-
tions the cost of mining may be increased 13 cents per ton. I
would like to go over this illustration. Suppose a mine pro-
duces 1,000 tons of ore per day and the cost of mining this
ore is $1,000. The labor cost is approximately $750. Sup'
pose the places from which 300 tons of the ore comes are hot
and the air is slightly vitiated, containing say from .5 to i
per cent of carbon dioxide; suppose the temperature in these
places is from 80 to 90 degrees and the humidity 100 per
cent. The men would work about half time effectively and
would produce from this place 150 tons of ore instead of 300.
In other words, there would be produced in the mine 850
tons of ore at a labor cost of $750, instead of 1,000 at a labor
cost of $750 as under normal conditions. This would repre-
sent an increase of 13 cents per ton in the labor cost.

In arriving at the approximate efficiency of miners work-
ing under bad conditions as to ventilation, I have given due
regard to the opinions of the foremost scientists of this and
other countries. Furthermore, I have checked these opinions
by actual observation in 75 or 80 mines in the Lake Superior
district. There is abundant proof that extreme conditions
seriously affect the capacity of the miner to do effective work.
In the Comstock mines, reported to be the hottest in the world,
I found miners working from 1/5 to 1/6 of their time and
receiving therefor a day's pay. However, conditions in the
Lake Superior district are not nearly as bad as that.

I think that investigation will point out to many of the op-
erators in the Lake Superior district that conditions are as
bad, if not worse, than those used in the above illustration. I
have a statement from a gentleman who has charge of the ven-
tilation of a large iron mine in the Lake Superior district that
four men produced more ore from a certain working place
than did nine men in a similar working place where the tem-
perature was ten degrees higher and the air slightly vitiated.
I think there are a great many cases of this kind. Doubtless
the time is coming when this subject will receive a great deal
of attention. As a matter of fact several companies have al-
ready given attention to ventilation in their mines. Condi-
tions will get worse as the mines grow deeper. I desire to im-

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 1 73

press upon the operators of the Lake Superior district the im-
portance of proper ventilation from the standpoint of the health
and efficiency of the miner.

Discussion.

Mr. McNair : In this paper, Mr. Higgins speaks of the
vitiation of the air due to the production of carbon dioxide in
heavily timbered mines and suggests that something may b^
done to lessen that production. I would like to ask him if
he has any specific suggestion ; if he has observed any mine in
which any process is applied to timber before it is put in place
which has been successful in arresting the production of carbon
dioxide.

Mr. Higgins : I might say that this phase of the subject
is not treated in my paper. We hope that the suggestions
made may produce some experimental work along these lines.
Various preservatives are used on timbers but we have not as
yet any comparative results. I think the most commonly used
preservative today is creosote. In investigations up to this
date, where the air passed through timber which had been creo-
soted, the production of carbon dioxide was very slight. Ex-
13eriments leading up to that point are being carried on now.
At the Pittsburgh station, sawdust was placed in a bottle and
in the course of two or three months it had consumed every
particle of oxygen and converted it into carbon dioxide.

Mr. McNair: I might ask Mr. Higgins if he has any
data or any opinion to oflfer as to whether the application of
preservatives to underground timber might sufficiently prevent
the rotting process and so prolong the life of the timber in
certain places as to oflfer some return to the mining companies
for expense incurred.

Mr. Higgins: I do not think there is any question but
that the consumption of oxygen by wood or other carbon-
aceous matter is a process of rotting, and that the treatment
of these timbers with some preservative that will prevent their
oxidation would naturally prevent the rotting. That is gen-
erally accepted. I hope to prove before we get very far with
this investigation not only that rotting is responsible for the
vitiation of the air and the production of carbon dioxide, but
that it is also responsible for the production of heat.

Mr. Williams of Urbana, Ills : I would like to make
a remark in reply to the professor's question. There is a coal
mine near Peoria, in Illinois, where they had a great deal of

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174 VENTILATION IN THE IRON MINES

trouble with the timber. Eighteen months to two years was
all the life they could get out of timbers. They tried a pre-
servative and that timber has now been in six years. The cost
of untreated timber was lo cents per running foot, of treated
timber 17 cents. About eight months ago I tried to hang a
hydrometer on one of these timbers. The foreman asked me
whether I was a good carpenter. I knew that the timber had
been treated and was consequently prepared to strike light
blows and it was about a five minutes job for me to get a nail
into that timber. It was just as sound and hard and strong
as the day it was put in. It not only is strong after being
treated but apparently gets stronger with age. How long that
strength will continue to increase has not been demonstrated.
This is a case of about six years against eighteen months to
two years. The preservative was creosote. Oak does not show
the same increase as some of the more porous woods that
will allow the creosote to enter the pores. White oak is too
short grained.

Mr. Eaton : In answer to Mr. McNair's question I would
say that the mines where we have trouble in ventilation are
those where the ground is very heavy, where the timber
crushes before it has a chance to rot. When timber will stand
up only two or three weeks the use of a preservative would
not be of much benefit. As to whether or not a preservative
applied to the timber would prevent the formation of carbon
dioxide after the timber had been crushed and had gone into
the "mat" or "gob," there is some doubt. In the Cripple Creek
District in Colorado there was, in a great many mines, trouble
caused by carbon dioxide entering the workings from fissures,
and this trouble was overcome by maintaining in the workings
a pressure slightly higher than that of outside air, thus driving
the carbon dioxide back into the fissures.

I would like to ask Mr. Higgins his opinion in r^ard to
the applicability of this pressure system of ventilation to our
mines. Mr. Higgins, do you not think that an air pressure of,
say, three inches of water in our mines would keep the carbon
dioxide back in the old timbers and prevent it from entering
the workings where the men are now employed ? Do you not
think that by keeping this carbon dioxide back in the old tim-
ber further oxidation would also be reduced, if not prevented?
It will be very interesting to hear your opinion on this subject.

Mr. Higgins: Six months ago I had occasion to visit
some of the Cripple Creek mines in which carbon dioxide is

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE iy$

given off by the country rock. I took samples of the air and
investigated the pressure system of ventilation. I began to
think of the Lake Superior District and wondered if the pres-
sure system used on the sub-levels might not have the effect
of improving conditions, while I believe that the pressure sys-
tem would hold the gases back, it is doubtful if it would de-
crease the heat. I do not see how it could. In some of the
mines heat is the greatest trouble. In one mine I found min-
ers working in a temperature of 65 degrees (100 per cent,
humidity) and stripped to the waist on account of vitiated
air. Under conditions like that I think it would be very good.
I talked that over with one of your men and suggested that
I would Hke to see this system tried imder such conditions.

Mr. Sperr : The greatest difficulty arising from the vitia-
tion of the air by decaying timber, is in the stopes where the
timber is required to last but a very short time. The decay
does not set in until after the timber has served its purpose of
sustaining a temporary opening. A g^eat quantity of timber
accumulates in a mat following the stope downward. The
slow combustion of this mat makes the troublesome heat in
the working places. This applies particularly to the method
of mining to which Mr. Channing refers in his paper under
the head of "The Caving System of Mining." (In this issue.)
This system of mining by successive timbered slices worked
from the top of the ore downward, has undergone many modi-
fications since it was introduced with the top slicing method
about thirty years ago. First the slices were mined and tim-
bered in immediate contact with each other; then between the
slices about five feet of ore was left to be caved ; then the dis-
tance between slices in different instances, was increased more
or less until 100 feet has been successfully attained in what
is known as the "Block Caving Method." In order to avoid
the excessive use of timber with its consequent heat and bad
ventilation, I believe the tendency with the attainment of
greater depth in the mines will be more and more to get away
from the top slicing, and to approach the block caving meth-
od, by which the ventilation can be greatly improved, and the
shoveling and tramming in the stopes can be largely eliminated.

In all early mining operations, when the mines are shallow,
the attempt has been made to give permanent support to the
excavations. As greater depth is attained, the excavations are
either filled or are allowed to fill themselves by the process of
caving, excepting the hoisting and haulage ways. The ut-

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176 VENTILATION IN THE IRON MINES

most attempt is made to give rigid support to the shafts and
drifts, which also fails with only a little greater depth. Con-
crete and steel supports have been and, no doubt, will be tried.
These all fail at certain depth or when rock movement sets
in; and they are most troublesome when they do fail. The
principle of yielding supports should be employed at and below
certain depths in mining operations.

Mr. p. S. Williams : We must have some men here who
have had experience in the use of concrete in mines. We have
a problem ourselves where a shaft is to go through about
one hundred feet of dyke rock at a depth of about two thou-
sand feet. I had in mind putting in reinforced concrete to
keep the air away from the rock. My own opinion is that
the air disintegrates the rock and if we can keep the air away
we accomplish the desired result.

Mr. Sperr: You would for a short time. I would say
that as a general proposition in the iron mines, the use of
concrete as a rigid support at a depth of two thousand feet
would be a mistake for the purpose as mentioned by Mr. Wil-
liams. For the si^ecific purpose of keeping the air away from
a rock which readily disintegrates, it would serve temporarily;
but as soon as pressure develops and any movement sets in,
the concrete is absolutely worthless and steel is a nuisance.

Mr. Johnston: Will you explain what you mean by
yielding supports?

Mr. Sperr : At great depth it is impossible to support tlie
superincumbent material against its tendency to move down-
ward and fill the excavation ; but it is necessary and quite prac-
ticable to support the fragments which by becoming detached
will fall and do damage. A yielding support is one which
yields to the general downward movement without losing its
usefulness for the purpose of supporting the detached frag-
ments. For example, a stull or prop set in the ordinary way
with a hitch in the footwall and a wedge against the hanging
wall, yields but very little to the slow closing-up movement
l>etween the foot and hanging walls, before it buckles and be-
comes useless. But, a support made up with a piece of timber
on end like a stull, and with more or less blocking at the top
and bottom, will yield until the blocking is crushed to pulp,
thus greatly prolonging the life of the stull. Concrete yields
even less than timber on end. Steel has more yielding quality,
but its replacement or repair is much more difficult.

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUIE 1 77

FOLLOW-UP SYSTEM AND METHOD OF RECORD-
ING INJURIES IN COMPLIANCE WITH THE
"WORKMEN'S COMPENSATION LAW."

BY HERBERT J. FISHER, IRON RIVER, MICH.*

In 1912, at an extra session of the Michigan State Legis-
lature, Act No. 10 was passed, providing compensation for
accidental injury to, or death of employes, methods for the
payment of the same, and creating an Industrial Accident
Board. Since that time, many systems for handling compensa-
tion have been devised by various mining companies, the com-
plexity of each system depending largely upon conditions in
the mine, and the number and class of employes engaged in
the work.

Accidents naturally divide themselves into two classes,
minor and serious. Government statistics show that eighty
per cent of all accidents are minor, while only twenty per
cent are either serious or fatal. It has been found that a
large numl>er of the minor accidents become serious through
infection, if not given prompt attention, and that this iriat-
tention is due mainly to the fact that most men believe that
slight lacerations do not need to be cared for by a physician
or nurse, and that many others, after having had a first dress-
ing, do not believe subsequent dressings or attention neces-
sary.

It is my purpose, in dealing with this subject, to present
in detail a system which has thus far proven very efficient in
eliminating the carelessness and indifference on the part of
the men. in accurately checking every movement of the in-
jured workmen from the time of injury to the time when he
is able to resume work, and in handling compensation as re-
quired by the law. Although five of the mining companies in
the Iron River district are using practically the same sys-
tem, I wish to refer more especially to the method followed by
the Munro Iron Mining Company, Iron River, Michigan.

'Cashier Munro Mining Company.

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178

METHOD OF RECORDING INJURIES

Form 181.

NAME HiB signature Check No.. . .

Munro Iron Mining Co Mine. Date of employment 19.

Age Nationality In what country bom

His present place of residence

Weight Height Complexion Married or single. . .

Color eyes Color hair Mustache

Give distinguishing marks

Describe any deformities or permanent injuries.

Father's name Mother'-s name . . .

Father's address Mother's address

Wife's name and address

No. of children, name and age of each
Names and address of other relatives .

Plate No. 1 (Fbont of Gaed)

What work is he experienced in?..
How long engaged at this work?.

Offered employment as

Give drink habits in full

Can he speak English? Can he read English?

Can he write his name? How long in this country?

Has he first papers? Has he second papers?

Where and when has he worked for M. I M. Co. before?

Wh€re employed previous to" obtaining employment with this Com-

pany?

Cause of leaving

Date of leaving

How long did he work there?

What work engaged in?

Name of Mine

Name of Company

Last Place. Next to Last

Date and reason for leaving M. I. M. Co.

Plate No. 1 (Back of Gaed)

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE

179

Plate No. I, in two parts, shows an identification card.
All but the fourth question, of part two is filled in by the time-
keeper as soon as a man is employed. When an employe's
drink habits are ascertained, the captain or foreman sends a
note direct to the General Office with the desired informa-
tion, which is entered on the card. This card gives definite
information as to all dependents, and refers to the different
places where the applicant has worked during the year. This

HOOHS

Platb No. 2 (Rbgistry Board at Mink)

information is used in computing the average weekly wage.
The card also gives some idea of the workmen's drink habits,
which information is vital in reducing to a minimum the num-
ber of accidents, and in raising the average resistance to infec-
tions.

All captains, foremen, skip-tenders, drymen, and timekeep-

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i8o

METHOD OF RECORDING INJURIES

ers are warned to be on the lookout for all injuries no matter
how slight. When an injury is discovered, the man is sent
to the doctor for attention, and the timekeeper is reported to,
and he in turn reports by telephone to the General Office.
The timekeeper then makes out a card showing the date,
name, and nature of the injury. This card is then hung on
a registry board, as shown in Plate 2, the board being pro-
vided with small hooks for holding the cards.

ITtefcr* I

rTBggr- i

HOOK3

Plate No. 8 (General OFncE Registry Board)

The board is kept where the captain and foremen can eas-
ily refer to it before taking their shift, and they are not allowed
to let a man go to work whose name appears on the registry
board.

The timekeeper also makes an accident report, giving brief-
ly the history of the accident, together with written statements

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE

l8l

of witnesses, and this is forwarded to the General Office as
soon as possible. The General Office, upon receiving the time-
keeper's telephone report, telephones to the hospital, and makes
out a card similar to the timekeeper's, and posts it on a reg-
istry board (Plate 3) hung in the General Office.

As soon as the hospital receives the report from the Gen-
eral Office, a card is filled in (Plate 4) and inserted in a

Name.
Mine No.

Hosp. No.

Date Injury.

PLATBNO. 4 (HO6PTTAL RaOBTBY BOABD Cabd)

registry board, kept in the hospital (Plate 5), in the column
under the day of the week in which the man was injured. If
he does not appear on that day, the hospital telephones the
General Office, and the compensation clerk takes immediate

jucaooL

E o

PlatiNo. 6 (HoepiTAL Rbgistby Boabd)

Steps to locate the injured workman, to see that he reports
to the physician or hospital. When he has received his dress-
ing, a hospital card (Plate 6) is filled in, and a physician's
report (Plate 7) is made.

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l82

METHOD OF RECORDING INJURIES

.191.

SURGEON'S REPORT OF ACCIDENT.

Mine.

1. Name Check No

2. Address Occupation

3. Nationality . .Age . .Married?. .Children under 16 years of age.

4. Height . .ft. .in. Weight. . .lbs. Chest. . .in. Hair. . .Eyes. . .Skin.

6.
7.
8.
9.

Injured 191

Dr. notified 191

Received 191

First aid by Dr at...

Treatment by Dr at...

Assistants

Interpreter? ^ Name and address . .

.M.
.M.
.M.

10. Statement of Injured Person as to Manner in Which Injury

Was Caused.

11. Injuries

12. Treatment

13. Disposition of patient

14. Probable result

16. Probable period of disability . . . .*

16. Previous condition and evidences of old injury.

17. Insurance carried

18. Witnesses

Refer to Hospital File No.

.Surgeon

fLATsNo,? (9uiioiqn*sRbpobt)

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tAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 183

I I

b O

Digitized byVjOOQlC

i84

METHOD OF RECORDING INJURIES
MERCY H08FITAI- ^„_

laoM IIIVBa. HIOB.

Ooeii|wtioa

Ag e ■ Xilionalily

C«ll Id

RMrivHl

la lfrptwfr?

; : in ... FirNt Aid by Dr. ...

.. ;.:;-19... TrMtRMBi by Dr..

J * 10 ... A«i*mu

.\Ainr ami AiMrriu _.. .

CliMdfCB oBdar le jw*
In. Wt. ;■ ■ .lb* . Chwt - to. IUIr_.

Tmtncat: .-..

DisptMition of palimt...

pTpbaMf pw iotl itt di»a<iiliiy .

;.._ Probable miult...
OM I nju ry?

Wiinrwc* -

...

..>

-,.. .

!• .

<1ub

IV To

DmmSm*

222.

....

■1

jr.

"1:

3r TT

....

Plate No. 6 (Hospital Card)

The form Plate 6 is kept oil file at the hospital, and the
form Plate 7 is forwarded to the General Office of the Mining
Company. The injured man is then given a dressing card and
envelope (Plate 8 and 9), which he carries with him. He is

Form No. 161.

Mine. Hosp. File

SURGEON'S CARD.

Notice to Injured Employe.

READ THIS .

Tliis card is to notify you that, during the continuance of your dis-
ability, you are to report to the surgeon for examination as directed
by hinL If you refuse* your right to compensation will be suspended.
Bring this card with you each time you report to the surgeon.

Bearer Check No

Date

.Is "*** ready to work

now

. Surgeon.

(Note): H — Hospital Treatment.
R— Home Treatment.
Q — OfTice Treatment.

Plate Np. 8 (D^bssinq Card)

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 1 85

Mine

EMPLOYEE'S DRESSING CARD

NiM CbtekNo...

Address.

KEEP THIS CARD CLEAN
Do Not Fold, Bend or Break It

Platb No. 9 (Drbmikg Card Envblopb)

then advised when to report for another dressing. The small
card (Plate 4), is then inserted on the regsitry board (Plate
5) in the column under the day of the week in which he must
appear for his next dressing. The physician's registry board
shows at a glance what men are due for dressing or attention.
In case the injured man does not appear, as requested by the
physician, the General Office is again notified, and immediate
steps are taken to locate him and see that he receives the proper
attention.

When the injured party is able to resume work, the physi-
cian scratches out the word "not," on the dressing card (Plate
8), and signs it. The injured man then presents the dressing
card to the foreman at the mine, and if it is satisfactory, he
is put to work. Later the foreman checks with the mine
registry board so as to be sure there is no error. In the
meantime the physician fills in a postal card (Plate 10), and

This is to advise that

No Our File No has received

complete Dressing Card and w^as ready to resume w^ork

191..

Surgeon.

Plate No. 10 (Postal Cabd)

forwards it to the General Office. The Office in turn reports
to the timekeeper, and he takes out the card posted on the mine
registry board (Plate 2).

It is the duty of the physician, when an injured man ap-
pears for his first dressing or treatment, to report it at once

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l86 METHOD OF RECORDING INJURIES

by telephone to the General Office, except in cases where the
Office has already reported to him. Therefore, in the case
where a man with a slight injury goes unobserved by any
one at the mine, but later goes to the hospital for treatment,
the General Office will get a telephone report from the hos-
pital, whereupon they will then refer to their registry board
(Plate 3). If no card is found for the injury, one is made
out, placed on the board, and the injury is reported to the
timekeeper at the mine, who duplicates the Office card, and
hangs it on the mine registry board (Plate 2). The injured
man is then unable to return to work until he has received his
completed dressing card (Plate 8) from the physician.

In giving the above detail, I wish to impress the value of
the double-check system. At first reading it may seem bur-
densome, but in actual use, it is simple and logical.

The value of any system depends upon the results ob-
tained, and what is needed most in handling these "injured
cases," is a system wherein a man is compelled to report and
receive attention. Every skip-tender, foreman, dryman, cap-
tain, and timekeeper, knows it is his duty to report an injury,
no matter how slight. The compensation clerk and physician
know that it is their duty, after being reported to, to see that
the injured receives systematic attention, and when anyone
fails to perform his special duty, that failure is easily traced.
The error of one is reflected by that of another through a
central point, in this case, the General Office.

When the Munro Iron Mining Company first installed this
system, considerable difficulty was encountered, but after a
number of cases had been carefully checked, the whole scheme
seemed to implant itself in the minds of all, and at present it
is an exception when a complete check has to be made. It has
also been found that it is quite unusual for a man with even a
slight injury to leave the mine without its being known, where-
as under the old system most of the minor injuries were not
known until a physician's report was received, and by that
time many of these cases had become infected.

Compensation.

In handling the compensation part of this paper, I am
not going into the details of the compensation law and its
requirements, for these are no doubt familiar to most of the
mining men, and are easily obtained by reviewing the law on
the subject.

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE

187

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l88 METHOD OF RECORDING INJURIES

In the General Office of the Munro Mining Company, at
Iron River, Michigan, are two separate sets of vertical filing
cases. One contains all the reports required by the state, the
special folders for each injury being arranged in alphabetical
order according to the names of the men injured, together with
all correspondence in regard to each particular case. In the
other case is filed the history of the case in the form of ac-
cident reports, physician's reports, postal card (Plate lo),
and dressing card (Plate 8).

The final record (Plate ii), which is a summary of all
the records of the case found in both sets of filing cases, is
kept in a loose-leaf ledger. This form is made out as soon
as compensation begins, and contains a record of a man's
earnings, his dependents, and the state requirements, as well
as a statement of the compensation he has received and is yet
to receive.

When the form (Plate ii) is complete, it is taken out
of the loose-leaf ledger and placed in a storage ledger. From
the ledger a balance can easily be drawn showing the total
amount of compensation for which the company is liable.

Note — Where the work of a number of mining companies
is handled by the same physician, a color scheme is used, each
company having a different color for its set of cards.

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 189

THE ELECTRIFICATION OF THE MINES OF THE
CLEVELAND-CUFFS IRON COMPANY.

BY F. C. STANFORD, ISHPEMING MICH.*

The first electrical equipment used by this Company was
installed 34 years ago, in the year 1880. It consisted of an
arc-lighting outfit for the illumination of open-pit workings.

In the year 1894 ^^^ Company installed its first electric
underground haulage. The original electric locomotives made
by the General Electric Company and exhibited at the World's
Columbian Exposition are still in regular service. In 1898
two additional locomotives were bought from The Jeffrey
Manufacturing Company, and in 1901 one was bought from
the Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company. These
are all now in use at the Lake mine.

The principal mines of the Cleveland-CIififs Company are
so located that the change from steam to electric power, and
the use of electric power for the development of new mines,
has been accomplished without difficulty and with very satis-
factory results and has proved entirely adequate to meet any
conditions that may be expected in iron mining. The map
shown on pages 2 and 3 indicates the relative location of mines
and the inter-connecting transmission lines. Nineteen mines
are now connected by electric lines. Eighteen of these mines
are either producing or are under development. In addition
to this, the Pioneer Furnace at Marquette is connected to the
system.

The principal generating station is a hydro-electric plant
located near Marquette. This has a normal rated capacity
of S,6oo kilowatts. The generating equipment consists of
two AUis-Chalmers 2,800-k.w. 2,300-volts 3-phase 6o-cycle

*ChicfElMtrteiu.

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IQO

ELECTRIFICATION OF C.-C. I. CO. MINES

generators direct connected to high-head turbines. The exciters
are mounted on shaft extensions outside the main bearings,
each exciter being of sufficient capacity to provide excitation
for both units if necessary. All circuits are controlled by Gener-

CAM^ jri¥£/t

\ AiAnOUE±TE

^nXgaunee

\ Situs 9¥mr /f/*f£

osrrtfr fnt*r

al Electric solenoid-operated oil switches. These are each placed
in individual brick-and-concrete compartments, one switch be-
ing provided for transformer control, two for generator con-
trol and two for local feeders. The 2,300-volt bus bars are
carried in brick-and-concrete compartments and have section-

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE

191

alizing disconnecting switches. The high-tension bus bars are
carried open on wall-mounted insulators to the disconnecting
switches and high-tension circuit breakers. The high-tension
transformers consist of three AUis-Chalmers 1900-k.v.a. trans-

T/f£ CteveuAfD Currs I/fmCo.

cAif^ /tfitg^ t^jtr£a /9»^jeML sn

^pcoo roir usfe.

formers, 2300/30,000/60,000 volts, connected delta. The
station wiring for the 2300 volts is varnished-cambric double-
braid insulation carried in fibre conduit. One of the local
feeders supplies the station lights and miscellaneous power for
operating the auxiliaries. The other local feeder is carried to

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192 ELECTRIFICATION OF C.-C. I.- CO. MINES

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE I93

three 2300/6600-volt General Electric oil-and-air-cooled trans-
formers to supply the 6600 volt power for the Pioneer Fur-
nace line.

The drainage area of the Carp River, from which the
power is derived, is about 70 sq. miles, and the average flow
in a dry month is .4 cu. ft. per second per sq. mile of drainage
area. The stream discharge has been found, however, to be
1.25 sec. ft. per sq. mile during the 7 months of the year
when the flow is greatest. The equipment, therefore, was
proportioned on the basis of this flow, the expectation being
that as the load built up, steam reserve plants would be used
during the low-water periods.

The Carp River dam is located about four miles from
Lake Superior and the total fall between the dam and the
power house is 600 ft., giving an average working head of
580 feet. The dam consists of a monolith concrete struc-
ture, cuts of which are shown.

The pipe line connecting the dam with the generating sta-
tion consists of 10,000 ft. of 6o-in. wood-stave pipe supplied
by the Pacific Coast Pipe Company; about 9,000 ft. of 66-in.
steel-lockbar pipe furnished by The East Jersey Pipe Com-
pany ; and for the high-pressure section near the power house,
about 2,000 ft. of 60-in. seamless welded pipe furnished by
Thyssen & Company of Bremen, Germany. The pipe line, as
shown by the cuts, passes through a very rough country, and
in order to hold the pipe in position concrete anchorages were
placed at grade changes where the pipe tends to rise. The
delivery of the material used in the construction of the pipe
line, which ordinarily is a considerable factor in the expense
of construction, was accomplished by a somewhat novel meth-
od. The grading for the pipe was completed and upon this
a temporary track was laid. At two different points the rail-
way track passed over the pipe line location and at these
points switches were provided. The material was transferred
here from the railroad cars to trucks and delivered to its
final position. At 1400-ft. intervals suitable air valves were
placed. To prevent freezing, these were first enclosed in a
wooden box and the box packed with manure. This froze
solid. The valves were then enclosed within stone walls and
covered with plates with the expectation that the dead-air
space would prevent freezing. This entire structure was cov-
ered with earth and the ventilator packed in mineral wool.
This, however, did not prevent freezing. The final method

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194

ELECTRIFICATION OF C.-C I. CO. MINES

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 1 95

adopted consisted of enclosing the valve within the stone
structure in a wooden box and packing this portion full of
mineral wool, leaving a suitable vent in the top. This has
proved entirely satisfactory and valves have not frozen since
this method was adopted.

In order to equalize the stream flow and conserve the run-
off of the stream during the flood period a storage dam was
constructed near Ishpeming. This dam contains about 1800
cu. yds. of masonry, has a spillway 150 ft. long, and a 60-

Stbphbnson Mine. Panels roR Underground Pumps

in. butterfly valve to control the flow. The approximate ca-
pacity of the storage basin is 435,000,000 cu. ft. of water and
its area is approximately 1000 acres.

The water turbines were furnished by the Allis-Chahners
Company. They have cast-iron spiral casings and are de-
signed for 550 ft. effective head, a normal speed of 700 ft.
per minute, and a normal capacity of 4000 h.p. each. The
runner is of bronze, cast in one piece and keyed to a forged-
steel shaft. The casing is made in the form of a true involute

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196 ELECTRIFICATION OF C.-C. I. CO. MINES

spiral, SO that the area changes in direct proportion to the
amount of water discharged into the guide casing, which
gives theoretically a constant velocity of flow with minimum
loss. These turbines are balanced hydraulically, the thrust due
to the action of the runner being automatically counter-acted
by a suitable proportioning of the annular space on either side
of the nmner. The draft tubes are about 20 ft. long and
40 in. in diameter, and are built of iy^-\n. steel slightly tap-
ered to reduce the velocity. Each unit is controlled by an oil-
pressure regulator so designed that the pressure may not in-
crease to exceed 12 per cent under sudden changes of load. The
oil-pressure system for the operation of these governors was
supplied by the AUis-Chalmers Company and is operated by
15-h.p. no volt motors driving rotary pumps. The speed
regulation under the governor control is according to the fol-
lowing table :

Speed Variations,
Load Change, Per Cent.

Horsepower. Load on. Load off.

2,000 8.0 5.5

1,500 6.0 4.0

1,000 4.0 2.5

500 2.2 I.S

For equalizing the pressure in the pipe line a surge tank
was erected at the beginning of the high-pressure line upon
a point called Mt. Mesnard. This surge tank is of steel, 16
ft. in diameter and 124 ft. high. To prevent freezing in the
winter the tank is covered with wood lagging.

Steam Reserve.

The auxiliary reserve steam plant consists of two steam
turbo-generator sets each rated at 1000 k.w., but designed to
carry 1500 k.v.a. each for short periods. These stations are
duplicates, one being located at the Maas mine, Negaunee,
and the other at the Central Power Plant, Princeton. At
each station steam is supplied by Stirling boilers with Mur-
phy automatic stokers. The furnaces are built with out-set
front, Dutch-oven effect, with coal bins above supplied from
overhead cars. The plants are equipped with Sturtevant
economizers and operate by induced draft.

The turbo-generator sets and all auxiliary apparatus were
supplied by the Allis-Chalmers Company. The turbines op-
erate at 1800 r.p.m., 2300 volts, and have the exciter on a
shaft extension. An auxiliary exciter is motor driven. Full

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE I97

switchboard equipment is provided, including voltage regula-
tors and necessary instruments and feeder switches. Tom-
linson barometric condensers are used.

Transmission Lines.

The high-tension transmission line is designed for 60,000
volt operation, but. at present only 30,000 volts are in use.
The total length of the high-tension transmission line is 38
miles. There are four substations. The line consists of
two 3-phase circuits of No. 2 solid hard-drawn copper wire

General. Electric Lightning Arrester Mounted in Sub-Station at Ishpeming

carried on steel towers. The gitard wire is 5/16-in. steel
strand. R. Thomas & Sons insulators were used exclusively,
and the wires are attached thereto with Clark insulator clamps.
The four substations are practically duplicates, each contain-
ing three 590-k.v.a. Allis-Chalmers transformers, 30,000/60,-
000/2300 volts, connected delta; two high-tension circuit

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198 ELECTRIFICATION OF C.-C. I. CO. MINES

breakers furnished either by the AUis-Chalmers Company or
the Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company; and
two sets of 60,000-volt, 3-phase, ungrounded neutral elec-
trolytic lightning arresters, part of them furnished by the
General Electric Company and the others by the Westing-

Standard Construction of High Tension
Transmission Line

house Company. The distribution lines from the substations
to the mines for all distances up to two or three miles are
standard pole-line construction for 3-phase, 2300-volts. These
lines vary in size from No. 2 to 300,000 C. M., depending
upon the Ipad to b^ carried and the distance. For longer dis-

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 1 99

tances, up to five or six miles, 6600 volts is used. These are
connected through General Electric oil-and-air-cooled
2300/6600 volt transformers.

One motor-generator set located at the Pioneer Furnace is
driven by a 6oo-h.p. 6600-volt 3-phase synchronous motor fur-
nished by the Allis-Chalmers Company. Aside from this the
standard practice is to use 2300 volts for all service above 25
h.p. and 220-volt motors for all smaller sizes. Lighting in

Standard Polb-Linb Construction

mines and mine buildings is at 220 volts, and for the loca-
tions, at no volts. All distribution lines are protected by
either Westinghouse or General Electric 3-phase electrolytic
lightning arresters.

The principal uses for current are as follows: Hoisting,
Tramming, Air Compressors, Underground Pumps, Surface
Pumps, Underground Haulage, Miscellaneous Power, Light-
ing, Signal Service, etc.

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200 ELECTRIFICATION OF C.-C. t. CO. MINES

The following table shows the amount of current used in
a typical month:

Kilowatt-Hours.

Hoisting 219,700

Tramming 16,900

Air Compressors 497,800

Pumps 398,600

Underground Haulage 109,600

Miscellaneous Power 131,200

Shops 9,100

Lighting 41,100

The total motor load now connected is approximately 16,-
000 h.p., comprising 4,500 h.p. in synchronous motors and
11,500 h.p. in induction motors.

As most central station men consider mine service ver>'
severe a curve of our daily load is herewith shown.

While this curve shows a fairly wide variation of load,
and some high peaks, there are no serious fluctuations in
voltage such as will impair lighting service.

Load Curvb at tub Carp Rivbs Plant For Onb Day. Mabcb 27, 1914

All wiring in and about mines must be as nearly perfect
as possible, not only that the service shall not be interrupt-
ed but also for the protection of employes. Particularly is
this true underground, where the wires may not be as closely
inspected as in more readily accessible places. Also much
of the work of wiring about mines has to be done in un-
favorable locations, where there is moisture, etc.

On all installations of primary motors a standard panel
is used, equipped with ammeter, volt meter, oil circuit break-
er, low-voltage release and watt-hour meter. These panels are
usually of slate, but in the future, for underground service
all installations will be on pipe-frame mountings only. Marble
or slate panels are undesirable because they show a tendency
to absorb moisture and dirt.

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LaKe superior mining institute

20I

Secondary motors are usually equipped with an oil cir-
cuit breaker, low-voltage and overload relays, and watt-hour
meter, with wall or pipe-frame mounting.

Fuses are used for the lighting service only.

On wiring for primary motors in power houses and shops
varnished-cambric steel-taped cable without lead is used. Sec-
ondary motors ordinarily are connected by the usual conduit
wiring, R. C. wire being used. For conducting the primary
current into the mines three-conductor varnished-cambric in-
sulation rated at 5,000 volts, with lead sheath, jute wrapping
and j54-in. rectangular armor, is used. A special form of
hanger has been developed which securely clamps the steel
armor without injury, so that when the cable is in the shaft

CuRVB Showing Load Charactbristics Ovbs a Pbsiod op 80
MiNum AT Carp Rivbr Station

the weight is all supported by the armor. Pump house wiring
underground is all with lead-copered steel-taped cable. All
cables terminate in some approved form of pot head, and the
armor and lead sheath are carefully grounded to prevent punc-
ture.

For the direct-current circuits operating the underground
locomotives, the feeders' are placed in a 3-in. fibre conduit
having a ^-in. shell. The return wire is bare and is car-
ried outside the conduit. This method is reliable and no
trouble has developed.

The placing of the heavy cables in the deep shafts was
quite a problem, as space was somewhat restricted and a num-

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202 ELECTRIFICATION OF C.-C. I. CO. MINES

ber of men were needed to guide the cable past obstructions
and any failure would have placed them in jeopardy. The
best method yet tried for this is to remove the hoist rope from
the cage and then clamp the cable and hoist rope together
about every 50 ft. and lower the cable into the proper com-
partment. By doing this work on a holiday, usually no delay
is caused in the mine operations. No duplicate cables have
been used, as up to the present time there have been no failures
in our primary cables.

Cables are usually tested on the reel, and again after in-

1 4TERI0K View of North Lake Sub-Station Showing High Tension Cmcurr

AND WBSTTNGHOUSE ELECTROLYTIC LIGHTNING

stallation, for insulation resistance, and from time to time re-
test is made. We have, with nearly four years service, found
no deterioration, but rather an improvement in the insulation
resistance. Re-tests are usually made with a soo-volt "Meg-
ger,'' as it is quick and accurate.

Lighting underground in drifts is taken direct from the
trolley wire, and at shaft landings and pump houses usually
a reserve system of lights from the alternating-current cir-

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE

203

cuit is installed. It is the policy of the Company to use tung-
sten lamps exclusively, both on surface and underground. For
power houses gas-filled lamps are being tried, and if they show
reasonable life no doubt they will be used wherever suitsible.

On all new installations all wiring will be either in armored
cable or metal conduit.

Hoists.

Two types of electric hoists have been developed, each oc-
cupying its own field. These are the direct-current hoist, op-

tBtfSUk

VAhr* to Air Biak*

Elkctkic Horn Safbtt Ovbswimd

erated by the "Ilgner'' system, and the induction-motor-driven
hoist. Wherever the desired product of a mine can be hoisted
in three-ton lo^ds at. a speed of 1,000 ft. per minute or less,
induction motors'd' ^% geared to the hoist are used. Where
a greater product is dfesired the "Ilgner" system is used. The
experience which we* have had in the past few years in the
practical operation of electric-driven hoists indicates that the
conclusions arrived at are entirely sound and that the load
and speed indicated is the proper division as between the use
of the two different types of hoisting apparatus. With a larg-
er generating station, larger induction-hoist motors could be
used. In designing hoists for electric drive it is desirable
that they shall be made for as low a rope speed as possible,
rather increasing the weight of the live load as necessary, than
going to high speeds with light loads. The development of
each individual hoist, is of course, dependent entirely upon
the design arid size of the shaft and the amount of ore to l^
hoisted within a specified time.

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204 ELECTRIFICATION OF C.-C. I. CO. MINES

At present only one "Ilgner" set is in service. This is a
Westinghouse set having a 350-h.p. induction motor, a 400-
k.w. 600-volt direct-current generator, a i50-k.\v. 200-voh
direct-current generator, a 2S-k.w. 200-volt exciter and a 25,-
ooo-lb. flywheel mounted on one shaft. The direct-current
generators are connected directly to a 500-h.p. 600-r.p.m. first-
motion hoist motor for ore skips, and to a 2oa-h.p. 250-r.p.m.
motor with helical gears for the cage or man hoist. The fly-
wheel set has an automatic slip regulator, which by an au-
tomatic changing of the resistance in the rotor of the in-

One of the Sub-Stations, North Lake. Outside Mountino. LiOHTNiNa

duction motor, gives a variation of speed from 550 to 720
r.p.m. depending upon the load. The armatures of the gen-
erators and hoist motors are connected directly by 1,000.000-
c.m. cables without intermediate circuit breakers, the motors
having constant excitation in the fields and the control is by
varying the field of the generators. This gives a very reliable

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 205

service, as the flywheel will usually have sufficient stored en-
erg^ to complete any trip, even if there is an interruption in
the current supply. The ore hoist is designed for a 90-second
cycle under a looo-ft. hoist and gives a maximum hoisting
speed at full load of 1500 ft. per minute. Curves with tables
accompanying indicate the conditions of operation.

Test of Flywheel Set.

Depth of Shaft (Sump to Dump) 900 ft. vertical

Net Weight of Load per Trip 9,290 lbs.

400 H. P. Induction Motor Drivino Hoist at Athens Mine. Motor Panel and Auxili-
ary Am Compressor at the Left and Contractor Panels Mounted Above the
Hoist Motob.

Weight of Skip (Self-Dumping) 5,330 lbs.

Size of Rope, i>^-in Diam 2.2 lbs. per ft.

Hoisting Balanced

Size and Shape of Drum Cylindrical, 8 ft. x 66 in. wide

Weight of Drum and Shaft (From Dwg.) 31,650 lbs.

Radius of Gyration of Drum 3.86 ft.

Total Revolutions of Drum 35.8

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4o6

ELECTklFICAtlOl^ Ot C.-C. t CO. MINeS

Direct-Current Hoist Motor, 500 h.p., 525 Volts, Shunt
Wound, 60 r.p.m.

First Cyclfl Second Cycle

No. 1 Skip No. 2 Skip Na 1 Skip Na 2 Skip

Time for Hoisting, Sec 66.4 86.85 82.9 78.3

Time of Caging, Sec 17.9 20.15 16.9 20.2

Maximum R.p.m 74 71 70.5 75

Maximum Rope Speed, Ft. per

Minute 1858 1782 1770 1882

Time of Accelerating . « 10.5 15.5 20 16

Time of Retarding 36 32 38 47

Average R.pjn.., 38.4 29.5 27.7 30.7

Average Rope Speed, rt.p.m 965 792 696 772

Maximum Motor Current 1160 2230 1410 1680

Maximum Motor Voltage 550 520 520 552

Average Motor Current 495 710 520 683

Average Motor Voltage 276 212 200 222

Average Motor Input, H.p 183.2 2018 139.6 194.2

Average Motor Input, H.p.-Sec..l2150 17500 11560 15190

Motor Copper Losses, H.p 10.5 21.6 10.8 20.1

Motor Copper Losses, Hp.-Sec. 699 1875 895 1573

Average Brake Current 450 235 210 180

Average Brake Voltage 47 62 90 115

Duration of Brake 13 7.75 5.5 5.25

Brake, H.p.-Sec. Generated 368.5. 151.2 139.2 145.7

Brake, H.p.- Copper Losses .... 23.25 16.7 16.56 16.25

Brake H.p.-Sec. Copper Losses. 302 5 129.5 91 85.3

Net Hoisting Work 10780. 15344.3 10434.8 13386.

Average Generator Current 495 710 520 683

Average Generator Voltage 276 212 200 222

Output of Generator, Hp.-Sec 12150 17500 11560 15190
Average Generator Copper Loss.

H.p 12.4 16.15 12.79 15.62

Average Generator Copper Loss,

H.p.-Sec 825.5 1402 1060 1223

Average Wdg. Fr., and Fe Loss

H.p.-Sec 628 674 634 647

Total Generator Losses, H. p.-

Sec 1453.5 2076 1694 1870

Speed of Set at Start of Hoist-
ing 690 680 664 685

Speed of Set at End of Hoisting 655 600 647 662

Speed of Set at End of Cycle. . . 680 664 685 690

Output of Flywheel, H.p.-Sec... 4200 9000 2000 3000

Input to Flywheel, H.p.-Sec 3000 7000 4500 3400

Input to Generator, H.p.-Sec.. ..13603.5 19576 13254 17060
Input to Alt-Cur. Motor, H.p.-
Sec 26800 36300 32500 30000

Input to Alt-Cur. Motor Not Ab-
sorbed by Flywheel 23800 29300 28000 26600

Alt.-Cur. Motor Losses in H.p.-
Sec 2145 2575 1928 2045

Slip Regulator Losses, H.p.-Sec. 652 2140 405 504

Shaft, Hp.-Sec 15200 15200 15200 15200

Overall Effciency 62 44.7 50.2 52

K.w.-Hours per ton 1.1 1.5 1.35 1.3

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 20/

There are connected the following induction-hoist motors :
Chase Mine, i 200-h.p. double-reduction geared hoist with

direct control — AUis-Chalmers.
Morris Mine, 2 400-h.p. double-reduction geared hoist with

remote control — i General Electric and I Westinghouse.
Lloyd Mine, 2 400-h.p. double-reduction geared hoist with re-
mote control — General Electric.
CliflFs Shaft Mine, i 500-h.p. double-reduction geared double-
drum hoist with friction, remote control — General Electric.
Salisbury Mine, i 400-h.p. single-helical geared double-drum

hoist, with friction, remote control — General Electric.
Princeton Mine, i 2oa-h.p. double-reduction geared hc«st with

direct control — General Electric.
Princeton Mine, i 7S-h.p. double-reduction geared hoist with

direct control — Westinghouse.
Austin Mine, i iso-h.p. double-reduction geared hoist with

direct control — Westinghouse.
Gvvinn Mine, 2 400-h.p. double-reduction geared hoist with re-
mote control — I General Electric and i Westinghouse.
Gardner Mine, i 400-h.p. single-helical geared hoist with re-
mote control — General Electric.
Mackinaw Mine, i 400-h.p. single-helical geared hoist with

remote control — General Electric.
Athens Mine, i 400-h.p. single-helical geared hoist with re-
mote control— -General Electric.
South Jackson Mine, i 7S-h.p. double-helical geared hoist with
remote control — Westinghouse.

With the smaller motors we find the direct control, with
an oil-immersed primary reversing drum, to be fairly satis-
factory when the control is properly designed. The second-
ary contacts must be of ample capacity and with positive
"snap" into position. The primary reversing contacts should
have a quick and positive make-and-break before the second-
aries come in. The oil tanks should be so designed that oil
will not be thrown out, and the leads must be brought out
where they may be readily inspected. Ample barriers should
be placed between phase leads because with the accurate spot-
ting sometimes necessary with a hoist a quick make-and-break
will likely cause surges which may cause a flash-over.

For the control of large hoist motors, solenoid-operated
contactors are used exclusively. The only primary switches we
have found that are entirely reliable have an air break. While

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^08 tLECTRIFICAtlON Ot* C.-C. t. Cd. MINE^

this caiisei an annoying flash and noise, it is good evidence to
the operator that the switch is working properly.

The lin^-contact points must not make a "butt" contact, but
should havf wiping contact. This is because the contacts may
possibly bum together and fail to open when the controller
is thrown off. This form of contact is also best for second-
aries for the same reason. Just such a burning together of
contacts nearly caused a serious and fatal accident with an old
form of contactor which we had in service; the motor failed
to stop at surface when the control was off. The single-phase

200 H. P. DiiDscT Current Motor. DRrviNO Caqb Hoist at Nbgaunbb Mine. On tbb
Left May be seen Sibmens-Halske Signal Pedestal

type of control operation seems to be simpler than dividing
the contactor closing coils into three phase.

Hoist motors must have very rugged and substantial
frames, as the pounding of gears and frequent starts and
stops is very severe. Phase leads and coils should be rigidly
supported to prevent vibration or distortion under excess cur-
rent. Adjustable bearing brackets are desirable. The usual
excuse that these things are non-essential should not be passed,
because when a hoist is once in service it must be ready at all

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 20g

times for service and frequently the lives of men are depend-
ent upcn its reliability. The banding of the rotor should be
extra strong because of the possibility of overspced. We
require that lowering shall be with the current on to prevent
oversgeed.

An electric safety overwind has been developed which has
l3een found very reliable. It is similar to most others which
have been brought out, but has been somewhat simplified. The
operation is as follows:

A contact-making device is attached to the indicator on the
hoist with one contact made about loo ft. below the collar of
the shaft. This is controlled by a foot switch operated by the
brakeman; if the hoist is under control and the switch is
opened it does not operate. The final contact closing is }x>si-
tive and is at danger point. As soon as closed it actuates the
circuit-opening relay which trii>s the low-voltage release, and
opens the motor lines. This permits the holding coil to open
and operates the air brake. The trip may also be operated by
an overspeed governor placed on the end of the motor shaft.
If the current sui>ply fails for any reason, the brake immedi-
ately sets. It will be observed that this device does not in
any sense relieve the brakeman of his responsibility, and while
it is in a certain sense automatic in its operation, the inter-
mediate stop, which is under the control of the brakeman,
necessitates that he shall, have his mind centered upon the
work in hand at all times. This practice seems to be more
desirable than to introduce a device which would entirely re-
move "the personal element."

Tramming.

The word "tramming" as here used refers to the moving
of ore on surface for storage in stockpiles. Two methods are
in use, but principally the "endless-rope system" with five-ton
cars. This requires from 25- to 50-h.p. motors and is very
severe service, particularly in winter when most stocking is
done. On account of the location of loading tracks, and other
conditions not readily changed, the stocking tracks are usual-
ly rather crooked, and because of the many sheaves and rol-
lers the friction load is frequently as high as 75 or 80 per
cent. When induction motors are used, they should have
exceptionally high torque and a very liberal allowance of
grid resistance. The service likely will be at about the rate
of one minute on, with possibly 100 per cent, overload at

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2IO ELECTRIFICATION OF C.-C. I. CO. MINES

the start, and then one minute oflf while the car is being
loaded. Tramming speed may be as high as 1500 ft. per min-
ute, depending upon the ler^h of tram. Motors for this
service must have very heavy and rigid frames, especially
so if they are to be equipped with solenoid brakes. In one
instance the frame of the motor was broken squarely in two
by a sudden stopping with the solenoid brake setting hard.
For short trams under suitable conditions gravity tram-
ming is in use and the motor is used only to return the car.
Almost any kind of motor answers for this service. (The
curve shown indicates the load on one tram which is handled
by a 50-h.p. motor.)

Air Compressors.

The Cleveland-Cliffs Iron Company has in operation or
under erection nine motor-driven air compressors.

Underground Pump at the Gwinn Mine

One 4000-CU. ft. rope-driven compressor equipped with a
General Electric 625-h. p. synchonous motor with belted ex-
citer. This compressor is not equipped with a variable load
device, being an adaptation of a steam-driven machine. An
**Erie" valve was placed in the suction and as the pressure
drops, this opens the intake and the compressor takes the
load. This is rather severe service for a synchronous motor,
ranging from friction load to 650-h.p. within a period of two
seconds. This installation, however, has given us very sat-
isfactory service and we have experienced no difficulty with
this application. The synchronous motor is designed to carry

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE

211

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213

ELECTRIFICATION OF C.-C. I. CO. MINES

ttl

i%l

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 2I3

over-excitation to correct the low power factor. This com-
pressor is located at the Central Power Plant, Princeton.

One Laidlaw-Dunn-Gordon duplex compressor driven by
a 150-h. p. belted Westinghouse induction motor. Located
at the Salisbury mine.

One soo-cu. ft. Ingersoll-Rand compressor belt-driven by
a 50-h.p. General Electric motor. Located at the South
Jackson mine.

One iioo-cu. ft. tandem Allis-Chalmers compressor at
the Chase mine, operated by an Allis-Chalmers i7S-h. p.
induction motor.

One Ingersoll-Rand 1700-cu. ft. duplex compressor with
piston inlet valves and clearance control devise, direct con-
nected to a 250-h.p. Allis-Chalmers synchronous motor. Lo-
cated at the Morris mine. ,

Tests to indicate efficiences of compressors have been made
with orifices and the output computed by Fliegner's formula.
These tests are not sufficiently complete at the present time
to give duties, but developments are under way and ultimate-
ly we will be able to obtain full and accurate information as
to the operation of our air compressors.

Several small automatic electric air compressors, driven
by 3-h. p. induction motors, have been installed at the various
mines as a reserve to operate the air brakes on the hoists.
These have proved to be very reliable and satisfactory.

Underground Haulage.

Underground haulage at all the principal mines is with
250-volt direct-current electric locomotives. These are of
various manufacture, usually about 6H tons, and 30-in.
gauge. The largest in service is a lo-ton locomotive, but
this seems to be somewhat larger than is necessary, as the
6^ -ton size will handle all the ore that can be mined. This
Ijecomes quite clear when it is understood that a large part
of the time in haulage is employed in spotting cars and pick-
ing up loads, the actual run to the shaft using but a small
lK)rtion of the time. Standard construction is with 40-lb.
rails, with No. 00 coi>per bonds at each joint and i>ast switches^
No. 00 grooved trolley is used. In a part of the mine this
is placed in an inverted trough, in others is entirely open.
Very few accidents occur. The Company has 28 electric lo-
comotives in service and one armature winder makes all the
rewinds of the 56 motors without trouble and has abundant

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214 ELECTRIFICATION OF C.-C. I. CO. MINES

time for other work. This will indicate the rdiabih'ty of the
modem mine locomotives.

These underground haulage locomotives are driven by mo-
tor-generator sets. Five of these sets are driven by 215-h.
p. 2200-volt, Westinghouse synchronous motors at 600 rev.
per minute. Two sets are driven by induction motors fur-
nished by the General Electric Company. Very little trou-
ble develops in these and they run continuously. About once
in two or three years we find it necessary to true the com-
mutators. This is done while they are in service, with a mo-
tor-driven grinding machine.

Pumping.

The drainage of mines being a matter of great import-
tance the necessity for reliable service in mine pumps is ob-
vious.

The centrifugal pump on account of its naturally high
speed and rotary form lends itself very readily to motor
drive. Unfortunately, however, from a mechanical viewpoint
it is very much lacking in efficiency. About the best that can
be exi^ected from a looo-gallon-per-minute pump designed
for looo-ft. head is 60 to 95 per cent, efficiency, depending
upon the condition of the impellers, packing, clearance, etc.
Having the advantage of low first cost these make a very sat-
isfactory reserve or temporary pumping outfit. This is the
use given them by The Cleveland-Cliffs Iron Company. Each
mine has a centrifugal pump installation equivalent in size
to one of the regular units and these are used only for tem-
porary service or in case of emergency. Tests made with a
V-notch weir gave the following efficiencies :

Over-all Efficiencies of Motor-Driven Mine Pumps.

Total. Gallons Over-all

Head Ft Per Min. Efficiency.

Six-Stage Centrifugal Pump 933 987.8 54,1

Duplex Double-acting Geared

Plunger Pump 833 991.8 84.9

Triplex Single-acting Geared

Plunger Pump 409 303.8 81.7

Four-stage Centrifuge Pump ...409 288 51.3
Duplex Double-acting Geared

Plunger Pump 509 1406 81.8

Five-stage Centrifugal Pump 498 1153 56.9

The mine drainage is principally by means of duplex,

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 21 5

double-acting, plunger iximps, although a few small triplex
pumps are in use. These are driven mostly by induction mo-
tors with single-reduction gears. These gears gave con-
siderable trouble, but of late all pumps have been equipped
with helical-cut gears and very little trouble occurs.

It is important that all motors for this service shall have
as nearly waterproof insulation as can be applied, as it is
usually more or less damp undergroimd and occasionally
water wnll break through and cover a motor. We have never
had a burn-out in this class of service and all mines are elec-

SWITCHBOARD AND MOTOR PANELS AT MoRRIS-LLOYD MjNB

trically equipped. Primary motors exclusively are used for
this service.

The most interesting underground pump installation which
we have is the equipment at the Negaunee mine. This con-
sists of two Prescott duplex, double-acting, ix>wer-driven
mine pumps directly connected to 300-h.p. General Electric
synchronous motors. These pumps are rated at 1000 gal-
lons per minute, 1000 ft. head, and operate at 120 rev. per
minute. This gives a piston speed of 480 ft. per minute.

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2l6 ELECTRIFICATION OF C.-C. I. CO. MINES

These pumps at first were equipped with metal valves and
seats. On account of wire drawing and excessive wear due
to the mine water these were found unsatisfactory. New
valves have been designed, with "Balata" and fibre seats, and
the difficulty is corrected. The slii>page in these pumps up to
the present time has been somewhat excessive, being about
5 per cent, more than the estimate, but with the introduction
of the new form of valves and springs of suitable design we
believe that this will very soon be corrected. In order that
these pumps may at all times have a full supply of water in
the suction, small volute pumps, driven by 15-h.p. General
Electric induction motors, were placed in the suction. These

Westinghousb Fly Wheel Set at Negaumeb Mine

were designed to deliver to each pump approximately 1200
gallons per minute at a 30-ft. head. This should assure a
full water supply at all times. The synchronous motors are
provided with motor-driven exciters and complete switch-
lx)ard equipment in each pump station. In addition to the
two direct-connected pumping units, a centrifugal pmmp,
manufactured by the Alberger Pump and Condenser Com-
l)any and rated at 1000 gallons per minute against 1000 ft.
head, was installed at this mine. This is driven by a General
Electric 350-h.p. Form P., induction motor having a syn-
chronous speed of i8qo rev, per minute.

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tAiit SUPEklOR MINING INSTITUTE

217

We have found that underground pumping by electric
drive is thoroughly reliable, efficient and satisfactory in every
respect. It is advisable that every pump motor should be in
operation at least one or two hours every day, the object being,
of course, that the heat developed in the motor under rui^
may drive out the moisture which may be expected in the
dampness of underground pump stations. We have not up
to the present time considered it necessary to provide trans-
formers for the purpose of delivering low-voltage current in-
to the motors while at rest, and the rule requiring daily opera-
tion of every pump motor seems to be sufficient to keep them
in good condition.

Other underground pumping applications are small auto-
matic sump pumps operating with the ordinary tank-float ar-
rangement. Another use of pumps is in sinking. We have
three electric-driven sinking pumps, one operating at 2,200
volts and the others at 220. These are about so-h.p. each and
are very easy to install and reliable in operation.

Surface pumping is mostly with small centrifugal pumps,
which have a miscellaneous application, for circulating and
cooling water, for surface drainage, water supply, etc. These
motors range in size from 5 to 40-h.p. and are all of squirrel-
cage type.

Following is a list of the underground pumps and mo-
tors in service:

Make of

Horse-

Geared or Direct Kind of i

Sallons per

Na Motor

power

Speed

Connected

Pump

Minute

3 General Electric

1800

Direct

Centrifugal

400

1 WeBtinghouse

1800

Direct

Centrifugal

400

2 Allis-Chalmers

350

430

Geared

Duplex

1000

2 General Electric

400

1200

Direct

Centrifugal

1000

4 General Electric

514

Geared

Triplex

400

2 General Electric

300

120

Direct

Duplex

1000

2 General Electric

350

1800

Direct

Centrifugal

1000

i General Electric

180

600

Geared

Duplex

600

1 General Electric

250

1800

Direct

Centrifugal

600

1 General Electric

600

Geared

Duplex

400

1 General Electric

125

1800

Direct

Centrifugal

400

1 General Electric

275

1200

Direct

Centrifugal

1500

1 General Electric

250

600

Geared

Duplex

1500

1 General Electric

320

720

Geared

Duplex

1000

Crushing.

Part of the ore mined is hard and requii-es crushing before
shipment. Crusher house service is very severe for motors
on account of a varying load and the large amount of ore
dust which gets into the windings. Two 125-h.p. squirrel-

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2l8 ELECTRIFICATION OF C.-C. I. CO. MINES

cage motors are used, each driving a No. 8 McCully gyratory
crusher, and two 25-h.p. motors, each driving a No. 5 Mc-
Cully crusher. Smaller motors are in service for driving
screens, etc. The principal trouble that has occurred has been
due to cold weather. With no heat in the buildings and
temperatures ranging down to 30 degrees below zero, the oil
congealed in the circuit breakers and starting compensators.
This was relieved by boxing in the apparatus and placing one
or two incandescent lamps within. An occasional bum-out
occurs in this service, but as it seems to be witVi all makes of
motors, and as the windings are always full of iron ore, that
is presumed to be the trouble. The enclosing of the motors

600 B.P. 70 R.P M. WBSTINOBOUSB DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR, CONNECTED DUtBCT TO SUP

Hoist at Neoaunee Mine

lias been considered, but trouble has been so infrequent that
it has not been done.

Small crushers are placed in the laboratories. Usually a
2- or 3-h.p. squirrel-cage motor drives the entire plant. For
evaporating, electric hot plates are used. These are very sat-
isfactory and all laboratories are now equipped with them in
preference to gas.

Miscellaneous Motors.

The usual miscellaneous applications of power motors are
made for machine-shop service and to operate sundry auxil-
iaries. As tlie5?e are small and i>erform very ordinary service
th.ey are not of especial interest.

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LaKE superior mining INSTITUIE 219

Signal Systems.

Several different forms of electric mine signals are in use.
The most complete is an imported outfit with both visible and
audible signals, manufactured by the Siemens & Halske Co.,
Berlin. Heavy waterproof bells are installed at each level and
at landings, these being connected in series and repeating at
every point. In the engine room for each hoist is a pedestal
outfit having a paper roll which travels about two inches for
each signal. E^ch time the bell rings a hole is punched in
the paper ribbon. By a system of lenses, lamps and mirrors
a strong beam of light is projected through these holes and

MoBRis Mine Power House. 400 h. p. Wbstinghouse Induction Motor Drivino Cage
Hoist. 400 h. p. General Electric Motor on Skip Hoist. Allis Chalmers Syn-
chbonous Motor Drtvino Air Compressor.

reflected on a ground glass screen. By this method a clear
and accurate record of each signal is shown and also a per-
manent record made on the paper ribbon. The wires for this
are rubber covered and in a lead-sheath armored cable. At
other mines iio-volt vibrating bells, connected in multiple
and repeating at each level, are used. For the pushes, wa-
terproof iron boxes have been developed. Some mines are
supplied with single-stroke bells, current being suppKed from
small motor-generator sets. All of these methods are quite

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220 ELECTRIFICATION OF C.-C. I. CO. MINES

satisfactory. In addition to the signal equipment, regular mine
telephones are installed in all mines. The wiring for signals
and bells is the same as for National Electric Code 6oo-volt
service. There is a demand for reliable waterproof signal
switches and junction boxes.

Testing Instruments.
A fairly complete set of testing instruments has been pro-
vided. This consists of galvanometers, a Wheatstone bridge,
single-phase and polyphase watt meters, alternating- and di-

Underground Haulage Set at Nbgaunee Mine. Formerly the General Elbctric
Generator was Belt-Driven. Now Direct Connected to Westinobousb Syn-
chronous Motor.

rect-current volt meters and ammeters, shunts, portable po-
tential and current transformers, a megger, etc.

For locating faults in transmission and distributing lines
a slide-wire bridge has been developed. This has proved
quite accurate and a ground or cross in the transmission line
can usually be located within one or two towers, considerable
time and expense thus being saved.

General.

As mine service in general is rather severe and inasmuch
as the safety of employes may at any time be dependent upon

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 221

the reliable operation of apparatus, manufacturers should rec-
ognize the demand for rugged and lasting apparatus. When
this requirement is fulfilled, the application of electric drive to
mining machinery shows a very marked saving in cost of
IK>wer and a decided gain in reliability of service.

On the part of operators, constant and thorough inspec-
tion is essential. Motor clearance must be tested frequently.
Oil switches must be carefully cared for and kept in perfect
condition. The oil must be frequently changed and tested for
moisture. Control apparatus should be gone ever daily and
contacts kept clean and properly adjusted. Meters should be
frequently tested and readings checked to locate quickly any
loss in efficiency or defect in the operation of apparatus. Mine
electricians should be trained to observe all mechanical equip-
ment used in connection with motor drive and to know when
it is in proper condition, because of the usual habit of mine
employes to blame any trouble on the electrical part of the
equipment.

If these simple rules are observed electrical drive in mines
will be found to be an ideal application.

Discussion.

(Note: Discussion by Mr. Kelly is printed on page 68
and applies also to the paper on the "Use of Electricity at the
Penn and Republic Mines.")

Question : How much does electrical storms affect trans-
mission ?

Mr. Stanford: We were a little unfortunate when we
first built the high tension transmission in that the electrolytic
lightning arresters had not at that time been fully perfected
and we were compelled to install, as the best thing available,
a type of lightning arrester which was not nearly so perfect as
those now installed. We did occasionally have some trouble
although not of a serious nature. Since that time we liave put
in new equipment of the most modern type and have had no
serious trouble from storms. Occasionally we have a flash over
a switch, but it is only a few moments' work to put the line
into service again. One storm seriously impaired the service.
During a sleet storm ice formed on the wires so that some of
them at the worst point were an inch in diameter. There was
a high wind and we were out of service for more than a half
day at the North Lake properties. We were able to keep our
other properties working without serious interruption. This

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222 ELECTRIFICATION OF C.-C. I. CO. MINES

was a very unusual condition. In fifteen years' experience
through the western part of the United States similar condi-
tions had not occurred, so we simply consider that this was an
act of Providence and trust that it will not recur.

Mr. Abbott : I would like to know from i safety stand-
point what provision has been made for grounding one of the
cables in case it should break ; that is, grounding it before the
cable would touch the ground; especially with reference to
railroad crossings and where the lines may cross occupied
buildings.

Mr. Stanford: It is not our policy at any time to carry
the lines over buildings if it is in any way possible to avoid
it. The question of railroad crossings has been discussed pro
and con by engineers for some years. We have made no pro-
visions for grounding the circuits in case of a break. Stand-
ard railroad crossings on all lines is by the use of a stranded
copper wire. Stranded cable is used and wherever the line con-
ductors are smaller than No. 2, B. & S. gauge No. o is used.
Railroad crossing would be the last part of the line which
would give way. In the State of Michigan we are governed
somewhat by the rulings of the State Railroad Commission and
this form of crossing complies with their requirements in every
respect.

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 223

TITANIFEROUS ORES IN THE BLAST FURNACE—
A RECENT EXPERIMENT.

BY DWIGHT E. WOODBRIDGE.*

Near the center of the Adirondajck region of New Yoric
State is one of the most important deposits of titaniferous
magnetic iron ores existing in America. For more than a
century various efforts have been made to develop this prop-
erty and to utilize its ore for iron making. The latest and
most pretentious of these attempts has been carried on th^is
year, beginning in February and ending with July, 1914. It
is currently reported that this endeavor has cost not far from
$300,000. In view of its importance and of the probability
that there exist large quantities of gabbro ores of a generally
similar character in the Lake Superior region, a brief story
of the experiment and a resume of the results attained, may
be of interest to the members of the Lake Superior Mining
Institute.

While many magnetite iron ores contain titanium, and while
it is a frequent constituent of coke ash, the Tahawus deposit
of the Adirondacks is so great — ^possibly several hundred mil-
lion tons, its mining is so simple — it has little or no cover
and is especially suited to quarrying, and its proportion of Ti
O2 is so high — ranging from 15 to 20 per cent in the ore — that
this experiment was expected to have a most important bear-
ing on the future of the industry.

Lake Sanford, upon the shores of which the Tahawus
deposits lie, is in the center of the Adirondacks, in a wilder-
ness that is by wagon road nearly 50 miles from Lake Cham-
plain and the town of Port Henry, where is the 200-ton blast
furnace of the Northern Iron Company, in which the experi-

*Miniiir Engineer, Duluth. If Inn.

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^^4 TltANlFEkOliS OkES In SLASt FUftNACEg

ment was conducted. The country is of wild and rugged beau-
ty, the tumbled peaks of the Adirondacks surround it on all
sides, blue lakes gleam through the dense foliage of maple,
beech and pine, trout crowd the streams and red deer people
the forests.

Here last autumn a magnetic concentrator was built, for
the purpose of extracting a portion of the ilmenite from the
magnetite and thus reducing the titanium, which is contained
in the ilmenite. The plan was to separate here ^i the mine and
convey by wagon the separated ore to Port Henry. Owing to
causes that need no explanation in this brief paper, this attempt
was futile and it became necessary to hurry the shipment of
10,000 tons of ore, a small part of which had been put through
the concentrator. Roads were built through the forest on which
grasshopper traction engines were to travel. This ore finally
reached Port Henry and was sent to the Witherbee, Sherman
& Co. separators at Mineville for the treatment St had failed to
receive at Lake San ford. It was then brought back to Port
Henry for smelting.

For many years the belief has been current that TiOj
in the blast furnace made the slag relatively infusible, viscous
and thick, that this ore would cause the formation of in-
fusible titanium compounds, such as cyano-nitrite of titanium,
and that serious furnace scaffolding would result. Excessive
fuel consumption was feared, and altogether few furnace men
were willing to use these ores.

This experiment began with a mixture of Tahawus and
Mineville ores (magnetic concentrates from Witherbee, Sher-
man & Co.) At first the percentage of Tahawus was slight,
but it was increased until at the close the furnace was worked
on 5/16 Tahawus to 11/16 Mineville. At no time during the
entire run did the furnace scaffold seriously and never was
the slag anything but fluid and acidic. Several times during
the run the furnace broke through, but as the experiment
began on an old lining that could not be examined, and as one
of these breaks took place in February, no one can tell wheth-
er or not the titanic acid had anything to do with it. At
the conclusion of the test the lining in the lower portion of
the furnace was gone. It is unfortunate that this work did
not start on a new lining so that some knowledge might be
had of the effect on a furnace lining of an ore carrying an
excessively high acidity — of SiOj+TiOj. Amounts of coke
consumed were not especially excessive, indeed were lower

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 225

than was generally anticipated. Flux used was marble refuse
from Vermont quarries, and later marble mixed with an im-
pure dolomite.

The class of Tahawus concentrates used during the test
was:

High. Low. Average.

Fe 57.05 44.85 54.27

TiOa 14.90 ^0.81 13.57

V2O3 404 .395 .401

In addition to these ores those used were Barton Hill,
Harmony, New Bed and Old Bed. Barton Hill carried .914
TiOj, New Bed .69 TiOg, but neither of these was used in
large amounts.

It will readily be seen that any experiment in which the
total titanium in the iron charge is that derived from what
may be contained in 5/16 of the burden running 13.57 TiOg,
or about 4 per cent, in the charge as a whole, is not especially
conclusive as to what may be done with titaniferous ores, be-
cause such ores have been successfully reduced many times.
Insofar, therefore, as this work may have been intended
to prove the limits of use of such an ore as Tahawus, it was
a failure, for it proved nothing. But I suppose it was not
so intended. It did prove, of course, that ores running up
to 10 to 14 per cent. TiOg can be mixed in the charge at least
to the extent given, without danger to the furnace or exces-
sive cost in operation. It is unfortunate for iron metallurgy
in general that the experiment did not go to the limit, so that
metallurgists could tell just how much of a highly titani-
ferous ore they might use in their charges, and the effect of
such use on coke consumption. But it was impossible to get
out enough Tahawus ore, even had the company wished to
do so.

Iron made from the ores used was not especially high in
Ti. In pig iron analyses the highest Ti was .67, and it was
found that the higher the silicon the higher the titanium, in
other words that the heat of the furnace had a direct l^ear-
ing on the slagging of titanium acid. A great deal of low-
silicon iron was made.

Titaniferous iron ore is usually low phosphorus, and com-
posite analyses of many Tahawus drill holes are as follows :

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226 TITANIFEKOUS ORES IN BLAST FUSKACES

Fe SiOa P AI2O3 TiOj QO^

50.80 3.40 .004 4.20 20.70 .598

35.30 18.02 .079 5.40 15.33 -371

42.49 10.30 .005 4.60 17.63 .643

51.96 1.55 .002 3.80 20.33 -906

A general ratio of relationship is seen to exist between
these analyses. Were it possible to utilize such ore in quant-
ity, it would add materially to the bessemer reserves of the
country.

It is evident enough that this ore makes fine iron. In 1834
the pioneers of the region erected Catalan forges and small
blast furnaces on Lake Sanford and smelted this ore direct
in cold blast, with charcoal fuel, a poor local flux and no other
ore for a mixture. They had tremendous difficulties, but they
made excellent iron. They did not know the ore carried any
deleterious elements, and so could not account for their fail-
ures. They piled on the charcoal, made of high grade hard
woods, and got iron in their forges and cold blast 40-ft. fur-
naces. That they could do it is wonderful. I have read,
and have before me as I write this short paper, scores of
letters written by the projectors of the enterprise at that time,
and can but marvel at the undaunted courage, the ability, the
mechanical and metallurgical skill they displayed. As to the
quality of the iron one letter says : "I have been engaged the
past few days in testing our iron in blacksmiths' shops. I
took a flat bar and a square one. The flat I bent cold and
drove the ends together without fracture. Of this iron I
have tried everything in the way of a hard test; horse shoes
and horse nails and even pieces hammered down to the size of
needles which I twisted around a pipe-stem, and I had large
pieces bent square on the angles without any giving or frac-
tures. These tests excited the wonder of the smiths, who
declared they had never wrought such iron. One of them said
he had worked the Russian and the Livingstone iron — which
is considered the best American — and that neither would do
what ours would ; it was perfect at all heats."

A few weeks ago a bar of this old iron was unearthed
near Tahawus. Upon analysis it was found to contain :

Si 065

Sulphur 015

Phos 060

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 227

Ti 198

V 038

Gr. Carbon 025

Notwithstanding extensive discussions, the work of Rossi
and others, operations in England and Canada, and this re-
cent experiment, the possibilities of smelting titaniferous ores
in the blast furnace are still undetermined. That such ores
have been smelted at many places and times, and that excel-
lent pig iron has been made from them, are well known. It is
also known that in many such cases the consumption of fuel
has been excessive. In the early days conditions existed which
do not hold today. Iron was made in Catalan forges or in
blast furnaces of from 2 to 5 tons daily capacity; these were
in wooded regions where the cost of charcoal was not an ele-
ment of supreme importance; labor was inexpensive and pig
iron brought $50 to $70 a ton.

Many of those who have followed this experiment at Port
Henry have remarked on the fluidity of this titaniferous slag,
as unexpected and remarkable. While that may be true, I
have wondered if, in this case, "fluidity" is not confounded
with "fusibility," which is "something else again." The
slags may be fluid by reason of the ability of the various com-
ponents to enter into solution, one with another ; may not they
be still difficultly fusible because of the presence of elements
or compounds that require excessive heat or an undue propor-
tion of fluxing material? I am no fumaceman, as these re-
marks may indicate, and merely make a suggestion that en-
ters my mind.

Such concentration as was carried out on this Tahawus
ore was magnetic separation, in Ball-Norton machines, such
as are in regular use at Mineville. This separation was based
on the fact that this ore — like many but not all titaniferous
magnetics — is a granular aggregate of magnetite, ilmenite, and
gangue. The further fact that the magnetite itself contains
some titanium, and the ilmenite has iron as one of its integral
constituents, makes magnetic separation a more difficult and
wasteful process than it might appear to him who looks on
the ore and is able to distinguish, easily, the different char-
acter of the two minerals. In many experiments ilmenite
grains were isolated and tested as to their magnetic permeabil-
ity, and were invariably found to be almost non-magnetic.

But, as indicated above, when separation was actually un-
dertaken, the tails ran wastefully high in iron and the heads

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228 TITANIFEROUS ORES IN BLAST FURNACES

undesirably high in titanium. The following are results of
United States Bureau of Mines separation tests on Tahawus
ores:

Average Ore.

Concentrates.

Tails.

Fe TiOa

Fe TiOj

Fe TiO,

62.66 4.00

38-86 47-50

60.43 8.93

45-78 45-23

60.60 9.66

42.84 32.22

0.58 14.00

63.00 5.25

.... ....

65.02 5.90

.... ....

61.04 11.00

.... ....

5.07 19.02

61.23 II. 15

32.99 47.20

With such results from careful separation tests it is ap-
parent that little may be expected in ordinary practice except
to reduce the titanium at the expense of the iron.

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COLLINSVILLE FURNACE NEAR MaRQUBTTE. (FROM DRAWING IN CHARCOAL BY MRS.

Pullman. Wife op One of the Employes Who Came to Marquette About 1860.)
This is the Site op the Present Marquette City Lighting Plant.

Locks at Sault Ste. Marie-This is the First Lock, CoNSTRugriQN Begun in 1853,
Completed in 1855.

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Cleveland Ore Dock, Marquette, 1873

Scene on the Ismpeming-Marquette Highway. Typical of the Mar9Uettb Range

Digitized byVjOOQlC

1B^

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Timber Tunnel Neoaunbb Mi^.e— Used for Conveying Timber from
Yard to Cage Below Collar op Shaft

Approach to Hill Mine. Ouvex Iron Mining Co.. at Marble, Western End or
MnABA Ramqe, (Mssnifo mt)

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Marquettb. MrcH.. November, 1863. Stb. Marie's Canal Mineral Land Company's Ex-
ploring Crew Enroute to Houghton After the Summer's Work In the Iron Fields.
Prom Left to Right- (Upper Row)

Rush Livermore. S. S. Curry. John Maroney, Lewis Whitehead, Moee Cheverette. Jacob
Schwartz. Charles Griswold.
Lower Row.

J. H. Alward. Henry F. O. D'Aliquy.

Photoflrraph furnished by J. H. Heardinir. Duluth. Minn.

Marquette Docks and Shipping. About 1861

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 229

MICHIGAN IRON-ORE RESERVES; METHODS OF
APPRAISAL FOR TAXATION.

By R. C. Allen^ Lansing, Michigan.*

For nearly a half century prior to 1901, the annual pro-
duction of iron ore in Michigan exceeded that of any other
state. Since the year 1900 the production in Minnesota has
been greater than that in Michigan, and is now fully two-
thirds of the tonnage annually mined in the Lake Superior
region and more than half of the total production of the Unit-
ed States. Notwithstanding the overwhelming magnitude of
the Minnesota production in recent years, Michigan had
shipped at the end of 1913, 40.6 per cent (255,565,856 tons)
of the total ore mined in the I^ke Superior region.

Permanency of the Iron Mining Industry in Michigan.

Michigan iron mining dates from 1845, when 300 pounds
of ore was carried out from the Jackson mine at Negaunee
and made into a bar of iron in a blacksmith's forge at Jack-
son. Twenty years later the annual production was 1,000,000
tons ; in 40 years it was more than 2,000,000 tons, and in 60
years, between 11,000,000 and 12,000,000 tons; at the end
of 1913 the total production had risen to 255,565,856 long
tons.

If all of the openings which were excavated in ore in
mining the total production of Michigan were thrown togeth-
er to form a single void of cubical form, each of its three
dimensions would approximate 1,452 feet. The available iron
ore reserves of Michigan at the end of 1913 have in the ground
in their natural condition a volume of about 2,424,000,000
cu. ft., which is equivalent to a cube whose dimensional in-
dex is about 1,343 feet. For each 14 tons of ore mined since
1844, 13 tons still remain in the ground accessible for min-
ing; in other words, the acceleration in production, rapid as
it has been, has been fully cwnter-'bal^inced by acceleration in

•Steto Gkoloftet of ICtohlgan,

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230 ORE BIESERVES AND METHODS OF APPRAISAL

discovery and development. There is now available for min-
ing almost as much ore as has been shipped in all preceding
years.

Were exploration and discovery to cease at once, produc-
tion at the average rate for the 5 years preceding 191 4 would
exhaust the known reserves in a little more than 17 years;
corresponding figures for 191 1 and 1913 are 15.2 years and
17.7 years respectively. Up to the present year the reserves
have been maintained well in advance of production. Con-
trary to the popular notion, there seems to be no sufficient rea-
son for believing that this condition will be reversed in the
near future, barring of course the possible effect of free for-
eign competition or legislation unfavorable to mining and
development of iron ore. The basis of this opinion rests on,
(i) the assured development of large ore reserves at deeper
levels than have been attained in mining, (2) expected devel-
opments in unexplored and partially explored mineral landS:
(3) reopening of abandoned properties, and (4) the future
utilization of low-grade ores.

Mining at Deep Levels.

The results of deei>-level exploration have in recent years
been decidedly reassuring. This is especially true on the Go-
gebic and Marquette ranges. Large bodies of high-grade ore
have been opened under 2,000 ft. in depth on the Gogebic
range. The average depth of the mines on this range is now
1,385 feet. Recent drilling on the Marquette range has dem-
onstrated that ore exists, probably in great volume, at depths
near 3,000 feet. In Iron county, exploration has not prog-
ressed below 1,800 ft., but ore bodies are known to occur near
this depth with presumption in favor of still greater depths.
Many years will elapse before deep-level exploration will be
generally necessary to maintain reserves, for there still re-
mains in drift-covered areas and partially explored parts of
easily accessible iron formations, . untested possibilities from
which new tonnages are being annually developed.

Development of Unexplored Mineral Lands.

At the end of 1913, 71,726,559 tons of ore, equivalent to
about one-third of the total reserves, was available for min-
ing in undeveloped properties. The amount of ore which
will ultimately be produced from these properties is on the
whole much greater than it is possible to mnsur^ with as*

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 23 1

surance in their present condition, although some of them
have been so thoroughly developed by drilling that fairly close
estimates may be made.

In the following table is given the tonnage of reserves
estimated in undeveloped iron properties in Michigan, Jan-
uary I, 1914, not including prospective ore in developed mines :

Tons.

Gogebic range 15,610,463

Iron county (Iron River and Crystal Falls District) 35,266,799

Menominee range (Dickinson county) None

Marquette range (Baraga and Marquette counties) 20,849,297

State of Michigan 71,726,559

In addition to the acreages in which minable ore bodies
are known to exist there are 2,392 separate descriptions of
land comprising 94,951 acres, wherein . there are known pos-
sibilities for the occurrence of ore bodies. In the light of
present information these lands may be divided into three
classes which, in the order of relative probability for ore oc-
currence, may be denominated, Classes A, B, and C.

Classification of Iron Mineral Lands in Michigan,
January i, 1914.

(Ezcludiziff active mines and lands known to be ore-bearins.)

Number of Descriptions < Acres ^

County Class A. Class B. Class C. Class A. Class B. Class C.

Gogebic 71 45 93 2,825.62 1,781.31 3.651.92

Iron 202 29 418 7.673.98 1.200 16.992.25

Dickinson 153 21 221 6.225.16 840 8,924.78

Marquette 666 213 ... 27.902 15 6.503.27

Menominee 228 ." 9,160.75

Delta 32 1,270.08

ToUl 1,092 308 992 44,626.91 10.324.58 39,999.78

A very long time will elapse before the mineral lands are
adequately prospected, but the progress of exploration is an-
nually demonstrating that large tonnages in these lands await
discovery. They constitute a main source of future produc-
tion.

Opening of Abandoned Mines.

At the end of 191 3 there were no less than 120 abandoned
mines that had formerly made ore shipments; 80 iron mines
were active and 21 temporarily idle. Of the 65 undeveloped
properties containing proven ore bodies 24 were active and
41 were idle. Of the 58 unfinished explorations 19 were in
progress and 39 were suspended,

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232 ORE RESERVES AND METHODS OF APPRAISAL

Classified Numbers of Active, Idle, and Abandoned iRaN
Properties in Michigan January i, 1914.

• Undeveloped^— ->

Developed MineB. With Proven Ore Bodies ^Expkwmtione-v AfaeadoMd

Ranse Active. Idle. Active. Idle. Active. Idle. MiiMk

Gogebic 23 1 8 4 2 3 13

Iron County ..19 9 11 21 10 20 24

Menominee ...10 4 1 10 24

Marquette ....28 7 5 16 6 6 59

State 80 21 24 41 19 39 120

The changing condition of the iron trade, gradually de-
creasing average tenor of shijxnents from the Lake Superior
region, progress in beneficiation of low-grade ores, demon-
strated possibilities in deep-level mining, the recurrence of
periods of relatively easy finance, not to mention general ad-
vances in the science of mining engineering and in geologic
knowledge, have made possible from time to time the re-
sumption of activities on properties formerly abandoned. A
number of such resumptions have occurred in recent years;
some are in progress at the present time, and it is to be ex-
pected that a relatively large proportion of the abandoned
properties will in the course of time receive thorough explora-
tion by modern methods. Many of the abandoned properties,
particularly some of those which were abandoned in early
years, will be regenerated. No well-informed person will fail
to consider these proj^erties, taken as a whole, as an import-
ant source of future production.

Utilization of Low-Grade Ores.

The tonnage estimates which have been referred to above
include only those grades of ore which are marketable under
current conditions of the iron trade. In commercial practice
the definition of iron ore varies from year to year with a
well-marked general tendency towards the inclusion of lower
and lower grades of iron-bearing rock. For any particular
mine the definition of iron ore varies with the sale price of
the available grades and cost of production. The grade of
iron-bearing rock that may be profitably marketed is not the
same in a given year in all districts, nor for all mines in any
district. A year of lessened demand or of low prices, such
for instance as 19 14, always curtails the production of low-
grade ore, and invariably forces the suspension of many mines
which have only the low grades in reserve. But although de-
mand and price, and consequently the average t^ngr of th^

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LAKfi SUPEklOft MlNtKG INSTITUTE ^3^

Output, fluctuate from year to year, the increasing ratio of
iron consumption to available high-grade ore reserves is grad-
ually lowering the tenor of ore marketed from the Lake Su-
perior region. A measure of this tendency is afforded in the
following table compiled by W. L. Tinker, secretary of the
Lake Superior Iron Ore association :

Average Iron Content of Lake Superior Iron Ore Ship-
ments 1902-12, ALL Ranges.

Year Tonnage. Averace % Iron (NaturaL)

1912 44,365,100 51.9603

1911 30,265,438 51.8869

1910 41,172,143 52.0703

1909 40,582,405 52.1130

1908 24,774,668 52.9551

1907 38,574,136 53.4020

1906 36,179,170 53.8652

1905 32,353,475 54.6072

1904 ...20.529,719 55.5791

1903 22,357,876 55.5049

1902 24,930,701 56.2233

The average yearly decHne in iron content for the period
1902-12 is 0.4263 i)er cent, or 4.263 per cent for the decade.
It is obvious of course that this decline must cease at some
future period.

There is no doubt that ores of very low grade will event-
ually have to be mined in the Lake Superior region. Ex-
periments in the beneficiation of the various types of low-
grade ores are already under way. From what has been ac-
complished it begins to be apparent that nearly all types of
low-grade ores will eventually be subject to beneficiation at
the mines. Wet concentration methods are now in use on a
tremendous scale by the Oliver Iron Mining Company near
Coleraine, Minn., while other plants are located near Nash-
wauk, and at the Madrid mine, near Virginia, Minn., and also
at the American-Boston mine at Diorite, Mich. In Canada
magnetic concentration is operating at the Moose Mountain
mine, near Sudbury, and at the Magpie mine on the Michi-
picoten range low-grade carbonate ore is treated in rotary
kilns. A number of other plants are planned on the Lake
Superior ranges. (Table "A.")

It is needless to remark that each decline of i per cent in
the average content of ores mined adds millions of tons to
the ore reserves. How far this decline will be forced cannot
be foreseen. An issue of immediate and growing concern re-
fers to encroachment of foreign ore into territory which here-

Digitized byVjQOQlC

234

ORE RESERVES AND METHODS OF APPRAISAL

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE

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236 ORE RESERVES AND METHODS OF APPRAISAL

tofore has, been tributary to the Lake Superior mines. This
question has a bearing on the matter under discussion, but its
complexity does not admit of its consideration here. When
the time shall come for general utilization of lovv-grade, iron-
bearing rock from the Lake Superior region, the Michigan
reserves alone willbe ample for the needs of the country for
generations. The supply is so enormous that estimates at this
time have no significance.

Recent Estimates of Michigan Iron Ore Reserves.

Careful estimates of the iron ore reserves of Michigan are
made annually under the direction of the Board of State Tax
Commissioners. The first estimate was made in 191 1 by C.
K. Leith; the estimates for 1913 and 1914 were made by
the writer assisted by O. R. Hamilton.

The reserves are divided into two classes, viz: developed
ore and prospective ore. The developed ore is that which is
expressed by mining engineers by the term "ore in sight,"
and is limited to ore blocked out above bottom levels in de-
veloped mines. The prospective ore is included in undevel-
oped properties, extensions below bottom levels, and in lateral
extensions of partially developed levels.

Inasmuch as each of the three estimates above referred to
were made by the use of the same methods the resulting to-
tals may be considered strictly comparable. The managers,
superintendents and engineers of the various mines should be
credited with the indispensable aid which they rendered in the
work of each of these tonnage estimates.

The Cost of Mining Iron Ore in Michigan.

The following table of costs is compiled irom the annual
reports of the mine operators to the Board of State Tax Com-
missioners. The two sets of figures represent an average for
the 5-year period preceding 191 3, and the 5 years preceding
19 14, respectively. For the former period there is included
only those mines which were on an operating basis rejwesent-
ing 96 per cent of the total tonnage mined during the period.
The figures for the latter period, however, include total costs
for all mines, excluding charges for exploration on undevel-
oped properties and all capital charges. The figures for both
periocls include freights and represent the cost of delivery of
ore at the sale points, viz: mainly the Lake Erie ports. (Table

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE

237

Value of Michigan Iron Ore in 191.3.

The figures annually reported to the Michigan State Tax
Commission aflford the means of ascertaining the value of
Michigan ore at any stage in the process of raining and mar-
keting, from its natural location in the ground to point of de-
livery. The table herewith shows the calculation of value of
Michigan ore by ranges f. o. b. mine in 1913.

To Ascertain Valup per Ton of 1913 Iron Ore Ship-
ments.

f 4 1^ . I

Gos«bic $16,960,386.61 $ 4.n7.877.71 $11,842,608.90 8.886.789 $8.08

Iron Riyer. Crystal Falls. 8.688.761.74 2.248.846.02 6.4891916.72 8.088.691 2.06

OUMeoominM 6.806.965.61 1.227,781.28 4.079.184.28 1.706.847 2.88

Marquette 1U06.79980 2.687.628.19 9.021,171.61 8.790.666 2.88

State 41,664.918.66 101282,182.16 81,382.781.61 12,424,-748 2.62

Royalty and Ownership.

The term royalty refers to payment by operators for the
ore in properties in which they own a part or none of the
mineral value. The royalty is proportionate to the number
of tons of ore shipped and is calculated on a flat or a graded
rate per ton, or a combination of the two. Nearly all of the
modern leases provide for a graded royalty based on sale price
of ore, or on its composition. The sum paid for the privilege
of holding a lease is called the minimum royalty. The royalty
paid by the operators on shipments is commonly charged
against the minimum, but in the event that the amount is less
than the stipulated minimum royalty, the difference must be
paid to the fee owner.

The ownership of more than three-fourths of the Michigan
iron mines resides wholly or partially in fee holders in distinc-
tion from operators. In the period 1908 to 1913, 88 per cent,
of the producing mines paid royalties. There have been few
recent transfers of title to minerals in undeveloped iron lands.
Mainly because of the uncertainty of values, both owners and
operators prefer to deal with these lands on a royalty basis
under the leasing system.

Royalties which were actually paid by producing Michigan
mines for the period 1908 to 191 3 range from 0.864 cents to
0.055 cents per ton. Average royalties are highest on the Go-

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238 ORE RESERVES AND METHODS OF APPRAISAL

gebic range ; then follows in decreasing order the Marquette,
Iron River-Crystal Falls and Menominee ranges. The figures
in the table take no account of the partial ownership of min-
erals by operators of some of the royalty-paying mines, and
are consequently somewhat lower than the average royalties
expressed in leases. The figures are obtained by dividing the
total royalties paid by the total tons shipped, excluding the
mines wherein full ownership of minerals is vested in the op-
erator.

Royalties Paid by Michigan Mines (1909-1913).

I III a I I ll

Gogebic 26 26 .52723 .22372 .37633 .34765

Iron River, Crystal Falls.. 32 32 .54279 .08142 .28393 .23148
Menominee, including Met-
ropolitan & Calumet.... 16 15 .36077 .05494 .24198 .23605
Marquette, Gwinn 36 23 .86400 .02766 .44452 .19877

State 109 96 34105 .25249

Michigan Iron Ore Reserves by Ranges in 1914.

SI i m iJ i

Gogebic 45,785,870 13,000,664 28.4 32,785,206 10 71.6

Iron county: Iron

River and Crystal

districts 59,468,551 2,777,455 4.6 56,691,096 26 95.4

Menominee range

(Dickinson Co.) .. 13,778,283 5,831,845 42.3 7,946,438 7 57.7
Marquette: Baraga

and Marquette

counties 83,391,451 24,937,490 29.9 58,453,961 19 70.1

State 202,424,155 46,547,454 22.9 155,876,701 57 77.1

In the 5 years preceding 191 4, 109 mines controlled by
64 operating companies including subsidiaries, made ship-
ments; of these 96 paid royalties. The Oliver Iron Mining
Company of the United States Steel Corporation is the largest
shipper, but does not hold the position of preponderance in
Michigan as it does in the Lake Superior region in general,
as shown in the table. Of the total reserves in 1914, 46,547,-
454 tons, or 22.9 per cent, is controlled by the Oliver Iron

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 239

Mining Company, while 155,876,701 tons, or 77.1 per cent, is
controlled by i6 other companies. The number of independ-
ent companies becomes 57, if the larger organizations are
broken up into their subsidiaries.

The Michigan System of Appraisal of Iron Mines for

Taxation.

The following discussion is oflFered for the general infor-
mation merely as an exposition and not as an argument :

What has come to be known as the Michigan system of
iron-mine appraisals is an outgrowth of the methods intrcK
duced by J. R. Finlay in 191 1, modified in such manner as
the experience of the past 3 years has shown to be advisable.
The Finlay appraisal of 191 1 demonstrated conclusively that
Michigan iron mines, prior to that time, had been assessed,
on the whole, for purposes of taxation at figures far below
their actual value. The total assessed value was not only too
low, but some properties in particular were far under-assessed,
while others in comparison were assessed at a much higher
proportion of true value.

The first valuation of the iron mines by J R. Finlay in
191 1 demonstrated the wisdom of control over assessments
by the central authority of the State Tax Commission. In
order to maintain this control, and at the same time do sub-
stantial justice to the properties affected, it is necessary to
make an annual appraisal, for the reason that the value of
mines fluctuates to far greater extent than any other class of
real estate. While ore is being taken out of the ground and
shipped away, additional ore is being added through discov-
eries of new properties and progress of developments in the
producing mines. Furthermore, the quality of the ore in the
different properties is subject to change, as are also the econ-
omic or trade conditions of the iron and steel industry, which
determine the value of the crude material or iron ore. The
fluctuation in total value of all of the mines is of course not
reflected in the oftentimes enormous fluctuation in the value
of individual properties.

Having determined on the control of iron mine assess-
ments the Board of State Tax Commissioners was confronted
with the problem of securing trained assistants, without in-
curring an expense out of proportion to the benefits to be de-
rived by the state, counties and local assessing districts. Thus
originated the plan of co-operation between the Board of State

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240 ORE RESEKVES AND METHODS OF APPRAISAL

Tax Commissioners and the Board of Greological Survey un-
der which the State Geologist acts in the advisory capacity of
appraiser of mines. The plan was given legal sanction through
an appropriation of funds for the purpose by the legislature
in its last session.

The final results of the appraisal of iron mines for taxa-
tion are determined through the application of four distinct
procedures.

First, It is the duty of the State Geologist and his assist-
ant, who is a mining engineer, to secure adequate informaticm
on which to base the value of each mining property. To
this end he requires to be made by each mine operator an
annual report to the Board of State Tax Commissioners, as
of date December 31 of the year preceding, comprising: (i)
a detailed financial statement of the operations of each mine
or mining property owned, oi)erated, or controlled by him,
executed on forms especially designed by the appraiser for
the purpose, and duly executed before a Notary Public, cov-
ering a period of the preceding 5 years. (2) The financial
statement is required to be supplemented by a complete set
of mine maps showing each mine level, together with cross
sections, records of drill holes, pits, shafts, etc.; also a map
showing the boundaries of each property and the relation of
ore bodies to adjacent properties. All maps, plats, records,
etc., as are required are signed, dated and duly executed by
the operator or a responsible official of the cexripany, and form
a part of the report of the operator to the Board of State Tax
Commissioners.

Second, After the receipt of the above information the
State Geologist and his assistant make an inspection of the
mines above and below ground for the purpose of making cal-
culation of total ore reserves in each property and obtaining
such other data as may have a bearing on values.

Third. After the appraiser has calculated the value of each
individual property his findings are reported to the Board of
State Tax Commissioners who consider, with the appraiser,
each of the several properties in detail and take formal action
on the figures recommended by the appraiser.

Fourth, The figures which are determined upon by the
Board of State Tax Commissioners are then reported to the
operators. The operators are then given an opportunity of
appearing before the Board of State Tax Commissioners for
the purpose of submitting any additional arguments or in-

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 24 1

formation having to do with the value of their respective
properties. These hearings are conducted in public, usually
in the counties in which the properties are located, in order
that any other interested party or parties may appear and
submit information, arguments, and data having to do with
the mine values. At the conclusion of these public hearings
the various properties are again considered in detail by the
Board of State Tax Commissioners, and final values for as-
sessment purposes are fixed and reported to the local assessors
by whom they are placed on the tax rolls.

Theory and Method of Appraisal.

Stated briefly, the value of an iron mine under the Mich-
igan system is the present worth of the sum of money repre-
senting the calculated difference between total receipts from
sales of ore and the cost of marketing the product based on the
entire tonnage which the mine may be exi)ected to produce.
This difference exceeds by a large amount the rxtual profit to
operators, for it includes the item of royalties and makes no
allowance for sinking general outside exploration charges.

We have now to consider how the total profits, thus de-
fined, expected to be produced by the operation of a mine,
may be calculated. The calculation is the product of three
factors, viz: (i) total tonnage of available ore; (2) average
annual excess per ton of the receipts over actual cost of opera-
tion; (3) the present worth of one dollar to be paid in equal
annual installments for a period of years equal to the pro-
ductive life of the mine. It is obvious that the alteration of
any one of these factors will alter the result in the same pro-
portion, and the result will approach correctness only in pro-
portion as each factor is given proper numerical value.

I. The Factor of Tonnage — There is no general method
or set rule for measuring tonnage which may be ajyplied indis-
criminately to all iron mines. It is necessary to adapt the meth-
od of tonnage estimation to each individual property, because
of the wide variation or dissimilarity in the natural or geologic
conditions in the various mines and districts. The ore which
is expected to be realized is considered under two classes ; first,
the ore in sight, and second, the prospective ore. In most of
the undeveloped properties much the greater part of the ore
must be considered as prospective pending the development
by underground mining. The amount of developed ore in
the producing mines may be calculated with comparative ease,

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242 ORE RESERVES AND METHODS OF APPRAISAL

but the amount of prospective ore must be determined in the
judgment of the appraiser by use of principles of geologic and
mining practice. It would not be proper to assess a mine, un-
der ordinary circumstances, on the basis of developed ore
alone, inasmuch as it is patent in nearly all of the mines that
there are certainties, probabilities and possibilities for the oc-
currence of ore beyond that which is actually developed. As
a matter of actual practice the amount of prospective ore on
which the mines are assessed for purposes of taxation exceeds
the total amount of developed ore. For instance, on January
I, 1914, there were 81,261,238 tons of developed ore in the
mines to which was added by the appraiser 116,208,087 tons
of prospective ore. These figures do not include 4,954,830
tons in stock on the same date which is treated as developed
ore, but assessed as personalty in distinction from realty. In
estimating total reserves in a mining property the appraiser
attempts to ascertain the total amount of ore which may rea-
sonably be expected to be produced from the property. In
the calculation of values "prospective'' and "developed" ore are
treated on the same basis, i. e., each ton of reserve ore whether
"prospective" or "developed" is considered as a unit of value.

2. The Factor of Average Annual Profits — The actual
profit per ton mined is ascertained for each particular mine
as nearly as possible from its actual operating financial record
over a period of 5 years preceding. It is obvious that the
value of an iron mine for purposes of taxation should not
fluctuate from year to year in harmony with fluctuating costs
and ore prices. By the use of the 5-year period large fluc-
tuations in the total valuations on account of sharp annual
variations in costs and receipts in individual properties have
been eliminated.

It is obvious of course that an undeveloped property has
no operating record from which profits may be calculated.
For these properties the expectations are measured by the ex-
perience of mines under operation under similar conditions in
the district in which the undeveloped property is located.

3. The Life Factor atid Interest Rate — The product of
total reserve tonnage in the mine by a calculated profit per ton
expected to accrue under operation is in most cases far in ex-
cess of the present value of the property, because the rate at
which ore can be mined is limited by both physical and mar-
ket conditions. Only a fraction of the total ore reserves are
annually marketed, and the income from operation is there-

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 243

fore realized from year to year as the ore is mined and sold.
The value of an iron mine resides in the ore, and it follows
that when the ore is exhausted, all assets are dissipated, except
of course the junk value of the equipment and surface value
of the land. An ore body in process of mining is, therefore,
a wasting asset, and the valuation of an iron mine involves
the determination of the present value of this wasting asset.

The time or life factor must therefore be taken into ac-
count. The productive life of an operating mine, for purpose
of appraisal, is the ratio of total ore reserves to the average
annual shipment which in practice is based on the experience
of the preceding 5 years. The life of an undeveloped ore
body is measured in the same manner, on the assumption of
an average shipment indicated by other developed properties
of the same class, with proper allowance and discount for the
time necessary for development to the producing stage.

After ascertaining the average annual profit or dividend,
and the number of such annual dividends, (which is repre-
sented by the number of years of productive life) the total is
reduced to present worth by the annuity method, using an in-
terest rate of 6 per cent, for both principal and sinking fund.
It has been argued that the sinking fund should bear interest
not to exceed 3 or 4 per cent., but in actual practice profits are
usually invested and reinvested in the mining business, and
treated in exactly the same manner as capital, and for this rea-
son profits are treated in the calculation as capital.

The above methods are applicable in general, but miist be
modified by such considerations as are pertinent to individual
cases. Such modifications are applied in accordance with the
judgments of the appraiser and the Board of State Tax
C6mmissioners. It will not be necessary here to explain the
multiplicity of cases which demand the application of judgment
involving departure from the general method set forth above.

The results of three appraisals are shown in Table "C" :

Are the Michigan Iron Mines Assessed at Full Present

Value?

Irrespective of methods employed in the assessment the
important question refers to whether resulting figures actually
represent the true present worth of the iron mines. As bear-
ing on this question there is introduced a statement of the rela-
tion of profits, as heretofore defined, to the valuation of the
mines :

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244 ORE RESERVES AND METHODS OF APPRAISAL

Valuation of iron mines January i, 19 14, including ore in
stock, $91,572,100.

Tonnage: Developed ore, 81,261,238 tons.

Tonnage: Prospective ore, 116,208,087 tons.

Tonnage : In stock, 4,954,830 tons.

Total, 202,424,155 tons.

Total assessed valuation per ton, 45+ cents.

Average annual shipment 1909-1913, 11,863,450 tons.

Life of reserves, 17+ years.

Total average annual receipts over and above costs of pro-
duction 1909-1913, $1 1,359730-

Ratio of total average annual receipts over and above costs
to total assessed valuation $0.12 or 12 per cent.

The average annual return of 12 per cent ($1 1,359,730) on
the total valuation ($91,572,100) will return an annual inter-
est of 8 per cent and provide for a sinking fund at 4 per cent
with which to replace capital ($91,572,100) in 17.7 years,
which represents the life of total reserves of developed and
prospective ore in 19 14.

Relation Between Sale or Exchange Value of Iron
Mines and Assessed Value in Michigan.

Iron mines in Michigan are rarely bought and sold, and
we have therefore no safe means of comparison between as-
sessed valuations and exchange values of iron mines in this
state. During the past year, however, an instance has come
to oiir attention which is cited as evidence, so far as it goes,
of the relation between assessed values and exchange values
of Michigan iron mines. The Republic mine located at Re-
public, Mich., was assessed in 191 1 at $942,000; 1913 at $1,-
040,000; in 1914 at $1,110,299. This mine was sold a few
months ago by the Republic Iron Company to the Cleveland-
Cliffs Iron Company, including ore in stock, equipment, and
more than 4,000 acres of undeveloped lands for $600,000. This
sale w-as urged by the new owners of the mine as an argu-
ment in a general contention that the assessed valuation of the
Republic mine should be reduced. No reduction was granted
by the Board of State Tax Commissioners.

The point of the matter lies in the fact that the purchaser
of an iron mine not only expects the return of his investment,
but a rate of interest on the same which can not be measured
by rates used in ordinary mercantile and industrial transac-
tions.

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 245

THE CAVING SYSTEM OF MINING IN LAKE SU-
PERIOR IRON MINES.

J. PARKE CHANNING.*

The recent statement by me that the late Mr. Joseph Sell-
wood was responsible for the introduction of the caving sys-
tem of mining in the Lake Superior iron mines has called
forth criticism as to the accuracy of my statement, and it is
claimed that this method was first used at the Cleveland Hem-
atite mine, which was a soft ore property lying about half way
between Ishpeming and Negaunee.

In 1886, when I went to the Gogebic Range for the first
time, the Brotherton mine, near the Village of Wakefield, was
being operated by Mr. Joseph Sellwood, he had for the su-
perintendent the late Mr. John Pengilly, who had as his two
foremen Mr. John Harris and Mr. Thomas R. Hocking. The
mine was wrought on the sub-level system of caving, which I
fully described with illustrations in an article entitled Lake
Superior Iron Ore, published in Volume III of the Mineral
Industry, being for the year 1894. Later on when Mr. Sell-
wood took charge of the Chandler mine on the Vermilion
Range, he transferred Mr. Pengilly to that property, and this
mine was wrought on a similar system.

In 1890 I left the Gogebic Range and went to Ishpeming,
Michigan, to take charge of the East New York mine, and
took with me for mine foreman Mr. Hocking, who had, up
to that time, continued as one of the foremen at the Brother-
ton mine. We changed the method of mining at the East New
York from square sets to caving, and at the same time
Mr. Thomas F. Cole, who was in charge of the Queen Group
of mines at Negaunee, introduced this system at his mines
with great success and economy. After coming to reside in
Ishpeming I visited all the mines in the district, among them
the Cleveland Hematite, and I am quite sure that the caving
system was not in use there at that time.

*Coiwaltlng Ensinecr, 61 Broadway, New York City.

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246 CAVING SYSTEM OF MINING

I have been told that Mr. George W. Wallace, afterward
manager of the Fayal mine on the Mesabi Range, introduced
the caving system at the Cleveland Hematite at the sugges-
tion of two north of England miners, who had been accus-
tomed to its use at home. If this is so, evidently the ex-
periment was not considered a success, or else at the time
of my residence in Ishpeming it would have been in use at the
Cleveland Hematite.

It is a well known psychological fact that similar problems
are often solved in an identical manner by men who have had
no communication with each other. It is said that Wallace
was at work on the Origin of Species at the same time as
Darwin, and it is interesting to note that Mr. Guy R. Johnson
introduced a sub-drift system of mining at Lx)ngdale, Va., at
the Longdale mine, which w^as almost identical to that of the
Brotherton. This method he described in a paper on page
96, Volume XX, of the Transactions of the American Institute
of Mining Engineers for the year 1891, under the title of
"Methods of Working and Surveying the Mines of the Long-
dale Iron Company, Virginia." Mr. Johnson, himself, told
me many years ago that he had never heard of the Brotherton
use of this system, and if my memory serves me right, he also
said that he had not known of it as the North of England
system of mining, but that he and his staff worked it out as
the best solution of the problem presented them.

Time is passing and a new generation of mining men are
coming in. The Lake Superior Mining Institute is becoming
a recorder of the history of Lake Superior, and I, as one of its
charter members, would welcome any information on this inter-
esting question. Most new inventions and discoveries are
95 per cent, past experience of others and 5 per cent, novelty.
He who adds but a little to the world's efficiency deserves
credit, and I would be the last one to hold it from him.

DISCUSSION.

Mr. Yungbluth : We have a letter from Captain Thom-
as Walters of the Pittsburgh & Lake Angeline Iron Co., at
Ishj:>eming, regarding his experiences with the caving system,
which will be published.

From my own experiences at the Cleveland Hematite mine,
I know that the caving system was started, in some of the
stopes, in 1884. As I left there in 1885 I cannot say whether

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 247

the system had been changed at the time that Mr. Channing
visited the mine after coming to Ishpeming in 1890.

We shall endeavor to bring out as much information on
this subject as possible, and I would be pleased to hear from
the members present who have had any experience or informa-
tion regarding the caving system.

Mr. Jewell: I was working for the Oliver company
and when Captain Walters got back from the North of Eng-
land, where we worked the same system, we all left and went
to work for the Lake Angeline and I think that was about the
first time the system was started in this part of the country.
We worked that system in England before coming to this
country in 1888 — about four years before or 1884.

Mr. Pascoe : I never had any experience in soft ore mines.
I should judge it was in the eighties sometime that they adopt-
ed that method of mining.

Mr. Keese : My first experience along the caving system
of mining was in the old Florence mine in Florence, Wis-
consin, in 1889. There was a little of that work carried on
at that time. Since then it has been carried on more or less
on the different ranges where this system would work. Fur-
ther than that, I have had no experience with the caving sys-
tem.

Mr. Jopling: The matter of introducing the caving sys-
tem in the iron mines of the Marquette Range is one of which
I have some recollection. As to Captain Walters, it is more
particularly fixed in my mind because w^e both returned to
England for a visit during the same year, namely, 1887. Mr.
Walter Fitch accompanied Captain Walters to the North of
England where they investigated the caving system in use
in the Lancashire district. I cannot say just when Captain
Walters introduced the caving system into the diflferent mines
with which he was connected but I am sure that it was soon
after his return in 1888, even if he had not previously worked
under this system.

The following is an extract from a letter written by Cap-
tain George W. Wallace, dated San Francisco, March 25, 1914.
It was written in answer to my inquiry whether he did not
use this method at the Cleveland Hematite mine, where he
was in charge when I first met him in 1882.

"Now as to your question about the caving system: Yes, I think
I was the first one in the United States that used the method, having
secured the ideas from two miners from Dalton-In-Fumess, Lancashire,

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248 CAVING SYSTEM OF MINING

England, where the method was extensively practiced, we modifying
the system somewhat to meet our requirements. It proved so satis-
factory, and was such an improvement over square setting for soft
ore mining, that most every one in the soft ore mining business read-
ily recognized it and it was only a short time before a great many
mining men of different districts made claim that they were the orig-
inators.

"I wrote up the whole system about four years ago, describing in de-
tail everything as completely as I possibly could, and believe me it is
quite a long story and I am very sorry to say that moving West the
manuscript got lost and I do not think I could write it all again
without a good deal of trouble, and then too, the photographs and
cuts were lost and I am sure I could not secure others. Otherwise
I should like very much to give you the story for publication.''

You will note that Captain Wallace does not state the year
in which he first used the method but from a letter written by
Mr. D. H. Bacon this method was adopted in some of the
stopes of the Cleveland Hematite mine shortly after the com-
pany took it back from the lessees, which was in 1881. It
is to be regretted that Captain Wallace's article was lost at the
time he moved away from Lake Superior.

You will see from my recollections that Mr. Channing can
hardly be right in claiming the first use of this system in Lake
Superior in 1889.

Mr. Eaton: I have talked this matter over with Cap-
tain Collick. Captain CoUick is one of our oldest employes
and is one of the oldest men who worked this caving sys-
tem. He has been captain of the Lake mine since 1896 and
heiore that worked at the Hematite mine, and he said the
system was in use in part of the Hematite mine before he was
captain there, when he had a contract sinking a shaft.

Mr. Johnston: I know that Mr. Cole introduced it in
the Queen mines while he was there and got such excellent
results that it was talked of a good deal. It cheapened the
cost of mining the ore very much, but I cannot tell you just
what year it was introduced there. It was while he was
agent of the mines for the Schlesingers or Corrigan-McKinney
& Company.

Mr. Yungbluth : I took this matter up with Mr. Bacon
in the early spring. I had in mind a paper to treat this sub-
ject and for that reason had written to Mr. Bacon. The claim
is made that the caving system was worked at the Cleveland
Hematite mine in 1884. Captain Collick, whom Mr. Eaton
mentioned, was at that time a miner at the Ckvetod Hem-

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Lake suPEkiOR mining institute ^49

atite mine and I talked with him the other day and his recol-
lection of the matter was quite clear; that it was worked at
the Cleveland Hematite mine before he became mining captain
and during the time that George Wallace was captain. Wal-
lace left the Cleveland Hematite in 1887.

Mr. Cory : I will say that Captain Collick had charge of
the Hematite mine in 1888 and I worked for him there in
1890. We had the caving system in use pretty generally at
that time.

Extracts taken from a letter written by Captain Thomas
Walters of Ishpeming, dated August 31, 1914, in regard to
the first mining operations by the caving system.

"Mr. Channing is somewhat in error in reference to the under^
ground mining and caving system. The underground square set sys-
tem was started in 1877 in the Mitchell mine and this system was
carried on very successfully for. a small property, and possibly one
of the first hematite mines of the underground system on Lake Su-
perior that operated at a profit. This was continued until 1882.

"In early 1883, I took charge of the op^iing of the Lake Angellne
mine, which gave me a better opportunity to work out various sys-
tems. Having about 86 feet of surface over-burden, I started the square
set system in this mine. After working out the stope about fifty feet,
I then put, raises to the surface and used the over-burden and rock
from the mine to fill these stopes, before taking the pillars, and this
worked very satisfactorily and we mined this out at a fair profit to
the stockholders. However, on account of the character of tho ore
in this body, it was hard to separate the Bessemer from the Non-
Bessemer in this system of operation, and about 1885 or the spring
of 1886, I changed the system and started what is now universally
known as the slicing system. I found there was a little higher cost
attached to this system on account of all the ore being handled with
shovel, whereas in the square set system we used to run it into the
cars as it accumulated on top of the sets, but I was able to make a
very satisfactory separation from this system of operation, raising
to the top of the ore, or close to the 'gob' from the main level. I
put a crosscut in each raise and took samples every foot and after
the crosscuts were in we made diagrams showing where the Bessemer
and Non-Bessemer ore lay.

"This method was jvery successful and increased our Bessemer ore
at least 20 per cent, over what we were getting with the square set
system, and aside from this, it reduced our accidents to the minimum.
We have been working this system constantly at Lake Angeline and
lately at the most hazardous work of all — ^taking out the pillars —
and it is all of ten years since we have had a fatal accident under-
ground in this mine.

"I was very much criticised when I started the slicing system.

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250 CAVING SYSTEM OF MINING

but as time went on we began to make some money and it is now a
universal system in underground iron ore mines. I am sure it has
reduced the accidents, both minor and fatal, to the very low minimum
we have today in comparison to the accidents with the square set
system as, when the sets were three or four high, the men would
sometimes fall as the caps would become very slippery and they
would neglect to take plank to walk on.

"The slicing system, then, has two yery high points of merit, one
being the lessening of accidents and making the work less hazardous
for the operators, and the fact that it enables the operator to sep-
arate or classify the ores.

"As to the late Mr. Sellwood, mentioned in Mr. Ghanning's paper,
he had not started on the mines Mr. Channing speaks of at that
time, nor had Mr. Pengilly; both these gentlemen being warm friends
of mine."

The following is an extract of letter received from Mr. D.
H. Bacon, New York City, under date of September 8th, 1914,
on the caving system at the Cleveland Hematite mine .

"Early in 1881 Robert Nelson surrendered his lease of the Nelson
or Cleveland Hematite mine near Ishpeming, to the fee owners, name-
ly: the Cleveland Iron Mining Company, and thereafter until all of
the ore had been removed (1893), the mine was under the care of the
operating staff of this company, whose mines were then and until
July, 1887, under my care. Mr. Nelson had removed nearly all of
the ore that could be safely taken from open pita. As soon as we
began underground work our troubles began; the ore was very soft
and would scarcely stand vertically in the side of a drift; the foot-
wall would barely sustain itself and the hanging resembled a pile of
loose bricks. StuUs were tried, but we found every foot of the hang-
ing must be laced, making the laying of the stull pieces on the ores
necessary. With square sets, then known as the 'Nevada System,'
we had but little success. With each method the cost per ton far
exceeded its market jvalue. Two men who were employed at the mine
described a method of timbering that they had seen in use in an
English mine and, although the conditions were unlike, we decided
to give the English method a trial. It proved a success and the sys-
tem was followed as long as I was with the company and I believe
was continued by my successor, Mr. F. P. Mills, until the mine was
abandoned. One o! the first mines opened on the Gogebic Range was
the 'Brotherton,' and the writer was asked to engage some one to
take charge of the mining. I, therefore, sent John Pengilly from No.
3 Hard ore mine of the Cleveland, to the Cleveland Hematite to leam
the caving method; then I put him in charge of the 'Brotherton.' It
may have been two years later that I put him in charge of the ex-
plorations that were being made by the Chicago & Minnesota Ore
Co., on the Vermilion range, in Minnesota. Mr. Pengilly found what
was later known as the Chandler mine, and in the mining followed

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 2$t

the system of timbering that he had learned at the Cleveland Hem-
atite under Mr. George W. Wallace. With the mining methods in use
on tlie Marquette and Menominee ranges, Mr. Wallace and myself
were familiar, and we are satisfied that the calving method was not
in use in any Lake Superior iron mine at the time it was tried at
the Cleveland Hematite."

Summary.

(From the above discussion and quotations from letters,
It appears conclusively proved that the caving system was
adopted at the mines on the Marquette Range previous to

1887).

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252 LIST OF IRON MINING PROPERTIES

LIST OF IRON MINING PROPERTIES OF MICHIGAN
AND WISCONSIN.

COMPILED BY CARL BREWER, ISHPEMING. MICH.*

The accompanying lists of mining properties on the Mar-
quette, Menominee and Gogebic Ranges contain nearly all
the properties that have been credited with iron ore shipments,
or whereon are known ore deposits. The lists are in alphabet-
ical order according to ranges. The information r^^rding
the various properties includes the government land descrip-
tion; other names, if any; names of present curators and sales
agents, where the properties are either operating, temporarily
closed or are reserves; and an indication of the present condi-
tion. In giving the government land description, great lati-
tude has been necessary because of the difficulty of defining
what is meant by "description." I have endeavored to use
the following rule in compiling the lists. The location of
abandoned mines are the forty acre tract or tracts, whereon
the actual mining was done. The reserves are described ac-
cording to the territory included in the tax lists. The other
properties are described according either to the limits of the
mining lease, to the forties considered by the operators as per-
taining to the mine, or in the case of fee ownership, where the
boundaries are not too extended, to the forties so owned.
Lack of definite information makes it impossible to indicate
these distinctions.

Properties in Wisconsin are so described, all others are in
Michigan. In the column for remarks are given whatever
names a property may have had; the present operating com-
pany and sales agents. All the names under which any prop-
erty has made shipments are listed in their place and reference
is made to its other names. Where no operators or agents
are mentioned, it indicates that the property has been aban-
doned as a mine. In the last column are dates either of last
shipments or when name was changed, or the letters "D," "P/'
**U.'' **D" indicates that the property is being developed, no
ore having as yet \yeen shipped. "P" indicates that ore has

*Of Enirineerinff Staff . The Cleveland-Cliffs Iron Co.

Digitized byVjOOQlC

LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE

253

been shipped during 1914. "U" indicates that the property
contains ore reserves upon which no mining operations have
been done. The presence of a date in the last column and the
name of operating company indicate that the property is only
temporarily closed. The names of the sales agents are en-
closed in brackets.

Any correction or addition is earnestly requested. I wish
to thank all those who have aided me in compiHng these lists.

Marquette Range.

Properties marked "B" are situated in Baraga county,
all others in Marquette county.

Property

Sec T

Description

Operating Company (Sales Asrents)

Albion 19 47 27 ne% of nw»4

Allen 8 47 26 se% of nw%

American 32 48 28 w% of sw%

Ames 2 47 27

Argyle 2 47 29

Athens 6 47 26

5 47 26

Austin 20 45 25

Barasa 32 48 26

Barniun 9 47 27

Barron 11 47 29

88 !4 of 8W^

sw% of se%,
se^ of sw^
part of 8€^
part of nw^
of sw%
n% of sw%
sw^ of seM
B% of ne^
8^ of nw%

Bay State 8 47 26 w% of nw%

B Beaufort .
Bessemer
Bessie . . .
Blue

..22
..35
..35
.. 5

48 31

48 27

48 29

47 26

Boston 32 48 28

Braastad 21 47 27

Breitung Hematite. 6 47 26

nw% of sw%
sw^ of se%
ne^ of sw%
part of 8% of

se% of sw^,
sw^ of se^

SW14, w% of

8e%

part of 8% of

se%

se^ of sw^

Now part of Mary Char-
lotte

Formerly Sterling. Am-
erican-Boston Mining
Co. (M. A. Hanna &
Co.)

Formerly Edwards, now
Sampson

Athens Mining Co.
( Cleveland-Cliffs Iron
Co.) *

Cleveland Cliffs Iron Co.

Now part of Cliffs Shaft
Washington Iron Co. (E.
N. Breitung & Co.) . . .
Formerly Green Bay, In-
diana, part now in
Mary Charlotte

Now Lillie

Oliver Iron Mining Co..

1879
1874

1894

1883

D
P

1902
1891

1883
1911
1884
1906
P

American-Boston Min-
ing Co. (M. A. Hanna
& Co.) p

Now Winthrop and
Mitchell 1899

Breitung Hemaite Min-
ing Co. (E. N. Brei-
tung & Co.) P

Digitized byVjOOQlC

254

LIST OF IRON MINING PROPERTIES

Property

See T R

Description Operating CkMnpany (Sales AceDti)

Buffalo 6 47

Bunker Hill 6 47

Cambria 35 48 27

36 48 27

Carr 33 47 26

Cascade 30 47 26

nw^ of se^
part of ne^
of 8W%,
part of nw^

lot 8, se^ of

se%

w^ of lot 5

nw%

8e%

1901

Cleveland-Cliffs Iron Co.

Republic Iron & Steel
Co. (M. A. Hanna
Co.)

1874

Champion 31 48 29 sV^

Chase 3 47 28 ne^

Cheshire 18 45 25 se%

Chester 7 47 26 s% of ne%

Chicago 7 47

Cleveland 10 47

11 47

Cleveland Hematite 2 47

Cliffs Shaft 3 47

4 47

9 47

10 47

. . 6 46

.. 7 47

18 47

..28 47

Columbia
Conrad . .

Consolidated

26
27
27

27
27

27
27
27
29
28
28
26

8^ of se^

e\^ of ne%

nw^ of nw^

nw^

sw^ of se^,

part of sw^

of sw%

8^ of Be%

n% of n%

lot 4

8W% of 8W%

nw% of nw%
8^ of se%

Same as Palmer, former-
ly Howe, now in Vol-
unteer 1894

OliiVer Iron Mining Co. . 1910
Cleveland-Cliffs Iron Co. P
Now part of Princeton

No. 1 1898

Formerly and later Roll-
ing Mill 1903

1883

Part now in Cliffs Shaft

and Moro 1898

1895

Dalliba 29 48

Davis V 47

Delaware and Lack-

29 8^ of nw^,

n% of sw^
26 sw^ of nw%

awanna 5 47 26 ne^ of se%

Detroit
Dexter

Dey 3 47

East Buff^o 5 47

3 47 27 ne^ of ne^
3 47 28 e% of nw%,
w^ of ne^
28 w^ of ne^
26 ne^ of se^

East Champion 32 48

East Hill 12 47

East Jackson 6 47

29 se% of sw^
29 n^ of nw^
26 nw% of sw%

Part formerly Bamum
and part formerly
Cleveland. Cleveland-
Cliffs Iron Co P

Formerly Kloman 1883

Formerly Michigan .... 1880

Formerly Gribben, Me-
sabe Friend, now
Moore 1897

Now Phoenix 1883

Formerly Grand Rapids,
Wheeling 1913

Formerly Sam Mitchell,
Section 5, East Buf-
falo 1888

1890

1807

Now part of Chase 1884

Formerly Sam Mitchell,
Section 5, now Dela-
ware & Lackawanna. 1887
Formerly Keystone ... 1889
1875
Formerly PendiU, now
part of Lucy 1893

Digitized byVjOOQlC

LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE

255

Property

S«e T R DMcription Operating Company (Sales As«nto)

East New York.... 2 47 27

Edwards 2 47 29

Empire 19 47 26

Erie 28 47 30

Etna 7 47 26

Eureka 11 47 29

Excelsior 6 47 27

Fitch 24 47 28

Forest City 35 48 27

Foster 22 47 27

23 47 27

Foxdale 10 47 29

Francis 27 45 25

Gardner 2 44 25

35 45 25

Gibson 29 48 29

Gilmore 26 47 26

Goodrich 19 47 27

Grand Central 6 47 26

Grand Rapids 7 47 26

Green Bay 8 47 26

8W% of sw%
SW14 of se^,
se^ of swVL
e^ of sw^

1905

now

Later Argyle,

Sampson 1880

Empire Iron Co. (Ogle-
bay, Norton ft Co.).. P
ne^ of nw% 1883
ne% of nw!4 Formerly part of Man-
ganese 1883

nw^ of sw% Same as Peck, Hunger-
ford and Harlow 1873

1879
1895

se% of se%
sw% of ne%
lot 6, se^ of
sw%

se% of se^
sw% of sw%
e^ of ne^
sw^ of nw^,
sw%

nw% of ne^
se^ of se%
n^ of se%
nw% of ne%,
ne% of nw%
w% of nw^4
se% of sw^

sw% of nw%
w% of nw%

Gribben 28 47 26 8% of se%

Gwinn . .
Hartford

.28 45 25
.36 48 27

Himrod 7 47 26

Home 29 47 26

Hortense
Howe . . .

.29 48 29
.30 47 26

Howell-Hoppock
Humboldt

.28 47 27
.11 47 29

nw%

e^ of lot 5,

lots 6 and 7

n^ of se^
se%

e\^ of ne%

80%

nw% of ne%
n% of n%

Hungerford and
Harlow

1881

1898
1905

Cleveland-Cliffs Iron Co. U

Cleveland-Cliffs Iron Co. D
1887

1879
1882

Later Iron Valley, New
York Hematite, now
part of Breitung Hem-
atite 1878

Later Wheeling, now
Davis 1895

Later Indiana, Bay
State, part now in
Mary Charlotte 1873

Later Mesabi Friend,
Consolidated, now
Moore 1873

Cleveland-Cliffs Iron Co. P

Republic Iron & Steel
Co. (M. A. Hanna &
Co.) P

Later Orion 1873

Same as Prout, later
Wheat, now Star West 1879
1890

Later Cascade, Palmer,
now part In Volun-
teer 1885

1874

Washington Iron Co.
(E. N. Breitung Co.) . . 1896

.11 47 29 nw% of bw% Same as Eureka, Peck. 1873

Digitized byVjOOQlC

2S(>

List Of iron mining properties

Property Sac T R

B Imperial 25 48 31

Indiana 8 47 26

Iron Cliffs 12 47 27

Iron Mountain 14 47 27

Iron Mountain

Lake 14 47 27

Iron Valley 6 47 26

Isabella 29 47 26

Jackson 1 47 27

Jopling 28 45 25

Keystone 32 48 29

Kloman 6 46 29

Lake 10 47 27

Lake Angeline ....15 47 27

Lake Superior Hard

Ore 9 47 27

10 47 27

DMcription

Operatiiiff ComiMuiy (Sales Aveots)

Formerly Wetmore.
(Cleveland-Cliffs Iron
Co.) isi:

Formerly Green Bay.
later Bay State, pan
now in Mary Char-
lotte ISTS

Same as Section 12.... \^i-

Now part of Iron Moqb-
tain Lake l^'^

Jones & Laughlin Ore

Co D

Formerly Grand Cen-
tral, New York Hema-
tite, now part of Brel-

tung Hematite 1S»:'

Cascade Mining Co.... D
Cleveland-Cliffs Iron Co. P
Clejveland Cliffs Iron Co. U
Now East Champion... \%^

Now Columbia 1875

Cleveland-Cliffs Iron Co. P
Pittsburg & Lake An-
geline Iron Co. (Jones
& Laughlin Ore Co.). P

Lake Superior
Hematite 10

47 27

Lillie 35 48 27

Lowthian 20 47 27

Lloyd ....'. 6 47 27

Luf!ky Star 5 47 26

6 47 26

Lucy 6 47 26

7 47 26

Maas 31 48 26

6 47 26

Mackinaw 35 45 25

Magnetic 20 47 30

nw%

w^ of nw%

ne^ of ne^
lot 6

sw%

se% of 8w)4

s^ of sw^
entire

nw% of ne%
se^ of sw^
lot 4
8e%

n% of n%,
se^ of ne^

n^ of se^
s^ of nw%,
w^ of nw^
of 8W%
8% of 8W%,

ne^ of sw^,
e^ of nw%
of sw^
SW14 of se^

e^ of ne^
sw^ of nw^,
n% of s^
part of sw^
part of se%

w^ of 8W%
nw% of nw^

part of s^
part of n^
n^ of se%,
sw^ of se^
sw^ of nw^

Oliver Iron Mining Co.. P

Oliver Iron Mining Co.. P
Formerly Bessemer. Re-
public Iron & Steel
Co. (M. A. Hanna k

Co.) P

1883

Cleveland-Cliffs Iron Co. P
Breitung Hematite Min-
ing Co. (E. N. Brcl

tung & Co.) D

Part formerly Pendiil.
£2ast Jackson, Me-
Comber. Cleveland-
Cliffs Iron Co W12

Cleveland-Cliffs Iron Co. P

Cleveland-Cliffs Iron Co. D

1881

Digitized byVjOOQlC

LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE

257

Property

Sec T

Description

Operating Company (Sales Asents)

Manganese
Marquette .

Mary Charlotte

McComber

Metropolis

Mesabe Friend

Mexican

Michigamme . .

Michigan

7 47

8 47

6 47

7 47
2 46

Miller ....
Milwaukee
Mitchell ..

.33 47

.19 48

20 48

. 7 47

18 47

.21 47

. 7 47

.21 47

Moore 28 47

Moro 10 47

Morris 1 47

National 16 47

Negaunee 5 47

. 6 47

32 48

New Burt 19 47

New England 20 47

New York 3 47

New York

Hematite 6 47

Nonpareil 5 47

North Champion ..28 49
North Republic .... 2 46

26 n^ of ne^,
ne% of nw^

26 8% of nw%,
n% of sw%

26
26
30

.28 47 26

30
30
28
28
27
26
27

sw% of sw^
nw% of nw%
se^ of ne^,
ne^ of se^
s^ of se%

ne^ of nw^

lot 5

sw% of sw%
nw% of nw%
n% of nw^
se% of nw^
w% of se%

26 s^ of se^

27 s^ of ne^

27
26
26

26
27
27
27

n% of s^,
se^ of ne)4
se%

part of nw%
part of 6%
of ne%
part of sw%
ne% of ne^
nw% of nw%
se\i of se%

Part now Etna

Picked from old rock
dumps, probably near
Winthrop 1892

Part formerly Allen,
part formerly part of
Bay State, Indiana,
Green Bay. Mary
Charlotte Mining Co.
(E. N. Breitung &
Co.) P

Now part of Lucy 1885

Same as North Repub-
lic 1888

Formerly Grlbben, later
Consolidated. now
Moore 1896

Now part of Carr 1873

1900

Later Conrad 1873

1874
1913

Formerly Shenango.

Pittsburg & Lake An-
geline Iron Co. (Jones
& Laughlln Ore Co) . . P

Formerly Grlbben, Me-
sabi Friend Consoli-
dated 1904

Part formerly in Cleve-
land. (Cleveland-Cliffs
Iron Co 1913

Cleveland-Cliffs Iron Co. P
1884

Cleveland-Cliffs Iron Co. P
1882
1873
1900

26 se% of sw^ Formerly Grand Cen-

tral, later Iron Valley,
now part of Brei-
tung Hematite 1882

27 nw^ of nw% Formerly St. Lawrence. 1887

s^ of nw^
se^ of ne%,
ne^ of se^

Same as Metropolis.

1888

Digitized byVjOOQlC

258

LIST OF IRON MINING PROPERTIES

Property See T R

Northwest

Republic 19 47 30

B Norwood 22 48 31

Ogden 13 47 27

B Ohio 22 48 31

Orion 7 47 26

B Orieans 23 48 31

Palmer 30 47 26

Parsons 16 47 27

Pascoe 29 48 29

Peck 11 47 29

PendlU 6 47 26

Phoenix 29 48 29

Pioneer 4 47 26

Piatt 32 47 26

Pontiac 12 47 27

B Portland 26 48 31

Primrose Valley.... 28 47 26

Prince of Wales... 5 47 26

Princeton No. 1 .... 18 45 25

19 45 25

Princeton No. 2 20 45 25

Prout 29 47 26

Queen 5 47 26

Race Track 6 47 26

31 48 26

Republic 7 46 29

Richards 33 47 26

Richmond 28 47 26

Riverside 35 47 30

Rowland 17 47 26

Rolling Mill 7 47 26

Saginaw 19 47 27

DeBcription

Operating Company (Sal« Affato)

n^ Of 8e%

S^ of BW^

sw% of sw%
s^ of 8e%

n^ of se^

8W%

w^ of neM
nw% of sw%

nw% of sw%

s^ of nw%,
n^ of sw%
nw% of 8W%
nw% of ne%
nw% of ne%
n^ of nw%

se!4 of sw%

part of ne)4

of sw»4

se%

ne% of ne%

nw%
8e!4

part of se%
of sw%
part of n%
of ne%
part of s^
of se%
e%, sw%,
nw% of nw%
nw% of ne%
sw% of 8W%

lots 1, 2
nw% of 8W%
8^ of ne%

nw% of ne%

1892
18S8
1897

Niagara Iron Mining Co.
(Rogers, Brown Iron

Co.). 1912

Formerly Himrod 1879

Same as Stewart 1878

Same as Cascade, form-
erly Howe, now part

In Volunteer 1894

1873

1886

Same as Eureka, Hun-
gerford and Harlow.. 1873

Later East Jackson, now
part of Lucy 1884

Formerly Dalliba 1887

1888
1896
1895
Niagara Iron Mining Co.
(Rogers, Brown Iron

Co.) 1910

1896

Oliver Iron Mining Co.. P
Part formerly Cheshire.
Cleveland-ClifEs Iron

Co 1912

Cleveland-Cliffs Iron Co. P
Same as Home, later
Wheat, now Star
West 1879

Oliver Iron Mining Co.. P

Oliver Iron Mining Co.. U

Cleveland-Cliffs Iron Co. P

1887

Richmond Ore Co. (M.
A. Hanna & Co.) P

1893

1877
Once Chester, Jones lb

Laughlin Ore Co P

1884

Digitized byVjOOQlC

LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE

259

Property

Sec T R

Deacription Opcntinff Company (Sales Asants)

Salisbury

.15

Sam Mitchell
Section 5 5

47 27 8% of nw%.

sw^ of ne% Cleveland-Cliffs Iron Co. P

47 26 ne% of se^

Sampson

2 47 29

Schadt

Section 12 12 47 27

Section 16 9 47 27

16 47 27

Section 21 21 47 27

Shenango 21 47 27

South Buffalo 5 47 26

B Spurr 24 48 31

Stor West 29 47 26

Stegmiller 17 45 25

St. Lawrence 5 47 27

Stephenson 20 45 25

Sterling 32 48 28

B Stewart 23 48 31

Swanzy 18 45 25

B Taylor 9 49 33

Tilden 23 47 27

26 47 27

B Titan 21 48 31

Volunteer 30 47 26

31 47 26

Washington

B Webster 26 48 31

West End 31 47 26

West Republic .... 7 46 29

B Wetmore 25 48 31

Wheat 29 47 26

Wheeling 7 47 26

Wicks 32 47 26

Winthrop 21 47 27

sw^ of se^,
se^ of sw^

ne% of ne%
se% of 8e%
e% of ne%,
nw^ of ne^
w% of ne%,
8^ of nw%
w^ of se^
sw^ of se^
8^ of nw%.
n^ of sw^

lots 5, 6
nw% of nw%
8^ of 8W%

W% of 8W%

sw% of ne%

ne!4 of nw54

8W% of se%

nwi4 of ne%

lot 1

w% of nw%

8% of 8%

n% of n%

n^ of ne%,
8e% of ne\i
n% of nw%
lots 4, 6

nw%
se%

8w% of nw%

nw% of ne%

sw%

I^ater East Buffalo, now
Delaware & Lacka-
wanna 1886

Formerly Argyle, Ed-
wards 1892

Etna? or Manganese?.. 1895

Same as Iron ClifTs 1882

Oliver Iron Mining Co. . P

Oliver Iron Mining Co. . 1913

Now Mitchell 1877

1895

1886
Formerly Home, Prout,

Wheat 1900

Oliver Iron Mining Co. . P

Now Nonpareil 1883

Cleveland-Cliffs Iron Co. P

Now American 1886

Same as Orleans 1878

1887
1883

1902
1887

Volunteer Ore Co. (M.
A. Hanna & Co.) P

Parts formerly Howe,
Palmer, Cascade,
West End 1904

Included in Barron,
East Hill and Hum-
boldt

1900

Now in Volunteer

Now part of Republic. 1887

Now Imperial 1889

Formerly Howe, Prout,

now Star West 1895

Formerly Grand Rapids,

now Davis 1887

Now Piatt 1882

Oliver Iron Mining Co. . 1903

Digitized byVjOOQlC

26o list of 1.<0n mining properties

Menominee Range.

Proi>erties in Dickinson county are marked "D" ; in Flor-
ence county, Wisconsin "F"; in Iron county **L" Dickinson
and Iron counties are in Michigan.

Property Sec T R Description Operating Company (Sales AsenU)

I Alpha 12 42 33 sw^ of bw% 1890

I Amasa Porter 22 44 33 e% of ne% Nevada Land Co D

D Appleton 7 39 28 ne^ of 8W^ Formerly Sturgeon Riv-
er 1895

D Aragon 8 39 29 ne^, ne% of Part formerly Harriaon.

nw^ Oliver Iron Mining
9 39 29 n% of nw% Co P

I Arenson 23 43 35 e^ of nw^ Republic Iron & Steel

of 8e% Co U

I Armenia 23 43 32 e^ of se^ Crystal Falls Iron Min-
ing Co. (Corrigan Mc-
Kinney & Co.) 1914

F Badger (Wis.) ....34 40 18H2 se^ of se% 1900

I Baker 31 , ' ' 8^ of 8W% Crystal Falls Iron Min-
ing Co. (Corrigan. Mc-
Kinney & Co.) P

X Balkan 13; . t^'.res in Part formerly Mastodon.

se% of nw^, Balkan Mining Co.
ne%, ne^ of (Pickands, Mather &
nw!4 Co.) P

I Baltic 7 ^49 34 w^ of w^ Verona Mining Co.

(Pickands, Mather &
Co.) P

I Bates 19 43 34 nw% Bates Iron Co. (M. A.

Hanna & Co.) P

I Bengal 3G 43 35 n^ of se% Verona Mining Co.

(Pickands, Mather &
«" Co.) P

I Berkshire 6 42 34 nw% of sw%, Brule Mining Co. (Ogle-

sw% of nw% bay, Norton & Co.).. 1913

J Beta 26 43 35 ne% of 8w% 1891

I Blair 29 43 34 sw% Crystal Falls Iron Min-
ing Co. (Corrigan, Mc-
Klnney & Co.) U

nBreen 22 39 28 nw% of ne%,

^ ni^ of nw% Mineral Mining Co 1907

D Brier Hill 9 39 29 s% of nw% Now in Penn Group;

connected with West
Vulcan, 1892

I Bristol 19 43 32 e% of 8e% Formerly Claire. Bristol

Mining Co. (oglebay,
Norton A Co.) P

F Buckeye (Wis.) ...33 40 18E s% of se% Reserve Mining Co.

(Oglebay, Norton &
Co.) P

I Buckholtz 27 43 35 ne% of se^ Enterprise Mining Co.. D

D Calumet 8 41 28 seVi of nw%.

8W% of ne% 1884

I Carpenter 31 43 32 n^ of sw% Hollister Mining Co.

(M. A. Hanna ft Co.) P

Digitized byVjOOQlC

LAKE SUPERIOR MINING mSTITUTE

261

Property

See T R

Description

Opemtinff Company (Sales Asents)

Nevada Land Co U

Verona Mining Go.
(Plckands, Mather ft
Co.) P

Now in Penn Group;
east part connected
with East Vulcan,
1892

Part formerly Hamilton
and Ludington. Oliver
Iron Mining Co P

Part formerly Riverton.

Brule Mining Co.
• (Oglebay, Norton ft

Co.) P

Munro Mining Co.

(Rogers, Brown Iron

Co.) P

w Bristol 1898

.oine Ore Co. (Ogle-
ay, Norton & Co.).. P
rmerly Shafer ft Shel-
don, Union. Crystal
Falls Iron Mining Co.
(Conigan McKinney
^ & Co.) 1912

1892
Antoine Ore Co. (Ogle-
bay, i^orton ft Co.).. 1887
Brule Mining Co. (Ogle-
••ay Norton ft Co.) ... U
1913
1909
1900

1909
Now in Penn Group;
connected with West

Vulcan, 1892

Now in Penn Group 1892

Same as Field

Davidson Ore Mining
Co. (New York State
Steel Co.) P

Formerly Goodman .
Davidson Ore Mining
Co. (New York State
Steel Co.) P

Verona Mining Co.
(Pickands. Mather ft
Co.) u

I Carpenter 13

^ Caspian 1

D Central Vulcan 10

D Chapin 30

25
I Chatham 35

I Chicagon 23

I Claire 19

D Clifford 20

I Columbia 31 43 32

8W% of nw%

ne%

part of entire
section

8W%, SW% Of

8e%

n% of se%,
se% of se%

e% of ne%,
ne% of se^

•35

w^ of nw%
of nw%

sw^ of se^

wMj of ne%,
se% of ne%
ne% of se%

e^ of sei

n^ of r

nwW

p Commonwealth

(Wis.) 34 40 18Esw%

D Cornell 20 40 30 lots 3. 4

I Corry 6 42 34 ne% of 8W%

I Cortland 34 43 35 e% of se%

I Crystal Falls 21 43 32 e% of ne%

D Cuff 22 40 30 sw%

D Cundy 3 39 30 n% of ne%,

ne!4 of nw%

D Curry 9 39 29 w% of ne%

D Cyclops 5 39 29 s% of se»4

F Davidson

(Wis.) 34 40 18B nw% of se%

I Davidson No. 1 23 43 35 ne^ of nw^

I Davidson No. 2 14 43 35 w^ of se^

I DeGrasse 7 42 34 ne%

Digitized byVjOOQlC

262

LIST OF IRON MINING PROPERTIES

Property

See T R

Description Opcrmtinff Company (Sales Asents)

I Delphic 24

I Dober 1

I Dunn 1

D East Vulcan 11

jy Emmett . . •. 22

J Erickson 21

p Ernst (Wis.) 27

I Fairbanks 20

D Federal 25

DFew 6

F Field (Wis.) 34

F Florence (Wis.) ..20
I Fogarty 1

42 33 ne^ of sw%

42 35 nw^

42 33 w^ of nw^

43 33 8^ of se^

39 29 sw^, s^ of
se^

39 28 ne^ of ne%
43 34 sw^

40 18E sw^ of sw^

43 32 ne% of se)4
40 31 s^ of nw^,
n^ of sw^

39 29 8^ of nw!4

40 18E nw^ of se^

40 18E ne^ of se^,

se^ of ne%

42 35 se% of se^

1887
Oliver Iron Mining Co.. P
Dunn Iron Mining Ck).
(Corrigan^ McKinney
& Co.) P

Now in Penn Group.... 1892
1881
Cleveland-Cliffs Iron Co. U
Florence Iron Co. (M.

A. Hanna & Co.) P

Now Paint River 1883

Oliver Iron Mining Co.

I Forbes 14 43 35 e% of 8w%

D Forest 25

I Genesee 30

I Gibson 15

I Goodman 13

I Goodman 14

I Great Western 21

I Great Western
Extension ...

.21

D Groveland 31

Half and Half

D Hamilton 30

J) Harrison 8

I Hemlock 4

Hersel

J) Hewitt 31

I Hiawatha 35

I HUl Top 28

40 30 ne^ of sw^
43 32 se!4

44 33 nw^ of nw%

42 33 nw^ of sw^

42 33 e^ of se^

43 35 w^ o; se%
43 32 e^ of sw^

43 32 sw^ of se^
42 29 n^ of ae%

40 30 n^ of 8w^

39 29 8^ of ne^

44 33 sw^ of 8W14

40 30 nw^ of ne^»

ne^ of nw^
43 35 sw^ of 86)4

43 3? sw% of nw%,
l9t 3

1910

Same as Davidson
(Wis.)

Florence Iron Co. (M.
A. Hanna & Co.).... 1913

Verona Mining Co.
(Pickands. Mather &
Co.) P

Jones & Laughlin Ore

Co P

1904

Crystal Falls Iron Min-
ing Co. (CoMgan Mc-
Kinney & Co.) 191J

1911

Nevada Land Co

Now Davidson No. 2...

Crystal Falls Iron Min-
ing Co. (Corrigan, Mc-
Kinney ft Co.)

CrysUl Fal!s Iron Mln-
Co. (Corrigan, Mc-
Kinney ft Co.)

Lake Erie Ore Co

Picked from old rock
piles

Now part of Chapin

Now part of Aragon...

Hemlock River Mining
Co. (Pickands, Mather
& Co.)

1912
ISOS

1913

1891
1S9.>
1897

1S90

Now Millie 18S0

Munro Mining Co. (Rog-
ers, Brown Iron Co.) . . P

Cu^hoga Mining Ck).. , . . f

Digitized byVjOOQlC

LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE

263

Property

S«c T R Description Opentinff CkMnpany (Sales Agents)

I Hollister .
I Homer . . .

.13 43 32
.23 43 35

I Hope 27 43 32

D Indiana 27 40 30

I Iron River 35 43 35

36 43 35

I Isabella 36 43 35

I James
I JudsoD

D Keel Ridge
I KimbaU ...
I Konwinskl

...23 43 35

...13 42 33

...32 40 30

...29 43 33

...23 43 35

1 Lament 20 43 32

I Lee Peck 20 43 32

I Lincoln 21 43 32

D Loretto 7 39 28

I Lot 3 20 42 32

D Lowell 11 39 29

D Ludington
I. Manhattan
I Mansfield .

X Mastodon

I McDonald

I McGillis ..

I McGovern

..25 40 31

.13 42 33

.17 43 31

20 43 31

.13 42 33

.23 43 32

. 1 42 35

.22 43 35

D Metropolitan
I Michaels

.32 42 28
.29 43 34

I Michigan 9 44 33

D Millie 31 40 30

I Minckler 23 43 35

1 Monitor 20 49 35

w^ of sw^ Hollister Mining Co.

(M. A. Hanna & Co.). 1911
w^ of nw%, Wickwlafe Mining Co.
nw% of sw% (Wick wire Steel Co.) D

e% of se% Formerly Wauneta 1893

ne% of ne% Thomas Furnace Co P

e^ of ne% Later part oif Riverton,
w^ of nw^ part now in Chatham. 1899
sw% of sw% Formerly part of River-
ton. Oliver Iron Min-
ing Co 1900

Now Osana 1910

n^ of ne%

se^ af nw%

except 5 acres,

ne% of sw%

se^

se% of se%

8w% of ne!4*

8e% of nw%

lot 6

8W% of ne%

w% of sw%

Judson Mining Co. (Ne-

fvada Land Co.)

Now* part of Pewabic.

Now Wauseca . . .
Formerly Monitor

1899
1907

1911
1910
1889

w% of sw%,
sw^ of nw^
lot 3
s^ of sw^

n^ of se%,
se% of se^
nw% of se^

lot 5

lot 8

8^ of ne^

se% of ne^

ne% of se^

e% of neM

n% of ne%
Be%

ne% of nw^
nwi4 of ne%,
ne^ of nw^

ne% of sw%
w^ of nw%
of se%
lot 6

Crystal Falls Iron Min-
ing Co. (Corrigan, Mc-
Kinney & Co.)

Loretto Iron Co. (M. A.
Hanna & Co.)

Later part of East Vul-
can, now in Penn
Group

Now part of Chapin..
Same as South Masto-
don

1908

1882

Now part of Balkan

Oliver Iron Mining Co. .

Wickwire Mining Co.

(Wickwire Steel Co.).

Crystal Falls Iron Min
ing Co. (Corrigan, Mc-
Kinney & Co.)

Oliver Iron Mining Co. .

Formerly Hewitt. Desau
Mining Co. (M. A.
Hanna & Co.)

Republic Iron & Steel
Co

Npw Lament

1894
1890

1911

1895

1913

U
1888

U
P

1909
U

1894

Digitized byVjOOQlC

264

LIST OF IRON MINING PROPERTIES

Property

Sec T R

DcaeripUon

Opcntiiiff Company (Sak 1 A<ciit»l

I Monongahela

...36 43

D Munro 6 39

I Nan&imo 26 43

1 Neely 12 42

D Northwestern .. ..32 42

D Norway 6 39

1 Osana 23 43

I Paint Rfver 20 48

D Penn Group 6 39

6 39

9 3i9

10 39

11 39

D Perkins 4 39

Perry

D Pewabic 32 40

I Pufcell 14 43

D Quinnesec 34 40

1 Ravenna 19 43

I Riverton 35 43

36 43

I Rogers 29 43

D Saginaw 4 39

I Selden 35 43

I Sheldon and

Shafer 31 43

I Sheriden 26 43

I Sherwood 23 43

I South Mastodon ...13 42

I Spies 24 43

D Stephenson 4 39

33 n% of ne^»
se^ of ne%
ne% of nw^

29 nw^ of se^,
ne!4 of sw%

36 nw% of sw%
33 n^ of ne%,
ne% of nw^

28 n^ of nw!4

29 n^ of se^
35 n% of ne%

35
35

Hollister Mining Co. (M.
A. Hanna & Co.) l^C

Munro Mining Co.
(Rogers, Brown Iron
Co.) ir.2

Mineral Mining Co.... mi

32 ne% of 8W%,
lot 5

29 s%

29 e% of 86%

29 w% of ne%,
Bw^, of ne^r
B% of nw%,
nw% of se^,
e% of 80%

29 entire

29 6W%. 8% of

29 8W% of sw%

30 entire

35 w% of sw%

30 86%

32 8% of n%.

8W%

W% of 86%

35 6% of ne%
35 w% of w%

34 ne%

CleYeland-ClUEs Iron Co.

Now in Penn Group —
Formerly James. Miner-
al Mining Co. (Pick-
ands, Mather ft Co.) . .
Formerly Fairbanks ...

U
1903

18?!

P
189!

Formerly East Vulcan,
Central Vulcan, West
Vulcan Curry,. Brier
Hill, Norway, Cyclops.
Penn Iron Mining Co.
(Cambria Steel Co.) . .

29 8w% of sw%
35 ne% of 86%

32 nw%

Formerly Saginaw — 1S91
18S'>

Pewabic Co. (Pickands,
Mather & Co.) P

isn

1910

Hollister Mining Co.
(M. A. Hanna ft Co.) P

Part formerly Iron Riv-
er, part now in Chat-
ham, and IsabeHa... 1^^-

Munro Mining Ca
(Rogers, Brown Iron
Co.) P

Now Perkins 1*''

Now part of Chatham.. 1SS5

Formerly Union
Columbia

now

86% of S<B%

86% of n6%, Republic Iron

1894
190"}

ne% of 86%
nw% of 86%

Steel

Co ^

Same as Manhattan.... 1^^

35 6% of nw% Cl6velaii4'<7Uft^ Ir^D 9^- ^'

29 nw% of 8w%

Digitized byVjOOQlC

LA&t &\JPEki6K MINING INSTITUTE

265

Proi»erl> S«c T R Description

D Sturgeon River 7 39 28

I Tobin 30 43 32

D Traders 17 40 30

I TuUy 36 43 35

I Union 31 43 32

D Verona 14 39 29

I Victoria 22 43 32

I Virgil 24 43 35

D Vivian 34 40 30

D Walpole 29 40 30

30 40 30

31 40 30
I Warner 9 44 33

I Wauneta 27 43 32

I Wauseca 23 43 36

D West Vulcan 9 39 29

I White 20 43 34

I Wickwire 35 43 35

I Young 6 42 34

I Youngs 12 42 35 e% of e%

I Youngstown 20 43 32 w% of 8W%

I Zimmerman 7 42 34 e^ of nw%

Opcntinff CkNBi»any (Sal«B Aflrents)

Now Appleton 1879

Crystal Falls Iron Min-
ing Co. (Corrigan, Mc-
Kinney & Co.) 191d

Antoine Ore Co. (Ogle-
bay. Norton k Ce.).. 1907

Crystal Falls Iron Min-
ing Co. (Corrigan, Mc-
Kinney & Co.) P

Later Sheldon and Shaf-

er, now Columbia 1882

1904

Cuyhoga Mining Co P

Wickwire Mining Co.
(Wickwire Steel Co.) 1914
1912

1891
Hemlock River Mining
Co. (PickandSp Mather

A Co.) D

Now Hope 1887

Formerly Konwinski.
Mineral Mining Co.
(PickandSp Mather &
Co.) P

Now in Penn Group 1892

Swallow and Hopkins.. U
Wickwire Mining Co.

(Wickwire Steel Co.) . P
Verona Mining Co.
(PickandSp Mather &

Co.) U

1913
1887

ne^ of 8W%

sw%

8% Of SW%

8% Of se^

nw%

n% of ne^
nw^ of nw%
sw^ of nw^

s^ of sw^
8^ of Bhi
e^ of se^
e^ of ne%
e^ of se^

e% of se!4
8W% of ne^p
se% of nw^

8e% of ne%,
nw% of se^
e% of Be%
e^ of nw%
nw% of ne%,
ne^ of nw^
8% of sw%

Spring
Co..

Valley Mining

Gogebic Range.

Properties in Michigan are in Grogebic county, in Wiscon-
sin in Iron county.

Property Sec T R Description Operetinsr Ck>inpany (Sales Agents)

/Ida

Alpha

.17 47 46 8%

9 47 45 e% of nw%

Formerly Ruby, Ironton,
and Federal, now Pur-
itan, Ironton, and Wi-
nona 1903

Part now in Pike 1895

Digitized byVjOOQlC

266

LIST OF IRON MINING PROPERTIES

Property

See T R

Deseriptioii Operating Company (JSaleB A^wte)

Anvil 14 47 46 ne%

Ashland

..22

8% of 8W%

part of nV&
of nw%

Asteroid

..13

ne%

Atlantic (Wis.) . .

.. 1

8% of ne%,
11% of 8e%.
8W% of se^.
e% of 8W%,
sw% of 8W%

nw% of nw%

Aurora

..23

e% of sw%

Bessemer (Wis.)

Blue Jacket

.. 8

8e%

Bonnie

..13

se% of se%

ne%

Brotherton

.. 9

n% of 8e%,
se^ of ne%

Gary (Wis.) ....

..26

nw%

n% of ne%

8e% of ne%.
ne% of 8e%

Castile 10 47 45 e%

Chicago 8 47 45 e% ot ne%

9 47 45 w% of nw%

Colby 16 47 46 ne%

Comet 11 47 45 s% of 8W%

Crown Point 9 47 45 n% of se!4

Dangler 13 47 46 w% of nw%

Davis 19 47 46 n% of nw%

East Norrie 23 47 47 w% of sw%

Eureka 13 47 46 n% of nw%

Federal 17 47 46 e% of se%

First National 19 47 46 nw%

Geneva 18 47 46 sw%

Germania (Wis.) ..24 46 2E s% of sw%

25 46 2E nH of nw^

Newport Mining Ck>. (M.
A. Hanna & Co.) P

Hayes Mining Co P

CastUe Mining Co.
(Oglebay, Norton A
Co.) P

Oliver Iron Mining Co.. P
Oliver Iron Mining Co.. P

Now Royal 18J"

Newport Mining Co. (M.

A. Hanna ft Co.) P

Part formerly Crown

Point. Brotherton Iron

Mining Co. (Pickands.

Mather & Co.) P

Parts formerly Kaka-
gon, Nimikon, Super-
ior, West Cary and
Windsor. Odanah Iron
Co. (Pickands, Mather
Co.) P

CastUe Mining Co.
(Oglebay, Norton ft
Co.) P

Part formerly SparU.. 1903
Corrigan, McKinney ft

Co P

Now part of Meteor.... 1&*^
Now part of Brotherton li^f
Part now In Eureka... 18^2
Formerly part of First
National. Oliver Iron

Mining Co P

Olfiver Iron Mining Co.. P
Part formerly of Dang-
ler. Castile Mining
Co. (Oglebay, Norton

& Co.) P

Later part of Ada,

now Winona ^^l

Part now in Davie.... 18«<
Oliver Iron Mining Co. . P
Harmony Iron Co-
(Hayes Mining Co.).. 1^^^

Digitized byVjOOQlC

LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE

2(>^

Property

Sec T R

Deseription Operating Company (Sales Aflrents)

Hennipin (Wis.) ..34 46
Houghton County... 11 47
Iron Belt (Wis.) ..11 45

Iron Chief 10 47

Iron King 24 47

Ironton 17 47

Jack Pot 16 47

Kakagon (Wis.) ...26 46

Keweenaw 11 47

Meteor 11 47

Mikado 18 47

Minnewawa (Wis.). 24 46

Montreal (Wis.) ...33 47

Mount Hope 24 47

Newport 24 47

Nimikon

.26 47

NoiTie 22 47

North Aurora 23 47

North Nonrie 22 47

North Pabst ......23 47

Odanah (Wis.) ....27 46

Ottawa (Wis.) ....27 46

Pabst 23 47

Palms 14 47

Pence (Wis.) 32 46

Pike 9 47

ne%

8% of sw%

ne^, se^ of

iiw%

ne% of sw%.

w% of BW%

e% of sw%

nw%

w% of se%

n% of sw^

e% of nw%

s% of se%

8W%, 8% of

nw%

nw%, nw% of
ne^

lots 4, 5

w% of ne%,
nw%

nw%

nwi4

n% of ne%

s% of se%

s% of nw%

n% of 80%

n% of ne%

e% of 8w%,
w% of se^

eMs of 8w%,
w% of 80%

8% of ne%

nw%

86%

8W% of ne%,
se% of nw%

Newport Mining Co.

1912
U

1909
Now part of Sunday

Lake 1887

Later Mount Hope, now

Newport 1889

Once part of Ada. Cor-
rigan, McKinney &

Co 1914

Formerly part of Valley 1904

Now part of Cary

Newport Mining Co U

Part formerly Comet.
Castile Mining Co.,
(Oglebay, Norton &

Co.) D

Verona Mining Co.,
(Pickands, Mather &

Co.) P

Hayes Mining Co P

Part formerly Section
33, Trimble. Montreal
Mining Co. (Oglebay,

Norton & Co.) P

Formerly Iron King,

now Newport 1891

Formerly Iron King,
Mount Hope. Newport
Mining Co. (M. A.

Hanna & Co.) P

Later Windsor, now part

of Cary 1886

Oliver Iron Mining Co. P
Oliver Iron Mining Co. P
Oliver Iron Mining Co. P
Oliver Iron Mining Co. P

Now Ottawa

Formerly Odanah. Mon-
treal Mining Co.
(Oglebay, Norton ft
Co.) P

Oliver Iron Mining Co.. P

Newport Mining Co. (M.

A. Hanna &, Co.) P

1912

Part formerly in Alpha. 1910

Digitized byVjOOQlC

268

LIST OF IRON MINING PROPERTIES

Property S«c T

Pilgrim 18 47

Plumer (Wis.) 6 45

Presque Isle 21 47

Puritan 17 47

Royal 18 47

Ruby 17 47

Section No. 3

(Wis.) 33 46

Shores iWis.) ....10 45

Detcription Opentinff Company (Sales Agents)

2E
43

46
46

2E
IE

ne% of ne^,

8% of ne%

w% of w%,

ne^ of nw%

8W%

Spari:a 9

Sunday Lake 10

80%
8W%

e% of nw%
80^4 of sw%,

80%

w% of nw%
w%

Pickands, Mather & Co.
Oliver Iron Mining (3o..

Presque Isle Mining Co.
Formerly Ruby and part

of Ada. Oliver Iron

Mining Co

Formerly Blue Jacket.

Oliver Iron Mining Co.
Later part of Ada, now

Puritan

Now part of Montreal..

U
P

1899

47 45 w% of nw% Now part of Chicago... 1895
47 45 w% Part formerly Iron

Chief. Sunday Lake
Iron Co. (Pickands,

Mather & Co.) P

Superior (Wis.) ...27 46 2E se% of ne%,

ne% of se% Now part of Cary P

Tilden 15 47 46 n% OUver Iron Mining Co. . P

Trimble (Wis.) 33 46 2E nw% of ne% Now part of Montreal..

Tylers Forks

(Wis.) 33 45 IW nw% of se%

VaUey 16 47 46 s% of nw%.

n% of sw%

Vaughn 23 47 47 n% of se%

Wakefield 16 47 45 w% of nw%,

nw% of sw%
17 47 45 s% of n%,

n% of 8%
West Colby 16 47 46 s% of nw%

West Cary (Wis.).. 26 46 2E w% of nw%
Windsor (Wis.) ...26 46 2E n% of ne%

Winona 17 47 46 e% of se%

Yale 16 47 46 s% of nw%

Part later West Colby,
now Yale, part now
Jackpot 1896

Oliver Iron Mining (^.. P

Wakefield Mining Ck>.
(M. A. Hanna ft Co.) . P

Formerly part of Valley,
now Yale 1903

Now part of Cary

Formerly Nimikon. now
part of Cary P

Formerly Federal, part
of Ada. Corrigan. Mc-
Kinney & Co 1914

Formerly part of Valley,
later West Colby

Lake Superior Iron ft
Chemical Co. (Ogle-
bay, Norton ft Co.).. P

Digitized byVjOOQlC

LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 269

REPORT OF THE FIRST ANNUAL FIRST-AID
CONTEST.

BY C. S. STEVENSON, ANNOUNCER.

Historical — Although the inception of the work of first-
aid to the injured and the use of mine rescue breathing ap-
paratus, in the Lake Superior district, followed the develop-
ment of this work in other districts, yet since the inauguration
of this w^ork four or five years ago, its development has been
rapid throughout the entire district, and at the present time
scarcely a company remains which has not given serious at-
tention to the instruction of miners in work of this character.

The development of the idea of safety in mining has per-,
haps resulted largely from the tremendous "Safety First"
movement which has invaded all industries throughout Amer-
ica within the past 10 years. In the year 191 1 and 1912 sev-
eral safety inspectors of mining companies and county mine
inspectors from Michigan and Minnesota attended the Nation-
al Mine Safety Demonstrations at Pittsburgh, Pa. These men
returned with a greater appreciation of the development of
safety work in other districts and with a renewed determina-?
tion for the fullest development of safety in mining through-
out the Lake Superior mining district. In the year 191 2 this
interest resulted in a request from the Lake Superior district,
which was presented to the Federal Bureau of Mines, asking
for the permanent establishment of a mine rescue car in the
district The Bureau of Mines acted favorably on this request
and in November, 191 2. the government instructors arrived,
followed shortly thereafter by the rescue car, which was in
course of construction. This car has up to the present time
given training throughout the entire district and the present
development of the work of first-aid to the injured and in the
use of mine rescue breathing apparatus is largely a compliment
to this governmental assistance.

In the year 191 2 the Institute appointed a Committee on
the Practice for the Prevention of Accidents and this commit-

Digitized byVjOOQlC

270 REPORT OF FIRST-AID CONTEST

tee represented the first active interest by the Institute in safe-
ty work. This committee in session with the President and
Secretary of the Institute in a meeting held at Ishpeming, on
April loth, 1914, considered the possibility of holding a joint
program in first-aid and mine rescue work in conjunction
with the American Mine Safety Association. The possibility
of having such a joint program in connection w^ith the annual
meeting of the Institute was fully discussed. However, the
plans of the Institute were such that only one day could be
devoted to this feature and as a consequence the committee
recommended holding the first-aid contest under the auspices

Treatment for Burns by the Lake Mine Team op The Cleveland-Cuffs Iron Co.

of the Institute. The report also suggested that later coopera-
tion with the American Mine Safety Association in such a
program might be given. It was further recommended that
the Institute hold a first-aid contest each year as a feature of
its annual program.

Preliminary Announcement — On June 18, 19 14, the Com-
mittee of the Institute on the Practice for the Prevention of
Accidents addressed a preliminary announcement to the min-
ing companies of the Lake Superior district to the effect that
a first-aid contest would be held at Ishpeming, Michigan, in
connection with the annual meeting of the Institute and out-
lining the rules to be followed in the contest and the discounts
for judging. These rules and discounts are given below.

Digitized byVjOOQlC

LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 2Jl

ENTRANCE RULES.

1. All entries shall close July 20th» and must be filed with Wil-
liam Conibear, Ishpeming, Michigan.

2. A team is composed of five men, including a captain.

3. Each team will select its own patient in addition to the five
operating members thereof, or will have a miner present, selected
for them.

4. All members of a team shall be bona fide mine workers.

5. The teams will bring their own first-aid material, including
bandages, splints, blankets, stretchers, etc., and will not be allowed
to leave the patient to secure material.

CONTEST RULES.

1. The captain will select the patient and designate the member
or members of the team to perform the event

2. The captain will control his team in their field of work by
giving audible commands.

3. The captain may select himself as one of the members who
will perform the event.

4. The captain or other members will not prompt the person
performing the event unless he is one of the performers. This will
not apply to full team events.

5. At the conclusion of any event the captain will raise his
right hand and announce his team number. The team will remain at
post until relieved by the judges.

G. The triangular bandage will be the standard used in the con-
test, but roller bandages may be used and equal credit will be given
for their proper use as with the triangular bandages.

7. All splints must be prepared on the field for each event re-
quiring their use. Specially designed splints may be used, but they
must be assembled during the time of each event requiring their use.

8. No practicing will be allowed on the field before the beginning
of the contest.

9. The teiams will be numbered consecutively, beginning at No. 1,
and they will occupy their consecutive positions on the field.

10. Each Judge will mark the team number, event, and discounts
for each team Judged, sign his name and deliver, to tbe recorder, his
record.

11. The recorder will foot up the discounts and mark points made
by each telam in each event. The total points will be divided by the
number of events and the quotient will be the average for each team
for the whole contest.

12. Time will not be an element unless the team or men perform-
ing run over the alloted time or fail to give treatment properly. All
events shall commence and be finished at the sounding of a gong.

13. All exception to these rules must be made to the Committee
. on the Practice for the Prevention of Accidents, Mr. Charles E.

Lawrence, Chairman, Palatka, Michigan, not later than 30 days prior

Digitized byVjOOQlC

2^2 kEPORT OF FlkST-AtD COKtEST

to the day of the contest. The decision of the Committee will be
final.

DISCOUNTS FOR JUDGING FIRST-AID CONTEST.

Discounts
(Points)

1. Not doing the most important thing first . .- S

2. Failure of captain to command properly 2

3. Slowness in work and lack of attention 4

4. Failure to entirely cover the wound or being unable to give
location of injury 4

5. Ineffective artificial respiration 10

6. Splint improperly padded or applied 2

7. Tight, loose, or improperly applied bandage 6

8. Insecure or granny knot 5

9. Unclean first-aid material 5

10. Failure to have on hand sufficient and proper material to
complete a dressing 5

11. Lack of neatness 2

12. Awkward handling of patient 5

13. Assistance lent by patient 5

14. Tourniquet improperly applied 5

15. Failure to stop bleeding 5

16. Not treating shock 5

17. Failure to be aseptic 10

18. Improper treatment 10

19. Failure to finish in the allotted time should be discounted 1
point for each minute over time.

A second announcement was distributed on July loth to
those companies who had signified their intention of entering
teams in the contest. In this announcemetit the date and place
of holding the contest was given and twenty first-aid prob-
lems were submitted from which ten were to be selected for
the contest. These problems and additional rules which were
included in this announcement are given below.

EVENTS.

No. 1. One-Man Event — Treat a lacerated wound of the forehead
and a lacerated wound in the palm of the right haad.

No. 2. One-Man Event — Treat a lacerated wound on the point of
the left shoulder and a scald of the right hland and right fore-arm.

No. 3. One-Man Event — ^Right cheek cut and bleeding; right fore-
arm <;ut and bleeding.

No. 4. One-Man Event — Treat a simple fracture of the right collar-
bone and simple fracture of the lower Jaw.

No. 5. Two-Men Event— Treat a dislocated shoulder and simple
fracture of right leg.

Digitized byVjOOQlC

LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 273

No. 6. Two-Men Event — Flesh torn off back of left hand; compound
fracture of the right arm.

No. 7. Three-Men Event — Left ear torn off; left afhoulder dislo-
cated; compound fracture of left leg.

No. 8. Three-Men Event — Head, face, neck, arms and hands burned
with ignition of acetylene gas.

No. 9. Four-Men Event — Patient unconscious from gas inhalation;
right fore-arm broken; improvise stretcher and carry 50 feet.

No. 10. Foui^Men Event — Man is found lying on his back on live
electric wire, unconscious; back burned at waist line; demonstrate
three methods of his removal, treat and carry on stretcher 50 feet.

No. 11. Team Event — Treat a broken knee-cap and a fracture of
the ribs.

No. 12. Team Event — Treat a fractured right ankle and a frac-
ture of the left upper arm.

No. 13. Team Event— Treat a man insensible from drowning. (Any
method of artificial respiration may be used.)

The Winning Team of the Hartford Mine Applying Spunts for a Fractured Thigh.

No. 14. Teem Event — Treat a man; insensible from gas or smoke.
(Any method of artificial respiration may be used.)

No. 15. Team Event — Treat a broken back.

No. 16. Team Event — Treat a compound fracture of the middle
third of the right thigh accompanied by violent bleeding.

No. 17. Team Event — Left leg cut off six inches below knee;
simple fracture of right leg.

No. 18. Team Event — Right hand cut off by motor wheels; dislo-
cated left hip.

No. 19. Team Event — Simple fracture of right thigh; fifth and
sixth ribs on left side broken; compound fracture of right wrist, with
bright red blood bleeding.

No. 20. Team Event — Simple fracture of both fore-arms; great toe
on right foot cut off; treat and two men carry 50 feet without stretcher.

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274

REPORT OF FIRST-AID CONTEST

The teams entered will be numbered consecutively. Those having
even numbers will perform even numbered events and those having
odd numbers will perform odd numbered events. Each team will be
identified on the field by a number worn by the Captain, the same
corresponding to the number on the primed list of teams on the final
program.

The beginning and closing of each event will be designated by the
sounding of a gong.

Judging — It was decided by the Committee to procure three
men for judges of the contest who were in no way identified
with the mining industry of the district and who as well were
thoroughly informed in first-aid methods and contests. The
three men finally selected were as follows :

Dr. A. F. Knoefel, Vice President and Chief Surgeon of
the Vandalia Coal Company, Linton, Ind.

Mr. R. Y. Williams, Director, lUinois Miners' and Me-
chanics' Institute, Urbana, Ills.

Mr. G. H. Hawes, Rescue Engineer, Pittsburgh, Pa.

These men performed their duties in an admirable manner
and expressed themselves after the contest as being most fav-
orably impressed with the standard of first-aid work in this
district. The Institute is highly appreciative of the very val-
uable services of these three men. A score card was prepared
for the use of the judges which simplified their duties very
greatly. A copy of this score card is given below.

First Annual First Aid Contest

LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE.

Score Card

(Reduced) Team N

3 ,

Discounts

1011

i2;i3

Grade for Ev'Dt

Event No.

—

(( (t

(( i(

t( . ((

—

(» (t

Final Grade

Program — The ten problems selected for the contest and
the mining companies represented together with the personnel
of the teams were given in a special program which was dis-
tributed on the morning of the day of the contest. This
program is given below.

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 275

ORDER OF EVENTS.

No. 1. One-Man Event — Treat a lacerated wound of the forehead
and a lacerated wound in the palm of the right hand. (6 minutes.)

No. 2. One-Man Event — Treat a simple fracture of the right collar-
bone and simple fracture of the lower jaw. (G minutes.)

No. 3. Three-Men Event — Left ear torn oft; left shoulder dislo-
cated; compound fracture of left leg. (12 minutes.)

No. 4. Three-Men Event — Head, face, neck, arms and hands burned
with ignition of acetylene gas. (10 minutes.)

No. 5. Team Event — Treat a man insensible from drowning. (Any
method of artificial respiration may be used.) (5 minutes.)

No. C. Team Event — Treat a man insensible from gas or smoke.
(Any method of artificial respiration may be used.) (5 minutes.)

No. 7. Team Event — Treat a broken back. (12 minutes.)

A General View Showing the Teams in Line at the Beginning of the Contest.

No. 8. Team Event — Treat a compound fracture ol the middle
third of the right thigh accompanied by violent bleeding. (10 min-
utes.)

No. 9. Team Event — Right hand cut oft by motor wheels; dislocat-
ed left hip. (12 minutes.)

No. 10. Team Evcnt^Simple fracture of right thigh; fifth and
sixth ribs on left side broken; compound fracture of right wrist, with
bright red blood bleeding. (12 minutes.)

Each team will be identified on the field by a number worn by the
Captain; the same corresponding to the number on the printed list
of teams on this program. Teams having even numbers will perform
even numbered events and those having odd numbers will perform
odd numbered events.

The beginning and clQSing of each event will be designated by
sounding of a gong.

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276 REPORT OF FIRST-AID CONTEST

Announcer.

C. S. Stevenson, Educational Director, The Cleveland-Cliffs Iron
Co., Ishpemlng, Michigan:

Time-Keoper.

W. M. Webb, Safety Inspector, Republic Iron & Steel Co., Gilbert,
Minnesota.

Companies Represented and Personnel of Teams.

No. I Team — Oliver Iron Mining Co., Gogebic Range. Cap-
tain, Edward Hancock, Thomas Sampson,
William J. Sampson, Herman Kekoletic,
George Bowater and Thomas Mills, (sub-
ject.)

No. 2 Team — Cleveland-Cliffs Iron Co., Lake Mine, Ishpeni-
ing. Captain, Xavier Pepin, Wm. Wilcox,
Thomas Home, Richard Lemin, Wm. Ben-
nett and Edward Mandley, (subject.)

No. 3 Team — Pickands, Mather & Co., Mesabi Range. Cap-
tain, James R. Fayle, Greorge Crago, Reginald
Coombs, Wm. Glanville, Maunce Westerlund
and Oscar Creer, (subject.)

No. 4 Team — Republic Iron & Steel Co., Mesabi Range,
Captain, H. S. Hammond, P. Donahue, James
Bresnahan, B. C. Hanson, Thos. Sheardy and
F. R. Kane, (subject.)

No. 5 Team — Oliver Iron Mining Co., Marquette Range.
Captain, Harry T. Hulst, William Hatch,
Chas. K. Doney, William Mitchell William
Richards and Horace Jewell, (subject.)

No. 6 Team — Cleveland-Cliffs Iron Co., Gwinn District
Captain, Sidney Harvey, William Johns, W.
H. Matthews, Joseph Andrews, Agner Blom-
quist and WiUiam Goyen, (subject.)

No. 7 Team — Republic Iron & Steel Co., Maiquette Range.
Captain, Paul Mitchell, James Davey, An-
toine Cesare, George Cumow and John Ga-
viglio.

No. 8 Team — Newport Mining Co., Gogebic Range. Cap-
tain, Axel Holmgren, Joe Winn, Ernest Russ,
Arthur Westergren, Tony Petruscak and Ot-
to Peterson, (subject.)

No. 9 Team — Clev'eland-CHffs Iron Co., Maas Mine, Ne-
gaunee. Captain, Thomas Easterbrook, Ben

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 2^^

Remaly, James Hawke, Joseph Gambetti,
and Wni. Waters, (subject.)
No. ID Team — Pickands, Mather & Co., Iron River District,
Captain, James Johns, Kyme Scuflfham, John
G. WilHams, John Manning, Dan Cummings
and William Bengry, Jr., (subject.)
No. II Team — Cleveland-Cliffs Iron Co., Negaunee Mine,
Negaunee. Captain, J. S. McNabb, Samuel
Stephens, Knock Vincent, George Whitting-
ton, Arthur Olson and Fred Staples, (sub-
ject.)
No. 12 Team — The Breitung Iron Co., Marquette Range.
Captain, Fred Royce, Will Thomas, Herman
Burgeson, Albert Larson and John Donni-
thome.
Prizes — The Institute is greatly indebted to several firms
and societies who presented valuable prizes to winning teams,
in addition to the fifty dollars in gold which the Institute has
decided to offer annually. These prizes were as follows :

E. I. DuPont DeNemours Powder Co., — Fifty Dollars in
Gold.

The Pluto Powder Co., Ishpeming, Michigan — Six Silk
Umbrellas, with appropriately engraved silver mounted han-
dles.

The American Mine Safety Association — Bronze Medals.
The Draeger Oxygen Apparatus Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. — A
Self Rescue Apparatus, valued at $50.00.

The cash prizes offered were combined and distributed as
is shown below :

First Prize — Five Bronze Medals and $50.03 Cash.
Second Prize — Six Silk Umbrellas and $30.00 Cash.
Third Prize — One Self-Rescue Apparatus and $20.00 Cash.
Decision of the Judges — The decision of the judges was
not made known at the immediate close of the contest but some
two hours afterward at a baseball game, which was given for
the entertainment of the members of the Institute, the mem-
bers of the first-aid teams and their friends. Previous to the
announcment of the judges it was necessary to work off a tie
existing for third place. Three teams, as follows, were tied
for this position :

The Oliver Iron Mining Company, Ishpeming, Michigan*
The Newport Iron Company, Ironwood, Michigan.

Digitized byVjQOQlC

278 REPORT OF FIRST-AID CONTEST

The Cleveland-Cliffs Iron Company, Maas Mine, Xegau-
nee, Michigan.

The judges selected the following problem to decide the
winner of third place :

Treat a fractured knee-cap of the right leg
and a right heel cut off.

As a result of this second contest, the team of the Oliver
Iron Mining Company, Ishpeming district, was declared the
winner of third place. Between innings of the basel3all game
Dr. A. F. Knoefel, first vice president of the VandaHa Coal
Comi>any, and chief surgeon of that organization, in a well
chosen speech, delivered in front of the grandstand, announced
the names of the winning teams and presented the prizes to
the captains. The decision of the judges gave first prize to
the RepubHc Iron & Steel Co.-Hartford Mine team, Xegau-
nee, Mich.; second prize to The Cleveland-Cliffs Iron Co.-
Negaunee Mine team, Negaunee, Mich. : and third prize to the
Oliver Iron Mining Co. Ishpeming team, Ishpeming, Mich.

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LAKJE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE

279

PAST OFFICERS.

PRESIDENTS.

Nelson P. Hulst 1893

J. Parke Channing 1894

John Duncan 1895

William G. Mather 1896

William Kelly 1898

Graham Pope 1900

W. J. Olcott 1901

Walter Fitch 1902

George H. Abeel 1903

(No meetings were held

O. C. Davidson 1904

James MacNaughton 1905

Thomas F. Cole 1906

Murray M. Duncan 1908

D. E. Sutherland 1909

William J. Richards 1910

F. W. Denton 1911

Pentecost Mitchell 1912

W. H. Johnston 1(913

in 1897, 1899 and 1907.)

VICE PRESIDENTS.

1893.

John T. Jones

Graham Pope

F. P. Mills

J. Parke Channing
1894.

M. W. Burt

John T. Jones

Graham Pope

F. P. Mills

R. A. Parker

1895.

W. J. Olcott

F. McM. Stanton

Per Larsson

Geo. A. Newett

R. A. Parker
1896.

W. J. Olcott

F. McM. Stanton

Per Larsson

Geo. A. Newett

J. F. Armstrong
1898.

Geo. H. Abeel

E. F. Brown

Walter Fitch

James B. Cooper

Ed. Ball
1900.

Geo. H. Abeel

0. C. Davidson

J. H. McLean

T. F. Cole

M. M. Duncan
1901.

F. W. Denton

J. H. McLean

F. W. Denton

M. M. Duncan

Nelson P. Hulst
1902.

William Kelly

H. F. Ellard

Nelson P. Hulst

Fred SmitU

Wm. H. Johnston

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28o

PAST OFFICERS OF THE INSTITUTE
1903.

H. F. Ellard

Wm. H. Johnston

Fred Smith

James B. Cooper

John H. McL»ean

H. F. Ellard

1904.

John H. McLiean

Wm. H. Johnston

Fred Smith

James a Cooper

M. M. Duncan

1905.

John H. McLean

Fred M. Prescott

F. W. McNair

J. B. Cooper

M. M. Duncan

1906.

F. W. McNair

J. M. Longyear

Fred M. Prescott

F. W. Denton

J. M. Longyear

1908.

D. B. Sutherland

F. W. Denton

David T. Morgan

Norman W. Haire

W. J. Richards

1909.

D. E. Sutherland

Charles Trezona

D. T. Morgan

W. J. Richards

1910.

Charles Trezona

John M. Bush

Frederick W. Sperr

- James H. Rou^

E. D. Brigham
John M. Bush

1911.
Frederick W. Sperr

C. H. Munger
James H. Rough

E. D. Brigham
Geo. H. Abeel

1912.
W. P. Chinn

C. H. Munger
W. H. Jobe

Geo. H. Abeel

1913.

A. D. Edwards

Francis J. Webb

W. P. Chinn
MANAGERS.

W. H. Jobe

John Duncan
Walter Fitch

1893.
William Kelly

James MacNaughton
Charles Munger

Walter Fitch

1894.

C. M; Boss

John Duncan

M. E. Wadflworth

0. C. Davidson

F. P. Mills

1895.

C. M. Boss

Ed. Ball

M. E. Wadswortb

O. C. Davidson

F. P. Mills
Ed. Ball

1896.
C. H. Munger

Graham Pope
WlUii^m Kelly

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 28l

M. M. Duncan

1898.

Graham Pope

J. D. Gilchrist

T. P. Cole

0. C. Davidson

E. P. Brown

1900.

Walter Pitch

Ed. Ball

James B. Cooper

George H. Abeel

James B. Cooper

1901.

James Clancey

James MacNaughton

(One Vacancy)

J. L. Greatsinger

James Clancey

1902-

Graham Pope

J. L. Greatsinger

Amos Shephard

T. P. Cole

Graham Pope

1903.

T. P. Cole

Amos Shephard

W. J. Richards

John McDowell

1904.

Thomas P. Cole

Wm. J. Richards

Graham Pope

Amos Shephard

John C. Greenway

1905.

H. B. Sturtevant

John McDowell

William Kelly

Wm. J. Richards

John C. Greenway

1906.

H. B. Sturtevant

Jas. R. Thompson

William Kelly

Pelix A. Vogel

James R. Thompson

1908.

J. Ward Amberg

Felix A. Vogel

John C. Greenway

Pentecost Mitchell

P. E. Keese

1909.

J. Ward Amberg

W. J. Uren

L. M. Hardenburg

Pentecost Mitchell

Prank E. Keese

1910.

L. M. Hardenburg

Charles B. Lawrence

William J. Uren

William J. West

Charles E. Lawrence

1911.

William J. West

Peter W. Pascoe

J. B. Cooper

L. C. Brewer

M. H. Godfrey

1912.

J. E. Jopling

Peter Pascoe

J. B. Cooper

L. C. Brewer

M. H. Godfrey

1913.

J. E. Jopling

G. S. Barber

Wm. H. Johnston
TREASURERS.

C. H. Baxter

C, M. Boss

1893

A. C. LAne

1894

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282 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED

Geo. D. Swift 1895-1896

A. J. Yungbluth ". 1898-1900

Geo. H. Abeel 1901-1902

E. W. Hopkins 1903-

SECRETARIES.

P. W. Denton 1893-1896

P. W. Denton and F. W. Sperr 1898

P. W. Sperr 1900

A. J. Yungbluth 1901-

LIST OP PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED BY THE INSTITUTE.

American Institute of Mining Engineers, 99 John Street, New
York City.

Mining and Metallurgical Society of America, 505 Pearl Street,
New York City.

American Society of Civil Engineers, 220 West 57tli Street, New
York City.

Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Mass.

Western Society of Engineers, 1734-41 Monadnock Block, Chicago.

The Mining Society of Nova Scotia, Halifax, N. S.

Canadian Mining Institute, Ottawa.

Canadian Society of Civil Engineers, Montreal.

Institute of Mining Engineers, Neville Hall, Newcastle Upon-Tyne,
England.

North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Ehigineers,
Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, England.

Chemical, Metallurgical and Mining Society of South Africa, Jo-
hannesburg, S. A.

American Mining Congress, 1510 Court Place, Denver, Colo.

State Bureau of Mines, Colorado, Denver, Colo.

Reports of the United States Geological Survey, Washington, D. C.

Geological Survey of Ohio State University, Columbus, O.

Geological Survey of New South Wales, Sydney, N. S. W.

Oklahoma Geological Survey, Norman, Okla.

University of Oregon, Library, Eugene, Oregon.

Case School of Applied Science, Department of Mining & Metal-
lurgy, Cleveland, Ohio.

University of Illinois, Exchange Department, Urbana, 111b.

University of Missouri, Columbia, Mo.

University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.

University of Colorado, Boulder. Colo.

Columbia University, New York City, N. Y.

University of Pittsburg. State Hall, Pittsburg, Pa.

Iowa State College, Ames, Iowa.

The Mining Magazine, 178 Salisbury House, London, E. C.

Mines and Mining, 1824 Curtis Street, I>enver, Colo.

Engineering-Contracting, 355 Dearborn Street, Chicago, Ills.

Mining & Engineering World, Monadnock Block, Chicago, Ills.

Mining Science, Denver Colo.

Mining & Scientific Press, 667 Howard Street, San Francisco, Cal.

The Mexican Mining Journal, Mexico City, Mexico.

Stahl und Eisen. Dusseldorf, Germany, Jacobistrasse 5.

The Ex<5a,vating Engineer, 267 National Avenue, Milwaukee. Wis.

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE

283

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IDLE AND DEVELOPING MINES

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE

285

ABANDONED MINES ON MARQUETTE RANGE.

(Partilally Complete.)

Albion

Etna

Man^nese

Piatt

Ames

Fitch

Marine

Primrose

Argyle

Foster

Metropolitan

Richards

Asteroid

Foxdale

Mlchigamme

Riverside

Barassa

Franklin

Michigan

Ropes

Bay State

Gibson

Milwaukee-Davis

Saginaw

Beaufort

Goodrich

Mitchell

Schouldice

Bessie

Grand Rapids

Moore

Spurr

Brotherton

Grant

Nelson

Star West

Bunker Hill

Himrod

New York

Standard

Catherine

Holyoke

Northampton

St Lawrence

Cheshire

Hortense

Norwood

Tilden

Dalllba

Humboldt

Ogden

Titan

Detroit

Jhn Pascoe

Old Champion

Webster

Dey

Keystone

Palmer

Wheeling

East New York

iKloman

PendiU

Whetmore

Edison

Lincoln

Phoenix

Erie

Magnetic

Pioneer

IRON ORE 8HIPMENT8 FROM MARQUETTE RANGE.
PROM Ikon Trade Rbview

Mine— 1913. All Years.

American 162,253 894.167

AusUn 107.366 936,599

Breitung Hematite 104.757 782.144

Cambria 169.473 2,817.842

Chase 52.930 52,930

Cleveland-Cliffs Group (Ishpeming Mines) 997.520 24.752,424

Empire 28,634 345,366

Imperial 37 542 636,533

Jackson 1,519 4,029,833

Lake Angeline ? 104,357 8,950,359

Lake Superior 203,964 15,831,604

Lloyd 135,746 208,216

Lucy 2,025 622,110

Maas 170,705 670.595

Mary Charlotte 264,120 2123,061

Milwaukee-Davis 10,412 515,898

Mitchell 15,970 114,794

Morris 18,394 19.680

Negaunee 326,877 4,924,546

Princeton 53,476 1,604,778

Queen Group 298,504 7,170,635

Republic 137,063 6 751,142

Richmond 138,394 1,088,761

Rolling Mill 163,286 1,069,764.

Stegmiller 45,431 230,227

Stephenson 96,279 788,198

Volunteer 47,698 1,527,143

Washington; 60,581 352,032

Shipped prior to 1913 by mines now idle 12,736 192

Totals 3,966,680 107.298,821

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286

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BIOGRAPHICAL

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 289

James B. Cooper.

Born at Springwells, which is now a part of the City of
Detroit, in 1859. He was a son of James R. Cooper. Re-
ceived his early education in the public schools of Detroit, be-
ing graduated in 1877. He left shortly after for Hancock,
Michigan, to take a position with the old Detroit & Lake Su-
perior Copper Company at its smelter. His father had pre-
ceded him to the copper country several years before to as-
sume the management of the smelter at Hancock. The elder
Cooper was one of the world's greatest copper smelters and
the son followe<l in the paths of his father.

After two years' work at the smelter, James B. Cooper
decided to increase his technical knowledge and spent one year
at the University of Rochester, N. Y., returning to the Han-
cock smelter, where he held the position of foreman until 1888.
In that year his standing as a smelterman was recognized and
he was placed in charge of the old Parrott smelter at Bridge-
port, Conn. In 1890 he returned to the copper country to
assume the management of the Calumet & Hecla smelter at
South Lake Linden, now Hubbell, where he resided contin-
uously until his death.

Mr. James B. Cooper was one of the authorities on cop-
l>er smelting of this country and he worked incessantly to
get his product on the market in a degree of fineness that
could not be approached by the copper of competitors. The
excellence of his reHning methods had much to do with giving
Lake copper the reputation it bears.

He was married in 1892 to Miss Antoinette Senter, a
daughter of the late John Senter of Houghton.

He died at Hubbell, Mich., Feb. 27, 1914.

Frank D. Mead.

Bom at Ann Arbor, Michigan, January 27, 1856. He
attended the public schools of that city, and was graduated
from the University of Michigan with the degree of Bachelor

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290 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES

of Arts in 1877. In that year he entered the office of Chandler
Grant, in Houghton, to take up the study of law, being ad-
mitted to the bar in 1881. He was associated for a short time
with John Q. Adams, at Negaunee, then moved to Escanaba
to engage in practice.

For thirty-three years he was prominent in the business,
social, educational and political life of Escanaba. Being one
of the best known attorneys of the upper peninsula he had a
large practice and represented many of the large business in-
terests of Escanaba and vicinity. He was attorney for the
Chicago & Northwestern Railway Company, Minneapolis, St.
Paul & Sault Ste. Marie Railway Company, and the Esca-
naba & Lake Superior Railway Company, at the time of his
death. He was a delegate to the Republican National con-
vention in St. Louis, and one of the delegates who framed
the new Michigan Constitution in 1908.

He died at his home in Escanaba on February 20, 1914.

Alfred Meads.

Born at Brighton, County of Sussex, England, on January
8, 183 1. Came to the Upper Peninsula of Michigan in 1859,
locating at Ontonagon. He started work as a watchmaker
and jeweler at that place. In 1869 he purchased the plant
of the Ontonagon Miner, which he published for a number
of years. He had the greatest faith in Ontonagon county
and the upper peninsula and never failed to express his views
through the columns of his paper. He served as deputy col-
lector of internal revenue and collector of customs for the
government and was elected probate judge of the county for
several terms.

In 1895, when Ontonagon was badly damaged by fire, Mr.
Meads moved to Marquette, where he continued to reside un-
til his death on June 2y, 1914.

James Wood.

Born in Glengarry, Canada, in 1849. One of five broth-
ers who came to the upper peninsula and were prominently
identified with the iron industry in the early days. They were
pioneer explorers on the three Michigan iron ranges, the Me-
nominee, Marquette and Gogebic.

James Wood was the discoverer of the Norrie mine at
Ironwood, exposing for the holder of the lease, A. L. Norrie,

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 29I

what turned out to be one of the greatest bodies of high grade
ore ever found in Michigan. The North Norrie, East Nor-
rie, Aurora, Pabst and Newport mines being opened on ore
measures which were extensions of the find made by Mn
Wood.

The "wood'* in Ironwood came from James Wood's name.
The Milwaukee, Lake Shore & Western railway (now the
Ashland division of the Chicago & Northwestern systeqi) had
just completed its rails to that section, and the president of
the road and other officials had arrived at the new mining
town on the range, when it was learned that no name had
been given to the place. James Wood was sent for by the
president of the road, and as he was observed coming down
Ihc trail, it was noticed that his hands were covered with the
stain of the Norrie hematite, and so it was decided then and
there to christen the new town "Iron-Wood." The hyphen
was later dropped and the name changed to Ironwood.

Mr. Wood journeyed to the southwest several years ago,
where he died in February, 1914.

Nathaniel Hibbert.

Captain Nathaniel Hibbert was born in England in March,
1844. He .came to America in his early life, later going to
Ironwood, Michigan in 1885, where he became superintendent
of the Aurora mine. He opened up that mine in such a way
as to make it one of the most successful ventures in the Go-
gebic Range in the early days.

He w^as president of the village of Ironwood and was its
first mayor when it became incorporated as a city in 1888. He
served two terms as mayor, leaving the city in 1890 to go to
Waynesboro, Virginia, to take charge of mining properties
at that point.

He died there in April, 19 14.

William B. Linsley.

Bom in Meridan, Conn., June 12, 1845. Received his
early education in the schools of .that city and vvorked there
until he reached the age of 24 years.

In 1869 Mr. Linsley took up his residence in Escanaba,
Mich., entering the employ of the Chicago & Northwestern
Railway Company as clerk in the local freight office. Later
he was promoted to the position of agent, a position he filled

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292 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES

until 1876 when he was promoted to the office of division sup-
erintendent of the Peninsula division. Mr. Linsley was di-
vision superintendent for 36 years and one of the best known
of the railroad men in the Lake Superior district.

On April i, 191 2, Mr. Linsley retired from active railroad
work and was made resident superintendent of the North-
western company's tie preserving plant at Escanaba. Shortly
after assuming his new duties his health began to fail him, and
he was obliged to spend a great deal of his time away from
the upper peninsula.

He died at his home in Escanaba on January 16, 1914,
at the age of 69 years.

Joseph Sellwood.

Joseph Sellwood was born December 5, 1846 in Cornwall,
England. At the age of nine he commenced working as a
miner's helper in the East Poole tin mine. At the age of four-
teen he became so proficient in the use of the hand tools of
his craft that he was given adult wages. At about the age of
nineteen he emigrated to America and commenced his work in
the new workl as a miner in the Mount Hope mine of New
Jersey. Remaining there less than six months he came in
1865 to the State of Michigan and obtained work at the old
Ogema mine, now a part of the Mass mine in Ontonagon
county, Mich.

He remained in the Copper Country until August i, 1870,
when he went to the New York mine at Ishpeming, Mich.
Shortly after going to Ishpeming he commenced contracting
for mining of the ores in the New York and Cleveland mines.
He also started a general store under the name of Jos. Sell-
wood & Co., which is still being successfully run.

In 1885 Mather, Morse & Co. sent Mr. Sellwood to the
then new Gogebic range, to open up the Colby mine (the first
mine to be opened on that range) at what is now Bessemer,
Mich. In 1885 Mr. Sellwood opened the Brotherton mine at
Wakefield for Pickands, Mather & Co., who sold the mine in
1886 to a company of which Mr. Sellwood wus president. This
ownership continued until the property was sold to Lacka-
wanna Steel Comi>any. Later in 1898 Mr. Sellwood received
a lease on the Sunday Lake mine, which property he operated
with the Brotherton until the sale of the Brotherton to Lack-
awanna Steel Company.

In 1886 Mr. Sellwood went to the Vermilion range in

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 293

Minnesota and secured for the Chicago and Minnesota Ore
Company a three-quarter interest in the Chandler mine then
just discovered. For a time he divided his attention between
the Gogebic and Vermihon ranges. During the year 1888
Mr. Sell wood moved to Duluth to live. He remained with
the Chandler Iron Company until 1892, becoming at that time
interested in the development of the Mesaba range.

In 1898 Mr. Sellwood became associated with the Amer-
ican Steel & Wire Company, then controlled by John W.
Gates, and assumed charge of their iron ore properties, con-
tinuing with them until the formation of the U. S. Steel Cor-
poration in 1901. He then became associated with many in-
terests outside of the Steel Corix>ration, among which were
the Cherry Valley Iron Company, the Wheeling Steel & Iron
Company, the Central Iron & Steel Co., and the Salem Iron
& Steel Co. Later he took charge of the mines of the Inter-
national Harvester Company.

Mr. Sellwood also had wide banking interests, being pres-
ident of the City National Bank of Duluth, First National
Bank of Ely, First National Bank of Two Harbors and a
large interest with the First National Bank of Bessemer,
Michigan. Throughout his life he had an active interest in
politics wherever he lived.

Mr. Sellwood combined in his character a strong person-
ality, with a cheerful disposition and a kindly nature that
brought to him a large circle of friends throughout the Lake
Superior region.

He died February 24, .1914, at his home in Duluth, Minne-
sota.

John H. Taylor.

Bom in County Londenderry, Ireland, May 27, 1830, of
Scotch parents. He left the old country and came to the
United States in May, 1846, finding employment in a factory
at New Bedford, Mass. He remained in the Eastern states
until 1 86 1, during which year he moved to Houghton, Mich-
igan, where he obtained employment as a lalx)rer at the Quin-
cy mine, later moving to the Isle Royale mine at Houghton
where he was employed as surface foreman until 1869, when
the mine shut down. He then moved to Ishpeming, where he
was captain of the New York mine until 1872. He then spent
two years in Colorado, Utah and Neyadst, returning in 1874

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294 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES

to become mining captain at the Commonwealth mine until
1883. During the next two years Captain Taylor was super-
intendent of the Great Western mine at Crystal Falls, and left
there going to Ironwood, Michigan, in May, 1885, as mining
captain of the Ashland mine, afterward becoming its superin-
tendent in 1891. He shipped the first ore over the Ashland
docks that came from- Ironwood, and sunk the first operating
shaft in the town. He remained as superintendent of the Ash-
land until 1894 when the mine closed down.

He was appointed as inspector of mines of Gogebic coun-
ty in 1896, resigning that position in 1907, on account of ill-
ness.

He died at his home in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin, Decem-
ber 13, 1913.

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APPENDIX

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LAKE SUPERIOR MINING INSTITUTE 29/

THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE