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Proceedings  of  the  Lake  Superior 
Mining  Institute ...  Annual  Meeting 

Lake  Superior  Mining  Institute 


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SCIENCE  LIBRAKY 

I 

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PROCEEDINGS 

OF  THE 

LAKE  SUPERIOR 
MINING  INSTITUTE 

EIGHTEENTH  ANNUAL  MEETING 

MISSABE  RANGE 

AUGUST  26,  27,  28,  29,  30,  1913 

VOL.  XVllI 


I8HPEMING,  MICH. 

PUBLISHED  BY  THE  INSTITUTE 

AT  THB  OFFICB  OF  THE  8BCRBTABY 

1913 


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PRESSES  OF  IRON  ORE 
ISHPEMING,  MICH. 


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INDEX  TO  VOLUME  XVIII. 

Page. 

Officers  of  the  Institute,  1913  v 

Officers  of  the  Institute,  1914  vi 

List  of  Standing  Committees  for  year  ending  1914 vii 

Members  of  the  Institute,  1913    vili 

Deceased    Members    xxii 

List  of  Papers  Published  In  Preceding  Numbers  xxiii 

List  of  Meetings  of  the  Institute  xxx 

Rules  of  the  Institute 1 

Minutes  of  the  Eighteenth  Annual  Meeting 6 

Report  of  the  Council  16 

PAPERS. 

Report  of  Committee  on  the  Practice  for  the  Prevention  of  Ac- 
cidents       31-37 

Sanitation  for  Mine  Locations,  by  W.  H.  Moulton 38-42 

Winoiia  Stamp-MIll^  by  ft.  R.  Seeber 43-62 

Safety  in  the  Mines  of  the  Lake  Superior  Iron  Ranges,  by  Edwin 

Higglns   63-84 

What  Our  Neighbors  Can  Do  in  Mining  Iron  Ore,  by  Dwight  E. 

Woodbridge   85-89 

Re  Lining  No.  2  Hamilton  Shaft  with  Reinforced  Dividers,  End 

Plates  and  Poured  Concrete  Walls,  by  S.  W.  Tarr 90-102 

Snsgestions  on  the  Application  of  Efficiency  Methods  to  Mining, 

by  C.  M.  Leonard 103-107 

Mine  Laws,  Special  Rules  and  the  Prevention  of  Accidents,  by 

E.  B.  Wilson  108-128 

Concentrating  at  the  Madrid  Mine,  by  Benedict  Crowell  129-132 

Mining  Methods  on  the  Missabe  Iron  Range,  by  Committee,  con- 
sisting of  Willard  Bayliss,  E.  D.  McNeil  and  J.  S.  Lutes 133-154 

Wash  Ores  of  Western  Missabe  Range  and  the  Coleraine  Con- 
centrating Plant,  by  John  Uno  Sebenius 155-186 

The  -Application  of  Mining  Machines  to  V^^^^sround  Mining  on 

the  Mesabi  Range,  by  H.  E.  Martin  and  W.  J.  Kaiser 187-191 

Opening  the  Leonidas  Mine  at  Eveleth,  Minnesota,  by  H.  E. 

Loye 192-210 

The  New  Change  House  at  Vulcan  Mine,  by  Floyd  L.  Burr 211-223 

DISCUSSION. 

Of  Messrs.  Bayliss',  McNeil's  and  Lutes'  Paper  on  Mining  Meth- 
ods on  the  Missabe  Iron  Range  (see  p.  133) 227 

Of  the  Report  of  Committee  on  the  Practice  for  the  Prevention 

of  Accidents  (see  p.  31)  228 


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IV  INDEX    TO    VOLUME    XVlll 

Of  Mr.  Wilson's  Paper  on  Mine  Laws,  Special  Rules  and  the 

Prevention  of  Accidents   (see  p.  108)    229 

Of  Mr.  Higgins'  Paper  on  Safety  in  the  Mines  of  the  Lake  Su- 
perior Iron  Ranges  (see  p.  63)   231 

Biographical  Notices 235-240 

Past  Officers  of  the  Institute  241-243 

List  of  Publications  Received  by  the  Institute 244 

Lake  Superior  Iron  Ore  Shipments 245 

Picture  of  Members  and  Guests  in  Attendance Frontispiece 

Appendix — Duluth  and  the  Minnesota  Iron  Ranges  by  W.  W.  J. 

Croze,  Mining  Engineer 1-63 

Map  of  Minnesota  Iron  Ranges Following  page  32  of  Appendix 


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OFFICERS  OF  THE  INSTITUTE 


(Term  expires  1913). 
(The    &bove  officers  constitute  the  council). 


+To  fln  vacancy  of  Qraham  Pope,  deceased. 


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IV 


INDEX    TO    VOLUME    XVIU 


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OFFICERS  OF 


■'if^-'- 


1%.,    «->     a  «#«^%«A«A^w  *»     .... 

(Term  expires  1913). 
(The  above  officers  constitute  the  council). 

f To  fill  yacancy  of  Qraham  Pope,  deceased. 


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IV 


INDEX    TO    VOLUME    XVlll 


i'j? 


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OFFICERS  OF  THE  INSTITUTE 


OFFICERS. 

For  the  Year  Ending  With  the  Close  of  the  Annual  Meeting,  August 

30th,  1913. 

PRESIDENT. 

PENTECOST  MITCHELL   Duhith,  Minn. 

(Term  one  year). 

VICE  PRESIDENTS. 

GEO.  H.  ABEEL  Ironwood,  Mich. 

+W.  P.  CHINN   McKinley,  Minn. 

W.   H.  JOBE   Palatka,  Mich. 

(Term  expires  1913). 

FRANCIS    J.   WEBB    Duluth,    Minn. 

AL  D.  EDWARDS   * Aftlantlc  Mine.  Mich. 

(Term  expires  1914). 

MANAGERS. 

M.   H.  GODFREY    Coleralne,   Minn. 

JAMES  E.  JOPLING   Ishpeming,  Mich. 

(Term  expires  1913). 

G.   S.   BARBER    Bessemer,   Mich. 

WM.  H.  JOHNSTON   Ishpeming,  Mich. 

C.    H.   BAXTER    Loretto,   Mich. 

(Term  expires  1914). 

TREASURER. 

E.   W.  HOPKINS   Commonwealth,  Wis. 

(Term  expires  1913). 

SECRETARY. 

A.  J.  YUNGBLUTH   Ishpeming,  Mich. 

(Term  expires  1913). 
(The  above  officers  constitute  the  council). 

f  To  fill  vacancy  of  Graham  Pope,  deceased. 


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VI  OFFICERS  OF  THE  INSTITUTE 


OFFICERS. 

The  following  is  list  of  officers  elected  at  the  annual  meeting. 
August  30th,  1913,  also  the  officers  holding  over  from  the  previous 
year  which  are  indicated  by  ♦. 

PRESIDENT. 

WM.  11.  JOHNSTON  Ishpeming,  Mich. 

(Term  one  year). 

VICE  PRESIDENTS. 

♦FRANCIS  J.  WEBB    Duluth,  Minn. 

•A.  D.  EDWARDS    Atlantic  Mine,  Mich. 

(Term  expires  1914). 

CHARLES  T.   KRUSE    Ishpeming,   Mich. 

CHARLES   E.   LAWRENCE^ Palatka,  Mich. 

LUTHER  C.  BREWER   ..*..' Ironwood,  Mich. 

(Term  expires  1915). 

MANAGERS. 

*G.  S.  BARBER   : Bessemer,  Mich. 

•CHARLES    H.    BAXTER    Loretto,    Mich. 

f STUART  R.  ELLIOTT    Negaunee,  Mich. 

(Term  expires  1914). 

W.   A.   SIEBENTHAL    Republic,   Mich. 

J.    S.    LUTES    Biwabik,    Minn. 

(Term  expires  1915). 

TREASURER. 

E.  W.  HOPKINS   Commonwealth,  Wis. 

(Term  one  year). 

SECRETARY. 

A.    .T.    YUNGBLUTH    Ishpeming,    Mich. 

(Term  one  year). 
(The  above  officers  constitute  the  council). 

•jTo  fill  vacancy  of  Wm.  H.  Johnston,  elected  to  presidency. 


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LIST  OF  STANDING  COMMITTEES  VU 


LIST  OF  STANDING  COMMITTEES  FOR  YEAR 
ENDING  1914. 

PRACTICE  FOR  THE  PREVENTION  OF   ACCIDENTS. 

C.  E.  LAWRENCE.  Chairman   Palatka,  Mich. 

1).  E.   SUTHERLAND   Iron  Mountain.  Mich. 

WM.    CONIBEAR    Ishpeming,   Mich. 

W.   H,    SCHACHT    Painesdale,  Mich, 

M.  H.   GODFREY   Virginia,  Minn. 

OARE  AND  HANDLING   OF   HOISTING  ROPES. 

W.   A.    COLE,  Chairman    Ironwood,   Mich. 

O.   D.    M'CLURE    Ishpeming,  Mich. 

J.  S.  JAOKA   Crystal  Falls,  Mich. 

W.  J.  RICHARDS   Painesdale.  Mich. 

A.   TANCIG    Hibbing,  Minn. 

PAPERS    AND   PUBLICATIONS. 

WM.    KELLY,    Chairman    Vulcan,    Mich. 

J.  H.  HEARDING  Duluth,  Minn. 

F.    \V.    M'NAIR    Houghton,    Mich. 

.1.  E.  JOPLING    Ishpeming,  Mich. 

P.   S.   WILLIAMS    Ramsay,   Mich. 

BUREAU  OF  MINES. 

M.   M.    DUNCAN,  Chairman    Ishpeming,  Mich. 

.J.  B.  COOPER  Hubbell,  Mich. 

A.  J.  YUNGBLUTH,  Secretary   Ishpeming,  Mich. 

BIOGRAPHY. 

J.  H.   HEARDING,  Chairman    Duluth.  Minn. 

J.  B.  COOPER Hubbell,  Mich. 

R,  A.  DOUGLAS    Ironwood,  Mich. 

M.   B.    M'GEE    Crystal    Falls,    M:ch. 

W.   H.    NEWETT Ishpeming,   Mich. 

MINING  METHODS  ON  THE  MARQUETTE  RANGE. 
Committee  to  consist  of  three  members  to  be  appointed  later. 


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Vlll  MEMBERS  OF  THE  INSTITUTE 


MEMBERS  OF  THE  INSTITUTE  1913. 


HONORARY  MEMBERS. 

DOUGLAS,  JAMES  99  John  St.,  New  York  City 

POMPELLY,  RAPHAEL   Dublin,  N.  H. 

VAN  HISE,  C.  R Madison,  Wis. 

WINCHELL,  N.  H 501  East  River  Road,  Minneapolis,  Minn. 


LIFE  MEMBERS. 

KELLY,  WILLIAM   Vulcan,  Mich. 

SILLIMAN,   A.    P Hlbbing,    Minn. 


ACTIVE  MEMBERS. 

ABBOTT,  C.  E Bessemer,  Ala. 

ABEEL,  GEORGE  H Ironwood,  Mich. 

ABEEL,  GEO.   H.,  JR Ironwood,   Mich. 

ADAMS,   DAVID   T 516   Providence  Bldg.,  Duluth,   Minn. 

ADGATE,  FREDERICK  W 419  Rookery  Bldg.,  Chicago,  Ills. 

AISHTON,  R.  H 215  W.  Jackson  Blvd.,  Chicago,  Ills. 

ALLEN,  R.  C Lansing,  Mich. 

AMBERG,  J.  W 1400  Fulton  St.,  Chicago.  Ills. 

AMBERG,   WILLIAM  A 1400  Fulton   St.,   Chicago,  Ills. 

ANDREWS,  C.  E Escanaba,   Mich. 

APPLEBY,  WILLIAM  R School  of  Mines,  Minneapolis,  Minn. 

ARMSTRONG,  FRANK  H Vulcan.  Mich. 

ATKINS.  SAMUEL  E 909  Al worth  Bldg.,  Duluth,  Minn. 

BAER,  HENRY  L Hancock,  Mich. 

BALDWIN,  C.  KEMBLE 1070  Old  Colony  Bldg.,  Chicago,  111. 

BALL,  EDWIN    Birmingham,  Ala. 

BANDLER,  ARTHUR  S 30  E.  23rd  St.,  New  York  City 

BARABE,  C.  A Ishpeming,  Mich. 

BARBER,  G.  S Bessemer.  Mich. 

BARBER,  MAX  H Nashwauk,  Minn. 

BARR,  J.   CARROLL   Crosby,  Minn. 

BARROWS,  WALTER  A.,  JR Bralnerd,  Minn. 


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Members  of  the  institute  ix 

BATCHELDER,  B.  W Naahwauk,   Minn. 

BAYUSS,   WILL/ARD    Chisholm,  Minn. 

BAXTER,    CHARLES   HOMER Loretto,    Mich. 

BELDEN,   WILLIAM   P Ishpeming,    Mich. 

BENEDICT,  C.  HARRY   Lake  Lfnden,  Mich. 

BENGRY,  WILLIAM  H Palatka,  Mich. 

BENNETT,  R.  M 710  Security  Bank  Bldg.,  Minneapolis,  Minn. 

BINNY.  JOSEPH   McKinley,  Minn. 

BITTCHOFSKY,  A.  C Cleveland,  Ohio. 

BJORK,  ARVID Crystal  Falls,  Mich. 

BLACKWELL,   FRANK    Ironwood,   Mich. 

BOLEY.   W.  E Baltic,   Mich. 

BOLLES.   FRED   R Houghton,   Mich. 

BOND,  WILLIAM   Ironwood,  Mich. 

BONE,   ALFRED    Princeton,   Mich. 

BOSS.  CLARENCE  M '..200  Wolvin  Bidg.,  Duluth,  Minn. 

BOWDEN.  RICHARD  Trimountain,  Mich. 

BOWEN.  REUBEN Pittsburg,  Pa. 

BOWERS,  E.  C Iron  River,  Mich. 

BRiADT,  E.  F Jones  &  Laughlin  Bldg.,  Pittsburg,  Pa. 

BRADY,   SAMUEL   Rockland,  Mich. 

BREITUNG,  EDWARD  N Marquette,  Mich. 

BRETT,  HENRY  Calumet,  Mich. 

BRETTING,  R.  C Ashland,  Wis. 

BREWER,   CARL    Ironwood,   Mich. 

BREWER,  LUTHER  C Ironwood,  Mich. 

BRIGHAM,  E.  D 215  Jackson  Blvd.,  Chicago,  Ills. 

BROWN,  JOHN  JACOB Carteret,  N.  J. 

BURDORF,  HARRY  A 2316  Garfield  Ave.,  S.  Minneapolis,  Minn. 

BURNHAM,  R 936  Metropolitan  Bldg.,  Minneapolis,  Minn. 

BURR.   FLOYD  L Vulcan,   Mich. 

BURT.  JOHN  H Virginia,  Minn. 

BUSH,  JOHN  M Iron  River,  Mich. 

BUSH,  E.  G 909  Alworth  Bldg.,  Duiuth,  Minn. 

BYRNE,   S.   E Houghton,   Mich. 

CADDY,  THOMAS  Hibbing,  Minn. 

CAINE,   D.  T Gilbert,   Minn. 

CAIRNS,  FREDERICK  I Houghton,  Mich. 

CALVERLEY,  W.  D Houghton,  Mich. 

CAMERON,   ALLEN    Calumet,   Mich. 

CAMPBELL,  D.  H Iron  River,  Mich. 

CARBIS,  FRANK  Iron  Mountain;  Mich. 

CARMICHAEL,  WILLIAM    Biwabik,   Minn. 

CARNAHAN,  ARTHUR  L 101  Milk  St.,  Boston,  Mass. 

CARROL,   MICHAEL  J Houghton,  Mich. 

CARSON,  JOHN  A Appleton,  Wis. 


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X  MEMBERS  OF  THE  INSTITUTE 

CARTER,  RAYMOND  B 301  W.  Randolph  St.,  Chicago,  Ills. 

CASH,   F.   H Kinney,   Minn. 

CHAMPION,    CHARLES    Beacon,    Mich. 

CHAMPION,    JOHN    Humboldt,    Mich. 

CH ANNING,  J.  PARKE 42  Broadway    New  York  City 

CHARLTON,  WILLIAM  H...901  Buena  Vista  St.,  San  Antonia,  Texas 

CHASE,  PHILO  P Ishpeming,  Mich. 

CHEYNEY.  H.  C 215  Jackson  Blvd.,  Chicago,  Ills. 

CHINN,  WILLIAM  P MoKlnley,  Minn. 

CHR'ISTENSEN,  GEORGE  L Houghton,  Mich. 

CHRISTIANSON,  PETER    Minneapolis,   Minn. 

CHURCH,  EDWARD    Marquette,  Mich. 

CHYNOWETH,  B.  F Houghton,  Mich. 

CHYNOWETH,  JAMES    Calumet,  Mich. 

CLARK,  WESLEY  Copper  Falls,  Mich. 

CLARK,  KIMBALL  Kimball,  Wis. 

CLIFFORD,  J.   M '. Escanaba,  Mich. 

COKEFAIR    FRANK  A Providence  Bldg.,  Duluth,  Minn. 

COLE,  THOMAS  F Duluth,  Minn. 

COLE,  WILLIAM  T Ishpeming,  Mich. 

COLE,  CHARLES  D Ishpeming,  Mich. 

COLE,  WILLIAM  A Ironwood,  Mich, 

COLE,  WILLIAM  H 713  Sellwood  Bldg.,  Duluth,  Minn. 

COLEMAN,  MILTON  W Virginia,  Minn. 

COMSTOOK.  HENRY Mineville,  New  York 

COMSTOCK,   EHLING   H Minneapolis,   Minn. 

COOK,  CHARLES  W Economics  Bldg.,  U  of  M„  Ann  Arbor,  Mich. 

CONIBEAR,  WILLIAM    Ishpeming,  Mich. 

CONNORS,  THOMAS   Negaunee,  Mich. 

CONOVER,  A.  B 171  Lake  St.,  Chicago,  Ills. 

COOPER,  CLAUDE  H Hancock,  Mich. 

COOPER,  JAMES  B Hubbell,  Mich. 

COPELAND,  FRANKLIN   Vulcan,  Mich. 

CORY,  EDWIN   N Negaunee,   Mich. 

COVENTRY,  F.  L Hibblng,  Minn. 

COYNE,  WILLIAM  Wilmington,  Del. 

CRAM,   FRED  W Nashwauk,  Minn. 

CROSBY,  GEO.  H Lonsdale  Bldg.,  Duluth,  Minn. 

CROWELL,  BENEDICT    Cleveland,  Ohio 

CUNDY,  H.  J Iron  Ridge,  Dodge  Co.,  Wis. 

CUNNINGHAM,  MARK  H Freda,  Mich. 

DALTON,  H.  G Cleveland,  Ohio 

DAUME,  PEERLESS  P Painesdale,  Mich. 

DAVEY,   THOMAS   H Eveleth,    Minn. 

DAVIDSON,  O.  C Iron  Mountain,  Mich. 

DAVIDSON,  WARD  F Iron  Mountain,  Mich. 


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MEMBERS  OF  THE  INSTITUTE  XI 

DAVIS,  W.  J Verona,  Mich. 

DEAN,  DUDLEY  S 87  Milk  St,  Boston,  Mass. 

DEB,  JAMES  R Houghton,  Mich. 

DEHAAS,  NATHAN  G Marquette,  Mich. 

DENTON,  F.  W Painesdale,  Mich. 

DESOLIiAR,   T.   C Hancock,   Mich. 

DESROCHERS,  GEORGE  E 157  Montezuma  St.,  Houghton,  Mich. 

DICKERMAN,  ALTON  L 70  State  St.,  Boston,  Mass. 

DIEHL,   ALFRED  S Coleraine,  Minn. 

DIEHL,  G.  E 607  Wolvln  Bldg.,  Duluth,  Minn. 

DONAHUE,  E.  J.  W 416-17  Lonsdale  Bldg.,  Duluth,  Minn. 

DONOVAN.  PERCY  W Bralnerd,  Minn. 

DORMER.  GEORGE  H Eveleth,   Minn. 

DOUGLAS,  ROBERT  A Ironwood,  Mich. 

DOW,    HERBERT  W Milwaukee,  Wis. 

DRAKE,  FRANK  79  Milk  St.,  Boston,  Mass. 

DRAKE,   JOHN   M , Hibbing,   Minn. 

DUDLEY,  HARRY  C 807  Lonsdale  BMg.,  Duluth,  Minn. 

DUNCAN,  MURRAY   M Ishpeming,  Mich. 

DUNSTER,  CARL  B Marquette,   Mich. 

EATON,  LUCIEN Ishpeming,  Mich. 

ECKSTROM,   ALEXANDRE   J Keewatin,    Minn. 

EDWARDS,  A.  D Atlantic,  Mich. 

EISELE,  GEORGE  J Iron  Mountain,  Mich. 

ELLIOTT    MARK  Virginia,  Minn. 

ELLIOTT,   STUART  R Negaunee,   Mich. 

EMMONS,   WILLIAM   H Minneapolis,    Minn. 

ERICKSON,  CARL  E Ironwood,  Mich. 

ESSELSTYN,  J.  N Sugar  Loaf,  Colo. 

FACKENTHAL,    B.    F.,   JR Riegelsville,    Pa. 

FAIRBAIRN,  CHARLES  T Woodward  Bldg.,  Birmingham,  Ala. 

PAIRCHILD,  DAVID  L 616  Lonsdale  Bldg.,  Duluth,  Minn. 

PARRELL,  AUSTIN  Marquette,  Mich. 

PAY,  JOSEPH : Marquette,  Mich. 

PELCH.  THEODORE  A Ishpeming,  Mich. 

FEIJ.OWS,  OTIS  D,  JR Redridge,   Mich. 

FELVER,  HOWARD  C Houghton,   Mich. 

FERGUSON.  J.  A 316  W.  Superior  St.,  Duluth,  Minn. 

FESING,    HERMAN   W Houghton,   Mich. 

FISHER,  HENRY   Lake  Linden,  Mich. 

FISHER,  JAMES,  JR Houghton,  Mich. 

FISH  WICK,  EDWARD  T 60th  &  Greenfield  Aves.,  Milwaukee,  Wis. 

FITCH,  WALTER Eureka,  Utah 

FLANNIGAN,  THOMAS    A Gilbert,   Minn. 

FLODIN,  NELS  P. Marquette,  Mich. 


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XH  MEMBERS  OF  THE  INSTITUTE 

FOOTE,  GEORGE  C Port  Henry,  New  York 

FORBES,  GUY  R 329   Hemlock  St.,  Virginia,   Minn. 

FORMIS,  ANDRE Ojibway,  Mich. 

POX,  M.  J Iron  Mountain,  Mich. 

FRASBR,  WILLIAM  H Crystal  Falls,  Mich. 

GARDNER,    OCTAVE   D Calumet,   Mich. 

GARDNER,  W.  A 215  Jackson  Blvd.,  Chicago,  Ills. 

GAY,  JOSEPH  E 15  William  St.,  New  York  City 

GAYNOR,    WILLIAM    E Duluth,    Minn. 

GHOLZ,  ARTHUR  L Hibbing,  Minn. 

GIBSON,  WILLIAM   M Calumet,  Mich. 

GIBSON,  T.  THOBURN   Amasa,  Mich. 

GILCHRIST,  J.  D 1405  Downing  St.,  Denver,  Colo. 

GISH,  JOHN  R Beaverdam,  Wis. 

GLASS,  PRANK  A Bralnerd,  Minn. 

GODFREY,  M.   H Virginia,  Minn. 

GOODALE,  G.  S Houghton,  Mich. 

GOODELL,  H.  S Painesdale,  Mich. 

GOODMAN,   FRANK   B Hurley,    Wis. 

GOODSELL,  B.  W 20  S.  Canal  St.,  Chicago,  Ills. 

GOODNEY,  S.  .J Stambaugh,  Mich. 

GOUDIE,  JAMES   Ironwood,   Mich. 

GOULD,  E    P Cincinnati,  Ohio 

GOW,  ALEXANDER  M Wolvin  Bldg.,  Duluth,  Minn. 

GRAFF.  W.  W Ishpemlng,  Mich. 

GRABOWSKY,  CHARLES    Virginia,   Minn. 

GRANT,  B.  F 625  W.  41st  Drive,  Los  Angeles,  California 

GRIERSON,   EDWARD   S ...Calumet,   Mich. 

GRIBBLE,  SAMUEL  J Ironwood,  Mich. 

HALLER,  FRANK  H Osceola,  Mich. 

HALLINGBY,   OLE    Calumet,   Mich. 

HALLODAY,    FRED    H Hibbing,    Minn. 

HAMPTON,  H.  C 165  Lake  St.,  Chicago,  Ills. 

HANNA,  L.  C Cleveland,  Ohio 

HARDENBURG,  L.  M Hurley,  Wis. 

HARRIS,  H.  R Marquette.  Mich. 

HARRIS,  JOHN  L Hancock,  Mich. 

HARRIS,  S.  B Hancock,  Mich. 

HARRIS,  S.  T Houghton,  Mich. 

HARRISON.  G.  E Hibbing.  Minn. 

HARTLEY.    G.    G Duluth,    Minn. 

HARVEY.   W.    H Eveleth.    Minn. 

HAYDEN,  GEORGE  S Ishpemlng,   Mich. 

HiAYDEN.  J.  ELZEY Ishpemlng,  Mich. 

HEARDING,   JOHN   H ^ Duluth,    Minn. 


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MEMBERS  OF  THE  INSTITUTE  Xlll 

HEARLBY.  MICHAEL  T , Cleveland,  Ohio 

HEATH,  GEORGE  L ...'. Hubbell,  Mich. 

HEQGATON,  WM.  S Negaunee,  Mich. 

HEIM.  HARRY  R 936  Metropolitan  Life  Bldg.,  Minneapolis,  Minn. 

HELPS,  S.  E '. Eveleth,  Minn. 

HELMBR,  CHESTER  E Escanaba,  Mich. 

HENDRIOK,   C.   E Virginia,   Minn. 

HENDERSON,  ENOCH Houghton,  Mich. 

HEYN,  HOWARD  A Ishpeming,  Mich. 

HIOKOK,  ELBERT,  E 137  E.  Lake  St.,  Chicago,  Ills. 

HICKS,  B.  W Warren,  Ills. 

HIGGINS,  EDWIN Ironwood,  Mich. 

HILL,  STACEY  H Providence  Bldg.,  Duluth,  Minn. 

HINE,  S.  K Girard,   Ohio 

HINGSTON,  E.  C 707  Alworth  Bldg.,  Duluth,  Minn. 

HITCHENS,  JOHN  H Iron  Mountain,  Mich. 

HOATSON,   THOMAS    Laurium,   Mich. 

HOOKING,  RICHARD  O Keewatin.  Minn. 

HODGE,  JOHN  E Marquette,  Mich. 

HODGE,  RICHARD Hibbing,  Minn. 

HODGSON,  JOSEPH Bisbee,  Arizona 

HODGSON,  J.  H Houghton,  Mich. 

HOLLEY,  CARLOS  E Bessemer,  Mich. 

HOLLEY,  A.  B Virginia,  Minn. 

HOLMAN,  J.  W1NCHESTEJR....1420  Monadnock  Bldg.,  Chicago,  Ills. 

HOLTHOPP,  HENRY  C Riverside,  111. 

HONNOLD,  W.  L Box  2209  Johannesburg,  South  Africa 

HOOD,  O.  P Pittsburg,  Pa. 

HOOSE,   J.   WILLIAM Iron   Mountain,   Mich. 

HOPKINS,    E.    W... Commonwealth,   Wis. 

HORE,  REGINALD  E Houghton,   Mich. 

HOUSE,  ALLAN  C Cleveland,  Ohio 

HOVLAND,  JOSEPH   T Hibbing.   Minn. 

HUBBARD,  LUCIUS  L Houghton,  Mich. 

HUHTALA,  JOHN - Palmer,  Mich. 

HULST,   HARRY  T Ishpeming,   Mich. 

HULST.  NELSON  P 300  Knapp  St.,  Milwaukee,  Wis. 

HUNNER,  EARL  E .010  Sellwood  Bldg,  Duluth,  Minn. 

HUNTER,  ROY  D 1500  Railway  Exchange  Bldg.,  Chicago,  Ills. 

HURTER.  CHARLES  S DuPont  Bldg ,  Wilmington,  Del. 

IMHOFP,  WALLACE  G 6805  Penn.  Ave.,  Pittsburg,  Pa. 

IRELAND,  JAMES  D 701  Sellwood  Bldg.,  Duluth,  Minn. 

JACKA,  JOSIAH   S Crystal   Falls,   Mich. 

JACKSON,   C Madison,    Wis. 

JACKSON,  GEORGE  R Princeton,  Mich. 


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XIV  MEMBERS  OF  THE  INSTITUTE 

JACKSON,  FRANK  W Market  and  Randolph  Sts.,  Chicago.  Ills. 

JANSON,    F.    A Norway,    Mich. 

JENKS,   C.    O Superior,   Wis. 

JETTNER,  AUGUST  R.   171  W.  .Randolph  St.,  Chicago,  Ills. 

JEWELL,   SAMUEL Negaunee,   Mich. 

JEWETT,  NORMAN  R Laurium,  Mich. 

JEWETT,  FRANK  G 2105  S.  Humboldt  Ave.,  Minneapolis,  Minn. 

JOBE,  WILLIAM  H Palatka,   Mich. 

JOHNSON,  R.  M Greenland,  Mich. 

JOHNSON,   EDWIN   F Virginia,   Minn. 

JOHNSON.  O.  MARTIN Ishpeming,  Mich. 

JOHNSON.  HENRY  O Virginia,  Minn. 

JOHNSON,  NELS    Keewatin,  Minn. 

JOHNSTON,   WILLIAM   H Ishpeming,    Mich. 

JOHNSTONE,  ORLAND  W Duluth,  Minn. 

JOLLY,   JOHN    Painesdale,   Mich. 

JONES,  B.  W Vulcan,  Mich. 

JOPLING,  ALFRED  O Marquette,  Mich. 

JOPLING,  JAMES  E Ishpeming,  Mich. 

JOPLING,  M.  W Marquette,  Mich. 

JORY,   WILLIAM    Princeton,    Mich. 

KARKEET,   J.  H Iron  Mountain.   Mich. 

KAUFMAN.  HARRY  L Marquette,  Mich. 

KEARNEY,   F.   H Ironwood,  Mich. 

KEAST,  WILLIAM  J Houghton,  Mich. 

KEESE.   FRANK  E Ishpeming,   Mich. 

KENNEDY,   F.   A Hibbing,   Minn. 

KIEREN,  JOSEPH   Gilbert,  Minn. 

KING,   ROBERT    Hurley,  Wis. 

KIRKPATRICK.  J.   CLARK Escanaba,  Mich. 

KITTS,  THOMAS  J Houghton,  Mich. 

KLEFFMAN,  JOHN   Hibbing,  Minn. 

KLINGLUND,   F.  D Palmer,   Mich. 

KNAPP,  GEO.  F G02  Rockefeller  Bldg.,  Cleveland,  Ohio 

KNIGHT,  J.   B Norway,   Mich. 

KNIGHT,  R.  C Eveleth,  Minn. 

KNOX,   JOHN   JR Calumet,    Mich. 

KOEPEL,  ED Beacon  Hill,  Mich. 

KRUSE,  CHARLES  T Ishpeming,  Mich. 

KURTZMAN,  P.   L McKinley,   Minn. 

LADD.  DAVID  H HubbeP,  Mich. 

LAIST,  ALEXANDER    Hancock,   Mich. 

LAMBRIX,  MICHAEL  Hurley,  Wis. 

LAMONT,  JOHN   D Virginia,  Minn. 

LANE,  ALFRED  C Tuf*s  College,  Mass. 


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MEMBERS  OF  THE  INSTITUTE  XV 

LANG,  8.  S Houghton.  Mich. 

LAROCHELLE.  LOUIS  Houghton,  Mich. 

LARSSON,    PER    Striburg,    Sweden 

LA  RUB,  WILLIAM  G 1504  Alworth  Bldg.,  Duluth,  Minn. 

LASIER.   F.   G Birmingham,   Mich. 

LATHAM,  ARTHUR  M Hibbing,  Minn. 

LAWRENCE,  CHARLES  E Palatka,  Mich. 

LAWTON.  CHARLES  L Hancock,   Mich. 

LEACH,  EDWARD  J Hancock,   Mich. 

LEOPOLD,  N.  F 108  Dearborn  St.,  Chicago,  Ills. 

LETZ,  JOHN  F GC2  12th  St.,  Milwaukee,  Wis. 

LIBBY,  DR,  E.  M Iron   River,  Mich. 

LINDB^RG,  JOHN  FREDERICK Hibbing,  Minn. 

LINN.  A.  E Norway,  Mich 

LINSLEY,  W.  B Escanaba.  Mich 

LOCHER,  W.  H Duluth,  Minn. 

LONGYEAR,  E.  J 710  Security  Bank  Bldg.,  Minneapolis,  Minn. 

LONGYEAR,   J.    M Marquette,   Mich. 

LONSTORF,  GEORGE  J 2301  Grand  Ave.,  Milwaukee,  Wis. 

LOOK,  WILLIAM  F Panama   City,  Fla. 

LOUDENBACK,  CLYDE  1 228  W.  Randolph  St.,  Chicago,  Ills. 

LUKEY.  FRANK Hurley,  Wis. 

LUTES,  J.  S Biwabik,  Minn. 

LUXMORE,  THOMAS  L Iron  Mountain,  Mich. 

LYNCH,  THOMAS  F Houghton,   Mich 

MAAS,  ARTHUR  E 352  29th  St.,  Milwaukee,  Wis. 

MAAS,  GEORGE  J Negaunee,  Mich. 

MACE.  ROBERT  E Wolvin  Bldg.,  Duluth,  Minn. 

MACKILLICAN,    JAMES   A Hibbing,    Minn. 

MACNAUGHTON,  JAMES   Calumet,  Mich. 

MACOMBER,  F.  B No.  507  S.  Clinton  St.,  Chicago,  Ills. 

MANVILLE,  T.  F Madison  Ave.  and  41st  Street,  New  York  City 

MARS,  WILLIAM  P.» Duluth,  Minn. 

MARTIN,  ALFRED  Virginia,  Minn. 

MATHER,  S.  LIVINGSTON Rockefeller  Bldg.,  Cleveland,  O. 

MATHER,  WILLIAM  G Rockefeller  Bldg.,  Cleveland,  Ohio 

MATTHEWS.  WILLIAM  C Wilmington,   Del. 

MEADS,  ALEXANDER  P Marquette,  Mich. 

MERCER,  HARRY  T Painesdale,  Mich. 

MEUCHE,  A.  H Houghton,   Mich. 

MEYERS,  WILLIAM  R Princeton,  Mich. 

MIDDLEMISE,  BRUCE  A Hibbing,  Minn. 

MILLAR.  JOHN  M Escanaba,  Mich. 

MILLER,  L.  B Wade   Bldg.,   Cleveland,  Ohio 

MILLS,  FRANK  P Kimberley.   Nevada 

MITCHELL,   PENTECOST    Duluth,   Minn. 


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XVI  MEMBERS  OF  THE  INSTITUTE 

MITCHELL,  R.  J Eveleth,  Minn. 

MITCHELL,  WILLIAM  A 16th  and  Rockwell  Sts.,  Chicago,  Ills. 

MITCHELL,   SAMUEL  J Marquette.   Mich. 

MITCHELL,  HAROLD  E Eve^^eth,  Minn. 

MOELLER,  FRANKLIN 42  Chapman  Ave.,  Cleveland,  Ohio 

MONROE,  W.  G Iron  Mountain,  Mich. 

MOORE,  C.  F 920  Newhouae  Bldg.,  Salt  Lake  City,  Utah 

MOORE,  CLARENCE  E Virginia,  Minn. 

MORGAN,   DAVID  T Detroit,   Mich. 

MORRIS,  CHARLES  S 2232  E.  First  St.,  Duluth,  Minn. 

MO  WATT,  NEVILLE  P  ....3rd  Ave.  and  Michigan  St.,  Duluth,  Minn. 

MULLEN.  THOMAS  M Houghton.  Mich. 

MUNGER,   CHARLES    H Duluth,    Minn. 

MUNROE,  HENRY  S Columbia  University,  New  York  City 

MURRAY,  ROBERT  Hibbing,  Minn. 

MYERS,  ALBERT  J Iron  Mountain,  Mich. 

M'CLURE,   O.   D Ishpeming,    Mich. 

M'CORMICK,  EDWARD  Negaunee,  Mich. 

M'DONALD,  D.   B Duluth,  Minn, 

M'DOWELL,   JOHN    Hibbing,  Minn. 

M'GEE,  M.  B Crystal  Falls.  Mich. 

M'GONAGLE,  WILLIAM  A Wolvin  Bldg.,  Duluth,  Minn. 

M'GREGOR,  SILAS  J Iron  Mountain,  Mich. 

M'INDOE,  JAMES  A Norway,  Mich. 

M'INTYRE,  JOHN  E Nogales,  Arizona 

M'LAUGHLIN.  W.  J Loretto,   Mich. 

MT.EAN,  JOHN  H Duluth,  Minn. 

M*LEAN,  RICHARD  EARLE Wells,  Delta  Co.,  Mich. 

M'NAMARA,  THOMAS  B Ironwood,  Mich. 

M'NAIR,  F.  W Houghton,  Mich. 

M'NEIL,  E.  D Virginia,  Minn. 

M'RANDLE.  WILLIAM  E.  R Bessemer,  Mich. 

NELSON,  S,  T 1170  W.  Lake  St.,  Chicago,  Ills. 

NEWBY,  WILLIAM  PuriUn  P.  O.,  N.  Ironwood.  Mich. 

NEWETT,  GEORGE  A -.Ishpeming,  Mich. 

NEWETT,  W.  H Ishpeming,  Mich. 

NEWTON,  L.  L 1324  La  Salle  Ave.,  Chicago,.  Ills. 

NICHOLAS,    THOMAS    J Palmer,    Mich. 

NICHOLS,   F.    W Houghton,   Mich. 

NICKERSON,  H.  F Houghton,  Mich. 

NIXON,  JOHN  A Ishpeming,    Mich. 

NOBLE,  THOMAS  H Marquette,  Mich. 

NOETZEL,    BENJAMIN   D Trimountain,   Mich. 

OBERG,  ANTON  C Hibbing,   Minn. 

OLCOTT,  WILLIAM   J Duluth,  Minn. 


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MEMBERS  OF  THE  INSTITUTE  XVll 

ORBISON,  THOMAS  W Appleton,  Wis. 

ORR,  FRANK  D Lyceum,  Bldg.,  Duluth,  Minn. 

OSBORN,  CHASE  S Sault  Ste.  Marie,  Mich. 

OVERPECK,  HOLLIS  W Box  617,  Virginia,  Minn. 

PAINE,  W.  A 82  Devonshire  St.,  Boston,  Mass. 

PAINE.  FRANCIS  W Houghton,  Mich. 

PARKER,  RICHARD  A 929  Foster  Bldg.,  Denver,  Colo. 

PASCOE.  PETER  W Republic,  Mich. 

PATRICK,  RICHARD  S 314-15  Sellwood  Block,  Duluth,  Minn. 

PELLJNG.  WILLIAM  F.  J Carson  Lake,  Minn. 

PENGILLY,  EDWARD Crystal  Falls,  Mich. 

PENMMAN,  DWIGHT  C Clin'ton  Hotel,  Minneapolis  Minn. 

PENTON,  JOHN  A Iron  Trade  Review,  Cleveland,  Ohio 

PERKINS,  SAMUEL  J Ironwood,  Mich. 

PETERSON,  A.    Y Chisholm,   Minn. 

PHILBIN,  DONALD  M 408  Sellwood  Bldg..  Duluth,  Minn. 

PHILLIPS,  W.   G Calumet,   Mich. 

PITKIN,  S.  H 682  W.  Market  St.,  Akron,  Ohio 

POTTER,  OCHA  Houghton,  Mich. 

POWELL,  D.  W Marquette,  Mich. 

PRESCOTT,  FRED  M Oregon  St.,  Milwaukee,  Wis. 

PRESCOTT,  L.  L Menominee,  Mich. 

PRYOR,  R,   C Houghton,   Mich. 

PURSELL,   H.   E Kewanee,   Illinois 

QUIGLEY,   G.   J Antigo,   Wis. 

QUINE,  JOHN  THOMAS 413  Vine  St.,  Ishpeming,  Mich. 

QUINN,  CLEMENT  KRUSE Virginia,  Minn. 

RAHT,  CHARLES  ^9  Broadway,  New  York  City 

RAISKY,  F.  H Ishpoming,  Mich. 

RALEY,  ROBERT  J Spalding  Hotel,  Duluth,  Minn. 

RANKIN,  WILLIAM  A Painesdale,   Mich. 

RASHLEIGH.  WILLIAM  J Aurora,   Minn. 

RAYMOND,  HENRY  A Rockefeller  Bldg.,  Cleveland,  Ohio 

REDFERN,  JOHN  A Hibbing,  Minn. 

REDNER,  A.  E 21G  Aurora  location,  Ironwood,  Mich. 

REEDER,  J.  T Houghton,   Mich. 

REEDER,  EDWIN  C 1917  Fisher  Bldg.,  Chicago,  Ills. 

REEDEiR,  J.  H Houghton,  Mich. 

REHFUSS.  LOUIS   I LaCrosse,   Wis. 

REIGART,  JOHN   R Princeton,   Mich, 

REIFEL,   H.  T Nashwauk,   Minn. 

REYNOLDS,  M.  K 430  E.  Arch  St.,   Marquette,  Mich. 

RICE,  CLAUDE  T 1420  Monadnock  Bldg.,  Chicago,  Ills. 

RICE.   JOHN   H Houghton,    Mich. 

RICHARDS,  WILLIAM  J Crystal  Falls,  Mich. 


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XVlll  MEMBERS  OF  THE  INSTITUTE 

RICHARDS,  MORRIS  EARL Virginia.   Minn. 

RICHARDS,  WILLIAM  J Paitiesdale,  Mich. 

RICHEY.  E.  W 211  Railway  Exchange  Bldg.,  Chicago,  Ills. 

RIDLEY,  FREDERICK  WILLIAM Calumet,   Mich. 

ROBERTS,   HARRY    Duluth,   Minn. 

ROBERTS,   ALTON   T Marquette,    Mich. 

ROBERTSON,    HUGH    J Escanaba,    Mich. 

ROHN.   OSCAR Butte,   Mont 

ROSE,  R.  S Marquette,  Mich. 

ROSKILLY,  JOSEPH  Virginia,  Minn. 

ROUCHLBAU,  LOUIS   Minneapolis,  Minn. 

ROUGH,   JAMES   H Negaunee,   Mich. 

ROWE,  HENRY Ironwood,   Mich. 

ROWE,  WM.  C Bessemer.  Mich. 

RUEZ,  GEORGE  F Ishpeming,  Mich. 

RUMSEY,  SPENCER  S 610  Wolvin  Bldg..  Duluth,  Minn. 

RUNDLE,  A.  J Iron  Mountain.  Mich. 

RYAN,  JOHN  A Iron  Mountain,  Mich. 

SALSICH,   L.   R Coleraine,   Minn. 

SCADDEN,    FRANK    Crystal   Falls,   Mich. 

SCHACHT,   WILLIAM   H Painesdale,   Mich. 

SCHLESINGER    H.   J Milwaukee,   Wis. 

SCHUBERT,  GEORGE  P Hancock,  Mich. 

SEAMAN,   A.   E Houghton,'  Mich. 

SEBENIUS,  JOHN  UNO Wolvin  Bldg..  Duluth,  Minn. 

SEEBER,  R.  R Winona,  Mich. 

SEELYE,  R.  W Sault  Ste.  Marie,  Ont 

SELLS,    MAX    Florence,   Wis. 

SELLWOOD,    R.    M Duluth,    Minn. 

SENTER,  A.  W Hubbell,   Mich. 

SHELDEN,  R.  SKIFF Houghton,  Mich. 

SHELDON,  ALBERT  F 112  N.  Arch  St.,  Marquette,  Mich. 

SHERLOCK,   THOMAS    Escanaba,   Mich. 

SHERRERD,  JOHN  M 340  Spring  Garden  St..  Easton,  Pa. 

SHIELDS,   IRVIN   J Houghton.    Mich. 

SHOVE,  BRIGHAM  W Ironwood,  Mich. 

SIEBENTHAL,    W.    A Republic,    Mich. 

SILL,  GEO.  A 504  Marquette  Bldg.,  Chicago,  Ills. 

SILLIMAN,    THOMAS    B Coleraine.    Minn. 

SILVER,  C.  R 29  W.  Lake  St.,  Chicago,  Ills. 

SIMMONS,    CHARLES    Beacon.   Mich. 

SKINNER,  MORTIMER  B. 558 5(50  W.  Washington  Blvd..  Chicago,  Ills. 

SLINEY,  DAVID  J Ishpeming,  Mich. 

SMITH,    FRED    Kearsarge,    Mich. 

SMITH,   WILLARD  J Mohawk,   Mich. 

SMITH,   CARL  G Kearsarge,   Mich. 


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MEMBERS  OF  THE  INSTITUTE  XIX 

SMITH,  ALFRED  L Wakefield,  Mich. 

SMYTH,  H.  L Rotch  Bldg.,  Cambridge,  Mass. 

SOADY,    HARRY    Duluth,    Minn. 

SPARKS,  BENJAMIN  F 205  Ruby  St.,  Houghton,  Mich. 

SPERR.  F.  W Houghton.  Mich. 

STAKEL,  CHARLES  J Ishpeming,  Mich. 

STANTON,  F.  McM 208  5th  Ave.,  New  York  City 

STANTON,  J.  R 11  William  St.,  New  York  City 

STEPHENS,  JAMES    Ishpeming,  Mich. 

STEVENS,    THOMAS   J Ironwood,   Mich. 

STOEK,  H.  H University  of  Illinois,  Urbana,  Ills. 

STRONG,  CLARENCE  G Cincinnati,  Ohio 

SUESS,  JOSEPH  E Negaunee,  Mich. 

SULLIVAN,  A.  J Chisholm,   Minn. 

SUTHERLAND,  D.  E Ironwood,  Mich. 

SWIFT,  GEORGE  D Duluth,  Minn. 

SWIFT,  PAUL  D Houghton,  Mich. 

TALBOYS,  HENRY   H 717  Providence  Bldg.,   Duluth,  Minn. 

TANCIG,  A Hibbing,    Minn. 

TAPPAN,    WILLIAM    M Hibbing,    Minn. 

TARR,  S.  W 610  Wolvin  Bldg.,  Duluth,  Minn. 

TAYLOR.  JAMES  HALL Box  485,  Chicago,  Ills. 

THIEMAN    EDWARD    Florence,   Wis. 

THOMAS,  KIRBY  505  Pearl  St.,  New  York  City 

THOMS,  REUBEN  KNIGHT Ely,  Minn. 

THOMPSON,  CARMI  A Room  222,  G.  N.  Bldg.,  St.  Paul,  Minn. 

THOMPSON,  G    H '. Hibbing,  Minn. 

THOMPSON,   HENRY   S Beacon,   Mich. 

THOMPSON,  JAMES  R Ishpeming,  Mich. 

TOWNSEND,  C.  V.  R Negaunee,  Mich. 

TRAVER,  WILBER  H Fisher  Bldg.,  Chicago,  Ills. 

TREBILCOCK,    JOHN    Ishpeming,    Mich. 

TREBILCOCK,  WILLIAM   North  Freedom,  Wis. 

TREPANIER,  HENRY   Iron  Mountain,  Mich. 

TREZONA,   CHARLES    Ely,    Minn. 

TREVARROW.  HENRY   Negaunee,  Mich. 

TREVARTHAN,   W.   J Bessemer,    Mich. 

TRIPP,  CHESTER  D 1515  Corn  Exchange  Bldg.,  Chicago,  Ills. 

TRUDGEON,  JOHN    Wakefield,   Mich. 

TUBBY.  CHARLES  W Voj  Commerce  Bldg.,  St.  Paul,  Minn. 

TUFTS,  JOHN  W 900  Hackett  Ave.,  Milwaukee,  Wis. 

TURNER,  CHAS.  N Colby-Abbott  Bldg.,  Milwaukee,  Wis. 

UHLER,   FRED  WALTER Buhl,   Minn. 

ULRICH,   WILLIAM    F Chisholm,    Minn, 

UREN,  WILLIAM  J 124  College  Ave.,  Houghton,   Mich. 


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XX  MEMBERS  OF  THE  INSTITUTE 

VALLAT,  BENJAMIN  W Ironwood.  Mich. 

VAN  DYKE.  W.   D Milwaukee,  Wis. 

VANDEVENTER,  VIVIAN  H Ishpemlng,  Mich. 

VAN  EVERA,  JOHN  R Marquette.  Mich. 

VAN  EVERA,  WILBUR  Virginia,  Minn. 

VAN  MATER,  J.  A 55  Wall  St.,  New  York  City 

VAN  ORDEN,  F.  L Houghton,  Mich. 

VILAS,  P.  M. . .  I 425  New  York  Life  Bldg.,  Minneapolis,  Minn. 

VILAS,  ROYAL  L Ishpemlng,  Mich. 

VIVIAN,  JAMES  G 909  Alworth  Bldg.,  Duluth,  Minn. 

VOGEL,  P.  A 25  Broad  St.,  New  York  City 

WADE,  JEPTHA  H Wade  Bldg.,  Cleveland,  Ohio 

WAGNER,  JOHN  M Houghton,  Mich. 

WALKER,  ROBERT  S Fidelity  Bldg.,  Duluth.  Minn. 

WALKER,  ELTON  WILLARD  Mass,  Mich. 

WALL,  JAMES   S Iron  River,  Mich. 

WALLACE.  W.   R Houghton,   Mich. 

WALLACE  GEORGE   Marquette,  Mich. 

WARE,  JOHN  FRANKLIN Forest  and  Five  Oaks  Ave.,  Dayton,  O. 

WARE,  FRED   Negaunee,  Mich. 

WARREN,   O.   B Hlbblng,   Minn. 

WARRINER,  S.  D Wllkesbarre,  Pa. 

WATSON,  CHARLES  H Crystal  Falls,  Mich. 

WEARNE,  WILLIAM  Hlbblng,  Minn. 

WEBB,  FRANCIS  J 812  Fidelity  Bldg.,  Duluth,  Minn. 

WEBB.    WALTER    M • OUbtert,    Minn. 

WELLS,   PEARSON    Ironwood,   Mich. 

WENGLER,  MATT  P 1055  Cambridge  Ave.,  Milwaukee,  Wis. 

WESSINGER,  W.  E 610  Wolvln  Bldg.,  Duluth,  Minn. 

WEST,  WILLIAM  J Hlbblng,  Minn. 

WHEELWRIGHT,  O.  W Florence,  Wis. 

WHITE,  V/ILLIAM    Virginia,  Minn. 

WHITE,    EDWIN    E Ishpemlng,    Mich. 

WHITE,  J.  W 1905  E.   Superior  St.,  Duluth,  Minn. 

WHITEHEAD,    R.    G Amasa,    Mich. 

WHITESIDE,  DR.  JOHN  W Ironwood,  Mich. 

WILCOX,  LEE  L Gilbert,   Minn. 

WILLARD,    PAUL   D Hlbblng,    Minn. 

WILLEY,   NORMAN  W Hlbblng,   Minn. 

WILKINS,   WILLIAM    Detroit,   Mich. 

WILLIAMS,  THOMAS  H Ely,  Minn. 

WILLIAMS,  PERCIVAL  S Ramsay,  Mich. 

WILLIAMS,  DEAN  R 1213  Majestic  Bldg,  Milwaukee,  Wis. 

WILSON,  EUGENE  B Scranton,  Pa. 

WILSON,  ARTHUR  O Hlbblng,  Minn. 

WINCHELL,  HORACE  V 505  Palace  Bldg.,  Minneapolis,  Minn. 


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MEMBERS  OF  THE  INSTITUTE  XXI 

WINTER,  JOSEPH  H Negaunee,  Mich. 

WITHERBEE,  P.  S Port  Henry,  New  York 

WOOOBRIDGE.  DWIGHT  E Sellwood  Bldg.,  Duluth,  Minn. 

WOOr>WORTH,  G.  L Iron  River.  Mich. 

WOOIXWORTH,  R.  B 42T  Carnegie  Bldf.,  Pittsburg,  Pa. 

WOOLP,    PERCIVAL  J Minneap^is,  Minn. 

^WORDEN,  EUCLID  P 571  Summtt  Ave.,  MU'waukee,  Wla. 

YATES,    W^ILLIAM   H ..Negaunee,   MtelL 

YOUNO.    H.  OLJN   Ishpemlng,.  McIl 

YOUNGS,    FRANK  W Iron  River,  Mich. 

YOUNGS,    G.   W Iron  River,  Mfehu 

YUNGBLUTH,  A.  J laHpemtog;  Mich. 

ZAPP^FE,  CARL 213  Citizens  State  Bank  Bldg,,  Brainerd,  Minn. 

ZIMMERMAN,  WALTER  G Duluth,  Mian. 


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XXll 


DECEASED  MEMBERS  OF  THE  INSTITUTE 


DECEASED  MEMBERS. 


ARMSTRONG,  J.  F 1898 

BAWDEN,  JOHN  T 1899 

BENNETT,   JAMES   H 

BIRKHEAD,  LENNOX   ....1911 

BROOKS,   T.   B 1902 

BULLOCK,    M.    C 1899 

COWLING,   NICHOLAS    ...1910 

CONRO,   ALBERT    1901 

CLEAVES,    WILL    S 1910 

CHADBOURNE.  T.  L 1911 

CUMMINGS,   GEO.   P 1911 

DANIELS,  JOHN    1398 

DICKENSON,    W.    E 1899 

DOWNING,  W.  H 1906 

DUNCAN,  JOH.V 1904 

DUNSTON,   THOMAS   B 

GARBBRSON,   W.   R 1908 

HALL,  CHAS.  H 1910 

HARPER,   GEORGE  V 1905 

HASELTON,   H.   S 1911 

HAYDEN,  GEORGE 1902 

HINTON,  FRANCIS   1896 

HOLLAND,    JAMES     1900 

HOLLER,    S.    H 1899 

HOUGHTON,   JACOB    1903 

HYDE,  WELCOME  

JEFFREY,  WALTER  M..  .1906 

JOCHIM,   JOHN   W 1905 

KRUSE,  JOHN  C 1907 


LUSTFIELD.    A 1904 

LYON,   JOHN   B 1900 

MAAS,  WM.  J 1911 

MARR,  GEORGE  A 1905 

MILLER,  A.    M 1912 

MITCHELL,   SAMUEL    ....1908 

M'VICHIE,    D 1906 

NINBSE,  EDMUND   1909 

OLIVER.    HENRY   W 1904 

PEARCE,   H.  A 1905 

PERSONS,  GEORGE   R....1908 

POPE,  GRAHAM   1912 

ROBERTS,    E.    S 

ROWE,  JAMES    1911 

RYAN.  EDWARD    1901 

SHEPHARD,   AMOS    ......1905 

STANLAKE,  JAMES   1910 

STANTON,   JOHN    190G 

STEVENS,   HORACE   J....  1912 

STURTEVANT,   H.   B 1910 

THOMAS,  HENRY 1905 

TOBIN,  JAMES   1912 

TREVARTHEN,   G.  C 1898 

TRUSCOTT,   HENRY    1910 

VAN  DYKE,   JOHN  H 1906 

WALLACE.  JOHN   1898 

WHITE.  PETER   1908 

WHITNEY,  J.  D 1894 

WILLIAMS,   W.   H 1897 


LIST  OF  DECEASED  MEMBERS  REPORTED  SINCE  THE  ANNUAL 
MEETING  OF  1912. 

CLARK,   H.   S 

KOENIG,  GEORGE  A January  14th,  1913. 

THOMAS,  WILLIAM    ...'. 

M'NAMARA,  T October  26th,   1912 

MINER,.  A.  B January  12th,  1913 

PEACON,  JOHN   May  15,  1913 


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LIST  OF  PAPERS  PUBLISHED  IN  PRECEDING  NUMBERS        XXlll 


LIST  OF  PAPERS  PUBLISHED  IN  PRECEDING 
VOLUMES. 


1893— Vol.  L 

Page. 
Soft  Ore  Mining  on  Lake  Superior,  by  Per  Larsson 13 

The  Geology  of  that  Portion  of  the  Menominee  Range,  East 

of  the  Menominee  River,  by  Nelson  P.  Hulst 19 

1894— Vol.  II. 

Historical  Address  of  the  Retiring  President,  .Nelson  P.  Hulst. .  11 

Curvature  of  Diamond  Drill  Holes,  by  J.  Parke  Channing 23 

Historical  Sketch  of  the  Discovery  of  Mineral  Deposits  in  the 

Lake  Superior  Region,  by  H.  V.  Winchell 33 

Partial  Bibliography  of  the  History  of  Mining  on  Lake  Superior, 

by  H.  V.  Winchell   71 

Two  New  Geological  Cross-Sections  of  Keweenaw  Point,  With 
a    Brief    Description   of   the    Main    Geological    Features    of 

the  Copper  Range,  by  L.  L.  Hubbard 79 

Ore  Dressing  on  Lake  Superior,  by  F.  F.  Sharpless 97 

Sinking  "C"  Shaft  at  the  West  Vulcan  Mine,  Mich.,  by  Wil- 
liam Bond 105 

A  Pocket  Stop,  by  William  Kelly Ill 

1895— Vol.  m. 

The  Iron  Ranges  of  Minnesota,  Prepared  as  a  Guide  for  Third 

Annual  Meeting,  by  H.  V.  Winchell  11 

Mine  Accidents — ^Address  of  the  Retiring  President,  J.  Parke 

Channing 34 

Distribution  of  Phosphorus  and  System  of  Sampling  at  the  Pe- 

wabic  Mine,  Michigan,  by  E.  F.  Brown 49 

Efficiencies  of  Some  Pumping  Plants  on  the  Menominee  Range, 

Michigan,  by  Per  Larsson  56 

Additional   Pumping  Data,   Cleveland   Iron   Mining   Co.,  by  F. 

P.  Mills   63 

The  New  Pumping  Plant  of  the  Stirling  Iron  &  Zinc  Co.,  New 

Jersey    (Including  results  of  an   official   duty  test),   by   J. 

Parke  Channing  64 

The  Hoisting  Plant  of  the  Lake  Mine,  Cleveland  Iron  Mining 

Company,  by  J.  M.  Vickers 69 


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XXIV      LIST  OF  PAPERS  PUBLISHED  IN  PRECEDING  NUMBERS 

The  Relation  of  the  Vein  at  the  Central  Mine,  Keweenaw  Point, 

to  the  Kearsarge  Conglomerate,  by  L.  L.  Hubbard 74 

Open-Pit  Mining,  with  Special  Reference  to  the  Mesabi  Range, 

by  F.  W.  Denton   84 

Communication   Upon  the  Cost   of  Crushing  Hard   Hematite, 

Minnesota    Iron    Co 93 

1896— Vol.  IV. 

Electric  Mine  Haulage  Plant,  Pittsburg  &  Lake  Angeline  Iron 

•  Company,  by  E.  P.  Bradt   9 

Underground   Electric   Haulage   Plant,   Cleveland    Lake    Mine,    , 
by  James  E.  Jopling   17 

Methods  of  Sampling  Iron  Ore,  by  C.  T.  fMixer 27 

Comparative  Tests  of  Bracing  for  Wooden   Bents,  by   Edgar 

Kidwell   34 

The  Steam  Shovel  in  Mining,  by  A.  W.  Robinson 69 

The  Occurrence  of  Copper  Minerals  in  Hematite  Ore,,  by   F. 

W.  Denton,  Part  I,  J.  H.  Eby,  Part  II 69 

A  Single  Engine  Hoisting  Plant,  by  T.  F.  Cole 81 

The  Pioneer  Mine  Pumping  Engines,  by  H.  B.  Sturtevant 84 

The  Marquette  Iron  Range  of  Michigan,  by  George  A.  Newett. .  87 

1898-^Vol.  V. 

Some  Observations  on  the  Prin<:lple  of  Benefit  Funds  and  Their 
Place  in  the  Lake  Superior  Iron  Mining  Industries,  by  Wil- 
liam G.   Mather,  Retiring  President   10 

Mine  Accounts,  by  A.  J.  Yungbluth 21 

A  System  of  Mining  Ore  Bodies  of  Uniform  Grade,  by  E.  F. 

Brown    40 

A  New  Iron-Bearing  Horizon  in  the  Kewatin,  in  Minnesota,  by 

N.  H.  Winchell   4G 

History  of  Exploration  for  Gold  in  the  Central  States,  by  C. 

W.  Hall 49 

1900— Vol.  VL 

The  Present  Condition  of  the  Mining  Business,  by  William  Kel- 
ly, Retiring  President   13 

The  Pewabic  Concentrating  Works,  by  L.  M.  Hardenburg 21 

Electric  Signals  at  the  West  Vulcan  Mine,  by  A.  W.  Thomp- 
son      27 

Mine  Dams,  by  James  MacNaughton 37 

Economy  in  the  Manufacture  of  Mining  Machinery,  by  Charles 

H.   Fitch    44 

Method  of  Mining  at  the  Badger  Mine,  by  O.  C.  Davidson 52 

Balancing  Bailers,  by  William  Kelly 54 

1901~Vol.  VII. 

Some  Early  Mining  Days  at  Portage  Lake,  by  Graham  Pope, 

President   17-31 


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UST  OF  PAPERS  PUBLISHED  IN   PRECEDING  NUMBERS     XXV 

Steel  Construction  for  Mines,  by  J.  F.  Jackson 32-43 

Historical  Sketch  of  Smelting  and  Refining  Lake  Copper,  by 

James  B.  Cooper  44-49 

No.  5  Shaft  at  the  Tamarack  Mine,  by  W.  E.  Parnall,  Jr 50-61 

T-he  Crystallization  of  Mohawkite,  Domeykite  and  Other  Similar 

Arsenides,  by  Dr.  George  A.  Koenig 62-()4 

A  Cause  for  Inaccuracy  In  Colorimetric  Copper  Determinations, 

by  Dr.  George  A.  Koenig 65-67 

The  Testing  and  Control  of  the  Produce  in  a  Modem  Copper 

Refinery,  by  George  L.  Heath 68-82 

Corliss  Cross-Compound  Pumping  Engine  in  Penobscot  Mine, 

by  John  A.  Redf em    83-87 

The  Invasion  of  the  Water  Tube  Boiler  into  the  Copper  Coun- 
try, by  O.  P.  Hood   88-93 

A  New  Form  of  Mine  Drill  Bit,  by  Walter  Fitch 94-100 

College  View  of  Mining  Graduate,  by  F.  W.  McNair,  President 

M.  C.  of  Mines  101-106 

A  Plea  for  Accurate  Maps,  by  L.  L.  Hubbard 105-118 

Tapping  the  Water  in  the  Old  Minnesota  Mine,  by  S.  Howard 

Brady 119-120 

1902— Vol.  vin. 

Moisture  in  Lake  Superior  Iron  Ores,  by  Dr.  N.  P.  Hulst 21-33 

The  Use  of  Steel  in  Lining  Mine  Shafts,  by  Frank  Drake 34-61 

Geological  Work  on  the  Lake  Superior  Region,  by  C.  R.  Van 

Hise    62-69 

A  New  Changing-House  at  the  West  Vulcan  Mine,  by  William 

Kelly    70-74 

A  Comparison  of  the  Origin  and  Development  of  the  Iron  Ores 

of  the  Mesabi  and  Gogebic  Ranges,  by  C.  K.  Leith 75-81 

Efficiency  Test  of  a  Nordberg  Air  Compressor  at  the  Burra 

Burra  Mine  of  the  Tennessee  Copper  Co.,  by  J.  Parke  Chan- 

ning   82-88 

The  Mine  Machine  Shop,  by  J.  F.  Jackson 89-92 

Map  of  Mesabi  and  Vermilion  Ranges   93 

1903— Vol.  IX. 

Sinking  and  Equipping  No.  9   Shaft,  Ashland  Mine,  by  H.  F. 

Ellard    24-38 

High  Explosives,  Their  Safe  and  Economical  Methods  of  Hand- 
ling, by  J.  H.  Karkeet  39-47 

Mine  Accounting  by  W.  M.  Jeffrey  48-62 

Charcoal  iron  Industry  of  the  Upper   Peninsula  of  Michigan, 

by  Williain  G.  Mather  G3-88 

Pioneer  Furnace  No.  2,  Description 89-93 

Iron  Ores  of  Arctic  Lapland,  by  Chase  S.  Osborn 94-113 

A  Card  System  for  Mine  Supply  Accounts,  by  F.  W.  Denton 114-118 

The   Greenway  Ore  Unloader,  Description   119-120 

A    New    Changing  House  at   the   Clifts   Shaft  Mine,   by  J.    S. 

Mennie    121-124 

The  Champion  Mine  Mill  Intake  Tunnel,  by  F.  W.  O'Neil 127-139 


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XXVI      LIST  OF  PAPERS  PUBLISHED  IN   PRECEDING  NUMBERS 

1904--VO1.  X. 

Iron   and    Steel   Consumption,   by   George   H.   Abeel,   Retiring 

President 27-30 

Titanium  and  Titaniferous  Iron  Ores,,  by  Dr.  Nelson  P.  Hulst...    31-47 

Practical  Use  of  Magnetic  Attractions,  by  V.  S.  Hillyer 48-59 

Shaft  Sinking  Through  Quicksand   at  Susquehanna  Mine,  by 

H.  B.  Sturtevant   60-65 

An  Underground   Magazine  and   Electric  Powder  Thawer,  by 

William  Kelly   66-71 

The  Hoisting  Problem,  by  J.  R.  Thompson 72-87 

The  Geology  of  Some  of  the  Lands  In  the  Upper  Peninsula,  by 

Robert  Seldon  Rose  82-100 

Some  Aspects  of  the  Analyzing  and  Grading  of  Iron  Ores  of 

the  Gogebic  Range,  by  Edward  A.  Separk 103-126 

The  Bisbee,  Arizona,  Copper  Camp,  by  Geo.  A.  Newett 127-143 

Mining  Methods  in  the  Vermilion  and  Mesabi  Districts,  by  Kirby 

Thomas 144-157 

The  Gogebic  Range,  Historical 158-162 

Brief  Description  of  Steel  Lining  for  Shafts,  by  J.  R.  Thomp- 
son     • 163-164 

1905--Vol.  XI. 

Menominee  Range,  by  John  L.  Buell 38-49 

The  Utilization  of  Exhaust  Steam,  by  Means  of  Steam  Regen- 
erators and  Low-Pressure  Turbines  on  the  Rateau  System, 
by  L.  Battu   50-79 

Methods  of  Iron  Ore  Analysis  Used  in  the  Laboratories  of  the 
Iron  Mining  Companies  of  the  Lake  Superior  Mining  Region 
by  W.  A.  Siebenthal 71-138 

The   Unwatering   of   the   Hamilton   and   Ludington   Mines,   by 

John  T.  Jones    139-147 

Determination    of   Angles   of  Diamond    Drill   Holes,   by   F.   A. 

Janson   148-151 

Card   System   of   Accounting   for   Mining   Supplies,   by   W.    M. 

Jeftrey   152-163 

A  Method  of  Survey  for  Secondary  Mine  Openings,  by  Floyd 

L.  Burr   164-172 

Cargo  Sampling  of  Iron  Ores  Received  at  Lower  Lake  Ports — 
Including  the  Methods  Used  in  the  Analysis  of  the  Same, 
by  W.  J.  Rattle   &  Son 173-180 

Notes  on  Some  of  the  Recent  Changes  in  the  Equipment  of  the 

Republic  Mine,  Michigan,  by  Frank  H.  Armstrong 181-189 

Discussion   of   Mr.   Battu's    Paper   on    Steam   Regenerator   for 

Hoisting  Engines  by  the  Rateau  System   190-196 

1906— Vol.  XII. 

Mines   of   the   Lake    Superior   Copper  District,    by    Horace   J. 

Stevens 8-24 

The  Geology  of  Keweenaw  Point — A  Brief  Description,  by  Al- 
fred C.  Lane,  State  Geologist  81-104 


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LIST  OF  PAPERS  PUBLISHED  IN  PRECEDING  NUMBERS     XXVll 

The  Importance  of  the  Ordinary  Sanitary  Precautions  in  the 
Prevention  of  Water  Borne  Disease  in  Mines,  by  B.  W. 
Jones,  M.  D 105-115 

The  Iron   Ore  Deposits  of  the  Ely  Trough,  Vermilion  Range, 

Minnesota,  by  C.  E.  Abbott 116-142 

Five  Years  of  Progress  in  the  Lake  Superior  Copper  Country, 

by   J.  F.  Jackson    143-153 

Salt  Water  in  the  Lake  Mines,  by  Alfred  C.  Lane,  State  Geol- 
ogist  154-163 

A  High  Duty  Air  Compressor  at  the  Champion  Mine  (Cop- 
per), by  O.  P.  Hood  164-176 

1908— Vol.  XIII. 

4 

The  Iron  Range  of  Minnesota,  Prepared  for  the  Program,  by 

Dwight  E.  Woodbridge   13-27 

Mine  Waters,  by  Alfred  C.  Lane,  State  Geologist,  Michigan 63-152 

The  Hydro-Electric  Plant  of  Penn  Iron  Mining  Co.,  at  Vulcan, 

Mich.,  by  T.  W.  Orbison  and  F.  H.  Armstrong 153-181 

Automatic  Throttle  Closing  Device  for  Hoisting  Machinery,  by 

Spencer  S.  Rumsey  183-188 

Structures  of  Mesabi  Iron  Ore,  by  N.  H.  Winchell 189-204 

Acetylene  as  an  Underground  Light,  by  William  P.  Slaughter.  .205-207 
The  Standard  Boiler  House  of  The  Oliver  Iron  Mining  Co.,  by 

A.  M.  Gow   209-224 

The  Sampling  of  Iron  Ores,  by  L.  S.  Austin 225-230 

Standard  Method  for  Sampling  Cargoes  of  Iron  Ore  at  Low- 
Lake   Ports — 1907 — Oscar   Textor    231-233 

Biographical   Notices    235-252 

1909— XIV. 

The  Marquette  Iron  Range,  by  Geo.  A.  Newett 19-26 

Compensation  to  Workmen  in  Case  of  Injuries,  by  Murray  M. 

Duncan    47-53 

Sinking   Reinforced    Concrete   Shafts   Tlyough    Quicksand,    by 

Frederick  W.  Adgate  55-70 

Mine  Accidents,  by  John  T.  Quine 71-81 

The  Sociological  Side  of  the  Mining  Industry,  by  W.  H.  Moul- 

ton    82-98 

Wood  Preservation  with  Especial  Reference  to  Mine  Timbers, 

by  John  M.  Nelson,  Jr 99-115 

How  Reforestation  May  Be  Applied  to  the  Mine  Timber  In- 
dustry, by  Thomas  B.  Wyman 116-130 

Capillary  Attraction  in  Diamond   Drill   Test  Tubes,   by  J.   E. 

Jopling    131-139 

The  Brier  Hill  Concrete-Lined  Shaft,  by  William  Kelly 140-147 

Code  of  Mine  Signals — The  Cleveland-Cliffs  Iron  Company,  by 

O.    D.    McClure    147-155 

A  Diamond  Drill  Core  Section  of  the  Mesabi  Rocks,  by  N    H. 

Winchell  156-178 

The  Tariff  on  Iron  Ore,  by  H.  Olin  Young 179-193 


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XXVlll     LIST  OF  PAPERS  PUBLISHED  IN  PRECEDING  NUMBERS 

Biographical  Notices    194-198 

Reminiscences 202-215 

1910— Vol.  XV. 

Underground  Steel  Construction,  by  iR.  B.  Woodworth 45-99 

A  Diamond  Drill  Core  Section  of  the  Mesabi  Rocks — II  and 

III,  by  N.  H.  Wlnchell 100-141 

The  Proper  Detonation  of  High  Explosives,  by  Chas.  S.  Hur- 

ter 142-178 

Underground  Methods  of  Mining  Used  on  the  Gogebic  Range, 

by  Percival  S.  Williams 179-194 

The  Company  Surgeon,  by  E.  M.%Libby,  M.  D 195-200 

The  Indiana  Steel  Co.,  Gary,  Ind.,  Brief  Description 201-209 

Steel  Head  Frame,  No.  4  Shaft,  Montreal  Mine,  by  Frank  B. 

G<90dmati   209-211 

Biographical  Notices    212-218 

1911— Vol.  XVI. 

A  Diamond  Drill  Core  Section  of  the  Mesabi  Rocks— IV.,  by  N. 

H.  Wlnciieil  C1-G9 

Time  Keeptog  System  of  the  Crystal  Falls  Iron  Mining  Co.,  by 

James  D.  Vivian   70-7C 

Some  Practical  Suggestions  for  Diamond  Drill  Explorations,  by 

A.  H.  Meuche 77-81 

Stanflard  Boiler  House  and  Coal  Handling  System  of  the  Crystal 

Falls  Iron  Mining  Co.,  by  J.  S.  Jacka 82-87 

Recording  and  Signalling  Device  for  Mines,  by  John  M.  Johnson  88-99 
Surveying  and  Sampling  Diamond  Drill  Holes,  by  E.  E.  White ..  100-120 
Social  Surroundings  of  the  Mine  Employe,  by  Chas.  E.  Law- 
rence  121-12€ 

Time  Keeping  System  and  Labor  Distribution  at  the  Newport 

Mine,  by  G.  L.  Olson   127-143 

Square  Set  Mining  at  the  Vulcan  Mines,  by  Floyd  L.  Burr 144-155 

Some  Safety  Devices  of  the  Oliver  Iron  Mining  Co.,  by  Alex. 

M.    Gow    15C-167 

Diversion  of  the  Sturgeon  River  at  the  Loretto  Mine,  by  Chas. 

H.    Baxter    108-170 

Raising  Shaft  on  Timber  in  Hard  Rock  at  the  Armenia  Mine,  by 

S.  J.  Goodney 171-17C 

Accidents  in  the  Transportation,  Storage  and  Use  of  Explosives, 

by  Charles  S.  Hurter  177-210 

The   Relations   of  the   Mining   Industry  to  the   Prevention   of 

Forest  Fires,  by  Thos.  B.  Wyman 211-217 

Block  Caving  and    Sub-Stope   System   at  the  Tobin   Mine,   by 

Fred  C.  Roberts   218-226 

The  Cornwall,  Pa.,  Magnetite  Deposits,  by  E.  B.  Wilson 227-238 

Top  Slicing  at  the  Caspian  Mine,  by  Wm.  A.  McEachern 239-243 

Electrical   Operation  of  the   Plants  of  the  Penn  Iron   Mining 

Company,  by  Frank  H.  Armstrong 244-250 


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LIST  OF  PAPERS  PUBLISHED  IN  PRECEDING  NUMBERS      XXIX 

Reminiscences  of   the   Gogebic   Range,   Ironwood   in   1887,   by 

J.    H.  Hearding    251-257 

Map  of  Menominee  Iron  Range,  following  page 265 

Biographical  Notices 259-260 

1912— Vol.  XVII. 

Methods  of  Sampling  at  Lake  Superior  Iron  Mines,  by  Bene- 
dict  Crowell , 76-93 

System  of  Safety  Inspection  ol3  The  Cleveland  CI Ifts  Iron  Co., 

by   William   Conibear    94-111 

Raising  Shaft  at  Rolling  Mill  Mine,  Negaunee,  Mich.,  by  Ed- 
win N.   Cory    112-116 

Mine  Sanitation,  by  E.  B.  Wilson  117-126 

Unexplored  Parts  of  the  Copper  Range  of  Keweenaw  Point, 

by  Alfred   C.    Lane 127-143 

Pootwall   Shafts  in  Lake  Superior   Copper  Mines,  by  L.   L. 

Hubbard   144-161 

Balancing  Rock  Crushors,  by  O.  P.  Hood  162-166 

Some  Applications  of  Concrete  Underground,  by  H.  T.  Mercer    167-185 

Construction  of  Intakes  at  the  Mills  of  the  Trimounta.n  and 

Champion  Mining  Companies,  by  Edward  Koepel 186-210 

Description  of  an  Air  Balanced   Hoisting  Engine,   Franklin 

Mining  Company,  by  R  H.  Corbett   211-216 

Rockhouse  Practice  of  ithe  Quincy  Mining  Company,  by  T.  C. 

DeSollar 217-226 

In  the  Lake  Superior  Area  What  Influence  If  Any,  Did  the 
Thickness  and  Contour  of  Poot-Wall  Beds  Have  Upon  the 
Subsequent  Deposition  and  Distribution  of  Copper  in  Over- 
lying Beds,  by  L   L.   Hubbard 227-237 

Failures  of  the  Rule  of  Following  the  Hanging,  In  the  Devel- 
opment of  Lake  Superior  Copper  Mines,  by  F.  W.  Sperr. .     238  246 

economical  Lubrication,  by  W.  M.  Davis   247  259 

R&ising,  Sinking  and  Concrerting  No.  3  Shaft,  Negaunee  Mine, 

by  S.  R  Elliott    260-282 

Rockhouse  Practice  of  the  Copper  Range  Consolidated  Com- 
pany, by  H.  T.  Mercer  283-289 

Map  of  Portage  Lake  Mining  District,  following  page 295 

Map  of   Mines  and  Properties  Included  in  a  Portion  of  the 

Lake  Superior  Copper  District,  following  page 295 


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XXX  LIST  OF  MEETINGS  OF  THE 


LIST  OF  MEETINGS   OF  THE   INSTITUTE  AND   THEIR  LOCALl- 
TIES  FROM  ITS  ORGANIZATION  TO  AUGUST,  1913. 

No.  Place.  Date.  Proceedings. 

1  Iron  Mountain,  Mich March  22-23,  1893 Vol.  I 

2  Houghton,    Mich March  7-9,  1894 Vol.  II 

3  Mesabl  and  Vermilion  Ranges.... March   6-8,   1895 Vol.  Ill 

4  Ishpeming,  Mich August  18-20,  1896...  Vol.  IV 

5  Ironwood,  Mich August  16-18,  1898. . .  Vol.  V 

6  Iron   Mountain,   Mich February    6-8,    1900..  Vol.  VI 

7  Houghton,    Mich March  5-9,  1901 Vol.  VII 

8  Mesabi  and  Vermilion  Ranges August  19-21,  1902. . .  Vol.  VIII 

9  Ishpeming,  Mich August  18-20,  1903 . . .  Vol.  IX 

10  Ironwood,  Mich August  16-18,  1904. ..  Vol.. X 

11  Iron  Mountain,  Mich October  17-19,  1905. .  .Vol.  XI 

12  Houghton,    Mich August  8-10,  1906 ....  Vol.  XII 

13  Mesabi  and  Vermilion  Ranges June  24^27,   1908 Vol.  XIII 

14  Ishpeming,  Mich August  25-27,  1909 . . .  Vol.  XIV 

15  Ironwood,    Mich .August  24-26,  1910 . . .  Vol.  XV 

10  Crystal  Falls,  Mich August  22-24,  1911. . .  Vol.  XVI 

17  Houghton,    Mich August  28-30,  1912. . .  VoL  XVII 

18  Mesabi  Range    August  26-30,  1913  . .  Vol.    XVIII 

Note— No  meetings  were  held  in  1897,  1899  and  1907. 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE 


RULES  OF  THE  INSTITUTE. 
I. 

OBJECTS. 

The  objects  of  the  Lake  Superior  Mining  Institute  are  to  promote 
the  arts  and  sciences  connected  with  the  economical  production  of 
the  useful  minerals  and  metals  in  the  Lake  Superior  region,  and  the 
welfare  of  those  employed  in  these  industries,  by  means  of  meetings 
of  sccial  intercourse,  by  excursions,  and  by  the  reading  and  discus- 
sion of  practical  and  professional  papers,  and  to  circulate,  by  means 
of  publications  among  its  members  the  information  thus  obtained. 

11. 

MEMBERSHIP. 

Any  person  interested  in  the  objects  of  the  Institute  is  eligible 
for  membership. 

Honorary  members  not  exceeding  ten  in  number,  may  be  ad- 
mitted to  all  the  privileges  of  regular  members  except  to  vote.  They 
must  be  persons  eminent  in  mining  or  sciences  relating  thereto. 

III. 

ELECTION  OP  MEMBERS. 

Each  person  desirous  of  becoming  a  member  shall  be  proposed 
by  at  least  three  members  approved  by  the  Council,  and  elected  by 
ballot  at  a  regular  meeting  (or  by  ballot  at  any  time  conducted 
through  the  mail,  as  the  Council  may  prescribe),  upon  receiving 
three-fourths  of  the  votes  cast.  Application  must  be  accompanied 
by  fee  and  dues  as  provided  by  Section  V. 

Bach  person  proposed  as  an  honorary  member  shall  be  recom- 
mended by  at  least  ten  members,  approved  by  the  Council,  and  elect- 
ed by  ballot  at  a  regular  meeting,  (or  by  ballot  at  any  time  bonduct- 
ed  through  the  mail,  as  the  Council  may  prescribe),  on  receiving 
nine-tenths  of  the  votes  cast. 

IV. 
WITHDRAWAL  PROM  MEMBERSHIP. 
Upon  the  recommendation   of  the  Council,  any   member  may  be 
stricken  from  the  list  and  denied  the  privilege  of  membership,  by 


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2  RULES  OF  THE 

the  vote  of  three-fourths  of  the  members  present  at  any  regular 
meeting,  due  notice  having  been  mailed  in  writing  by  the  Secretary 
to  him. 

V. 

DUES. 

The  membership  fee  shall  be  five  dollars  and  the  annual  dues 
five  dollars,  and  applications  for  membership  mu9t  be  accompanied 
by  a  remittance  of  ten  dollars;  five  dollars  for  such  membership  fee 
and  five  dollars  for  dues  for  the  ^first  year.  Honorary  members  shall 
not  be  liable  to  dues.  Any  member  not  in  arrears  may  become  a 
life  member  by  the  payment  of  fifty  dollars  at  one  time,  and  shall 
not  be  liable  thereafter  to  annual  dues.  Any  member  in  arrears  may, 
at  the  discretion  of  the  Council,  be  deprived  of  the  receipt  of  pub- 
lications or  be  stricken  from  the  list  of  members  when  in  arrears 
six  months;  Provided,  That  he  may  be  restored  to  membership  by 
the  Council  on  the  payment  of  all  arrears,  or  by  re-election  after  an 
interval  of  three  years. 

VI. 

OFFICERS. 

There  shall  be  a  President,  flve^Vice  Presidents,  five  Managers, 
a  Secretary  and  a  Treasurer,  and  these  Officers  shall  constitute  the 
Council. 

•VII. 

TERM  OF  OFFICE. 

The  President,  Secretary  and  Treasurer  shall  be  elected  for  one 
year,  and  the  Vice  Presidents  and  Managers  for  two  years,  except 
that  at  the  first  election  two  Vice  Presidents  and  three  Managers  shall 
be  elected  for  only  one  year.  No  President,  Vice  President,  or  Manager 
shall  be  eligible  for  immediate  re-election  to  the  same  office  at  the  ex- 
piration of  the  term  for  which  he  was  elected.  The  term  of  office 
shall  continue  until  the  adjournment  of  the  meeting  at  which  their 
successors  are  elected. 

Vacancies  in  the  Council,  whether  by  death,  resignation,  or  the 
failure  for  one  year  to  attend  the  Council  meetings,  or  to  perform 
the  duties  of  the  ofl'ice,  shall  be  filled  by  the  appointment  of  the 
Council,  and  any  person  so  appointed  shall  hold  office  for  the  *  re- 
mainder of  the  term  for  which  his  predecessor  was  elected  or  ap- 
pointed; Provided,  That  such  appointment  shall  not  render  him  In- 
eligible at  the  next  election. 

VIII. 
DUTIES  OF  OFFICERS. 

All  the  affairs  of  the  Institute  shall  be  managed  by  the  Coun- 
cil except  the  selection  of  the  place  of  holding  regular  meetings. 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  3 

Tbe  duties  of  all  Officers  sliall  be  such  as  usually  pertain  to  their 
offices,  or  may  be  delegated  to  them  by  the  Council. 

The  Council  may,  in  its  discretion,  require  bonds  to  be  given  by 
the  Treasurer,  and  may  allow  the  Secretary  such  compensation  for 
his  services  as  they  deem  proper. 

At  each  annual  meeting  the  Council  shall  make  a  report  of  pro- 
ceedings to  the  Institute,  together  with  a  financial  statement. 

Five  members  of  the  Council  shall  constitute  a  quorum;  but  the 
Council  may  appoint  an  executive  committee,  business  may  be  trans- 
acted at  a  regularly  called  meeting  of  the  Council,  at  which  less  than 
a  quorum  is  present,  subject  to  the  approval  of  a  majority  of  the 
Comicfl,  subsequently  given  in  writing  to  the  Secretary  and  recorded 
by  him  with  the  minutes. 

There  shall  be  a  meeting  of  the  Council  at  every  regular  meeting 
of  the  Institute  and  at  such  other  times  as  they  determine. 

IX. 

ELECTION  OF  OFFICERS. 

Any  five  members  not  in  arrears,  may  nominate  and  present  to 
the  Secretary  over  their  signatures,  at  least  thirty  days  before  the 
annual  meeting,  the  names  of  such  candidates  as  they  may  select 
for  offices  falling  under  the  rules.  The  Council,  or  a  committee  there- 
of duly  authorized  for  the  purpose,  may  also  make  similar  nominations. 
The  assent  of  the  nominees  shall  have  been  secured  in  all  cases. 

No  less  than  two  weeks  prior  to  the  annual  meeting,  the  Secre- 
tary shall  mail  to  all  members  not  in  arrears  a  list  of  all  nomina- 
tions made  and  the  number  of  officers  to  be  voted  for  in  the  form 
of  a  letter  ballot.  Each  member  may  vote  either  by  striking  from 
or  adding  to  the  names  upon  the  list,  leaving  names  not  exceeding 
in  number  the  officers  to  be  elected,  or  by  preparing  a  new  list,  sign- 
ing the  ballot  with  his  name,  and  either  mailing  it  to  the  Secretary, 
or  presenting  it  in  person  at  the  annual  meeting. 

In  case  nominations  are  not  made  thirty  days  prior  to  the  date 
of  the  annual  meeting  for  all  the  offices  becoming  vacant  under  the 
rules,  nominations  for  such  offices  may  be  made  at  the  said  meeting 
by  five  menibers.  not  in  arrears,  and  an  election  held  by  a  written  or 
printed  ballot. 

The  ballots  in  either  case  shall  be  received  and  examined  by  three 
tellers  appointed  at  the  annual  meeting  by  the  presiding  officer;  and 
the  persons  who  shall  have  received  the  greatest  number  of  votes  for 
the  several  offices  shall  be  declared  elected.  The  ballot  shall  be 
destroyed,  and  a  list  of  the  elected  officers,  certified  by  the  tellers, 
shall  be  preserved  by  the  Secretary. 

X. 

MEETINGS. 
Th£  animal  m^etisc;  of  the  Institute  shall  be  keld  at  such  time  as 


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4  RULES  OF  THE 

may  be  designated  by  the  Council.  The  Institute  may  at  a  regular 
meeting  select  the  place  for  holding  the  next  regular  meeting.  If  no 
place  is  selected  by  the  Institute  it  shall  be  done  by  the  Council. 

Special  meetings  may  be  called  whenever  the  Council  may  see  fit; 
and  the  Secretary  shall  call  a  special  meeting  at  the  written  re- 
quest of  twenty  or  more  members.  No  other  business  shall  be  trans- 
acted at  a  special  meeting  than  that  for  which  It  was  called. 

Notices  of  all  meetings  shall  be  mailed  to  all  members  at  least 
thirty  days  in  advance,  with  a  statement  of  the  business  to  be  trans- 
acted, papers  to  be  read,  topics  for  discussion  and  excursions  pro- 
posed. 

No  vote  shall  be  taken  at  any  meeting  on  any  question  not  per- 
taining to  the  business  of  conducting  the  Institute. 

Every  question  that  shall  properly  come  before  any  meeting  of 
the  Institute,  shall  be  decided,  unless  otherwise  provided  for  in  these 
rules,  by  the  votes  of  a  majority  of  the  members  then  present. 

Any  member  may  introduce  a  stranger  to  any  regular  meeting; 
but  the  latter  shall  not  take  part  in  the  proceedings  without  the 
consent  of  the  meeting. 

XI. 
PAPERS  AND  PUBLICATIONS. 

Any  member  may  read  a  paper  at  any  regular  meeting  of  the 
Institute,  provided  the  same  shall  have  been  submitted  to  and  ap- 
proved by  the  Council,  or  a  committee  duly  authorized  by  it  for  that 
purpose  prior  to  such  meeting.  All  papers  shall  become  the  prop- 
erty of  the  Institute  on  their  acceptance,  and  with  the  discussion 
thereon,  shall  subsequently  be  published  for  distribution.  The  num- 
ber, form  and  distribution  of  all  publications  shall  be  under  the  con- 
trol of  the  Council. 

The  Institute  is  not,  as  a  body,  responsible  for  the  statements 
of  facts  or  opinion  advanced  in  papers  or  discussion  at  its  meet- 
mgs,  and  it  is  understood,  that  papers  and  discussions  should  not 
include  personalities,  or  matters  relating  to  politics,  or  purely  to 
trade. 

XII. 

SPECIAL  COMMITTEES. 

The  Council  is  authorized  to  appoint  from  time  to  time  special 
committees  to  consider  and  i«eport  upon,  to  the  Institute  through  the 
Council,  such  subjects  as  changes  in  mining  laws,  safety  devices, 
the  securing  and  editing  of  papers  on  mining  methods,  definition  of 
mining  terms,  affiliations  with  other  societies,  and  such  other  sub- 
jects as  the  Council  shall  deem  it  desirable  to  inquire  into,  such  re- 
ports not  to  be  binding  on  the  Institute  except  action  is  taken  b7 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  5 

the  Institute  in  accordance  with  the  rules,  and  the  Council  is 
authorized  to  expend  not  exceeding  six  hundred  dollars  in  any  one 
year   to  carry  out  the  purpose  of  this  section. 

XIH. 

AMENDMENTS. 

These  rules  may  be  amended  by  a  two-thirds  vote  taken  by  let- 
ter ballot  in  the  same  manner  as  is  provided  for  the  election  of 
ofTicers  by  letter  ballot;  Provided,  That  written  notice  of  the  pro- 
posed  amendment  shall  have  been  given  at  a  previous  meeting. 


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EXCURSIONS 


EXCURSIONS. 
Tuesday,  August  26th,  191 3. 

The  Lake  Superior  Mining  Institute  held  its  Eigliteenth 
Annual  Meeting  on  the  Missabe  Range,  the  members  assem- 
bling at  Duluth,  most  of  them  arriving  there  on  the  morning 
trains.  Headquarters  were  established  at  the  Spalding  Hotel 
where  members  and  their  guests  secured  tickets  and  reserva- 
tions for  the  trip  over  the  range.  The  morning  was  verj' 
pleasantly  si>ent  in  renewing  old  acquaintances,  meeting  new 
ones,  and  expressions  of  good  fellowship.^ 

Tlie  party  left  Duluth  at  2  o'clock  on  the  Steamer  "Colum- 
bia" to  inspect  the  plant  of  the  Minnesota  Steel  Company,  a 
subsidiary,  of  the  United  States  Steel  Corporation.  They 
found  the  plant  still  in  the  process  of  construction  upon  a 
tract  of  1,500  acres  with  a  water  frontage  of  more  than  two 
miles  along  the  St.  Louis  river.  It  is  about  nine  miles  from 
the  center  of  Duluth.  The  plant  when  completed  and 
etiuipped  will,  it  is  said,  be  the  best  plant  among  the  many 
(>ix^rated  by  the  Steel  Corporation.  The  buildings  are  of  steel 
frames,  enclosed  with  two-piece  concrete  blocks,  making 
tliem  absolutely  fire-proof.  There  will  be  two  blast  furnaces 
of  500  tons  capacity  each,  and  ten  open-hearth  furnaces,  also 
ninety  Koppers  tyi>e  by-pro<luct  coke  ovens;  one  40-inch  re- 
versing blooming  mill;  one  28-inch  finishing  mill;  one  16- 
inch  continuous  roughing  train.  The  power  is  of  10,000  k. 
w.  capacity ;  five  blowing  engines,  driven  by  gas,  and  of  20,- 
000  cubic  feet  capacity  each,  and  a  pumping  station  of  40,- 
000  gallons  daily  capacity.  There  will  be  also  machine  and 
structural  shops  sufficient  to  supply  the  needs  of  the  com- 
pany.    The  company  is  also  erecting  175  houses  containing 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  7 

350  apartments  for  the  accommodation  of  their  men  and 
their  famiHes.  They  contemplate  building  a  cement  plant, 
of  4,000  barrels  per  day  capacity,  in  the  near  future. 

After  securing  much  valuable  information  from  the  in- 
spection of  this  plant  the  party  returned  to  Duluth.  arriving 
there  shortly  before  6  o'clock.  The  evening  was  very  en- 
joyably  spent  as  guests  of  the  various  clubs.  The  party  left 
in  three  special  trains  over  the  Duluth  &  Iron  Range  Railroad 
at  midnight.  One  of  these  luxurious  trains  was  composed 
(^f  ten  sleq>ing  and  dining  cars,  the  other  two  of  fifteen  private 
cars. 

Wednesday,  August  27TH,  1913. 

The  first  stop  was  made  at  Biwabik,  which  is  located  on 
the  eastern  end  of  the  range.  A  verj'  interesting  inspection 
of  the  Biwabik  mine  was  made.  This  property  was  the  sec- 
ond on  the  range  to  mine  iron  ore.  It  was  opened  in  1891, 
one  year  after  the  discovery  at  Mountain  Iron.  A  part  of 
the  ore  mined  there  is  of  a  ver>'  hard  grade  and  has  to  be 
cnished.  The  crusher  is  of  the  g>'ratory  type.  Its  capacity 
is  1,000  tons  per  hour.  It  is  said  to  be  the  largest  crusher  of 
this  tyi^e,  having  an  opening  of  48  inches. 

The  party  left  Biwabik,  in  seventy  automobiles,  for  Vir- 
ginia, where  the  afternoon  and  night  were  spent  sight-seeing 
and  visiting.  On  the  road  a  visit  was  paid  to  the  Genoa 
mine,  near  Eveleth,  one  of  the  deep  pits  of  the  range.  It  is 
so  deep  that  it  is  no  longer  profitable  to  work  with  steam 
shovels.  Most  of  the  ore  is  now  taken  to  the  surface  through 
two  shafts.  A  stop  was  also  made  at  the  Leonidas.  Here 
many  went  underground  for  the  purpose  of  inspecting  the 
concrete  pumping  station  and  new  pumps.  This  is  the  deep- 
est property  on  the  range.  They  are  now  mining  at  a  depth 
of  480  feet. 

A  very  enjoyable  dinner  of  the  New  England  style  was 
served  by  the  people  of  Eveleth  at  the  new  Glode  Hotel. 
After  dinner  the  Xorman,  Union,  and  Commodore  mines  of 
Virginia  were  insi^ected.  It  is  interesting  to  note  that  the 
Norman  is  the  deepest  pit  on  the  range,  so  deep  that  the  steam 


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8  EXCURSIONS 

shovel  work  has  been  abandoned.  The  pit  is  over  300  feet 
deep  and,  owing  to  the  narrowness  of  the  vein  and  the  per- 
pendicular walls  of  rock,  mining  operations  have  been  carried 
on  with  much  difficulty. 

The  party  was  next  taken  to  the  modern  equipped  saw- 
mill plant  of  the  Virginia  &  Rainy  Lake  Company.  This 
plant  consists  of  three  large  mills,  all  within  the  city  limits 
of  Virginia.  They  have  a  combined  capacity  of  one  million 
feet  of  lumber  per  day.  It  requires  a  force  of  about  1,400 
men  to  operate  these  mills.  The  comjxmy  also  has  a  large 
force  of  men  employeil  in  the  woods  getting  out  logs  to  sui> 
ply  the  mills. 

Some  of  the  company  who  were  es[:)ecially  interested  in 
tliis  feature  of  Missalje  mine  operations  visited  the  drying 
plant  at  the  Brunt  mine.  The  ore  is  brouglit  from  the  oi)en 
pit  a  mile  distant  and  run  through  the  drj^ers.  This  process 
reduces  the  moisture  from  18  to  8  per  cent.  The  plant  con- 
sists of  four  dryers  and  the  estimated  output  for  1913  is  200,- 
000  tons.  This  plant  is  oi)erated  by  the  M.  A.  Hanna  Coni- 
l>any.  A  short  visit  to  the  concentrating  plant  at  the 
Madrid  mine,  of  the  A.  B.  Coates  group,  was  made.  This 
plant  is  described  by  Bene<lict  Crowell  in  a  i>ai)er  which  is 
printed  in  this  volume.  A  map  and  description  of  the  Com- 
moilore  mine  of  the  Corrigan,  McKinney  Company,  is  pub- 
lished in  connection  with  the  ixiper  on  '^Mining  Methods  on 
the  Missalje  Range." 

Some  other  proi>erties  were  visited  during  the  afternoon, 
and  at  4  o'ck^k  a  game  of  base  ball  between  tlie  Virginia  and 
Range  teams  was  greatly  enjoyeil.  A  splendid  dinner  was 
served  by  the  mining  men  of  Virginia  at  the  new  home  of 
tlie  Elks  Lodge  of  that  city.  The  dinner  was  followed  by 
an  excellent  musical  program.  A  business  session  was  held 
in  the  evening  in  the  high  school  building. 

Thursday,  August  28th,  1913. 

The  party  left  Virginia,  at  9  o'ckx^k,  for  Chisholm,  where 
luncheon  was  served  by  the  citizens  at  Bergeron  liall.     Stops 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  9 

were  made  en  route  at  the  Mountain  Iron,  Shenango,  and 
Monroe  proi)erties.  As  mentioned  above  Mountain  Iron  is 
the  place  where  the  first  iron  ore  on  the  Missabe  Range  was 
discovered.  This  big  pit  has  shipped  over  seventeen  million 
tons  of  iron  ore.  The  Shenango  is  one  of  the  big  open  pit 
mines  of  the  Missabe.  It  has  been  worked  to  considerable 
depth.  The  Monroe  is  not  operating.  The  m'ine  is  com- 
pletely stripped,  but  no  ore  has  been  mined  since  1909.  The 
property  adjoining  the  Monroe  is  now^  being  stripped  by  the 
Great  Northern  Railroad  interests,  w^ho  contemplate  operat- 
ing the  m/'nes  on  the  Hill  Lands,  now  under  lease  to  the  Oliver 
Iron  Mining  company. 

The  party  moved  from  Chisholm  to  Hibbing,  which  is 
only  a  few  miles,  stopi>ing  on  the  w^ay  at  the  Leonard  mine. 
Here  the  entertainment  provided  a  visit  to  the  Fair  grounds 
where  the  St.  Louis  County  Fair  was  being  held.  Everybody 
greatly  enjoyed  the  horse  races  in  spite  of  the  fact  that  recent 
rains  had  made  the  track  exceedingly  heavy.  The  exhibit  of 
agricultural  produce  was  exceptionally  cred'itable  for  such  a 
new  ccuntr\'.  The  Fair  was  well  patronized  by  people  from 
the  adjoining  towns  and  everybody  seemed  to  be  having  a 
gtxxl  time. 

The  evening  entertainment  at  Hibbing  was  given  at  the 
Armor)'.  The  several  city  clubs  held  open-house  and  the 
evening  was  very  enjoyably  spent. 

Friday,  August  29TH,  1913. 

About  9  o'clock  in  the  morning  the  party  embarked  in 
flat  cars  provided  with  seats,  and  were  taken  into  the  open 
pits  of  the  Mahoning,  Hull-Rust,  Burt-Pool,  and  Sellers. 
These  mines  are  located  in  the  city  of  Hibbing.  Mining  is 
being  done  very  close  to  the  city  streets  in  several  places, 
and  l>efore  many  years  a  part  of  the  city  will  have  to  be 
moved  to  make  way  for  mining.  The  Hull-Rust  is  the  largest 
iron  property  in  the  world.  It  has  shipj^ed  over  20,000,000 
tons  of  ore  up  to  the  present  time.  The  mine  was  first  opened 
in  1896,  and  there  are  many  million  tons  now  in  sight  so  that 


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lO  EXCURSIONS 

mining  will  be  carried  on  there  for  many  years  to  come.  The 
extent  of  the  ore  body  at  this  point  is  given  as  5  miles  in 
length  by  3  or  4  thousand  feet  in  width.  A  visit  was  also 
made  to  the  Buffalo  &  Susquehanna  property.  More  than 
140  feet  of  over-burden  had  to  be  removed  before  the  ore 
could  be  mined  and  shii>ping  commenced.  The  work  was 
done  in  record  time  because  of  the  character  of  the  ground. 
They  found  the  ore  to  a  depth  of  700  feet. 

Special  trains  departed  from  Hibbing  at  10 130  o'clock  for 
Coleraine,  on  the  western  end  of  the  Range,  where  the  night 
was  spent  and  a  business  meeting  held.  Stops  were  made  at 
the  Stephenson,  Hawkins,  Crosby,  Hill,  Holman,  and  Cani- 
steo  mines.  All  of  these  mines  do  open  pit  mining  although 
some  are  also  operating  with  shafts.  The  Holman  and  Cani- 
steo  mines  are  very  near  to  Coleraine.  Coleraine  is  one  of 
the  best  laid-out  and  finest  mining  locations  in  the  country. 
Its  location  is  almost  ideal,  being  on  the  hills  on  the  shore 
of  Trout  Lake. 

Saturday,  August,  30TH,  191.3. 

After  breakfast  Saturday  morning  the  Oliver  Iron  Min- 
ing Comixmy's  concentrating  plant  was  visited.  Here  we 
saw  how  the  ores  from  the  pits  are  freed  of  sand.  A  large 
lx>rtion  of  the  ore  on  the  Western  Missalje  range  contains 
a  great  quantity  of  sand.  This  worthless  material  is  washed 
out  in  the  concentrating  plant,  thereby  bringing  the  ore  to  a 
merchantable  grade.  The  Coleraine  plant  has  a  capacity  of 
20,000  tons  daily.  This  is  composed  of  five  units  of  4,000 
tons  each.  A  pai>er  by  John  Uno  Sebenius,  chief  engineer  for 
the  Oliver  Iron  Mining  Company,  descrii)infr  this  plant,  ai>- 
l)ears  in  another  i>art  of  this  publication. 

The  insi)ection  of  the  concentrating  plant  ended  the  pleas- 
urable and  instructive  insi)ection  of  the  wonderful  Missal)e 
Range,  so  the  si)ecial  trains  were  again  boarded  and  the 
party  began  the  return  to  Duluth,  where  they  arrived  shortly 
after  the  noon  hour.  Most  of  those  who  had  enjoyed  the 
trip  left  on  evening  trains  for  their  homes,  all  loud  in  their 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  1 1 

praises  of  the  entertainment  accorded  to  them  by  the  good 
people  of  the  Missabe  Range.  How  could  they  feel  other- 
wise? Brass  bands  were  in  atendance  in  all  towns  visited 
and  every  host  seemed  to  endeavor  to  outdo  every  other  in 
the  cordial  sincerity  of  their  greetings.  It  is  always  pleasant 
to  meet  old  acquaintances  and  fellow  workers  of  days  that 
are  gone.  Many  of  the  residents  of  the  newer  towns  of  the 
Missabe  Range  were  formerly  residents  and  workers  in  the 
older  fields.  There  wras  evidence  of  progress  and  improve- 
ment on  everj'  hand  which  was  remarked  by  all  who  had  vis- 
ited the  Range  on  former  trips  of  the  Institute.  The  atten- 
dance numbered  more  than  300. 

A  booklet,  published  by  the  General  Committee,  contains 
many  views  and  much  interesting  information,  compiled  and 
arranged  by  W.  W.  J.  Croze,  mining  engineer,  Duluth,  and 
is  published  as  an  appendix  to  this  volume. 

BUSINESS  SESSIONS. 

The  first  business  meeting  was  held  on  Wednesday  even- 
ing at  8:30,  at  the  Roosevelt  High  school,  in  the  City  of 
Virginia.  President  Pentecost  Mitchell  presiding.  Mr.  Mitch- 
ell, on  behalf  of  the  membership  from  the  Minnesota  ranges, 
extended  a  cordial  welcome  to  the  members  and  guests  pres- 
ent. 

Pa[)ers  were  presented  in  the  following  order: 
*  Report  of  Committee  on  the  Practice  for  the  Prevention 
of  Accidents,  was,  in  the  absence  of  the  members,  read  by 
title.  It  presented  the  report  of  the  two  meetings  held  by  the 
Committee,  on  March  26th  and  July  22nd,  1913.  The  Com- 
mittee especially  advises  the  adoption  of  the  classification 
of  accidents  as  used  by  the  United  States  Bureau  of  Mines 
in  order  that  all  reports  may  be  uniform.  Discussion  of  this 
pai>er  should  te  presented  at  the  next  meeting. 

The  following  papers,  in  the  absence  of  the  authors,  were 
read  by  title: 

^Sanitation  for  Mine  Locations,  by  W.  H.  Moulton,  Ish- 
pcming,  Midi. 


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12  BUSINESS  MEETING 

♦Winona  Stamp  Mill,  by  R.  R.  Seetoer,  Winona,  Mich. 

♦Mining  Methods  on  the  Missabe  Range,  by  Willard  Bay- 
liss  J.  S.  Lutes  and  E.  D.  McNeil,  Committee  was  presented 
in  oral  al)stract  by  Messrs.  Bayliss  and  McXeil. 

♦What  Our  Neighlx>rs  Can  Do  In  Mining  Iron  Ore,  by 
Dwight  E.  Wocxlbridge,  Duluth,  Minn.,  was  read  by  the 
author. 

♦Safety  in  the  Mines  of  the  Lake  Superior  Iron  Ranges, 
by  Edwin  Higgins,  Ironwood,  Mich.,  was  presented  in  oral 
abstract.    Discussion  is  published  following  paj^er. 

,This  concluded  the  reading  of  i>apers  for  the  evening. 

The  President  here  introduced  Charles  E.  VanBameveld, 
chief  of  the  department  of  Mine.^  and  Metallurgy  of  the 
Panama-Pacific  Internationrd.  ^x^sition,  191 5,  who  addressed 
the  meeting  as  ^  ..lon-s : 

Someone  has  aptly  called  the  Panama  Canal  'ihe  Gieatest  Liberty 
ever  taken  with  nature."  The  successful  ccnrplo^tion  of  this  project 
is  due  to  American  enterprise  and  American  '^ngine^rins  skill.  The 
nation  is  justly  proud  of  this  achievement  and  proposes  to  celebrate 
it  by  holding  an  International  Exposition  in  San  Francisco  in  1915. 
I  wish  to  lay  special  emphasis  on  the  word  Intsrnational.  Because 
of  its  location,  the  Exposition  is  often  spoken  of  and  more  often 
thought  of  as  California's  Exposition.  While  the  majority  wish  it 
success  and  hope  to  take  it  in,  a  great  many  people  do  not  seem 
to  realize  that  practically  everyone  who  occupies  a  position  of  any 
responsibility  in  American  professional  and  industrial  life  owes 
some  direct  thought  and  attention  to  this  Exposition  now. 

In  a  sense  California  is  the  host.  In  a  larger  sense,  however, 
the  Nation  is  the  host.  The  Nation  has  issued  the  call  and  has  in- 
vited world-wide  participation.  Canadian,  Australian,  Asiatic  and 
South  American  participation  are  assured  on  a  large  scale.  The 
same  may  be  said  of  Europe.  While  two  important  European  Na- 
tions have  officially  declined  to  participate  for  the  present,  there 
is  every  reason  to  feel  assured  that  they  will  ultimately  be  well 
represented. 

The  citizens  of  California  in  preparing  for  this  Exposition  have 
raised  17  V^  million  dollars  This  sum  is  being  wisely  expended  in 
preparation  of  the  site,  in  the 'erection  and  equipment  of  the  Exposi- 
tion Palaces  and  in  the  maintenance  of  the  Division  of  Exhibits. 
The  Director  qf  Exhibits  and  his  staff  will  be  in  readiness  to  advise 
with  you,  to  receive  and  intelligently  display  the  Nation's  contrlbu- 

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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  I3 

tions  towards  this  celebration.  Beyond  that,  it  must  be  clear  to  you 
that  the  responsibility  for  a  successful  Exposition  lies  with  profes- 
sional and  industrial  America. 

This  Exposition  will  be  a  record  of  the  history  of  the  world's 
progress  In  all  the  arts  and  industries.  Its  exhibits,  gathered  from 
all  over  the  world,  will  tell  the  casual  observer,  the  student,  the 
thinker  by  object-lessons  instead  of  by  words,  what  mankind  is, 
does,  and  seeks  to  do.  It  will  be  a  living  picture  illustrating  and 
interpreting  the  cold  and  bare  statistics  which,  without  such  in- 
terpretation, are  incomprehensible  and  meaningless  to  the  average 
mind.  It  is  therefore  the  privilege  and  duty  of  each  industry  to 
properly  represent  its  activities.  Each  industry  being  in  turn  the 
host  to  all  others. 

The  Division  of  Exhibits  is  organized  into  eleven  departments, 
one  of  which  is  Mines  &  Metallurgy.  The  Palace  o:  Mines  is  a 
beautiful  building,  well  located  and  has  about  200,000  square  feet 
ef  floor  space.  In  addition^  to  'exhibiting  the  World's  Natural  Min- 
eral Resources,  including  the  iMcj*  and  Non-Me tallies,  we  hope 
to  fully  illustrate  the  technique  and  the  indu/Mal  side  of  Mining 
and  Metallur^.  X?  is  cap  only  be  done  through  the  mrty  co-op- 
eration of  the  profession  anO  the  industry. 

It  has  been  said  ihat  mining  operations  do  not  lead  themselves 
readily  to  exhibition  **nd  that  the  legitimate  mine-operator  has  little 
commercial  incentive  to  exhibit  because  he  has  nothing  to  advertise, 
nothing  to  sell  I  Fortunately,  the  mining  industry  is,  in  the  main, 
in  the  hands  of  public-spirited  men,  accustomed  to  taking  a  large 
view  of  things,  men  who  will  not  allow  the  lack  of  commercial  in- 
centive, the  lack  of  apparent  direct  individual  benefit,  to  outweigh 
the  decided  indirect,  collective  benefits  to  be  derived  from  the  right 
sort  of  publicity.  We  hear  much  of  the  decadence  of  prospecting 
and  mining,  of  the  lack  of  security  and  stability  of  mining  invest- 
ments. The  miner  has  suffered  greatly  from  misunderstanding,  from 
public  ignorance,  and  above  all  from  persistent  misrepresentation. 
We  all  recognize  in  a  general  way,  the  importance  of  education;  it 
is  the  greatest  remedy  for  prejudice,  superstition,  and  ignorance; 
it  makes  for  greater  all-around  efficiency.  A  well  planned  exposi- 
tion is  of  incalculable  value  as  an  educator  of  the  public  mind  and 
no  industry  is  in  greater  need  of  this  service  today  than  mining. 
Many  important  questions  in  which  the  miner  is  vitally  interested 
are  pressing  for  settlement.  The  public  is  taking  an  increasingly 
active  part  in  forcing  these  settlements.  When  not  blinded  by  pre- 
judice and  ignorance,  the  public  is  essentially  fair-minded;  it  only 
needs  to  be  educated.  You  have  before  you  now  an  opportunity 
which  probably  will  not  recur  for  a  decade  to  give  the  public  an  in- 
sight into  the  Importance,  the  stability,  and  solidarity  of  your  in- 
dustry, its  legitimate  speculative  and  investment  features,  your  need 
of  capital,  of  fair  treatment,  of  wise  legislation,  of  public  support 
and  co-operation. 


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14  BUSINESS  MEETING 

Every  mining  man  should  see  in  this  Exposition  an  opportunity 
'lor  some  broadcast  sowing.  The  higher  he  has  risen  in  his  profes- 
sion, the  more  Important  the  enterprise  he  owns,  directs  or  is  as- 
sociated with,  the  greater  will  his  opportunity  be.  To  approve  the 
sentiment  that  the  industry  should  be  properly  represented  is  only 
the  .first  step.  While  the  result  will  be  collective,  the  responsibility 
is  -Individual.  If  each  man  will  ask  himself.  What  can  I  do  individual- 
ly— What  can  I  do  to  interest  my  company,  my  clients — What  can 
I  do  to  interest  my  superiors,  my  subordinates,  to  interest  machinery 
men  and  those  interested  in  special  processes;  and  having  asked  and 
thought,  will  then  set  about  doing  it,  we  will  have  a  mining  and 
metallurgical  exhibit  worthy  of  the  industry. 

The  Lake  Superior  Districts  are  justly  famed  for  their  copper 
and  iron  ore  production.  From  the  standpoint  of  tonnage,  scale  of 
operation  and  engineering  practice,  this  is  the  iron  mining  center 
of  the  world.  The  Lake  Superior  miner  of  the  past  generation  was 
the  originator  and  you  of  the  present  generation  are  the  perfectors 
of  mining  methods  which  are  copied  all  over  the  country.  The  Ex- 
position therefore  makes  a  direct  appeal  to  your  individual  pride,  to 
your  pride  of  industry,  to  your  state  and  national  pride — in  a  word, 
to  the  beat  that  Is  in  you;   your  patriotism. 

Get  together  on  this  proposition,  gentlemen,  and  give  us  an  Ex- 
hibit worthy  ol  your  branch  of  the  industry  which  more  than  any 
has  advanced  the  settlement,  the  upbuilding  and  civilization  of  this 
country. 

The  next  order  of  business  was  appointing  the  various 
special  committees.  On  motions  duly  made,  seconded  and  car^ 
ried,  the  President  apix>inted  the  following  committees,  to  re- 
i:)<>rt  at  the  business  session  on  Friday  evening. 

Committee  on  Nominations — Mark  Elliott,  Virginia, 
Minn.;  Wm.  J.  Richards,  Crystal  Falls,  Mich.;  Peter  W. 
Pascoe,  Republic,  Mich.;  Andre  Fomiis,  Ojibway,  Mich.; 
L.  M.  Hardenburgh,  Hurley,  Wis. 

Auditing  Committee — Frank  B.  Goodman,  Hurley, 
Wis.;  Max  H.  Earlier,  Nashwauk,  Minn.;  Charles  Grabows- 
ky,  Virginia,  Minn. 

Committee  ON  Resolutions — ^John  H.  Hearding,  Duluth, 
Minn.;  George  H.  Al)eel,  Ironwood,  Mich.;  Wm.  H.  John- 
ston, Ishi>eming,  Mich. 

An  adjournment  was  then  taken  to  I^riday  evening  at 
8:30  o'clock,  at  the  Village  Hall,  Coleraine. 


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lake  superior  mining  institute  1 5 

Business  Session  Friday  Evening. 

At  8:30  the  final  business  meeting  was  held.  Owing  to 
the  inability  of  President  Mitchell  to  be  present,  Vice  Presi- 
dent George  H.  Abeel,  presided.  The  presentation  of  pai)ers 
was  continued,  and  were  taken  up  in  the  following  order: 

The  following  papers  were  read  by  title: 

♦Relining  No.  2  Hamihon  Shaft  with  Reinforced  Divid- 
ers, End  Plates  and  Poured  Concrete  Walls,  by  S.  W.  Tarr, 
Duluth,  Minn. 

♦Suggestions  on  the  Application  of  Efficiency  Methods  to 
Mining,  by  C.  M.  Leonard,  Gwinn,  Mich. 

♦The  Application  of  Mining  Macliines  to  Underground 
Mining  on  the  Missa:be  Range,  by  H.  E.  Martin  and  W.  J. 
Kaiser,  Hibbing,  Minn. 

♦Mine  Laws,  Special  Rules  and  the  Prevention  of  Acci- 
dents, by  E.  B.  Wilson,  Scranton,  Pa.  Discussion  is  pul>- 
lished  with  the  paper. 

♦Concentrating  at  the  Madrid  Mine,  by  Benedict  Crowell, 
Cleveland,  Ohio. 

Wash  Ores  in  Western  Missabe  and  the  Coleraine  Wash- 
ing Plant,  by  John  Uno  Setenius,  Duluth,  Minn. 

Electricity,  by  William  Kelly,  Vulcan,  Mich.  (Title  not 
final. ) 

Hoist  Efficiency,  by  Frank  H.  Armstrong,  Vulcan,  Mich. 
(Title  not  final.) 

r>ry  House  at  East  Vulcan  Mine,  Penn  Iron  Mining  Co., 
by  Floyd  L.  Burr,  Vulcan,  Mich. 

This  completed  the  reading  of  Pai^ers  and  the  report  of 
the  Council  was  then  presented. 


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l6  BUSINESS  MEETING 

REPORT   OF   THE   COUNCIL. 

Secretary's   report   of   Receipts   and   Disbursements   fronf  August 
22nd,  1912  to  August  18th,  1913. 

RECEIPTS. 

Cash  on  hand  August  22nd,  1912 $5,994  58 

Entrance  fees   for   1912    |    330  00 

Dues  for  1912   2,210  00 

Back    dues,    1909    . . '. |  25  00 

Back   dues.   1910    70  00 

Back  dues,   1911    210  00       305  00 

Advance    dues    for    1913    55  00 

Sale   of   Proceedings    31  25 

Proposals   for   membership    30  00 

Institute  pin    4  00 

Houghton    meeting    proportion    of    pror 
gram 127  22 

Total    13,092  47 

Interest  on   deposit    205  53 

Total  receipts   3,298  00 

Grand  total    $9,292  00 

DISBURSEMENTS. 

Stationery    and    printing    $     95  00 

Postage    139  06 

Freight  and   express    23  90 

Exchange    2  15 

Telephone    and    telegraphing    4  74 

Secretary's  salary   750  00 

Stenographic  work    60  00 

Total    $1,075  59 

Publishing  Proceedings    Vol.  XVI    1.007  98 

Photographs,    maps,    etc 131  31 

Advance  papers  1912   191  75 

Programs,    etc.,    1912    170  72 

Advance  papers,  1913,   (cuts)    52  37 

Expense   Houghton  meetings,  rent  and 

stenographer    33  50 

Badges    for    meeting.    1912    81  25 

Committee  meetings,  traveling  expenses  51  90 

Total    $1,720  84 

Total    disbursements    2,796  43 

Cash  on  hand  August  18th,  1913 0,496  15 

Grand   total    $9,292  58 

MEMBERSHIP. 

1913  1912  1911 

Total   518  486  51 7 

Members  in  good  standing  483  437  467 

Honorary   members    4  4  4 

Life   members    2  2  2 

Members  in  arrears   (2  years.)    29  43  44 

New  members  admitted,  1912   71  31  46 

New  members  not  qualified   5  4  3 

New  members  added    66  27  43 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  IJ 

TREASURER'S    REPORT. 

Treasurer's  Report  from  August  26th,  1912,  to  August  18th,  1913: 

Cash  on  hand  August  26th,  1912 |5,994.58 

Received  from  secretary 3,062.47 

Received  interest  on  deposits 205.53 

Paid  drafts  issued  hy  secretary $2,796.43 

Cash  on  hand  August  18th,  1913 6,466.15 

Totals   $9,262.58         $9,262.58 

Summary  of  cash  on  hand: 

As  per  treasurer's  report $6,466.15 

In  hands  of  secretary  30.00 

Total  as  per  secretary's  report $6,496.15 

The  following"  standing  committees  were  appointed  by  the 
Council  for  the  ensuing  year: 

"PRACTICE    FOR    THE    PREVENTION    OF   ACCIDENTS." 
(Committee  to  consist  of  five  members.) 
C.  B.  Lawrence,  Palatka,  Mich.,  Chairman;  D.  E.  Sutherland,  Iron 
Mountain,  Mich.;   Wm.  Conibear,  Ishpeming,   Mich.;    W.  H.  Schacht, 
Painesdale,  Mich.;   M.  H.  Godfrey,  Virginia,  Minn. 

"CARE  AND   HANDLING  OF  HOISTING  ROPES." 
(Committee  to  consist  of  five  members.) 
W.  A.  Cole,  Ironwood,  Mich.,  Chairman;  O.  D.  McClure,  Ishpeming, 
Mich.;   J.  S.  Jacka,  Crystal  Falls,  Mich.;  W.  J.  Richards,  Painesdale, 
Mich.;   A.  T&ncig,  Hibbing,  Minn. 

"PAPERS  AND  PUBLICATIONS." 
(Committee  to  consist  of  five  members.) 
Wm.    iCelly,    Vulcan,   Mich.,    Chairman;    J.    H.    Hearding,    Duluth, 
Minn.;    F.   W.    McNair,   Houghton,   Mich.;    J.   E.   Jopling,    Ishpeming, 
Mich.;  P.  S.  WiUiams,  Ramsay,  Mich. 

"BUREAU  OF  MINES." 
(Committee  to  consist  of  three  members.) 
M.   M.  Duncan,  Ishpeming,  Mich.,  Chairman;    J.  B.  Cooper,  Hub- 
bell,  Mich,;  A.  J.  Yungbluth,  Secretary,  Ishpeming,  Mich. 

"BIOGRAPHY." 
(Committee  to  consist  of  five  members.) 
J.   H.  Hearding,  Duluth,  Minn.,  Chairman;   J.  B.  Cooper,  Hubbell, 
Mich.;    R.  A.  Douglas,  Ironwood,  Mich.;    M.  B.  McGee,  Crystal  Falls 
Mich.;   W.  H.  Newett,  Ishpeming,  Mich. 

**MININa  METHODS  ON  THE  MARQUETTE  RANGE." 
(Committee  to  consist  of  three  members  to  be  appointed  later.) 

Committees  to  serve  until  their  successors  are  appointed;  each 
committee  to  have  power  to  appoint  sub-committees  as  may  be 
deemed   necessary. 

The  following  letter  and  invitation  was  received  from  the 
Committee  of  Management  of  the  Inteniational  Engineering 


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1 8  BUSINESS  MEETING 

Congress,  to  he  held  in  San  Francisco,  Sept.  20th  to  25th, 

INTERNATIONAL    ENGINEERING    CONGRESS,    1915i 
New  York  City,   N.  Y. 
To  the  Secretary  of 

Lake  Superior  Mining   Institute, 
Isiipeming,   Mlcli. 
Dear  Sir: 

On  behalf  of  the  Committee  o*  Management  of  the  International 
Engineering  Congress  to  be  held  in  San  FVancisco  in  1915.  we  have 
the  honor  to  enclose  herewith  a  most  cordial  invitation  to  the  officers 
and  members  of  your  Society  to  attend  and  to  participate  in  the  pro- 
ceedings of  this  Congress. 

We  would  respectfully  request  that  you  transmit  to  your  mem- 
bers the  information  contained  in  the  prelim  nary  announcement, 
which  is  also  enclosed  and  which  gives  such  outline  of  the  Congress 
as  can  be  furnished  at  the  present  time. 

Further  details  relative  to  the  Congress  will  be  sent  to  you  in  the 
near  future  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Committee  of  Management  in 
San  Francisco,  and  we  would  request  that  your  reply  to  the  invita- 
tion and  to  this,  as  well  as  to  all  future  communications  relative  to 
the  Congress,  be  addressed  to  the  Executive  Officers  of  the  Com- 
mittee of  Management  in  San  Francisco. 

Very  respectfully  yours, 
GEO.  F.  SWAIN,  President. 

CHAS.  WARREN  HUNT,  Secretary. 

American  Society  of  Civil  Engineers. 
CHiAS.  F.  RAND,  President. 

BRADLEY   STOUGHTON,   Secretary. 

American  Institute  of  Mining  Engineers. 
W.  F.  M.  GOSS,  President. 

CALVIN   W.  RICE,   Secretary. 

The  American  Society  of  Mechanical  Engineers. 
RALPH  DAVENPORT  MBRSHON.  President. 
F.  L.  HUTCHINSON,  Secretary. 

American  Institute  of  Electrical  Engineers. 
ROBERT  M.  THOMPSON,  President. 
DANIEL  H.  COX,  Secretary. 

The  Society  of  Naval  Architects  and  Marine  Engineers. 

The  American  Society  of  Civil  Eng  neers 

The  American  Institute  of  Mining  Engineers 

The  American  Society  of  Mechanical  Engineers 

The  American  Institute  of  Electrical  Engineers 

and 

The   Society   of  Naval  Architects  and   Marine  Engineers 

extend  to  the  officers  and  members  of 

THE  LAKE    SUPERIOR   MINING   INSTITUTE 

a  most  cordial   invitation 

to  attend  and  to  participate  in  the  proceedings  of 

The  International   Engineering  Congress 

to  be  held  in  connection  with 

The  Panama  Pacific  International  Exposition 

September  twentieth  to  twenty-flfth 

in  the  year  one  thousand  nine  hundred  and  fifteen 

in  San  Francisco 

California 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  I9 

The  letter  ballot  on  the  resolution  presented  at  the  last 
annual  meeting  was  referred  to  William  Kelly  and  L.  C. 
Brewer  as  tellers,  who  canvassed  the  vote  and  presented  the 
following  results: 

Whole  number  votes  cast,  200. 

In  favor  of  resolution,  200. 

The  resolution  was  accordingly  adopted  and  added  to  the 
rules  as  Rule  XII. 

On  motion  the  reix)rt  of  the  Council  was  adopted. 

The  following  pro[X)sals  for  meml>ership  have  been  ap- 
]>n>ved  by  the  Council: 

Barr,  J.  Carroll,  General  Manager,  Pittsburg  Steel  Ore 
Co.,  Crosby,  Minn. 

Batchelder,  B.  W.,  Superintendent  Hawkins  Mine,  Nash- 
wauk,  Minn. 

Bolles,  Fred  R.,  Assistant  General  Manager,  Copper 
Range  R.  R.,  Houghton,  Mich. 

Burdorf,  Harry  A.,  Representative  The  Lunkenheimer 
Co.,  -2316  Garfield  Ave.,  S.  Minneapolis,  Minn. 

Bush,  E.  G.,  Diamond  Drill  Contractor,  909  Ahvorth 
Bldg.,  Duluth,  Minn. 

Caine,  D.  T.,  Local  Superintendent,  Republic  Iron  &  Steel 
Co.,  (lilbert,  Minn. 

Cash,  F.  H.,  Local  Superintendent,  Rqxiblic  Iron  &  Steel 
Co.,  Kinney,  Minn. 

Christianson,  Peter,  Professor  of  Metallurgy,  School  of 
Mines.  University  of  Minnesota,  Minneapolis,  Minn. 

Comstock,  Henry,  General  Superintendent,  Witherl)ee 
Shemian  &  Co.,  Mineville,  New  York. 

Comstock,  Ehling  H.,  Professor  Mechanics  &  ]Mathe- 
matics.  School  of  Mines,  University  of  Minnesota,  Minnea- 
jx;lis.  Minn. 

Cook,  Charles  W.,  Instructor  in  Economic  Geology,  Uni- 
versity of  Michigan,  Economics  Bldg.,  Ann  Arlx:>r,  Mich. 

DeHaas,  Nathan  G.,  Wholesale  Lunil)er,  Marquette,  Mich. 

Diehl,  Alfred  S.,  Chief  Engineer,  Oliver  Iron  Mining 
Company,  Coleraine,  Minn. 


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20  BUSINESS  MEETING 

Donahue,  E.  J.  W.,  Secretary,  Cuyuna-Duluth  Iron  Com- 
pany, 416-17  Lonsdale  Bldg.,  Duluth,  Minii. 

Dow,  Herbert  W.,  Sales  Manager,  Nofdberg  Mfg.  Co., 
Milwaukee,  Wis. 

Drake,  John  M.,  Superintendent,  Meridan  Mine,  Hibbing, 
Minn. 

Eckstroni,   Alexander,  J.,    Mining    Engineer,   Keewatin, 
Minn. 

Emmons,   William   H.,    Director,    Minnesota  Geological 
Survey,  University  of  Minnesota,  Minneapolis,  Minn. 

Flannigan,  Thomas  A.,   General  Superintendent,   Repub- 
lic Iron  &  Steel  Co.,  Gilbert,  Minn. 

Foote,   George   C,   Resident   Director,   Witherbee   Sher- 
man &  Co.,  Port  Henry,  New  York. 

Forbes,  Guy  R.,  Mining    Engineer,    329    Hemlock    St., 
Virginia,  Minn. 

Gaynor,   William   E.,   Manager   Great  Lakes   Dredge  & 
Dock  Co.,  Duluth,  Minn. 

Halloday,  Fred  H.,^ Superintendent  Winston  &  Dear,  Hib- 
bing,  Minn. 

Hayden,  J.  Elzey,  Mining  Engineer,  C.  C.  I.  Co.,  Ishpem- 
ing,  Mich. 

Heim.  Harry  R.,  Salesman  Westinghopse  Elec.  Co.,  936 
MetroiK>litan  Life  Bldg.,  Minneapolis,  Minn. 

Higgins,  Edwin,  Mining  Engineer,  care  Bureau  of  Mines, 
Ironwood,  Mich. 

House,  Allen  C,  care  M.  A.  Hanna  &  Co.,  Cleveland, 
Ohio. 

Jenks,  C.  O.,  General  Superintendent,  G.  N.  Ry.,  Super- 
ior, Wis. 

Johnson,  Harry  O.,  Osterberg  &  Johnson,  Diamond  Drill 
Conti-actors,  Virginia,  Minn. 

Johnson,   Xels,   Local   Superintendent    Republic    Iron  & 
Steel  Co.,  Keewatin,  Minn. 

Johnstone,  Orland  W.,  Si>ecial  Agent  Soo  Line,  Duluth, 
Minn. 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  21 

Kieren,  Josq>h,  Master  Mechanic,  Republic  Iron  &  Steel 
Co.,  Gilbert,  Minn. 

Kurtzman,  P.  L.,  Local  Superintendent  Republic  Iron  & 
Steel  Co.,  McKinley,  Minn. 

Locker,  W.  H.,  Treasurer,  Cuyuna-Duluth  Iron  Com- 
pany, 416  Lonsdale  Bldg.,   Duluth,   Minn. 

Middkmise  Bruce  A.,  Mine  Superintendent,  Hibbing, 
Minn. 

Mitchell,  Harold  E.,  Leonidas,  Oliver  Iron  Mining*  Coni- 
l)any,  Eveleth,  Minn. 

MacKillican,  James  A.,  Mining  Engineer,  Meridan  Iron 
Co.,  Hibbing,  Minn. 

McRandle,  William  E.  R.,  Superintendent  Gale  Mine, 
Bessemer,  Mich. 

Oberg,  Anton  C  Chief  Engineer,  Arthur  Iron  Mining 
Co.,  Hibbing,  Minn. 

Overpeck,  Hollis  \V.,  Safety  Inspector,  Oliver  Iron  Min- 
ing Co.,  Virginia  District,  Virginia,  Minn. 

Pellenz,  William  P.,  Jr.,  Mining  Superintendent,  Carson 
Lake,  Minn. 

Penniman,  Dwight  C,  Representative  Central  Electric 
Company,  Clinton  Hotel,  Minneapolis,  Minn. 

Peterson,  A.  Y.,  Assistant  General  Superintendent,  Oliver 
Iron  Mining  Co.,  Chisholm,  Minn. 

Philbin,  Donald  M.,  Charge  Great  Northern  Iron  Ore 
Properties,  408  Sellwood  Bldg.,  Duluth,  Minn. 

Pursell,  H.  E.,  Sales  Manager,  Kewanee  Boiler  Co.,  Ke-. 
wanee,  Illinois. 

Redner,  A.  E.,  Mining  Captain,  216  Aurora  Location, 
Iron  wood,  Mich. 

Reifel,  H.  T.,  Superintendent  La  Rue  Mine,  Xashwauk, 
Minn. 

Rouchleau,  Louis,  Mine  Owner,  West  Hotel,  Minneapolis, 
Minn. 

Sellwood,  R.  M.,  Mining  &  Banking,  Duluth,  Minn. 
Sheldon.  All:)ert  P.,  Garlock  Packing  Co.,   112  X.   .\rch 
St.,  Marquette,  Mich. 


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22  BUSINESS  MEETING 

Shove,  Brigham  W.,  Agent  C.  N.  W.,  Ry.,  Ironwood, 
Mich. 

Silliman,  Thomas,  B.,  Mining  Engineer,  Coleraine,  Minn. 
^  Stephens,  James,  Mining  Captain.  North  Lake,  R.  F.  D., 
Ishpeming,  Mich. 

Sullivan,  A.  J.,  General  Superintendent,  Oliver  Iron  Min- 
ing Co.,  Chisholm,  Minn. 

Tal'boys,  Henry  H.,  Salesman,  Ingersoll-Rand  Drill  Co., 
717   Providence  Bldg.,   Duluth,   Minn. 

Tappan,   William   M.,   Mining  Superintendent,    Hibbing, 
Minn. 

Thomson,  Camii  A.,  General  Manager,  Great  Northern 
Iron  Ore  Proi>erties,  Room'  222,  G.  N.  Bldg.,  St.  Paul,  Minn. 

Tubby,    Charles,    W.,    District    Manager,    International 
Steam  Pump  Co.,  703  Commerce  Bldg.,  St.  Paul  Minn. 

Ulrich,  William  R,   Chief  Chemist  Oliver  Iron  Mining 
Company,  Chisholm,  Minn. 

Wiebb,   Wa;lter   M.,   Safety   Inspector,   Republic   Iron   & 
Steel  Co.,  Gilbert,  Minn. 

White,  J.  W.,   Sales  Representative,  Tlie  Jeffrey  Mfg. 
Comixmy,  1905  E.  Superior  St.,  Duluth,  Minn. 

Wilcox,  Lee  L.,  Chief  Engineer,   Republic  Iron  &  Steel 
I   Co.,  Gilbert,  Minn. 

Willard,  Paul  D.,  Mining  Engineer,  Hibbing,  Minn. 

Williams,  Dean  R.,  Sales  Agent,  Williams  &  Wolff,  1213 
Majestic  Bldg.,  Milwaukee,  Wis. 

Wilson,   Arthur  O.,   Engineer  Susquehanna  Mine,   Hib- 
l):ng,  Minn. 

Woodbridge,    Dwight    E.,    Mining    Engineer,    Sellw^ood 
Bldg.,  Duluth,  Minn. 

Zimmemian,  Walter  G.,  Contracting  Manager,  American 
Bridge  Co.,  Duluth.  Minn. 

On  motion  the  Secretary  was  instructed  to  cast  the  ballot 
for  the  elect'on  of  the  applicants  to  membership. 

The  Auditing  Committee  then  presented  the  following  re- 
ix>rt: 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  ^3 

Yoiir  Committee  appointed  to  examine  the  books  of  the 
Secretary  and  Treasurer,  beg  leave  to  report  that  we  have 
carefully  examined  same  and  find  the  receipts  and  expendi- 
tures shown  therein  to  be  in  accordance  with  the  statements 
of  the  Secretary  and  Treasurer  for  the  fiscal  year  ending 
August  26th,   1913. 

FRANK   B.   GOODMAN^ 
MAX    H.    BARBER, 
CHAS.    GRABOWSKY. 

On  motion  the  reix>rt  of  the  Committee  was  adojited. 
Report  of  Committee  on  Nominations. 

Your  Cciiimittee  on  nominations  beg  leave  to  submit  the 
following  names  for  oflficers  of  the  Institute  for  teiTns  speci- 
fied : 
For  President  (one  year)  : 

W.   H.  Johnston,  Ishpeming,  Mich. 
For  Vice  Presidents  (two  years)  : 

C.  T.  Knise,  Ishpeming,  Mich. 

Charles  E.  Lawrence,  Palatka,  Mich. 

Luther  C.  Brewer,  Ironwood,  Mich. 
F(/r   Managers   (two  years)  : 

W.  A.  Sielxinthal,  Repu1>lic,  Mich. 

J.  S.  Lutes,  Biwabik,  Minn. 
For  Manager  (one  year,  to  fill  vacancy)  : 

S.   R.  Elliott,  Xegaunee,  Mich. 
F<  r  Treasurer  (one  year)  : 

E.   W.  Hoi:^ins,  Commonwealth,  Wis. 
Ft:r  Secretary  (one  year)  : 

A.  J.  Yungbluth,  Ishi^eming,  Mich.   • 

mark    ELLIOTT, 

W.   J.   RICHARDS, 

PETER  W.  PASCOE, 

ANDRE   FOR  MIS, 

L.   M.   HARDENBURGH, 

Committee, 


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24  BUSINESS  MEETING 

On  motion  the  Secretary  was  instructed  to  cast  the  ballot 
for  the  election  of  the  officers  as  submitted  by  the  Committee. 

On  motion  by  Robert  A.  Douglass,  the  chair  appointed 
the  following  Committee  to  escort  the  new^ly  elected  Presi- 
dent to  the  platform:  Robert  A.  Douglass  and  Pearson 
Wells.  Mr.  Johnston,  upon  l)eing  introduced,  addressed  the 
meeting  as  follows : 
Mr.  Johnston  : 

Mr.  Pi-esident  and  Meml^ers  of  the  Institute:  I  ap- 
preciate what  a  very  great  honor  you  have  conferred  upon 
me,  for  I  realize  that  it  is  a  great  honor  to  be  President  of 
the  Institute.  With  this  honor  also  goes  a  very  great  re- 
sponsibility. I  am  more  impressed  with  this  responsibility 
after  the  fine  program  they  have  given  us  on  this  range. 
This  meeting  has  been  one  of  the  most  enjoyable  I  have  ever 
attended.  I  think  we  have  never  had  a  greater  number  pres- 
ent than  we  have  at  this  meeting.  I  should  hesitate  some- 
what about  accepting  the  responsibility,  or  the  honor,  if  it 
were  not  for  the  fact  that  I  know  the  meinbers  of  the  Insti- 
tute stand  so  loyally  by  the  President,  and  that  they  do  every- 
thing in  their  power  to  make  their  meetings  successful.  I 
also  know  that  I  have  some  friends  on  the  Marquette  Range, 
members  of  the  Institute,  who  will  do  everything  in  their 
power  to  make  the  meeting  successful.  I  thank  you  for  the 
honor. 

The  Coinmittee  on  Resolutions  presented  the  following 
reiK>rt  which  was  on  motion  adopted : 

Whereas,  The  Virginia  Club,  Elks  Club  of  Virginia, 
Algonquin  Club  of  Hibbing,  the  Commercial  Clubs  of  Du- 
luth,  and  the  entire  Missalje  Range  have  extended  to  this 
organization  the  facilities,  conveniences,  and  what  is  much 
more,  the  greatest  ix)ssible  hospitality; 

And  Whereas,  Many  of  our  friends  and  associates  have 
ccnitributed  most  kindly  the  use  of  their  automobiles  for  our  - 
comfort  and  pleasure; 

And  Whereas,  Many  of  the  church  societies,  other  or- 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  2$ 

g'anizations   and  hotels,  have  given   to  us  mast  plenteously 
of  their  food  and  good  cheer; 

And  Whereas,  The  Duhith  Commercial  Club  contributed 
greatly  to  our  enjoyment  in  the  visit  to  the  Minnesota  Steel 
Plant  by  boat; 

And  Whereas,  The  Duluth,  Missabe  and  Northern  Rail- 
way, the  Duluth  and  Iron  Range  Railway,  and  the  Great 
N(^rthem  Railway,  and  the  Mining  Companies,  have  made 
this  trip  ix,«sible  through  the  use  of  their  tracks  and  loco- 
motives; 

Now  Therefor,  Be  it  resolved  by  the  Lake  Sui>erior  Min- 
ing Institute,  and  particularly  by  those  mem1)€rs  attending  the 
1913  meeting,  they  being  well-fed,  well-cared  for,  and  widely 
travelled,  that  they  extend  to  each  and  all  of  the  above  men- 
tioned i>ersons,  individually  and  collectively,  their  sincere  and 
hearty  thanks. 

J.  H.  hearding^ 

G.  II.  ABEEL, 

W.   H.  JOHNSTON. 

Committee. 

This  concluded  the  business  sessions  of  the  Eighteenth 
.\nnual  meeting.  The  splendid  list  of  papers  prq>ared  by 
the  members  will  make  this  volume  one  of  the  most  interest- 
ing yet  published.  The  authors  are  fully  entitled  to  the  ai>- 
preciation  so  freely  expressed  by  the  members  for  their  ef- 
forts in  contributing  to  the  interest  of  the  meeting. 

Before  the  adjournment  w^as  taken  the  acting  President 
announced  that  Mr.  Sebenius  would  present  some  moving 
pictures  of  the  various  features  connected  with  mining  on  the 
Missabe  range.  These  consisted  in  views  of  the  first  steps 
in  breaking  roads  and  establishing  diamond  drilling,  mining 
ojKrations,  loading  and  hauling  ore  to  the  docks  and  loading 
same  into  boats.  Also  the  complete  oi>eration  of  getting  out 
the  timber  used  by  mines,  running  logs  and  delivering  same 
to  the  mines.  This  feature  of  the  meeting  was  novel  and  most 
interesting. 


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26 


REGISTRY  OF  MEMBERS 


The  following  is  a  partial  list  of  those  in  attendance : 


Abeel,  G.   H Ironwood,  Mich. 

Abeel,  G.  H.  Jr. .  Ironwood,  Mich. 

Abell,  O.  J Chicago.  Ills. 

Allen,  R.  C Lansing,  Mich. 

Armstrong,  F.  H.  .  .Vulcan,  Mich. 
Atkins,  S.   E Duluth,  Minn. 

Baldwin,  C.   K Chicago,   111. 

Barber,  M.  H..  .Nashwauk,  Minn. 

Barber,  G.   S Bessemer,  Mch. 

Barney,  Joseph  .McKinley,  Minn. 

Barr,  J.  C Rlverton,  Minn. 

Batchelder,  B.  W 

Nashwauk,  Minn. 

Bayllss,  Willard . .  Chisholm,  Minn. 
Benjamin,  P.  S.... Duluth,  Minn. 
Bergeat,   Prof.   A 

Koenigsberg,  Germany 

Bernhardt,   F.  J Duluth,   Minn. 

Binney,  Joseph.  .McKinley,  Minn. 
Blackburn,  R.  D.. Hancock,  Mich. 

Bolles,   F.   R Houghton,   Mch. 

Bond,    Wm Ironwood,    Mich. 

Bond,  Thomas   ..Ironwood,  Mich. 

Boss,   C.   M Duluth,   Minn. 

Boyd,  A.  H Denver,  Colo. 

Brewer,  L.  C Ironwood,  Mich. 

Brewer,  Carl. Crystal  Falls,  Mich. 

Brigham,   E.   D Chicago,   111. 

Burdorf,  H.  A.Minneapolis,  Minn. 
Bush,  E.  C Duluth,  Minn. 

Caddy,  Thomas. .  .Hibbing,  Minn. 

Caine,  D.  S Gilbert,  Minn. 

CampbeU,  D.  H.Iron  River,  Mich. 
Carbis,  F..Iron  Mountain,  Mich. 
Carbis.W.  J.Iron  Mountain,  Mich. 
Carmlchael,  Wm . .  Biwablk,  Minn. 

Carroll,  J.  R Houghton,  Mich. 

CarroH,    Philip.  .Houghton,    Mich. 

Cash,  F.  H Kinney,  Minn. 

Carlton,   D.   E Biwabik,  Minn. 

Chinn,  W.  P McKinley,   Minn. 

Christianson,   Peter,    .' 

Minneapolis.  Minn. 

Clifford,  J.  M Escanaba,  Mich. 

Cole,    C.    D Ishpeming,   Mich. 

Cole,  W.  T Ishpeming,  Mich. 

Cole,  T.  F Duluth,  Minn. 

Conibear,  Wm.  .Ishpeming,  Mich. 


Comstock,  E.  H 

Minneapolis,  Minn. 

Cook.    C.    W...Ann   Arbor,    Mich. 

Congdon,  W.  B Duluth,  Minn, 

Congdon,  E.   C Duluth,   Minn. 

Cory,  E.  N Negaunee.  Mich. 

Coven'try,  Frank.  .Hibbing.  Minn. 
Crosby,  Geo.  H Duluth,  Minn. 

Desrcchers,  G.  E.Houghton,  Mich. 

Diehl.  A.  S Coleraine,  Minn. 

Donahue,  E.  J.  W.. Duluth,  Minn. 

Donovan,    M.    J 

Iron  Mountain,  Mich. 

Dormer,  Geo.  H...Eveleth,  Minn. 

Douglas,  R  A Ironwood,  Mich. 

Dow,  H.  W Milwaukee.  Wis. 

Dudley,  H.   C Duluth,   Minn. 

Drake,   J.   M Keewatln,   Minn. 

Eaton,  Lucien.. Ishpeming,  Mich. 
Eichenberger,  R.  W.. Chicago,  III. 

Elliott,   Mark Virginia,   Minn. 

Emmons,  W.   H 

Minneapolis,  Minn. 

Erickson,  Carl  E. Ironwood,  Mich. 
Estep,   H.   Cole Chicago,    111. 

Farchild,   D.   L.... Duluth,  Minn. 

Fay,  Joseph Marqueitte,  Mich. 

Fay,  A.  H Washington,  D.  C. 

Federstrom,  J.  A. Ironwood,  Mich. 
Fclver,  H.  C. ..  .Houghton,  Mich. 
Fish  wick,  E.  T..Mnwaukee,  Wis. 
Flannigan,  T.  A... Gilbert.   Minn. 

Flodin.  N.  P Marquette,  Mich, 

Forbes,   G.    R Virginia,   Minn. 

Formis,  A Oj.bway.   Mich. 

Gardner,  O.  D Calumet.  Mich, 

Gaynor,  W.  E Duluth,  Minn. 

Gish,  J.  R Beaver  Dam,  WHs. 

Godfrey,  M.  H. ..  .Virginia,  Minn. 

Goodman,    F.    B Hurley,    Wis. 

Goodsen,  B.  W Chicago,  111. 

Goudie,  James  ..Ironwood,  Mich. 
Grabowsky,  Chas. Virginia,  Minn. 

Halloday,  F.  H. ..  .Hibbing,  Minn. 
Harris,   S.  T Houghton,   Mich. 


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27 


Harrison.  G.  E... Ribbing,  Minn. 
Hart,  Wm.  C ....  Ribbing,  Minn. 
Rarvey,  W.   H . . . .  Eveleth,  Minn. 

Hardenburgh,   L.   M 

Iron  wood,  Mich. 

Hastings.  R  X.. Green  Bay,  Wis. 
Hayden,  J.  £.  .Ishpeming,  Mich. 

Hearding,  J.  R Duluth,  Minn. 

Hearn,  A.  L Virginia^  Minn. 

Heggaton,  W.  S.Negaunee,  Mich. 
Heim.  H.  R. .  .Minneapolis,  Minn. 

Helps,    S.   E Eveleth,    Minn. 

Hendrick.  C.  E.. Virginia,  Minn. 
Heyn,  Howard  ..Ishpeming,  Mich. 
Higgins,  Edwin..  Iron  wood,  Mich. 

H.ll,  S-tacy  R Duluth,  Minn. 

Ringston,   C.  E Duluth,   Minn. 

Hoatson,  Thomas. Calumet,  Mich. 
Hocking,  R.  O ....  Ribbing,  Minn. 
Hodge,  Richard  . .  Ribbing,  Minn. 
HoUey,   A.    B ....  Virginia,   Minn. 

House,   A.    C Cleveland,   Ohio. 

Huhtala,    John .,,. Palmer,    Mich. 

Runner,  Earl  E Duluth,  Minn. 

Huyck,  Charles Clio,  Mich. 

Ireland,   J.   D Duluth,   Minn. 

Jenks,    C.    O Superior,   Wis. 

Johnson,  E.  F Virginia,  Minn. 

Johnson,  R.  O.. Virginia,  Minn. 
Johnston,  W.  R. .  Ishpeming,  Mich. 
Johnstone,  O.  W.. Duluth,  Minn. 

Jory,  Wm Gwinn,  Mich. 

Johnson,   Nels. .  Keewatin,   Minn. 

Kelly,  Wiliam    ....Vulcan,  Mich. 

Kennedy,   C.    S Duluth,   Minn. 

Kieren,  Jos Gilbert,  Minn. 

Kitts,   Thos .-Hancock,   Mich. 

Kleffman,  John Ribbing,  Minn. 

Knight,    R.    C Eveleth,    Minn. 

Kreiter,   J.    W Duluth,   Minn. 

Kurtzman,  P.  L..McKinley,  Minn. 

LaCroix,  M.  F.  .Ishpeming,  Mich. 

Lane,  J.  S New  York,  N.  Y. 

Larochelle,    L..  .Houghton,   Mich. 

LaRue,  W.  G Duluth,  Minn. 

Latham,  A.   M Virginia,  Minn. 

Letz,   J.    F Milwaukee,  Wis. 

Lien,  Nels  Eveleth,  Minn. 


Lindberg,  J.  F. ..  .Ribbing,  Minn. 

Locker,    W.    R Duluth,    Minn. 

Loudenback,  C.  I... Chicago,  111. 
Lutes,   J.    S Blwablk,   Minn. 

Mace,  R.  E Duluth,  Minn. 

Markell.    John Duluth,    Minn. 

Mars,    W.    P Duluth,    Minn. 

Martin,  E.  C Chicago,  111. 

Middlemise,  B.  A. Ribbing,  Minn. 

Mitchell,  R.  E Eveleth,  Minn. 

Mitchell,   R.   J Eveleth,   Minn. 

Mitchell,  Pentecost. Duluth,  Minn. 
Mitchell,    W.    A.... Chicago.    111. 

Mowatt  N.  P Duluth,  Minn. 

Murray,  Robert   ..Ribbing,  Minn. 

McCord.  R.  D Duluth,  Minn. 

McDonald,  D,  B Duluth,  Minn. 

McDowell,  John.. Ribbing,  Minn. 
McGee,  M.  B. Crystal  Falls,  Mich. 
McGonagle,  W.  A. . .  Duluth,  Minn. 
McLane,  John  R.. Duluth,  Minn. 
McNamara,  T.  B.Ironwood,  Mich. 
McNeil,  E.  D. ..  .Virginia,  Minn. 
McRandall,  W.  E.Bessemer,  Mich. 

Nelson,   S.   T Chicago,  111. 

Newett,  Wm.  R. Ishpeming,  Mich. 

Oberg,   Anton   C  Ribbing,  Minn. 

Olcott,    W.    J Duluth,    Minn. 

Orr,    F.    D Duluth,    Minn. 

Overpeck,  R.  W.. Virginia,  Minn. 

Parker,  E.  W.  .Washington,  D.  C. 
Pascoe.  Peter  W.  .Republ.c,  Mich. 
Pascoe,  P.  W.,  Jr. Republic,  Mich. 
Felling,  W.  T.  Jr. Ribbing,  Minn, 

Pendry,    Wm Duluth,    Minn. 

Penniman,  D.  C 

Minneapolis,  Minn. 

Perkins,  F.  J..Ironwood,  Mich- 
Peterson,  A.  Y 

Carson   Lake,   Minn. 

Phillips,    W.    G Duluth,    Minn. 

Philbin,    D.    M Duluth,    Minn. 

Powell,    D.    W.. Marquette,    Mich. 

Power,  R Duluth,   Minn. 

Prescott,  Fred  M.Milwaukee,  Wis. 
Prescott,  L.  L.  .Menominee,  Mich. 

Prince,   W.    J Duluth,    Minn. 

Pursell,  R.  B Kewauee,  Ills. 


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28 


REGISTRY  OF  MEMBERS 


Quigley,  G.  J Antigo,  Wis. 

Quine,  John  T.  .Ishpeming,  Mich. 

Quine,  Wm Ishpeming,  Mich. 

Quinn,  C.  K Virginia,  Minn. 

Raisky,    F Ishpeming,   Mich. 

Raley ,   R.   J Duluth,   Minn. 

Redfern,  John  A..Hibbing,  Minn. 

Redner,  A.  E Ironwood,  Mich. 

Reifel,  H.  T Nashwauk,  Minn. 

Richards,  W.  J 

Crystal  Falls,  Mich. 

Richards,  M.  E..Virgnia,  Minn. 
Richards,  John  C. Virginia,  Minn. 

Roberts,  Harry  Duluth,  Minn. 

Rowe,  W.  C. ..  .Bessemer,  Mich. 
Rowe,  Nathaniel. Ishpeming,  Mich. 
Rouchleau,  L.  .Minneapolis,  Minn. 

Rough,  J.   H Negaunee,  Mich. 

Rough,  J.  H.,  Jr. Negaunee,  Mich. 
Rumsey,  S.  S Duluth,  Minn. 

Salsich.  L.   R Duluth,   Minn. 

Sampson,   John Ashland,   Wis. 

Schubert,  Geo.  P.Hancock,  Mich. 

Scott,  A.  J Iron  River,  Mich. 

Scott,    Harry,    M Chicago,    111. 

Searle,  C.   E Milwaukee,  Wis. 

Sebenius,  J.   Uno.  .Duluth,   Minn. 

Sell  wood,  R.  M Duluth,  Minn. 

Sheldon,   A.   F.  .Marquette,   Mich. 

Shove,   B.   W Iron  wood,   Mich. 

Silliman,  A.  P. . .  .Hibbing,  Minn. 
Silliman,  T.  B. ..  .Hibbing,  Minn. 

Silver,    C.    R Chicago,    111. 

Smith,   Bert    Iron  wood,   Mich. 

Sparks,  B.  F Houghton,  Mich. 

Stakel,  C.  J Ishpeming,   Mich. 

Sutherland,  D.  E.Ironwood,  Mich. 

Sullivan,  A.  J Chisholm,  Minn. 

Swain,  R.  A . .  Minneapolis,  Minn. 
Swift,  G.  D Duluth,  Minn. 

Talboys,    H.    H Duluth,    Minn. 

Taley,    D Duluth,    Minn. 

Tancg,   A Hibbing,   Minn. 

Tappan,  W.  M Hibbing,  Minn. 

Thompson,  G.  H.. Hibbing,  Minn. 
Thomson,   C.   A.. St.    Paul,   Minn. 

Traver.    W.    H Chicago,    111. 

Trebilcock,   Wm 

North  Freedom,  Wis. 


Trebilcock,  J. .  .Ishpeming,  Mich. 
Trevarrow,  H ...  Negaunee,  Mich. 

Trevarthan,   W.   J 

Bessemer,   Mich. 

Trezona,  Charles  ...Ely,  M  nn. 
Tubby,   C.   W....St.   Paul,   Minn. 

Turner,  C.  N Milwaukee,  Wis. 

Tyler,  W.  E Mendota,  111. 

Ulizen,   B.   A Crosby,    Minn. 

TJlrich,  W.  F. ..  .Chisholm,  Minn. 

VanBarneveld,  Charles  E 

San   Francisco,   Calif, 

Vilas,    R.    L Ishpeming,    Mich. 

Vivian,    J.    G Duluth,    Minn. 

Vogel,  F.  A.... New  York,  N.   Y. 

Wall,   J.   S Iron   River,   Mich. 

Ware,  W.   F Negaunee,   Mich. 

Watson,  C.  H. Crystal  Falls,  Mich. 

Wearne,  Wm Hibbing,  Minn. 

Webb,  F.  J Duluth,  Minn. 

Webb,  W.   M Gilbert,  Minn. 

Welker,  W.  F Ashland,  Wis. 

Wells,   Pearson . .  Ironwood,   Mich. 

West,   W.   J Hibbing,   Minn. 

Westcott,  J.   W.  .Riverton,   Minn. 

White,  J.  W Duluth,  Minn. 

White,    Wm Virginia,    Minn. 

Whitehead,   R.    G.  .Amasa,   Mich. 

Whitney,   J.    H Oshkosh,   Wis. 

Whitney,  A.  E Oshkosh,  Wis. 

Whiteside,  Robert.  .Duluth,  Minn. 

Wilcox,   L.  L Gilbert,   Minn. 

Willard,   P.   D Gilbert,   Minn. 

Wilson,    A.    O.... Hibbing,    Minn, 

Williams,  T.   H Ely,  Minn. 

Williams,  P.  S Ramsay,  Mich. 

Winchell,  H.  V.Minneapolis,  Minn. 
Wivell,  Wm. . .  .Nashwauk,  Minn. 
Woodbridge,  R.  M.. Duluth,  Minn. 
Woodbridge,  D.  E.. Duluth,  Minn. 

Woodworth,    G.    L 

Iron  River,  Mich. 

Wodlf,   P.   J.  .Minneapolis,    Minn. 

Yates,  W.   H Duluth,  Minn. 

Yungbluth,  A.  J. Ishpeming,  Mich. 
Yungbluth,  R.  O. Ishpeming,  Mich. 

Ziesing,    August Chicago,    111. 

Zimmerman,  W.  G . .  Duluth,  Minn. 


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PAPERS 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  3 1 


REPORT  OF  COMMITTEE  ON  THE  PRACTICE  FOR 
THE  PREVENTION  OF  ACCIDENTS. 

The  Committee  on  the  Practice  for  the  Prevention  of  Ac- 
cidents met  in  Ishpeming  on  March  26th,  1913,  and  the  fol- 
lowing members  were  present:  J.  E.  Jopling,  Ishpeming, 
Chairman;  C.  E.  Lawrence.  Iron  Moimtain;  D.  E.  Sutherland. 
Ironwood,  A.  M.  Gow,  Duluth. 

After  duly  considering  the  subject  and  discussing  the  vari- 
ous suggestions  which  were  made  by  members  of  the  Com- 
ittee,  the  following  resolutions  were  adopted : 

Uniform  Mining  Rides — It  is  thought  advisable  to  collect 
information  of  mining  rules  used  in  the  Lake  Superior  mining 
district  and  to  compare  the  same  with  those  published  in  the 
reix)rt  to  the  American  Mining  Congress,  American  Institute 
of  Mining  Engineers  and  the  Mining  &  Metallurgical  Society 
of  America  by  the  Committee  on  Uniform  Mining  Laws  for 
Prevention  of  Mine  Accidents,  October,  19 10,  and  the  pro- 
posed form  now  being  prepared  by  the  Bureau  of  Mines;  also 
that  a  competent  person  or  persons  should  be  employed  under 
the  direction  of  the  Committee  to  draft  a  set  of  rules  to  be 
presented  to  the  Lake  Superior  Mining  Institute  as  a  prq)osed 
standard  for  mines  in  the  Lake  Superior  district. 

Uniform  Reports  of  County  Mine  Inspectors — It  is  sug- 
gested that  the  reix)rts  of  the  County  Mine  Inspectors  of  Mich- 
igan, Wisconsin  and  Minnesota  be  standardized;  that  the  re- 
ports should  cover  the  calendar  year,  and  that  they  should  in- 
clude fatal  and  serious  accidents  of  all  mine  employes  wheth- 
er surface  or  underground.  In  the  judgment  of  the  Com- 
mittee these  accidents  should  be  classified  according  to  a  uni- 
fonii  system  and  recorded  upon  a  unifonn  blank. 


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32  REPORT  ON  PREVENTION  OF  ACCIDENTS 

Classification  of  Accidents — It  is  recommended  that  inves- 
tigations be  made  leading  to  a  unifomi  classification  of  acci- 
dents for  mines  in  the  Lake  Superior  district. 

Reports  as  to  Carrying  Out  Safety  Rules — The  Committee 
recommends  the  collection  of  blank  forms  used  for  reports  to 
show  the  carrying  out  of  safety  rules  adopted,  these  blank 
forms  to  be  only  such  as  are  used  by  employes  in  various  de- 
partments of  the  mining  companies  for  their  information. 

Contagious  Diseases — It  is  the  sense  of  this  Committee  that 
more  definite  action  should  be  taken  in  the  matter  of  con- 
tagious diseases  in  the  different  localities,  in  the  form  of  a  rigid 
quarantine  to  be  established  by  the  health  officer. 

Physical  Examination  of  Employes — Investigations  should 
l3e  made  to  find  out  what  is  being  done  in  the  matter  of  physical 
examination  of  employes  by  employers  of  labor. 

Publicity  of  Mining  Rules — It  is  recommended  that  sug- 
gestions be  made  as  to  the  dissemination  of  the  Rules  for  the 
Prevention  of  Accidents  among  employes. 

Mine  Rescue  Car — It  is  recommended  that  the  Bureau  of 
Mines  be  requested  to  send  mine  rescue  car  No.  8  to  the  Me- 
sabi  Range  at  the  time  of  the  meeting  of  the  Institute. 

It  is  requested  that  the  Council  comment  on  the  above  reso- 
lutions, stating  whether  an  appropriation  will  be  made  to  car- 
ry out  any  of  the  investigations  enumerated  above. 

The  resignation  of  Mr.  Edward  Koepel  of  Beacon  Hill, 
Michigan,  was  submitted  to  the  Committee.  The  Committee 
offers  this  resignation  and  suggests  that  Mr.  W.  H.  Schacht 
of  Painesdale,  Michigan,  be  appointed  in  his  place. 


The  Committee  met  for  the  second  time  in  Ishpeming  on 
July  22nd,  1913.  and  the  following  members  were  present:  J. 
E.  Jopling,  Ishpeming,  Chairman;  C.  E.  Lawrence,  Palatka; 
A.  M.  Cow,  Duluth;  W.  H.  Schacht,  Painesdale. 

In  resiK)nse  to  a  request  to  Mr.  II.  M.  Wilson  of  the 
Bureau  of  Mines,  Pittsburg,  for  consultation  at  this  meet- 
ing, he  sent  Mr.  Edwin  Higgins,  District  Engineer,  United 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  33 

States  Bureau  of  Mines,  who  was  present  and  gave  much  val- 
uable assistance  and  information. 

The  resolutions  adopted  at  the  former  meeting  were  fur- 
ther discussed.  Mr.  Gow  had  prei>ared  a  series  of  fifteen 
charts  showing  in  parallel  columns  the  mining  rules  adopted 
by  The  Cleveland-Qiffs  Iron  Company,  The  Inland  Steel 
Company,  Pickands,  Mather  &  Company,  and  the  Oliver  Iron 
Mining-  Co.     These  fifteen  classifications  are  as  follows: 

1.  Locomotives,  Steam  Shovels  and  Cars. 

2.  Boilers  and  Boiler  Houses. 

3.  Engine  Rooms,  Engine  Hoists  and  Signals. 

4.  Shops,  Tools  and  Machines. 

5.  Buildings,  Headframes  and  Structures. 

6.  Open  Pits,  Tracks,  Roads  and  Test  Pits. 

7.  Standard  Signs  and  Danger  Signals. 

8.  Cages,  Skips,  Buckets,  Ropes,  Cables,  Hooks,  Chains 
and  Sheaves. 

9.  Shafts,  Ladderways,  Ladders  and  Pump  Stations. 

10.  Underground  Mining,  Timl>ering  and  Tramming. 

1 1 .  Explosives. 

12.  General  Safety  Rules  and  Admonitions. 

13.  Electrical  Rules  and  Regulations. 

14.  Medical  and  Sanitar}^ 

15.  Fire  Protection  and  Precautions. 

In  the  printed  rules  of  the  different  mining  companies 
referred  to  there  is  the  widest  divergence  in  classification,  in 
number  of  rules  l>earing  upon  a  particular  subject  and  in  the 
emphasis  placed  upon  them.  Your  Committee  has  therefore 
found  it  impossible  to  frame  a  code  of  safety  rules  to  present 
at  the  meeting  of  the  Institute  for  adoption.  A  committee 
of  mining  engineers  consisting  of  Messrs.  Ingalls,  Channing, 
Douglas,  Finlay  and  Hammond,  framed  a  proposed  code. 
We  would  recommend  that  the  Lake  Superior  Mining  Insti- 
tute apix)int  a  similar  committee  of  oj)erating  officials  from 
the  copix^r  and  iron  ranges  who  shall  make  a  report  at  the 
next  meeting  of  the  Institute  as  to  the  desirability  of  a  uni- 


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34  REPORT  ON  PREVENTION  OF  ACCIDENTS 

form  code,  and  shall  present  such  a  code  for  discussion  at 
that  time. 

We  deem  it  desirable  that  the  safety  rules  to  be  adopted 
should  be  based  uix>n  some  classification.  We  consider  it  ad- 
visable that  such  a  classification  should  conform  to  that 
adopted  by  the  United  States  Bureau  of  Mines  in  collecting 
statistics  of  metal  mining  accidents.  This  classification  ai> 
l>ears  to  us  to  be  thoroughly  practical  and  inasmuch  as  the 
mining  companies  are  required  to  refx^rt  to  this  department 
all  accidents  in  accordance  with  this  classification,  we  see 
every  reason  why  we  should  adopt  it  for  our  own  reports. 

Presented  herewith  is  a  copy  of  the  Bureau  of  Mines  class- 
ification. Such  an  arrangement  will  simpHfy  to  a  great  extent 
the  making  of  reports  to  the  government  by  the  mining  com- 
panies. 

Owing  to  the  desirability  of  having  uniform  reports  made 
I)y  mining  companies  and  by  county  mine  inspectors,  it  is  rec- 
ommended that  the  atove  fonn  of  report,  except  in  relation  to 
minor  accidents,  l)e  adopted  by  county  mine  insi)ectors,  thus 
making  their  reports  uniform  witli  that  called  for  by  the 
Ijureau  of  Mines. 

In  view  of  the  fact  that  some  county  mine  ins[>ectors  re- 
port only  on  underground  accidents  while  others  reiK>rt  on  both 
surface  and  underground  accidents,  complications  have  arisen 
in  the  past  in  comparing  the  accident  reports  of  the  various 
districts.  To  improve  this  condition  we  recommend  that  all 
county  mine  insi)ectors  make  their  re[x>rts  covering  lx>th  sur- 
face and  underground.  The  word  "surface''  is  here  meant  to 
include  all  o[)erations  having  to  do  with  the  actual  operation 
of  the  mine,  excluding  all  those  which  are  at  present  covered 
by  factory  or  mill  inspection. 

From  such  information  as  we  are  able  to  obtain  we  are 
satisfied  that  the  installation  of  safety  devices  and  appliances, 
such  as  guards,  t()c-l)oav(ls,  hand  rails,  etc.,  is  the  smaller  part 
of  tlic  safety  movement.  We  l>elieve  that  efliciency  in  safety 
can  only  be  attained  by  education  and  constant  agitation  of 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  35 

the  subject  and  the  hearty  C(>-oi)eration  of  the  employes  with 
the  management.  The  management,  in  even-  case,  should 
show  its  wilHngness  to  do  its  part  in  the  installation  of  guards 
and  appliances,  but  the  most  efficient  work  in  the  cause  of 
safety  must  be  done  by  methods  which  will  constantly  keep 
before  the  mind  of  everj-  employe  the  fact  that  upon  him  rests 
an  individual  and  i)ersonal  res[x>nsibility.  To  put  it  another 
way,  the  problem  is  a  psychological  and  not  a  mechanical  one. 
We  ihcrefiTe  urge  that  in  addititm  to  the  installation  of  guards 
and  appliances  that  consideration  be  given  to  those  means 
and  methods,  other  than  mechanical,  which  will  secure  the 
c(M)i>eration  of  the  employes  in  and  alx)ut  the  mines. 

Your  Committee  gave  consideration  to  the  question  of  the 
physical  examination  of  employes  and  while  we  believe  that 
g(H)(l  results  might  be  obtained  from  such  procedure,  we  are 
not,  at  this  time,  prepared  to  make  any  definite  recommenda- 
tions whatsoever. 

CLASSIFICATION  OF  ACCIDENTS  IN  METAL  MINES  ACCORDING 

TO   THE    UNITED   STATES   BUREAU    OF    MINES. 
Sub-Divided  Under  Following  Caption — 
KILLED. 
SERIOUSLY  INJURED.    (Broken  arm,  leg,  ribs,  or  other  Injury 

involving  loss  of  20  or  more  days*  work.) 
SLIGHTLY  INJURED.     (Injury  involving  loss  of  more  than  1 
day's  work,  but  less  than  20.) 

Underground 

1.  By  fall  of  rock  or  ore  from  roof  or  wall. 

2.  By  rock  or  ore  while  loading  at  working  face. 

3.  By  timber  or  hand   tools. 

4.  By  explosives   (fncludes  premature  blasts,  explosion  of  misfires, 

flying  pieces  from  blasts,  suffocation  by  gases  from  blasts, 
etc.) 

5.  By  haulage  accidents  (by  mine  cars,  mine  locomotives,  breakage 

of  rope,  etc.) 

6.  By  falling  down  chute,  winze,  raise,  or  stope. 

7.  By  run  of  ore  from  chute  or  pocket. 

8.  By  drilling  accidents  (by'  machine  or  hand  drills.) 

9.  By  electricity  (shock  or  burn.)f 

10.    By  machinery  (pumps,  hoisting  and  haulage  machinery,  etc..  not 
including  locomotives  or  drills.) 


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36  REPORT  ON  PREVENTION  OF  ACCIDENTS 

11.  By  mine  fires. 

12.  By  suffocation  from  natural  gases. 

13.  By  inrush  of  water.  , 

14.  By  stepping  on  na?I. 

15.  By  other  causes,     (Please  list,  showing  causes.) 
Total  number  killed  or  injured  underground. 

Shaft  Accidents 
IG.    By  falling  down  shafts. 

17.  By  objects  falling  down  shafts. 

18.  By  breaking  of  cables. 

19.  By  overwinding. 

20.  By  skip  or  cage. 

21.  By  other  causes.     (Please  list,  showing  causes.) 
Total   number  killed  or  injured  by  shaft  accidents. 

Surface  Accidents* 

(Where  surface  mining  is  not  performed.) 

22.  By  mine  cars  or  mine  locomotives. 

23.  By  railway  cars  and  locomotives. 

24.  By  run  or  fall  of  ore  in  or  from  ore  bins. 

25.  By  falls  of  persons. 
2G.  By  stepping  on  nail. 

27.  By  hand  tools,  axes,  bars,  etc. 

28.  By  electrlcity.f 

29.  By  machinery. 

30.  By  other  causes.     (Please  list,  showing  causes.) 
Total  number  killed  or  injured  by  surface  accidents. 

Surface  Accidents* 
(Where  surface  mining  is  performed.) 

31.  By  falls  or  slides  of  rock  or  ore. 

32.  By    explosives    (including   premature    blasts,    explosion    of    mis- 

fires, flying  pieces  from  blasts,  etc.) 

33.  By  haulage  accidents  (by  cars,  locomotives,  etc.) 

34.  By  steam  shovels. 

35.  By  falls  of  persons. 

36.  By  falls  of  derricks,  booms,  etc. 

37.  By  run  or  fall  of  ore  in  or  from  ore  bins. 

3S.     By  machinery   (other  than  locomotives  or  steam  shovels.) 

39.  By  electrlcity.f 

40.  By  hand  tools. 

41.  By  other  causes.     (Please  list,  showing  causes.) 
Total  number  kUled  or  injured  by  surface  accidents. 

Grand  total. 
*Does  not  Include  accidents  in  ore  dressing, 
f  Please  state  the  voltage  of  current. 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  37 

PAPERS    PUBLISHED   BY   THE   INSTITUTE,    WHICH    TREAT   OF 
MINE  SAFETY  AND  SOCIAL  CONDITIONS. 

Vol.  Page. 

Mine  Accidents — Address  of  the  Retiring  President,  J. 

Parke  Channing    Ill  34-48 

Some  Observations  on  the  Principle  of  Benefit  Funds 
and  Their  Place  In  the  Lake  Superior  Iron  Mining 
Industries,  by  William  G.  Mather,  Retiring  President      V  10-20 

High  Explosives,  Their  Safe  and  Economical  Methods 

of   Handling,  by  J.  H.  Karkeet   IX  3947 

The  Importance  of  the  Ordinary  Sanitary  Precautions 
in  the  Prevention  of  Water  Borne  Disease  in  Mines, 
by    B.    W.    Jones,    M.    D XII    *    105-115 

Compensation   to   Workmen   in   Case   of   Injuries,    by 

Murray    M.    Duncan,    Retiring    President XIV  47-53 

Mine  Accidents,  by  John  T.  Qulne,  Mine  Inspector,  Mar- 
quette   County    XIV  71-81 

The  Sociological  Side  of  the  Mining  Industry,  by  W. 

H.    Moulton    XIV  82-98 

Social  Surroundings  of  the  Mine  Employe,  by  Chas.  E. 

Lawrence XVI        121-12G 

Some   Safety  Devices  of  the  Oliver  Iron   Mining  Co., 

by  Alex.  M.  Gow  XVI        156-167 

Accidents  in  the  Transportation,  Storage  and  Use  of 

i      Explosives,  by   Charles  S.   Hurter XVI        177-210 

System    of    Safety   Inspection   of   the    Cleveland  Cliffs 

Iron  Company,  by  William  Conibear  XVII  94-111 

Mine  Sanitation  by  E.  B.  Wilson XVII        11  < -126 


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38  SANITATION  FOR  MINE  LOCATIONS 


SANITATION  FOR  MINE  LOCATIONS. 

BY  W.    H.   MOULTON,   ISIIPEMINQ,   MICH.* 

Sanitation  is  the  practical  application  of  knowledge  and 
science  to  the  preservation  of  health.  There  is  no  one  thing 
tliat  more  directly  aflfects  the  successful  oi)eration  of  our  mines 
than  the  licalth  and  well  being  of  the  men,  and  we  are  now 
coming  to  realize  that  it  is  a  practical  as  well  as  a  scientific 
niaiter.  The  value  of  sanitation  is  being  recognized  today  in 
all  brandies  of  industry  as  well  as  in  its  effect  upon  a  com- 
munity as  a  whole.  Our  higher  educational  institutions  have 
regular  courses  in  this  subject  and  men  are  graduated  in  this 
branch  of  engineering. 

It  is  undoubtedly  true,  that  the  better  living  conditions 
and  Ijetter  physical  health  make  for  more  satisfactory  service. 
The  health  of  the  men  may  be  conserved  in  many  ways  which 
are  of  practical  application  around  our  mines.  Much  has^  al- 
ready been  accomplished  and  due  credit  should  be  given  to 
the  many  companies  who  have  given  si>ecial  consideration  to 
the  health  of  its  men. 

The  old  wocxlen  dry,  of  a  comi>aratively  few  years  ago,  is 
now  being  replaced  by  the  mcxleni  one  with  ample  hot  and 
cold  water,  individual  basins  or  buckets,  lockers  for  the  street 
and  mine  clothes,  and  drying  and  ventilating  systems  which  ef- 
fectually take  care  of  the  wet  clothing  of  the  miner.  The 
plan  of  susi^ending  the  wet  clothes  by  means  of  a  rope  or 
chain,  with  individual  lock,  has  much  to  commend  it.  The 
shower  bath,  which  is  a  part  of  all  the  modern  drys,  has 
made  it  ix)ssible  for  the  men  to  bathe  who  have  not  the  proper 
facilitie*^  at  home.  Their  constant  use  has  demonstrated  their 
value. 

♦Secretary  Penslpn  Department,  The  Cleveland-Cliffs  Iron  Co. 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  39 

The  introduction  of  water  closets  in  the  drys  has  not  al- 
ways met  with  complete  success,  but  in  the  majority  of  cases 
it  is  working  very  advantageously  and  improving  the  under- 
ground conditions. 

Dry  closets  should  be  placed  in  every  main  level  and  they 
should  be  provided  in  proportion  of  one  to  every  twenty-five 
men.  These  closets  should  be  made  of  wood  or  iron  of  a 
size  to  be  conveniently  handled  by  two  men.  They  should  be 
taken  to  the  surface  and  washed  out  with  the  hose  when  em[>- 
tied.  Lime  should  be  kept  convenient  to  the  boxes  and  used 
regularly.  There  is  no  more  fruitful  source  of  disease  than 
the  human  excreta  left  in  the  mine  workings. 

The  water  that  the  men  drink  should  have  the  most  care- 
ful attention  and  under  no  circumstances  should  the  men  be 
l)ermitted  to  drink  water  that  is  not  known  to  be  pure.  This 
can  only  he  made  possible  by  furnishing  good  water  so  that 
the  men  can  readily  obtain  it.  The  plan  of  the  Oliver  Iron 
Mining  Company  in  providing  bubbling  fountains,  thus  doing 
away  with  the  old  dirty  drinking  cup,  is  also  to  be  highly 
ccmmended. 

Anything  that  will  lessen  those  diseases  frequent  among 
our  miners  such  as  tuberculosis,  typhoid,  and  other  contagious 
or  communicable  diseases,  should  be  carefully  considered. 
There  should  be  a  more  rigid  quarantine  in  cases  of  con- 
tagions diseases,  and  it  is  desirable  that  the  minmg  companies 
co.4>erate  more  fully  with  the  health  officers  and  that  such  reg- 
ulat:(.>ns  be  made  and  enforced  that  our  unenviable  record  in 
contagious  diseases,  especially  in  diphtheria  and  scarlet  fever 
may  be  greatly  improved  upon. 

Owing  to  the  relation  that  the  physicians  bear  to  the  mining 
companies,  they  may  hesitate  to  suggest  things  which  might 
appear  as  criticism  of  existing  conditions  or  methods  of  mine 
management,  and  should  therefore  be  given  full  authority  to 
correct  undesirable  conditions.  I  l>elieve  we  would  get  bet- 
ter results  in  this  matter  of  sanitation  by  employing  the  physi- 
cians, at  a  stated  added  remuneration,  to  make  i>eriodical  in- 
spection of  the  entire  properties. 


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40  SANITATION  FOR  MINE  LOCATIONS  . 

Proi:)er  ventilation  should  be  provided  in  all  of  our  mines 
which  would  add  to  the  efficiency  of  the  men  and  incidentally 
prolong  their  lives.  Tuberculosis  and  similar  diseases  would 
be  less  prevalent. 

The  sanitary  condition  of  the  home  has  a  great  influence 
on  the  lives  of  the  men.  What  can  reasonably  be  expected  of 
a  man  living  in  unhealthful  surroundings? 

I  believe  that  there  is  a  duty  that  the  mining  companies 
owe  to  men  employed  by  them  and  the  community  in  which 
they  live.  One  of  the  most  efficient  ways  of  fulfilling  this  ob- 
ligation is  in  providing  satisfactory  homes,  with  healthful  sur- 
roundings for  the  men  and  their  families.  Any  work  of  this 
kind  must  be  wisely  done  and  in  such  a  way  that  the  men 
will  be  led  to  cooperate  in  it  so  that  there  will  be  no  sug- 
gestion of  pateniatism  in  its  methods  or  manner  of  inforce- 
ment.  The  importance  of  providing  houses  for  rental  is  gen- 
erally recop-^^'zed  but  after  the  house  is  provided  it  is  just  as 
essential  th  t  its  condition  Ije  not  neglected.  We  have  seen 
houses  wit.i  no  provision  for  waste  water,  which  must  be 
thrown  out  upon  the  ground.  The  only  good  things  that 
may  be  said  of  this  is  that  it  usually  provides  a  good  place  for 
the  propagation  of  fish  worms,  but  it  also  assists  in  the  propa- 
gation of  other  less  desirable  things. 

The  old  boxed-in  cupboard  sink  may  yet  be  found  which 
is  a  place  for  refuse  and  vermin,  and  is  so  frequently  a  rotten, 
dirty,  slimy  hole.    If  there  are  sucli,  let  them  be  torn  out. 

The  drainage  around  our  houses  and  other  properties  re- 
quires carefuC  attention.  Ditches  should  Ije  dug  and  kept  open 
even  if  the  boys  fillthem  up,  and  no  stagnant  water  left  to 
breed  mosquitoes  and  infection. 

Garbage  and  refuse  should  be  deposited  in  covered  re- 
ceptacles, preferably  galvanized  iron  cans,  and  where  such 
services  are  not  rendered  by  the  city  or  village,  the  companies 
should  provide  for  its  regular  collection  and  disposal  not  less 
frequent  than  once  each  week.  It  has  been  found  feasible  in 
some  places  to  have  the  occupants  of  the  premises  purchase 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  4 1 

the  cans,  which  are  supplied  at  wholesale  rates,  or  through  the 
comijany  at  cost,  with  the  understanding  that  proper  collection 
is  assured.  Rubbish  should  not  be  dumped  around  promis- 
cuously but  deposited  in  a  designated  place,  collected,  and  dis- 
posed of.  Few  of  the  men  have  time  or  facilities  for  eco- 
nomically doing  this  and  if  not  looked  after  by  the  city  or  the 
company,  it  will  not  be  taken  care  of  at  all  satisfactorily.  A 
refuse  burner,  costing  very  little,  can  be  so  located  as  to  make 
the  disposal  of  rubbish  a  simple  matter  and  comparatively  an 
incxi>ensive  one. 

It  is  desirable  in  many  cases  to  permit  the  keeping  of  a  cow 
or  horse  but  provision  should  be  made  for  the  care  of  the 
manure.  It  should  not  be  allowed  to  accumulate  from  month 
to  month  but  should  be  removed  promptly.  It  also  should  be 
treated  with  chloride  of  lime,  or  with  a  kerosene  carbolic  acid 
mixture. 

The  companies  should  encourage  the  beautiTyJaig  of  home 
surroundings  but  it  is  even  more  important  to  set''<-hat  the  san- 
itary conditions  are  what  they  should  l^e.  In  those  localities 
having  no  sewer  connections,  the  question  of  out-houses  is  a 
serious  matter.  Too  often  the  out-house  is  set  on  the  ground 
with  no  proper  receptacle  for  the  human  excreta  which  often 
spreads  over  the  ground,  even  if  a  pit  is  dug.  This  is  fre- 
(juently  allowed  to  collect  throughout  the  season  thus  becom- 
ing a  menace  to  the  family.  Often  the  houses  are  more  or 
less  open;  vermin  enters  without  hindrance;  the  ever-present 
disease-carrying  fly  freely  finds  access,  goes  from  there  to  the 
liouse,  feeds  en  the  baby,  and  has  even  been  known  to  be  on 
the  household  food.  We  have  just  begun  to  appreciate  the 
danger  from  these  i)ests.  The  companies  which  have  already 
set  us  an  example  in  their  campaign  against  the  fly  should 
lie  congratulated,  and  it  should  also  stimulate  the  rest  of  us 
to  make  an  equal  effort.  These  out-houses  should  be  pro- 
vided with  a  proi^er  receptacle  which  should  be  emptied  at  reg- 
ular and  not  too  separate  intervals,  and  properly  cleaned. 
Either  earth,  slaked  lime  or  chloride  of  lime  should  be  con- 
stantly used. 


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42  SANITATION  FOR  MINE  LOCATIONS 

Much  good  can  be  accomplished  by  the  teaching  of  sani- 
tation in  the  public  and  parochial  schools.  Some  of  us  may 
be  too  old  to  take  kindly  to  the  need  of  sanitary  precautions 
but  it  is  not  too  much  to  expect  that  the  young  may  be  taught 
to  look  on  these  matters  as  important  and  to  a  considerable 
degree  help  to  improve  conditions. 

The  value  of  the  physical  inspection  of  school  children  is 
only  just  beginning  to  be  appreciated.  It  should  be  in  effect 
in  all  of  our  communities.  It  is  a  health  precaution  of  great 
merit. 

The  most  efficient  agency  in  extending  the  benefit  of  this 
work  of  sanitation  is  the  Visiting  or  Public  Health  Nurse. 
A  number  of  mining  companies  in  the  Lake  Superior  region 
have  already  introduced  this  service  with  much  success.  No 
other  person  can  have  the  same  opportunity  of  reaching  the 
homes  and  the  members  of  the  families  and  assisting  in  the 
understanding  of  the  benefits  to  be  derived  from  fresh  air, 
cleanliness  and  other  sanitary  precautions.  The  importance  of 
fresh  air  cannot  be  emphasized  too  strongly. 

The  advantage  of  all  this  is  a  better  home  life,  the  preven- 
tion of  serious  contagion,  and  the  men  in  better  condition  for 
work.  Anything  that  tends  to  the  more  regular  work  of  the 
men  is  well  worth  consideration. 

The  mining  companies  of  the  Lake  Superior  region  are 
to  be  commended  for  the  work  that  has  been  done  for  the 
men,  their  families,  and  the  communities  in  which  their  op- 
erations are  conducted,  but  with  this  commendation  must  come 
the  realization  that  there  is  still  much  to  be  accomplished.  This 
can  best  be  done  by  makng  some  one  i)erson  directly  respon- 
sible for  the  execution  of  the  plans  and  methods  of  sanitation 
authorized  by  the  mine  manager. 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  43 


WINONA  STAMP-MILL.* 

BY  R.  R.  SEEBER,  WINONA,  MICH. 

From  Octoter,  1906,  to  November,  1907,  the  Winona 
mine  shipped  rock  from  one  shaft  to  the  Adventure  stamp- 
mill.  This  rock  showed  a  total  copper  content  of  about  twen- 
ty pounds  per  ton  stamped.  A  large  part  of  the  contained 
copper  w^as  fine  or  flaky,  making  extraction  very  difficult. 


Winona  Stamp  Mill 

Only  a  trifle  over  thirteen  pounds  per  ton  stamped  was  re- 
covered during  this  period.  With  such  a  low  grade  ore,  it  was 
obviously  necessary  to  practice  every  economy  if  a  profit  was 

•Winona  Copper  Company,  Winona,  Michigan. 


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44  WINONA  STAMP  MILL 

to  be  obtained.  The  transportation  cost  per  ton  stamped  was 
17.5  cents  during  tliis  period,  or  considerably  over  one  cent 
per  pound  on  the  copper  obtained.  If  a  stamp-mill  were  to 
l>e  built  on  the  mine  location  without  otherwise  increasing  op- 
erating expenses  evidently  a  large  proix>rtion  of  this  expense 
might  be  eliminated. 

There  are  two  principal  reasons  for  the  location  of  stamp- 
mills  away  from  the  mine,  namely:  To  provide  ample  wa- 
ter for  washing  and  to  provide  room  for  disposal  of  tailings. 
To  meet  the  water  requirement,  with  the  mill  on  the  mine 
at  Winona,  a  dam  across  the  Sleq>ing  river  was  necessarv'. 
For  a  two-head  mill  it  would  also  be  necessary  to  use  at  least 
50  per  cent  of  the  water  over  and  over  as  the  stream  flow  is 
only  about  3,000,000  gals,  per  24  hours. 

To  meet  the  sand  room  requirements,  some  de-watering 
device  and  sand-stacking  equipment  would  be  necessarj'. 

After  considerable  study  it  was  decided  that  these  re- 
quirements could  be  met  without  prohibitive  first  cost  or 
undue  oj^erating  exjjense  and  work  on  a  two-head  mill  was 
begun  May  22(1,  1909. 

The  location  chosen  was  a  hillside  between  No.  4  shaft, 
Winona,  and  Xo.  i  shaft,  King  Philip.  On  the  line  of  the 
stamp  heads  pipes  were  driven  which,  when  stopped,  indicat- 
ed a  layer  of  hard  material  at  a  depth  of  40  feet  below  the 
intended  plane  of  the  stamp  base.  On  this  material  the  con- 
crete foundation  of  each  stamp  head  was  expected  to  rest. 
This  foundation  is  cyHndrical.  A  steel  caisson,  15  ft.  in 
diameter,  was  weighted  with  a  concrete  ring  3  ft.  thick  and 
sunk  as  a  drop  shaft.  When  the  expected  layer  of  hard  ma- 
terial was  reached  it  was  found  to  be  thin  and  to  be  under- 
lain by  at  least  80  ft.  of  sand,  some  of  which  was  wet.  Sink- 
ing was  therefore  continued  until  a  sufficiently  hard  layer  of 
material  was  encountered  at  about  55  ft.  Ix^low  the  intended 
plane  of  the  stani])  base.  The  concrete  ring  was  blocked  up 
and  a  mushroom  fiK)t  of  concrete  built  in,  as  shown  in  the 
drawing,  Fig.  3.     The  top  7  ft.  of  the  caisson  and  concrete 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE 


45 


Fig,  1 


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46  WINONA  STAMP  MILL 

foundation  was  made  22  ft.  in  diameter  in  order  to  accom- 
modate the  i6-ft.  square  base  for  the  head  casting.  The 
casting's  below  the  rock  (from  mortar  down)  weigh  about  80 
tons.  The  total  weight  of  the  stamp  is  about  115  tons.  When 
sinking  the  15-ft.  caisson  it  was  found  that  43  ft.  of  concrete 
ring  would  be  held  up  by  the  friction  of  the  sand  against  the 
outer  surface  of  the  steel  shell.  Including  the  7  feet  of  22-ft. 
ring,  this  skin  friction  would  care  for  at  least  400  tons  of 
total  weight  of  about  1,050  tons  to  be  supported,  (935  tons 
foundation;  115  tons  stamp),  leaving  650  tons  to  be  supported 
on  the  sand  under  the  20-ft.  ring,  203  square  ft.  and  the 
20-ft.  diameter  base  (314  square  ft.)  or  a  load  of  a  little  over 
1.25  tons  i>er  square  ft.  on  the  total  area  of  517  square  ft. 

Velocity  cards  of  the  stamps  show  a  blow  of  from  24  to 
33-ft.  tons.  This  is  partly  absorbed  in  crushing  rock.  As 
a  foundation  to  assist  in  absorbing  the  balance  there  are  sui>- 
plied  80  tons  of  cast  iron  and  930  tons  of  concrete.  After 
two  years  of  use,  no  settling  of  foundations  is  in  evidence  and 
I  am  inclined  to  the  belief  that  the  foundations  are  much 
larger  than  is  necessary.  The  concrete  for  all  purposes  was 
supplied  from  a  central  mixing  station  using  a  Smith  mixer 
of  one-half  yd.  capacity.  Sand  and  ciatshed  rock  were  dumped 
from  a  temporary  track  and  trestle  into  temporary  bins  alwve 
the  mixer.  Rock  was  first  run  into  the  hopj>er  up  to  a  mark, 
then  sand.  Cement  from  sacks  was  emptied  on  top  and  the 
charge  dumjx^d  into  the  mixer.  The  mixed  charge  was  emptied 
into  two-wheeled,  steel-concrete  buggies,  wheeled  over  run- 
ways and  dumped  into  the  forms.  Two  of  the  steel  rock 
bins  were  used  for  storing  sand  and  rock  for  floors  and  other 
concrete  work,  placed  after  the  erection  of  most  of  the  steel. 

Foundation  walls  were  all  of  concrete,  of  a  1 13  15  mixture ; 
all  walls  stand  on  dry,  hard  sand.  The  bin  foundation  walls 
were  separated  from  the  stamp  foundations  by  tarred  paper  in 
order  that  any  settling  of  the  latter  need  not  disturb  the  build- 
ing foundations.  The  octagonal  foundations  for  the  rock 
bins  were  tied  together,  to  a  certain  extent,  by  old  wire  cable. 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  47  . 

The  detailed  construction  of  the  concrete  settling  tanks  is 
l:)est  shown  in  Photo  "B,"  and  drawings,  Figs.  4  and  5.  Un- 
der the  sh'me  dq)artment  floors  eight  tanks  were  built  for  set- 
tling" the  slimes  and  decanting  the  dirty  water,  to  be  re-used 
in  the  mill.    These  tanks  are  46  ft.  long  by  24  ft.  wide,  and 


Photo  B 


14  ft.  deep.  The  w'alls  are  14  to  24  in.  thick  and  are  rein- 
forced by  vertical  iron  rods  three-quarter  in.  in  diameter,  bent 
at  the  bottoms  to  make  the  joint  into  the  floor. 

It  was  very  difficult  to  place  and  tamp  the  concrete  about 
these  rods,  but  the  walls  when  completed  showed  but  a  few 

small  leaks  which  were  easily  stopi>ed  and  give  no  trouble  in 
operation. 


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'    I 


g 

1 

'il 

\ 

II 

1^ 

II 

^1 

\ 

1 
1 

1 

— 

K 

\ 

I 

\ 

ly 

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50 


winjona  stamp  mill 


The  steel  structure  was  made  and  erected  by  the  Wisconsin 
Bridg-e  &  Iron  Company.  In  general  arrangement,  it  is  the 
same  as  the  usual  copper  country  mill.  Circular  steel  rock 
bins  are  used,  two  supplying  each  head,  the  openings  being  nni 
together  high  up  the  sides  thus  allowing  a  large  proportion 
of  the  contents  to  run  out  freely.  The  storage  capacity  of  four 
•bins  is  about  525  tons,  or  sufficient  to  last  over  night. 

Instead  of  a  trolley  beam  over  the  stamps  a  light  crane 
beam  was  installed.     This  has  proved  very  convenient  in  op- 


j:^:^^^^'' 


u^  ,/ 1^; 


WINONA  COPPER  CO. 


WIMONA   MKH 


St^BTCH  or  DP^IN 

ON  MILL  ROOF 


ivCCfV^ 


OATc2'/0'>9 

N0C-5S 


Figr.  10 

crating  as  well  as  during  erection.     This  crane  also  handles 
all  roll  parts,  etc. 

Over  the  slime  department,  at  right  angles  to  the  line  of 
the  stamps,  it  was  imjx^ssible  to  get  in  the  usual  step  form  of 
roof  in  a  manner  to  allow  sufficient  light.  Skylights  of  wire- 
glass  were  therefore  tried  and  have  proved  satisfactory  al- 
though snow  sometimes  accumulates  over  them.  The  roof  is 
the  usual  form  of  matched  flooring  but  is  covered  with  Bnx)ks' 
4-ply  asbestos  rcx)ting,  in  sheets  about  3  ft.  by  7  ft.  During 
the  first  winter  much  trouble  was  experienced  with  ice  on 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE 


51 


the  eaves.  As  snow  melts  over  the  main  bocly  of  the  wami 
rcxjfs  the  water  nms  down  until  it  strikes  the  eaves,  which 
are  cold.    It  there  freezes  and  makes  a  dam  of  ice  which  backs 


WINONA  COPPER  CO. 

WINONA.  MKH 

SKETCH  OF  ST/IMP  MiLL 
yV/TLLS. 


FifiT.  8 


^Thtae   I  Seams  are  5pi»emJ  a'    op^rt. 


Jjjjl^    ShefthojB 


P7FT 


^^ 


-J  5-  L        \  (Triangle  mvsh  steel  ► 
\rm.nforcem^T" 


SKETCH   or    CONCRETE  FLOOR. 


Fig.  9 


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52  WINONA  STAMP  MILL 

the  water  up  until  it  runs  through  some  opening  or  freezes  and 
adds  to  the  ice  already  formed.  Immense  icicles  were  some-' 
times  formed  down  the  sides  of  the  building  to  the  ground. 
This  trouble  has  been  entirely  overcome  by  building  wooden 
dams  just  back  of  the  line  of  the  eaves  on  each  step  of  roof. 
These  dams  slope  to  holes  in  the  roof  leading  to  a  piping  sys- 
tem inside  the  mill  which  carries  off  the  water.  The  warm 
air  from  the  interior  keeps  these  pipes  free  from  ice,  and  as 
fast  as  snow  melts  it  runs  off  the  roof.  This  scheme  was 
copied  from  a  similar  one  at  the  Calumet  &  Hecla  mills  but 
I  have  seen  no  description  of  it  in  print. 

The  main  slime  department  floor  over  the  top  of  the' set- 
tling tanks  is  made  of  concrete  reinforced  with  triangle-mesh 
wire.  The  outside  walls  of  the  building  are  formed  by  a 
thick  coat  of  cement  plaster  on  a  chicken-wire  reinforcement. 
The  inside  face  of  the  wall  is  made  in  the  same  manner,  which 
leaves  a  good  air  space  in  the  wall.  The  mortar  is  made  of 
cement,  sand,  and  a  little  lime.  A  detailed  sketch  is  shown 
in  Figs.  8  and  9. 

The  bins  for  storing  mineral  are  in  the  bottom  of  the  mill, 
over  a  spur  from  the  railroad.  They  are  made  of  steel  and 
have  10  compartments,  each  of  200  cu.  ft.  capacity.  A  narrow- 
gauge  track  runs  along  one  side  of  the  mill  and  aci"oss  it, 
l)ack  of  the  jigs.  Headings  and  No.  i  mineral  from  the  jigs 
are  emptied  directly  into  cars  running  on  this  track.  Settling 
bins  for  finer  grades  of  mineral  are  situated  above  this  track, 
c>n  the  head  foundation  level.  All  the  finer  grades  of  mineral 
are  pumi)ed  back  to  these  bins  from  the  various  settling  boxes 
of  tables  and  jigs  and  excess  water  is  allowed  to  drain  off. 
When  comparatively  dry,  this  mineral  is  dumi>ed  into  the 
mineral  car,  and  trammed  over  a  track  scale  at  the  lower 
end  of  the  mill  and  dumi)ed  into  the  bins  over  the  railroad 
track.  All  mineral  is  shipi>ed  in  steel  mineral  cars  belonging 
to  the  Copper  Range  Railroad  Company. 

Rongh  tailings  from  the  tails  of  the  jigs  are  de-watered  by 
a  large  wheel  and  fed  to  a  cross  conveyor  which  discharges 


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53 


over  the  main  conveyor  running  the  long  way  of  the  mill. 
This  main  conveyor  operates  within  a  steel  bridge  supported 
on  three  steel  towers  and,  when  dumping,  reaches  a  maximum 
heighth  of  84  ft.  above  the  track  level  at  the  bottom  of  the 
mill  and  123  ft.  above  the  ground.  The  conveyor  is  of  the 
usual  Rabins  type  with  troughing  idlers  on  a  30  degree  angle. 
The  belt  is  balata,  20  in.  wide.    It  has  been  in  operation  since 


De-waterinsT  Wheel  and  Cross  Conveyor,  Winona  Stamp  Mill. 

March,  191 1,  and  apparently  has  a  long  time  yet  to  run  be- 
fore needing  replacement.  The  conveyor  is  inclined  i;?4  i"- 
l)er  ft.,  or  8  deg.  18  min. 

A  slime  launder  of  steel  extends  1,200  ft.  \ye\o\\  the  mill. 
This  has  a  semi-circular  bottom,  with  straight  sides.  We  are 
now,  (March,  191 3)  putting  in  the  first  steel  liners.  The 
wear  is  only  around  the  rivet  heads  where  eddy-currents  are 
>tt  up.  This  launder  slopes  yi  of  an  in.  to  the  ft.  and  carries 
all  the  slime  material.  It  empties  into  a  ravine  which  joins 
the  main  river  at  a  distance  of  about  a  mile  and  a  half  from 
the  mill  but  on  land  belonging  to  the  Winona  Copper  Com- 
pany. If  necessaiy,  at  any  time  in  the  future,  a  dam  cuuld 
l)e  built  across  the  river  at  this  point  and  w^ater  pumped  back 
to  the  mill. 

A  circular  steel  bin  that  can  hold  about  four  cars  of  coarse 
i^and  is  situated  over  the  track  to  the  mineral  bin.  This  can 
W  fiWed  from  a  separate  belt  conveyor  parallel  to  the  main 
conveyor  and,  during  the  summer  months,  much  of  the  coarse 
sand  is  sold  for  concrete  work  and  for  railroad  ballast. 

The  main  trestle  to  the  rock  bins  is  used  as  a  coal  trestle. 
The  coal  plat  is  30  ft.  below^  the  base  of  the  rail.  The  floor 
is  of  concrete,  about  4  in.  thick.     Th^  usual  coal  adit  under 


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54  WINONA  STAMP  MILL 

the  main  trestle  is  also  made  from  concrete.  The  storage  ca- 
pacity of  the  plat  is  about  6,000  tons.  The  trestle  is  of  steel. 
The  coal  adit  enters  the  boiler  house  at  the  same  elevation  as 
the  ash  adit  in  front  of  the  boilers.  An  electric  elevator  ele- 
vates the  car  with  ashes  to  an  ash  trestle  and  the  car  with 
coal  to  a  trestle  8  ft.  above  the  floor  and  running  parallel  to 
the  boiler  front.  The  coal  supply  is  dumped  on  the  floor  and 
the  boilers  are  fired  by  hand.  The  stack  is  of  steel,  brick 
lined.  It  is  150  ft.  high  and  6  ft.  in  diameter.  The  boilers 
were  made  by  Parker,  of  Philadelphia.  They  are  three  in 
number,  each  268  horsepower  and  are  set  in  brick.  They 
are  equipped  with  Andrews'  shaking  grates,  draft  regulators 
and  feedwater  regulators. 

The  assay  office  is  near  the  railroad  at  the  bottom  of  the 
mill.  It  is  supplied  with  the  usual  equipment  for  both  fire 
and  electrolytic  assaying.  A  motor  generator  supplies  the 
storage  batteries  for  electrolytic  work.  A  Tirrill  gasolene  gas 
plant  supplies  the  gas. 

A  dam  for  the  main  water  supply  of  the  mill  is  situated  on 
the  Sleeping  river,  about  3,900  ft.  from  the  mill.  It  is  440 
ft.  long  and  27  ft.  high.  The  width  of  the  bank  on  top  is  15 
ft.  The  slope  on  the  water  side  is  2  to  i  and  on  the  down 
stream  side  is  2>4  to  i.  The  spillway  is  7  ft.  wide  and  8 
ft.  deep  from  the  top  of  the  concrete  core  wall.  With  all 
flasli  lx)ards  out  of  the  spillway,  the  storage  capacity  of  the 
dam  is  about  77,000,000  gals.  Its  volume  is  just  about  dou- 
bled by  5  ft.  of  flash  boards.  The  core  wall  of  the  dam  is  con- 
crete, 12  in.  thick  at  the  top  and  as  much  as  6  ft.  at  the  very 
lK)ttom.  The  sand  fill  was  made  mostly  by  the  hydraulic  pro- 
cess, a  pump  on  the  stream  supplying  water  for  washing  sand 
from  the  banks.  Both  slopes  are  riprapped  with  coarse  rock 
from  the  mine.  A  sheet  steel  intake  4  ft.  square  with  a  screen 
underneath,  was  first  used  but  quickly  became  clogged  with 
leaves,  etc.  A  straight  pipe  18  in.  in  diameter,  the  periphery 
filled  with  13/2  in.  holes  and  rising  above  the  highwater  level, 
was  then  tried.  This  has  given  no  trouble  beyond  catching 
in  the  ice  once  as  the  water  level  dropped. 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  55 

The  main  pump  is  situated  in  a  compressor  house  on  the 
river  bank.  The  pump  was  made  by  the  Laidlaw-Dunn-Gor- 
don  Company.  It  has  water  cylinders  11^4  b-y  24  in.  and 
steam  cylinders  12  and  25  by  24  in.  stroke.  The  cooling 
water  for  condensation  is  furnished  by  the  main  suction  of 
the  pimip.  Water  enters  the  suction  under  a  head  of  5  pounds. 
Steam  pressure  is  200  pounds.  The  pumping  capacity,  at 
67 J 'j  revolutions  per  minute,  is  4,000,000  gals,  per  24  hours. 


Interior  of  Winona  Mill 

The  pipe  line  connecting  the  pump  to  the  surge  tank  on  top 
of  the  stamp-mill  is  spiral-riveted  double  galvanized  pipe,  with 
bolted  points  and  rubber  gaskets.  The  pressure  at  the  pump 
is  86  Jpounds  per  square  in.  with  the  pump  running.  \Vt  have 
ruptured  several  lengths  of  this  pipe,  the  rupture  cutting 
clear  across  the  steel.  This  was  probably  due  to  flaws  in 
the  steel.  The  joints  have  not  given  trouble.  The  pipe  is 
14  in.  in  diameter  and  3,900  ft.  long.    The  surge  tank  on  top 


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56  WINONA  STAMP  MILL 

of  the  mill  supplies  pressure  for  fire  lines.  All  piping  for  the 
mill  is  direct  from  this  tank. 

The  steam  stamps  were  made  by  the  Allis-Chalmers  Com- 
pany. One  is  a  simple  stamp  with  a  cylinder  24  in.  dia.  by 
25  in.  stroke  and  the  other  a  compound  with  cylinders  16  and 
32  in.  dia.  by  25  in.  stroke.  Both  stamps  have  piston  valves 
and  only  two  eccentrics.  The  high-pressure  cylinder  Of  the 
compound  stamp  is  on  top  and  is  removed  bodily  by  the  crane, 
if  necessary  to  inspect  the  low-pressure  cylinder  or  the  piston. 
The  rolls  are  of  the  rigid  type  and  were  made  by  the  Allis- 
Chalmers  Company.    Four  trommels  are  used  instead  of  two. 

The  jigs  are  of  the  Woodbury  system.  One  bull  jig  is  used 
for  the  oversize  and  four  four-compartment  sets  per  head  for 
the  material  through  the  trommels.  Owing  to  the  small  per- 
centage of  No.  I  copper  (medium-sized  pieces)  contained  in 
the  Winona  rock,  these  jigs  do  not  seem  well  adapted  to  the 
purpose.  They  do  make  an  excellent  separation  of  slimes  for 
table  treatment  and  provide  a  middling  feed  for  regrinding 
mills.  The  jigs  are  supported  on  iron  brackets  instead  of  the 
usual  timber  supports.  This  makes  it  easier  to  get  under  the 
machines  for  adjustment  and  repairs  and  for  washing  floors. 

The  principal  machine  developed  for  the  operation  of  this 
mill  is  the  de-watering  wheel.  As  it  is  necessary  to  re-use  the 
water,  the  tailings  had  to  be  separated  from  it.  The  water 
carrying  the  tails  of  the  jigs  is  comparatively  free  from  slime 
so  that  it  is  kept  separate  as  "clear  water''  and  re-used  as  wash 
water.  The  first  de-watering  device  tried  consisted  of  a 
screen  tacked  on  a  cylindrical  frame  which  revolved  slowly. 
The  tails  were  drawn  through  spigots  onto  the  outside  of  this 
screen  the  water  falling  through  and  the  coarse  material  go- 
ing over  with  the  screen  on  to  the  cross  conveyor  belt.  This 
scheme  was  not  satisfactory  as  the  spigots  required  a  great 
deal  of  attention,  having  a  tendency  to  either  clog  or  to  run 
water  as  the  feed  varied.  An  8-ft.  wheel  along  the  lines  of 
the  present  wheel  was  then  developed.  This  worked  well  but 
the   i2-ft.   diameter  wheel  now  used  gives  more  room   for 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE 


57 


launders,  etc.,  and  takes  care  of  two  heads.  As  shown  by  the 
drawing,  Fig.  ii,  the  de-watering  w'heel  consists  of  a  sheet 
steel  w-ater-tight  wheel  with  radial  partitions  along  the  peri- 
phery forming  pockets  in  which  the  sand  is  caught  and  lifted 
out  of  the  water  and  discharged  at  the  top  of  the  wheel  over 
an  apron  on  to  the  belt  conveyor.  The  sand  is  run  from 
settling  tanks  through  spigots  into  the  bottom  of  the  wheel. 
The  water  overflowing  from  the  wheel  is  carried  to  the  set- 
tling tanks  and  re-used. 

The  sand  conveyor  problem  gave  some  little  trouble  be- 


DewritBrlrig    Vt/heal. 
FijT.  n 

lore  it  was  satisfactorily  solved.  The  first  cross  conveyor  used 
delivered  sand  to  a  bucket  elevator  w^hich  persisted  in  clog- 
ging and  otherwise  causing  trouble.  This  w^as  removed  and 
the  cross  conveyor  curved  up  to  deliver  directly  to  the  main 
conveyor.  Some  trouble  was  experienced  with  the  belts  get- 
ting out  of  line  but  this  was  gradually  eliminated  until  the 
sand  conveyor  equipment  now  has  no  special  attendant.  As 
a  large  pile  of  sand  was  piled  up  around  the  last  tower  of  the 
sand  conveyor  the  ground  began  to  bulge  up  around  the  edge 
of  the  pile.     Settlement  of  the  outside  tower  came  with  this 


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58 


WINONA  STAMP  MILL 


movement  and  finally  caused  shearing  of  rivets  on  the  upjier 
side  of  the  conveyor  bridge  over  the  middle  tower.  These 
rivets  were  then  cut  out  and  bolts  in  slots  substituted.  A  pin 
joint  was  placed  in  the  bottom  of  the  truss.  This  allowed 
for  about  2  ft.  of  settlement  in  the  outer  tower.  The  settling 
continued  until  it  became  necessary  to  cut  the  conveyor  house 
free  from  the  outside  tower.  The  conveyor  bridge  is  now 
supported  at  the  far  end  on  blocking  and  jacks  from  the  steel 
of  the  tower  embedded  in  the  sandpile.  If  settlement  con- 
tinues, the  conveyor  bridge  will  be  jacked  up  to  keep  pace. 
As  the  sand  accumulates  the  conveyor  will  Ix  extended  and 


U        i3 

Seconds    of    Time 
Fig.  12 

supixjrted  on  the  sand.     As  regrinding  increases  the  amount 
of  coarse  sand  to  Ije  stacked  will  decrease. 

Milling  was  started  with  one  8  by  30  in.  Ilardinge  conical 
mill.  During  191 2  two  more  were  installed,  one  a  6- ft.  by 
6o-in.  straight  face  and  the  other  an  8-ft.  by  i8-in.  straight 
face.  For  one  i)€riod  of  January,  191 2.  no  mill  was  at  work. 
For  most  of  the  first  six  months  two  mills  were  in  operation 
and  for  the  last  six  months  three  mills  were  in  operation. 
During  the  year  about  36,000  tons  of  material  was  reground. 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  59 

This  figure  is  of  course  not  exact  but  from  several  tests  and 
records  of  time,  etc.,  I  feel  sure  that  it  is  very  nearly  right. 
From  the  reground  material  215,248  pounds  of  refined  copper 
was  produced.  The  grade  of  this  mineral  will  average  bet- 
ter than  50  per  cent.  The  total  cost  of  regrinding  during  the 
year  was  $9,697.09  or  26.93  cents  per  ton  reground,  and  4.5 
cents  per  pound  of  copper  recovered.  With  electricity  costing 
1.2  cents  per  k.  w.  hour,  the  power  cost  was  $7,501.97  of  the 
above  total  amount.  Labor  was  $402.85  and  supplies  cost 
$1,792.27.  Of  the  supplies,  $1,235.80  was  for  172,030  pounds 
of  French  pebbles  and  $280.68  for  19,342  pounds  of  silex  lin- 
ing. The  balance  was  for  oil  and  supplies  incidental  to  repairs. 
The  pebble  loss  figures  nearly  five  pounds  per  ton  reground 
as  it  includes  the  initial  charge  for  two  new  mills.  The  pebble 
loss  is  now  running  a  trifle  under  four  pounds  per  ton  re- 
p^round,  which  is  higher  than  usual  in  this  district  on  account 
of  the  hardness  of  the  rock. 

COSTS  OF  GRINDING  36,000  TONS. 

Total       ^®^  ^°^  Units  per  ton 

'  Reground.  Percent.       Ground. 

Power  1.2c  per  k.  w.  hr $7,501.97  20.84<;  77.36      17.415  k.  w.  hrs. 

Labor   402.85  1.12  4.15 

Supplies — 

.7184c  per  lb.  pebbles....  1,235.80  3.43  12.74        4.781b.  pebbles 

1.4.512c  per  lb.   lining 280.69  .77  2.90           .537  lb.  lining 

Incidentals 275.78  .77  2.85 

$9,697.09       26.93c     100.00 
The  8-ft.  diameter  by  30-in.  straight  face  mill  has  proved 
Ihe  most  economical  in  power  cost  per  ton  ground  and  also  has 
ibe  largest  capacity  of  any  we  have  tried.     We  are  now  in- 
stalling three  more  8-ft.  mills  w^hich  have  a  36  in.  straight 
face  and  we  expect  still  greater  capacity.     These  mills  have 
Talk's  cut  herringbone  gears  and  there  is  only  one  speed  re- 
duction, which  will  materially  reduce  the  power  cost.     The 
first  mill  installed  has  a  silex  lining  but  the  subsequent  mills 
are  I'^^^^l  ^^^  ^he  straight  face  with  pebbles  set  in  grooves  in 
L^l  plates.     The  conical  faces  are  lined  with  silex  blocks, 
gt^l  pebble  linings  have  proved  very  satisfactory.     A  mill  is 


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6o 


WINONA  STAMP  MILL 


out  of  service  at  least  four  days  to  replace  silex  lining  as  the 
cement  must  be  allowed  to  set.  With  a  steel  pebble  lining, 
the  mill  can  go  into  service  again  as  soon  as  new  plates  are 
placed,  a  matter  of  hours  only.    So  far,  our  experience  shows 


Fifif.  6 


a^nt  tai-rsiH 


WINONA  5TAMP   MILU 

n.VfOtUtT  or  OK  Miwi.  J«CTIOn 


Fiff.  7;    Flow  Sheet  of  One  Mill  Section,  Winona  Stamp  Mill. 

that  the  steel  pebble  linings  are  cheapest.  All  our  new  mills 
will  be  equipped  with  the  steel  pebble  linings  on  the  cones  as 
well  as  the  straight  faces.    The  mill  is  lighted  at  night,  prin- 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  6l 

cipally,  by  icx)  candle  power  series  Tungsten  incandescent 
lamps  on  a  6.6  ampere  constant  current.  These  have  been 
found  satisfactory,  the  life  of  the  lamps  running  above  2,000 
hours. 

A  small  lathe,  drill  press  and  power  shear  for  cutting  plate 
are  the  only  power  tools  in  the  stamp  mill  as  the  mine  shop 
is  equipped  for  handling  all  other  work.  The  detailed  flow- 
sheet of  water  and  material  give,  I  believe,  full  information 
as  to  the  manner  of  handling  and  method  of  operation. 

The  water  re-used  in  the  mill  is  pumped  back  by  two 
separate  pumps,  one  for  the  dirty  water  and  one  for  the  clear 
water.  These  are  both  centrifugal  pumps,  direct  connected 
to  electric  motors,  the  "clear"  water  pump  having  a  capacity 
of  4,000,000  gallons  and  the  "dirty'*  water  pump  a  capacity 
of  3,000,000  gallons.  Both  are  regulated  to  suit  conditions 
by  throttling  of  discharge.  Sand  from  both  the  "clear"  and 
"dirty"  water  is  simply  spigoted  out  of  the  bottom  of  the 
settling  tanks  while  the  pumps  are  drawing  from  the  upper 
part  of  these  tanks.    Following  is  a  list  of  motors : 

Make.                     H.P.  Voltage.  Speed.                                   Driving. 

A-C 75  2200        850  No.  1  Head  Jigs,  Shops  &  Gen. 

A-C 75  2200        850  No.  2  Head  Jigs,  Shops  &  Gen. 

A-C 50  2200        850  8'x30"  Hardlnge  Mill. 

A-C 45  2200         835  8'xl8"  Hardinge  Mill. 

G-E 35  2200         850  6'xGO"  Hardinge  MIH. 

Westinghouse    ...50  2200        500  8'x36"  Hardinge  MiU. 

Westinghouse    ...50  2200        500  8'x3G"  Hardinge  Mill. 

Westinghouse    ...50  2200        500  8'x36"  Hardinge  Mill. 

G-E 35  2200        600  10"  Centrifugal  Pump. 

G-E 25  2200        600  8"  Centrifugal  Pump. 

A-C 30  2200        850  Two  Sets  of  Rolls. 

A-C 30  2200        850  Sand  Conveyor. 

A-C 20  2200  1130  Tables  and  Pumps. 

A-C 20  22oii  1130  Tables  and  Pumps. 

A-C 20  2200  1130  Tables  and  Pumps. 

A-C 5  220  1200  Ash  and  Coal  Elevator. 

G-E 3  220  1200  No.  1  Head  Valve  Gear. 

G-E 3  220  1200  No.  2  Head  Valve  Gear. 

Westinghouse    ...  5  220  1120  Tables. 

The  Winona  stamp-mill  was  built  on  the  mine  to  reduce 

oi>erating  expenses  per  ton  by  reducing  transportation  charges. 

Seventeen  and  one-half  cents  per  ton  was  cut  out  of   the 

transiMDrtation  charge  and  the  following  items  were  added: 


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62  WINONA  STAMP  MILL 

Stacking  sand 1.2c  per  ton  stamped 

Transportation  on  the  mine  3.6c  per  ton  stamped 

This  still  leaves  an  important  net  saving  due  to  location  of 

mill  on  the  mine.     The  unit  costs  given  are  necessarily  high 

due  to  the  small  tonnage  handled,  namely,   181,184  tons  for 

the  year  1912.     The  detail  of  these  costs  follows: 

Cost  of  belt  and  conveyor  idlers,  about  $4,000  erected;  life  40 

months;  cost  per  moMh  $100.00 

Power  at  the  rate  of  8  k.  w.  at  1.2c  per  k.  w.  hour 60.00 

Attendance 10.00 

Oils,  etc 10.00 

$180.00 
Or  1.2  cents  per  ton  on  15,000  tons  stamped.    These  will 
of  course  be  reduced  materially  with  increased  tonnage  han- 
dled.   Of  the  ix>wer  used,  at  least  two-thirds  is  in  friction. 

In  addition,  the  following  interest  and  depreciation  charges 
might  I^e  listed  against  this  operation : 

Cost  of  conveyor  bridge  and  towers,  fully  equipped  with  belt 

and   machinery    $12,000.00 

Interest  at  6  per  cent 720.00 

5  per  cent  depreciation  on  $8,000  of  this  amount 400.00 

The  depreciation  of  the  otiier  $4,000  is  already  accounted 
for  in  the  working  cost. 

Pumping  costs  should  not  be  increased  over  similar  costs 
with  a  stamp-mill  on  Lake  Superior  as  while  the  water  re- 
handled  is  pumped  with  less  efficient  machinery  the  head 
against  which  it  is  pumped  is  very  materially  reduced.  The 
pumping  cost  taken  from  our  cost  sheet  for  the  year  191 2  is 
2.3  cents  per  ton  stamped.  This  is  materially  higher  than  the 
usual  figure  on  Lake  Sui>erior,  owing,  principally,  to  the 
smaller  tonnage  stamped. 

There  is  undoubtedly  considerable  gained  by  the  concen- 
tration of  all  operations  at  the  mine.  Some  of  this  gain  can- 
not be  expressed  in  cents  per  ton.  During  part  of  the  month 
of  March,  191 3,  railroad  service  in  Houghton  county  was 
very  much  hindered  by  heavy  storms.  Several  of  the  mines 
were  shut  down  temporarily  and  freight  train  service,  at  least, 
was  cancelled  for  days  at  a  time.  Neither  the  Winona  mine 
nor  the  mill  was  delayed  on  this  account  as  our  tracks  are 
comparatively  short  and  easily  kept  clear  of  snow. 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  63 


SAFETY  IN  THE  MINES  OF  THE  LAKE  SUPERIOR 
IRON  RANGES. 

BY  EDWIN  HIGGINS^  IRONVVOOD,  MICH.* 

It  is  not  the  purpose  of  this  paper  to  go  into  a  detailed  dis- 
cussion of  safety  in  mines,  or  to  submit  a  set  of  rules  that 
will  eliminate  accidents.  No  living-  man,  whatever  his  occu- 
pation, is  immime  from  accidental  bodily  injury.  Accidents 
cannot  be  eliminated;  they  may,  however,  by  the  exercise  of 
care  and  vigilance,  be  kept  within  certain  reasonable  limits. 

As  a  result  of  visits  to  many  of  the  iron  mines  of  the 
Lake  Superior  region,  for  the  purpose  of  studying  conditions 
and  possibly  learning  something  as  to  the  causes  of  accidents, 
some  impressions  have  been  gathered  that  might  be  of  inter- 
est. In  this  paper,  certain  existing  conditions  will  be  dis- 
cussed, and  some  suggestions  offered,  not  in  a  spirit  of  criti- 
cism, but  with  a  view  to  emphasizing  some  of  tlie  features 
of  safety  work. 

In  general,  interest  in  the  work  is  high.  A  great  deal  of 
money  is  being  spent  in  safety  devices  and  other  means  look- 
ing to  a  reduction  in  the  numl^cr  of  accidents.  PZxcept  in  a 
few  cases,  the  mine  officials  are  doing  all  in  their  power  to 
accomplish  this  end.  The  seed  of  **safety  first,"  sowed  some 
years  ago  on  the  iron  ranges,  has  become  firmly  rooted. 

It  seems  natural  in  a  discussion  of  safety  to  turn  first  to 
the  causes  of  accidents,  for  the  remedy  of  aily  evil  lies  in 
removing  the  cause.  Few  accidents  may  be  charged  to  any  one 
direct  cause;  most  of  them  are  due  to  a  conil)ination  of  cir- 
cumstances or  conditions.     For  example,  a  man  is  hurt  from 


•District    Engineer,    Mlchlgan-Mlnnesota-Wisconsin    Division,    United 
States  Bureau  of  Mines. 


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64  SAFETY  IN  LAKE  SUPERIOR  IRON  MINES 

a  fall  of  ground.  The  direct  cause  of  the  injury  here  was 
the  falling  of  a  section  of  ground.  However,  the  falling  of 
the  ground  might  have  been  due  to  the  failure  of  the  miner 
to  pick  down  the  back ;  the  timbering  might  have  been  insuffi- 
cient or  improperly  placed ;  possibly  the  miner  was  trying  for 
"easy  dirt"  and  was  taking  a  chance;  or  the  working  place 
might  not  have  been  carefully  inspected.  In  turn,  any  or  all 
of  these  conditions  might  have  been  due,  indirectly,  to  a  de- 
mand for  more  ore  production,  either  by  the  management  or 
by  an  over-ambitious  captain  or  shift  boss. 

A  man  is  crushed  between  a  post  and  a  motor  or  car. 
This  accident  might  have  been  due  to  the  fact  that  in  laying 
the  track  insufficient  clearance  was  allowed  for  between  the 
cars  and  the  post;  or  to  the  lack  of  a  bell  on  the  motor;  or 
to  the  carelessness  or  inexperience  of  either  the  motonnan  or 
miner  who  was  hurt. 

In  a  broad  sense  it  seems  reasonable  to  assume  that  safety 
in  and  about  the  mines  is  closely  related  to  and  dependent  upon 
the  following  conditions  and  elements: 

Rapidity  of  production  of  ore. 

Labor  conditions. 

Accident  preventive  measures  and  devices. 

The  Human  element. 

Rapidity  of  Production  of  Ore. 

Forcing  the  production  of  more  ore  than  can  be  supplied 
under  normal  working  conditions  doubtless  tends  to  increase 
the  number  of  accidents  j^er  man  employed  in  the  mine.  A 
comparison  of  accident  and  production  records  will  show  this 
to  be  true  in  many  cases.  When  the  working  places  are  over- 
crowded with  men  and  machinery  and  the  mine  equipment  is 
being  worked  beyond  its  capacity,  there  is  a  tendency  for 
the  work  to  go  with  a  slam  and  a  bang  that  allows  little 
chance  for  anyone  who  hapi:)ens  to  get  in  the  way. 

The  demand  for  over-production  might  come  from  the 
management  or  officials;  or,  as  is  often  the  case,  it  might 
result  from  the  spirit  of  rivalry  that  exists  between   some 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  65 

captains  or  shift  bosses.  To  a  certain  extent,  the  belief  is 
still  prevalent  that  a  man's  worth  is  gaged  by  the  amount  of 
ore  he  produces.  There  are  doubtless  other  causes  that  tend 
to  spur  the  miner  on  in  his  work;  the  result  in  most  cases  is 
to  make  him  less  careful  of  his  safety.  The  elimination  of 
undue  haste  in  all  departments  of  mine  work  will  tend  to 
reduce  accidents. 

Labor  Conditions. 

A  scarcity  of  labor  means  that  there  are  a  correspondingly 
smaller  number  of  experienced  men  available.  It  follows 
that  green  men  must  be  employed  in  the  mines  and  that  in- 
competent men  must  be  kept  at  work  vVhen  they  should  be 
discharged.  Such  conditions  are  productive  of  accidents.  The 
green  hand,  being  unfamiliar  with  his  working  place,  machin- 
ery and  tools,  does  not  know  what  to  do  in  an  emergency. 
Usually  he  does  the  wrong  thing  and  receives  an  injury. 

Where  an  entire  district  is  effected  by  a  shortage  of  labor 
it  is  practically  impossible  for  any  one  operator  to  remedy 
permanently  conditions  at  his  property.  He  may  secure  men 
from  outside  of  his  district  but  this  is  expensive  and  is  not 
a  lasting  or  satisfactory  remedy. 

Accident  Preventive  Measures  and  Devices. 

No  attempt  will  be  made  to  describe  the  many  safety  de- 
vices and  methods  in  use.  The  subject  of  accident  prevention 
will  be  discussed  in  a  general  way  under  the  following  heads : 

Machinery,  Tools  and  Appliances. 

Timbering. 

General  Conditions  in  and  About  the  Mines. 

Handling  of  Explosives. 

Fire  Prevention  and  Protection, 

Rules  and  Regulations. 

Inspection. 

Machinery,  Tools  and  Appliances. 

Usually  the  master  mechanic  is  held  accountable  for  the 
condition  of  all  machinery.  He  must  l>e  certain  at  all  times 
that  his  machinery  is  in  safe  condition  for  use,  and  that  all 


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66  SAFETY  IN  LAKE  SUPERIOR  IRON  MINES 

exposed  parts,  such  as  fly  wheels,  belts,  pulleys,  etc.,  are  so 
covered  that  men  cannot  be  caught  and  injured  by  them.  This 
applies  to  underground  as  well  as  surface  machinery,  al- 
though the  care  of  the  underground  machinery  usually  comes 
under  a  different  man.  Some  companies  make  it  a  rule,  where 
there  is  a  choice,  to  avoid  the  use  of  machinery,  devices  or 
appliances  that  offer  a  chance  of  pinching  or  mangling  the 
limbs  of  employes.  In  general,  it  was  found  that  much  has 
been  done  towards  protecting  men  from  exposed  parts  of 
machinery. 

Hoists,  especially  those  used  for  handling  men,  should  be 
provided  with  an  automatic  cut-off  to  prevent  overwinding-. 
Cables  should  be  carefully  inspected  at  frequent  intei-vals  and 
the  ends  cut  at  stated  periods.  Cages  for  handling  men  should 
be  provided  with  safety  dogs  and  doors.  Safety  dogs  should 
be  tested  at  least  once  a  month  by  dropping  the  cage;  there 
are  various  well  known  methods  of  doing  this.  Although 
nearly  ^very  cage  inspected  on  the  iron  ranges  was  equipped 
with  safety  dogs,  it  was  found  that  less  than  40  per  cent  of 
them  were  tested  at  regular  intervals;  many  never  had  been 
tested.  A  safety  dog  is  not  safe  unless  it  is  known  to  be  in 
perfect  working  order. 

Where  electrical  haulage  is  used  underground,  the  as- 
sistant, or  "swamper,*'  on  the  motor  is  often  injured  by  having 
his  legs  crushed  or  mangled.  Accidents  of  this  nature  are 
due  to  the  fact  that  no  place  is  provided  on  the  rear  of  the 
motor  for  the  **swanii:)er '  to  ride  in  safety.  At  one  mine  this 
class  of  accident  became  so  common  that  motors  were  pro- 
vided with  a  place  for  the  *'swaniper"  to  sit,  so  that  his  legs 
are  protected  the  same  as  are  those  of  the  motorman  on  the 
front  end. 

All  electric  feed  wires  should  be  well  insulated  and  care- 
fully laid  to  prevent  short  circuiting.  Trolley  wires  should 
have  protection,  esi>ecially  at  ore  chutes.  The  common  mode 
of  protection  is  to  provide,  where  the  trolley  passes  in  front 
of  ore  chutes,  inverted  troughs  or  launders  of  square  or  V- 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  (ij 

shajied  section ;  or  to  secure,  on  each  side  of  the  trolley,  round 
timbers  from  5  to  8  in.  in  diameter. 

Telephones  underground  often  play  the  part  of  a  safely 
device.    They  should  be  installed  in  every  mine. 

Timbering. 

From  a  safety  standpoint,  the  proper  timbering  of  work- 
ing places  is  of  great  importance.  In  most  of  the  accidents 
happening  from  insecure  or  improperly-placed  timbering,  it 
has  been  found  that  the  work  has  been  done,  or  left  undone, 
by  an  inexi)erienced  man.  The  green  man  is  most  likely  t(^ 
overlook  one  of  the  first  principles  of  proj>er  tim)>ering. 
viz:  that  of  using  sufficient  blocking  l^etvveen  the  timber  and 
the  back.  This  has  been  the- cause  of  a  great  many  accidents. 
Under  the  head  of  improper  timbering  many  conditions  couM 
be  referred  to  that  may  result  in  injury  to  the  miner,  but  it 
seems  unnecessary  to  go  further  into  this  subject.  The  remedy 
for  such  conditions,  esi>ecially  where  green  men  must  l)e  em- 
ployed, is  a  closer  insi)ection  of  all  timbering.  This  remedy 
lias  brought  forth  good  results  in  several  instances  known 
to  the  wn'iter. 

Another  plan  that  has  been  adopted  with  good  results  is 
to  timber  every  place  where  there  api)ears  to  l)e  the  slightest 
d^ahce  of  a  fall.  In  one  large  mine  a  cl(>^se  study  of  accident 
reix.Tts  brought  out  the  fact  that  falls  of  ground,  resulting  in 
injury,  were  occurring  in  rock  drifts  where  it  was  thought  that 
timl)er  was  entirely  unnecessary. 

It  is  the  rule  in  many  of  the  mines  for  the  captain  or 
someone  else  to  either  climb,  or  make  a  slow  trip  by  cage, 
through  the  shaft  at  frequent  intervals,  closely  inspectin*;- 
guides  and  timbering.  Such  trips  do  not  consume  much  time 
and  should  be  made  every  day. 

General  Conditions 

Handling  Men — In  order  to  avoid  accidents  that  might  re- 
sult from  the  sudden  disability  of  the  hoisting  engineer,  two 
men  should  be  on  the  hoist  when  lowering  men  into  or  hoist- 
ing them  out  of  the  mine. 


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68  SAFETY  IN  LAKE  SUPERIOR  IRON  MINES 

Miners  are  often  hurt  by  crowding  too  close  to  the  shaft 
when  coming  on  or  going  off  shift.  The  usual  effective  meth- 
od of  preventing  accidents  of  this  kind  is  to  provide  some 
kind  of  enclosure  around  the  shaft  collar  and  underground  sta- 
tions, into  w^hich  men  may  be  admitted  in  limited  numbers. 

Traveling  Ways — Every  mine  should  be  provided  with  at 
least  two  outlets  with  ladderways  in  good  rei)air.  If  the  dis- 
tance is  not  too  great  the  men  should  be  made  to  pass  through 
the  second  outlet  from  time  to  time  in  order  to  familiarize 
them  with  the  w^ay. 

All  traveling  ways  underground  should  be  kept  as  clear 
of  rubbish  and  old  timber  as  possible.  Timl^er  with  j^ggc6 
edges  or  with  nails  protruding,  powder  and  candle  boxes,  in 
short,  trash  of  any  kind,  are  sources  of  danger  when  allowed 
to  collect  in  traveling  ways.  A  small  piece  of  wood  has  been 
known  to  derail  a  motor  or  tramcar;  men  often  are  caught  be- 
tween a  derailed  car  and  the  timber.  A  man  may  trip  over  a 
slight  obstruction,  fall  and  receive  a  serious  injury. 

In  repair  work  in  haulage  drifts,  neither  old  or  new  tim- 
ber should  be  left  laying  or  standing  any  longer  than  is  ab- 
solutely necessary.  Men  have  been  crushed  by  motors  and 
cars  because  the  way  was  so  full  of  obstructions  that  they 
could  not  escape. 

Protection  of  Open  Places — Every  place  into  which  it  is 
possible  for  a  miner  to  fall  should  be  protected  in  some  man- 
ner. This  refers  to  gates  or  fences  for  shaft  collars  and  sta- 
tions, doors  for  manways,  bars  or  fences  for  ore  chutes,  and 
fences  for  dangerous  abandoned  places. 

Where  cribbed  ore  chutes  are  used,  as  in  the  soft  ore 
mines,  there  seems  to  be  a  tendency,  due  to  the  weight  of  the 
ore  in  the  chute  and  the  working  of  the  surrounding  ground, 
for  the  cribbing  to  settle  and  become  distorted.  Under  such 
conditions  it' is  important  to  keep  the  collar  of  the  chute  in 
repair.  In  the  course  of  time  the  iron  bars  used  to  prevent 
men  from  falling  into  the  chute  will  settle  with  the  cribbing. 
While  bars  four  or  five  feet  below  the  collar  of  the  chute 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE 


69 


may  prevent  serious  falls,  they  are  as  much  a  source  of  dan- 
g-er  as  they  are  a  protection ;  a  man  falling  upon  them  is  liable 
to  very  serious  injur}-.  To  remedy  this  condition,  a  special 
grating  is  used  at  one  mine.  It  consists  of  i-in.  square  iron 
pieces  riveted  loose  to  angle-iron  end  pieces.  The  square  iron 
pieces  are  placed  8  in.  apart  and  the  grill  so  formed  is  suj)- 
ported  to  the  chute  collar  by  means  of  four  round  iron  hooks, 
I  ft.  long,  bolted  to  the  angle-iron  end  pieces  and  passing  over 
the  top  set  of  cribbing.     In  the  end  of  the  hook  is  a  hole 


Afyl*'fwfS-4'>i3r*i 2 

I  MIk  ^-4  ^,    4  lY ♦ 


\ 


■  %•      tjvUs  Utru  b^r  i/«7  ^ttd 
^95/«  ir 01;. 


0» -'ZtH^va  j»r   f^0h-l^^/^yfrs    . 


K 


>3<£TCH  or  Gkiq-iroh    fo^''  Frotcctiom 
AT  Coll  A/?   or     Ore  Chutc. 


pi 


through  whidi  a  spike  is  driven  to  secure  the  hook  to  the 
cribbing.  The  device  always  hangs  i  ft.  below  the  top  of 
the  chute;  it  will  adjust  itself  to  any  distortion  of  the  crib- 
bing.    This  device  is  shown  in  an  accompanying  sketch. 

Open  and  dangerous  places  should  be  further  protected  by 
the  use  of  ample  lighting.  This  is  simple  on  main  levels  where 
electric  lamps  are  used.    Great  care  should  be  used,  however. 


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yO  SAFETY  IN  LAKE  SUPERIOR  IRON  MINES 

where  it  is  necessary  to  employ  some  type  of  torch  or  other 
oi>en  light,  esi:)ecially  if  there  is  much  timber  in  the  immedi- 
ate vicinity. 

Ladderways  and  Ladders — For  shafts,  ladders  placed  in 
an  inclined  (forward)  position,  with  platforms,  or  sollai*s,  not 
more  than  24  ft.  apart,  are  recognized  as  safer  than  the  con- 
tinuous ladderw^ay  without  platfoniis.  Ladders  should  pro- 
ject at  least  3  ft.  above  platforms,  or  there  should  be  a  hand 
hold  of  some  description  provided  just  alx>ve  the  platform. 

Ladders,  wherever  used,  should  te  placed  about  3  in.  out 
from  the  (r[)ening  in  which  they  are  hung,  and  should  be 
securely  fastened.  The  spacing  between  rungs  should  be  uni- 
form througliout  aind  not  more  than  12  in.  from  center  to 
center.  Broken  or  badly  Ijent  rungs  should  be  immediately 
replaced.  Three  tyi)es  of  rungs  are  in  general  use — round  iron 
bars,  wood,  and  iron  pipe.  Wood  rungs  present  a  better  hold 
for  both  hand  and  foot.  They  are  subject  to  rot  or  easy 
breakage  from  falling  rock  or  other  material,  and  hence  are 
not  as  serviceable  as  iron.  Solid  iron  rungs  are  good,  ImU 
when  they  are  bent,  especially  in  a  wet  mine,  they  make  it 
easy  for  the  miner  to  slip.  Rungs  made  from  discarded  i-in. 
iron  pipe  are  cheap  and  effective;  Ijeing  larger,  they  present 
a  better  hand  and  foot  hold  than  the  solid  iron  rung.  For 
the  protection  of  rungs,  as  well  as  human  life,  the  top  of  every 
ladderway  should  be  kept  clear  of  loose  rock.  Careful  inspec- 
tion and  repair  of  ladders  will  tend  to  reduce  accidents  from 
falls. 

Tracks — Some  importance  is  attached  to  the  proper  grad- 
ing of  tracks,  from  a  standpoint  of  economical  w^ork,  and  be- 
cause pushing  cars  up  too  steep  grades  may  l>e  the  cause  of 
injuries  in  the  nature  of  strains.  In  the  haulage  ways,  es- 
jx^cially  in  rounding  curves,  ample  room  should  be  provided 
for  men  to  stand  to  avoid  being  crushed  l)etween  the  car  or 
motor  and  the  timber.  A  great  many  accidents  happen  from 
this  cause. 

Tracks  should  be  kept  clear  of  all  rubbish,  especiallv  pieces 
of  wood  and  rock. 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  7I 

Signs — Various  kinds  of  signs  are  in  use  in  many  of  the 
mines.  This  is  a  subject  that  is  worthy  of  serious  considera- 
tion. The  most  useful  signs  appear  to  be  the  following: 
Something  to  call  attention  to  places  where  explosives  are 
stored ;  something  to  indicate  dangerous  places,  such  as  aban- 
doned open  stopes,  places  over  which  work  is  being  done,  etc. ; 
signs  pointing  the  way  to  the  different  outlets  of  the  mine. 
The  latter  should  be  more  numerous  where  the  vein  is  wide 
and  the  workings  intricate.  There  is  a  great  need  of  a  uni- 
versal danger  sign,  something  that  by  constant  use  will  event- 
ually become  familiar  to  men  of  all  nationalities. 

Handling  of  Explosives. 

For  underground  work  it  is  the  general  practice  to  use 
various  grades  of  dynamite,  such  as  straight  dynamite,  and 
the  low-freezing,  ammonia,  gelatin,  and  granular  dynamites. 
Explosives  are  fired  by  means  of  fuse  and  detonator,  except  in 
shaft  sinking,  in  which  it  is  customary  to  use  an  electrical 
firing  device. 

In  nearly  all  cases  the  explosive  is  carried  into  the  mine 
in  the  original  box,  usually  with  the  cover  on,  but  in  some 
cases  with  the  cover  removed.  The  l)est  practice  seems  to  ])e 
to  remove  the  cover  after  the  explosive  is  received  under- 
ground, using  a  wcxxlen  mallet  and  wedge  for  the  purpose. 

Storage  Underground — Explosives  are  stored  under- 
ground either  in  a  central  magazine  or  in  l>oxes  kept  near  the 
working  places.  The  chief  factor  in  detemiining  the  l>est 
method  of  storage  is  the  system  of  mining  in  use.  Under  dif- 
ferent conditions  either  method  of  storage  may  be  l>est.  In 
any  event,  no  more  than  48  hours'  supply  should  be  kq)t  un- 
derground at  any  one  time. 

Powder  houses  should  l^e  removed  from  working  places 
and  traveling  ways.  Those  cut  out  of  the  solid  rock,  sui)port- 
ed  where  necessary  by  steel  and  concrete,  are  safest.  Thev 
should  be  in  charge  of  a  powder  man  who  shall  deliver  ex- 
plosives to  the  miner  on  written  order  only.  In  several  mines 
the  practice  is  followed  of  requiring  the  shift  boss  to  make  out 


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JT.  SAFETY  IN  LAKE  SUPERIOR  IRON  MINES 

and  sign  the  order  for  explosives.  It  is  claimed  that  this  meth- 
od is  both  economical  and  safe,  as  it  prevents  the  miner  or- 
dering too  much  explosive,  at  the  same  time  eliminating  the 
habit  of  leaving  sticks  of  explosives  lying  around  promis- 
cuously. The  powder  magazine  should  be  electrically  light- 
ed and  no  one  should  be  allowed  to  enter  wMth  an  open  light 
of  any  kind.  A  good  precaution  is  to  place  a  fuse  in  the  line 
leading  to  the  powder  magazine  in  order  to  prevent  the  ex- 
plosion of  an  incandescent  lamp  in  c^se  the  current  should 
rise  suddenly.  r 

Fuse  and  Detonators — The  powder  man  should  have 
charge  also  of  the  detonators  and  fuse  and  these  should  be  kept 
in  a  room  at  least  50  ft.  from  the  explosives.  The  duties 
of  the  powder  man  may  include  the  cutting  of  the  fuse  and 
the  crimping  on  of  the  detonator,  for  which  latter  purpose  a 
crimper  should  be  supplied.  There  are  still  a  few  miners  left 
who  will  crimp  a  detonator  with  their  teeth. 

Tlmidng — Thawing  is  variously  performed.  In  cases 
where  low  freezing  dynamite  is  used  no  means  is  provided  for 
thawing.  Some  magazines  are  heated  by  steam  coils  and 
kept  at  a  cerl.iiii  temi>ijrature.  Tliawing  devices  heated  elec- 
trically or  by  steam  pipes  are  used,  as  well  as  different  types 
of  hot  water  thawers.  Electrical  heaters  require  careful  plan- 
ning to  prevent  dangerous  conditions  due  to  short  circuits  '.)r 
overheating.  Only  in  a  few  cases  w^as  the  dangerous  prac- 
tice of  thawing  in  contact  widi  a  heated  metal  surface  ob- 
served. Where  steam  is  used  for  thawing  it  should  be  used 
under  low  pressure;  exhaust  steam  from  some  source  may  be 
available.  The  practice  of  carrying  sticks  of  explosives  in  the 
clothing  in  order  to  thaw  them  from  the  heat  of  the  boily 
should  be  prohibited. 

Carrying  Explosives — In  carr}M'ng  exp^(\sives  from  the 
magazine  to  his  working  place  the  miner  has  l)een  observed  ^o 
make  up  a  bundle  of  a  dozen  or  more  sticks  and  tie  it  up  with 
fuse;  or  he  may  carry  the  explosive  loose  or  in  a  cloth  sack. 
Obviously,  the  latter  method  is  safest,  because  the  explosive 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE 


73 


is  better  protected  and  is  not  likely  to  be  lost.  One  objection 
to  tying  up  a  bundle  with  a  length  of  fuse  is  that  the  fuse  is 
very-  likely  to  develop  a  defect  from  such  treatment. 

Loading  Detonator  Into  Primer — There  were  few  mines 
visited  in  w^hich  any  regulation  method  of  attaching  the  de- 
tonator to  the  primer  was  followed.  In  practically  all  cases 
the  superintendents  and  captains  knew  that  certain  methods 
were  to  be  preferred;  the  difficulty  seemed  to  be  in  causing 
the  miners  to  adhere  to  rules.  Any  method  of  performing  this 
operation  that  allows  the  detonator  to  protrude  from  the  prim- 
er, or  the  fonnation  of  sharp  angles  in  the  fuse,  should  be 
proliit>ited,  as  they  give  rise  to  premature  explosions  and  miss- 
fires.  Eitlier  of  the  inethods  shown  in  the  accompanying 
sketch  is  both  safe  and  efficient.  A  skewer  of  wood  or  brass 
should  be  used  for  punching  the  hole  in  the  cartridge. 


Tamping — From  a  standix)int  of  both  safety  and  economy, 
all  explosives  should  be  well  tamped.  For  this  purix)se  damp 
clay  may  be  used ;  the  tamping  stick  should  be  of  woo<l. 

Missed  Holes — In  handling  missed  holes  much  care  is 
generally  used,  although  in  some  mines  no  set  rule  is  fol- 
lowed.    Usually  some  form  of  report  is  used  whereby  th^ 


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74  SAFETY  IN  LAKE  SUPERIOR  IRON  MINES 

captain  or  shift  boss  of  the  oncoming  shift  is  notified  of  the 
missfire.  The  shift  boss  locates  the  hole,  removes  the  tamping, 
then  inserts  and  fires  another  primer.  In  locating  the  hole 
the  shift  Ix)ss  may  be  guided  by  the  experienced  miner,  who 
can  designate,  in  many  cases,  the  charge  that  has  failed  ro 
explode  from  the  sequence  of  the  reports.  No  set  rules  can 
be  laid  down  for  handUng  missfires.  It  may  be  said,  how^- 
ever,  that  at  least  one  hour  should  elapse  before  anyone  is 
allowed  to  return  to  the  hole;  that  great  care  should  be  ob- 
served in  locating  the  hole  and  removing  the  tamping;  that 
the  charge  should  never  be  gouged  out  with  a  metal  scraper; 
and  that  no  attempt  should  be  made  to  pull  the  fuse  and  de- 
tonator from  the  hole.  There  should  be  some  place  for  post- 
ing or  delivering  a  printed  form  for  the  attention  of  the  cap- 
tain or  shift  boss  of  the  oncoming  shift.  This  fomi  should  be 
so  filled  out  as  to  draw  attention  to  the  exact  place  where  the 
missfire  has  occurred,  and  the  numl>er  of  holes  missed. 

Black  Powder — For  blasting  on  surface,  as  in  open  pits, 
various  classes  of  black  blasting  jx^wder  are  used.  Care  should 
be  used  in  the  storage  and  opening  of  the  ix>wder  canisters. 
Loading  should  be  done  by  careful  and  exjoerienced  men.  The 
safety  precautions  in  this  class  of  work  are  well  known  and 
will  not  be  discussed  here.  It  seems  only  necessary  to  mention 
the  fact  that  constant  vigilance  is  essential,  for  even  men  of 
long  exi)erience  in  handling  powder  will  in  time  become  care- 
less and  overlook  the  simplest  rules  for  safety. 

Rules  and  Blasting  Signals — Rules  and  regulations  con- 
cerning the  handling  of  explosives  should  be  printed  and  i)()st- 
ed  in  proi>er  places.  Such  placards  should  contain  a  few 
short  and  concise  statements  regarding  the  chief  dangei-s  in 
handling  explosives. 

Miners  should  never  Ije  allowed  to  blast  a  hole,  or  even  a 
plug  shot  of  half  a  stick  of  dynamite,  without  giving  the  cus- 
tomary warning.  The  strict  enforcement  of  this  rule  will  pre- 
vent accidents. 


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lake  superior  mining  institute  75 

Inspection. 
Safety  inspectors,  or  committees,  are  to  be  found  at  many 
of  the  mines,  but  a  great  number  of  them  still  clq>end  upon 
the  captains  and  shift  bosses  alone  to  keep  the  mine  in  a  safe 
condition.  The  mines  at  which  some  form  of  inspection  was 
provided  showed  the  good  results  of  the  work.  Constant 
contact  with  certain  conditions  may  cause  even  the  careful 
captain  or  shift  boss  to  overlook  the  dangerous  features. 
Fire  Prevention  and  Protection. 

While  generously  provided  in  few  cases  and  moderately 
in  most,  fire  protection  was  found  entirely  lacking  in  some 
of  the  mines.  As  a  protection  to  life  and  property  every  mine 
should  be  provided  with  some  means  of  preventing  and  fight- 
ing fires,  both  on  the  surface  and  underground.  The  aim 
should  l)e  to  remove,  as  far  as  conditions  and  necessity  will 
permit,  the  causes  of  fires ;  and  to  provide  the  necessary  equip- 
ment for  attacking  quickly  any  fire  which  may  originate. 
The  following  may  be  set  down  as  the  causes  of  metal  mine 
fires: 

Careless  use  of  lights  underground,  in  shaft,  or  at  shaft 
collar. 

Defective  electric  wiring. 

Spontaneous  combustion  from  friction  in  shaft  rollers  or 
underground  machinery. 

Spontaneous  ignition  of  combustible  rock. 

Dropping  lighted  paper,  candle  or  other  material  in  ore 
•  chutes. 

Building  small  fires  underground  for  any  purpose. 

Dumping  ashes  into  open  pits  connected  with  underground 
workings. 

Careless  use  of  matches. 

Incendiarism. 

Smoking  in  timbered  places  underground,  in  shaft,  or  at 
or  near  shaft  collar. 

Sparks  from  surface  engines  of  any  kind,  or  from  surface 
fires. 


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76  SAFETY  IN  LAKE  SUPERIOR  IRON  MINES 

Allowing  combustible  rubbish  to  collect  underground. 

By  studying  the  causes  of  mine  fires  and  some  of  the  well 
known  preventive  and  protective  measures,  many  of  which 
are  embraced  in  the  following  suggestions,  an  efficient  sys- 
tem may  be  worked  out  for  almost  any  conditions. 

Do  not  place  wooden  structures  close  to  the  shaft  collar. 
Have  as  little  wood  construction  as  ix)ssible  around  collar; 
steel  headframes  with  steel  and  concrete  construction  to  a 
depth  of  25  ft.  below  the  collar  are  safest.  Sprinkle  dr}- 
shafts.  In  all  shafts  use  care  in  electric  wiring;  keep  rollers 
we'l  oiled;  cover  steam  pipes,  esi^ecially  if  laid  close  to  timber; 
do  not  allow  candle  snuffs  or  other  open  lights  to  be  left  on 
timber. 

In  shaft  and  pump  stations  use  as  little  wooden  construc- 
tion as  possible;  provide  steel  and  concrete  where  support  is 
necessary.  Do  not  allow  combustible  material  of  any  kind 
to  collect;  do  away  with  open  lights  as  far  as  possible;  use 
care  in  electric  wiring;  provide  separate  receptacles  for  clean 
and  oily  waste;  do  not  place  machiner>'  close  to  timber;  do 
not  spill  oil  on  timber.  If  conditions  do  not  warrant  stet*l 
and  concrete  construction,  at  least  break  timl>ering  connect- 
ing pump  station  with  shaft,  using  steel  and  concrete  if  sup- 
ix>rt  be  necessary. 

Do  not  allow  dry  wood,  ix>wder  and  candle  boxes,  paper, 
hay,  waste,  manure,  or  other  combustible  material,  to  collect 
anywhere  underground. 

Provide  a  fire  patrol  for  all  timbered  parts  of  mine. 

Do  not  store  lighting  or  lubricating  oils  in  great  quantity 
luiderground,  especially  near  timbered  places. 

Provide  one  or  more  chemical  fire  extinguishers  at  or  near 
ihe  shaft  collar,  at  every  station,  at  ix)wder  house,  and  in 
timbered  drifts  or  crosscuts  distant  from  the  shaft. 

Provide  one  or  more  water  plugs  or  connections,  with 
several  lengths  of  hose,  at  or  near  shaft  collar  and  at  stations. 
Water  may  be  supplied  underground  from  pumps,  water  col- 
umn, or  by  separate  line  from  surface.     A  shaft  sprinkling 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  7/ 

device  is  useful  under  certain  conditions.  In  tapping  water 
column  it  may  l)e  necessary  to  use  a  special  pressure  reducing 
valve. 

Make  air  line  convertible  into  water  line. 

Have  a  barrel  of  water  and  buckets  at  shaft  stations. 

Provide  dry  fire  extinguishers,  such  as  sand,  salt  or  ix)w- 
dcred  limestone. 

Arrange  for  the  control  of  ventilation  through  the  use  of 
doors. 

Provide  air  tight  fire  doors  for  isolation  of  parts  of  mine. 

Make  rules  for  fire  prevention  and  enforce  them. 

Have  fire  drills  and  a  pre-arranged  plan  of  action  in  case 
of  fire. 

Provide  oxygen  breathing  apparatus. 

Provide  fire  signals. 

Arrange  to  notify  miners  in  case  of  fire  and  be  prepared 
to  get  them  to  surface  promptly. 

Before  leaving  this  subject,  it  is  desired  to  draw  attention 
to  the  use  of  candles  for  lighting  underground.  This  article 
has  probably  been  the  cause,  directly  or  indirectly,  of  more 
mine  fires  than  any  other  known  agent.  It  is  notable  that  the 
candle  is  fast  being  replaced  by  the  carbide  lamp  on  the  iron 
ranges.  Xo  mine,  especially  if  it  be  dry  and  timbered,  is  safe 
from  fire  while  candles  are  permitted  below  the  collar  of  the 
shaft.  Carbide  lamps,  while  they  are  not  an  ideal  lamp  for 
the  purpose,  seem  to  be  the  best  and  safest  device  at  present 
known  for  lighting  underground  in  metal  mines.  Compared 
with  candles,  they  consume  less  oxygen,  give  a  brighter  light, 
are  at  least  half  as  costly,  and  present  little  danger  of  setting 
fires  underground,  chiefly  because  they  are  not  hung  on  dry 
timbers  and  are  carried  out  of  the  mine  when  the  miner  goes 
off  shift.  It  might  be  mentioned  also  that  the  carbide  lamp, 
because  of  its  greater  brightness  of  light,  affords  a  better 
chance  for  kxrating  loose  pieces  of  rock  in  the  back,  and  for 
seeing  obstructions  under  foot.  From  a  standpoint  of  fire 
prevention,  there  is  great  need  of  some  lighting  device  for 


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78  SAFETY  IN  LAKE  SUPERIOR  IRON  MINES 

underground  that  has  an  enclosed  flame;  at  the  same  time  it 
must  ]ye  simple,  inexpensive  and  eflfective.  Portable  electric 
lamps  (storage  battery)  are  now  coming  on  the  market  for  use 
in  coal  mines.  Lamps  of  this  type  present  advantages  for  use 
in  metal  mines,  but  they  must  be  simplified  and  improved  be- 
fore their  adoption  is  likely  to  become  at  all  general. 
Oxygen  Breathing  Apparatus. 

By  the  use  of  oxygen  breathing  apparatus,  the  wearer  is 
enabled,  without  inconvenience,  to  perform  hard  labor  in  an 
atmosphere  containing  smoke,  fumes  or  poisonous  gases.  This 
device  is  an  important  part  of  the  equipment  for  fighting  un- 
derground fires  and  may  be  instrumental  in  saving  life  where 
men  are  overcome  or  lost  in  gas-filled  mines.  The  appar- 
atus should  be  kept  clean  and  should  be  tested  at  frequent  iii- 
tervals  to  make  sure  that  it  is  ready  for  instant  use.  In  stor- 
age, it  should  be  protected  from  steam,  hot  air  and  dust.  A 
sufficient  supply  of  oxygen  should  be  kept  on  hand  at  all  times. 

There  should  be  two  or  more  trained  crews  of  five  men 
each.  If  a  crew  consists  of  three  or  even  four  men  and 
one  of  these  men  should  meet  with  an  accident,  there  is  great 
danger  that  the  two  or  three  remaining  men  may  not  be  able 
to  carry  him  out  of  the  danger  zone.  The  leader  of  the  crew 
should  be  cool  and  deliberate  aud  should  exact  absolute  obedi- 
ence from  every  man  under  him.  He  should  take  every  pre- 
caution for  the  safety  of  his  men,  thoroughly  testing  every 
apparatus  before  going  underground  in  case  of  fire. 

For  a  more  detailed  discussion  of  this  subject  the  reader 
is  referred  to  Miner's  Circular  4,  **The  Use  and  Care  of  Mine 
Rescue  Breathing  Apparatus,"  by  James  W.  Paul,  published 
by  the  United  States  Bureau  of  Mines,  Washington,  D.  C. 
First  Aid  to  the  Injured. 

From  the  standpoint  of  safety,  first  aid  to  the  injured, 
where  practiced,  suggests  to  the  miner  that  he  is  liable  to 
injury;  it  protects  the  miner  who  has  received  an  injury,  and 
prevents  simple  injuries  from  developing  into  something  more 
serious,  thus  shortening  periods  of  disability. 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  79 

In  the  generally  accepted  sense,  first  aid  to  the  injured  does 
not  contemplate  the  production  of  physicians  after  a  few  les- 
sons— or  any  number  of  lessons.  Its  purpose  is  to  give  tem- 
porary relief,  by  the  simplest  possible  means,  until  the  injured 
man  can  l>e  taken  to  a  physician  or  hospital.  The  study  of 
first  aid  teaches  what  not  to  attempt,  as  well  as  what  to  do. 
As  taught  by  the  American  Red  Cross  Association,  the  Unit- 
ed States  Bureau  of  Mines,  and  other  institutions,  a  man  of 
no  schooling  may  become  as  proficient  in  the  work  as  the  man 
of  highest  education. 

The  larger  companies  operating  on  the  iron  ranges,  and 
many  of  the  smaller  ones,  have  taken  up  the  work  of  first 
aid  to  the  injured.  In  some  localities  the  work  is  well  or- 
ganized and  is  doing  a  wonderful  amount  of  good.  Most 
operators  and  physicians  are  firm  believers  in  the  efficiency 
of  the  work,  both  from  a  humane  and  from  an  economical 
standpoint. 

It  is  suggested  to  any  who  have  not  given  this  subject 
serious  consideration  that  they  look  up  the  records  of  what 
first  aid  has  accomplished  in  the  coal  fields  of  the  United 
States  in  recent  years;  or  better  still,  obtain  records  of  w^hat 
the  work  is  doing  on  die  iron  ranges.  Reports  from  one 
large  hospital  show  that  cases  of  infection  have  been  reduced 
50  per  cent  since  the  introduction  of  first  aid  work. 
Sanitation  and  Ventilation. 

Sanitation  and  ventilation  in  mines  are  closely  related  to 
safety.  A  miner's  general  health  is  more  valuable  to  him 
than  a  sound  leg,  arm  or  finger;  and  lie  will  do  more  efficient 
work  and  be  less  liable  to  long  disability  when  injured,  if  his 
general  health  is  good.  Unsanitary  conditions  in  the  mine, 
coupled  with  an  insuflficient  supply  of  fresh  air,  will  sooner  or 
later  show  their  eflfects  upon  the  strongest  man. 
Rules  and  Regul.vtions. 

Practically  all  of  the  mine  oi^erators  believe  in  the  use  of 
rules  and  regulations.  This  Ijelief  is  exemplified  in  some 
cases  by  the  official  who  at  least  posts  a  notice  against  smok- 


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8o  SAFETY  IN  LAKE  SUPERIOR  IRON  MINES 

ing  ill  certain  places,  or  one  refusing  admittance  to  the  mine 
or  plant;  passing  through  many  gradations  up  to  the  official 
who  believes  in  the  printing  of  rules  and  regulations  in  eight 
or  ten  different  languages.  There  can  be  no  question  as 
to  the  necessity  of  rules;  and  there  seems  to  be  no  suitable 
method  of  reaching  the  men  of  various  nationalities  without 
printing  these  rules  in  numerous  languages. 

The  important  point,  often  difficult  to  attain,  is  the  en- 
forcement of  these  rules  and  regulations.  The  only  satisfac- 
tory method  of  enforcing  rules  is  to  discipline,  and  finally  dis- 
charge, offenders  against  them.  Unfortunately,  labor  con- 
ditions are  not  always  such  that  this  course  can  be  follow^ed. 

The  Human  Element. 

The  human  element  enters  into  every  angle  of  the  safety 
problem.  Rules  may  be  provided,  safety  devices  and  precau- 
tions may  l>e  provided  in  the  greatest  abundance,  and  every 
preventive  measure  known  to  science  may  be  brought  into 
use;  but  they  will  not  avail  to  reduce  accidents  to  the  minimum 
if  the  safety  spirit  is  lacking  in  the  officials,  the  captains,  the 
shift  bosses  and  the  men  under  them. 

For  instance,  such  an  experience  as  the  following  is  not 
uncommon.  An  official  goes  underground  and  finds  certain 
dangerous  conditions  existing,  against  which  there  are  strict 
and  clearly  worded  rules.  These  rules  might  not  have  been 
observed  for  any  one  of  several  reasons.  The  captain  might 
not  have  been  sufficiently  impressed  with  the  "safety  first" 
idea ;  the  captain  might  not  have  educated  his  shift  boss  suffi- 
ciently; or  either  the  captain  or  shift  boss  might  have  been 
of  that  type  who  cannot  adjust  himself  to  ideas  of  safety  as 
against  ore  production. 

The  remark  has  been  heard  that  this  or  that  captain  or- 
shift  boss  could  not  l>e  brought  to  give  serious  attention  to 
matters  of  this  kind;  that  they  were  too  valuable  to  discharge 
and  would  doubtless  come  around  to  the  changed  conditions 
later.  In  cases  of  this  kind  it  seems  to  be  a  question  of  which 
man  is  the  most  valuable,  the  man  who  gets  out  ore  without 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  8 1 

injur>'  to  his  men,  or  the  man  who  produces  a  greater  ton- 
nage at  the  cost  of  human  life.  This  is  a  question  that  may 
be  studied  either  from  a  humane  or  from  an  economical  view- 
point. 

Unless  the  mine  official  is  of  the  firm  belief  that  safety 
pays,  little  may  be  ex^xcted  from  the  men  under  him.  The 
best  results  seem  to  be  forthcoming  from  the  mines  where 
the  slogan  "safety  first''  is  strong  with  the  officials,  and  by 
them  is  made  to  penneate  every  department  until  it  finally 
reaches,  through  the  captains  and  shift  bosses,  the  men  be- 
hind the  drill,  the  pick  and  the  shovel. 

It  is  the  rule  on  the  iron  ranges  to  find  the  mine  officials 
greatly  interested  in  safety,  and  the  same  may  be  said  of 
the  captains.  However,  the  general  run  of  shift  bosses  do 
not  present  a  fertile  field  for  the  safety  seed;  either  that,  or 
the  seed  is  improperly  sowed.  This  does  not  refer  to  all  shift 
bosses,  for  there  are  many  safety  enthusiasts  among  this  class ; 
nor  does  it  mean  to  imply  that  a  shift  boss  would  willingly  or 
knowingly  put  a  man  in  a  dangerous  position.  The  idea 
that  it  is  desired  to  bring  out  is  that,  in  general,  the  safety 
spirit  is  high  with  the  average  official,  and  most  of  the  cap- 
tains; but  when  it  reaches  the  shift  bosses  it  begins  to  die, 
and  by  the  time  it  comes  down  to  the  miner  it  is  almost  dead. 
The  average  miner  resents  suggestions  for  his  safety.  He 
will  take  care  of  his  dinner  pail  and  he  will  be  careful  to  get 
all  that  is  coming  to  him  from  his  contract,  but  he  will  not 
take  the  necessary  precautions  to  safeguard  his  life.  Of  course, 
there  are  some  who  are  careful. 

The  above  statements  are  made  after  a  close  study  of  this 
particular  feature  of  safety  work  in  many  of  the  mines.  They 
lead  up  to  what  the  writer  believes  to  be  of  the  utmost  im- 
portance in  the  prevention  of  accidents,  namely:  That  far 
more  good  may  be  accomplished  by  educating  and  securing 
the  co-operation  of  the  man  underground  than  by  the  use 
of  safety  devices  or  measures  of  any  other  kind.  Safety  de- 
vices are  good  and  they  are  absolutely  essential  for  protecting 


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82  SAFETY  IN  LAKE  SUPERIOR  IRON  MINES 

the  miner;  if  they  could  be  coupled  with  a  mine  full  of  men 
whose  thoughts  w^ere  for  their  safety,  then  conditions  w^ould 
l>egin  to  approach  the  ideal.  The  method  of  securing  this 
co-oi)eration  is  the  problem  of  the  management,  and  the  prolv 
lem  is  not  the  same  in  every  mine.  Schemes  that  will  work 
out  well  in  one  mine  might  fail  under  widely  different  condi- 
tions. 

Organization  and  Co-Operation. 

In  many  of  the  mines  the  captains  and  shift  bosses  are 
looked  to  for  the  reduction  of  the  accident  list.  Another  class 
is  made  up  of  those  mines  which  have  one  or  more  safety  in- 
si>ectors.  Still  another  class  embraces  the  mines  of  the  larger 
companies  that  maintain  safety  departments  and  si)end  a  great 
deal  of  time  and  money  looking  to  the  welfare  and  safety  of 
the  man  in  and  about  the  mine. 

Of  the  schemes  for  securing  the  co-operation  of  the  cap- 
tains and  shift  bosses  there  are  none  that  seem  to  bring  better 
results  than  the  monthly  or  semi-monthly  meetings  at  which 
accident  reports  are  read  and  the  accidents,  with  possible  sug- 
gestions as  to  how  they  might  have  been  prevented,  dis- 
cussed. In  some  cases  rivalry  is  stirred  up  amongst  the  shift 
bosses  by  offering  small  monthly  prizes  to  the  boss  whose  rec- 
ord for  injuries  to  men  is  the  cleanest. 

The  writer  is  of  the  belief  that  a  yearly  cash  bonus  to 
shift  lx)sses,  based  uiK>n  the  number  of  men  injured  (or  the 
number  of  days  disability  resulting  therefrom)  and  killed,  will 
be  effective  in  reducing  accidents.  At  first  thought  this  prop- 
osition might  not  be  attractive.  However,  let  us  start  with 
the  premise  that  in  a  certain  mine  the  shift  bosses  are  not  as 
careful  as  they  should  be — and  this  applies  practically  to  all 
mines.  There  are.  say,  ten  shift  bosses.  You  appeal  to  them 
from  the  humane  standpoint;  ix)ssibly  three  will  be  deeply 
interested,  three  more  moderately  so — the  remaining  four  are 
thinking  of  something  else.  And  so  it  will  be  if  you  talk  of 
prizes  of  any  kind,  until  you  mention,  say  $500  as  a  yearly 
bonus;  there  are  then  exactly  ten  shift  bosses  intensely  in- 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  83 

terested  in  your  conversation.  Consider  the  number  of  broken 
fingers  it  will  take  to  cost  $500  in  compensation. 

The  cash  bonus  is  a  suggestion ;  the  plan  in  detail  must  be 
worked  out  with  careful  regard  to  the  conditions  under  which 
the  men  work.  One  objection  that  has  Ijeen  heard  is  that 
conditions  in  one  place  might  be  more  dangerous  than  in  an- 
other, in  this  way  presenting  difiiculties  that  might  arise  un- 
der any  bonus  system.  It  would  seem  that  in  the  course  of  a 
year  conditions  would  change  sufficiently  to  equalize  risks 
of  injuries.  As  a  matter  of  fact  it  is  often  found  that  more 
accidents  hapi^en  in  places  that  are  supposedly  safe  than  in 
those  that  are  known  to  be  dangerous.  In  this  connection,  at- 
tention is  directed  to  the  fact  that  certain  companies  have 
brought  about  great  improvement  by  oflfering  cash  prizes  to 
miners  for  gardens  and  clean  premises. 

During  the  past  six  months  committees  or  associations 
have  been  organized  in  various  districts  on  the  iron  ranges. 
Membership  is  made  up  of  mine  officials,  captains,  shift 
bosses,  engineers  and  others  interested  in  safety  work  from 
all  operating  proj^rties  of  the  district.  The  purposes  of  the 
organization  are,  through  co-operation,  to  promote  welfare, 
safety  in  and  about  the  mines,  social  intercourse,  first  aid  to 
the  injured  and  rescue  work,  and  sanitation.  The  co-opera- 
tion is  to  be  effected  by  regular  meetings,  at  which  these  vari- 
ous subjects  will  be  discussed,  and  by  visits  to  the  different 
mines.  Several  of  these  organizations  show  signs  of  becom- 
ing j)ennanent  and  ix>werful  institutions. 

The  methods  of  securing  the  co-operation  of  the  miner 
are  throuerh  the  posting  of  warnings  of  different  kinds,  the 
printing  of  rules  and  regulations,  the  ix)sting  of  newspai>er 
accounts  of  mine  accidents  with  illustrations  showing  how  men 
are  injured,  the  foniiation  of  inspection  committees  of  min- 
ers, and  through  personal  contact  of  the  officials,  captains 
and  shift  bosses.  These  methods  are  more  or  less  productive 
of  results,  but  there  still  exists  a  woeful  lack  of  willing  co- 
operation among  the  miners.     Just  how  this  condition  may 


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84  SAFETY  IN  LAKE  SUPERIOR  IRON  MINES 

h€  improved  is  a  problem,  the  solution  of  which  will  do  mucli 
for  the  cause  of  safety  in  mines.  Suggestions  along  these 
lines  may  be  obtained  through  a  study  of  the  methods  in  use 
by  many  of  the  large  industrial  organizations  of  various  parts 
of  the  United  States. 

Conclusions. 

The  reader,  if  he  has  the  patience  to  go  carefully  through 
this  paper,  will  doubtless  make  the  mental  note  that  there  is 
still  much  to  be  written  on  the  subject  of  safety;  that  the  sug- 
gestions made  are  mostly  old  and  well  known ;  or  that  he  docs 
not  agree  with  the  writer  on  some  points.  It  is  hoped  that 
these  very  faults  might  have  the  good  effect  of  suggesting  the 
ix)ints  that  have  l>een  omitted;  in  stirring  someone  to  adopt 
a  suggestion  that  he  has  neglected  in  spite  of  its  age;  or  in 
bringing  out,  through  discussion,  a  better  way  to  accom- 
plish some  of  the  objects  outlined. 

More  than  this,  it  is  hoped  that  by  giving  publicity  to  the 
subject  of  safety  in  mines,  more  converts  will  be  made  for 
the  cause.  The  protection  of  our  fellowman  is  a  duty  that  we 
owe  to  ourselves  and  to  mankind.  If  there  is  no  appeal  in 
the  humane  side  of  the  question,  study  it  from  a  standpoint 
of  dollars  and  cents,  for  safety  in  mines  pays,  first,  last  and 
all  the  time. 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  85 


WHAT  OUR  NEIGHBORS  CAN  DO  IN  MINING  IRON 

ORE. 

BY  DWIGHT  E.  WOODBRIDGE,  DULUTH,  MINN.* 

Lest  we  forget  that  there  are  others  in  the  United  States 
than  we  of  Lake  Superior,  who  are  doing  things  in  iron  min- 
ing, and  other  places  than  the  Mesabi  range  where  iron  is 
mined,  and  where  records  are  made,  I  want  to  call  attention 
to  a  few  items  from  my  note  books.  These  items  were  gath- 
ered recently  in  work  for  the  United  States  Government,  as 
consulting  engineer  of  the  Bureau  of  Mines. 

I  found  that  in  the  brown  ore  regions  of  Alabama,  they 
are  mining  an  average  of  7  or  8  cu.  yds.  of  material  for  every 
tf>n  of  50  to  52  per  cent  ore,  dried  analysis,  that  they  save. 
The  Weems  mine  of  brown  ore,  in  the  Rock  Run  district  of 
Alabama,  has  mined  2,200,000  yds.,  and  has  secured  300,000 
tons  of  ore;  one  ton  to  every  7  yds.,  plus.  A  company  in 
that  vicinity  was  mining,  at  the  time  of  my  visit,  15  yds.  to 
get  I  ton.  All  this  material  has  to  be  mined  from  the  ore 
bank,  transi>orte<:l  to  the  washery,  washed  and  loaded  on  cars, 
and  the  cost  figure  for  this  oi)eration  of  15  yds.  to  the  ton 
was  alx>ut  $1.  Companies  like  the  Republic  Iron  &  Steel 
Company  are  buying  brown  ore  of  a  guarantee  of  45  per 
cent,  dr>',  at  $1.35  a  ton  f.  o.  b.  cars.  The  Roane  Iron  Com- 
pany, of  Chattanooga  contracts  for  brown  ore  at  $1  a  ton 
when  No.  2  foundry  iron  is  selling  at  Birmingham  at  $7,  and 
a  5  cent  premium  for  every  dollar  added  to  the  price  of  i>ig 
iron  until  it  has  reached  a  maximum  cost  of  $1.50.  That 
would  make  the  Roane  Company's  brown  ore  cost  it,  now, 
about  $1.20.    This  is  for  a  ton  of  2,268  pounds,  which  is  a 

^Consulting  Engineer. 


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86  MINING  IRON  ORE  BY  OUR  NEIGHBORS 

weight  used,  I  believe,  nowhere  else.  The  Woo<lwar(l  Iron 
Company  figures  its  brown  ore  costs  at  about  $0,821  at  the 
mine. 

In  the  Clinton  ore  district  of  New  York  state,  where  the 
iron  content  of  the  ore  is  about  40  to  45  per  cent  dry,  they 
are  removing  an  overburden  that  is  from  10  to  20  ft.  thick, 
half  of  it  consisting  of  a  hard  limestone  which  must  be  blast- 
ed l)efore  removal  by  the  shovels,  in  order  to  get  at  a  thick- 
ness of  alx)ut  2  ft.  of  ore.  This  ore  dips  flatly  into  the  earth, 
and  they  are  now  trying  to  figure  out  how  they  will  be  able 
to  follow  the  ore  to  a  depth  of  500  ft.  vertically,  underground. 
This  will  mean  a  distance  of  4  or  5  miles  from  the  outcroj)- 
ping.  This  Clinton  ore  district  of  New  York  state,  about 
which  we  hear  very  little,  and  from  which  but  a  trifling  quan- 
tity of  ore  is  now  taken,  is  estimated  to  contain  not  less  than 
500,000,000  tons  of  merchantable  ore. 

An  underground  mine  in  Etowah  county,  Alabama,  on  the 
Clinton  formation,  is  successfully  producing  a  45  per  cent  ore 
from  a  seam  that  averaged,  at  the  time  of  my  visit,  25.5  in. 
thick.  Ore  is  successfully  mined  in  this  property  to  a  thin- 
ness of  14  in.  Miners  get  55  cents  a  ton  for  ore  in  faces 
36  in.  thick,  with  a  premium  on  thinner  seams  and  a  penalty 
on  thicker.  At  this  mine  the  ore  is  trammed  undergroimd  in 
main  galleries  48  in.  high  by  ^'jennies"  whose  ears  seem  to 
have  l>een  cropped  to  fit  the  openings,  is  hoiste<l  to  the  main 
tunnel  level  on  platforms  up  an  incline,  is  trammed  out  to 
surface  by  mules  and  run  through  a  crusher  and  over  a  pickirig 
l>elt  to  remove  slate,  and  the  picked  ore  is  then  let  down  a 
long  incline  to  the  railroad  track.  The  cost  of  all  these  op- 
erations was  averaging,  at  the  time  I  saw  the  mine,  about 
$1.40  per  ton  of  picked  ore,  this  figure  including  all  overhead 
costs  as  well  as  transportation  to  the  furnace  and  amortization. 

(icnerally  accepted  figures  on  the  tonnage  of  Clinton  ores 
available  in  that  part  of  Alabama  l>etvveen  Birmingham  and 
the  suburb  of  Bessemer  have  been  for  about  800,000,000  tons 
of  the  better  grade,  or  "self-fluxing"  ore.    But  by  virtue  of  a 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  87 

drill  hole  sunk  last  year  by  Cole  &  McDonald,  of  Diiluth,  this 
%ure  should  be  doubled,  as  to  probable  ore.  This  drill  hole 
went  vertically  1,902  ft.  to  the  top  of  the  *'big  seam"  of  Clin- 
ton ore,  that  outcrops  14,500  ft.  away.  At  the  outcrop  of 
the  "big  seam''  it  shows  a  thickness  of  some  12  ft.,  but  at 
this  point  some  3  miles  back  from  the  outcrop,  and  1,900  ft. 
deep,  the  ore  shows  a  combined  thickness  of  15  ft.  in  two 
seams  parted  by  2  ft.  of  slate.  It  is  probable  that  there  is  as 
much  good  ore  between  Birmingham  and  Bessemer,  an  ex- 
treme length  of  about  20  miles,  as  there  is  on  the  Mesabi  range, 
and  that  there  is  alxmt  as  much  merchantable  ore  of  the  Clin- 
ton hematites  in  Alabama  as  of  all  merchantable  ores  in  the 
Lake  Superior  region.  And  lest  we  forget  the  comparative 
value  of  th.ese  ores,  let  us  bear  in  mind  that  a  40  j^er  cent 
hard  Clinton  hematite  of  Alabama,  is  as  good  for  furnace  use 
as  a  50  per  cent  ilesabi  hematite,  on  account  of  its  compara- 
tive freedom  from  moisture  and  its  high  percentage  of  car- 
bonate of  lime. 

The  d'stributioh  of  brown  ore  banks,  throughout  the 
United  States,  is  far  wider  than  that  of  any  other  tyi>e  of  iron 
l)earing  material.  These  banks  occur  in  the  states  of  Ver- 
mont, Massachusetts,  Connecticut,  New  York,  Pennsylvania, 
Maryland,  Georgia,  Tennessee,  Alabama,  Kentucky,  Missouri, 
Texas,  Iowa  and. Wisconsin.  They  are  mined  in  Pennsylvania, 
Virginia,  Tennessee,  Georgia,  Alabama,  Texas,  Iowa  and  Mis- 
souri; chiefly  in  Alabama  and  Georgia.  That  they  are  some 
factor  to  be  reckoned  with  in  the  future,  may  be  gathered 
V'lien  I  say  that  there  are  areas  of  these  banks  in  Alabama 
alone,  covering  7,000  square  miles.  Ko  estimates  of  ton- 
nages that  are  worthy  of  credence  have  ever  Ixen  made,  and 
it  is  imjKJSsible  to  make  such  estimates,  on  account  of  the  un- 
certainty of  the  deposits.  It  is  a  common  saying  in  the  south 
that  no  man  can  see  into  a  brown  ore  bank,  further  than  the 
end  of  his  pick.  But,  it  is  not  unlikely  that  the  deposits  of 
these  ores  in  the  southern  states  of  Virginia,  Tennessee, 
CiecTgia  and  Alabama,  will  be  found  ultimately  to  be  of 
enormous  cjuantity. 


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88  MINING  IRON  ORE  BY  OUR  NEIGHBORS 

In  the  Clinton  ore  mines  of  Birmingham  some  of  the  min- 
ing companies  pay  their  miners  on  the  basis  of  30  cents  a  ton 
for  ore.  This  means  the  breaking  of  the  ore,  loading  in  tram- 
cars,  and  the  delivery  of  the  cars  to  the  main  heading,  where 
the  cars  are  picked  up  by  the  company  and  pulled  to  the  tij> 
pie  at  surface.  In  these  cases  the  company  furnishes  drills, 
air  and  steel,  the  contractor,  usually  a  negro,  supplies  la- 
bor and  powder.  Some  companies  pay  less  than  30  cents 
a  ton.  The  pig  iron  costs  of  one  of  the  large  mining  and  iron 
making  companies  of  the  district,  with  the  elimination  of  all 
intermediate  profits,  and  by  the  use  of  by-product  coke,  have 
been  under  $6.50  a  ton,  and  can  now  be  figured  at  alx)ut  $7. 
Possibly  there  are  others  that  can  not  do  so  well. 

In  the  case  of  one  of  the  oi^erating  companies  of  the  dis- 
trict, the  assemblage  of  materials  is  on  the  following  basis: 
It  owns  a  strip  of  land  4  miles  long  and  about  a  mile  wide. 
At  one  end  of  this  strip  are  its  ore  mines,  as  good  as  can  be 
found  on  Red  Mountain.  At  the  other  end  are  its  coal  en- 
tries. In  the  center  are  its  furnaces.  Connecting  all  is  a 
standard  gauge  railway  laid  with  loo-lb.  steel,  and  using 
cars  of  140,000-lb.  caj>acity.  This  road  connects  at  points 
less  than  a  mile  from  the  furnaces,  with  ten  trunk  lines  of 
railway.  Another  oi>erating  company  starts  the  incline  track 
carrying  ore  to  its  furnace  mouths  in  a  limest*one  quarry,  suit- 
able for  flux.  The  advantage  of  this  condition  is  neutrahzed, 
however,  by  the  fact  that  none  of  these  companies  use  any 
flux  to  six^ak  of.  Another  comixmy  has  five  great  blast  fur- 
naces in  a  row,  some  of  them  of  500  tons  per  day  capacity. 
I  think  it  is  a  fact  that  nowhere  in  the  world  outside  of  Birm- 
ingham can  five  great  blast  furnaces  be  found  under  single 
ownership  in  one,  except  at  Gary. 

There  are  in  the  state  of  Maryland  four  blast  furnaces  of 
a  daily  capacity  of  about  350  tons  of  pig  iron  each.  All  the 
iron  pnxluced  in  that  state  is  made  in  these  stacks.  Sixty  years 
ago  Mar)'land  had  no  less  than  31  active  furnaces  and  their 
combined  capacity  was  70,000  tons  a  year,  or  as  much  as  the 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  89 

four  now  in  blast  can  make  in  two  months.  All  those  old 
stacks,  which  averaged  about  six  tons  of  iron  per  day,  and 
whose  ruins  now  dot  the  state,  produced  iron  from  brown 
ore  banks  that  were  then  active,  and  all  of  which  lay  within 
a  few  miles  of  the  stacks.  In  those  days  there  w^ere  many 
stacks  in  the  city  of  Baltimore  and  the  ore  to  run  them  was 
mined  within  thirty  miles  of  the  city.  Now' those  ore  banks 
are  deserted,  and  the  four  great  furnaces  of  Baltimore  re- 
ceive their  ore  supplies  from  foreign  mines  situated  more  than 
1,000  miles  away  on  the  Caribbean  sea.  The  Lake  Superijr 
district  is  largely  responsible  for  this  and  other  similar  changes 
in  the  iron  trade. 

In  New  York  state  there  are  large  deposits  of  low  grade 
magnetites  mnning,  say  40  per  cent  and  better  in  iron,  and 
up  to  2  per  cent  and  more  in  phosphorous,  that  are  being 
made  into  a  very  high  grade  ore,  both  bessemer  and  non- 
Ixssenier,  by  the  elimination  of  the  gangue  and  of  the  con- 
tained apatite,  which  is  the  mineral  carrying  the  phosphorus. 
Thcv  have  pro<luced  so  far,  of  magnetic  ore  from  this  Ai>- 
palachian  field,  more  than  35,000,000  tons,  showing  it  to  be 
a  most  important  district.  At  Mineville  they  are  now  con- 
centrating these  2  j>er  cent  phosphorus  ores  at  the  rate  of  a 
million  Urns  a  year,  which  is  the  capacity  of  their  mines,  and 
cf  their  m:lls  when  working  one  shift  per  day.  In  these 
mills  thty  are  bringing  their  40  per  cent  ere  up  to  63  and 
65  jjer  cent,  and  their  2  i>er  cent  of  phosphorus  tliey  are  re- 
ducing, for  some  grade,  to  .03  per  cent,  and  they  are  making 
products  that  do  not  var\-  from  month  to  month  mere  than 
f(;ur  or  five  one- thousandth  of  one  i)er  cent  in  their  phos- 
])horus  content.  Such  close  work  seems  almost  uncanny. 
When  one  considers  the  vast  tonnage  probabilities  in  low 
gra'le  magnetites  on  Lake  Superior,  now  unused,  he  appre- 
ciates the  opjx>rtunities  for  the  application  of  such  methods 
t<;  the  re<er\'es  of  this  region.  At  Mineville  they  are  able  to 
mine  and  concentrate  on  -a  commercial  basis  ores  running  a 
little  better  than  50  per  cent  that  are  taken  out  of  a  12  ft. 
seam  from  700  ft.  underground. 


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90 


RE-LINING  NO.   2   HAMILTON  SHAFT 


RE-LIXING  NO.  2  HAMILTON  SHAFT  WITH  REIN- 

FORCEi;)  DIVIDERS,  END  PLATES  AND 

POURED  CONCRETE  WALLS. 

BY  S.   W.   TARR^  DULUTII,   MINN.* 

The  No.  2  Hamilton  (vertical)  Shaft,  Chapin  Mine,  at 
Iron  Mountain,  Mich.,  was  sunk  in  1891,  as  described  in  Vol- 
ume XI,  of  the  Proceedings  of  the  Lake  Superior  Mining-  In- 
stitute, under  title  of  "The  Unwatering  of  the  Hamilton  and 
Ludington  Mines'*  (page  139-147),  by  John  T.  Jones. 

The  original  shaft  consisted  of  six  compartments,  two  for 
skips  or  bailers,  4  ft.  8  in.x7  ft.  o  in.,  two  for  cages,  4  ft.  8 
in.x4  ft.  6  in.,  and  two  compartments  for  steam  and  column 
pij^s  for  pumping,  located  in  the  end  of  the  cage  compart- 
ments, 4  ft.  8  in.x  2  ft.  o  in.,  as  shown  in  Plate  i. 

This  shaft  was  lined  with  wood  sets,  consisting  of  16  in. 


3  5>^ip    E 


3  st^ip  E 


s 


Sc/^c^E  E 


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Sc:/\c^E  g 


f(CTior\i    OF    NQg    ^^A^^lL.TO^ 


-^c 


OOP- i-l  NED      SHA^T=X- 


Plate  1.    Oriifinal  Shaft  Before  Enlarging  and  Relinins 


♦Engineer  of  Construction,  Oliver  Iron  Mining  Company, 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE 


91 


:.i 


square  timl)€rs,  spaced  6  ft.  2^^  in.  center  to  center,  with  wood 
stuttles  and  steel  hanging  l3ohs,  the  outside  of  which  was  lathed 
with  2  in  plank,  making  a  minimum  opening  to  \ye  cut  in  the 
n;ck  of  10  ft.  o  in.x24  ft.  4  in.  The  timbers  in  this  shaft, 
due  to  long  service,  l>ecame  badly  decayed,  so  that  it  was  neces- 
sarv'  to  re-line  the  shaft  or  abandon  it. 

Early  in  the  year  191 1,  it  was  decided  to  make  the  No. 


I 

I 

"1 

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111 


J 


PJsAIlJf       1Q-S 


4E67 


Plate  2.    Sketch  Showing:  Enlarged  Shaft 

2  Hamilton. Shaft  a  permanent  outlet  to  the  Chapin  Mine,  and 
install  in  this  shaft  the  permanent  underground  electrical  cen- 
trifugal pumping  equipment.  It  was,  therefore,  necessary  to 
re-line  this  shaft  from  collar  to  bottom,  a  distance  of  1,434 
feet,  and  since  there  was  a  possibility  of  striking  another  vug 
of  water  in  the  underground  workings  at  any  time,  provision 


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92  RE-LINING  NO.  2  HAMILTON  SHAFT 

had  to  be  made  in  the  design  of  re-lining  so  that  bailers  could 
be  put  in  service  on  a  very  short  notice.  Since  this  shaft  was 
to  be  the  permanent  outlet,  provision  had  to  be  made  for  col- 
umn pipes  and  transmission  cal)les  to  transmit  electric  power 
to  the  underground  pumps.  To  provide  for  these  cokimn  pii)es 
and  transmission  cables,  it  was  necessary  to  increase  the  in- 
side dimensions  of  the  shaft  from  7  ft.  o  in.x  21  ft.  4  in. 
to  9  ft.  o  in.x2i  ft.  4  in.,  making  the  ix)ured  concrete  wall  6 
in.  thick.  Thus,  the  outside  dimensions  of  the  shaft  were  not 
increased  over  the  original  wo(k1  Hned  shaft.  The  shaft  now 
consists  of  eight  com|xirtments,  two  for  skips  or  bailers  and 
two  for  cages,  each  4  ft.  8  in.x6  ft.  4  in.,  three  compartments 
for  pii)es  and  transmission  cable  and  one  for  ladder,  each  2 
ft.  4  in.x4  ft.  8  in.,  with  concrete  slab  ixirtitions  jjetween  cage 
and  skip  comjxirtments,  pii)e  and  skip  compartments,  and  lad- 
der and  skip  compartments,  as  per  Plate  2. 

Various  methods  of  re-lining  this  shaft  were  considered, 
as  follows: 

1st.  Re-lining  with  timber  sets  and  woo<l  lath,  i.  e.  replac- 
ing the  present  sets. 

2d.     Re-lining  with  steel  sets  and  wcxxl  lath. 

3d.    Re-lining  with  steel  sets  and  reinforced  concrete  lath. 

4th.  Re-lining  with  steel  sets,  angle  stuttles,  and  concrete 
poured  walls. 

5th.  Re-lining  with  reinforced  concrete  dividers,  end  plates 
(made  on  surface),  and  ixnired  concrete  side  walls. 

The  first  and  second  schemes  were  neither  fire-proof  nor 
permanent;  the  third  and  fourth  schemes  were  not  considered 
practicable;  the  fifth  scheme  was  adopted  on  account  of  its 
l)ermanent  qualities,  being  strictly  fire-proof  and  water-proof. 

Concrete  Mixing  Plant. 

To  economically  make  the  reinforced  concrete  dividers, 
end  plates  and  slabs,  also  the  concrete  for  poured  walls  in 
shaft,  a  concrete  mixing  plant  was  built  near  the  shaft,  as 
shown  on  Plate  3.  The  mixing  i)]ant  consists  of  a  crusher, 
bucket  elevator,  revolving  screen,  two  concrete  mixers,  ix)cket 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE 


93 


divided  into  three  divisions  for  sand,  gravel  and  "over-size," 
and  a  drying  room,  equipped  with  an  overhead  hand  traveling 
crane. 

The   material  for  these  dividers,  end  plates  and  slabs  is 


Plates.    Concrete  Mixing:  Plant 


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94 


RE-LINING  NO.   2   HAMILTON  SHAFT 


brought  to  the  mixing  plant  from  a  nearby  gravel  pit  in  dump 
wagons.  This  gravel  contains  a  large  percentage  of  sand. 
The  material  from  the  wagons  is  clumi)ed  directly  into  the 
crusher.  The  product  from  the  crusher  is  discharged  on  to 
the  bucket  elevator  which  elevates  it  to  the  cylindrical  re- 
volving screen.  This  screen  is  divided  intp  two  sections.  The 
first  section  is  perforated  with  ^)i  in.  diameter  holes  and  the 


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45B3 


Plate  4.    Detail  of  Concrete  Dividers  and  Slabs 

second  section  with  i]/^  in.  diameter  holes.  All  aggregate 
passing  through  the  ^8  in.  diameter  holes  is  tenned  as  '*sand'* 
and  all  aggregate  passing  through  the  iV^  in.  diameter  lioles 
is  termed  as  '*gravel."  The  material  larger  than  this  is  termed 
*'()ver-sizc.''  This  "over-size"  is  used  either  for  backfilling  the 
concrete  walls  in  the  shaft  or  may  be  drawn  out  from  the 


Digitized  byVjOOQlC 


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Digitized  byVjOOQlC 


LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE 


95 


pocket  into  a  tram  car  and  returned  to  the  crusher  for  re- 
crushin^^.  The  concrete  mixers  used  are  Smith  Xo.  i,  of 
nine  cubic  feet  cai>acity.  The  in^c^rechents  are  brought  to  the 
mixer  in  tram  cars.  The  body  of  the  tram  car  is  divided  into 
three  sections  to  hold  the  required  amount  of  sand,  gravel  and 


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4718 


Plate  5.    Detail  of  Concrete  Slabs 

cement,  to  give  the  proi)er  mixture  of  one  portion  of  cement, 
two  portions  of  sand,  and  four  of  gravel,  for  the  making  of 
reinforced  concrete  dividers,  end  plates  and  slal)s,  and  shaft 
wall.      By  moving  under  the  sand  and  gravel  sixiuts,  the  car 


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96 


RE-LINIXG  NO.  2  HAMILTON   SHAFT 


is  loaded  with  the  proper  portions  of  sand  and  gravel,  and 
the  required  amount  of  cement  is  poured  into  the  car  from 
sacks.  'Jht  loaded  car  is  trammed  to  the  mixer  and  contents 
(lumi)ed  in  same.     A  water  measuring  box  is  placed  above 


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4719 


Plate  7.    Steel  Forms  for  Making  Concrete  Slabs 

each  mixer,  which  discharges  the  proper  amount  of  water  into 
the  batch  to  I>e  mixed.  The  dividers,  end  plates  and  slabs  are 
made  in  steel  forms.  These  forms  are  placed  beneath  the  mix- 
er from  whirh  the  concrete  is  poured  directly  into  lliem.    After 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  97 

the  concrete  has  been  in  the  fomis  a  sufficient  length  of  time 
to  harden,  the  forms  are  removed  and  the  moulds  are  picked 
up  by  the  hand  traveling  crane  and  carried  into  the  drying 
rcxjm,  where  they  are  cured.  The  design  of  reinforced  con- 
crete dividers,  end  plates  and  reinforced  concrete  slabs  are 
shown  in  Plates  4  and  5.  The  steel  foiTns  for  making  the 
same  are  shown  in  Plates  6  and  7. 

Method  of  Re-Lining  Shaft  With  Poured  Concete. 

The  work  of  re-lining  this  shaft  is  done  in  sections.  Each 
section  is  started  on  permanent  bearers  located  to  support  the 
present  tim])er  shaft  sets,  and  working  upwards.  A  section  of 
old  timljer,  usually  12  ft.,  is  removed  and  loaded  on  to  the 
cages  and  hoisted  to  the  surface,  where  it  is  unloaded  on  to 
cars  and  dumj^ed  into  the  cave  nearby.  The  timber  sets  above 
these  portions  are  supported  by  means  of  vertical  columns  with 
jack  screws  on  the  lx)ttom,  resting  on  12x12  in.  timber  placed 
on  the  l>earers.  After  the  first  6-ft.  section  of  concrete  is 
poured,  the  12x12  in.  timbers  are  placed  on  the  reinforced 
concrete  dividers  and  end  plates,  which  are  supported  on  steel 
fomis,  as  shown  in  Plate  8.  The  steel  forms  are  made  in 
sections,  with  recesses  to  support  end  plates  and  dividers 
spaced  either  4  ft.  or  6  ft.  centers  as  shown  in  Plate  9.  Since 
■here  are  seven  sets  of  steel  fonns,  the  footings  to  carry  the 
weight  of  old  timber  sets  will  bear  either  on  the  pennanent 
I>earers  or  on  at  least  five  sets  or  30  ft.  of  concrete,  i.  e.,  the 
support  of  the  old  timbers  above  does  not  depend  ujx^n  green 
concrete.  After  the  sections  of  steel  fonns,  6  ft.  high,  are 
lowered  in  the  cages  and  installed,  the  reinforced  concrete  di- 
viders and  end  plates  are  lowered  and  placed  in  the  recesses 
provided  in  the  steel  forms,  and  the  ends  bolted  to  the  steel 
forms.  These  end  plates  and  dividers  ser\^e  as  horizontal  struts 
to  hold  the  steel  forms  in  position.  When  a  section  is  placed, 
the  vertical  reinforcing  rods  are  put  in  ix)sition  in  the  wall, 
and  the  wall  is  now  ready  to  be  poured.  The  concrete  for 
this  shaft  wall  is  mixed  on  the  surface  at  the  mixing  plant 
and  discharged  into  side  dump  steel  cars,  which  are  pushed  by 


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98 


RE-LINING  NO.  2  HAMILTON  SHAFT 


hand  from  the  mixer  to  the  shaft.  A  turn  table  is  installed 
about  15  ft.  from  the  shaft,  tracks  from  which  lead  to  both 
skip  compartments.  Cages  are  used  in  both  of  these  com- 
ixirtments.  The  ccMicrete  car  is  run  on  to  either  of  these 
cages     from     the     turn     table      and      lowered     into     the 


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Plate  8.    Showing  Method  of  Pouring  Concrete 

shaft.  A  revolving  chute  is  attached  to  the  spout  of 
the  car  and  the  contents  are  discharged  behind  the  forms  to 
make  the  wall  and  pr()i)erly  tam[KHl  in  place  as  shown  in  Plate 
8.    In  places  there  are  large  crevices  in  the  shaft.  Where  these 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE 


99 


crevices  occur,  they  are  filled  to  within  lo  in.  of  the  steel  forms 
with  large  stones  or  rock  from  the  over-size  bin  before  the 
concrete  is  poured.  The  average  amount  of  material  for  re- 
lining  one  6-ft.  vertical  section  of  shaft  is  one  cord  of  stone 
for  backfilling  lo  cu.  yards  of  concrete,  and  550  pounds  of 
steel  for  reinforcing. 


-if...-  ♦/  /v«  />.^  — 


:^:s:'/-- 


Plate  9.    Steel  Forms  Made  in  Sectionsr  With  Recesses  to  Support  End  Plates  and  Dividers 
XUMDER  OF  ^IeN  EMPLOYED. 

Tn  removing  old  timber,  five  men  are  recjuired  to  work 
helow  and  one  man  at  the  collar  to  handle  old  timbers  from 
the  cage  and  dispose  of  same.  The  time  recjuired  to  remove 
one  6-ft.  section  varies  according  to  the  condition  of  the  old 
material  in  the  shaft.  In  placing  steel  forms,  four  men  are 
required  below  and  two  at  the  collar  to  lower  the  forms  on 


469B 


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lOO  RE-LINING  NO.  2  HAMILTON  SHAFT 

the  cag^e.  In  pouring  concrete,  four  men  are  required  below 
and  two  men  at  the  collar.  The  above  number  of  men  does 
not  include  the  shaft  foreman,  concrete  foreman,  hoisting  en- 
gineer, or  men  working  in  the  mixing  plant,  as  these  men  do 
not  spend  all  their  time  on  this  particular  job.  The  re-lining- 
work  is  carried  on  in  three  eight-hour  shifts  per  day,  and 
the  average  time  required  to  concrete  6  ft.  of  vertical  shaft 
is  24  hours,  or  three  shifts,  which  includes  placing  the  fonns. 
pLuring  concrete  and  removing  an  equal  amount  of  forms. 
AVlieii  the  forms  are  removed,  they  are  taken  to  the  surface, 
tlioro.ughly  cleaned  and  given  a  coat  of  crude  oil  before  they 
are  used  again. 

All  hoisting  and  lowering  of  material  is  done  with  the 
present  reel  hoists  located  in  the  No.  2  Hamilton  engine  house, 
as  showai  on  Plate  10. 

When  it  was  decided  to  make  this  shaft  a  permanent  out- 
let, a  new-  steel  headframe,  stockpile  trestle  and  idler  stand  were 
erected,  as  shown  on  Plate  10. 

On  account  of  the  heavy  flow  of  water  in  the  underground 
workings  at  this  shaft,  it  was  necessary,  in  dismantling  the  old 
wovKlen  head-frame  and  erecting  die  new  steel  head-frame, 
that  this  work  l)e  done  in  the  smallest  possible  time,  as  bailers 
might  have  to  be  put  in  oi>eration  on  vei^  short  notice.  When 
it  came  time  to  make  this  change,  the  old  wooden  head-frame 
was  dismantled  and  the  new  steel  one  erected  ready  for  hoist- 
ing in  ten  days.  In  the  design  of  re-lining,  the  provision  made 
for  installing  bailers  on  24  hours'  notice  proved  to  be  a  goixl 
precaution,  as  a  vug  of  water  was  encountered  on  Octo])er 
22d,  191 2,  and  the  bailers  were  put  in  operation  within  24 
hours,  thus  preventing  the  flooding  of  the  lower  workings  of 
the  mine. 

Progress  of  Work. 

The  first  i)ortion  of  the  work  of  re-lining  this  shaft  was 
started  83  ft.  3  in  below  collar  of  shaft,  on  May  3d,  191 2, 
and  the  concrete  lining  between  this  point  and  the  collar  was 
completed  on  June  29th,  191 2.    The  second  portion  was  start- 


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Plate  11.    Showinir  Prosrress  of  Work 


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I02  RE-LINING  NO.  2  HAMILTON  SHAFT 

ed  302  ft.  7  in.  1)elo\v  collar  of  shaft,  on  July  ist,  1912,  and 
was  connected  to  the  Tirst  ix)rtion  on  October  5th,  1912.  The 
third  portion  was  started  551  ft.  3  in.  below  collar  of  shaft, 
on  October  12th,  1912,  and  connected  to  the  second  portion 
March  15th,  1913.  In  this  portion,  the  shaft  work  was  dis- 
continued from  Octol^er  22d  to  November  i8th,  1912,  on  ac- 
count of  striking  the  vug  of  water  on  the  i6th  level.  One  week 
\Y2LS  also  lost  between  Januai-y  nth  and  January  i8th,  1913, 
on  account  of  a  slip  of  eld  timbers  in  the  shaft.  The  fourth 
portion  was  started  695  ft.  7  ifi.  below  collar  of  shaft,  on 
March  22nd,  1913,  and  was  connected  to  the  third  portion  on 
May  10,  1913.  The  fifth  portion  was  started  917  ft.  4  in. 
below  collar  of  shaft  on  May  17th,  1913.  and  to  July  5th, 
1913,  812  ft.  7  in.  of  the  entire  shaft  have  l)een  completed. 
Weekly  repoits  c^  the  pro^.^ress  of  this  work  are  sent  to  the 
Chief  Engineer's  -office,  where  a  graphic  report  is  kept,  as 
shown  on  Plate  11. 

The  average  rate  of  progress  since  the  beginning,  w-ithout 
deducting  the  time  due  to  delays,  is  56.7  ft  i>er  month,  or  63 
ft.  per  month  for  actual  working  time.  The  progress  for 
the  past  month  nas  y2  feet.  The  preliminar}^  estimate  was 
based  on  re-lining  100  ft.  i>er  month.  The  old  shaft  timbers 
however,  were  in  far  worse  condition  than  could  possibly  be 
anticipated,  and  the  slower  progress  has  been  due  entirely 
to  the  difficulty  in  removing  the  old  timbers  and  the  precau- 
tions required  to  protect  the  lives  of  the  men  who  are  em- 
ployed on  thi^  work 

In  the  portion  of  shaft  completed  to  date,  all  the  work  has 
proven  perfectly  satisfactory  and  entirely  up  to  expectations, 
l^he  walls  are  smooth  and  watemroof.  The  reinforced  con- 
crete dividers  and  end  plates  come  fro.'^  "he  steel  forms  per- 
fectly true,  straight  and  .s.nooth,  aivl  fv  i*fectly  in  the  re- 
cesses provided  in  the  sti.-el  foniis. 

All  cement  used  in  the  construction  o^.tuis  shaft  lining  was 
furnished  by  the  Universal  Portland  Cement  Company,  and 
the  steel  forms,  reinforcing  rods,  steel  head-frame,  stockpile 
trestle  and  idler  stand  were  furnished  by  the  American  Bridge 
Company. 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  IO3 


SUGGESTIONS   ON   THE  APPLICATION   OF  EFFI- 
CIENCY METHODS  TO  MINING. 

BY  C.  M.  LEONARD,  GWINN,  MICHIGAN. 

The  originar  application  of  the  term  ^'Efficiency"  was  made 
to  machiner}'  and  was  represented  by  the  work  accomplished, 
divided  by  the  energy  expended.  This  result  in  the  older  type 
of  machines  was  very  low  and  men  specially  trained,  made  a 
study  of  the  appHcation  of  power  and  the  results  and  by  some 
small  change  in  the  organization  of  an  enga'ie,  the  use  of  a 
different  type  of  valve,  the  use  of  the  condenser,  etc.,  have 
increased  this  factor  several  hundred  per  cent. 

In  1883.  Fred  W.  Taylor  realized  that  the  efficiency  of  hu- 
man energy  was  low,  began  to  analyze  operating  conditions 
and  the  result  of  this  analysis  is  one  of  the  prime  factors 
which  enables  American  industrial  labor  to  'earn  more  per 
day  than  in  any  other  country  and  American  manufacturers 
to  sell  their  products  at  a  profit  in  countries  where  labor  re- 
ceives but  40  to  50  per  cent  of  what  it  receives  in  this 
country. 

Until  a  comparatively  recent  date,  efficienc)  engineering 
was  confineil  to  industrial  plants  and  const  ruction 'work.  The 
results  obtained  in  these  lines  has  suggested  its  application  to 
mining  and  from  the  very  nature  of  the  necessary  working 
conditions  in  mining,  i^t^, would  seeuwti'iat  even  greater  results 
might  be  looked  fc  :  )an  ;in  other  industries. 

The  cost  of  pn  .      'on  in  mining. may  be  divided  into  two 
parts,  viz :     Supplies  and  Labor.     Of  these  the  latter  is  the 
larger. 
Supplies — 

Supplies  are  usually  considered  practically  a  constant  factor 


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I04         APPLICATION  OF  EFFICIENCY  METHODS  TO   MINING 

in  the  cost  of  production.    They  are,  at  least,  less  affected  by 
a  study  of  the  details  than  labor. 

The  importance  of  having  excessive  capital  tied  up  in  sup- 
plies is  recognized,  but  it  is  doubtful  if  the  interest  on  the 
amount  necessary  to  carry  an  adequate  stock  of  those  in  gen- 
erafl  use,  would  meet  the  loss  due  to  the  delays  caused  by  con- 
tinually mnning  short  of  material.  The  amount  of  supplies 
which  is  necessary  to  carry,  is  affected  by  the  standardization 
of  equipment.  F'or  instance,  nearly  every  manufacturer  of 
power  drills  is  glad  to  have  his  machine  given  a  trial.  If 
this  trial  were  made  on  ground  which  were  fairly  uniform,  a 
careful  record  kept  of  the  performance  of  each  machine  and 
a  comparison  made  of  the  records,  it  would  probably  result  in 
one  machine  of  each  type  being  selected  as  a  standard  and 
a  basis  established  for  the  purchase  of  power  drills.  The  adoi>- 
tion  of  one  brand  of  steel  usually  insures  more  uniform  re- 
sults in  the  forge  and  consequently  a  better  bit  sent  under- 
ground. 

Fuel,  one  of  the  principal  items  of  supplies,  is  now  pur- 
chased by  most  operators  on  an  analysis  basis,  after  detemiin- 
ing  the  fuel  best  suited  for  each  condition. 

One  company  has  reduced  the  cost  of  their  lubricating  oil 
by  using  a  commercial  grade  of  a  thick  oil,  adding  other  lu- 
bricants to  meet  various  conditions. 

A  study  of  explosives,  their  application  and  instructions 
in  their  use  may  result  in  a  saving  of  a  cent  or  two  per  pound 
in  this  item  or  a  pound  or  two  of  explosive  per  foot  of  drift. 

The  use  of  carbide  lamps  underground  has  demonstrated 
that  they  not  only  cost  less  but  give  a  better  light  and  are 
smokeless. 
Labor — 

During  the  past  ten  years,  it  has  been  necessary  for  the 
mining  industry  to  meet  an  increase  of  wages,  vai-ying  from 
8  to  21  per  cent,  a  decrease  of  20  per  cent  in  the  working- 
hours  and  in  many  instances,  a  decrease  in  the  price  received 
for  their  product.    The  one  object  of  labor  is  to  receive  larger 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  lOS 

wages  and  one  of  the  main  objects  of  tlie  operator  is  to  get 
lower  costs.  The  question  naturally  presents  itself,  how  can 
this  condition  be  met  to  the  satisfaction  of  both  parties? 
There  can  be  but  one  answer  to  this  and  that  is  by  increas- 
ing the  efficiency  of  labor. 

The  conditions  which  have  a  direct  bearing  on  the  effi- 
ciency, of  labor  are  so  varied,  that  an  exhaustive  treatment 
can  not  hz  brought  within  the  confines  of  one  paper.  Not 
only  each  district  but  each  mine  presents  a  different  proposi- 
tion in  itself  and  a  study  of  the  details  of  the  operating  con- 
ditions is  the  only  manner  by  which  we  may  arrive  at  any  defi- 
nite s-L^lution.  From  our  practical  knowledge  we  may  be  able 
to  sense  a  thing  as  being  right  or  wrong.  This  judgment 
may  err  5»  lo  or  15  per  cent  one  way  or  the  other  and  may 
represent  the  margin  between  a  profit  and  l(;ss,  but  from  a 
set  cf  figures  compiled  from  a  time  study  of  the  complete  cycle 
of  operations,  from  breaking  the  ore  until  it  is  loaded  on 
surface,  one  is  able  to  determine  to  what  extent  and  at  whicli 
pc.int  it  is  possible  to  make  changes  and  the  exact  result  of 
these  changes.  It  enables  the  work  to  be  so  co-ordinated  that 
each  man  is  given  an  opportunity  of  doing  a  days  work  and 
is  not  being  held  up  by  some  other  operation.  It  also  pro- 
vides an  intelligent  basis  for  making  contracts  and  if  the  aver- 
age inan  does  not  make  the  minimum  wage,  it  is  his  fault 
rather  than  an  error  in  judgment  on  the  part  of  the  foreman. 

A  time  study  to  be  of  practical  value,  must  l^e  enough  in 
detail  and  cover  a  sufficient  period  of  time  to  enable  one  to  get 
a  fair  average  of  the  time  recpiired  on  each  operation,  and 
(•ne  which  dees  not  give  this  information  is  worse  than  use- 
less as  it  permits  false  conclusions  to  be  drawn.  To  get  ix)si- 
tive  results  from  this  work  it  is  absolutely  essential  that  the 
co-operation  cf  the  entire  executive  force  be  maintained  and  if 
there  is  any  inclination  on  the  part  of  a  b;)ss  or  foreman  \v)i 
to  co-operate  in  the  work,  there  remains  but  one  of  two  courses 
to  pursue,  either  discontinue  the  work  along  these  lines  or  dis- 
pense  with  that  persons  services. 


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I06         APPLICATION  OF  EFFICIENCY  METHODS  TO  MINING 

No  trouble  should  be  experienced  in  getting  the  men  in- 
terested in  the  work  for  as  soon  as  they  realize  that  it  means 
an  increase  in  their  wages,  they  are  only  too  glad  to  make  an 
extra  effort.  The  men  should  be  dealt  with  individually  as 
far  as  possible.  The  force  of  this  is  apparent  when  a  man  is 
taken  from  day  labor  and  given  contract  work.  He  immedi- 
ately realizes  that  a  premium  is  being  offered  for  better  work 
and  can  see  some  tangible  reason  for  making  a  greater  ef- 
fort. It  is  generally  recognized  that  any  system  of  efficiency 
that  does  not  provide  for  a  division  of  the  benefits  to  be  de- 
rived from  any  changes  which  affects  labor,  will  prove  a  fail- 
ure, and  while  a  large  percentage  of  the  men  working  un- 
derground may  not  be  able  to  speak  English  fluently,  there 
are  few  who,  at  the  end  of  the  month,  do  not  know  approxi- 
mately what  they  have  made  and  a  settlement  on  any  other 
basis  will  not  prove  conducive  to  the  best  results. 

Tlicre  are  conditions  in  which  it  is  rather  difficult  to  figure 
a  contract  basis.  For  example,  in  the  Lake  Superior  Capper 
District,  the  cost  of  copi)er  per  pound  dei)ends  upon  the 
quality  of  rock  hoisted  as  well  as  the  quantity.  This  neces- 
sitates underground  sorting,  which  item  is  a  large  proixjrtion 
of  the  underground  expense.  When  this  operation  is  placed 
on  a  contract  basis,  the  quality  of  the  rock  decreases  and  the 
(iuanlity  increases  as  well  as  the  cost  of  copper  per  pound. 

To  a  certain  extent,  efficiency  work  is  a  matter  of  educa- 
tion. While  a  practical  training  is  absolutely  necessary  to 
one  who  in  any  way  has  charge  of  men  or  is  planning  work, 
it  is  of  prime  importance  that  they  be  able  to  appreciate  the 
value  of  figures.  The  result  of  a  time  study  placed  before  some 
of  the  older  mining  captains  would  produce  about  the  same 
feeling  toward  them  as  the  man  lost  in  the  woods  has  toward 
his  compass.  He  will  agree  that  they  ought  to  be  right,  **but 
that  they  are  certainly  off  this  time." 

In  the  majority  of  cases  the  men  theinselves  may  be 
taught  to  accoinplish  the  same  or  greater  results  with  an  ex- 
penditure of  less  physical  force.     This  can  not  be  done  by 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  IO7 

simply  explaining  the  method  but  must  be  demonstrated.  Tt 
may  be  necessary  to  take  four  or  five  cuts  out  of  a  drift  be- 
fore you  can  convince  a  gang  that  they  are  not  placing  their 
holes  to  the  best  advantage.  This  part  of  the  system  of 
education  is  usually  left  to  the  boss,  whose  territory  is  so  great 
*  that  he  cannot  give  sufficient  time  to  any  individual  gang  or 
operation,  to  get  the  best  results  and  too  often  his  attitude 
toward  the  men  may  be  that  if  they  do  not  get  the  best  results, 
they  are  on  a  contract  and  they,  not  he,  will  be  the  losers. 

There  are  many  other  conditions  which  have  a  direct  bear- 
ing on  the  efficiency  of  labor,  some  of  which  are  of  such  na- 
ture that  the  results  can  not  be  measured  in  dollars  and  cents. 
For  instance,  one  large  copper  mine  in  the  Southwest  employs 
an  expert  to  provide  ventilation  form  stopes  where  the  air  is 
too  hot  or  impure.     Sociological  and  welfare  work,  which 
might  be  considered  a  dead  expense,  undoubtedly  has  a  di- 
rect bearing  on  the  efficiency  of  labor,  in  tending  to  presen'e 
the  health,  loyalty  and  continuity  of  an  organization.     If  it 
were  possible  to  determine  to  what  extent  the  cost  per  ton 
of  ore  or  per  pound  of  copper  were  aflfected  by  this  expendi- 
ture, it  would  doubtless  show  a  balance  on  the  credit  side. 


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I08  THE  PREVENTION   OF  ACCIDENTS 


MINE  LAWS,  SPECIAL  RULES  AND  THE  PREVEN- 
TION OF  ACCIDENTS. 

BY  E.   B.    WILSON,  SCRANTON,   PA.* 

To  cover  exhaustively  the  subjects  of  this  paper  would  re- 
quire that  a  large  book  be  written,  even  then  it  is  improbable 
that  the  cclntinually  changing  conditions  about  metal  mines 
could  be  anticipated  so  as  to  present  all  the  various  matters 
which  culminate  in  accidents;  the  unforseen  possibilities  that 
may  arise  for  changes  and  additions  to  mine  laws ;  or  the  nec- 
essity for  fonuulating  new  rules.  The  very  uncertainty  of 
things  makes  this  paper  of  a  general  nature,  nevertheless, 
there  are  specific  matters  that  come  under  these  captions  to 
which  attention  is  directed. 

That  there  may  be  no  misunderstanding,  this  paper  is  not 
a  criticism,  but  one  in  which  are  stated  conditions  as  they  are 
recorded.  In  the  writer's  opinion  therefore  no  individual  op- 
erator can  assume  complacency  in  this  matter,  but  rather  all 
should  unite  to  remedy  the  conditions  collectively. 

In  most  mining  states  laws  have  been  passed  to  compel 
mine  operators  to  do  certain  things  and  post  certain  rules, 
and,  to  see  that  the  provivsicns  in  these  laws  are  carried  out, 
state  mine  insi)ect()rs  are  apix)inted  or  elected,  whose  ix>wer 
also  consists  in  recommending  safety  measures,  and  pointing 
out  dangers.  In  some  coal  mining  states  the  inspectors  are 
able  to  close  mines  and  l)ring  suits  if  oi)erators  do  not  comply 
with  their  suggestions. 

In  going  over  the  various  state  mine  laws  in  operation  and 
proposed,  one  will  find  a  list  of  subjects  adopted  years  ago,  but 
now  suited  only  for  use  in  kindergarten  mining.     Tliere  are 

♦Editor,  The  CoUiery  Engineer. 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  IO9 

also  *'Dant's''  for  operators  and  everyone  else  about  a  mine 
which  to  say  the  least  are  insults  to  average  mining  intelli- 
gence, but  there  are  also  some  features  in  these  various  state 
laws  which  are  good  and  might  be  adopted  more  extensively 
to  advantage.  Copies  of  these  laws  may  be  obtained  by  writ- 
ing to  the  Secretaries  of  the  various  metal  mining  states,  and 
a  proposed  uniform  metal  mining  law  may  be  ol>tained  by 
writing  to  James  F.  Callbreath,  Secretary,  American  Mining 
Congress,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Insi)ectors  have  had  laws  enacted  which  proved  burdensome 
without  corresj^onding  decrease  in  fatalities,  they  have  also 
created  considerable  friction  l>y  their  suggestions  and  demands 
for  their  enforcement,  but,  as  a  rule,  when  they  receive  their 
i>ffice  by  appointment,  and  not  by  election,  they  work  as  har- 
moniously with  the  operators  as  the  nature  of  their  oath  will 
peniiit. 

The  selection  of  a  state  mine  insi>ector  is  a  matter  of  con- 
siderable importance  as  his  first  duty  consists  in  providing 
for  the  maximum  protection  to  mine  workers.  Violations  of 
mine  laws  by  oi>erators,  mine  officials  or  mine  workers,  where- 
by ilx'  lives  and  health  of  men  ar-e  jeopardized,  must  be 
prosecuted,  therefore  a  mine  insi>ect(>r  must  be  conversant 
with  conditions  existing  in  mines,  and  besides  having  an  ex- 
tensive practical  experience  must  possess  moral  courage  and 
a  mental  temi>erament  that  will  ensure  the  avoidance  of 
hasty  and  ill-advised  action. 

If  inspection  is  to  be  properly  performed,  competent  in- 
spector:; must  be  obtained  free  from  any  influence  that  will 
detract  from  the  ix>wers  vested  in  tliem.  The  proper  way 
in  the  writer's  estimation  to  obtain  competent  inspection  is 
by  appointment  by  the  Governor,  he  however  to  he  limited  in 
his  appointments  to  men  who  have  passed  a  civil  service  ex- 
amination before  an  examining  board  composed  of  three 
mining  engineers,  three  mine  bosses  and  three  miners.  The 
examining  board  may  select  from  the  candidates  who  have 
I>assed  both  a  written  and  oral  examination  with  a  percentage 


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no  THE  PREVENTION  OF  ACCIDENTS 

of  90,  those  who  have  temperaments  and  moral  characters  that 
may  be  depended  on  and  recommend  thejn  for  appointments. 

In  the  anthracite  fields  of  Pennsylvania  men  have  been 
elected  inspectors  not  because  of  character  or  ability  but 
because  they  were  politicians.  Most  of  those  who  vote  for 
mine  nispectors,  being  farmers,  laborers,  business  and  profes- 
sional men,  are  incompetent  to  judge  as  to  the  fitness  of 
candidates  for  mine  inspectors,  in  fact  may  never  have  seen  or 
heard  oi  them  before  their  names  were  placed  on  the  ballot. 

This  is  not  all,  if  an  elected  inspector  wants  to  retain  his 
office  he  must  be  "suave'*;  a  "trimmer"  at  all  times;  spend 
most  of  his  time  electioneering  for  himself  and  party  and  not 
offend  any  of  his  constituents  or  they  will  defeat  liim  at 
the  polls. 

A  good  inspector  should  be  kept  in  office  so  long  as  he 
is  physically  able  to  [Derfomi  his  duties,  and  if  a  poor  in- 
spector is  appointed  his  removal  should  be  recommended  by 
the  examining  board  that  had  him  appointed.  The  con- 
stant change  in  inspectors  made  possible  by  the  elective  laws 
or  by  executive  appointments,  if  not  surrounded  by  civil  ser- 
vice limitations,  frequently  makes  the  laws  farcial  to  an  ex- 
tent which  gets  on  the  public  nerves.  After  following  both 
the  appointment  and  the  election  plans  of  creating  inspectors, 
I  am  convinced  that  the  plan  here  proposed  will  prove  more 
satisfactory  to  miners,  operators  and  .the  public  than  any 
other  that  has  been  advanced. 

Large  coal  companies  not  satisfied  with  i>eriodic  state  mine 
inspection,  hire  company  insj)ectors  who  examine  the  mine  and 
appliances  and  suggest  both  changes  and  improvements  that 
make  for  safety.  Provided  the  right  kind  of  a  man  is  em- 
ployed, a  company  inspector  will  save  his  wages  readily  by  act- 
ing as  an  efficiency  engineer.  In  positions  of  this  kind  only 
experienced  men  with  liberal  educations  should  be  employed, 
and  if  a  concern  is  not  large  enough  to  hire  such  a  man  two 
or  three  should  club  together  for  the  purpose.  That  he  may 
not  conflict  with  the  Sui>erintendent  and  Foreman  a  perfect 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  III 

understanding  as  to  each  one's  duties  should  be  stated  in  writ- 
ing. Further  he  is  hot  to  give  orders  either  alx>ve  or  below 
ground  and  should  write  his  suggestions  in  triplicate  for  the 
l>enefit  of  the  Manager,  Superintendent  and  Foreman. 

In  the  absence  of  state  mine  laws  to  govern  metal  min- 
ing, it  certainly  is  advisable  that  the  operator  appoint  a  safety 
committee,  make  a  uniform  set  of  mine  rules,  make  use  of 
danger  signs,  and  also  issue  from  time  to  time  Safety  Pamph- 


Copyrisrht  1918,  by  J.  W.  Stonehouse,  Denver,  Colo. 
Fiff.  1 

lets  for  the  miners  all  over  the  fields,  calling  attention  to  the 
accidents  that  have  happened  and  how  they  may  be  avoided. 

Where  there  are  state  mine  laws  both  the  miner  and  the 
operator  must  obser\^e  them,  and  in  addition  the  miner  must 
abide  by  the  rules  of  the  company.  It  is  undoubtedly  true 
that  the  number  of  accidents  may  be  decreased  by  united  ef- 
forts to  teach  the  miners  to  care  for  themselves  and  by  using 
strict  disciplinary  measures  to  regulate  carelessness  and  eva- 
sion of  rules.  It  is  not  enough  to  make  one  set  of  rules  for 
the  guidance  of  the  miner,  special  sets  of  rules  must  be  form- 
ulated for  those  men  who  follow  distinctive  lines  of  work  in- 
side and  outside  the  mine.    , 

In  case  of  an  accident  the  cause  should  be  investigated  and 
wherever  possible  a  rule  formulated  in  such  a  way  that  a  sim- 
ilar accident  will  not  be  likely  to  occur.  Although  this  may  pro- 
duce radical  changes  in  the  work  and  the  discharge  of  several 
men  for  infringement  of  the  rules,  nevertheless  it  has  been 


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112  THE  PREVENTION   OF  ACCIDENTS 

found  to  add  to  efficiency  and  eventually  decrease  accidents. 

The  most  difficult  cases  to  contend  with  will  be  those  of 
old  miners  who  have  worked  for  years  doing  things  certain 
ways.  They  are  "bull-headed"  and  will  tell  how  long  they 
have  mined,  etc.  However,  they  must  understand  that 
they  are  to  do  things  differently  if  they  want  to  continue*  at 
work.  These  men  may  purposely  do  things  they  are  told  in 
a  wrong  way,  but  a  lay-off  with  the  reprimand  that  they  are 
not  good  miners  will  bring  them  to  reason. 

In  mining  two  parties  are  concerned  in  an  undertaking  in 
which  a  contract  is  implied  if  not  signed,  sealed,  acknowledged, 
and  recorded.  Both  miner  and  operator  are  under  obligations 
by  this  contract  to  refrain  from  doing  or  leaving  undone  those 
acts  which  will  work  injury  to  the  other.  This  being  a  rec- 
ognized fact  the  next  step  is  for  the  contracting  parties  to 
work  in  harmony  for  mutual  benefit,  in  other  words,  place 
confidence  in  each  other. 

Mr.  Thomas  Lynch,  head  of  the  H.  C.  Frick  Coke  Com- 
pany seems  to  have  gained  the  confidence  of  his  men,  by 
appointing  a  safety  committee  of  miners  who  investigate  when- 
ever a  miner  anticipates  danger  and  who  immediately  rec- 
ommend that  conditions  be  made  'safe.  A  comparison  be- 
tween the  fatal  accidents  in  Great  Britain  and  the  H.  C.  f'rick 
Company  per  million  tons  of  coal  mined  is  4.52  to  1.88.  The 
H.  C.  Frick  Coke  Company  produced  in  191 2,  twice  as  much 
coal  per  fatal  accident  as  the  bituminous  fields  of  Pennsylvania, 
Ohio.  Illinois,  and  West  Virginia.  Tlie  success  of  Mr.  Lynch 
in  decreasing  accidents  is  due  to  his  making  the  men  resp<.:)n- 
sible  for  them,  and  by  the  strict  enforcement  of  mine  rules. 

Michigan  employed  31,584  metal  miners  in  1911,  of  which  . 
numl^er  134  were  killed  or  4.24  per  thousand  employed. 

Minnesota  employed  16,548  metal  miners  of  which  num- 
l)er  76  were  killed  or  4.59  out  of  every  1,000. 

As  Michigan  and  Minnesota  employ  29  per  cent  of  the 
if)5,979  metal  miners  in  the  United  States  it  naturally  fol- 
lows that  there  would  be  more  accidents  in  these  two  states, 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  II3 

but  we  find  on  further  analysis  of  the  Census  Bureau  Reports 
that  Houghton  County,  Michigan,  had  563  deaths  recorded 
during  the  period  extending  from  1894  to  1908,  inclusive,  yet 
in  every  one  of  these  14  years  the  death  rate  was  less  per 
thousand  men  employed  than  in  the  iron  mines  of  the  state. 
The  average  by  counties  was  as  follows :  Dickinson  County, 
4.01 ;  Houghton  County,  2.94,  and  Marquette  County,  4.32. 

The  writer  has  no  statistics  relative  to  the  Minnesota  Mine 
accidents  for  the  14  years  mentioned,  however,  the  data  com- 
piled by  Albert  H.  Fay  and  printed  in  the  Bureau  of  Mines 
Technical  Paper  40  is  sufficient  to  show  that  the  fatal  accident 
list  is  much  too  high  being  4.59  per  1,000. 

Taking  Mr.  Fay's  figures,  the  total  number  of  fatal  acci- 
dents in  191 1  in  Michigan  and  Minnesota  ore  n^ines  were 
157,  while  those  seriously  injured  numbered  1.839.  These  are 
tabulated  for  ready  reference  as  follows: 

Accident  Table  Lake  Superior  Ore  Mixes  191  i. 

Per  cent  Seriously    Per  cent 

Cause.                              KiUed.          o?  total.  injured.       of  total. 

Falls  of  rock  or  ore 65  41  611  33 

Timber  or  hand  tools 3  2  192  10 

Explosives     13  8  45  2 

Haulage    4  3  392  21 

Palling     down     chute,     or 

winze,  raise  or  stope...  10  6  92  5 

Palling  down  shafts   27  17  18  1 

Run  of  ore  from  chute  or 

pocket    0  4  70  3 

Drilling  machines    132  7 

Electricity    1  0.6  2  0.1 

Machinery  other  than  drills 

and    locomotives    5  3  60  3 

Mine  fires  8  5 

Natural    gas    1  0.6 

Miscellaneous    10  6  199  11 

Objects  falling  down  shafts     3  2  21  1 

Hoisting  rope  breaking 1  0.0  1  0.1 

Overwinding    4  0.2 

157  1,839 

It  is  customary  for  statisticians  to  tabulate  accidents  whicli 
occur  on  the  surface  separately  from  those  which  occur  under- 


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114  THE   PREVENTION   OF  ACCIDENTS 

ground  and  also  to  sub-divide  the  accidents  under  headings. 
In  the  accident  table,  only  underground  and  shaft  accidents 
are  given. 

In  1911  there  were  32,793,130  tons  of  iron  ore  and  10,- 
978,827  tons  of  copper  rock  mined  in  the  Lake  Superior  re- 
gion, but  for  every  278,802  tons  of  ore  raised  one  life  was  lost, 
and  for  every  23,802  tons  a  man  was  seriously  injured. 

Accidents  above  ground  seem  to  be  due  to  carelessness,  al- 
though frequently  it  is  commendable  if  misguided  carelessness 
when  to  save  property  or  time  the  etnploye  risks  safety.    It 


Fig.  2.    Safety  Hooks 

should  be  thoroughly  instilled  into  men's  heads  that  no  piece 
of  proi^erty  is  worth  so  much  as  his  life.  Outside  accidents 
happen  through  machinery ;  haulage  arrangements,  tramming, 
coupling  and  dumping  cars;  falls  from  headframe  and  stag- 
ing; while  carrying  tools  or  materials;  into  chute  or  ore  bin 
and  getting  caught  with  nmning  ore;  and  in  getting  on  or  off 
the  cage  or  bucket  at  the  surface.  Overwinding  is  not  so  com- 
mon as  it  once  was,  since  at  a  large  number  of  small  operations 
Humble  or  Akron  safety  or  detaching  hooks  have  been  adopt- 
ed and  at  large  mines  overwinding  devices  are  used  that  take 
control  of  the  hoisting  engine  if  the  engineer  is  incapacitated 
or  fails  to  pay  attention  to  the  work  or  the  indicator  fails  to 
register  correctly. 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  II5 

That  the  top  of  all  shafts,  slopes  and  machinery  is  to  be 
fenced  goes  without  saying,  and  so  far  as  my  observation  goes 
this  is  done  at  the  Lake  Superior  mines  without  laws.  Shaft 
gates  should  be  arranged  to  open  automatically  whenever  the 
landing  is  at  the  surface.  Where,  however,  the  landing  or  dump 
is  above  the  ground,  the  surface  gates  should  be  kept  locked. 
There  is  danger  from  pieces  of  ore  falling  from  the  dump 
where  self-dumping  cages  and  buckets  are  in  use,  and  people 
should  be  warned  from  standing  near  the  shaft  collar  when 
dumping  is  carried  on  above  ground.  Skips  usually  dump  so 
far  into  the  chute  that  with  ordinary  care  no  ore  falls  out- 
side the  chutes. 

Getting  off  or  on  the  bucket,  skip  or  cage  when  in  motion 
is  a  frequent  cause  for  injury.    No  one  should  be  allowed  to 


Fig.  4.    Fancy  Skip  Ridinfir.  Two  Skips  on  One  Rope 

ride  on  cages  carrying  supplies  except  the  man  in  charge  and 
he  should  be  instructed  how  to  fasten  the  material  so  it  will 
not  move  on  the  cage  or  project  beyond  the  sides. 

At  a  mine  in  one  of  the  eastern  states,  the  men  ride  down 
ihe  slope  on  skips.  In  addition  to  their  overcrowding  the 
skip  they  ride  on  the  outside  and  on  the  rope  steadying  them- 
selves by  placing  their  feet  on  the  rail.  While  the  speed  of 
hoisting  is  not  fast,  there  are  any  number  of  chances  for  acci- 
dents. The  number  of  men  that  shall  ride  in  a  skip  or  cage 
should  be  posted  at  the  top  and  bottom  of  the  mine  and  at 


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Il6  THE   PREVENTION   OF  ACCIDENTS 

each  level.  The  man  that  gets  oh  after  this  limited  number 
is  reached  should  be  laid  off  and  for  a  second  offense  dis- 
cliarged. 

Hoisting-  ropes  should  be  inspected  each  morning  before  the 
men  go  down  and  each  evening  before  the  men  come  up.  This 
is  readily  done  by  letting*  the  rope  run  slowly  through  the 
gloved  hands  of  two  men.  Ropes  are  subject  to  greatest  wear 
near  the  cage  fastenings  and  the  clami^s  or  sockets  should  l>e 
examined  each  morning  and  evening,  also  bridle  chains  should 
l^e  used.  Occasionaly  a  timter  or  tool  may  drop  from  a  cage, 
etc.,  or  a  trammer  may  push  a  car  from  a  level  into  the  shaft 
and  follow  it  down,  or  as  in  Colorado  men  may  be  killed  bv 
being  struck  with  a  descending  cage  or  bucket;  however,  to 
guard  against  the  numerous  kinds  of  accidents  that  might 
happen  in  a  shaft,  niles  should  be  posted  stating  what  may  not 
be  done.  It  is  considered  advisable  to  give  publicity  to  shaft 
accidents  and  shew  how  they  may  be  avoided.  This  is  best 
accomplished  by  an  operator's  Publicity  Pamphlet. 

One  fruitful  source  for  accidents  in  the  Lake  Superior  met- 
al mines  is  falling  down  shafts,  17  per  cent  of  the  fatal  ac- 
cidents l^eing  due  to  that  cause.  It  is  hard  to  account  for  this 
if  the  levels,  station?^,  and  shaft  collars  are  properly  fenced 
and  run-arounds  provided.  It  may  possibly  l)e  due  to  falling 
from  ladders.  It  certainly  is  not  due  to  overwinding  or  the 
hoisting  roi)es  breaking,  for  such  accidents  are  reported  sep- 
arately. 

There  were  three  killed  by  objects  falling  down  shafts  and 
21  injured.  The  table  fails  to  si)ecifically  state  whether  the 
objects  were  loose  rock  fn:m  the  sides  of  the  shaft  or  material 
falling  from  buckets,  skips  or  cages  overloaded. 

In  this  connection  no  one  should  ]ye  i>ennitted  to  stand  di- 
rectly under  a  shaft  opening,  and  not  close  to  the  shaft  on  a 
level.  The  shaft  walls  should  be  examined  at  regular  intervals 
from  top  to  bottom  and  locsc  rock  taken  down  or  timbers  re- 
paired as  delay  may  prove  serious.  Universal  danger  signs 
should  be  freely  used  to  warn  people  of  a  danger  zone. 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  II7 

When  sliafts  are  l>eing  repaired,  the  men  should  he  pro- 
xi'Ied  with  strong  platforms  hr'aced  rigidly  to  the  top  mem- 
hcrs  of  the  cage.  A  swinging  platfomi  below  the  cage  is  not 
f-afc. 

Falling  down  chutes,  winzes,  raises  and  stopes,  killed  lo 
and  wounded  92  men.  Ladders  should  be  provided  in  raises 
and  w^inzes  and  kept  in  repair.  Chain  ladders  w-ill  be  found 
serviceable  in  this  connection  and  when  provided  with  stretch- 
ers of  great  help  in  avoiding  accidents.  Hoisting  men  out  of 
winzes  by  a  windlass  is  not  so  safe  as  making  use  of  ladders. 
In  raises  care  should  be  taken  to  sec  that  the  timbers  support- 
ing the  staging  have  proper  footings  even  if  it  re(iuires  cutting 
hitches.  Chicken  ladders  well  made  will  answer  for  stope 
climbing  if  properly  fastened  at  the  top  and  bottom.  Where 
winzes  connecting  levels  are  used  for  ventilation  and  exit,  good 
ladders  shculd  be  provided,  all  other  openings  on  levels  should 
be  lx:arded  over  to  prevent  falls,  and  those  used  as  traveling 
ways  should  hz  fenced  on  the  upi>er  level.  The  number  of 
winzes  en  each  level  equipped  with  ladders  will  of  course  be 
only  those  used  for  traveling  ways. 

When  there  is  a  ladder  conipartment  the  ladders  should 
not  have  an  inclination  above  60  degrees  and  should  have 
substantial  landings  at  'east  every  20  ft.  The  rungs  of  the 
ladders  should  be  inspected  and  repaired  quickly  when  broken, 
likely  to  break,  or  missing.  Men  carrying  more  than  one 
tool  should  not  be  pennitted  to  climb  ladders.  At  about  25  ft. 
from  the  surface  a  bulkhead  should  be  placed  over  the  ladder 
compartment ;  from  this  bulkhead  a  level  should  be  driven  and 
in  the  case  of  comparatively  level  surface,ground  a  riser  made. 
There  are  a  number  of  reasons  for  this  level  among  which  are : 
prevention  of  material  falling  on  men's  heads;  improved  ven- 
tilat'on;  in  case  of  fire  in  the  head  hoifse  or  near  it,  the  men 
will  not  be  overcome  with  gases,  and  besides  fomiing  a  partly 
second  opening  it  gives  the  men  a  chance  to  rest. 

While  there  were  but  four  fatal  haulage  accidents  in  the 
Lake  Superior  mines  there  were  392  serious  injuries.    It  would 


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Il8  THE  PREVENTION   OF  ACCIDENTS 

appear  from  this  that  more  are  injured  by  haulage  arrange- 
ments in  ore  mines  in  proportion  to  the  number  of  men  em- 
ployed than  in  coal  mines  where  haulage  is  longer  and  where 
many  more  cars  are  in  use.  There  being  no  data  to  go  by, 
the  only  suggestion  to  be  offered  is  a  warning  to  men  not  to 
ride  on  loaded  cars  or  jump  from  moving  cars.    Rules  made 


Fiar.  5.    Collapsible  Timber  Derrick 

to  cover  haulage  matters  underground  should  be  strictly  en- 
forced. 

As  in  coal  mines  it  is  found  that  rock-falls  are  the  most 
prolific  cause  of  accidents  underground  and  the  most  diffi- 
cult to  prevent.  The  manager  can  go  only  so  far  as  to  furnish 
materials  that  men  may  protect  themselves ;  however,  with  the 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  IIQ 

aid  of  inspectors  men  may  be  educated  to  protect  themselves. 
In  this  connection  inspection  will  disclose  whether  the  sides  of 
the  level  are  in  order,  and  another  frequent  source  of  injury 
will  be  removed  namely  falls  of  rock  when  traveling  through 
levels. 

While  there  were  three  deaths  from  timbers  and  hand 
tools,  192  men  were  seriously  injured  by  them.  There  is  no 
branch  of  metal  mining  so  important  to  successful  operation 
as  timbering  and  possibly  no  part  of  -the  industry  has  been 
neglected  to  such  an  extent  as  that  of  handling  timber.  Re- 
cently a  collapsible  timber  setting  derrick  (Fig.  5)  has  l>een 
placed  on  the  market  and  this  may  prove  useful  for  raising  and 
placing  stulls  and  stemples,  also  in  placing  collars  in  timber 
sets.    The  Eureka  Timber  Hook  (Fig.  6)  or  *'toad''  for  short. 


Fifir.  6.    Eureka  Timber  Hook 

may  l>e  used  on  the  end  of  sticks  to  lift  them  or  snake  them 
along.  Sometime  probably  small  electric  cral>s  will  l^e  de- 
vised to  assist  in  handling  timber  in  the  mines;  then  there  will 
be  fewer  falls  of  timber  and  fewer  injuries  from  tools,  and 
falls  from  staging. 

In  the  Lake  Superior  region  13  were  killed  from  explosives 
and  45  seriously  injured,  which  shows  that  in  this  resi>ect  the 
operators  are  aware  of  the  importance  of  proi^erly  handling 
this  material.    In  Colorado  in  191 1,  43  were  killed  and  247 


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I20  THE  PREVENTION  OF  ACCIDENTS 

injured  by  explosives,  and  in  191 2,  47  were  killed  and  435 
injured.  Some  of  the  coinmon  accidents  result  from  thawing 
dynamite  over  a  candle,  in  a  stove,  by  using  too  hot  water  or 
placing  it  on  too  hot  sand;  picking  out  missed  shots;  drilling 
into  missed  fire  charges;  using  metal  tools  for  ramming 
charges  in  holes;  remaining  too  long  after  lighting  fuse;  re- 
turning too  soon  after  blast  had  been  lighted ;  flying  rock  irom 
blast,  men  not  being  in  place  of  safety;  explosions  from  un- 
known causes;  picking  or  mucking  dirt  in  which  was  unex- 
ploded  powder  or  caps ;  carelessness  in  handling  and  carrying 
caps  and  drilling  in  blownout  shot  holes. 

Underground  magazines  are  unsafe.  Within  the  past  few- 
years  one  blew  up  in  Park  City,  Utah ;  another  on  Treadwells 
Island,  Alaska,  and  one  in  Calif omia.  There  have  been  oth- 
ers likely.  No  definite  reasons  for  these  explosions  have  been 
advanced,  although  lightning  went  down  the  same  coal  mine 
twice  in  two  years  and  exploded  black  powder,  also  dynamite 
in  holes  which  were  connected  to  a  battery. 

Quite  a  number  of  accidents  both  fatal  and  non- fatal  occur 
in  chutes  where  men  get  drawn  in  when  starting  the  ore  run- 
ning after  a  jam.  This  can  be  avoided  by  the  use  of  ladders 
outside  and  inside  the  chute  but  not  where  a  man  stands  on 
the  ore  and  tries  to  bar  a  hole  from  above  or  gets  below  the 
jam  and  starts  to  make  it  move.  Lake  Superior  mines  are 
not  alone  in  this  matter  of  chute  accidents  inside  and  outside 
the  mine,  and  some  means  should  be  devised  to  prevent  them, 
for  so  long  as  rock  will  jam  and  arch,  the  chutes  must  be 
barred.  A  few  dollars  expended  on  a  chute  might  possibly  do 
away  with  these  accidents. 

While  no  fatal  accidents  are  recorded  from  drilling  ma- 
chines 132  serious  injuries  are  recorded.  It  is  sometimes  hard 
work  to  haul  machines  up  a  stope  and  sometimes  difficult  to 
keep  them  there,  consequently  every  man  for  himself  on  this 
proposition  until  some  one  devises  a  remedy.  Machinery  other 
than  drills  and  locomotives  is  responsible  for  the  deaths  of  5 
and  the  injury  of  60  men.     Not  knowing  th^  kind  of  ma- 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  121 

chines  connected  with  these  accidents,  one  naturally  wonders 
how  men  got  against  them  or  into  them  if  they  were  fenced 
as  machines  should  be. 

Mine  fires  are  miserable  affairs  and  have  caused  great  dam- 
age and  expense  more  particularly  in  metal  mines.  It  is  pos- 
sible that  most  of  them  can  be  avoided  by  using  foresight, 
making  rules  and  demanding  their  rigid  enforcement.  No 
steam  pipes  or  electric  -wires  should  be  allowed  to  come  in 
contact  with  mine  timbers.  Miners  should  not  be  pennitted 
to  leave  their  candles  or  lamps  buming  in  the  mine,  and 
should  not  attach  them  so  close  to  timbers  that  the  flames 
will  scorch.  Punk  easily  catches  fire  and  in  course  of  time 
creates  a  blaze.  Pyrite  can  be  ignited  for  which  reason  the 
lamps  should  be  as  carefully  kept  from  pyritic  rocks  as  from 
wood.  Old  timbers  which  have  been  replaced  by  new  ones 
or  are  no  longer  needed  should  be  removed  from  the  mine. 
The  reasons  are  they  may  trip  some  one,  they  are  liable  to 
catch  fire;  they  will  transmit  fungii  to  sound  timbers  and  will 
vitiate  the  mine  air. 

Rules  of  the  mine  should  be  printed  and  each  man  pre- 
sented with  a  copy.  Shaft  rules  and  signals  should  be  posted 
in  the  shaft  house  and  at  the  landings. 

To  protect  life  and  avoid  accidents  all  hands  from  the  man- 
ager to  the  nipper  should  regulate  their  actions  to  conform  to 
the  rules  of  the  mine  and  neither  do  or  leave  undone  anything 
liable  to  cause  an  accident. 

The  Prevention  of  Overwinding. 
A  device  to  prevent  overwinding  demands  that  the  control 
of  a  hoisting  engine  be  taken  out  of  the  hands  of  the  en- 
gineer if  the  cage  passes  a  certain  point,  say  3  or  4  feet  alx)ve 
the  landing.  Such  a  device  must  shut  off  the  steam  and  apply 
the  brake  instantly  so  that  the  cage  shall  not  travel  more  than 
from  10  to  15  feet  before  it  is  brought  to  a  stop,  and  held  in 
suspension  above  the  shaft.  C.  R.  Welch  has  made  a  simple 
device  of  this  kind  which  consists  of  a  few  valves,  levers,  a 
rain,  some  pipes  and  a  weight. 


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122  THE  PREVENTION  OF  ACCIDENTS 

There  is  a  revolving  hub  having  projecting  arms  which 
travels  to  the  right  on  a  threaded  shaft  when  the  cage  is  as- 
cending and  to  the  left  wlien  it  is  descending.  The  length 
of  the  horizontal  movement  of  the  hub  is  proportioned  to  the 
exact  distance  from  the  bottom  to  the  top  landing,  and  should 
the  cage  travel  3  or  4  feet  above  the  top  landing,  the  arms  on 
the  revolving  hub  will  strike  a  lever  which  opens  a  valve  and 
sends  steam  to  a  ram  whose  piston  puts  on  the  brake  and  closes 
the  throttle  almost  instantaneously,  thus  preventing  overvvind- 


Figr.  7.    Overwinding  Device. 

ing.  The  engineer  has  no  volition  in  the  matter,  the  control 
of  the  engine  is  out  of  his  hands,  and  l^efore  he  can  recom- 
mence hoisting  he  must  reset  the  device  which  prevents  over- 
winding. 

There  is  a  regulator  on  this  machine  which,  should  the  en- 
gineer fail  to  sl(;\v  down  as  the  cage  reaches  a  certain  point 
near  the  top  of  the  shaft,  will  by  the  increased  speed  of  rota- 
tion raise  a  weight  and  shut  off  the  steam,  also  apply  the  brake. 

The  ai>i>aratus  which  is  sliown  in  Fig.  7  occupies  little 
space  on  the  floor  and  is  a  i>03itive  check  on  overw^inding.    The 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  1 23 

only  possible  way  to  prevent  its  stopping  the  engine  in  case  of 
overwinding  vvonld  be  to  shut  the  steam  oflf  from  it.  Its  very 
sim[>licity  recommends  it.  When  hoisting  in  balance,  the  two 
drums  being  fixed  on  the  same  shaft,  but  one  overwinding  de- 
vice is  needed  l)ecause  lx>th  cages  travel  specified  distances  rel- 
ative to  each  other. 

If,  however,  one  drum  is  fixed  and  the  other  loose,  or  if 
drums  are  loose  on  the  shaft  to  hoist  from  different  levels,  two 
devices  are  required,  one  for  each  dnmi.  The  drum  shaft  is 
connected  to  the  overwinding  device  by  a  sprocket  chain,  and 
the  regulator  to  the  overwinding  device  by  another  sprocket 
chain.  In  case  the  drums  were  loose  on  the  shaft  the  over- 
winding sprocket  would  l)e  fastened  to  the  drum. 

Safety  Gates  for  Shafts. 

To  prevent  shaft  accidents  at  the  surface  a  gate  of  sim- 
ple construction  is  used  by  the  D.  L.  &  \V.  Coal  Company, 


Fi».  8.    Safety  Gate,  D.  L.  &  W.  Coal  Co. 

that  may  be  raised  or  lowered  into  ix>siti()n  before  the  shaft 
oi>ening,  by  the  cage  as  it  comes  to  or  leaves  the  surface  land- 
ing. (See  Fig.  8).  It  is  a  double  gate,  that  is,  it  is  constructed 
the  same  for  each  side  of  the  shaft  and  is  raised  by  the  top  of 
the  cage  striking  against  the  two  woo<len  cross  pieces  '*A'*  fast- 
ened to  both  gates. 


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124  THE  PREVENTION  OF  ACCIDENTS 

Fig.  9  shows  the  gate  raised.  Two  iron  guide  rods  "B" 
one  each  side  of  the  gate  keep  the  gate  from  swinging  or  sway- 
ing when  the  cage  strikes  the  cross  beams  and  also  causes  it 
to  seat  properly.     To  take  up  the  shock  of  seating  there  are 


Fiff.  9.    Safety  Gate  Raised,  D.  L.  &  W-  Coal  Co. 


FiflT.  10.   Safety  Gate,  PennBylvania  Coal  Co. 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  I25 

two  coil  springs  "C"  which  answer  every  purpose.  Because 
the  ends  are  boarded  there  is  no  way  for  a  person  to  fall  into 
this  shaft  unless  he  climbs  the  gates. 

Another  safety  gate  is  shown  in  Fig.  lo.  This  gate  is  used 
at  Pennsylvania  Coal  Company's  No.  i  Dunmore  shaft  where 
the  landing  is  on  a  high  steel  trestle  and  landers  must  at  times 
cross  the  cage  opening.  The  horizontal  gate  is  raised  and 
lowered  by  the  top  of  the  cage  and  both  gates  are  always 
over  the?  openings  except  when  one  of  the  cages  is  at  the  land- 
ing. The  shaft  collar  at  the  surface  of  this  mine  is  fenced  on 
four  sides  and  these  fences  must  be  removed  by  some  one  in 
authority  l:)efore  a  person  could  fall  down  the  shaft.  It  will 
be  noted  that  these  gates  are  worked  automatically  so  that 


Fig,  11.    Safety  Gate,  Stronjr  Shaft,  Victor,  Colo. 

only  som^  one  vested  with  authority  to  make  use  of  the  cage 
can  raise  them. 

The  shaft  gate  shown  in  Fig.  ii  is  in  use  at  the  Strong 
shaft,  Victor,  Colo.  The  l>ar  "B''  is  made  of  4  in  x  8  in.  tim- 
ber or  of  any  other  convenient  size.  It  is  pivoted  at  *'H''  by 
a  bolt  upon  the  head-frame  leg  **A''  and  at  the  opposite  end 
fits  into  the  rest  or  catch  "G"  of  3^^  in.  x  3  in.  iron.  "F"  is 
a  counterweight  of  the  proper  heaviness  and  distance  from 
"H"  to  permit  of  the  gate  being  raised  or  turned  on  the  pivot 
**H/'  by  a  very  light  upward  pull. 

Suspended  from  the  bar  **B''  by  means  of  the  rods  '*D,'' 
etc.,  is  the  lower  bar  "C"  which  may  be  made  of  lighter  ma- 
terial than  *'B/'    The  rods  "D,"  etc.,  are  flattened  at  the  upper 


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126  THE  PREVENTION  OF  ACCIDENTS 

and  lower  ends  and  bolted  to  both  **B"  and  "C*  so  that  they 
may  turn  freely. 

Attached  to  the  inner  side  and  on  the  left  end  of  the  bar 
"C"  is  a  slotted  plate  of  thin  iron,  through  which  the  bolt 
"K,"  set  in  the  leg  "A"  passes. 

When  the  bar  **B*'  is  raised  by  an  upward  pull  near  "G" 
it  revolves  on  the  bolt  "H/'  and  rods  "D/'  etc.,  turn  on  their 
upper  and  lower  pivots  and  the  plate  *'E''  turns  downward  on 


Fiff.  12.    Shaft  Gate  Locking  Device.  H.  C.  Frick  Coke  Co. 

the  l)olt  "K,"  the  whole  gate  l^eing  raised  and  folded  like  a  fer- 
ity lx>at  gate.  The  arrangement  is  very  simple  and  can  be  made 
by  any  mine  carpenter  at  a  reasonable  cost. 

As  gates  of  this  description  can  l>e  interfered  with,  the 
H.  C.  Frick  Coke  Company  have  adopted  safety  catches  and 
leaking  device. 

With  the  shaft  gate  locking  device  shown  in  Fig.  12,  it 
is  imix)ssible  to  open  the  gate  in  the  railing  about  the  top  of 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  12/ 

the  shaft  unless  the  cage  is  there.  The  latch  can  he  raised 
only  by  a  system  of  levers  operated  by  a  handle  extending 
through  the  fence  just  beside  the  gate;  and  it  is  only  when 
the  cage  is  in  position  at  the  surface  that  tlie  proi^er  bearing 
is  afforded  to  the  levers  so  that  the  latch  can  be  lifted.  On 
the  shaft  framing  at  the  ground  level  is  fastened  a  horizontal 
plate — an  L-shaped  lever  turns  about  a  pin  in  this  plate.  The 
lever  arm  is  ordinarily  back  from  the  shaft  out  of  the  way  of 
the  cage,  but  when  the  cage  is  present  one  arm  may  be  turned 
so  as  to  bear  against  the  side  of  the  cage ;  the  other  ami  being 
connected  by  a  straight  rigid  link  ta  the  lower  end  of  an  up- 
rig-ht  lever,  to  the  upper  end  of  which  is  fastened  the  rod 
and  handle  to  operate  the  gate  latch,  and  which  ordinarily, 
when  the  cage  is  not  present,  turns  al>out  a  pin  held  by  a 
heavy  weight  about  lo  inches  from  the  lower  end.  If  now 
the  upright  lever  is  pulled  with  the  cage  away  from  the  land- 
ing the  L-shaped  arm  is  simply  turned  forward  and  one  arm 
extends  out  over  the  shaft;  but  if  the  cage  is  present  the  L 
arm  can  turn  only  until  it  hits  the  side  of  the  cage  when  the 
lower  end  of  tlie  upright  lever  is  prevented  from  further  mo\'e- 
ment  by  the  rigid  link  and  the  weight  is  lifted  by  any  further 
pull.  The  gate  latch  is  connected  by  a  simple  system  of  levers 
to  this  weight,  holding  the  gate  locked  except  when  this 
weight  is  moved  by  the  lever  only  when  the  cage  is  present. 

It  is  proposed  to  connect  this  device  also  to  operate  a  car 
stop  so  that  it  will  not  l>e  possible  for  a  car  to  run  to  the 
shaft  except  when  the  gate  is  oy^en,  the  cage  in  position  and 
ready  for  the  car.  The  car  stop  prevents  heavy  cars  from 
running  into  the  gate. 

The  D.  L.  &  \V.  Coal  company  have  a  combination  of  a 
g-ate  which  is  lifted  up  by  the  cage  and  for  a  special  reason 
can  be  made  to  swing  open  when  the  cage  is  not  at  the  land- 
ing. It  may  l^e  un(lerst(X)d  that  in  some  instances  this  doul)lc 
arrangement  may  be  valuable  but  as  a  rule  the  positive  open- 
ing and  shutting  of  the  gate  by  the  cage  will  prevent  acci- 
dents. 


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128  THE  PREVENTION   OF  ACCIDENTS 

The  writer  has  been  unable  to  find  or  hear  of  any  auto- 
matic shaft  gates  used  on  levels  underground.  In  the  an- 
thracite fields  the  gates  on  levels  swing  on  hinges,  and  are  oi>- 
erated  by  the  lander  who  ()i)ens  and  shuts  the  pair  on  his  side 
of  the  shaft  and  by  the  loader  who  does  the  same  on  his  side. 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  1 29 


CONCENTRATING  AT  THE  MADRID  MINE. 

BY   BEx\EDICT    CROWELL,    CLEVELAND,    OHIO. 

The  Madrid  mine,  Virginia,  Minn.,  has  an  output  of  about 
400  tons  i^r  day.  The  ore  requires  concentration  to  pro- 
duce a  commercial  grade,  lx>th  as  to  the  chemical  analysis 
and  the  physical  stnicture  of  the  ore.  The  problem  of  cheap- 
ly concentrating  this  small  output  seems  to  have  been  suc- 
cessfully met  by  the  introduction  of  the  Wetherbee  concen- 
trator, which  has  been  working  sucessfully  for  some  time 
past. 

The  concentrator  is  installed  in  the  headframe,  just  be- 
low a  pocket  which  receives  all  of  the  material  that  passes 
through  a  one-half  inch  screen.  This  amounts  to  about  50 
per  cent,  of  the  ore  hoisted.  The  coarse  ore  does  not  require 
treatment,  and  goes  direct  to  the  shipping  pocket.  The  con- 
centrator receives  the  material  that  has  i>assed  through  the 
one-half  inch  screen,  and  discharges  the  concentrates  which 
have  been  unwatered  by  a  perforated  bucket  elevator  into 
the  same  ixxrket  that  receives  the  coarse  ore. 

The  concentrator  is  3  feet  in  diameter,  and  is  6  feet  high. 
It  requires  less  than  i  horse  power  to  operate  and  receives 
6.5  gallons  of  water  per  minute,  the  water  being  pumped  as 
needed  from  the  sump  in  the  mine  to  a  small  storage  tank  in 
the  headframe.  It  is  operated  less  than  one-half  of  the  time 
to  take  care  of  the  output  of  the  mine,  and  reciuires  only  one 
man  in  addition  to  the  regular  lander. 

The  output  is  desirable,  both  as  to  analysis  and  structure. 
It  carries  less  moisture  than  the  original  ore,  as  all  of  the  ma- 
terial that  has  been  removed  w'ill  pass  through  a  100  mesh 
screen,  and  this  material  increases  the  power  of  the  ore  to 


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130  CONCENTRATING  AT  THE  MADRID  MINE 

hold  moisture.  The  concentrates  average  about  57.50  per 
cent,  iron,  and  the  taihngs  about  40.00  i>er  cent.  iron.  The 
recovery  is  about  84  per  cent,  of  the  material  treated,  or  92 
per  cent,  of  the  total  hoist. 

The  machine  consists  of  a  cylindrical  drum  and  a  cylin- 
drical casing,  the  axis  of  the  drum  and  of  the  casing  l^eing 
concentric  and  vertical.  The  drum  is  driven  from  above, 
and  is  made  with  two  compartments,  the  lower  of  which  is 
an  air  chamber  that  causes  the  drum  to  just  float  in  water. 
The  upper  compartment  receives  the  material  to  l^e  washed, 
and  discharges  it  by  centrifugal  force  through  openings  int^ 
the  anni:lar  space  between  the  drum  and  casing.  The  cas- 
ing has  an  overflow  launder  at  the  top.  and  is  bolted  at  the 
bottom  to  a  water  tight  compartment,  that  is  connected  with 
the  boot  of  the  elevator.  The  water  required  enters  at  the 
base  of  the  machine,  and  rises  through  the  annular  space  be- 
tween the  revolving  drum,  and  casing,  and  discharges  into 
the  overflow  launder  at  the  top  of  the  casing. 

The  principle  of  the  machine  is  based  on  the  following 
theory:  Supposing  a  particle  of  ore  and  a  particle  of  quartz 
were  allowed  to  settle  in  still  wafer  for  a  certain  length  of 
time,  and  that  the  particle  of  ore  settled  4  inches,  while  the 
particle  of  quartz  was  settling  2  inches — it  is  evident  that  in 
order  to  separate  these  two  particles  by  an  upward  flow  of 
water,  liiat  a  velocity  of  somewliere  between  2  and  4  inches 
would  be  required  or,  s^iy  3  inches  a  second.  Assuming  that 
these  same  two  particles  were  placed  in  the  machine,  and  the 
revolving  drum  given  such  a  velocity  that  the  quartz  par- 
ticle remained  in  suspension,  traveling  in  the  same  horizon- 
tal plane,  the  ore  particle,  in  the  same  length  of  tmie,  would 
settle,  say  i  inch.  It  is  then  evident  that  the  slightest  upward 
flow  of  water  would  wash  out  the  particle  of  quartz,  and 
would  still  allow  the  particle  of  ore  to  settle  and  that  we 
have  secured  the  same  result  by  the  use  of  the  machine  with 
an  upward  flow,  of  say,  one  sixteenth  of  an  inch  a  second, 
that  we  did  before  with  a  flow  of  3  inches  a  second,  or  in 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE 


131 


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132  CONCENTRATING  AT  THE  MADRID  MINE 

Other  words,  with  the  use  of  one  forty-eighth  of  the  amount 
of  water.  The  fact  that  the  whiriing  current  can  be  con- 
trolled independent  of  the  velocity  of  the  upward  rising  cur- 
rent allows  an  exact  and  independent  control  over  the  ma- 
terial that  goes  into  the  overflow  or  into  the  concentrates 
by  changing  either  the  speed  of  the  drum,  or  the  amount  of 
water  used. 

The  capacity  of  this  machine  has  not  yet  been  tested  at 
the  Madrid  mine,  owing  to  the  inability  of  the  mine  to  hoist 
enough  ore  to  make  such  a  test.  Twenty-five  tons  per  hour 
has  l^een  put  through,  however,  which  is  equivalent  to  say, 
500  tons  per  day.  The  larger  size  machine^,  now  being  con- 
structed, will  greatly  incre?s:  .h,.  output.   * 

The  Wetherbee  concentrator  was  designed  primarily  to 
treat  Ihc  sandy  ores  on  the  Western  Mesaba  range,  and  a 
number  of  tests  have  demonstrated  that  these  ores  can  be 
concentrated  up  to  nearly  60  per  cent.,  the  railings  consisting 
of  fine  material,  that  will  pass  through  a  100  mesh  sieve, 
running  about  40  per  cent,  in  iron,  in  ^dici^  words,  material 
that  would  make  flue  dust. 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  I33 


MINING  METHODS  ON  THE  MISSABE  IRON 
RANGE. 

BY  COMMITTEE,  CONSISTING  OF  WILLARD  BAYLISS,  E.  D.  m'NEIL 
AND  J.   S.  LUTES. 

The  ore  bodies  of  the  Missabe  Range  are  essentially  flat 
(leIx:^slts,  of  great-area  as  compared  to  their  depth.  As  an 
illustration,  one  of  die  largei  tiei>osit3,  located  near  Chisholm, 
has  l)€en  proved  by  the  drilling  on  contiguous  forty-acre  tracts 
to  be  two  and  one-half  miles  in  lengrii,  and  to  average  three- 
quarters  of  a  mile  in  width.  Within  this  area,  however,  there 
are  some  isolated  barren  portions  where  ore  concentration  has 
not  taken  place.  This  ore  body  is  overlaid  in  some  places  by 
slate  or  taconite  aud^'glacial  drift;  in  others,  by  glacial  drift 
alone.  The  average  of  202  drill  holes  through  to  the  bottom 
of  the  ore  was  "  ^t.  of  ore  and  76  ft.  of  glacial  drift  and 
rcKk  al3ove.  The  dq>th  of  ore  ranged  from  5  to  243  ft.,  while 
the  glacial  drift  and  rock  ranged  from  11  to  215  ft. 

Taking  the  whole  range  into  consideration,  it  may  be  said 
that  the  ore  bodies  are  generally  less  than  200  ft.  thick,  with 
a  maximum  of  500  ft. 

Mining  Methods  in  Present  Use. 

There  are  three  general  methods  in  use  at  the  present  time 
in  mining  these  ore  bodies,  viz : 

1.  Underground  Mining — The  ore  being  mined  by  hand 
and  hoisted  through  a  shaft,  the  underground  oi^enings  being 
supix>rted  by  timl^er. 

2.  Open  Pit  Mining — Where  the  material  above  the  ore 
body  is  first  removed  and  the  ore  then  mined  by  steam  shovels 
and  loaded  direct  into  standard-gauge  railroad  cars. 

3.  Milling-Pit  Mining — A  combination  of  the  two  for- 


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134  MINING  METHODS  ON   MISSABE  IRON  RANGE 

mer  methods,  the  material  above  the  ore  body  being  first  re- 
moved, after  which  the  ore  is  mined  through  underground 
openings  and  hoisted  through  a  shaft. 

Selection  of  Method  of  Mining. 

Tlie  selection  of  die  method  of  mining  to  be  adoj>ted  in- 
volves a  great  many  considerations  and  calls  for  experienced 
engineering  and  business  judgment.  Regardless  of  the  meth- 
od to  be  adopted,  its  selection  should  be  preceded  by  thorough 
drilling  to  determine  the  limits  and  size  of  the  ore  body  and 
the  grades  of  the  ore.  Maps  showing  the  top  and  bottom  con- 
tours of  the  ore,  and  cross-section  maps  shownig  relative 
thickness  of  stripping  and  ore  are  indispensable.  It  is  not 
the  intention  of  this  paper  to  go  into  the  subject  of  the  costs 
of  mining,  but  in  order  to  show  the  basis  on  which  calcula- 
tions are  made,  we  quote  the  following  from  "Iron  Mining  in 
Minnesota/'  by  Charles  E.  Van  Barneveld.* 

''Operating  Estimates — When  a  property  has  been  drilled 
and  estimated,  the  engineer  makes  further  estimates  to  de- 
termine the  method  of  mining  best  suited  to  the  ore  body 
under  consideration.  The  following  basis  has  been  estaij- 
lished  for  comparison  of  underground  and  oi>en  pit  mining 
costs : 

Table  No.  i. 

Stripping  ordinary  glacial  drift,  30  cents  a  cubic  yard. 

Strii>ping  ordinary  j>aint-rock,  30  cents  a  cubic  yard. 

Stripping  ordinary  broken  taconite,  75  cents  a  cubic  yard. 

Stripping  ordinary  solid  taconite,  $1.00  a  cubic  yard. 

Steam  shovel  mining,  ordinary  ground,  15  cents  a  ton. 

Underground  mining,  ordinary  conditions,  75  cents  a  ton. 

One  cubic  yard  of  ore  is  roughly  2  tons. 

Sometimes  a  glance  at  the  ore  estimate  will  suffice  to  clas- 
sify part  or  all  of  an  ore  Ixxly.  Often  a  calculation  must  be 
made  as  exemplified  by  this  case:     A  drill  hole  shows  50  ft. 

♦Published  by   Authority   of  the  Board  of  Regents  of  the  University 
of  Minnesota.  Copyrighted,  1913. 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  I35 

of  ordinary  glacial  drift  and  paint  rock,  15  ft.  hard  taconite, 
36  ft.  merchantable  ore..  All  other  things  teing  equal,  is  this 
an  open-pit  or  an  underground  proposition  ? 

Reducing  the  consideration  to  a  column  of  one  yard  square 
at  the  drill  hole,  a  comparison  may  be  made  using  the  data  in 
Table  No.  i. 

Underground  Mining — 
Cost  of  mining  a  column  of  ore  i  yd.  square  and  36 

ft.  high  at  75  cents  a  ton  (i  cu.  yd.  equals  2  tons), 

36/3x2x$o.75= $18.00 

Open  Pit  Mining — 
Stripping  a  column  i  yd.  sq.  and  50  ft.  high  of  glacial 

drift  at  30  cents  a  cu.  yd.,    5o/3x$o.30= 5.00 

Stripi^ing  15  ft.  solid  taconite  at  $1.00,  i5/3x$i.oo=..  5.00 
Steam  shovel  mining  36  ft.  ore  at  15  cents  per  ton, 

36/3x2x$o.i5= 3.60 

Total  cost  of  open  pit  work ; $13.^)0 

Difference  in  favor  of  open  pit 4.40 

*  *  *  * 

This  offers  a  ready  method  of  preliminary  comparison  to 
be  supplemented  by  more  exact  figures  when  si^ecial  consid- 
erations enter.  It  is  of  course  understood  that  such  ques- 
tions as  adverse  or  favorable  topography,  accessibility  of  dump 
room,  quick-sands,  swamps,  etc.,  have  a  sj^ecial  l^earing  on 
each  individual  case  that  does  not  admit  of  generalization. 

The  economical  limit  of  stripping  is  at  present  considered 
to  be  within  the  following  proportions: 

1 .  One  yard  of  overburden  to  i  ton  of  ore. 

2.  Not  to  exceed  2-ft.  depth  of  overburden  to  i-ft.  deptli 
of  ore.  Hard  slates  and  taconite  cost  from  2  to  3  times  as 
much  to  strip  as  ordinary  glacial  drift  and  it  is  customary 
when  applying  these  figures  to  consider  i  ft.  of  such  ma- 
terial as  equal  to  3  ft.  of  overburden. 

3.  A  maximum  stripping  depth  under  any  considerations 
of  150  feet." 


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136  MINING  METHODS  ON  MISSABE  IRON  RANGE 

In  general,  underground  methods  are  used  for  those  ore 
bodies  lying  under  slates  or  taconite,  or  deep  glacial  drift.  It 
is  an  alternative  method,  adopted  only  when  the  other  two 
methods  are  out  of  the  question.  About  the  only  considera- 
tion in  its  favor  is  that  production  can  be  obtained  quicker 
and  with  less  initial  cost  than  with  the  other  methods. 

Open  pit  mining  is  used  for  the  larger  bodies  of  ore  lying 
under  comparatively  shallow  surface  material  and  where  the 
operating  company  is  able  to  make  the  large  initial  expendi- 
ture in  stripping.  Besides  permitting  the  lowest  operating 
cost,  •  it  has  many  other  advantages.  '  The  capacity  for  pro- 
duction from  an  open  pit  is  enormous  as  compared  to  a  shaft. 
One  forty  acre  tract  opened  up  as  an  open  pit,  provided  the 
approach  can  lie  on  adjoining  land,  operating  with  two  shovels 
and  five  locomotives,  can  send  forward  9,000  tons  daily,  while 
the  same  area  being  operated  as  an  underground  mine,  hoist- 
ing through  one  shaft,  would  ordinarily  produce  about  2,000 
tons  daily. 

The  milling  pit  method  of  mining  is  adopted  generally  for 
the  smaller  bodies  of  ore  lying  under  comparatively  shallow 
surface  material.  The  amount  of  initial  expenditure  for 
stripping  is  much  less  than  for  an  open  pit,  where  the  cost  of 
the  approach  is  a  large  item.  The  cost  of  production  from 
a  milling  pit  lies  between  that  of  open  pit  and  underground 
mining. 

Underground  Mining. 

There  is  one  prevailing  method  of  underground  mining  in 
use  on  the  Missabe  Range  at  the  present  time.  This  is  the 
Top  Slicing  or  Caving  Method.  The  ma,in  points  of  this 
method  are  as  follows : 

A  top  slice  over  the  whole  area  of  the  ore  body  is  re- 
moved, using  timber  to  the  full  height  of  the  ore.  As  fast 
as  the  various  rooms  of  this  top  slice  are  worked  out,  the 
bottoms  are  covered  with  boards,  and  the  timber  is  blasted 
down,  allowing  the  overburden  to  cave  and  fill  up  solidly  the 
space  formerly  occupied  by  the  ore. 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  1 37 

When  the  top  slice  is  out,  another  slice  over  the  whole 
area  is  taken  out  just  below  it,  also  using  timl^er  the  full 
height  of  the  slice,  up  to  the  boards  of  the  slice  above.  Rooms 
are  blasted  in  as  fast  as  they  are  mined  out  and  the  cave  fol- 
lows. Successive  slices  are  taken  in  like  manner  to  the  bot- 
tom of  the  ore  body.  The  use  of  timber  to  the  full  height  of 
the  ore  in  each  slice,  thus  insuring  a  very  high  percentage  of 
extraction,  is  the  most  important  feature  of  this  methoil. 
The  cross-cuts  to  the  various  rooms  are  always  in  solid 
ground,  providing  a  safe  retreat  for  the  miners. 

The  general  practice  in  opening  up  and  mining  an  ore 
Ixxly  to  be  worked  on  the  Top  Slicing  system  may  now  be 
briefly  considered. 

Size  and  Location  of  Main  Slmft — For  an  ore  body  of 
considerable  size,  a  shaft  8  by  20  ft.  outside  is  largely  used. 
There  are  two  skip  compartments,  5  by  6  ft.,  and  one  ladder 
and  pipe  compartment,  6  by  7  ft.  with  6  in.  dividers.  The 
sets  are  of  12  by  12  in.  timber.  The  shaft  is  located  near 
the  deepest  part  of  the  ore  Ixxly,  either  in  the  ore  itself  or 
in  the  adjacent  rock.  From  this  position  the  drainage  of  all 
the  ore  to  be  mined  through  the  shaft  may  be  taken  care  of. 

Timber  Shafts — Usually  the  sinking  of  a  timl>er  shaft, 
somewhere  near  the  main  shaft,  is  begun  at  the  same  tinvj 
as  the  latter.  From  one  to  three  additional  shafts,  dej^endin^ 
on  the  size  of  the  mine,  are  sunk  at  advantageous  ix>:nts.  The 
size  may  be  6  ft.  square,  or  6  by  9  ft. 

Locaiion  of  Main  Drifts — A  close  study  of  the  bottom 
contour  map  is  necessary  to  decide  this  point.  Where  tlie 
drilling  has  been  sufficient,  one  or  more  troughs  of  deep  ore 
will  be  found  running  through  the  ore  body,  generally  from 
northwest  to  southeast,  or  from  west  to  east,  with  the  deei)- 
est  nart  of  the  trough  at  the  easterly  end.  It  is  in  these  troughs 
that  the  main  drifts  are  located.  The  chief  considerations  are 
to  have  them  near  the  bottom  rock  and  still  have  them  ex- 
tend as  near  to  the  limits  of  the  ore  body  as  possible.  The 
idea  is  to  make  the  motor  tramming  long  and  the  hand  tram- 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  I39 

ining  short.  When  an  ore  body  is  50  ft.  thick  or  more,  it  is 
good  practice  to  locate  the  main  level  high  enough  up  in  the 
ere  Ixxly  so  that  it  will  extend  a  considerable  distance  from  the 
shaft,  another  main  level  being  opened  up  nearer  the  bottom 
later.  If  the  ore  trough  is  wide  enough,  two  parallel  drifts, 
from  60  to  100  ft.  apart,  are  driven,  connected  by  a  loop  near 
the  shaft.  The  advantage  of  two  drifts  is  in  opening  up  the 
ground  quicker  for  drainage;  small  drifts  across  connecting 
them  improve  the  ventilation ;  if  one  strikes  rock  unexpectedly 
it  can  be  discontinued  temporarily,  while  the  other  continues 
ahead,  frc«n  which  exploration  of  the  rock  encountered  can 
l)e  made.  The  main  drifts  are  timbered  with  sets  5  ft.  apart, 
using  8  or  9  ft.  posts  and  10  or  12  ft.  caps,  with  lagging 
over  the  back.  Vertical  raises,  4  ft.  square  and  without  crib- 
bing, are  put  up  every  50  ft.  along  the  main  drifts  and  car- 
ried up  to  the  top  of  the  ore. 

Top  Sub'Lcz'el — (See  Fig.  i,  which  also  shows  plan  of 
main  drifts  and  raises.)  The  Top  Sub-Level  is  located  at 
such  an  elevation  that  the  average  height  of  the  ore  to  be 
removed  will  be  from  12  to  14  ft.,  so  that  most  of  it  can 
be  taken  out  with  drift  sets.  From  each  raise  5  by  6  ft.  drifts, 
untimbered,  are  driven  parallel  with  each  other  and  at  right 
angles  to  the  main  drifts,  until  they  reach  the  limit  of  the 
ort  body  or  the  boundary  line  of  the  property.  Here  the  stop- 
ing  or  slicing  of  the  ore  begins. 

Slicing  Details — Fig.  No.  2  shows  plan  of  two  adjoining 
rooms  each  50  ft.  long  and  15  ft.  wide,  opened  up  at  the  bound- 
ary line,  together  with  a  cross-section  through  one  of  them. 
When  the  boundary  line  was  reached  by  cross-cut  No.  i,  the 
first  drift  slice  was  started  by  blasting  out  all  the  ore  at  set 
marked  No.  i,  and  sets  of  timber,  (12  ft.  posts  and  7  ft.  caps), 
with  the  caps  parallel  with  the  cross-cut,  put  in  place,  using 
6  ft.  lagging  overhead.  Set  No.  2,  also  in  the  cross-cut,  is  the 
next  to  be  taken  and  securely  timbered  and  spragged,  thus 
making  the  entrance  secure.  These  four  sets  of  timber  at  the 
entrance  of  the  two  slices  of  a  room  or  stope  are  usually  re- 


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140 


MINING  METHODS  ON  MISSABE  IRON  RANGE 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE 


141 


ferred  to  as  the  ''open  sets."  The  first  slice  on  the  long  side 
of  the  55  ft.  room  is  now  completed  by  taking  mit  sets  3  to 
9.  The  track  is  continued  frc«n  the  cross-cut  into  this  slice 
as  it  advances.  The  next  sets  to  be  taken  out  depend  upon 
whether  the  timber  is  taking  much  weight  or  not.    If  it  is  not, 


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§ 


sets  10  to  16  are  consecutively  mined  out,  completing  the  long 
side  of  the  room.  The  short  side  of  the  room  is  now  taken  out 
in  the  order  indicated  (sets  17-18-19-20).  On  the  other  hand, 
it  the  room  is  heavy  and  timbers  are  taking  considerable 
weight,  the  order  of  removing  the  sets  must  be  changed.     A 


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142  MINING  METHODS  ON  MISSABE  IRON  RANGE 

safe  exit  for  the  miners  must  be  maintained  and  it  would 
1^  inadvisable  to  weaken  the  entrance  to  the  room  by  taking 
cut  set  No.  10  at  this  time.  The  slice  would  be  worked  out 
from  the  far  comer  retreating  toward  the  cross-cut.  Instead 
of  taking  set  No.  16  first,  however,  the  miners  make  their  at- 
tack on  set  No.  15,  because  it  would  blast  out  a  little  easier 
and  there  would  be  more  room  for  them  to  shovel  into  the 
tram  car  standing  on  track  in  set  7  or  8.  Therefore  the  se- 
([uence  of  sets  taken  out  would  be  15-16-14-13-12-11.  Set 
No.  10  is  left  standing  to  protect  the  entrance  while  the  short 
side  of  room  (sets  17-18-19-20)  is  next  mined  out,  and  is 
the  last  set  to  be  taken.  This  order  of  working  out  a  room  is 
not  invariable,  many  changes  being  made  depending  on  dif- 
ferir^g  conditions.  Under  a  strong  back,  or  with  solid  ore 
on  both  sides  of  a  room,  the  ore  would  be  taken  out  two  sets 
wide  from  the  cross-cut  back  to  the  far  end.  Again,  when 
the  preceding  room  has  not  filled  up  solid  with  the  cave,  sets 
iO  to  16  would  be  taken  first,  leaving  one  set  of  solid  ground 
against  the  unfilled  cave,  after  which  sets  9  back  to  3  would 
be  taken. 

The  reason  for  having  a  long  side  and  a  short  side  to  a 
room  is  that  only  one  set  of  curved  rails  need  be  laid  to  get 
tram  car  to  convenient  shoveHng  distance  for  all  the  sets.  The 
track  is  laid  in  only  one  of  the  slices.  The  ore  from  the  short 
side  is  shovelled  into  car  standing  in  the  cross-cut. 

When  a  room  is  w^orked  out,  the  side  and  ends  next  to 
the  solid  ore  are  boarded  up  w^ith  cull  boards  to  prevent  the 
sand  from  mixing  w-ith  the  ore  of  the  next  room  when  it  is 
mined.  The  bottom  is  also  covered  with  boards  if  there  is  a 
slice  to  be  taken  out  underneath.  The  double  row  of  posts 
in  the  center,  and  those  along  cave  side,  throughout  the  length 
of  the  room,  are  blasted  out  and  'the  caved  ground  follows 
and  fills  the  room.  There  is  usually  no  difficulty  at  this  point, 
the  room  soon  being  filled  up  solid  against  the  boards  so  that 
another  slice  may  be  started  alongside  after  a  few  hours. 

The  height  of  the  ore  on  the  top  sub-level  varies  consid- 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  I43 

erably  on  account  of  the  rolling  back.  The  length  of  posts 
used  in  the  successive  slic^  must  be  changed  accordingly.  The 
limit  to  successful  slicing  with  drift  sets  is  reached  when 
posts  16  ft.  long  are  necessary.  Rather  than  use  such  long 
posts  to  any  considerable  extent  recourse  is  usually  had  to 
using  square  set  timber,  two  sets  high,  which  would  take  out 
the  same  height  of  ore, 

Square-Set  Slicing — In  the  cross-section  in  Fig.  2,  a  test 
raise  is  indicated  which  shows  a  roll  in  the  back  making  maxi- 
mum height  of  ore  26  ft.  above  the  top  sub-level.  Rather  than 
open  up  a  suWevel  of  very  limited  area  in  the  upper  half  of  this 
roll,  in  order  to  remove  the  ore  with  drift  timber,  it  is  the 
usual  practice  to  mine  it  all  out  on  square-sets.  The  change 
from  drift  slicing  to  square-set  slicing  would  begin  where  the 
height  of  ore  shows  17  ft.  The  first  square-set  slice  would 
be  taken  in  the  solid,  that  is,  leaving  one  set  of  ore  standing 
between  it  and  the  last  drift-slice.  This  is  to  insure  getting 
the  line  of  the  square  sets  straight  and  at  right  angles  to  the 
cross-cut.  The  two  sets  in  height  of  this  slice  are  both  mined 
out  and  timbered  as  the  slice  advances.  The  pillar  left  stand- 
ing next  to  the  drift-slice  is  then  mined  out  and  timbered,  the 
order  of  removal  of  the  sets  depending  on  whether  the  ground 
is  heavy  or  not.  The  long  side  and  the  short  side  of  the  room 
being  mined  out,  the  side  and  ends  next  to  ore  are  boarded  up 
in  same  manner  as  a  drift  slice,  except  that  lagging  instead 
of  boards  is  used  on  the  bottom  set.  This  is  because  they  are 
stronger  than  boards  and  there  is  more  pressure  from  the  cave 
on  account  of  room  being  higher.  The  span  between  sets  is 
also  greater.  The  rooms  are  blasted  in  as  soon  as  the  tim- 
bers show  that  much  weight  is  on  them  which  usually  occurs 
when  they  are  two  sets  wide.  The  blasting  is  'done  in  such 
a  manner  as  to  leave  the  timber  undisturbed  which  stands 
against  the  solid  ore. 

In  the  succeeding  square-set  rooms  the  first  slice  is  taken 
out  along  the  cave,  the  caps  connecting  with  the  timber  of  the 
previous  room.    There  are  usually  5  sets  on  one  side  of  the 


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144  MINING  METHODS  ON  MISSABE  IRON  RANGE 

cross-cut,  and  one  set  on  the  other,  which,  with  the  set  occupy- 
ing the  cross-cut  itself,  makes  the  tgtal  length  of  room  7  sets 
or  51  ft.  8  in.  A  cap  of  odd  length  is  used  in  connecting  the 
timbering  of  rooms  joining  each  other  on  their  ends. 

Bottom  posts  are  8  ft.  over-all,  with  4  in.  tenon.  Regu- 
lar top-posts  are  8  ft.  over-all  with  two  4-in.  tenons.  Top- 
posts  of  lengths  varying  from  4  to  12  ft.  are  used  on  the 
top  set  where  the  back  is  irregular.  The  regular  cap  is  ^  ft. 
long. 

There  is  very  little  square-set  slicing  on  the  Missabe 
Range  at  the  present  time  exceeding  four  sets  in  height. 
Higher  than  this  a  great  deal  of  trouble  is  experienced  in 
keeping  the  rooms  in  shape  on  account  of  the  pressure  of  the 
caves.  Where  the  ore  on  the  top  sub-level  is  found  to  exceed 
this  height  it  is  divided  by  opening  up  another  local  sub-level 
and  mined  out  with  drift  timber. 

Square-set  slicing  should  l3e  distinguished  from  the  well- 
known  square-set  system  of  mining,  where  alternate  pillars  of 
ore  were  left  standing  between  large  square-set  roc«ns,  to  be 
mined  out  after  the  latter  were  caved  and  filled. 

Prop  Slicing — There  are  extensive  stretches  of  ground  in 
many  of  the  Missal>e  mines  where  the  ore  is  overlaid  by  firm 
taconite  or  slate.  In  such  cases  the  top  slice  can  be  taken 
out  with  the  use  of  props,  spaced  irregularly  as  required.  The 
maximum  height  of  proi>s  used  is  20  ft.  Often  the  ore  does 
not  exceed  this  height  and,  consequently,  can  all  be  mined 
out  in  one  slice.  Where  such  conditions  occur  the  cost  of 
mining  is  considerably  lessened. 

Second  and  Longer  Sub-Levels — When  the  ore  in  any  part 
of  the  top  sub-level  has  been  mined  out  back  to  20  ft.  from 
Ihe  raise  from  main  level  drift,  a  second  sub-level  is  opened 
up  by  starting  another  cross-cut  from  the  raise,  directly  un- 
der the  one  above,  and  of  the  same  dimensions,  5  by  6  ft. 
Parallel  cross-cuts  on  the  same  level  are  driven  from  each 
raise  as  other  places  above  are  finished.  The  distance  below 
Ihe  bottom  of  the  top  sub-level  at  which  these  cross-cuts  are 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  145 

Started  depends  on  the  total  thickness  of  the  ore  down  to  the 
main  level,  measured  from  bottom  to  bottom.  This  total 
height  is  divided  so  that  the  sub-levels  will  be  from  ii  to  15 
ft.  high.  Where  11  ft.  must  be  selected  there  would  be  5 
ft.  of  solid  ground  over  the  back  of  the  second  sub-level  cross- 
cut up  to  the  boards  of  the  top  slice  above.  The  ground  is 
usually  firm  enough  so  that  these  cross-cuts  will  stand  with- 
out being  timbered.  They  are  driven  to  the  boundary  line 
or  until  they  strike  the  bottom  rock,  when  slicing  begins  and 
is  carried  on  in  the  same  manner  as  on  the  top  slice.     The 


Top  Slicinsr  at  Edffe  of  Leonard  Open  Pit 

rooms  are  timbered  right  up  to  the  lx>ttom  boards  of  the  slice 
above. 

In  conclusion,  the  Top-Slicing  or  Caving  method  of  min- 
ing can  be  adapted  to  all  conditions  met  with  in  underground 
mining  on  the  Missabe  Range.  It  is  favored  alike  by  fee- 
owner  and  operator,  for  in  these  days  of  rapidly  diminishing 
ore  reserves,  wasteful  methods  of  mining  are  no  longer  toler- 
ated. In  any  method  of  mining,  the  safety  of  the  miner  should 
be  the  first  consideration ;  the  conservation  of  the  ore,  the  sec- 
ond.   This  system  has  both  of  them  to  recommend  it. 


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146         mining  methods  on  missabe  iron  range 

Open-Pit  or  Steam  Shovel  Mining. 

Open-pit  or  steam  shovel  mining  applies  to  that  system 
of  mining  where  the  ore  from  an  open  pit  is  loaded  by  steam 
sliovels  direct  into  railroad  cars.  It  has  been  likened  to  load- 
ing a  stockpile,  beginning  at  the  top. 

The  first  s:hipments  from  some  Missabe  Range  mines  have 
been  fully  as  simple  as  stockpile  loading  but  as  depth  is 
reached,  approaches,  grades  of  incline,  and  lay-out  of  tracks 
to  reach  the  various  parts  of  the  ore  body  require  skillful  en- 
gineering. 

As  mentioned  elsewhere  in  this  article,  this  system  is  the 
cheapest  method  and  is  adopted  wherever  it  appears  prac- 
ticable. Recent  practice  shows  the  use  of  open-pit  mining  for 
ore  deposits  that  were  formerly  considered  underground  prop- 
ositions. In  fact,  some  mines  that  were  opened  as  under- 
ground propositions  have  been  changed  to  the  open  system, 
notwithstanding  the  fact  that  a  considerable  tonnage  of  ore  had 
already  been  removed  and  that  stripping  and  mining  both 
presented  conditions  less  favorable  than  before  underground 
mining  was  undertaken. 

Among  the  mines  originally  operated  by  underground 
mining  and  later  changed  to  open-pit  methods  is  the  Com- 
modore Mine  at  Virginia.  It  consists  of  one  forty  and  is  sur- 
rounded by  the  Lincoln,  Union,  Lone  Jack  and  Missabe  Moun- 
tain properties.  Seven  hundred  thousand  tons  had  been 
mined  through  underground  oj^erations  when  it  was  decided 
to  change  to  open  pit  mining.  Adequate  and  suitable  dump- 
ing grounds  were  difficult  to  obtain  and  to  complete  the  strip- 
ping necessitated  dumping  800,000  yds.  on  the  Commodore 
forty,  over  one-half  of  which  composed  the  stripping  area  of 
the  open  pit.  The  waste  dump  finally  reached  a  height  of  87 
ft.  and  the  height  from  top  of  ore  at  deepest  stripping  point 
to  top  of  dump  was  201  ft.,  showing  that  some  of  this  strip- 
ping material  was  elevated  in  its  transportation  201  ft.,  which 
v.as  accomplished  without  going  oflf  the  mine  forty,  except  at 
the  ends  of  two  tail  tracks  where  they  ran  on  to  adjoining 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  I47 

l»roperty.     The  tracks  from  shovel  to  dump  consisted  of  four 
switch-backs  on  a  5  per  cent  grade. 

The  equipment  was  standard  gauge  dump  cars  and  Shay 
geared  locomotives  of  eighty  tons  weight  on  drivers.  These 
locomotives  are  slower  than  the  rod  engines  but  have  more 
tractive  power,  particularly  on  starting  their  loads  on  heavy 
grades  and  curves.  In  mining  at  this  property  both  the  rod 
tyi^e  and  Shay  geared  locomotives  are  used  and  a  comparison 
of  the  two  tyi^es  under  similar  conditions  shows  the  rod  en- 
gines more  satisfactory  on  good  tracks  and  low  grades,  but  on 
grades  over  3  i)er  cent  and  particularly  where  necessary  to 
start  the  loads  on  heavy  grade  the  geared  locomotives  had 
tije  advantage. 

Limited  area,  depth  and  shape  of  ore  deposit,  yard  facilities, 
ttc,  have  made  conditions  at  this  property  for  steam  shovel 
r.iining  more  severe  than  most  ojDen  pits  on  the  Range.  The 
accompanying  map  shows  the  surface  and  pit  lay-out.  The 
approach  is  laid  out  on  a  3  i^er  cent  grade  which  is  equalized 
to  allow  for  resistance  on  curves.  During  one  season  con- 
siderable loading  was  done  on  a  7  per  cent  grade,  the  Shay 
locomotives  being  able  to  start  and  haul  three  loads  and  the 
rod  engines  two  loaded  ore  cars  of  forty  tons  each.  A  few 
years  ago  it  was  the  practice  to  lay  out  open  pits  with  grades 
not  over  two  and  one-half  per  cent,  and  with  curves  not  ex- 
ceeding twenty  degrees.  While  it  is  very  desirable  to  keep 
within  these  limits  of  grades  and  curves,  nearly  every  mine 
has  found  it  ix)ssible  and  necessary  to  exceed  practical  rail- 
road conditions. 

The  actual  loading  of  the  ore  by  steam  shovels  is  prac- 
tically the  same  all  over  the  Range.  At  soine  mines  all  the 
ore  must  be  blasted  in  order  to  loosen  it  for  better  loading, 
while  at  other  mines  the  shovels  are  able  to  handle  the  ore 
without  any  blasting. 

Sixty  to  eighty-pound  rails  are  used  for  mine  tracks,  the 
heavier  steel  being  favored.  The  temporary  loading  tracks 
have  to  be  changed  for  each  succeeding  shovel  cut.     At  some 


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c 


a 

i 


a 

o 

I 

CS 


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sides  Mine. 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  I49 

mines,  and  especially  where  the  loading  tracks  are  straight 'and 
of  the  lighter  rail  section,  it  is  the  practice  to  jack  up  the 
track  to  be  moved  and  then  line  or  heave  it  over  with  bars. 
At  other  mines  new  track  is  laid  behind  the  shovel  and  in 
place  for  the  next  cut,  the  previous  track  being  taken  up. 

There  are  several  im[x>rtant  special  features  in  connection 
with  oi^en-pit  mining  of  which  mention  should  be  made. 

At  the  Biwabik  mine  which  has  the  distinction  of  being  the 
first  mine  on  the  Missabe  Range  to  use  the  steam  shovel,  much 
of  the  ore,  a  high  grade  Bessemer,  requires  crushing.  Re- 
cently a  new  crusher  of  the  gyrator>'  tyj^e,  with  a  48-in.  re- 
ceiving opening,  has  been  put  in  (•i)eration.  It  has  a  ca- 
pacity of  1,000  tons  i>er  hour  and  is  the  largest  gyratory 
crusher  that  has  ever  l)een  installed. 

On  the  western  end  of  the  range,  many  of  the  ore  Ixxlies 
contain  layers  of  fine  sand,  lean  ore  and  broken  taconite  which 
must  be  separated  from  the  ore  in  order  to  make  it  merchant- 
able. After  several  years  of  experiment  a  large  concentrator 
Vi-as  erected  on  the  east  side  of  Trout  Lake,  at  Coleraine,  by 
the  Oliver  Iron  Mining  Company,  which  has  been  in  suc- 
cessful oi^eration  since  1909. 

The  Wisconsin  Steel  Company  erected  a  concentrator  at 
Nashwauk,  consisting  of  two  units,  which  began  operations 
in  1912. 

At  the  Leonard,  Shenango,  Commodore  and  some  otlier 
l)its,  low  grade  material  containing  35  to  49  j^er  cent  iron  is 
being  stockpiled.  This  material  is  unmerchantable  at  the  pres- 
ent time  and  being  mostly  paint-rock  it  will  probably  not  yield 
to  concentration. 

At  the  Brunt  mine,  at  Mountain  Iron,  a  drying  plant  is 
in  operation  for  removing  the  excess  moisture  from  the  ore 
The  moisture  is  being  reduced  from  18  to  20  i>er  cent  down 
below  8  per  cent,  resulting  in  considerable  saving  in  freight 
charges  and  rendering  the  ore  more  acceptable  to  the  furnace- 
men. 

Another  drying  plant  is  in  course  of  erection  at  the  White- 
sides  Mine. 


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150         mining  methods  on  missabe  iron  range 

Milling  System  of  Mining. 
The  Milling  System  is  adapted  for  mining  of  the  ore  from 
deposits  favorable  for  stripping  but  where  the  size  of  the  de- 


Crushins  Plant  at  the  Biwabik  Mine. 

posit,  or  its  location,  is  such  as  to  make  it  impracticable  to 
mine  as  a  steam  shovel  proposition. 

The  relative  depth  of  surface  and  ore,  or  rather  the  rela- 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  I5I 

tive  prcqx)rtion  of  over-burden  to  be  removed  to  the  amount 
of  ore  uncovered,  the  size  and  shape  of  the  ore  deposit,  the 
space  and  facilities  for  trackage  approaches,  and  relative  out- 
lay for  equipment  and  development,  are  the  determining  fac- 
tors for  choosing  between  the  milling  and  steam  shovel  meth- 
ods. What  is  termed  the  **Milling  System"  on  the  Missabe 
Range  is  in  reality  a  form  of  what  is  termed  ''Underhand 
Stoping '  on  the  older  ranges,  and  the  development  is  by 
shafts,  tramming  levels,  etc.,  much  the  same  as  in  under- 
ground mining.  The  overburden  is  removed  from  the  sur-^ 
face  of  the  ore  which  permits  of  the  use  of  underhand  stoj)- 
ing  by  working  the  ore  into  chutes,  from  which  it  is  drawn 
out  on  the  tramming  levels  and  handled  in  the  same  manner 
as  in  other  underground  mining  systems. 

In  opening  up  a  proposition  on  the  Milling  System,  the 
area  to  be  stripj^ed,  the  stripping  approaches,  location  of  shaft, 
shaft  house,  tracks  and  mine  buildings  are  decided  upon.  The 
work  of  stripping  or  removing  the  overburden  is  usually  the 
first  work  started,  and  while  this  is  progressing  the  working 
shaft  is  sunk,  tramming  levels  oi^ened  up  and  raises  driven 
to  the  top  of  the  ore  dqx>sit.  Raises  are  usually  4  by  5  ft. 
or  5  ft.  square,  and  are  i)ut  up  at  intervals  of  from  30  ft.  to 
40  ft.,  and  are  equipi>ed  with  chutes  at  the  bottom.  When 
ready  to  start  mining,  milling  or  underhand  stoping  is  start- 
ed by  drilling  holes  around  the  tops  of  the  raises  and  blastin.^* 
them  so  that  their  burden  will  fall  into  the  raises.  After  blast- 
ing, the  loose  dirt  is  usually  picked  down  or  loosened,  or  at 
least  as  much  of  it  as  will  readily  nm  into  the  raise,  after 
which  blasting  is  again  resorted  to.  It  is  customary  to  drill 
what  are  usually  called  collar  holes  first,  and  then  carry  the 
stope  up  the  bank  by  successive  blasting  and  picking  down 
the  loose  dirt  as  long  as  it  will  run  into  the  raises.  The 
Missabe  Range  ores  are  of  such  character  as  to  break  up  quite 
fine  and  run  readily  at  an  angle  of  45  degrees,  and  in  dry 
weather  the  ore  will  run  on  a  slope  of  38  degrees.  Results 
sre  best  after  the  niills  or  funnels  h^ye  been  ^ilarged,  and 


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152  MINING  METHODS  ON  MISSABE  IRON  RANGE 

the  larger  the  mill  the  better.  When  blasting  large  quantities 
of  ore,  and  particularly  when  starting  mills,  the  ore  from  the 
blasted  holes  falls  to  the  bottom  of  the  raises  with  such  force 
that  it  often  packs  so  hard  that  it  will  not  run  out  of  the 
chutes,  and  causes  what  is  termed  a  "hang-up."  This  neces- 
sitates the  use  of  chute  bars  to  loosen  the  ore  and  get  it  nin- 


Jordan  MUlinff  Pit,  1903. 

ring.  It  often  happens  that  the  ore  continues  to  hang  up 
l:igher  than  can  be  reached  with  bars,  when  other  means  must 
be  employed.  At  the  Monroe  mine  where  the  raises  were 
very  high,  a  system  of  sub-drifts  were  driven  above  the  work- 
ing level,  connecting  all  the  raises.  This  plan  gave  an  opening 
for  barring  a  hang-up  raise  through  openings  in  the  lagging 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  1 53 

or  raise  cribbing.  At  the  Albany  mine  the  main  level  drifts 
were  made  two  sets  high  opposite  the  raises  or  chutes.  This 
permitted  the  use  of  longer  bars  and  facilitated  the  process  of 
barring.  At  the  Iroquois  mine  they  placed  a  chain  or  wire 
rope  through  the  raise,  and  when  hung  up  the  rope  or  chain 
was  pulled  up  by  a  small  hoist  and  pulled  down  by  a  number 
of  men  standing  on  the  level. 

At  the  Jordan  Mine  the  trouble  with  hang-up  raises  was 
obviated  to  a  large  extent  by  working  down  to  the  back  of 
the  tramming  level  the  first  two  mills,  and  after  that  the 
raises  were  holed  through  into  the  sides  of  the  slopes.  The 
raises  being  from  30  to  40  ft.  apart  would  hole  through  into 
the  milling  slopes  when  30  to  40  ft.  high.  The  first  raises 
were  85  ft.  high  and  caused  a  great  deal  of  trouble  with  hang- 
ui>s.  The  subsecjuent  raises  being  from  35  to  40  ft.  high 
were  much  freer  from  hang-ups  than  the  longer  raises.  By 
starting  milling  on  the  lower  sides  of  the  raises  where  they 
holed  through  into  the  slopes,  the  distance  from  the  collar  of 
the  raise  to  the  chute  was  seldom  over  30  ft.,  and  a  hang-up 
could  be  broken  down  by  barring  or  drilling  from  the  top,  if 
the  trammers  failed  to  get  it  running  by  barring  from  be- 
low. 

Another  plan  adoi^ted  to  some  extent  was  to  make  the 
raises  larger  at  the  bottom  and  ta[)ering  upward,  but  the  con- 
struction of  the  chutes  permits  the  ore  to  accumulate  back  in 
the  comers  and  the  raise  openings  soon  become  smaller.  While 
the  hang-ups  occur  from  the  impact  of  the  falling  burden,  re- 
sulting usually  from  blasting  into  the  raises,  the  trouble  from 
this  source  is  contributed  to  by  the  raise  opening  becoming 
smaller  and  smaller,  from  moist  ore  accumulating  and  caking 
quite  hard  all  around  the  raise.  From  time  to  time  it  is 
necessary  to  clean  out  the  sides  of  the  raises  for  a  distance 
above  the  chutes. 

The  production  by  the  Milling  method  is  usually  irregu- 
lar and  varies  from  day  to  day,  being  influenced  largely  by 
weather  conditions,  as  well  as  by  the  steadiness  of  the  labor 
employed.    During  a  spell  of  nice  weather  and  with  full  crew 


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154  MINING  METHODS  ON  MISSABE  IRON  RANGE 

of  men,  the  daily  production  may  be  at  the  maximum,  but  a 
lieavy  rain  drives  home  the  men  working  in  the  mills  and 
washes  out  the  slopes,  making  holes  and  gullies  in  the  mills, 
?nd  blocking  the  chutes  with  loose  ore  and  water.  If  much  wa- 
ter collects  in  the  mills  and  chutes,  any  attempt  to  open  and 
draw  the  chutes  results  in  a  rush  of  sloppy  ore  and  water,  fill- 
ing the  level  and  necessitating  cleaning  up  before  tramming 
can  be  resumed.  If  the  chutes  are  opened  up  more  than  two 
(>r  three  inches  there  is  no  closing  them  if  the  rush  starts. 
In  addition  to  the  chute  and  level  trouble,  the  slopes  in  the 
mills  are  so  uneven  and  irregular  that  for  several  days  much 
f  f  the  ore  that  is  loosened  by  blasting  or  picking  down,  fills 
up  the  holes  and  gullies  instead  of  running  into  the  chutes. 
Dry  ores  naturally  run  much  better  in  the  mills  than  wet  ones, 
and  some  ores  that  w'ould  run  readily  on  a  45  degree  slope 
curing  dry  weather  become  soaked  and  will  scarcely  run  on 
a  50  degree  slope  when  wet. 

When  the  mills  are  worked  down  close  to  the  back  of  the 
level,  short  raises  are  put  up  in  the  ridges  and  much  of  the  re- 
maining ore  is  milled  in  that  way.  At  some  mines  steam 
shovels  have  been  used  to  dig  the  ore  in  the  hog-backs  or 
ridges  and  drop  it  into  the  mills.  This  process  was  further 
clcveloi:)ed,  using  the  steam  shovel  to  load  tli£  ore  into  cars 
which  were  either  dumped  direct  into  the  skip  jKHrket,  or 
through  a  transfer  chute  and  then  re-trammed  to  the  shaft. 

The  Milling  System  is  also  used  for  the  lower  parts  of 
ore  bodies  opened  up  for  steam  shovel  mining,  when  the  depth 
renders  the  use  of  locomotives  impracticable.  This  system 
permits  the  recovery  of  all  the  ore,  is  more  economical  than 
underground  mining  and  is,  perhaps,  a  little  safer.  It  is 
subject  to  the  accidents  iiKident  to  the  limited  underground 
v*ork  and  blasting  in  the  open,  but  the  greater  danger  is  from 
rien  being  carried  into  chutes  by  slides.  This  is  guarded 
pgainst  to  some  extent  by  the  use  of  ropes. 

Tlie  Milling  System  has  been  used  at  the  Norman,  Au- 
burn, Fayal,  Adams,  Sharon,  Jordan,  Albany,  Monroe,  Dn- 
luth,  Leonard,  and  a  f^w  Qth^r  mines. 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  1 55 


WASH  ORES  OF  WESTERN  MISSABE  RANGE  AND 
THE  COLERAINE  CONCENTRATING  PLANT. 

BY  JOHN   UNO  SEBENIUS,  DULUTH,   MINN.* 
CHAPTERS. 

Geology. 

Structure. 

Mining  Method. 

Main  Points  Bearing  Uix)n  the  Commercial  Utilization  of  the 

Western  Missabe  Silicious  Ore  Deposits. 
Concentration  of  the  Western  Missabe  SiHcious  Ores. 
Trovtt  Lake  Concentrating  Plant: 

(a)  Main  Building  and  Serving  Track. 

(b)  Power  Plant  and  Transmission. 

(c)   Concentrating  Machinery  and  Appliances. 
Process  of  Concentration. 
Safety  Devices. 
Production. 
Illustrations: 

Exhibits,   i     Map  showing  the  location  of  the  Coleraine 

Washing  Plant  with  reference  to  the  mines 

in  the  district,  from  which,  the  crude  ore  for 

this  plant  is  obtained. 

2     Typical  Cross  Section  of  Western  Missal)e 

ore  body. 
3.    Vertical  section  of  Coleraine  Washing  Plant. 
4     Flow  Sheet  of  Coleraine  Washing  Plant. 
Exhibits,  A,  B  and  C: 

Photographic  reductions,  respectively  ofi, 
early  experimental  washing  plants  at  Arc- 
turus,  Holman  and  Trout  Lake — (Oliver 
Iron  Mining  Company.) 

♦Chief  Engineer,  Mining  Department,  Oliver  Iron  Mining  Co. 


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156  WASH  ORES  OF  WESTERN  MISSABE 


leaching  and  subsequent  enrichment  was  most  effective,  the  re- 
sult is  our  high  grade  merchantable  ores;  but  where  condi- 
tions for  this  process  of  change  and  disintegration  were  not 
entirely  favorable,  nature  did  not  carry  out  its  work  to  com- 
pletion. Hence  on  the  Missabe  Range  we  find  gradations  all 
the  Way  from  the  original  "greenalite''  as  the  extreme  on 


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158  WASH  ORES  OF  WESTERN  MISSABE 

one  hand  to  the  high  grade  ore  on  the  other.  The  condi- 
tions affecting  the  efficiency  of  the  process  for  the  time  it 
prevailed  were  largely  such  as  offered  the  underground  wa- 
ers,  which  acted  as  the  main  agency  in  this  important  change, 
opportunities  for  perfect  percolation  and  circulation.  In  view- 
ing the  Range  with  these  conditions  in  mind  it  seems  that 
over  the  eastern  ix)rtion,  extending  from  the  eastern  limit  as 
far  west  as  a  mile  east  of  the  D.  &  I.  R.  R.  R.  track,  condi- 
tions were  evidently  not  favorable  for  a  j^erfect  change,  and 
we  therefore  now  find  a  hard  lean  iron  formation  practically 
barren  at  present,  as  far  as  known  to<lay,  of  merchantable 
deix>s!ts  of  any  size,  together  with  some  lean  silicious  ma- 
terial*; whereas  in  the  middle  portion  of  the  Range,  extending 
over  an  area  lying  ai>proximately  between  Sec.  22,  59-14  and 
the  center  of  Sec.  23,  57-22,  we  find  merchantable  ore  bod- 
ies of  large  size  occurring  in  a  rich  largely  altered  forma- 
tion, together  with  a  considerable  amount  of  low  grade  mer- 
chantable and  non-merchantable  silicious  ore  material  as  a  con- 
necting link  l>etween  the  formation  itself  and  the  high  grade 
ores.  Again,  on  the  western  end  of  the  range,  extending  from 
the  central  part  of  Sec.  23,  57-22  to  alxnit  twenty  miles  west  of 
the  Mississippi  river,  the  same  altered  iron  formation  occurs 
as  in  the  central  portion,  and  in  it  similar  large  ore  areas ;  but 
here,  i;istead  of  the  merchantable  ores,  the  non-merchantable 
silici(nis  ores  predominate,  and  in  these  ores  are  large  quanti- 
ties of  a  great  variety  of  the  altered  material  resulting  from 
an  incomplete  process  of  disintegration,  and  enrichment. 

Therefore,  instead  of  the  clean-cut  features  of  a  stand- 
ard Missal>e  ore  body,  we  see  here  a  small  amount  of  mer- 
chantable ore  underlaid  or  surrounded  by  every  derivative 
of  the  **greenalite"  formation,  and  in  some  instances  masses 
so  great  tliat  they  fomi  veritable  rock  Ijeds,  layers  and  is- 
lands in  this  silicious  ore  material.  Thus  we  find  here  ex-- 
tensive  deix>s:ts  of  taconite  lying  above,  within  and  under  the 
ore  material.  These  layers  of  silicious  material  within  the 
dei)osit  are  divided  from  each  other  by  a  rather  large  body  or 


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l6o  WASH  ORES  OF  WESTERN  MISSABE 

zone  of  more  or  less  clayey  and  sticky  paint-rock  material, 
which  was  originally  a  layer  of  slate  occurring  in  the  original 
deposit. 

As  a  further  complication,  there  was  found  in  the  drilling, 
right  under  the  surface  and  on  top  of  some  of  the  large  ore 
areas,  an  entirely  different  deposit  of  ore  material.  This  was 
afterwards  found  to  be  a  cretaceous  deposit  containing  fossils 
of  various  kinds  and  an  ore  material  generally,  of  high  phos- 
phorous content. 


Rock  Dumps  and  Track  Arranfirement  Connecting  Same  With  the  Plant. 
STRUCTURE. 

After  these  ore  areas  had  been  explored  and  determined 
and  it  was  thought  that  possibly  the  ores  were  suitable  for 
concentration  it  became  necessary  to  make  a  classification  of 
the  various  materials  encountered  with  a  view  to  arriving  at 
the  physical  structure  of  the  deposits:  (i)  in  order  that 
mining  methods  could  he  worked  out  adapted  to  the  sizes  and 
conditions  of  the  ore  lx)dies;  (2)  in  order  that  machinery 
suitable  for  handling  these  possible  wash  ores  might  be  con- 
structed or  found. 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  l6l 

On  account  of  the  fact  that  chum  drilling  had  to  be  re- 
sorted to  in  exploring  these  ore  deposits,  which  method  of 
drilling  destroys  the  physical  structure  of  layers  of  ore  ma- 
terial encoimtereil,  and  since  in  addition  to  these  results  of 
drilling  we  had  only  a  few  shallow  test-pits  and  shafts  main- 
ly on  the  Arcturus  property  to  work  from,  it  was  at  first  very 
difficult  to  get  at  the  structure;  but  this  was  finally  worked 
out  and  I  attach  hereto  a  section  showing  substantially  the 
structure  of  these  Western  Missabe  Range  ore  deposits.  The 
reader  will  note  in  the  center  of  this  section  the  large  paint 


West  View  of  Washinff  Plant  Showing  Tail  Track.  Water  Supply  Line  and  Tank; 
Electric  Sub-Stetion. 

rock  layer  separating  the  masses  of  ore  material  into  two 
layers  or  zones.  Each  of  these  zones  is  a  separate  meml^er  of 
the  formation,  divided  by  the  paint  rock  layer  referred  to 
above,  and  in  these  zones  occurs  the  silicious  wash  ma- 
terial, generally  speaking,  in  layers;  and  where  of  a  standard 
character,  made  up  of  large  and  small  pieces  and  grains  of 
high  grade  ore  arranged  in  seams  alternating  with  seams  of 
fine  sand.  Interbedded  in  these  standard  wash  ore  areas, 
however,  are  layers  of  hard  taconite  and  all  the  other  grada- 
tions of  material  encountered,  varying  from  hard  taconite  to 


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1 62  WASH  ORES  OF  WESTERN  MISSABE 

material  so  soft  that  it  can  be  crushed  in  the  hand,  in  fact 
derivative  layers  of  the  original  material  referred  to  alx>ve. 
Over  it  all  lies  a  deposit  of  cretaceous  ore  material  and  over 
this  again  the  overburden  or  surface  material,  consisting  of 
clay,  sand,  gravel  and  lx)ulders. 

Mining  Methods. 

After  the  physical  structure  of  these  ore  deposits  was 
known  it  became  apparent  that  the  only  way  they  could  l>e 
attacked  commercially  was  by  the  oi>en-pit  method.  This 
method,  after  the  overburden  had  been  removed,  would  afford 
us  (i)  the  opix>rtunity  to  stockpile  or  otherwise  dispose  of 
the  cretaceous  material  ,\v'  'ch  had  been  found  unsuitable  for 
concentration  or  other  present  day  metho<ls  of  treatment; 
(2)  it  woulr'  3iial>J<*  v^"^'  ]^'t\e  the  exact  conditions  of  the 
ore  deposit  l>efore  us  at  any  stage  of  the  work;  (3)  it  would 
enable  us  to  handle  to  the  best  advantage  the  large  quantity  of 
ore  material  which  could  l)e^ treated;  (4)  it  would  aflford  us 
opix>rtunity  to  sort  ottt^the  waste  material  varying  in  com- 
lx>sition  and  structure  and  entirely  unfit  for  concentration 
lying  within  the  wash  ore  zone,  from  the  material  remain- 
ing for  concentration  within  that  same  zone. 

MAIN    POINTS    BEARING    UPON    THE    COMMERCIAL    UTILIZATION 
OK  THE  WESTERN    MISSABE  SILICIOl\S  DEPOSITS. 

In  approaching  the  problem  of  utilizing  commercially- the 
ore  material  from  the  vast  deix>sits  develoi^ed.  we  were  con- 
fronted with  the  following  conditions  and  facts: 

Pirsi — A  very  heavy  overburden  as  compared  with  the 
depth  of  the  available  ores  or  the  ores  directly  and  easily 
amenable  to  concentration. 

Second — The  occurrence  very  generally  of  a  more  or  less 
thick  layer  of  cretaceous  maierial  which  was  unmerchant- 
able and  further  unfit  for  present  metho<ls  of  concentration, 
but  which  on  the  other  hand,  could,  not  l)e  wasted,  as  it 
carried  a>nsi(lerable  iron,  and  therefore  must  l)e  removed  and 
st(Kkpiled   at   a   considerable  exj^nse. 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  163 

Tlhird — Although  there  were  in  these  dqx>sits  large  ton- 
nages of  ore  amenable  to  concentration,  there  was  also  found 
with  them  a  large  quantity  of  material  entirely  unfit  for  con- 
centration, rough  and  hard  in  cliaracter  and  so  large  in  size 
that  it  had  to  be  sorted  out  either  by  hand  or  machinery,  as 
the  c-ccasion  would  demand,  at  a  considerable  exi)ense  over 
and  abc've  the  ordinary  method  of  handling  and  disjx^ing  of 
such  material. 

Fourth — Furthermore,  in  this  material,  in  and  between 
the  layers  of  standard  wash  ore,  there  occurred  a  vast  ^juantity 


Section  AA  Showing  Screen.  Pickiner  Belt,  and  Bottom  of  Receiving  Bin. 

of  material  which  was  neither  washable  ore  nor  hard  rock, 
in  fact,  consisting  of  every  gradation  possible  l^etween  these 
extremes,  and  which  could  readily  be  sorted  out.  On  ac- 
count of  its  character  and  occun-ence  we  \vere  confronted 
not  only  with  the  necessity  of  handling  this  material  and  the 
expense  connected  therewith,  but  were  forced  to  so  construct 
our  plant  that  a  considerable  ix>rtion  of  this  could  be  ad- 
vantageously dealt  with  in  the  mill  operation.    This  particular 


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164  WASH  ORES  OF  WESTERN  MISSABE 

requirement  for  the  mill  meant  a  high  degree  of  strength,  dur- 
ability and  efficiency  in  the  machines  selected. 

Fifth — Whereas  most  of  the  ore  in  the  washable  ma- 
terial was  rather  coarse,  there  was  nevertheless  quite  a 
large  amount  of  fine  rich  ore  which  on  account  of  its  ex- 
ceeding fineness  was  not  diserable  from  a  furnace  standpoint, 
but  which  nevertheless  had  to  be  saved  as  it  already  had  borne 
a  share  of  mining  and  transportation  expenses,  and  for  eco 


Tracks  and  Crude  Ore  Cars  on  Top  of  Receivinir  Bins. 

nomical   reasons  alone  could  not  be  wasted  when  once  de- 
livered to  the  plant. 

Sixth — The  occurrence  of  the  above  mentioned  paint  rock. 
This  material,  having  been  derived  from  an  original  slate  layer, 
was  in  its  nature  stickey  and  difficult  to  handle,  when  wet, 
contained  a  considerable  amount  of  moisture,  and  was  not 
amenable  to  concentration ;  Ixit  on  the  other  hand  its  chemical 
composition  was  such  that  portions  of  it  could  be  shipped  di- 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  l6S 

rect,  while  the  remaining  portion,  which  had  to  be  removed  to 
get  at  the  underlying  wash  ores,  could  not  be  wasted  and  had 
to  be  stockpiled  at  some  additional  expense,  because  this  ma- 
terial at  some  future  day  might  become  merchantable. 

Sez'Cfvth — Practical  economic  and  lease  conditions  de- 
manded a  large  tonnage,  much  greater  than  generally  had  been 
handled  up  to  that  time  by  mills  elsewhere  in  the  country. 

Eighth — Large  areas  required,  with  extensive  track  systems 


Interior  View,  Sbowinff  Front  of  Receivincr  Bins,  Grizzlies  and  Revolving  Screens. 

to  provide  for  the  disposition  of  great  quantities  of  overburden 
to  be  removed  and  for  the  stockpiling  of  low  grade  material 
not  amenable  to  concentration. 

Concentration  of  the  Western  Missabe  Silicious  Ores. 
In  1 90 1  and  1902  Mr.  Walter  Barrows,  Jr.,  Mr.  Chas. 
A.  Purdon  and  associates,  after  obtaining  certain  exploration 
data  from  the  Arcturus  property,  and  additional  information 
by  drilling,  desirous  of  ascertaining  whether  this  ore  was 
amenable  to  some  sort  of  concentration,  sent  a  car-load  of  ore 


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1 66  WASH  ORES  OF  WESTERN  MISSABE 

to  Cedartown,  Georgia,  for  treatment.  The  result  seemed  so 
satisfactory  that  they  installed  on  the  proi>erty  at  their  expense 
a  small  concentrating  plant  consisting  of  conical  screens  and 
a  set  of  McLanahan  jigs.  In  1903  and  1904  a  small  plant 
(see  photo)  of  somewhat  similar  construction,  but  without 
jigs,  was  installed  and  oj^rated  at  what  is  now  known  as  the 
Holman  mine,  by  Mr.  Congdon  and  associates.  While  these 
two  smaller  plants  clearly  indicated  that  something  could  be 


di  ne  at  least  with  seme  portions  of  the  vast  ore  Ixxlies  con- 
tained in  the  district,  they  also  showed  that  these  screens  and 
jigs  would  nt^t  meet  the  requirements,  first  on  account  of  the 
variety  of  material  to  be  treated,  and  second  on  account  of  the 
large  quantities  that  had  to  l>e  handled.  For  this  reason  the 
officers  of  the  Oliver  In>n  Mining  Comjmny  appointed  a  com- 
mittee to  make  a  thorough  study  of  the  concentration  protrfem 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  167 

here  presented,  ascertain  what  was  done  elsewhere,  and  if 
possible  find  machinery  which  would  ineet  the  re<^|uirenients. 

After  due  consideration  of  all  the  facts  and  after  an  ex- 
tensive trip  over  the  western  and  southwestern  portion  of  the 
United  States  the  commission  prepared  its  report  recommend- 
ing a  scheme  which  seemed  to  them  to  offer  a  solution  of 
the  problem  in  hand. 

As  suggested  by  the  committee  an  experimental  plant  was 


decided  on  and  erected  in  1906  in  the  vicinity  of  the  Canisteo 
deix>sits.  (See  photo.)  In  1907  and  1908  experimental  work 
was  conducted  in  this  plant  with  the  machinery  originally  in- 
stalled as  well  as  with  additional  different  concentrating  ma- 
chines which  from  time  to  time  were  tried  out  at  the  sug- 
gestion and  request  of  manufacturers. 

After  a  long,  expensive  and  exhaustive  investigation,  and 
compilation  and  study  of  the  results  obtained,  it  was  conclu- 
sively proved,  ist,  that  th^se  ores  could  be  economically  and 


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l68  WASH  ORES  OF  WESTERN  MISSABE 

successfully  treated  and  on  a  large  scale  made  to  render  a 
merchantable  product  of  a  good  desirable  physical  structure ; 
2nd,  that  machinery  substantially  such  as  suggested  by  the 
commfttee  with  some  changes  and  improvements  would  suc- 
cessfully treat  these  ores. 

Trout  Lake  Concentrating  Plant, 
(a)  main  building  and  serving  tracks. 

With  these  and  other  facts  and  data  at  hand  the  con- 
struction and  erection  of  the  present  concentrating  plant  was 
undertaken.  This  work  was  commenced  in  April,  1909,  and 
was  complete  with  the  machinery  installed  ready  for  use  in 
1910.  Attached  to  the  main  building  is  a  table  house  large 
enough  to  accommodate  concentrating  tables  for  five  units  and 
space  for  a  small  machine  shop  and  supply  store.  For  the 
handling  of  the  railroad  cars  in  the  upper  portion  of  the 
mill  there  is  provided  on  the  north  side  of  the  main  structure 
a  trestle  approach  650  ft.  long,  and  on  the  south  or  opposite 
side  a  tail  track  300  ft.  long.  The  latter  is  so  constructed 
as  to  permit  its  being  incorporated  directly  in  a  possible  future 
extension  of  the  plant.  The  building,  viaduct  approach  and 
tail  trestle,  as  well  as  the  table  house,  are  constructed  of  steel, 
the  total  amount  used  being  6,100  tons.  The  building  is  cov- 
ered by  corrugated  steel  sheeting  over  2x6  in.  wood  sheeting 
fastened  directly  to  the  structural  steel.  The  north  end  of 
the  trestle  approach  is  connected  with  the  main  road-beds 
forming  the  track  system  for  delivery  of  the  crude  ore  to 
the  plant  over  an  einbankment  of  a  maximum  height  of  no 
feet  containing  over  2,000,000  cu.  yds.  of  dirt.  On  the  east 
side  of  the  building  is  arranged  a  system  of  concentrate  tracks 
connecting  with  ample  storage  yards  for  both  loads  and  emi>- 
ties.  The  delivery  tracks  over  the  crude-ore  bins  are  90  feet 
above  the  tracks  receiving  the  concentrates. 

While  not  intended  for  winter  oi^eration,  the  mill  building 
is  equipped  with  a  high  pressure  heating  system,  the  steam  for 
which  is  supplied  by  a  small  boiler  plant  located  in  the  im- 
mediate vicinity  of  the  mill 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  169 


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170  WASH  ORES  OF  WESTERN  MISSABE 

All  inside  wiring  is  placed  in  conduits.  A  traveling  crane 
electrically  operated  over  a  track  extending  the  entire  length  of 
the  building  provides  for  handling  the  heavy  machinery. 

(b)  power  plant  and  transmission. 
The  power  plant  of  the  mill  is  located  on  the  shore  of  Trout 
Lake,  7,000  ft.  distant  from  the  main  mill  building.     Clear 
\vater  could  not  be  obtained  nearer  the  mill  on  account  of 
the  tailing  discharge  into  the  lake. 


Boiler  House — The  power  is  generated  in  a  battery  of  six, 
72''xi8',  horizontal  return  tubular  boilers  lioused  in  a  building 
with  a  120x53  ft.  steel  frame,  brick  nogged  and  covered  with 
corrugated  steel.  Draught  for  these  boilers  is  obtained  through 
a  chimney  of  hollow  radial  tile  150  ft.  high. 

Enghw  ^nd  Gaierator  House — This  building  is  of  the  same 
general  construction  as  the  boiler  house,  size  82  by  132  ft. 
In  it  is  housed  one  26x52x48  in.  horizontal  cross  compound 
Reynolds  Corliss  engine,  direct  connected  to  a  1,250  kw.  3- 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  I7I 

phase  60-cycle  alternating  current  generator  producing  a  cur- 
rent at  6,6cx)  volts,  equaling  1,675  horsepower. 

In  this  building  are  also  installed  two  26x52x48  in.  Pres- 
cott  compound  pumping  engines,  of  the  fly-wheel  type,  each 
with  a  24-hour  capacity  of  10,000,000  gals.,  total  lift  being  240 
ft.  Each  of  these  pumps  is  capable  of  furnishing  the  water 
necessary  to  operate  the  mill.  As  the  five  concentrating  units 
contained  in  the  mill  described  require  individual  consumption 


of   1,300  gals,  per  min.  per  unit,  the  power  requirement  of 
each  pump  is  about  400  horsepower. 

The  electric  current  generated  is  transmitted  over  surface 
lines  to  a  transformer  station  located  near  the  mill,  where  its 
pressure  is  stejjped  down  to  440  volts — the  working  pressure 
required  for  the  plant.  Power  transmission  in  the  mill  is  so  ar- 
ranged that  each  working  unit  and  the  main  group  of  ma- 
chines in  the  units  themselves  are  independently  operated  by 
commensurate  motors.     All  buildings  are  electrically  lighted. 


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172 


WASH  ORES  OF  WESTERN  MISSABE 


Water  Supply — Water  is  obtained  from  the  lake  through 
a  40-in.,  400  ft.  long,  steel  intake  pipe  and  is  conducted 
through  a  30-in.  lap-welded  steel  pipe  to  a  100,000  gal.  cylin- 
drical steel  tank  at  the  mill.  The  water  pressure  on  the  vari- 
ous floors  of  the  mill  varies  from  20  to  75  pounds  per  square 
inch. 


TROUT  LAKE   O0NCENTRATIH9  PLANT 


ti;:!^^^^^^ 


LJ--* 


(c)    CONCENTRATING  MACHINERY   AND  APPLIANCES. 

As  the  mill  stands  today  the  plant  contains  five  independeii. 
units  and  appliances.  Each  individual  unit  is  made  up  of 
two  half  units  which  are  dependent  on  one  another  only  in 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  I73 

bin  and  screening  capacity.  This  arrangement  was  adopted 
to  prevent  delay  in  the  entire  miH  and  in  each  separate  unit — 
should  break-downs  occur.  Installment  of  individual  units 
was  also  necessitated  by  lease  conditions  requiring  that  ore 
from  each  property  be  handled  separately.  All  units  are  en- 
tirely similar  in  construction,  but  were  installed  at  various 
times,  the  first  and  second  units  being  erected  in  the  spring 
of  1 9 10,  the  third  in  the  fall  of  the  same  year,  the  fourth 


Lower  End  of  Crude  Ore  Bin  and  Grizzly 

and  fifth  completed  at  the  beginning  of  the  season  191 1. 
Precaution  was  taken  to  eliminate  from  the  mill  construction 
all  light  and  unreliable  machinery  such  as  link  belts,  chain 
elevators,  conveyors  and  automatic  feeding  appliances. 

Each  individual  unit  is  made  up  as  follows :  At  the  top  of 
the  mill  and  directly  under  the  crude  ore  tracks,  for  each  unit 
there  is  a  receiving  bin  with  a  capacity  of  about  500  tons 
crude  ore.  At  the  discharge  end  of  this  receiving  bin  is  a 
grizzly — steel  rails  spaced  12-in.  centers — and  also  a  hydraulic 


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174  WASH  ORES  OF  WESTERN  MISSABE 

nozzle  connected  to  the  water  system.  Under  the  grizzly 
is  a  rock  pocket.  The  hydraulic  nozzle  is  capable  of  dis- 
charging into  the  receiving  bin  at  the  direction  of  an  oper- 
ator, a  heavy  stream  of  water  under  a  pressure  of  33  pounds 
per  square  inch.  The  bin  extension  under  the  grizzly  is 
through  an  apron  directly  connected  with  one  conical,  revolv- 
ing screen  or  trommel  having  2-in.  perforations.  Passing 
through  the  center  and  along  the  entire  length  of  this  trcwnmel 


Turbo. 


is  a  spray  pipe.    The  size  of  the  trommel  is:    Length  20  ft., 
diameter  at  the  small  end  4  ft.,  at  the  larger  end  8  ft. 

Directly  l^elow  the  large  end  of  the  trommel  is  placed  a 
conveyor  belt  36  in.  wide  and  20  ft.  long  to  take  the  over-size 
material  from  this  screen.  Directly  l^elow  the  trommel  is  con- 
structed a  bin  or  junction-lx>x  divided  into  two  compartments 
into  which  falls  the  under-size  material.  On  each  side  of  this 
bin  and  below  the  same  and  at  proper  distances  and  elevations 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  I7S 

are  placed  two  log*  washers  each  taking  one-half  of  the  under- 
size  material  delivered  into  the  junction  box  from  the  trommel. 
The  size  of  these  log  washers  is:  Length  25  ft.,  width  6  ft.  8 
in,  depth  3  ft.  They  are  placed  at  an  incline  of  i  in.  to 
the  foot,  and  are  each  provided  with  twin  logs  with  chilled 
cast  iron  paddles.  Their  bottom  is  constructed  so  as  to  pro- 
vide for  three  hutches  covered  with  perforated  steel  plates 
through  which  a  strong  current  of  water  under  a  pressure  of 


50  lbs.  to  the  square  inch  is  forced.  The  waste  material 
coming  over  the  overflow  end  of  the  log  washers  contains 
chips,  waste  and  other  material,  and  for  this  reason  a  chip 
screen  has  been  placed  directly  behind  each  log  washer.  Di- 
rectly under  these  log  washers  are  placed  three  steel  settling 
tanks,  Nos.  i,  2  and  3,  at  different  elevations.  Located  di- 
rectly under  No.  i  tank  on  each  unit  is  placed  one  smaller 
log  washer  locally  known  as  a  "turbo."  The  size  of  these 
turbos  is  as  follows:    Length  18  ft.,  width  4  ft.,  depth  t}i 


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176  WASH  ORES  OF  WESTERN  MISSABE 

ft.  These  turbos  are  of  the  same  general  construction  as  the 
larger  log-washers,  being  provided  with  a  rising  water  column 
forced  under  pressure  through  hutches  and  hutch-plates. 

The  tanks  above  referred  to  are  "V"  shaped.  Tank  No. 
I  is  5  ft.  in  width  by  8  ft.  in  length  and  43/2  ft.  deep.  Tanks 
Nos.  2  and  3  are  6  ft.  in  width,  16  ft.  in  length  and  5^  ft. 
deep.  All  are  provided  with  spigots  for  the  discharge  of  the 
accumulated  material. 


Arcturus  Experimental  Washing  Plant,  Front  View. 

In  the  table  house  at  some  distance  below  these  three  steel 
tanks  are  located  four  batteries  of  five  Overstrom  tables,  ar- 
ranged in  two  parallel  series.  Each  of  the  twenty  concen- 
trating tables  is  14  ft.  in  length  and  6  ft.  wide  along  end 
lines,  and  is  provided  with  riffles,  which  on  some  tables  are 
constructed  of  wood  and  on  others  of  rubber. 

To  convey  the  table  concentrate  from  the  table  house,  two 
54-in.  Frenier  spiral  sand  pumps  are  installed  in  each  one- 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  1 77 

halt  unit.  These  pumps  discharge  into  a  de-watering  tank 
located  immediately  above  the  bin  jnto  which  is  assembled  all 
the  concentrate  from  all  machines  constituting  the  unit.  This 
de-watering  tank  is  also  of  steel  **V"  shaped,  top  width  7  ft., 
length  12  ft.,  and  depth  5J4  ft. 

The  conveyor  belt  above  referred  to  is  known  as  the  **pick- 
ing  belt."  On  each  side  of  it  is  located  a  steel  chute  leading 
to  what  is  known  as  a  "rock  pocket"  made  of  steel.  This  dis- 
charges into  cars  below.  These  car^  are  hauled  by  an  electric 
locomotive  to  a  rock  dump  a  short  distance  beyond  the  con- 
fines of  the  plant,  over  a  track  system  overheg^ding  the  main 
shipping  tracks  on  the  east  side  of  the  plant. 

The  concentrate  receiving  bin  is  large  enough  to  accom- 
modate the  entire  unit,  built  of  wood  and  lined  with  steel 
plates,  and  has  a  capacity  of  about  90  tons.  I'his  receiving  bin 
is  provided  with  discharge  lips  through  which  this  concentrate 
passes  into  railroad  cars  on  the  tracks  below. 

The  following  arrangement  gives  the  power  distribution 
for  the  unit:  One  100  h.p.  motor  is  used  for  driving  the 
cone-shaped  trommel,  tw^o  log  washers  and  two  turbos.  One 
15  h.p.  motor  is  used  for  driving  the  concentrating  table  and 
chip  screen.  One  20  h.p.  motor  drives  the  four  Frenier 
pumps  serving  the  unit. 

The  concentrating  equipment  in  each  unit  thus  includes  : 

One  receiving  bin. 

One  grizzly. 

One  conical  screen. 

One  belt  conveyor,  or  picking  belt. 

Two  2S-ft.  log  washers. 

Two  i8-ft.  log  washers. 

Six  steel  settling  tanks. 

Two  table  wash-water  tanks. 

Twenty  Overstrom  concentrating  tables. 

Four  Frenier  pumps. 

Two  steel  de-watering  tanks. 

Two  rock  pockets. 

One  concentrate  bin. 


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178  wash  ores  of  western  missabe 

Process  of  Concentration. 
At  the  mines  the  crude  ore  is  loaded  directly  into  hopper 
cars  of  an  average  capacity  of  40  tons  of  this  material.  The 
cars  are  of  pressed  steel,  of  Sommers  and  Pressed  Steel  Car 
Company  design.  Train  loads  of  these  cars  are  hauled 
over  the  receiving  tracks  and  over  the  viaduct  approach  to 
the  top  of  the  mill  and  there  dumped  directly  into  the  receiv- 
ing bins.     In  these  receiving  bins  the  ores  are  attacked  by  a 


stream  of  water  from  the  hydraulic  nozzle  above  referred  to 
and  sluiceil  down  thi-ough  the  oj^ening  in  the  lower  end  of 
the  bin  over  the  grizzly  bars,  which  eliminates  the  larger 
pieces  of  taconite  included  in  the  shipment.  This  rock  is 
raked  from  the  top  of  the  grizzly  by  hand  into  the  rock 
jxKket  provided' for  each  unit.  Tlie  material  passing  through 
the  grizzly  is  conducted  over  the  connecting  apron  into  the 
revolving  trommel.  The  over-size  material  in  this  trommel 
advances  through  it  and  is  in  passage  subjected  to  a  thorough 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  1 79 

rolling  and  rubbing  process  as  well  as  a  heavy  spray  of  wa- 
ter fixHn  the  spray-pipe  arranged  for  this  puipose.  After 
being  thus  abraded  and  washed  off,  the  content  of  this 
trommel  passes  on  to  the  picking  belt  provided  in  front  and 
is  here  hand  sorted.  The  rock  material  is  thrown  into  the 
chutes  leading  to  the  rock  pocket  whence  it  is  loaded  into 
cars  and  by  an  electric  locomotive  hauled  to  the  rock  dump. 
The  coarse  material  remaining  on  the  picking  belt  falls  di- 
rectly into  a  steel  chute  which  conveys  it  to  the  concentrate 
bin  immediately  below.  The  material  obtained  is  known  as 
Ixrlt  product  and  consists  of  lump  ore  concentrate  of  sizes 
larger  than  2  in. 

The  material  passing  thnnigh  the  conical  screen  or  trom- 
mel  falls  directly   into  the  underlying  junction-box,  half  of 
the  material  going  to  eadi  of  the  two  log  washers  provided 
on   cither  side  of  this  junction-box.     In  these  log  washers 
the  iratcrial  is  subjected  to  a  combined  stirring  and  abrasive 
action  prcxluced  by  the  i^addles  of  the  twin  logs  revolving 
therein,  in  water  which  enters  the  log  washer  under  pressure 
thn.ugh  the  three  l»ttom  hutches.     This  introduction  of  wa- 
ter under  pressure  into  the  lx>tto!n  of  the  log  washer  is  a 
decided  improvement   over  earlier  constnicteil   log  washers, 
and  is  an  important  provision  in  that  it  prevents  dead  ma- 
terial from  lying  at  the  bottom  of  the  box,  assists  in  the  thor- 
ough stirring  and  washing  of  all  the  material  passing  through 
the  machine,  and  gives  life  and  activity  to  the  entire  oper- 
ation.    The  action  of  the  log  washer  in  this  prcxess  is  that 
of  a  large,  efficient,  ever-ready  classifier-concentrator  and  dis- 
integrator.    By  stirring  effect  of  the  paddles,  the  friction  be- 
tween them  and  the  pieces  with  which  they  come  in  contact, 
as  well  as  between  the  pieces  themselves  in  this  ever-moving 
mass  under  strong  water  action,  all  the  more  or  less  disin- 
tegrated pieces  are  broken  up  into  their  component  parts — 
grains  of  sand  and  pieces  and  particles  of  ore. 

In  the  operation  the  heavy  flow  of  water  introduced  into 
the  machine,  both  with  the  material  itself  as  well  as  from 


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l8o  WASH  ORES  OF  WESTERN  MISSABE 

the  bottom,  carries  the  sand  towards  and  over  the  tail-board 
at  the  lower  end  of  the  machine.  The  heavy  material,  on  the 
other  hand,  consisting  largely  of  iron  ore  varying  in  size  from 
2  in.  to  grains,  is  forced  by  the  action  of  the  paddled  twin 
logs  towards  the  raised  or  upper  end  and  there  discharged 
as  log  product  into  the  concentrate-receiving  bin. 

The  overflow  from  the  log  washer  is  then  passed  through 
the  chip  screen  for  the  purpose  of  removing  pieces  of  wood, 


Vv'aste  and  other  foreign  substances.  From  the  chip  screen 
tiie  material  is  led  into  what  is  known  as  the  first  set  of 
settling  tanks,  one  on  each  side  of  the  unit.  The  heavier  ma- 
terial is  allowed  to  settle  and  the  spigot  product  is  fed  to  the 
two  turlx>s  below. 

As  stated  before  the  **turbo"  is  similar  in  construction 
to  the  large  washer,  but  smaller.  The  operation  is  also  sim- 
ilar. 

The  overflow  from  the  settling  tanks  is  passed  into  a  sec- 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  l8l 

ond  pair  of  tanks.  The  overflow  from  these  is  carried  out  of 
the  mill,  and  the  spigot  product  is  conveyed  into  the  table  room 
and  there  distributed  over  two  sets  of  five  Overstrom  tables, 
each  set  serving  one  tank. 

The  concentrate  obtained  in  the  upper  end  of  the  turbos  is 
fed  directly  into  the  concentrate  receiving  bin  of  the  unit. 
The  overflow  from  the  turbos  is  passed  into  a  third  pair  of 
settling  tanks.  The  overflow  from  these  is  ixissed  out  of 
the  mill.  The  spigot  pro<luct  is  carried  into  the  table  house 
and  there  dealt  with  in  a  manner  similar  to  that,  in  which 
the  spigot  product  from  the  second  i>air  is  handled. 

The  concentrate  from  the  twenty  tables  ser\'ing  each  unit  is 
conveyed  through  the  four  Frenier  pumi^s  serving  the  unit  into 
the  de-watering  tank,  the  spigot  pro<iuct  of  which  falls  di- 
rectly into  the  concentrate  receiving  bin  t^eneath. 

All  tailings  frcin  the  settling  tanks  and  tables  are  dis- 
charged into  Trout  Lake  below  the  ni'll  through  a  4-ft.  wcxxl 
bottom  concrete  flume. 

Safety  Devices. 

The  great  amount  of  thought  which  has  been  put  into 
safety  devices,  and  the  minute  detail  into  which  those  in 
charge  have  gone,  make  impossible  complete  description  in 
a  i^aper  of  this  kind.  Therefore  only  the  more  prominent 
features  will  be  described,  and  perhaps  the  most  simple  course 
to  follow  will  be  the  one  most  commonly  used,  that  is,  the 
route  of  the  ore. 

The  first  application  of  a  safety  feature  is  in  preventing 
the  crude  ore  from  falling  through  the  api>roach  trestle  from 
the  cars  to  the  ground.  The  great  height  of  this  trestle  would 
make  an  injury  from  this  source  very  serious.  This  is  pre- 
vented by  a  decking  which  also  eliminates  danger  of  fire 
from  the  sparks  of  passing  locomotives.  A  structural  steel 
hand-railing  extends  the  entire  length  of  the  trestle  on  both 
sides  and  is  supplemented  by  a  toe-board  at  its  bottom. 

Within  the  building,  at  the  receiving  bins,  the  most  ap- 
parent features  are,  first,  the  peculiar  arrangement  of  rail- 


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1 82  WASH  ORES  OF  WESTERN  MISSABE 

ings  and  walks  which  compels  the  workman  unconsciously 
to  guard  himself  from  passing  trains,  and  second,  the  covered 
stairways  and  landings  by  which  the  sluicer  helpers  are  en- 
abled to  work  beneath  the  tracks  with  safety  and  freedom. 

Within  the  mill  proper,  at  a  point  where  the  ore  is  washed 
from  the  bins  into  the  revolving  conical  screens,  are  placed 
large  heavy  hinged  gate  and  a  stationary  wall  which  serves  as 
a  sort  of  breastwork  in  front  of  the  sluicer.  The  stationary 
walls  afford  the  worker  safety  from  sudden  slides  of  ore 
while  sluicing,  and  the  hinged  door  protects  him  from  the  same 
danger  when  ore  is  being  dumped  into  the  bin. 

At  the  picking  belts  are  provided  hoppers  located  con- 


El«ctric  Sub-Station 

veniently  near  both  the  belt  and  the  men.  While  these  are 
built  up  high  enough  to  greatly  facilitate  removing  the  waste 
i\x:k  from  the  l^elt,  their  primary  purpose  is  to  prevent  the 
men  from  falling  into  the  pockets  beneath.  The  chutes  from 
these  pockets  which  receive  the  waste  rock  were  provided  with 
the  customary  quarter-pan  or  pocket  stops,  but  as  these  did 
not  prevent  small  pieces  from  rolling  out  beneath  them  down 
on  to  the  heads  of  passers-by,  it  was  necessary  to  provide  an- 
additional  means  to  prevent  this.  Such  a  device  consisted  of 
a  special  counterbalance  gate  or  dam  made  of  steel  plate.  The 
peculiar  location  of  the  stop  itself  and  the  point  from  which 
it  was  to  be  operated  made  this  a  difficult  problem.     The 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  183 

electric  tram  cars  which  carry  the  rock  from  these  chutes  to 
the  dumps  are  provided  with  automatic  gong^  which  ring  when 
the  cars  are  in  motion  and  warn  the  workmen  of  their  ap- 
proach. 

The  next  point  of  possible  danger  in  the  course  of  the  ore  is 
in  the  discharge  from  the  log  washers.  The  problem  here  was 
somewhat  difficult,  for  in  order  to  inspect  properly  the  con- 
centrated product  the  workmen  had  to  stand  between  large 
revolving  gears  on  one  side,  and  the  moving  blades  of  the 
washers  on  the  other.  However,  the  difficulty  was  solved  by 
means  of  gear  housing  and  platforms  in  such  a  manner  as 


Water  Supply  Line 

to  make  this  point  very  accessible  and  at  the  same  time  remove 
lx>th  danger  and  fear  of  injury. 

On  the  table  floor,  the  driving-head  gear  of  the  machines 
presented  the  chief  source  of  danger.  To  obviate  this,  frames 
built  of  pii>e  and  covered  with  removable  steel  plates  were 
placed  around  the  driving  mechanism.  This  secured  safety 
and  accessibility.  Shifting  levers  for  the  belts,  so  designed 
as  to  be  simple  and  free  from  projecting  parts,  were  attached 
to  these  frames. 

In  the  basement  the  only  point  which  was  considered 
dangerous,  and  this  on  account  of  darkness  rather  than  loca- 
tion, was  the  driving  mechanism  of  the  Frenier  pumps.  The 


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1 84 


WASH  ORES  OF  WESTERN  MISSABE 


installation  of  steel  geared  housings,  wooden  troughs  for  belts 
and  a  generous  lighting  system,  did  away  with  all  danger  at 
this  point. 

There  are  many  miscellaneous  devices  which  though 
not  so  intimately  connected  with  the  oi>eration  of  the  mill, 
are  none  the  less  necessary.  The  most  important  of  these 
are  the  coverings  of  every  gear,  belt,  pulley,  and  moving  part 
throughout  the  mill,  and  the  safety  collars  on  all  shafting. 
Enameled  iron  signs  warning  oj^erators  are  placed  at  every 
conceivable  point  of  danger.  Signal  bells  are  sounded  when 
starting  all  mill  machinery,  so  that  every  working  man  may 
protect  himself  if  in  danger  or  invisible  to  the  oi)erator.     Per- 


Power  Plant 

manent  stair-like  platforms  were  constnicted  beneath  the  re- 
ceiving bins,  to  enable  workmen  safely  to  remove  the  bolts 
that  hold  the  wearing  plates  when  repairing  them.  Stairways 
were  everywhere  provided  rather  than  ladders,  and  all  of 
them  were  covered  at  the  backs,  thereby  preventing  material 
from  falling  or  being  kicke<l  through  them  on  to  tlie  head 
of  persons  beneath.  But  perhai>s  tlie  greatest  of  all  provisions 
for  the  protection  of  the  working  man  in  his  routine  dut^' 
about  the  mill  is  the  most  carefully  planned  and  permanently 
constructed  system  of  railed  walks.  These  lead  everywhere. 
They  are  rigid  and  strong  to  the  last  degree.  Their  railings 
are  of  steel  pipe,  their  stringers  and  joists  are  of- steel  beams. 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  1 85 

Their  treads  are  of  the  heaviest  matched  flooring,  and  their 
sides  are  protected  by  the  ever-efficient,  though  djscure,  toe- 
board.  Records  show  that  in  this  item  alone,  32,300  Hneal  ft. 
of  134  in-  standard  pii)e  with  the  necessary  fittings,  and  12,450 
Hneal  ft.  of  2x8  in.  surface  p'ne  boards  have  been  used.  Not 
the  least  of  the  factors  which  makes  this  provisione  one  of  the 
most  worthy  of  the  safety  device  is  the  sense  of  security,  which 
the  workmanship  apparent  in  it  engenders. 

In  conclusion,  it  must  not  be  supposed  that  the  apjxirent 
completion  of  these  safety  devices  has  tended  to  eliminate  in- 
terest in  safety  measures.  On  the  contrarj-  the  interest  is 
even  greater,  because  it  has  l)een  shown  that  the  effort,  money 
and  vigilance  expended  in  this  direction  produces  tlie  most 
gratifying  results. 

Production. 

Tons. 
Plant  produced  in  1910  with  2  units  in  oi>erati(>n.  .  .  .  610000 
Plant  produced  in  191 1  with  5  units  in  operation.  .  .  .  1,978,000 
Plant  produced  in  191 2  with  5  units  in  oi)eration.  .  .2,555,000 
The  construction  of  the  plant  including  ix>wer  installation, 
water  supply  and  necessary  track  arrangements,  involved 

an  exi>enditure  of  approximately  $1,500,000 

The  total  amount  of  concentrate  produced  by  the  vari- 
ous machines  in  the  unit  dei>ends  largely  on  the  character  of 
the  crude  ore  treated.  The  following  table  will,  however,  give 
a  general  idea  thereof : 

Per  Cent. 

Belt  product   .        3  to  35  (  Depending  on  char- 

T.wo  logs  product 60  to  85  )  .        , 

Two  turbos  product 2.5  to  10  ^  ^^^^  ^^  ^''"^'^  ^^^• 

Twenty  tables  product 1.5  to  6.5 

Concerning  the  size  of  the  product  obtained,  it  may  be 
stated  that  the  l^elt  pr€<luct  is  all  larger  than  20  mesh.  Of  the 
log  product  90  per  cent,  is  coarser  than  40  mesh  and  4  per  cent, 
finer  than  100  mesh.  Of  the  turbo  product  15  per  cent,  is 
coarser  than  40  mesh  and  32  per  cent,  finer  than  100  mesh. 


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1 86  WASH  ORES  OF  WESTERN  MISSABE 

Of  the  total  table  product  85  per  cent,  is  finer  than  100  mesh 
and  50  per  cent,  is  finer  than  200  mesh. 

These  figures  will  indicate  the  care  which  has  been  taken 
in  the  processes,  in  the  construction  of  the  plant  and  of  the 
various  machines  therein,  to  effect  a  saving  commensurate 
with  good  practice,  economy  and  furnace  requirements. 

The  above  is  a  general  and  practical  statement  devoid  of 
complicated  calculations  and  demonstrations,  entering  into 
the  solution  of  the  problems  connected  with  the  handling  of 
the  wash  ores  on  the  Western  Missabe  Range,  involving  the 
construction  of,  and  the  processes  devised  for,  the  Coleraine 
Washing  Plant. 

In  conclusion  I  wish  to  slate  that  while  it  would  be  de- 
sirable and  interesting  from  a  scientific  and  economical  stand- 
ix>int  in  a  subject  of  this  nature,  to  enter  into,  for  instance, 
the  specific  performance  of  eacli  machine,  the  possibility  of 
improving  and  of  simplifying  both  method  and  machinery, 
to  consider  the  question  of  recovery  and  the  ratio  of  concentra- 
tion, and  finally  to  demonstrate  the  extent  to  which  this  plant 
as  a  unit  has  ser\'e<l  its  purpose  as  a  medium  through  which 
this  non-merchantable  ore  is  made  merchantable,  it  is  im- 
possible to  touch  upon  these  subjects  within  the  scope  of  this 
pai)er,  as  time  and  conditions  will  not  permit  it. 

The  items  referred  to  above  may  be  proper  subjects  for 
another  paper  on  a  future  occasion. 

Lastly,  while  this  plant  today  does  its  work  as  well  and 
even  better  than  expected,  at  some  future  day  no  doubt  it  will 
be  changed  and  improved,  or  others  will  be  built  to  take  its 
place  to  meet  conditions  not  here  presented,  but  fully  known 
from  investigations  made,  which  conditions  it  is  neither 
practicable  nor  advisable  to  approach  nearer  at  the  present 
time. 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  187 


THE  APPLICATION  OF  MINING  MACHINES  TO  UN- 
DERGROUND MINING  ON  THE  MESABI  RANGE 

BY  H.   E.   MARTIN  AND  W.  J.   KAISER. 

The  application  of  machines  to  underground  mining  on 
the  Mesabi  Range  is  a  radical  departure  from  the  methods  in 
use  at  the  present  time,  and  while  it  is  difficult  to  foretell  the 
ultimate  results,  their  use  cannot  but  l^  beneficial  both  to  the 
miner  iuid  the  mining  companies. 

Since  mining  was  started  on  the  Mesabi  Range  some  twen- 
ty odd  years  ago,  improvements  and  changes  have  been  made 
in  practically  every  method  and  device  except  those  used  in 
the  actual  mining  of  underground  ore.  During  the  past  few 
years  open  pit  mining  has  grown  from  "a  comparative  infant 
to  its  present  huge  proportions.  Heavier  steam  shovels,  larger 
engines  and  standard  equipment  have  been  adopted,  as  well 
as  various  changes  in  methods  employed.  In  our  underground 
mines,  the  most  efficient  machinery  has  been  installed  for 
handling  the  ore  once  it  has  left  the  miners  hands.  The 
miners,  however,  still  drill  by  hand,  muck  their  own  dirt 
and  otherwise  mine  as  they  have  done  since  the  start.  The 
number  of  miners  on  this  range  has  not  grown  in  proportion 
to  the  amount  of  development,  and  in  consequence  the  pro- 
duction from  underground  mines  has  not  been  as  large  as  it 
should  be.  How  to  increase  the  production,  using  the  limited 
number  of  miners  available,  is  then  the  question  of  vital  in- 
terest. Could  power  machines  be  successfully  used,  it  would 
necessarily  mean  a  division  of  labor  into  two  classes,  miners 
and  muckers,  and  the  output  per  miner  would  be  largely  in- 
creased. The  common  laborers,  becoming  more  proficient, 
would  eventually  graduate  into  the  miners  class,  thus  increas- 


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l88  MINING   MACHINES  ON   THE   MESABI   RANGE 

ing  their  number.  With  these  ideas  in  view,  it  was  decided 
to  experiment  with  machines  on  the  soft  ores  of  this  range. 
As  used  at  the  Harold  Mine,  of  the  Hibbing  District,  the 
machines  consist  of  an  ordinary  Sulhvan  air-pick  or  coal 
puncher,  and  a  Jeffries  air-auger.  The  pick  machine  is  the 
largest  type  manufactured  by  the  Sullivan  Machinery  Com- 
jxiny  having  a  depth  of  undercut  of  five  and  one-half  feet. 


Sullivan  700  lb.  Pick  Machine  in  a  four-foot  vein  of  coal.  Pennsylvania.    Runner  site 
on  board,  gruiding:  machine  by  handles  and  foot>clQir. 

The  bore  of  cylinder  is  5]/^  inches,  pressure  required  80 
pounds,  and  total  weight  825  ixninds.  To  understand  thor- 
oughly the  application  of  these  machines  to  our  mining  meth- 
ods, it  may  be  well  to  mention  first  the  several  operations  in- 
cident to  taking  out  a  set  of  ground  by  (>rdinai*y  means.  The 
miners  first  drill  a  round  of  holes  in  the  breast,  each  hole 
approximately  five  feet  in  depth  and  varying  in  number  from 
three  tn  five,  dei)ending  upon  the  height  of  iK)St,  character  of 
ground  and  whether  drifting  into  the  solid  or  along  side  of 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  189 

caved  crround.  The  upper  holes  are  usually  fired  first  and 
the  bottom  holes  after  the  top  dirt  is  mucked  out.  The  amount 
of  dynamite  used  depends  upon  the  conditions  mentioned 
above  and  varies  from  15  to  30  sticks,  each  stick  being"  about 
Yj,  pour.d.  After  the  upper  holes  are  fired  the  miners  secure 
the  back  by  poling  from  the  last  set  of  timber  into  the  breast. 
The  ore  broken  in  this  blast  is  then  loaded  and  trammed, 
and  the  bottom  holes  are  fired.  After  all  the  ore  is  mucked 
out,  the  miners  trim  the  breast,  back  and  sides  and  the  set 
is  ready  for  timber.  Under  ordinary  conditions  the  amount 
of  time  spent  in  these  several  oj^erations  is  approximately  as 
follows : 

Drilhng,  17  per  cent;  blasting,  4  per  cent;  clearing  of 
smoke.  3  per  cent;  tramming,  7  per  cent;  trimming,  9  per 
cent ;  timbering,  20  per  cent,  and  mucking,  40  per  cent. 

The  number  of  men  required  for  one  machine  crew,  is 
two  machine  men,  three  miners  and  six  muckers.  This  ratio 
was  CKperimentally  determined  and  is  of  the  most  import- 
ance to  the  efficient  working  of  the  machines,  in  that  there 
should  he  no  delay  of  miners,  muckers  or  machine  men  waiting 
upon  e?ch  other.  The  minimum  number  of  working  places  or 
rooms  required  to  take  care  of  one  machine  has  been  found 
to  be  five,  though  a  larger  number  will  insure  no  delays  and 
make  for  higher  efficiency. 

The  actual  taking  out  of  a  set  of  ground  with  the  aid 
of  the  machines  is  as  follows : 

The  set  is  first  under-cut  with  the  puncher  to  a  depth  of 
five  feet,  the  cut  extending  from  the  solid  rib  to  within  six 
inches  or  so  of  the  opposite  side,  thus  leaving  a  small  pillar 
six  inches  wide  and  the  full  length  of  the  set.  The  purpose  of 
this  small  pillar  being  to  support  the  ground  against  prema- 
ture caving.  Two  holes  are  then  drilled  with  the  air-auger, 
about  ore  foot  from  the  solid  rib  and  spaced  about  two  anrl  six 
feet  respectively  from  the  back.  In  case  the  slice  was  driven 
into  the  solid  four  holes  would  be  necessary,  two  on  each  side. 
Two  short  holes  are  drilled  in  the  small  pillar  sui>iK>rting  the 


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IQO  MINING  MACHINES  ON  THE  MESABI  RANGE 

set  by  the  miners.  Boards  are  now  placed  in  the  cut  and 
under  the  set  to  be  broken  out,  a  small  amount  of  ore  picked 
down  upon  them  to  hold  them  in  place,  and  the  holes  are 
loaded  and  fired.  Being  able  to  place  boards  beneath  the  set 
before  it  is  broken,  is  an  advantage  rather  hard  to  estimate 
but  of  considerable  moment  to  those  using  the  shovels,  giving 
them  as  it  does  a  smooth  surface  from  which  to  shovel.  The 
miners  now  secure  the  back  by  poling  and  the  room  is 
ready  for  the  muckers.     After  the  ore  is  mucked  out,  the 


Sullivan  826  lb.  Pick  Machine  in  a  Southern  Illinois  mine,  8-foot  coal.  This  shows  the 
undercut  completed  at  left,  and  a  fresh  "board"  started  to  the  risrht. 

miners  square  up  the  set,  place  the  timber  and  another  cycle 
of  operations  is  started. 

The  average  time  for  under-cutting  one  set  of  ground  ex- 
cluding delays,  has  been  59  minutes,  for  moving  from 
place  to  place  and  setting  machine,  26  minutes.  To  drill  one 
foot  of  ground  with  the  air-auger  has  averaged  2.8  minutes, 
time  setting  up  1.4  minutes  i>er  foot.  These  results  can  aixi 
no  doubt  will  be  considerably  lessened,  as  the  machine  men 
become  more  proficient. 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  I9I 

The  advantages  which  can  be  claimed  for  the  machine, 
aside  from  any  possible  reduction  in  the  cost  of  producing  the 
ore,  are  emjJoyment  of  one-half  common  labor,  using  ap- 
proximately one-half  the  amount  of  dynamite,  less  liability 
of  posts  being  blasted  out  and  consequent  caving  of  rooms, 
and  always  having  a  smooth  surface  to  shovel  from.  To  the 
successful  working  of  the  machines,  several  conditions  are 
necessary.  The  rooms  served  by  the  machine  must  be  easy 
of  access  from  one  to  another,  their  height  should  not  be  less 
than  seven  or  eight  feet  and  no  bottom  stoping  should  be 
necessary.  In  other  words  they  can  be  applied  to  ordinary 
slicing  and  square-setting. 

The  results  obtained  so  far  have  not  been  as  satisfactory 
as  cotild  be  wished,  primarily  due  to  the  labor  situation, 
muckers  not  being  obtainable  in  sufficient  number  to  keep  the 
machine  and  miners  busy  at  all  times.  At  the  start  many 
delays  were  occasioned  by  not  having  a  sufficient  number  of 
places  opened  up  for  the  machine.  However,  during  the  first 
five  weeks  of  work,  the  average  number  of  tons  per  man 
per  day  was  twelve,  an  amount  considerably  above  the  aver- 
age for  most  places  in  our  underground  mines.  Taking  these 
points  into  consideration,  it  can  be  conservatively  said,  that 
it  is  not  a  question  of  what  the  machines  can  or  will  do  but 
merely  one  of  organization  and  hence  their  future  on  the 
Mesabi   Range  seems  assured. 


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192  OPENING  THE  LEONIDAS   MINE 


OPENING    THE    LEONIDAS    MINE    AT    EVELETH, 
MINNESOTA. 

BY   H.  E.  LOYE,  EVELETH,  MINN.* 

At  the  Leonidas  mine  of  the  OHver  Iron  Mining  Company, 
at  Eveleth,  Minnesota,  two  ore  lx)clies  were  found  separated 
by  rock  250  ft.  in  thickness.     The  upper  body  averaging  49 


Leonidas  Mine,  Eveleth,  Minn. 

ft.  in  tliickness,  will  be  mined  in  greater  i>art  by  the  open  pit 
method,  the  lower  body  averaging  76  ft.  in  thickness,  by  Ihe 
underground  method. 

On  account  of  the  long  i)eriod  of  time  recjuired  to  mine 
this  lower  (Iqx>sit,  it  was  desirable  to  have  the  shaft  and 
stations  as  i>ei'manent  as  i:K>ssible,  and  also  as  shaft  stations 
are  the  parts  most  sul)ject  to  fire,  and  as  in  this  case  there  w^ill 

*Chi3f  Engineer,  Oliver  Iron  Mining  Co.,  Adams  District. 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  1 93 

be  only  one  outlet  for  a  number  of  years,  it  was  very  in> 
portant  to  have  the  shaft  and  stations  as  nearly  fireproof  as 
possible.  With  this  in  view,  it  was  decided  to  use  only 
steel  and  concrete  in  the  construction;  steel  sets  made  by  the 
American  Bridge  Co.,  backed  by  reinforced  concrete  slabs 
made  with  Universal  Portland  cement. 

The  shaft,  which  is  10  ft.  by  17  ft.  4  in.  in  the  clear,  con- 
tains five  compartments;  two  skip  compartments  6  ft.  by  5 
ft.,  pipe  and  ladder  compartments  each  3  ft.  8  in.  by  5  ft. 
and  a  cage  compartment  10  ft.  b^-  5  ft.  8  in.,  as  shown  in 
Plate  I.  Tlie  wall  and  end  plates  are  made  of  6-in.  23.8-lb. 
H  sections,  the  main  dividers  of  loin.  25-lb.  I-beams,  the 
smaller  dividers  of  4-in.  13.6-lb.  H  sections  and  the  studdles 
of  33^  in.  by  3  in.  by  ^-in.  angle  irons.  Sets  w^ere  placed 
4  ft.  center  to  center  and  2-in.  planking  used  for  temporary 
lathing,  to  be  replaced  later  by  reinforced  concrete  slabs,  the 
planking  resting  in  the  hollow  of  the  H  section  and  being 
flush  on  the  inside  of  the  shaft  so  as  to  prevent  lodgment  of 
material.  In  sinking,  the  sets  were  kept  from  12  to  16  ft.  alx>ve 
the  bott(^m  cf  the  shaft  to  avoid  any  breakage  by  blasting. 
The  bearing  pieces  used  were  12-in.  31.5-lb.  I-l:>eams,  19  ft.  6 
in.  long,  4  in  a  set,  placed  under  the  end  plates  and  dividers 
with  their  ends  concreted  into  the  hitches,  as  shown  on  Plate 
2.  Five  sets  of  these  tearers  were  put  in  as  follows :  At 
collar,  at  113  ft.,  af2i3  ft.,  at  313  ft.  and  at  438  ft. 

In  sinking  the  shaft,  J2  ft.  of  surface  or  glacial  drift  was 
passed  through,  the  remainder  of  the  shaft  l^eing  sunk  thrcnigh 
taconite.  Water  was  encountered  at  a  depth  of  30  ft.  and  the 
flow  became  so  heavy  at  a  deptli  of  268  ft.  that  a  temporary 
pump  station  was  cut,  8  ft.  by  16  ft.  by  41  ft.  in  the  clear 
with  a  sump  10  ft.  by  12  ft.  by  7  ft.  Two  9  and  18  by  8  by 
i8-in.  Prescott  compomid  duplex  pumps  and  a  14  by  9  by  18 
in.  Pre.scott  duplex  pump  were  installed  in  this  pum|>hou.se 
with  four  14  by  8  by  12  in.  Prescott  sinking  pumps  shainbling 
the  water  to  them.  At  this  time  1.500  gallons  i>er  minute  were 
being  handled.     The  column  and  steam  pijies  were  carried 


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194 


OPENING  THE  LEONIDAS  MINE 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE 


195 


down  the  shaft  according  to  the  permanent  lay-out  as  shown 
in  Plate  i,  so  that  when  the  shaft  was  completed  it  was  only 
necessary  to  carry  the  piping  down  from  the  348  foot  pump 
station.  By  the  time  the  shaft  was  356  ft.  in  depth,  2,400 
gallons  per  minute  were  being  handled  requiring  six  sinking 
pumps  in  the  shaft,  one  throwing  to  surface,  and  as  the  flow 
was  increasing,  it  was  necessary  to  put  in  another  temporary 
pump  station,  at  a  depth  of  348  ft.  This  is  10  ft.  by  18  ft. 
by  61  ft.  in  the  clear,  with  a  sump  14  ft.  by  16  ft.  by  6  ft.    In 


FLAJE2 


Jb«<«**  JA^t^mf  /«W«arf  m^^tttt  mj  —»  Amff  »/ 


OH¥(f(  iHOn  MIftt/VG  CO 

«»!.*</./  Ot*  *»-  /»•« 


Section  Throusrh  Steel  Shaft  Sets. 

this  Station  was  installed  one  12  and  24  by  12  by  24  in.  and  one 
12  and  24  by  io>4  by  24  in.  Prescott  comi>ound  duplex  pumps 
and  the  two  9  and  18  by  8  by  18  in.  Prescott  compounds  were 
moved  down  from  the  upi)er  station.  This  equipment,  using 
six  sinking  pumps,  sufficed  to  complete  the  shaft  although  the 
flow  ran  up  to  3,500  gallons  per  minute  before  the  shaft  was 
finished.  When  the  permanent  pump  station  was  being  cut 
the  flow  ran  up  as  high  as  4,000  gallons  per  minute  and  to 


Digitized  byVjOOQlC 


196 


OPENING  THE  LEONIDAS   MINE 


handle  this  required  the  addition  of  a  14  by  9  by  18  in.  Cam- 
eron pump  which  with  one  of  the  sinking  pumps  was  put  in 
on  the  entr\'  level  and  Ix^th  discharged  to  surface,  the  other 
five  sinkers  shambling  to  the  348  foot  pump^house. 

The  sinking  of  the  shaft  was  greatly  impeded  by  the  flo^v 
of  water,  the  miners  working  in  from  12  to  24  in.  of  water 

PLATE  3. 


TEMPORARY    T/MBER/NG. 

L£0NfOA5  PUMP  ROOM. 
^97 rr  L£V£L  No  I  S^ArT 

all  the  time.  The  great  number  of  pumps  in  the  shaft  took  up 
much  rcK:m  and  made  the  shaft  exceedingly  warm.  This  shaft 
drained  the  Adams  and  Spi"uce  ore  bodies,  leaving  them  dry 
by  the  time  the  shaft  was  300  ft.  in  depth.  In  sinking  from 
this  ix)int  to  the  bottom,  if  one  of  the  pumps  broke  down,  it 
was  necessarj'  to  stop  work  to  enable  the  other  pumps  to  handle 
the  flow,  and  this  caused  many  delays. 

After  completing  the  shaft  to  a  depth  of  448  ft.,  the  entry 


Digitized  byVjOOQlC 


LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  I97 

to  the  permanent  pump  station  was  started  at  a  depth  of  438 
ft.    The  rock-work  in  the  entry  and  pumi>house  was  driven  in 
two  stoj^es,  the  ui>i)er  nnming  from  5  ft.  in  height  on  the 
side  to  13  ft.  in  the  center,  was  kept  10  to  12  ft.  ahe^d  of 
the  lower  which  was  8  ft.  in  height,  the  opening  being  24  ft. 
wide  )>y  21  ft.  high  in  the  center,  as  shown  on  Plate  3.     The 
entry  is  ^2  ft.  long  and  the  pump-hoiise  opening  is  119  ft. 
As  the  steel  for  the  sets  could  not  be  delivered  in  time,  tern- 
ix>rary  wood  sets,  as  shown  in  Plate  3,  w^ere  used,  placing 
them  Ixtween  where  the  steel  sets  would  come  and  with  the 
outside  line  of  the  w^oo<l  posts  i  in.  in  the  clear  of  the  inside 
line  of  the  steel  sets.     This  facilitated  the  work  of  putting  in 
the  hokl-down  bolts  and  small  piers  for  the  steel  posts  and 
the  erection  of  the  steel  work.     When  the  rock-work  of  the 
main  pump-house  was  completed,  the  steel  sets  were  placed, 
as  shown  in  Plate  4,  working  from  each  end  towards  the  cen- 
ter an  I  then  through  the  entry  to  the  shaft,  affording  an 
easy  way  of  completing  the  rock-fill  behind  the  concrete  slabs. 
The  start  was  made  by  removing  two  wood  sets  at  the  breast 
and  putting  in  three  steel  sets,  the  first  two  l^eing  cross-braced. 
Then  the  concrete  slabs,  as  shown  in  Plate  5,  which  had  previ- 
ously been  dipped  in  hot  tar  and  dried  on  surface,  w-ere  laid 
in  place  in  neat  cement  l)ehind  the  steel  and  as  each  slab  was 
placed,  it  was  back-filled  with'  broken  rock  tami>ed  in.     The 
slabs  were  stepped  up  three  to  a  set  so  that  there  were  fifteen 
slabs  in  the  center  of  the  breast  set  when  the  three  sets  of 
steel  and  slabs  were  ready  to  pnKeed  further  with  the  work. 
The  steel  gang  then  removed  one  wcxxlen  set  at  a  time,  re- 
placing it  w'ith  a  steel  set,  the  slab  work  l>eing  raised  three 
slabs  all  around  for  each  steel  set  placed.     This  necessarily 
left  the  back  open  for  quite  a  distance  but  if  the  back  showed 
any  weakness  props  were  put  in  either  from  the  steel  sets  or 
from  the  floor.     Before  the  steel  and  concrete  were  placed  it 
was  almost  impossible  to  see  from  the  center  tO'  either  end  of 
the  pump  house  on  account  of  the  amount  of  water  falling 
from  the  back  but  after  these  were  in  place  the  room  was  prac- 
tically dry. 


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198  OPENING  THE  LEONIDAS  MINE 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE 


199 


To  keep  dawn  the  water  pressure  behind  these  walls  short 
pieces  of  one  inch  pipe  were  placed  under  the  slal>s  just  below 
the  floor  level  and  these  were  connected  to  a  pipe  under  the 
concrete  floor  leading  to  the  sump.  Pipes  were  also  laid 
under  the  floor  from  the  sump  to  each  fly  w^heel  pit  so  as  to 


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be  able  to  drain  the  pits,  but  valves  wxre  placed  on  these 
pipes  and  are  kept  closed  so  that  in  case  of  water  rising  up  in 
the  station  it  will  not  back  up  into  the  pits.  On  the  top  of 
the  concrete  slabs  in  the  back,  tar  paper  was  used  to  shed 
the  water  until  the  cement  could  set,  the  b^k-filling^  being 


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200  OPENING  THE  LEONIDAS  MINE 

placed  in  on  top  of  the  paper.  Although  in  some  places  holes 
opened  up  in  the  back  as  high  as  lo  ft.  above  the  sets,  still 
nothing  but  rock  was  used  for  back-filling.  When  the  station 
had  dried  up,  the  slabs  were  given  two  coats  of  white  cold 
water  paint  and  the  steel  two  coats  of  turpentine  asphaltum. 
As  soon  as  the  steel  sets  had  been  placed  in  the  clear  of  the 
pump  foundations,  the  templets  for  these  were  placed  and  work 
started.     These  foundations  were  finished  and  had  set  suflS- 


Plate  6.    Enirine  End  of  South  Pump. 

ciently  before  the  slab  work  was  completed  so  that  the  pumps 
could  be  installed  at  once  on  the  completion  of  the  pump-house 
supix)rtings. 

The  pumping  engines  are  two  i6  and  32  by  8  by  36  in. 
Prescott  ccrliss  cross  compound  condensing,  Missabe  t>T)e, 
crank  and  fly  wheel,  with  horizontal  jet  condenser  with  a 
normal  capacity  of  1,500  gallons  per  minute  and  a  maximum 
capacity  of  2,200  gallons  per  minute  against  a  head  of  450 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  20I 

ft.  Plate  6  shows  the  engine  end  of  one  of  these  pumps. 
This  type  of  pump  was  selected  on  atcount  of  its  economical 
q)erat*on,  its  guaranteed  duty  being  135.000,000  ft.  pounds 
of  delivered  work  per  1,000  pounds  of  dry  steam  consumed 
by  the  engine,  when  furnished  with  steam  at  125  pounds  gauge 
pressure  and  with  a'  vaccuum  of  26  in.  of  mercury.  Each 
engine  is  supplied  by  a  5-in.  steam  line  and  discharges  into 
an  :ndependent    14-in.  column  pipe.     The  steam  pipes  and 


Plate  7.    Emergency  Pump  in  Entry  Drift. 

discharge  pij^es  are  cross  connected  in  the  entry  and  provided 
with  valves  so  that  either  engine  can  take  steam  from  either 
steam  pipe  and  either  pump  discharge  into  either  column  p  pe. 
This  arrangement,  as  shown  on  Plate  4,  prevents  flooding  of 
the  mine  due  to  oiie  pump  and  the  steam  or  discharge  pipe  of 
the  otlier  pump  being  out  of  commission  at  the  same  time. 
An  auxiliary  pump  was  installed  in  the  entry  drift  for  use  in 
case  of  emergency  as  there  is  always  the  possibility  of  some- 
thing going  wrong  with  a  ww  installation.    This  is  a  12  and 


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c 


•s 

c 
H 


I 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  2O3 

24  by  1 03^  by  24  in.  Prescott  cross  compound  capable  of 
pumping  1,200  gallons  per  minute  against  a  450  ft.  head  and 
is  shown  in  Plate  7.  A  trench  just  under  the  floor  of  the 
entry  connects  the  shaft  and  the  sump  so  that  the  water  in 
the  shaft  can  flow  into  the  sump  without  running  over  the 
entry  floor.  Plate  8  shows  the  water  end  of  North  pump  and 
the  entry  drift  from  shaft. 

A  drift  50  ft.  in  length  was  driven  to  the  west  directly 
opposite  the  entry  and  at  the  breast  a  sump  was  put  down 
6  ft.  by  6  ft.  by  20  ft.  deep.     The  drift  is  now  practically 


Plate  9.    Clear  Water  Drift  and  Pump 

dr}%  as  shown  by  Plate  9,  but  there  is  an  excellent  flow  of 
pure  water  from  the  breast,  as  shown  in  Plate  10,  which  was 
taken  from  the  doorway  in  the  wire  partition  shown  in  Plate 
9.  In  this  drift  was  installed  the  pump  for  supplying  clean 
water  for  domestic  and  drinking  purposes.  This  is  an  Ep- 
p!ng-Carpenter  pot- form  pump  10  by  6  by  12  in.  capable  of 
pumping  350  gallons  per  minute  against  a  500  ft.  head.  The 
end  of  the  drift  has  a  heavy  wire  netting  partition  across  it 
so  that  no  one  can  get  near  the  supply  of  water. 

The  ventilating  drifts  were  driven  in  rock  on  an  incline  of 


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^04  OPENING  THE  LEONIDAS  MINE 

50  degrees,  from  each  end  of  the  pump  station  up  to  the  main 
tramming  level  30  ft.  above.  These  drifts  required  no  sup- 
ports. Iron  stairways  with  railings  were  placed  in  them  af- 
fording a  good  passage-way  between  level  and  station.  The 
water  from  the  level  above  is  conducted  along  the  drifts  from 
the  breasts  in  box  launders  covered  over  for  walk-ways,  then 
down  the^e  ventilating  drifts  in  12-in.  pipes  into  concrete 
launders  below,  the  launders  emptying  into  the  main  sump. 
Board  partitions  are  placed  in  the  box  launders  and  screens 


Plate  10.    Breast  of  Clear  Water  Drift 

over  the  toi)s  of  the  pipes  to  keep  the  mud,  rocks  and  sticks  out 
of  the  sump. 

After  completing  the  pump  station,  the  main  level  station 
was  started  at  a  depth  of  405  ft.  below  the  collar  or  33  /t. 
above  the  pump  station.  The  level  station  is  19  ft.  6  in.  by 
47  ft.  by  12  ft.  high,  in  the  clear,  and  has  steel  sets  with  con- 
crete slabs  for  lagging  on  sides  and  back.  On  account  of  the 
ladderway  l}eing  on  the  other  side  of  the  shaft  from  the 
station,  a  passageway  around  the  shaft  was  made  using  steel 
sets  and  concrete  slabs,  while  the  temporsiry  wooden  laths  in 
the  shaft  at  the  station  were  replaced  by  steel  plates.     Plate 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE 


205 


II  shows  the  station  lay-out,  and  Plate  12  shows  a  reproduc- 
tion of  a  picture  of  the  station. 

The  main  drifts  leading  north  and  south  from  the  main 
station  and  then  turning*  to  the  east  a  short  distance  in,  have 
steel  sets  and  concrete  slab  lagging  for  some  distance  from 
the  shaft.  The  one  leading  north  has  sets  8  ft.  by  8  ft.  in 
the  clear,  made  from  6-in.  23.8-lb.  H  sections  lined  with  4  in. 
by  12  in.  reinforced  concrete  slabs  (Plate  5)  extending  for  84 
ft.  from  the  shaft  station.     The  drift  leading  soiith  has  steel 


PLATE  11. 


or/r/^/>wr  uttMtMS  CO 


Plan  and  Section  of  405  ft.  Station 

sets  12  ft.  by  8  ft.  in  the  clear,  with  6-in.  23.8-lb.  H  sections 
for  posts  and  lo-in.  25-lb.  I-'beams  for  caps  with  4  in.  by  12 
in.  reinforced  concrete  slabs  (Plate  5)  for  lining  a  distance  of 
210  ft.  from  the  shaft  station.  This  drift  is  double  tracked, 
with  drainage  launder  between  the  tracks  covered  over  for  a 
walk-way.    Motor  haulage  will  be  used  on  this  level. 

When  the  level  drifts  were  well  under  way,  the  opening  for 
the  pockets  was  cut  and  the  steel  put  in.  The  main  pocket  is 
8  ft.  by  24  ft.  by  9  ft.  deep  with  the  bottom  on  an  angle  of 


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206  OPENING  THE  LEONIDAS   MINE 

47  degrees.  Chutes  with  finger  stoppers  lead  from  this  main 
pocket  to  an  auxiliary  pocket  for  each  skip,  each  pocket  hold- 
ing one  skip  of  ore  when  full.  These  are  filled  from  the  main 
pocket  while  the  skip  is  being  hoisted  and  as  soon  as  the  skip 
is  in  place  for  loading,  the  tiller  wheel  opening  the  door  is 
thrown  over  and  the  ore  falls  into  the  skip,  the  door  closing 
of  its  own  weight.     A  skip  can  be  filled  almost  before  the 


Plate  12.    Shaft  Station  405  ft.  Level 

engineer  can  reverse  his  engine.    Plate  13  shows  the  arrange- 
ment of  these  pockets. 

The  ore,  outside  of  the  pit  limits  in  the  upper  ore  body, 
had  l>een  planned  to  be  mine<:l  out  from  the  open  pit  but  it 
was  decided  to  mine  this  ore  through  the  shaft  and  thereby 
save  a  number  of  years  in  the  mining  of  the  ore.  Accordingly 
a  level  was  driven  at  a  depth  of  92  ft.  from  the  collar.  Steel 
sets  with  concrete  slabs  in  the  back  were  used  for  the  station 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE 


207 


i 


-Et 


■"=^=7 


A. 


■> 


«  6 

r 

t 
o 


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208 


OPENING  THE  LEONIDAS  MINE 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE 


209 


which  extended  back  the  full  width  of  the  shaft  for  16  ft. 
The  drift  extending  on  from  the  station  has  steel  sets  same 
as  in  tKe  south  drift  of  the  405  ft.  level,  12  ft.  wide  but  with 
concrete  slabs  in  the  back  only.  These  extend  for  125  ft.  from 
the  station.  As  it  was  necessary  to  hoist  the  ore  from  this 
level  on  the  cage  and  it  was  found  that,  without  chairs,  the 
cage  settled  so  much  when  the  loaded  car  was  being  pushed 
on  it  that  occasionally  one  stood  on  end,  it  was  necessary  to 
design  chairs  to  suit  the  equipment.  The  chairs  used  are  shown 
in  Plate  14.     These  chairs  have  to  be  held  in  place  for  the 


cage  to  rest  on  and  when  the  cage  is  lifted  off,  they  move 
back  out  of  place,  leaving  the  shaft  clear.  Motor  haulage 
will  be  used  on  this  level. 

The  lay-out  of  the  main  tramming  drifts  on  the  main  level, 
(405  ft.  level),  is  shown  in  Plate  15.  The  lay-out  of  the 
main  tramming  drifts  on  the  92  ft.  level  is  shown  in  Plate  16. 

The  wires  of  the  lighting  system  are  carried  in  conduits 
throughout  and  every  endeavor  was  made  to  have  the  conduits 
water  tight.  The  positive  line  down  the  shaft  is  a  No.  10 
double- braid,  nibber  covered,  crown  cable  and  the  various  cir- 
cuits below  are  of  No.  12  duplex  rubber  covered  wire. 


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2IO 


OPENING  THE  LEONIDAS  MINE 


The  pump  station  has  i8  6o-Watt  Mazda  lamps  with  lo 
in.  aluminum  reflectors,  the  entry  drift  5  and  the  clear  water 
station  3  lamps  of  the  same  size.  These  light  up  the  station 
in  excellent  shape. 


PROPOSKD  dfat:ix)pmknt 

.92  FT  uyuL 
LKONIDAS  MINK        KVELKTH.MINN 


'if  / / V  . /<>.-/•/•      j/->»/- ts-iyti 


The  main  station  has  4  lOO-Watt  Mazda  lamps  with  12 
in.  aluminum  reflectors.  Tlie  lights  in  the  tramming  drifts  are 
16  can(lleix>wer  carlx>n  lamps  and  are  placed  every  50  ft. 
along  the  drift. 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  211 


.  THE  NEW  CHANGE  HOUSE  AT  VULCAN  MINE. 

BY  FLOYD  L.  BURR^  VULCAN^  MICH.* 

No  meeting-  of  the  Institute  and  volume  of  its  Proceedings 
seems  lo  be  entirely  complete  without  a  paper  describing  the 
latest  and  best  miner's  "dry"  or  change  house.  Therefore  for 
the  sake  of  such  completeness,  I  shall  attempt  a  short  de- 
scription of  a  change  house  recently  built  at  the  East  Vulcan 
Mine  of  Penn  Iron  Mining  Company. 

Early  in  the  spring  of  191 2,  the  old  imperfect  and  inade- 
quate, wooden  structure  known  as  the  "dry"  burned  down, 
and  brought  to  the  point  of  early  decision  the  previously  con- 
sidered project  of  building  a  new  and  modern  change  house. 

At  this  time  and  in  previous  years,  a  large  amount  of  study 
and  thoi:ght  had  been  given  to  the  question  as  to  what  would 
constitute  an  ideal  change  house.  The  principal  requirements 
naiTied  in  the  order  of  their  relative  importance  seem  to  be : 
Perfect  facilities  for  the  drying,  warming  and  otherwise  car- 
ing for  the  miner's  digging  clothes,  suitable  provision  for 
washing  off  the  dirt  accumulated  on  the  hands  and  face  during 
the  day's  toil  underground ;  a  comfortable  and  convenient  place 
for  changing  from  street  clothes  to  underground  clothes  or 
vice  versa;  satisfactory  provision  for  the  safe  and  convenient 
storage  of  the  miner's  street  clothing  during  his  absence  un- 
derground; good,  emergency  hospital  facilities;  and  toilet  ar- 
rangements comprising  sanitary  closets,  urinals  and  shower 
baths.  Good  lighting,  heating,  ventilation,  plumbing,  fire 
resistance,  and  good  construction  generally,  are  to  be  consid- 
ered necessary  features  in  the  attainment  of  the  principal  re- 
quirements just  mentioned.  They  are  means  tow^ard  an  end. 
^Structural  Engineer,  Penn  Iron  Mining  Co. 


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212  NEW  CHANGE  HOUSE  AT  VULCAN   MINE 

The  matters  of  permanence  and  economy  of  operation  and 
maintenance,  have  to  do  both  with  general  poHcies  of  man- 
agement and  with  local  conditions,  such  as  the  value,  size 
and  permanence  of  the  mine  for  which  the  equipment  is 
planned.  Of  course  there  must  always  be  in  the  mind  of  the 
designer  a  continuous  conflict  between  the  awful  ogre,  cost, 
and  the  beautiful  goddess,  perfection. 

The  decision  was  to  build  a  permanent,  substantial,  con- 
venient, sanitary  change  house  of  fire  resistant  constniction 
at  minimum  cost  without  considerable  attention  to  architec- 
tural beauty.  Minimum  cost  implies  minimum  size  of  build- 
ing. It  was  considered  necessary  to  provide  for  at  least  150 
men  with  the  possibihty  of  taking  care  of  250  men  if  occasion 
should  require. 

The  first  mentioned  requirement  of  caring  for  the  under- 
ground clothing  was  given  much  consideration,  many  schemes 
being  drawn  up  and  rejected  for  one  reason  or  another.  The 
scheme  finally  adopted  is  in  a  general  way  one  that  has  a 
wide  use  in  some  parts  of  Europe  and  in  a  few  places  in 
America.  By  this  scheme  the  clothes  are  hung  uix>n  suitable 
h<x>ks  which  are  afterwards  hoisted  up  out  of  reach  to  dry 
and  aerate.  One  of  the  most  extensive  and  widely  known 
installations  of  this  sort  in  America  is  located  at  the  Marianna 
Coal  Mine  in  Washington  Comity,  Pennsylvania.  During 
the  consideration  of  the  design,  a  visit  was  paid  to  Marianna 
and  the  change  house  inspected.  Through  the  courtesy  of 
friends  and  associates,  various  descriptions  of  such  installa- 
tions from  English  and  French  technical  journals  were  avail- 
able. From  all  this  data,  however,  only  the  general  idea  of 
hoisting  the  clothes  was  copied. 

In  all  the  previous  installations  of  which  we  have  knowl- 
edge one  man's  clothes  are  hung  upon  a  single  multi-pronged 
hook  which  is  attached  to  a  simple  chain,  not  confined  against 
swinging,  and  hoisted  up  to  a  more  or  less  high  ceiling. 
These  chains  or  hoists  have  been  arranged  in  blocks  com- 
prising at  least  five  rows  between  aisles.    Their  use  has  not 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  213 

beeii  confined  to  the  mine  clothes;  on  the  contrary  the  street 
clothes  also  are  hung  up,  which  practice  often  brings  one 
man's  street  clothes  adjacent  to  and  in  contact  with  another 
man's  underground  clothing. 

According  to  the  design  adopted  a  cupola  or  monitor,  ex- 
tending the  full  length  of  the  locker  room,  has  been  built  and 
up  into  this  drying  chamber  the  clothes  are  hoisted.  Near 
the  base  of  this  monitor  are  coils  of  steam  pipes  from  the 
region  of  which  quantities  of  dry  warm  air  rise  through  and 
about  the  clothing.  The  monitor  is  surmounted  at  its  center 
by  a  large  ventilator  which  provides  for  the  escape  from  the 
building  of  this  air  now  laden  with  moisture  and  disagreeable 
odors  from  the  clothing.  The  monitor  is  about  four  feet 
wide  inside  and  provides  for  only  two  rows  of  hoists  which 
places  each  row  adjacent  to  an  aisle.  No  street  clothing  is 
hung  on  these  hoists,  lockers  being  provided  for  them. 

The  sui>ports  for  the  mine  clothes,  we  have  chosen  to  call 
hook  racks.  A  hi;ok  rack  consists  of  a  hollow  central  stem 
to  which  are  attached  twelve  or  sixteen  large  hooks.  This 
central  stem  is  made  up  of  two  channels  placed  flange  to 
flange  and  held  in  that  ix>sition  by  the  pressure  of  the  hooks 
which  are  biJted  together  in  pairs,  enclosing  the  stem.  The 
stem  l3cing  hollow,  a  space  is  provided  which  is  occupied  by 
a  round  steel  guide  rod  up  and  down  which  the  rack  can  be 
made  to  travel  at  the  will  of  the  oi)erator.  This  guide  rod 
is  alx>ut  22  feet  long  and  extends  from  an  attachment  at  a 
ix>int  about  a  foot  above  the  floor  up  to  a  i>oint  about  a  foot 
below  the  ceiling  of  the  drying  chaml>er  or  monitor.  The 
hooks  can  turn  about  the  guide  rod  bitt,  of  course,  they  are 
confined  by  it  against  swinging.  This  arrangement  confines 
the  rack  to  space  allowed  for  it  and  prevents  adjacent  racks 
and  their  hoisting  chains  from  becoming  entangled.  For  the 
sake  of  economy  each  rank  is  assigned  to  two  or  three  men 
and  to  neutralize  the  excessive  hoisting  load  a  counter-weight 
is  attached  to  the  chain.  Suitable  hooks  are  provided  for  hold- 
ing the  chain  at  any  desired  point  in  its  travel  and  there  are 


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214  ^'EW   CHANGE   HOUSE  AT  VULCAN    MINE 

padlocks  to  lock  it  against  the  evil  designs  of  "the  other  fel- 
low." These  devices  are  attached  to  a  horizontal  3  by  3^ 
in.  steel  angle  located  at  a  height  of  about  four  feet  alx>ve 
the  floor.     The  horizontal  area  contiguous  to  each  hook  rack 


f9s  Hooks 


Cross  S motion  Through  neck  Rack- 

is  a  rectangle  21  hy  24.  in.  and  the  one  double  row  includes 
a  total  of  84  racks.  These  racks  have  been  in  use -now  for 
several  months  and  seem  to  fulfill  their  purpose  well,  though 
it  is  not  claimed  that  the  scheme  is  ideal. 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  21 5 

Lockers  are  provided  for  the  street  clothes.  To  economize 
in  floor  and  wall  space,  it  was  decided  to  use  doiil)Ie-tier  lock- 
ers and  in  order  to  have  them  of  proi)er  height  and  yet  be 
able  to  reach  into  the  upi^er  tier  of  lockers  successfully,  it 
was  necessary  to  have  a  seat  run  along  the  front  of  the  lock- 
ers nineteen  inches  above  the  floor  and  to  use  this  seat  as 
a  step.  The  lockers  are  home-made  and  consist  of  cylinders 
24  in.  in  diameter  and  46  in.  high,  revolving  about  a  central 
spindle.  Each  locker  is  provided  with  a  series  of  6  3-pronged 
hooks  but  has  no  shelf  011  account  of  limited  vertical  dimen- 
sions due  to  the  double-tier  arrangement.  They  are  doorless 
and  are  closed  by  revolving  them  until  the  opening  comes 
adjacent  to  the  wall  along  which  they  are  arranged.  They 
may  be  locked  in  this  closed  position  at  the  pleasure  of  the 
men  who  possess  the  keys.  This  tyi^e  of  locker  is  the  inven- 
tion of  the  author  of  this  pai^er  and  his  intention  is  to  apply 
for  letters  patent  upon  the  idea. 

The  available  wall  space  gives  room  for  64  l(x:kers  in  each 
tier  or  a  total  of  128  lockers.  There  is  ample  room  in  each 
locker  for  two  men's  street  clothes  at  one  time  while  three 
men  would  not  iDe  badly  crowded.  The  lockers  are  strong  and 
to  illustrate  their  strength,  it  might  be  mentioned  that  upon 
several  occasions  a  large  man  has  been  enticed  into  one  of  the 
Icxrkers  and  the  unsuspecting  victim  given  a  free  merry-go- 
round  ride  therein. 

The  lockers  and  hook- racks  fKCupy  a  rectangidar  room  17 
ft.  8  in.  wide  and  80  ft.  4  in.  long.  Pivoted-ventilator  steel 
sash  windows  at  a1x>ut  9  ft.  above  the  floor  are  arranged  along 
one  side  and  at  both  ends  of  this  room.  At  each  end  of  the 
rcx>m  is  an  emergency-exit  door  opening  outward. 

Connected  by  an  open  doorway  with  the  locker  room  and 
separated  from  it  by  a  partition  reaching  only  to  within  some 
four  feet  of  the  ceiling  is  the  wash  room.  This  room  is 
about  9  ft.  8  in.  wide  and  36  ft.  6  in.  long,  and  contains 
about  70  lineal  feet  of  wash-trough  arranged  on  the  two  sides 
and  one  end  of  the  room.     The  men  use  this  trough  only  a§ 


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2l6 


NEW   CHANGE   HOUSE  AT  VULCAN    MINE 


a  sink  or  support  for  pails,  each  man  providing  himself  with 
a  paid  to  be  used  as  a  wash  basin.  This  is  standard  prac- 
tice at  all  the  changing  houses  at  the  Penn  Mines.  The  trough 
is  made  of  concrete  and  is  so  shaped  as  to  fonn  at  the  back  a 
gutter  the  bottom  of  which  slopes  to  catch  basins  discharging 
into  the  sewer  and  into  which  gutter  each  man  dumps  his  pail 
of  wash  water  after  the  completion  of  his  ablution.  The  bot- 
tom of  the  main  portion  of  the  trough  slopes  slightly  toward 


Croat  Smcfftf  7)tro»fA  hbmJk  M^fn 

the  gutter  so  that  water  dumped  upon  it  goes  immediately  into 
the  gutter  and  one  man's  wash  water  does  not  inconvenience 
his  neighbor.  Hot  and  cold  water  is  on  tap  at  three  foot  in- 
tervals along  the  length  of  the  trough.  A  coil  of  steam  pipes 
attached  to  the  wall  just  alx>ve  the  water  pipes  gives  heat  to 
the  room. 

In  working  out  the  floor  plat  only  a  small  sf>ace  seemed 
to  be  available  for  first  aid  purposes.  This  rooin  is  9  ft.  3 
in.  wide  by  9  ft,   11  in.  long  and  may  prove  to  be  rather 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE 


217 


crami>ecl  when  equipped  with  the  hospital  apparatus  needed 
for  such  a  place.  However,  there  is  a  very  high  ceiling  and 
by  a  proj^er  use  of  the  space  overhead,  the  floor  area  may  be 
conserved  and  found  sufficient  when  the  ecjuipment  is  in.  In 
order  to  give  the  room  sanitary  qualities,  a  heavy  coating  of 
enamel  has  been  applied  to  the  floor,  walls  and  cealing. 

I— <-«-- 


The  irregular  shaped  office  room  is  also  something  in  the 
nature  of  a  left-over  and  there  w^as  some  doubt  of  its  being 
adequate,  the  floor  area  being  only  about  45  feet.  However 
since  it  has  been  in  use,  it  seems  to  be  large  enough  for  its 
purpose.  The  shift  bosses  go  into  it  to  write  their  daily  re- 
ports but  its  greatest  use  is  by  the  dry  man  who  uses  it  to 
dispense  carbide  as  well  as  for  an  office  where  he  stands  in 
taking  the  numbers  of  the  men  going  on  shift. 


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2l8  NEW   CHANGE   HOUSE  AT  VULCAN    MINE 

The  toilet  room  is  of  ample  size  and  contains  two  shower 
baths,  three  urinals  and  three  closets.  Each  shower  room  has 
a  vestibule  where  the  bather  may  disrobe  and  hang  up  his 
clothes.  The  fixtures  are  of  the  ordinary  tyi^e  without  mix- 
ing chambers.  The  urinals  are  high  grade  and  arranged  for 
ample  flushing.  The  closets  are  high  grade,  automatic  in 
action  and  are  equipped  with  white  enamel  iron  tanks.  They 
have  proven  to  be  extremely  satisfactory  in  use,  and  as  yet 
no  difficulty  has  been  experienced  in  keeping  them  perfectly 
clean.  They  flush  in  every  way  similarly  to  an  ordinary  non- 
automatic,  low  tank  closet,  except  that  the  removal  of  the  oc- 
cupants weight  from  the  seats  takes  the  place  of  the  usual  act 
of  pulling  a  chain,  pushing  a  button,  or  otherwise  voluntarily 
o[)erating  a  lever.  In  the  opinion  of  the  writer  of  this  paper, 
they  are  far  superior  to  the  closed  or  air-pressure-tank  type 
of  automatic  closet. 

Considerable  thought  was  given  to  the  subject  of  a  proper 
entrance  to  the  building.  The  shortcoming  of  most  existing 
change  houses  was  recognized  in  that  there  is  no  adequate 
provisions  against  a  current  of  cold  winter  air  blowing  in 
through  open  doors  upon  men  half  naked  in  the  operation  of 
changing  and  washing.  It  was  decided  to  have  a  revolving 
door,  built  of  steel  and  asbestos,  this  has  been  built  at  our 
own  shoi)s  and  is  al)out  to  be  set  up. 

One  of  the  conditions  most  essential  in  a  modem  change 
house  is  i^rfect  cleanliness  and  it  was  necessary  in  the  design 
to  so  arrange  that  the  dry  man  could  clean  up  each  morning 
with  a  minimum  expenditure  of  time  and  labor  and  with  a 
maximum  degree  of  perfection.  The  floor  of  the  building 
which,  of  course,  is  of  concrete,  is  so  built  that  it  slopes  from 
every  point  in  the  building  down  to  a  large  central  catch- 
basin  located  in  the  center  of  the  locker  room.  There  is  an 
exception  to  this  statement  in  that  the  floor  in  each  of  the 
shower-bath  rooms  sloi>es  locally  to  a  small  catch  basin.  This 
large  catch  basin  is  so  provided  with  trap,  screen,  and  flush- 
ing arrangements  that  the  dryman  may  with  impunity  wash 


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220  NEW  CHANGE   HOUSE  AT  VULCAN  MINE 

all  dirt  and  litter  down  to  it.  Sticks,  matches,  tobacco  bags, 
discarded  hats,  all  land  at  the  catch  basin,  and,  of  course, 
there  are  large  quantities  of  ore  and  jaspar  that  go  the  same 
way.  The  building  is  so  piped  that  at  five  different  points  a 
one-inch  hose  may  be  readily  attached  for  this  floor  washing. 
One  25  ft.  length  hose  is  sufficient  to  reach  every  part  of  the 
building. 

Compressed  air  is  piped  into  the  building  and  is  on  tap 
at  several  points  where  a  small  hose  may  be  attached  for  blow- 
ing dust  from  the  tops  of  lockers  or  other  points  of  lodgment. 

The  building  is  heated  by  steam,  piped  in  from  the  boiler 
house.  The  coils  located  in  the  various  rooms  are  each  pro- 
vided with  valves  so  that  the  temperature  of  the  different 
rooms  may  be  regulated  separately.  The  steam  pipe  located 
in  the  monitor  are  in  four  coils,  thus  allowing  special  reg- 
ulation there,  to  suit  the  season,  or  special  conditions.  All 
water  of  condensation  is  discharged  through  a  steam  trap  to 
a  concrete  tank  located  over  the  revolving  door-way,  and  hot 
water  is  drawn  from  this  tank  for  the  wash  room  and  shower 
baths. 

The  illumination  of  the  building  is  very  satisfactory,  due 
to  the  high  windows  and  to  white-washed  walls  and  ceiling. 
Electric  incandescent  lamps  are  provided  in  plentiful  number 
for  night  illumination.  It  may  be  mentioned  that  there  are 
a  few  in  the  entrance  way  and  main  aisle  that  stay  on  all 
night  while  the  great  majority  are  switched  on  only  at  times 
when  the  men  are  in  the  building.  The  lights  are  arranged 
on  several  sub-circuits  for  the  sake  of  economical  control.  The 
main  switches  and  all  the  sub-switches  are  located  in  the  office 
room  excepting  one  Icxrated  in  the  hospital  room  to  control 
the  lights  there. 

The  building  is  of  fire  resistant  construction  throughout. 
It  is  not  fire-proof  in  a  strict  sense  because  many  steel  meni- 
l:)ers  are  exposed,  but  considering  the  contents  of  the  building 
there  is  practically  no  risk  of  any  fire  sufficient  to  injure  the 
stmcture.     The  nucleus  of  tlie  building  is  a  structural  steel 


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Hs 


^S 


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222  NEW   CHANGE   HOUSE  AT  VULCAN    MINE 

frame  of  somewhat  unusual  design.  The  outer  cokimns  are 
merged  into  a  6  in.  concrete  wall  and  the  roof  beams  support 
a  concrete  roof.  Inside  of  the  6  in.  concrete  wall  is  a  2  in.  air 
sjxice,  a  layer  of  No.  i  tarred  felt,  a  J^-in.  air  sjmce,  and 
last  of  all  a  i-in.  slab  of  cement  plaster.  The  roof  consists 
of  a  13^  in.  slab  of  concrete,  below  that  an  air  space,  a  layer 
of  asphalt  mastic  wall  board,  another  air  si>ace,  and  at  the 
bottom  a  2-in,  slab  of  concrete.  The  partitions  consist  of 
cement  plaster  walls  2  in.  thick.  Some  of  these  partitions 
reach  entirely  up  to  the  ceiling,  wiiile  others  of  them  reach 
only  part  way  up.  All  the  concrete  and  plaster  work  is  re- 
inforced with  *'Trussit"  and  **Self-Centering,*'  furnished  by 
the  General  Fire-Proc'fing  Company.  Ine  steel  window  sash 
came  from  the  Tnisse('  xrete  Steel  Company.  Wooden 
storm  sash  are  providecj  /o  be  used  in  winter.  They  are  ap-- 
plied  inside  the  regular  sash.  The  roof  inclusive  of  sides  and 
top  of  monitor  is  water-proofed  by  the  application  of  Carey's 
Flexible  Cement  Roofing,  with  a  surfacing  of  asphalt.  The 
exterior  of  the  walls  is  uniformed  and  slightly  tinted  by  the 
application  of  "Trus-Con  Stonetex."  The  interior  of  all 
walls  and  ceiling  except  in  the  hospital  room  are  treated  with 
white-wash.  For  the  lower  five  feet  of  the  walls  the  white- 
wash was  stained  red  by  the  use  of  ix)wdered  hematite.  All 
the  exix>sed  steel  work  is  painted  black. 

The  normal  capacity  of  the  building  is  taken  as  252  men 
but  it  might  be  possil)le  to  take  care  of  more  should  occasion 
arise.  A  little  calculation  may  Ije  in  order.  The  84  hook 
racks  will  each  hold  the  underground  clothing  of  three  men, 
making  the  total  capacity  as  regards  hook-racks  to  be  252 
men.  The  128  circular  lockers  will  each  normally  be  issued 
to  two  men,  one  man  on  day  shift  and  one  man  on  night  shift, 
which  would  total  256  men,  approximately  the  same  as  the 
hook  racks  accommodate.  However  these  l(x:kers  will  easily 
hold  two  men's  clothes  at  one  time  and  on  a  pinch  three  men 
can  crowd  their  clothes  in.  Therefore  it  would  l)e  practicable 
to  assign  each  locker  to  two  men  on  each  shift  and  each  locker 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  223 

would  thus  take  care  of  the  street  clothes  of  four  men.  By 
thus  assigning  the  lockers,  only  63  of  the  128  would  be  needed 
to  equal  the  capacity  of  the  hook-racks,  and  65  lockers  would 
be  empty.  Now  there  are  a  good  many  miners  who  work  in 
dry  places  who  could  get  along  with  the  circular  lockers  for 
both  street  and  mine  clothes.  Two  men  could  easily  occupy 
a  locker  together  in  this  way  and  the  65  Icxkers  could  thus  be 
made  to  accommodate  at  least  130  men.  By  this  arrangement 
the  capacity  would  l)e  252  plus  130  or  382  men.  In  computing 
the  cost  per  man  however,  a  capacity  of  252  men  is  consid- 
ered. 

The  work  of  construction  has  all  been  done  by  the  regular 
mine  force  and,  as  is  usual  when  done  in  that  way,  has  dragged 
along  so  that  even  yet  there  are  \v  things  to  do,  such  as 
hanging  permanent  doors  in  place  \./  rough  temporary  ones, 
supplying  seats  and  hooks  in  shower  bath  rooms,  and  equip- 
ping* the  hospital.  Estimating  the  cost  of  the  few  items  yet 
to  be  finished,  the  total  cost  amounts  to  $10,325.00.  This  cost 
includes  excavation,  grading,  building  and  construction,  pip- 
ing, sewerage  work  inside  and  outside  of  building,  wiring,  ex- 
perimental work,  and  equipment.  For  a  capacity  of  252  men 
this  amounts  to  a  cost  of  about  $41.00  per  man. 


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DISCUSSION 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  22^ 

MIXING  METHODS  ON  MISSABE  IRON  RANGE. 

(Discussion  of  the  Paper  of  Willard  Baylies,  E.  D.  McNeil,  and  J.  S. 
Lutes,  Committee,  p.  133). 

William  Kelly,  Vulcan  Mich:  The  pai)er  just  read 
gives  us  an  excee<Hngly  clear  idea  of  the  varying  conditions 
which  are  met  with  in  mining  on  the  Missabe  and  the  modifi- 
cations of  the  general  methods  which  have  been  worked  out  in 
practice  to  meet  these  conditions.  The  statements  are  so  clear- 
ly made  that  there  is  little  room  for  discussion. 

One  matter  not  touched  on  that  might  give  additional 
value  to  the  paper  is  the  i^ercentage  of  ore  recovered  or  con- 
versely the  loss  of  ore  in  the  methods  that  are  being  used 
on  the  Missabe  Range.  I  am  very  strongly  of  the  opinion  that 
the  underground  methods  used  here  result  in  the  saving  of 
a  very  high  percentage  of  the  original  ainount  of  commercial 
ore  in  the  groimd,  and  if  this  is  the  case,  and  an  estimate  can 
be  made,  the  figures  should  have  a  place  in  this  paper  so  that 
the  methods  perfected  in  this  district  may  receive  the  credit 
to  which  they  are  justly  entitled. 

Pentecost  Mitchell,  Duluth,  Minn:  I  think  that  Mr. 
Kelly's  suggestion  is  a  gxxxl  one,  and  that  matter  ought  to 
be  brought  out.  At  various  times  estimates  have  been  made 
and  checked  up  very  closely  by  some  of  the  mining  companies 
and  the  representatives  of  the  fee  owners. 


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228  DISCUSSION 

REPORT  OF  COMMITTEE  ON  THE  PRACTICE  FOR 
THE  PREVENTION  OF  ACCIDENTS. 

(Discussion  of  the  Paper,  p.  31). 

William  Kelly,  Vulcan,  Mich:  Mr.  President,  I  take 
it  that  this  reix)rt  is  merely  a  report  of  progress,  and  that  we 
can  look  forward  to  a  more  extended  report  later.  Am  I 
correct  in  that  hope  and  expectation? 

Secretary  :  I  will  say  that  the  Committee  has  prepared 
this  classification  in  the  hope  that  it  woiild  get  the  matter 
started,  and  they  are  ver)--  anxious  to  receive  suggestions  re- 
garding the  classification.  They  believe  that  it  would  be  ad- 
visable to  make  reix>rts  confomi  to  the  rqx>rts  of  the  Bureau 
of  Mines,  and  this  paper  sets  forth  the  classification  adopted 
by  the  Bureau  at  the  present  time.  If  any  of  tiie  mining  com- 
panies desired  to  carry  the  detail  a  little  further  they  could 
still  use  the  general  captions  and  elaborate  their  reports  to 
suit  reciuirements. 

Pearson  Wells,  Ironwood,  Mich:  I  notice  that  one  o^ 
the  objects  of  the  Committee  was  to  do  some  work  on  uni- 
form, mine  accident  laws.  I  have  here  a  copy  of  the  report 
on  that  subject  by  the  Committee  appointed  by  the  American 
Mining  Congress.  The  Technical  Society  of  Colorado  went 
over  these  proposals  for  uniform  mining  laws  and  changed 
them  to  a  considerable  extent.  I  would  like  to  put  this  into 
the  hands  of  the  ChaiiTnan  of  the  Committee,  but  since  he 
isn't  here  I  will  hand  it  to  the  Secretary.  I  think  the  Com- 
mittee can  find  something  of  value  in  it.  The  Colorado  Com- 
mittee was  to  reix>rt  to  the  American  Mining  Congress  and 
also  to  the  American  Institute  of  Mining  Engineers,  and  dis- 
cussion, suggestions  and  criticisms  by  other  bodies  interesteil 
in  mining,  and  from  mining  men  in  general,  were  invited  by 
the  original  Committee. 

(The  report  referred  to  is  the  *Troceeilings  of  the  Colo- 
rado Scientific  Society,  Vol.  X,  pp.  279-414,"  July,  1913). 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  229 

MINE  LAWS,  SPECIAL  RULES  AND  THE  PREVEN- 
TION OF  ACCIDENTS. 

(Discussion  of  the  Paper  of  E.  B.  Wilson,  Scranton,  Pa.,  p.  108). 

Edwin  Higgins,  Ironwocxl,  Mich:  On  page  iii  of  this 
volume  there  appears  a  cut  of  a  danger  sign.  The  only  ref- 
erence to  it  in  the  text  is  where  the  writer  states: 

**In  the  absence  of  state  mine  laws  to  govern  metal  min- 
ing, it  certainly  is  advisable  that  the  operator  apix>int  a  safety 
committee,  make  a  uniform  set  of  mine  rules,  make  use  of 
danger  signs,  and  also  issue  from  time  to  time  safety  pamph- 
lets for  the  miners  all  over  the  fields,  calling  attention  to  the 
accidents  that  have  happened  and  how  they  may  l)e  avoided." 

There  is  a  publication  to  come  out  shortly  by  the  Bureau 
of  Mines,  on  the  use  of  mine  signs  in  metal  mines,  and  an 
important  feature  of  that  paper  will  be  the  recommendation 
of  three  universal  signs.  The  Bureau  has  recjuested  me,  if 
possible,  to  get  some  discussion  or  some  expression  of  opinix>n 
on  these  signs  which  it  will  recommend.  Unless  there  is  some 
objection  to  them  by  some  mining  IxKly  or  institution  in  some 
part  of  the  metal  mining  country,  these  signs  will  he  recom- 
mended by  the  Bureau  as  universal  signs.  They  are  as  fol- 
lows : 

1.  Universal  danger  sign:  A  circular  red  ball  i>ainted  on 
a  white  background. 

2.  Universal  safety  sign :  An  arrow  painted  in  any  dis- 
tinctive color.  This  may  be  used  also  to  indicate  the  direction 
to  outlet  shafts,  main  drifts,  etc. 

3.  Universal  sign  indicating  ladderways :  A  ladder  paint- 
ed in  a  dark  color  on  a  light  colored  background. 

Pearson  Wells,  Ironwtx>d,  Mich :  This  suggestion  came 
up  at  the  last  meeting  of  the  Mine  Association  of  the  Go- 
gebic Range.  Although  we  haven't  come  to  any  definite  con- 
clusion on  the  matter,  I  think  that  the  Ass(xiati(>n  will  be 
in  favor  of  adopting  anything  that  the  Bureau  recommends. 
I  say  this  for  the  benefit  of  the  operators  on  the  other  ranges. 
I  can't  say  definitely  that  we  will  resolve  to  adopt  it  on  the 


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230  DISCUSSION 

Gogebic  Range,  but  it  certainly  looks  like  a  good  thing  to  us 
because  the  more  general  these  things  can  be  made  the  better 
it  is  for  all  concerned.  Our  men  are  migrating  from  place 
to  place  a  great  deal,  and  if  we  can  educate  them  up  to  the 
universal  sig^is  it  is  bound  to  help  a  great  deal  on  all  the 
ranges.  Mr.  Higgins  tells  me  that  the  Mining  Association  in 
the  Iron  Mountain  district  also  look  upon  these  universal 
signs  favorably,  in  fact,  I  believe  they  have  resolved  to  ac- 
cept what  the  Bureau  proposes. 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  23 1 

SAFETY  IN  THE  MIXES  OF  THE  LAKE  SUPERIOR 

IRON  RANGES. 
(Discussion  of  the  Paper  of  Edwin  Higgins,  Ironwood,  Mich.,  p.  63). 

.\.  H.  Fay,  W^'ashington,  D.  C :  Three  years  agfo  I  visit- 
ed the  iron  ranges  of  Minnesota  and  Michigan  and  in  pass- 
ing- through  a  number  of  machine  shops  and  also  around  the 
headframes,  hoisting  plants,  etc.,  I  noticed  that  some  of  the 
companies  were  putting  up  guard  rails  and  other  safety  de- 
vices on  machinery,  stairways  and  ladderways.  This,  hcnv- 
ever,  was  only  in  a  few  places.  These  guard  rails  and  other 
safety  devices  were  still  fresh  from  the  planing  mill  with 
scarcely  a  grease  mark  on  them,  indicating  that  the  work  was 
of  recent  date.  I  find  today  that  practically  all  of  those  have 
been  replaced  by  pij^e  and  substantial  frames  of  various  kinds. 
This  is  not  only  at  a  few  mines,  but  at  many.  The  gearing 
of  lathes  has  been  enclosed;  wire  netting  has  been  placed  in 
front  of  .other  dangerous  machiner}';  eniery  wheels  have  been 
covered  with  sheet  iron;  and  band  and  circular  saws  have 
l^een  encased.  Stairways  of  heading  frames,  and  in  shops 
as  well,  have  been  provided  with  hand  rails,  and  shaft  open- 
ings provided  with  automatic  gates  or  covers.  In  addition 
to  all  of  these  mechanical  improvements  there  has  been  in 
progress  a  campaign  of  etlucation  among  the  miners,  foremen, 
and  (/Iterators  all  of  which  has  resulted  in  a  decrease  in  the 
fatality  rate  in  the  Lake  Superior  district.  This  decrease  is 
shown  in  the  following  tabulation  of  fatalities  for  1911  and 
1912. 

FATALITY  RATES   IN  MICHIGAN  AND  MINNESOTA  COMPARED 
FOR  THE  YEARS   1911   AND   1912. 

Number 
Killed 
Number  Per  1,000 
Killed.  Employed. 

Michigan   iron   mines,   1911 G9  4.67 

Michigan  iron  mines,   1912    52  3.62 

Michigan  copper  mines,  1911    63  3.80 

Michigan  copper   mines.    1912    44  2.96 

Michigan  total  for  all   mines,   1911 134  4.24 

Michigan  total  for  all  mines,  1912 96  3.25 

Minnesota  iron  mines,   1911    76        .    4.57 

Minnesota  iron  mines,  1912   5Q  3.02 


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232  DISCUSSION 

It  will  be  noted  from  the  above  table  that  the  fatality  rate 
has  been  decreased  practically  one  unit  in  each  case,  and  it 
is  hoped  that  with  the  good  work  that  is  being  done  in  the  iron 
and  copper  mines  of  Lake  Superior  district  that  a  still  fur- 
ther reduction  in  the  fatality  rate  may  be  obtained : 

Pentecost  Mitchell,  Duluth  Minn:  The  figures  sul> 
mitted  by  Mr.  Fay  are  very  interesting,  and  I  think  they  should 
be  included  in  our  proceedings  here  this  evening  as  showing 
the  progress  that  has  been  made  during  the  last  few  years. 
I  think  this  has  been  general  over  the  whole  Lake  Superior 
country. 


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BIOGRAPHICAL 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  235 


BIOGRAPHICAL  NOTICES. 

Chas.  T.  Harvey. 

Bona  in  1829,  in  Connecticut.  In  his  youth  he  worked  as 
a  clerk  for  Josiah  Wright,  in  a  grocery  store,  and  later  on  he 
became  traveling  salesman  for  the  Fairbanks  Scales  Company. 
In  1852  he  came  to  Marquette,  an  invalid,  seeking  health  aft- 
er a  severe  attack  of  typhoid  fever  at  his  home  in  Connecticut. 
■  At  that  time  he  represented,  as  western  agent,  the  Fairbanks 
Scales  Company  and  looked  after  their  business  when  he  first 
came. 

During  his  visit  at  Marquette  he  saw,  as  had  many  oth- 
ers, the  necessity  for  the  locks  at  Sault  Ste.  Marie  and  busied 
himself  immediately  in  starting  such  a  project.  Standing  six 
feet  two  inches,  with  great  personal  magnetism,  he  soon  over- 
came all  opposition  to  such  a  project  in  the  state  legislature, 
and  organized  the  Sault  Ste.  Marie  Canal  &  Land  Co.,  with 
the  necessary  capital  to  complete  the  canal. 

A  government  land  grant  of  750,000  acres  was  given  for 
the  building  of  the  canal,  and  Mr.  Han^ey  was  placed  in 
charge  of  the  project  and  personally  superintended  the  con- 
struction of  the  canal,  w^hich  was  completed  in  1855. 

In  1857  Mr.  Han-ey  organized  the  first  company  to  build 
a  blast  furnace  in  northern  Michigan.  It  was  called  the  Pio- 
neer furnace  and  was  located  in  Negaunee.  This  company 
was  later  on  absorbed  by  the  present  Pioneer  Iron  Company, 
with  furnace  at  Marquette. 

He  also  obtained  a  charter  for  the  building  of  a  railway 
from  Ishpeming  to  Escanaba  in  the  early  sixties  and  which 
is  now  the  Peninsula  division  of  the  C.  &  N.  W.  R'y. 

Later  he  was  awarded  a  state  approj^riation  for  the  best 


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236  BIOGRAPHICAL 

rapid  transit  system  in  New  York  city,  which  was  the  elevat- 
ed street  railway. 

Throughout  his  life  he  was  continually  promoting"  enter- 
prises of  great  public  importance  but  from  which  he  gained 
but  little  for  himself.  His  ability  in  such  matters  and  good 
judgment  in  their  direction  won  wealth  to  many  but  in  which 
he  seldom  shared.    He  died  in  New  York  city  March  14,  1912. 

Louis  W.  Powell. 

Louis  Weston  Powell  was  iDom  at  Wythenalle,  Va.,  aiid 
was  a  graduate  of  Washington  and  Lee  University.  For  a 
time  he  was  employed  in  the  iron  mines,  at  Virginia,  coming 
to  the  Palms  mine,  at  Bessemer  in  1896. 

In  1900  he  became  connected  with  the  Oliver  Iron  Mining 
Company,  at  Duluth,  as  assistant  to  the  president.  He  re- 
mained with  this  Company,  as  assistant  general  manager,  un- 
til 1906,  at  which  time  he  became  general  manager  for  the 
Calumet  &  Arizona  Mining  Company,  at  Bisbee,  Arizona, 
In  1910  he  resigned  this  i>osition  and  was  interested  for  a 
number  of  years,  until  his  death,  in  promoting  different  min- 
ing comi>anies  in  Mexico  and  the  Southwest.  At  his  death, 
which  occurred  in  New  York  on  October  24,  1913,  he  was 
president  of  the  Elenita  Development  Company,  vice  president 
of  the  Cananea  Copper  Company,  and  a  director  in  other 
copper  mines. 

Dr.  George  Koenig. 

Bom  in  Geniiany,  1845.  Educated  in  Heidelberg.  He 
came  to  America  in  his  youth  and  taught  chemistry  for  twenty 
years  in  the  University  of  Pennsylvania.  He  established  the 
first  course  in  mining  ever  taught  in  the  United  States.  In 
1892  Dr.  Koenig  joined  the  Michigan  College  of  Mines,  at 
Houghton,  as  professor  of  chemistr)^ 

He  had  a  kindly  humor  and  his  lectures  were  very  popu- 
lar with  the  students  because  he  illuminated  them  with  quiet 
fun  at  times. 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  237 

He  died  January  14,  1913,  at  Philadelphia,  of  arterio 
sclerosis. 

His  works  on  chemistry  are  used  as  text  books  at  the 
Michig^an  College  of  Mines  and  other  colleges. 

A.  Lanfear  Norrie. 

Born  in  1858;  his  early  home  was  in  New  York  city.  He 
received  part  of  his  education  in  England.  Came  to  the 
Xorthern  Peninsula  in  1885  and,  having  some  capital,  com- 
menced to  explore  on  the  then  new  Gogebic  range.  He 
located  the  Xorrie  mine  in  1885  and  1886  and  then  retired 
from  his  mining  work,  living  principally  in  New  York  city. 
He  died  there  December  22,  1910. 

Graham  Pope. 

Mr.  Poi)e  was  born  in  the  city  of  Boston,  Mass.,  October 
12,  1840.  He  was  educated  in  the  public  schools  there  and, 
for  a  year  following  his  student  life,  worked  in  a  nautical  and 
scientific  instrument  shop.  He  then  took  a  position  in  a 
large  mercantile  house  and  there  gained  a  business  education. 

In  1 86 1  Mr.  Pope  came  to  Houghton  and  entered  the 
employ  of  the  Isle  Royale  Mining  Company  with  the  inten- 
tion of  following  mining  work  thereafter.  He  was  made 
treasurer  and  manager  of  the  Houghton  Copper  Works  in 
187 1  and  continued  this  work  for  two  years  until  the  con- 
cern had  to  close  in  1873  for  lack  of  capital.  Then  for  a  few 
years  Mr.  Pope  was  engaged  on  tribute  mining,  until  1878, 
when  he  became  a  member  of  the  firm  of  Pope,  Shepherd  & 
Co.,  later  becoming  sole  owner. 

In  1892  Mr.  Pope  again  entered  the  mining  field,  as 
manager  of  the  Franklin  Mine,  and  again  gave  up  mining  in 
1899  owning  to  the  pressure  of  his  private  affairs.  He  also 
closed  his  mercantile  business  and  retired  to  private  life. 

During  the  Civil  war  Mr.  Pope  was  a  lieutenant  in  Com- 
pany I,  Twenty-Third  Michigan  Volunteer  Infantr}^  and  was 
largely  instrumental  in  recruiting  this  Houghton  county  com- 


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238  BIOGRAPHICAL 

f>any.  He  was  the  donor  of  the  soldiers'  moniinient  in  Hough- 
ton, dedicated  May  30,  191 2. 

Mr.  Pope  was  president  oAhe  Lake  Sui>erior  Mining  In- 
stitute for  the  year  1900  and  was  always  an  enthusiastic 
supporter  and  member  of  the  same. 

In  1864  he  married  Miss  Alice  H.  Fielder,  of  Houghton, 
who  died  in  1876,  and  they  are  sun'ived  by  one  son  and  three 
daughters.  He  died  Sunday,  July  8,  191 2.  An  active,  aggres- 
sive man,  throughout  his  entire  life,  which  was  nearly  all 
spent  in  the  upper  peninsula;  he  also  possessed  those  quali- 
ties that  drew  from  his  associates  their  honor,  respect  and 
affection.  At  his  death  there  were  few  in  the  Lake  Superior 
region  that  stood  as  high  in  the  estimation  of  those  ejigaged 
in  the  business  of  mining. 

Edwin  J.  Hulbert. 

Bom  at  Fort  Brady,  Sault  Ste.  Marie,  April  30,  1829. 
He  was  a  son  of  John  Hulbert,  of  Sault  Ste.  Marie,  and  a 
nephew  of  Henry  W.  Schoolcraft,  the  liistorian.  He  was 
employed  in  1857  ^^^  ^^^^  survey  of  the  state  road  from  Cop- 
\yer  Harbor,  by  way  of  Eagle  Harbor  Cliff  and  Houghton,  to 
Ontonagon  and,  during  that  time,  the  first  discoveries  of 
conglomerate  boulders  were  made. 

He  purchased  lands  which  he  thought  contained  copper 
veins  and,  in  1864,  discovered  the  Calumet  conglomerate  lode 
in  a  pit  sunk  by  John  Hulbert,  Jr.,  and  Amos  Scott.  No.  4 
shaft,  Calumet  mine,  marks  the  site  of  the  pit  in  which  the 
discovery  was  made. 

Mr.  Hulbert  had  the  first  survey  made  for  the  Portage 
Lake  canal,  the  work  loeing  done  by  W.  H.  Hearding,  then 
of  Houghton.  For  this  survey  he  i)ersonally  paid.  The 
W(;rk  was  afterwards  completed  by  the  government.  During 
his  discovei*}'  of  the  Calumet  &  Hecla  conglomerate,  ]Mr. 
Hulbert  acquired  large  tracts  of  land  in  the  vicinity  of  the 
original  pit,  the  Tamarack  Mine  being  situated  upon  some 
of  them. 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  239 

For  various  reasons  he  lost  almost  all  his  holdings  and, 
not  wishing  to  remain  in  the  United  States,  moved  to  Rome, 
Italy,  where  he  died  October  20,  1910. 

Anson  B.  Miner. 

Born  in  Illinois  in  1846.  He  entered  a  Chicago  banking 
institution  at  an  early  age  in  the  capacity  of  office  boy.  He 
soon  gained  a  knowledge  of  the  banking  business  and  ad- 
vanced rapidly  until  he  was  appointed  as  cashier,  a  position 
which  he  filled  until  1874,  when  the  bank  was  burned  out 
and  he  was  forced  to  journey  to  the  West  because  of  ill 
health.  He  returned  to  Chicago  after  an  absence  of  several 
years  and  tc-ok  a  position  with  the  First  National  Bank,  re- 
maining there  until  1883  when  he  went  to  Ishpeming  as  cash- 
ier of  the  First  National  Bank  of  that  city.  The -bank  was 
reorganized  later,  the  name  being  changed  to  the  Miners' 
National  Bank,  and  Mr.  Miner  was  named  as  cashier  and 
managing  director. 

He  was  one  of  the  keenest  bankers  in  the  Upper  Peninsula 
and  his  advice  was  sought  by  many.  He  took  a  great  deal 
of  interest  in  the  mining  business  of  the  country  and  never 
failed  to  attend  the  sessions  of  the  Institute. 

Mr.  Miner  was  married  to  Miss  Colter,  of  Ontonagon, 
at  Ishpeming,  and  one  daughter,  Mary  Miner,  -vvas  born  t(^ 
them.  He  died  at  Ishpeming  on  January  13,  191 3,  after  a 
short  illness., 

John  McEncroe. 

Born  at  Detroit,  Michigan,  in  1834.  Twenty  years  later 
he  left  his  native  city  and  started  for  the  Upi>er  Peninsula, 
stopping  first  at  Sault  Ste.  Marie,  where  he  spent  a  few 
months,  and  then  journeyed  to  Marquette.  At  this  place 
he  secured  work  on  the  Marquette,  Houghton  &  Ontonagon 
Railway,  which  was  then  being  built.  In  1856  he  went  to 
work  at  the  Eureka  Mine,  located  a  short  distance  from 
Marquette.     The  proi>erty  was  operated  by  A.  B.  Ward  and 


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240  BIOGRAPHICAL 

the  ore  was  of  the  bog  variety  and  was  sent  to  the  Wyandot 
furnace  for  smelting.  The  mine  soon  played  out  as  the  de- 
posit was  small. 

In  1858  Mr.  McEncroe  went  to  Ishpeming  to  enter  the 
employ  of  the  Lake  Superior  Iron  Company  and  he  remained 
in  the  service  of  that  comi>any  for  53  years,  being  placed  on 
the  i^ension  roll  a  few  years  prior  to  his  death.  He  was  one 
of  a  little  band  of  ten  working  under  Gilbert  D.  Johnson, 
the  Company's  first  sui>erintendent.  His  first  work  was  that 
of  a  miner,  working  in  the  open  pits,  for  which  he  received 
seventy-five  cents  per  day.  In^  i860  he  was  promoted  to 
the  foremanship  of  one  of  the  pits.  In  1865  he  was  made 
foreman  of  all  of  the  pits  and  all  of  the  surface  work. 

In  1873  Mr.  McEncroe  was  made  mining  captain  of  all 
of  the  Company's  hard  ore  mines,  a  position  which  he  held 
continuously  until  he  retired,  with  great  credit  to  himself  and 
profit  to  his  employers.  Captain  McEncroe  needs  no  greater 
c(  mpliment  to  his  ability  as  a  miner;  to  his  organization  of 
a  working  force,  or  to  his  character  as  a  stable  citizen  than  the 
simple  statement  that  he  had  been  engaged  with  one  company 
for  fifty-three  years.  He  entered  the  Lake  Superior  field  when 
there  were  but  a  few  mining  properties  and  the  methods  of 
extracting  ore  were  crude,  and  the  experiences  that  he  often 
related  of  the  early  days  on  the  Marquette  range  were  highly 
interesting. 

He  was  the  oldest  resident  of  Ishi)eming,  Mich.,  at  th* 
time  of  his  death,  which  occurred  on  April  23,  1913. 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE 


241 


PAST  OFFICERS. 
PRESIDENTS. 


Nelson  P.  Hulst 1893 

J.    Parke   Channing 1894 

John  Duncan   1895 

William  G.  Mather 1896 

William  Kelly   1898 

Graham  Pope    1900 

W.  J.  Olcott 1901 

Walter  Fitch    1902 


George  H.  Abeel 1903 

O.  C.  Davidson   1904 

James    MacNaughton    1905 

Thomas  P.  Cole   1906 

Murray  M.  Duncan   1908 

D.  E.  Sutherland 1909 

William  J.  Richards   1910 

F.  W.  Denton 19U 


Pentecost  Mitchell 1912 

(No  meetings  were  held  in  1897,  1899  and  1907.) 
VICE  PRESIDENTS. 


John  T.  Jones 
F.  P.  Mills 

John  T.  Jones 
F.  P.  Mills 

F.  McM.  Stanton 
Geo.  A.  Newett 


F.  McM.  Stanton 
Geo.  A.  Newett 


E.  F.  Brown 
James  B.  Cooper 

O.  C.  Davidson 
T.  F.  Cole 


J.  H.  McLean 
M.  M.  Duncan 


William  Kelly 
Nelson  P.  Hulst 


1893. 
,    Parke    Channing 
1894. 
R.  A.  Parker 

1895. 

R.  A.  Parker 

1896. 

J.  F.  Armstrong 

1898. 

Ed.  Ball 

1900. 

M.  M.  Duncan 

1901. 

Nelson  P.  Hulst 
1902, 

Fred  Smith 


Graham  Pope 
M.  W.  Burt 


Graham  Pope 
W.  J.  Olcott 


Per  Larsson 
W.  J.  Olcott 


Per  Larsson 
Geo.  H.  Abeel 


Walter  Fitch 
Geo.  H.  Abeel 


J.  H.  McLean 
F.  W.  Denton 


F.  W.  Denton 
William  Kelly 

H.  F.  Ellard 
Wm.  H.  Johnston 


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2A2 


PAST  OFFICERS 


H.  F.  Ellard 
Fred  Smith 


H.  F.  Ellard 
Wm.  H.  Johnston 


M.  M.  Duncan 
Fred  M.  Prescot't 


M.  M.  Duncan 
J.  M.  Longyear 


J.  M.  Longyear 
F.  W.  Denton 


W.  J.  Richards 
Charles  Trezona 

W.  J.  Richards 
John  M.  Bush 


E.  D.  Brigham 
John  M.  Bush 


E.  D.  Brigham 
Geo.  H.  Abeel 


1903. 

James  B.  Cooper 

1904. 

Fred  Smith 

1905. 

F.  W.  McNair 

1906. 

Fred  M.  Prescott 

1908. 

David  T.  Morgan 

1909. 

D.  T.  Morgan 

1910. 

Frederick  W.  Sperr 

1911. 

Frederick  W.  Sperr 

1912. 

W.  P.  Chinn 


Wm.  H.  Johnston 
John  H.  McLean 


John  H.  McLean 
James  B.  Cooper 

John  H.  McLean 
J.^  B.  Cooper 

F.  W.  McNair 
F.  W.  Denton 


D.  E.  Sutherland 
Norman  W.  Haire 


D.  E.  Sutherland 
Norman  W.  Haire 


Charles  Trezona 
James  H.  Rough 

C.  H.  Munger 
James  H.  Rough 


C.  H.  Munger 
W.  H.  Jobe 


MANAGERS. 


John  Duncan 
Walter  Fitch 


Walter  Fitch 
John  Duncan 


F.  P.  Mills 
Ed.  Ball 


F.  P.  Mills 
Ed.  Ball 


M.  M.  Duncan 
J.  D.  GiU'hrist 


E.  F.  Brown 
Ed.  Ball 


1893. 

William  Kelly 

1894. 

M.  E.  Wadsworth 

1895. 

M.  E.  Wadsworth 

1896. 

C.  H.  Munger 

1898. 

T.  F.  Cole 

1900. 

James  B.  Cooper 


James  MacNaughton 
Charles  Munger 

C.  M.  Boss 
O.  C.  Davidson 


C.  M.  Boss 
O.  C.  Davidson 


Graham  Pope 
William  Kelly 


Graham  Pope 
O.  C.  Davidson 


Walter  Fitch 
George  H.  Abeel 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  243 

1901. 
James  B.  Cooper  James  Clancey 

James  MacNaughton  (One  Vacancy)  J.  L.  Greatsinger 

1902. 
James  Clancey  Graham  Pope 

J.  L.  Greatsinger  Amos  Shephard  T.  F.  Cole 

1903. 
Graham  Pope  T.  F.  Cole 

Amos  Shephard  W.  J.  Richards  John  McDowell 

1904. 
John  McDowell  Thomas  F.  Cole 

Wm.  J.  Richards  Graham  Pope  Amos  Shephard 

1905. 
John  C.  Greenway  H.  B.  Sturtevant 

John  McDowell  William  Kelly  Wm.  J.  Richards 

1906. 
John  C.  Greenway  H.  B.  Sturtevant 

Jas.  R.  Thompson  William  Kelly  Felix  A.  Vogel 

1908. 
James  R.  Thompson  J.  Ward  Amherg 

Felix  A.  Vogel  John  C.  Greenway  Pentecost  Mitchell 

1909. 
F.  E.  Keese  J.  Ward  Amberg 

W.  J.  Uren  L.  M.  Hardenhurg  Pentecost  Mitchell 

1910. 
Frank  E.  Keeae  L.  M.  Hardenburg 

Charles. B.  Lawrence  William  J.  Uren  William  J.  West 

1911. 
Charles  E.  Lawrence  William  J.  West 

Peter  W.  Pascoe  J.  B.  Cooper  L.  C.  Brewer 

1912. 
Peter  Pascoe  J.  B.  Cooper  L.  C.  Brewer 

M.  H.  Godfrey  J.  E.  Jopling 

TREASURERS. 

C.  M.  Boss 1893 

A.  C.  Lane 1894 

Geo.  D.   Swift    1895-1896 

A.  J.  Yungbluth   •. 1898-1900 

Geo.  H.  Abeel  190M902 

E.  W.  Hopkins   1903- 

SECRETARIES. 

F.  W.  Denton   1893-1S9G 

F.  W.  Denton  and  F.  W.  Sperr 1898 

F.  W.  Sperr  1900 

A.  J.  Yungbluth  1901-. . . . 


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244  LIST  OF  PUBLICATIONS  RECEIVED 

LIST  OF  PUBLICATIONS  RECEIVED  BY  THE  INSTITUTE. 

American  Institute  of  Mining  Engineers,  99  John  Street,  New 
York  City. 

Mining  and  Metallurgical  Society  of  America,  505  Pearl  Street, 
New  York  City. 

American  Society  of  Civil  Engineers,  220  West  57th  Street,  New 
York  City. 

Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology,  Boslon,  Mass. 

Western  Society  of  Engineers,  1734-41  Monadnock  Block,  Chicago. 

The  Mining  Society  of  Nova  Scotia,  Halifax,  N.  S. 

Canadian   Mining  Institute,  Ottawa. 

Canadian   Society  of  Civil   Engineers,   Montreal. 

Institute  of  Mining  Engineers,  Neville  Hall,  Newcastle  Upon-Tyne, 
England. 

North  of  England  Institute  of  Mining  and  Mechanical  Engineers, 
Newcastle-Upon-Tyne,  England. 

Chemical,  Metallurgical  and  Mining  Society  of  South  Africa,  Jo- 
hanneshurg,  S.  A. 

American  Mining  Congress,  1510  Court  Place,  Denver,  Colo. 

State  Bureau  of  Mines,  Colorado,  Denver,  Colo. 

Reports  of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Geological  Survey  of  Ohio  State  University,  Columbus,  O. 

Geological  Survey  of  New  South  Wales,  Sydney,  N.  S.  W. 

Oklahoma  Geological   Survey,   Norman,   Okla. 

University  of  Oregon,  Library,  Eugene,  Oregon. 

Case  School  of  Applied  Science,  Department  of  Mining  &  Metal- 
lurgy, Cleveland,  Ohio. 

University  of  Illinois,   Exchange   Department,   Urbana,  Ills. 

University  of  Missouri,  Columbia,  Mo. 

University  of  Michigan,  Ann  Arbor,  Mich. 

Iowa   State  College,  Ames,   Iowa. 

The  Mining  Magazine,  178  Salisbury  House,  London,  E.  C. 

Mines  and  Mining,  1824  Curtis  Street,  Denver,  Colo. 

Engineering-Contracting,  355  Dearborn  Street,  Chicago,  Ills. 

Mining  &  Engineering  World,  Monadnock  Block,  Chicago,  Ills. 

Mining  Science,  Denver  Colo. 

Mining  &  Scientific  Press,  6G7  Howard  Street,  San  Francisco,  Cal. 

The   Mexican   Mining  Journal,   Mexico   City,   Mexico. 

Stahl   und  Eisen,   Dusseldorf,   Germany,  Jacobistrasse  6. 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE 


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APPENDIX 


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Printing  by  The  O.  F.  Collier  Press 
Engravings  by  Duluth-Photo  Engraving  Co. 


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Duluth  and  the  Minnesota 
Iron    Ranges 


Q  Data  and  views  showing 
the  scope  of  operations 
pertaining  to  the  mining, 
transportation  and  smelting 
of  Iron  Ore  in  Northern 
Minnesota  :: 


Compiled   and   arranged    b}f 
W.  W.  J.  CROZE,  Hiniiig  Engineer 

DULUTH.  MINN. 

1913 


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IRON   INDUSTRY  OF  MINNESOTA 


Lake  Superior  Mining  Institute. 
LOCAL  COMMITTEES  FOR  1 8th  ANNUAL  MEETING. 


T.  F.  Cole 

A.  L.  Ordean 
Jno.  A.  Savage 
C.  A.  Congdon 

B.  W.  How 

R.  B.  Whiteside 
James  A.  Ferguson 
Jas.  D.  Ireland 
Julius  H.  Barnes 
Geo.  D.  Swift 
A.  D.  Thomson 
Jos.  B.  Cotton 
A.  M.  Chisholm 
H.  M.  Peyton 
H.  W.  Brown 


RECEPTION 

Geo.  A.  St.  Clair,  Chairman 

A.   M.   Marshall 

W.  J.  Olcott 

M.  H.  Alworth 

C.  A.  Luster 

Jno.  G.  Williams 

W.  N.  Ryerson 

G.  G.  Bamum 

Judge  Page  Morris 

R.  B.  Knox 

Cuyler  Adams 

Capt.  Alex.  McDougal 

Hon.   E.   B.  Hawkins 

C.  A.  Duncan 

G.  A.  Tomlinson 


Geo.  L.  Reis 
J.  L.  Washburn 
Hon.  W.  I.  Prince 
Capt.  Ernest  D.  Peek 
Joseph  Sellwood 
W.  C.  Agnew 
J.  B.  Adams 

F.  D.  Orr 

G.  G.  Hartley 
Chas.  d*Autremont 
O.  W.  Johnstone 
Herbert  Warren 
F.  A.  Brewer 
W.  G.  La  Rue 


C.  H.  Munger 
Geo.  H.  Crosby 

D.  E.   Woodbridge 


ARRANGEMENTS 

John  H.  McLean,  Chairman 

D.  M.  Philbin 
R.  M.  Sellwood 
D.  L.  Fairchild 


Geo.  D.  Swift 
W.  W.  J.  Croze 
W.  H.  Cole 


F.  E.  House 
J.  R.  Michaels, 
Thos.  Owens 


TRANSPORTATION 

W.  A.  McGonagle,  Chairman 

W.  W.  Walker 
A.  V.  Brown 
Oscar  Mitchell 


C.  O.  Jenks 
J.  W.  Kreitter 
Geo.  M.   Smith 


S.  S.  Rumsey 
J.  H.   Hearding 
J.  D.  Ireland 


ENTERTAINMENT 

Francis  J.  Webb,   Chairman 

A.  B.  Coales 
J.  G.  Vivian 
W.  J.  West 
4 


L.  R.  Salsich 
W.  P.  Chinn 
J.  S.  Lutes 

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IRON     INDUSTRY     OF     MINNESOTA 

ITINERARY 

Lake  Superior  Mining  Institute 

TUESDAY.  AUGUST  26th.  1913: 

Headquarters  at  Spalding  Hotel,  Duluth. 

Leave   Fifth   Avenue   dock    by   Steamer   "Columbia"    for   steel   plant 

at  2:00  P.  M..  returning  to  Duluth  between  6:00  P.  M.  and  7:00 

P.  M. 
Leave  Duluth  by  special  train,  via  Duluth  &  Iron  Range  Railroad. 

from  Union  Depot  at  12:00  o'clock  midnight  for 'Aurora. 
WEDNESDAY.  AUGUST  27th,  1913: 

Breakfast  on  train  at  Aurora.     Leave  at  8:00  A.  M.  by  automobile 

for  the   following  mines:    Biwabik,   Corsica,   Elba,   Schley.    Pettit. 

Genoa,  Fayal.  Adams  and  Spruce. 
Luncheon  at  Glode  Hotel.  Eveleth.  12:00  o'clock  noon. 
Leave  Eveleth   1  :30  P.   M.  and  visit  the  following  mines:   Norman. 

Union,  Commodore,  Lincoln.  Alpena  and  Virginia  &  Rainy  Lake 

Company's  saw  mill. 
Baseball  game  at  4:00  P.  M.  at  Virginia  between  Northern  League 

teams. 
Dinner  at  Elk's  Club.  Virginia.  6:30  P.  M. 
Business  meeting.  Virginia  High  School,  8:00  P.  M. 
Elks  Club  and  Virginia  Club  will  be  open  in  the  afternoon  and  evening 

to  all  members  of  the  Institute. 
THURSDAY,  AUGUST  28th,  1913: 

Breakfast  on  train  at  Virginia.       Leave  at  8:00  A.  M.  by  automobile 

for   following   mines:    Brunt,    Mountain    Iron.   Wacoutah.    Kinney. 

Whiteside.  Woodbridge,  Grant  and  Shenango. 
Luncheon  at  1 2 :00  o'clock  noon  at  Chisholm,  in  Bergeron  Hall. 
Leave  Chisholm  1 :30  P.  M.  and  visit  the  following  mines:  Leonard 

and  Monroe. 
Arrive  at  Fair  Grounds,  Hibbing,  3:30  P.  M.     Attend  horse  races. 
Dinner  on  train  at  6:30  P.  M. 
Vaudeville  entertainment.  Armory,  8:30  P.  M. 
Algonquin  and  Oliver  Clubs  will  be  open  in  afternoon  and  evening  to 

the  Institute  Members. 
FRIDAY,  AUGUST  29th,  1913: 

Breakfast  on  train  at  Hibbing.     Leave  at  8:00  A.  M.  for  Hull-Rust, 

Burt-Pool,  Sellers  and  Buffalo  &  Susquehanna  Mines. 
Leave  on  Great  Northern  Railway  at   10:30  A.  M.,  visiting  the  fol- 
lowing mines:  Stevenson.  St.   Paul,   Bray,  Hawkins,  Crosby,   Hill, 

Holman  and  Canisteo,  arriving  at  Coleraine  between  5:00  and  6:00 

P.  M. 
Luncheon  and  dinner  on  train. 
Moving  pictures  of  Missabe  Range  mines  and  business  meeting.  Village 

Hall,  8:00  P.  M. 
SATURDAY.  AUGUST  30ih.  1913: 
Breakfast  on  train  at  Coleraine. 
Leave  at   8:00  A.    M.    for  inspection   of   Concentrating   and   Power 

Plants. 
Leave  Coleraine,  via  Duluth,  Missabe  &  Northern  Railway,  at  10:30 

A.  M.  for  Duluth. 

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IRON     INDUSTRY     OF     MINNESOTA 


HISTORY   of  DULUTH 

HE  HISTORY  of  Duluth  commences  with  Daniel  de 
Gresolon,  Sieur  Dulhut,  one  of  the  explorers  of  the 
Upper  Mississippi,  who  came  to  the  head  of  the  lakes 
in  the  summer  of  1679.  Radisson  and  Groseillier,  and 
Claude  Allouez,  a  Jesuit  priest,  preceeded  Dulhut  to 
the  Lake  Superior   district,  and  are  supposed  to  have 

visited    the  head    of   the   lakes,    but   there  is   no  authentic  account 

previous  to  that  of  Dulhut. 

Q  In  I  792  the  fur  traders  established  a  fort  at  Fond  du  Lac,  on  the 
St  Louis  river,  1 5  miles  above  the  present  city  of  Duluth.  In  the 
early  30*s  there  were  a  few  ttered  squatters  at  Oneota  and  around 
the  George  Stuntz  trading  post  on  Minnesota  Point  In  1833-36  the 
setdement  on  Minnesota  Point  was  called  Duluth,  commemorating 
the  name  of  Dulhut. 

fl  The  first  railroad  was  built  to  the  head  of  the  lakes  in  1870.  The 
charter  for  this  road  had  been  granted  in  1861  to  the  Lake  Superior 
and  Mississippi  Railroad  Company,  afterward  called  the  St.  Paul  and 
Duluth,  and  which  is  now  a  part  of  the  Northern  Pacific. 

Q  In  1870  the  population  of  Duluth  was  about  1,200,  and  Oneota 
300;    1880,3,480;    1890.33,113;    1900,32,969;    1910,78,184. 


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St.  LouiB  County  Court  House,  Duluth,  Minnesota 


Club  House,  Northland  Country  Club 
9 


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IRON      INDUSTRY     OF      MINNESOTA 


Aflinnesota  Steel  Company  Shop  Buildings 

^  The  plant  of  the  Minnesota  Steel  G>mpany  is  located  on 
the  St.  Louis  River,  nine  miles  from  Union  Depot  at  Duluth, 
on  a  tract  of  1 300  acres,  with  two  miles  of  water  front  and 
connected  by  the  Spirit  Lake  Transfer  Ry.  and  Interstate 
Railroad,  with  all  railroads  entering  Duluth  or  Superior.  The 
present  plans  include: 

Two  blast  furnaces— 300  tons  daily  capacity  each;   thin    lined,    water    cooled    shells; 

10  stoves,  gas  washers,  etc. 
Ninety  Koppers  type  by-product  coke  stoves. 
Ten  open  hearth  furnaces — rated   capacity    73    tons  each.     (EUich   furnace   equipped 

with  400  h.  p.  boiler  for  utilizing  waste  heat.) 
Four  4-hole  soaking  pits. 
One    40-in.    reversing    Blooming    Mill,    steam  driven,    with   low  pressure    turbine 

generator  set. 
One  28- in.  finishing  mill — Motor  driven 
One  16-in.  continuous  roughing  train  with  J 

7  t!'"j  In'^"-  t^\^"^  >  Motor  driven 

2  5tand  lU-m.  hnishmg  i 

2  Stand    8-in.  finishing  ) 

Power  house — 10,000  K  W  capacity 

Five  blowing  engines  -  gas  driven,  20,000  cu.  ft.  capacity  each. 

Pumping  station — 40,000,000  gallons  daily  capacity 

Machine  Forge  and  Structural  Shop. 

Three  continuous  reheating  furnaces — regenerating  type,  end   discharge,   designed    to 

use  16-foot  billets.    Elstimated  daily  capacity  of  1,000  tons  ingots. 
All  buildings  steel  frames,  enclosed  with  two-piece  concrete  blocks. 

^  The  company  are  also  erecting  1 75  houses  containing 
350  apartments.  A  cement  plant  with  a  capacity  of  4000 
barrels  per  day  will  also  be  built. 

10 

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IRON     INDUSTRY     OF     MINNESOTA 


GREAT  NORTHERN  POWER  COMPANY 

4  The  Great  Northern  Power  Company  started  a  commercial 
operation  July  Ist,  1908,  with  ten  customers,  using  16,000  horse- 
pow^er.  Today  it  is  supplying  forty  customers  using  40,000  horse- 
power. These  customers  include  railway  companies,  lighting  com- 
panies in  Duluth  and  Superior,  also  power  for  pumping  the  water 
supply  to  the  city  of  Duluth  and  several  miscellaneous  customers 
including  sixteen  of  the  twenty-one  coal  docks  at  the  head  of  the 
lakes. 

4  The  installation  consists  of  three  1 3,000  horsepower  units  and  a 
20,000  horsepower  unit  is  to  be  put  in  this  winter. 

4  The  plant  is  fifteen  miles  from  the  center  of  the  city  and  the 
present  development  has  an  effective  head  of  373  feet  at  the  Power 
House.  The  company  owns  the  further  rights  for  a  70  foot  develop- 
ment at  Fond  du  Lac. 

4  Rates  for  power  are  lower  than  at  any  other  lake  port  for  simi- 
lar service  and  range  from  one  to  two  cents  per  kilowatt  hour  or  from 
$10  to  $30  per  horsepower  per  year,  depending  upon  the  average 
use  of  horsepower  installed. 

^  The  Power  Company  can  only  handle  customers  with  an 
installed  capacity  of  30  or  more  horsepo.wer;  the  small  customers 
being  served  by  the  local  lighting  companies  in  the  two  cities. 

^  The  total  capacity  of  the  plant  with  no  steam  auxiliaries  is 
1 00,000  horsepower  and  with  steam  auxiliaries,  this  can  be  increased 
to  a  considerable  extent 


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IRON  INDUSTRY  OF  MINNESOTA 


ZENITH  FURNACE  COMPANY 

Q  In  1 903  an  organization  was  perfected  at  Duluth,  having  for  its 
primary  motive  the  manufacture  of  Bessemer  and  Foundry  pig  iron, 
for  the  purpose  of  supplying  the  trade  tributary  to  the  Head  of  the 
Lakes. 

Q  Until  the  completion  of  the  immense  steel  plant  of  the  United 
States  Steel  Corporation,  now  under  construction  on  the  St  Louis 
River,  a  few  miles  beyond  the  location  of  the  Zenith  Furnace  Com- 
pany, the  latter  will  enjoy  the  distinction  of  operating  the  only  blast 
furnace  on  the  South  Shore  of  Lake  Superior  producing  Bessemer  and 
Foundry  coke  iron. 

Q  The  most  serious  obstacle  confronting  the  enterprise  at  its  incep- 
tion was  the  inability  to  obtain  high  grade  coke  at  prices  which  were 
not  prohibitive.  This  problem  was  eventually  satisfactorily  solved 
by  the  installation  of  a  battery  of  fifty  by-product  coke  ovens. 

Q  The  daily  consumption  of  this  battery  of  ovens  is  about  373  tons 
of  the  highest  qusJity  of  Youghiogheny  gas  coal  screenings,  produc- 
ing about  260  tons  of  Bessemer  coke  for  blast  furnace  use. 

Q  The  by-products  are  gas,  which  is  supplied  to  the  cities  of 
Duluth  and  Superior  for  illuminating,  cooking  and  heating  purpose*, 
tar  and  ammonia. 

Q  Only  the  purest  Thin  Vein  Youghiogheny  gas  coal,  mined  in  the 
Pittsburgh  district,  is  suitable  for  the  production  of  Zenith  coke,  and 
after  the  screenings  are  separated  from  the  run  of  pile  coal,  which  is 
received  in  cargo  lots,  the  screened  coal  is  sold  to  the  steam  and 
domestic  trade  in  two  sizes,  which  have  long  since  become  well  and 
favorably  known  throughout  the  northwest  under  the  names  of 
Zenith  Lump  and  Zenith  Stove  coal. 

Q  The  cleanest  of  preparation  and  promptness  in  filling  shipping 
instructions  have  been  specialties  with  the  Zenith  Furnace  Company's 
dock  organization,  and  to  the  latter  end  it  operates  its  own  terminal 
railway,  in  preference  to  depending  upon  the  railroads  for  switching 
service. 

Q  The  annual  capacity  of  the  Zenith  Furnace  Company  now 
aggregates  about  600,000  tons  of  coal,  1 00,000  tons  of  coke,  73,000 
tons  of  pig  iron,  700,000,000  cubic  feet  of  gas,  600,000  pounds  of 
ammonia  and  1 ,200,000  gallons  of  tar. 

15 


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IRON  INDUSTRY  OF   MINNESOTA 

"Che   IRON   RANGES   of  MINNESOTA 

^JTHE  FIRST  mention  of  iron  bearing  formation  in  this  region  is 
111  by  Norwood  in  1852,  but  it  was  not  until  1875  that  we  have 
^^  any  record  of  work  being  done  to  establish  the  economic 
value  of  the  district.  In  this  year  Prof.  A.  H.  Chester  examined 
the  Missabe  range  from  Embarrass  Lake  eastward  to  Birch  Lake* 
In  the  greater  portion  of  the  district  examined  by  Prof.  Chester,  the 
formation  is  highly  magnetic  and  has  never  produced  bodies  of 
merchantable  ore.  Shortly  after  attention  was  almost  wholly  diverted 
from  the  Missabe  by  the  discovery  of  ore  on  the  Vermilion  range. 

4  In  the  early  80's,  Mr.  Geo.  C.  Stone  succeeded  in  interesting 
Mr.  Charlemange  Tower  in  the  ore  deposits  on  the  Vermilion  range 
near  Tower.  The  first  shipment  of  ore  was  made  in  1 884.  In  1 886 
the  whole  property  including  mines,  railroad,  docks,  and  land  grant 
was  sold  to  the  Minnesota  Iron  Company  and  later,  on  the  organiz- 
ation of  the  U.  S.  Steel  Corporation,  became  a  part  of  the  holdings  of 
that  corporation.  The  first  mine  to  be  developed  near  Elly,  2 1  miles 
east  of  Tower,  was  the  Chandler,  which  began  shipping  in  the  fall  of 
1 888.  Since  then  the  Pioneer,  Zenith,  Sibley  and  Savoy  have  been 
opened  in  what  is  known  as  the  Elly  trough.  A  new  mine  called  the 
Section  30  is  being  worked  on  another  trough  about  3  miles  east  of  Ely. 

4  On  the  Missabe  range,  ore  was  discovered  in  the  fall  of  1890 
near  the  present  Mountain  Iron  mine  by  the  Messrs.  Merritt  of 
Duluth,  and  in  the  fall  of  the  following  year  on  the  Biwabik  property 
by  the  same  parties.  Since  these  discoveries  the  development  of  this 
range  has  been  phenomenal. 

4  The  Cuyuna  Range  was  located  from  the  results  of  magnetic 
work  done  by  Mr.  Cuyler  Adams  about  the  year  1895.  Very  litde 
was  done,  other  than  magnetic  research  work,  until  the  year  1 904 
when  the  first  drilling  was  started  in  Sec.  1 6,  Town  46,  Range  28, 
about  a  mile  southeast  of  Deerwood. 

4  The  first  shipment  of  ore  from  the  Cu3mna  Range  was  made 
in  1911  from  the  Kennedy  mine. 

fl  Minnesota  furnishes  yearly  about  three-fifths  of  the  iron  ore 
produced  in  the  United  States;  the  shipments  during  1912  amounting 
to  34,197,501  tons. 

Missabe  Range 32.047,409  tons 

Vermilion  Range 1.844,981  tons 

Cuyuna    Range   303, 1 1 1  tons 

Lake  Superior  District 48.221,546  tons 

TOTAL  IRON  ORE  PRODUCED  TO  JAN.  I.  1913. 

Lake  Superior  District 574. 125,258  tons 

(  Missabe   Range 279,067.325  tons 

Minnesota  <  Vermilion  Range 33,262,473  tons 

(  Cuyuna  Range 452,542  tons  —3 1 2.782,340  tons 

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IRON  INDUSTRY  OF  MINNESOTA 


VERMILION    RANGE 

^JTHE  vermilion  range  extends  from  the  vicinity  of  Tower  to 
flL  and  beyond  the  international  boundary,  crossing  into  Canada 
^^  at  the  eastern  end  of  Hunter's  Island.  Merchantable  bodies 
of  ore  have  been  discovered  at  but  two  localities  along  this 
extent,  one  at  Tower  and  the  other  near  Ely. 

^  The  iron  bearing  formation  of  this  range  occupies  the  lowest 
position  geologically  of  any  of  the  Lake  Superior  iron  formations, 
being  designated  by  Van  Hise  and  Clements  as  in  the  Archean. 

Q  At  the  Minnesota  mine  the  ore  is  a  dense  hard  hematite  occur- 
ing  in  irregular  connected  and  disconnected  lense  shaped  bodies  in 
the  jasper,  which  is  intricately  infolded  in  the  spheroidal  greenstone 
or  green  schists,  so-called  on  account  of  a  characteristic  spheroidal 
parting.  The  strike  is  about  east  and  west  and  the  dip  approximately 
vertical  with  a  westerly  pitch.  The  underground  workings  at  this 
mine  are  some  4,500  feet  in  extent  east  and  west,  and  over  1,500 
feet  in  depth.  The  structure  here  is  probably  the  most  complex  in 
the  Lake  Superior  iron  districts.  Above  the  iron  bearing  formation, 
geologically,  comes  the  basal  conglomerate  of  the  Lower  Huronian, 
arr3ring  large  boulders  and  masses  of  the  iron  bearing  rocks. 

9  The  ores  at  Ely  differ  from  the  preceeding,  mainly  in  their 
physical  structure,  being  much  more  broken  and  friable.  The  area 
in  which  they  lie  is  a  double  ended  trough  about  two  miles  in  length 
east  and  west  and  some  1,500  feet  in  width.  The  general  dip  is 
nearly  vertical  and  the  pitch  of  the  ore  bodies  at  the  west  end  of  the 
trough,  is  to  the  east,  while  the  pitch  of  those  at  the  east  end  is  to 
the  west.  The  iron  formation  here,  as  at  the  Minnesota  mine,  lies  in 
a  trough  of  the  older  spheroidal  greenstone,  but  the  folding  is  not  so 
close.  Intrusive  masses  and  dikes  of  granitic  porphyry  and  basic 
eruptives  cut  the  whole  series. 


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I  R  ON      INDU  STRY     OF     MINNESOTA 


A  Shaft,  Pioneer  Mine,  Elly.  Minnesota 


B  Shaft,  Pioneer  Mine,  Ely,  Minnesota 
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IRON  INDUSTRY  OF  MINNESOTA 

MISSABE  RANGE 

^  The  ores  of  the  Missabe  are  red,  brown  and  yellow  hematites 
and  limonites,  more  or  less  hydrated,  and  are  secondary  replace- 
ments or  enrichments  of  the  jasper.  They  are  supposed  to  be 
mainly  derived  from  the  silicates  of  iron,  which  are  abundant  in  the 
rocks  of  the  iron  formation,  and  to  a  less  degree  from  siderite.  In 
physical  structure  they  vary  from  a  fairly  compact  phase  to  earthy 
or  powdery  phases,  and  are  comparatively  high  in  moisture.  At  the 
west  end  of  the  range  the  ores  are  more  or  less  "sandy,"  a  condition 
evidcndy  resulting  from  the  decomposition  of  the  cherty  layers  in 
the  banded  iron  and  chert. 

Q  The  first  ore  from  the  Missabe  range  was  shipped  from  the 
Mountain  Iron  mine  over  the  Duluth,  Missabe  &  Northern  Railroad 
in  1892.  The  total  shipments  during  that  year  amounted  to  4,248 
tons.  Since  that  time  the  Mountain  Iron  mine  has  produced 
I  7,200,000  tons. 

IRON  ORE  PRODUCTION. 

1911 22,093,532  tons 

1912 32.047,409    " 

Total  to  January  1.1913  -        -      2  79.067.325     " 

Q  Since  the  Missabe  range  opened  there  has  been  removed 
205,949.000  cubic  yards  of  stripping.  The  total  excavation,  taking 
into  account  the  ore  and  stripping,  is  as  follows: 

1892  to  1900  stripping       -  22,089,000  cu.  yds. 

1901  to  1913        "  -  183,860,000    "      " 

1 892  to  1 900  ore  (estimated)  1 5,700.000    "      " 

1901  to  1913  ore  -  123,833,600    "      " 

Grand  Total       -        345,482,C00    "       " 

fl  Besides  this,  5,000.000  cubic  yards  of  lean  ore  has  been  put  in 
stock  pile.  The  total  excavation  for  the  Panama  Canal  is,  according 
to  the  latest  figures,  2 1 8, 1  38,300  cubic  yards. 


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IRON  INDUSTRY  OF  MINNESOTA 


List  of  Mines  on  the  Missabe  Range 

With  Name   of   Mine,   Operating   Company   and   Elstimated 
Shipments  for  1913. 


OLIVER  IRON  MINING  COMPANY'S  MINES 


Mine 

Operating  Company^ 

Adams 

Oliver '. 

ron  Mining  Company 

Auburn 

Oliver  ] 

Iron  Mining  Company 

Burt-Pool-Day 

Oliver 

[ron  Mining  Company 

Canisteo 

Oliver 

[ron  Mining  Company 

Canton 

Oliver 

[ron  Mining  Company 

Chisholm 

Oliver  ] 

[ron  Mining  Company 

Clark       .       . 

Oliver  ] 

[ron  Mining  Company 

Dale        .       . 

Oliver  1 

[ron  Mining  Company 

Duluth 

Oliver  ] 

[ron  Mining  Company 

Fay         .       . 

Oliver  ] 

Iron  Mining  Company 

Fayal       .       . 

Oliver  ] 

[ron  Mining  Company 

Genoa-Sparta 

Oliver  ] 

iron  Mining  Company 

Gilbert 

Oliver  ] 

ron  Mining  Company 

Glen         .       . 

Oliver  ] 

[ron  Mining  Company 

Graham 

Oliver  1 

[ron  Mining  Company 

Harold 

Oliver  1 

Ton  Mining  Company 

Hartley 

Oliver 

Ton  Mining  Company 

Higgins 

Oliver 

[ron  Mining  Company 

Hill          .       .       . 

Oliver  ] 

ron  Mining  Company 

Holman 

Oliver  ] 

ron  Mining  Company 

HuU-Rust      . 

Oliver  1 

Ton  Mining  Company 

Judd        .      . 

Oliver  ] 

ron  Mining  Company 

Leonard 

Oliver  1 

ron  Mining  Company 

Leonidas 

Oliver  1 

ron  Mining  Company 

Lone  Jack     . 

Oliver  ] 

Ton  Mining  Company 

McKinley 

Oliver  1 

Ton  Mining  Company 

Mace 

Oliver  ] 

ron  Mining  Company 

Minnewas 

Oliver 

ron  Mining  Company 

Missabe  Mountaii 

1     Oliver 

ron  Mining  Company 

Mississippi 

Oliver 

ron  Mining  Company 

Monroe-Tener 

Oliver  ] 

ron  Mining  Company 

Morris 

Oliver  ] 

ron  Mining  Company 

Mountain  Iron 

Oliver  ] 

Ton  Mining  Company 

Myers 

Oliver  1 

Ton  Mining  Company 

Norman 

Oliver  ] 

ron  Mining  Company 

Ohio        .       . 

Oliver  1 

[ron  Mining  Company 

Pillsbury 

.      Oliver  ] 

[ron  Mining  Company 

Sauntry-Alpena 

Oliver  1 

ron  Mining  Company 

Sellers      .       . 

Oliver  1 

[ron  Mining  Company 

Sharon 

.      Oliver 

iron  Mining  Company 

Spruce 

Oliver  1 

ron  Mining  Company 

Stephens 

Oliver  ] 

[ron  Mining  Company 

Estimated 

Shipm'ts '  1 3 

932.000 


695.000 
1.100.000 


600.000 
450.000 
560,000 

260.666 
1.271.000 
1.020.000 

185.000 


100.000 
245.000 


810.000 

775.000 
3.742.000 

100.000 
1.525.000 

555.000 


150.000 

325,666 
275.000 
500.000 


90.000 
400.000 


1 .600.000 
244.000 

750.666 


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IRON   INDUSTRY  OF   MINNESOTA 


Estimated 

Mine 

Operating  Company                                   Shipm'ts  '  1 3 

St.   Clair        . 

Oliver  Iron  Mining  Company                                  

Sullivan 

Oliver  Iron  Mining  Company 

Una— North 

Oliver  Iron  Mining  Company 

275.000 

Uno — South 

Oliver  Iron  Mining  Company 

875.000 

Vivian 

Oliver  Iron  Mining  Company 

15.000 

Walker 

Oliver  Iron  Mining  Company 

Weed       .       . 

Oliver  Iron  Mining  Company 

Winifred 

Oliver  Iron  Mining  Company 

40.666 

Total 

70  4^4  000 

PICK/ 

^NDS,  MATHER  &  COMPANY'S  MINES 

Albany 

Pickands,  Mather  &  Company           .       .            350.000 

Bangor 

Pickands,  Mather  &  Company 

130.000 

Corsica 

Pickands,  Mather  &  Company 

250.000 

Elba         .       . 

Pickands,  Mather  &  Company 

125.000 

Hudson 

Pickands,  Mather  &  Company 

250.000 

Kellogg 

Pickands.  Mather  &  Company 

Malta       .       . 

Pickands,  Mather  &  Company 

90.666 

Minorca 

Pickands,  Mather  &  Company 

80.000 

Mohawk 

Pickands,  Mather  &  Company 

200.000 

Scranton 

Pickands,  Mather  &  Company 

240.000 

Troy 

Pickands,  Mather  &  Company 

70.000 

Utica       .       . 

Pickands.  Mather  &  Company 

350.000 

Virginia 

Pickands,  Mather  &  Company 

350.000 

Yawkey 

Pickands,  Mather  &  Company 

50.000 

Total 

2535000 

REPUBLIC  IRON  &  S  I'EEL  COMPANY'S  MINES 

Bray        .       . 

Republic  Iron  &  Steel  Company        .       .            100.000 

Franklin 

Republic  Iron  &  Steel  Company 

50.000 

Kinney 

Republic  Iron  &  Steel  Company 

500.000 

Mariska 

Republic  Iron  &  Steel  Company 

Monica 

Republic  Iron  &  Steel  Company 

75.666 

Onondaga 

Republic  Iron  &  Steel  Company 

40.000 

Pettit       .       .       . 

Republic  Iron  &  Steel  Company 

200.000 

Schley      .       .       . 

Republic  Iron  &  Steel  Company 

200,000 

Union 

Republic  Iron  &  Steel  Company 

285.000 

Victoria 

Republic  Iron  &  Steel  Company 

Wills        .       . 

Republic  Iron  &  Steel  Company 

Total 

1 .450.666 

M 

.  A.  HANNA  &  COMPANY'S  MINES 

Brunt        .       . 

M.  A.  Hanna  &  Company          .       .       .            200.000 

Croxton 

M.  A.  Hanna  &  Company         .       .       .              75.000 

Frantz 

M.  A.  Hanna  &  Company                                     

Hanna 

M.  A.  Hanna  &  Company         .       .       .            300,000 
24 

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IRON  INDUSTRY  OF  MINNESOTA 


Mine 
Hobart 
La  Rue 

Sliver 


Total 


Operating  Company 
M.  A.  Hanna  &  Company 
M.  A.  Hanna  &  Company 
M.  A.  Hanna  &  Company 


Estimated 
Shipm^ts  '  I  3 


250,000 

325,000 

1.150.000 


Adriatic 

Cyprus 

Monow 

Pearson 

Perkins 


Total 


JOSEPH  SELLWOOD  GROUP  OF  MINES 

Joseph  Sellwood 

Joseph  Sellwood  

Joseph  Sellwood 

Joseph  Sellwood 

Joseph  Sellwood 


125.000 
100.000 
100.000 
125.000 
150,000 
600.000 


THE  SHENANGO  FURNACE  COMPANY'S  MINES 


Shenango 
Webb      .       . 
Whiteside 

Total 


TTie  Shenango  Furnace  Company 
The  Shenango  Furnace  Company 
The  Shenango  Furnace  Company 


1.000.000 
300.000 
300,000 

1.600.000 


JONES  &  LAUGHLIN  STEEL  COMPANY'S  MINES 


Columbia 

Fowler-Meadow 

Grant 

Leetonia 

Lincoln 

Longyear 

Nassau 

Total 


Jones  &  Laughlin  Steel  Company 
Jones  &  Laughlin  Steel  Company 
Jones  &  Laughlin  Steel  Company 
Jones  &  Laughlin  Steel  Company 
Jones  &  Laughlin  Steel  Company 
Jones  &  Laughlin  Steel  Company 
Jones  &  Laughlin  Steel  Company 


100.000 
650.000 
500,000 
200.000 
200.000 

1.650.666 


PITT  IRON  MINING  COMPANY'S  MINES 


U  Belle 
Miller       . 
Ruddy 
Wacotah 

Total 


Pitt  Iron  Mining  Company 
Pitt  Iron  Mining  Company 
Pitt  Iron  Mining  Company 
Pitt  Iron  Mining  Company 


15.000 

350.000 

40.000 

405.666 


Madrid 
Section  17      . 
Seville 

Total 


A.  B.  COATFS  GROUP  OF  MINES 

A.  B.  Coates  

.      A.  B.  Coates  

.      A.  B.  Coates  


95.000 

30.000 

5.000 

1 30.000 


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IRON     INDUSTRY     OF     MINNESOTA 

ARTHUR  IRON  MINING  COMPANY'S  MINES 

Estimated 
Mine  Operating  Company  Shipm^ts  *  1 3 

(Great  Northern  Ore  Properties) 

Dean  Arthur  Iron  Mining  Company  

Dunwoody  Arthur  Iron  Mining  Company  

Smith  Arthur  Iron  Mining  Company  

GEO.  A.  ST.  CLAIR  GROUP  OF  MINES 

Spring  .       .      Geo.  A.  St.  Clair  

Silverton  Geo.  A.  St.  Clair  

Ajax  .       .       .      Geo.  A.  St.  Clair  

Hector  Geo.  A.  St.  Clair  


CORRIGAN.  McKINNEY  &  COMPANY'S  MINES 


St.  James  .      Corrigan,  McKinney  &  Company 

St.    Paul  Corrigan,  McKinney  &  Company 

Stevenson  Corrigan.  McKinney  &  Company 

Commodore  Corrigan,  McKinney  &  Company 


Total 


600.000 
1,000,000 
1.600.000 


INTERNATIONAL  HARVESTER  COMPANY'S  MINES 

Agnew  International  Harvester  Company  1 00.000 

Hawkins  International  Harvester  Company  500,000 

Total 600,000 

OGLEBAY,  NORTON  &  COMPANY'S  MINES 
Woodbridge  Oglebay,  Norton  &  Company     ...  1 50,000 

BUFFALO  &  SUSQUEHANNA  COMPANY'S  MINES 

(Rogers-Brown  Ore  Company) 

Iroquois                       Buffalo  &  Susquehanna  Company  1 50.000 

Susquehanna               Buffalo  &  Susquehanna  Company  I.I  00.000 

Total 1,250.000 

NEW  YORK  STATE  STEEL  COMPANY'S  MINES 
Knox        .       .       .      H.  F.  Kendall.  Receiver      ....  20,000 

INLAND  STEEL  COMPANY'S  MINES 

Grace  Inland  Steel  Company  ....  1 00,000 

Laura  Inland  Steel  Company  ....  200.000 

Total 300.000 

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IRON     INDUSTRY     OF     M  I_N  N  E  S  OTA 

MAHONING  ORE  &  STEEL  COMPANY'S  MINES 

Estimated 

Mine  Operating  Company  Shiprnts  *  1  3 

Mahoning  Mahoning  Ore  &  Steel  G>mpany  2,000,000 

TOD-STAMBAUGH  COMPANY'S  MINES 
Morton  Tod-Stambaugh  &  Company      ...  1 50,000 

CLEVELAND-CLIFFS  IRON  COMPANY'S  MINES 
Crosby  .  Cleveland-Cliffs  Iron  Company         .       .  250,000 

BIWABIK  MINING  COMPANY'S  MINES 

(Tod-Stambaugh  &  Co.) 

Biwabik                       Biwabik  Mming  Company                 .  300,000 

Cincinnati  Biwabik  Mining  Company  .  

Total 300,000 

CLARE  IRON  COMPANY'S  MINES 
Elizabeth  Clare  Iron  Company  .  .       .  

MERIDEN  IRON  COMPANY'S  MINES 
Pearce  Meriden  Iron  Company        ....  1 20,000 

SWALLOW  &  HOPKINS'  MINES 
Helmer  Swallow  &  Hopkins 50,000 

KEEWATIN  MINING  COMPANY'S  MINES 
Bennett  Keewatin  Mining  Company  

KABEKONA  IRON  COMPANY'S  MINES 
Kabekona  Kabekona  Iron  Company  

CAVOUR  MINING  COMPANY'S  MINES 

Cavour  .      Cavour  Mining  Company  ...  1 50,000 

D.  C.  REED  (Virginia,  Minn.) 
Roberts  .       .      D.  C.  Reed 

YAWKEY  ESTATE 
Larkin  .        .      Yawkey  Estate 

27 

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IRON     INDUSTRY     OF     MINNESOTA 

MORRIS  IRON  COMPANVS  MINES 

Estimated 

Mine  Operating  Companif  Shipints  '  I  3 

Allen  Morris  Iron  Company  ....  50,000 

SECTION  4  MINES  COMPANY'S  MINES 
Section  4        .  Section  4  Mines  Company  .       .  


THOMAS  FURNACE  COMPANY'S  MINES 
Williams  Thomas  Furnace  Company        ...  1 35,000 

REDWOOD  MINING  COMPANY'S  MINES 
Holland  .  Redwood  Mining  Company  .       .  


WHITE  IRON  LAKE  IRON  COMPANY'S  MINES 

Euclid            .             White  Iron  Lake  Iron  Company               .  25,000 

Grand  Total 37,134,000 


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Mine  Location     Virginia,  Minnesota 


A  Type  of  Sanitary  Alley,  Mine  Location— Virginia,  Minnesota 

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Interior  View  of  Bray  Mine  Change  House,  Keewatin,  Minnesota. 


Brunt  Mine  — Ore  Dryer,  Mountain  Iron,  Minnesota. 

Plant  consists  of  two  dryers,  each  of  a  capacity  of  40  tons  of  dried  ore  per  hour, 

and  two  dryers  each  of  a  capacity  of  20  tons  of  dried  ore  per  hour.     Ore 

is  reduced  in  moisture  from  around  18  per  cent  to  6  per  cent 


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I  I?  ON     INDUSTRY     OF      MINNESOTA 


No.  4  Shaft,  Spruce  Mine,  Eveleth,  Minnesota 


Mine  Location — Monroe  Mine,  Chisholm,  Minnesota 
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IRON   INDUSTRY  OF   MINNESOTA 


Safety  Houses — Men  use  these  to  protect  themselves  from  flying  material 
hurled  by  blasting  in  tte  pits 


^-r: 


Type  of  Elngine  used  on  the  Missabe  Range. 
Note  the  guard  railings  for  protection  of  men. 


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Concentrating  Plant,  Coleraine,  Minnesota 

fl  A  large  portion  of  the  ore  on  the  Western  Missabe  Range 
occurs  mixed  with  sand,  making  it  necessary  to  build  wash- 
ing plants  to  remove  the  worthless  material  and  bring  the 
ore  to  a  merchantable  grade. 

fl  The  Concentrating  Plant  at  Coleraine  consists  of  five  units, 
each  unit  comprising  the  following: 

1    Receiving  bin, 

1-20  ft.  revolving  screen,  2  in.  holes, 

I    Picking  belt, 

2-25  ft.  log  washers, 

2-18  ft.  "turbo"  washers, 
20  Overstrom  tables, 

I    Shipping  pocket. 
Necessary     settling     tanks,     rock    bins,    sapd    pumps    and 
driving  mechanism. 

^  Elach  unit  is  operated  by  a  1 00  h.  p.  motor.  The  capacity  of 
each  unit  is  4,000  tons  of  crude  ore  per  day,  or  a  total  of 
20,000  Ions  per  day. 

fl  All  structural  work  was  furnished  and  erected  by  The 
American  Bridge  Co. 

^  In  the  mill,  trestle  and  tail  track,  there  are  6,400  tons  of  steel. 

fl  The  Power  Plant  comprises  the  following: 
6-72  in.xl8  ft.  H.  T.  boilers  with  tile  stack. 
1-26x52  and  1 6x48  Prescott,  Cross  Compound,   Condensing 
Pumping-engine;    capacity    12,000,000  gallons,    delivering 
through  a  30  in.  steel  main  to  mill, 
1-26   and    52x48    Cross    Compound,     Condensing,    Corliss 
engine,  direct  connected  to   1 250  K.  V.  A.,  6,600  volt,  60 
cycle  generator. 
The  necessary  exciter  sets,  (switchboard,  transformers,  etc.) 

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CUYUNA  RANGE 

fl  The  Cuyuna  Range  lies  in  the  vicinity  of  Deerwood,  100 
miles  west  of  Duluth. 

^  The  occurrence  of  the  ore  deposits  on  the  Cuyuna 
Range  differs  greatly  from  that  of  the  Missabe.  The  Cuyuna, 
in  a  broad  sense,  occurs  as  a  series  of  detached  lenses  or 
bodies  of  iron  bearing  material,  in  connection  with  the  great 
slate  area  which  abounds  throughout  this  secStion  of  the  State. 
Within  these  lenses  of  iron  bearing  rocks,  the  ore  deposits 
are  found.  The  ore  bodies  dip  steeply  from  the  horizontal, 
conforming  to  the  dip  of  the  slates,  their  long  dimensions 
being  about  parallel  and  lying  in  a  northeast  and  southwest 
direction.  The  south  range  consists  of  a  long,  narrow  belt, 
containing  a  series  of  iron  formation  lenses,  lying  close  to- 
gether, parallel  and  overlapping.  The  deposits  on  the  north 
range  are  more  scattered  and  cover  a  larger  area. 

^  The  Kennedy  is  the  pioneer  mine  of  this  range.  This 
property  is  worked  by  the  Rogers  Brown  Company. 

^  Shipments  from  the  Cuyuna  Range  began  in  191 1  and 
to  Jan.  1,  1913  amounted  to  452,542  tons.  In  1912  there 
were  four  producing  mines;  Kennedy,  Armour  No.  1 ,  Armour 
No.  2.  and  Thompson.  Other  properties  are  being  opened; 
one  called  the  Pennington  is  to  be  stripped  and  the  ore  mined 
by  steam  shovel. 


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Kennedy  Mine,  Cuyuna  Range 


Armour  Mine,  No.  I,  Cuyuna  Range 
47 


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RAILROADS 

DULUTH  &  IRON  RANGE  RAILROAD. 

^  The  Duluth  &  Iron  Range  Railroad  was  built  from  Two  Haibon  to  the  Ver- 
milion  Range  at  Tower,  a  distance  of  67.6  miles,  in  1884,  and  extended  to  Ely,  21 
miles  east  of  Tower,  in  1888.  It  was  built  into  Duluth  in  1886.  and  branches  were 
extended  from  its  main  line  to  the  Missabe  mines  in  1892  and  1893. 

DULUTH.  MISSABE  &  NORTHERN  RAILWAY. 

^  The  Duluth,  Missabe  &  Northern  Railway  was  constructed  from  Stony  Brook 
to  Mountain  Iron,  a  distance  of  48  miles,  in  1892.  The  Biwabik  branch  from  Iron 
Junction  to  Biwabik.  a  distance  of  15  miles,  was  constructed  in  1892.  The  Superior 
branch  from  Wolf  to  Hibbing,  a  distance  of  16  miles,  was  constructed  in  1893.  The 
Duluth  extension  from  Columbia  Junction  to  Duluth,  a  distance  of  29  miles,  was 
completed  in  1893.  The  Albom  branch  from  Coleraine  Junction  to  Coleraine,  a 
distance  of  53  miles,  was  constructed  in  1906.  The  HuU-Rust  short  line  from  HuD 
Junction  to  Hull-Rust  Mine,  18  miles,  was  built  in  19 II. 

GREAT  NORTHERN  RAILWAY  LINE. 
Missabe  Division. 

^  The  Great  Northern  Railway  Line  acquired  what  is  now  its  Missabe  Division, 
over  which  line  ore  is  transported  from  Missabe  Range  mines  to  docks  at  Allouez, 
Wisconsin,  by  purchase  of  the  Duluth,  Superior  and  Western  Railway  (Duluth  and 
Winnipeg)  in  1898.  At  time  of  purchase  this  line  extended  from  Duluth  to  Deer 
River,  connecting  with  the  Duluth,  Mississippi  River  and  Northern  Railway  at  Swan 
River,  this  latter  road  extending  to  the  mines.  In  1898  the  purchase  of  the  Duluth 
and  Mississippi  River  and  Northern  Road  was  atfected,  which  gave  the  Great 
Northern  a  line  through  to  Barclay  Junction,  (now  Chisholm),  Minnesota.  In  1900 
and  1901  extension  was  built  from  Barclay  Junction  to  Virginia,  and  in  1901  and 
1902  line  was  built  from  Ellis  (near  Virginia)  to  a  point  on  the  old  D.  S.  &  W.,  at 
Brookston.  In  1902  and  1903  what  is  now  designated  as  the  ''South  Range  Line" 
"waB  constructed  from  Hibbing  to  Virginia.  There  has  also  been  built  a  **cut-off** 
known  as  the  Kelly  Lake  Fermoy  Line. 

^  All  the  roads  mentioned  above  transport  ore  from  the  Missabe  Range.  The 
Duluth  &  Iron  Range  handles  the  ore  from  the  Vermilion  District. 

^  The  following  shows  the  general  equipment  of  the  ore  carrying  roads  neces- 
sary  for  the  handling  of  the  enormous  yearly  tonnage  from  the  Missabe  and  Ver. 
mi  lion  Ranges: 

Road 

Duluth  &  Iron  Range 

Duluth,  Missabe  &  Northern     .... 
Great  Northern  (Missabe  Division) 

Q  The  Canadian  Northern  Railroad  between  Fort  Frances  and  Duluth  is  now  fin- 
ished.  This  road  passes  through  Virginia  and  later  will  no  doubt  carry  ore  from  the 
Missabe  Range. 

Q  In  the  summer  of  1910  the  Soo  line  finished  a  branch  road  to  the  Kennedy  mine 
and  later  to  other  properties  on  the  Cuyuna  Range.  This  together  with  the  Northern 
Pacific,  gives  the  district  two  railroads.  The  ore  shipped  so  far  has  been  handled  by 
the  Soo  Line  from  their  dock  at  Superior. 

Q  The  Northern  Pacific  is  now  building  a  dock  at  Superior.  It  will  be  ready  in 
August  1913. 

48 


No.  of 

No.  of 

ileage 

Engines 

Cars 

200 

104 

5627 

351 

no 

7687 

310 

75 

6876 

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The  following  tabulation  gives  the  distance  in  miles  of 
Range  towns  from  Duluth: 


TOWN 

RANGE 

RAILROAD 

DISTANCE 

Ely 

Vermilion 

D.  &  1.  R. 

116 

Tower 

Vermilion 

D.  &  I.  R. 

98 

Allen  Junction 

Junction  Point 

D.  &  1.  R. 

73 

Two  Harbors 

Ore  Docks 

D.  &  1.  R. 

27 

Biwabik 

Missabe 

D.  &  1.  R. 

87 

Biwabik 

Missabe 

D.  M.  &  N. 

78 

Virginia 

Missabe 

D.  &  1.  R. 

97 

Virginia 

Missabe 

D.  M.  &  N. 

72 

Eveleth 

Missabe 

D.  &  I.  R. 

100 

Eveleth 

Missabe 

D.  M.  &  N. 

69 

Mountain  Iron 

Missabe 

D.  M.  &  N. 

72 

Chisholm 

Missabe 

D.  M.  &  N. 

81 

Hibbing 

Missabe 

D.  M.  &  N. 

84 

Marble 

Missabe 

D.  M.  &  N. 

77 

Taconite 

Missabe 

D.  M.  &  N. 

82 

Coleraine 

Missabe 

D.  M.  &  N. 

86 

49 


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IRON   INDUSTRY  OF  MINNESOTA 


Section  of  D.  M.  &  N.  Ry.  Main  Line,  showing  double  track,  lOO-lbs.  to  the 
yard  rail,  steel  ties  and  rock  ballast 


50  miles  of  track  for  the  storage  of  ore — Proctor,  Minnesota,  D.  M.  &  N.  Ry. 

60 


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IRON     INDUSTRY     OF      MINNESOTA 


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I 

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IRON     INDUSTRY     OF     MINNESOTA 

ORE    DOCKS 

Duluth  &  Iron  Range  Ore  Docks  at  Two  Harbors. 

Dock  Length  Width  Working,  Storage  Capacity 

No.  Ft.  Ft.        In.  Ton« 

1  (Steel)     1376  51     8  56.000 

2  1280  49  31.200 

3  1054  49  25.500 

4  1042  49  25.200 

5  1050  49  25,200 

6  ^Steel)       920  51     3j<  37.000 


Total  Tons 

200.100 

Duluth,  Missabe  &  Northern  Ore  Docks  at  Duluth. 

Dock 

No. 

Length 
Ft. 

Width 
Ft. 

Working,  Storage  Capacity 
Tons 

2 
3 
4 

2336 
2304 
230.4 

49 
59 
57 

Total  Tons 

38.400 

57.600 

76.800 

-        172.800 

Great  Northern 

Ore  Docks  at 

Superior,  Wis. 

Dock 
No. 

Length 
Ft. 

Width 
Ft.      In. 

Working,  Storage  Capacity 
Tons 

1 

2 
3 
4  (Steel) 

2244 

2100 
1956 
1812 

62    8 
62    8 
62    8 
62    6 

112.200 

105,000 

97.800 

90.600 

Total  Tons         -        405,600 
Minneapolis,  St.  Paul  &  Sault  Ste.  Marie  Ry.,  at  Superior,  Wis. 

Dock  Length  Width  Working,  Storage  Capacity 

No.  Ft.  Ft.  Tons 

I  1800  58  90,000 

Northern  Pacific  Railway  at  Superior,  Wis. 

Dock  Length  Width  Working,  Storage  Capacity 

No.  Ft.  Ft.  In.  Tons 

1  684  572  35,700 

During  1912,  10,495,577  tons  of  ore  was  handled  by  the 
Duluth,  Missabe  &  Northern  Railway  from  the  West  Duluth 
docks;  9,370,969  tons  by  the  Duluth  &  Iron  Range  at  Two 
Harbors;  13,935,602  tons  by  the  Great  Northern  and  305,1 12 
tons  by  the  Soo  Line  from  their  docks  in  Superior. 

52 


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O 

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X 
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6 


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54 


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IRON  INDUSTRY  OF  MINNESOTA 


LAKE   TRANSPORTATION 

/g|\NE  of  the  first  ships  of  commerce  to  arrive  in  the  harbor 
l||-f  of  Duluth  was  the  Meteor,  in  September,  1868.  The 
capacity  of  this  boat  was  about  500  tons.  The  first 
cargo  of  ore  8hipp>ed  from  Minnesota  was  carried  by  the 
steamer  Hecla.  This  ore  was  loaded  on  August  1 9,  1 884,  at 
Two  Harbors  at  the  Duluth  &  Iron  Range  dock  and  consisted 
of  1427  tons. 

fl  At  the  present  time  there  are  about  400  boats  used  for 
the  ore  carrying  trade.  The  capacity  of  this  fleet  is  estimated 
around  33,000,000  tons  of  ore  a  season.  This  is  in  addition 
to  the  transportation  of  coal  and  grain. 

fl  The  Pittsburgh  Steamship  Company  owns  1 03  boats. 

fl  During  1912  ore  was  carried  on  the  Great  Lakes  over  an 
average  distance  of  1 ,000  miles  for  as  low  as  30  cents  a  ton, 
the  boat  owners  paying  the  unloading  charge  of  1 0  cents  a  ton. 

fl  The  following  will  give  an  idea  of  the  size  of  the  newer 
boats  constituting  a  part  of  the  ore  carrying  fleet: 


Length 

WidtK 

Tonnage 

STEAMER 

Feet 

Feet 

Gross  Tons 

Col.  J.  N.  Schoonmaker 

-        617 

64 

14.000 

W.  P.  Snyder,  Jr. 

617 

64 

14.000 

Thonrms  F.  G)le 

605 

58 

12,000 

L  S.  DeGraff 

605 

60 

12.900 

W.B.Kerr 

605 

60 

12.300 

fl  The  usual  time  of  loading  an  ordinary  size  boat  of  about 
10,000  tons  is  six  hours.  The  steamer  Corey  was  loaded  at 
Superior,  September  8,  1911,  with  9,436  gross  tons  of  ore  in 
twenty-five  minutes  (actual  time  loading).  The  steamer  W.  P. 
Palmer  unloaded  1 1 ,000  tons  of  ore  at  Conneaut  in  two  hours 
and  fifty-eight  minutes. 

55 

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IRON  INDUSTRY  OF  MINNESOTA 


Loading  Boat  at  Ore  Docks 


Fire  Tug,  W.  A.  McGonagle 
57 

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IRON   INDUSTRY  OF   MINNESOTA 


Draegcr  Oxygen  Apparatus — Used  in  case  of  fire  or  bad  air  to  extricate  men 
from  dangerous  places 


59 


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IRON   INDUSTRY  OF   MINNESOTA 


•  'I  y'  "r  -^     ■  " 


Mining  timber  logs  being  stored  in  the  east  arm  of  Bumtside  Lake 


Driving  mining  timber  logs  down  the  Cloquet  River 
60 


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IRON      INDUSTRY     OF      MINNESOTA 


Loading  assorted  mining  timber  logs  on  cars  for  shipment  to  the  mines 


Logging  crew  eating  dinner  in  the  open  on  the  works 
61 


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8 


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~     3 


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62 


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IRON   INDUSTRY  OF   MINNESOTA 


I 


Logging  Camps  on  Bass  Lake,  showing  Mess  Camp,  Sleeping  Camp, 
Blacks  mith  Shop,  Office  and  Stables 


63 

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PROCEEDINGS 

OF  THE 

LAKE  SUPERIOR 
MINING  INSTITUTE 

NINETEENTH  ANNUAL  MEETING 

MARQUETTE  RANGE 
AUG.  31,  SEPT.  1,  2,  3,  1914 

VOL.  XIX 


I8HPEMING.  MICH. 

PUBLISHED  BY  THE  INSTITUTE 

AT  THE  OFFICE  OF  THE  8BCRBTART 
1914 


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PRESSES  OF  IRON  ORB 

ISHPEMING,  MICH. 


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INDEX  TO  VOLUME  XIX. 

Page. 

Officers  of  the  Institute,  1)914   v 

Officers  of  the  Institute,  1915   vi 

List  of  Standing  Committees  for  year  ending  1915 vil 

Members  of  the  Institute,  1914 vili 

Deceased  Members  xxll 

List  of  Papers  Published  in  Preceding  Numbers  xxill 

List  of  Meetings  of  the  Institute xzxil 

Rules  of  the  Institute  1 

Minutes  of  the  Nineteenth  Annual  Meeting  6 

Report  of  the  Council  15 

Partial  List  of  Members  in  Attendance  at  Nineteenth  Meeting. .  27 

Description  of  Mechanical  Underground  Shovel 30 

PAPERS. 

Use  of  Electricity  at  the  Penn  and  Republic  Iron  Mines,  Michigan, 
by  William  Kelly  and  F.  H.  Armstrong;  with  discussion 35 

Methods  of  Stocking  Ore  on  the  Marquette  Range,  by  Lucien  Eaton  72 
General  Outline  of  Mining   Methods  Used  in  the  Copper  Queen 
Mine,  Bisbee.  Arizona , 100 

The  Sinking  of  a  Vertical  Shaft  at  the  Palms  Mine  of  the  New- 
port Mining  Company,  at  Bessemer,  Michigan,  by  Frank  Black- 
well;   with  discussion   116 

Mining  Methods  on  the  Marquette  Range,  by  Committee  consisting 
of  H.  T.  Hulst,  G.  R.  Jackson,  W.  A.  Siebenthal;  with  discus- 
sion    131 

Steel  Stocking  Trestle  at  No.  3  Shaft,  Negaunee  Mine,  by  Stuart 
R.  Elliott;    with  discussion    142 

Ventilation  in  the  Iron  Mines  of  the  Lake  Superior  District,  by  Ed- 
win Hlggins ;  with  discussion 154 

FoUow-Up  System  and  Method  of  Recording  Injuries  in  Compliance 
With  the  ''Workmen's  Compensation  Law,"  by  Herbert  J.  Fisher.lT? 

The  Electrification  of  the  Mines  of  The  Cleveland-Cliffs  Iron  Com- 
pany   by  F.  C.  Stanford ;  with  discussion  189 

Titaniferous  Ores  in  the  Blast  Furnace — ^A  Recent  Experiment,  by 
Dwlght  E.  Woodbrldge 223 

Michigan  Iron  Ore  Reserves;  Methods  of  Appraisal  for  Taxation, 
by  R.  C.  Allen  229 

The  Caving  System  of  Mining  in  Lake  Superior  Iron  )bllnes,  by  J. 
Parke  Channing;   with  discussion   245 


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IV  INDEX   TO    VOLUME    XIX 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

List  of  Iron  Mining  Properties  of  Michigan  and  Wisconsin,  com- 
piled by  Carl  C.  Brewer 252 

Report  of  the  First  Annual  First-Aid  Contest,  by  C.  S.  Stevenson ..  269 

Past  Officers  of  the  Institute  279 

List  of  Publications  Received  by  the  Institute 282 

Producing  Mines  of  Marquette  Range 283 

Idle  Mines  and  Mines  Being  Developed  in  Marquette  County 284 

Abandoned  Mines  on  Marquette  Range  285 

Iron  Ore  Shipments  from  Marquette  Range  285 

Lake  Superior  Iron  Ore  Shipments  (1855  to  1913,  Inclusive) 286 

Biographical   Notices 289 

APPENDIX. 

The  Early  History  of  the  Marquette  Iron  Ore  Range    by  George 

A.  Newett    297 

History  of  Marquette  Ore  .Docks,  by  D.  H.  Merritt 305 

A  Trip  to  Lake  Superior  in  1853  (Narrative  by  Robert  Kelly) 309 

ILLUSTRATIONS  AND   MAPS. 

Monument  Jackson  Forge,  Negaunee,  Mich Frontispiece 

CoUinaVille  Furnace  near  Marquette,  1860 Following  page  228 

Locks  at  Sault  Ste.  Marie,  1855 

Cleveland  Ore  Dock,  Marquette,  1873 

Scene  on  the  Ishpeming-Marquette  Highway " 

The  Ropes  Gold  Mine " 

New  L.  S.  &  I.  Railway  Dock  at  Marquette 

Concentrating  Plant  at  the  American  Mine,  Diorite, 

Mich,  (near  Ishpeming)   " 

Timber  Tunnel,  Negaunee  Mine " 

Approach  to  Hill  Mine,  at  Marble,  Western  End  of 

Mesaba  Range    (Meeting  1913)    " 

Group   Picture   taken    at    Wawonowln    Golf   Club, 

Ishpeming,  Monday,   August  31st,   1914 " 

Picture    taken    at    Marquette,    Mich.,    November, 

18G3    of   Crew  of   Ste.    Marie's   Canal   Mineral 

Land  Company  Enroute  to  Houghton 

Marquette  Docks  and  Shipping;   About  1861 " 

Map  of  the  Marquette  Range Following  page  323 

Map  of  a  Portion  of  the   Marquette  Iron  Range, 

Geological  Survey  of  Michigan  1872 " 


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Monument  Erbctbd  by  the  Jackson  Iron  Co..  to  Mark  the  Spot  Where 
THE  First  Forge  War  Built  by  the  Jackson  Mining  Co.  in  1847. 


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OFFICERS  OF  THE  INSTITUTE 


OFFICERS. 

For  the  year  ending  with  the  close  of  the  annual  meeting,  Sep- 
tember 3rd,  1914. 

PRESIDENT. 

WM.  H.  JOHNSTON Ishpemlng,  Mich. 

(Term  one  year). 

VICE  PRESIDENTS. 

FRANCIS  J.  WEBB Duluth,  Minn. 

A.  D.  EDWARDS  Atlantic  Mine,  Mich. 

(Term  expires  1914). 

CHARLES  T.  KRUSB  Ishpeming,  Mich. 

CHARLES  E.  LAWRENCE    Palatka,   Mich. 

LUTHER   C.   BREWER    Ironwood     Mich. 

(Term  expires  1915). 

MANAGERS. 

G.  S.  BARBER  Bessemer,  Mich. 

CHARLES  H.  BAXTER   Loretto,  Mich. 

♦STUART  R.  ELLIOTT   Negaunee,  Mich. 

(Term  expires  1914). 

W.  A.  SIEBENTHAL   Republic,  Mich. 

J.  S.  LUTES   Biwabik,  Minn. 

(Term  expires  1915). 

TREASURER. 

E.   W.   HOPKINS    Commonwealth,   Wis. 

(Term  one  year). 

SECRETARY. 

A.  J.  YUNGBLUTH    Ishpeming,  Mich. 

(Term  one  year). 


(The  above  officers  constitute  the  council). 

•To  fill  vacancy  of  Wm.  H.  Johnston,  elected  to  presidency. 


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Yl  OFFICERS  OF  THE  INSTITUTE 


OFFICERS. 

The  following  is  list  of  officers  elected  at  the  annual  meeting, 
September  1st.  1914,  also  the  officers  holding  over  from  the  previous 
year  which  are  indicated  by  an  asterisk. 

PRESIDENT. 

L.  M.  HARDENBURG Hurley,  Wis. 

(Term  one  year). 

VICE  PRESIDENTS. 

♦CHARLES  T.  KRUSE  Ishpeming.  Mich. 

♦CHARLES  E.  LAWRENCE    Palatka.  Mich. 

♦LUTHER  C.  BREWER   Ironwood,  Mich. 

(Term  expires  1915). 

GEORGE  R.  JACKSON   Princeton,  Mich. 

THOMAS  A.  FLANNIGAN   Gilbert,  Minn. 

(Term  expires  1916). 

MANAGERS. 

♦W.  A.  SIEBENTHAL Republic,  Mich. 

♦J.   S.   LUTES    Biwabik,   Minn. 

(Term  expires  1915). 

HENRY  ROWE   Ironwood,  Mich. 

M.   E.   RICHARDS    Virginia,   Minn. 

ENOCH  HENDERSON  Houghton,  Mich. 

(Term  expires  1916). 

TREASURER. 

E.  W.  HOPKINS   Commonwealth,  Wis. 

(Term  one  year). 

SECRETARY. 

A.  J.  YUNGBLUTH  Ishpeming   Mich. 

(Term  one  year). 

(The  »bgve  officers  constitute  the  council). 


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LIST  OF  STANDING  COMMITTEES  VII 


LIST  OF  STANDING  COMMITTEES  FOR  YEAR  END- 
ING 1915. 

PRACTICE  FOR  THE  PREVENTION   OF  ACCIDENTS. 

C.  E.  LAWRENCE,  Chairman  Palatka,  Mich. 

WM.  CONIBEAR   Ishpeming,  Mich. 

W.  H.    SCHACHT    Painesdale,   Mich. 

M.  H.  GODFREY   Virginia,  Minn. 

P.  S.  WILLIAMS   Ramsay,  Mich. 

CARE  AND  HANDLING  OF  HOISTING  ROPES. 

W.  A.  COLE.  Chairman  Iron  wood,  Mich. 

O.  D.  M'CLURE  Ishpeming,  Mich. 

J.  S.  JACKA Crystal  Falls    Mich. 

W.  J.  RICHARDS   Palnesdale,  Mich. 

A.    TANCIG    Hibbing,    Minn. 

PAPERS  AND  PUBLICATIONS. 

WILLIAM  KELLY,  Chairman   Vulcan,  Mich. 

J.   H.  HEARDING   Duluth,   Minn. 

F.  W.   M'NAIR  Houghton,  Mich. 

J.   E.   JOPLING    Ishpeming,   Mich. 

FRANK  BLACKWELL    Ironwood,  Mich. 

BUREAU  OF  MINES. 

M.  M.   DUNCAN,  Chairman   Ishpeming,  Mich. 

F.  W.  DENTON  Palnesdale,  Mich. 

A.  J.  YUNGBLUTH,  Secretary  Ishpeming,  Mich. 

BIOGRAPHY. 

J.  H.   HEARDING,   Chairman    Duluth,  Minn. 

R.  A.   DOUGLAS   Ironwood,  Mich. 

M.  B.  M'GEE  Crystal  Falls,  Mich. 

W.  H.  NEWETT   Ishpeming,  Mich. 

JAMES  FISHER  Houghton,  Mich. 

MINING   METHODS    ON   THE    GOGEBIC    RANGE. 
Committee  to  consist  of  three  members  to  be  appointed  later. 


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Vlll  MEMBERS  OF  THE  INSTITUTE 


'  MEMBERS  OF  THE  INSTITUTE  1914. 


HONORARY  MEMBERS. 

DOUGLAS,  JAMES  99  John  St.,  New  York  City 

POMPELLY,  RAPHAEL   Dublin,  N.  H. 

VAN  HISE,  C.  R Madison,  Wis. 

WINCHELL,  N.  H 501  East  River  Road,  Minneapolis,  Minn. 


LIFE  MEMBERS. 

KELLY,  WILLIAM   Vulcan,  Mich. 

SILLIMAN,   A.    P Hibbing,    Minn. 


ACTIVE  MEMBERS. 

ABBOTT,  C.  E 1405  Minnesota  Ave.,  Bessemer,  Ala. 

ABEEL,  GEORGE  H Ironwood,  Mich. 

ABEEL,  GEO.  H.,  JR Ironwood,  M'ch. 

ADAMS,   DAVID   T 516   Providence  Bldg.,  Duluth,  Minn. 

ADGATE,  FREDERICK  W 419  Rookery  Bldg.,  Chicago,  Ills. 

AISHTON,  R.  H 215  W.  Jackson  Blvd.,  Chicago,  Ills. 

ALLEN,  R.  C Lansing,  Mich. 

AMBERG,  J.  W 1400  Fulton  St.,  Chicago,  Ills. 

AMBERG,  WILLIAM  A 1400  Fulton  St.,  Chicago,  Ills. 

ANDREWS,  C.  E Escanaba,   Mich. 

APPLEBY,  WILLIAM  R School  of  Mines,  Minneapolis,  Minn. 

ARMSTRONG,  FRANK  H Vulcan,  Mich. 

ATKINS,  SAMUEL  E 909  Alworth  Bldg.,  Duluth,  Minn. 

BAER,  HENRY  L Hancock,  Mich. 

BALDWIN,  C.  KEMBLE 1070  Old  Colony  Bldg.,  Chicago,  111. 

BALL,  EDWIN   Birmingham,  Ala. 

BANDLER,  ARTHUR  S 30  E.  23rd  St.,  New  York  City 

BARABE,  C.  A Ishpeming,  Mich. 

BARBER,  G.  S Bessemer,  Mich. 

BARBER,  MAX  H Nashwauk,  Minn. 

BARR,  J.  CARROLL   Crosby,  Minn. 

BARROWS,  WALTER  A.,  JR Brainerd,  Minn. 

BATCHJ3LDER,  B.  W Nashwauk,  Minn. 


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AffiMBERS  OF  THE  INSTITUTE  IX 

fiAYLiSS,  WILLARD  Eveleth,  Minn. 

BAXTER,   CHARLES   HOMER Loretto,   Mich. 

BELDEN,   WILLIAM    P... Ishpeming,    Mich. 

BENEDICT,  C.  HARRY   Lake  Linden,  Mich. 

BENGRY,  WILLIAM  H Paldtka,  Mich. 

BENNETT,  R.  M 710  Security  Bank  Bldg.,  Minneapolis,  Mintl. 

BIGELOW,  C.  A Ishpeming,  Mich. 

BINNY.  JOSEPH   McKinley,  Minn. 

BITTCHOPSKY,  A.  C Cleveland,  Ohio. 

BJORK,  ARVID CrysUl  Falls,  Mich. 

BLACKWELL,  PRANK    Ironwood,   Mich. 

BOLEY,   W.   E Baltic,   Mich. 

BOLLES,  PRED  R Houghton,   Mich. 

BOND,  WIIJLIAM   Ironwood,  Mich. 

BONE.   ALFRED    Princeton,    Mich. 

BOSS,  CLARENCE  M 200  Wolvin  Bldg,  Duluth,  Minn. 

BOWDEN,  RICHARD .Trimountain,  Mich. 

BOWEN,  REUBEN Pittsburg,  Pa. 

BOWERS,  E.  C Iron  River,  Mich. 

BRADT,  E.  P Jones  &  Laughlin  Bldg.,  Pittsburg,  Pa. 

BRADY,   SAMUEL   Rockland,  Mich. 

BREITUNG,  EDWARD  N Marquette,  Mich. 

BRETT,  HENRY  Calumet,  Mich. 

BRETTING,  R.   C Ashland,  Wis. 

BREWER,   CARL    Crystal   Falls,   Mich. 

BREWER,  LUTHER  C Ironwood,  Mich. 

BRIGHAM,  E.  D 215  Jackson  Blvd.,  Chicago,  Ills. 

BROWN.  JOHN  JACOB Carteret,  N.  J. 

BROWN,  W.  G 302  W.  Superior  St.,  Duluth,  Minn. 

BURDORP,  HARRY  A 2316  Garfield  Ave.,  S.,  Minneapolis,  Minn. 

BURNHAM,  R 936  Metropolitan  Bldg.,  Minneapolis,  Minn. 

BURR.  FLOYD  L Vulcan,   Mich. 

BURT,  JOHN  H Virginia,   Minn. 

BUSH.   JOHN   M Republic,    Mich. 

BUSH,  E.  G 909  Alworth  Bldg.,  Duluth,  Minn. 

CADDY,  THOMAS  Hibbing,  Minn. 

CAINE,   D.  T Gilbert,   Minn. 

CAIRNS,  FREDERICK  I Houghton,   Mich. 

CALVERLEY,  W.  D Houghton,  Mich. 

CAMERON,   ALLEN    Calumet,   Mich. 

CAMPBELL,  D.  H Iron  River,  Mich. 

CARBIS,  FRANK  Iron  Mountain,  Mich. 

CARMICHAEL,  WILLIAM    Biwabik,   Minn. 

CARNAHAN,  ARTHUR  L 101  Milk  St.,  Boston,  Mass. 

CARROL,    MICHAEL  J Houghton,   Mich. 

CARROLL,  RICHARD ,  .Houghton,  Mich. 


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X  MEMBERS  OF  THE  INSTITUTE 

CARROLL,  JAMES  R .Houghton,  Mich. 

CARROLL,  PHILIP   Houghton,  Mich. 

CARSON,  JOHN  A Appleton,  Wis. 

CARTER,  RAYMOND  B 301  W.  Randolph  St..  Chicago,  Ills. 

CASH,  P.   H Knney.   Minn. 

CHAMPION,   CHARLES    Beacon,    Mich. 

CHAMPION,  JOHN Iron  River,  Mich. 

CHANNING,  J.  PARKE 61  Broadway,  New  York  City 

CHARLTON,  WILLIAM  H...901  Buena  Vista  St.,  San  Antonia.  Texas 

CHARLTON,  D.  E Virginia,  Minn. 

CHASE,  PHILO  P Ishpeming,  Mich. 

CHEYNEY,  H.  C 215  Jackson  Blvd.,  Chicago,  Ills. 

CHINN,   WILLIAM   P Gilbert,   Minn. 

CHRISTENSEN,  GEORGE  L Houghton.  Mich. 

CHRISTIANSEN,  PETER.... 217  Union  St.,  S.  E.,  Minneapolis,  Minn. 

CHURCH,  EDWARD   Marquette,  Mich. 

CHYNOWETH,  B.  F Houghton,  Mich. 

CLARK,  WESLEY  Copper  Palls.  Mich. 

CLARK,  KIMBALL  Kimball,  Wis. 

CLIFFORD,  J.  M Green  Bay,  Wis. 

COKEPAIR    FRANK  A Providence  Bldg.,  Duluth.  Minn. 

COLE.  THOMAS  F Duluth,  Minn. 

COLE,  WILLIAM  T Ishpeming,  Mich. 

COLE,  CHARLES  D Ishpeming,  Mich. 

COLE,  WILLIAM  A Ironwood,  Mich. 

COLE,  WILLIAM  H 302  Glencoe  Bldg ,  Duluth,  Minn. 

COLEMAN,  MILTON   W ....Virginia.  Minn. 

COMSTOCK,  HENRY Mineville.  New  York 

COMSTOCK,   EHLING    H Minneapolis.   Minn. 

COOK,  CHARLES  W. ..  .Economics  Bldg.,  U  of  M.,  Ann  Arbor,  Mich. 

CONIBEAR,  WILLIAM   Ishpeming,  Mich. 

CONNORS,  THOMAS   Negaunee,  Mich. 

CONOVER,  A.  B 171  Lake  St.,  Chicago,  Ills. 

COOPER,  CLAUDE  H Hancock,  Mich. 

COPELAND,  FRANKLIN    Vulcan,  Mich. 

CORY,  EDWIN   N Negaunee,  Mich. 

COVENTRY,  F.  L Hibbing.  Minn. 

COYNE,  WILLIAM   Wilmington,  Del. 

CRAM,   FRED  W Nashwauk.  Minn. 

CROSBY,  GEO.  H Lonsdale  Bldg.,  Duluth,  Minn. 

CROWELL,  BENEDICT    Cleveland.  Ohio 

CUNDY,  H.  J Iron  Ridge,  Dodge  Co.,  Wis. 

CUNNINGHAM,   MARK  H Freda,  Mich. 

DALTON,  H.  G Cleveland,  Ohio 

DAUME,  PEERLESS  P Painesdale,  Mich. 

DAVEY,   THOMAS  H Eveleth,   Minn. 


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Members  dF  the  institute  xi 

DAVIDSON,  O.  C Iron  Mountain,  Mich. 

DAVIDSON.  WARD  P Iron  Mountain.  Mich. 

DAVIS.    W.   J Wakefield,    Mich. 

DEAN.  DUDLEY  S 87  Milk  St,  Boston,  Mass. 

DEHAAS.  NATHAN  G Marquette,  Mich. 

DENTON.  F.  W Palnesdale,  Mich. 

DESOLLAR,  TENNY  C Hancock,  Mich. 

DESROCHERS,  GEORGE  E Pineville,  St.  Louis  Co.,  Minn. 

DIBBLE,  S.  E 801  Fidelity  Bldg.,  Duluth,  Minn. 

DICKERMAN,  ALTON  L 70  State  St,  Boston,  Mass. 

DIEHL.   ALFRED  S Coleralne,  Minn. 

DONAHUE,  E.  J.  W 41617  Lonsdale  Bldg.,  Duluth,  Minn. 

DONOVAN,  PERCY  W Brainerd,  Minn. 

DORMER,  GEORGE  H Eveleth,   Minn. 

DOTY,  O.  P.,  JR Palatka,  Mich. 

DOUGLAS,  ROBERT  A Ironwood,  Mich. 

DOW,    HERBERT   W Milwaukee,  Wis. 

DRAKE.  FRANK  79  Milk  St,  Boston,  Mass. 

DUDLEY,  HARRY  C 807  Lonsdale  B^dg.,  Duluth,  Minn. 

DUNCAN,  MURRAY   M Ishpeming.   Mich. 

DUNSTER,  CARL  B Marquette,   Mich. 

EATON,  LUCIEN  Ishpeming,  Mich. 

ECKSTROM,   ALEXANDRE   J Keewatin,   Minn. 

EDWARDS,  A.  D Atlantic,  Mich. 

EISELE,  GEORGE  J Iron  MounUin,  Mich. 

ELDREDGE,  A.  B Marquette,  Mich. 

ELLIOTT    MARK  Virginia,  Minn. 

ELLIOTT,   STUART   R Negaunee,   Mich. 

EMMONS,    WILLIAM    H Minneapolis,   Minn. 

ERDLETS.  J.  F.  B..  JR 5  London  Wall  Bldg.,  E.  C. 

ERICKSON,  CARL  E Ironwood,   Mich. 

ESSELSTYN,  J.  N Sugar  Loaf,  Colo. 

FACKENTHAL,    B.    F.,   JR RiegelsvlUe,    Pa. 

FAIRBAIRN,  CHARLES  T Woodward  Bldg.,  Birmingham,  Ala. 

FAIRCHILD,  DAVID  L 500  Lonsdale  Bldg.,  Duluth,   Minn. 

PARRBLL,  AUSTIN  Marquette,  Mich. 

fay;  JOSEPH .Marquette,  Mich. 

PELCH,  THEODORE  A Ishpeming,  Mich. 

FELLOWS.  OTIS   D,  JR Redridge,   Mich. 

FELVER,   HOWARD  C Houghton,   Mich. 

FERGUSON,  J.  A 316  W.  Superior  St,  Duluth,  Minn. 

FESING,    HERMAN   W Houghton,    Mich. 

FISHER,  HENRY   Lake  Linden,  Mich. 

FISHER.  JAMES,  JR Houghton,  Mich. 

FI8HWICK,  EDWARD  T COth  &  Greenfield  Aves.,  Milwaukee,  Wis. 


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Xli  MEMBERS  OF  THE  INSTITUTE 

FITCH,  WALTER Eureka,  Utah 

PDANNIGAN.   THOMAS    A GUbert,   Minn. 

FLODIN,  NELS  P Marquette.  Mich. 

FOOTE,  GEORGE  C Port  Henry,  New  York 

FORBES,  GUY  R 329   Hemlock  St.,   Virginia,   Minn. 

FORMIS,  ANDRE   Iron  River,  Mich. 

FOX,  M.  J Iron  Mountain,  Mich. 

FRASER,  WILLIAM  H Crystal  Falls,  Mich. 

GARDNER,    OCTAVE    D ;... Calumet,    Mich. 

GARDNER,  W.  A 215  Jackson  Blvd.,  Chicago,  Ills. 

GAY,  JOSEPH  E 15  William  St.,  New  York  City 

GAYNOR,    WILLIAM    E Duluth,    Minn. 

GHOLZ,  ARTHUR  L Crystal  Falls,  Minn. 

GIBSON,  WILLIAM   M Calumet,   Mich. 

GIBSON,  T.  THOBURN    Amasa,   Mich. 

GILCHRIST,  J.  D 1405  Downing  St.,  Denver,  Colo. 

GISH,  JOHN   R Beaverdam,   Wis. 

GLASS,  FRANK  A Brainerd,  Minn. 

GODFREY,  M.   H Virginia,  Minn. 

GOODALE,   GEORGE    S Houghton,    Mich. 

GOODELL,   H.    S Houghton,    Mich. 

GOODMAN,    FRANK    B Hurley,    Wis. 

GOODSELL    B.  W .31  W.  Lake  St.,  Chicago,  Ills. 

GOODNEY,   S.   .J Stambaugh,   Mich. 

GOUDIE,  JAMES    Ironwood,   Mich. 

GOULD,  E    P Cincinnati,  Ohio 

GOW,  ALEXANDER  M Wolvin  Bldg.,  Duluth,  Minn. 

GRAFF,  W.  W Ishpeming,  Mich. 

GRABOWSKY,   CHARLES    Virginia,   Minn. 

GRANT,  B.  F 025  W.  4l8t  Drive,  Los  Angeles,  California 

GREEN,  A.  C Halsted  and  48th  Sts.,  Chicago,  Ills. 

GRIERSON,   EDWARD    S Calumet,   Mich. 

GRIBBLE,  SAMUEL  J Ironwood,  Mich. 

HALLER,  FRANK  H Osceola,  Mich. 

HALLINGBY,    OLE    Calumet,   Mich. 

HALLODAY,   FRED   H Chisholm,   Minn. 

HAMILTON,  ORR  R Lansing,  Mich. 

HAMPTON,  H.  C 165  Lake  St.,  Chicago,  Ills. 

HANNA,  L.  C Cleveland,  Ohio 

HARDENBURG,  L.  M Hurley,  Wis. 

HARRIS.  H.  R Marquette,  Mich. 

HARRIS,  JOHN  L Hancock,  Mich. 

HARRIS,  S.  B Hancock,  Mich. 

HARRIS,  S.  T Houghton.  Mich. 

HARRISON,  G.  E Hibbing,  MUin. 


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MEMBERS  OF  THE  INSTITUTE  Xlll 

HARVEY,   W.   H Eveleth,   Minn. 

HAYDEN,   GEORGE  S Ishpeming,   Mich. 

HAYDEN,  J.  ELZEY Ishpeming,  Mich. 

HEARDING,   JOHN    H Duluth,    Minn. 

HEATH,   GEORGE  L Hubbell,   Mich. 

HEGGATON,  WM.  S Negaunee,  Mich. 

HEIM,  HARRY  R 936  Metropolitan  Life  Bldg.,  Minneapolis,  Minn. 

HELPS,  S.  E Eveleth,  Minn. 

HELMER,  CHESTER  E 558  W.  7th  St.,  Winona,  Minn. 

HENDRICK,   C.    E Virginia,    Minn. 

HENDERSON,  ENOCH Houghton,  Mich. 

HEYN,   HOWARD   A Ishpeming,   Mich. 

HICKOK,  ELBERT  E 173  W.  Lake  St ,  Chicago,  Ills. 

HICKS.   B.  W Warren,  Ills. 

HICOK,   J.  H Hancock,   Mich. 

HIGGINS,  EDWIN  Bureau  of  Mines,  Pittsburg,  Pa. 

HILL,  STACEY  H Providence  Bldg.,  Duluth,  Minn. 

HINE.   S.   K Girard,   Ohio 

HINGSTON,  E.  C 707  Alworth  Bldg.,  Duluth,  Minn. 

HITCHENS,  JOHN  H Iron  Mountain,  Mich. 

HOATSON,    THOMAS    Laurium,    Mich. 

HOCKING,  RICHARD  O Keewatin,  Minn. 

HODGE,  JOHN  E Minneapolis,  Minn. 

HODGE,  RICHARD  Shenango  Mine,  Chisholm,  Minn. 

HODGSON,  JOSEPH  Bisbee,  Arizona 

HOLLEY,  CARLOS  E Bessemer,  Mich. 

HOLLEY,   A.  B Virginia,   Minn. 

HOLM  AN,  J.  WINCHESTER....  1420  Monadnock  Bldg.,  Chicago,  Ills. 

HOLTHOFF,  HENRY  C Juneaa  Place,  Milwaukee,  Wis. 

HONNOLD,  W.  L Box  2269  Johannesburg,  South  Africa 

HOOD,   O.  P Pittsburg,  Pa. 

HOSKINS,  SAMUEL Hurley,  Wis. 

HOOSE,   J.   WILLIAM Iron   Mountain,   Mich. 

HOPKINS,    E.    W Commonwealth,    Wis. 

HORE,   REGINALD  E Houghton,   Mich. 

HOUSE,  ALLAN  C '. Cleveland,  Ohio 

HOVLAND,   JOSEPH   T Hibbing,   Minn. 

HUBBARD,  LUCIUS  L Houghton,  Mich. 

HUHTALA,  JOHN Palmer,  Mich. 

HULST,   HARRY   T Ishpeming,   Mich. 

HULST,  NELSON  P 300  Knapp  St ,  Milwaukee,  Wis. 

HUNNER,  EARL  E 610  Sellwood  Bldg,  Duhith,  Minn. 

HUNNER.  H.  H Hibbing,  Minn. 

HUNTER.  ROY  D 1506  Railway  Exchange  Bldg.,  Chicago,  Ills. 

HURTER.  CHARLES  S Hercules  Powder  Co.,  Wilmington,  Del. 

HUTCHINSON,  FRANK  Riverton,  Minn. 


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XIV  MEMBEkS  OF  THE  INSTITUTE 

IMHOFF,  WALLACE  G 6805  Penn.  Ave.,  Pittsburg.  PA. 

IRELAND,  JAMES  D 701  Sellwood  Bldg.,  Duluth,  Minn. 

JACKA,  JOSIAH   S Crystal   Palls.   Mich. 

JACKSON,   C Madison,    Wis. 

JACKSON,  GEORGE   R Princeton,   Mich. 

JACKSON,  FRANK  W Market  and  Randolph  Sts.,  Chicago,  Ills. 

JANSON,    F.    A Norway,    Mich. 

JENKS,   C.    O Superior,    Wis. 

JENKS,  FRANK  G Marquette,  Mich. 

JETTNER,  AUGUST  R 171  W.  Randolph  St.  Chicago,  Ills. 

JEWELL,   SAMUEL    Negaunee,   Mich. 

JEWETT,  FRANK  G 710  Security  Bank  Bldg.,  Minneapolis,  Minn. 

JOBE,  WILLIAM   H Palatka,   Mich. 

JOHNSON,  R.  M Greenland,  Mich. 

JOHNSON,    EDWIN   F Virginia.    Minn. 

JOHNSON.  O.  MARTIN Ishpeming,  Mich. 

JOHNSON.  HENRY  O Virginia,   Minn. 

JOHNSON,  NELS    Keewatin,   Minn. 

JOHNSTON,   WILLIAM   H Ishpeming.    Mich. 

JOHNSTONE,  ORLAND  W Duluth,  Minn. 

JOLLY,   JOHN    Painesdale,   Mich. 

JONES,  B.  W Vulcan.  Mich. 

JOPLING,  ALFRED  O Marquette,  Mich. 

JOPLING,  JAMES  E Ishpeming.  Mich. 

JOPLING,  M.  W Marquette.   Mich. 

JORY,   WILLIAM    Princeton.    Mich. 

KARKEET,  J.  H Iron  Mountain,   Mich. 

KAUFMAN,  HARRY  L Marquette,  Mich. 

KEAST,  WILLIAM  J Houghton.   Mich. 

KEESE,   FRANK  E Ishpeming,   Mich. 

KENNEDY,  F.  A University  of  Wisconsin.  Madison,  Wis. 

KIEREN,  JOSEPH   Gilbert.  M.nn. 

KIRKPATRICK,  J.   CLARK Escanaba.   Mich. 

KITTS,  THOMAS   J Houghton,   Mich. 

KLEFPMAN,  JOHN   Hibbing,  Minn. 

KLINGLUND,   F.  D Palmer.   Mich. 

KNAPP,  GEO.  F G02  Rockefeller  Bldg.,  Cleveland,  Ohio 

KNEIP,  L.  H.  P Palmer,  Mich. 

KNIGHT,  J.   B Norway,   Mich. 

KNIGHT,  R.   C Eveleth.  Minn. 

KNOX,    JOHN    JR Calumet,    Mich. 

KOEPEL,   ED Beacon  Hill.   Mich. 

KREITTER,  JOHN  W Proctor,  Minn. 

KRUSE,  CHARLES  T Ishpeming,  Mich. 

KURTZMAN.  P.   L McKinley,   Minn. 


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MEMBERS  OF  THE  INSTITUTE  XV 

LADD,  DAVID  H 110  Front  St.,  Hancock   Mich. 

LAIST,  ALEXANDER    Hancock.   Mich. 

LAMBRIX,  MICHAEL   Hurley,  Wis. 

LAMONT,  JOHN  D Virginia,  Minn. 

LANE,  ALFRED  C Tufts  College,  Mass. 

LANG.  S.  S Houghton,  Mich. 

LA  ROCHELLE,  LOUIS   Box  9,  Houghton,  Mich. 

LARSSON,    PER    Striburg,    Sweden 

LA  RUE.  WILLIAM  G 1504  Alworth  Bldg.,  Duluth,  Minn. 

LASIER.   F.   G Birmingham,   Mich. 

LAWRENCE,   CHARLES  E Palatka,  Mich. 

LAWTON,  CHARLES  L Hancock,   Mich. 

LEACH.  EDWARD  J Hancock,   Mich. 

LEOPOLD,   N.  F 108  Dearborn  St.,  Chicago,  Ills. 

LETZ.  JOHN  F 6G2  12th  St ,  Milwaukee,  Wis, 

LIBBY,  DR.  E.  M Iron   River,  Mich. 

LINDBERG,  JOHN  FREDERICK Hibbing,  Minn. 

LINN.  A.  E Norway,  Mich 

LOCHER,  W.  H Duluth,  Minn. 

LOHNEIS,  HENRY  G Virginia,  Mina 

LONGYEAR,  E.  J 710  Security  Bank  Bldg.,  Minneapolis,  Minn. 

LONGYEAR,   J.    M Marquette,   Mich. 

LONSTORF.  GEORGE  J 2301  Grand  Ave.,  Milwaukee,  Wis. 

LOUDENBACK,  CLYDE  1 228  W.  Randolph  St..  Chicago,  Ills. 

LUKEY,  FRANK   Hurley,  Wis. 

LUKEY,  PRANK  G Houghton,  Mich. 

LUTES,  J.  S Biwabik,  Minn. 

LYNCH,   THOMAS  F Houghton,   Mich 

MAAS,  ARTHUR  E 352  29th  St.,  Milwaukee,  Wis. 

MAAS,  GEORGE  J Negaunee,  Mich. 

MACE.  ROBERT  E Wolvin  Bldg ,  Duluth,  Minn. 

MACKILLICAN,    JAMES   A Hibbing,    Minn. 

MACNAUGHTON,  JAMES   Calumet,  Mich. 

MACOMBER,  F.  B No.  507  S.  Clinton  St.,  Chicago,  Ills. 

MANVILLE,  T.  F Madison  Ave.  and  41st  Street,  New  York  City 

MARS.  WILLIAM  P Duluth,  Minn. 

MARSHALL,  NEWTON  C Winona    Mich. 

MARTIN,  ALFRED   Crystal  Falls,  Mich. 

MATHER,  S.  LIVINGSTON Rockefeller  Bldg.,  Cleveland,  O. 

MATHER,  WILLIAM  G Rockefeller  Bldg.,  Cleveland,  Ohio 

MATTHEWS,  C.  H 801   Fidelity  Bldg.,  Duluth,  Minn. 

MATTHEWS,  ABE,  JR Crystal  Falls,  Mich. 

MEADS,  ALEXANDER  P Marquette,  Mich. 

MERCER,  HARRY  T Painesdale,   Mich. 

MEUCHE,  A.   H Houghton,   Mich. 

MEYERS,  WILLIAM  R Princeton,  Mich 


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XVI  MEMBERS  OF  THE  INSTITUTE 

MIDDLEMISS.  BRUCE  A ....Hibbing,    Minil. 

MILLAR,  JOHN  M Escanaba,  Mich. 

MILLER.  L.  B Wade  Bldg..  Cleveland,  Ohio 

MILLS,  FRANK  P Grand  Rapids,  Minn. 

MITCHELL,   PENTECOST    Duluth.    Minn. 

MITCHELL.  EDWARD   Marquette,  Mich. 

MITCHELL,  R.  J Eveleth,  Minn. 

MITCHELL,  WILLIAM  A ICth  and  Rockwell  Sts.,  Chicago,  Ills. 

MITCHELL,   SAMUEL  J Marquette,   Mich. 

MITCHELL,  HAROLD  E Eve'iBth,   Minn. 

MOELLER,  FRANKLIN 42  Chapman  Ave.,  Cleveland,  Ohio 

MONROE,  W.  G Iron  Mountain,   Mich. 

MOORE,  C.  F 920  Newhouse  Bldg.,  Salt  Lake  City,  Utah 

MOORE.  CLARENCE  E Virginia,  Minn. 

MORGAN,  DAVID  T 54  California  Ave.,  Detroit,  Mich. 

MO  WATT,  NEVILLE  P  ....3rd  Ave.  and  Michigan  St,  Duluth,  Minn. 

MULLEN,  THOMAS  M Houghton,   Mich. 

MUNGER,   CHARLES   H Duluth.    Minn. 

MUNROE,  HENRY  S Columbia  University,  New  York  City 

MURPHY,   C.   M IShpeming,    Mich. 

MURRAY,  ROBERT  Hibbing,  Minn, 

MYERS,  ALBERT  J Iron  Mountain,  Mich. 

M'CLURE,   O.   D Ishpeming,   Mich. 

M'CORMICK,  EDWARD  Negaunee,  MICh. 

M'DONALD.  D.  B 303  Glencoe  Bldg.,  Duluth,  Minn. 

M'DOWELL,  JOHN    .Hibbing,  Minn. 

M'GEE.  M.  B Crystal  Falls,  Mich. 

M'GONAGLE,  WILLIAM   A Wolvin  Bldg.,   Duluth,   Minn. 

M'GREGOR.  SILAS  J ..Iron  Mountain,  Mich. 

M'INDOE,  JAMES  A Norway,  Mich, 

M'INTYRE,  JOHN  E Nogales,  Arizona 

M'LAUGHLIN.  W.  J Loretto,   Mich. 

M'LEAN,  JOHN  H Duluth,   Minn. 

M'LEAN,  RICHARD  EARLE Wells,  Delta  Co.,  Mich. 

M'NAMARA,  THOMAS   B ' Ironwood,   Mich, 

M'NAIR,  F.  W Houghton.  Mich. 

M'NEIL,  E.  D Virginia,  Minn. 

M'RANDLE,  WILLIAM  E.  R Bessemer,  Mich. 

NELSON.  S.  T 1170  W.  Lake  St.,  Chicago.  Ills. 

NELSON.  JOHN  E Negaunee,  Mich. 

NEWBY,  WILLIAM  Puritan  P.  O.,  N.  Ironwood,  Mich. 

NEWETT,  GEORGE  A Ishpeming,  Mich. 

NEWETT,  W.  H Ishpeming.  Mich. 

NEWTON,  L.  L 1324  La  Salle  Ave.,  Chicago.  Ills. 

NICHOLAS,    THOMAS    J Palmer,    Mich. 

NICHOLS,  F.   W Houghton,  Mich. 


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MEMBERS  OF  THE  INSTITUTE  XVll 

NICKERSON,  H.  F Houghton,   Mich. 

NIXON,  JOHN  A Ishpeming,    Mich. 

NOETZEL,    BENJAMIN   D Triraountain,    Mich. 

OBERG.  ANTON  C 503  Manhatten  Bldg.,  Duluth,  Minn. 

OLCOTT,   WILLIAM  J Duluth,   Minn. 

ORBISON,  THOMAS  W Appleton,   Wis. 

ORR,  FRANK  D Lyceum,  Bldg.,  Duluth,  Minn. 

OSBORN,  CHASE  S Sault  Ste.  Marie,  Mich. 

OVERPECK.  HOLLIS  W Box  617,  Virginia,  Minn. 

PAINE,  W.  A. .    82  Devonshire  St.,  Boston,  Mass. 

PAINE,  FRANCIS  W Houghton,  Mich. 

PARKER,  RICHARD  A 802  Equitable  Bldg.,  Denver,  Colo, 

PASCOE,  PETER  W Republic,  Mich. 

PATRICK,  RICHARD  S 314-15  Sellwood  Block,  Duluth,  Minn. 

PEARCE,   E.   L Marquette,    Mich. 

FELLING,  WILLIAM  F.  JR Carson  Lake,  Minn. 

PENGILLY,  EDWARD  Crystal  Falls,  Mich. 

PENNIMAN.  DWIGHT  C Curtis  Court,  Minneapolis,  Minn. 

PENTON,  JOHN  A Iron  Trade  Review,  Cleveland,  Ohio 

PERKINS,  SAMUEL  J Ironwood,  Mich. 

PETERSON,  A.   Y Chlsholm,   Minn. 

PITKIN,  S.  H 682  W.  Market  St.,  Akron,  Ohio 

POTTER,  OCHA Houghton,  Mich. 

POTTER,  W.  T Ishpeming,  Mich. 

POWELL,   D.   W Marquette.   Mich. 

POWELL,  A.  E Marquette,  Mich. 

PRESCOTT,  FRED  M Oregon  St.,  Milwaukee,  Wis. 

PRESCOTT,  L.  L Menominee,  Mich. 

PRYOR,   R.   C Houghton,   Mich. 

PURSELL,   H.    E Kewanee,    Illinois 

QUIGLEY,   G.   J Antigo,   Wis. 

QUINE,  JOHN  THOMAS 413  Vine  St.,  Ishpeming,  Mich. 

QUINN,  CLEMENT  KRUSE Virginia,  Minn. 

RAISKY,  F.   H Duluth,   Minn. 

RALEY,  ROBERT  J Ketchi-Gaumi   Club,   Duluth,   Minn. 

RANKIN,  WILLIAM  A Painesdale,    Mich. 

RASHLEIGH,  WILLIAM  J Aurora,   Minn. 

RAYMOND,  HENRY  A Rockefeller  Bldg.,  Cleveland,  Ohio 

REDFERN,  JOHN  A ' Hibbing,  Minn. 

REDNER,  A.  E 216  Aurora  location,  Ironwood,  Mich 

REEDER,  J.   T Houghton,   Mich. 

REEDER,  EDW!N  C 1917  Fisher  Bldg..  Chicago,  Ills. 

REEDER.  J.  H Houghton,  Mich. 

REHFUSS,  LOUIS  I LaCrosse,   Wis. 


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XVlll  MEMBERS  OF  THE  INSTITUTE 

REIGART,  JOHN  R Princeton,   Mich. 

REIFEL.  H.  T Nashwauk,  Minn. 

REYNOLDS,  M.  K Ridge  St.,  Marquette,  Mich. 

RICE,  CLAUDE  T 1420  Monadnock  Bldg..  Chicago,  Ills. 

RICE,   JOHN   H Houghton.   Mich. 

RICE,  C.  W Milwaukee,  Wis. 

RICHARDS,  WILLIAM  J Crystal  Palls,  Mich. 

RICHARDS,   MORRIS  EARL   Crystal  Falls,   Mich. 

RICHARDS,  WILLIAM  J Painesdale,  Mich. 

RICHARDS,  GUY  A Biwabik,  Minn. 

RICHEY,  E.  W 211  Railway  Exchange  Bldg.,  Chicago,  Ills. 

RIDLEY,  FREDERICK  WILLIAM Calumet,   Mich. 

ROBERTS,  HARRY   Duluth,  Minn. 

ROBERTS,   ALTON    t Marquette,    Mich. 

ROBERTSON,   HUGH   J Escanaba,    Mich. 

ROHN,   OSCAR    Butte,    Mont 

ROSE,    ROBERT    S Marquette,    Mich. 

ROSKILLY,  JOSEPH  Virginia,  Minn. 

ROUCHLBAU,  LOUIS   Minneapolis,  Minn. 

ROUGH,   JAMES   H Negaunee,    Mich. 

ROWE,  HENRY    , Ironwood,   Mich. 

ROWE,  WM.  C Bessemer,  Mich. 

RUMSEY,  SPENCER  S 610  Wolvin  Bldg.,  Duluth,  Minn. 

BUNDLE,  A.  J Iron  Mountain,  Mich. 

RUSSELL,  JAMES   Marquette,  Mich. 

RYAN,  JOHN  A Iron  Mountain,  Mich. 

SALSICH,   L.   R Coleraine,   Minn. 

SCADDEN,    FRANK    Crystal   Falls,    Mich. 

SCHACHT,   WILLIAM   H Painesdale,   Mich. 

SCHLESINGER    H.   J Milwaukee,   Wis. 

SCHUBERT,  GEORGE  P Hancock,  Mich, 

SEAMAN,   A.   E Houghton,   Mich. 

SEBENIUS,  JOHN  UNO Wolvin  Bldg.,  Duluth,  Minn. 

SEEBER,   R.  R .Winona,   Mich. 

SEELYE,  R.  W^ Sault  Ste.  Marie,  Ont. 

SELDEN,  WILLIAM  H.,  JR Iron  River,  Mich. 

SELLS,   MAX    Florence.   Wis. 

SELLWOOD,   R.    M Duluth,    Minn. 

SENTER,  A.   W Hubbell,   Mich. 

SHELDEN,  R.  SKIFF Houghton,  Mich. 

SHELDON,  ALBERT  F 112  N.  Arch  St.,  Marquette,  Mich. 

SHERLOCK,   THOMAS    Escanaba,   Mich. 

SHERRERD,  JOHN  M 340  Spring  Garden  St.,  Easton.  Pa. 

SHERWOOD,  M.  J Marquette,  Mich. 

SHIELDS,   IRVIN  J Houghton,   Mich. 

SHOVE,  BRIGHAM  W Ironwood,  Mich. 


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MEMBERS  OF  THE  INSTITUTE  XIX 

SIEBENTHAL,  W.  A Vulcan,  Mich. 

SILL,  GEO.  A 507  Germain  Bldg..  Los  Angeles,  CaT. 

SILLIMAN,   THOMAS   B Coleraine.    Minn. 

SILVER,  C.  R 29  W.  Lake  St.,  Chicago,  Ills. 

SIMMONS.   CHARLES    Beacon,   Mich. 

SKINNER,  MORTIMER  B.558  5C0  W,  Washington  Blvd.,  Chicago,  Ills. 

SLINEY,  DAVID  J Ishpeming,  Mich. 

SMALL,  H.  H 4834  S.  Halsted  St.,  Chicago,  Ills. 

SMITH,    FRED    Kearsarge,    Mich. 

SMITH,   WILLARD  J Mohawk,   Mich. 

SMITH,   CARL  G Kearsarge,   Mich. 

SMITH,  ALFRED  L 28  Loraine  St..  Pontiac,  Mich. 

SMYTH,  H.  L Rotch  Bldg.,  Cambridge,  Mass. 

SOADY.    HARRY    Duluth,    Minn. 

SPARKS,  BENJAMIN  F 205  Ruby  St.,  Houghton,  Mich. 

SPERR,  F.  W Houghton.  Mich. 

STAKEL,  CHARLES  J Ishpeming,  Mich. 

STANTON,  F.  McM 208  5th  Ave.,  New  York  City 

STANTON,  J.  R 11  William  St.,  New  York  City 

STEPHENS,  JAMES   Ishpeming,  Mich. 

STRONG.  CLARENCE  G Lunkenheimer  Co.,  Cincinnati,  Ohio 

SUESS,  JOSEPH  E Negaunee,  Mich. 

SULLIVAN,  A.  J Chisholm,   Minn. 

SUTHERLAND,  D.  E Ironwood,  Mich. 

SWIFT,  GEORGE  D Duluth,  Minn. 

SWIFT,  PAUL  D Houghton,  Mich. 

TALBOYS,  HENRY  H 717  Providence  Bldg.,   Duluth,  Minn. 

TAPPAN,    WILLIAM    M Hibbing,    Minn. 

TARR,  S.  W CIO  Wolvin  Bldg.,  Duluth,  Minn. 

THIEMAN    EDWARD    Florence,   Wis. 

THOMS,  REUBEN  KNIGHT Ely,  Minn. 

THOMPSON,  CARMI  A Room  222,  G.  N.  Bldg.,  St.  Paul,  Minn. 

THOMPSON,  HENRY   S Beacon,   Mich. 

THOMPSON,  JAMES  R Ishpeming,  Mich. 

TOWNSEND,  C.  V.  R Negaunee,  Mich. 

TRAVER,  WILBER  H Fisher  Bldg.,  Chicago,  Ills. 

TREBILCOCK,    JOHN    Ishpeming,    Mich. 

TREBILCOCK,  WILLIAM  North  Freedom,  Wis. 

TREZONA,   CHARLES    Ely,    Minn. 

TREVARROW,  HENRY   Negaunee,  Mich. 

TREVARTHAN,   W.   J Bessemer,    Mich. 

TRIPP,  CHESTER  D 1515  Corn  Exchange  Bldg.,  Chicago,  Ills. 

TRUDGEON,  JOHN    Wakefield,   Mich. 

TUBBY,  CHARLES  W '<Uo  Commerce  Bldg.,  St.  Paul,  Minn. 

TUFTS,  JOHN  W 900  Hackett  Ave.,  Milwaukee,  Wis. 

TURNER,  CHAS.  N Colby-Abbott  Bldg.,  Milwaukee,  Wis. 


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XX  MEMBERS  OF  THE  INSTITUTE 

UHLER,  FRED  WALTER   Al worth  Bldg ,  Duluth.  Minn. 

ULRICH,   WILLIAM    P Chisholm,    Minn. 

UREN,  WILLIAM  J 124  College  Ave.,  Houghton,   Mich. 

VALLAT,  BENJAMIN  W 347  E.  Grand  Block,  Detroit,  Mich. 

VAN  DYKE,  W.  D 910  Wells  Bldg.,  Milwaukee,  Wis. 

VANDEVENTER,  VIVIAN  H Ishpeming,   Mich. 

VAN  EVERA,  JOHN  R Marquette,   Mich. 

VAN  EVERA,  WILBUR   Virginia,   Minn. 

VAN  MATER,  J.  A 55  Wall  St.,  New  York  City 

VAN  ORDEN,  F.  L Houghton,  Mich. 

VIVIAN,  JAMES  G 909  Alworth  Bldg.,  Duluth,  Minn. 

VOGEL,  F.  A 25  Broad  St.,  New  York  City 

WADE,  JEPTHA  H Wade  Bldg.,  Cleveland,  Ohio 

WAGNER,  JOHN  M Houghton.   Mich. 

WALKER.  ROBERT  S Fidelity  Bldg.,  Duluth,  Minn. 

WALKER,  ELTON  WILLARD   Mass,  Mich. 

WALL,  JAMES   S Iron  River,   Mich. 

WALLACE,  W.   R Houghton.   Mich. 

WALLACE  GEORGE   Marquette,  Mich. 

WARE,  JOHN  FRANKLIN Forest  and  Five  Oaks  Ave.,  Dayton,  O. 

WARE,  FRED   Negaunee,  Mich. 

WARREN,   O.    B Hibbing.    Minn. 

WARRINER,  S.  D 437  Chestnut  St.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

WATSON,  CHARLES  H Crystal  Falls,  Mich. 

WP:ARNE,  WILLIAM   Hibbing,  Minn. 

WEBB,  FRANCIS  J 812  Fidelity  Bldg.,  Duluth,  Minn. 

WEBB.    WALTER    M Gilbert.    Minn. 

WELLS.  PEARSON  221  Van  Dyke  Ave.,  Detroit    Mich. 

WENGLER,  MATT  P 1055  Cambridge  Ave.,  Milwaukee,  Wis. 

WESSINGER.  W.  E 610  Wolvin  Bldg.,  Duluth,  Minn. 

WEST.  WILLIAM  J Hibbing,  Minn. 

WHEELWRIGHT,  O.  W Florence,   Wis. 

WHITE,   WILLIAM    Virginia.    Minn. 

WHITE,    EDWIN    E Ishpeming,    Mich. 

WHITE,  J.   W 1905   E.   Superior  St.,  Duluth,   Minn. 

WHITEHEAD,  R.  G Alpha,   Mich. 

WHITESIDE,   JOHN   W Ironwood.   Mich. 

WILCOX,  LEE  L Gilbert,   Minn. 

WILLARD,    PAUL    D Hibbing.    Minn. 

WILLEY,   NORMAN   W Hibbing,    Minn. 

WILKIXS.  WILLIAM   Ashland,  Wis. 

WILLIAMS,  THOMAS  H Ely,  Minn. 

WILLIAMS,  PERCIVAL  S Ramsay,  Mich. 

WILLIAMS,  DEAN  R 1213  Majestic  Bldg,  Milwaukee.  Wis. 

WILSON,  EUGENE  B Scranton,  Pa. 


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MEMBERS  OF  THE  INSTITUTE  XXI 

WILSON.   ARTHUR  O Hibbing,  Mlnn. 

WILSON,  W.  G Palmer,  Mich. 

WINCHELL.  HORACE  V 505  Palace  Bldg.,  Minneapolis,  Minn. 

WINTER.  JOSEPH  H Negaunee,  Mich. 

WITHERBEE,  F.  S Port  Henry,  New  York 

WOODBRIDGE,  DWIGHT  E Sellwood  Bldg.,  Duluth,  Minn. 

WOODWORTH.  G.  L Iron  River,  Mich. 

WOOLF.    PERCIVAL  J Monadnock  Bldg.,   Chicago,   Ills. 

WORDEN.  EUCLID  P 571  SummH  Ave.,  Milwaukee,  Wis. 

YATES.  WILLIAM  H 507  Alworth.  Bldg..  Duluth,  Minn. 

YOUNG,    H.   OLIN Ishpeming,   Mich. 

YOUNGS,    FRANK  W Iron  River,   Mich. 

YOUNGS.   G.  W Iron  River,  Mich. 

YUNGBLUTH,  A.  J Ishpeming,  Mich. 

ZAPFFB,  CARL 213  Citizens  State  Bank  Bldg.,  Brainerd,  Minn. 

ZIMMERMAN,   WALTER  G Duluth,   Minn. 


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XXll 


DECEASED    MEMBERS 


DECEASED  MEMBERS. 


ARMSTRONG,  J.  F 1898 

BAWDEN,  JOHN  T 1899 

BENNETT.   JAMES   H 

BIRKHEAD,  LENNOX   ....1911 

BROOKS,   T.   B 1902 

BULLOCK,   M.    C 1899 

COWLING.  NICHOLAS    ...1910 

CONRO,   ALBERT    1901 

CLARK.    H.    S 

CLEAVES.    WILL    S ..1910 

CHADBOURNE,   T.  L 1911 

CUMMINGS.   GEO.   P 1911 

DANIELS,  JOHN    1898 

DEACON.  JOHN 1913 

DICKENSON.    W.    E 1899 

DOWNING,  W.  H 1906 

DUNCAN.  JOHN 1904 

DUNSTON.   THOMAS   B 

GARBBRSON.  W.   R 1908 

HALL,  CHAS.  H 1910 

HARPER,' GEORGE  V 1905 

HASELTON.   H.    S 1911 

HAYDEN,  GEORGE 1902 

HINTON,  FRANCIS   189G 

HOLLAND,    JAMES     1900 

HOLLEY,    S.    H 1899 

HOUGHTON,   JACOB    1903 

HYDE,  WELCOME   

JEFFREY,  WALTER  M..  .1906 

JOCHIM,   JOHN   W 1905 

KOENIG,  GEORGE  A 1913 

KRUSE,  JOHN  C 1907 


LUSTFIELD,    A 1904 

LYON,   JOHN   B 1900 

MAAS,  WM.  J 1911 

MARR,  GEORGE  A 1905 

MILLER,   A.   M 1912 

MINER,  A.  B 1913 

MITCHELL,   SAMUEL    ....1908 

M'VICHIE,    D 1906 

M'NAMARA,  T 1912 

NINESE,  EDMUND   1909 

OLIVER,    HENRY   W 1904 

PEARCE,   H.  A 1905 

PERSONS.  GEORGE  R 1908 

POPE,  GRAHAM 1912 

ROBERTS,  E.  S 

ROWE,  JAMES    1911 

RYAN.  EDWARD   1901 

SHEPHARD,   AMOS    1905 

STANLAKE,  JAMES 1910 

STANTON,   JOHN    1900 

STEVENS,   HORACE   J 1912 

STURTEVANT,   H.   B 1910 

THOMAS,  HENRY 1905 

THOMAS,    WILLIAM    

TOBIN,  JAMES   1912 

TREVARTHEN.   G.   C 1898 

TRUSCOTT,   HENRY    1910 

VAN  DYKE,   JOHN  H 19CG 

WALLACE.  JOHN   1898 

WHITE,  PETER   1908 

WHITNEY,  J.   D 1894 

WILLIAMS,   W.   H 1897 


LIST  OF  DECEASED  MEMBERS  REPORTED  SINCE  THE  ANNUAL 
MEETING  OF  1913. 

DRiAKE,  J.  M November  27,  1913 

JEWETT,  N.  R 1914 

LINSLEY,  W.  B January  10,  1914 

COOPER    JAS.   B February  27.   1914 

PHILBIN,  D.  M , August,  1914 


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LIST  OF  PAPERS  PUBLISHED  IN  PRECEDING  NUMBERS     XXlll 


LIST  OF  PAPERS  PUBLISHED  IN  PRECEDING 
VOLUMES. 

1893— Vol.  I. 

Page. 

Soft  Ore  Mining  on  Lake  Superior,  by  Per  Larsson 13 

The   Geology  of  that  Portion  of  the  Menominee  Range,  East 

of  the  Menominee  River,  by  Nelson  P.  Hulst 19 

1894— Vol.  II. 

Historical  Address  of  the  Retiring  President,  Nelson  P.  Hulst. .         11 

Curvature  of  Diamond  Drill  Holes,  by  J.  Parke  Channibg 23 

Historical  Sketch  of  the  Discovery  of  Mineral  Deposits  in  the 

Lake  Superior  Region,  by  H.  V.  Winchell 33 

Partial  Bibliography  of  the  History  of  Mining  on  Lake  Superior, 

by    H.  V.  Winchell    71 

Two  New  Geological  Cross-Sections  of  Keweenaw  Point,  With 
a    Brief    Description   of    the    Main    Geological    Features    of 

the  Copper  Range,  by  L.  L.  Hubbard 79 

Ore  Dressing  on  Lake  Superior,  by  F.  F.  Sharpless 97 

Sinking  **C"  Shaft  at  the  West  Vulcan  Mine,  Mich.,   by   Wil- 
liam Bond  105 

A  Pocket  Stop,  by  William  Kelly Ill 

1895— Vol.  III. 

The  Iron  Ranges  of  Minnesota,  Prepared  as  a  Guide  for  Third 

Annual  Meeting,  by  H.  V.  Winchell  11 

Mine  Accidents — Address  of  the  Retiring  President.  J.   Parke 

Channing 34 

Distribution  of  Phosphorus  and  System  of  Sampling  at  the  Pe- 

wabic  Mine,  Michigan,  by  E.  F.  Brown 49 

Efficiencies  of  Some  Pumping  Plants  on  the  Menominee  Range, 

Michigan,  by  Per  Larsson   56 

Additional   Pumping  Data,   Cleveland   Iron   Mining   Co.,  by   F. 

P.  Mills   63 

The  New  Pumping  Plant  of  the  Stirling  Iron  &  Zinc  Co.,  New 

Jersey    (including  results  of  an   ofticial  duty  test),   by  J. 

Parke  Cbanning  64 


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XXIV     LIST  OF  PAPERS  PUBLISHED  IN  PRECEDING  NUMBERS 

The  Hoisting  Plant  of  the  Lake  Mine,  Cleveland  Iron  Mining 

Company,  by  J.  M.  Vickers  69 

The  Relation  of  the  Vein  at  the  Central  Mine,  Keweenaw  Point, 

to  the  Kearsarge  Conglomerate,  by  L.  L.  Hubbard 74 

Open-Pit  Mining,  with  Special  Reference  to  the  Mesabi  Range, 

by  F.  W.  Denton   84 

Communication   Upon  the   Cost   of  Crushing  Hard   Hematite, 

Minnesota    Iron    Co 93 

1896— Vol.  IV. 

Electric  Mine  Haulage  Plant,  Pittsburg  &  Lake  Angeline  Iron 

Company,  by  E.  F.  Bradt   9 

Underground   Electric   Haulage   Plant,   Cleveland    Lake    Mine. 

by  James  E.  Jopling   17 

Methods  of  Sampling  Iron  Ore,  by  C.  T.  Mixer 27 

Comparative  Tests  of  Bracing  for  Wooden  Bents,  by   Edgar 

Kidwell    34 

The  Steam  Shovel  in  Mining,  by  A.  W.  Robinson 59 

The  Occurrence  of  Copper  Minerals  in  Hematite  Ore,  by  F. 

W.  Denton,  Part  I,  J.  H.  Eby,  Part  II 69 

A  Single  Engine  Hoisting  Plant,  by  T.  F.  Cole 81 

The  Pioneer  Mine  Pumping  Engines,  by  H.  B.  Sturtevant 84 

The  Marquette  Iron  Range  of  Michigan,  by  George  A.  Newett..  87 

1898— Vol.  V. 

Some  Observations  on  the  Principle  of  Benefit  Funds  and  Their 
Place  in  the  Lake  Superior  Iron  Mining  Industries,  by  Wil- 
liam G.   Mather,  Retiring  President   10 

Mine  Accounts,  by  A.  J.  Yungbluth 21 

A  System  of  Mining  Ore  Bodies  of  Uniform  Grade,  by  E.  F. 

Brown    40 

A  New  Iron-Bearing  Horizon  in  the  Kewatin,  in  Minnesota,  by 

N.  H.  Winchell   46 

History  of  Exploration  for  Gold  in  the  Central  States,  by  C. 

W.  Hall  49 

1900— Vol.  VL 

The  Present  Condition  of  the  Mining  Business,  by  William  Kel- 
ly, Retiring  President    13 

The  Pewabic  Concentrating  Works,  by  L.  M.  Hardenburg 21 

Electric  Signals  at  the  West  Vulcan  Mine,  by  A.  W.  Thomp- 
son            27 

Mine  Dams,  by  James  MacNaughton 37 

Economy  in  the  Manufacture  of  Mining  Machinery,  by  Charles 
H.  Fitch    , 44 


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LIST  OF  PAPERS  PUBLISHED  IN  PRECEDING  NUMBERS     XXV 

Method  of  Mining  at  the  Badger  Mine,  by  O.  C.  DavidBon 52 

Balancing  Bailers,  by  William  Kelly 54 

1901— Vol.  VII. 

Some  Early  Mining  Days  at  Portage  Lake,  by  Graham  Pope, 

President    17-31 

Steel  Construction  for  Mines,  by  J.  F.  Jackson 32-43 

Historical  Sketch  of  Smelting  and  Refining  Lake  Copper,  by 

James  B.  Cooper 44-49 

No.  5  Shaft  at  the  Tamarack  Mine,  by  W.  E.  Parnall,  Jr 50-61 

The  Crystallization  gf  Mohawkite,  Domeykite  and  Other  Similar 

Arsenides,  by  Dr.  George  A.  Koenig 62-64 

A  Cause  for  Inaccuracy  in  Colorimetric  Copper  Determinations, 

by  Dr.  George  A.  Koenig 65-67 

The  Testing  and  Control  of  the  Product  In  a  Modem  Copper 

Refinery,  by  George  L.  Heath 68-82 

Corliss   Cross-Compound  Pumping  Engine  in  Penobscot  Mine, 

by  John  A.   Redfern    83-87 

The  Invasion  of  the  Water  Tube  Boiler  into  the  Copper  Coun- 
try, by  O.  P.  Hood  88-93 

A  New  Form  of  Mine  Drill  Bit,  by  Walter  Pitch 94-100 

College  View  of  Mining  Graduate,  by  F.  W.  McNair,  President 

M.  C.  of  Mines  101-106 

A  Plea  for  Accurate  Maps,  by  L.  L.  Hubbard 105-118 

Tapping  the  Water  in  the  Old  Minnesota  Mine,  by  S.  Howard 

Brady  119-120 

1902— Vol.  VIII. 

Moisture  in  Lake  Superior  Iron  Ores,  by  Dr.  N.  P.  Hulst 21-33 

The  Use  of  Steel  in  Lining  Mine  Shafts,  by  Frank  Drake 34-61 

Geological  Work  on  the  Lake  Superior  Region,  by  C.  R.  Van 

Hise    62-69 

A  New  Changing-House  at  the  West  Vulcan  Mine,  by  William 

Kelly    70-74 

A  Comparison  of  the  Origin  and  Development  of  the  Iron  Ores 

of  the  Mesabi  and  Gogebic  Ranges,  by  C.  K.  Leith 75-81 

Efficiency  Test  of  a  Nordberg  Air  Compressor  at  the  Burra 

Burra  Mine  of  the  Tennessee  Copper  Co.,  by  J.  Parke  Chan- 

ning   82-88 

The  Mine  Machine  Shop,  by  J.  F.  Jackson 89-92 

Map  of  Mesabi  and  Vermilion  Ranges   93 

1903— Vol.  IX. 

Sinking  and  Equipping  No.  9   Shaft,  Ashland   Mine,  by  H.  F. 

EUard    24-38 


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XXVI     LIST  OF  PAPERS  PUBLISHED  IN  PRECEDING  NUMBERS 

High  Explosives,  Their  Safe  and  Economical  Methods  of  Hand- 
ling, by  J.  H.  Karkeet  39-47 

Mine  Accounting  by  W.  M.  Jeffrey  48-62 

Charcoal  Iron  Industry  of  the  Upper  Peninsula   of  Michigan, 

by  William  G.  Mather 03-88 

Pioneer  Furnace  No.  2,  Description  89-93 

Iron  Ores  of  Arctic  Lapland,  by  Chase  S.  Osborn 94-113 

A  Card  System  for  Mine  Supply  Accounts,  by  F.  W.  Denton 114-118 

The  Greenway  Ore  Unloader,  Description    119-120 

A  New   Changing  House  at   the   Cliffs   Shaft  Mine,   by   J.    S. 

Mennie 121-124 

The  Champion  Mine  Mill  Intake  Tunnel,  by  F.  W.  O'Neil 127-139 

1904— Vol.  X. 

Iron   and    Steel    Consumption,    by   George   H.   Abeel,   Retiring 

President    27-30 

Titanium  and  Titaniferous  Iron  Ores,  by  Dr.  Nelson  P.  Hulst..     31-47 

Practical  Use  of  Magnetic  Attractions,  by  V.  S.  Hillyer 48-59 

Shaft   Sinking  Through   Quicksand   at   Susquehanna   Mine,   by 

H.  3.  Sturtevant   60-65 

An   Underground  Magazine   and  Electric  Powder  Thawer,  by 

William  Kelly   66-71 

The  Hoisting  Problem,  by  J.  R.  Thompson 72-87 

The  Geology  of  Some  of  the  Lands  in  the  Upper  Peninsula,  by 

Robert  Seldon  Rose   82-100 

Some  Aspects  o(  the  Analyzing  and  Grading  of  Iron  Ores  of 

the  Gogebic  Range,  by  Edward  A.  Separk 103-126 

The  Bisbee,  Arizona,  Copper  Camp,  by  Geo.  A.  Newett 127-143 

Mining  Methods  in  the  Vermilion  and  Mesabi  Districts,  by  Kirby 

Thomas    144-157 

The  Gogebic  Range,  Historical    168-162 

Brief  Description  of  Steel  Lining  for  Shafts,  by  J.  R.  Thomp- 
son  163-164 

1905— Vol.  XI. 

Menominee  Range,  by  John  L.  Buell 3g.49 

The  Utilization  of  Exhaust  Steam,  by  Means  of  Steam  Regen- 
erators and  Low-Pressure  Turbines  on  the  Rateau  System, 
by  L.  Battu 50.79 

Methods  of  Iron  Ore  Analysis  Used  in  the  Laboratories  of  the 
Iron  Mining  Companies  of  the  Lake  Superior  Mining  Region 
by  W.  A.  Siebenthal  71-138 

The   Unwatering   of    the   Hamilton   and   Ludington   Mines,   by 

John   T.   Jones    ^ 139-147 

Determination    of   Angles   of   Diamond   Drill   Holes,   by   F.   A. 

Janson 148-161 


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LIST  OF  PAPEkS  PUBLISHED  IN  PRECEDING  NUMBERS     XXVll 

Card   System   of  Accounting   for   Mining   Supplies,   by   W.   M. 

Jeffrey   152-163 

A  Method  of  Survey  for  Secondary  Mine  Openings,  by  F*loyd 

L.  Burr   104-172 

Cargo  Sampling  of  Iron  Ores  Received  at  Lower  Lake  Ports-* 

Including  the  Methods  Used  in  the  Analysis  of  the  Same, 

by  W.  J.  Raitle   &  Son 173-180 

Notes  on  Some  of  the  Recent  Changes  in  the  Equipment  of  the 

Republic  Mine,  Michigan,  by  Frank  H.  Armstrong 181-189 

Discussion   of   Mr.    Battu's    Paper   on    Steam   Regenerator   for 

Hoisting  Engines  by  the  Rateau  System   190-196 

1906— Vol.  XIL 

Mines   of   the   Lake   Superior   Copper   District,   by    Horace   J. 

Stevens   8-24 

The  Geology  of  Keweenaw  Point — A  Brief  Description,  by  Al- 
fred C.  Lane.  State  Geologist  81-104 

The  Importance  of  the  Ordinary  Sanitary  Precautions  in  the 
Prevention  of  Water  Borne  Disease  in  Mines,  by  B.  W. 
Jones,  M.  D 105-115 

The  Iron  Ore  Deposits  of  the  Ely  Trough,  Vermilion  Range, 

Minnesota,  by  C.  E.  Abbott 116-142 

Five  Years  of  Progress  in  the  Lake  Superior  Copper  Country, 

by   J.  F.  Jackson    143-153 

Salt  Water  in  the  Lake  Mines,  by  Alfred  C.  Lane,  State  Geol- 
ogist    154-163 

A  High  Duty  Air  Compressor  at  the  Champion  Mine  (Cop- 
per), by  O.  P.  Hood  164-176 

1908— Vol.  XIII. 

The  Iron  Range  of  Minnesota,  Prepared  for  the  Program,  by 

Dwight  E.  Woodbridge   13-27 

Mine  Waters,  by  Alfred  C.  Lane,  State  Geologist,  Michigan 03-152 

The  Hydro-Electric  Plant  of  Penn  Iron  Mining  Co.,  at  Vulcan, 

Mich.,  by  T.  W.  Orbison  and  F.  H.  Armstrong 153-181 

Automatic  Throttle  Closing  Device  for  Hoisting  Machinery,  by 

Spencer  S:  Rumsey  183-188 

Structures  of  Mesabi  Iron  Ore,  by  N.  H.  Winchell 189-204 

Acetylene  as  an  Underground  Light,  by  William  F.  Slaughter.  .205-207 
The  Standard  Boiler  House  of  The  Oliver  Iron  Mining  Co.,  by 

A.  M.  Gow 209-224 

The  Sampling  of  Iron  Ores,  by  L.  S.  Austin 225-230 

Standard  Method  for  Sampling  Cargoes  of  Iron  Ore  at  Low- 
Lake   Ports— 1907— Oscar   Textor ..231-233 

Biographical   Notices ...  235-252 


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XXVni     LIST  OF  PAPERS  PUBLISHED  IN  PRECEDING  NUMBERS 

1909— XIV. 

The  Marquette  Iron  Range,  by  Geo.  A.  Newett 19-26 

Compensation  to  Workmen  in  Case  of  Injuries,  by  Murray  M. 

Duncan    47-53 

Sinking   Reinforced   Concrete   Shafts   Through   Quicksand,    by 

Frederick  W.  Adgate  55-70 

Mine  Accidents,  by  John  T.  Quine 71-81 

The  Sociological  Side  of  the  Mining  Industry,  by  W.  H.  Moul- 

ton    82-98 

Wood  Preservation  with  Especial  Reference  to  Mine  Timbers, 

by  John  M.  Nelson,  Jr 99-115 

How  Reforestation  May  Be  Applied  to  the  Mine  Timber  In- 
dustry, by  Thomas  B.  Wyman 116-130 

Capillary  Attraction   in  Diamond   Drill  'Test  Tubes,   by  J.   E. 

Jopling    131-139 

The  Brier  Hill  Concrete-Lined  Shaft,  by  William  Kelly 140-147 

Code  of  Mine  Signals — The  Cleveland-Clifts  Iron  Company,  by 

O.    D.    McClure    147-155 

A  Diamond  Drill  Core  Section  of  the  Mesabi  Rocks,  by  N.  H. 

Winchell  156-178 

The  Tariff  on  Iron  Ore,  by  H.  Olin  Young 179-193 

Biographical   Notices    194-198 

Reminiscences 202-215 

1910— Vol.  XV. 

Underground  Steel  Construction,  by  R.  B.  Woodworth 45-99 

A  Diamond  Drill  Core  Section  of  the  Mesabi  Rocks — II  and 

III,  by  N.  H.  Winchell 100-141 

The  Proper  Detonation  of  High  Explosives,  by  Chas.  S.  Hur- 

ter 142-178 

Underground  Methods  of  Mining  Used  on  the  Gogebic  Range, 

by  Percival  S.  Williams  179-194 

The  Company  Surgeon,  by  E.  M.  Libby,  M.  D 195-200 

The  Indiana  Steel  Co.,  Gary,  Ind.,- Brief  Description 201-209 

Steel  Head  Frame,  No.  4  Shaft,  Montreal  Mine,  by  Frank  B. 

Goodman  209-211 

Biographical   Notices    212-218 

1911— Vol.  XVL 

A  Diamond  Drill  Core  Section  of  the  Mesabi  Rocks — IV.,  by  N. 

H.  Winchell   C1-C9 

Time  Keeping  System  of  the  Crystal  Falls  Iron  Mining  Co.,  by 

James  D.  Vivian    ] . . .     70-76 

Some  Practical  Suggestions  for  Diamond  Drill  Explorations,  by 

A.  H.  Meuche  77-81 


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LIST  OF  PAPERS  PUBLISHED  IN  PRECEDING  NUMBERS      XXIX 

Standard  Boiler  House  and  Coal  Handling  System  of  the  Crystal 

Falls  Iron  Mining  Co.,  by  J.  S.  Jacka 82-87 

Recording  and  Signalling  Device  for  Mines,  by  John  M.  Johnson  88-99 
Surveying  and  Sampling  Diamond  Drill  Holes,  by  E.  E.  White..  100-1 20 
Social  Surroundings  of  the  Mine  Employe,  by  Chas.  E.  Law- 
rence  121-126 

Time  Keeping  System  and  Labor  Distribution  at  the  Newport 

Mine,  by  G.  L.  Olson   127-143 

Square  Set  Mining  at  the  Vulcan  Mines,  by  Floyd  L.  Burr 144-155 

Some  Safety  Devices  of  the  Oliver  Iron  Mining  Co.,  by  Alex. 

M.    Gow    150-167 

Diversion  of  the  Sturgeon  River  at  the  Loretto  Mine,  by  Chas. 

H.    Baxter    108-170 

Raising  Shaft  on  Timber  in  Hard  Rock  at  the  Armenia  Mine,  by 

S.  J.  Goodney   171-170 

Accidents  in  the  Transportation,  Storage  and  Use  of  Explosives, 

by  Charles  S.  Hurter  177-210 

The   Relations  of  the   Mining  Industry   to  the   Prevention   of 

Forest  Fires,  by  Thos.  B.  Wyman 211-217 

Block   Caving  and   Sub-Stope  System  at  the   Tobin   Mine,   by 

Fred  C.  Roberts  218-226 

The  Cornwall,  Pa,  Magnetite  Deposits,  by  E.  B.  Wilson 227-238 

Top  Slicing  at  the  Caspian  Mine,  by  Wm.  A.  McEachern 239-243 

Electrical  Operation  qt  the   Plants  of  the  Penn  Iron  Mining 

Company,  by  Frank  H.  Armstrong 244-250 

Reminiscences  of   the   Gogebic   Range,  Ironwood   in   1887,   by 

J.    H.   Hearding    251-257 

Map  of  Menominee  Iron  Range,  following  page 265 

Biographical  Notices 259-260 


1912—Vo\  XVII. 

Methods  of  Sampling  at  Lake  Superior  Iron  Mines,  by  Bene- 
dict  Crowell    76-93 

System  of  Safety  Inspection  6^  The  Cleveland  Cliffs  Iron  Co., 

by   William   Conibear    94111 

Raising  Shaft  at  Rolling  Mill  Mine,  Negaunee,  Mich.,  by  Ed 

w:n  N.  Cory   112-llG 

Mine  Sanitation,  by  E.  B.  Wilson  117-126 

Unexpired  Parts  of  the  Copper  Range  of  Keweenaw  Point, 

by   Alfred   C.    Lane    127-143 

Footwall  Shafts  in  Lake   Superior  Copper  Mines,  by  L.  L. 

Hubbard   144-161 

Balancing  Rock  Crush»3rs,  by  O.  P.  Hood  162-166 

Some  Applications  of  Concrete  Underground,  by  H.  T.  Mercer    167-185 
Construction  of  Intakes  at  the  Mills  of  the  Trimounta!n  and 

Champion  Mining  Companies,  by  Edward  Koepel 186-210 


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XXX      LIST  OF  PAPERS  PUBLISHJiD  IN  PRECEDING  NUMBERS 

Description  of  an  Air  Balanced   Hoisting  Engine,   Franklin 

M  ning  Company,  by  R.  H.  Corbett   211-216 

Rockhouse  Practice  of  the  Quincy  Mining  Company,  by  T.  C. 

DeSollar   217-226 

In  the  Lake  Superior  Area  What  Influence  If  Any,  Did  the 
Thickness  and  Contour  of  Foot-Wall  Beds  Have  Upon  the 
Subsequent  Deposition  and  Distribution  of  Copper  in  Over- 
lying Beds,  by   L.   L.   Hubbard 227-237 

Failures  of  the  Rule  of  Following  the  Hang  ng,  in  the  Devel- 
opment of  Lake  Superfor  Copper  Mines,  by  F.  W.  Sperr. .     238  246 

Economical  Lubrication,  by  W.  M.  Davis   247  259 

Raising,  Sinking  and  Concreting  No.  3  Shaft,  Negaunee  Mine, 

by  S.  R.  Elliott   260-282 

Rockhouse  Practice  of  the  Copper  Range  Consolidated  Com- 
pany, by  H.  T,  Mercer   283-289 

Map  of  Portage  Lake  Mining  District,  following  page 295 

Map  of  Mines  and  Properties  Included  in  a  Portion  of  the 

Lake  Superior  Copper  District,  foPowiv  -v^ £95 


1913— -VOL.  XVIII. 

Report  of  Committee  on  the  Practice  for  tU  rreveution  of  Ac- 
cidents       31-37 

Sanitation  for  Mine  Locations,  by  W.  H.  Moiilton 38-42 

Winona  Stamp-Mill,  by  R.  R.  Seeber   43-62 

Safety  in  the  Mines  of  the  Lake  Superior  Iron  Ranges,  by  Edwin 

Higgins    03-84 

What  Our  Neighbors  Can  Do  in  Mining  Iron  Ore,  by  Dwight  E. 

Woodbridge 85-89 

Re-Lining  No.  2  Hamilton  Shaft  With  Reinforced  Dividers,  End 

Plates  and  Poured  Concrete  Walls,  by  S.  W.  Tarr 90-102 

Suggestions  on  the  Application  of  Efficiency  Methods  to  Mining, 

by  C.  M.  Leonard   103-107 

Mine  Laws,  Special  Rules  and  the  Prevention  of  Accidents,  by 

E.  B.  Wilson   108-128 

Concentrating  at  the  Madrid  Mine,  by  Benedict  Crowell 129-132 

Mining  Methods  on  the  Missabe  Iron  Range,  by  Committee,  con- 
sisting of  Willard  Bayliss,  E.  D.  McNeil  and  J.  S.  Lutes 133-154 

Wash  Ores  of  Western  Missabe  Range  and  the  Coleraine  Con- 
centrating Plant,  by  John  Uno  Sebenius    155-186 

The  Application  of  Mining  Machines  to  Underground  Mining  on 

the  Mesabi  Range,  by  H.  E.  Martin  and  W.  J.  Kaiser 187-lin 

Opening   the  T^onidas  Mine  at  Eveleth,   Minnesota    by  H.   E. 

Loye 192-210 

The  New  Change  House  at  Vulcan  Mine,  by  Fl-/d  L.  Burr 211-223 

Discussion  of  Messrs.  Bayliss*,  McNeil's  and  Lr'^-s*   Paper  on 

Mining  Methods  on  the  Missabe  Iron  Range  (see  p.  133) 227 


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LIST  OF  PAPERS  PUBLISHKt>  IN   PRECEDING  NUMBERS     XXXI 

Discussion  of  the  Report  of  Committee  on  the  Practice  for  the 

Prevention  of  Accidents   (see  p.  31) 228 

Discussion  of  Mr.  Wilson's  Paper  on  Mine  Laws,  Special  Rules 

and  the  Prevention  of  Accidents   (see  p.  108) 229 

Discussion  of  Mr.  Higgins'  Paper  on  Safety  in  the  Mines  of  the 

Lake  Superior  Iron  Ranges  (see  p.  G3) 231 

Biographical   Notices    235-240 

Past  Ofticera  of  the  Institute   241-243 

List  of  Publications  Received  by  the  Institute 244 

Lake  Superior  Iron  Ore  shipments • 245 

Picture  of  Members  and  Guests  in  Attendance Frontispiece 

Appendix — Duluth  and  the  Minnesota  Iron  Ranges  by  W.  W.  J. 

Croze,  Minimg  Engineer  1-63 

Map  of  Minnesota  Iron  Ranges Following  page  32  of  Appendix 


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XXXn  LIST  OF  MEETINGS  OF  TTIE 


LIST   OF    MEETINGS   OF   THE    INSTITUTE   AND   THEIR    LOCALI- 
TIES  FROM  ITS  ORGANIZATION  TO  AUGUST,  1914. 

No.  Place.  D.ate.  Proceedings 

1  Iron  Mountain,  Mich March  22-23,  1893 Vol.  I 

2  Houghton,   Mich March  7-9,  1894   Vol.  II 

3  Mesabl  and  Vermilion  Ranges. March  G-8,  1895 Vol.  Ill 

4  Ishpeming,  Mich August  18-20,  1896 Vol.  IV 

5  Ironwood.    Mich August  16-18,  1898 Vol.  V 

C  Iron  Mountain,  Mich February  6-8    1900 Vol.  VI 

7  Houghton,   Mich March  5-9,  1901 Vol.  VII 

8  Mesabi  and  Vermilion  RangesAugust  19-21,  1902 Vol.  VIII 

9  Ishpeming,  Mich August  18-20,  1903 Vol.  IX 

10  Ironwood,  Mich August  10-18,  1904 Vol.  X 

11  Iron    Mountain,    Mich October  17-19,  1905 Vol.  XI 

12  Houghtoa,   Mich August  8-10,  1906 Vol.  XII 

13  Mesabi  and  Vermilion  Ranges.  June  24-27,  1908   Vol.  XIII 

14  Ishpeming,  Mich August   25-27,   1909 ... .  Vol.  XIV 

15  Ironwood,    Mich August  24-26,  1910 Vol.  XV 

16  Crystal  Falls,  Mich August  22-24,   1911 Vol.  XVI 

17  Houghto  1,   Mich August  28-30,  1912 Vol.  XVII 

18  Mesabi  Range   August  26-30,  1913 Vol.  XVIII 

19  Marquette  Range Aug.  31  to  Sept.  3,  1914  Vol.  XIX 

Note:— No  meetings  were  held  in  1897,  1899  and  1907. 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE 


RULES  OF  THE  INSTITUTE. 


OBJECTS. 

The  objects  of  the  Lake  Superior  Mining  Institute  are  to  promote 
the  arts  and  sciences  connected  with  the  economical  production  of 
the  useful  minerals  and  metals  in  the  Lake  Superior  region,  and  the 
welfare  of  those  employed  in  these  industries,  by  means  of  meetings 
of  social  intercourse,  by  excursions,  and  by  the  reading  and  discus- 
sion of  practical  and  professional  papers,  and  to  circulate,  by  means 
of  publications  among  its  members,  the  information  thus  obtained. 

11. 
MEMBERSHIP. 

Any  person  interested  in  the  objects  of  the  Institute  is  eligible 
for  membership. 

Honorary  members  not  exceeding  ten  in  number,  may  be  ad- 
mitted to  all  the  privileges  of  regular  members  except  to  vote.  They 
must  be  persons  eminent  in  mining  or  sciences  relating  thereto. 

in. 

ELECTION  OF  MEMBERS. 

Each  person  desirous  of  becoming  a  member  shall  be  proposed 
by  at  least  three  members  approved  by  the  Council,  and  elected  by 
ballot  at  a  regular  meeting  (or  by  ballot  at  any  time  conducted 
through  the  mail,  as  the  Council  may  prescribe),  upon  receiving 
three-fourths  of  the  votes  cast.  Application  must  be  accompanied 
by  fee  and  dues  as  provided  by  Section  V. 

Each  person  proposed  as  an  honorary  member  shall  be  recom- 
mended by  at  least  ten  members,  approved  by  the  Council,  and  elect- 
ed by  ballot  at  a  regular  meeting,  (or  by  ballot  at  any  time  conduct- 
ed through  the  mail,  as  the  Council  may  prescribe),  on  receiving 
nine-tenths  of  the  votes  cast. 

IV. 

WITHDRAWAL  FROM  MEMBERSHIP. 

Upon  the  recommendation  of  the  Council,  any  member  may  be 
stricken  from  the  list  and  denied  the  privilege  of  membership,  by 
the   vote  of  three-fourths  of  the   members   present  at  any   regular 


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2  RULES  OF  THE 

meeting,  due  notice  having  been  mailed  in  writing  by  the  Secretary 
to  him. 


DUES. 

The  membership  fee  shall  be  five  dollars  and  the  annual  dues 
five  dollars,  and  applications  for  membership  must  be  accompanied 
by  a  remittance  of  ten  dollars;  five  dollars  for  such  membership  fee 
and  five  dollars  for  dues  for  the  first  year.  Honorary  members  shall 
not  be  liable  to  dues.  Any  member  not  in  arrears  may  become  a 
life  member  by  the  payment  of  fifty  dollars  at  one  time,  and  shall 
not  be  liable  thereafter  to  annual  dues.  Any  member  in  arrears  may, 
at  the  discretion  of  the  Council,  be  deprived  of  the  receipt  of  pub- 
lications or  be  stricken  from  the  list  of  members  when  in  arrears 
six  months;  Provided,  That  he  may  be  restored  to  membership  by 
the  Council  on  the  payment  of  all  arrears,  or  by  re-election  after  an 
interval  of  three  years. 

VI. 

OFFICERS. 

There  shall  be  a  President,  five  Vice  Presidents,  five  Managers, 
a  Secretary  and  a  Treasurer,  and  these  Officers  shall  constitute  the 
Council. 

VII. 
TERM  OF  OFFICE. 

The  President,  Secretary  and  Treasurer  shall  be  elected  for  one 
year,  and  the  Vice  Presidents  and  Managers  for  two  years,  except 
that  at  the  first  election  two  Vice  Presidents  and  three  Managers  sl^all 
be  elected  for  only  one  year.  No  President,  Vice  President,  or  Manager 
shall  be  eligible  for  immediate  re-election  to  the  same  office  at  the  ex- 
piration of  the  term  for  which  he  was  elected.  The  term  of  office 
shall  continue  until  the  adjournment  of  the  meeting  at  which  their 
successors  are  elected. 

Vacancies  in  the  Council,  whether  by  death,  resignation,  or  the 
failure  for  one  year  to  attend  the  Council  meetings,  or  to  perform 
the  duties  of  the  office,  shall  be  filled  by  the  appointment  of  the 
Council,  and  any  person  so  appointed  shall  hold  office  for  the  re- 
mainder of  the  term  for  which  his  predecessor  was  elected  or  ap- 
pointed; Provided,  That  such  appointment  shall  not  render  him  in- 
eligible at  the  next  election. 

VIII. 

DUTIES  OF  OFFICERS. 

All  the  affairs  of  the  Institute  shall  be  managed  by  the  Coun- 
cil except  the  selection  of  the  place  of  holding  regular  meetings. 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  3 

The  duties  of  all  Officers  shall  be  such  as  usually  pertain  to  their 
offices,  or  may  be  delegated  to  them  by  the  Council. 

The  Council  may,  in  its  discretion,  require  bonds  to  be  given  by 
the  Treasurer,  and  may  allow  the  Secretary  such  compensation  for 
his  services  as  they  deem  prop.er. 

At  each  annual  meeting  the  Council  shall  make  a  report  of  pro- 
ceedings to  the  Institute,  together  with  a  financial  statement. 

Five  members  of  the  Council  shall  constitute  a  quorum;  but  the 
Council  may  appoint  an  executive  committee,  business  may  be  trans- 
acted at  a  regularly  called  meeting  of  the  Council,  at  which  less  than 
a  quorum  is  present,  subject  to  the  approval  of  a  majority  of  the 
Council,  subsequently  given  in  writing  to  the  Secretary  and  recorded 
by  him   with  the  minutes. 

There  shall  be  a  meeting  of  the  Council  at  every  regular  meeting 
of  the  Institute  and  at  such  other  times  as  they  determine. 

IX. 
ELECTION  OF  OFFICERS. 

Any  five  members  not  in  arrears,  may  nominate  and  present  to 
the  Secretary  over  their  signatures,  at  least  thirty  days  before  the 
annual  meeting,  the  names  of  such  candidates  as  they  may  select 
for  offices  falling  under  the  rules.  The  Council,  or  a  committee  there- 
of duly  authorized  for  the  purpose,  may  also  make  similar  nominations. 
The  aEsent  of  the  nominees  shall  have  been  secured  in  all  cases. 

No  less  than  two  weeks  prior  to  the  annual  meeting,  the  Secre- 
tary shall  mail  to  all  members  not  in  arrears  a  list  of  all  nomina- 
tions made  and  the  number  of  officers  to  be  voted  for  in  the  form 
of  a  letter  ballot.  Each  member  may  vote  either  by  striking  from 
or  adding  to  the  names  upon  the  list,  leaving  names  not  exceeding 
in  number  the  officers  to  be  elected,  or  by  preparing  a  new  list,  sign- 
ing the  ballot  with  his  name,  and  either  mailing  it  to  the  Secretary, 
or  presenting  it  in  person  at  the  annual  meeting. 

In  case  nominations  are  not  made  thirty  days  prior  to  the  date 
of  the  annual  meeting  for  all  the  offices  becoming  vacant  under  the 
rules,  nominations  for  such  offices  may  be  made  at  the  said  meeting 
by  five  members,  not  in  arrears,  and  an  election  held  by  a  written  or 
printed   ballot. 

The  ballots  in  either  case  shall  be  received  and  examined  by  three 
tellers  appointed  at  the  annual  meeting  by  the  presiding  officer;  and 
the  persons  who  shall  have  received  the  greatest  number  of  votes  for 
the  several  offices  shall  be  declared  elected.  The  ballot  shall  be 
destroyed,  and  a  list  of  the  elected  officers,  certified  by  the  tellers, 
shall  be  preserved  by  the  Secretary. 

X. 
MEETINGS. 
The  annual  meeting  of  the  Institute  shall  be  held  at  such  time  as 
may  be  designated  by  the  Council    The  Institute  may  at  a  regular 


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4  RULES  OF  THE 

meeting  select  the  place  for  holding  the  next  regular  meeting.  If  no 
place  is  selected  by  the  Institute  it  shall  be  done  by  the  Council. 

Special  meetings  may  be  called  whenever  the  Council  may  see  fit; 
and  the  Secretary  shall  call  a  special  meeting  at  the  written  re- 
quest of  twenty  or  more  members.  No. other  business  shall  be  trans- 
acted at  a  special  meeting  than  that  for  which  it  was  called. 

Notices  of  all  meetings  shall  be  mailed  to  all  members  at  least 
thirty  days  in  advance,  with  a  statement  of  the  business  to  be  trans- 
acted, papers  to  be  read,  topics  for  discussion  and  excursions  pro- 
posed. 

No  vote  shall  be  taken  at  any  meeting  on  any  question  not  per- 
laining  to  the  business  of  conducting  the  Institute. 

Every  question  that  shall  properly  come  before  any  meeting  of 
the  Institute,  shall  be  decided,  unless  otherwise  provided  for  in  these 
rules,  by  the  votes  of  a  majority  of  the  members  then  present. 

Any  member  may  introduce  a  stranger  to  any  regular  meeting; 
but  the  latter  shall  not  take  part  in  the  proceedings  without  the 
consent  of  the  meeting. 

XI. 

PAPERS  AND  PUBLICATIONS. 

Any  member  may  read  a  paper  at  any  regular  meeting  of  the 
Institute,  provided  the  same  shall  have  been  submitted  to  and  ap- 
proved by  the  Council,  or  a  committee  duly  authorized  by  it  for  that 
purpose  prior  to  such  meeting.  All  papers  shall  become  the  prop- 
erty of  the  Institute  on  their  acceptance,  and  with  the  discussion 
thereon,  shall  subsequently  be  published  for  distribution.  The  num- 
ber, form  and  distribution  of  all  publications  shall  be  under  the  con- 
trol of  the  Council. 

The  Institute  is  not,  as  a  body,  responsible  for  the  statements 
of  facts  or  opinion  advanced  in  papers  or  discussion  at  its  meet- 
mgs,  and  it  is  understood,  that  papers  and  discussions  should  not 
include  personalities,  or  matters  relating  to  politics,  or  purely  to 
trade. 

XII. 

SPECIAL  COMMITTEES. 

The  Council  is  authorized  to  appoint  from  time  to  time  special 
committees  to  consider  and  i«eport  upon,  to  the  Institute  through  the 
Council,  such  subjects  as  changes  in  mining  laws,  safety  devices, 
the  securing  and  editing  of  papers  on  mining  methods,  definition  of 
mining  terms,  affil.'ations  with  other  societies,  and  such  other  sub- 
jects as  the  Council  shall  deem  it  desirable  to  Inquire  into,  such  re- 
ports not  to  be  binding  on  the  Institute  except  action  is  taken  by 
the    Institute    in   accordance  with    the  rules,  and    the  Council    is 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  5 

authorized  to  expend  not  exceeding  six  hundred  dollars  in  any  one 
year  to  carry  out  the  purpose  of  this  section. 

XIII. 

AMENDMENTS. 

These  rules  may  be  amended  by  a  two- thirds  vote  taken  by  let- 
ter ballot  in  the  same  manner  as  is  provided  for  the  election  of 
officers  by  letter  ballot;  Provided,  That  written  notice  of  the  pro- 
posed amendment  shall  have  been  given  at  a  previous  meeting. 


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BUSINESS   MEETING 


PROCEEDINGS    OF    THE    NINETEENTH    ANNUAL 
MEETING,  MARQUETTE  RANGE. 

LOCAL   COMMITTEES. 

Arrangements. 
F.  E.  Keese,  Chairman. 

D.  J.  Sliney  G.  R.  Jackson 

E.  N.  Cory  R.  S.  Rose  S.  .Jewell 

C.  A.  Barabe  O.  D.  McClure  Austin  Parrell 

D.  W.  Powell  Wm.  Conibear  H.  S.  Thompson 


A.  T.  Roberts 
Luclen  Eaton 
H.  L.  Kaufman 


G.  F.  Ruez 
W.  H.  Newett 
J.  R.  Van  Evera 


H.  R.  Harris 
C.  J.  Stakel 


Thos.  Walters 
G.  G.  Barnett 
W.  P.  Belden 
T.  A.  Felch 
E.  E.  White 
Peter  Pascoe 
J,   M,   Longyear 


Finance. 
C.  T.  Kruse   Chairman. 
F.  D.  Klinglund  H.   T.  Hulst 

H.  Huhtala  T.  J.  Nichols 

J.  R.  Thompson  H.  A.  Heyn 


Entertainment. 
S.  R.  Elliott,  Chairman. 


J.  E.  Hayden 
N.  P.  Flodin 


J.  H.  Rough 
J.  M.  Bush 
M.  W.  Jopling 


Transportation. 
Geo.  A.  Newett,  Chairman. 

C.  E.  Lytle 
J.  H.  Malloy  C.  A.  Barabe 


Reception. 
M.  M.  Duncan,  ChaTman. 


S.  J.   Mitchell 
Geo.  J.  Maas 
J.  H.  Winter 
M.  J.  Sherwood 
H.  O.  Young 
G.  S.  Hayden 
J,  B.  Jopling 


W.  W.  Graff 

H.  L.  Smyth 

E.  N.  Breitung 

Jas.  Russell 

Jos.  Fay 

C.  V.   R.  Townsend 

W.  S.  Heggaton 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  7 

Monday^  August  31ST,  1914. 

The  Nineteenth  Annual  Meeting  of  the  Lake  Superior 
Mining  Institute  oi>enecl  in  Ishpeming  on  Monday,  August 
31st.  Members  and  guests  were  met  at  incoming  trains  by 
niemljers  of  the  Local  Committees,  who  escorted  them  to  the 
Nelson  House,  where  headquarters  were  established.  Here 
they  were  supplied  with  badges,  programs,  copies  of  advance 
l>ai)ers,  and  also  tickets  for  local  events.  Arrangements  were 
also  completed  for  the  excursion  trip  to  Detroit,  Michigan. 

At  9:30  a.  m.  the  party  left  by  special  street  cars  for 
Union  Park,  where  a  First  Aid  demonstration  was  held.  This 
feature  of  the  program  was  under  the  supervision  of  the 
Committee  on  "Practice  for  the  Prevention  of  Acci- 
dents," and  was  the  first  one  held  under  the  auspices  of  the 
Institute,  and  proved  very  successful.  A  complete  reix)rt  of 
the  event  is  published  in  a  special  chapter,  giving  also  the  list 
of  prize  winners. 

At  12:30  luncheon  was  served  at  the  Wawanowin  (iolf 
Club  by  the  ladies  of  Grace  Church  for  230  guests.  Follow- 
ing the  luncheon  an  interesting  ball  game  was  witnessed  at 
Union  Park  between  the  Ishpeming  and  Negaunee  teams ;  the 
Xegaunee  team  being  the  winner. 

'^t  3-15  the  members  and  guests  journeyed  by  automobiles 
to  the  Athens-  Mine  at  Negaunee,  where  a  shaft  is  being 
sunk,  the  ultimate  depth  of  which  will  be  over  2,000  feet.  The 
work  of  concreting  is  carried  down  and  the  steel  dividings 
placed,  as  sinking  progresses.  The  powder  plant  for  hoisting 
and  compressing  is  operated  electrically;  current  for  which 
is  furnished  from  the  hydro-electric  plant  of  the  Cleveland- 
Cliffs  Iron  Company  under  whose  supervision  the  develop- 
ment work  is  being  conducted. 

The  Negaunee  Mine,  located  near  the  Athens,  was  next 
visited.  During  the  past  few  years  a  new  shaft  has  been  sunk 
and  an  entirely  new  surface  plant  installed.  The  new  shaft 
was  put  in  commission  in  1913,  and  is  designated  as  No.  3. 
The  jx^wer  plant  is  operated  electrically  from  the  hydro-elec- 
tric plant  of  the  Cleveland-ClifTs  Iron  Company.  The  grounds 
around  the  property  are  well  kept,  shrubbery,  vines  and  flow- 
ers adorning  the  grassy  plats,  and  present  a  very  neat  ap- 
pearance. The  steel  stocking  trestle  w^as  a  feature  of  sjie- 
cial  interest  to  the  visitors,  it  being  the  first  of  its  kind  erected 
in  the  Lake  Superior  District,  and  is  described  in  a  paper  by 


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8  BUSINESS   MEETING 

S.  R.  Elliott,  Superintendent.  The  machinery  plant  is  also 
described  in  the  paper  by  F.  C.  Stanford,  Chief  Electrician. . 
The  party  then  went  to  Marquette  by  automobiles  over  the 
splendidly  macadamized  county  road  which  connects  the  two 
cities.  After  inspecting  the  steel-concrete  ore  dock  of  the  I^ake 
Superior  &  Ishpeming  Railway  at  Presque  Isle,  near  Mar- 
quette, the  party  proceeded  to  the  Lake  Shore  Engine  Works, 
where  a  demonstration  of  their  underground  loading  machine 
was  witnessed,  attracting  much  attention.  A  banquet  was 
tendered  the  visitors  in  the  pattern  shop  of  the  Lake  Shore 
Engine  Works,  which  was  artistically  decorated  for  the  occa- 
sion, and  over  three  hundred  guests  w'ere  served.  Lake  Su- 
I>erior  whitefish  was  the  feature  of  the  menu. 

In  the  evening  the  citizens  of  Marquette  provided  a  mov- 
ing picture  entertainment  at  the  opera  house  which  included 
some  special  features,  among  which  was  an  interesting  picture 
of  the  Kimberly  Diamond  Mines  of  South  Africa,  also  a 
complete  set  of  pictures  of  the  surface  and  underground 
equipment  of  the  Witherbee,  Sherman  Company's  mines  at 
Port  Henry,  New  York,  the  latter  set  being  furnished  by 
Edwin  Higgins,  Engineer,  of  The  United  States  Bureau  of 
Mines,  and  made  a  specialty  of  the  "Safety  First"  movement 
as  carried  on  by  the  Bureau.  During  the  remainder  of  the 
evening  the  Marquette  Club  and  the  Elks  Club  supplied  lunches 
for  the  visitors.  Sleeping  cars  were  provided  for  those  de- 
siring to  make  the  trip  to  St.  Ignace. 

Tuesday,  September  ist,  1914. 

The"  sf^ecial  train  of  the  Duluth,  South  Shore  &  Atlantic 
Railway  left  Marquette  at  six  a.  m.,  arriving  at  St.  Ignace  at 
II  o'clock.  Immediately  upon  the  arrival  of  the  train  the 
party  boarded  the  Steamer  **City  of  Detroit  ii''  of  the  D. 
&  C.  line,  for  Detroit.  A  brief  stop  was  made  at  Mackinac 
Island.  A  business  session  was  held  on  the  boat  at  2  o'clock, 
which  was  called  to  order  by  W.  H.  Johnston,  President,  of 
Ishpeming,  who  delivered  the  opening  address,  which  was  re- 
sixMided  to  by  W.  H  Emmons,  Directoi",  Minnesota  Geolog- 
ical Survey,  Minneapolis,  in  behalf  of  the  American  Associa- 
tion of  State  Geologists.  F.  W.  DeWolf,  Director,  State 
{Geological  Survey  of  Illinois,  Urbana,  Ills.,  spoke  on  the 
Kern-Foster  bill  now  before  Congress ;  William  Kelly,  of  the 
Penn  Iron  Mining  Company,  Vulcan,  Mich.,  replying  to  Mr. 
DeWolf.    R,  C.  Allen,  State  Geologist  of  Michigan,  spoke  in 


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LAlCfi  SUPERIOR  MiKiNG  INSTITUTE  ^ 

reference  to  the  trip  made  by  the  American  Association  of 
State  Geologists.  The  addresses  are  given  in  full  in  another 
chapter. 

The  following  papers  were  presented  in  oral  abstract ! 
♦Use  of  Electricity  at  the  Penn  and  Republic  Mines—By  Wm.  Kel- 
ly and  P.  H.  Armstrong,  Vulcan,  Mich. 

♦Methods  of  Stocking  Ore  on  the  Marquette  Range — By  Luclen 
Eaton,  Ishpeming,  Mich. 

♦The  Sinking  of  a  Vertical  Shaft  at  the  Palms  Mine  of  the  New- 
port Mining  Company  at  Bessemer,  Mich. — By  Frank  Blackwell,  Iron- 
wood,  Mich. 

♦Mining  Methods  on  the  Marquette  Range — Report  by  Committee. 
♦Steel  Stocking  Trestle,  at  No.  3  Shaft,  Negaunee,  Mine— By  S.  R. 
Elliott,  Negaunee,  Mich. 

♦Ventilation  in  the  Iron  Mines  of  the  Lake  Superior  District — By 
Edwin  Higgins,  Pittsburg,  Pa. 

The  following  papers,  in  the  absence  of  the  authors,  were 
read  by  title: 

♦General  Outline  of  Mining  Methods  Used  in  the  Copper  Queen 
Mine,  Bisbee,  Arizona — By  Joseph  Park  Hodgson,  Bisbee,  Arizona. 

♦Follow-Up  System  and  Method  of  Recording  Injuries  in  Compliance 
With  the  Workmen's  Compensation  Law — By  Herbert  J.  Fisher,  Iron 
River,  Mich. 

This  concluded  the  reading  of  paj^ers  for  the  afternoon 
session. 

On  motion  by  William  Kelly,  the  President  appointed  the 
following  a  Committee  on  Nominations:  William  Kelly, 
Lucien  Eaton,  William  Bond,  John  A.  Red  fern  and  F.  W. 
Sj^err. 

On  motion  by  F.  W.  McNair,  the  President  appointed  the 
following  a  Committee  on  Resolutions:  F.  W.  McNair,  J. 
S.  Lutes,  W.  H.  Newett,  Frank  Carbis  and  P.  S.  Williams. 

On  motion  by  D.  J.  Sliney,  the  President  apix)inted  the 
following  a  Committee  to  audit  the  l)ooks  of  the  Secretary 
and  Treasurer:  D.  J.  Sliney,  C.  E.  Abbott  and  Thos.  A. 
Flannigan. 

Committee  to  reix>rt  at  the  evening  session. 

'Papers  distributed  in  printed  form. 


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lO  BUSINESS  MEETING 

ADDRESS  OF  WELCOME  BY  W.  H.  JOHNSTON,  PRESIDENT. 

Members  and  Guests  of  the  Lake  Superior  Mining  Institute:  This 
is  the  first  good  opportunity  I  have  had  to  extend  to  you  in  behali 
Oi  the  members  and  citizens  of  the  Marquette  Range  a  hearty  wel- 
come. After  our  visit  last  year  to  the  big  steel  plant  under  construc- 
tion at  Duluth  and  many  of  the  iron  mines  of  Minnesota,  we  realized 
how  small  our  mines  on  the  Marquette  Range  would  look  in  compari- 
son. We,  however,  prepared  a  program  which  we  trust  will  meet 
your  approval.  After  several  conferences  with  the  local  members 
and  some  correspondence  it  was  decided  to  spend  one  day  on  the 
Marquette  Range  and  then  visit  Detroit,  the  metropolis  of  our  State, 
and  look  over  some  of  the  large  industrial  works  o?  which  Detroit 
has  many.  We  were  assured  of  a  hearty  welcome  and  that  an  inter- 
esting program  would  be  prepared  that  would  keep  us  busy  during 
our  short  stay. 

We  decided  to  hold  our  business  meetings  on  the  boat  which  would 
give  us  a  good  opportunity  for  the  discussion  of  the  excellent  papers 
to  be  presented,  for  we  would  have  ample  time  to  do  this.  At  our 
recent  meetings  we  have  had  so  much  work  laid  out  for  us  oi  an  in- 
teresting character  that  the  discussion  of  papers  has  been  somewhat 
neglected  and  I  trust  that  this  meeting  will  be  an  exception  and  that 
we  will  have  a  full  and  general  discussion  of  the  papers,  for  I  regard 
this  as  one  of  the  important  features  of  our  meetings. 

I  regret  that  the  attendance  is  not  larger  and  am  sure  it  would 
have  been  under  normal  conditions.  Quite  a  number  who  expressed 
their  intention  of  attending  the  meeting  have  since  notified  our  Sec- 
retary that  they  would  be  unable  to  do  so  and  I  have  received  a 
telegram  since  leaving  home  from  one  of  our  ex-Presidents,  Mr.  W. 
J.  Olcott,  expressing  his  regrets  that  he  could  not  be  with  Us  and 
wishing  us  a  very  successful  meeting  and  delightful  trip. 

Tomorrow  morning  a  committee  from  the  Detroit  Board  of  Com- 
merce will  meet  us  and  I  understand  have  arranged  so  we  will  have 
an  opportunity  to  view  the  parade  of  the  G.  A.  R.,  after  which  we 
are  to  go  at  once  to  the  Detroit  Board  of  Commerce  which  is  to  be 
headquarters  while  we  are  in  Detroit. 

I  desire  to  take  this  opportunity  to  thank  the  members  of  our 
committees  who  have  assisted  me  in  arranging  for  this  meeting. 


RESPONSE  TO  PRESIDENT'S  ADDRESS,  BY  MR.  W.  H.  EMMONa 
OF  MINNESOTA. 

Gentlemen  of  the  Lake  Superior  Mining  Institute:  On  behalf  of 
the  American  Association  of  State  Geologists,  I  wish  to  thank  you 
for  your  cordial  invitation  to  be  with  you  on  this  trip.  There  are, 
I  think,  thirty-five  state  geologists  in  the  United  States.  Of  this  num- 
ber there  were  twenty  on  an  excursion  and  meeting  which  has  just 
terminated,  during  which  we  were  the  guests  of  Mr.  R.  C.  Allen,  Di- 


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Lake  sOPEkiok  mining  Institute  ii 

rector  of  the  State  Geological  Survey  of  Michigan.  This  morning  and 
last  night  telegrams  began  to  come  from  various  places  for  seversH 
ol  these  men,  and  a  number  who  had  intended  to  be  present  at  this 
meeting  found  it  would  be  necessary  for  them  to  go  home,  so  there 
are  only  about  ten  or  a  dozen  of  us  left.  I  wish  to  express  the  sin- 
cere regrets  of  those  who  were  not  able  to  attend  this  meeting. 

After  spending  a  number  of  years  in  various  mining  camps  in 
the  western  part  of  this  country  and  then  coming  to  Minnesota  a 
year  or  two  ago,  and  up  here,  and  visiting  the  deposits  of  this  region, 
the  most  striking  thing,  it  seems  to  me,  about  the  ore  bodies  of  the 
Lake  Superior  country  is  their  great  regularity  and  the  great  sta- 
bility of  the  industries  that  depend  on  them.  I  think  that  those  of 
U3  to  whose  lot  it  has  fallen  to  be  placed  in  this  favored  region  are 
to  be  congratulated  particularly  at  this  time  when  the  great  mining 
camps  o!  the  West  are  curtailing  production  and  many  of  them  clos- 
ing down.  We  should  be  particularly  grateful  that  we  have  these 
great  syngenetic  ore  deposits  of  the  Liake  Superior  region  which  seem 
to  stand  the  various  vicissitudes  of  finance  and  politics  and  weather 
the  storm  so  well  as  they  are  weathering  it  now.  In  this  connection 
I  would  like  to  say  that  it  seems  to  me  that  there  is  also  a  very  seri- 
ous responsibility  resting  on  the  members  of  this  organization  and  on 
all  others  who  are  interested  in  the  great  deposits  of  the  Lake  Su- 
perior region.  Now  at  the  time  when  we  may  say  a  lower  point,  or 
perhaps  the  lowest  point  in  the  trough  of  the  curve  of  progress  is 
reached,  when  conditions  perhaps  are  as  serious  as  they  have  ever 
been,  is  the  time  to  think  of  the  g^'eat  problems  in  connection  with 
these  deposits,  in  connection  with  working  the  lower  grade  ores  and 
lengthening  the  life  of  the  deposits,  and  increasing  the  stability  of 
the  industries  depending  upon  them.  In  this,  of  course,  we  will  all 
have  to  play  a  part.  I  do  not  wish  to  anticipate  the  remarks  of 
my  friend,  Mr.  DeWolf,  of  Illinois,  who  will  have  something  to  say 
on  that  subject.     I  thank  you,  Mr.  President  and  gentlemen. 


MR.    DEWOLF,     SECRETARY    OF    ASSOCIATION    OF    AMERICA, 

STATE  GEOLOGIST,  AND   DIRECTOR   OF   THE   ILLINOIS 

GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY. 

At  a  recent  meeting  of  our  Association  we  had  up  for  discussion 
certain  proposed  legislation  in  which  we  as  geologists  feel  particularly 
interested.  It  was  suggested  that  this  Institute  would  very  likely  be 
interested  in  the  same  matter  if,  indeed,  the  subject  had  not  already 
been  brought  to  your  attention.  When  I  spoke  to  your  Secretary  and 
President  I  was  asked  to  present  the  subject  myself  for  your  con- 
sideration and  action  if  desirable. 

Congressman  Foster  from  my  State  introduced  a  bill  at  Wash- 
ington providing  for  extension  of  the  work  of  the  Bureau  of  Mines 
with  regard  to  mine  safety  and  the  development  of  efficient  mining, 
quarrying  and  metallurgical  practices.    It  is  known  as  the  Kern-Fos- 


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12  BUSINESS   MEETING 

ter  Bill,  (H.  R.  15869),  and  while  I  might  read  it  to  you,  It  Is  per- 
haps enough  to  say  that  the  gist  of  this  bill  Is  the  provision  for  fif- 
teen additional  mine  safety  stations  or  crews  and  for  ten  mining  ex- 
periment stations.  It  may  be  assumed  that  these  will  be  distributed 
throughout  the  country  geographically  so  as  to  serve  the  needs  of 
the  Industries,  and  also  to  meet  the  constant  demand  which  has  been 
coming  for  work  in  various  regions. 

It  is  anticipated  that  each  of  these  safety  stations  or  orews  will 
be  manned  by  a  mining  engineer,  two  miners,  and  a  surgeon  or  physi- 
cian, besides  other  routine  employes,  and  if  I  remember  it  something 
like  $16,000.00  per  year  will  have  to  be  provided  for  the  support  of 
each  of  these  safety  stations  or  crews.  Similarly  the  mine  experi- 
ment stations  are  to  be  manned  by  a  scientific  staff,  presumably  min- 
ing engineers  and  chemists  and  will  require  $25,000.00  a  year  each. 
As  I  understand  those  who  are  behind  this  bill,  it  is  the  Intention 
that  some  of  these  experiment  stations  shall  be  In  or  near  mining 
camps  where  mining,  milling  and  metallurgical  problems  are  yet  to 
be  solved.  Of  course  this  Lake  Superior  district  is  Important  and 
any  scheme  would  doubtless  contemplate  the  location  of  an  experi- 
ment station  or  a  safety  station  in  this  district.  In  general  it  is 
planned  to  associate  these  experiment  stations  with  existing  mining 
schools,  or  with  State  Geological  Surveys,  or  with  other  State  agen- 
cies, working  along  these  general  lines,  and  it  is  probable  that  co- 
operative arrangements  will  be  made  wherever  these  stations  are 
placed,  so  as  to  result  in  a  combination  of  resources  and  activity 
wisely  devoted  to  local  needs. 

It  is  my  understanding  that  this  bill  is  well  along  but  probably 
will  not  pass  at  this  session  of  Congress.  The  sponsors  of  the  bill 
hope  to  pass  it  early  in  the  next  session  so  that  the  various  State 
Legislatures  which  meet  during  the  first  part  of  January  may,  if 
they  see  fit,  provide  for  permanent  co-operation  with  the  new  federal 
stations. 

The  Association  of  State  Geologists  has  appointed  a  Committee 
of  five  to  give  this  matter  special  thought  and  to  consult  with  the 
Bureau  of  Mines'  authorities,  on  invitation,  in  determining  the  char- 
acter of  work  to  be  done  at  each  of  these  stations  and  in  bringing 
about  a  logical  and  efficient  distribution  of  the  stations.  Some  of 
us  feel  that  greater  efficiency  would  perhaps  come  from  strengthening 
the  present  main  station  at  Pittsburg,  but  we  know  that  the  logical 
way  to  make  rapid  progress  in  this  line  is  to  bring  about  a  geograph- 
ical distribution  of  the  work  in  response  to  local  interest  among  the 
mining  industries.  This  course  will  more  quickly  induce  Congress- 
men to  furnish  the  necessary  funds  for  this  urgent  work.  Inasmuch 
as  the  Government's  money  is  being  spent  for  the  purposes  which 
are  most  strongly  supported,  and  since  the  needs  of  the  mining  in- 
dustries have  been  neglected,  it  seems  to  our  Association  that  it  is 
desirable  to  support  this  bill  strongly. 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  1 3  . 

Mr.  President,  I  have  presented  the  matter  briefly,  but  I  have  the 
bill  here  and  if  any  questions  are  asked  I  shall  be  glad  to  try  to 
answer  them.  My  purpose  was  to  bring  this  subject  to  your  atten- 
tion for  deliberation. 

Question:     How  much  is  provided  for  each  station? 

Answer:  Another  bill  would  provide  the  appropriations.  I  be- 
lieve the  estimates  provide  $25,000.00  annually  for  each  experiment 
station,  and  $16,000.00  annually  for  each  safety  station  or  car. 


MR.  KELLY  OF  VULCAN,  MICHIGAN,  RESPONDING. 

We  on  Lake  Superior  have  greatly  at  heart  this  proposition  of 
the  safety  of  the  men  who  work  in  the  mines.  Perhaps  one  of  the 
best  evidences  of  the  work  that  is  being  carried  on  for  this  purpose 
was  that  shown  yesterday  by  the  contests  of  First  Aid  Corps  from 
various  mines.  Most  of  the  mines  are  adopting  measures  for  First 
Aid  and  Rescue  work,  providing  devices  to  guard  the  safety  of  men 
and  coming  in  closer  touch  with  the  men  underground,  to  further  the 
safety  of  life  and  limb.  We  have  had  great  aid  in  this  work  from 
the  Government  car  which  has  been  located  in  our  region  during  the 
last  two  or  three  years  and  we  hope  for  more  of  this  work.  We 
can,  therefore,  heartily  approve  of  this  proposition  to  have  the  work 
extended  broadly  throughout  the  different  mining  districts  ol  the  coun- 
try. I  am  sorry  to  say,  however,  that  a  proposition  to  indorse  this 
measure  lies  outside  of  the  functions  of  this  Institute.  This  Institute 
has  a  constitution  similar  to  that  of  the  American  Institute  of  Min- 
ing Engineers  and  under  it  there  Is  no  way  in  which  the  Institute 
as  a  body  can  be  bound  by  the  action  of  a  session  of  the  Institute; 
nor  is  there  any  way  provided  for  taking  a  consensus  of  opinion  of 
the  body  of  the  Institute  outside  of  its  re^lar  routine  proceedings. 
If  individual  expression  can  add  to  this  measure  and  if  individual  ef- 
fort with  the  members  of  Congress  will  help,  I  think  we  can  rest 
assured  that  everything  possible  will  be  done,  and  my  own  opinion 
is  that  these  individual  efforts,  if  they  can  be  aroused,  will  be  more 
effective  than  any  expression  of  opinion  passed  by  a  session  or  con- 
vention. 


MR.  ALLEN  OF  MICHIGAN. 

Gentlemen:  It  is  my  impression  that  some  of  the  members  of 
this  organization  hear  from  me  too  many  times  during  the  course  of 
the  year.  However,  I  am  glad  of  this  opportunity  to  thank  the  mem- 
bers of  the  Lake  Superior  Mining  Institute  for  the  invitation  to  the 
Association  of  American  State  Geologists  to  join  you  on  this  trip, 
and  particularly  to  thank  those  of  you  who  have  been  so  kind  and 
courteous  to  the  visiting  geologists.  It  is  one  of  the  traditions  of 
this  upper  country,  both  on  the  iron  ranges  and  in  the  copper  coun- 


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14  BUSINESS  MEETING 

try^  that  visitors  are  always  well  treated  and  I  am  sure  that  you 
have  maintained  this  tradition  in  the  way  you  have  helped  me  to 
show  these  visiting  geologists  around  the  country. 

During  the  last  two  or  three  years  it  has  heen  my  good  fortune 
to  come  into  very  close  contact  with  many  of  the  mining  men  of 
Michigan,  more  particularly  those  in  the  iron  mining  industry,  and 
I  feel  that  I  have  been  benefitted  greatly  thereby;  that  I  have  been 
growing;  and  that  I  have  learned  a  great  deal  from  you.  I  derive 
a  great  deal  of  personal  satisfaction  from  my  acquaintanceship  amons: 
you,  and  I  hope  that  whatever  may  result  from  the  dealings  that  we 
have  had.  or  may  have  in  the  future,  nothing  will  intervene  to  mar 
our  pleasant  relations. 

We  are  sorry  that  all  of  our  members  were  not  able  to  join  us 
in  this  trip.  It  is  one  of  the  most  desirable  features  of  our  Mich- 
igan tour  and  the  itinerary  was  arranged  so  that  all  of  us  would 
have  the  opportunity  of  joining  you  here.  However,  we  have  been 
moving  rapidly  since  we  started  about  a  week  ago  at  Houghton, 
partly  on  loot,  and  by  the  time  we  reached  St.  Ignace  some  of  the 
older  members  of  our  organization  were  really  exhausted  and  anxious 
to  get  home.  There  are  ten  of  us  here  and  we  are  all  glad  that  we 
are  here.  Speaking  for  myself,  I  do  not  want  ever  to  miss  any  of 
these  annual  excursions  of  the  Mining  Institute.  Gentlemen,  I  thanK 
you. 


Evening  Session. 

The  evening  session  was  held  at  8  o'clock,  President  W. 
H.  Jolmston,  presiding.  The  following  pai)ers  were  presented 
in  oral  abstract : 

♦Mining  Methods  on  the  Marquette  Range — Report  by  Committee. 

♦Hydro-Electric  Plant  of  The  Cleveland-Cliffs  Iron  Company — By 
F.  C.  Stanford,  Ishpeming,  Mich. 

^    In  the  absence  of  the  authors  the  following  pai)ers  were 
read  by  title: 

♦Titaniferous  Ores  in  the  Blast  Furnace — A  Recent  Experiment — 
By  D.  E.  Woodbridge,  Duluth,  Minn. 

♦The  Caving  System  of  Mining  in  the  Lake  Superior  Iron  Mines — 
By  J.  Parke  Channing.  New  York. 

After  the  presentation  of  papers  the  Council  presented 
its  rei)ort  as  follows: 

*Papers  distributed  in  printed  form. 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  1 5 

REPORT  OF  THE  COUNCIL. 

Secretary's  report  of  Receipts  and  Disbursements  from  August  18th, 
1913  to  August  24th,  1914. 

RECEIPTS 

Cash  on  hand  August  18th,  1*913 $6.49G.15 

Entrance  fees  for  1913 |    3?0.00 

Dues  for  1913   2,280.00 

Back  dues,  1910 %  20.00 

Back    dues.    1911 40.00 

Back  dues,  1912 115.00     175.00 

Advance  dues.  1914 60.00 

Advance  dues,  1915  5.00       65.00 

Sale  of  Proceedings   91.70 

Institute  pin  4.00 

Total    $2,935.70 

Interest  on  deposits    201.29 

Total  receipts 3,136.99 


Grand  total  on  hand  and  received . .  $9,633.14 

DISBURSEMENTS. 

Stationery  and  printing |    101.00 

Postage   177.20 

Freight  and  express  33.84 

Exchange   2.45 

Telephone  and  telegraphing  6.69 

Secretary's  salary   750.00 

Stenographic  work  60.00 

Editing  papers   33.00 

Total    $1,104.18 

Publishing   Proceedings    1,028.50 

Advance   Papers    211.50 

Photographs.  Maps,  Cuts,  etc 310.33 

Badges   for  1913 81.48 

Expenses  Duluth  meetings,  rent  and  mes- 
senger service   3.50 

Committee  meetings    10.00 

Total   1,645.31 

Total  disbursements    2,809.49 

Cash  on  hand  August  24th,  1914 6,823.65 


Grand    total    $9,633.14 

MEMBERSHIP. 

1914  1913  1912 

Total   549  518  486 

Members  in  good  standing  ♦524  -}-483  437 

Honorary  members  4  4  4 

Life  members  2  2  2 

Members  in  arrears  (2  years)  19  29  43 

New  members  admitted.  1913 71  31  46 

New  members  not  qualified  5  4  3 

New   members  added    66  27  43 

'Includes  54  in  arrears  for  one  year.  flncludes  34  in  arrears  for  one  year.  . 


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1 6  BUSINESS  MEETING 

TREASURER'S   REPORT. 

Treasurers  Report  from  August  18th,  1913,  to  August  24th   1914: 

Cash  on  hand,  August  18th,  1913 |6,466.15 

Received  from  Secretary   2,965.70 

Received  interest  on  deposits   201.29 

Paid  drafts  issued  by  Secretary |2,809.49 

Cash  on  hand,  August  24th,  1914   6.823.65 

Totals   19,633.14        |9,633.14 


The  following  standing  committees  were  appointed  by  the  Council 
for  the  ensuing  year: 

"PRACTICE    FOR    THE    PREVENTION    OF    ACCIDENTS." 
(Committee  to  consist  of  five  members). 
C.  E.  Lawrence,  Palatka,  Mich.,  Chairman;   P.  S.  Williams,  Ram- 
say, Mich.;  Wm.  Conibear,  Ishpeming   Mich.;  W.  H.  Schacht,  Paines- 
dale,  Mich.;   M.  H.  Godfrey,  Virginia,  Minn. 

"CARE  AND  HANDLING   OF  HOISTING   ROPES." 
(Committee  to  consist  of  five  members). 
W.  A.  Cole,  Ironwood,  Mich.,  Chairman;  O.  D.  McClure,  Ishpeming:, 
Mich.;  J.  S.  Jacka,  Crystal  Falls,  Mich.;   W.  J.  Richards,  Painesdale, 
Mich.;  A.  Tancig,  Hibbing,  Minn. 

"PAPERS   AND   PUBLICATIONS." 
(Committee  to  consist  of  five  members). 
Wm.    Kelly,    Vulcan,    Mich.,    Chairman;    J.    H.    Hearding,    Duluth» 
Minn.;    F.   W.   McNair,   Houghton,    Mich.;    .1.   E.   Jopling,    Ishpeming, 
Mich.;  Frank  Blackwell,  Ironwood,  Mich. 

"BUREAU  OF  MINES." 
(Committee  to  consist  of  three  members). 
M.  M.  Duncan,  Ishpeming,  Mich.,  Chairman;  F.  W.  Denton.  Paines- 
dale, Mich.;  A.  J.  Yungbluth,  Secretary,  Ishpeming,  Mich. 

"BJOGRAPHY." 
(Committee  to  consist  of  Ave  members). 
J.   H.  Hearding.  Duluth,  Minn.,   Chairman:    .Tames  Fisher,  Hough- 
ton,  Mich.;    R.   A.   Douglas,   Ironwood,   Mich.;    M.   B.    McGee.   Crystal 
Falls,  Mich.;    W.  H.  Newett,  Ishpeming.  Mich. 

"MINING   METHODS  ON  THE  GOGEBIC  RANGE." 
(Committee  to  consist  of  three  members  to  be  appointed  later). 
Committees  to   serve  until  their  successors   are   appointed;    each 
committee  to  have  power  to  appoint  sub-committees  as  may  be  deemed 
necessary. 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  1 7 

The  following  proposals  for  membership  have  been  approved  by 
the  Council: 

Blgelow,  Charles  A.,  Manager  Pluto  Powder  Co.,  Ishpeming,  Mich. 

Carroll,  Philip,  Foundry  man,  Houghton,  Mich. 

Carroll,  Richard    Foundry  man,  Houghton,  Mich. 

Carroll,  James  R.,  Foundryman,  Houghton,  Mich. 

Dibble,  Samuel  P.,  Manager  General  Electric  Co.,  Duluth,  Minn. 

Doty,  Oliver  P.,  Jr.,  Superintendent  Spring  Valley  Iron  Co.,  Palatka, 
Mich. 

Erdlets,  Joseph  F.  B.  Jr.,  Mining  Engineer,  5  London  Wall  Bldgs., 
London,  E.  C. 

Eldredge,  A.  B.,  Lawyer,  Marquette,  Michigan. 

Green,  Arthur  C,  Sales  Engineer,  Goodman  Manufacturing  Co., 
Chicago,  Ills. 

Hicok  J.  H.,  Manager  Portage  Coal  &  Dock  Co.,  and  Jas.  Pickands 
&  Co..  Hancock,  Mich. 

Hunner,  Hale  H.,  Mining  Engineer,  Merlden  Iron  Co.,  Hibbing, 
Minn. 

Hutchinson,  Frank,  Chief  Engineer,  Pittsburg  Steel  Ore  Co.,  River- 
ton,  Minn. 

Kneip,  Leo  H.,  Mine  Clerk,  Cascade  Mining  Co.,  Palmer,  Mich. 

Kreitter.  John  W.,  Superintendent  Duluth,  Missabe  &  Northern  Ry., 
Proctor,  Minn. 

Lohneis,  Henry  G.,  Assistant  Superintendent,  Virginia,  Minn. 

Lukey,  Frank  G.,  Representative,  A.  Milne  &  Co.,  Houghton,  Mich. 

Marshall,  N.   C,  Mining  Engineer,  Winona,  Mich. 

Matthews,  Charles  H.,  Salesman.  General  Electric  Co.,  801  Fidelity 
Building,  Duluth,  Minn. 

Mathews    Abe,  Jr.,  Mining  Engineer,  Crystal  Falls,  Mich. 

Mitchell,  Edward,  General  Contractor,  Marquette,  Mich. 

Murphy,  C.  M.,  Master  Mechanic  Oliver  Iron  Mining  Co.,  Ishpem- 
ing, Mich. 

Pearce,  Ernest  L.,  Manager  Lake  Shore  Engine  Works,  Marquette, 
Mich. 

Powell,  Arthur  E.,  Civil  Engineer,  Marquette,  Mich. 

Rice,  Charles  W.,  Pumping  Machinery  Salesman,  Milwaukee,  Wis. 

Richards,  Guy  A..  Superintendent  Williams  Mine,  Biwablk,  Minn. 

Russell,  James,  Publisher,  Marquette,  Mich. 

Selden,   William  H.,  Jr.,   Capitalist,   Iron   River,   Mich. 

Sherwood,  Myron  J.,  Miner,  Marquette,  Mich. 

Small,  Harry  H.,  Sales  Manager  Goodman  Manufacturing  Co., 
Chicago,  Ills. 

Wibon,  Wm,  G.,  Master  Mechanic,  Cascade  Mining  Co.,  Palmer, 
Mich. 

On  motion  by  F.  W.  McNair,  the  Secretary  was  instruct- 
ed to  cast  a  ballot  for  the  election  to  membership  of  the  list 
as  approved  by  the  Council. 


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l8  BUSINESS   MEETING 

Report  of  Committee  on  Nominations. 
Your  Committee  on  Nominations  beg  leave  to  submit  the 
following  names  for  officers  of  the  Institute  for  terms  spe- 
cified : 

For  President— L.  M.  Hardenburgh,  one  year. 
For  Vice  President — G.  R.  Jackson,  T.  A.  Flannigan,  two 
years. 

For  Managers — Henry  Rowe,  M.  E.  Richards,  Enoch 
Henderson,  two  years. 

For  Treasurer — E.  W.  Hopkins,  one  year. 

William  Kelly, 
LuciEN  Eaton. 
William  Bond, 
Jno.  a.  Redfern, 
F.  W.  Sperr, 

Committee. 
The  Auditing  Committee  presented  the  following  report: 
Your  Committee  appointed  to  examine  the  books  of  the 
Secretary  and  Treasurer,  beg  leave  to  report  that  we  have 
carefully  examined  same  and  find  the  receipts  and  exi>endi- 
tures  shown  therein,  to  be  in  accordance  with  the  statements 
of  the  Secretary  and  Treasurer  for  the  fiscal  year  ending  Au- 
gust 26th,  1 914. 

D.  J.  Sliney, 
C.  E.  Abbott, 
Thos.  a.  Flannigan. 
On  motion  the  report  of  the  Committee  was  adopted. 

Report  of  Committee  on  the   Practice  for  the   Pre- 
vention OF  Accidents. 
To  The  Council  and  Meml^ers  of  the  Lake  Superior  Mining 
Institute. 

We,  the  committee  on  "The  Practice  for  the  Prevention 
of  Accidents,''  submit  the  following  for  your  consideration 
and  action  at  the  coming  meeting,  August  31st  to  Septemljer 
4th,  1 914. 

This  committee,  in  session  w^th  your  president  and  sec- 
retary, held  a  meeting  on  Friday,  i\pril  loth,  1914,  at  which 
was  discussed  the  offer  of  the  American  Mine  Safety  Asso- 
ciation, for  a  joint  meeting  of  the  two  associations,  for  the 
furtherance  of  a  program  in  '*First  Aid"  and  rescue  work. 

It  was  decided  after  due  consideration,  that  owing  to  only 
one  day  of  the  Institute's  time  on  the  Marquette  range,  that 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  I9 

it  would  be  impossible  to  hold  a  joint  demonstration,  but  so- 
licited through  H.  M.  Wilson,  Engineer  in  charge,  of  the  Bu- 
reau of  Mines,  a  future  arrangement  of  such  a  demonstra- 
tion, covering  more  than  one  day,  to  be  held  in  191 5,  or  at  such 
time  as  the  council  may  deem  wise ;  also,  as  the  necessity  for 
raising  five  hundred  dollars  to  defray  the  expenses  that  would 
be  entailed  at  such  a  meeting,  the  action  of  the  whole  Insti- 
tute on  the  proposition,  would  be  needed,  to  incur  this  amount, 
for  this  vvordiy  project,  and  that  the  matter  would  be  placed 
before  the  Institute  at  its  coming  meeting  and  try  to  secure 
favorable  action  on  this  proix>sition.  In  lieu  thereof,  the 
committee  has  made  arrangements  for  a  **First  Aid"  demon- 
stration, under  the  management  of  the  Marquette  Range 
Safety  Association. 

Due  to  the  vital  interest  and  active  work  on  the  various 
ranges,  both  from  individual  companies  and  through  general 
action  of  Range  Associations  and  meets,  assisted  materially 
by  the  aid  of  the  Bureau  of  Mines,  all  of  which  has  been 
highly  educational,  and  the  results  of  which  are  greatly  ap- 
preciated by  mine  officials,  the  committee  feels  justified  in 
recommending  that  the  exi>ense  solicited  be  allowed,  and  that 
llie  council  and  meml^ers  of  the  Institute,  who  have  encour- 
aged the  work  thus  far,  in  the  last  three  years,  will,  by  its 
favorable  action,  continue  the  progress  along  these  lines. 

Further,  the  committee  would  reiterate  and  call  attention 
to  the  complete  report  on  recommendations,  of  the  1913  com- 
mittee reix)rt,  for  favorable  action,  and  the  appointment  of  a 
special  committee,  for  the  purpose  of  printing  a  book  on  uni- 
form mine  rules,  working  in  conjunction  with  the  rex>ort  pul)- 
lished  by  the  American  Mining  Congress,  American  Institute 
of  Mining  Engineers,  the  Mining  and  Metallurgical  Society 
of  America,  the  Colorado  Scientific  Society,  also  mine  laws 
of  Canada  and  other  countries,  which  b<.)ok  would  help  broad- 
en, codify  and  disseminate  general  customs  covering  the  whole 
field  of  mining  operations  in  the  Lake  Superior  district.  This 
s[)ecial  committee  to  I^e  composed  of  five  meml)ers  of  tlie  l^oard. 
theoretical  and  practical  exi)erience;  the  expense  of  which  is 
to  l)e  home  by  the  Institute;  this  to  include  payment  of  the 
committee,  for  time  given  to  the  subject  and  the  employment 
of  a  secretary,  and  other  expense  of  printing  and  publishing 
same  in  book  form. 

The  committee  recommends  that  a  vote  of  sincere  thanks 
and  appreciation  be  given  by  the  Institute,  to  the  officials  of 


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20  BUSINESS   MEETING 

the  United  States  g-overnment,  in  charge  of  the  Bureau  of 
Mines  car,  for  the  capable  demonstration  of  its  work  in  the 
Lake  Superior  district,  and  the  results  of  education  accom- 
plished along  these  lines. 

The  committee  further  recommends,  that  the  present  vari- 
ous range  associations,  composed  of  superintendents,  min- 
ing captains  and  shift  bosses,  l>e  given  further  encourage- 
ment in  the  practical  work  it  is  showing  to  the  individual  min- 
er and  employe,  by  continuing  the  holding  of  frequent  meet- 
ings on  the  various  ranges;  in  this  way  disseminating  a  broad 
general  knowledge  of  mining  operations,  particularly  that  of 
safety  and  efficiency  in  the  individual,  under  extreme  and  hard 
conditions  met  with. 

The  committee  further  recommends  that  every  member  of 
the  Lake  Superior  Mining  Institute  assume  an  urgent  respon- 
sibility in  furthering  this  activity  of  education.  Its  dissemina- 
tion along  safety  and  efficiency  lines  among  the  thousands 
of  mine  employes  is  important.  The  newness  of  the  subject, 
the  indifference  to  overcome,  the  mixed  nationality  of  the  em- 
ployes all  combine  to  make  the  work  of  introduction  rather 
hard  of  accomplishment.  Careful,  conscientious  work  by 
every  meml)er  of  the  Institute  is  urged. 
Respectfully  submitted, 

CiiAS.  E.  Lawrence, 

Chairman. 
William  Conibear, 

For  Committee. 

Mr.  McXair:  I  question  whether  the  Institute  is  ready 
to  commit  itself  to  any  decision,  action  or  recommendation  at 
the  moment.  It  occurs  to  me  that  the  proper  handling  of  the 
re]X)rt  is  to  receive  it ;  order  it  printed  in  the  proceedings,  and 
refer  questions  of  action  or  recommendation  involved  to  the 
Council. 

Mr.  Higgins  :  I  would  like  to  say  just  one  word  about  the 
hoisting  signals  as  a  matter  of  information  when  the  subject 
is  discussed.  The  Gogebic  Range  Mining  Association  ap- 
pointed a  committee  to  investigate  the  signals  on  the  Gogebic 
Range  and  a  report  was  made  and  submitted.  In  discussing 
that  subject  it  may  be  possible  to  get  a  copy  of  that  report. 
It  was  found  that  there  were  eight  to  ten  different  signals  for 
doing  the  same  thing.  The  consensus  of  opinion  was  that  the 
signals  should  be  universalized ;  that  they  should  be  made  with 
respect  to  three  or  four  of  the  cardinal  signals  only.    Mr.  Jobc 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  21 

of  Iron  Mountain  went  into  that  quite  thoroughly  so  that 
there  would  be  considerable  data  to  work  on  when  that  subject 
is  considered.  

The  following  communication  from  the  Panama-Pacific 
International  Exposition  Bureau  was  read  and  on  motion  re- 
ferred to  the  Council  for  consideration: 

"Feelicg  that  it  win  be  impossible  for  me  to  attend  your  com- 
ing Convention  in  person,  I  take  this  occasion  to  extend  greetings 
and  a  cordial  Invitation  in  the  name  ol  the  Panama-Pacific  Interna- 
tional Exposition  for  the  Lake  Superior  Mining  Institute  to  meet  in 
San  Francisco  in  1915. 

"The  series  of  congresses  and  conventions  to  be  held  in  that  city 
during  the  Exposition  Is  becoming  a  more  significant  feature  every 
week;  as  much  for  the  notable  character  of  the  associations  to  meet 
tiiere  and  the  topics  they  will  discuss,  as  because  of  the  number  that 
are  scheduled.  We  are  now  certain  that  this  series  of  assemblages 
will  attract  a  larger  number  of  the  ablest  thinkers  and  most  suc- 
cessful doers  from  the  world  at  large,  than  ever  were  gathered  in  a 
single  city  in  one  year  before.  So  pronounced  has  become  this 
feature  that  those  most  familiar  with  the  subject  have  aptly  termed 
it  *ten  months'  course  in  world  development.* 

'Some  of  the  Exhibits  will  be  of  special  interest  to  your  Institute. 
Many  organizations  are  planning  to  have  surveys  made  of  the  Ex- 
position by  committees  in  advance  of  their  meeting  and  a  syllabus 
of  the  exhibits  deserving  special  attention  may  be  printed  with  re- 
ports on  the  exhibits  and  comparisons  of  notes,  thus  correlating  the 
work  of  the  meeting  with  the  exhibits  and  obtaining  the  utmost  pos- 
sible benefit  from  both. 

'*I  trust  this  matter  wiil  receive  the  careful  investigation  of  your 
Institute.  With  favorable  action,  a  committee  should  be  appointed 
to  make  definite  arrangements.  The  Exposition  officials  and  espe- 
cially the  undersigned,  will  be  pleased  to  assist  in  every  way  possible 
to  make  your  trip  to  San  Francisco  a  great  success. 

"We  want  you  and  we  expect  you;  and  you  will  never  regret  your 
session  with  us  next  year.  Hoping  to  hear  from  you  soon  and 
favorably,  and  expecting  to  greet  you  at  the  Golden  Gate  in  1915, 
1  remain." 

G.  F.  HATFIELD. 
Chicago,  Lis.,  August  20th,  1914.  Field  Secretary. 

The  following  communication  from  the  ^'Manufacturers 
Rec(n-d,"  extending  a  cordial  invitation  to  hold  a  meeting  in 
the  Birmingham,  Alabama,  district,  was  read  and  on  mo- 
tion referred  to  the  Council  for  consideration : 

"Understanding  that  the  members  of  your  Institute  have  been 
considering  the  possibility  of  holding  an  annual  meeting  in  Birming- 
hum  in  order  that  they  might  have  the  opportunity  of  seeing  for 


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22  BUSINESS  MEETING 

themselves  the  resources  and  the  development  of  that  section,  I 
wish  to  take  the  liberty  of  urging  this  very  strongly  upon  your  In- 
stitute. I  trust  that  at  the  coming  meeting  the  matter  may  be  brought 
before  the  members  and  careful  consideration  given  to  it. 

**I  need  not  call  your  attention  to  the  extent  of  the  resources  of 
ore  and  coal  in  the  Birmingham  district,  and  in  a  large  part  of  the 
area  of  the  mountain  region  of  the  South  from  Virginia  to  Northern 
Alabama.  In  no  other  way  could  the  members  of  your  Institute  have 
the  opportunity  of  studying  these  resources  and  of  forming  their  own 
conclusions  as  to  their  extent  and  the  possibilities  of  their  develop- 
ment, to  such  advantage  as  by  holding  an  annual  meeting  in  Birm- 
ingham. Such  a  meeting  would  be  warmly  welcomed  not  only  by 
Birmingham,  but  by  Chattanooga  and  other  leading  centers  of  the 
iron  and  steel  industry  of  the  South,  and  I  can  assure  you  that  every 
effort  would  be  put  forth  to  make  the  trip  one  of  Interest  and  of 
entertainment  to  all  who  might  attend." 

RICHARD  H.  EDMONDS, 
Baltimore,  Md..  August  10th,  1914.  Editor. 

MR.  ABBOTT  OF  BESSEMER,  ALA. 

"I  am  quite  certain  that  the  members  of  the  Institute  would  be 
very  well  pleased  with  what  they  would  see  in  the  Birmingham  Dis- 
trict. A  great  many  of  the  developments  there  in  the  last  ten  years, 
especially  in  the  iron  ores,  have  been  merely  the  adoption  of  Lake 
Superior  methods  as  regards  installations  of  mining  equipment  and 
of  mining  methods. 

"We  are  unusually  fortunate  in  the  location  of  our  raw  materials. 
The  members  of  the  Institute  can  see  anything  and  everything  from 
the  mining  of  the  ore  and  coal,  to  the  manufacture  of  the  raw  material 
into  a  finished  product.  The  steel  plant  and  furnaces  are  located 
between  the  coal  deposits  and  the  iron  ore  deposits,  in  fact,  can  be 
seen  from  the  crest  of  Red  Mountain,  which  is  the  main  source  of 
the  iron  ore  supply.  We  have  in  addition,  a  by-product  plant  w^here 
coal  tar  and  ammonium  sulphate  are  being  recovered  from  the  gas 
from  the  coal  in  the  coking  process. 

"The  American  Steel  &  Wire  Company  has  a  large  plant  whicn 
will  eventually  use  about  six  hundred  tons  of  steel  per  day  in  the 
manufacture  of  wire  products.  We  have  many  foundries  and  other 
industries  which  would  prove  interesting.  The  Birmingham  District 
is  the  only  place  in  the  known  world  where  the  raw  materials  are  so 
well  located.  The  District  has  its  disadvantages  also,  such  as  low 
grade  iron  and  coal  which  has  to  be  washed. 

"I  feel  that  the  trip  south  would  be  very  pleasant  for  the  members 
of  the  Institute,  and  hope  you  will  make  it.  You  can  be  assured  of  a 
very  hearty  welcome." 

The  following  communication  from  George  H.  Crosby, 
in  reference  to  a  meeting  on  the  Cuyuna  Range  in  191 5,  was 
read  and  on  motion  referred  to  the  Council  for  consideration : 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE 


23 


"I  expected  to  be  present  at  the  Institute  meetings  to  be  held  at 
Marquette,  August  31st,  and  September  1st,  2nd  and  3rd,  1914,  but 
I  find  at  the  last  minute  that  I  will  not  have  that  opportunity  and 
pleasure,  which  I  regret  exceedingly. 

"I  wish  to  extend  an  invitation  to  the  members  of  the  Lake  Su- 
perior Mining  Institute  on  behalf  of  the  operators  of  the  Cuyuna 
Range  and  the  citizens  of  Crosby  to  hold  their  next  annual  meeting 
on  the  Cuyuna  Range  and  to  make  their  headquarters  at  Crosby. 

''Crosby  has  splendid  hotel  accommodations  and  is  a  strictly  mod- 
ern mining  town.  The  Cuyuna  iron  range  is  a  new  country  and 
should  be  of  great  interest  to  all  members  of  the  Institute.  We 
have  three  open-pit  mines  now  in  operation  and  three  underground 
mines,  and  will  have  by  next  year  at  least  three  more,  which  are 
now   approaching  the  production  state. 

"Hoping  this  invitation  will  be  favorably  acted  upon  by  members 
of  the  Institute." 
Duluth,   Minn.,  August  29th,  1914.  GEORGE  H.  CROSBY. 

This  concluded  the  business  session  and  reading  of  ixii>ers 
for  the  meeting.  The  papers  presented  brought  out  consid- 
erable discussion  which  is  printed  with  the  papers.  Memljers 
are  urgently  requested  to  present  further  discussion  of  these 
pa[>ers  for  the  next  meeting.  The  subject  of  **Mining  Meth- 
ckIs"  offers  a  splendid  field  for  further  presentation,  and  it  is 
to  be  hoi>ed  that  this  subject  will  be  kept  active  as  long  as 
nevv  conditions  develop.  The  work  of  shaft  sinking  and  clrift- 
ing  should  receive  further  attention  as  the  constant  develoi>- 
ment  in  jxjwer  drills  adds  greater  efficiency  in  the  results  ob- 
tained.   

Excursion    to   Detroit    Under    the    Auspices    of    the 
Detroit  Board  of  Commerce. 


DETROIT  BOARD  OP  COMMERCE. 

Charles  B.  Warren — President. 

Byres  H.  Gitchell — Secretary. 

A.  T.  Waterfall— Traffic  Commissioner. 

Entertainment  Committee. 
Oliver  Phelps,  Chairman,  M.  A.  Hanna  &  Co. 


Paul  Bagley, 
John  J.  Bagley  &  Co.   Tobacco 
Manufacturers. 

George  H.  Barbour, 
Michigan  Stove  Co. 

Warren  S.  Blauvelt, 
Semet-Solvay  Co.,  Coke 
Manufacturers. 


Frank  E.  Bogart, 
Farrand,  Williams  &  Clark, 
Wholesale  Drugs. 

Wayne  C.  Bogue, 
Carnegie   Steel  Co. 

D.  C.  Delamater, 
Delamater  Hardware  Co., 
Wholesale  Hardware. 


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24 


EXCURSIONS 


L.  H.  Carlisle, 

Cambria  Steel  Co. 
Frank  H.  Croul, 

Detroit  Oak  Leather  Belting  Co 
Sherman  L.  Depew, 

F.  C.  Pingree  Sons  Shoe  Co. 
Caleb  M.  East, 

Murphy  Iron  Works,  Automatic 

Stokers. 
William  Gerhauser, 

Superior  Charcoal  Iron  Co. 
Andrew  H.  Green,  Jr., 

Solvay  Process  Co.,  Soda  Ash 

Manufacturers. 
William  G.  Henry, 

Detroit  Stove  Works. 
Frederick  H.  Holt, 

Jones  &  Laughlin  Steel  Co. 
J.  S.  Hageman, 

Bethlehem  Steel  Co. 
Henry  W.  Horton, 

Buhl  Sons  Co.,  Wholesale 

Hardware. 
F.   W.  Hutchings, 

Lake  Superior  Iron  &  Chemical 

Co. 
F.  L.  Klingensmith, 

Ford  Motor.  Co. 
Bamlet  Kent, 

U.  S.  Engineers. 

Abner  E.   Larned, 

Larned,  Carter  &  Co.    Overall 

Manufacturers. 
James  L.  Lee, 

Wm.  M.  Finck  &  Co.,  Overall 

Manufacturers. 

Thomas   J.   Marsden, 

Lee  &  Cady,  Wholesale  Grocers. 

Jay   C.    McLauchlan, 
Pickands,  Mather  &  Co. 

P.  J.  Moran, 
Detroit  Iron  &  Steel  Co. 


William  R.  Orr, 

Detroit  Saturday  Night 
Percy  Owen, 

Chalmers   Motor   Co. 
Oliver  Phelps,  Jr., 

Miller,  Selden  Electric  Co., 

Construction  and  Supplies. 
Charles  M.  Roehm, 

Roehm  &  Davison,  Wholesale 
.    Hardware. 
C.  W.  Russell, 

Russell  Wheel  &  Foundry  Co.. 

Structural  Iron  &  Mine  Cars. 
John  R.  Searle^, 

Detroit  Copper  &  Brass  Rolling 

Mills. 

James  Schermerhorn, 

The  Detroit  Times. 
W.  C.  Standish, 

U.  S.  Tire  Co. 
F.  C.  Stoepel, 

Bumham,  Stoepel  &  Co.,  Whole- 
sale Dry  Goods. 
Frederick  Stockwell, 

Edson,  Moore  &  Co.,  Wholesale 

Dry  Goods. 
Joseph  S.  Stringham, 

Monarch  Steel  Casting  Co. 
Robert  W.  Standart,  Jr., 

Standart  Brothers,  Ltd.,  Whole- 
sale Hardware. 
A.  A.  Templeton, 

Morgan  &  Wright,  Rubber 

Manufacturers. 
James  T.  Whitehead, 

Whitehead  &  Kales  Iron  Works, 

Structural  Iron. 
Maurice  O.  Williams, 

Michigan  Drug  Co.,  Wholesale 

Drugs. 
Frank  R.  Wylie, 

W.  H.  Edgar  &  Sons,  Wholesale 

Sugar. 


PROGRAM. 
Wednesday,  September  2nd. 

8:30  a.  m.— The  City  of  Detroit  II  will  dock  at  the  foot  of  Third 
Street. 

9.00  a.  m. — Visitors  will  be  escorted  to  seats  tc  review  G.  A.  R.  parade, 

1:00  p.  m. — Luncheon  in  Board  of  Commerce  dining  room. 

2:30  p.  m. — Leave  Detroit  Board  of  Commerce  building  for  boat  at 
foot  of  Third  Street,  going  to  the  Detroit  Copper  &  Brass 
Rolling  Mills,  the  Detroit  Iron  &  Steel  Company's  fur- 
nacesi  and  t)ie  Semet-Solvay  Company's  coke  ovens, 


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Lake  superior  mining  institute  25 

5:30  p.  m. — Boat  returns  to  foot  of  Third  Street. 

Free  time  until: 

8:15  p.  m. — Temple  Theater. 

Thurscbfiy,  September  Srd. 

9:00  a.  m. — Assemble  at  Detroit  Board  of  Commerce  building. 

9:30  a.  m. — Leave  by  Woodward  Avenue  street  cars  marked  "Log 
Cabin'*  for  Ford  Motor  Company.  After  Inspection  of 
plant,  return  to  Ferry  dock  at  right-hand  side  of  street, 
foot  of  Woodward  Avenue,  taking  ferry  boat  to  Belle  Isle. 

1:30  p.  m. — Luncheon  at  the 'Detroit  Boat  Club. 

2:30  p.  m. — Ride  around  Belle  Isle  in  automobiles  then  to  the  Chal- 
mers Motor  Company.  After  inspection  of  plant,  guests 
will  return  at  their  convenience  by  street  car  for  down 
town. 

Wednesday,  September  2nd. 

Members  of  the  reception  committee  with  Oliver  Phel[>s, 
Chairman,  lx>arded  the  steamer  from  a  tug  at  six  o'clock  in 
the  morning  to  receive  the  party  and  complete  the  plans  for 
the  visit  at  Detroit,  such  was  the  interest  manifested  for  the 
visitors  from  the  North.  The  steamer  docked  at  eight  o'clock, 
and  the  party  was  escorted  to  the  new  Chamber  of  Commerce 
building  where  a  luncheon  was  prepared.  During  the  fore- 
n(Kjn  the  visitors  w-ere  afforded  an  opportunity  to  view  the 
G.  A.  R.  parade.  After  the  luncheon,  Chas.  B.  Warren,  Presi- 
dent of  the  Chamber  of  Commerce,  in  a  brief  address  extend- 
ed to  the  Institute  a  cordial  welcome  to  which  W.  H.  John- 
ston, President,  William  Kelly  and  James  Russell  responded 
in  l^ehalf  of  the  visitors.  The  party  then  boarded  a  special 
steamer  and  was  taken  for  a  trip  down  the  river  to  the  plant 
of  the  Detroit  Copper  &  Brass  RolHng  Mills  and  the  Detroit 
Iron  &  Steel  Company's  furnaces  and  the  Semet-Solvay  plant. 
In  the  evening  the  members  were  guests  at  the  Temple  The- 
atre. 

Thursday,  September  3RD. 

The  party  assembled  at  the  Chamber  of ,  Commerce  build- 
ing at  nine  o'clock  and  proceeded  to  the  Ford  Motor  Com- 
j>any's  plant  where  an  hour  was  pleasantly  spent  in  a  tour 
through  the  works.  Automobiles  then  conveyed  the  visitors 
to  the  Detroit  Boat  Club  on  Belle  Isle,  where  a  luncheon  was 
served  by  the  club,  after  which  a  trip  was  made  around  the 
island.  The  next  stop  was  at  the  Chalmers  Motor  Company's 
plant  where  some  time  was  spent  in  inspecting  the  various  op- 


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26  EXCURSIONS 

crating  departments.  The  party  was  then  taken  to  the  dock 
where  they  boarded  the  Steamer  Detroit  II  for  the  return  trip 
to  St.  Ignace,  enroiite  to  their  homes  in  the  Iron  and  Copi^er 
Country  of  Lake  Superior. 

The  meml3ers  are  most  enthusiastic  over  the  cordial  recep- 
tion extended  to  them  by  the  citizens  of  Detroit,  the  many 
interesting  places  visited,  and  the  entertainment  afforded  them 
uix>n  this  occasion;  their  first  visit  to  the  metroi>oHs  of  Mich- 
igan. 


The  following  is  the  report  presented  by  the  Committee 
on  Resolutions: 

Resolved  by  the  members  in  attendance  at  the  1914  meet- 
ing of  the  Lake  Sui)eri<)r  Mining  Institute  that  we  hereby  ex- 
tend our  thanks  to  the  Mining  Comi>anies  of  the  Marquette 
Range,  the  Wawonow^n  Golf  Club,  Marquette  Club,  the  Elks 
Club  of  Marquette,  the  Lake  Shore  Engine  Works,  the  E.  J. 
I^)ngyear  Co.,  and  resident  citizens  for  entertainment  enjoyed 
by  us  while  on  the  Marquette  Range,  and 

Also  to  those  who  kindly  provided  motor  cars,  the  D.,  S. 
S.  &  A.  R'y.  Co.,  the  D.  &  C.  Navigation  Co.,  and  other  Rail- 
way Companies  who  have  extended  courtesies  to  insure  our 
comfort,  and 

Also  to  the  Detroit  Board  of  Commerce,  the  Convention 
and  Tourist  Bureau  of  Detroit,  the  Detroit  Boat  Club,  the 
r\)rd  Motor  Car  Co.,  and  the  Chalmers  Motor  Car  Co.  for  en- 
tertaining us  and  facilitating  our  visits  to  ix)ints  of  interest  in 
their  City,  and 

Further,  that  we  particularly  appreciate  the  First  Aid  Ex- 
hibition which  we  have  witnessed  at  Ishpeming,  the  spirit  and 
skill  shown  by  the  participants,  the  interest  in  this  w^>rk  on 
the  part  of  those  who  made  it  ix>ssible  for  the  several  teams 
to  participate,  and  the  interest  of  those  whose  contributions 
added  to  the  zeal  of  the  contestants. 

V.  W.  McNair. 
J.  S.  Lutes, 
W.  H.  Newett, 
Frank  Carbis, 
P.  S.  Williams, 

Committee. 


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27 


FOLLOWING  IS  A  PARTIAL  LIST  OF  THOSE  IN  ATTENDANCE. 


Abbott,  C.  E Bessemer,  Ala. 

Allen,  R.  C Lansing,  Mich. 

Archibald,  R.  S..Negaunee,  Mich. 

Armstrong  F.  H Vulcan,  Mich. 

Atkins,   S.  E Duluth,  Minn. 

Barabe,  C.  A Ishpeming,  Mich. 

Barbour,  Edwin  H.. Lincoln,  Neb. 
Barnett,  G.  G . . .  Ishpemiag,  Mich. 
Begole,   F.   H. .  .Marquette,   Mich. 

Bengry,  W.  H Palatka,  Mich. 

Benjamin,  F.  S Duluth,  Minn. 

Berteling,  John.  .Ishpeming,  Mich. 
Bigelow,  C.  A.  .Ishpeming,  Mich. 
Bittcho&ky,  A.  C.Cleveland,  Ohio 

Bitters,   H Marquette,    Mich. 

Blackwell,  fYank.  Iron  wood,  Mich. 

Bond,  Wm Ironwood,  Mich. 

Bowers,  E.  C.Iron  River,  Mich. 
Bownocker,  J.  A.Columbus,  Ohio 

Brown,  W.  G Duluth,  Minn. 

Brown,  P.  W.  .Marquette,  Mich. 
Buehler,  H.  A RoUa,  Mo. 

Carbis,   F...Iron  Mountain,  Mich. 

Case,   P.    N Springfield,   Mass. 

Champion,  Chas Beacon,  Mich. 

Charlton,  D.  E Virginia,  Minn. 

Chase,  P.  P Ishpeming,  Mich. 

Cheyney,   H.   C Chicago,   Ills. 

Chipman,  J.  C.  W.Ishpeming,  Mich 
Clancey,  James ..  Ishpeming,  Mich. 

Clifford,  J.  M Green  Bay,  Wis. 

Cole,  C.  D Ishpeming,  Mich. 

Cole,  W.  T Jshpeming,  Mich. 

Conibear,  Wm ..  Ishpeming,  Mich. 

ConoUy,  J.  J Marquette,  Mich. 

Cory,  E.  N Negaunee,  Mich. 

Davies,  W.  J ....  Wakefield,  Mich. 

Davi^,  J.   M Milwaukee,  Wis. 

DeHaas,  N.  G ...  Marquette,  Mich. 

Derby,  E.  L Ishpeming,  Mich. 

DeWolf.   F.   W Urbana,   Ills. 

Dickerson,  L.  R Chicago,  Ills. 

Doty.  O.  P Palatka,  Mich. 

Duncan,  M.  M ..  Ishpeming,  Mich. 
Durham,  T.  W.  .Marquette,  Mich. 


Elliott,  S.  R Negaunee,  Mich. 

Emmons,  W.  H.Minneapolis,  Minn 
Erick,son,  E.  R..Iron  River,  Mich. 

Fay,   Joseph Marquette,    Mich. 

Felch,  T.  A Ishpeming,  Mich. 

Fesing,  G.  F Houghton,  Mich. 

Fesing,  H.  W Houghton,  Mich. 

Flannigan,   T.   A... Gilbert,   Minn. 

Flodin,  Nels Marquette,  Mich. 

Fogerberg,    August .  Gwinn,    Mich. 

Formis.  A Iron  River,  Mich. 

Fink,  Fred    ....Iron  River,  Mich. 
Fisher,  James ...  Houghton,  Mich. 

Goodney,  S.  J.  .Stambaugh,  Mich. 

Gow,  A.  M Duluth,  Minn. 

Graff,  W.  W.... Ishpeming.  Mich. 

Green,  A.   C Oiicago,  Ills. 

Gribble,  Thomas .  Negaunee,  Mich. 

Hansen,    Chris ..  Negaunee,    Mich. 

Hanst,  J.  F Ishpeming,  Mich. 

Hardgrove,  T.  H Gwinn,  Mich. 

Hart,  W.  C Wakefield,  Mich. 

Harvey,    W.   H. . .  .Eveleth,   Minn. 
Harvey,  Ed.. Iron  Mountain,  Mich. 

Hawes,  G.  H Pittsburg,  Pa. 

Hayden,  J.  E. .  .Ishpeming,  Mich. 

Hearding.  J.  H Duluth,  Minn. 

Helmer,  C.  E Winona,  Minn. 

Hetzel,  H.  F Pittsburg.  Pa. 

Heyn,  H.  A Ishpeming,  Mich. 

Higgins.   Edwin Pittsburg,   Pa. 

Hise.  R.  R Beaver,  Pa. 

Hoatson.   Chester. Calumet,    Mich. 
Hoatson,   Thomas. Calumet,  Mich. 

Holman,  J.  W Chicago,   Ills. 

Holmgren,  Axle.  .Ironwood,  Mich. 

Hopkins    E.   W 

Commonwealth,  Wis. 

Hoskias,   Samuel Hurley,  Wis. 

Hotchkiss,  W.  O... Madison,  Wis. 

Howie,   T.  C 

Huhtala,   John Palmer,   Mich. 

Hunt,   S.   H Ironwood,  Mich. 

Ives,  L.  E New  York  City 


Eaton,   Lucien.  .Ishpeming,    Mich.      Jackson,  G.  R. ....  .Gwinn.  Mich. 

Edwards,  A.  D Atlantic,  Mich.      Jackson,  Harry Gwinn,  Mich. 


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28 


REGISTRY  OF   MEMBERS 


Jaedecke    Clarence   

Iron  River,  Mich. 

Jenks,  F.  G Marquette,  Mich. 

Jewell,  Samuel . .  Negaunee,  Mich. 
Johnson,  O.  M . .  Ishpeming,  Mich. 

Johnson,  H.  O Virginia,  Minn. 

Johnston,  W.H . .  Ishpeming,  Mich. 

Jones.  Henry Gwinn,  Mich. 

Jopling,  J.  E Ishpeming,  Mich. 

Jory,  Wm Princeton,  Mich. 

Kay,  G.  F Iowa  City,  Iowa. 

Keese,  F.  E Ishpeming,  Mich. 

Kelly,  Wm Vulcan,  Mich. 

Kleffman,   John. .  .Hibbing,   Minn. 

Klinglund,  P.  D Palmer,  Mich. 

Knoeffel,  A.  F.. Terra  Haute,  Ind. 
Kohlhaas,  F.  W.. Calumet,  Mich. 
Kruse,  C.  T Ishpeming,   Mich. 

Lacroix,  M.  F. .  .Ishpeming,  Mich. 

Lasier,   F.    G Detroit,    Mich. 

Lawrence,  C.  E...Palatka,  Mich. 

Lawton,  C.  L Hancock,  Mich. 

Lawton,  N.  O Miami,  Ariz. 

Leonard.  C.  M Gwinn,  Mich. 

Longyear,  J.  M ..  Marquette.  Mich. 

Lukey,  Frank   Hurley   Wis. 

Lutes,  J.   S Biwabik,  Minn. 

Lytle,  C.  E Marquette,  Mich. 

Moss,  C.  H Ishpeming  Mich. 

Maney,   James Duluth,    Minn. 

Mather,  S.  L Cleveland,  Ohio 

Matthews,  A.  .Crystal  Falls,  Mich. 

Myers,  E.  R Cleveland,  Ohio 

Mildon    H.  H. .  .Ishpeming,  Mich. 

Mildren,  John Ironwood,  Mich. 

Miller,  W.  G Toronto,  Ont. 

Mitchell,  W.   A Chicago,  Ills. 

Mitchell,  S.  J Marquette,  Mich. 

Mitchell,  Ed Marquette,  Mich. 

Morgan,   I).   T Detroit,   Mich. 

Moulton,  W.  H.  .Ishpeming,  Mich. 
Moulton,  H.  O.. Ishpeming  Mich. 
Murphy,  C.   M ..  Ishpeming,  Mich. 

Myers,  Wm Princeton,  Mich. 

McDonald,  D.  B Duluth,  Minn. 

McGee.  M.  B.  .Crystal  Falls,  Mich. 
McNair,  F.  W. . .  .Houghton.  Mich. 
McNamara,  T.  B. Ironwood,  Mich. 
Nelson,  J.  E Negaunee,  Mich. 


Nelson.  E.  R Ishpeming,  Mich. 

Newett,  Geo.  A.  .Ishpeming,  Mich. 
Newett,  W.  H ...  Ishpeming,  Mich. 

Newton,  L.  L Ironwood,  Mich. 

Nixon,  J.  A Ishpeming,  Mich. 

Nolan,  Dan   Ironwood,  Mich. 

Orr,  F.  D Duluth,  Minn. 

Pascoe,  P.  W Republic,  Mich. 

Pellow,   Kenneth,   C 

Negaunee,    Mich. 

Pellow,  Thomas .. Negaunee,  Mich. 

Perkins,  G.  H Burlington,  Vt. 

Peterson,  Otto. .  .Ironwood,  Mich. 
Petruscak,  Tony. Iror wood,  Mich. 
Platto,  Frank. .  .Ishpeming,   Mich. 

Powell,  D.  W Marquette,  Mich. 

Pratt,  J.  H.... Chapel  Hill,  N.  C. 
Prescott,  F.  M ..  Menominee,  Mich. 

Quigley,  G.  J Antigo,  Wis. 

Quine,  J.  T Ishpeming,  Mich. 

Raisky,   F.  H Duluth,   Minn. 

Raley,  R.  J Duluth,  Minn. 

Redfern,  J.  A Hibbing,  Minn. 

Reigart,  J.  R Princeton.  Mich. 

Richards,  F.  G. .  .Ironwood,  Mich. 
Richards,  M.  E 

Crystal  Falls,   Mich. 

Richards,  W.  J 

Crystal  Falls,  Mich. 

Richards,  W.  A 

Crystal  Falls,  Mich- 
Richmond,  W.  .Marquette,  Mich. 
Roberts,  A.  T ...  Marquette,  Mich. 
Rockwell,  F.  G.  .Ishpeming,  Mich. 

Rough,  J.  H Negaunee,  Mich. 

Rough   Jas.  Jr. .  .Negaunee,  Mich. 

Ruez,  G.  F Ishpeming,  Mich. 

Russ,  Ernest Ironwood,  Mich. 

Russell,   Jas Marquette,    Mich. 

Salsich,  L.  R Coleraine,  Minn. 

Sampson,  John Ashland,  Wis. 

Sawhill,  R.  V Cleveland,  Ohio 

Scadden,  Frank    

Crystal  Falls.   Mich. 

Schaus,  O.  M Hurley.  Wis. 

Scheder,  M.  J Vulcan,  Mich. 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE 


^9 


Scheiber,  H.  L 

Schneider,  Theo .  Marquette,  Mich. 
Schubert,  Jos.  M . .  Hancock,  Mich. 

Schubert,  G.  P Hancock,  Mich. 

Sedgwick,  B.  G.  .Ishpeming,  Mich. 
Sellards,  E.  H. .  .Tallahassee,  Fla. 

Shannon,  C.  W Norman,  Okla. 

Sheldon   R.  F..  .Marquette,  Mich. 

Shields,  I.  J Houghton,  Mich. 

Shields,  J.  C Detroit,  Mich. 

Shove,  B.  W Ironwood,  Mich.. 

Siebeiathal,  W.  A... Vulcan,  Mich. 

Sink,    Ed Marquette,    Mich. 

Sliney,  D    J Ishpeming,  Mich. 

Small,  H.  H Chicago,  Ills. 

Smith.  E.  A University,  Ala. 

Smith.   R.  T Ishpeming,  Mich. 

Smyth,  H.  L. .  .Cambridge,  Ma3s. 

Soady,  Harry Duluth,  Minn. 

Sperr,  P.  W Houghton,  Mich. 

Sporley,  C.  L Negaunee,  Mich. 

Stack   G.  M Escanaba,  Mich. 

Stafford,  E.   O ..  Marquette,  Mich. 

Stakel,  O.  J Ishpeming,  Mich. 

Stanford,  F.  C.  .Ishpeming,  Mich. 
Stannard,  W.  L... Calumet,  Mich. 
Stephens  Jas . . .  Ishpeming,  Mich. 
Stevenson,  C.  A. Ishpeming,  Mich. 
Stewart,  H.  E. .  .Houghton,  Mich. 
Strong,  C.  G Detroit,  Mich. 

Talboys,  H.  H Duluth,  Minn. 

Taylor,  J.  C Houghton,  Mich. 

Thomas  J Negaunee,  Mich. 

Tillson,  A.  H Gwinn,  Mich. 

Traver,  D.  R Chicago.  Ills. 

Traver.  W.  H Chicago,  Ills. 

Trebilcock,  John.Ishpeming,  Mich. 
Trebilcock,   Wm .  N.  Freedom  Wis. 

Trevarrow,  Henry  

Negaunee,  Mich. 

Trumbull,  L.  W.. Cheyenne,  Wyo. 


Ulrich,  E.  O ...  Washington,  D.  C. 

Uren,  W.  J Houghton,   Mich. 

Urick,  W.  H Marquette,  Mich. 

Vallett,  B.  W Detroit,  Mich. 

Vandeventer.  V.  H 

Ishpeming,  Mich. 

\anEvera,    W Virginia,    Minn. 

Walker,  W.  W Duluth,  Minn. 

Waller,  F Marquette,  Mich. 

Walters,   Thos ..  Ishpeming,   Mich. 

Ware,   F Negaunee,   Mich. 

Watson,  C.  H. Crystal  Falls,  Mich. 

Webb,  W.  M Gilbert    Minn. 

Webb,  F.  J Duluth,  Minn. 

Webb,  C.  E Houghton,  Mich. 

Wells,    Pearson Detroit,   Mich. 

Westergren,  Arthur 

Ironwood,    Mich. 

White,  Wm Virginia,  Minn. 

White,  E.  E..... Ishpeming,  Mich. 
White,  L.  C.Morgantown,  W.  Va. 
Whitney,  Lowe.  .Iron  River,  Mich. 
Wieland    H.  J.  E 

Crystal  Falls,   Mich. 

Williams,  R.  Y Urbana,  Ills. 

Williams,  P.  S Ramsay,  Mich. 

Wills,  G.  M Marquette,  Mich. 

Winn,  Jos 

Wold,  A.  N Hancock,  Mich. 

Worden,  E.  P. .  .Milwaukee,  Wis. 
Wright,  C.  W Eveleth,  Minn. 


Yates,  W.  H Duluth.  Minn. 

Yungbluth    A.  J. Ishpeming,  Mich. 
Yungbluth,  R.  O. Ishpeming,  Mich. 

Zimmerman,,  W.  G. Duluth,  Minn. 


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30  mechanical  underground  shovel 

Mechanical  Underground  Shovel. 

The  following  description  has  been  furnished  of  the  un- 
derground loading  machine  which  was  demonstrated  on  the 
occasion  of  our  visit  at  the  plant  of  the  Lake  Shore  Engine 
Works,  on  Monday,  August  31st. 

The  loader  is  designed  for  use  in  iron,  copper  and  coal 
mines,  in  drifts  8x8  ft.  and  possibly  smaller.  The  machine  has 
an  extreme  height  of  5  ft.  from  the  top  of  the  rail,  width  of 
3  ft.  9  in.  and  an  extreme  length  of  14  ft.,  including  the  shov- 
el, or  1 1  ft.  without  the  shovel.  It  can  be  arranged  for  opera- 
tion on  any  gauge  track,  is  self-proi>elled,  com|>act  and  weighs 
6500  lbs.  The  rubber  conveyor  belt,  22  in.  wide,  is  the  only 
detail  in  the  machine  which  is  not  either  iron  or  steel.  The 
cai>acity  is  40  tons  of  material  per  hour.  The  loader  may  be 
arranged  for  operation  by  air  or  electricity  although  it  is  ex- 
pected that  air  oi>eration  will  be  popular  because  the  exhaust 
from  the  engine  w-ill  help  to  clear  the  drift  of  smoke  after  a 
blast.  It  will  be  jx>ssible,  however,  to  change  the  power,  on 
any  machine,  in  an  hour's  time  when  the  necessary  electric 
equipment  is  at  hand.  There  are  six  different  motions  con- 
trolled by  one  operator.  The  machine  propels  itself  forward 
and  backward,  the  conveyor  and  shovel  oi^erate  on  a  vei*tical 
arc  of  30  degrees  and  in  a  radial  arc  of  60  degrees,  respec- 
tively; the  conveyor  l>elt  is  driven  and  there  is  the  driving 
mechanism  of  the  shovel.  With  this  combination  of  motions 
a  great  deal  will  probably  dei)end  upon  the  ability  of  the  oi>- 
erator  to  get  the  best  output  from  the  machine,  and  this  in 
turn  will  depend  upon  his  skill  and  experience  in  actual  service 
with  it. 

The  loader  consists  of  three  distinct  parts  which  may  lie 
disconnected  with  little  difficulty  when  it  is  required  to  take 
the  machine  from  surface  to  points  underground,  or  from 
drift  to  drift.  The  truck  constitutes  one  portion,  the  frame 
with  driving  mechanism  another,  and  the  conveyor  belt  and 
shovel  the  third.  All  chains  for  driving  are  heavy-construc- 
tion automobile  chains.  The  gear  drive  from  the  engine  to 
the  main  shaft  is  of  the  Wuest  patented  herringbone  type.  All 
()l>erating  mechanism  is  completely  inclosed,  and  securely  cov- 
ered so  that  no  dirt  can  interfere  with  the  operation  of  the 
drive. 

The  digging  dipi>er,  which  is  somewhat  cup-shaped,  is 
fitted  with  teeth  on  the  cutting  edge,  and  hinged  at  the  l>ack. 
After  securing  a  load,  the  dipper  is  revolved  through  a  vertical 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  3 1 

arc,  and  its  load  falls  backward  upon  the  rubber  conveyor 
b^it.  This  l^elt  carries  the  dirt  up  an  incline  of  al30Ut  30  de- 
grees, dumping  it  at  the  turn  into  an  iron  chute.  The  latter 
directs  the  dirt  into  the  tram  car,  and  both  its  angle  and  di- 
rection can  Ije  changed  within  certain  limits. 

It  is  the  intention  of  the  company  to  manufacture  several 
sizes,  adaptable  to  other  mines  where  conditions  are  different. 
The  demonstrating  machine  will  go  into  service  soon  at  the 
Jiulson  mine,  at  Alpha,  on  the  Menominee  iron  range,  Mich- 
igan. 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  35 


USE  OF  ELECTRICITY  AT  THE  PENN  AND  REPUB- 
LIC IRON  MINES,  MICHIGAN.* 

BY   WILLIAM    KELLY,    AND    F.    H.    ARMSTRONG,    VULCAN,    MICH. 

The  object  of  this  paper  is  to  descril^e  the  electric  ec]uii>- 
nient  at  the  iron  ore  mines  of  Penn  Iron  Mining  Company, 
Vulcan,  Mich.,  and  of  Republic  Iron  Company,  Republic, 
Mich.;  to  give  the  results  of  tests;  and  to  discuss  the  melh- 
(xls  in  use  from  an  operating  as  well  as  from  an  efficiency 
standpoint. 

Electricity  was  introduced  at  the  Penn  mines  for  pumping, 
hoisting,  and  compressing  air  in  the  spring  of  1907,  upon 
the  completion  of  a  hydro-electric  plant  built  by  that  com- 
pany on  the  Menominee  river  about  4  miles  from  the  mines. 
This  plant  was  described  in  a  paper^  itr^uted  before  the 
I.^ke  Sui^erior  Mining  Institute.  A  pap^i^presented  at  a 
meeting  of  the  same  Institute  describes  some  of  the  oi>erating 
features,  and  the  safety  devices  of  the  electric  hoist  at  the 
Curry  shaft  were  briefly  described  in  the  Proceedings  of  the 
First  Co-Oi^erative  Safety  Congress  held  under  the  auspices 
of  the  Association  of  Iron  and  Steel  Electrical  Engineers  at 
Milwaukee,  Wis.,  Sept.  30  to  Oct.  5,  19 12. 

Generating  Power  Plants. 

After  the  success  of  electrical  operation  was  assured,  a 
second  set  of  water  wheels  and  generator  was  installed  at  the 
falls,  for  which  provision  had  been  made  in  the  original  dcs'gn 
and  in  the  construction  of  the  foundations,  and  later  three 


•    Presented  also  by  mutual  afirreement  at  the  meetinsr  of  the  American  Institute  of  Min- 
inflT  Enfiineers,  February.  1914. 

1  T.  W.  Orbison  and  F.  H.  Armstrong.  Proceedinsrs  of  the  Lake  Superior  Mininflr  Insti- 
tute. Vol.  xiii.  pp.  163-181,  (1908). 

2  Fmnk  H.  Armstronar,  idem.  Vol.  xvi,  244-250.  (1911). 


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36         ELECTRICITY  AT   PENN   AND  REPUBLIC  IRON   MINES 

additional  wires  were  added  to  the  main  transmission  line, 
doubling  its  capacity  and  reducing  the  line  loss. 

The  general  conditions  of  this  installation  are  particularly 
favorable  for  hydro-electric  operation.  In  the  neighbt>rh(x>d 
of  three-fourths  of  the  power  used  is  for  mine  pumping,  w^hich 
in  the  main  is  regular  and  continuous.  For  air  compressing, 
power  is  used  for  about  18  hr.  a  day  for  five  days,  and  9 
hr.  for  one  day  in  the  week,  though  occasionally  when  shaft 
sinking  is  going  on  a  very  small  amount  of  compressed  air 
may  be  required  continuously.  Hoisting  and  surface  tram- 
ming, which  are  intermittent,  require  only  about  6  per  cent, 
of  the  power  used.  The  pond  above  the  falls  covers  an  area 
of  about  450  acres  and  the  head  is  25  feet.  There  is,  there- 
fore, an  ample  quantity  of  water  to  talce  care  of  the  ordinary 
irregularities  of  consumption  without  much  change  in  the 
head,  but  on  the  other  hand  it  does  not  supply  any  extended 
storage,  as  if  the  flow  from  alx)ve  was  entirely  cut  off  the 
draw'ing  down  of  i  ft.  would  furnish  water  to  supply  the 
ix>wer  requirements  for  only  a  little  over  4  hours. 

The  power  requirements  of  the  mines,  though  somew^hat 
variable,  have  been  averaging  about  2,400  h.p.  The  Me- 
nominee river  furnishes  this  amount  of  power  at  what  may  l)e 
considered  the  normal  stage.  In  dry  seasons  the  water  power 
has  to  be  supplemented,  and  therefore  a  1,500-kw.  steam  tur- 
bo-generator has  l>een  installed  at  the  principal  mine.  This 
is  sufficient  in  itself  to  take  care  of  the  pumping,  if  for  any 
reason  the  hydro-electric  plant  should  be  out  of  commission. 
As  a  matter  of  fact,  this  has  occurred  without  control  only 
four  times  in  six  years,  three  times  on  account  of  anchor  ice, 
not  over  8  hr.  at  either  time,  and  once  for  3  hr.  on  account 
of  a  l>rcak  in  the  transmission  line  due  to  a  faulty  disconnector. 
The  protection  against  anchor  ice  is  the  length  of  the  pond, 
which  is  about  5  miles  to  the  next  rapids  above.  As  soon  as 
this  ix>nd  freezes  over  the  anchor  ice  formed  above  does  not 
come  through.  The  three  experiences  with  anchor  ice  were 
on  days  late  in  the  fall  before  the  pond  had  frozen  over,  when 
the  temperature  fell  much  l^elow  the  freezing  point  and  there 
was  a  high  wind. 

At  the  falls  the  generating  units  are  of  1,500  and  2,000 
kw.,  6,600  volts,  and  are  run  singly  or  together  according  to 
the  mine  requirements  and  the  quantity  of  water  available. 
During  the  years  191 1,  1912  and  the  first  half  of  1913,  there 
was  generated  at  the  falls  37,502,160  kw.-hr.  at  a  cost,  in- 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  37 

eluding  taxes,  of  0.083c.  per  kilowatt-hour.  The  steam  plant 
generated  1.670,700  kw.hr.  at  a  cost,  including  stand-by  ex- 
penses, of  1.82 ic.  per  kilowatt-hour.  The  average  cost  of 
power  for  operating  was  0.157c.  per  kilowatt-hour.  Depre- 
ciation for  a  20-year  period  and  interest  at  5  per  cent,  add 
0.182c.,  making  the  total  cost,  including  operating,  taxes,  and 
depreciation,  0.339c.  per  kilowatt-hour. 

At  Republic  the  small  water  power  is  used  entirely  for 
compressing  air.  Electricity  is  used  for  the  pumping,  one 
surface  tram,  the  cnisher  plant,  and  the  shops.  The  principal 
generating  unit  is  a  mixed-pressure  steam  turbo-generator 
which  nuis  on  the  exhaust  steam  of  the  hoisting  engines  suj)- 
plemented  by  live  steam.  The  exhaust  steam  is  passed  through 
a  regenerator  in  order  to  distribute  its  use  to  as  great  an  ex- 
tent as  possible  during  intermissions  of  hoisting.  The  success- 
ful utilization  of  intermittent  supplies  of  low-pressure  steam 
dq>ends  very  largely  on  having  the  regenerator  capacity  of 
ample  size.  The  steam  turbine  runs  at  9,000  rev.  per  minute. 
Live  steam  is  automatically  supplied  to  fill  any  deficiencies 
in  the  amount  of  exhaust  steam  available.  There  is  an  inde- 
l^endent  condenser  which  produces  a  vacuum  of  27  inches. 
Geare<l  to  the  shaft  of  the  steam  turbine  are  two  electric  gen- 
erators of  a  combined  capacity  of  150  kw.,  which  run  at  900 
rev.  per  minute.  These  are  to  have  fly  wheels  on  the  shafts 
so  as  to  eliminate  the  peaks  and  reduce  the  heavy  voltage 
fluctuations.  Each  wheel  is  52  in.  in  diameter  by  10  in. 
thick  and  weighs  something  over  5  000  pounds.  The. speed  of 
the  turbine  when  using  live  steam  is  33^  i^r  cent  less  than 
when  using  exhaust.  These  fly  wheels  will  give,  for  this  re- 
duction in  si>eed,  525  h.p.-sec.  There  is  a  back  pressure  on 
tlie  hoisting  engines  varying  from  a  maximum  of  4  lb.  to  a 
slight  vacuum.  As  close  as  can  be  figured,  this  turbine  is 
furnishing  a  kilowatt-hour  for  a  fuel  cost  of  0.15  cents. 

Electric  Pumps. 

At  the  time  when  the  original  installation  at  Vulcan  was 
under  consideration,  centrifugal  pumps  for  high  heads  had 
not  given  good  satisfaction  in  this  country.  There  had  been 
difficulties  with  thrust  bearings  and  considerable  doubt  al>out 
continuous  efficiencies.  The  correctness  of  the  general  me- 
chanical principle  of  attaching  a  centrifugal  pump  directly  to 
a  high-sjjeed  motor  was  recognized.  It  was  decided,  there- 
fore, to  place  the  order  for  the  main  pumping  units  of  cen- 


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38         ELECTRICITY  AT  PENN   AND  REPUBLIC  IRON   MINES 

trifugal  design  under  specifications  to  cover  the  principal  re- 
quirements. In  brief,  these  were  for  three  units,  each  with 
an  induction  motor  for  2,200  volts,  450  h.p.,  three-phase,  al- 
ternating current,  and  a  centrifugal  pump  in  eight  stages, 
four  on  each  side  of  the  motor,  all  on  the  same  shaft,  with 
a  marine  thrust  bearing  at  each  end,  for  a  capacity  of  900 
gal.  per  minute  at  a  speed  of  1,200  rev.  per  minute,  with  suc- 
tion lift  of  20  ft.  and  discharge  head  including  friction  of 
1,275  ft.,  with  a  combined  efficiency  of  motor  and  pump  of 
63  per  cent.  Two  of  these  units  were  put  in  at  the  West 
Vulcan  C  shaft  and  one  at  the  East  Vulcan  No.  4  shaft.     A 


Figure  1    Pump  Station  at  West  Vulcan 

view  of  the  two  pumps  at  West  Vulcan  in  the  pump  station 
1,200  ft.  below  the  surface  is  shown  in  Fig.  i. 

When  the  pumps  were  started  they  fell  short  of  the  guar- 
anteed efficiency;  there  was  trouble  from  heat  in  the  thnist 
bearings  in  starting,  and  rapid  wear  of  the  protecting  sleeves 
alK)ut  the  shaft  in  the  high-pressure  stuffing  boxes.  The  prin- 
cipal changes  were  in  closing  some  holes  in  the  impellers  that 
had  been  made  with  the  expectation  that  they  w^ould  equalize 
the  thrust  movement ;  in  substituting  for  the  marine  thrust 
bearing  a  hydraulic  thnist  ring  against  which  the  pressure  of 
water  in  the  column  pipe  is  automatically  applied  by  a  slight 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  39 

thrust  movement  of  the  shaft;  in  some  alterations  to  make 
it  easier  to  change  the  wearing  sleeves  on  the  shaft;  and  in 
experimenting  with  different  kinds  of  packing.  The  result  of 
this  work  was  the  raising  of  the  efficiency  to  the  required 
standard,  the  elimination  of  all  thrust  trouble,  and  a  reduction 
of  the  wear  caused  by  the  packing  in  the  high-pressure  stuf- 
fing boxes  to  very'  moderate  proportions.  Subsequently  some 
further  improvements  were  made. 

Multi-stage  centrifugal  pumps  consist  of  impellers  at- 
tached to  the  shaft  and  stationary  diffusion  rings.  The  water 
enters  an  impeller  near  the  shaft  and  issues  with  great  ve- 
Icxity  from  its  periphery.  It  then  passes  in  a  spiral  direction 
through  the  passages  of  a  diffusion  ring  to  the  inlet  of  the 
succeeding  impeller  or  from  the  last  impeller  to  the  outlet. 
The  expanding  passageways  for  the  water  through  the  dif- 
fusion ring  convert  the  velocity  into  pressure.  The  efficiency 
of  a  centrifugal  pump  depends  principally  on  the  shape  and 
size  of  the  impellers,  the  internal  leakages,  and  the  friction  in 
the  water  passages. 

The  three  original  centrifugal  pumps  are  made  with  a 
solid  casing  and  the  impellers  and  the  diffusion  rings  are 
drawn  out  through  the  end  of  the  casing.  In  the  pumps 
installed  since  there  is  no  casing,  but  the  stationary  parts  of 
each  stage  are  held  together  by  large  through  bolts.  None 
of  the  pumps  have  casings  divided  horizontally,  which  plan 
introduces  unfavorable  joints  and  necessitates  disconnecting 
and  lifting  out  the  shaft  and  impellers.  Without  the  hori- 
zontal joint  the  diffusion  rings  and  impellers  are  very  easily 
drawn  out  endways  without  disturbing  the  shaft.  It  takes 
alx>ut  4  hr.  to  take  a  pump  of  four  stages  apart  and  put  it 
together  again. 

The  experience  of  several  years  shows  that  there  is  very 
little  wear  in  the  interior  or  on  the  periphery  of  the  impellers, 
or  in  the  water  passages  leading  from  one  impeller  to  another. 
The  principal  wear  and  the  occasion  of  greatest  loss  in  effi- 
ciency is  t^etween  the  impellers  and  the  diffusion  rings.  Orig- 
inally, the  contact  faces  were  quite  narrow,  only  %  in.  They 
have  since  been  made  i  7/16  in.  and  the  tendency  to  leak  has 
been  decreased  by  using  labyrinth  rings,  as  shown  in  Fig.  2l 

In  later  installations  the  hydraulic  thrust  ring  was  sup- 
plied wMth  oil  from  a  separate  small  motor-driven  plunger 
pump.  When  oil  was  lacking  it  was  found  that  water  an- 
swered equally  well.     The  advantage  of  having  pressure  in- 


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40         ELECTRICITY  AT  PENN  AND  REPUBLIC  IRON   MINES 

dependent  of  the  water  column  is  because  the  greatest  tend- 
ency to  thrust  is  on  starting  before  the  impellers  become  bal- 
anced, as  they  are  when  under  the  full  head,  because  at  the 
time  of  starting  the  column  pipe  may  not  supply  the  requisite 
or  perhaps  any  pressure,  and  also  because  the  independent 
puijip  gives  a  constant  quantity  at  a  variable  pressure  de- 
pending upon  the  thrust. 

The  main  stuffing  boxes  were  originally  packed  with  a 
solid  metallic  i>acking,  but,  as  that  did  not  prove  satisfactory, 


Jf/NC  ON  Impelled 


STATIONAf^Y    RtNQ 
O/V   HCADS    AND 
lNT£/in£0/ATE3 


Figure  2   Labyrinth  Rings  to  Decrease  Leakage 

soft  metallic  packing  and  several  kinds  of  special  packings 
were  tried  in  succession,  but  finally  practice  has  settled  down 
to  a  good  grade  of  square  braided  hemp  packing.  The  leak- 
age is  naturally  greatest  through  the  stuffing  lx)x  on  the  dis- 
charge end  of  the  pump,  where  there  is  the  full  pressure  of 
552  lb.  to  the  square  inch.  As  the  shaft  has  only  a  rotary 
motion,  when  the  packing  is  tightened  up  there  is  nothing  to 
distribute  the  pressure  applied  upon  the  outside  ring  of  pack- 
ing to  the  other  rings,  as  a  shaft  with  motion  lengthways 
helps  to  do,  and  consequently  the  outside  ring  is  apt  to  be 


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Lake  superior  mining  institute  41 

pressed  so  tight  that  it  wears  a  groove  in  the  shaft  or  the 
protecting  sleeve  about  the  shaft.  No  attempt  is  made  to 
lubricate  the  packing.  The  shaft  is  protected  from  this  wear 
in  the  stuffing  boxes  by  removable  sleeves.  It  takes  only  2 
hr.  to  replace  a  sleeve.  The  replacing  of  the  sleeves  has  teen 
the  greatest  source  of  delay  of  a  mechanical  nature,  but  the 
aggregate  of  the  delays  is  very  small.  At  the  East  Vulcan 
mine,  where  for  nearly  three  years  there  was  only  one  electric 
centrifugal  pump,  and  it  was  run  as  nearly  continuously  as 
I>ossible,  the  total  delays  amounted  to  only  364  hr.  in  33 
months,  or  less  than  i  J4  per  cent,  of  the  time. 

Occasionally  the  discharge  of  the  pump  has  fallen  off, 
due  to  chips  or  refuse  in  the  suction  end  of  the  pump.  This 
is  guarded  against  as  much  as  possible  by  having  duplicate 
wire  screens  in  the  suction  tank,  so  that  all' the  water  from 
the  mine  has  to  pass  through  a  screen.  The  screens  are  in 
duplicate,  so  that  there  may  always  te  one  in  place  when  the 
other  is  raised  for  cleaning.  In  these  mines  it  has  I)een  found 
that  the  test  protection  against  grit  in  the  water  is  to  te  had 
Trom  good  ditches  which  keep  the  water  in  the  drifts  below 
the  traveled  road.  The  internal  wear  of  the  water  passages 
due  to  grit  has  teen  exceedingly  small.  The  water  is  free 
from  acid  and  without  corrosive  effect.  The  internal  con- 
struction of  these  pumjjs  is  simplicity  itself,  and  their  de- 
pendability is  much  greater,  and  the  time  and  cost  of  re- 
jxiirs  much  less,  than  with  the  triple-expansion  steam  pumps 
which  the  centrifugals  displaced. 

Approximate  figures  on  the  maintenance  for  one  year  of 

four  centrifugal  pumps  as  compared  to  four  triple-expansion 

steam  pumps  doing  practically  the  same  duty  are  as  follows : 

Centrifugal.  Steam. 

Shop   labor    I    717  |    7C0 

Labor  on  pumps   G90  590 

Supplies    503  2,021 

11,910  13,371 

The  motor  of  these  pumps  have  wound  rotors  with  a  de- 
vice for  short  circuiting  the  secondary  current  and  relieving 
the  brushes  from  wear  by  lifting  them  from  the  rings.  These 
pumps  were  rated  at  900  gal.  per  minute  and  that  was  about 
the  quantity  of  water  that  they  handled  at  first.  Soon  after 
the  quantity  to  te  pumi>ed  increased  to  1,100  gal.  per  minute. 
This  was  too  much  for  one  pump  and  not  enough  for  two, 
so  that  it  was  necessary  to  start  and  stop  one  pump  frequently. 


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4^        ELECTRICITY  AT  PEKK  AND  REPUBLIC  IRON   MINES 

As  this  quantity  of  water  continued  for  some  time,  it  was 
found  that  by  increasing  the  speed  of  the  generators  at  the 
falls  from  60  to  62 J^  cycles  per  second,  the  pumps  were  each 
capable  of  handling  from  1,200  to  1.300  gal.  per  minute. 
This  overloaded  the  motors,  and  after  running  for  a  consid- 


^ __^ ^^=^=^ tt> 

•^-^=-:r:r: : . H 

: _   _      _  25 

flC  ul 


1000  UQO  1«» 

CAPACITY.  GALLONS  PER  MINUTE 
Figure  8   Efficiency  Curve  of  8-in.  EUoht-Stagb  Centrifugal  Pump 

erable  time  it  was  found  that  the  insulation  had  been  baked 
until  it  was  brittle.  This  made  trouble  when  it  became  neces- 
sary to  repair  the  windings.  A  dropping  off  in  efficiency  will 
also  overload  the  motor,  so  that  it  is  w^ell  to  have  centrifugal- 


\\^ 


'^ 

.   B 

\ 

\ 

1     1 

r 

zz^ 

u 

1 

1 

/^«  H.mk.r  */    [ 

> 

/I 

V 

r 

^*z 


Figure  4   Measuring  Tank 

pump  motors  of  a  larger  size  than  the  specified  head  and 
quantities  under  normal  conditions  call  for. 

Fig.  3  shows  an  approximate  curve  of  efficiency  based  on 
eight  tests  at  different  quantities  on  a  pump  when  in  first-class 
condition.    During  these  tests  the  unit  was  being  run  at  1,235 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINiNG  INSTITUTE  43 

rev.  per  minute  and  the  quantity  was  varied  by  manipulating 
a  valve  on  the  suction. 

In  order  to  test  the  efficiency  of  the  pumps  it  was  neces- 
sary to  measure  the  water.  At  first,  this  was  done  on  surface, 
by  means  of  both  a  tank  with  knife-edged  orifice  and  a  weir. 
Penrranent  concrete  tanks  were  later  installed  at  both  East 
Vulcan  and  West  Vulcan  so  as  to  obtain  a  continuous  record 
of  the  amount  of  water  pumped.  One  of  these  tanks  is  shown 
in  Fig.  4.  There  is  a  division  wall  in  it  which  is  pierced 
with  a  great  many  2-in  holes.  The  water  from  the  mine 
flows  into  the  back  i>art  of  the  tank  and  through  the  holes  in 
the  division  wall  into  the  front  part  of  the  tank.  This  breaks 
up  the  flow  of  water  and  prevents  "velocity  of  approach''  to 
the  orifice.  In  the  front  wall  of  the  tank  there  is  a  plate  of 
steel  with  a  circular  knife-edge  opening  of  exact  size. 

The  quantity  of  water  that  flows  through  the  orifice  de- 
pends on  the  head  above  the  center  of  the  orifice.  The  head 
is  recorded  on  a  recording  water-level  guage  and  tables  for 
each  orifice  show  the  gallons  per  minute  corresponding  to 
each  tenth  of  a  foot  of  head.  One  of  the  charts  is  shown  in 
Fig.  5.  This  chart  was  used  in  connection  with  an  orifice 
having  a  diameter  of  7  in.  and  shows  an  average  for  the 
week  of  about  894  gal.  per  minute.  When  the  pumping  is 
irregular  the  average  is  ascertained  by  the  use  of  a  plani- 
meter  for  circular  charts.  On  this  chart  it  can  be  seen  that 
the  pumps  were  stopped  for  a  few  minutes  three  times  during 
the  week.  The  charts  are  changed  Sundays  at  noon.  Orifices 
of  different  sizes  are  used  when  the  quantity  of  water  changes, 
so  as  to  keep  the  water  at  somewhere  between  2  and  4  ft.  above 
the  center.  With  these  permanent  measuring  tanks  and  suit- 
able electrical  instruments  a  test  of  efficiency  becomes  a  very 
simple  matter. 

At  the  Brier  Hill  shaft,  where  there  are  only  from  30  to 
40  gal.  per  minute,  and  a  depth  of  900  ft.,  there  is  a  motor- 
driven  reciprocating,  horizontal,  plunger  pump,  of  125  gal. 
per  minute  capacity,  which  on  Sundays  and  holidays  may  be 
operated  from  the  hoist  house  on  surface,  the  high-  and  low- 
water  mark  in  the  sump  being  provided  with  an  electric  sig- 
nalling device  to  the  hoist  house. 

At  the  Republic  mine,  for  pumping  from  a  depth  of  1,150 
ft.  a  motor-driven  triplex  plunger  pump  of  95  gal.  per  minute 
and  a  motor-driven  horizontal  duplex  plunger  pump  of  125 
gal.  per  minute  are  used,  but  at  that  point  the  maximum  wa- 


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44 


ELECTRICITY  AT   PENN   AND  REPUBLIC  IRON   MINES 


ter  is  only  150  gal.  per  minute,  with  an  average  of  about  50 
gallons.  At  other  points  where  the  quantities  are  moderate 
and  intermittent  operation  is  not  objectionable,  motor-driven 
plunger  pumi>s  are  used. 

In  the  smaller  sizes  centrifugal  pumps  are  inefficient,  but 
the  efficiency  increases  with  the  size.     Pumps  of  600  to  1,200 


Figure  5    Chart  From  Recording  Water-Level  Gauge 

gal.  a  minute  can  be  easily  maintained  at  an  efficiency  of  55 
to  65  per  cent,  measured  from  the  ix)vver  delivered  to  the 
motors  to  the  water  at  the  top  of  the  shaft,  while  pumps  of 
larger  capacity  will  undoubtedly  give  higher  efficiencies. 

One  of  the  great  advantages  of  centrifugal  pumps  is  that 
the  quantity  of  w^ater  can  be  regulated  within  comparatively 
wide  limits  by  simply  opening  and  closing  a  valve  on  either 
the  suction  or  the  discharge  pipe,  preferably  the  former,  with 
but  slight  variation  in  the  efficiency.     A  reciprocating  pump 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  45 

driven  by  an  induction  motor,  on  the  other  hand,  must  run 
at  a  constant  speed.  Mechanical  devices  to  change  the  speed 
of  the  pump  or  the  quantity  of  water  per  stroke  are  neces- 
sarily complicated.  The  common  practice  for  decreasing  the 
quantity  is  to  use  a  by-pass  on  the  discharge  column,  allowing 
a-  portion  of  the  water  to  return  to  the  sump.  This  of  course 
is  directly  at  the  expense  of  efficiency.  Intermittent  pump- 
ing" necessitates  adeciuate  sump  capacity.  It  may  be  generally 
sai<l  that  a  reciprocating  pump  driven  by  an  induction  motor 
is  especially  suited  to  pump  a  certain  amount  of  water  against 
a  head  that  may  be  varied  at  pleasure,  while  with  a  centrifugal 
pump  the  quantity  of  water  can  be  regulated  but  the  head 
cannot  l)e  materially  changed  without  structural  changes.  To 
effect  the  latter  end  a  centrifugal  pump  should  be  designed 
for  changing  either  the  number  or  the  diameter  of  the  im- 
I>elleri',.  High-pressure  centrifugal  pumps  are  usually  de- 
signed for  a  head  of  lOO  to  150  ft.  for  each  stage  or  im- 
peller. The  speed  must  be  approximately  1,200  or  1,800  rev. 
jxrr  minute  with  a  six-  or  four-pole  motor  and  a  6o-cycle  al- 
ternating current.  With  a  25-cycle  current  the  si>ee(l  would 
not  Ix?  sufficient,  except  with  a  two^pole  motor. 

Electric  Hoists. 

Before  the  introduction  of  electricity,  hoisting  at  the  Penn 
mines  was  done  at  five  shafts  with  steam  hoists  of  the  follow- 
ing tyi^es : 

Shaft  No.  of  Drums    ^'"^{j^^    Geared  ^  Drums**' 

EaGt  Vulcan  No.  4 2  10  Yes  Tandem 

East  Vulcan  No.  3 2  5  Yes  On  same  shaCt 

West   Vulcan  C 2  12  Yes  Tandem 

West   Vulcan   C 2  12  No  On  same  shaft 

Curry    No.   1 2  6  Yes  On  same  shaft 

Norway    No.    10 2  5  Yes  On  same  shaft 

The  principal  hoisting  was  at  East  Vulcan  No.  4  and  West 
Vulcan  C  shafts.  The  geared  plants  at  these  two  points  were 
altered  so  as  to  permit  their  being  driven  by  motors.  This 
was  done  by  extending  the  pinion  shaft  on  the  side  opposite 
to  the  steam  engine  and  putting  on  the  extended  shaft  a  large 
rope  wheel,  which  was  driven  by  an  American  system  rope 
drive  from  a  small  rope  wheel  on  the  shaft  of  the  motor.  On 
the  other  side  the  connecting  rod  of  the  steam  engine  was  dis- 
connected. This  arrangement  is  illustrated  in  Fig.  6.  The 
method  of  operating  is  to  start  the  motor,  roi>e  wheels,  gear 
wheels,  and  drum  shafts  and  when  these  are  up  to  speed 


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46        ELECTRICITY  AT  PENN   AND  I^EPUBLIC  IRON   MINES 

gradually  to  apply  the  clutch  of  the  drum,  thus  starting-  the 
skip  or  cage  and  quickly  accelerating  it.  This  had  always 
been  the  practice  in  starting  with  steam  except  that  with  the 
rope  wheels  and  motor  the  fly  wheel  effect  is  greater. 

At  the  same  time  the  East  Vulcan  No.  3  hoist,  which  was 
used  very  intermittently  and  principally  for  depths  of  only 
250  ft.,  was  run  by  compressed  air  generated  by  a  motor- 

73 

r 


Figure  6   Tandem  Drums  Driven  by  Either  Engine  or  Motor 

driven  compressor.  As  the  work  of  this  hoist  has  increased 
a  motor  and  l^elt  have  been  substituted  for  the  engine,  as 
shown  in  Fig.  7.  The  same  change  was  made  with  the  Nor- 
way hoist.  The  first-motion  steam  hoist  at  West  Vulcan  has 
l)een  dispensed  with.  The  Curry  hoist  was  formerly  nni  by 
steam  from  the  saw  mill.  This  hoist  was  too  small  for  the 
work  and  has  l^een  replaced  by  a  new  electrically  driven  plant. 
A  new  hoist  has  also  been  supplied  for  the  circular  concrete- 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE 


47 


lined  shaft  at  Brier  Hill.  These  last  two  hoists  will  be  de- 
scribed more  in  detail. 

The  motors  of  the  four  principal  hoists  are  all  of  standard 
design.  They  are  three-phase,  Go-cycle,  2,200-volt  induction 
motors  with  wound  rotors  and  external  resistance  for  starting. 

Experience  shows  that  the  motors  at  West  Vulcan,  Curry, 


FiGURB  7   Parallel  Drums  Driven  by  Either  Engine  or  Motor 

and  Brier  Hill  are  much  larger  than  is  required.     A 
of  200  h.p.  would  be  sufficient  for  the  requirements 
of  the  above  shafts. 


East  Vulcan  No.  4 220 

West  Vulcan 350 

Curry    350 

Brier  Hill    450 


43  0 

360 
360 
360 
300 


h 

OQ 

6,700 

6,000 

12.000 

12,000 


lis 

1,557 

1.546 

1,410 

989 


motor 
of  any 


"^90 
588 
600 
600 


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48         ELECTRICITY  AT  PENN  AND  REPUBLIC  IRON   lalNES 

The  first  hoist  at  these  mines  constructed  solely  for  electric 
hoisting  was  installed  at  the  Brier  Hill  shaft.  This  hoist  has 
two  drums  with  shells  of  steel  plate  12  ft.  in  diameter  by  5 
ft.  9  in.  face,  and  2  cast-iron  conical  drums,  of  which  the 
small  diameter  is  4  ft.  6  in.  and  the  large  diameter  17  feet. 
These  drums,  Fig.  8,  are  keyed  on  two  i>arallel  shafts,  a 
cylindrical  and  a  conical  drum  on  each  shaft.  Each  cylin- 
drical dnmi  is  driven  by  a  Lane  friction  clutch  from  a  cut 
spur  gear  having  144  teeth,  4-in.  circular  pitch  and  12-in. 
face.  The  pinion  has  46  teeth,  giving  a  gear  ratio  of  3.13  to 
I.     On  the  pinion  shaft  is  a  rope  wheel  21  ft.  6  in.  in  diam- 


FiGURE  8    Hoist  at  Brier  Hill  Shaft 

eter.  having  24  grooves  for  ij4  i^'i-  nianila  rope.  The  pulley 
on  the  motor  is  48  in.  in  diameter.  The  friction  clutches  and 
band  brakes  are  operated  by  compressed-air  cylinders  each 
having  an  oil  cylinder  to  prevent  jumping  and  to  hold  it  at 
any  ix)int.  Safety  devices  on  this  hoist  fulfill  the  same  con- 
ditions as  those  on  the  Curry  hoist,  but  are  more  complicated 
and  will  not  be  descriljed  in  detail  here. 

Before  putting  in  this  plant  it  was  thought  that  a  hand- 
oi>erated  controller  for  so  large  a  motor  as  450  h.p.  would  l)e 
hard  to  handle,  so  an  automatic  controller  operated  by  alter- 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE 


49 


nating-current  solenoids  with  a  master  controller  was  in- 
stalled. This  controller  required  frequent  attention  and  was 
very  noisy.  It  has  been  replaced  with  a  water  rheostat,  which 
after  some  experimenting  was  built  as  shown  in  Fig.  9.  The 
tank  is  of  concrete,  open  on  top  and  nearly  full  of  a  weak 
solution  of  carbonate  of  soda.  A  timber  crosshead  is  sus- 
pended above  the  tank  and  to  the  under  side  of  it  four  iron 
plates  are  attached.  The  plates  are  connected  to  the  three 
secondary  leads  from  the  motor  as  indicated  in  the  drawing. 
The  crosshead  and  plates  are  raised  and  lowered  by  a  rope 


(^^^ 


Figure  9    Water  Rheostat  Controller  for  500-h.p.  Induction  Motor  Hoist  Service 

which  leads  from  an  air  cylinder  in  the  hoist  house.  The 
plates  are  trapezoids  in  shai)e  with  the  shortest  side  down 
and  they  are  set  at  angles  to  each  other  so  that  the  lowest 
parts  are  the  greatest  distance  apart.  As  the  plates  descend 
into  the  water  the  areas  increase  rapidly  and  the  jxirts  at  the 
surface  of  the  water  are  closer  together,  so  that  the  electrical 
resistance  is  reduced.  The  setting  of  the  plane  of  the  plates 
at  an  angle  with  the  perpendicular  also  stirs  up  the  solution  to 
some  extent.  Between  each  pair  of  plates  are  smaller  plates 
much  closer  together,  electrically  connected  to  the  large  plates, 
and  at  such  a  height  that  they  enter  the  water  just  as  the 
large  plates  become  completely  submerged.     By  adjusting  the 


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50         ELECTRICITY  AT  PENN   AND  REPUBLIC  IRON   MINES 

distance  between  these  small  plates  the  amount  of  slip  of  the 
motor  when  pulling  full  load  at  full  speed  can  be  varied. 

The  mechanism  for  regulating  the  speed  with  which  the 
plates  are  lowered  into  the  water,  for  raising  the  plates  out 
of  the  water,  and  for  operating  the  primary  switch  is  shown 
in  Fig.  lo.  A  four-way  valve  having  only  two  positions,  "on" 
and  "off,"  is  handled  by  the  operator.  In  the  "on"  position 
air  is  admitted  to  a  small  cylinder  which  closes  the  primary 
switch,  and  the  pipe  leading  to  the  air  cylinder  is  opened  to 
exhaust.  The  weight  of  the  crosshead  and  plates  causes  them 
to  sink  into  the  water  at  a  speed  determined  by  the  amount  of 
opening  of  the  by-pass  valve  on  the  oil  cylinder.     When  the 


Operators  //a/7d/e. 


(J 


nir  operated 
prt/rtary  Qytitch 


Air  suf>f»ly. 

4f  WAy  (Lir  y/aln. 

—  CnhAUst 


yBy-^uss  vajf6. 


T^ 


To  c/vsshud 
CArr/fftf  ff/Atts. 


Jlir  cy/iader.        dil  rttej-dify  Cflindtr, 


Unchor 


Figure  10   Operating  Mechanism  for  Water  Rheostat 

hoist  is  nearly  completed  the  operator  throws  the  handle  to 
the  "off"  ix>sition.  This  allows  the  air  in  the  primary  switch 
cylinder  to  ex'haust,  thereby  opening  the  switch,  and  at  the 
same  time  admits  air  into  the  air  cylinder,  thus  raising  the 
plates  nearly  out  of  the  water. 

Fig.  1 1  shows  the  starting  curv^e  with  this  water  rheostat. 
Fig.  12  shows  the  corresix>nding  curve  with  the  automatic 
controller  previously  used.  On  comparing  these  it  will  be 
seen  that  acceleration  was  accomplished  with  the  water  rheo- 
stat in  20  sec,  while  it  took  40  sec.  with  the  automatic  con- 
troller, and  the  power  drawn  from  the  line  was  much  more 
uniform  with  the  former.     The  curve  in  Fig.  ii  also  shows 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  5 1 

the  practically  perfect  counterbalancing  of  the  skip  and  the 
unbalanced  load  of  the  cage. 

The  Curry  hoist,  shown  in  Fig.  13,  was  designed  and 
built  by  the  Penn  Iron  Mining  Company.  It  has  been  in 
service  since  March,  191 2.  It  has  two  cast-iron  drums  12 
ft.  in  diameter  by  6  ft.  face  on  the  same  shaft,  each  drum 
having  a  band  brake  10  in.  wide,  12  ft.  in  diameter,  and 
driven  independently  by  a  Lane  friction  clutch  12  in.  wide, 
which  grips  a  friction  ring  10  ft.  4  in.  in  diameter. 


Figure  U    Starting  Curve  With  Water  Rheostat 


Figure  12   Starting  Curve  With  Automatic  ControlleIi 

The  main  shaft  is  driven  by  a  Falk  cut  helical  gear  having 
i8i  teeth,  lY^-'m.  circular  pitch,  and  an  i8-in.  face.  The 
pinion  meshing  with  this  gear  has  19  teeth,  giving  a  gear 
ratio  of  9.52  to  i.  On  the  pinion  shafts  is  a  rope  wheel  9 
ft.  10  in.  in  diameter  having  24  V-grooves  for  134 -in-  manila 
rope.  The  rim  of  this  rope  wheel  is  3/^ -in.  thick,  to  give  it 
the  proi)er  amount  of  inertia.  This  vo\i^  wheel  is  driven  from 
the  350-h.p.  motor  by  a  rope  pulley  50  in.  in  diameter. 


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52         ELECTRICITY  AT  PENN  AND  REPUBLIC  IRON   MINES 

The  friction  clutches  and  band  brakes  are  power  operated. 
In  the  basement  is  a  small  motor-driven  triplex  pump  which 
takes  oil  from  a  suction  tank  and  pumps  it  into  a  pressure 
tank.  When  all  the  oil  in  the  system  is  in  the  pressure  tank 
it  is  only  one-third  full  of  oil,  two-thirds  of  the  volume  be- 
ing compressed  air  at  80  lb.  gauge  pressure.  As  fast  as  oil 
is  used  and  exhausted  into  the  suction  tank  the  pump  puts  it 
back  into  the  pressure  tank.  When  there  is  no  oil  in  the 
suction  tank  the  pump  draws  air,  w^hich  is  compressed  and 
delivered  into  the  pressure  tank.    A  small  safety  valve  allows 


Figure  13    Hoist  at  Curry  Shaft 

the  escape  of  any  excess  air.  The  brake  is  released  by  an  oil 
cylinder  and  set  by  a  weight,  oil  being  admitted  or  exhausted 
by  a  three-way  valve.  The  hand  lever  operating  this  valve 
is  connected  differentially  to  the  brake  lever  so  that  the 
l>rake  follows  the  operator's  hand.  The  clutch  is  engaged  by 
oil  cylinder  and  released  by  a  weight  in  the  same  manner. 
The  use  of  oil  under  pressure  instead  of  compressed  air  or 
steam  insures  smooth  action  of  the  clutch  and  brake,  mak- 
ing sudden  starting  or  stopping  almost  impossible,  while  the 
use  of  weights  to  release  the  clutch  and  set  the  brakes  insures 
a  reliable  source  of  ix>wer  for  stopping. 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE 


53 


The  safety  device  stops  the  drum  under  any  one  of  four 
conditions,  viz:  Lowering  too  rapidly;  overwinding;  at  a 
point  90  ft.  above  the  bottom  when  lowering;  and  at  a  point 
50  ft.  below  the  surface  when  coming  up.  The  two  latter 
stoi>s  are  under  the  control  of  the  brak«nan,  so  that  if  he 
is  aware  of  the  position  of  the  cage  or  skip  he  can  disconnect 
either  of  these  two  devices.  Referring  to  Fig.  14,  the  levers 
which  operate  the  valves  of  the  clutch  and  brake  cylinders 
are  shown,  one  in  the  "nmning"  position  and  one  in  the 
"stop"  position.  A  solenoid  is  arranged  to  release  a  weight 
which  puts  both  clutch  and  brake  levers  into  the  **stop"  po- 


Oftr-mnA  G»iiiuit. 


Screw  DrhfinlyUrvm 


ThMclinf  Nut  wit/f  Tcetfy 


f^ibrc  Bfoeh  Gurryinf  dontict  Ylheet 
Set  for  soft  U/ow  SurlACt.  SttforfO  k  a/fore  Bottom. 


$tq^  /^itiofr. 


T^vnninf  ^pMittoo 


5^  5o/enoJd  for  T^efsAsinf  Yfci^ht 


TkU  Hm'sS^S: 


FiQURE  14   Safety  Device  on  Hoists 

sition.  It  remains  then  to  have  a  contact  made  that  will  send 
a  current  through  the  solenoid  when  it  is  desired  to  stoj)  the 
drimi.  The  contact  for  stopping  when  lowering  too  rapidly, 
the  condition  first  mentioned,  is  made  by  a  simple  fly  ball  gov- 
ernor, shown  in  Fig.  15.  The  other  three  conditions  are  con- 
trolled by  means  of  the  device  shown  in  Fig.  14.  A  screw, 
driven  by  the  drum,  carries  a  nut  with  teeth  which  strike 
a  pawl  on  the  contact  wheel,  tuming  the  wheel  slightly  and 
thus  making  a  contact.  By  slightly  turning  the  shaft  which 
carries  the  contact  wheels,  the  pawds  are  lifted  and  the  nut 
travels  under  without  tuming  the  wheel.     The  shaft  may  be 


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54         ELECTRICITY  AT  PENN  AND  REPUBLIC  IRON  MINES 

turned  by  pressing  on  the  "dead  man's  button."  The  contact 
for  the  overwind  needs  no  description.  Fig.  15  gives  a  gen- 
eral view  of  this  safety  device.  This  device  has  been  tried 
many  times  and  all  of  the  four  conditions  have  always  been 
met. 

The  ore  formations  at  Vulcan  are  inclined  at  varying 
angles  from  45  to  90  degrees  from  the  horizontal,  but  all 
the  shafts  are  vertical  with  the  exception  of  the  lower  part  of 


Figure  15    Fly-Ball  Governor  for  Speed  Control 

East  Vulcan  No.  4.  The  orebodies  are  very  irregular  in 
shape  and  may  be  considered  ore  shoots  rather  than  lenses. 
The  quantities  on  different  levels  vary  greatly.  For  this  rea- 
son hoisting  with  indei^endent  drums  rather  than  with  drums 
in  balance  presents  advantages.  A  single  drum  at  any  of  the 
shafts  will  carry  all  the  ore  required  and  work  more  or  less 
intemiittently.  This  economizes  shaft  space,  and  with  a  plant 
of  two  dnims  one  can  be  us^d  for  a  skip  and  the  other  for 
a  cage. 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE 


55 


In  the  important  installations  the  weight  of  the  skips, 
and  when  heavy  the  weight  of  the  cage,  is  counterbalanced 
by  a  weight  in  the  shaft.  The  road  for  the  counterbalance 
requires  very  little  space  in  the  shaft,  as  the  counterbalance  is 
made  fairly  long  and  small  in  the  other  directions.  In  one 
case  an  old  Cornish  pump  plunger  i6  in.  in  diameter  and  lo 
ft.  long  partly  filled  with  scrap  has  been  used. 

At  East  Vulcan  No.  4  and  Curry,  in  order  to  balance  and 
equalize  the  weight  of  the  ropes,  the  counterbalance  roi^e, 
after  leaving  the  hoisting  drum,  passes  outside  of  the  hoisting 
house  to  one  of  two  connected  conical  drums  toward  its  smaller 


FiouKE  16   Arramgement  op  Curry  Hoist  and  Balance  Drums 

diameter,  while  from  the  larger  diameter  of  the  other  drum 
another  rope  leads  to  the  shaft  and  carries  the  counterweight, 
as  show^n  in  Fig.  16.  The  uniformity  of  the  balancing  through- 
out the  travel  of  the  skip  in  the  Curry  hoist  is  shown  in  Fig. 
17.  In  the  Brier  Hill  plant,  instead  of  the  pair  of  conical 
drums  outside  the  hoisting  house  there  is  a  conical  drum  on 
the  shaft  with  each  of  the  main  hoisting  drums  and  the  count- 
erbalance rope  leads  from  the  smaller  end  of  the  conical  dnmi 
(see  Figs.  8  and  18.)  This  arrangement  is  possible  only 
when  the  hoisting  drums  are  set  tandem  to  each  other.     The 


Digitized  byVjOOQlC 


56        ELECTRICITY  AT  PENN   AND  REPUBLIC  IRON   MINES 


Strains  on  the  counterbalance  drum  are  so  much  less  than  on 
the  hoisting  drum  that  it  can  be  very  much  lighter  and  there 
are  fewer  difficulties  in  its  structural  features  than  where  con- 
ical drums  are  used  for  hoisting.     The  counterbalancing  of 


14^100 

lt.000 

,^ 

- 

--^ 

< 

-We 

gilt 

OfflUp^Qd^lM 

o 

^ 

-^ 

"^ 

>- 

:Pu 

lof 

iBaljnAA 

2iAMM 

" 

2 

-< 

■^ 

-- 

■--. 

. 

^ 

8,000 

"^ 

.^ 

6LD0O 

S.000ft. 


usooft 


IgOOOft 


won. 


fiotlom  T^ 

FiQuitE  17   Curves  Showing  Variation  in  Balance  With  Curry  Balance  Drums. 
1V4-IN.  Hoisting  Rope,  4,900  lb.;  Skip  Weighs  7,600  lb.;  Weight  of  Countbrbalamcb 


Figure  18   Arrangement  of  Brier  Hill  Balance  Drums 

the  ropes  by  means  of  a  single  conical  drum  necessitates  the 
use  of  a  drum  with  a  wide  difference  between  its  end  diam- 
eters, a  diffo'ence  which  in  some  cases  is  almost  impractic- 


Digitized  byVjOOQlC 


LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  57 

able,  and  in  any  case  requires  deep  grooving.  Such  a  drum 
is  more  expensive  both  for  itself  and  for  the  inclosing  build- 
ing than  the  pairs  of  drums  used  on  the  other  plants  and  is 
heavier,  thereby  increasing  the  inertia. 

In  order  to  equalize  the  weight  of  the  ropes  in  every  part 
of  the  shaft  as  nearly  as  possible  the  angle  of  the  cones  must 
be  carefully  designed.  To  obtain  absolute  equalization  would 
require  a  cone  of  which  the  outlines  of  a  longitudinal  section 
would  be  curved  rather  than  straight,  but  the  difference  in 
counterbalancing  effect  in  different  parts  of  the  shaft  can 
usually  be  kept  within  lOO  or  200  lbs.  with  straight  cones. 

In  thus  counterbalancing  the  dead  weights  some  allowance 
must  be  made  so  that  the  descending  skip  will  overhaul  the 
drums.  This  requires  g^erally  an  unbalanced  load  of  not 
exceeding  800  lbs.  The  excess  of  weight  of  the  empty  skip 
or  cage  should  only  be  such  as  to  take  it  down  with  little  or 
no  application  of  the  brake  for  the  greater  part  of.  its  travel. 
In  a  shaft  2,000  ft.  deep,  where  the  weight  of  ore  hoisted  is 
12,000  lb.,  the  weight  of  the  skip  7,400  lb.,  and  the  rope 
4,900  lb.,  or  a  total  dead  weight  of  12,300  lb.,  the  loss,  ne- 
glecting friction,  would  be  50.6  per  cent.  When  the  dead 
weights  are  coimterbalanced  to  within  800  lb.  the  loss  is  only 
6.6  per  cent. 

in  this  method  of  counterbalancing  the  conical  drums  have 
l^een  designed  so  that  the  total  travel  of  the  counterbalance 
will  be  so  much  less  than  that  of  the  skip  or  cage  that  the 
counterweights  will  never  come  to  the  surface  when  the  skip 
or  cage  is  at  the  bottom  of  the  shaft.  This  has  been  done 
to  avoid  the  freezing  of  the  counterweight  to  its  guides  in 
severe  winter  w.eather. 

For  a  counterbalance  recently  designed  for  one  of  the  Re- 
public shafts,  in  place  of  the  two  conical  drums  there  are  a 
nearly  cylindrical  drum  and  a  reel  for  a  flat  rope  which  car- 
ries the  counterweight.  This  method  of  counterbalancing  can 
be  used  for  a  depth  of  at  least  3,000  ft.  in  a  vertical  shaft 
with  a  load  of  ore  of  12,000  lb.,  as  illustrated  in  Fig.  19.  In 
Fig.  20  is  shown  the  uniformity  of  the  l>alancing. 

When  a  skip  is  in  the  dump  a  part  of  its  weight  rests  on 
the  members  of  the  headframe  and  it  is  necessary  to  make 
some  compensation  so  as  to  maintain  the  equalizing  of  the 
weights  at  that  point  as  well  as  at  other  points  in  the  travel. 
This  has  been  accomplished  in  several  ways.  One  way  was 
to  have  the  counterweight  made  in  parts,  the  upper  part  of 


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58 


ELECTRICITY  AT  PENN  AND  REPUBLIC  IRON   MINES 


larger  cross  section  than  the  lower  part,  so  that  when  the  skip 
was  entering  the  dump  the  larger  part  of  the  counterweight 
near  the  bottom  of  the  shaft  would  be  caught  on  stationarj*^ 
projections  from  the  shaft  timbers  and  held  there,  to  be  caught 


] 

PlOURBlO    IfSTBOD 

ia.n» 

^ 

•V, 

V 

^ 

Nfc, 

ii,non 

> 

*^ 

-W€ 

Ighl 

Of^ 

kip 

iDd 

Sop 

i 

. 

l%fM» 

•^ 

^ 

^ 

>? 

Pul 

iof 

IfllA 

100 

«A  ICflOfl 

^ 

:^ 

"^ 

Z 

■^ 

^*s, 

POU 

"" 

^ 

V, 

^ 

"^ 

v^ 

8,000 

"^ 

■^ 

"^ 

^ 

V, 

'^ 

&00O 

^ 

8,000  fb 

or 
Bottom 


1^100  ft 


Figure  20  Curves  Showing  Variation  in  Balancb  With  Wheel  and  Drum.  IH-in. 
Hoisting  Rope.  9.000  lb.;  %  by  2H-in.  Flat  Balance  Rope.  6*100  lb.;  Weight  of  Sup 
7,600  LB.:  Weight  op  Balance,  8,400  lb.;  Load  Raised  (Orb),  12.000  lb. 


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LAKE  SUPEKIOk  MINING  iNStlTtltE! 


50 


up  again  when  the  skip  came  out  of  the  dump.  Even  with 
slowly  traveling  ropes  this  put  on  a  sudden  strain  which  was 
not  desirable.  Another  method  that  has  been  used  is  to  curve 
the  counterweight  road  at  the  bottom  so  that  the  vertical 
component  of  the  weight  decreases  similarly  to  that  of  the 
skip  when  it  goes  into  the  dump.  This  answers  the  purposes 
excellently,  but  the  curved  road  requires  additional  rock  ex- 
cavation in  the  mine  and  is  expensive  to  build  and  maintain. 

funnel  open  on  one 
side  J  cr  o/>en  on  ^ot^ 

sides  ^ith  sw/n^lrjf 
iuiffje  fi/aU  )n  center- 


tfighest  "Position. 


m 


^5t 


/\s  skip  begios 

to  clump, sheath 

OP  skip  strike* 
rop^. 


D 

Figure  21    "Take  On"  Balance 

Also,  when  new  levels  are  sunk  the  location  of  the  curve 
must  be  changed.  No  attempt  has  been  made  to  make  this 
equalization  by  change  in  diameters  on  the  conical  drums,  for 
like  reason.  The  method  which  has  proved  to  meet  the  con- 
ditions most  satisfactorily  is  to  have  the  frame  of  the  skip 
pick  up  a  weight  as  the  box  goes  into  the  dump.  In  order 
to  take  the  weight  gradually  and  without  jar,  an  idler  wheel 


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6o        ELECTklCItY  AT  PEKN  AND  kEPUBLiC  IKON   MINES 

36  in.  in  diameter  attached  to  the  top  of  the  bail  of  the  skip 
engages  a  rope  which  lies  across  the  skip  compartment  just 
as  the  box  of  the  skip  starts  into  the  dump.  One  end  of  the 
rope  is  fixed,  the  other  end  passes  over  a  vertical  wheel  and 
has  a  weight  attached  to  it.  The  weight  does  not  hang  over 
the  shaft  and  a  fence  prevents  any  one  from  getting  under  it. 
Without  this  "take-on"  balance  or  a  similar  device  it  would 
not  be  possible  to  have  the  counterweight  in  the  shaft  as  heavy 
as  it  might  otherwise  be  by  several  hundred  pounds.  (See 
Fig.  21.) 

The  use  of  a  counterweight  with  independent  skips  and 
cages  not  only  reduces  the  total  work  but  makes  the  work 
after  the  moving  parts  are  up  to  speed  equal  throughout  the 
whole  of  the  travel.  In  hoisting  with  skips  in  balance,  un- 
less there  is  a  tail  rope  the  weight  of  one  of  the  ropes  is  addetl 
to  the  required  starting  torque,  gradually  decreases,  is  bal- 
anced half  way  up  and  thereafter  increases  negatively. 

In  the  system  of  hoisting  described  the  extra  power  re- 
quired to  start  the  skip  or  cage  and  accelerate  it  is  provided 
for  in  the  fly-wheel  action  of  the  revolving  parts,  especially 
in  the  larger  rope  wheel.  The  design  is  based  on  the  re- 
quirement that  the  energy  stored  is  sufficient  to  accelerate 
the  load  without  reducing  the  speed  below  the  slip  si:)eed  of 
the  motor.  In  this  method  no  resistance  is  required  to  reduce 
the  speed,  as  in  the  Ilgner  system,  and  that  loss  is  eliminated. 
The  drums  are  controlled  mechanically  by  means  of  a  clutch 
and  a  brake  in  the  same  way  that  has  been  in  general  practice 
for  years  with  steam  plants  of  like  design.  If  built  with  am- 
ple surfaces  the  clutches  and  brakes  are  effective  and  require 
very  little  attention.  The  Brier  Hill  hoist  was  started  in 
April.  1 910,  and  has  run  three  years  and  seven  months,  hoist- 
ing during  that  time  500,000  tons  of  ore.  The  original  fric- 
tions are  still  in  service.  The  Curry  hoist  has  run  20  months 
and  hoisted  150,000  tons  without  requiring  a  replacement  of 
the  frictions.  When  the  counterweights  are  used  the  brakes 
also  retjuire  very  little  attention.  The  control  of  a  drum  by 
means  of  a  mechanical  clutch  and  brake  is  as  simple  and  exact 
as  can  be  desired. 

This  system  has  the  same  advantage  as  the  Ilgner  system 
in  the  fly-wheel  action  to  prevent  any  j^eak  load  in  starting 
the  drum,  but  the  fly-wheel  effect  is  limited  to  what  is  suffi- 
cient for  that  purpose  and  is  not  intended  to  provide  power  to 
hoist  much  after  the  power  is  shut  off.     As  hoisting  at  these 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE 


6l 


mines  is  generally  intermittent  the  practice  is  to  start  up  the 
motor  when  the  signal  to  hoist  comes  in.  It  takes  about  20 
sec.  to  get  it  up  to  speed.  Before  the  skip  or  cage  reaches 
the  top  the  current  is  cut  off  and  the  travel  is  completed  by 
means  of  the  momentum  of  the  moving  parts.  The  motor  is 
then  idle  until  there  is  another  call  to  hoist.  When  hoisting 
is  irregular  the  saving  over  the  Ilgner  system  by  not  having 
to  keep  a  heavy  fly-wheel  in  motion  is  considerable.  There  is 
also  a  considerable  saving  in  the  mechanical  control  over  the 
Ilgner  control  by  the  omission  of  the  direct-current  generator 
and  motor.  There  is  some  loss,  however,  in  the  mechanical 
appliances. of  a  clutch  and  brake,  but  these  probably  do  not 
ccjual  the  rheostat  losses  of  the  other  system.  It  must  l)e  ad- 
mitted that  no  power  can  be  derived  from  lowering  timl)er, 
men,  tools  and  other  weights,  as  in  the  case  of  the  Ilgner 
system  or  with  a  compressed-air  system  such  as  has  l)een 
recently  installed  at  Butte  and  described  in  B.  V.  Nordl^erg's 
paper  entitled  The  Compressed-Air  System  of  the  Anaconda 
Copi>er  Company.^  No  continued  record  at  the  Penn  mines 
is  available  for  these  lowered  weights,  but  a  careful  record  for 
a  week  at  one  shaft,  at  which  the  greatest  amount  of  timl)er 
is  lowered,  shows  that  the  lowered  weights  are  5.67  i>er  cent, 
of  the  weights  hoisted.  Only  a  small  fraction  of  this  loss 
could  be  recovered  by  either  the  Ilgner  System  or  the  com- 
pressed-air system  at  Butte.  The  total  weight  l>were»l  at 
Brier  Hill  in  a  week  is  less  than  250  tons,  a  distance  of  750 
ft.,  and  the  power  wasted  costs  only  47c  to  generate. 

The  following  figures  show  the  results  of  tests  of  hoisting 
at  the  Brier  Hill  and  Curr}-^  shafts.  By  "live  ton-feet''  is  meant 
the  live  load  of  ore  in  tons  multiplied  by  the  number  of  feet 
hoisted  vertically. 

Results  of  Test  on  Brier  Hill  Electric  Hoist. 


Date  Nov. 

Kilowatt 

. No. 

of  Tons 

HoiBted 

From 

Live  Ton- 

Kilowatt- 

1911 

houra 

6th 

6th 

8th 

9th 

feet 

hours  per 

Level 

Level 

Level 

Level 

Live  Ton-foot 

G 

5G3 

6 

24 

195 

228 

371,424 

0.001515 

7 

578 

3 

33 

183 

249 

384,579 

0.001505 

8 

558 

3 

30 

180 

240 

372,480 

0.001497 

9 

597 

9 

36 

1G8 

270 

390,162 

0  001507 

10 

015 

6 

30 

183 

279 

410,853 

0.001490 

11 

287 

0 

12 

75 

141 

190,071 

0.001510 

Total         3,198  2,126,169  0.001504 

From  the  5th  level  to  the  dump  is  480  ft.;  0th  level,  592  ft.;  8th 
level,  780  ft.;  9th  level,  887  ft.  Load,  two  cars  or  12,000  lb.  of  ore. 
Hoisting  speed,  GOO  ft.  per  minute. 


8    Bull.  No.  81.  Sept,  1913.  p.  2225.  A.  I.  M.   E. 


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62        ELECTRICITY  AT  PENN  AND  REPUBLIC  IRON   MINES 

It  takes  at  the  rate  of  2.256  kw.-hr.  to  hoist  i  ton  of  ore 
1,500  ft.  and  the  cost  of  power  for  this  work  is  0.764c. 

Results  of  Test  on  Curry  Electric  Hoist. 


Data  June 

Kilowatt 

—No.  of  Tons  Prom— ^ 

Live  Ton- 

Kilowatt-hoon 

1912 

hours  Intes- 

16th 

17th 

feet 

Per  Uve  Ton- 

ratins  Meter 

Level 

Level 

foot 

12 

243.75 

117 

12 

169,956 

0.001434 

13 

462.5 

210 

36 

325,440 

0.001421 

14 

48t25 

243 

18 

343,224 

0.001402 

17    * 

450 

258 

3 

341,694 

0.001318 

18 

456.25 

216 

24 

316,368 

0.001442 

19 

462.5 

228 

21 

327,834 

0  001411 

20 

462.5 

222 

18 

315,756 

0.001465 

3,018.75  2,140,272  0.0014104 

FYom  the  16th  level,  1,308  ft,  to  the  dump;  17th  level,  1,410  ft. 
Hoisting  speed,  600  ft.  per  minute.  Load,  two  cars  or  12,000  lb.  of 
ore. 

It  takes  at  the  rate  of  2. 1 1 56  kw.-hr.  to  hoist  i  ton  of  ore 
1,500  ft.  and  the  cost  of  power  for  this  work  is  0.712c. 

On  a  capacity  test  recently  made  on  the  Curry  hoist  13 
skips,  or  approximately  78  tons,  of  ore  was  raised  1,410  ft. 
in  61  min.  This  is  equivalent  to  325,000  to  350,000  tons  a 
year. 

From  data  collected  during  this  test  it  has  been  estimated 
that  with  a  hoisting  speed  of  1,200-ft.  per  minute,  which  is 
well  within  safe  limits,  an  output  of  300,000  tons  per  year 
could  be  obtained  from  a  depth  of  3,000  ft.,  and  greater 
quantities  at  less  depth.  In  ad-dition  to  the  very  high  effi- 
ciency of  this  system  of  hoisting,  the  comparatively  small 
cost  of  the  hoisting  plant  and  accessories,  the  saving  in  the 
size  of  the  building  to  inclose  it  and  the  decreased  space  re- 
quired in  the  shaft  must  be  considered. 

Electrically   Driven   Air  Compressors. 

In  substituting  electrical  for  steam  machinery  at  the  Vul- 
can mines  four  compressors  were  installed.  At  East  Vulcan 
the  compressor  is  two-stage,  having  a  capacity  of  2,200  cu. 
ft.  of  free  air  per  minute  at  a  speed  of  120  rev.,  driven  by  a 
rope  drive  from  an  induction  motor  of  350  h.p.,  2,200  volts 
at  360  rev.  per  minute.  At  West  Vulcan  two  two-stage  com- 
pressors were  put  in.  Each  has  a  capacity  of  3,300  cu.  ft.  of 
free  air  per  minute,  runs  at  72  rev.  per  minute  and  is  driven 
by  a  rope  drive  from  an  induction  motor  of  450  h.p.,  6,600 
volts  at  300  rev.  per  minute.  At  Norway  a  straight-line, 
two-stage  compressor  of  780  and  390  cu.  ft.  of  free  air  per 
minute  was  changed  by  removing  the  steam  cylinder,  putting 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  63 

a  belt  wheel  on  the  main  shaft  and  driving  it  from  a  two- 
speed  induction  motor  of  loo  h.p.,  2,200  volts  at  600  and  300 
rev.  per  minute.  The  use  of  rope  drives  for  the  larger  com- 
pressors and  a  belt  for  the  small  one  permitted  the  use  of  high- 
speed motors  with  comparatively  low-speed  compressors,  and 
this  was  less  expensive  than  compressors  with  motors  on  the 
main  shaft.  The  loss  in  efficiency  of  the  rope  drive  is  2  per 
cent,  while  there  is  a  gain  in  efficiency  and  power  factor  with 
a  high-speed  motor  over  a  slow-speed  motor. 

The  rope  drives  for  the  compressors  and  hoists  at  Vul- 
can and  Republic  have  been  very  satisfactory.'  At  Republic 
one  transmission  rope  has  been  in  use  over  ten  years,  although 
its  continuous  service  would  be  only  about  half  that,  as  the 
plant  consists  of  two  compressors  driven  by  water  wheels 
which  do  not  always  run  at  the  same  time  on  account  of  lack 
of  water. 

The  experience  of  the  past  few  years  indicates  that  it 
would  have  been  a  less  expensive  and  more  efficient  installation 
if  instead  of  putting  in  compressors  at  the  three  mines  they  had 
all  been  placed  at  the  more  central  point  at  West  Vulcan  with 
pipe  lines  to  East  Vulcan,  i]^  miles,  and  to  Norway,  i  1/3 
miles.  If  that  had  been  done  three  compressors,  of  1,500 
3,000,  and  4,000  cu.  ft.  of  free  air  per  minute,  would  have 
supplied  all  the  requirements  and  could  be  run  as  required 
at  nearly  full  capacity  at  all  times.  The  pipe  lines  would  have 
been  less  expensive  than  the  additional  compressor  required 
in  the  plan  adopted. 

The  varying  demand  for  air  is  readily  met  with  steam 
compressors  by  varying  the  speed,  but  with  constant-speed 
nK>tor-driven  compressors  some  means  must  be  used  to  reduce 
the  quantity  of  air  compressed  and  the  amount  of  power  re- 
quired. All  of  the  above-mentioned  electrically  driven  com- 
pressors have  choking  inlet  controllers.  The  controllers  on 
the  West  Vulcan  compressors  have  oil  dash  pots  which  allow 
the  inlet  to  be  partly  or  entirely  closed.  On  each  end  of  the 
high-pressure  cylinder  is  a  valve  that  connects  the  two  ends 
of  the  cylinder  when  the  pressure  in  the  intercooler  drops 
below  atmosphere.  This  by-passes  the  air  and  prevents  ex- 
cessive heating  such  as  would  result  if  air  were  compressed 
in  one  cylinder  from  a  partial  vacuum  to  full  receiver  pressure. 
The  East  Vulcan  compressor  has  a  choking  inlet  controller 
without  the  oil  dash  pot,  and  instead  of  by-passing  air  from 
one  side  of  the  high-pressure  piston  to  the  other,  it  opens  each 


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64         ELECTRICITY  AT   PENN   AND  REPUBLIC   IRON   MINES 

end  to  the  atmosphere  when  there  is  a  partial  vacuum  in  the 
intercooler. 

Tramming. 

The  output  of  the  Perm  mines  has  averaged  for  the  last 
few  years  alx>ut  400,000  tons  a  year,  and  this  comes  from 
several  shafts  and  from  several  levels  in  each  shaft.  There  is 
no  ore  body  of  such  size  or  distance  from  a  shaft  as  to  justify 
the  installation  of  power  trams.  Considering  the  quantities, 
tramming  with  mules  is  satisfactory  and  economical.  On  good 


Figure  22    Tramming  Plant  at  the  Penn  Mines 

roads  with  even  grade,  a  single  mule  for  some  time . regular- 
ly drew  loads  of  six  cars,  or  12  tons,  of  ore  a  distance  of 
2,300  ft.  The  maximum  load  recorded  was  13  cars,  or  about 
26  tons. 

The  ore  hoisted  during  the  winter  months  is  stocked  on 
surface.  As  there  are  two,  three,  or  four  grades  at  each  shaft, 
it  is  necessary  in  summer  to  transport  the  ore  from  the  shaft 
to  the  different  pockets  at  the  railroad.  The  movement  of 
stockpile  or  jKHrket  is  done  by  a  car  with  endless  rope  which 
is  moved  by  wheels  geared  to  a  motor.    This  plant  is  shown 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  65 

in  Fig.  22,  The  tram  is  driven  by  a  2oh.p.,  220-volt,  720- 
rev.  per  minute,  wound-rotor,  reversible,  induction  motor. 

The  'drive  wheel  is  made  with  a  rim  in  halves  that  can  l>e 
easily  replaced.  The  drum  has  four  y^-\n.  grooves  on  its 
outer  circumference.  About  4  ft.  from  the  center  of  the  dmm 
is  a  shaft  carrying  three  idler  wheels,  the  center  one  being 
keyed  to  the  shaft  and  the  two  outer  ones  being  loose  on  the 
shaft.  This  shaft  is  set  at  an  angle  to  the  horizontal  so  that 
the  top  of  one  wheel  is  in  line  with  the  first  groove  of  the 
drum,  while  the  bottom  of  the  same  wheel  is  in  line  with 
the  second  groove  on  the  drum.  The  rope  is  led  to  the  first 
groove  on  the  drum,  then  around  one  idler,  to  second  groove, 
and  so  on.  Having  three  separate  w^heels  for  the  idlers  re- 
duces the  tendency  of  wear  to  cause  a  differential  strain  on 
the  rope.  The  drum  being  split  allows  of  its  being  replaced 
quickly  when  the  grooves  show  a  difference  in  diameter  caused 
by  wear.  The  load  of  the  car  is  about  6  tons^.of  ore  and 
there  are  curves  in  the  track  of  25-ft.  radius.  ,  '  trestles 
used  for  stocking  in  winter  are  taken  down  as  ti.c'  ore  is 
loaded  by  a  shovel  during  the  season  of  navigation,  and  are 
set  up  again  in  the  fall.  This  is  considered  cheaper  than  to 
build  out  tracks  on  the  ore  as  it  is  dumped.  It  also  avoids 
the  necessity  of  any  one  going  out  on  the  trestle  during  the 
cold  weather  except  occasionally  to  oil  the  rollers.  The  dan- 
ger of  derailment  does  not  involve  life. 

For  these  reasons  and  because  there  has  l^een  no  other  need 
for  direct  current  a  trolley  system  of  tramming  has  not  been 
considered.  The  quantity  of  power  is  comparatively  so  small 
that  the  question  of  efficiency  is  secondary  to  the  other  ele- 
ments. 

Signal  System. 

Electric  bell  signals  were  originally  operated  by  direct 
current  from  primary  batteries  using  one  weather-proof  wire 
for  each  signal  (skip,  cage,  or  grade)  and  a  common  return. 
So  much  trouble  was  experienced,  due  principally  to  electro- 
lysis, that,  before  the  general  alternating-current  system  was 
put  in,  a  telephone  magneto  was  used  by  plugging  in  at  dif- 
ferent levels  and  ringing  by  hand.  This  prevented  any  one 
except  the  conductor  for  the  cage  and  the  dumpers  for  the 
skip,  who  were  furnished  with  magnetos,  from  ringing  any 
signals,  and  stop])ed  all  trouble  from  electrolysis. 

When  alternating  current  was  available  the  present  system. 


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66 


ELECTRICITY  AT  PENN   AND  REPUBLIC  IRON   MINES 


shown  in  Fig.  23,  was  developed.  A  small  transformer  takes 
1 10- volt  current  from  the  lighting  system  and  reduces  it  to 
30  volts.  One  side  of  this  low-voltage  circuit  is  connected  to 
the  ground,  while  the  other  side  leads  to  a  relay  for  each  of 
the  bells  in  the  hoist  house,  skip,  and  cage,  and  to  one  side  of 
a  grade  bell  in  the  shaft  house.  The  other  side  of  each  re- 
lay and  the  grade  bell  are  each  connected  to  one  of  three  No. 
4  bare  copper  wires  supported  on  insulators  down  the  shaft. 
By  grounding  any  one  of  these  three  wires  a  current  will  flow 
through  the  grade  bell  or  relays  in  the  hoisting  house.  The 
bell  wire  for  the  cage  is  near  the  center  of  one  side  of  the 
compartment,  so  that  it  is  nearly  inrpossible  to  reach  it  at  any 


SHiff  ht/l ,  Ca^B  ^«//. 


FiouiiB  23   Signal  System 

landing  place  unless  one  stands  on  the  cage.  A  short  piece 
of  flexible  wire,  with  a  bare  piece  of  No.  4  solid  wire  at  the 
end,  is  fastened  to  the  iron  work  of  the  cage,  so  that  the 
bell  wire  for  the  cage  can  be  grounded  from  the  cage  at  any 
ix)int  whether  at  rest  or  moving.  This  plan  prevents  any  one 
from  ringing  the  bell  for  the  cage  except  from  the  cage  itself. 
The  ringing  of  the  cage  bell  when  the  cage  is  not  in  sight, 
although  against  all  rules,  is  occasionally  done  and  is  very 
likely  to  have  serious  consequences.  It  is  the  practice  at  these 
mines  to  have  each  cage  handling  men,  timber,  and  tools  in 
charge  of  a  conductor,  whose  place  generally  is  riding  on 
the  cage. 

The  skip  and  cage  bells  are  16  in.  in  diameter  and  are 
struck  a  heavy  blow  by  an  alternating-current  solenoid  using 
a  local  iio-volt  circuit,  this  circuit  being  closed  by  the  relay. 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  67 

In  addition  to  ringing  the  bell  very  loudly  an  indicator  regis- 
ters the  number  of  bells  rung  and  a  lamp  at  the  top  center 
and  right  hand  corner  lights.  This  bell,  lamp,  and  indicator 
can  be  seen  in  Fig.  13. 

Power  Lines  in  the  Shafts. 

All  current  carried  underground  is  2,200-volt,  three-phase, 
6c)-cycle  alternating.  At  the  West  Vulcan  and  East  Vulcan 
No.  4  shafts  three  separate  lines  of  conduit  are  carried  from 
the  surface  sub-station  to  the  pump  rooms.  Each  conduit  in- 
closes three  separate  transmission  wires,  two  of  the  conduits 
having  No.  00  stranded  wires  and  one  having  500,000  circular 
mils  stranded  cable.  Each  wire  is  insulated  with  rubber  for 
7,500  volts,  the  wall  being  30  per  cent.  Para  rubber  5/16  in. 
thick.  The  three  wires  are  supported  on  strain  insulators  in 
the  shaft  house  and  at  stations  about  every  500  feet.  The 
conduit  is  sealed  at  the  upper  end  around  the  wires  to  prevent 
the  entrance  of  moisture  and  is  open  at  the  lower  end  to  allow 
the  moisture  of  condensation  to  get  out.  The  first  conduits 
used  at  the  Penn  mines  were  3-in.  pipe  lined  with  fiber.  The 
inside  diameter  was  so  small  that  it  was  hard  to  pull  the 
three  wires  in  and  after  being  used  some  time  the  moisture 
caused  the  fiber  to  swell  so  that  it  was  very  difficult  to  get 
the  wires  out.  The  conduits  now  used  are  3-in.  Sheraduct 
for  the  No.  00  lines  and  5  in.  for  the  large  lines.  The  first 
2,200-volt  underground  lines,  put  down  one  of  the  shafts  at 
Republic,  were  lead-covered  cables,  three  cables  in  an  iron 
pipe.  The  alternating  current  seemed  to  build  up  a  static 
charge  on  the  lead  covering  that  punctured  the  insulation  as 
well  as  the  lead  and  caused  bad  short  circuits.  While  wires 
in  a  shaft  or  mine  are  underground  in  the  miner's  use  of  that 
term,  they  are  really  aerial  lines,  for  they  are  not  imbeddeil 
in  the  ground,  under  which  latter  conditions  lead-covered 
wires  are  properly  used. 

Conclusion. 

Numerous  small  motors  are  used  for  driving  hoists  and 
pumps  in  winzes,  timber  hoists,  portable  saws,  concrete  mix- 
ers, and  shop  tools.  At  the  Penn  mines  no  steam  is  used  ex- 
cept in  the  saw  mill,  for  heating,  and  for  supplementing  the 
power  from  the  Falls  when  there  is  a  deficiency.  Electricity 
has  been  entirely  satisfactory  from  an  operating  standpoint 
as  well  as  very  efficient.    The  same  men  who  formerly  oper- 


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68        ELECTRICITY  AT   PENN   AND  REPUBLIC  IRON   MINES 

ated  the  steam  hoists  and  pumps  operate  the  electric  hoists 
and  pumps.  The  adaptability  and  reliability  of  electrical  ma- 
chinery  is  generally  appreciated. 

Discussion. 

(Including  discussion  of  paper  by  F.  C.  Stanford,  *'The 
Electrification  of  the  Mines  of  the  Cleveland-Cliffs  Iron  Com- 
I>any,"  printed  elsewhere  in  this  volume.) 

Mr.  Kelly  :  There  are  three  principal  uses  of  electricity 
in  mining:  for  pumping,  hoisting  and  compressing  air.  The 
running  of  a  compressor  with  an  electric  motor  is  a  simple 
proix)sition.  One  appliance  is  required  with  a  constant  speed 
motor  not  necessary  with  steam  compressors — ^an  automatic 
controller  to  check  the  work  of  compressing  when  the  air 
pressure  reaches  the  maximum  and  take  it  up  again  when  the 
j^ressure  falls.  The  motor  may  be  put  on  the  main  shaft  of 
the  compressor  or  a  motor  of  higher  speed  than  the  compres- 
sor may  be  used  to  drive  it  by  means  of  a  rope  drive  or  belt. 
The  conditions  of  each  installation  .will  indicate  what  is  best 
in  each  case  as  a  question  of  first  cost  and  efficiency. 

In  pumping  with  electricity  there  are  two 'general  methods, 
one  with  centrifugal  pumps,  the  other  with  reciprocating 
pumps  and  they  each  have  their  limitations  and  their  advan- 
tages. For  small  quantities  the  centrifugal  pump  is  not  adapt- 
ed and  the  reciprocating  pump  is  the  only  one  that  can  prop- 
erly l3e  used  but  as  the  quantity  of  water  increases  the  efficiency 
and  the  advantages  of  centrifugal  pumps  improve.  The  first 
cost  of  centrifugal  pumps  is  considerably  less  in  most  cases 
than  reciprocating  pumps  of  the  same  capacity  and  power. 
The  efficiency  of  the  reciprocating  pump,  when  run  to  its  full 
capacity,  I  think  I  may  properly  say,  is  higher  than  that  of  the 
centrifugal  pump  but  it  is  not  always  feasible  to  maintain  full 
capacity.  All  pumping  in  mines  is  with  varying  quantities. 
The  quantity  may  vary  with  the  seasons ;  or  with  the  rain  fall. 
New  sources  of  water  may  be  tapped  as  openings  are  extended, 
liven  if  the  quantity  of  water  that  the  mine  makes  is  fairly  con- 
stant, it  is  frequently  necessary  to  sink  a  shaft  or  winze  deeper 
with  pumps  l>elow  the  main  station  pumps  delivering  t(y  the 
main  pumps  intermittently,  so  that  the  main  pumps  have  either 
to  runintenriittently  or  with  varying  quantities.  The  cenrifugal 
pump  is  a  pump  that  can  be  run  with  different  quantities  of 
water  with  a  comparatively  small  change  in  the  efficiency, 
while  the  efficiency  of  a  reciprocating  pump  run  at  full  speed 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  69 

• 

and  delivering  only  part  of  the  water  would,  of  course,  be  in 
proportion  to  the  quantity  delivered.  With  the  Cornish  pump- 
ing system  the  usual  practice  is  to  have  a  by-pass  and  run  some 
of  the  water  back  rather  than  vary  the  speed  or  stop  and 
start  the  pumps.  A  by-pass  may  be  desirable  in  starting  any 
pump  but  its  use  at  other  times  is  a  waste  of  power.  The 
high  efficiency  of  the  constant  speed  motor-driven  reciprocat- 
ing pump  is  frequently  lost  by  the  improper  use  of  the  by- 
pass. To  accommodate  the  variation  in  the  quantity  of  water 
with  a  centrifugal  pump,  the  valve  on  the  suction  or  discharge 
(preferably  the  former)  may  be  opened  or  closed  but  with  a 
constant  speed  reciprocating  pump  some  mechanical  arrange- 
ment is  necessary  for  changing  the  length  of  the  stroke,  size 
of  plungers,  gear  ratios — all  comphcated  processes — or  the 
pump  must  be  stopped  and  started.  This  last  plan  neces- 
sitates increased  sump  capacity  With  centrifugal  pumps  care 
has  to  be  taken  that  they  do  not  lose  efficieiKy  by  wear.  When 
centrifugal  pumps  were  put  in  at  the  Penn  mines  some  seven 
years  ago  they  had  a  bad  name.  There  had  been  great  trou- 
ble especially  with  thrust  bearings,  but  our  consulting  engi- 
neers advised  us  that  they  were  based  on  correct  mechanical 
principles  and  that  the  difficulties  in  the  details  could  be  over- 
come. This  was  accomplished  and  the  centrifugal  pumps  that 
were  put  in  seven  years  ago  are  still  running  and  are  consid- 
ered more  reliable  than  the  steam  pumps  which  they  displaced. 
The  question  as  to  the  use  of  a  reciprocating  or  a  centrifugal 
type  of  pump  depends,  as  in  fact  everything  else  does,  on  the 
conditions  to  be  met.  Each  has  its  place  and  the  conditions 
of  each  case  must  determine  which  should  be  selected. 

Let  me  say  something,  too,  with  regard  to  the  hoisting 
problem.  The  method  which  seems  to  have  had  the  greatest 
approval  of  the  electrical  engineers  is  to  use  a  motor  generator 
set.  A  motor  generator  set  is  an  arrangement  by  which  on 
the  same  shaft  is  a  motor,  a  fly-wheel  and  a  generator.  The 
motor  takes  current  from  the  alternating  system  at  high  ten- 
sion and  drives  the  fly-wheel  and  a  direct  current  generator. 
U|K>n  the  shaft  of  the  hoist  is  a  direct  current  motor  which 
takes  its  current  from  the  direct  current  generator.  Its  most 
suitable  application  is  for  continuous  servnce  where  large  ton- 
nages have  to  be  raised  continuously  and  the  skips  are  coming 
up  without  interruption.  But  there  are  a  great  many  mines 
where  this  is  not  the  case  and  as  the  motor  generator  set  runs 
constantly,  the  considerable  power  used  to  run  the  set  in  the 


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JO        ELECTRICITY  AT  PENN  AND  REPUBLIC  IRON   MINES 

t 

intervals  of  hoisting  is  a  loss.  The  operating  of  the  drums 
by  means  of  a  direct  current  motor  is  a  very  smooth  and  safe 
plan,  but  it  is  accompanied  by  certain  losses  of  power  corre- 
sponding to,  but  possibly  exceeding  the  losses  in  a  mechanical 
system  with  clutch  and  brake.  If  a  motor  generator  set  is  not 
used  the  motor  may  be  placed  on  the  drum  shaft  as  is  fre- 
quently done  or  it  may  operate  a  fly-wheel  and  the  drums 
started  by  a  friction  clutch  after  the  other  moving  parts  are 
up  to  speed.  The  hardest  part  of  the  work  of  hoisting  is  in 
starting  a  loaded  skip  with  its  rope  from  rest  and  bringing  it 
up  to  speed.  If  that  work  is  done  with  a  motor  without  a 
fly-wheel  it  takes  a  tremendous  flow  of  current — a  peak  load. 
The  system  described  in  the  paper  *'On  the  Use  of  Electricity 
at  the  Penn  and  Republic  Mines,"  has  the  advantage  of  utiliz- 
ing a  fly-wheel  to  eliminate  the  peak  at  starting  and  the  motor 
is  run  only  when  hoisting  is  going  on.  The  use  of  a  clutch 
for  starting  the  drum  is  the  same  as  with  the  ordinary  geared 
plant  operated  by  steam  that  has  been  in  use  on  Lake  Superior 
for  twenty-five  or  thirty  years,  and  if  properly  proportioned 
the  clutch  requires  very  little  attention.  With  the  use  of  a 
counterbalance  as  described  in  the  paper,  the  efficiency  of  the 
system  is  all  that  could  be  desired  and  for  intermittent  hoist- 
ing it  is  particularly  well  adapted. 

Mr.  Stanford:  I  do  not  believe  that  I  can  add  very 
much  to  what  has  been  said.  I  agree  with  the  remarks  made 
very  heartily.  We  have  made  practically  all  of  the  applica- 
tions that  have  been  suggested,  excepting,  we  have  not  used 
fly-wheels  on  induction  hoist  motors.  I  will  say,  however, 
that  we  are  perfectly  safe  in  using  an  induction  motor  directly 
geared  or  connected  with  the  hoist  when  the  size  of  that  motc.r 
is  not  greater  than  ten  per  cent  of  the  generating  capacity  of 
the  plant.  We  have  one  500  h.p.  motor  operating  without  a 
fly-wheel  with  results  which  are  entirely  satisfactory,  but  it 
seems  to  be  pretty  close  to  the  limit  which  should  be  applied 
with  the  power  that  we  have  back  of  our  system.  You  will 
note  the  description  of  the  hoist.  We  have  only  one  of  the  fly- 
wheel sets  with  direct  current  motors  in  service  and  some  fif- 
teen or  sixteen  of  the  induction  motor  driven  hoists.  You  will 
note  in  the  paper  the  division  as  to  when  the  direct  current 
hoist  should  be  applied ;  that  is  as  far  as  our  experience  has 
gone.  As  has  been  said,  in  selecting  a  new  system  for  hoisting, 
if  you  expect  to  get  perfect  results  with  an  Ilgner  set,  it  is 
absolutely  necessary  that  you  ^hajl  have  a  perfect  hoisting  cy- 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  7 1 

cle.  If  the  hoist  is  designed  to  carry  a  five-ton  load  in  a  ninety- 
second  cyck,  if  you  carry  a  five-ton  load  and  increase  the  cycle 
to  one  hundred  and  eighty  seconds,  you  get  no  benefit  from  the 
fly-wheel  set  because  it  will  draw  back  from  the  line;  that  is, 
your  fly-wheel  will  have  to  come  up  to  full  speed  at  the  end 
of  ninety  seconds,  but  if  after  the  close  of  the  ninety-second 
cycle  there  is  another  skip  load  ready  to  come  up,  then  you  get 
the  full  benefit  of  the  fly-wheel. 

The  only  advantage  of  a  fly-wheel  in  connection  with  an 
induction  motor  hoist  is  to  induce  the  starting  peak.  It  will 
actually  take  more  power  in  k.w.  hours  than  without  the  fly- 
wheel. 


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^2,  STOCKING  ORE  ON  THE  MARQUETTE  RANGE 


METHODS    OF    STOCKING    ORE    ON    THE    MAR- 
QUETTE RANGE. 

BY  LUCIEN  EATON,  ISHPEMING,  MICH.* 

At  all  of  the  producing  mines  on  the  Marquette  Range, 
except  the  open  pits,  which  operate  only  during  the  summer 
months,  it  is  necessary  to  stock  most  of  the  ore  produced  dur- 
ing the  winter,  from  the  middle  of  November  to  the  middle  of 
April,  while  navigation  on  the  Great  Lakes  is  closed.  The 
ore  that  has  been  stocked  during  the  winter  is  loaded,  usually 
by  steam  shovel,  during  the  summer,  and  shipped  to  lower 
lake  ports. 

For  preparing  the  floors  on  which  the  ore  is  to  be  stocked 
two  methods  are  in  vogue,  and  are  about  equally  papular. 
One  is  to  cover  the  graded  floor  with  3-in.  plank,  usually 
hemlock,  and  the  other  is  to  use  a  dressing  of  lean  ore,  w^hich 
when  wet  down  and  rolled,  cements  together  and  becomes  as 
hard  as  a  macadamized  road.  The  method  used  depends  upon 
local  conditions,  the  price  of  plank,  and  the  physical  character 
and  value  of  the  ore. 

For  transferring  the  ore  from  the  shaft-house  to  the  stock- 
pile, all  the  mines  use  cars,  but  the  manner  of  handling  the 
cars  varies.  I  have  classified  the  different  methods  employed 
as  shown  in  the  following  table,  and  have  also  tabulated  the 
operating  mines  of  the  Range  according  to  this  classification. 
This  table  will  be  found  at  the  end  of  the  paper.  In  pre- 
senting the  different  methods  I  have  made  no  attempt  to  de- 
scribe all  the  details  of  practice  at  all  the  mines,  but  have 
selected  only  typical  examples. 

*Local  Superintendent  The  Cleveland-CliffB  Iron  Company. 


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lake  superior  mining  institute  73 

Methods  of  Stocking  Ore. 

(a)  hand  tramming. 

I.  Stocking  with  end-dump  cars,  using  only  a  short 
trestle  near  the  shaft-house.  Example :  Lake  Superior  Hem- 
atite mine. 

(b)  gravity  tramming  with  rope  pull-back. 

1.  Stocking  with  end-dump  cars,  using  only  a  short  trestle 
near  the  shaft-house.    Example :    Salisbury  mine. 

2.  Stocking  with  side-dump  cars,  starting  from  tempor- 
ary trestles  and  fanning  out  on  both  sides.  Examples:  (a) 
Cliffs  Shaft  mine,  (b)  Republic  mine. 

(C)    ENDLESS  rope   HAULAGE. 

1.  Stocking  from  temporary  trestle  with  gable-bottomed 
cars.  Example :    Lake  mine. 

2.  Stocking  from  permanent  trestle  with  gable-bottomed 
cars.  Example :    Negaunee  mine,  new  shaft. 

(d)  electric  motor  haulage. 

1.  Stocking  with  an  electric  motor  and  end-dump  cars, 
using  only  a  short  trestle  near  the  shaft-house.  Example: 
Mary  Charlotte  mine. 

2.  Stocking  from  temporary  trestles  with  self-propelled, 
side-dump  cars.    Example :    American  mine. 

(A)  Hand  Tramming. 

I.  Stocking  with  end-dump  cars,  using  a  short  trestle  near 
the  shaft-house.  Example:  Lake  Superior  Hematite  mine, 
Ishpeming,  Michigan. 

At  the  No.  4  shaft  of  the  Lake  Superior  Hematite  mine 
the  ore  is  hoisted  with  a  cage  in  ij^-ton  steel  end-dump  cars 
and  is  trammed  by  hand  to  the  dump  on  the  stockpile.  The 
tracks  have  about  yi  per  cent  grade  in  favor  of  the  load,  and 
are  laid  with  30-lb.  rails,  with  i8-in.  gauge.  The  short  trestle 
is  built  west  from  the  shaft  across  a  street  and  is  then  branched 
to  three  piles, — for  rock  and  two  grades  of  ore.  A  view  of  the 
plant  is  shown  in  Fig.  i.  The  ends  of  the  rails  on  the  stock- 
pile tracks  are  turned  up  into  horns,  and  the  cars  dump  against 
these.  From  one  to  three  dumps  are  maintained  on  each  pile, 
so  as  to  avoid  delay  in  moving  tracks. 

The  crew  consists  of  four  men — one  lander  at  the  shaft, 
two  trammers,  and  one  man  on  the  dump. 


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74  STOCKING  ORE  ON  THE  MARQUETTE  RANGE 

The  cycle  of  operations  is  about  as  follows: 

Seconds. 

Taking  cars  off  cage 35 

Tramming  out 60 

Tramming  hack 85 

Total 180 

Capacity :  20  trips  per  hour  or  30  tons.  As  the  men  and 
supplies  have  to  be  handled  on  the  same  cage,  the  maximum 
capacity  is  little  over  200  tons  per  shift  of  eight  hours. 

The  advantages  of  this  system  are  its  low  first  cost  and 
slight  loss  of  elevation  in  the  pile.  As  the  amount  of  ore  to 
l>e  hoisted  was  small,  low  first  cost  was  essential,  and  as  the 
stocking  trestle,  already  built,  was  low,  gravity  tramming  was 


PiauRE  1    No.  4  Shaft.  Lake  Superior  Hbmatitb  Mine 

out  of  the  question.     The  disadvantages  are  small  capacity 
and  high  operating  cost. 

(B)  Gravity  Tramming  With  Rope  Pull-Back. 

I.  Stocking  with  end-dump  cars,  using  only  a  short  trestle 
near  the  shaft.  Example :  Salisbury  mine,  Ishpeming,  Michi- 
gan. 

At  this  plant  the  rock  and  three  grades  of  ore  are  handled 
with  one  skip,  and  the  arraiigement  of  the  trestles  and  piles 
is  as  shown  in  Fig.  2.  Short  trestles  are  built  from  the  shaft- 
house  to  the  stockpile  grounds,  and  are  extended  only  far 
enough  to  start  the  piles.  The  last  three  bents  in  each  trestle 
have  to  be  taken  down  when  the  pile  is  shipped.  The  ore  is 
hoisted  in  a  two-ton  skip,  and  is  dumped  through  a  chute  into 
an  end-dump  iron-body  car  equipped  with  brake  and  rotating 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINIKG  INSTITUTE 


75 


table.  There  are  two  cars,  one  serving  piles  A  and  B  on  the 
east,  and  the  other  serving  piles  C  and  D  on  the  west.  The 
proper  car  is  spotted  under  the  chute  while  the  skip  is  being 
hoisted.  The  same  rope  is  used  for  both  cars,  being  connected 
to  either  car  according  to  the  grade  of  ore  hoisted.  The  cars 
run  out  by  gravity  and  dump  over  the  end  of  the  track  or 

PLAN  OF  STOCK-PILE  TRE8TLEB 

AT 

8ALIBBURY    MINE 


along  the  side,  the  track  being  extended  or  shifted  as  the  pile 
is  enlarged.  They  are  pulled  back  by  a  J^-in.  wire  rope  wound 
on  an  i8-in.  drum  mounted  loose  on  a  shaft,  to  which  it  is 
connected  by  a  friction  clutch.  The  shaft  is  driven  directly  by 
a  horizontal  engine  run  by  compressed  air.     This  engine  is  at 


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^(i  STOCKING  ORE  ON  THE  MARQUETTE  RANGE 

rest  except  when  pulling  the  car  back,  and  the  friction  clutch 
is  used  as  a  brake  when  the  car  runs  out. 

The  regular  crew  ctmsists  of  three  men.  One  man  samples 
the  car  and  operates  the  drum.  Two  men  ride  the  car  out 
to  the  pile,  dump  it  and  ride  back.  These  men  are  responsible 
for  the  condition  of  the  track  and  for  extensions. 

The  track  is  laid  with  30-lb.  rails  on  a  2.75  to  2.5  per 
cent,  grade,  with  39-inch  gauge.  Where  the  track  is  straight 
the  rope  runs  on  wooden  rollers  placed  between  the  rails,  and 


Figure  3   Sausbury  Mine— No.  5  Shapt 

on  the  curves  it  runs  on  wooden  spools  covered  with  6-in.  pipe, 
placed  outside  the  track. 

The  cars  run  out  at  a  speed  of  frdm  450  to  500  feet  per 
minute,  and  are  pulled  back  at  a  speed  of  from  500  to  550  feet 
per  minute.  The  average  round  trip  takes  two  minutes,  mak- 
ing the  capacity,  counting  delays,  about  50  tons  per  hour,  or 
400  tons  per  eight-hour  shift. 

The  advantages  of  this  method  are  low  first  cost  and  great 
flexibility  combined  with  moderate  capacity.  The  disadvant- 
ages are  the  dangers  attendant  on  car  riding,  delays  due  to 
track  disturbances  from  the  setting  of  the  piles,  reduction  of 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  TJ 

cap>acity  and  high  operating  cost  in  stormy  weather,  and  loss 
of  height  due  to  the  grade  of  the  tracks.  Views  of  the  plant 
and  of  one  of  the  cars  are  shown  in  Fig.  3  and  Fig.  4. 

2.  Stocking  ziith  side-dump  cars,  starting  from  temporary 
trestles  and  fanning  out  on  both  sides. 

EXAMPLE    (a)  :   CLIFFS   SHAFT    MINE,   ISHPEMING,    MICHIGAN. 

The  ore  at  the  Cliffs  Shaft  mine  is  a  hafd  specular  hem- 
atite which  is  separated  into  two  grades  according  to  the  size 
f>f  the  pieces  before  it  goes  to  the  stockpile.  The  run-of- 
mine  ore  passes  over  a  grizzly,  from  which  the  oversize  goes 


Figure  4   Top-Tram  Car,  Salisbury  Mine 

to  the  lump-ore  pocket.  The  ore  passing  through  the  grizzly 
goes  to  a  revolving  screen,  from  which  the  oversize  passes  to 
a  crusher  and  thence  to  the  same  pocket  into  which  the  fine 
ore  from  the  screen  falls. 

The  methods  of  stocking  the  two  grades  of  ore,  "lump'' 
and  "crushed,"  are  essentially  the  same,  but  differ  in  some  de- 
tails, and  wiH'  be  described  sq^arately.  The  plan-  of  the 
tracks  is  shown  in  Fig.  5. 

Stocking  Crushed  Ore — The  crushed  ore  is  drawn  off  from 


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78 


STOCKING  OfeE  ON  THE  MAftQUEtTEl  RANGIS 


the  pocket  into  a  side-dumping  car  of  56  cu.  ft.  capacity, 
which  runs  out  by  gravity  on  the  stockpile  trestle  and  is 
automatically  dumped  by  a  dump-stick  set  between  the  rails, 
which  trips  the  door  latches.  The  car  is  pulled  back  by  a 
yi-in,  rope  wound  on  a  small  drum  in  the  crusher  building. 
This  drum  is  loose  on  the  shaft  and  is  equipped  with  a  brake 
and  friction  clutch.  A  similar  drum  is  used  for  pulling  back 
the  lump-ore  car,  and  is  mounted  on  the  same  shaft.    A  20 

PLAN     OF     STOCK-PILE      TRESTLES 

AT 

CLIFFS     SHAFT     MINE 


h.p.  motor  drives  the  shaft  for  both  drums.  Fig.  6  shows  the 
design  of  the  car,  with  the  exception  of  the  roller-bearings 
with  which  the  wheels  are  equipped.  The  side  of  the  car 
opposite  the  door  is  weighted  with  about  one  ton  of  old  rails. 
Cars  run  out  at  a  maximum  speed  of  700  ft.  per  minute,  and 
are  pulled  back  at  600  ft.  per  minute. 

The  car  starts  on  the  permanent  trestle  on  a  3  per  cent 
grade,  but  this  is  decreased  to  2.25  per  cent,  on  the  temporary 
trestle.    The  track  is  30-in.  gauge,  laid  with  25-lb.  rails.  The 


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8o  STOCKING  ORE  ON  THE  MAHQUETTE  RANGE 

temporary  trestle  is  of  the  ordinary  type  for  single  track,  con- 
sisting of  two-leg  bents  with  corbels  and  two  stringers.  It  is 
alx)ut  30  ft.  high.  A  floor  of  3-in.  planks  is  laid  on  the 
stringers,  but  the  rails  are  not  spiked  to  this  floor.  Instead 
they  are  spiked  to  ties,  which  in  turn  are  bolted  to  the  trestle 
at  intervals  of  about  20  feet.  When  the  trestle  is  filled  on 
lx)th  sides,  these  bolts  are  removed,  the  edge  of  the  pile  is 
smoothed  off,  the  track  is  thrown  over,  and  stocking  is  contin- 
ued. By  successive  movements  of  the  track  the  stockpile  is 
widened  until  it  becomes  fan-shaped.  In  this  way  a  pile  can 
l)e  built  up  containing  six  to  seven  times  the  capacity  of  the 
trestle. 

When  ore  is  being  stocked  from  the  trestle  two  men  are 
employed  at  the  pocket,  one  to  operate  the  brake  and  clutch 
and  the  other  to  fill  the  car  and  take  samples.  Another  man 
is  needed  when  the  pile  is  ]ye'mg  "fanned  out."  The  cycle  of 
oj^rations,  when  the  mine  is  nmning  at  full  capacity,  is  about 
as  follows,  the  dump-stick  being  set  about  300  ft.  from  the 
IKKket : 

Seconds. 

To  load    36 

To  nni  out  and  dump 32 

To  run  in  . .  . 28 

Total    96 

Capacity:  37  trips  or  iii  tons  per  hour.  (3-ton  cars.) 

Stocking  Lump  Ore — The  ore  is  drawn  off  from  the  pock- 
et through  a  finger  chute,  operated  by  an  air-lift  in  the  crusher 
building,  into  a  side-dump  car  of  56  cu.  ft.  capacity  of  the 
same  design  as  that  used  for  the  crushed  ore.  The  car  nms 
down  grade  by  gravity  on  a  single-track  trestle,  is  dumped 
in  the  same  way  as  on  the  crushed-ore  pile,  and  is  pulled  back 
by  a  J/2-in.  roi)e  wound  on  a  drum  in  the  crusher  building. 
The  track  is  laid  on  ties  on  the  trestle,  just  as  with  the  crushed 
ore,  and  is  moved  out  on  the  pile  in  the  same  way  after  the 
trestle  has  lieen  filled. 

As  the  lump  ore  has  a  compiaratively  high  angle  of  rest, 
and  as  sampling  has  to  be  done  on  the  pile,  more  men  are 
needed  on  the  dump  than  on  the  crushed-ore  pile.  The  crew- 
consists  of  one  sampler  and  two  dump-men  on  the  stockpile 
after  the  trestle  has  been  filled,  and  one  man  at  the  pocket, 
who  fills  the  car  and  operates  the  haulage  drum. 

The  cycle  of  operations  is  about  as  follows: 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  8 1 

Seconds. 

Loading 17 

Running  out   44 

Running  in   44 

Qosing  car  door 5 

Total    1 10 

The  capacity  is  as  follows : 

Number  of  trips  per  hour 32 

Tons  per  hour,  3  tons  per  trip 96 

Tons  per  shift,  6j^  hours  tramming 624 


Figure  7    Cuffs  Shaft  Mine-Crushed  Ore  Pile.  Showing  Method  of  Fanning  Out 

ttLOM  Trestle 

This  method  has  the  advantages  of  comparatively  large 
capacity  with  great  flexibility  and  low  cost  of  installation  and 
operation.  The  ratio  of  storage  capacity  to  trestle  cost  is  high 
and  the  dangers  of  car-riding  are  eliminated.  The  disadvant- 
ages are  the  cost  of  erecting  the  temporary  trestle,  the  loss 
of  height  due  to  grade  in  the  track,  and,  with  wet  or  sticky  ore, 
delays  due  to  track  disturbances  on  the  pile. 

Views  of  the  tops  of  the  piles  are  shown  in  Fig.  7  and 
Fig.  8. 


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82  STOCKING  ORE  ON  THE  MARQUETTE  RANGE 

EXAMPLE    (b)  :  REPUBLIC   MINE,  REPUBLIC,   MICHIGAN. 

The  ore  at  the  Republic  mine  is  a  hard  specular  hematite 
containing  little  moisture,  and  is  easily  handled  in  the  cars. 
Several  different  systems  of  tramming  the  ore  from  the  shafts 
to  the  stockpiles  are  employed,  but  only  that  used  at  No.  9 
shaft  will  be  described. 

At  No.  9  shaft  the  ore  is  hoisted  in  a  3-ton  Kimberiy 
skip  axid  dumped  directly  into  the  stockpile  car,  which  is  a 
side-dumping  car  made  entirely  of  steel.  The  distinguishing 
features  are  the  slope  of  the  bottom,  which  is  about  60  de- 


FiGURE  8   Cliffs  Shaft  Mine- Lump  Ore  Pile.  Showing  Method  of  Fanning  Out 

From  Trestle 

grees,  the  arrangement  of  the  trucks,  and  the  tripping-lever. 
The  body  is  supported  on  a  frame  between  two  swivelled  four- 
wheeled  trucks,  which  enable  the  car  to  pass  easily  around 
curves  of  small  radius.  The  tripping-lever  is  on  the  side  oi>- 
[K)site  the  door,  and  is  adjustable,  so  that,  by  using  dump* 
sticks  of  different  heights,  three  different  grades  of  ore  can 
Ije  stocked  from  one  trestle.  Two  of  these  cars  are  shown  in 
Fig.  9. 

The  track  is  laid  with  40-lb.  rails,  with  36-in.  gauge,  on  a 
3  per  cent,  grade.    The  trestle  is  single-track,  of  the  ordinary 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  83 

design,  and  is  branched  a  short  distance  from  the  shaft-house, 
one  track  leading  to  the  crusher  building,  one  to  the  rock- 
dump  and  one  to  the  stockpile. 

The  car  runs  out  by  gravity  and  dumps  automatically.  It 
is  puiled  back  by  a  ^-in.  rope  wound  on  a  drum  in  the  shaft- 
house.  This  drum  is  mounted  loose  on  its  shaft,  is  equipped 
with  clutch  and  brake,  and  is  driven  by  a  rope-drive  from  the 
head-sheave  of  the  skip.  When  the  skip  is  hoisted,  the  head- 
sheave  drives  the  drum  that  pulls  the  car  back.  As  the  depth 
from   which  the  ore  is  hoisted  is  considerable,  the  car  has 


Figure  9   Republic  Mine  Stocking  Cars 

ample  time  to  return  to  the  shaft-house  before  the  skip  reaches 
the  dump. 

One  man  acts  as  lander  at  the  shaft,  operates  the  car  and 
throws  the  switches  on  the  trestle. 

The  car  is  of  excellent  design,  but  it  is  expensive  to  build. 
Under  other  conditions,  with  a  different  method  of  oj^erating 
the  pull-back,  the  capacity  of  such  a  system  would  be  large. 
(C)  Endless  Rope  Haulage. 

I.     Stocking  from  temporary  trestles  with  gable-bottomed 
cars.     Example:    Lake  mine,  Ishpeming,  Mich. 


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84 


STOCKING  ORE  ON  THE  MARQUETTE  RANGE 


FLAN     OP     STOCK-FILE     TRESTLES 


LAKE     MINE 


Figure  12    Lakb  ICinb— No.  4  Shaft 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE 


8  = 


Rock  and  one  grade  of  ore  are  handled  at  this  plant.  The 
ore  is  stocked  from  temporary  double-track  wooden  trestles, 
built  east  and  west  from  the  shaft.     Rock  is  dumped  from  a 


TEMPOITARY  STOCKING  TfTCfTLE 
CLCvcL/iNO  CLirra  iron  company 


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short  trestle  extending  south  from  the  shaft-house.  The  lay- 
out of  the  trestles  is  shown  in  Fig.  ii  and  Fig.  12.  There 
are  five  bents  of  permanent  trestle  on  each  side  of  the  shaft- 


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86  STOCKING  ORE  ON  THE  MARQUETTE  RANGE 


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Figure  10  B   W  CU,  ft.  Automatic  Top  Tram  Car- Lake  Mine 


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88  STOCKING  ORE  ON  THE  MARQUETTE  RANGE 

house  before  the  temporary  trestle  begins.  The  design  of  the 
bent  used  in  the  temporary  trestle  is  shown  in  Fig.  13.  The 
trestle  is  42  ft.  high  with  bents  26  ft.  ap>art.  The  tracks  are 
30-in.  g^uge,  laid  without  grade  with  60-lb.  rails,  and  3-in. 
plank  is  used  for  ties. 

The  ore  is  dumped  from  the  skip  to  the  stockpile  cars 
through  a  short  chute,  in  which  is  placed  a  "butterfly''  or 
swinging  door,  by  which  the  ore  from  either  skip  can  be  de- 
flected into  either  car.  The  cars  are  of  60  cu.  ft.  capacity, 
of  the  gable-bottomed,  automatic-dumping  type,  as  shown  in 
Fig.  10.  Both  cars  are  moved  by  endless,  5^-:n.  wire  ropes, 
driven  by  a  40-h.p.  Corliss  engine  located  in  a  small  house  on 
the  ground  level.  Each  rope  makes  four  turns  about  two  4- 
ft.  drums  mounted  loose  on  i>arallel  shafts  10  ft.  apart.  These 
shafts  are  driven  in  opposite  directions  by  a  crossed  belt,  ami 
the  car  is  pulled  in  or  out  by  throwing  in  the  friction  clutch 
an  one  dmm  or  the  other.  The  maximum  rope  speed  is  1,000 
ft.  per  minute. 

From  the  car  the  haulage  rope  runs  out  along  the  track 
over  wooden  rollers  to  a  tightener  at  the  end  of  the  trestle; 
it  is  deflected  at  the  turns  by  i6-in.  cast-iron  sheaves.  This 
tightener,  the  design  of  which  is  shown  in  Fig.  14,  consists 
of  a  cast-iron  sheave  (A)  mounted  on  a  small  carriage  (B) 
on  the  track,  and  holds  the  rope  in  tension  by  means  of  a 
compression  spring  (C)  enclosed  in  a  piece  of  6-in.  pipe.  Ad- 
justments are  made  by  a  long  screw  (D)  behind  the  spring. 
The  return  rope  is  carried  on  rollers  on  the  caps  of  the  bents 
l)etween  the  two  tracks,  over  a  tuni-sheave,  and  down  to  the 
haulage  engine.  Ore  is  stocked  on  one  side  of  the  shaft  until 
that  trestle  is  filled,  and  the  ropes  are  then  moved  to  the 
other  side. 

As  it  is  impossible  for  the  engineer  operating  the  haulage 
engine  to  see  the  stockpile  cars,  special  signals  for  spotting 
them  are  necessary.  When  a  car  is  spotted  in  the  right  position 
under  the  chute,  an  electric  contact  is  made  between  a  steel 
spring  that  projects  alx)ve  the  s"de  of  the  car  under  the  lip  of 
tlie  chute  and  a  metal  band  on  the  under  side  of  the  lip  of  the 
chute.  This  steel  spring  is  connected  by  a  wire  with  the 
axle  of  the  car,  so  that  when  it  comes  in  contact  with  the 
Ixind  on  the  lips  of  the  chute,  the  circuit  is  grounded,  and  a 
pair  of  red  lamps  are  lighted  in  front  of  the  haulage  engine. 
There  is  one  of  these  signals  for  each  car.  As  a  precaution 
against  running  the  car  off  the  end  of  the  trestle  the  last  100 


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90  STOCKING  ORE  ON  THE  MARQUETTE  RANGE 

ft.  of  rails  are  insulated  from  each  other  and  from  the  rest 
of  the  track,  and  when  the  car  reaches  that  part  of  the  track, 
a  cluster  of  lamps  are  lit  over  the  haulage  engine.  In  addi- 
tion, marks  are  made  on  the  rope  to  indicate  the  position  of 
the  car  when  it  is  at  the  dump-stick  and  at  the  shaft.  These 
marks  are  made  by  tying  cotton  wicking  around  the  rope  for 
a  length  of  five  or  six  inches,  using  a  single  knot  at  every  half 
turn.  The  engineer  receives  his  signals  for  moving  the  cars 
by  electric  bell  from  the  landing  floor. 

Rock  is  trammed  by  gravity  from  the  south  side  of  the 
shaft-house  in  an  end-dump  car,  which  as  pulled  back  by  a 
small  steam  engine  located  on  the  landing  floor.  When  not 
in  use  this  car  is  kept  out  of  the  way  under  the  south  skip- 
chute,  but  when  rock  is  to  be  trammed  a  set  of  temporary 
rails  are  swung  across  the  ore-track,  and  the  rock  car  is  pushed 
out  far  enough  to  receive  its  load  from  the  skip. 

The  operation  of  the  stocking  plant  requires  five  men  on 
each  shift,  one  haulage-engineer  and  four  top-landers.  One 
top-lander  operates  the  "butterfly'*  and  the  rock-car  engine, 
rings  b-ell  signals,  and  keeps  the  tally  of  skips  and  cars;  one 
oils  six)ols  and  rollers,  and  keeps  the  tracks  and  skip-dumps 
clean  and  free  from  ice ;  and  the  other  two  operate  the  rock- 
car,  brace  the  doors  of  the  ore  cars  spotted  at  the  chutes, 
sample  the  cars,  and  keep  the  landing  floor  clean. 
The  cycle  of  operations  is  about  as  follows : 

Seconds. 

To  load   lo 

To  nm  out  and  dump 55 

To  run  in 55 

Total 120 

The  capacity  per  car  is  30  trips  or  90  tons  per  hour.  The 
capacity  for  lx)th  cars  is  180  tons  per  hour. 

When  the  dump  is  at  considerable  distance  from  the  shaft 
the  cars  are  nni  in  trains  of  two,  the  two  cars  in  each  tram 
l)eing  sejxirated  about  25  feet.  In  this  case  the  cycle  of  o[y 
erations  as  about  as  follows : 

Seconds. 

Loading  first  car 10 

Spotting  second  car 10 

I.x>a(ling  second  car 10 

Running  out    70 

Runniing  in   70 

Total 170 


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Lake  superior  mining  institute 


•)i 


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92  STOCKING  ORE  ON  THE  MARQUETTE  RANGE 

The  capacity  per  train  is  21  trips  or  126  tons  per  hour. 
The  capacity  for  all  four  carsds  252  tons  per  hour. 

This  figure  is  about  right  when  the  dump-stick  is  set  from 
900  to  1000  ft.  from  the  shaft.  A  capacity  of  150  tons  per 
hour  has  been  maintained  when  ore  is  stocked  1600  ft.  from 
the  shaft. 

The  advantages  of  this  system  are  large  capacity  com- 
bined with  low  operating  cost  and  reliability  under  all  sorts 
of  weather  conditions  and  with  all  kinds  of  ore.  The  dangers 
of  car  riding  are  also  eliminated.  The  disadvantages  are  high 
cost  of  installation  and  maantenance  and  lack  of  flexibility. 

It  is  possible  to  fan  out  from  the  trestles  with  a  side-dump 


Figure  16    Neoaunee  Mine  Trestle 

car,  using  the  endless-rope  haulage  system,  and  this  method 
is  sometimes  used  at  the  Lake  mine  and  at  others  where  sim- 
ilar plants  are  installed,  but  on  account  of  its  higher  cost  of 
operation  and  lower  capacity,  it  is  resorted  to  only  in  emer- 
gencies. 

2.  Stocking  from  permanent  trestle  zvith  gable-bottomed 
cars.    Example :    Negaunee  mine,  Negaunee,  Mich. 

At  this  plant  rock  and  two  grades  of  ore  are  handled  on 
one  trestle.     A  permanent  double-track  steCl  trestle  extends 


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LAKE  SUPEklOk  MIKIKG  iNSTlTtJlTfi  93 

approximately  1500  ft.  east  and  west  from  the  shaft  house, 
and  a  wooden  trestle  is  built  at  the  west  end  of  the  steel  trestle. 
Ore  is  stocked  from  the  steel  trestle  and  rock  from  the  wooden 
trestle.  The  steel  trestls  is  42  ft.  high,  and  is  supported  on 
reinforced  concrete  pillars,  the  length  of  the  spans  being  114 
feet.  A  detailed  description  of  this  trestle  is  given  in  a  paper 
by  Mr.  S.  R.  Elliott,  presented  at  this  meeting  of  the  Insti- 
tute. A  view  of  the  trestle  is  shown  in  Fig.  16.  The  tracks 
are  30-in.  gauge,  and  are  laid  with  40-lb.  rails. 

The  ore  is  dumped  directly  from  the  skips  into  two  gable- 
bottomed  cars  of  75  cu.  ft.  capacity;  these  can  be  hauled 
either  way  from  the  shaft-house.  Each  car  is  moved  by  an 
endless  5^-in.  wire  rope  5500  ft.  long  driven  by  a  50-h.p.  in- 
duction motor  operating  a  drum  and  idler.  The  haulage  mo- 
tors are  on  the  ground  level  in  a  building  by  themselves,  but 
the  controllers  are  in  a  concrete  shanty  on  the  landing  floor. 
From  here  the  operator  can  watch  both  of  the  cars  and  spot 
them  directly.  TTie  ropes  are  kept  in  tension  by  the  same  type 
of  tightener  as  described  for  the  Lake  mine,  but  the  slack  is 
not  taken  up  by  a  screw  as  at  the  latter  mine,  but  by  a  count- 
erweight suspended  from  the  end  of  the  trestle.  The  car 
doors  are  opened  by  a  tripping-lever,  which  is  raised  by  a 
(lump-stick  set  between  the  rails.  The  maximum  car-speed  ob- 
tained is  1200  ft.  per  minute. 

The  average  time  is  about  as  follows : 

Seconds. 
To  spot  and  load   10 

•     To  run  out  and  dump 55 

To  run  in 55 

Total  120 

Capacity:  30  trips  per  hour  with  each  car,  or  al>out  240 
tons  per  hour  in  all. 

The  advantages  of  this  system  are  large  capacity  and 
reliability  under  all  sorts  of  weather  conditions  and  with  all 
kinds  of  ore,  combined  with  low  operating  and  maintenance 
costs.  Also  the  dangers  of  car  riding  are  eliminated.  The  dis- 
advantages are  high  first  cost,  lack  of  flexibility,  and  higli 
cost  for  power. 

(D)  Electric  Motor  Haulage. 

I.  Stocking  zinth  an  electric  motor  and  end-dump  cars, 
using  only  a  short  trestle  near  the  shaft-house.  Example: 
Mary  Charlotte  mine,  Negaunee,  Michigan. 


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94 


STOCKING  OfeE  OK  tHE  MAkQUETTE  RANGE 


At  the  Mary  Charlotte  mine  three  grades  of  ore  are  stocked 
in  separate  piles  on  the  west  side  of  the  shaft,  and  rock  is 
dumped  on  the  east  side.  A  short  trestle  extends  from  the 
shaft-house  to  the  first  point  of  dumping  in  each  case,  and 
from  there  on  the  track  is  laid  on  the  top  of  the  pile  itself  as 
it  advances.  The  track  is  of  36-in.  gauge,  laid  with  6o-lb. 
rails,  and  is  kept  level.  The  plan  of  the  tracks  is  shown  in 
Fig.  17. 

The  ore  is  hoisted  in  4^-ton  skips,  and  is  dumped  directly 
into  an  end-dump  steel  car  equipped  with  a  ball-bearing  turn- 
table.   This  car  is  pushed  out  to  tlie  dump  by  a  6-ton  electric 


ROUGH      SKKTCH 

SNOWW*     tT«C<     PILI.      ailOUND 

n 
Hilt  fMtfT     NkkV    CHMUtn 
f«.  17 


r 


\. 


locomotive.  One  car  is  used  for  all  three  grades  of  ore  anil 
another  car  for  rock.  The  same  motor  serves  both  cars.  The 
ore  car  and  motor  are  shown  in  Fig.  18.  The  troiley-wire 
is  carried  on  overhead  crosspieces  supported  on  small  poles 
erected  at  the  side  of  the  trestle.  It  is  extended  only  as  far 
as  the  dump. 

The  crew  on  each  shift  consists  of  a  motomian  and  two 
car-dumpers,  who  all  ride  on  the  motor,  and  a  lander  who 
stays  at  the  shaft,  rings  the  bell,  regulates  the  distribution  o\ 
the  ore,  and  keeps  the  landing  floor  clean.  On  day  shift  two 
or  more  men  in  addition  are  needed  on  the  dump  to  make  ex- 
tensions and  keep  the  tracks  in  order. 

The  cycle  of  operations  is  alx)ut  as  follows  when  ore  is 
dumped  250  ft.  from  the  shaft: 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  95 

Seconds. 

Spotting  and  loading 15 

Running  out 40 

Dumping 25 

Running  in   40 

Total   120 

Capacity:  30  trii>s  per  hour,  or  128  tons.    As  the  distance 

from  the  shaft  increases,  the  capacity  is  reduced.    An  average 

of  600  tons  a  shift  of  eight  hours  is  considered  good  work. 

The  advantages  of  this  system  are  its  flexibility,  the  low 


Figure  18   Top  Tram  Car  and  Motor— Mary  Charlotte  Mine 

first  cost  of  the  trestles  and  equipment,  low  maintenance,  and 
comparative  freedom  from  delay  on  account  of  bad  weather. 
The  disadvantages  are  danger  to  employes,  especially  to  the 
three  men  who  ride,  and  delays  from  track  disturbances,  due 
to  settling  of  the  pile  either  from  the  frost  melting  out  of  the 
upper  parts  or  from  excessive  moisture  in  the  ore. 

2.  Stocking  from  temporary  trestle  with  self-propelled 
side-dump  cars.  Example:  American  mine,  Diorite,  Mich- 
igan. 

At  the  American  mine  the  ore  is  hoisted  through  an  in- 


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96 


Stocking  okE  oti  tHE  MAftgUEttfi  RAKcfi 


clined  shaft  by  two  skips;  these  dump  directly  into  a  No. 
8  gyratory  crusher.  The  ore,  as  it  is  discharged  from  the 
crusher,  falls  through  a  small  chute  into  a  side  dumping 
self-propelled  car  or  *'larry"  of  80  cu.  ft.  capacity,  by  which 
it  is  transferred  to  the  railroad  pockets,  to  the  stockpile,  or 
to  the  concentrator.  Rock,  concentrating  ore,  and  four  grades 
of  high-grade  ore  are  handled. 

In  stocking  ore  temporary  single-track  trestles  are  used, 
a  plan  of  which  is  shown  in  Fag.  19.  When  these  are  filled 
the  track  can  be  moved  over  on  the  pile,  as  is  done  at  the 
Cliflfs  Shaft  mine.  The  tracks  are  level,  laid  with  60-lb.  rails, 
and  have  40-in.  gauge.  There  are  three  tracks  across  the 
shaft-house  on  the  landing  floor,  two  for  loading  at  the  chutes 
and  one  for  a  turn-out. 


Iniuu,  MiCM. 

Hm*   I'.MI  ' 


The  car  or  lari*y  consists  of  a  wooden  body  with  a  slop- 
ing floor  and  with  a  hinged  door  on  the  side,  mounted  on  a 
sted  frame.  The  door  is  opened  and  closed  by  a  simple  tog- 
gle and  lever,  ojDerated  by  the  man  who  rides  the  car.  The 
steel  frame  carrying  the  car  body  is  supported  at  one  end  by 
a  small  four-wheeled  tnick,  which  is  free  to  turn  on  a  swivel, 
and  at  the  other  end  by  a  single  pair  of  20-in.  wheels,  to 
which  the  driving  motor  is  geared.  The  motor  is  a  6-h.p. 
250-volt  direct-current  crane  motor.  Each  car  is  equipped 
with  a  controller  and  foot-brake.  The  trolley-wire  is  sup- 
ported on  horizontal  poles  at  intervals  of  from  15  to  20  feet. 
A  view  of  this  car  is  shown  in  Fig.  20. 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  9/ 


Figure  20   American  Mine  Stocking  Car 


Figure  21    American  Mine  Shaft 


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98  STOCKING  ORE  ON  THE  MARQUETTE  RANGE 

The  crew  consists  of  one  lander  and  two  car-riders  on  each 
shift.  Ordinarily  only  two  cars  are  needed,  but  when  hoist- 
ing is  brisk,  an  additional  car  is  used,  one  car  being  left  under 
the  crusher  chute  while  the  other  two  are  making  their  trips. 
Two  car-riders  operating  three  cars  in  this  way  have  an  av- 
erage working  capacity  of  100  tons  an  hour,  and  a  maximum 
of  160  tons  an  hour. 

The  cars  travel  at  a  speed  of  from  six  to  eight  miles  an 
hour. 

The  advantages  of  this  system  of  stocking  ore  are  extreme 
flexibility,  positive  action,  a  small  operating  crew,  relatively 
low  *power-cost,  and  maximum  trestle  capacity.  Its  disadvant- 
ages are  the  dangers  attendant  on  car-riding  on  trestles,  and 
the  cost  of  maintenance  of  trestles  and  cars. 

Tabulation  of  Stocking  Methods  Employed  at  Various 

Mines. 

A HAND  tramming. 

I.  Stocking  with  end-dump  cars,  using  only  a  short 
trestle  near  the  shaft  house. 

Lake  Superior  Hematite  mine,  Ishpeming,  Mich. 
Stegmiller  mine,  Princeton,  Mich. 

B gravity  TRAMMING  WITH  ROPE  PULL-BACK. 

1.  Stocking  with  end-dump  cars,  using  only  a  short 
trestle  near  the  shaft  house. 

Salisbury  mine.  Ishpeming,  Mich. 

Austin   mine,  Princeton,  Mich. 

Chase  mine,  Ishpeming,  Mich. 

Section  i6  mine,  Ishpeming,  Mich. 

Lake  Superior  Hard  Ore,  Ishpeming,  Mich. 

Queen  mine,  Negaunee,  Mich. 

Prince  of  Wales  mine,  Negaunee,  Mich. 

Rolling  Mill  mine,  Negaunee,  Mich. 

Cambria  mine,  Negaunee,  Mich. 

2.  Stocking  with  side-dump  cars,  starting  from  tempor- 
ary trestles  and  fanning  out. 

Cliffs  Shaft  mine,  Ishpeming,  Mich. 
Republic  mine.  Republic,  Mich. 

C — ENDLESS  ROPE  HAULAGE. 

I.  Stocking  from  temporary  trestle  with  gable-bottomed 
cars. 

Morris  mine,  Ishpeming,  Mich. 
Lloyd  mine,  Ishpeming,  Mich. 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  99 

Lake  mine,  Ishi)eming,  Mich. 
Maas  mine,  Negaunee,  Mich. 
Gvvinn  mine,  Gwinn,  Mich. 
Mackinaw  mine,  Gwinn,  Mich. 
Princeton  mine,  Princeton,  Mich. 
Stephenson  mine,  Princeton,  Mich. 

2.     Stocking  from  permanent  trestle  with  gable-bottomed 
cars. 

Negaunee  mine,  N^^unee,  Mich. 

D — ELECTRIC    MOTOR   HAULAGE. 

1.  Stocking  with  electric-motor  and  end-dump  cars,  us- 
ing only  a  short  trestle  near  the  shaft  house. 

Mary  Charlotte  mine,  Negaunee,  Mich. 

Volunteer  mine.  Palmer,  Mich. 

Lake  Angeline  mine,  Ishpeming,  Mich. 

2.  Stocking  from  temporary  trestle  with  self-propelled, 
side-dump  cars. 

American  mine,  Diorite,  Mich. 


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ICX^  MINING  METHODS  AT  THE  COPPER  QUEEN 


GENERAL  OUTLINE  OF  MINING  METHODS  USED 
IN  THE  COPPER  QUEEN  MINE,  BISBEE.  ARIZ. 

BY  JOSEPH  PARK  HODGSON^  BISBEE,  ARIZONA.* 

The  Copper  Queen,  which  might  be  called  a  group  of 
mines,  is  the  principal  mining  operation  of  the  Copper  Queen 
Consolidated  Mining  Company.  Mining  operations  were  com- 
menced in  1880.  The  famous  Queen  orebody,  which  ex- 
tended to  the  surface,  was  quarried  from  a  large  open  cut  in 
the  outcrop.  Tlie  orebody  was  followed  down  to  the  300-ft. 
level  with  the  Queen  incline  and  stoped  by  the  square-set 
method.  This,  I  believe,  marks  the  introduction  of  square- 
setting  into  the  Bisbee  district.  It  is  still  the  system  of  stoping 
most  commonly  practiced. 

Orebodies — The  orebodies  in  the  Copper  Queen  mine 
occur  in  the  limestones,  and  most  of  the  ore  hr^  ^'-^^ ' 

from  the  Abrigo,  Martin  and  Escabrosa  limef 
the  orebodies  outcrop  in   the  extreme   westen    .  .ae 

mine,  the  general  dip  is  to  the  east  and  south,  at  an  angle  of 
about  20  degrees.  This  dip  is  not  by  any  means  regular, 
however;  in  fact,  it  is  very  irregular  locally.  The  ore  varies 
remarkably  in  character,  some  of  it  being  very  soft  and  re- 
quiring a  large  amount  of  timber,  and  other  portions  consist- 
ing of  extremely  hard  sulphides.  In  general  the  orebodies 
are  remarkable  for  their  continuity,  but  very  irregular  as  to 
shape  and  size.  As  the  mine  has  been  in  operation  so  many 
years,  and  over  such  a  large  area,  the  overburden  is  constantly 
shrinking.  The  constant  movement  resulting,  shown  by  large 
cracks  and  interstices  in  the  surface  rocks,  contributes  largely 
to  the  very  high  deadwork  or  maintenance  cost  of  the  mine. 
For  the  year  19 13  the  one  item  of  repairs  and  deadwork 
amounted  to  almost  $400,000. 

*Mine  Superintendent  Copper  Queen  Consolidated  Mlninv  Co. 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  tOI 


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I02  MINING  METHODS  AT  THE  COPPER  QUEEN 

Haulage  and  Hoisting — The  underground  openings  have 
been  extended  in  the  neighborhood  of  two  hundred  miles.  The 
ore  is  hoisted  at  a  centrally  located  shaft,  the  Sacramento,  to 
which  it  is  conveyed  from  different  parts  of  the  mine  by  elec- 
tric haulage.  There  were  slightly  over  nine  miles  of  electric 
tramway  in  operation  in  191 3.  The  hoisting  levels  at  the 
Sacramento  shaft  are  200  ft.  apart,  commencing  at  the  400- 
ft.  level  and  continuing  down  to  the  1600- ft.  level,  the  aver- 
age hoisting  distance  being  1,000  feet.  Kimberly  skips  are 
used,  and  are  loaded  from  pockets.  As  high  as  four  hundred 
skips  have  been  hoisted  through  this  shaft  in  a  7^-hour  shift. 

Intermediate  tramming  to  haulage  chutes  is  done,  in  gen- 
eral, by  mules  and  by  hand.  Waste  material  is  used  for  fill- 
ing the  square-set  and  cut-and-fill  stopes.  Any  surplus  waste 
rock  is  sent  to  the  surface  at  the  subsidiary  shafts,  of  which 
there  are  seven  in  operation*.  These  shafts  are  also  used  for 
hoisting  and  lowering  men,  timber  and  supplies. 

Lighting — All  main  haulage- ways,  powder  houses,  etc., 
are  lighted  by  electricity.  The  workmen  have  been  using 
candles,  but  carbide  lamps  are  being  substituted  for  them.  It 
is  thought  that  there  is  less  danger  of  fire  with  the  carbide 
lamps,  and  it  has  also  been  demonstrated  that  carbide  is  more 
economical.  They  also  give  a  better  light,  which  enables  the 
workmen  to  see  better,  a  distinct  advantage  because  of  the 
large  amount  of  ore  that  is  sorted  underground. 

Compressed  Air — All  hoists,  with  the  exception  of  the 
Sacramento,  are  operated  by  compressed  air  generated  at  the 
central  power  plant  by  compressors  having  a  total  capacity  of 
21,000  cubic  feet  of  free  air  per  minute.  Electric  power  for 
underground  and  surface  lights  and  for  haulage  is  supplied 
by  three  Curtis  turbo-generators,  which  are  connected  with 
seven  407-h.p.  water-tube  boilers. 

Square-Setting — Up  to  about  a  year  ago,  square-setting 
was  the  only  method  practiced  in.  this  property.  The  system, 
as  a  whole,  has  been  very  successful.  It  is  quite  elastic;  and 
stringers  can  be  followed  from  any  point  in  the  stope  and 
prosi>ecting  is  efficient.  Perhaps  the  greatest  objection  to  it 
is  that  in  very  soft  ground  the  stopes  may  close  in  from  the 
excessive  weight.  The  timber  cost  is  also  very  high,  and  as 
a  whole,  i>erhaps  the  system  is  not  as  economical  as  some 
others.  Nevertheless  a  very  large  portion  of  the  mine  will 
always  be  worked  upon  this  plan,  by  reason  of  the  very  un- 
equal and  changing  character  of  the  ground. 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  IO3 

The  general  custom  in  the  square-setting  system  practiced 
here  is  to  block  the  ore  out  in  sections,  numbering  the  sec- 
tions consecutively,  and  mine,  if  possible,  four  sections  around 
one  central  raise.  This  can  quite  often  be  done,  but  frequent- 
ly the  ground  is  so  heavy,  and  so  much  weight  is  thrown  upon 
the  timbers,  that  it  is  impossible  to  take  out  more  than  two  or 
three  sections  to  a  raise.  These  sections  are  laid  out  according 
to  the  local  character  of  the  ground,  and  are  from  two  to 


Orch 
Opt 


square  3Mn^ 
FIJI 


Of 

f 


Open  5€Ti 


Figure  1  and  2  Illustrate  Different  Stages  of  Extracting  the  Ore  by  Means  op 
Sections  Which  Was  Explained  Under  the  Square  Set  System.  The  Chutks 
Arb  so  Arranged  as  to  Require  the  Least  Amount  of  Mucking. 

four  sets  in  width,  and  from  six  to  ten  in  length.  The  sec- 
tions must  be  laid  out  with  great  care,  because  if  they  are 
too  large  or  too*  wide,  the  stope  may  cave  in.  As  the  stoping 
progresses  from  the  sill  upward,  the  raise  is  usually  extended 
to  the  next  level.  This  gives  proper  ventilation  to  the  stope, 
and  besides,  the  raise  is  almost  necessary  for  the  lowering  of 
timbers  and  the  dumping  of  filling;  it  has  been  foupd  neces- 


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J04  MINING  METHODS  AT  THE  COPPER  QUEEN 

sary  to  carry  the  filling  to  within  about  two  floors  of  the  bade 
of  the  stope  and  immediately  below  where  men  are  working. 

In  many  of  the  stopes,  particularly  in  the  oxide  ores,  a 
good  deal  of  the  ore  is  sorted,  as  it  has  been  demcmstrated 
that  it  is  cheaper  to  sort  out  the  waste  in  the  stope.  In 
many  cases  this  increases  the  mining  cost  quite  materially, 
yet  the  Company  has  no  doubts  of  its  being  good  business  to 
leave  the  waste  in  the  gob  rather  than  to  put  it  into  chutes, 
tram  and  hoist  it,  and  pay  transportation  and  smelting  charges 
upon  it.  So  that  nothing  will  be  mined  but  what  shows  a 
margin  of  profit,  a  system  of  minima,  based  upon  the  selling 
price  of  copper,  has  been  put  into  effect. 

Cut  and  Fill — Within  the  last  two  years,  the  management 
has  been  making  some  experiments  in  other  mining  methods, 
and  in  certain  portions  of  the  mine,  notably  in  the  Holbrook, 
Spray  and  Gardner  divisions,  s(xne  cut-and-fill  stopes  have 
been  opened..  This  system  of  mining  is  of  course  applicable 
only  in  hard  ground,  and  these  stopes  are  exclusively  in  sul- 
phide ores.  The  experiments  have,  to  date,  proved  quite  suc- 
cessful, and  have  materially  decreased  the  mining  cost  from 
that  of  the  square-set  method,  and  it  is  believed  that  this  sys- 
tem should  be  used  wherever  the  conditions  are  suitable.  The 
method  in  use  is  somewhat  as  follows: 

The  orebody  is  prospected  as  far  as  possible  in  advance, 
and  the  side  and  vertical  dimensions  of  the  ore  determined. 
Drifts  are  driven  where  possible  under  the  bottom  of  the  ore 
and  raises  put  through  the  ore  to  the  level  above  to  permit 
the  dumping  of  filling.  Chambers  are  then  cut  out  and  drifts 
formed  either  by  cribs  or  by  sets  of  timber.  The  back  is 
blasted  down,  the  raises  are  cribbed  up  at  convenient  points, 
and  filling  is  dumped  in  for  the  men  to  stand  upon,  so  that  they 
will  at  all  times  be  working  close  to  the  back.  Wherever 
possible  the  stope  is  worked  on  an  angle  of  about  45  degrees, 
so  that  the  broken  ore  may  slide  down  to  the  chutes  upon  a 
plank  bed  laid  upon  the  filling.  This  plan  materially  reduces 
the  cost  of  getting  the  ore  into  chutes,  and  is  advantageous 
wherever  it  can  be  adopted.  Prospecting  can  be  done  frcwm 
any  elevation,  as  the  stope  is  worked  up  to  that  point  and 
the  filling  is  easily  and  cheaply  disposed  of.  Wherever  it  is 
possible  to  work  a  stope  upon  an  angle  of  45  degrees,  very 
little  timber  is  needed,  as  the  slope  of  the  ground  helps  to 
support  the  stope.  Wherever  a  stope  cannot  be  worked  upon 
the  slope  and  where  the  backs  are  carried  more  or  less  hori- 


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tsAJiE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE 


i6§ 


zontal,  they  must  often  be  blocked  up  temporarily  or  supported 
by  cribbing  to  make  the  stope  safe  while  the  ore  is  being  ex- 
tracted. 


eoQLrrrl 


/7fJ.    CuUndnil 


Figure  8.  Staktino  at  the  Top  of  thb  Slops,  Water  Holes  Are  Drilled  and  a 
Section  op  Ground  About  8  ft.  Thick  and  20  ft.  Wide  is  Blasted  Down.  The 
Work  is  Done  Underhand  Wherever  it  is  Possible  in  Order  to  Keep  the 
Back  Solid. 


n^,t  Cut  and  r///. 


Figure  4.  Shows  that  the  Ore  Has  Been  Removed.  Waste  Filling  Has  Been  Run  in 
and  is  Again  in  the  Condition  as  Shown  in  Figure  8. 

This  system  is  also  quite  elastic,  inasmuch  as  small  blocks 
can  be  worked  out  wherever  it  is  deemed  necessary  in  case 
the  back  is  heavy  and  will  not  admit  of  being  opened  up  in  a 


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I06  MINING  METHODS  AT  THE  COPPER  QUEEN 

fairly  large  chamber.  One  absolute  necessity  in  working  this 
system  is  that  the  men  be  watched  closely  and  taught  to  bar 
clown  the  backs  and  take  down  all  loose  or  unsafe  ground 
before  they  set  up  their  drills.  Perhaps  the  system  is  at  a 
disadvantage  where  the  ore  is  intersected  by  stringers  or 
bunches  of  waste;  however,  if  care  is  taken,  this  waste  can 
always  be  blasted  down  or  put  in  the  gob  and  the  ore  mined 
clean.  The  cut-and-fill  method  thus  far  has  worked  quite 
successfully  in  the  Copper  Queen  mines,  and  the  writer  knows 
of  many  mines  in  Michigan  and  other  places  that  have  been 
worked  successfully  by  similar  systems. 

Shrinkage — Up  to  the  present  time,  only  one  place  has 
been  found  in  the  Copper  Queen  mine  where  in  our  judgment 
a  shrinkage  stope  could  be  developed.  This  slope  is  on  the 
iioo-ft.  level  of  the  Lowell  mine,  upon  an  orebody  approxi- 
mately lOO  ft.  long  and  50  ft.  wide.  To  use  the  shrinkage 
system  successfully,  the  character  of  the  surrounding  walls 
must  fifst  be  ascertained;  it  must  be  demonstrated  beyond  a 
doubt  that  they  are  strong  enough  to  permit  the  removal  of 
the  ore  after  it  has  been  mined  to  the  top  of  the  orebody  or 
to  the  level  above.  Such  work  is  under  way  at  present  in 
the  Lowell  mine,  and  promises  to  show  a  substantial  reduction 
in  cost  as  compared  to  square-setting  in  the  same  character 
of  ground.  Practically  no  timber  is  needed,  and  as  the  ore 
is  kept  close  to  the  back,  the  workmen  are  at  all  times  close  to 
the  working  face.  As  with  the  cut-and-fill  system,  care  must 
always  be  taken  that  the  workmen  bar  down  and  make  safe 
the  backs  before  commencing  drilling  operations.  One  dis- 
advantage of  the  shrinkage  system  is  that  bars  of  waste  occur- 
ring in  the  orebody  must  necessarily  be  broken  down  and  thus 
may  become  mixed  with  the  ore. 

Top-Slicing — Another  system  that  has  also  been  receiving 
attention  in  these  properties  is  that  of  the  top  slice.  The 
top-slicing  system  probably  originated  in  the  iron  ore  mines 
of  the  northern  part  of  England,  and,  I  believe,  was  first  in- 
troduced in  this  country  in  the  iron  mines  in  northern  Michi- 
gan. This  system  consists  of  first  driving  in  the  main  level 
drifts,  crosscutting  and  finding  the  extent  of  the  orebody, 
putting  up  raises  through  the  orebody  to  the  top  of  the  ore, 
and  commencing  operations  at  the  extreme  top  of  the  orebody. 
It  must,  of  course,  be  demonstrated  to  the  satisfaction  of  the 
management  that  there  is  no  possibility  of  other  orebodies 
lying  over  the  country  that  is  to  be  mined,  as  the  system, 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  IO7 


D.    Another  View  of  Surface  Above  Dividend  Ore  Body.  Czar  Mine.    Filling  on 
THE  Left.    Copper  Queen  C.  M.  Co. 


A.     CONCRBTB  18  MIXED  IMMEDIATELY  ABOVE  DIVIDEND  OrE  BoDY  FOR  CONCRETE  RAISES 

Df  Foot-Wall  of  Orb  Body,  Czar  Mine,  Copper  Queen  C.  M.  Co. 


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io8 


MINING  METHODS  AT  THE  COPPER  QUEEN 


when  properly  used,  does  not  necessitate  filling.  The  opera- 
tions consist  simply  of  driving  lateral  drifts  and  taking  out 
the  ore  in  small  blocks, — ^making  sure  to  clean  the  top  of  the 
orebody, — and  placing  either  plank  or  split  lagging  upon  the 
sill  of  every  individual  slice  as  the  operations  are  continued 
downward,  thereby  forming  a  mat  upon  which  the  overburden 
and  debris  will  rest.     It  is  usually  found  in  the  preliminary 


jZHLad^ 


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M 


Limit 


IM 


tt. 


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Fig.  f  Top  5licinf 


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r 

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4 

\ 

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timiT. 

-«/— _ 

fftc-' 

X 

/Ty^  TopSlkinf 

Figure  5,  Shows  a  Top-Slice  Started  and  Mat  Formed.  Figure  6  Shows  Extremities 
OF  Orb  Body  Being  Taken  Out  in  Advance  of  Central  Portion.  This  is  Done 
Where  a  Main  Extraction  Tunnel  is  Immediately  Below  the  Slice  in  Order 
TO  Obviate  Repair  Costs  in  Main  Levels. 

operations  of  a  top  slice  that  the  overburden  is  heaviest  while 
the  first  three  or  four  slices  are  being  extracted.  After  this, 
the  mat,  old  timber  and  overburden  become  intermixed,  and 
in  a  measure  self-sustaining. 

This  system  can  be  used  to  advantage  in  very  soft  or  wet 
ground;  it  is  the  writer's  opinion  that  in  such  cases  it  will 
succeed  and  return  a  profit  where  square-setting  and  other 
methods  fail.     Top-slicing  has  been  commenced  in  what  is 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE 


109 


known  as  the  Dividend  slice  of  the  Czar  mine.  This  orebody 
contains  perhaps  from  750,000  to  1,000,000  tons  of  very  soft, 
wet,  aluminous  ore.     Square-setting  wherever  tried  in  this 


i-^!  -r 


I 


FlQURB  7. 


Skbtch  op  Concrbte  Pocket  Built  Particularly  to  Handle  Sticky  Ores  from  the 
Dividend  Slice. 


territory  has  been  very  expensive  and  it  has  been  almost  im- 
possible to  complete  a  section  successfully.  As  a  preliminary 
to  starting  the  slice,  a  drift  was  driven  in  the  footwall  on  the 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  III 


g 


o 
u 


o 


I 


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112  MINING  METHODS  AT  THE  COPPER  QUfiEK 

400- ft.  level ;  the  orebody  lies  on  the  footwall  and  extends  up 
about  50  ft.  above  the  200-ft.  level.  Raises  were  then  put 
up  to  the  200-ft.  level  in  the  footwall;  it  has  been  found 
that  raises  in  the  orebody  will  not  stand  the  immense  pres- 
sure which  is  brought  to  bear  upon  them.  Because  the  ore 
is  very  wet  and  aluminous,  it  is  hard  to  handle  in  the  chutes, 
and  concrete  pockets  have  been  designed  which  have  the  shape 
of  an  inverted  funnel,  with  the  large  portion  of  the  funnel 
downward.  About  30  ft.  above  the  400-ft.  sill,  Or  in  the  tc^ 
of  this  funnel,  an  offset  or  baffle  has  been  put  in,  and  from 
this  point  the  raise  is  continued  to  the  200-ft.  level.  The  raise 
is  circular  and  is  lined  with  concrete.  While  we  have  not 
yet  proved  that  this  type  of  pocket  will  be  successful,  we  are 
ccMifident  that  it  will  very  considerably  lower  the  cost  of  hand- 
ling the  ore.  The  work  in  this  orebody  has  not  progressed 
to  a  point  where  a  comparison  of  costs  may  be  made,  but  we 
are  quite  certain  that  the  operation  will  be  successful. 

One  advantage  of  toi)-slicing  is  that  it  is  very  elastic.  Drifts 
for  prospecting  may  be  driven  in  any  direction  from  any  floor, 
and  the  waste  disposed  of  in  the  workings.  Another  advant- 
age is  that  in  mining  the  orebody  from  the  top  down,  the  ore 
is  mined  clean,  and  still  another  is  that  wherever  it  is  desir- 
able, incline  raises  may  be  put  up  at  any  point  from  main  raises 
to  the  mining  floor  to  lower  the  cost  of  tramming.  Several 
orebodies  in  the  Czar,  Holbrook,  Gardner  and  Sacramento 
mines  are  being  developed  upon  this  plan,  and  the  manage- 
ment is  of  the  opinion  that  they  will  show  a  substantial  low- 
ering of  costs,  as  compared  with  those  worked  by  square-set- 
ting. It  must  be  understood,  however,  that  top-slicing  can  be 
used  only  where  it  will  not  damage  any  portion  of  the  mine, 
and,  particularly,  it  must  be  demonstrated,  as  before  noted, 
that  there  are  no  orebodies  above  the  territory  worked  ac- 
cording to  this  system. 

Conclusions  as  to  Mining  Systems — It  is  quite  evident  to 
the  writer  that  in  future  developments  in  these  properties, 
wherever  orebodies  are  developed  which  are  adapted  to  tojv 
slicing,  cut-and-fill,  or  shrinkage  methods,  these  methods 
will  be  found  to  be  much  more  economical  than  the  square- 
setting  which  has  been  in  vogue  almost  exclusively  in  the  past. 
It  must  be  remembered,  however,  that  the  square-set  method 
will  always  be  used  for  a  large  portion  of  the  ore  in  these 
properties,  because  it  undoubtedly  has  some  advantages  under 
varying  conditions  that  the  other  systems  do  not  have. 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  XI 3 


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1 14  MINING  METHODS  AT  THE  COPPER  QUEEN 

Ventilation — ^Until  recently,  natural  ventilation  aided  by 
exhaust  from  drill  machines  and  by  small  5-h.p.  blowers  and 
compressed  air  was  the  only  means  of  ventilating  the  exten- 
sive workings  of  the  entire  mine.  While  the  temperature  in 
stopes  was  not  very  high,  the  relative  humidity  in  most  places 
exceeded  ninety  per  cent,  and  in  consequence,  the  mine  air 
seemed  oppressive.  A  mechanical  ventilation  system  was  com- 
pleted in  the  Gardner  during  August,  191 3.  The  improved 
working- conditions  and  increased  efficiency  of  the  men  that 
have  resulted  have  justified  the  installation  of  similar  sys- 
tems in  the  Lowell  and  Sacramento  divisions. 

The  system  of  ventilation  adopted  in  the  Gardner  is  the 
pressure  system.  Two  Sirocco  blowers,  located  near  the  900- 
ft.  station,  deliver  a  total  of  70,000  cubic  feet  of  air  per 
minute.  Tliis  entire  volume  of  air  is  so  conducted  as  to  ven- 
tilate the  workings  from  the  looo-ft.  to  the  6oo-ft.  levels, 
from  whence  it.  exhausts  through  the  shafts  of  the  Calumet  & 
Arizona  Mining  Company. 

Lowell  Fire  District — In  the  Lowell  division,  there  is  an 
old  fire  which  extends  from  the  lOOO-ft.  to  the  1300-ft.  levels. 
Water  is  being  nm  into  this  fire  area.  In  working  its  way 
through  the  hot  zone,  this  water  becomes  charged  with  cop- 
l^er  sulphate.  In  a  concrete  precipitating  plant,  500  ft.  long 
and  4  ft.  wide,  on  the  1300-ft.  level  these  acid  waters  perco- 
late among  tin  cans  and  scrap  iron  and  thus  deposit  their  cop- 
per. 

To  make  secure  the  drifts  and  raises  that  conduct  the 
gases  which  come  from  the  fire  district,  those  that  are  most 
imix>rtant  have  been  heavily  lined  with  concrete. 

Concrete  Pockets  and  Raises — It  has  been  found  very  eco- 
nomical for  certain  kinds  of  ore  to  put  in  concrete  pockets 
and  cylindrical  raises  in  storage  chutes;  the  up-keep  cost  of 
concrete  is  practically  nothing,  whereas  the  maintenance  of 
timjjer  in  storage  chutes  is  expensive. 

Copper  Queen — An  interesting  feature  of  the  mine  is  that 
at  present  large  areas  of  old  stopes  are  being  worked,  and 
ore  which  was  regarded  as  waste  in  former  years  is  now 
mined  at  a  profit.  A  large  amount  of  this  work  is  being  done 
in  the  Czar  and  Holbrook  divisions. 

During  1913  about  104.000  ft.  of  development  work  was 
done,  alx>ut  70,000  ft.  of  it  on  contract.  The  timber  used 
for  the  year  was  18,645,713  feet 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  II 5 

The  output  for  the  year  was  867,481  tons  of  copper  ore, 
yielding  97,181,725  pounds  of  copper,  and  15,573  ^^"^  ^^  ^^^^ 
ore,  yielding  5,701,628  pounds  of  lead.  To  January,  1914. 
the  mine  has  produced  a  total  of  1,176,718,905  pounds  of 
copper. 


B.    Dividend  Incline  of  Czab  Mine.  Copper  Queen  C.  M.  Co. 


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Il6  SINKING  A  VERTICAL    SHAFT    AT    PALMS    MINE 


THE  SINKING  OF  A  VERTICAL  SHAFT  AT   THE 

PALMS  MINE  OF  THE  NEWPORT  MINING 

CO.,  AT  BESSEMER,  MICHIGAN. 

BY   FRANK   BLACKWELL,   IRONWOOD,   MICH.* 

Before  the  sinking  of  the  shaft  at  the  Palms  mine  was 
begun,  the  management  made  a  detailed  comparison  of  the 
advantages  and  disadvantages  of  incline  and  vertical  shafts  in 
the  footwall.  An  incline  shaft  would  have  the  disadvantag^es 
of  rails,  back  runners,  skip  wheels,  axles  and  boxes,  and  the 
expense  and  trouble  of  axle  lubrication,  and  of  frequently  re- 
placing supfK)rts  for  ropes;  longer  ropes  would  be  required, 
and  wear  and  tear  of  same  would  be  greater,  and  the  skips 
would  have  to  travel  a  greater  distance  and  at  limited  speed. 
There  would  be  a  constant  and  considerable  expense  for  the 
upkeep  of  the  shaft  and  its  equipment.  A  vertical  shaft  in  the 
foot-wall  would  have  only  the  disadvantages  of  longer  cross- 
cuts from  the  orebody  to  the  shaft,  and  of  the  greater  dis- 
tance of  transiX)rtation :  but  with  transportation  by  electricity, 
distance  is  a  small  consideration.  Accordingly  a  vertical  shaft 
was  decided  upon,  to  be  lined  with  steel  and  concrete.     (Fig-. 

DESIGN  OF  SHAFT. 

The  shaft  is  divided  into  five  compartments :  a  cage  com- 
partment 6ft.  2  in.  by  lo  ft.;  two  skip  compartments 
4  ft.  lo  in.  by  6  ft.  each;  a  ladder  compartment  3  ft. 
8  in.  by  4  ft.  10  in.;  and  a  pipe  and  counterweight  compart- 
ment 3  ft.  8  in.  by  4  ft.  10  in.  (Fig.  2.)  It  is  10  ft  10  in. 
by  17  ft.  6  in.  in  outside  dimensions.  The  wall  plates,  17 
ft.  6  in.  long,  and  the  end  pieces  and  the  two  dividers,  each 
10  ft.  long,  are  5-in.  18.7-lb.  H  sections.  The  other  two 
dividers,  4  ft.  10  in.  long,  are  4-in.  13.6-lb.  H  sections.     The 

*Blinins  Engineer. 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE 


117 


eight  studdles  are  3  in.  by  3  in.  by  ^  in.  angle  iron.  Most 
of  the  sets  are  placed  8  ft.  apart  center  to  center.  Because  of 
the  heavy  ground  encountered  several  sets  are  placed  6  ft. 


y^^st^Mi. 


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Figure  1   Cross  Section  Through  Shaft 


apart,  and  a  few  of  them  4  feet.  The  wooden  guides  are  5^ 
ill.  by  7iJ4  i^^*?  two  of  them  are  strengthened  by  7-in.  channel 
iron. 


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ii8 


SINKING  A  VERTICAL  SHAFT  AT  PALMS  MINE 


F10UBB2   Plan  OF  Shaft 


ir4*f*r  9eoi,ec 


FyouRsS   By^^KST  y^Bp  FOR  Shaft  SiNKiNO 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE 


H9 


Figuiib4   General  Subfacv  Plan 


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I20  SINKING  A  VERTICAL  SHAFT  AT  PALMS  MINE 

EQUIPMENT   FOR  SHAFT   SINKING. 

The  temporary  head  frame  used  was  high  enough  so  that 
the  bucket  of  rock  could  be  dumped  into  a  car  i8  ft.  above 
surface.  After  a  bucket  (Fig.  3)  was  hoisted,  a  counter- 
weight door  was  let  down  and  the  car  run  upon  it.  A  chain 
was  hooked  to  the  bottom  of  the  bucket  so  that  when  the 
bucket  was  lowered  it  dumped  its  contents  into  the  car.  The 
quartzite  in  the  shaft  was  dumped  from  the  trestle  and  re- 
served for  concreting.  (Fig.  4.)  For  crushing  the  rock  for 
concreting  a  Gates  gyratory  crusher  No.  2,  driven  by  a  20- 
h.p.  motor,  was  used. 

Near  the  shaft  was  the  shop,  (Fig.  4)  where  the  drills 
were  sharpened  and  the  drilling  machines  repaired.  For 
sharpening  the  drills,  an  Ingersoll-Rand  No.  5  Leyner  drill 
sharpener  was  used.  The  die  accompanying  this  machine  very 
easily  shanked  the  drills  for  use  in  the  jack-hammers.  The 
bits  ranged  in  size  from  1^4  to  1^4  inches.  At  one  end  of 
the  shop  was  located  a  small  dry  and,  conveniently  near,  a 
powder  house. 

In  the  temporary  engine  house  was  a  double-drum  double- 
gear-reduction  electric  hoist,  the  drums  40  in.  in  diameter,  and 
with  30-in.  faces,  designed  for  a  total  load  of  6,000  pounds, 
and  with  an  average  rope  speed  of  600  ft.  per  minute.  The 
motor  was  70-h.p.  with  a  speed  of  550  rev.  per  minute.  This 
operated  the  two  26-cu.-ft.  rock  buckets  in  the  two  end  com- 
partments of  the  shaft  with  a  ^-in.  rope,  usually  in  balance. 
Here  was  also  a  geared  single-drum  50-h.p.  electric  hoist,  with 
a  drum  2  ft.  6  in.  both  in  diameter  and  in  face,  and  operating 
with  a  ^-'in.  wire  rope  a  Hght  cage  for  timbermen  in  the 
middle  compartment  of  the  shaft.  The  same  engineer  fired 
a  small  boiler  which  heated  the  entire  surface  equipment  for 
shaft  sinking. 

For  ventilation  a  12-in.  pipe,  which  still  remains  in  the 
shaft  for  the  cage  counterweight,  was  connected  to  a  7;^- 
h.p.  electric  fan.  The  pipe  extended  down  to  within  15  or  25 
ft.  from  the  bottom  of  the  shaft.  Immediately  after  the  blast- 
ing, compressed  air  was  blown  into  the  shaft  through  a  valve 
on  surface,  and  the  fan  started.  The  smoke  and  gases  were 
drawn  through  the  fan  in  this  way  for  about  half  an  hour. 

To  the  bottom  end  of  the  air  line  was  connected  a  flanged 
fitting  with  eleven  ^-in.  valved  outlets  for  hose  connec- 
tions,   Before  blasting,  this  fitting  was  replaced  by  a  flanged 


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Lake  superior  mi^^ing  Institute  Hi 

Reducer  having  a  ^-in.  valve  opening.     Thfe  tiriiberinen  also 
used  this  for  a  hose  connectiori  for  running  the  auger  niachine. 

SINKING  THE  SHAFT* 

Forty  hoks  were  drilled  per  cut ;  ten  IngersoU-Rand  jack- 
hammers  and  four  spares  with  %-in.  hollow  hexagon  steel 
were  used.  In  the  soft  slates  8-ft.  holes  were  drilled.  Dur- 
ing the  drilling  the  holes  were  cleaned  out  with  a  blow-pipe. 
This  was  found  to  be  indispensable  for  rapid  drilling.  When 
the  drilling  was  nearly  completed,  only  about  four  of  the 
machines  were  running ;  the  other  men  were  preparing  the  ex- 
plosives and  removing  air  hose. 


Figure  5    Blastino  Box 

Figure  5  shows  the  blasting  box  used.  This  was  a  pvaraf- 
fined  pasteboard  box  9  in.  by  3^2  in.  and  i  J4  in.  deep.  With  an 
iron  punch,  holes  just  large  enough  for  a  fuse  to  fit  tightly 
were  made  in  the  sides  of  this  box  near  the  bottom.  In  the  first 
lx)xes  used,  a  positive  wire  was  led  through  one  end  and  a 
negative  through  the  other.  The  ends  of  these  were  connected 
with  a  one-ampere  fuse.  Two  of  these  lx>xes  were  used  at 
the  same  time  to  blast  a  whole  cut.  Two  positive  wires,  one 
for  each  box,  of  copper.  No.  14  gauge,  were  strung  from  sur- 
face, and  the  two  negative  wires  were  connected  to  the  air 
pipe.  After  fuses  of  proper  length  were  inserted  through  the 
holes  in  the  box,  a  small  amount  of  a  mixture  of  FF  rifle  and 
ordinary  blasting  black  powder  was  strewn  over  the  one- 
ampere  fuse,  and  the  box  covered  with  a  wooden  lid.    When 


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122  SINKING  A  VERTICAL  SHAFT  AT  PALMS  MINE 

the  men  reached  surface,  they  could  determine  positively  by 
means  of  a  galvanometer  whether  they  had  made  the  wire 
connections  properly,  and  whether  the  circuit  was  closed.  Then 
the  250-volt  current  was  thrown  on,  and  the  one-ampere  fuse 
burned  and  ignited  the  powder,  and  this,  in  turn,  ignited  the 
fuses.  If  only  a  few  of  the  fuses  spit  fire  at  first,  these  in 
turn  ignited  others,  and  almost  instantaneously  all  the  fuses 
threw  fire  across  the  inside  of  the  box,  so  that  it  was  almost 
impossible  for  any  one  to  miss  fire.  The  fuses  were  cut  to 
such  lengths  that  only  one  hole  went  off  at  a  time. 

However,  too  much  labor  was  required  to  prepare  these 
one-ampere  fuse  boxes,  so  that  later  an  electric  blasting  squib 
was  used  to  ignite  the  powder  in  the  box.  A  squib  was  placed 
through  a  hole  at  each  end  of  the  box,  two  being  used  to 
insure  the  igniting  of  the  black  powder.  The  two  boxes  were 
connected  in  series,  with  but  one  No.  14  positive  copper  wire 
from  surface,  and  with  the  negative  wire  connected  to  the  air 
pipe.  Finally,  a  Du  Pont  delay  electric  fuse-igniter  was  used 
in  place  of  the  squib. 

Du  Pont  8o-per  cent  gelatin  i  in.  by  8  in.  was  used  for 
blasting.  For  a  7-ft.  cut,  from  250  to  300  sticks  were  used; 
for  a  5-ft.  cut,  from  200  to  250  sticks  w-ere  used. 

After  the  blasting,  when  the  smoke  had  been  blown  out, 
the  miners  cleaned  down  the  sets,  trimmed  the  sides,  and  began 
mucking.  Toward  the  end  of  the  mucking  some  of  the  men 
used  one  bucket  to  lower  the  hose,  machines,  tools,  etc.,  for  the 
next  cut,  while  the  other  men  picked  the  bottom  thoroughly 
and  finislied  mucking  with  single  hoisting. 

PLACING  THE   SETS. 

Some  of  the  steel  sets  were  riveted  together  on  surface. 
Where  the  rock  was  sufficiently  hard  so  that  a  distance  of  14 
ft.  underneath  the  last  set  was  available,  the  set  was  lowered 
entire  and  swung  into  place.  Shoes  on  the  two  lower  comers 
guided  it  through  the  shaft.  Four  one-ton  duplex  chain  blocks 
were  used  for  swinging  it  into  place.  To  each  comer  of  the 
set  was  fastened  a  j4-in.  sling  chain  about  3  ft.  long,  with  a 
5-in.  ring  on  one  end  and  a  3-in.  ring  on  the  other,  and  to 
these  the  hooks  of  the  chain  blocks  were  attached.  If  the  dis- 
tance under  the  last  set  in  the  shaft  was  less  than  14  ft.  the 
sets  were  lowered  in  parts  and  bolted  together  in  the  shaft. 
For  blocking  the  sets  a  supply  of  wood  sprags  of  different 
lengths  was  always  ready  on  surface  for  immediate  use. 


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1^3 


When  the  solid  rock  (Figs.  2  and  lo)  was  more  than  8 
or  9  in.  from  the  steel  sets,  4-in.  tie  timbers  were  placed  ver- 
tically 4  in.  outside  the  sets  and  about  2  ft.  apart.  Between 
the  steel  sets  and  these  timbers  4-in.  wood  blocks  12  in.  long 
were  placed.    One-inch  rough  boards  were  placed  horizontally 


'JjyeOttrt'nrm 


F10UBB6   Mbthod  OP  CoNNBCTiNo  A»  Line 


OLor  f^rrs  o^£/p 

r/G.7 

FioubbT   Method  op  Supportino  Pipb 
Df Shapt 


outside  the  verticals  to  act  as  outside  forms  for  pouring  con- 
crete. Lagging  was  filled  in  between  the  boards  and  the  solid 
rock.  When  the  rock  was  less  than  8  or  9  in.  from  the  sets, 
4-in.  flat  timbers  were  placed  between  the  flanges  of  the  H 
section  sets,  and  lagging  placed  behind  to  the  rock.  (See  Figi. 
2  and  10).  This  lagging  was  left  until  concreting  time,  when 
it  was  removed  and  hoisted  to  surface.  In  the  two  ends  of 
the  shaft  the  rock  was  from  2  to  8  in.  from  the  steel  sets  for 


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124 


SINKING  A  VERTICAL  SHAFT  AT  PALMS  MINE 


nearly  the  whole  distance.  In  the  other  two  sides  the  rock 
was  9  in.  or  less  from  the  wall  plates  for  about  one-half  the 
whole  distance. 

A  length  of  pipe  was  connected  to  the  bottom  end  of  the 
air  line  as  follows  (Fig.  6)  :  To  the  top  end  of  the  section  that 
was  to  be  lowered,  a  coupling  was  fastened  very  loosely  by  a 
very  few  threads,  and  to  the  l»ttom  end  was  attached  a  tem- 
porary coupling  with  the  socket  of  a  ball-and-socket  joint.  The 
pipe  was  lowered  underneath  the  bucket  with  a  half-inch  chain. 


FlODBB  8     DbVICB  for  CENTERING  HOLES  TO  BE  BORBD  IN  GUIDES 

A  clamp  kept  it  from  slipping.  Tlie  plate  of  the  ball-and- 
socket  joint  was  supported  underneath  the  air  line  by  two 
chain  blocks.  The  lower  end  of  the  section  of  pipe  was  swung 
over  upon  the  plate  by  hand.  The  chain  blocks  raised  the  sec- 
tion of  pipe  up  to  the  end  of  the  air  line.  Then  with  a  few 
turns  of  the  loose  coupling  by  hand  the  connection  was  quickly 
made.  The  coupling  was  tightened  with  chain  tongs.  In  the 
couplings  every  40  to  50  ft.,  J/2-in.  air  connections  were  made. 
To  lower  a  section  of  the  12-in.  flanged  pipe  the  bucket 
was  removed  from  the  hoisting  rope;  eye-bolts  were  inserted 
in  three  of  the  holes  of  the  flange,  and  rods  connected  these 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE 


I^S 


eye-bolts  to  a  ring  in  the  device  at  the  end  of  the  hoisting  rope. 
At  the  end  of  the  12-in.  line  two  chain  blocks  were  hung 
and  by  means  of  two  ^-in.  wire-rope  slings  the  section  of 
pipe  was  taken  from  the  hoisting  rope  and  placed  in  the  prop- 
er position  for  connection  to  the  12-in.  line.  Fig.  7  shows 
the  method  of  supix>rting  this  pipe  in  the  shaft.  The  slot 
engaged  the  flange  of  the  H  section  sets.  Every  alternate  one 
of  these  rested  upon  the  wall  plates  and  the  others  upon  the 
dividers. 

The  guides  were  lowered  either  in  or  underneath  the  buck- 
et.    When  the  proper  depth  was  reached,  a  sling  chain  was 


Figure  9   Hopper  for  Lowering  Concrete  in  Shaft 


FfG  fi 


fastened  around  the  guide  and  a  chain  block  hung  to  the  set 
swung  it  into  place.  In  lining  the  guide  a  2-  by  2-in.  wooden 
gauge  was  placed  between  the  wall  plate  and  guide.  This 
gauge  was  supported  by  two  hooks  hung  over  the  flange  of  the 
H  section  divider  or  end  piece.  The  bolt  holes  were  bored 
after  the  guide  was  lined  up.  In  order  to  start  the  hole  di- 
rectly opposite  the  hole  already  drilled  in  the  steel  set,  the 
device  shown  in  Fig.  8  was  used.  The  hole  for  the  bolt  head 
was  counter-bored  by  hand  with  an  extension  bit,  and  the  bolt 
hole  was  bored  with  an  air  auger  machine  and  twist  drill. 


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126  SINKING  A  VERTICAL  SHAtIf  AT  PALM5  MiNfi 

CONCRETING. 

During  the  sinking,  every  75  to  lOO  ft.  two  or  three  ad- 
jacent sets  were  filled  in  to  the  solid  rock  with  concrete;  this 
made  it  unnecessary  to  cut  hitches  and  place  steel  bearers. 
This  concrete  also  serves  as  a  permanent  support  to  the  shaft. 
It  was  mixed  on  surface  and  lowered  in  a  hopper  (Fig.  9) 
at  the  bottom  of  which  was  a  flexible  spout.     (Fig.  10). 

When  the  shaft  was  sunk  to  a  depth  of  1207  ft.,  it  was 
thought  necessary  to  complete  the  concreting  because  of  the 
approach  of  cold  weather.  Concreting  was  started  at  a  depth 
of  1 1 70  feet.  The  concrete  was  mixed  in  the  proportions 
1-3-5  in  a  half-yard  electric  driven  mixer  (Fig.  4),  and  con- 
ducted through  a  launder  to  a  4-in.  flanged  pipe  laid  from  sur- 
face. The  lower  end  of  the  4-in.  pipe  telescoped  into  a  S-in. 
branch  (Fig.  10).  This  5-in.  branch  took  the  blow  of  the  con- 
crete. To  the  bottom  of  the  branch  was  connected  a  reverse 
bend  with  its  lower  end  vertical.  A  flexible  spout  18  ft.  long 
which  fitted  over  this  conducted  the  concrete  to  the  forms. 
While  the  concreting  force  was  filling  one  set,  other  men 
were  removing  the  blocking  from  the  set  above  as  explained, 
hanging  the  strands  of  old  wire  rope  vertically  one  foot  apart 
and  horizontally  about  three  feet  apart  for  reinforcement, 
and  placing  the  inside  forms.  For  an  8-ft.  span,  2-ia  hard- 
wood plank  was  used,  (Fig.  10),  and  for  4-ft.  and  6- ft.  spans, 
i^-in.  hardwood  plank.  The  plank  was  cut  on  a  bevel  on  the 
upper  end,  so  that  the  concrete  came  underneath  the  steel  sets 
for  a  support.  The  bottom  end  came  tight  against  the  outside 
flange  of  the  H  section.  Two-inch  strips  of  wood  about  12 
in.  long  were  laid  one  inch  apart  between  the  bottom  end  of 
the  plank  and  the  inside  flange  of  steel.  When  these  strips 
were  taken  out  the  planks  were  easily  removed  from-  the  con- 
crete. 

In  all  cases  the  comers  were  left  open  for  a  distance  of  at 
least  12  in.  from  the  corners  of  the  sets.  (Fig.  2).  This  left  a 
solid  column  of  concrete  in  each  corner  for  the  entire  depth  of 
the  shaft.  Also  where  the  lagging  and  timber  was  left  be- 
tween the  concrete  and  rock,  openings  for  concrete  were  left 
Thus  in  all  cases  the  concrete  extended  from  the  steel  set  to 
directly  back  of  the  wall  plates  and  end  pieces  to  the  solid  rock, 
the  rock  (Fig.  10).  A  6-  by  8-in.  block  12  in.  long  was  laid 
in  the  concrete  midway  between  the  8-ft.  sets  to  serve  as  a 
support  to  the  two  end  guides. 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE 


127 


FlOUBSlO    MSTHOD  OP  iJLOOIMa  8sn  AMD 

CoNCBsnNa 


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1:28  SINKING  A  VERTICAL  SHAFT  At  PAtMg  MlN^ 

WATER. 

Most  of  the  water  entered  the  shaft  at  15  ft.  from  surface, 
and  a  concrete  dam  built  about  100  ft.  down  collected  most 
of  it.  When  the  dam  was  full,  the  water  was  nm  into  a 
bucket  through  an  opened  valve  and  hoisted  to  surface.  The 
water  in  the  bottom  of  the  shaft  was  also  handled  in  buckets. 
On  the  trestle  landing  a  wheeled  water  tank  was  pushed  un- 
derneath the  bucket. 

LABOR. 

The  day  was  divided  into  three  8-hour  shifts.  Nine  min- 
ers and  a  foreman  per  shift  did  the  drilling,  blasting  and 
mucking,  and  assisted  the  timbermen  in  placing  the  sets,  con- 
crete bearers,  and  12-in.  pipe. 

Three  timbermen  per  shift  for  three  shifts  with  two  fore- 
men for  the  24  hours  lagged  the  sets,  put  in  the  guides,  ex- 
tended the  air  line,  placed  the  ladders,  and  substituted  for 
absent  miners,  etc.  During  24  hours  two  engineers  operated 
the  double-drum  hoist,  and  two  the  single-drum.  There  were 
two  top-landers  per  12  hours  and  two  men  to  handle  the 
rock,  tram,  move  track  and  level  the  stockpile  ground.  Two 
blacksmiths  were  engaged  during  24  hours  with  a  helper 
for  one  shift.  After  each  cut  was  drilled  all  of  the  machines 
were  taken  apart  for  inspection  and  repairs  and  oiled.  This 
required  a  mechanic  for  a  few  hours  each  day. 

The  concreting  required  the  ten  miners  for  removing  lag- 
ging, placing  reinforcement  and  placing  plank  forms.  The 
four  timbermen  attended  to  the  distribution  of  the  concrete 
to  the  forms.  On  surface  three  men  wheeled  rock  to  the 
mixer,  two  men  the  sand  and  cement,  one  poured  water  and 
attended  to  the  securing  of  the  proj^er  mixture,  one  discharged 
the  mixer,  one  looked  after  the  launder  from  the  mixer  to 
the  4-in.  pipe  and  two  men  conducted  the  concrete  down  the 
4-in.  pipe.  All  the  men  worked  8-hour  shifts  on  the  con- 
creting. 

The  approximate  time  required  for  a  7-ft.  cut  was  as 
follows : 

Hours. 

Drilling 4 

Hoisting  tools  and  blasting i 

Blowing  smoke   J^ 

Lowering  men  and  cleaning  off  sets i 

Trimming  the  sides I 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  1 29 

Mucking  and  picking  bottom I4j^ 

Placing  a  set  . .  ; 2 

Lunch   J4 

Changing  shifts 34 

For  extending  the  shaft  equipment  the  approximate  time 
required  was  as  follows : 

Hours. 

To  lawyer  and  place  one  length  of  air  pipe }i 

To  lower  and  place  one  length  of  12-in.  pipe i 

To  lower  and  place  one  length  of  guide -  -  -H 

To  lower  and  place  one  length  of  7-in.  channel ^ 

Concreting  during  sinking  required  two  shifts  to  make  a 
plank  bottom  and  fill  between  three  adjacent  sets  or  16  feet. 

The  speed  of  sinking  the  shaft,  including  the  placing  of 
steel  sets  and  lagging,  occasional  concreting,  etc.,  averaged 
from  4  to  4.56  ft.  per  day  during  several  months.  For  the 
last  three  weeks  in  August,  191 3,  it  averaged  5  ft.  per  day. 

The  speed  of  final  concreting  was  from  35  to  48  ft.  per 
day.  For  the  total  distance  concreted  78  gondolas  of  sand 
and  15,695  sacks  or  21  carloads  of  cement  were  required. 

The  above  is  a  description  of  the  shaft  sunk  to  a  depth  of 
1207  feet.  During  the  sinking  a  raise  5x12  ft.  also  was  driven 
285  ft.  from  the  nth  to  the  9th  levels;  and  then  158  ft.  above 
the  9th  level.  Here  it  holed  underneath  the  shaft.  Stripping 
then  progressed  down  to  the  nth  level;  with  pockets  installe<l 
at  the  9th  level.  The  shaft  is  now  80  ft.  below  the  nth  level, 
but  is  concreted  only  to  a  depth  of  11 70  ft.  below  surface. 

During  the  entire  shaft  sinking  not  a  single  serious  ac- 
cident resulted.  Great  credit  is  due  the  men  for  the  versatility 
of  their  suggestions,  their  willing  application  to  the  work,  and 
interest  they  manifested  in  the  speed  and  general  progress  of 
the  shaft  sinking. 

DISCUSSION. 

Mr.  Blackwell:  There  are  one  or  two  things  I  might 
say  about  the  paper.  All  the  shaft  sinking  in  the  foot-wall 
on  the  Gogebic  Range  has  been  on  the  incline,  and  this  is  the 
first  sunk  vertically. 

I  want  to  emphasize  the  use  of  the  blasting  box.  By 
means  of  it  the  speed  of  the  shaft  sinking  was  increased  by 
55  per  cent.  This  box  can  also  Ije  used  in  high  raises.  Instead 
of  using  a  long  fuse  for  each  hole,  one  long  fuse  can  be  used 


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130  SINKING  A  VERTICAL  SHAFT  AT  PALMS  MINE 

to  ignite  the  powder  in  the  box,  which  in  turn  ignites  all  the 
short  ones  leading  from  the  box  to  the  holes.  This  has  been 
used  successfully. 

Mr.  Eaton  :  I  should  not  think  that  studdles  made  of  3X3X 
%  angle  iron  would  be  heavy  enough.  I  should  think  that 
after  the  bearers  were  in,  there  would  be  a  great  deal  of 
compression  on  the  studdles  when  the  ground  settled. 

Mr.  Blackwell  :  While  sinking  there  were  incline  sprag3 
placed  underneath  occasional  sets,  which  support  the  weight 
which  would  otherwise  come  upon  the  studdles.  Finally  the 
concrete  lining  incloses  these  studdles  so  that  they  act  as  a 
reinforcement,  and  the  concrete  supports  all  the  weight. 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  I3I 


MINING  METHODS  ON  THE  MARQUETTE  RANGE. 

by  committee  consisting  of  h.  t.  hulst,  g.  r.  jackson, 
w.  a.  siebenthal. 

Shrinkage-Stope  System. 

At  the  Lloyd  mine  of  the  Cleveland-Cliffs  Iron  Company, 
a  form  of  the  shrinkage-stope  system  has  been  followed  in 
mining  a  part  of  the  orebody.  A  silicious  orebody  500  ft. 
in  length,  and  from  25  to  75  ft  in  width,  and  from  50  to 
175  ft.  in  thickness,  has  been  taken  out  according  to  this  sys- 
tem. Because  it  forms  the  hanging  of  a  narrow  high-grade 
orebody,  it  had  to  be  mined  first.  Furthermore,  if  it  was  to 
yield  a  profit,  it  had  to  be  mined  cheaply.  After  a  study  of 
conditions,  the  shrinkage-stope  system  was  selected. 

The  formation  in  the  North  Lake  district  stands  at  a 
steep  angle,  the  dip  varying  from  70  to  85  degrees.  In  using 
this  system  of  mining,  there  was  no  danger  irom  falls  of 
ground  from  the  back,  but  special  attention  had  to  be  given 
the  hanging  side  of  the  stope. 

The  shaft  is  located  in  the  fcK>twall  300  ft.  away  from 
the  ore,  this  site  having  been  chosen  on  account  of  the  loca- 
tion of  the  loading  tracks.  Levels  were  opened  150  ft.  apart 
and  crosscuts  were  driven  from  the  shaft  to  the  ore.  Drifts 
were  driven  in  the  ore  both  ways  with  the  formation  to  the 
limit  of  the  orebody.  These  drifts  were  timbered  with  sets 
four  feet  apart,  8-ft.  legs  and  7-ft.  caps  being  used.  The 
orebody  was  developed  by  crosscuts  turned  off  every  100  ft. 
to  determine  the  width  and  grade.  The  main  haulage  drift 
was  driven  near  the  footwall,  in  the  wide  part  of  the  de- 
posit; a  parallel  drift  was  later  driven  near  the  hanging,  as 
the  orebody  was  too  wide  to  be  removed  in  one  stope.  Up  to 
widths  of  40  ft,  the  ore  was  removed  in  one  stope;  greater 


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132 


MINING  METHODS  ON  THE  MARQUETTE  RANGE 


widths  were  taken  out  either  in  a  parallel  stope  with  a  pillar 
between,  or  by  stopes  at  right  angles  with  pillars  between. 
This  latter  method  was  used  where  pockets  of  ore  extended 
into  the  hanging  at  points  above  the  main  level. 

As  the  body  was  being  developed  on  the  main  levels,  raises 


without  cribbing  were  put  up  to  the  top  of  the  ore  ^^e^' 
I  GO  feet.  Above  the  ist  level  these  raises  connected  with 
each  other  at  the  top,  and  two  raises  were  extended  throw?" 
to  surface.     The  raises  from  the  2nd  level  were  carried  up 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  1 33 

to  the  1st  level  and  holed  on  the  side  of  the  haulage  drift. 
These  raises  provided  traveling  roads  to  the  stopes,  ventila- 
tion, and  a  means  of  bringing  in  the  air  lines.  Small  raises 
without  cribbing,  with  iS-ft.  pillars  between,  were  put  up 
10  ft.  above  the  level  in  the  main  haulage  drift.  These  raises 
were  strongly  built,  being  re-inforced  with  40-lb.  rails  and 
3-in.  hardwood  plank,  because  of  the  blasting  of  hang-ups. 
Chutes  were  built  to  these  raises.  At  a  point  about  15  ft. 
above  the  level  the  raises  were  connected ;  the  stope  was  then 
opened  to  full  size  and  mining  started.  One  gang  of  miners 
worked  about  50  ft.  of  the  stope,  or  the  territory  above  three 
raises.  Each  miner  had  a  raising  drill,  two  machines  thus 
being  to  one  contract. 

About  thirty  per  cenft.  of  the  broken  ore  had  to  be  drawn 
from  the  stope  to  make  room  for  the  men  to  work.  One  la- 
borer was  required  to  each  100  ft.  of  stope  to  sledge  the 
large  pieces.  Occasionzilly  it  was  necessary  to  block-hole 
large  slabs  which  had  been  blasted  or  barred  down  from  the 
hanging  side  of  the  stope.  On  the  completion  of  the  stope, 
the  chutes  were  drawn  as  nearly  equal  as  possible,  as  this 
seemed  to  prevent  blocking. 

This  system  of  mining  has  worked  out  very  satisfactorily 
as  regards  costs  and  safety. 

Stoping   System   Hartford   Mine — Republic   Iron   and 

Steel  Co. 

A  comparison  of  the  methods  of  mining  at  the  Hartford 
and  Section  21  mines  shows  many  points  of  similarity;  the 
chief  difference  betw^een  them  is  that  the  Hartford  employs 
overhand  stoping,  and  Section  21  underhand  stoping.  The 
ore  at  the  Hartford  is  peculiar  as  to  its  physical  character, 
being  a  little  different  from  any  hematite  heretofore  produced 
on  the  Marquette  Range.  In  consequence  the  usual  methods 
of  mining  such  deposits  failed  to  give  the  desired  results,  so 
that  considerable  experimenting  was  necessary  in  the  early 
stages  of  development  to  find  the  most  economical  system 
for  removing  the  ore. 

The  room-and-pillar  system  was  tried  on  the  750-ft  level 
with  but  indifferent  success,  and  was  finally  abandoned  for 
the  overhand-stoping  and  milling  system  modified  and  com- 
bined. In  the  developing  of  the  orebody  the  ground  broke  in 
such  large  masses  that  it  was  almost  impossible  to  keep  the 
openings  small  enough  so  that  standard  sized  drift  sets  could 


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134 


MINING  METHODS  ON  THE  MARQUETTE  RANGE 


be  used.  Frequently  a  space  of  twelve  or  fifteen  feet  would 
open  up  between  the  timber  and  solid  ground.  As  a  result  a 
prohibitive  amount  of  lagging  had  to  be  used,  and  even  then 
the  drifts  were  always  dangerous  and  expensive  to  maintain 
because  of  the  breaking  of  timbers  and  blocking  of  the  tracks. 

To  overcome  this  difficulty  the  openings  were  driven  two 
sets  high;  little  additional  labor  was  required  to  break  the 
ground  to  this  increased  height. 

The  illustration  shows  a  cross-section  through  two  of  the 
slopes  which  were  started  from  raises  put  up  from  a  crosscut. 
The  stope  marked  N  is  a  little  further  advanced  than  M.  in 
which  the  core  has  not  yet  fallen.  No  timber  is  used  in  the 
raises  or  stopes;  thus  no  ladderways  can  be  maintained  in 
the  openings  through  which  the  ore  is  milled.  The  working 
faces  of  the  stopes  are  reached  through  the  raises  which  are 


1 

S 

1 

1-                 HARTFORD     MINE 

AS                  cmosa      aictioM     Tft/rov«N  arot^ta 

B 
«C«lC  •'  ret 

^    ,1     1     ?     t 

SCCTION     ON 

put  up  at  frequent  intervals  from  the  foat>vall  drift  marked 
K.  The  stopes  themselves  are  also  connected  by  small  drifts 
entirely  independent  of  the  drifts  from  the  raises,  so  that 
there  may  be  half  a  dozen  or  more  ways  of  entrance  or  re- 
treat. 

As  the  stopes  advance,  several  may  connect  before  the 
level  above  is  reached.  Wh'^re  this  happens,  the  conical  shape 
is  not  continued,  but  tli«  ^ides  are  carried  up  vertically  in- 
stead ;  or  one  stope  may  be  abandoned  while  the  other  is  de- 
veloped as  originally  started. 

The  section  through  the  double-set  drift  shows  a  method 
of  filling  cars  without  using  the  chutes  found  in  so  many 
mines  on  the  Marquette  Range.  The  caps  of  the  lower  set 
of  timbers  are  lagged  over  to  an  opening  in  the  center  di- 
rectly above  the  track  and  this  opening  is  covered  with  short 
pieces  pf  timber  which  (ran  easily  be  removed  to  let  the  ore 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE 


135 


into  a  car  below.  When  any  considerable  tonnage  falls  away 
at  one  time  from  the  core  of  a  stope,  masses  several  feet 
m  diameter  must  be  reduced  to  a  size  small  enough  to  pass 
through  the  caning  in  the  lagging.  With  the  double-set 
drift  these  masses  are  always  accessible,  a  few  blows  of  a 
pick  being  all  that  is  required. 

Section  21  Mine — Oliver  Iron  Mining  Co. 

In  the  western  portion  of  Section  21  mine  a  stoping  system 
is  now  used  which  has  proved  both  economical  and  safe. 
The  physical  character  of  the  ore  is  such  that  no  timber  is 
required  except  for  the  construction  of  chutes  for  handling  the 
product  when  it  is  drawn  from  the  mills. 

In  the  opening  of  a  new  level,  a  crosscut  is  driven  from 


^LJl*^    AATO        C00SS       StCTfJ^ 

SfCr/OA/       JP/      Af/A/e 

\ r .  r.  r  ■  r  ■  r 


ctfa*     atcri0Mf 


foot  to  hanging  and  both  are  then  followed  until  the  drifts 
connect.  Crosscuts  are  usually  driven  between  these  drifts  at 
distances  of  from  50  to  60  feet.  Raising  is  started  on  the 
footwall  as  soon  as  developmen'^'  has  advanced  enough  so 
that  a  chute  can  be  operated  w?ti:out  interfering  with  the 
other  work  on  the  level.  The  footwall  raise  is  put  up  at 
this  time  chiefly  for  ventilation  purposes  and  traveling  way, 
as  it  is  not  needed  for  handling  ore  until  later. 

The  ideal  section  shows  a  crosscut  on  820-ft.  level  driven 
to  the  hanging  with  footwall  raise  completed,  also  another 
raise  connected  with  the  level  above.  Raises  from  the  760-ft. 
level  show  the  system  of  milling;  the  dotted  lines  indicate 
the  next  step  in  advance.    A  floor  pillar  of  six  to  ten  feet  is 


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136  MINING  METHODS  ON  THE  MARQUETTE  RANGE 

sufficient  to  support  the  level  until  all  the  available  ore  above 
it  has  been  removed. 

Between  the  700-  and  640-ft.  levels  a  condition  still  far- 
ther advanced  is  shown,  and  on  the  640-ft.  level  is  shown 
the  final  stages  of  removing  the  pillars. 

Practically  all  of  the  ore  was  removed  to  a  depth  of  350 
ft.  by  this  method  without  any  apparent  weakening  of  the 
hanging,  but  below  this  depth  it  has  been  necessary  to  modify 
the  system  so  as  to  prevent  caved  rock  from  contaminating 
the  ore.  To  accomplish  this  the  pillars  above  the  nearly  ex- 
hausted level,  as  well  as  the  floor  pillars  below  it,  are  drille4 
and  blasted  continuously  by  fuse  firing,  with  the  result  that 
the  ore  falls  into  the  mills  and  is  drawn  from  the  chutes  on 
the  level  below  without  any  appreciable  contamination. 

All  raises  are  vertical  or  nearly  so,  with  the  exception  of 
the  footwall  raise  and  a  few  next  the  hanging.  A  plan  of 
the  workings  just  below  the  floor  of  each  level,  after  mining 
has  been  started,  would  show  a  succession  of  circular  mills  of 
various  sizes  with  a  raise  in  the  center  of  each.  Numerous 
rock  intrusions  and  dykes  make  it  impossible  to  conform  rig- 
idly to  any  pre-determined  geometrical  plan  further  than  to 
locate  raises  to  reach  the  thickest  portions  of  the  pillars  on 
the  level  above.  Although  the  drawings  show  four  levels  in 
operation,  this  is  not  the  actual  condition  in  practice;  instead, 
all  of  the  various  stages  of  development  shown  in  detail  are 
worked  simultaneously  over  different  parts  of  one  level. 

Method  of  Mining  at  the  Republic  Mine,  Republic; 

Michigan. 

by  r.  b.  wallace. 

To  illustrate  the  method  of  mining  used  at  this  hard-ore 
mine  we  will  take  as  an  example  a  body  of  ore  averaging  20 
ft.  wide  and  80  ft.  long  and  extending  several  hundred  feet 
in  height.  These  "lenses,"  if  we  may  call  them  such,  do  not 
always  stand  vertical,  but  may  be  inclined  as  much  as  20  or 
30  degrees. 

The  first  step  in  extracting  the  ore  is  to  drive  a  7-  by  7- ft. 
drift  through  the  entire  length  of  the  orebody.  The  ore  is 
then  cut  out  the  full  size  of  the  orebody  to  a  height  of  15  ft. 
and  the  stull  over  the  tramway  put  in  place.  Breaking  is 
then  commenced  and  the  ladderway  mills  are  built  up  as  is 
shown  in  Fig.  i.  Fig.  2  is  a  longitudinal  sectipn  through  the 
stope  showing  the  openings  for  drawing  off  the  ore  left  every 


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137 


25  ft.  in  the  side  of  the  timbered  tramway.    Only  enough  ore 
is  drawn  off  to  enable  the  miner  to  set  up  his  machine. 

In  some  places  where  the  orebody  is  of  greater  length, 
this  method  has  been  modified,  since  the  timbered  tramways 
have  to  be  renewed  before  the  stope  is  finished.     A  drift  is 


run  parallel  to  the  orebody  about  10  ft.  back  in  the  footwall 
and  from  this  drift  crosscuts  are  made  every  25  ft.  into  the 
stope:  through  these  the  ore  is  drawn  off  and  access  is  ob- 
tained to  the  ladderway  mills.  A  cross-section  through  one 
of  these  crosscuts  is  shown  in  Fig.  3. 

In  the  old  workings  are  some  floors  which  are  being  taken 


out.  The  process  is  slow,  as  the  open  stope  below  has  to  be 
filled  with  waste  rock.  There  is  an  abundance  of  this  and 
sometimes  it  is  intermixed  with  enough  ore  from  caved  pillars 
and  floors  to  pay  for  separating  and  handling  the  rock.     Fig. 


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138  MINING  METHODS  ON  THE  MAftQUETTE  ttANGE 

4  is  a  longitudinal  section  of  a  stope  which  is  almost  filled  with 
waste  rock  preparatory  to  mining  the  floor.  When  the  stope 
is  filled  to  within  6  ft.  of  the  back,  breaking  is  commenced  and 
the  ore  is  thrown  down  the  mills.  More  filling  is  leveled 
across  the  stope  and  the  floor  is  thinned  till  finally  it  is  broken 
through. 

Discussion. 

Mr.  Blackwell  :  How  is  the  ore  graded  when  there  is 
a  pile  broken  in  the  stope? 

Mr.  Graff  :  The  ore  is  of  one  grade,  and  all  low  grade. 
It  would  be  impossible  to  make  more  than  one  grade  in  the 
stopes. 

Mr.  Sperr:  As  there  are  quite  a  number  of  miners 
present,  mining  captains  and  others,  would  it  not  be  well  to 
define  what  the  shrinkage-stope  system  means.  Is  it  what 
the  miners  know  as  stoping  on  arches  and  rigging  up  ma- 
chines on  the  broken  "dirt''?  I  have  often  wondered  my- 
self why  it  was  called  the  shrinkage-stope  method.  I  think  this 
term  of  "shrinkage-stoping"  is  a  good  one  because  we  are 
looking  for  terms  to  mean  specific  things  in  mining  operations 
and  this  term  is  particularly  well  confined  to  a  definite  meth- 
od of  mining;  but  I  doubt  whether  to  many  mining  people 
who  are  not  up  on  the  literature  of  mining,  the  method  would 
be  suggested  by  the  term.  If  we  could  invent  terms  that  would 
mean  something  in  practice  as  well  as  being  specific,  I  think 
we  would  do  the  best  possible  for  the  literature  of  mining. 

Mr.  Graff  :  I  hardly  know  why  that  term  is  applied,  be- 
cause the  stope  is  nearly  full  all  the  time;  however,  you  have 
to  shrink  or  pull  it  in  order  to  get  working  room.  That,  is  my 
idea  of  why  that  term  is  applied  to  this  system.  The  stope 
gets  larger  after  each  blast,  and  is  filled  more  or  less  close 
to  the  back.  It  then  has  to  be  shrunk  up  by  pulling  some  of 
the  dirt  from  it  in  order  that  the  men  can  get  back  to  work. 

Mr.  Sperr  :  But  you  do  not  shrink  the  stope  by  pulling 
some  of  the  dirt  from  it.  The  stope  is  the  excavation.  What 
you  shrink  is  the  pile  of  broken  material  in  the  stope ;  you  do 
not  shrink  the  stope. 

Mr.  Graff  :  Technically  speaking  you  are  correct  in  say- 
ing we  shrink  the  pile  of  broken  dirt  in  the  stope,  practically 
speaking,  through  virtue  of  common  usage,  we  say  "shrink 
the  stoi)e.'*  As  I  understand  it  this  is  a  meeting  of  practical 
miners  and  for  that  reason  it  would  appear  advisable  not  to 
be  too  severely  technical. 


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LAKfi  SUPEklOfe  MiKiNG  iNSTltUTE  l^^ 

Mr.  Sperr:  I  am  sure  I  could  not  attempt  to  add  any- 
thing to  further  illustrate  the  method  but  I  would  venture  the 
suggestion  that  it  is  a  modified  block-caving  system.  Most  of 
the  ore  is  cut  off  over  a  large  area  and  as  the  cutting  off  pro- 
ceeds upward  and  around,  the  block  caves  and  then  there  is 
not  only  the  central  chute  into  which  the  ore  may  drop  but  all 
the  other  chutes  which  have  been  put  up.  In  a  general  way 
the  scheme  is  to  cut  the  ore  body  off  and  allow  it  to  settle  into 
the  chutes  prepared  for  it,  the  same  as  in  any  block-caving 
method.  To  me  it  seemed  a  most  desirable  system  and  most 
admirably  executed  at  the  time  I  w^as  in  the  mine. 

Mr.  Higgins:  I  would  just  like  to  say  one  word  about 
these  descriptions  of  mining  methods;  somew^hac  of  a  defense 
of  the  gentlemen  who  have  written  them,  as  a  commendatory 
word.  I  want  to  say  that  for  the  past  two  years  I  have  been 
investigating  these  methods  of  mining  and  have  endeavored 
to  describe  them.  I  have  read  many  descriptions  of  the  meth- 
ods and  have  noted  that  most  of  them  do  not  present  a  perfect 
picture.  I  want  to  say  I  do  not  believe  there  is  a  man  alive 
today  who  can  describe  these  methods  of  mining,  especially 
the  highly  complicated  ones,  and  make  them  plain.  I  think 
these  gentlemen  have  written  splendid  descriptions.  The  per- 
fect picture  can  only  be  secured  by  trips  underground. 

Mr.  Sperr  :  I  think  w^e  would  get  a  great  deal  from  these 
papers,  if  we  would  get  into  the  discussion  of  them  and  ask 
questions  more  freely  than  we  do.  Just  as  Mr  Higgins  says, 
there  is  no  man  on  earth  can  put  an  underground  operation  on 
paper  so  that  any  man  can  understand  it  who  has  not  seen 
it.  I  do  not  think  I  ever  saw  a  better  lot  of  papers  than  these 
are,  but  we  do  get  wrong  notions  from  the  best  of  descriptions 
and  for  that  reason  I  think  that  the  papers  should  be  freely 
discussed  in  order  to  derive  the  fullest  benefits  from  these 
meetings. 

Mr.  Eaton  :  Is  there  anyone  here  who  can  tell  how  the 
ore  is  drawn  off  in  the  Republic  mine,  whether  drawn  into 
chutes  or  shoveled  ? 

Mr.  Pascoe:  I  would  say  the  method  we  adopted  here 
has  been  worked  in  the  Republic  Mine  for  several  years,  in 
this  manner,  which  is,  as  Mr.  Wallace  in  his  paper,  explains : 
all  we  do  is  drive  our  drift  the  length  of  the  ore  body  and  then 
cut  it  out  to  the  full  width  of  the  ore  body  which  averages 
from  five  to  twenty-five  feet  in  width,  and  to  a  height  of  sixteen 
feet.     We  then  place  our  stulls  underneath  to  a  height  of  ten 


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I40  MINING  METHODS  ON  THE  MARQUETTE  RANGE 

feet.  Then  we  commence  on  the  top  of  the  stuU  and  break  our 
ore  down.  In  order  for  us  to  take  our  ore  from  that  stope  we 
then  have  filling  places,  not  mills,  but  filling  places  in  the  foot 
or  hanging  where  we  fill  up  under.  On  account  of  our  ore  being 
badly  mixed  we  have  to  assort  it  underground.  We  fill  it  up 
under  and  have  rock  pickers  who  pick  the  rock  out  of  the 
cars  as  it  is  filled.  We  draw  off  the  excess  ore  about  ooe- 
third  while  we  are  stoping.  Then  we  continue  that  stope  until 
we  reach  the  level  above,  one  hundred  or  one  hundred  and 
fifty  feet.  We  mine  this  stope  up  within  ten  to  fifteen  feet 
through  to  the  level  above  when  we  then  commence  on  the 
extreme  end  and  mine  that  floor  through  to  the  old  workings 
until  it  is  completely  back  to  the  extreme  end,  completing  the 
stope.  Then  we  start  on  the  extreme  end  and  blast  the  stuUs 
down  and  draw  the  ore  back.  In  that  manner  we  keep  on 
until  we  draw  all  the  ore  out  or  practically  all  the  ore  on  that 
level.  The  next  level  we  start  underneath  and  if  there  is  any 
ore  left  behind  it  would  naturally  drop  down  to  the  level  below 
and  I  think  it  takes  practically  all  the  ore.  It  beats  any  meth- 
od that  has  been  adopted  heretofore  at  the  mine. 

Mr.  Johnston  :  What  percentage  of  loss  do  you  esti- 
mate? 

Mr.  Pascoe  :  We  have  no  loss  to  speak  of,  not  over  five 
per  cent. 

Mr.  Abbott  :  I  would  like  to  ask  if  he  makes  his  fill  with 
ore.  Before  the  rock  filling  is  made  do  you  draw  off  all  of 
the  ore  in  the  back? 

Mr.  Pascoe  :  We  take  all  the  ore  the  first  cut,  then  we  put 
our  stulls  in  from  the  center  and  then  fill  with  the  broken  ore 
on  each  side  and  on  top  of  that  we  start  our  mills,  one  on  each 
end,  inlet  and  outlet,  and  all  the  remaining  parts  of  the  stope 
we  fill  with  broken  ore. 

Mr.  Eaton  :  Is  that  ore  thrown  into  the  chutes  by  hand 
or  is  it  drawn  off? 

Mr.  Pascoe  :    We  do  not  handle  it,  we  just  draw  it  down. 

Mr.  Eaton  :    Do  you  draw  it  through  the  timber? 

Mr.  Pascoe:  No,  we  draw  it  down  over  the  side.  Our 
filling  places  are  made  on  the  side  of  the  stulls.  We  do  not 
use  a  chute  on  account  of  the  ore  being  so  badly  mixed. 

Mr.  Eaton  :  Do  you  pick  any  of  the  rock  out  in  the 
stopes  ? 

Mr.  Pascoe  :  We  do  not  pick  any  rock  out  until  it  comes 
into  the  car. 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  I4I 

Mr.  Kelly:  The  Republic  Mine  consists  of  several  dif- 
ferent ore  bodies,  some  of  which  are  rather  small  and  there 
have  been  modifications  in  the  methods  of  mining  used  in 
different  parts  of  the  mine.  In  the  largest  deposit  now  being 
worked  the  ore  is  taken  out  completely  and  no  floor  left  be- 
tween levels.  That  method  of  taking  out  the  ore  completely 
has  been  followed  for  something  like  a  thousand  feet  in  depth, 
leaving  no  floors  in,  the  whole  thing  taken  out  completely.  In 
this  part  of  the  mine  in  the  working  stopes  the  ore  alone  is 
used  for  standing  on  to  break  the  back.  In  other  parts  of  the 
mine  it  has  been  necessary  to  leave  the  floors  under  the  old 
levels  and  in  those  places  it  has  been  necessary  after  taking 
out  the  stope  of  ore  to  fill  it  with  rock  in  order  to  get  the 
floor  underneath  the  level  above  when  that  becomes  available. 
A  number  of  experiments  have  been  made  in  handling  the 
ore.  Chutes  were  used  for  a  time  but  in  certain  parts  of  the 
mine,  as  Mr.  Pascoe  stated,  a  good  deal  of  the  ore  is  more  or 
less  mixed  with  jasper  and  it  is  necessary  to  sort  it  out.  Then 
too,  some  of  it  comes  down  very  big  and  has  to  be  block- 
holed.  But  where  the  ore  is  free  and  small  enough  a  chute 
could  be  used  to  advantage.  Some  experiments  have  also  been 
made  in  driving  levels  at  different  vertical  distances  apart.  The 
usual  distance  has  been  one  hundred  feet  but  one  hundred  and 
fifty  feet  was  tried  in  order  to  reduce  the  dead  work  of  drift- 
ing. That  has  proven  to  be  a  little  too  much  as  it  increases 
the  difficulty  of  stoping  and  ties  up  too  much  ore.  Since  the 
introduction  of  Leyner  drills  the  increase  in  speed  and  decrease 
in  cost  of  drifting  removes  the  disadvantages  which  previous- 
ly were  urged  against  the  use  of  levels  not  exceeding  one  hun- 
dred feet  in  depth. 


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t4^  StEEL  STOCKIKG  TRESTLfi 


STEEL  STOCKING  TRESTLE  AT  NO.  3  SHAFT,  NE- 
GAUNEE  MINE. 

BY  STUART  R.   ELLIOTT,   NEGAUNEE,   MICH.* 

A  common  method  of  stocking  iron  ore  is  by  the  grav- 
ity system,  extending  the  tracks  on  the  pile  of  ore  as  it  ad- 
vances. The  tracks  are  laid  with  sufficient  grade  to  run  the 
cars  to  the  end  of  the  pile.  The  cars  are  brought  back  either 
by  a  puffer  or  by  trammers.  For  handling  a  large  product 
this  system  is  often  not  practical,  as  the  necessary  grade  re- 
duces the  height  of  the  pile  and  therefore  its  capacity.  As 
the  height  decreases,  the  length  of  tram  increases  rapidly.  The 
tracks  are  difficult  and  expensive  to  maintain  and  keep  in  prop- 
er alignment.  Delays  in  hoisting  are  frequent  and  expensive. 
Also  where  the  available  stocking  room  is  limited,  often  the 
gravity  system  cannot  be  considered.  It  has  been  proved  at 
mines  of  large  production  that  it  is  more  economical  to  erect 
wooden  trestles  and  to  use  some  mechanical  means  of  stock- 
ing. On  the  other  hand,  the  cost  each  year  for  erecting  and 
dismantling  wooden  trestles  is  heavy.  With  certain  classes  of 
ore  the  yearly  breakage  in  legs  will  amount  to  as  much  as  33 
per  cent.  An  actual  record  kept  of  a  trestle  at  a  large  mine 
shows  that  in  six  years  not  a  single  stick  of  the  original  timber 
was  in  use.  The  price  of  timber  and  trestle  legs  is  steadily 
increasing  and  it  is  only  a  matter  of  a  limited  time  when 
legs  will  be  difficult  to  procure  at  any  price. 

For  a  number  of  years  I  have  believed  that  it  would  be 
more  economical  to  stock  ore  from  permanent  steel  trestles. 
In  1909,  when  it  was  found  necessary  to  sink  a  new  shaft 
at  the  Negaunee  mine,  I  began  to  collect  data  in  order  to 
make  some  preliminary  estimates  as  to  the  comparative  cost 

*Local  Superintendent  The  Cleveland-CIiffB  Iron  Co. 


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Lake  supEftiOft  mining  institute 


U3 


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144  STEEL  STOCKING  TRESTLfi 

of  wood  and  steel.  I  went  to  Milwaukee  and  submitted  sev- 
eral sketches  of  steel  trestles  to  Mr.  J.  F.  Jackson,  of  the 
Wisconsin  Bridge  &  Iron  Company.  When  the  cost  of  main- 
tenance of  wooden  trestles  had  been  explained  to  him,  Mr. 
Jackson  stated  that  it  was  his  opinion  that  for  a  mine  with  a 
long  life  the  cost  of  a  steel  trestle  would  not  be  excessive.  He 
prepared  some  sketches  and  submitted  approximate  estimates 
of  steel  trestles.  From  these  I  was  able  to  make  some  com- 
parative estimates  which  showed  conclusively  that  if  a  prac- 
ticable steel  trestle  could  be  constructed,  it  would  mean  a  large 
saving  for  any  mine  which  had  a  life  of  ten  years  or  more. 
The  Wisconsin  Bridge  &  Iron  Company  was  asked  to  make 
final  drawings  and  to  submit  bids  for  a  steel  trestle.  These 
bids  were  accepted  and  the  trestle  constructed. 

The  average  wooden  trestle  used  by  the  Cleveland-Cliffs 
Iron  company  cost  approximately  $6  per  foot.  The  cost  for 
labor  each  year  in  erecting  and  dismantling  amounts  to  $1.20 
per  foot,  and  the  entire  stocking  trestle  has  to  be  renewed 
in  about  six  years.  A  wooden  trestle  must  be  dismantled  in 
order  to  load  the  ore  with  a  steam  shovel.  It  is  not  unusual 
during  busy  seasons  for  railroads  to  fail  to  supply  mines  with 
a  sufficient  number  of  cars  to  ship  the  current  hoist  from  the 
shaft  pockets;  if  this  occurs  after  the  trestle  is  dismantled,  a 
great  loss  in  time  and  money  results  irom  the  delay.  Even 
if  a  part  of  the  trestle  has  not  been  torn  down  the  ore  can 
not  be  stocked  by  hand,  because  the  modem  top  tram  car  is  too 
heavy,  and  special  cars  would  have  to  be  provided.  At  other 
times  the  railroads  are  unable  to  supply  the  mines  with  cars  be- 
cause of  strikes  on  docks  or  because  stonns  delay  boats  and  a 
shut-down  therefore  becomes  necessary.  A  permanent  steel 
stocking  trestle  would  provide  against  all  such  delays,  as  the 
tracks  would  not  have  to  be  disturbed  to  load  with  steam  shov- 
els and  it  would  therefore  be  possible  to  stock  ore  at  any  time 
at  a  minute's  notice.  On  a  steel  trestle  permanent  tracks  could 
be '  maintained  in  the  best  possible  conditions  for  stocking; 
the  tracks  being  in  perfect  alignment,  no  delays  would  be 
caused  by  cars  falling  from  the  trestle.  For  all  of  the  above 
reasons,  but  particularly  on  account  of  the  large  saving  in 
money  over  a  long  period  of  years,  it  was  decided  to  install  a 
permanent  steel  trestle  at  the  Negaunee  mine.  The  following 
is  a  description  of  this  trestle: 

At  intervals  of  114  ft.  there  are  concrete  columns,  the  up- 
per part  for  a  distance  of  28  ft.  6  in.  being  4  ft.  in  diam- 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  I45 

eter  and  the  lower  lo  ft.  belling  out  to  a  diameter  of  6  ft.  at 
the  bottom.  The  shells  of  plate  are  34  Jri.  thick.  They  rest 
on  and  are  bolted  to  pyramid-shai>ed  reenforced-concrete  bases 
which  are  12  ft.  wide  by  26  ft.  long  by  6  ft.  deep.  Each 
base  is  reenforced  by  52  rods  Ji  in.  in  diameter  which  radiate 
in  all  directions  through  the  base  and  extend  up  into  the  shells 
for  a  distance  of  20  feet.  (Fig.  i).  The  rods  were  all  bent 
so  as  to  extend  to  the  proper  points  in  the  bases  and  to  project 
to  the  correct  height  in  the  shells.  In  the  bottom  of  each  pyra- 
mid the  rods  were  tied  to  seven  old  rails  which  extend  across 
the  long  dimension.     At  a  point  about  20  ft.  above  the  base 


Figure  1    Concrete  Base  and  Re-enforcing  for  Columns 

the  rods  were  attached  and  properly  distributed  around  two 
horizontal  rings  in  the  shells.  Above  these  rings  other  rods 
were  spliced  so  that  the  reenforcing  extended  to  within  a  few 
inches  of  the  top  of  the  columns. 

When  the  excavation  for  the  base  of  a  column  was  made 
and  the  form  constructed,  the  rails  and  reenforcing  bars  were 
placed  in  position  and  wired  to  keep  them  from  shifting.  The 
six  very  heavy  anchor  bolts  to  which  the  steel  shell  is  bolted 
were  suspended  from  a  templet  and  lined  up  by  the  engin- 
eers. In  order  to  allow  a  small  amount  of  leeway  these  anchor 
bolts  Avere  all  set  in  sections  of  pipe.     A  concrete  mixer  was 


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146  STEEL  STOCKING  TRESTLE 

set  over  the  edge  of  the  excavation  and  the  concrete  dumped 
directly  into  the  form.  While  one  form  was  being  filled  the 
carpenters  were  busy  constructing  the  form  for  the  next  base. 
In  a  very  short  time  after  one  base  was  completed,  the  forms 
could  be  moved  with  safety  to  the  next  excavation.  In  this 
way  only  a  small  amount  of  lumber  was  used.  Before  the 
bases  were  completed  the  bridge  builders  were  on  the  ground 
and  ready  to  begin  placing  the  steel  shells  in  position.  For 
handling  the  heavy  steel,  a  railroad  track  had  been  laid  along 
the  entire  length  of  the  trestle. 

The  length  of  span  between  columns  is  114  feet.  Across 
the  center  of  each  column  are  two  short  plate  girders,  each 
38  ft.  in  length.  Between  these  short  girders  are  two  other 
girders  76  ft.  long,  thus  making  the  total  span  of  114  feet 
As  soon  as  one  span  was  bolted  together  two  shells  could  be 
filled  with  concrete.  A  puffer,  operating  two  small  steel 
cages  in  balance,  was  set  up  midway  between  the  two  shells, 
thus  filling  them  simultaneously.  To  one  end  of  the  drum  of 
the  puffer  was  attached  a  six)ol,  and  around  this  spool  a  ^-in. 
wire  roi:)e  was  wrapped  four  times.  The  ends  of  the  rope 
extended  from  the  spool  at  an  angle  of  about  30°  to  sheaves 
supported  about  6  ft.  above  the  top  of  the  shells.  The  cages 
were  constructed  to  run  on  wire-rope  guides  from  the  ground 
to  the  top  of  each  shell,  the  rope  serving  simply  to  keep  the 
cages  from  twisting.  The  hoisting  rope  was  so  adjusted  that 
when  one  cage  was  on  the  ground  the  other  was  above  the 
shell.  Concrete  was  loaded  in  small  concrete  buggies  holding 
about  a  quarter  of  a  yard.  The  work  progressed  rapidly  and 
at  a  reasonable  cost.  As  it  was  feared  that  the  dunging  of 
the  material  might  throw  the  columns  slightly  out  of  line  if 
the  shells  were  filled  completely  in  one  operation,  they  were 
filled  a  little  over  a  half  full  one  day  and  completed  the  fol- 
lowing. After  the  shells  were  filled  the  surface  was  rounded 
off  with  a  rich  mixture  and  made  as  smooth  as  possible,  to 
keep  water  from  getting  between  the  concrete  and  the  steel 
jacket.  The  work  was  constantly  watched  by  an  engineer  to 
see  that  the  shells  did  not  shift  or  get  out  of  alignment. 

On  top  of  each  column  the  girders  rest  on  horizontal  8-in. 
I-beams  supported  by  four  braces  firmly  connected  to  the  col- 
umns which  extend  down  at  an  angle  of  45  degrees.  The 
plate  girders  are  made  up  of  angles  and  two  plates  42  in. 
wide  and  J4  in.  thick.  The  distance  from  center  to  center  of 
girders,  or  center  to  center  of  tracks,  is  20  feet.    The  entire 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  I47 

length  of  the  part  of  the  trestle  from  which  ore  can  be  stocked 
is  2,094  feet.  In  addition  there  are  500  ft.  of  curved  trestle 
extending  from  the  shaft  and  connecting  with  the  stocking 
trestle.  The  legs  in  the  curved  part  are  built  up  of  angles 
and  channels.  The  stringers  are  channels  and  I-beams  of 
various  sections.  On  top  of  the  I-beams  are  holes  to  which 
are  bolted  j-in.  nailing  strips.  On  top  of  these  nailing  strips 
was  spiked  a  5-  by  7-in.  sollar  to  serve  as  ties.     The  40-lb. 


Completed  Trestle 

rails  on  the  plate  girders  are  spiked  to  5-in.  sawed  ties  4  ft. 
in  length.  On  the  outside  of  the  girders  the  ties  were  bolted 
to  4-  by  4-in.  timbers  placed  snugly  up  against  the  girders. 
These  4-  by  4-in.  timbers  prevent  any  pK)ssible  shifting  in  the 
track  at  right  angles  to  the  length  of  the  trestles.  To  prevent 
the  ties  from  creeping,  they  were  attached  at  intervals  by 
hooked  bolts  to  the  small  angles  inside  of  the  girders.  Since 
the  tracks  were  completed,  about  two  years  ago,  not  a  single 


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148  STEEL  STOCKING  TRESTLE 

penny  has  been  spent  on  them.  They  are  now  in  as  good  align- 
ment as  when  first  put  in.  The  height  of  the  trestle  is  42  ft. 
from  rail  to  soUar.    The  g^uge  is  30  inches. 

The  trestle  was  built  under  a  guarantee  to  support  a  mov- 
able load  of  ten  tons.  It  was  put  into  commission  during  the 
fall  of  191 2  and  has  been  used  continuously  since  then.  No 
defects  in  construction  or  design  have  been  discovered.  No 
delays  in  loading  with  the  steam  shovel  have  been  occasioned. 
In  the  second  cut  taken  by  the  shovel  the  track  runs  fairly 
close  to  the  piers.  The  operator,  before  reaching  a  point  where 
the  pier  would  prevent  his  boom  from  swinging,  digs  into  the 
pile  as  far  as  possible.  He  then  moves  the  shovel  ahead  until 
the  front  part  of  it  is  directly  opposite  the  far  edge  of  the 
pier.  By  digging  in  at  right  angles  to  the  shovel  he  is  able 
to  get  all  of  the  ore  in  the  cut  except  a  small  strip  on  the 
other  side  of  the  pier.  The  small  amount  of  hand  work  re- 
quired for  this  is  hardly  worth  mentioning.  With  the  wooden 
trestles  there  is  considerable  delay  in  pulling  out  legs,  conse- 
quently ore  can  be  loaded  more  rapidly  from  the  steel  trestle. 

At  the  shaft  the  ore  is  dumped  during  the  stocking  season 
into  special  saddleback  cars  of  about  five  tons  capacity.  These 
cars  are  operated  by  the  tail-rope  system,  the  power  being  fur- 
nished by  two  50-k.w.  motors.  The  cars  are  of  special  con- 
struction and  dump  automatically  simply  by  running  over  a 
(lump-jack  placed  between  the  tracks  at  the  desired  point  on 
the  trestle.  This  releases  the  catches  and  allows  the  doors  to 
open.  By  shifting  a  lever  on  one  end  of  the  car,  three  grades 
of  ore  can  be  stocked  from  each  track.  On  top  of  the  plate 
girders,  between  the  rails,  the  ^-in.  rope  is  carried  on  wooden 
rollers.  On  the  end  of  the  trestle  it  passes  around  a  roller- 
bearing  sheave  2  ft.  in  diameter.  Below  the  tracks  the  return 
rope  is  supported  on  small  sheaves  placed  at  intervals  of  about 
30  feet.  The  slack  is  taken  up  by  four  special  tighteners  which 
are  placed  at  the  end  of  each  track.  The  tightener  consists  of 
a  truck,  to  one  end  of  which  is  attached  a  2-ft.  roller-bearing 
sheave  and  from  the  other  a  rope,  which  passes  over  a  station- 
ary sheave  to  a  large  iron  bucket  suspended  below  the  trestle. 
The  slack  in  the  rope  is  controlled  by  putting  the  proper  weight 
in  the  bucket.  Placing  the  tighteners  at  the  end  of  the  line 
rather  than  near  the  w?inding  drums  at  the  shaft  house  has 
been  found  to  be  a  great  improvement. 

The  common  method  of  disposing  the  rock  is  to  dump  it 
into  a  special  car  which  runs  out  on  another  trestle  from  a 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  1 49 

switch  from  the  main  line.  At  the  Negaunee  mine  the  rock 
dump  consists  of  a  wooden  trestle  built  at  the  extreme  end  of 
one  of  the  permanent  trestles.  Rock  can  be  hoisted  at  any 
time  and  disposed  of  without  delay  or  extra  labor  simply  by 
throwing  a  lever  on  the  end  of  the  car  and  sending  it  to  the 
rock  dump.  This  method  has  been  found  to  be  very  practicable 
and  to  save  considerable  time.  Great  care  was  used  in  laying 
the  tracks  on  the  entire  trestle  and  in  giving  the  curves  the 
proper  elevation,  the  consequence  of  which  is  that  the  cars  can 
be  run  at  a  speed  as  high  as  1,400  ft.  per  minute  on  the  straight 
part  without  danger  of  their  leaving  the  track.  The  following 
table  shows  the  cost  of  the  various  items  connected  with  the 
trestle : 

Cost  of  Eighteen  Piers. 

Amount.  Per  Yard. 

Excavation,  1,800  yards    I    994.65  |  .553 

Concreting,  1,352  yards  5,142  70  3.80 

Bolts,  washers  and  forms 2,167.94  2.185 

Reenforcing   steel    1,423.89  1.053 

ToUl    19,729.18  |7.197 

Average  cost  per  pier 540.41 

Steel  Trestle,  2,594  Feet. 

Lin.  Ft.  Amount.  Per  Ft. 

Steel  erected   135,100  00  |13.53 

Colums   (18)    /i,094  9,729.18  4.G5 

Small  piers  for  curved  trestle   (20)..    500  641.93  1.28 

Decking   500  1,870.07  3.74 

Ties  and  fastenings  2,094  1,627.59  .78 

Walk  and  railings   500  358.78  .72 

Temporary  tracks  for  unloading 2,594  355.89  .14 

Rail  and  laying  2,594  1,545.48  .60 

Total   2,594  151,228.92  |19.7l 

From  figures  obtained  from  several  mines  it  has  been 
found  that  in  five  years  the  total  cost  of  repairs  and  renewals 
on  wooden  stocking  trestles  amounts  to  the  original  cost  of 
the  trestle.  Breakage  in  legs  is  exceedingly  high,  often 
amounting  to  as  much  as  33  per  cent,  per  year.  If  for  any 
reason  ore  is  not  shipped  and  the  legs  are  allowed  to  remain 
in  the  pile  for  several  seasons,  it  has  been  observed  that  they 
rot  rapidly.  Weather  conditions  have  considerable  to  do  wMth 
the  percentage  of  broken  legs.  If  ore  is  dumped  on  a  frozen 
face  of  the  stockpile  and  this  new  ore  freezse  rapidly,  it  will 
often  move  in  a  mass  down  on  the  frozen  face  and  break  the 
legs.  Large  masses  of  frozen  ore  also  shift  in  this  way  dur- 
ing loading  with  the  steam  shovel. 


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150  STEEL  STOCKING  TRESTLE 

The  cost  for  erecting  and  dismantling  was  accurately  kept 
at  two  large  mines  for  a  period  of  years.  It  was  found  to 
amount  to  $1.20  per  foot.  Under  unusual  conditions  this 
has  run  as  high  as  $1.60  per  foot.  The  portion  of  the  trestle 
between  the  shaft  and  the  point  where  ore  is  stocked  is  usually 
called  the  permanent  trestle,  the  other  port  being  the  stocking 
trestle.  The  permanent  trestle  is  put  up  in  a  very  substantial 
way  and  is  expensive,  costing  as  much  as  $15  per  foot.  After 
a  period  of  ten  years  this  permanent  trestle  is  sure  to  be  in 
bad  repair.     A  few  of  the  stringers  not  directly  below  the 


Stockpile  After  Removal  op  One  Cut  by  Shovel 

tracks  will  probably  last  for  a  short  additional  time,  but  for 
the  sake  of  an  estimate  it  can  be  assumed  that  the  permanent 
trestle  will  have  to  be  entirely  rebuilt  in  ten  years.  In  making 
the  following  comparative  statement  of  the  cost  of  wood  and 
steel,  the  expenditure  each  year  at  6  per  cent,  compound  in- 
terest has  been  used.  This  yearly  expenditure  has  been  ac- 
cumulated and  figured  at  compound  interest  for  a  period  of 
twenty  years.  It  is  found  that  at  6j4  years  the  costs  for 
wooden  and  3teel  trestles  of  th^  same  length  are  practically 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  15! 

identical.  As  the  time  increases  the  accumulated  amount  for 
repairs,  renewals,  erecting  and  dismantling,  figured  at  6  per 
cent,  compound  interest,  increases,  very  rapidly.  At  the  end 
of  twenty  years  the  saving  in  favor  of  the  steel  stocking  trestle 
is  $117,000.  It  is  impossible  to  estimate  the  saving  due  to 
better  tracks  and  operating  conditions  and  consequently  the 
minimizing  of  delays  on  the  surface.  With  a  wooden  trestle 
a  certain  number  of  carpenters  and  extra  laborers  must  be 
employed.  Only  a  part  of  their  time  can  be  charged  against 
the  stocking  trestle,  but  it  is  nevertheless  necessary  to  have 
them  so  that  they  can  be  used  when  repairs  are  needed.  At 
the  Negaunee  mine  we  have  only  one  carpenter,  whose  entire 
time  is  spent  in  the  shop. 

Comparative  Cost  of  Wood  and  Steel  Stocking  Trestles 

6%  Years.  20'Years. 
Permanent  Wood  Trestle — 

Original  cost,  500  ft.  at  $15 $  7,500.00  $  7,500.00 

Repairs  and  renewals,  10  per  cent,  per  year. .     4,875.00  15,000.00 

Six  per  cent,  compound  Interest 4,692.29  30,798.02 

Total   $17,067.29  $53,298.02 

Temporary  Wood  Trestles — 

Original  cost,  2,094  ft.  at  $6 $12,564.00  $12,564.00 

Repairs  and  renewals,  20  per  cent  per  year. .  16,333.20  50,256.00 
Erecting    and    dismantling,    $1.20    per    foot 

per  year  16,333  20  50,256.00 

Six  per  cent,  compound  interest 14,0<)3.33  122,822.09 

Total   $59,293.73  $235,898.09 

Total  cost  wooden  trestles $76,361.02  $289,196.11 

2,594  Foot  Steel  Stocking  Trestle- 
Original   cost    $51,228  92  $  51,228.92 

Estimated  maintenance  cost 1,300.00  4,000.00 

Six  per  cent,  compound  interest 23,949.51  116,867.78 

Total  $76,478.43  $172,006.70 

Net  saving   117.41  117,099.41 

Discussion. 

Mr.  Abbott:  I  would  like  to  ask  if  you  have  had  any 
trouble  in  removing  the  ore  in  the  vicinity  of  the  supporting 
pillars  of  the  trestle;  if  it  required  any  hand  work  or  can  the 
steam  shovel  reach  all  of  the  ore  conveniently  ? 

Mr.  Elliott:  Practically  no  additional  labor  is  neces- 
sary. 

Mr.  W.  H.  Johnston:  Have  you  experienced  any  diffi- 
culty in  the  ore  freezing  around  the  pillars? 

Mr.  Elliott:    No,  we  have  loaded  ore  for  two  seasons 


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152  STEEL  STOCKING  TRESTLE 

and  no  trouble  has  been  experienced  from  freezing  around 
the  columns.  It  does  not  stick  to  the  columns.  There  is  not 
nearly  as  much  trouble  in  loading  from  this  trestle  as  from  a 
wooden  trestle.  In  the  latter  you  always  have  the  delay  due 
to  the  pulling  of  trestle  legs. 

Mr.  Johnston  :  You  also  have  the  advantage  of  always 
being  ready  to  stock  the  ore.  There  are  times  when  we  have 
not  been  ready  to  stock  ore. 

Mr.  Kelly:  This  method  also  eliminates  the  danger  to 
life  in  drawing  trestle  legs. 

Mr.  p.  S.  Williams:  Why  did  they  choose  the  endless 
rope  system  of  haulage  as  against  handling  the  cars  with  elec- 
tric motor,  for  which  power  can  be  furnished  cheaply.  I  think 
myself  it  is  possibly  due  to  increased  speed  of  operation  but  I 
would  like  to  hear  from  Mr.  Elliott  who  has  comparative  fig- 
ures on  the  cost  of  different  systems  of  stocking  ore. 

Mr.  Elliott:  I  think  the  use  of  the  motor  would  be 
cheaper  but,  of  course,  the  element  of  danger  to  the  men  rid- 
ing these  motors  is  very  great,  and  that  is  one  of  the  principal 
objections  to  the  use  of  motors. 

Mr.  Kelly  :  Probably  there  would  be  a  little  saving  in 
power  by  the  trolley  system,  but  the  labor  cost  might  be  a  lit- 
tle more,  l>ecause  the  man  at  the  shaft  will  run  out  the  endless 
roi^e  and  still  be  at  the  shaft  where  he  can  answer  the  bells. 
In  certain  cases  the  trolley  system  would  require  additional 
men.  Then,  also,  the  man  running  out  the  trolley  is  exposed 
to  the  inclemency  of  the  weather  while  the  man  running  the 
endless  rope  is  in  a  house. 

Mr.  Elliott  :  I  might  add  that  if  we  used  motors  the  cost 
of  the  trestle  would  have  been  greatly  increased  because  it 
would  have  been  necessary  to  build  a  much  more  rigid  trestle. 
The  moving  load  would  have  been  increased  six  or  seven  tons, 
which  would  have  greatly  increased  the  cost  of  the  trestle. 

Mr.  Williams:  I  was  surprised  to  hear  Mr.  Elliott  say 
tliat  he  thought  the  cost  would  probably  be  cheaper  by  motor. 
From  my  experience  with  endless  rope  haulage,  using  steam« 
I  would  say  it  is  considerably  cheaper  than  electric  haulage  on 
a  long  trestle. 

Mr.  Eaton  :  I  would  say  that  the  results  we  have  ob- 
tained with  endless  rope  haulage  using  steam  and  electricity 
for  power,  are  almost  contradictory.  We  hardly  know  where 
we  stand.  xAt  the  Lake  Mine  in  Ishpeming  we  have  a  40-h.p. 
Corliss  engine  driving  the  endless  rope  on  two  tracks.  When 


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Lake  stPEkiflk  mining  institute  15 j 

stocking  ore  1,700  feet  from  the  shaft,  a  few  years  ago,  it 
was  necessary  to  haul  the  cars  in  trains  of  two,  and  often  all 
four  cars  would  be  in  motion  at  the  same  time,  two  loaded 
cars  going  out  and  two  empties  coming  in.  The  steam  en- 
p^ine  handled  this  load  without  much  difficulty.  In  our  more 
recent  installations  each  rope  is  driven  independently  by  a  50- 
h.p.  electric  motor,  and  this  motor  has  all  it  can  do  to  handle 
one  car. 

Mr.  Stanford  :  I  think  we  all  appreciate  that  a  40-h.p. 
steam  engine,  under  these  conditions  is  not  working  at  a  quar- 
ter cut-off,  and  is  probably  taking  steam  the  full  length  of  the 
stroke.  My  judgment  is  that  the  cost  is  probably  less  with 
the  endless  rope  system  than  with  the  electric  locomotive.  I 
would  qualify  by  saying  that  it  would  apply  to  the  top  tram- 
ming system  as  used  at  all  of  our  mines,  and  I  believe  that 
the  cost  of  power  is  probably  less  than  it  would  be  with  the 
electric  locomotive. 


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154  VENTILATION   IN   THE  IRON   MINES 


VENTILATION  IN  THE  IRON  MINES  OF  THE  LAKE 
SUPERIOR  DISTRICT. 

by  edwin  higgins,  pittsburgh,  pa.* 

Introduction. 

The  purpose  of  this  paper  is  to  set  forth  the  general  con- 
ditions existing  in  Lake  Superior  iron  mines  with  regard  to 
ventilation,  more  especially  those  conditions  which  have  an 
effect  upon  the  health  and  efficiency  of  the  miner.  Some 
remedies  are  suggested  for  the  most  serious  conditions,  those 
which  undoubtdly  affect  the  cost  of  producing  ore  through 
iheir  ill  effect  upon  the  miner. 

It  may  be  well  to  state  here  that  I  am  at  present  engaged, 
in  collaboration  with  associated  mining  engineers  and  chem- 
ists, in  the  investiga^ton  of  ventilation  in  the  metal  mines  of 
the  United  States  for  the  Bureau  of  Mines.  The  field  work 
for  this  investigation  was  started  in  the  Lake  Superior  dis- 
trict early  in  1913.  While  the  notes  on  that  district  are  ap- 
proximately complete,  it  is  probable  that  some  further  ob- 
servations will  be  necessitated  in  the  light  of  results  from 
experimental  work  that  has  been  carried  on  in  the  Pittsburgh 
laboratories  of  the  bureau.  In  the  course  of  the  field  work  in 
the  Lake  Superior  district  visits  were  made  to  nearly  all  the 
mines  in  Michigan  and  Wisconsin,  and  some  of  those  on  the 
Mesabi  and  Vermillion  ranges  in  Minnesota. 

Although  many  air  samples  were  taken,  their  analyses 
will  be  made  use  of  only  in  pointing  out  general  conditions. 
While  it  is  not  the  purpose  here  to  detail  the  results  of  these 
investigations,  it  has  been  thought  that  a  discussion  of  the 
more  important  phases  of  the  subject  might  be  of  interest  and 
value.     It  is  hoped  that  this  paper,  which  is  of  a  preliminary 

*Mininff  Engineer,  U.  S.  Bureau  of  Mines,  Pittoburgh,  Pa. 


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Lake  superior  mIKing  Institute  155 

nature,  will  lead  to  discussion  that  will  be  of  value  for  use 
in  the  bulletin  on  ventilation  to  be  issued  by  the  Bureau  of 
Mines. 

General  Conditions  in  the  Mines. 

All  the  mines  visited,  with  the  exception  of  two,  depended 
on  natural  ventilation  for  the  supply  of  air  to  the  working 
places.  Of  the  two  exceptions,  one  mine  had  a  blower  fan 
installed  underground,  and  in  the  other  the  air  was  kept  in 
motion  by  means  of  compressed  air  jets.  In  a  few  cases 
booster  fans  were  found  in  use  in  dead  ends,  especially  in 
those  immediately  under  the  timber  mat.  The  amount  of  air 
entering  the  mines  per  man  employed  underground  varied 
greatly,  but  in  the  majority  of  cases  was  between  50  to  100 
cu.  ft.  per  man  per  minute. 

Quality  and  Temperature  of  the  Air  in  the  Main  Airways. 
The  analyses  of  many  air  samples  showed  that  seldom  in  the 
main  airways  did  the  air  contain  any  appreciable  amount  of 
noxious  gases.  The  only  exception  to  this  statement  might 
be  said  to  be  in  reference  to  the  "return"  air  issuing  from  the 
mine  after  use  therein;  this  showed  a  minimum  of  0.2  i^r 
cent,  and  a  maximum  of  0.8  per  cent,  of  carbon  dioxide.  In- 
variably the  heavily  timbered  mines  showed  a  higher  percent- 
age of  carbon  dioxide  in  the  return  air,  than  did  those  mines 
in  which  little  timber  is  used. 

As  to  temperatures,  the  fresh  down-cast  air  varied,  of 
course,  according  to  the  season  of  the  year.  Summer  tem- 
peratures may  be  said  to  range  from  50"^  (nights)  to  a  max- 
imum of  100°  F.  (days)  in  the  shade;  in  the  winter  tempera- 
tures range  from  the  vicinity  of  o  to  a  maximum  of  30  to 
40°  F.  below.  At  all  times  the  humidity  is  comparitively 
low. 

In  the  deeper  mines  (1,000  feet  or  more)  the  tempera- 
ture underground  showed  little  variation,  no  matter  what  the 
temperature  on  the  surface.  In  the  shallower  mines,  how- 
ever, it  is  common  in  winter  to  encounter  huge  icicles,  in 
some  cases  as  deep  as  300  ft.  from  the  collar  of  the  down- 
cast shaft.  In  the  heavily  timbered  mines,  the  return  air 
ranged  in  temperature  from  75  to  90°,  and  humidity  usually 
from  95  to  100  per  cent.  In  mines  where  little  timber  is 
used  the  return  air  is  from  10  to  15°  cooler. 

Condition  In  Working  Places.  The  working  places  near 
the  main  air  courses,  both  in  mines  using  little  timber,  and 


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156  VENTILATION    IN    THE   IRON    MINES 

in  those  using  a  great  amount  of  timber,  were  found  to  pre- 
sent no  abnormal  conditions.  However,  in  the  dead  ends, 
such  as  are  encountered  in  driving  long  cross-cuts  or  drifts, 
or  in  sub-levels  immediately  under  the  timber  mat,  severe 
conditions  were  noted  in  many  cases.  In  the  heavily  tim- 
bered mines  temperatures  in  such  working  places  were  found 
to  range  from  75  to  100°  (humidity  from  95  to  100  per 
cent).  Many  air  samples  taken  from  such  places  showed 
from  0.5  to  as  high  as  3  per  cent,  carbon  dioxide.  It  was 
found  that  the  gases  produced  by  blasting  gave  a  great  deal 
of  trouble.  The  expedient  of  turning  on  the  compressed  air 
after  blasting  was  not  always  effective. 

Gases  Found  in  the  Mines  and  Their  Effect  Upon  the 
Human  System. 

Atmospheric  air  may  be  considered  as  consisting  of  ap- 
proximately 20.93  per  cent,  oxygen,  79.04  per  cent,  nitrc^en, 
and  0.03  per  cent,  carbon  dioxide. 

Gases  Produced  Under  Ordinary  Operating  Conditions. 
With  the  exception  of  the  combustible  hydro-carbon  gases 
reported  from  time  to  time  from  some  of  the  mines  situated 
in  the  carbonaceous  black  slate  area  of  the  Menominee  range, 
the  only  noxious  gas  that  is  encountered  under  ordinary  c^ 
crating  conditions  is  carbon  dioxide.  No  explosive  gases 
occur.  Reference  is  made  further  on  to  gases  produced  after 
blasting. 

In  mines,  carbon  dioxide  (CO2)  is  produced  by  the 
breathing  of  men  or  animals,  the  combustion  of  timber  and 
explosives,  the  burning  of  lamps,  and  the  decay  of  timber  or 
other  vegetable  matter.  It  is  a  colorless  gas,  without  odor, 
and  has  a  slightly  acid  taste.  Its  specific  gravity  (air  equals 
i)  is  1.529  at  ordinary  temperatures.  'Carbon  dioxide,  in 
the  quantities  in  which  it  is  ordinarily  found  in  mines,  does 
not  directly  poison  the  person  or  animal  breathing  it.  When 
it  is  present  in  the  air  of  mines  there  is  usually  a  deficiency  of 
oxygen.  The  first  efTect  of  breathing  air  containing  2  to  3 
per  cent,  carbon  dioxide,  is  headache  and  dizziness;  larger 
percentages  cause  extreme  panting.  When  the  human  being 
breathes  air  containing  about  10  per  cent,  of  carbon  dioxide 
life  becomes  imperiled.  Candles  in  air  are  usually  extin- 
guished when  the  oxygen  content  decreases  to  16  or  17  per 
cent.    Carbon  dioxide  that  may  be  present  has  but  slight  ef- 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  I57 

feet  upon  the  extinguishment.     Carbide  lamps  become  ex- 
lingfuished  when  the  oxygen  decreases  to  about  12  per  cent. 

Gases  Produced  By  Blasting,  In  addition  to  carbon 
dioxide  there  are  produced  by  the  combustion  of  explosives, 
depending  on  the  kind  used,  varying  percentages  of  hydrogen, 
methane,  oxides  of  nitrogen,  carbon  monoxide,  water  vapour 
and  hydrogen  sulphide.  For  the  purpose  of  this  paper  it  will 
suffice  to  say  that  very  small  percentages  of  either  carbon 
monoxide,  oxides  of  nitrogen  or  hydrogen  sulphide  have 
marked  effects  upon  the  human  system.  One  tenth  of  one 
l)er  cent,  of  any  of  these  gases  have  a  serious  effect  upon 
the  miner.  Experiments  by  the  Bureau  of  Mines  indicate 
Ihat  the  oxides  of  nitrogen  and  hydrogen  sulphide  are  even 
more  dangerous,  in  the  same  quantity,  than  carbon  monoxide. 

Gases  Produced  During  Mine  Fires,  During  timber  ftres 
in  metal  mines  the  noxious  gases  produced  are  carbon  dioxide 
and  carbon  monoxide;  the  effect  of  the  former  has  been  dis- 
cussed above.  Carbon  monoxide  (CO)  is  far  more  deadly 
than  carbon  dioxide  in  its  poisonous  effect  on  the  system.  It 
is  a  product  of  incomplete  combustion  of  wood  or  other  com- 
bustible matter,  also  of  the  explosion  of  varix)us  types  of  blast- 
ing powder  or  dynamite.  The  amount  produced  is  enormous- 
ly increased  when  the  explosive  bums  instead  of  detonat- 
ing. Carbon  monoxide  is  more  than  likely  to  be  encountered 
during  a  smouldering  fire,  such  as  would  result  in  a  damp  or 
wet  mine.  It  is  a  colorless  gas  and  has  a  specific  gravity  of 
0.967.  As  little  as  0.2  per  cent,  of  this  gas  will  cause  death 
if  breathed  for  a  sufficient  length  of  time.  It  acts  as  a  cum- 
ulative poison  to  the  human  system  by  combining  with  the 
haemoglobin  of  the  blood,  thus  preventing  that  agent  from 
combining  with  sufficient  oxygen  to  support  life.  It  gives 
little  or  no  warning  of  its  effect  on  the  system.  The  person 
breathing  it  usually  becomes  suddenly  weak  in  the  knees  and 
lapses  into  unconsciousness.  Carbon  monoxide  may  occur  in 
quantities  sufficient  to  cause  sudden  death,  and  still  its  pres- 
ence will  not  be  indicated  by  the  dimming  of  the  candle  flame. 
Thus  it  may  be  seen  that  the  belief  of  many  miners  that  they 
can  live  wherever  a  candle  will  burn,  is  erroneous. 

For  more  detailed  information  regarding  certain  of  the 
gases  mentioned  above,  the  reader  is  referred  to  Bureau  of 
Mines  technical  paper  62 :  "Relative  Effects  of  Carbon  Mon- 
oxide on  Small  Animals''  by  Messrs.   Burrell,   Seibert  and 


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158  VENTILATION   IN  THE  IRON   MINES 

Robertson;  and  miner's  circular  14:  "Gases  Found  In  Coal 
Mines,"  by  Messrs.  Burrell  and  Seibert. 

Effect  of  High  Temperatures  and  Humidity. 

By  the  efficiency  of  the  miner  is  meant  his  capacity  to 
perform  work.  That  high  temperatures  and  extreme  humid- 
ity have  a  marked  effect  in  lessening  the  efficiency  of  the 
miner,  there  can  be  no  dotibt.  In  this  connection  Haldane* 
says  "The  normal  body  temperature  of  a  man  is  frcxn  98 
to  101°  F.,  and  in  order  to  obtain  efficiency  in  work,  his  tem- 
perature should  not  exceed  this  upper  limit.  The  body  may 
be  cooled  by  radiation,  conduction  and  evaporation  (sweat- 
ing.) Cooling  by  evaporation  is  the  most  important  in  deep 
mine  ventilation.  Evaporation  from  the  body  can  only  oc- 
cur when  the  dew  point  of  the  surrounding  air  is  below  body 
temperature,  98°  F.  *  *  *  In  order  to  maintain  the  body 
temperature  in  hot  mines,  where  one  is  working,  it  is  neces- 
sary to  keep  the  skin  at  a  lower  temperature  than  the  inter- 
ior of  the  body.  The  body  temperature  may  be  maintained 
when  78°  F.  wet  bulb  in  still  air,  and  88°  F.  wet  bulb  in  good 
moving  air,  is  shown     *     *     *     *" 

According  to  G.  J.  Young  ^:  "With  a  temperature  from 
95  to  105°  F.,  and  relative  humidity  50  to  70  per  cent,  in 
still  air,  miners  can  do  efficient  work.  From  no  to  115° 
F.,  and  with  other  conditions  the  same  as  above,  efficient 
work  cannot  be  done.  Increasing  the  velocity  of  the  air, 
with  other  conditions  the  same  as  above,  makes  work  more 
bearable,  but  miners  cannot  work  very  long  at  a  time  under 
such  conditions.  95  to  105°  F.,  in  saturated  air  and  no  velo- 
city, is  dangerous ;  90  to  98°  F.,  saturated,  velocity  of  air  cur- 
rent 400  to  500  ft.  per  minute,  and  slightly  vitiated,  will  pre- 
vent efficient  labor.  Impurities  in  the  mine  air  seem  to  hin- 
der labor  efficiency  more  than  high  temperatures  do.  The 
humidity  of  the  air  depends  upon  the  amount  of  water  in  the 
mine  and  the  dryness  of  the  down-cast  air." 

High  temperatures  in  a  comparatively  dry  air  do  not  have 
so  great  an  effect  on  the  miner.  This  fact  was  forcefully  il- 
lustrated to  me  on  a  recent  trip  through  the  Comstock 
mines  in  Nevada.  In  one  place  the  dry  bulb  thermometer 
read  110°  F.,  and  the  wet  bulb  100°.  This  represents  a 
humidity  of  70  per  cent.     While  performing  no  work  the 

a    J.  S.  Haldane.  Jour.  Chem.  Met  &  BCin.  Soc.  South  Africa,  VoL  11, 1910.  pace  227. 
b    Jour.  Chem.  &  Min.  Soc.  South  Africa.  VoL  11. 1910.  page  411. 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  159 

place  was  not  unbearably  hot.  Nearby,  where  the  return  air 
current  was  encountered,  the  wet  and  dry  bulbs  both  read 
iio°  (representing  a  humidity  of  lOO  per  cent.)  and  the  ef- 
fect w^as  distressing. 

By  frequent  observations  in  many  of  the  Lake  Superior 
iron  mines,  I  have  noted  repeatedly  that  miners  working  in 
temperatures  above  75°  wet  bulb  (relative  humidity  100  per 
cent.)  showed  a  marked  falling  off  in  energy.  At  wet  bulb 
temperatures  of  from  80  to  90°  (relative  humidity  90  to  100 
per  cent.)  the  average  miner  works  only  from  one-half  to 
one-third  of  his  time;  when  he  is  at  work  under  these  condi- 
tions his  efficiency  is  not  normal,  and  when  he  is  resting,  of 
course,  his  time  is  entirely  lost.  In  one  mine  4  miners  pro- 
duced the  same  tonnage  of  ore  as  was  produced  by  9  miners 
in  a  similar  place  in  the  same  mine  where  the  temperature 
was  10°  hotter.  Many  cases  of  this  kind  could  be  cited. 
Relation  of  These  Conditions  to  the  Cost  of  Mining. 

Many  notes  were  made  on  the  relative  efficiency  of  miners 
working  under  normal  conditions  as  compared  with  those 
working  under  severe  conditions  as  to  temperatures  and 
quality  of  air.  The  following  example,  in  which  nominal 
figures  are  used,  will  serve  to  illustrate  the  effect  of  poor 
ventilation  on  the  cost  of  mining. 

A  well  ventilated  mine  produces  1,000  tons  of  ore  per 
day,  at  a  cost  of  $1,000.  The  labor  cost  for  this  tonnage 
approximates  $750.  Now,  if  the  places  from  which  300 
tons  of  the  production  comes  are  poorly  ventilated  and  hot 
(say  85  to  90°,  relative  humidity  95  to  100  per  cent.)  the 
miners  will  put  in  only  one-half  of  their  time  in  effective 
work.  Thus  they  would  produce  only  150  tons,  instead 
of  300,  as  under  normal  conditions;  and  the  result  would  be 
that  there  would  be  produced  850  tons  at  a  labor  cost  of  $750, 
as  compared  with  1,000  tons  at  a  labor  cost  of  $750  under 
normal  conditions.  This  would  represent  an  increase  from 
75c  per  ton,  under  normal  conditions,  to  88c  per  ton  in  a 
lX)orly  ventilated  mine — an  increase  of  13c  per  ton. 

Even  if  the  cost  of  mining  were  increased  5c  per  ton  by 
a  preventable  cause  it  would  occasion  considerable  concern  to 
the  management.  Thousands  of  dollars  are  spent  in  operat- 
ing equipment  in  order  that  a  few  cents  may  be  saved  in  the 
cost  of  mining  a  ton  of  ore.  The  great  importance  of  proper 
ventilation  has  been  recognized  by  some,  and  efforts  are  now 


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l6o  veKtilatiok  In  the  iron  mxNeS 

being  made  to  improve  conditions  in  this  respect.  Grood  re- 
sults have  already  been  obtained  in  one  or  two  cases.  The 
management  of  one  mine,  where ,  production  per  man  has 
l)een  increased  greatly  recently,  attributes  the  increase  in  a 
great  measure  to  better  ventilation  facilities. 

Causes  of  Vitiated  Air  In  the  Mines. 

Oxygen  is  consumed,  and  carbon  dioxide  produced  in  the 
mines,  through  the  following  agencies: 

Oxidation  or  rotting  of  timbers. 

Breathing  of  men. 

Burning  of  various  types  of  miners'  lights. 

Blasting. 

Oxidation  of  certain  rocks. 

Without  going  into  a  detailed  discussion,  it  may  be  stated 
that  investigation  points  to  the  oxidation  or  rotting  of  tim- 
bers (in  the  heavily  timbered  mines)  as  the  chief  cause  of 
the  vitiation  of  air.  The  breathing  of  men  and  the  burning 
of  candles  and  lamps  come  next  in  importance.  In  heavily 
timbered  mines  (especially  where  the  mine  is  wet  or  damp) 
the  timbers  consume  from  three  to  four  times  as  much  oxygen 
as  do  all  the  other  factors  combined. 

Recognizing  the  importance  of  this  phase  of  the  prob- 
lem, an  investigation  was  instituted  at  the  Pittsburgh  labora- 
tories of  the  Bureau  of  Mines.  While  the  work  done  to  date 
has  been  only  preliminary,  some  interesting  facts  have  been 
brought  out.  The  investigation  is  being  carried  on  by  G. 
A.  Burrell,  chemist  of  the  bureau,  who  writes  as  follows: 

The  Absorption  of  Oxygen  and  Production  of  Carbok 
Dioxide  from  Atmospheric  Air  by  Wood. 

"Herein  are  shown  the  results  of  some  preliminary  ex- 
periments having  to  do  with  the  absorption  of  oxygen  and 
production  of  carlx>n  dioxide  from  atmospheric  air  by  wood. 
Dried  ^nd  seasoned  pieces  of  wood  planks  were  sawed  suffi- 
ciently to  produce  sawdust.  In  one  case  very  thin  shavings 
were  used.  This  material  was  placed  in  bottles  having  a  ca- 
pacity of  2^  liters  and  the  bottles  securely  closed.  Through 
each  bottle  stopper  a  glass  tube  was  placed,  provided  with  a 
stopcock,  to  permit  of  drawing  out  samples  of  air  for  anal- 
ysis. 


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lake  superior  mining  institute  l6l 

Experiments  to  Determine  the   Effect   of  Wood  in 
Changing  the  Composition  of  Atmospheric  Air. 


m 


lis  «S  Is  ^S  8g         8eg 

^S^  ^S       IS      ^S      ^2 


Kind  of  wood  andWt.  in  -gS^  ^S  SS  *S         *S        ^9 

"""  is|      II    U   ti   ti  1  • 


<i^     t&   |s  :3  IS 


«  «         5         5         5 

1 


Ash  sawdust  CO^  .0  .15  3.38  11.6  18.9  20.6 

112.6   grams O^  20.8  20.8  17.5  8  6  1.7  .0 

Cypress  shavings CO  .0  .15  1.98  4  0  6.0  10. 

76    grains O  20.9  20.8  18.75  16  7  14.4  10.1 

Hemlock    sawdust    CO  .2  .20  7.87  16.6  18  0  17.7 

135.5    grams O^  20.8  20.8  12  0  2,0  .7  .3 

Oak  sawdust CO^  .2  .2  8.27  17.0  19  2  20.2 

136.    grams O^  20.7  20.8  15.05  31  1.2  .4 

(a)  Water  was  added  to  each  bottle  15  days  after  (7/16/13)  prior 
to  these  analyses.  Enough  water  was  added  to  saturate  the  wood  so 
that  it  caked. 

Discussion  of  Results.  The  experiments  were  started  on 
June  6,  1913,  and  the  first  analysis  of  the  residual  air  in  the 
bottles  made  on  June  2yy  191 3.  No  appreciable  change  in 
the  oxygen  or  carbon  dioxide  content  of  the  residual  air 
over  the  composition  of  ordinary  atmospheric  air  was  no- 
ticed. The  same  held  true  of  results  obtained  on  July  15, 
191 3»  or  39  da)"^  after  starting  the  experiment.  Water  was 
then  added  to  each  bottle  in  quantity  sufficient  to  percq>tibly 
moisten  the  sawdust  and  shavings.  In  16  days  from  the 
Lime  the  wood-  was  moistened  analyses  were  made  again  of 
the  residual  air  in  each  bottle.  A  marked  increase  in  carbon 
dioxide  and  decrease  in  oxygen  resulted,  and  continued  until 
in  the  case  of  the  sawdust  samples  it  had  all  or  practically  all 
disappeared.  In  the  case  of  the  fine  cypress  shavings  the 
rate  of  absorption  of  oxygen  was  slower,  probably  due  to  the 
fact  that  the  cypress  wood  was  not  in  as  fine  a  state  of  divi- 
sion as  the  other  woods  tried.  An  interesting  feature  of  the 
results  is  that  the  carbon  dioxide  is  only  slightly  less  than 
the  molecular  equivalent  of  the  oxygen  consumed.  This  is 
a  different  result  than  that  obtained  when  oxygen  is  absorbed 


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l62  VENTILATION   IN   THE  IRON   MINES 

by  coal  at  ordinary  temperatures.  In  the  case  of  coal  the 
amount  of  carbon  dioxide  produced  is  invariably  less  than  the 
molecular  equivalent  of  the  consumed  oxygen,  Laboratorj^ 
experiments  by  many  have  shown  this.  The  writer  has  also 
observed  it  many  times  in  the  case  of  samples  collected  in  coal 
mines.  In  the  case  of  coal  and  air,  the  oxygen  may  entirely 
or  almost  entirely  disappear  and  there  result  in  the  residual 
air  only  two  or  three  per  cent,  of  carbon  dioxide. 

"The  change  in  air  after  contact  with  coal  may  be  the 
result  of  the  slow  oxidation  of  the  carbon,  with  the  forma- 
tion of  a  small  amount  of  carbon  dioxide;  the  oxidation  of 
certain  unknown  and  unsaturated  bodies  in  the  coal  without 
the  formation  of  carbon  dioxide  and  possibly  also  the  absorp- 
tion of  the  oxygen,  and  presumably  of  some  nitrogen.  That 
carlxjn  dioxide  also  disappears  after  contact  with  coal  has 
been  determined  by  experiment.  Bacterial  action  apparently 
does  not  enter  into  the  case.  On  the  other  hand  the  disap- 
pearance of  oxygen  and  formation  of  carbon  dioxide  in  the 
case  of  wood  and  air  is  probably  almost  entirely  due  to  bac- 
terial action.  Sometimes  small  quantdties  of  other  gases  are 
formed,  methane  and  hydrogen  for  instance.  The  samples 
examined  for  this  report  were  not  tested  for  gases  other  than 
carbon  dioxide  and  oxygen. 

"These  results  show  that  timber  in  metal  mines  (where 
large  quantities  of  it  are  used)  may  be  responsible  for  part 
of  the  vitiation  of  the  air  therein,  especially  in  dead  ends 
where  the  air  is  stagnant,  the  wood  moist,  and  much  tim- 
ber is  present. 

"The  results,  however,  are  only  preliminary  and  not  quan- 
titative; hence  give  one  no  idea  of  the  exact  part  played  in 
the  vitiation  of  the  air  of  metal  mines  by  the  timber.  The 
state  of  division  of  the  wood  is  undoubtedly  very  important. 
Further  experimenting  is  required  to  determine  the  action 
between  air  and  timbers.  The  rock  in  some  metal  mines,  es- 
pecially if  iron  pyrites  is  present,  is  probably  responsible  for 
some  of  the  oxygen  disappearance. 

"Many  of  the  samples  of  mine  air  collected  by  the  bureau, 
however,  have  shown  a  quantity  of  carbon  dioxide  almost 
proportional  to  the  oxygen  disappearance,  suggesting  that 
the  timbers  or  some  reaction  that  is  analogous  to  that  tak- 
ing place  between  air  and  wood  is  responsible  for  the  vitia- 
tion of  the  air.'* 


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lake  superior  mining  institute  163 

Causes  of  Heat  and  Humidity  In  the  Mines. 

In  general,  it  may  be  said  that  heat  is  developed  in  mines 
through  the  following  agencies: 

Rock  temperatures. 

Presence  of  men  and  lights. 

Crushing  and  working  of  rock  and  timbers,  and  possibly 
ihe  oxidation  of  timbers. 

Operation  of  machinery  and  presence  of  steam  lines  con- 
nected thereto. 

The  cause  of  humidity,  of  course,  is  the  absorption  of 
moisture  in  the  mine  by  the  comparatively  dry  air  admitted 
from  outside.  In  practically  every  case  in  the  Lake  Superior 
district  the  air  issuing  from  mines  was  found  to  range  be- 
tween 95  and  100  per  cent,  in  humidity. 

It  was  found  that  rock  temperatures  had  practically  no 
bearing  on  the  great  heat  encountered  in  the  sub-levels,  es- 
l^ecially  those  subs  directly  under  the  timber  mat.  In  sev- 
eral cases  rock  temperatures,  at  depths  of  1,500  to  2,000  ft. 
were  as  much  as  10°  lower  than  air  temperatures  from  500 
lo  1,000  ft.  nearer  the  surface  (under  the  timber  mat.)  Air 
currents  passing  through  timbered  workings  where  no  men 
were  employed  were  tested  at  various  intervals,  and  the  tem- 
peratures were  found  to  increase  gradually,  regardless  of 
whether  the  course  of  the  air  was  downward  or  upward. 
With  respect  to  working  places,  then,  the  causes  men- 
tioned may  be  disposed  of  as  of  small  importance  in  causing 
a  rise  in  temperature,  with  the  exceptlion  of  the  crushing 
and  working  of  the  rock  and  timbers,  and  the  oxidation  of 
the  latter.  While  the  laboratory  investigations  have  not  pro- 
gressed far  enough  as  yet  to  make  a  positive  statement  in 
this  connection,  it  is  my  opinion,  from  observations  made  in 
the  field,  that  in  these  mines  the  oxidation  of  the  timber  is 
the  chief  cause  of  the  production  of  heat.  In  one  mine  a  new 
sub-level  was  opened  under  the  sub  directly  beneath  the  tim- 
ber mat.  Before  the  introduction  of  timber  in  this  new  sub, 
the  temperature  averaged  75° ;  when  drift  sets  had  been  put 
in  the  average  temperature  of  the  level  was  80°. 

The  Problem. 

There  are  two  problems  presented  in  the  proper  ventila- 
tion of  Lake  Superior  iron  mines. 

I.     The  supply  of  a  sufficient  quantity  of  air,   and  its 


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164  VENTILATION   IN   THE   IRON    MINES 

proper  distribution,  so  that  it  will  carry  off  the  noxious  gases 
produced;  and  have  the  effect  of  lowering  the  temperature 
and  humidity  existing  in  working  places. 

2.     The  production  of  lesser  quantities  of  noxious  gases. 

As  to  the  amount  of  air  required  in  the  mines  it  might 
be  well  to  cite  the  requirements  of  coal  mines  in  this  coun- 
try. In  non-gaseous  mines  the  average  requirement  is  100 
cu.  ft.  of  air  i^er  minute  per  man  employed  underground  and 
500  cu.  ft.  per  minute  per  animal.  In  gaseous  mines  these 
figures  are  increased.  On  an  average,  perhaps  50  per  cent, 
of  this  air  reaches  the  working  faces,  the  balance  being  lost 
by  leakage  through  stoppings  and  doors. 

The  conditions  in  the  iron  mines  differ  greatly  from  those 
in  coal  mines.  As  indicated  on  previous  pages,  the  most  im- 
ix)rtant  considerations  are  the  oxygen  consumed,  and  carbon 
dioxide  produced,  by  the  oxidation  or  rotting  of  timbers,  and 
by  the  breathing  of  men  and  the  burning  of  lights.  In  the 
iron  mines  the  employment  of  animals  exists  only  in  occasion- 
«il  cases. 

It  is  a  difficult  matter  to  state  Just  how  much  air  should 
be  supplied  in  the  heavily  timbered  mines  for  the  reason  that 
there  is  no  accurate  method  of  calculating  how  much  oxygen 
the  timbers  will  consume.  The  factors  effecting  this  are  ex- 
tremely variable.  Damp  timbers  are  much  more  active  in 
oxygen  consumption  than  are  dry  timbers.  Again,  due  to 
the  methods  of  mining,  it  is  impossible  to  figure  with  any  de- 
gree of  accuracy  the  amount  of  timber  in  a  mine.  However, 
a  study  of  actual  conditions  lead  me  to  the  belief  that,  in  un- 
timl>ered  mines,  where  no  animals  are  used,  50  cu.  ft.  per 
minute  per  man  employed  underground,  is  sufficient  air.  In 
mines  where  a  moderate  amount  of  timber  is  used  there  should 
be  100  cu.  ft.  per  minute  per  man  employed  underground.  In 
the  heavily  timl)ered  mines,  it  may  be  necessary  to  increase 
the  amount  to  150  or  even  200  feet  per  minute,  depending 
upon  the  amount  of  timber  in  the  mine. 

There  are  several  guides  in  determining  whether  or  not 
there  is  a  sufficient  amount  of  air  entering  the  mine.  In  the 
first  place  there  should  be  sufficient  atr  to  prevent  the  humid- 
ity in  working  places  from  rising  higher  than  90  per  cent 
With  90  per  cent,  humidity  the  wet  bulb  thermometer  should 
not  read  more  than  80°  in  still  air,  and  85°  in  a  current  of 
400  to  500  ft.  per  minute;  with  100  per  cent,  humidity  these 
figures  may  be  set  at  75  and  80°. 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  165 

The  second  consideration  is  the  diminution  of  the  amount 
of  oxygen  in  the  air.  As  pointed  out,  this  is  closely  related, 
in  the  Lake  Superior  iron  mines,  to  the  amount  of  carbon 
dioxide  in  the  air.  In  England,  ventilation  requirements  deal 
with  the  oxygen  and  the  amount  of  carbon  dioxide  in  the 
air.  The  requirements,  (not  less  than  19  per  cent,  oxygen, 
or  more  than  1.25  per  cent,  carbon  dioxide),  refer  to  coal 
mining,  in  which  the  ratio  between  the  oxygen  and  carbon 
dioxide  contained  in  the  air  is  not  as  constant  as  it  is  in  metal 
mines. 

Distress  may  be  caused  by  breathing  in  atmosphere  con- 
taining too  little  oxygen,  or  too  much  carbon  dioxide.  Hal- 
dane,  in  a  report  on  "The  Causes  of  Death  in  Colliery  Ex- 
plosions and  Underground  Fires,"  writes  as  follows: 

"A  diminution  from  20.93  ^^  ^5  P^^  cent,  oxygen  by  vol- 
ume is  practically  without  effect  on  man,  although,  of  course, 
a  candle  or  wick-fed  flame  is  instantly  extinguished.  As  the 
decrease  of  oxygen  proceeds  further  certain  effects  begin  to 
be  noticed,  but  a  person  not  exerting  himself  will,  as  a  rule, 
not  notice  anything  unusual  until  the  oxygen  percentage  has 
fallen  to  about  10  per  cent.  The  breathing  then  becomes  deep- 
er and  more  frequent,  the  pulse  more  frequent,  and  the  face 
somewhat  dusky.  Frcttn  this  to  lower  percentage  the  symp- 
toms are  more  pronounced,  and  a  person's  life  becomes  in 
grave  peril." 

Haldane's  experiments  refer  to  fresh  air.  Exi)eriments 
by  the  Bureau  of  Mines  support  these  statements. 

Haldane  also  states  that  carbon  dioxide  in  air  produces 
no  very  noticeable  effect  on  man  until  the  proportion  of  car- 
bon dioxide  reaches  about  3  per  cent.  When  the  proportion 
is  increased  to  5  or  6  per  cent,  there  is  distinct  panting,  throb- 
bing, and  flushing  of  the  face. 

In  exploring  a  certain  mine  after  an  explosion  engineers 
of  the  Bureau  of  Mines  suddenly  entered  a  mine  atmosphere 
containing  13  per  cent,  of  oxygen  and  4  per  cent,  of  carbon 
dioxide.  They  experienced  no  distress,  but  they  were  in  the 
atmosphere  only  a  few  minutes. 

While  a  miner  may  feel  no  discomfort  while  not  exerting 
himself,  in  an  atmosphere  in  which  a  candle  will  become  ex- 
tinguished (from  16  to  17  per  cent,  oxygen),  the  effect  may 
be  very  different  when  carbon  dioxide  is  present  and  he  is 
working  hard.  Another  factor  to  be  considered  is  the  heat 
usually  encountered  in  places  containing  vitiated  air.    I  have 


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1 66  VENTILATION   IN   THE  IRON   MINES 

noted  miners,  when  working,  showing  ill  effects  in  an  atmos- 
phere containing  i  per  cent.  cartx)n  dioxide  and  19.7  per 
cent,  oxygen,  the  temperature  being  75°  and  the  relative 
humidity  95  per  cent.  It  is  my  belief  that  miners  will  begin 
to  lose  efficiency  in  air  containing  more  than  1.25  per  cent, 
carbon  dioxide  and  less  than  19  per  cent,  oxygen,  in  ordin- 
arily cool  temperatures;  when  the  woricing  place  is  hot  the 
effect  is  correspondingly  worse. 

Recommendations  for  the  Rand  mines  by  S.  Perlerich 
(a)  are:  That  sufficient  air  shall  be  provided  so  that  in  one 
hour  after  a  shot  is  fired,  a  sample  taken  anywhere  in  the 
mine  will  not  contain  more  than  0.2  per  cent,  carbon  dioxide, 
and  o.oi  per  cent,  carbon  monoxide,  and  only  traces  of  the 
oxides  of  nitrogen. 

It  is  a  simple  matter  to  determine  whether  conditions  in 
working  places  are  such  that  miners  can  perform  efficient 
work.  Temperatures  and  humidity  may  be  determined  by 
the  use  of  the  sling  psychrometer;  gases  present  may  be  de- 
termined by  sampling  and  analyzing  the  air. 

Remedial  Measures. 

The  principal  remedy  for  the  conditions  referred  to  is  a 
sufficient  air  supply,  and  its  proper  distribution  throughout 
the  mine.  Increased  air  supply  may  be  effected;  (a)  by  pro- 
viding a  greater  number  of  openings  to  the  mine;  (b)  pro- 
viding for  down-cast  and  up-cast  openings,  with  due  regard 
to  the  elevation  of  the  shaft  collars,  and  the  presence  or  ab- 
sence of  steam  pipes  in  the  shaft;  (c)  by  the  use  of  fans 
either  at  the  shaft  collar  or  within  the  mine.  A  blower  fan 
at  the  collar  of  the  down-cast  shaft  is  preferable.  If  an  air 
shaft  is  not  available,  that  is,  one  that  is  not  used  for  hoist- 
ing, it  may  be  possible  to  utilize  the  manway  in  an  operating 
shaft  as  an  airway,  but  in  this  case  the  partitic«i  between  the 
manway  and  the  hoisting  compartments  must  be  absolutely 
tight.  If  it  is  not  practicable  to  place  the  fan  at  the  shaft 
collar,  it  must  then  be  placed  within  the  mine  workings,  pre- 
ferably a  blower  fan  somewhere  near  the  down-cast  shaft. 

Many  of  the  mines  have  a  sufficient  amount  of  air  passing 
into  them  but,  owing  to  insufficient  airways,  most  of  the  air 
escapes  from  the  mine  without  reaching  the  working  places. 
Such  conditions  can  be  remedied  by  the  running  of  additional 

a    Jour.  Cb«m,  Met,  &  Min,  Soc.  of  South  Africa,  Vol.  11, 1910,  p.  60. 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  167 

crosscuts,  drifts  and  raises  for  carrying  the  air,  and  by  the 
installation,  at  proper  places,  of  doors  and  brattices.  An  im- 
portant aid  in  ventilating  dead  ends  may  be  found  in  the  in- 
telligent use  of  electrically  operated  booster  fans. 

With  regard  to  measures  looking  to  a  reduction  in  the 
noxious  g^s  produced  in  the  mine,  those  worthy  of  considera- 
tion are :  (a)  The  treatment  of  timber  with  such  preserva- 
tives as  will  prevent  or  retard  oxidation  or  rotting,  and  (b) 
the  use  of  explosives  that  produce  a  minimum  amount  of 
noxious  gases.  The  treatment  of  timber  has  been  discussed 
in  various  papers  and  publications  and  it  is  probable  that  the 
use  of  some  preservative  that  will  act  as  a  sterilizing  agent 
will  be  effective  in  the  Lake  Superior  mines.*  Probably  the 
preservative  most  used  at  this  time  is  creosote.  However, 
this  is  a  subject  that  requires  further  investigation  before  de- 
finite recommendations  can  be  made.  The  cost  of  treatment 
is  an  important  factor.  It  might  be  added  that  stripping  the 
bark  from  timber  retards,  to  sc«ne  extent,  its  liability  to  oxida- 
tion. 

Reduction  of  Noxious  Gases  from  Explosives. 

On  account  of  the  many  reports  received  of  the  serious 
effect  of  powder  gases  on  miners  (a  surprising  number  have 
been  overcome  and  not  a  few  have  died),  the  Bureau  of 
Mines  recently  undertook  an  investigation  with  the  hope  of 
developing  a  powder  whith  would  evolve,  on  detonation,  a 
minimum  quantity  of  noxious  gases. 

As  the  result  of  a  number  of  tests  with  straight  nitrogly- 
cerin, low  freezing,  ammonia,  and  gelatin  dynamites,  the  fact 
was  brought  out  that  the  gelatin  dynamites  evolve  smaller 
quantities  of  noxious  gases  than  any  other.  There  is  given, 
herewith,  a  table  showing  the  compositions  of  gelatin  dyna- 
mites of  various  strengths.  Table  II  shows  the  combustion 
products  resulting  from  tests  of  explosives  in  thin  paraffin 
paper  wrappers. 

Several  samples  of  40  per  cent,  gelatin  dynamites  were 
procured  from  different  manufacturers;  of  these  samples  the 
whole  produced  poisonous  gases  on  detonation.  The  percent- 
age of  carbon  monoxide  varied  from  3  to  5.7  per  cent,  and  of 
hydrogen  sulphide  from  0.7  to  4.1  per  cent.  As  a  final  re- 
sult of  the  investigations  a  40  per  cent,  strength  gelatin  dyna- 
mite was  prepared  according  to  the  following  formula: 

*'*Wood  pi— ivation  wftb  especial  reference  to  Vine  Timbers."  John  M.  Nelaon,  Jr.  Vol. 
Xnr.  pp.  W-U6. 


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1 68  VENTILATION   IN   THE  IRON   MINES 

Special  formula  for  40  per  '^^nt.  strength  gelatin  dyna- 
mite. 

Nitroglycerin 33 

Nitrocellulose i 

Sodium  nitrate    54 

Combustible  material  (a)    11 

Calcium  carbonate    i 


100 


(a)     Flour. 

The  products  of  combustion  were  collected  in  a  Bichel 
gauge.  This  is  described  in  Bureau  of  Mines  Bulletin  15, 
page  103. 

The  resuhs  of  tests  made  with  this  explosive  are  shown 
in  table  III. 

Table  i — Composition  of  Gelatine  Dynamites  of  Vari- 
ous Strengths. 

41*  4*  4*  -M  «*  4*  ** 

H    H     if     t%     §1     if    H 

Irun-edlentB  ||         ||  ||  ||  ||  ||        || 

8"       8*        9^        S»        g"        S"      g" 

Nitroglycerin 23.0  28.0  33.0  42.0  46.0  50.0  60  0 

Nitrocellulose    0.7  0.9  10  1.5  1.7  1.9  2.4 

Sodium  nitrate   62.3  58.1  52.0  45.5  42.0  38.1  29  6 

aCombustible  material  ...13.0  12.0  13  0  10.0  9.0  9.0  7.0 

Calcium  carbonate 1.0  10  1.0  1.0  1.0  1.0  LO 

~ioo.o   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0 

a  Wood  pulp  Is  used  in  00  and  70  per  cent  strength  gelatin  dyna- 
mite Sulphur,  flour,  wood  pulp,  and  sometimes  resin  are  used  in 
other  grades.  Some  manufacturers  replace  a  small  percentage  of  the 
nltro-glycerin  in -these  grades  with  an  equal  amount  of  ammonium 
nHrate.  This  replacerxent,  however,  offers  little,  if  any,  advantage 
other  than  reducing  the  cost  of  manufacture. 


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170  ventilation  in  the  iron  mines 

Table  hi — Combustion  Products  Resulting  from  Tests 
OF  Special  40  Per  Cent.  Strength  Gelatin  Dynamite. 

(Analyst  A.  L.  Hyde.) 

Weight  of  Products,  Grams. 

Gaseous   85.5 

Solids 102.3 

Liquid   13.2 

Gaseous  Products,  Per  Cent,  by  Volume. 

Carbon  dioxide 51.0 

Carbon  monoxide o 

Oxygen    9 

Hydrogen o 

Methane 7 

Nitrogen   47.4 

Hydrogen  sulphide o 


1 00.0 
Solids,   Per  Cent. 

Soluble 92.10 

Insoluble    7.90 


100.00 

In  order  to  determine  whether  these  results  could  be 
checked  in  actual  mine  operation,  tests  were  made  in  two  dif- 
ferent mines  and  the  results  were  practically  the  same. 

The  above  investigations  are  described  in  detail  in  Bul- 
letin 48,  Bureau  of  Mines,  "The  Selection  of  Explosives 
Used  in  Engineering  and  Mining  Operations"  by  Clarence 
Hall  and  Spencer  P.  Howell.  The  following  statement  re- 
garding the  work  is  of  interest : 

"The  mine  tests,  although  of  «nall  scope,  confirmed,  with 
a  few  exceptions,  the  tests  made  in  the  pressure  gauge.  The 
odor  of  hydrogen  sulphide  was  noticeable  immediately  after 
firing  some  of  the  explosives  containing  sulphur,  but  the  chem- 
ical analyses  of  the  mine-air  samples  failed  to  disclose  the  pres- 
ence of  an  appreciable  quantity  of  this  gas.  Several  days  in- 
tervened between  the  taking  of  the  samples  in  the  mine  and 
the  chemical  examinations  made  of  them,  and  it  is  possible 
that  if  minute  quantities  of  hydrogen  sulpiiide  were  collected 
in  any  of  the  samples,  they  were  decomposed  by  standing  so 
long.    It  is  worthy  of  note  that  in  all  the  tests  the  explosives 


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Lake  sUpeIuOr  miKing  iNSTltutE  iyt 

were  completely  detonated  and  there  was  no  formation  of 
nitrognen  oxides. 

"The  results  of  the  experiments  indicate  that  all  gelatin 
dynamites  should  be  made  with  an  oxygen  excess  sufficient 
to  completely  oxidize  all  combustible  materials  present,  in- 
cluding the  wrappers;  furthermore,  the  tests  show  that  when 
this  class  of  explosive  is  properly  and  completely  detonated 
the  proportion  of  harmful  gases  evolved  is  reduced  to  a  min- 
imum. However,  it  should  be  remembered  that  proper  con- 
ditions do  not  exist  if  there  has  been  any  chemical  or  ptiy- 
sical  change  in  the  explosive  or  if  it  is  fired  under  conditions 
that  cause  burning  or  incomplete  detonation.  When  the  ex- 
plosive has  aged  to  such  an  extent  as  to  materially  decrease 
its  sensitiveness,  when  weak  detonators  are  used,  or  when  the 
explosive  is  used  in  a  frozen  or  partly  frozen  condition,  a 
greater  quantity  of  poisonous  gases  is  evolved." 

'  Conclusions. 

It  is  hoped  that  the  foregoing  discussion  will  impress 
mine  operators  with  the  importance  of  the  subject  of  mine 
ventilation,  both  as  to  its  effect  upon  the  health  of  the  miner, 
and  as  to  its  relation  to  the  cost  of  mining.  It  is  further 
hoped  that  the  remedial  measures  suggested  will  have  the  re- 
sult of  instituting  attempts  looking  to  the  improvement  of 
ventilation  in  the  mines.  The  result  of  such  attempts  will  be 
of  great  value  in  the  ultimate  solution  of  this  important  prob- 
lem. While  the  problem  is  not  serious  in  the  mines  using 
little  timber,  it  is  one  of  great  moment  in  heavily  timbered 
mines ;  and  it  will  increase  in  seriousness  as  the  mines  of  the 
district  reach  greater  depth. 


Mr.  Higgins  :  I  wish  to  bring  out  one  point  and  that  is 
the  chief  purpose  of  this  paper,  which  is  to  indicate  the  effect 
of  poor  ventilation  on  the  efficiency  of  the  miner  and  to  show 
how  this  may  seriously  affect  the  cost  of  mining.  I  think  that 
if  some  one  would  come  to  the  oi>erator  of  a  large  mine  in 
the  Lake  Superior  district  and  say,  "I  can  install  a  machine 
or  machines  that  will  decrease  your  cost  of  mining  five  cents 
a  ton"  that  a  great  deal  of  attention  would  be  given  to  the  mat- 
ter. It  is  probable  that  if  the  machine  proved  its  worth  that 
many  thousands  of  dollars  would  be  spent  on  its  installation. 
I  maintain  that  many  of  the  operators  are  overlooking  an  im- 


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172  VENTILATION   IN   THE   IRON    MINES 

portant  factor  in  the  cost  of  mining,  and  that  the  cost  of  min- 
ing is  seriously  affected  by  poor  ventilation. 

In  my  paper  I  have  submitted  an  illustration,  using  nom- 
inal figures,  which  show  that  under  ordinarily  serious  condi- 
tions the  cost  of  mining  may  be  increased  13  cents  per  ton.  I 
would  like  to  go  over  this  illustration.  Suppose  a  mine  pro- 
duces 1,000  tons  of  ore  per  day  and  the  cost  of  mining  this 
ore  is  $1,000.  The  labor  cost  is  approximately  $750.  Sup' 
pose  the  places  from  which  300  tons  of  the  ore  comes  are  hot 
and  the  air  is  slightly  vitiated,  containing  say  from  .5  to  i 
per  cent  of  carbon  dioxide;  suppose  the  temperature  in  these 
places  is  from  80  to  90  degrees  and  the  humidity  100  per 
cent.  The  men  would  work  about  half  time  effectively  and 
would  produce  from  this  place  150  tons  of  ore  instead  of  300. 
In  other  words,  there  would  be  produced  in  the  mine  850 
tons  of  ore  at  a  labor  cost  of  $750,  instead  of  1,000  at  a  labor 
cost  of  $750  as  under  normal  conditions.  This  would  repre- 
sent an  increase  of  13  cents  per  ton  in  the  labor  cost. 

In  arriving  at  the  approximate  efficiency  of  miners  work- 
ing under  bad  conditions  as  to  ventilation,  I  have  given  due 
regard  to  the  opinions  of  the  foremost  scientists  of  this  and 
other  countries.  Furthermore,  I  have  checked  these  opinions 
by  actual  observation  in  75  or  80  mines  in  the  Lake  Superior 
district.  There  is  abundant  proof  that  extreme  conditions 
seriously  affect  the  capacity  of  the  miner  to  do  effective  work. 
In  the  Comstock  mines,  reported  to  be  the  hottest  in  the  world, 
I  found  miners  working  from  1/5  to  1/6  of  their  time  and 
receiving  therefor  a  day's  pay.  However,  conditions  in  the 
Lake  Superior  district  are  not  nearly  as  bad  as  that. 

I  think  that  investigation  will  point  out  to  many  of  the  op- 
erators in  the  Lake  Superior  district  that  conditions  are  as 
bad,  if  not  worse,  than  those  used  in  the  above  illustration.  I 
have  a  statement  from  a  gentleman  who  has  charge  of  the  ven- 
tilation of  a  large  iron  mine  in  the  Lake  Superior  district  that 
four  men  produced  more  ore  from  a  certain  working  place 
than  did  nine  men  in  a  similar  working  place  where  the  tem- 
perature was  ten  degrees  higher  and  the  air  slightly  vitiated. 
I  think  there  are  a  great  many  cases  of  this  kind.  Doubtless 
the  time  is  coming  when  this  subject  will  receive  a  great  deal 
of  attention.  As  a  matter  of  fact  several  companies  have  al- 
ready given  attention  to  ventilation  in  their  mines.  Condi- 
tions will  get  worse  as  the  mines  grow  deeper.    I  desire  to  im- 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  1 73 

press  upon  the  operators  of  the  Lake  Superior  district  the  im- 
portance of  proper  ventilation  from  the  standpoint  of  the  health 
and  efficiency  of  the  miner. 

Discussion. 

Mr.  McNair  :  In  this  paper,  Mr.  Higgins  speaks  of  the 
vitiation  of  the  air  due  to  the  production  of  carbon  dioxide  in 
heavily  timbered  mines  and  suggests  that  something  may  b^ 
done  to  lessen  that  production.  I  would  like  to  ask  him  if 
he  has  any  specific  suggestion ;  if  he  has  observed  any  mine  in 
which  any  process  is  applied  to  timber  before  it  is  put  in  place 
which  has  been  successful  in  arresting  the  production  of  carbon 
dioxide. 

Mr.  Higgins  :  I  might  say  that  this  phase  of  the  subject 
is  not  treated  in  my  paper.  We  hope  that  the  suggestions 
made  may  produce  some  experimental  work  along  these  lines. 
Various  preservatives  are  used  on  timbers  but  we  have  not  as 
yet  any  comparative  results.  I  think  the  most  commonly  used 
preservative  today  is  creosote.  In  investigations  up  to  this 
date,  where  the  air  passed  through  timber  which  had  been  creo- 
soted,  the  production  of  carbon  dioxide  was  very  slight.  Ex- 
13eriments  leading  up  to  that  point  are  being  carried  on  now. 
At  the  Pittsburgh  station,  sawdust  was  placed  in  a  bottle  and 
in  the  course  of  two  or  three  months  it  had  consumed  every 
particle  of  oxygen  and  converted  it  into  carbon  dioxide. 

Mr.  McNair:  I  might  ask  Mr.  Higgins  if  he  has  any 
data  or  any  opinion  to  oflfer  as  to  whether  the  application  of 
preservatives  to  underground  timber  might  sufficiently  prevent 
the  rotting  process  and  so  prolong  the  life  of  the  timber  in 
certain  places  as  to  oflfer  some  return  to  the  mining  companies 
for  expense  incurred. 

Mr.  Higgins:  I  do  not  think  there  is  any  question  but 
that  the  consumption  of  oxygen  by  wood  or  other  carbon- 
aceous matter  is  a  process  of  rotting,  and  that  the  treatment 
of  these  timbers  with  some  preservative  that  will  prevent  their 
oxidation  would  naturally  prevent  the  rotting.  That  is  gen- 
erally accepted.  I  hope  to  prove  before  we  get  very  far  with 
this  investigation  not  only  that  rotting  is  responsible  for  the 
vitiation  of  the  air  and  the  production  of  carbon  dioxide,  but 
that  it  is  also  responsible  for  the  production  of  heat. 

Mr.  Williams  of  Urbana,  Ills  :  I  would  like  to  make 
a  remark  in  reply  to  the  professor's  question.  There  is  a  coal 
mine  near  Peoria,  in  Illinois,  where  they  had  a  great  deal  of 


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174  VENTILATION   IN  THE  IRON   MINES 

trouble  with  the  timber.  Eighteen  months  to  two  years  was 
all  the  life  they  could  get  out  of  timbers.  They  tried  a  pre- 
servative and  that  timber  has  now  been  in  six  years.  The  cost 
of  untreated  timber  was  lo  cents  per  running  foot,  of  treated 
timber  17  cents.  About  eight  months  ago  I  tried  to  hang  a 
hydrometer  on  one  of  these  timbers.  The  foreman  asked  me 
whether  I  was  a  good  carpenter.  I  knew  that  the  timber  had 
been  treated  and  was  consequently  prepared  to  strike  light 
blows  and  it  was  about  a  five  minutes  job  for  me  to  get  a  nail 
into  that  timber.  It  was  just  as  sound  and  hard  and  strong 
as  the  day  it  was  put  in.  It  not  only  is  strong  after  being 
treated  but  apparently  gets  stronger  with  age.  How  long  that 
strength  will  continue  to  increase  has  not  been  demonstrated. 
This  is  a  case  of  about  six  years  against  eighteen  months  to 
two  years.  The  preservative  was  creosote.  Oak  does  not  show 
the  same  increase  as  some  of  the  more  porous  woods  that 
will  allow  the  creosote  to  enter  the  pores.  White  oak  is  too 
short  grained. 

Mr.  Eaton  :  In  answer  to  Mr.  McNair's  question  I  would 
say  that  the  mines  where  we  have  trouble  in  ventilation  are 
those  where  the  ground  is  very  heavy,  where  the  timber 
crushes  before  it  has  a  chance  to  rot.  When  timber  will  stand 
up  only  two  or  three  weeks  the  use  of  a  preservative  would 
not  be  of  much  benefit.  As  to  whether  or  not  a  preservative 
applied  to  the  timber  would  prevent  the  formation  of  carbon 
dioxide  after  the  timber  had  been  crushed  and  had  gone  into 
the  "mat"  or  "gob,"  there  is  some  doubt.  In  the  Cripple  Creek 
District  in  Colorado  there  was,  in  a  great  many  mines,  trouble 
caused  by  carbon  dioxide  entering  the  workings  from  fissures, 
and  this  trouble  was  overcome  by  maintaining  in  the  workings 
a  pressure  slightly  higher  than  that  of  outside  air,  thus  driving 
the  carbon  dioxide  back  into  the  fissures. 

I  would  like  to  ask  Mr.  Higgins  his  opinion  in  r^ard  to 
the  applicability  of  this  pressure  system  of  ventilation  to  our 
mines.  Mr.  Higgins,  do  you  not  think  that  an  air  pressure  of, 
say,  three  inches  of  water  in  our  mines  would  keep  the  carbon 
dioxide  back  in  the  old  timbers  and  prevent  it  from  entering 
the  workings  where  the  men  are  now  employed  ?  Do  you  not 
think  that  by  keeping  this  carbon  dioxide  back  in  the  old  tim- 
ber further  oxidation  would  also  be  reduced,  if  not  prevented? 
It  will  be  very  interesting  to  hear  your  opinion  on  this  subject. 

Mr.  Higgins:  Six  months  ago  I  had  occasion  to  visit 
some  of  the  Cripple  Creek  mines  in  which  carbon  dioxide  is 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  iy$ 

given  off  by  the  country  rock.  I  took  samples  of  the  air  and 
investigated  the  pressure  system  of  ventilation.  I  began  to 
think  of  the  Lake  Superior  District  and  wondered  if  the  pres- 
sure system  used  on  the  sub-levels  might  not  have  the  effect 
of  improving  conditions,  while  I  believe  that  the  pressure  sys- 
tem would  hold  the  gases  back,  it  is  doubtful  if  it  would  de- 
crease the  heat.  I  do  not  see  how  it  could.  In  some  of  the 
mines  heat  is  the  greatest  trouble.  In  one  mine  I  found  min- 
ers working  in  a  temperature  of  65  degrees  (100  per  cent, 
humidity)  and  stripped  to  the  waist  on  account  of  vitiated 
air.  Under  conditions  like  that  I  think  it  would  be  very  good. 
I  talked  that  over  with  one  of  your  men  and  suggested  that 
I  would  Hke  to  see  this  system  tried  imder  such  conditions. 

Mr.  Sperr  :  The  greatest  difficulty  arising  from  the  vitia- 
tion of  the  air  by  decaying  timber,  is  in  the  stopes  where  the 
timber  is  required  to  last  but  a  very  short  time.  The  decay 
does  not  set  in  until  after  the  timber  has  served  its  purpose  of 
sustaining  a  temporary  opening.  A  g^eat  quantity  of  timber 
accumulates  in  a  mat  following  the  stope  downward.  The 
slow  combustion  of  this  mat  makes  the  troublesome  heat  in 
the  working  places.  This  applies  particularly  to  the  method 
of  mining  to  which  Mr.  Channing  refers  in  his  paper  under 
the  head  of  "The  Caving  System  of  Mining."  (In  this  issue.) 
This  system  of  mining  by  successive  timbered  slices  worked 
from  the  top  of  the  ore  downward,  has  undergone  many  modi- 
fications since  it  was  introduced  with  the  top  slicing  method 
about  thirty  years  ago.  First  the  slices  were  mined  and  tim- 
bered in  immediate  contact  with  each  other;  then  between  the 
slices  about  five  feet  of  ore  was  left  to  be  caved ;  then  the  dis- 
tance between  slices  in  different  instances,  was  increased  more 
or  less  until  100  feet  has  been  successfully  attained  in  what 
is  known  as  the  "Block  Caving  Method."  In  order  to  avoid 
the  excessive  use  of  timber  with  its  consequent  heat  and  bad 
ventilation,  I  believe  the  tendency  with  the  attainment  of 
greater  depth  in  the  mines  will  be  more  and  more  to  get  away 
from  the  top  slicing,  and  to  approach  the  block  caving  meth- 
od, by  which  the  ventilation  can  be  greatly  improved,  and  the 
shoveling  and  tramming  in  the  stopes  can  be  largely  eliminated. 

In  all  early  mining  operations,  when  the  mines  are  shallow, 
the  attempt  has  been  made  to  give  permanent  support  to  the 
excavations.  As  greater  depth  is  attained,  the  excavations  are 
either  filled  or  are  allowed  to  fill  themselves  by  the  process  of 
caving,  excepting  the  hoisting  and  haulage  ways.     The  ut- 


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176  VENTILATION   IN   THE  IRON   MINES 

most  attempt  is  made  to  give  rigid  support  to  the  shafts  and 
drifts,  which  also  fails  with  only  a  little  greater  depth.  Con- 
crete and  steel  supports  have  been  and,  no  doubt,  will  be  tried. 
These  all  fail  at  certain  depth  or  when  rock  movement  sets 
in;  and  they  are  most  troublesome  when  they  do  fail.  The 
principle  of  yielding  supports  should  be  employed  at  and  below 
certain  depths  in  mining  operations. 

Mr.  p.  S.  Williams  :  We  must  have  some  men  here  who 
have  had  experience  in  the  use  of  concrete  in  mines.  We  have 
a  problem  ourselves  where  a  shaft  is  to  go  through  about 
one  hundred  feet  of  dyke  rock  at  a  depth  of  about  two  thou- 
sand feet.  I  had  in  mind  putting  in  reinforced  concrete  to 
keep  the  air  away  from  the  rock.  My  own  opinion  is  that 
the  air  disintegrates  the  rock  and  if  we  can  keep  the  air  away 
we  accomplish  the  desired  result. 

Mr.  Sperr:  You  would  for  a  short  time.  I  would  say 
that  as  a  general  proposition  in  the  iron  mines,  the  use  of 
concrete  as  a  rigid  support  at  a  depth  of  two  thousand  feet 
would  be  a  mistake  for  the  purpose  as  mentioned  by  Mr.  Wil- 
liams. For  the  si^ecific  purpose  of  keeping  the  air  away  from 
a  rock  which  readily  disintegrates,  it  would  serve  temporarily; 
but  as  soon  as  pressure  develops  and  any  movement  sets  in, 
the  concrete  is  absolutely  worthless  and  steel  is  a  nuisance. 

Mr.  Johnston:  Will  you  explain  what  you  mean  by 
yielding  supports? 

Mr.  Sperr  :  At  great  depth  it  is  impossible  to  support  tlie 
superincumbent  material  against  its  tendency  to  move  down- 
ward and  fill  the  excavation  ;  but  it  is  necessary  and  quite  prac- 
ticable to  support  the  fragments  which  by  becoming  detached 
will  fall  and  do  damage.  A  yielding  support  is  one  which 
yields  to  the  general  downward  movement  without  losing  its 
usefulness  for  the  purpose  of  supporting  the  detached  frag- 
ments. For  example,  a  stull  or  prop  set  in  the  ordinary  way 
with  a  hitch  in  the  footwall  and  a  wedge  against  the  hanging 
wall,  yields  but  very  little  to  the  slow  closing-up  movement 
l>etween  the  foot  and  hanging  walls,  before  it  buckles  and  be- 
comes useless.  But,  a  support  made  up  with  a  piece  of  timber 
on  end  like  a  stull,  and  with  more  or  less  blocking  at  the  top 
and  bottom,  will  yield  until  the  blocking  is  crushed  to  pulp, 
thus  greatly  prolonging  the  life  of  the  stull.  Concrete  yields 
even  less  than  timber  on  end.  Steel  has  more  yielding  quality, 
but  its  replacement  or  repair  is  much  more  difficult. 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUIE  1 77 


FOLLOW-UP  SYSTEM  AND  METHOD  OF  RECORD- 
ING INJURIES  IN  COMPLIANCE  WITH  THE 
"WORKMEN'S  COMPENSATION  LAW." 

BY  HERBERT  J.   FISHER,  IRON  RIVER,  MICH.* 

In  1912,  at  an  extra  session  of  the  Michigan  State  Legis- 
lature, Act  No.  10  was  passed,  providing  compensation  for 
accidental  injury  to,  or  death  of  employes,  methods  for  the 
payment  of  the  same,  and  creating  an  Industrial  Accident 
Board.  Since  that  time,  many  systems  for  handling  compensa- 
tion have  been  devised  by  various  mining  companies,  the  com- 
plexity of  each  system  depending  largely  upon  conditions  in 
the  mine,  and  the  number  and  class  of  employes  engaged  in 
the  work. 

Accidents  naturally  divide  themselves  into  two  classes, 
minor  and  serious.  Government  statistics  show  that  eighty 
per  cent  of  all  accidents  are  minor,  while  only  twenty  per 
cent  are  either  serious  or  fatal.  It  has  been  found  that  a 
large  numl>er  of  the  minor  accidents  become  serious  through 
infection,  if  not  given  prompt  attention,  and  that  this  iriat- 
tention  is  due  mainly  to  the  fact  that  most  men  believe  that 
slight  lacerations  do  not  need  to  be  cared  for  by  a  physician 
or  nurse,  and  that  many  others,  after  having  had  a  first  dress- 
ing, do  not  believe  subsequent  dressings  or  attention  neces- 
sary. 

It  is  my  purpose,  in  dealing  with  this  subject,  to  present 
in  detail  a  system  which  has  thus  far  proven  very  efficient  in 
eliminating  the  carelessness  and  indifference  on  the  part  of 
the  men.  in  accurately  checking  every  movement  of  the  in- 
jured workmen  from  the  time  of  injury  to  the  time  when  he 
is  able  to  resume  work,  and  in  handling  compensation  as  re- 
quired by  the  law.  Although  five  of  the  mining  companies  in 
the  Iron  River  district  are  using  practically  the  same  sys- 
tem, I  wish  to  refer  more  especially  to  the  method  followed  by 
the  Munro  Iron  Mining  Company,  Iron  River,  Michigan. 

'Cashier  Munro  Mining  Company. 


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178 


METHOD  OF  RECORDING  INJURIES 


Form  181. 

NAME  HiB  signature Check  No.. . . 

Munro  Iron  Mining  Co Mine.  Date  of  employment 19. 

Age Nationality In  what  country  bom 

His  present  place  of  residence 

Weight Height Complexion Married  or  single. . . 

Color  eyes  Color  hair Mustache  

Give  distinguishing  marks  


Describe  any  deformities  or  permanent  injuries. 


Father's  name Mother'-s  name  . . . 

Father's  address Mother's  address 

Wife's  name  and  address  


No.  of  children,  name  and  age  of  each 
Names  and  address  of  other  relatives  . 


Plate  No.  1    (Fbont  of  Gaed) 


What  work  is  he  experienced  in?.. 
How  long  engaged  at  this  work?. 

Offered  employment  as   

Give  drink  habits  in  full  


Can  he  speak  English? Can  he  read  English? 

Can  he  write  his  name? How  long  in  this  country? 

Has  he  first  papers? Has  he  second  papers? 

Where  and  when  has  he  worked  for  M.  I  M.  Co.  before? 

Wh€re  employed  previous  to"  obtaining  employment  with  this  Com- 


pany? 


Cause  of  leaving   

Date  of  leaving  

How  long  did  he  work  there? 

What  work   engaged   in? 

Name  of  Mine  

Name  of  Company 


Last  Place.  Next  to  Last 


Date  and  reason  for  leaving  M.  I.  M.  Co. 


Plate  No.  1    (Back  of  Gaed) 


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179 


Plate  No.  I,  in  two  parts,  shows  an  identification  card. 
All  but  the  fourth  question,  of  part  two  is  filled  in  by  the  time- 
keeper as  soon  as  a  man  is  employed.  When  an  employe's 
drink  habits  are  ascertained,  the  captain  or  foreman  sends  a 
note  direct  to  the  General  Office  with  the  desired  informa- 
tion, which  is  entered  on  the  card.  This  card  gives  definite 
information  as  to  all  dependents,  and  refers  to  the  different 
places  where  the  applicant  has  worked  during  the  year.    This 


HOOHS 


Platb  No.  2    (Rbgistry  Board  at  Mink) 

information  is  used  in  computing  the  average  weekly  wage. 
The  card  also  gives  some  idea  of  the  workmen's  drink  habits, 
which  information  is  vital  in  reducing  to  a  minimum  the  num- 
ber of  accidents,  and  in  raising  the  average  resistance  to  infec- 
tions. 

All  captains,  foremen,  skip-tenders,  drymen,  and  timekeep- 


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METHOD  OF  RECORDING  INJURIES 


ers  are  warned  to  be  on  the  lookout  for  all  injuries  no  matter 
how  slight.  When  an  injury  is  discovered,  the  man  is  sent 
to  the  doctor  for  attention,  and  the  timekeeper  is  reported  to, 
and  he  in  turn  reports  by  telephone  to  the  General  Office. 
The  timekeeper  then  makes  out  a  card  showing  the  date, 
name,  and  nature  of  the  injury.  This  card  is  then  hung  on 
a  registry  board,  as  shown  in  Plate  2,  the  board  being  pro- 
vided with  small  hooks  for  holding  the  cards. 


ITtefcr*   I 


rTBggr-  i 


v 


HOOK3 


Plate  No.  8    (General  OFncE  Registry  Board) 

The  board  is  kept  where  the  captain  and  foremen  can  eas- 
ily refer  to  it  before  taking  their  shift,  and  they  are  not  allowed 
to  let  a  man  go  to  work  whose  name  appears  on  the  registry 
board. 

The  timekeeper  also  makes  an  accident  report,  giving  brief- 
ly the  history  of  the  accident,  together  with  written  statements 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE 


l8l 


of  witnesses,  and  this  is  forwarded  to  the  General  Office  as 
soon  as  possible.  The  General  Office,  upon  receiving  the  time- 
keeper's telephone  report,  telephones  to  the  hospital,  and  makes 
out  a  card  similar  to  the  timekeeper's,  and  posts  it  on  a  reg- 
istry board  (Plate  3)  hung  in  the  General  Office. 

As  soon  as  the  hospital  receives  the  report  from  the  Gen- 
eral Office,  a  card  is  filled  in  (Plate  4)  and  inserted  in  a 


Name. 
Mine  No. 


Hosp.  No. 


Date  Injury. 


PLATBNO.  4     (HO6PTTAL  RaOBTBY  BOABD  Cabd) 

registry  board,  kept  in  the  hospital  (Plate  5),  in  the  column 
under  the  day  of  the  week  in  which  the  man  was  injured.  If 
he  does  not  appear  on  that  day,  the  hospital  telephones  the 
General  Office,  and  the  compensation  clerk  takes  immediate 


jucaooL 


- 


E       o 


E 


PlatiNo.  6   (HoepiTAL  Rbgistby  Boabd) 


Steps  to  locate  the  injured  workman,  to  see  that  he  reports 
to  the  physician  or  hospital.  When  he  has  received  his  dress- 
ing, a  hospital  card  (Plate  6)  is  filled  in,  and  a  physician's 
report  (Plate  7)  is  made. 


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l82 


METHOD  OF  RECORDING  INJURIES 


.191. 


SURGEON'S  REPORT  OF  ACCIDENT. 

No 

Mine.  

1.  Name  Check  No 

2.  Address  Occupation  

3.  Nationality  .  .Age  .  .Married?.  .Children  under  16  years  of  age. 

4.  Height  .  .ft.  .in.  Weight. .  .lbs.  Chest. .  .in.  Hair. .  .Eyes. .  .Skin. 


6. 
7. 
8. 
9. 


Injured    191      

Dr.  notified   191      

Received    191      

First  aid  by  Dr at... 

Treatment  by  Dr at... 

Assistants    

Interpreter? ^ Name  and  address  . . 


.M. 
.M. 
.M. 


10.    Statement  of  Injured  Person  as  to  Manner  in  Which  Injury 

Was  Caused. 


11.    Injuries 

4 


12.    Treatment 


13.  Disposition  of  patient   

14.  Probable  result   

16.  Probable  period  of  disability  . . .  .* 

16.  Previous  condition  and  evidences  of  old  injury. 


17.    Insurance  carried 


18.    Witnesses 


Refer  to  Hospital  File  No. 


.Surgeon 


fLATsNo,?   (9uiioiqn*sRbpobt) 


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tAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  183 


I  I 

b  O 

a 


I 


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i84 


METHOD  OF  RECORDING  INJURIES 
MERCY    H08FITAI-         ^„_ 


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Ooeii|wtioa 

Age    ■ Xilionalily 


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CliMdfCB  oBdar  le  jw* 
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Tmtncat: .-.. 


DisptMition  of  palimt... 


pTpbaMf  pwiotl  itt  di»a<iiliiy. 


;.._     Probable  miult... 
OM  Injury? 


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Plate  No.  6    (Hospital  Card) 


The  form  Plate  6  is  kept  oil  file  at  the  hospital,  and  the 
form  Plate  7  is  forwarded  to  the  General  Office  of  the  Mining 
Company.  The  injured  man  is  then  given  a  dressing  card  and 
envelope  (Plate  8  and  9),  which  he  carries  with  him.    He  is 


Form  No.  161. 


Mine.  Hosp.  File 

SURGEON'S  CARD. 

Notice  to  Injured  Employe. 

READ  THIS. 

Tliis  card  is  to  notify  you  that,  during  the  continuance  of  your  dis- 
ability, you  are  to  report  to  the  surgeon  for  examination  as  directed 
by  hinL  If  you  refuse*  your  right  to  compensation  will  be  suspended. 
Bring  this  card  with  you  each  time  you  report  to  the  surgeon. 

Bearer   Check  No 

Date  


.Is   "***    ready  to  work 

now 


.  Surgeon. 


(Note):  H — Hospital  Treatment. 
R— Home  Treatment. 
Q — OfTice  Treatment. 

Plate  Np.  8   (D^bssinq  Card) 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  1 85 


Mine 


EMPLOYEE'S  DRESSING  CARD 

NiM CbtekNo... 

Address. 


KEEP  THIS  CARD  CLEAN 
Do  Not  Fold,  Bend  or  Break  It 


Platb  No.  9    (Drbmikg  Card  Envblopb) 

then  advised  when  to  report  for  another  dressing.  The  small 
card  (Plate  4),  is  then  inserted  on  the  regsitry  board  (Plate 
5)  in  the  column  under  the  day  of  the  week  in  which  he  must 
appear  for  his  next  dressing.  The  physician's  registry  board 
shows  at  a  glance  what  men  are  due  for  dressing  or  attention. 
In  case  the  injured  man  does  not  appear,  as  requested  by  the 
physician,  the  General  Office  is  again  notified,  and  immediate 
steps  are  taken  to  locate  him  and  see  that  he  receives  the  proper 
attention. 

When  the  injured  party  is  able  to  resume  work,  the  physi- 
cian scratches  out  the  word  "not,"  on  the  dressing  card  (Plate 
8),  and  signs  it.  The  injured  man  then  presents  the  dressing 
card  to  the  foreman  at  the  mine,  and  if  it  is  satisfactory,  he 
is  put  to  work.  Later  the  foreman  checks  with  the  mine 
registry  board  so  as  to  be  sure  there  is  no  error.  In  the 
meantime  the  physician  fills  in  a  postal  card  (Plate  10),  and 

This  is  to  advise  that   

No Our  File  No has  received 

complete   Dressing   Card   and   w^as   ready   to   resume   w^ork 

191.. 

Surgeon. 

Plate  No.  10    (Postal  Cabd) 

forwards  it  to  the  General  Office.  The  Office  in  turn  reports 
to  the  timekeeper,  and  he  takes  out  the  card  posted  on  the  mine 
registry  board  (Plate  2). 

It  is  the  duty  of  the  physician,  when  an  injured  man  ap- 
pears for  his  first  dressing  or  treatment,  to  report  it  at  once 


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l86  METHOD  OF  RECORDING  INJURIES 

by  telephone  to  the  General  Office,  except  in  cases  where  the 
Office  has  already  reported  to  him.  Therefore,  in  the  case 
where  a  man  with  a  slight  injury  goes  unobserved  by  any 
one  at  the  mine,  but  later  goes  to  the  hospital  for  treatment, 
the  General  Office  will  get  a  telephone  report  from  the  hos- 
pital, whereupon  they  will  then  refer  to  their  registry  board 
(Plate  3).  If  no  card  is  found  for  the  injury,  one  is  made 
out,  placed  on  the  board,  and  the  injury  is  reported  to  the 
timekeeper  at  the  mine,  who  duplicates  the  Office  card,  and 
hangs  it  on  the  mine  registry  board  (Plate  2).  The  injured 
man  is  then  unable  to  return  to  work  until  he  has  received  his 
completed  dressing  card  (Plate  8)  from  the  physician. 

In  giving  the  above  detail,  I  wish  to  impress  the  value  of 
the  double-check  system.  At  first  reading  it  may  seem  bur- 
densome, but  in  actual  use,  it  is  simple  and  logical. 

The  value  of  any  system  depends  upon  the  results  ob- 
tained, and  what  is  needed  most  in  handling  these  "injured 
cases,"  is  a  system  wherein  a  man  is  compelled  to  report  and 
receive  attention.  Every  skip-tender,  foreman,  dryman,  cap- 
tain, and  timekeeper,  knows  it  is  his  duty  to  report  an  injury, 
no  matter  how  slight.  The  compensation  clerk  and  physician 
know  that  it  is  their  duty,  after  being  reported  to,  to  see  that 
the  injured  receives  systematic  attention,  and  when  anyone 
fails  to  perform  his  special  duty,  that  failure  is  easily  traced. 
The  error  of  one  is  reflected  by  that  of  another  through  a 
central  point,  in  this  case,  the  General  Office. 

When  the  Munro  Iron  Mining  Company  first  installed  this 
system,  considerable  difficulty  was  encountered,  but  after  a 
number  of  cases  had  been  carefully  checked,  the  whole  scheme 
seemed  to  implant  itself  in  the  minds  of  all,  and  at  present  it 
is  an  exception  when  a  complete  check  has  to  be  made.  It  has 
also  been  found  that  it  is  quite  unusual  for  a  man  with  even  a 
slight  injury  to  leave  the  mine  without  its  being  known,  where- 
as under  the  old  system  most  of  the  minor  injuries  were  not 
known  until  a  physician's  report  was  received,  and  by  that 
time  many  of  these  cases  had  become  infected. 

Compensation. 

In  handling  the  compensation  part  of  this  paper,  I  am 
not  going  into  the  details  of  the  compensation  law  and  its 
requirements,  for  these  are  no  doubt  familiar  to  most  of  the 
mining  men,  and  are  easily  obtained  by  reviewing  the  law  on 
the  subject. 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE 


187 


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l88  METHOD  OF  RECORDING  INJURIES 

In  the  General  Office  of  the  Munro  Mining  Company,  at 
Iron  River,  Michigan,  are  two  separate  sets  of  vertical  filing 
cases.  One  contains  all  the  reports  required  by  the  state,  the 
special  folders  for  each  injury  being  arranged  in  alphabetical 
order  according  to  the  names  of  the  men  injured,  together  with 
all  correspondence  in  regard  to  each  particular  case.  In  the 
other  case  is  filed  the  history  of  the  case  in  the  form  of  ac- 
cident reports,  physician's  reports,  postal  card  (Plate  lo), 
and  dressing  card  (Plate  8). 

The  final  record  (Plate  ii),  which  is  a  summary  of  all 
the  records  of  the  case  found  in  both  sets  of  filing  cases,  is 
kept  in  a  loose-leaf  ledger.  This  form  is  made  out  as  soon 
as  compensation  begins,  and  contains  a  record  of  a  man's 
earnings,  his  dependents,  and  the  state  requirements,  as  well 
as  a  statement  of  the  compensation  he  has  received  and  is  yet 
to  receive. 

When  the  form  (Plate  ii)  is  complete,  it  is  taken  out 
of  the  loose-leaf  ledger  and  placed  in  a  storage  ledger.  From 
the  ledger  a  balance  can  easily  be  drawn  showing  the  total 
amount  of  compensation  for  which  the  company  is  liable. 

Note — Where  the  work  of  a  number  of  mining  companies 
is  handled  by  the  same  physician,  a  color  scheme  is  used,  each 
company  having  a  different  color  for  its  set  of  cards. 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  189 


THE  ELECTRIFICATION  OF  THE  MINES  OF  THE 
CLEVELAND-CUFFS  IRON  COMPANY. 

BY  F.  C.  STANFORD,  ISHPEMING  MICH.* 

The  first  electrical  equipment  used  by  this  Company  was 
installed  34  years  ago,  in  the  year  1880.  It  consisted  of  an 
arc-lighting  outfit  for  the  illumination  of  open-pit  workings. 

In  the  year  1894  ^^^  Company  installed  its  first  electric 
underground  haulage.  The  original  electric  locomotives  made 
by  the  General  Electric  Company  and  exhibited  at  the  World's 
Columbian  Exposition  are  still  in  regular  service.  In  1898 
two  additional  locomotives  were  bought  from  The  Jeffrey 
Manufacturing  Company,  and  in  1901  one  was  bought  from 
the  Westinghouse  Electric  &  Manufacturing  Company.  These 
are  all  now  in  use  at  the  Lake  mine. 

The  principal  mines  of  the  Cleveland-CIififs  Company  are 
so  located  that  the  change  from  steam  to  electric  power,  and 
the  use  of  electric  power  for  the  development  of  new  mines, 
has  been  accomplished  without  difficulty  and  with  very  satis- 
factory results  and  has  proved  entirely  adequate  to  meet  any 
conditions  that  may  be  expected  in  iron  mining.  The  map 
shown  on  pages  2  and  3  indicates  the  relative  location  of  mines 
and  the  inter-connecting  transmission  lines.  Nineteen  mines 
are  now  connected  by  electric  lines.  Eighteen  of  these  mines 
are  either  producing  or  are  under  development.  In  addition 
to  this,  the  Pioneer  Furnace  at  Marquette  is  connected  to  the 
system. 

The  principal  generating  station  is  a  hydro-electric  plant 
located  near  Marquette.  This  has  a  normal  rated  capacity 
of  S,6oo  kilowatts.  The  generating  equipment  consists  of 
two  AUis-Chalmers  2,800-k.w.  2,300-volts  3-phase  6o-cycle 

*ChicfElMtrteiu. 


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IQO 


ELECTRIFICATION  OF  C.-C.   I.  CO.  MINES 


generators  direct  connected  to  high-head  turbines.  The  exciters 
are  mounted  on  shaft  extensions  outside  the  main  bearings, 
each  exciter  being  of  sufficient  capacity  to  provide  excitation 
for  both  units  if  necessary.  All  circuits  are  controlled  by  Gener- 


CAM^  jri¥£/t 


\    AiAnOUE±TE 


^nXgaunee 


/ 


\  Situs 9¥mr  /f/*f£ 


osrrtfr  fnt*r 


al  Electric  solenoid-operated  oil  switches.  These  are  each  placed 
in  individual  brick-and-concrete  compartments,  one  switch  be- 
ing provided  for  transformer  control,  two  for  generator  con- 
trol and  two  for  local  feeders.  The  2,300-volt  bus  bars  are 
carried  in  brick-and-concrete  compartments  and  have  section- 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE 


191 


alizing  disconnecting  switches.  The  high-tension  bus  bars  are 
carried  open  on  wall-mounted  insulators  to  the  disconnecting 
switches  and  high-tension  circuit  breakers.  The  high-tension 
transformers  consist  of  three  AUis-Chalmers  1900-k.v.a.  trans- 


T/f£  CteveuAfD  Currs  I/fmCo. 


cAif^  /tfitg^  t^jtr£a  /9»^jeML  sn 


^pcoo  roir  usfe. 


formers,  2300/30,000/60,000  volts,  connected  delta.  The 
station  wiring  for  the  2300  volts  is  varnished-cambric  double- 
braid  insulation  carried  in  fibre  conduit.  One  of  the  local 
feeders  supplies  the  station  lights  and  miscellaneous  power  for 
operating  the  auxiliaries.    The  other  local  feeder  is  carried  to 


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192  ELECTRIFICATION  OF  C.-C.   I.- CO.    MINES 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  I93 

three  2300/6600-volt  General  Electric  oil-and-air-cooled  trans- 
formers to  supply  the  6600  volt  power  for  the  Pioneer  Fur- 
nace line. 

The  drainage  area  of  the  Carp  River,  from  which  the 
power  is  derived,  is  about  70  sq.  miles,  and  the  average  flow 
in  a  dry  month  is  .4  cu.  ft.  per  second  per  sq.  mile  of  drainage 
area.  The  stream  discharge  has  been  found,  however,  to  be 
1.25  sec.  ft.  per  sq.  mile  during  the  7  months  of  the  year 
when  the  flow  is  greatest.  The  equipment,  therefore,  was 
proportioned  on  the  basis  of  this  flow,  the  expectation  being 
that  as  the  load  built  up,  steam  reserve  plants  would  be  used 
during  the  low-water  periods. 

The  Carp  River  dam  is  located  about  four  miles  from 
Lake  Superior  and  the  total  fall  between  the  dam  and  the 
power  house  is  600  ft.,  giving  an  average  working  head  of 
580  feet.  The  dam  consists  of  a  monolith  concrete  struc- 
ture, cuts  of  which  are  shown. 

The  pipe  line  connecting  the  dam  with  the  generating  sta- 
tion consists  of  10,000  ft.  of  6o-in.  wood-stave  pipe  supplied 
by  the  Pacific  Coast  Pipe  Company;  about  9,000  ft.  of  66-in. 
steel-lockbar  pipe  furnished  by  The  East  Jersey  Pipe  Com- 
pany ;  and  for  the  high-pressure  section  near  the  power  house, 
about  2,000  ft.  of  60-in.  seamless  welded  pipe  furnished  by 
Thyssen  &  Company  of  Bremen,  Germany.  The  pipe  line,  as 
shown  by  the  cuts,  passes  through  a  very  rough  country,  and 
in  order  to  hold  the  pipe  in  position  concrete  anchorages  were 
placed  at  grade  changes  where  the  pipe  tends  to  rise.  The 
delivery  of  the  material  used  in  the  construction  of  the  pipe 
line,  which  ordinarily  is  a  considerable  factor  in  the  expense 
of  construction,  was  accomplished  by  a  somewhat  novel  meth- 
od. The  grading  for  the  pipe  was  completed  and  upon  this 
a  temporary  track  was  laid.  At  two  different  points  the  rail- 
way track  passed  over  the  pipe  line  location  and  at  these 
points  switches  were  provided.  The  material  was  transferred 
here  from  the  railroad  cars  to  trucks  and  delivered  to  its 
final  position.  At  1400-ft.  intervals  suitable  air  valves  were 
placed.  To  prevent  freezing,  these  were  first  enclosed  in  a 
wooden  box  and  the  box  packed  with  manure.  This  froze 
solid.  The  valves  were  then  enclosed  within  stone  walls  and 
covered  with  plates  with  the  expectation  that  the  dead-air 
space  would  prevent  freezing.  This  entire  structure  was  cov- 
ered with  earth  and  the  ventilator  packed  in  mineral  wool. 
This,  however,  did  not  prevent  freezing.     The  final  method 


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194 


ELECTRIFICATION  OF  C.-C  I.  CO.  MINES 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  1 95 

adopted  consisted  of  enclosing  the  valve  within  the  stone 
structure  in  a  wooden  box  and  packing  this  portion  full  of 
mineral  wool,  leaving  a  suitable  vent  in  the  top.  This  has 
proved  entirely  satisfactory  and  valves  have  not  frozen  since 
this  method  was  adopted. 

In  order  to  equalize  the  stream  flow  and  conserve  the  run- 
off of  the  stream  during  the  flood  period  a  storage  dam  was 
constructed  near  Ishpeming.  This  dam  contains  about  1800 
cu.  yds.  of  masonry,  has  a  spillway  150  ft.  long,  and  a  60- 


Stbphbnson  Mine.    Panels  roR  Underground  Pumps 

in.  butterfly  valve  to  control  the  flow.  The  approximate  ca- 
pacity of  the  storage  basin  is  435,000,000  cu.  ft.  of  water  and 
its  area  is  approximately  1000  acres. 

The  water  turbines  were  furnished  by  the  Allis-Chahners 
Company.  They  have  cast-iron  spiral  casings  and  are  de- 
signed for  550  ft.  effective  head,  a  normal  speed  of  700  ft. 
per  minute,  and  a  normal  capacity  of  4000  h.p.  each.  The 
runner  is  of  bronze,  cast  in  one  piece  and  keyed  to  a  forged- 
steel  shaft.    The  casing  is  made  in  the  form  of  a  true  involute 


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196  ELECTRIFICATION  OF  C.-C.  I.  CO.  MINES 

spiral,  SO  that  the  area  changes  in  direct  proportion  to  the 
amount  of  water  discharged  into  the  guide  casing,  which 
gives  theoretically  a  constant  velocity  of  flow  with  minimum 
loss.  These  turbines  are  balanced  hydraulically,  the  thrust  due 
to  the  action  of  the  runner  being  automatically  counter-acted 
by  a  suitable  proportioning  of  the  annular  space  on  either  side 
of  the  nmner.  The  draft  tubes  are  about  20  ft.  long  and 
40  in.  in  diameter,  and  are  built  of  iy^-\n.  steel  slightly  tap- 
ered to  reduce  the  velocity.  Each  unit  is  controlled  by  an  oil- 
pressure  regulator  so  designed  that  the  pressure  may  not  in- 
crease to  exceed  12  per  cent  under  sudden  changes  of  load.  The 
oil-pressure  system  for  the  operation  of  these  governors  was 
supplied  by  the  AUis-Chalmers  Company  and  is  operated  by 
15-h.p.  no  volt  motors  driving  rotary  pumps.  The  speed 
regulation  under  the  governor  control  is  according  to  the  fol- 
lowing table  : 

Speed  Variations, 
Load  Change,  Per  Cent. 

Horsepower.  Load  on.  Load  off. 

2,000  8.0  5.5 

1,500  6.0  4.0 

1,000  4.0  2.5 

500  2.2  I.S 

For  equalizing  the  pressure  in  the  pipe  line  a  surge  tank 
was  erected  at  the  beginning  of  the  high-pressure  line  upon 
a  point  called  Mt.  Mesnard.  This  surge  tank  is  of  steel,  16 
ft.  in  diameter  and  124  ft.  high.  To  prevent  freezing  in  the 
winter  the  tank  is  covered  with  wood  lagging. 

Steam  Reserve. 

The  auxiliary  reserve  steam  plant  consists  of  two  steam 
turbo-generator  sets  each  rated  at  1000  k.w.,  but  designed  to 
carry  1500  k.v.a.  each  for  short  periods.  These  stations  are 
duplicates,  one  being  located  at  the  Maas  mine,  Negaunee, 
and  the  other  at  the  Central  Power  Plant,  Princeton.  At 
each  station  steam  is  supplied  by  Stirling  boilers  with  Mur- 
phy automatic  stokers.  The  furnaces  are  built  with  out-set 
front,  Dutch-oven  effect,  with  coal  bins  above  supplied  from 
overhead  cars.  The  plants  are  equipped  with  Sturtevant 
economizers  and  operate  by  induced  draft. 

The  turbo-generator  sets  and  all  auxiliary  apparatus  were 
supplied  by  the  Allis-Chalmers  Company.  The  turbines  op- 
erate at  1800  r.p.m.,  2300  volts,  and  have  the  exciter  on  a 
shaft  extension.    An  auxiliary  exciter  is  motor  driven.    Full 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  I97 

switchboard  equipment  is  provided,  including  voltage  regula- 
tors and  necessary  instruments  and  feeder  switches.  Tom- 
linson  barometric  condensers  are  used. 

Transmission  Lines. 

The  high-tension  transmission  line  is  designed  for  60,000 
volt  operation,  but.  at  present  only  30,000  volts  are  in  use. 
The  total  length  of  the  high-tension  transmission  line  is  38 
miles.  There  are  four  substations.  The  line  consists  of 
two  3-phase  circuits  of  No.  2  solid  hard-drawn  copper  wire 


General.  Electric  Lightning  Arrester  Mounted  in  Sub-Station  at  Ishpeming 

carried  on  steel  towers.  The  gitard  wire  is  5/16-in.  steel 
strand.  R.  Thomas  &  Sons  insulators  were  used  exclusively, 
and  the  wires  are  attached  thereto  with  Clark  insulator  clamps. 
The  four  substations  are  practically  duplicates,  each  contain- 
ing three  590-k.v.a.  Allis-Chalmers  transformers,  30,000/60,- 
000/2300   volts,    connected   delta;    two   high-tension   circuit 


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198  ELECTRIFICATION  OF  C.-C.  I.  CO.  MINES 

breakers  furnished  either  by  the  AUis-Chalmers  Company  or 
the  Westinghouse  Electric  &  Manufacturing  Company;  and 
two  sets  of  60,000-volt,  3-phase,  ungrounded  neutral  elec- 
trolytic lightning  arresters,  part  of  them  furnished  by  the 
General  Electric  Company  and  the  others  by  the  Westing- 


Standard  Construction  of  High  Tension 
Transmission  Line 


house  Company.  The  distribution  lines  from  the  substations 
to  the  mines  for  all  distances  up  to  two  or  three  miles  are 
standard  pole-line  construction  for  3-phase,  2300-volts.  These 
lines  vary  in  size  from  No.  2  to  300,000  C.  M.,  depending 
upon  the  Ipad  to  b^  carried  and  the  distance.    For  longer  dis- 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  1 99 

tances,  up  to  five  or  six  miles,  6600  volts  is  used.  These  are 
connected  through  General  Electric  oil-and-air-cooled 
2300/6600 volt  transformers. 

One  motor-generator  set  located  at  the  Pioneer  Furnace  is 
driven  by  a  6oo-h.p.  6600-volt  3-phase  synchronous  motor  fur- 
nished by  the  Allis-Chalmers  Company.  Aside  from  this  the 
standard  practice  is  to  use  2300  volts  for  all  service  above  25 
h.p.  and  220-volt  motors  for  all  smaller  sizes.     Lighting  in 


Standard  Polb-Linb  Construction 

mines  and  mine  buildings  is  at  220  volts,  and  for  the  loca- 
tions, at  no  volts.  All  distribution  lines  are  protected  by 
either  Westinghouse  or  General  Electric  3-phase  electrolytic 
lightning  arresters. 

The  principal  uses  for  current  are  as  follows:  Hoisting, 
Tramming,  Air  Compressors,  Underground  Pumps,  Surface 
Pumps,  Underground  Haulage,  Miscellaneous  Power,  Light- 
ing, Signal  Service,  etc. 


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200  ELECTRIFICATION  OF  C.-C.  t.  CO.  MINES 

The  following  table  shows  the  amount  of  current  used  in 
a  typical  month: 

Kilowatt-Hours. 

Hoisting   219,700 

Tramming 16,900 

Air  Compressors 497,800 

Pumps 398,600 

Underground  Haulage 109,600 

Miscellaneous  Power 131,200 

Shops    9,100 

Lighting 41,100 

The  total  motor  load  now  connected  is  approximately  16,- 
000  h.p.,  comprising  4,500  h.p.  in  synchronous  motors  and 
11,500  h.p.  in  induction  motors. 

As  most  central  station  men  consider  mine  service  ver>' 
severe  a  curve  of  our  daily  load  is  herewith  shown. 

While  this  curve  shows  a  fairly  wide  variation  of  load, 
and  some  high  peaks,  there  are  no  serious  fluctuations  in 
voltage  such  as  will  impair  lighting  service. 


Load  Curvb  at  tub  Carp  Rivbs  Plant  For  Onb  Day.  Mabcb  27, 1914 

All  wiring  in  and  about  mines  must  be  as  nearly  perfect 
as  possible,  not  only  that  the  service  shall  not  be  interrupt- 
ed but  also  for  the  protection  of  employes.  Particularly  is 
this  true  underground,  where  the  wires  may  not  be  as  closely 
inspected  as  in  more  readily  accessible  places.  Also  much 
of  the  work  of  wiring  about  mines  has  to  be  done  in  un- 
favorable locations,  where  there  is  moisture,  etc. 

On  all  installations  of  primary  motors  a  standard  panel 
is  used,  equipped  with  ammeter,  volt  meter,  oil  circuit  break- 
er, low-voltage  release  and  watt-hour  meter.  These  panels  are 
usually  of  slate,  but  in  the  future,  for  underground  service 
all  installations  will  be  on  pipe-frame  mountings  only.  Marble 
or  slate  panels  are  undesirable  because  they  show  a  tendency 
to  absorb  moisture  and  dirt. 


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LaKe  superior  mining  institute 


20I 


Secondary  motors  are  usually  equipped  with  an  oil  cir- 
cuit breaker,  low-voltage  and  overload  relays,  and  watt-hour 
meter,  with  wall  or  pipe-frame  mounting. 

Fuses  are  used  for  the  lighting  service  only. 

On  wiring  for  primary  motors  in  power  houses  and  shops 
varnished-cambric  steel-taped  cable  without  lead  is  used.  Sec- 
ondary motors  ordinarily  are  connected  by  the  usual  conduit 
wiring,  R.  C.  wire  being  used.  For  conducting  the  primary 
current  into  the  mines  three-conductor  varnished-cambric  in- 
sulation rated  at  5,000  volts,  with  lead  sheath,  jute  wrapping 
and  j54-in.  rectangular  armor,  is  used.  A  special  form  of 
hanger  has  been  developed  which  securely  clamps  the  steel 
armor  without  injury,  so  that  when  the  cable  is  in  the  shaft 


CuRVB  Showing  Load  Charactbristics  Ovbs  a  Pbsiod  op  80 
MiNum  AT  Carp  Rivbr  Station 

the  weight  is  all  supported  by  the  armor.  Pump  house  wiring 
underground  is  all  with  lead-copered  steel-taped  cable.  All 
cables  terminate  in  some  approved  form  of  pot  head,  and  the 
armor  and  lead  sheath  are  carefully  grounded  to  prevent  punc- 
ture. 

For  the  direct-current  circuits  operating  the  underground 
locomotives,  the  feeders'  are  placed  in  a  3-in.  fibre  conduit 
having  a  ^-in.  shell.  The  return  wire  is  bare  and  is  car- 
ried outside  the  conduit.  This  method  is  reliable  and  no 
trouble  has  developed. 

The  placing  of  the  heavy  cables  in  the  deep  shafts  was 
quite  a  problem,  as  space  was  somewhat  restricted  and  a  num- 


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202  ELECTRIFICATION  OF  C.-C.  I.  CO.  MINES 

ber  of  men  were  needed  to  guide  the  cable  past  obstructions 
and  any  failure  would  have  placed  them  in  jeopardy.  The 
best  method  yet  tried  for  this  is  to  remove  the  hoist  rope  from 
the  cage  and  then  clamp  the  cable  and  hoist  rope  together 
about  every  50  ft.  and  lower  the  cable  into  the  proper  com- 
partment. By  doing  this  work  on  a  holiday,  usually  no  delay 
is  caused  in  the  mine  operations.  No  duplicate  cables  have 
been  used,  as  up  to  the  present  time  there  have  been  no  failures 
in  our  primary  cables. 

Cables  are  usually  tested  on  the  reel,  and  again  after  in- 


1 4TERI0K  View  of  North  Lake  Sub-Station  Showing  High  Tension  Cmcurr 

AND  WBSTTNGHOUSE  ELECTROLYTIC  LIGHTNING 


stallation,  for  insulation  resistance,  and  from  time  to  time  re- 
test  is  made.  We  have,  with  nearly  four  years  service,  found 
no  deterioration,  but  rather  an  improvement  in  the  insulation 
resistance.  Re-tests  are  usually  made  with  a  soo-volt  "Meg- 
ger,'' as  it  is  quick  and  accurate. 

Lighting  underground  in  drifts  is  taken  direct  from  the 
trolley  wire,  and  at  shaft  landings  and  pump  houses  usually 
a  reserve  system  of  lights  from  the  alternating-current  cir- 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE 


203 


cuit  is  installed.  It  is  the  policy  of  the  Company  to  use  tung- 
sten lamps  exclusively,  both  on  surface  and  underground.  For 
power  houses  gas-filled  lamps  are  being  tried,  and  if  they  show 
reasonable  life  no  doubt  they  will  be  used  wherever  suitsible. 

On  all  new  installations  all  wiring  will  be  either  in  armored 
cable  or  metal  conduit. 

Hoists. 

Two  types  of  electric  hoists  have  been  developed,  each  oc- 
cupying its  own  field.    These  are  the  direct-current  hoist,  op- 


tBtfSUk 


VAhr*  to  Air  Biak* 


Elkctkic  Horn  Safbtt  Ovbswimd 


erated  by  the  "Ilgner''  system,  and  the  induction-motor-driven 
hoist.  Wherever  the  desired  product  of  a  mine  can  be  hoisted 
in  three-ton  lo^ds  at. a  speed  of  1,000  ft.  per  minute  or  less, 
induction  motors'd'  ^%  geared  to  the  hoist  are  used.  Where 
a  greater  product  is  dfesired  the  "Ilgner"  system  is  used.  The 
experience  which  we*  have  had  in  the  past  few  years  in  the 
practical  operation  of  electric-driven  hoists  indicates  that  the 
conclusions  arrived  at  are  entirely  sound  and  that  the  load 
and  speed  indicated  is  the  proper  division  as  between  the  use 
of  the  two  different  types  of  hoisting  apparatus.  With  a  larg- 
er generating  station,  larger  induction-hoist  motors  could  be 
used.  In  designing  hoists  for  electric  drive  it  is  desirable 
that  they  shall  be  made  for  as  low  a  rope  speed  as  possible, 
rather  increasing  the  weight  of  the  live  load  as  necessary,  than 
going  to  high  speeds  with  light  loads.  The  development  of 
each  individual  hoist,  is  of  course,  dependent  entirely  upon 
the  design  arid  size  of  the  shaft  and  the  amount  of  ore  to  l^ 
hoisted  within  a  specified  time. 


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204  ELECTRIFICATION  OF  C.-C.   I.  CO.   MINES 

At  present  only  one  "Ilgner"  set  is  in  service.  This  is  a 
Westinghouse  set  having  a  350-h.p.  induction  motor,  a  400- 
k.w.  600-volt  direct-current  generator,  a  i50-k.\v.  200-voh 
direct-current  generator,  a  2S-k.w.  200-volt  exciter  and  a  25,- 
ooo-lb.  flywheel  mounted  on  one  shaft.  The  direct-current 
generators  are  connected  directly  to  a  500-h.p.  600-r.p.m.  first- 
motion  hoist  motor  for  ore  skips,  and  to  a  2oa-h.p.  250-r.p.m. 
motor  with  helical  gears  for  the  cage  or  man  hoist.  The  fly- 
wheel set  has  an  automatic  slip  regulator,  which  by  an  au- 
tomatic changing  of  the  resistance  in  the  rotor  of  the  in- 


One  of  the  Sub-Stations,  North  Lake.    Outside  Mountino.    LiOHTNiNa 

duction  motor,  gives  a  variation  of  speed  from  550  to  720 
r.p.m.  depending  upon  the  load.  The  armatures  of  the  gen- 
erators and  hoist  motors  are  connected  directly  by  1,000.000- 
c.m.  cables  without  intermediate  circuit  breakers,  the  motors 
having  constant  excitation  in  the  fields  and  the  control  is  by 
varying  the  field  of  the  generators.    This  gives  a  very  reliable 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  205 

service,  as  the  flywheel  will  usually  have  sufficient  stored  en- 
erg^  to  complete  any  trip,  even  if  there  is  an  interruption  in 
the  current  supply.  The  ore  hoist  is  designed  for  a  90-second 
cycle  under  a  looo-ft.  hoist  and  gives  a  maximum  hoisting 
speed  at  full  load  of  1500  ft.  per  minute.  Curves  with  tables 
accompanying  indicate  the  conditions  of  operation. 

Test  of  Flywheel  Set. 

Depth  of  Shaft  (Sump  to  Dump) 900  ft.  vertical 

Net  Weight  of  Load  per  Trip 9,290  lbs. 


400  H.  P.  Induction  Motor  Drivino  Hoist  at  Athens  Mine.  Motor  Panel  and  Auxili- 
ary Am  Compressor  at  the  Left  and  Contractor  Panels  Mounted  Above  the 
Hoist  Motob. 

Weight  of  Skip  (Self-Dumping)    5,330  lbs. 

Size  of  Rope,  i>^-in  Diam 2.2  lbs.  per  ft. 

Hoisting Balanced 

Size  and  Shape  of  Drum Cylindrical,  8  ft.  x  66  in.  wide 

Weight  of  Drum  and  Shaft  (From  Dwg.) 31,650  lbs. 

Radius  of  Gyration  of  Drum 3.86  ft. 

Total  Revolutions  of  Drum 35.8 


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4o6 


ELECTklFICAtlOl^  Ot  C.-C.  t  CO.  MINeS 


Direct-Current  Hoist  Motor,  500  h.p.,  525  Volts,  Shunt 
Wound,  60  r.p.m. 

First  Cyclfl  Second  Cycle 

No.  1  Skip  No.  2  Skip    Na  1  Skip  Na  2  Skip 

Time  for  Hoisting,  Sec 66.4  86.85  82.9  78.3 

Time   of  Caging,  Sec 17.9  20.15  16.9  20.2 

Maximum  R.p.m 74  71  70.5  75 

Maximum  Rope  Speed,  Ft.  per 

Minute    1858  1782  1770  1882 

Time  of  Accelerating  . « 10.5  15.5  20  16 

Time  of  Retarding   36  32  38  47 

Average  R.pjn..,    38.4  29.5  27.7  30.7 

Average  Rope  Speed,  rt.p.m 965  792  696  772 

Maximum  Motor  Current 1160  2230  1410  1680 

Maximum  Motor  Voltage 550  520  520  552 

Average  Motor  Current 495  710  520  683 

Average  Motor  Voltage 276  212  200  222 

Average  Motor  Input,  H.p 183.2  2018  139.6  194.2 

Average  Motor  Input,  H.p.-Sec..l2150  17500  11560  15190 

Motor  Copper  Losses,  H.p 10.5  21.6  10.8  20.1 

Motor  Copper  Losses,  Hp.-Sec.     699  1875  895  1573 

Average  Brake  Current 450  235  210  180 

Average  Brake  Voltage 47  62  90  115 

Duration  of  Brake 13  7.75  5.5  5.25 

Brake,  H.p.-Sec.  Generated   368.5.  151.2  139.2  145.7 

Brake,  H.p.-  Copper  Losses  ....       23.25  16.7  16.56  16.25 

Brake  H.p.-Sec.  Copper  Losses.     302  5  129.5  91  85.3 

Net  Hoisting  Work   10780.  15344.3  10434.8  13386. 

Average  Generator  Current 495  710  520  683 

Average  Generator  Voltage 276  212  200  222 

Output  of  Generator,  Hp.-Sec  12150  17500  11560  15190 
Average  Generator  Copper  Loss. 

H.p 12.4  16.15  12.79  15.62 

Average  Generator  Copper  Loss, 

H.p.-Sec 825.5  1402  1060  1223 

Average  Wdg.  Fr.,  and  Fe  Loss 

H.p.-Sec 628  674  634  647 

Total   Generator  Losses,  H.  p.- 

Sec 1453.5  2076  1694  1870 

Speed  of  Set  at  Start  of  Hoist- 
ing        690  680  664  685 

Speed  of  Set  at  End  of  Hoisting    655  600  647  662 

Speed  of  Set  at  End  of  Cycle. . .     680  664  685  690 

Output  of  Flywheel,  H.p.-Sec...  4200  9000  2000  3000 

Input  to  Flywheel,  H.p.-Sec 3000  7000  4500  3400 

Input  to  Generator,  H.p.-Sec..  ..13603.5  19576  13254  17060 
Input   to   Alt-Cur.   Motor,   H.p.- 
Sec 26800  36300  32500  30000 

Input  to  Alt-Cur.  Motor  Not  Ab- 
sorbed by  Flywheel 23800  29300  28000  26600 

Alt.-Cur.  Motor  Losses  in  H.p.- 
Sec 2145  2575  1928  2045 

Slip  Regulator  Losses,  H.p.-Sec.     652  2140  405  504 

Shaft,  Hp.-Sec 15200  15200  15200  15200 

Overall  Effciency    62  44.7  50.2  52 

K.w.-Hours  per  ton 1.1  1.5  1.35  1.3 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  20/ 

There  are  connected  the  following  induction-hoist  motors : 
Chase  Mine,   i  200-h.p.  double-reduction  geared  hoist  with 

direct  control — AUis-Chalmers. 
Morris  Mine,  2  400-h.p.  double-reduction  geared  hoist  with 

remote  control — i  General  Electric  and  I  Westinghouse. 
Lloyd  Mine,  2  400-h.p.  double-reduction  geared  hoist  with  re- 
mote control — General  Electric. 
CliflFs  Shaft  Mine,  i  500-h.p.  double-reduction  geared  double- 
drum  hoist  with  friction,  remote  control — General  Electric. 
Salisbury  Mine,  i  400-h.p.  single-helical  geared  double-drum 

hoist,  with  friction,  remote  control — General  Electric. 
Princeton  Mine,  i  2oa-h.p.  double-reduction  geared  hc«st  with 

direct  control — General  Electric. 
Princeton  Mine,  i  7S-h.p.  double-reduction  geared  hoist  with 

direct  control — Westinghouse. 
Austin  Mine,  i   iso-h.p.  double-reduction  geared  hoist  with 

direct  control — Westinghouse. 
Gvvinn  Mine,  2  400-h.p.  double-reduction  geared  hoist  with  re- 
mote control — I  General  Electric  and  i  Westinghouse. 
Gardner  Mine,  i  400-h.p.  single-helical  geared  hoist  with  re- 
mote control — General  Electric. 
Mackinaw  Mine,   i  400-h.p.  single-helical  geared  hoist  with 

remote  control — General  Electric. 
Athens  Mine,  i  400-h.p.  single-helical  geared  hoist  with  re- 
mote control— -General  Electric. 
South  Jackson  Mine,  i  7S-h.p.  double-helical  geared  hoist  with 
remote  control — Westinghouse. 

With  the  smaller  motors  we  find  the  direct  control,  with 
an  oil-immersed  primary  reversing  drum,  to  be  fairly  satis- 
factory when  the  control  is  properly  designed.  The  second- 
ary contacts  must  be  of  ample  capacity  and  with  positive 
"snap"  into  position.  The  primary  reversing  contacts  should 
have  a  quick  and  positive  make-and-break  before  the  second- 
aries come  in.  The  oil  tanks  should  be  so  designed  that  oil 
will  not  be  thrown  out,  and  the  leads  must  be  brought  out 
where  they  may  be  readily  inspected.  Ample  barriers  should 
be  placed  between  phase  leads  because  with  the  accurate  spot- 
ting sometimes  necessary  with  a  hoist  a  quick  make-and-break 
will  likely  cause  surges  which  may  cause  a  flash-over. 

For  the  control  of  large  hoist  motors,  solenoid-operated 
contactors  are  used  exclusively.  The  only  primary  switches  we 
have  found  that  are  entirely  reliable  have  an  air  break.  While 


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^08  tLECTRIFICAtlON  Ot*  C.-C.   t.  Cd.  MINE^ 

this  caiisei  an  annoying  flash  and  noise,  it  is  good  evidence  to 
the  operator  that  the  switch  is  working  properly. 

The  lin^-contact  points  must  not  make  a  "butt"  contact,  but 
should  havf  wiping  contact.  This  is  because  the  contacts  may 
possibly  bum  together  and  fail  to  open  when  the  controller 
is  thrown  off.  This  form  of  contact  is  also  best  for  second- 
aries for  the  same  reason.  Just  such  a  burning  together  of 
contacts  nearly  caused  a  serious  and  fatal  accident  with  an  old 
form  of  contactor  which  we  had  in  service;  the  motor  failed 
to  stop  at  surface  when  the  control  was  off.    The  single-phase 


200  H.  P.  DiiDscT  Current  Motor.  DRrviNO  Caqb  Hoist  at  Nbgaunbb  Mine.     On  tbb 
Left  May  be  seen  Sibmens-Halske  Signal  Pedestal 

type  of  control  operation  seems  to  be  simpler  than  dividing 
the  contactor  closing  coils  into  three  phase. 

Hoist  motors  must  have  very  rugged  and  substantial 
frames,  as  the  pounding  of  gears  and  frequent  starts  and 
stops  is  very  severe.  Phase  leads  and  coils  should  be  rigidly 
supported  to  prevent  vibration  or  distortion  under  excess  cur- 
rent. Adjustable  bearing  brackets  are  desirable.  The  usual 
excuse  that  these  things  are  non-essential  should  not  be  passed, 
because  when  a  hoist  is  once  in  service  it  must  be  ready  at  all 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  20g 

times  for  service  and  frequently  the  lives  of  men  are  depend- 
ent upcn  its  reliability.  The  banding  of  the  rotor  should  be 
extra  strong  because  of  the  possibility  of  overspced.  We 
require  that  lowering  shall  be  with  the  current  on  to  prevent 
oversgeed. 

An  electric  safety  overwind  has  been  developed  which  has 
l3een  found  very  reliable.  It  is  similar  to  most  others  which 
have  been  brought  out,  but  has  been  somewhat  simplified.  The 
operation  is  as  follows: 

A  contact-making  device  is  attached  to  the  indicator  on  the 
hoist  with  one  contact  made  about  loo  ft.  below  the  collar  of 
the  shaft.  This  is  controlled  by  a  foot  switch  operated  by  the 
brakeman;  if  the  hoist  is  under  control  and  the  switch  is 
opened  it  does  not  operate.  The  final  contact  closing  is  }x>si- 
tive  and  is  at  danger  point.  As  soon  as  closed  it  actuates  the 
circuit-opening  relay  which  trii>s  the  low-voltage  release,  and 
opens  the  motor  lines.  This  permits  the  holding  coil  to  open 
and  operates  the  air  brake.  The  trip  may  also  be  operated  by 
an  overspeed  governor  placed  on  the  end  of  the  motor  shaft. 
If  the  current  sui>ply  fails  for  any  reason,  the  brake  immedi- 
ately sets.  It  will  be  observed  that  this  device  does  not  in 
any  sense  relieve  the  brakeman  of  his  responsibility,  and  while 
it  is  in  a  certain  sense  automatic  in  its  operation,  the  inter- 
mediate stop,  which  is  under  the  control  of  the  brakeman, 
necessitates  that  he  shall, have  his  mind  centered  upon  the 
work  in  hand  at  all  times.  This  practice  seems  to  be  more 
desirable  than  to  introduce  a  device  which  would  entirely  re- 
move "the  personal  element." 

Tramming. 

The  word  "tramming"  as  here  used  refers  to  the  moving 
of  ore  on  surface  for  storage  in  stockpiles.  Two  methods  are 
in  use,  but  principally  the  "endless-rope  system"  with  five-ton 
cars.  This  requires  from  25-  to  50-h.p.  motors  and  is  very 
severe  service,  particularly  in  winter  when  most  stocking  is 
done.  On  account  of  the  location  of  loading  tracks,  and  other 
conditions  not  readily  changed,  the  stocking  tracks  are  usual- 
ly rather  crooked,  and  because  of  the  many  sheaves  and  rol- 
lers the  friction  load  is  frequently  as  high  as  75  or  80  per 
cent.  When  induction  motors  are  used,  they  should  have 
exceptionally  high  torque  and  a  very  liberal  allowance  of 
grid  resistance.  The  service  likely  will  be  at  about  the  rate 
of  one  minute  on,  with  possibly  100  per  cent,  overload  at 


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2IO  ELECTRIFICATION  OF  C.-C.  I.  CO.  MINES 

the  start,  and  then  one  minute  oflf  while  the  car  is  being 
loaded.  Tramming  speed  may  be  as  high  as  1500  ft.  per  min- 
ute, depending  upon  the  ler^h  of  tram.  Motors  for  this 
service  must  have  very  heavy  and  rigid  frames,  especially 
so  if  they  are  to  be  equipped  with  solenoid  brakes.  In  one 
instance  the  frame  of  the  motor  was  broken  squarely  in  two 
by  a  sudden  stopping  with  the  solenoid  brake  setting  hard. 
For  short  trams  under  suitable  conditions  gravity  tram- 
ming is  in  use  and  the  motor  is  used  only  to  return  the  car. 
Almost  any  kind  of  motor  answers  for  this  service.  (The 
curve  shown  indicates  the  load  on  one  tram  which  is  handled 
by  a  50-h.p.  motor.) 

Air  Compressors. 

The  Cleveland-Cliffs  Iron  Company  has  in  operation  or 
under  erection  nine  motor-driven  air  compressors. 


Underground  Pump  at  the  Gwinn  Mine 

One  4000-CU.  ft.  rope-driven  compressor  equipped  with  a 
General  Electric  625-h.  p.  synchonous  motor  with  belted  ex- 
citer. This  compressor  is  not  equipped  with  a  variable  load 
device,  being  an  adaptation  of  a  steam-driven  machine.  An 
**Erie"  valve  was  placed  in  the  suction  and  as  the  pressure 
drops,  this  opens  the  intake  and  the  compressor  takes  the 
load.  This  is  rather  severe  service  for  a  synchronous  motor, 
ranging  from  friction  load  to  650-h.p.  within  a  period  of  two 
seconds.  This  installation,  however,  has  given  us  very  sat- 
isfactory service  and  we  have  experienced  no  difficulty  with 
this  application.    The  synchronous  motor  is  designed  to  carry 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE 


211 


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213 


ELECTRIFICATION  OF  C.-C.  I.  CO.  MINES 


ttl 


55 


i%l 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  2I3 

over-excitation  to  correct  the  low  power  factor.  This  com- 
pressor is  located  at  the  Central  Power  Plant,  Princeton. 

One  Laidlaw-Dunn-Gordon  duplex  compressor  driven  by 
a  150-h.  p.  belted  Westinghouse  induction  motor.  Located 
at  the  Salisbury  mine. 

One  soo-cu.  ft.  Ingersoll-Rand  compressor  belt-driven  by 
a  50-h.p.  General  Electric  motor.  Located  at  the  South 
Jackson  mine. 

One  iioo-cu.  ft.  tandem  Allis-Chalmers  compressor  at 
the  Chase  mine,  operated  by  an  Allis-Chalmers  i7S-h.  p. 
induction  motor. 

One  Ingersoll-Rand  1700-cu.  ft.  duplex  compressor  with 
piston  inlet  valves  and  clearance  control  devise,  direct  con- 
nected to  a  250-h.p.  Allis-Chalmers  synchronous  motor.  Lo- 
cated at  the  Morris  mine.    , 

Tests  to  indicate  efficiences  of  compressors  have  been  made 
with  orifices  and  the  output  computed  by  Fliegner's  formula. 
These  tests  are  not  sufficiently  complete  at  the  present  time 
to  give  duties,  but  developments  are  under  way  and  ultimate- 
ly we  will  be  able  to  obtain  full  and  accurate  information  as 
to  the  operation  of  our  air  compressors. 

Several  small  automatic  electric  air  compressors,  driven 
by  3-h.  p.  induction  motors,  have  been  installed  at  the  various 
mines  as  a  reserve  to  operate  the  air  brakes  on  the  hoists. 
These  have  proved  to  be  very  reliable  and  satisfactory. 

Underground  Haulage. 

Underground  haulage  at  all  the  principal  mines  is  with 
250-volt  direct-current  electric  locomotives.  These  are  of 
various  manufacture,  usually  about  6H  tons,  and  30-in. 
gauge.  The  largest  in  service  is  a  lo-ton  locomotive,  but 
this  seems  to  be  somewhat  larger  than  is  necessary,  as  the 
6^ -ton  size  will  handle  all  the  ore  that  can  be  mined.  This 
Ijecomes  quite  clear  when  it  is  understood  that  a  large  part 
of  the  time  in  haulage  is  employed  in  spotting  cars  and  pick- 
ing up  loads,  the  actual  run  to  the  shaft  using  but  a  small 
lK)rtion  of  the  time.  Standard  construction  is  with  40-lb. 
rails,  with  No.  00  coi>per  bonds  at  each  joint  and  i>ast  switches^ 
No.  00  grooved  trolley  is  used.  In  a  part  of  the  mine  this 
is  placed  in  an  inverted  trough,  in  others  is  entirely  open. 
Very  few  accidents  occur.  The  Company  has  28  electric  lo- 
comotives in  service  and  one  armature  winder  makes  all  the 
rewinds  of  the  56  motors  without  trouble  and  has  abundant 


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214  ELECTRIFICATION  OF  C.-C.   I.   CO.  MINES 

time  for  other  work.    This  will  indicate  the  rdiabih'ty  of  the 
modem  mine  locomotives. 

These  underground  haulage  locomotives  are  driven  by  mo- 
tor-generator sets.  Five  of  these  sets  are  driven  by  215-h. 
p.  2200-volt,  Westinghouse  synchronous  motors  at  600  rev. 
per  minute.  Two  sets  are  driven  by  induction  motors  fur- 
nished by  the  General  Electric  Company.  Very  little  trou- 
ble develops  in  these  and  they  run  continuously.  About  once 
in  two  or  three  years  we  find  it  necessary  to  true  the  com- 
mutators. This  is  done  while  they  are  in  service,  with  a  mo- 
tor-driven grinding  machine. 

Pumping. 

The  drainage  of  mines  being  a  matter  of  great  import- 
tance  the  necessity  for  reliable  service  in  mine  pumps  is  ob- 
vious. 

The  centrifugal  pump  on  account  of  its  naturally  high 
speed  and  rotary  form  lends  itself  very  readily  to  motor 
drive.  Unfortunately,  however,  from  a  mechanical  viewpoint 
it  is  very  much  lacking  in  efficiency.  About  the  best  that  can 
be  exi^ected  from  a  looo-gallon-per-minute  pump  designed 
for  looo-ft.  head  is  60  to  95  per  cent,  efficiency,  depending 
upon  the  condition  of  the  impellers,  packing,  clearance,  etc. 
Having  the  advantage  of  low  first  cost  these  make  a  very  sat- 
isfactory reserve  or  temporary  pumping  outfit.  This  is  the 
use  given  them  by  The  Cleveland-Cliffs  Iron  Company.  Each 
mine  has  a  centrifugal  pump  installation  equivalent  in  size 
to  one  of  the  regular  units  and  these  are  used  only  for  tem- 
porary service  or  in  case  of  emergency.  Tests  made  with  a 
V-notch  weir  gave  the  following  efficiencies : 

Over-all  Efficiencies  of  Motor-Driven  Mine  Pumps. 

Total.  Gallons  Over-all 

Head  Ft  Per  Min.     Efficiency. 

Six-Stage  Centrifugal  Pump 933  987.8  54,1 

Duplex  Double-acting  Geared 

Plunger  Pump 833  991.8  84.9 

Triplex  Single-acting  Geared 

Plunger   Pump    409  303.8  81.7 

Four-stage  Centrifuge   Pump    ...409  288  51.3 
Duplex  Double-acting  Geared 

Plunger  Pump 509  1406  81.8 

Five-stage  Centrifugal  Pump 498  1153  56.9 

The  mine  drainage  is  principally    by  means  of   duplex, 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  21 5 

double-acting,  plunger  iximps,  although  a  few  small  triplex 
pumps  are  in  use.  These  are  driven  mostly  by  induction  mo- 
tors with  single-reduction  gears.  These  gears  gave  con- 
siderable trouble,  but  of  late  all  pumps  have  been  equipped 
with  helical-cut  gears  and  very  little  trouble  occurs. 

It  is  important  that  all  motors  for  this  service  shall  have 
as  nearly  waterproof  insulation  as  can  be  applied,  as  it  is 
usually  more  or  less  damp  undergroimd  and  occasionally 
water  wnll  break  through  and  cover  a  motor.  We  have  never 
had  a  burn-out  in  this  class  of  service  and  all  mines  are  elec- 


SWITCHBOARD  AND  MOTOR  PANELS  AT  MoRRIS-LLOYD  MjNB 

trically  equipped.     Primary  motors  exclusively  are  used  for 
this  service. 

The  most  interesting  underground  pump  installation  which 
we  have  is  the  equipment  at  the  Negaunee  mine.  This  con- 
sists of  two  Prescott  duplex,  double-acting,  ix>wer-driven 
mine  pumps  directly  connected  to  300-h.p.  General  Electric 
synchronous  motors.  These  pumps  are  rated  at  1000  gal- 
lons per  minute,  1000  ft.  head,  and  operate  at  120  rev.  per 
minute.     This  gives  a  piston  speed  of  480  ft.  per  minute. 


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2l6  ELECTRIFICATION  OF  C.-C.   I.  CO.   MINES 

These  pumps  at  first  were  equipped  with  metal  valves  and 
seats.  On  account  of  wire  drawing  and  excessive  wear  due 
to  the  mine  water  these  were  found  unsatisfactory.  New 
valves  have  been  designed,  with  "Balata"  and  fibre  seats,  and 
the  difficulty  is  corrected.  The  slii>page  in  these  pumps  up  to 
the  present  time  has  been  somewhat  excessive,  being  about 
5  per  cent,  more  than  the  estimate,  but  with  the  introduction 
of  the  new  form  of  valves  and  springs  of  suitable  design  we 
believe  that  this  will  very  soon  be  corrected.  In  order  that 
these  pumps  may  at  all  times  have  a  full  supply  of  water  in 
the  suction,  small  volute  pumps,  driven  by  15-h.p.  General 
Electric  induction  motors,  were  placed  in  the  suction.     These 


Westinghousb  Fly  Wheel  Set  at  Negaumeb  Mine 

were  designed  to  deliver  to  each  pump  approximately  1200 
gallons  per  minute  at  a  30-ft.  head.  This  should  assure  a 
full  water  supply  at  all  times.  The  synchronous  motors  are 
provided  with  motor-driven  exciters  and  complete  switch- 
lx)ard  equipment  in  each  pump  station.  In  addition  to  the 
two  direct-connected  pumping  units,  a  centrifugal  pmmp, 
manufactured  by  the  Alberger  Pump  and  Condenser  Com- 
l)any  and  rated  at  1000  gallons  per  minute  against  1000  ft. 
head,  was  installed  at  this  mine.  This  is  driven  by  a  General 
Electric  350-h.p.  Form  P.,  induction  motor  having  a  syn- 
chronous speed  of  i8qo  rev,  per  minute. 


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tAiit  SUPEklOR  MINING  INSTITUTE 


217 


We  have  found  that  underground  pumping  by  electric 
drive  is  thoroughly  reliable,  efficient  and  satisfactory  in  every 
respect.  It  is  advisable  that  every  pump  motor  should  be  in 
operation  at  least  one  or  two  hours  every  day,  the  object  being, 
of  course,  that  the  heat  developed  in  the  motor  under  rui^ 
may  drive  out  the  moisture  which  may  be  expected  in  the 
dampness  of  underground  pump  stations.  We  have  not  up 
to  the  present  time  considered  it  necessary  to  provide  trans- 
formers for  the  purpose  of  delivering  low-voltage  current  in- 
to the  motors  while  at  rest,  and  the  rule  requiring  daily  opera- 
tion of  every  pump  motor  seems  to  be  sufficient  to  keep  them 
in  good  condition. 

Other  underground  pumping  applications  are  small  auto- 
matic sump  pumps  operating  with  the  ordinary  tank-float  ar- 
rangement. Another  use  of  pumps  is  in  sinking.  We  have 
three  electric-driven  sinking  pumps,  one  operating  at  2,200 
volts  and  the  others  at  220.  These  are  about  so-h.p.  each  and 
are  very  easy  to  install  and  reliable  in  operation. 

Surface  pumping  is  mostly  with  small  centrifugal  pumps, 
which  have  a  miscellaneous  application,  for  circulating  and 
cooling  water,  for  surface  drainage,  water  supply,  etc.  These 
motors  range  in  size  from  5  to  40-h.p.  and  are  all  of  squirrel- 
cage  type. 

Following  is  a  list  of  the  underground  pumps  and  mo- 
tors in  service: 


Make  of 

Horse- 

Geared or  Direct       Kind  of        i 

Sallons  per 

Na         Motor 

power 

Speed 

Connected 

Pump 

Minute 

3  General  Electric 

50 

1800 

Direct 

Centrifugal 

400 

1  WeBtinghouse 

50 

1800 

Direct 

Centrifugal 

400 

2  Allis-Chalmers 

350 

430 

Geared 

Duplex 

1000 

2  General  Electric 

400 

1200 

Direct 

Centrifugal 

1000 

4  General  Electric 

50 

514 

Geared 

Triplex 

400 

2  General  Electric 

300 

120 

Direct 

Duplex 

1000 

2  General  Electric 

350 

1800 

Direct 

Centrifugal 

1000 

i  General  Electric 

180 

600 

Geared 

Duplex 

600 

1  General  Electric 

250 

1800 

Direct 

Centrifugal 

600 

1  General  Electric 

75 

600 

Geared 

Duplex 

400 

1  General  Electric 

125 

1800 

Direct 

Centrifugal 

400 

1  General  Electric 

275 

1200 

Direct 

Centrifugal 

1500 

1  General  Electric 

250 

600 

Geared 

Duplex 

1500 

1  General  Electric 

320 

720 

Geared 

Duplex 

1000 

Crushing. 

Part  of  the  ore  mined  is  hard  and  requii-es  crushing  before 
shipment.  Crusher  house  service  is  very  severe  for  motors 
on  account  of  a  varying  load  and  the  large  amount  of  ore 
dust  which  gets  into  the  windings.       Two  125-h.p.  squirrel- 


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2l8  ELECTRIFICATION  OF  C.-C.   I.   CO.   MINES 

cage  motors  are  used,  each  driving  a  No.  8  McCully  gyratory 
crusher,  and  two  25-h.p.  motors,  each  driving  a  No.  5  Mc- 
Cully crusher.  Smaller  motors  are  in  service  for  driving 
screens,  etc.  The  principal  trouble  that  has  occurred  has  been 
due  to  cold  weather.  With  no  heat  in  the  buildings  and 
temperatures  ranging  down  to  30  degrees  below  zero,  the  oil 
congealed  in  the  circuit  breakers  and  starting  compensators. 
This  was  relieved  by  boxing  in  the  apparatus  and  placing  one 
or  two  incandescent  lamps  within.  An  occasional  bum-out 
occurs  in  this  service,  but  as  it  seems  to  be  witVi  all  makes  of 
motors,  and  as  the  windings  are  always  full  of  iron  ore,  that 
is  presumed  to  be  the  trouble.     The  enclosing  of  the  motors 


600  B.P.  70  R.P  M.  WBSTINOBOUSB  DIRECT  CURRENT  MOTOR,  CONNECTED  DUtBCT  TO  SUP 

Hoist  at  Neoaunee  Mine 

lias  been  considered,  but  trouble  has  been  so  infrequent  that 
it  has  not  been  done. 

Small  crushers  are  placed  in  the  laboratories.  Usually  a 
2-  or  3-h.p.  squirrel-cage  motor  drives  the  entire  plant.  For 
evaporating,  electric  hot  plates  are  used.  These  are  very  sat- 
isfactory and  all  laboratories  are  now  equipped  with  them  in 
preference  to  gas. 

Miscellaneous  Motors. 

The  usual  miscellaneous  applications  of  power  motors  are 
made  for  machine-shop  service  and  to  operate  sundry  auxil- 
iaries. As  tlie5?e  are  small  and  i>erform  very  ordinary  service 
th.ey  are  not  of  especial  interest. 


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LaKE  superior  mining  INSTITUIE  219 

Signal  Systems. 

Several  different  forms  of  electric  mine  signals  are  in  use. 
The  most  complete  is  an  imported  outfit  with  both  visible  and 
audible  signals,  manufactured  by  the  Siemens  &  Halske  Co., 
Berlin.  Heavy  waterproof  bells  are  installed  at  each  level  and 
at  landings,  these  being  connected  in  series  and  repeating  at 
every  point.  In  the  engine  room  for  each  hoist  is  a  pedestal 
outfit  having  a  paper  roll  which  travels  about  two  inches  for 
each  signal.  E^ch  time  the  bell  rings  a  hole  is  punched  in 
the  paper  ribbon.  By  a  system  of  lenses,  lamps  and  mirrors 
a  strong  beam  of  light  is  projected  through  these  holes  and 


MoBRis  Mine  Power  House.  400  h.  p.  Wbstinghouse  Induction  Motor  Drivino  Cage 
Hoist.  400  h.  p.  General  Electric  Motor  on  Skip  Hoist.  Allis  Chalmers  Syn- 
chbonous  Motor  Drtvino  Air  Compressor. 

reflected  on  a  ground  glass  screen.  By  this  method  a  clear 
and  accurate  record  of  each  signal  is  shown  and  also  a  per- 
manent record  made  on  the  paper  ribbon.  The  wires  for  this 
are  rubber  covered  and  in  a  lead-sheath  armored  cable.  At 
other  mines  iio-volt  vibrating  bells,  connected  in  multiple 
and  repeating  at  each  level,  are  used.  For  the  pushes,  wa- 
terproof iron  boxes  have  been  developed.  Some  mines  are 
supplied  with  single-stroke  bells,  current  being  suppKed  from 
small  motor-generator  sets.     All  of  these  methods  are  quite 


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220  ELECTRIFICATION  OF  C.-C.   I.  CO.  MINES 

satisfactory.  In  addition  to  the  signal  equipment,  regular  mine 
telephones  are  installed  in  all  mines.  The  wiring  for  signals 
and  bells  is  the  same  as  for  National  Electric  Code  6oo-volt 
service.  There  is  a  demand  for  reliable  waterproof  signal 
switches  and  junction  boxes. 

Testing  Instruments. 
A  fairly  complete  set  of  testing  instruments  has  been  pro- 
vided.    This  consists  of  galvanometers,  a  Wheatstone  bridge, 
single-phase  and  polyphase  watt  meters,  alternating-  and  di- 


Underground  Haulage  Set  at  Nbgaunee  Mine.  Formerly  the  General  Elbctric 
Generator  was  Belt-Driven.  Now  Direct  Connected  to  Westinobousb  Syn- 
chronous Motor. 

rect-current  volt  meters  and  ammeters,  shunts,  portable  po- 
tential and  current  transformers,  a  megger,  etc. 

For  locating  faults  in  transmission  and  distributing  lines 
a  slide-wire  bridge  has  been  developed.  This  has  proved 
quite  accurate  and  a  ground  or  cross  in  the  transmission  line 
can  usually  be  located  within  one  or  two  towers,  considerable 
time  and  expense  thus  being  saved. 

General. 

As  mine  service  in  general  is  rather  severe  and  inasmuch 
as  the  safety  of  employes  may  at  any  time  be  dependent  upon 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  221 

the  reliable  operation  of  apparatus,  manufacturers  should  rec- 
ognize the  demand  for  rugged  and  lasting  apparatus.  When 
this  requirement  is  fulfilled,  the  application  of  electric  drive  to 
mining  machinery  shows  a  very  marked  saving  in  cost  of 
IK>wer  and  a  decided  gain  in  reliability  of  service. 

On  the  part  of  operators,  constant  and  thorough  inspec- 
tion is  essential.  Motor  clearance  must  be  tested  frequently. 
Oil  switches  must  be  carefully  cared  for  and  kept  in  perfect 
condition.  The  oil  must  be  frequently  changed  and  tested  for 
moisture.  Control  apparatus  should  be  gone  ever  daily  and 
contacts  kept  clean  and  properly  adjusted.  Meters  should  be 
frequently  tested  and  readings  checked  to  locate  quickly  any 
loss  in  efficiency  or  defect  in  the  operation  of  apparatus.  Mine 
electricians  should  be  trained  to  observe  all  mechanical  equip- 
ment used  in  connection  with  motor  drive  and  to  know  when 
it  is  in  proper  condition,  because  of  the  usual  habit  of  mine 
employes  to  blame  any  trouble  on  the  electrical  part  of  the 
equipment. 

If  these  simple  rules  are  observed  electrical  drive  in  mines 
will  be  found  to  be  an  ideal  application. 

Discussion. 

(Note:  Discussion  by  Mr.  Kelly  is  printed  on  page  68 
and  applies  also  to  the  paper  on  the  "Use  of  Electricity  at  the 
Penn  and  Republic  Mines.") 

Question  :  How  much  does  electrical  storms  affect  trans- 
mission ? 

Mr.  Stanford:  We  were  a  little  unfortunate  when  we 
first  built  the  high  tension  transmission  in  that  the  electrolytic 
lightning  arresters  had  not  at  that  time  been  fully  perfected 
and  we  were  compelled  to  install,  as  the  best  thing  available, 
a  type  of  lightning  arrester  which  was  not  nearly  so  perfect  as 
those  now  installed.  We  did  occasionally  have  some  trouble 
although  not  of  a  serious  nature.  Since  that  time  we  liave  put 
in  new  equipment  of  the  most  modern  type  and  have  had  no 
serious  trouble  from  storms.  Occasionally  we  have  a  flash  over 
a  switch,  but  it  is  only  a  few  moments'  work  to  put  the  line 
into  service  again.  One  storm  seriously  impaired  the  service. 
During  a  sleet  storm  ice  formed  on  the  wires  so  that  some  of 
them  at  the  worst  point  were  an  inch  in  diameter.  There  was 
a  high  wind  and  we  were  out  of  service  for  more  than  a  half 
day  at  the  North  Lake  properties.  We  were  able  to  keep  our 
other  properties  working  without  serious  interruption.     This 


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222  ELECTRIFICATION  OF  C.-C.  I.  CO.  MINES 

was  a  very  unusual  condition.  In  fifteen  years'  experience 
through  the  western  part  of  the  United  States  similar  condi- 
tions had  not  occurred,  so  we  simply  consider  that  this  was  an 
act  of  Providence  and  trust  that  it  will  not  recur. 

Mr.  Abbott  :  I  would  like  to  know  from  i  safety  stand- 
point what  provision  has  been  made  for  grounding  one  of  the 
cables  in  case  it  should  break ;  that  is,  grounding  it  before  the 
cable  would  touch  the  ground;  especially  with  reference  to 
railroad  crossings  and  where  the  lines  may  cross  occupied 
buildings. 

Mr.  Stanford:  It  is  not  our  policy  at  any  time  to  carry 
the  lines  over  buildings  if  it  is  in  any  way  possible  to  avoid 
it.  The  question  of  railroad  crossings  has  been  discussed  pro 
and  con  by  engineers  for  some  years.  We  have  made  no  pro- 
visions for  grounding  the  circuits  in  case  of  a  break.  Stand- 
ard railroad  crossings  on  all  lines  is  by  the  use  of  a  stranded 
copper  wire.  Stranded  cable  is  used  and  wherever  the  line  con- 
ductors are  smaller  than  No.  2,  B.  &  S.  gauge  No.  o  is  used. 
Railroad  crossing  would  be  the  last  part  of  the  line  which 
would  give  way.  In  the  State  of  Michigan  we  are  governed 
somewhat  by  the  rulings  of  the  State  Railroad  Commission  and 
this  form  of  crossing  complies  with  their  requirements  in  every 
respect. 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  223 


TITANIFEROUS  ORES  IN  THE  BLAST  FURNACE— 
A  RECENT  EXPERIMENT. 

BY  DWIGHT  E.    WOODBRIDGE.* 

Near  the  center  of  the  Adirondajck  region  of  New  Yoric 
State  is  one  of  the  most  important  deposits  of  titaniferous 
magnetic  iron  ores  existing  in  America.  For  more  than  a 
century  various  efforts  have  been  made  to  develop  this  prop- 
erty and  to  utilize  its  ore  for  iron  making.  The  latest  and 
most  pretentious  of  these  attempts  has  been  carried  on  th^is 
year,  beginning  in  February  and  ending  with  July,  1914.  It 
is  currently  reported  that  this  endeavor  has  cost  not  far  from 
$300,000.  In  view  of  its  importance  and  of  the  probability 
that  there  exist  large  quantities  of  gabbro  ores  of  a  generally 
similar  character  in  the  Lake  Superior  region,  a  brief  story 
of  the  experiment  and  a  resume  of  the  results  attained,  may 
be  of  interest  to  the  members  of  the  Lake  Superior  Mining 
Institute. 

While  many  magnetite  iron  ores  contain  titanium,  and  while 
it  is  a  frequent  constituent  of  coke  ash,  the  Tahawus  deposit 
of  the  Adirondacks  is  so  great — ^possibly  several  hundred  mil- 
lion tons,  its  mining  is  so  simple — it  has  little  or  no  cover 
and  is  especially  suited  to  quarrying,  and  its  proportion  of  Ti 
O2  is  so  high — ranging  from  15  to  20  per  cent  in  the  ore — that 
this  experiment  was  expected  to  have  a  most  important  bear- 
ing on  the  future  of  the  industry. 

Lake  Sanford,  upon  the  shores  of  which  the  Tahawus 
deposits  lie,  is  in  the  center  of  the  Adirondacks,  in  a  wilder- 
ness that  is  by  wagon  road  nearly  50  miles  from  Lake  Cham- 
plain  and  the  town  of  Port  Henry,  where  is  the  200-ton  blast 
furnace  of  the  Northern  Iron  Company,  in  which  the  experi- 

*Miniiir  Engineer,  Duluth.  If  Inn. 


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^^4  TltANlFEkOliS  OkES  In  SLASt  FUftNACEg 

ment  was  conducted.  The  country  is  of  wild  and  rugged  beau- 
ty, the  tumbled  peaks  of  the  Adirondacks  surround  it  on  all 
sides,  blue  lakes  gleam  through  the  dense  foliage  of  maple, 
beech  and  pine,  trout  crowd  the  streams  and  red  deer  people 
the  forests. 

Here  last  autumn  a  magnetic  concentrator  was  built,  for 
the  purpose  of  extracting  a  portion  of  the  ilmenite  from  the 
magnetite  and  thus  reducing  the  titanium,  which  is  contained 
in  the  ilmenite.  The  plan  was  to  separate  here  ^i  the  mine  and 
convey  by  wagon  the  separated  ore  to  Port  Henry.  Owing  to 
causes  that  need  no  explanation  in  this  brief  paper,  this  attempt 
was  futile  and  it  became  necessary  to  hurry  the  shipment  of 
10,000  tons  of  ore,  a  small  part  of  which  had  been  put  through 
the  concentrator.  Roads  were  built  through  the  forest  on  which 
grasshopper  traction  engines  were  to  travel.  This  ore  finally 
reached  Port  Henry  and  was  sent  to  the  Witherbee,  Sherman 
&  Co.  separators  at  Mineville  for  the  treatment  St  had  failed  to 
receive  at  Lake  San  ford.  It  was  then  brought  back  to  Port 
Henry  for  smelting. 

For  many  years  the  belief  has  been  current  that  TiOj 
in  the  blast  furnace  made  the  slag  relatively  infusible,  viscous 
and  thick,  that  this  ore  would  cause  the  formation  of  in- 
fusible titanium  compounds,  such  as  cyano-nitrite  of  titanium, 
and  that  serious  furnace  scaffolding  would  result.  Excessive 
fuel  consumption  was  feared,  and  altogether  few  furnace  men 
were  willing  to  use  these  ores. 

This  experiment  began  with  a  mixture  of  Tahawus  and 
Mineville  ores  (magnetic  concentrates  from  Witherbee,  Sher- 
man &  Co.)  At  first  the  percentage  of  Tahawus  was  slight, 
but  it  was  increased  until  at  the  close  the  furnace  was  worked 
on  5/16  Tahawus  to  11/16  Mineville.  At  no  time  during  the 
entire  run  did  the  furnace  scaffold  seriously  and  never  was 
the  slag  anything  but  fluid  and  acidic.  Several  times  during 
the  run  the  furnace  broke  through,  but  as  the  experiment 
began  on  an  old  lining  that  could  not  be  examined,  and  as  one 
of  these  breaks  took  place  in  February,  no  one  can  tell  wheth- 
er or  not  the  titanic  acid  had  anything  to  do  with  it.  At 
the  conclusion  of  the  test  the  lining  in  the  lower  portion  of 
the  furnace  was  gone.  It  is  unfortunate  that  this  work  did 
not  start  on  a  new  lining  so  that  some  knowledge  might  be 
had  of  the  effect  on  a  furnace  lining  of  an  ore  carrying  an 
excessively  high  acidity — of  SiOj+TiOj.  Amounts  of  coke 
consumed   were  not  especially   excessive,  indeed  were   lower 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  225 

than  was  generally  anticipated.  Flux  used  was  marble  refuse 
from  Vermont  quarries,  and  later  marble  mixed  with  an  im- 
pure dolomite. 

The  class  of  Tahawus  concentrates  used  during  the  test 
was: 

High.  Low.         Average. 

Fe 57.05  44.85  54.27 

TiOa 14.90  ^0.81  13.57 

V2O3 404  .395  .401 

In  addition  to  these  ores  those  used  were  Barton  Hill, 
Harmony,  New  Bed  and  Old  Bed.  Barton  Hill  carried  .914 
TiOj,  New  Bed  .69  TiOg,  but  neither  of  these  was  used  in 
large  amounts. 

It  will  readily  be  seen  that  any  experiment  in  which  the 
total  titanium  in  the  iron  charge  is  that  derived  from  what 
may  be  contained  in  5/16  of  the  burden  running  13.57  TiOg, 
or  about  4  per  cent,  in  the  charge  as  a  whole,  is  not  especially 
conclusive  as  to  what  may  be  done  with  titaniferous  ores,  be- 
cause such  ores  have  been  successfully  reduced  many  times. 
Insofar,  therefore,  as  this  work  may  have  been  intended 
to  prove  the  limits  of  use  of  such  an  ore  as  Tahawus,  it  was 
a  failure,  for  it  proved  nothing.  But  I  suppose  it  was  not 
so  intended.  It  did  prove,  of  course,  that  ores  running  up 
to  10  to  14  per  cent.  TiOg  can  be  mixed  in  the  charge  at  least 
to  the  extent  given,  without  danger  to  the  furnace  or  exces- 
sive cost  in  operation.  It  is  unfortunate  for  iron  metallurgy 
in  general  that  the  experiment  did  not  go  to  the  limit,  so  that 
metallurgists  could  tell  just  how  much  of  a  highly  titani- 
ferous ore  they  might  use  in  their  charges,  and  the  effect  of 
such  use  on  coke  consumption.  But  it  was  impossible  to  get 
out  enough  Tahawus  ore,  even  had  the  company  wished  to 
do  so. 

Iron  made  from  the  ores  used  was  not  especially  high  in 
Ti.  In  pig  iron  analyses  the  highest  Ti  was  .67,  and  it  was 
found  that  the  higher  the  silicon  the  higher  the  titanium,  in 
other  words  that  the  heat  of  the  furnace  had  a  direct  l^ear- 
ing  on  the  slagging  of  titanium  acid.  A  great  deal  of  low- 
silicon  iron  was  made. 

Titaniferous  iron  ore  is  usually  low  phosphorus,  and  com- 
posite analyses  of  many  Tahawus  drill  holes  are  as  follows : 


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226  TITANIFEKOUS  ORES  IN  BLAST  FUSKACES 

VA 

Fe  SiOa     P  AI2O3  TiOj  QO^ 

50.80  3.40  .004  4.20  20.70  .598 

35.30  18.02  .079  5.40  15.33  -371 

42.49  10.30  .005  4.60  17.63  .643 

51.96  1.55  .002  3.80  20.33  -906 

A  general  ratio  of  relationship  is  seen  to  exist  between 
these  analyses.  Were  it  possible  to  utilize  such  ore  in  quant- 
ity, it  would  add  materially  to  the  bessemer  reserves  of  the 
country. 

It  is  evident  enough  that  this  ore  makes  fine  iron.  In  1834 
the  pioneers  of  the  region  erected  Catalan  forges  and  small 
blast  furnaces  on  Lake  Sanford  and  smelted  this  ore  direct 
in  cold  blast,  with  charcoal  fuel,  a  poor  local  flux  and  no  other 
ore  for  a  mixture.  They  had  tremendous  difficulties,  but  they 
made  excellent  iron.  They  did  not  know  the  ore  carried  any 
deleterious  elements,  and  so  could  not  account  for  their  fail- 
ures. They  piled  on  the  charcoal,  made  of  high  grade  hard 
woods,  and  got  iron  in  their  forges  and  cold  blast  40-ft.  fur- 
naces. That  they  could  do  it  is  wonderful.  I  have  read, 
and  have  before  me  as  I  write  this  short  paper,  scores  of 
letters  written  by  the  projectors  of  the  enterprise  at  that  time, 
and  can  but  marvel  at  the  undaunted  courage,  the  ability,  the 
mechanical  and  metallurgical  skill  they  displayed.  As  to  the 
quality  of  the  iron  one  letter  says :  "I  have  been  engaged  the 
past  few  days  in  testing  our  iron  in  blacksmiths'  shops.  I 
took  a  flat  bar  and  a  square  one.  The  flat  I  bent  cold  and 
drove  the  ends  together  without  fracture.  Of  this  iron  I 
have  tried  everything  in  the  way  of  a  hard  test;  horse  shoes 
and  horse  nails  and  even  pieces  hammered  down  to  the  size  of 
needles  which  I  twisted  around  a  pipe-stem,  and  I  had  large 
pieces  bent  square  on  the  angles  without  any  giving  or  frac- 
tures. These  tests  excited  the  wonder  of  the  smiths,  who 
declared  they  had  never  wrought  such  iron.  One  of  them  said 
he  had  worked  the  Russian  and  the  Livingstone  iron — which 
is  considered  the  best  American — and  that  neither  would  do 
what  ours  would ;  it  was  perfect  at  all  heats." 

A  few  weeks  ago  a  bar  of  this  old  iron  was  unearthed 
near  Tahawus.    Upon  analysis  it  was  found  to  contain  : 

Si 065 

Sulphur 015 

Phos 060 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  227 

Ti 198 

V 038 

Gr.  Carbon 025 

Notwithstanding  extensive  discussions,  the  work  of  Rossi 
and  others,  operations  in  England  and  Canada,  and  this  re- 
cent experiment,  the  possibilities  of  smelting  titaniferous  ores 
in  the  blast  furnace  are  still  undetermined.  That  such  ores 
have  been  smelted  at  many  places  and  times,  and  that  excel- 
lent pig  iron  has  been  made  from  them,  are  well  known.  It  is 
also  known  that  in  many  such  cases  the  consumption  of  fuel 
has  been  excessive.  In  the  early  days  conditions  existed  which 
do  not  hold  today.  Iron  was  made  in  Catalan  forges  or  in 
blast  furnaces  of  from  2  to  5  tons  daily  capacity;  these  were 
in  wooded  regions  where  the  cost  of  charcoal  was  not  an  ele- 
ment of  supreme  importance;  labor  was  inexpensive  and  pig 
iron  brought  $50  to  $70  a  ton. 

Many  of  those  who  have  followed  this  experiment  at  Port 
Henry  have  remarked  on  the  fluidity  of  this  titaniferous  slag, 
as  unexpected  and  remarkable.  While  that  may  be  true,  I 
have  wondered  if,  in  this  case,  "fluidity"  is  not  confounded 
with  "fusibility,"  which  is  "something  else  again."  The 
slags  may  be  fluid  by  reason  of  the  ability  of  the  various  com- 
ponents to  enter  into  solution,  one  with  another ;  may  not  they 
be  still  difficultly  fusible  because  of  the  presence  of  elements 
or  compounds  that  require  excessive  heat  or  an  undue  propor- 
tion of  fluxing  material?  I  am  no  fumaceman,  as  these  re- 
marks may  indicate,  and  merely  make  a  suggestion  that  en- 
ters my  mind. 

Such  concentration  as  was  carried  out  on  this  Tahawus 
ore  was  magnetic  separation,  in  Ball-Norton  machines,  such 
as  are  in  regular  use  at  Mineville.  This  separation  was  based 
on  the  fact  that  this  ore — like  many  but  not  all  titaniferous 
magnetics — is  a  granular  aggregate  of  magnetite,  ilmenite,  and 
gangue.  The  further  fact  that  the  magnetite  itself  contains 
some  titanium,  and  the  ilmenite  has  iron  as  one  of  its  integral 
constituents,  makes  magnetic  separation  a  more  difficult  and 
wasteful  process  than  it  might  appear  to  him  who  looks  on 
the  ore  and  is  able  to  distinguish,  easily,  the  different  char- 
acter of  the  two  minerals.  In  many  experiments  ilmenite 
grains  were  isolated  and  tested  as  to  their  magnetic  permeabil- 
ity, and  were  invariably  found  to  be  almost  non-magnetic. 

But,  as  indicated  above,  when  separation  was  actually  un- 
dertaken, the  tails  ran  wastefully  high  in  iron  and  the  heads 


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228  TITANIFEROUS  ORES  IN  BLAST  FURNACES 

undesirably  high  in  titanium.  The  following  are  results  of 
United  States  Bureau  of  Mines  separation  tests  on  Tahawus 
ores: 


Average  Ore. 

Concentrates. 

Tails. 

Fe             TiOa 

Fe            TiOj 

Fe             TiO, 

62.66            4.00 

38-86          47-50 

60.43             8.93 

45-78          45-23 

60.60            9.66 

42.84          32.22 

0.58           14.00 

63.00            5.25 

....            .... 

65.02             5.90 

....            .... 

61.04          11.00 

....           .... 

5.07           19.02 

61.23           II. 15 

32.99          47.20 

With  such  results  from  careful  separation  tests  it  is  ap- 
parent that  little  may  be  expected  in  ordinary  practice  except 
to  reduce  the  titanium  at  the  expense  of  the  iron. 


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COLLINSVILLE    FURNACE    NEAR    MaRQUBTTE.       (FROM    DRAWING    IN    CHARCOAL    BY    MRS. 

Pullman.  Wife  op  One  of  the  Employes  Who  Came  to  Marquette  About  1860.) 
This  is  the  Site  op  the  Present  Marquette  City  Lighting  Plant. 


Locks  at  Sault  Ste.  Marie-This  is  the  First  Lock,  CoNSTRugriQN  Begun  in  1853, 
Completed  in  1855. 


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Cleveland  Ore  Dock,  Marquette,  1873 


Scene  on  the  Ismpeming-Marquette  Highway.    Typical  of  the  Mar9Uettb  Range 


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Timber  Tunnel  Neoaunbb  Mi^.e— Used  for  Conveying  Timber  from 
Yard  to  Cage  Below  Collar  op  Shaft 


Approach  to  Hill  Mine.  Ouvex  Iron  Mining  Co..  at  Marble,  Western  End  or 
MnABA  Ramqe,    (Mssnifo  mt) 


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Marquettb.  MrcH..  November,  1863.    Stb.  Marie's  Canal  Mineral  Land  Company's  Ex- 
ploring Crew  Enroute  to  Houghton  After  the  Summer's  Work  In  the  Iron  Fields. 
Prom  Left  to  Right- (Upper  Row) 

Rush  Livermore.  S.  S.  Curry.  John  Maroney,  Lewis  Whitehead,  Moee  Cheverette.  Jacob 
Schwartz.  Charles  Griswold. 
Lower  Row. 

J.  H.  Alward.  Henry  F.  O.  D'Aliquy. 

Photoflrraph  furnished  by  J.  H.  Heardinir.  Duluth.  Minn. 


Marquette  Docks  and  Shipping.    About  1861 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  229 


MICHIGAN   IRON-ORE   RESERVES;  METHODS  OF 
APPRAISAL  FOR  TAXATION. 

By  R.  C.  Allen^  Lansing,  Michigan.* 

For  nearly  a  half  century  prior  to  1901,  the  annual  pro- 
duction of  iron  ore  in  Michigan  exceeded  that  of  any  other 
state.  Since  the  year  1900  the  production  in  Minnesota  has 
been  greater  than  that  in  Michigan,  and  is  now  fully  two- 
thirds  of  the  tonnage  annually  mined  in  the  Lake  Superior 
region  and  more  than  half  of  the  total  production  of  the  Unit- 
ed States.  Notwithstanding  the  overwhelming  magnitude  of 
the  Minnesota  production  in  recent  years,  Michigan  had 
shipped  at  the  end  of  1913,  40.6  per  cent  (255,565,856  tons) 
of  the  total  ore  mined  in  the  I^ke  Superior  region. 

Permanency  of  the  Iron  Mining  Industry  in  Michigan. 

Michigan  iron  mining  dates  from  1845,  when  300  pounds 
of  ore  was  carried  out  from  the  Jackson  mine  at  Negaunee 
and  made  into  a  bar  of  iron  in  a  blacksmith's  forge  at  Jack- 
son. Twenty  years  later  the  annual  production  was  1,000,000 
tons ;  in  40  years  it  was  more  than  2,000,000  tons,  and  in  60 
years,  between  11,000,000  and  12,000,000  tons;  at  the  end 
of  1913  the  total  production  had  risen  to  255,565,856  long 
tons. 

If  all  of  the  openings  which  were  excavated  in  ore  in 
mining  the  total  production  of  Michigan  were  thrown  togeth- 
er to  form  a  single  void  of  cubical  form,  each  of  its  three 
dimensions  would  approximate  1,452  feet.  The  available  iron 
ore  reserves  of  Michigan  at  the  end  of  1913  have  in  the  ground 
in  their  natural  condition  a  volume  of  about  2,424,000,000 
cu.  ft.,  which  is  equivalent  to  a  cube  whose  dimensional  in- 
dex is  about  1,343  feet.  For  each  14  tons  of  ore  mined  since 
1844,  13  tons  still  remain  in  the  ground  accessible  for  min- 
ing; in  other  words,  the  acceleration  in  production,  rapid  as 
it  has  been,  has  been  fully  cwnter-'bal^inced  by  acceleration  in 

•Steto  Gkoloftet  of  ICtohlgan, 


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230  ORE  BIESERVES  AND  METHODS  OF  APPRAISAL 

discovery  and  development.  There  is  now  available  for  min- 
ing almost  as  much  ore  as  has  been  shipped  in  all  preceding 
years. 

Were  exploration  and  discovery  to  cease  at  once,  produc- 
tion at  the  average  rate  for  the  5  years  preceding  191 4  would 
exhaust  the  known  reserves  in  a  little  more  than  17  years; 
corresponding  figures  for  191 1  and  1913  are  15.2  years  and 
17.7  years  respectively.  Up  to  the  present  year  the  reserves 
have  been  maintained  well  in  advance  of  production.  Con- 
trary to  the  popular  notion,  there  seems  to  be  no  sufficient  rea- 
son for  believing  that  this  condition  will  be  reversed  in  the 
near  future,  barring  of  course  the  possible  effect  of  free  for- 
eign competition  or  legislation  unfavorable  to  mining  and 
development  of  iron  ore.  The  basis  of  this  opinion  rests  on, 
(i)  the  assured  development  of  large  ore  reserves  at  deeper 
levels  than  have  been  attained  in  mining,  (2)  expected  devel- 
opments in  unexplored  and  partially  explored  mineral  landS: 
(3)  reopening  of  abandoned  properties,  and  (4)  the  future 
utilization  of  low-grade  ores. 

Mining  at  Deep  Levels. 

The  results  of  deei>-level  exploration  have  in  recent  years 
been  decidedly  reassuring.  This  is  especially  true  on  the  Go- 
gebic and  Marquette  ranges.  Large  bodies  of  high-grade  ore 
have  been  opened  under  2,000  ft.  in  depth  on  the  Gogebic 
range.  The  average  depth  of  the  mines  on  this  range  is  now 
1,385  feet.  Recent  drilling  on  the  Marquette  range  has  dem- 
onstrated that  ore  exists,  probably  in  great  volume,  at  depths 
near  3,000  feet.  In  Iron  county,  exploration  has  not  prog- 
ressed below  1,800  ft.,  but  ore  bodies  are  known  to  occur  near 
this  depth  with  presumption  in  favor  of  still  greater  depths. 
Many  years  will  elapse  before  deep-level  exploration  will  be 
generally  necessary  to  maintain  reserves,  for  there  still  re- 
mains in  drift-covered  areas  and  partially  explored  parts  of 
easily  accessible  iron  formations, .  untested  possibilities  from 
which  new  tonnages  are  being  annually  developed. 

Development  of  Unexplored  Mineral  Lands. 

At  the  end  of  1913,  71,726,559  tons  of  ore,  equivalent  to 
about  one-third  of  the  total  reserves,  was  available  for  min- 
ing in  undeveloped  properties.  The  amount  of  ore  which 
will  ultimately  be  produced  from  these  properties  is  on  the 
whole  much  greater  than  it  is  possible  to  mnsur^  with  as* 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  23 1 

surance  in  their  present  condition,  although  some  of  them 
have  been  so  thoroughly  developed  by  drilling  that  fairly  close 
estimates  may  be  made. 

In  the  following  table  is  given  the  tonnage  of  reserves 
estimated  in  undeveloped  iron  properties  in  Michigan,  Jan- 
uary I,  1914,  not  including  prospective  ore  in  developed  mines : 

Tons. 

Gogebic   range   15,610,463 

Iron  county  (Iron  River  and  Crystal  Falls  District) 35,266,799 

Menominee  range  (Dickinson  county)   None 

Marquette  range  (Baraga  and  Marquette  counties) 20,849,297 

State  of  Michigan 71,726,559 

In  addition  to  the  acreages  in  which  minable  ore  bodies 
are  known  to  exist  there  are  2,392  separate  descriptions  of 
land  comprising  94,951  acres,  wherein .  there  are  known  pos- 
sibilities for  the  occurrence  of  ore  bodies.  In  the  light  of 
present  information  these  lands  may  be  divided  into  three 
classes  which,  in  the  order  of  relative  probability  for  ore  oc- 
currence, may  be  denominated,  Classes  A,  B,  and  C. 

Classification  of  Iron   Mineral  Lands  in   Michigan, 
January  i,  1914. 

(Ezcludiziff  active  mines  and  lands  known  to  be  ore-bearins.) 

Number  of  Descriptions  < Acres ^ 

County                       Class  A.  Class  B.  Class  C.       Class  A.           Class  B.  Class  C. 

Gogebic    71         45        93         2,825.62         1,781.31  3.651.92 

Iron    202        29      418        7.673.98        1.200  16.992.25 

Dickinson 153        21      221        6.225.16           840  8,924.78 

Marquette 666      213       ...       27.902  15        6.503.27         

Menominee 228         ." 9,160.75 

Delta 32         1,270.08 


ToUl 1,092       308       992       44,626.91       10.324.58       39,999.78 

A  very  long  time  will  elapse  before  the  mineral  lands  are 
adequately  prospected,  but  the  progress  of  exploration  is  an- 
nually demonstrating  that  large  tonnages  in  these  lands  await 
discovery.  They  constitute  a  main  source  of  future  produc- 
tion. 

Opening  of  Abandoned  Mines. 

At  the  end  of  191 3  there  were  no  less  than  120  abandoned 
mines  that  had  formerly  made  ore  shipments;  80  iron  mines 
were  active  and  21  temporarily  idle.  Of  the  65  undeveloped 
properties  containing  proven  ore  bodies  24  were  active  and 
41  were  idle.  Of  the  58  unfinished  explorations  19  were  in 
progress  and  39  were  suspended, 


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232  ORE  RESERVES  AND  METHODS  OF  APPRAISAL 

Classified  Numbers  of  Active,  Idle,  and  Abandoned  iRaN 
Properties  in  Michigan  January  i,  1914. 

• Undeveloped^—  -> 

Developed  MineB.  With  Proven  Ore  Bodies  ^Expkwmtione-v  AfaeadoMd 

Ranse          Active.          Idle.          Active.        Idle.  Active.  Idle.  MiiMk 

Gogebic 23              1              8              4              2              3  13 

Iron  County   ..19              9            11            21  10  20  24 

Menominee    ...10              4              0              0             1  10  24 

Marquette    ....28              7              5            16             6  6  59 


State 80  21  24  41  19  39  120 

The  changing  condition  of  the  iron  trade,  gradually  de- 
creasing average  tenor  of  shijxnents  from  the  Lake  Superior 
region,  progress  in  beneficiation  of  low-grade  ores,  demon- 
strated possibilities  in  deep-level  mining,  the  recurrence  of 
periods  of  relatively  easy  finance,  not  to  mention  general  ad- 
vances in  the  science  of  mining  engineering  and  in  geologic 
knowledge,  have  made  possible  from  time  to  time  the  re- 
sumption of  activities  on  properties  formerly  abandoned.  A 
number  of  such  resumptions  have  occurred  in  recent  years; 
some  are  in  progress  at  the  present  time,  and  it  is  to  be  ex- 
pected that  a  relatively  large  proportion  of  the  abandoned 
properties  will  in  the  course  of  time  receive  thorough  explora- 
tion by  modern  methods.  Many  of  the  abandoned  properties, 
particularly  some  of  those  which  were  abandoned  in  early 
years,  will  be  regenerated.  No  well-informed  person  will  fail 
to  consider  these  proj^erties,  taken  as  a  whole,  as  an  import- 
ant source  of  future  production. 

Utilization  of  Low-Grade  Ores. 

The  tonnage  estimates  which  have  been  referred  to  above 
include  only  those  grades  of  ore  which  are  marketable  under 
current  conditions  of  the  iron  trade.  In  commercial  practice 
the  definition  of  iron  ore  varies  from  year  to  year  with  a 
well-marked  general  tendency  towards  the  inclusion  of  lower 
and  lower  grades  of  iron-bearing  rock.  For  any  particular 
mine  the  definition  of  iron  ore  varies  with  the  sale  price  of 
the  available  grades  and  cost  of  production.  The  grade  of 
iron-bearing  rock  that  may  be  profitably  marketed  is  not  the 
same  in  a  given  year  in  all  districts,  nor  for  all  mines  in  any 
district.  A  year  of  lessened  demand  or  of  low  prices,  such 
for  instance  as  19 14,  always  curtails  the  production  of  low- 
grade  ore,  and  invariably  forces  the  suspension  of  many  mines 
which  have  only  the  low  grades  in  reserve.  But  although  de- 
mand and  price,  and  consequently  the  average  t^ngr  of  th^ 


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LAKfi  SUPEklOft  MlNtKG  INSTITUTE  ^3^ 

Output,  fluctuate  from  year  to  year,  the  increasing  ratio  of 
iron  consumption  to  available  high-grade  ore  reserves  is  grad- 
ually lowering  the  tenor  of  ore  marketed  from  the  Lake  Su- 
perior region.  A  measure  of  this  tendency  is  afforded  in  the 
following  table  compiled  by  W.  L.  Tinker,  secretary  of  the 
Lake  Superior  Iron  Ore  association : 

Average  Iron  Content  of  Lake  Superior  Iron  Ore  Ship- 
ments 1902-12,  ALL  Ranges. 

Year  Tonnage.     Averace  %  Iron  (NaturaL) 

1912  44,365,100  51.9603 

1911  30,265,438  51.8869 

1910  41,172,143  52.0703 

1909  40,582,405  52.1130 

1908  24,774,668  52.9551 

1907  38,574,136  53.4020 

1906  36,179,170  53.8652 

1905 32,353,475  54.6072 

1904  ...20.529,719  55.5791 

1903 22,357,876  55.5049 

1902  24,930,701  56.2233 

The  average  yearly  decHne  in  iron  content  for  the  period 
1902-12  is  0.4263  i)er  cent,  or  4.263  per  cent  for  the  decade. 
It  is  obvious  of  course  that  this  decline  must  cease  at  some 
future  period. 

There  is  no  doubt  that  ores  of  very  low  grade  will  event- 
ually have  to  be  mined  in  the  Lake  Superior  region.  Ex- 
periments in  the  beneficiation  of  the  various  types  of  low- 
grade  ores  are  already  under  way.  From  what  has  been  ac- 
complished it  begins  to  be  apparent  that  nearly  all  types  of 
low-grade  ores  will  eventually  be  subject  to  beneficiation  at 
the  mines.  Wet  concentration  methods  are  now  in  use  on  a 
tremendous  scale  by  the  Oliver  Iron  Mining  Company  near 
Coleraine,  Minn.,  while  other  plants  are  located  near  Nash- 
wauk,  and  at  the  Madrid  mine,  near  Virginia,  Minn.,  and  also 
at  the  American-Boston  mine  at  Diorite,  Mich.  In  Canada 
magnetic  concentration  is  operating  at  the  Moose  Mountain 
mine,  near  Sudbury,  and  at  the  Magpie  mine  on  the  Michi- 
picoten  range  low-grade  carbonate  ore  is  treated  in  rotary 
kilns.  A  number  of  other  plants  are  planned  on  the  Lake 
Superior  ranges.     (Table  "A.") 

It  is  needless  to  remark  that  each  decline  of  i  per  cent  in 
the  average  content  of  ores  mined  adds  millions  of  tons  to 
the  ore  reserves.  How  far  this  decline  will  be  forced  cannot 
be  foreseen.  An  issue  of  immediate  and  growing  concern  re- 
fers to  encroachment  of  foreign  ore  into  territory  which  here- 


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234 


ORE  RESERVES  AND  METHODS  OF  APPRAISAL 


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236  ORE  RESERVES  AND  METHODS  OF  APPRAISAL 

tofore  has,  been  tributary  to  the  Lake  Superior  mines.  This 
question  has  a  bearing  on  the  matter  under  discussion,  but  its 
complexity  does  not  admit  of  its  consideration  here.  When 
the  time  shall  come  for  general  utilization  of  lovv-grade,  iron- 
bearing  rock  from  the  Lake  Superior  region,  the  Michigan 
reserves  alone  willbe  ample  for  the  needs  of  the  country  for 
generations.  The  supply  is  so  enormous  that  estimates  at  this 
time  have  no  significance. 

Recent  Estimates  of  Michigan  Iron  Ore  Reserves. 

Careful  estimates  of  the  iron  ore  reserves  of  Michigan  are 
made  annually  under  the  direction  of  the  Board  of  State  Tax 
Commissioners.  The  first  estimate  was  made  in  191 1  by  C. 
K.  Leith;  the  estimates  for  1913  and  1914  were  made  by 
the  writer  assisted  by  O.  R.  Hamilton. 

The  reserves  are  divided  into  two  classes,  viz:  developed 
ore  and  prospective  ore.  The  developed  ore  is  that  which  is 
expressed  by  mining  engineers  by  the  term  "ore  in  sight," 
and  is  limited  to  ore  blocked  out  above  bottom  levels  in  de- 
veloped mines.  The  prospective  ore  is  included  in  undevel- 
oped properties,  extensions  below  bottom  levels,  and  in  lateral 
extensions  of  partially  developed  levels. 

Inasmuch  as  each  of  the  three  estimates  above  referred  to 
were  made  by  the  use  of  the  same  methods  the  resulting  to- 
tals may  be  considered  strictly  comparable.  The  managers, 
superintendents  and  engineers  of  the  various  mines  should  be 
credited  with  the  indispensable  aid  which  they  rendered  in  the 
work  of  each  of  these  tonnage  estimates. 

The  Cost  of  Mining  Iron  Ore  in  Michigan. 

The  following  table  of  costs  is  compiled  irom  the  annual 
reports  of  the  mine  operators  to  the  Board  of  State  Tax  Com- 
missioners. The  two  sets  of  figures  represent  an  average  for 
the  5-year  period  preceding  191 3,  and  the  5  years  preceding 
19 14,  respectively.  For  the  former  period  there  is  included 
only  those  mines  which  were  on  an  operating  basis  rejwesent- 
ing  96  per  cent  of  the  total  tonnage  mined  during  the  period. 
The  figures  for  the  latter  period,  however,  include  total  costs 
for  all  mines,  excluding  charges  for  exploration  on  undevel- 
oped properties  and  all  capital  charges.  The  figures  for  both 
periocls  include  freights  and  represent  the  cost  of  delivery  of 
ore  at  the  sale  points,  viz:  mainly  the  Lake  Erie  ports.  (Table 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE 


237 


Value  of  Michigan  Iron  Ore  in  191.3. 

The  figures  annually  reported  to  the  Michigan  State  Tax 
Commission  aflford  the  means  of  ascertaining  the  value  of 
Michigan  ore  at  any  stage  in  the  process  of  raining  and  mar- 
keting, from  its  natural  location  in  the  ground  to  point  of  de- 
livery. The  table  herewith  shows  the  calculation  of  value  of 
Michigan  ore  by  ranges  f.  o.  b.  mine  in  1913. 

To  Ascertain  Valup  per  Ton  of  1913  Iron  Ore  Ship- 
ments. 

f       4       1^      .    I 

Gos«bic $16,960,386.61  $  4.n7.877.71  $11,842,608.90  8.886.789  $8.08 

Iron  Riyer.  Crystal  Falls.    8.688.761.74  2.248.846.02  6.4891916.72  8.088.691  2.06 

OUMeoominM 6.806.965.61  1.227,781.28  4.079.184.28  1.706.847  2.88 

Marquette 1U06.79980  2.687.628.19  9.021,171.61  8.790.666  2.88 

State 41,664.918.66         101282,182.16         81,382.781.61       12,424,-748         2.62 

Royalty  and  Ownership. 

The  term  royalty  refers  to  payment  by  operators  for  the 
ore  in  properties  in  which  they  own  a  part  or  none  of  the 
mineral  value.  The  royalty  is  proportionate  to  the  number 
of  tons  of  ore  shipped  and  is  calculated  on  a  flat  or  a  graded 
rate  per  ton,  or  a  combination  of  the  two.  Nearly  all  of  the 
modern  leases  provide  for  a  graded  royalty  based  on  sale  price 
of  ore,  or  on  its  composition.  The  sum  paid  for  the  privilege 
of  holding  a  lease  is  called  the  minimum  royalty.  The  royalty 
paid  by  the  operators  on  shipments  is  commonly  charged 
against  the  minimum,  but  in  the  event  that  the  amount  is  less 
than  the  stipulated  minimum  royalty,  the  difference  must  be 
paid  to  the  fee  owner. 

The  ownership  of  more  than  three-fourths  of  the  Michigan 
iron  mines  resides  wholly  or  partially  in  fee  holders  in  distinc- 
tion from  operators.  In  the  period  1908  to  1913,  88  per  cent, 
of  the  producing  mines  paid  royalties.  There  have  been  few 
recent  transfers  of  title  to  minerals  in  undeveloped  iron  lands. 
Mainly  because  of  the  uncertainty  of  values,  both  owners  and 
operators  prefer  to  deal  with  these  lands  on  a  royalty  basis 
under  the  leasing  system. 

Royalties  which  were  actually  paid  by  producing  Michigan 
mines  for  the  period  1908  to  191 3  range  from  0.864  cents  to 
0.055  cents  per  ton.    Average  royalties  are  highest  on  the  Go- 


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238  ORE  RESERVES  AND  METHODS  OF  APPRAISAL 

gebic  range ;  then  follows  in  decreasing  order  the  Marquette, 
Iron  River-Crystal  Falls  and  Menominee  ranges.  The  figures 
in  the  table  take  no  account  of  the  partial  ownership  of  min- 
erals by  operators  of  some  of  the  royalty-paying  mines,  and 
are  consequently  somewhat  lower  than  the  average  royalties 
expressed  in  leases.  The  figures  are  obtained  by  dividing  the 
total  royalties  paid  by  the  total  tons  shipped,  excluding  the 
mines  wherein  full  ownership  of  minerals  is  vested  in  the  op- 
erator. 

Royalties  Paid  by  Michigan  Mines  (1909-1913). 

I    III     a       I        I        ll 

Gogebic    26  26  .52723  .22372  .37633  .34765 

Iron  River,  Crystal  Falls..  32  32  .54279  .08142  .28393  .23148 
Menominee,  including  Met- 
ropolitan &  Calumet....  16  15  .36077  .05494  .24198  .23605 
Marquette,  Gwinn 36  23  .86400  .02766  .44452  .19877 

State   109      96        34105      .25249 

Michigan  Iron  Ore  Reserves  by  Ranges  in  1914. 

SI    i    m  iJ  i 

Gogebic    45,785,870     13,000,664     28.4    32,785,206     10    71.6 

Iron     county:       Iron 

River    and    Crystal 

districts    59,468,551      2,777,455      4.6     56,691,096     26    95.4 

Menominee       range 

(Dickinson  Co.)  ..  13,778,283  5,831,845  42.3  7,946,438  7  57.7 
Marquette:      Baraga 

and         Marquette 

counties    83,391,451     24,937,490    29.9     58,453,961     19    70.1 

State   202,424,155    46,547,454     22.9  155,876,701     57    77.1 

In  the  5  years  preceding  191 4,  109  mines  controlled  by 
64  operating  companies  including  subsidiaries,  made  ship- 
ments; of  these  96  paid  royalties.  The  Oliver  Iron  Mining 
Company  of  the  United  States  Steel  Corporation  is  the  largest 
shipper,  but  does  not  hold  the  position  of  preponderance  in 
Michigan  as  it  does  in  the  Lake  Superior  region  in  general, 
as  shown  in  the  table.  Of  the  total  reserves  in  1914,  46,547,- 
454  tons,  or  22.9  per  cent,  is  controlled  by  the  Oliver  Iron 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  239 

Mining  Company,  while  155,876,701  tons,  or  77.1  per  cent,  is 
controlled  by  i6  other  companies.  The  number  of  independ- 
ent companies  becomes  57,  if  the  larger  organizations  are 
broken  up  into  their  subsidiaries. 

The  Michigan  System  of  Appraisal  of  Iron  Mines  for 

Taxation. 

The  following  discussion  is  oflFered  for  the  general  infor- 
mation merely  as  an  exposition  and  not  as  an  argument : 

What  has  come  to  be  known  as  the  Michigan  system  of 
iron-mine  appraisals  is  an  outgrowth  of  the  methods  intrcK 
duced  by  J.  R.  Finlay  in  191 1,  modified  in  such  manner  as 
the  experience  of  the  past  3  years  has  shown  to  be  advisable. 
The  Finlay  appraisal  of  191 1  demonstrated  conclusively  that 
Michigan  iron  mines,  prior  to  that  time,  had  been  assessed, 
on  the  whole,  for  purposes  of  taxation  at  figures  far  below 
their  actual  value.  The  total  assessed  value  was  not  only  too 
low,  but  some  properties  in  particular  were  far  under-assessed, 
while  others  in  comparison  were  assessed  at  a  much  higher 
proportion  of  true  value. 

The  first  valuation  of  the  iron  mines  by  J  R.  Finlay  in 
191 1  demonstrated  the  wisdom  of  control  over  assessments 
by  the  central  authority  of  the  State  Tax  Commission.  In 
order  to  maintain  this  control,  and  at  the  same  time  do  sub- 
stantial justice  to  the  properties  affected,  it  is  necessary  to 
make  an  annual  appraisal,  for  the  reason  that  the  value  of 
mines  fluctuates  to  far  greater  extent  than  any  other  class  of 
real  estate.  While  ore  is  being  taken  out  of  the  ground  and 
shipped  away,  additional  ore  is  being  added  through  discov- 
eries of  new  properties  and  progress  of  developments  in  the 
producing  mines.  Furthermore,  the  quality  of  the  ore  in  the 
different  properties  is  subject  to  change,  as  are  also  the  econ- 
omic or  trade  conditions  of  the  iron  and  steel  industry,  which 
determine  the  value  of  the  crude  material  or  iron  ore.  The 
fluctuation  in  total  value  of  all  of  the  mines  is  of  course  not 
reflected  in  the  oftentimes  enormous  fluctuation  in  the  value 
of  individual  properties. 

Having  determined  on  the  control  of  iron  mine  assess- 
ments the  Board  of  State  Tax  Commissioners  was  confronted 
with  the  problem  of  securing  trained  assistants,  without  in- 
curring an  expense  out  of  proportion  to  the  benefits  to  be  de- 
rived by  the  state,  counties  and  local  assessing  districts.  Thus 
originated  the  plan  of  co-operation  between  the  Board  of  State 


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240  ORE  RESEKVES  AND  METHODS  OF  APPRAISAL 

Tax  Commissioners  and  the  Board  of  Greological  Survey  un- 
der which  the  State  Geologist  acts  in  the  advisory  capacity  of 
appraiser  of  mines.  The  plan  was  given  legal  sanction  through 
an  appropriation  of  funds  for  the  purpose  by  the  legislature 
in  its  last  session. 

The  final  results  of  the  appraisal  of  iron  mines  for  taxa- 
tion are  determined  through  the  application  of  four  distinct 
procedures. 

First,  It  is  the  duty  of  the  State  Geologist  and  his  assist- 
ant, who  is  a  mining  engineer,  to  secure  adequate  informaticm 
on  which  to  base  the  value  of  each  mining  property.  To 
this  end  he  requires  to  be  made  by  each  mine  operator  an 
annual  report  to  the  Board  of  State  Tax  Commissioners,  as 
of  date  December  31  of  the  year  preceding,  comprising:  (i) 
a  detailed  financial  statement  of  the  operations  of  each  mine 
or  mining  property  owned,  oi)erated,  or  controlled  by  him, 
executed  on  forms  especially  designed  by  the  appraiser  for 
the  purpose,  and  duly  executed  before  a  Notary  Public,  cov- 
ering a  period  of  the  preceding  5  years.  (2)  The  financial 
statement  is  required  to  be  supplemented  by  a  complete  set 
of  mine  maps  showing  each  mine  level,  together  with  cross 
sections,  records  of  drill  holes,  pits,  shafts,  etc.;  also  a  map 
showing  the  boundaries  of  each  property  and  the  relation  of 
ore  bodies  to  adjacent  properties.  All  maps,  plats,  records, 
etc.,  as  are  required  are  signed,  dated  and  duly  executed  by 
the  operator  or  a  responsible  official  of  the  cexripany,  and  form 
a  part  of  the  report  of  the  operator  to  the  Board  of  State  Tax 
Commissioners. 

Second,  After  the  receipt  of  the  above  information  the 
State  Geologist  and  his  assistant  make  an  inspection  of  the 
mines  above  and  below  ground  for  the  purpose  of  making  cal- 
culation of  total  ore  reserves  in  each  property  and  obtaining 
such  other  data  as  may  have  a  bearing  on  values. 

Third.  After  the  appraiser  has  calculated  the  value  of  each 
individual  property  his  findings  are  reported  to  the  Board  of 
State  Tax  Commissioners  who  consider,  with  the  appraiser, 
each  of  the  several  properties  in  detail  and  take  formal  action 
on  the  figures  recommended  by  the  appraiser. 

Fourth,  The  figures  which  are  determined  upon  by  the 
Board  of  State  Tax  Commissioners  are  then  reported  to  the 
operators.  The  operators  are  then  given  an  opportunity  of 
appearing  before  the  Board  of  State  Tax  Commissioners  for 
the  purpose  of  submitting  any  additional  arguments  or  in- 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  24 1 

formation  having  to  do  with  the  value  of  their  respective 
properties.  These  hearings  are  conducted  in  public,  usually 
in  the  counties  in  which  the  properties  are  located,  in  order 
that  any  other  interested  party  or  parties  may  appear  and 
submit  information,  arguments,  and  data  having  to  do  with 
the  mine  values.  At  the  conclusion  of  these  public  hearings 
the  various  properties  are  again  considered  in  detail  by  the 
Board  of  State  Tax  Commissioners,  and  final  values  for  as- 
sessment purposes  are  fixed  and  reported  to  the  local  assessors 
by  whom  they  are  placed  on  the  tax  rolls. 

Theory  and  Method  of  Appraisal. 

Stated  briefly,  the  value  of  an  iron  mine  under  the  Mich- 
igan system  is  the  present  worth  of  the  sum  of  money  repre- 
senting the  calculated  difference  between  total  receipts  from 
sales  of  ore  and  the  cost  of  marketing  the  product  based  on  the 
entire  tonnage  which  the  mine  may  be  exi)ected  to  produce. 
This  difference  exceeds  by  a  large  amount  the  rxtual  profit  to 
operators,  for  it  includes  the  item  of  royalties  and  makes  no 
allowance  for  sinking  general  outside  exploration  charges. 

We  have  now  to  consider  how  the  total  profits,  thus  de- 
fined, expected  to  be  produced  by  the  operation  of  a  mine, 
may  be  calculated.  The  calculation  is  the  product  of  three 
factors,  viz:  (i)  total  tonnage  of  available  ore;  (2)  average 
annual  excess  per  ton  of  the  receipts  over  actual  cost  of  opera- 
tion; (3)  the  present  worth  of  one  dollar  to  be  paid  in  equal 
annual  installments  for  a  period  of  years  equal  to  the  pro- 
ductive life  of  the  mine.  It  is  obvious  that  the  alteration  of 
any  one  of  these  factors  will  alter  the  result  in  the  same  pro- 
portion, and  the  result  will  approach  correctness  only  in  pro- 
portion as  each  factor  is  given  proper  numerical  value. 

I.  The  Factor  of  Tonnage — There  is  no  general  method 
or  set  rule  for  measuring  tonnage  which  may  be  ajyplied  indis- 
criminately to  all  iron  mines.  It  is  necessary  to  adapt  the  meth- 
od of  tonnage  estimation  to  each  individual  property,  because 
of  the  wide  variation  or  dissimilarity  in  the  natural  or  geologic 
conditions  in  the  various  mines  and  districts.  The  ore  which 
is  expected  to  be  realized  is  considered  under  two  classes ;  first, 
the  ore  in  sight,  and  second,  the  prospective  ore.  In  most  of 
the  undeveloped  properties  much  the  greater  part  of  the  ore 
must  be  considered  as  prospective  pending  the  development 
by  underground  mining.  The  amount  of  developed  ore  in 
the  producing  mines  may  be  calculated  with  comparative  ease, 


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242  ORE  RESERVES  AND  METHODS  OF  APPRAISAL 

but  the  amount  of  prospective  ore  must  be  determined  in  the 
judgment  of  the  appraiser  by  use  of  principles  of  geologic  and 
mining  practice.  It  would  not  be  proper  to  assess  a  mine,  un- 
der ordinary  circumstances,  on  the  basis  of  developed  ore 
alone,  inasmuch  as  it  is  patent  in  nearly  all  of  the  mines  that 
there  are  certainties,  probabilities  and  possibilities  for  the  oc- 
currence of  ore  beyond  that  which  is  actually  developed.  As 
a  matter  of  actual  practice  the  amount  of  prospective  ore  on 
which  the  mines  are  assessed  for  purposes  of  taxation  exceeds 
the  total  amount  of  developed  ore.  For  instance,  on  January 
I,  1914,  there  were  81,261,238  tons  of  developed  ore  in  the 
mines  to  which  was  added  by  the  appraiser  116,208,087  tons 
of  prospective  ore.  These  figures  do  not  include  4,954,830 
tons  in  stock  on  the  same  date  which  is  treated  as  developed 
ore,  but  assessed  as  personalty  in  distinction  from  realty.  In 
estimating  total  reserves  in  a  mining  property  the  appraiser 
attempts  to  ascertain  the  total  amount  of  ore  which  may  rea- 
sonably be  expected  to  be  produced  from  the  property.  In 
the  calculation  of  values  "prospective''  and  "developed"  ore  are 
treated  on  the  same  basis,  i.  e.,  each  ton  of  reserve  ore  whether 
"prospective"  or  "developed"  is  considered  as  a  unit  of  value. 

2.  The  Factor  of  Average  Annual  Profits — The  actual 
profit  per  ton  mined  is  ascertained  for  each  particular  mine 
as  nearly  as  possible  from  its  actual  operating  financial  record 
over  a  period  of  5  years  preceding.  It  is  obvious  that  the 
value  of  an  iron  mine  for  purposes  of  taxation  should  not 
fluctuate  from  year  to  year  in  harmony  with  fluctuating  costs 
and  ore  prices.  By  the  use  of  the  5-year  period  large  fluc- 
tuations in  the  total  valuations  on  account  of  sharp  annual 
variations  in  costs  and  receipts  in  individual  properties  have 
been  eliminated. 

It  is  obvious  of  course  that  an  undeveloped  property  has 
no  operating  record  from  which  profits  may  be  calculated. 
For  these  properties  the  expectations  are  measured  by  the  ex- 
perience of  mines  under  operation  under  similar  conditions  in 
the  district  in  which  the  undeveloped  property  is  located. 

3.  The  Life  Factor  atid  Interest  Rate — The  product  of 
total  reserve  tonnage  in  the  mine  by  a  calculated  profit  per  ton 
expected  to  accrue  under  operation  is  in  most  cases  far  in  ex- 
cess of  the  present  value  of  the  property,  because  the  rate  at 
which  ore  can  be  mined  is  limited  by  both  physical  and  mar- 
ket conditions.  Only  a  fraction  of  the  total  ore  reserves  are 
annually  marketed,  and  the  income  from  operation  is  there- 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  243 

fore  realized  from  year  to  year  as  the  ore  is  mined  and  sold. 
The  value  of  an  iron  mine  resides  in  the  ore,  and  it  follows 
that  when  the  ore  is  exhausted,  all  assets  are  dissipated,  except 
of  course  the  junk  value  of  the  equipment  and  surface  value 
of  the  land.  An  ore  body  in  process  of  mining  is,  therefore, 
a  wasting  asset,  and  the  valuation  of  an  iron  mine  involves 
the  determination  of  the  present  value  of  this  wasting  asset. 

The  time  or  life  factor  must  therefore  be  taken  into  ac- 
count. The  productive  life  of  an  operating  mine,  for  purpose 
of  appraisal,  is  the  ratio  of  total  ore  reserves  to  the  average 
annual  shipment  which  in  practice  is  based  on  the  experience 
of  the  preceding  5  years.  The  life  of  an  undeveloped  ore 
body  is  measured  in  the  same  manner,  on  the  assumption  of 
an  average  shipment  indicated  by  other  developed  properties 
of  the  same  class,  with  proper  allowance  and  discount  for  the 
time  necessary  for  development  to  the  producing  stage. 

After  ascertaining  the  average  annual  profit  or  dividend, 
and  the  number  of  such  annual  dividends,  (which  is  repre- 
sented by  the  number  of  years  of  productive  life)  the  total  is 
reduced  to  present  worth  by  the  annuity  method,  using  an  in- 
terest rate  of  6  per  cent,  for  both  principal  and  sinking  fund. 
It  has  been  argued  that  the  sinking  fund  should  bear  interest 
not  to  exceed  3  or  4  per  cent.,  but  in  actual  practice  profits  are 
usually  invested  and  reinvested  in  the  mining  business,  and 
treated  in  exactly  the  same  manner  as  capital,  and  for  this  rea- 
son profits  are  treated  in  the  calculation  as  capital. 

The  above  methods  are  applicable  in  general,  but  miist  be 
modified  by  such  considerations  as  are  pertinent  to  individual 
cases.  Such  modifications  are  applied  in  accordance  with  the 
judgments  of  the  appraiser  and  the  Board  of  State  Tax 
C6mmissioners.  It  will  not  be  necessary  here  to  explain  the 
multiplicity  of  cases  which  demand  the  application  of  judgment 
involving  departure  from  the  general  method  set  forth  above. 

The  results  of  three  appraisals  are  shown  in  Table  "C" : 

Are  the  Michigan  Iron  Mines  Assessed  at  Full  Present 

Value? 

Irrespective  of  methods  employed  in  the  assessment  the 
important  question  refers  to  whether  resulting  figures  actually 
represent  the  true  present  worth  of  the  iron  mines.  As  bear- 
ing on  this  question  there  is  introduced  a  statement  of  the  rela- 
tion of  profits,  as  heretofore  defined,  to  the  valuation  of  the 
mines : 


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244  ORE  RESERVES  AND  METHODS  OF  APPRAISAL 

Valuation  of  iron  mines  January  i,  19 14,  including  ore  in 
stock,  $91,572,100. 

Tonnage:    Developed  ore,  81,261,238  tons. 

Tonnage:    Prospective  ore,  116,208,087  tons. 

Tonnage :    In  stock,  4,954,830  tons. 

Total,  202,424,155  tons. 

Total  assessed  valuation  per  ton,  45+  cents. 

Average  annual  shipment  1909-1913,  11,863,450  tons. 

Life  of  reserves,  17+  years. 

Total  average  annual  receipts  over  and  above  costs  of  pro- 
duction 1909-1913,  $1 1,359730- 

Ratio  of  total  average  annual  receipts  over  and  above  costs 
to  total  assessed  valuation  $0.12  or  12  per  cent. 

The  average  annual  return  of  12  per  cent  ($1 1,359,730)  on 
the  total  valuation  ($91,572,100)  will  return  an  annual  inter- 
est of  8  per  cent  and  provide  for  a  sinking  fund  at  4  per  cent 
with  which  to  replace  capital  ($91,572,100)  in  17.7  years, 
which  represents  the  life  of  total  reserves  of  developed  and 
prospective  ore  in  19 14. 

Relation  Between  Sale  or  Exchange  Value  of  Iron 
Mines  and  Assessed  Value  in  Michigan. 

Iron  mines  in  Michigan  are  rarely  bought  and  sold,  and 
we  have  therefore  no  safe  means  of  comparison  between  as- 
sessed valuations  and  exchange  values  of  iron  mines  in  this 
state.  During  the  past  year,  however,  an  instance  has  come 
to  oiir  attention  which  is  cited  as  evidence,  so  far  as  it  goes, 
of  the  relation  between  assessed  values  and  exchange  values 
of  Michigan  iron  mines.  The  Republic  mine  located  at  Re- 
public, Mich.,  was  assessed  in  191 1  at  $942,000;  1913  at  $1,- 
040,000;  in  1914  at  $1,110,299.  This  mine  was  sold  a  few 
months  ago  by  the  Republic  Iron  Company  to  the  Cleveland- 
Cliffs  Iron  Company,  including  ore  in  stock,  equipment,  and 
more  than  4,000  acres  of  undeveloped  lands  for  $600,000.  This 
sale  w-as  urged  by  the  new  owners  of  the  mine  as  an  argu- 
ment in  a  general  contention  that  the  assessed  valuation  of  the 
Republic  mine  should  be  reduced.  No  reduction  was  granted 
by  the  Board  of  State  Tax  Commissioners. 

The  point  of  the  matter  lies  in  the  fact  that  the  purchaser 
of  an  iron  mine  not  only  expects  the  return  of  his  investment, 
but  a  rate  of  interest  on  the  same  which  can  not  be  measured 
by  rates  used  in  ordinary  mercantile  and  industrial  transac- 
tions. 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  245 


THE  CAVING  SYSTEM  OF  MINING  IN  LAKE  SU- 
PERIOR IRON  MINES. 

J.  PARKE  CHANNING.* 

The  recent  statement  by  me  that  the  late  Mr.  Joseph  Sell- 
wood  was  responsible  for  the  introduction  of  the  caving  sys- 
tem of  mining  in  the  Lake  Superior  iron  mines  has  called 
forth  criticism  as  to  the  accuracy  of  my  statement,  and  it  is 
claimed  that  this  method  was  first  used  at  the  Cleveland  Hem- 
atite mine,  which  was  a  soft  ore  property  lying  about  half  way 
between  Ishpeming  and  Negaunee. 

In  1886,  when  I  went  to  the  Gogebic  Range  for  the  first 
time,  the  Brotherton  mine,  near  the  Village  of  Wakefield,  was 
being  operated  by  Mr.  Joseph  Sellwood,  he  had  for  the  su- 
perintendent the  late  Mr.  John  Pengilly,  who  had  as  his  two 
foremen  Mr.  John  Harris  and  Mr.  Thomas  R.  Hocking.  The 
mine  was  wrought  on  the  sub-level  system  of  caving,  which  I 
fully  described  with  illustrations  in  an  article  entitled  Lake 
Superior  Iron  Ore,  published  in  Volume  III  of  the  Mineral 
Industry,  being  for  the  year  1894.  Later  on  when  Mr.  Sell- 
wood  took  charge  of  the  Chandler  mine  on  the  Vermilion 
Range,  he  transferred  Mr.  Pengilly  to  that  property,  and  this 
mine  was  wrought  on  a  similar  system. 

In  1890  I  left  the  Gogebic  Range  and  went  to  Ishpeming, 
Michigan,  to  take  charge  of  the  East  New  York  mine,  and 
took  with  me  for  mine  foreman  Mr.  Hocking,  who  had,  up 
to  that  time,  continued  as  one  of  the  foremen  at  the  Brother- 
ton  mine.  We  changed  the  method  of  mining  at  the  East  New 
York  from  square  sets  to  caving,  and  at  the  same  time 
Mr.  Thomas  F.  Cole,  who  was  in  charge  of  the  Queen  Group 
of  mines  at  Negaunee,  introduced  this  system  at  his  mines 
with  great  success  and  economy.  After  coming  to  reside  in 
Ishpeming  I  visited  all  the  mines  in  the  district,  among  them 
the  Cleveland  Hematite,  and  I  am  quite  sure  that  the  caving 
system  was  not  in  use  there  at  that  time. 

*Coiwaltlng  Ensinecr,  61  Broadway,  New  York  City. 


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246  CAVING  SYSTEM  OF  MINING 

I  have  been  told  that  Mr.  George  W.  Wallace,  afterward 
manager  of  the  Fayal  mine  on  the  Mesabi  Range,  introduced 
the  caving  system  at  the  Cleveland  Hematite  at  the  sugges- 
tion of  two  north  of  England  miners,  who  had  been  accus- 
tomed to  its  use  at  home.  If  this  is  so,  evidently  the  ex- 
periment was  not  considered  a  success,  or  else  at  the  time 
of  my  residence  in  Ishpeming  it  would  have  been  in  use  at  the 
Cleveland  Hematite. 

It  is  a  well  known  psychological  fact  that  similar  problems 
are  often  solved  in  an  identical  manner  by  men  who  have  had 
no  communication  with  each  other.  It  is  said  that  Wallace 
was  at  work  on  the  Origin  of  Species  at  the  same  time  as 
Darwin,  and  it  is  interesting  to  note  that  Mr.  Guy  R.  Johnson 
introduced  a  sub-drift  system  of  mining  at  Lx)ngdale,  Va.,  at 
the  Longdale  mine,  which  w^as  almost  identical  to  that  of  the 
Brotherton.  This  method  he  described  in  a  paper  on  page 
96,  Volume  XX,  of  the  Transactions  of  the  American  Institute 
of  Mining  Engineers  for  the  year  1891,  under  the  title  of 
"Methods  of  Working  and  Surveying  the  Mines  of  the  Long- 
dale  Iron  Company,  Virginia."  Mr.  Johnson,  himself,  told 
me  many  years  ago  that  he  had  never  heard  of  the  Brotherton 
use  of  this  system,  and  if  my  memory  serves  me  right,  he  also 
said  that  he  had  not  known  of  it  as  the  North  of  England 
system  of  mining,  but  that  he  and  his  staff  worked  it  out  as 
the  best  solution  of  the  problem  presented  them. 

Time  is  passing  and  a  new  generation  of  mining  men  are 
coming  in.  The  Lake  Superior  Mining  Institute  is  becoming 
a  recorder  of  the  history  of  Lake  Superior,  and  I,  as  one  of  its 
charter  members,  would  welcome  any  information  on  this  inter- 
esting question.  Most  new  inventions  and  discoveries  are 
95  per  cent,  past  experience  of  others  and  5  per  cent,  novelty. 
He  who  adds  but  a  little  to  the  world's  efficiency  deserves 
credit,  and  I  would  be  the  last  one  to  hold  it  from  him. 

DISCUSSION. 

Mr.  Yungbluth  :  We  have  a  letter  from  Captain  Thom- 
as Walters  of  the  Pittsburgh  &  Lake  Angeline  Iron  Co.,  at 
Ishj:>eming,  regarding  his  experiences  with  the  caving  system, 
which  will  be  published. 

From  my  own  experiences  at  the  Cleveland  Hematite  mine, 
I  know  that  the  caving  system  was  started,  in  some  of  the 
stopes,  in  1884.    As  I  left  there  in  1885  I  cannot  say  whether 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  247 

the  system  had  been  changed  at  the  time  that  Mr.  Channing 
visited  the  mine  after  coming  to  Ishpeming  in  1890. 

We  shall  endeavor  to  bring  out  as  much  information  on 
this  subject  as  possible,  and  I  would  be  pleased  to  hear  from 
the  members  present  who  have  had  any  experience  or  informa- 
tion regarding  the  caving  system. 

Mr.  Jewell:  I  was  working  for  the  Oliver  company 
and  when  Captain  Walters  got  back  from  the  North  of  Eng- 
land, where  we  worked  the  same  system,  we  all  left  and  went 
to  work  for  the  Lake  Angeline  and  I  think  that  was  about  the 
first  time  the  system  was  started  in  this  part  of  the  country. 
We  worked  that  system  in  England  before  coming  to  this 
country  in  1888 — about  four  years  before  or  1884. 

Mr.  Pascoe  :  I  never  had  any  experience  in  soft  ore  mines. 
I  should  judge  it  was  in  the  eighties  sometime  that  they  adopt- 
ed that  method  of  mining. 

Mr.  Keese  :  My  first  experience  along  the  caving  system 
of  mining  was  in  the  old  Florence  mine  in  Florence,  Wis- 
consin, in  1889.  There  was  a  little  of  that  work  carried  on 
at  that  time.  Since  then  it  has  been  carried  on  more  or  less 
on  the  different  ranges  where  this  system  would  work.  Fur- 
ther than  that,  I  have  had  no  experience  with  the  caving  sys- 
tem. 

Mr.  Jopling:  The  matter  of  introducing  the  caving  sys- 
tem in  the  iron  mines  of  the  Marquette  Range  is  one  of  which 
I  have  some  recollection.  As  to  Captain  Walters,  it  is  more 
particularly  fixed  in  my  mind  because  w^e  both  returned  to 
England  for  a  visit  during  the  same  year,  namely,  1887.  Mr. 
Walter  Fitch  accompanied  Captain  Walters  to  the  North  of 
England  where  they  investigated  the  caving  system  in  use 
in  the  Lancashire  district.  I  cannot  say  just  when  Captain 
Walters  introduced  the  caving  system  into  the  diflferent  mines 
with  which  he  was  connected  but  I  am  sure  that  it  was  soon 
after  his  return  in  1888,  even  if  he  had  not  previously  worked 
under  this  system. 

The  following  is  an  extract  from  a  letter  written  by  Cap- 
tain George  W.  Wallace,  dated  San  Francisco,  March  25,  1914. 
It  was  written  in  answer  to  my  inquiry  whether  he  did  not 
use  this  method  at  the  Cleveland  Hematite  mine,  where  he 
was  in  charge  when  I  first  met  him  in  1882. 

"Now  as  to  your  question  about  the  caving  system:  Yes,  I  think 
I  was  the  first  one  in  the  United  States  that  used  the  method,  having 
secured  the  ideas  from  two  miners  from  Dalton-In-Fumess,  Lancashire, 


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248  CAVING  SYSTEM  OF  MINING 

England,  where  the  method  was  extensively  practiced,  we  modifying 
the  system  somewhat  to  meet  our  requirements.  It  proved  so  satis- 
factory, and  was  such  an  improvement  over  square  setting  for  soft 
ore  mining,  that  most  every  one  in  the  soft  ore  mining  business  read- 
ily recognized  it  and  it  was  only  a  short  time  before  a  great  many 
mining  men  of  different  districts  made  claim  that  they  were  the  orig- 
inators. 

"I  wrote  up  the  whole  system  about  four  years  ago,  describing  in  de- 
tail everything  as  completely  as  I  possibly  could,  and  believe  me  it  is 
quite  a  long  story  and  I  am  very  sorry  to  say  that  moving  West  the 
manuscript  got  lost  and  I  do  not  think  I  could  write  it  all  again 
without  a  good  deal  of  trouble,  and  then  too,  the  photographs  and 
cuts  were  lost  and  I  am  sure  I  could  not  secure  others.  Otherwise 
I  should  like  very  much  to  give  you  the  story  for  publication.'' 

You  will  note  that  Captain  Wallace  does  not  state  the  year 
in  which  he  first  used  the  method  but  from  a  letter  written  by 
Mr.  D.  H.  Bacon  this  method  was  adopted  in  some  of  the 
stopes  of  the  Cleveland  Hematite  mine  shortly  after  the  com- 
pany took  it  back  from  the  lessees,  which  was  in  1881.  It 
is  to  be  regretted  that  Captain  Wallace's  article  was  lost  at  the 
time  he  moved  away  from  Lake  Superior. 

You  will  see  from  my  recollections  that  Mr.  Channing  can 
hardly  be  right  in  claiming  the  first  use  of  this  system  in  Lake 
Superior  in  1889. 

Mr.  Eaton:  I  have  talked  this  matter  over  with  Cap- 
tain Collick.  Captain  CoUick  is  one  of  our  oldest  employes 
and  is  one  of  the  oldest  men  who  worked  this  caving  sys- 
tem. He  has  been  captain  of  the  Lake  mine  since  1896  and 
heiore  that  worked  at  the  Hematite  mine,  and  he  said  the 
system  was  in  use  in  part  of  the  Hematite  mine  before  he  was 
captain  there,  when  he  had  a  contract  sinking  a  shaft. 

Mr.  Johnston:  I  know  that  Mr.  Cole  introduced  it  in 
the  Queen  mines  while  he  was  there  and  got  such  excellent 
results  that  it  was  talked  of  a  good  deal.  It  cheapened  the 
cost  of  mining  the  ore  very  much,  but  I  cannot  tell  you  just 
what  year  it  was  introduced  there.  It  was  while  he  was 
agent  of  the  mines  for  the  Schlesingers  or  Corrigan-McKinney 
&  Company. 

Mr.  Yungbluth  :  I  took  this  matter  up  with  Mr.  Bacon 
in  the  early  spring.  I  had  in  mind  a  paper  to  treat  this  sub- 
ject and  for  that  reason  had  written  to  Mr.  Bacon.  The  claim 
is  made  that  the  caving  system  was  worked  at  the  Cleveland 
Hematite  mine  in  1884.  Captain  Collick,  whom  Mr.  Eaton 
mentioned,  was  at  that  time  a  miner  at  the  Ckvetod  Hem- 


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Lake  suPEkiOR  mining  institute  ^49 

atite  mine  and  I  talked  with  him  the  other  day  and  his  recol- 
lection of  the  matter  was  quite  clear;  that  it  was  worked  at 
the  Cleveland  Hematite  mine  before  he  became  mining  captain 
and  during  the  time  that  George  Wallace  was  captain.  Wal- 
lace left  the  Cleveland  Hematite  in  1887. 

Mr.  Cory  :  I  will  say  that  Captain  Collick  had  charge  of 
the  Hematite  mine  in  1888  and  I  worked  for  him  there  in 
1890.  We  had  the  caving  system  in  use  pretty  generally  at 
that  time. 

Extracts  taken  from  a  letter  written  by  Captain  Thomas 
Walters  of  Ishpeming,  dated  August  31,  1914,  in  regard  to 
the  first  mining  operations  by  the  caving  system. 

"Mr.  Channing  is  somewhat  in  error  in  reference  to  the  under^ 
ground  mining  and  caving  system.  The  underground  square  set  sys- 
tem was  started  in  1877  in  the  Mitchell  mine  and  this  system  was 
carried  on  very  successfully  for.  a  small  property,  and  possibly  one 
of  the  first  hematite  mines  of  the  underground  system  on  Lake  Su- 
perior that  operated  at  a  profit.    This  was  continued  until  1882. 

"In  early  1883,  I  took  charge  of  the  op^iing  of  the  Lake  Angellne 
mine,  which  gave  me  a  better  opportunity  to  work  out  various  sys- 
tems. Having  about  86  feet  of  surface  over-burden,  I  started  the  square 
set  system  in  this  mine.  After  working  out  the  stope  about  fifty  feet, 
I  then  put,  raises  to  the  surface  and  used  the  over-burden  and  rock 
from  the  mine  to  fill  these  stopes,  before  taking  the  pillars,  and  this 
worked  very  satisfactorily  and  we  mined  this  out  at  a  fair  profit  to 
the  stockholders.  However,  on  account  of  the  character  of  tho  ore 
in  this  body,  it  was  hard  to  separate  the  Bessemer  from  the  Non- 
Bessemer  in  this  system  of  operation,  and  about  1885  or  the  spring 
of  1886,  I  changed  the  system  and  started  what  is  now  universally 
known  as  the  slicing  system.  I  found  there  was  a  little  higher  cost 
attached  to  this  system  on  account  of  all  the  ore  being  handled  with 
shovel,  whereas  in  the  square  set  system  we  used  to  run  it  into  the 
cars  as  it  accumulated  on  top  of  the  sets,  but  I  was  able  to  make  a 
very  satisfactory  separation  from  this  system  of  operation,  raising 
to  the  top  of  the  ore,  or  close  to  the  'gob'  from  the  main  level.  I 
put  a  crosscut  in  each  raise  and  took  samples  every  foot  and  after 
the  crosscuts  were  in  we  made  diagrams  showing  where  the  Bessemer 
and  Non-Bessemer  ore  lay. 

"This  method  was  jvery  successful  and  increased  our  Bessemer  ore 
at  least  20  per  cent,  over  what  we  were  getting  with  the  square  set 
system,  and  aside  from  this,  it  reduced  our  accidents  to  the  minimum. 
We  have  been  working  this  system  constantly  at  Lake  Angeline  and 
lately  at  the  most  hazardous  work  of  all — ^taking  out  the  pillars — 
and  it  is  all  of  ten  years  since  we  have  had  a  fatal  accident  under- 
ground in  this  mine. 

"I  was  very  much  criticised  when  I  started  the  slicing  system. 


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250  CAVING  SYSTEM   OF  MINING 

but  as  time  went  on  we  began  to  make  some  money  and  it  is  now  a 
universal  system  in  underground  iron  ore  mines.  I  am  sure  it  has 
reduced  the  accidents,  both  minor  and  fatal,  to  the  very  low  minimum 
we  have  today  in  comparison  to  the  accidents  with  the  square  set 
system  as,  when  the  sets  were  three  or  four  high,  the  men  would 
sometimes  fall  as  the  caps  would  become  very  slippery  and  they 
would  neglect  to  take  plank  to  walk  on. 

"The  slicing  system,  then,  has  two  yery  high  points  of  merit,  one 
being  the  lessening  of  accidents  and  making  the  work  less  hazardous 
for  the  operators,  and  the  fact  that  it  enables  the  operator  to  sep- 
arate or  classify  the  ores. 

"As  to  the  late  Mr.  Sellwood,  mentioned  in  Mr.  Ghanning's  paper, 
he  had  not  started  on  the  mines  Mr.  Channing  speaks  of  at  that 
time,  nor  had  Mr.  Pengilly;  both  these  gentlemen  being  warm  friends 
of  mine." 

The  following  is  an  extract  of  letter  received  from  Mr.  D. 
H.  Bacon,  New  York  City,  under  date  of  September  8th,  1914, 
on  the  caving  system  at  the  Cleveland  Hematite  mine  . 

"Early  in  1881  Robert  Nelson  surrendered  his  lease  of  the  Nelson 
or  Cleveland  Hematite  mine  near  Ishpeming,  to  the  fee  owners,  name- 
ly: the  Cleveland  Iron  Mining  Company,  and  thereafter  until  all  of 
the  ore  had  been  removed  (1893),  the  mine  was  under  the  care  of  the 
operating  staff  of  this  company,  whose  mines  were  then  and  until 
July,  1887,  under  my  care.  Mr.  Nelson  had  removed  nearly  all  of 
the  ore  that  could  be  safely  taken  from  open  pita.  As  soon  as  we 
began  underground  work  our  troubles  began;  the  ore  was  very  soft 
and  would  scarcely  stand  vertically  in  the  side  of  a  drift;  the  foot- 
wall  would  barely  sustain  itself  and  the  hanging  resembled  a  pile  of 
loose  bricks.  StuUs  were  tried,  but  we  found  every  foot  of  the  hang- 
ing must  be  laced,  making  the  laying  of  the  stull  pieces  on  the  ores 
necessary.  With  square  sets,  then  known  as  the  'Nevada  System,' 
we  had  but  little  success.  With  each  method  the  cost  per  ton  far 
exceeded  its  market  jvalue.  Two  men  who  were  employed  at  the  mine 
described  a  method  of  timbering  that  they  had  seen  in  use  in  an 
English  mine  and,  although  the  conditions  were  unlike,  we  decided 
to  give  the  English  method  a  trial.  It  proved  a  success  and  the  sys- 
tem was  followed  as  long  as  I  was  with  the  company  and  I  believe 
was  continued  by  my  successor,  Mr.  F.  P.  Mills,  until  the  mine  was 
abandoned.  One  o!  the  first  mines  opened  on  the  Gogebic  Range  was 
the  'Brotherton,'  and  the  writer  was  asked  to  engage  some  one  to 
take  charge  of  the  mining.  I,  therefore,  sent  John  Pengilly  from  No. 
3  Hard  ore  mine  of  the  Cleveland,  to  the  Cleveland  Hematite  to  leam 
the  caving  method;  then  I  put  him  in  charge  of  the  'Brotherton.'  It 
may  have  been  two  years  later  that  I  put  him  in  charge  of  the  ex- 
plorations that  were  being  made  by  the  Chicago  &  Minnesota  Ore 
Co.,  on  the  Vermilion  range,  in  Minnesota.  Mr.  Pengilly  found  what 
was  later  known  as  the  Chandler  mine,  and  in  the  mining  followed 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  2$t 

the  system  of  timbering  that  he  had  learned  at  the  Cleveland  Hem- 
atite under  Mr.  George  W.  Wallace.  With  the  mining  methods  in  use 
on  tlie  Marquette  and  Menominee  ranges,  Mr.  Wallace  and  myself 
were  familiar,  and  we  are  satisfied  that  the  calving  method  was  not 
in  use  in  any  Lake  Superior  iron  mine  at  the  time  it  was  tried  at 
the  Cleveland  Hematite." 

Summary. 

(From  the  above  discussion  and  quotations  from  letters, 
It  appears  conclusively  proved  that  the  caving  system  was 
adopted  at  the  mines  on  the  Marquette  Range  previous  to 

1887). 


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252  LIST  OF  IRON  MINING  PROPERTIES 


LIST  OF  IRON  MINING  PROPERTIES  OF  MICHIGAN 
AND  WISCONSIN. 

COMPILED  BY   CARL   BREWER,    ISHPEMING.    MICH.* 

The  accompanying  lists  of  mining  properties  on  the  Mar- 
quette, Menominee  and  Gogebic  Ranges  contain  nearly  all 
the  properties  that  have  been  credited  with  iron  ore  shipments, 
or  whereon  are  known  ore  deposits.  The  lists  are  in  alphabet- 
ical order  according  to  ranges.  The  information  r^^rding 
the  various  properties  includes  the  government  land  descrip- 
tion; other  names,  if  any;  names  of  present  curators  and  sales 
agents,  where  the  properties  are  either  operating,  temporarily 
closed  or  are  reserves;  and  an  indication  of  the  present  condi- 
tion. In  giving  the  government  land  description,  great  lati- 
tude has  been  necessary  because  of  the  difficulty  of  defining 
what  is  meant  by  "description."  I  have  endeavored  to  use 
the  following  rule  in  compiling  the  lists.  The  location  of 
abandoned  mines  are  the  forty  acre  tract  or  tracts,  whereon 
the  actual  mining  was  done.  The  reserves  are  described  ac- 
cording to  the  territory  included  in  the  tax  lists.  The  other 
properties  are  described  according  either  to  the  limits  of  the 
mining  lease,  to  the  forties  considered  by  the  operators  as  per- 
taining to  the  mine,  or  in  the  case  of  fee  ownership,  where  the 
boundaries  are  not  too  extended,  to  the  forties  so  owned. 
Lack  of  definite  information  makes  it  impossible  to  indicate 
these  distinctions. 

Properties  in  Wisconsin  are  so  described,  all  others  are  in 
Michigan.  In  the  column  for  remarks  are  given  whatever 
names  a  property  may  have  had;  the  present  operating  com- 
pany and  sales  agents.  All  the  names  under  which  any  prop- 
erty has  made  shipments  are  listed  in  their  place  and  reference 
is  made  to  its  other  names.  Where  no  operators  or  agents 
are  mentioned,  it  indicates  that  the  property  has  been  aban- 
doned as  a  mine.  In  the  last  column  are  dates  either  of  last 
shipments  or  when  name  was  changed,  or  the  letters  "D,"  "P/' 
**U.''  **D"  indicates  that  the  property  is  being  developed,  no 
ore  having  as  yet  \yeen  shipped.     "P"  indicates  that  ore  has 

*Of  Enirineerinff  Staff .    The  Cleveland-Cliffs  Iron  Co. 


Digitized  byVjOOQlC 


LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE 


253 


been  shipped  during  1914.  "U"  indicates  that  the  property 
contains  ore  reserves  upon  which  no  mining  operations  have 
been  done.  The  presence  of  a  date  in  the  last  column  and  the 
name  of  operating  company  indicate  that  the  property  is  only 
temporarily  closed.  The  names  of  the  sales  agents  are  en- 
closed in  brackets. 

Any  correction  or  addition  is  earnestly  requested.     I  wish 
to  thank  all  those  who  have  aided  me  in  compiHng  these  lists. 

Marquette  Range. 


Properties  marked  "B"   are  situated   in   Baraga  county, 
all  others  in  Marquette  county. 


Property 


Sec     T 


Description 


Operating  Company  (Sales  Asrents) 


Albion   19     47     27    ne%  of  nw»4 

Allen 8    47    26    se%   of  nw% 


American 32    48    28    w%  of  sw% 


Ames 2  47  27 

Argyle 2  47  29 

Athens 6  47  26 

5  47  26 

Austin 20  45  25 

Barasa    32  48  26 

Barniun 9  47  27 

Barron    11  47  29 


88  !4     of    8W^ 

sw%  of  se%, 
se^    of  sw^ 
part  of  8€^ 
part  of  nw^ 
of  sw% 
n%  of  sw% 
sw^  of  seM 
B%  of  ne^ 
8^  of  nw% 


Bay   State    8    47    26    w%  of  nw% 


B  Beaufort  . 
Bessemer 
Bessie  . . . 
Blue  


..22 
..35 
..35 
..  5 


48  31 

48  27 

48  29 

47  26 


Boston 32     48     28 

Braastad 21    47    27 

Breitung  Hematite.  6    47    26 


nw%  of  sw% 
sw^  of  se% 
ne^  of  sw% 
part  of  8%  of 

se%  of  sw^, 
sw^  of  se^ 

SW14,  w%   of 

8e% 

part  of  8%  of 

se% 

se^   of  sw^ 


Now  part  of  Mary  Char- 
lotte     

Formerly  Sterling.  Am- 
erican-Boston Mining 
Co.  (M.  A.  Hanna  & 
Co.)    

Formerly  Edwards,  now 
Sampson 

Athens  Mining  Co. 
( Cleveland-Cliffs  Iron 
Co.)   * 

Cleveland  Cliffs  Iron  Co. 

Now  part  of  Cliffs  Shaft 
Washington  Iron  Co.  (E. 
N.  Breitung  &  Co.) . . . 
Formerly  Green  Bay,  In- 
diana,    part    now    in 
Mary  Charlotte 


Now  Lillie 


Oliver  Iron  Mining  Co.. 


1879 
1874 


P 

1894 

1883 


D 
P 

1902 
1891 


1883 
1911 
1884 
1906 
P 


American-Boston  Min- 
ing Co.  (M.  A.  Hanna 
&  Co.)   p 

Now  Winthrop  and 
Mitchell    1899 

Breitung  Hemaite  Min- 
ing Co.  (E.  N.  Brei- 
tung &  Co.) P 


Digitized  byVjOOQlC 


254 


LIST  OF  IRON  MINING  PROPERTIES 


Property 


See     T       R 


Description  Operating  CkMnpany  (Sales  AceDti) 


Buffalo 6    47 

Bunker  Hill  6    47 


Cambria 35  48  27 

36  48  27 

Carr 33  47  26 

Cascade 30  47  26 


nw^  of  se^ 
part   of   ne^ 
of  8W%, 
part  of  nw^ 

lot  8,  se^  of 

se% 

w^   of  lot  5 

nw% 

8e% 


1901 


Cleveland-Cliffs  Iron  Co. 

Republic  Iron  &  Steel 
Co.  (M.  A.  Hanna 
Co.)    


P 

1874 


Champion 31  48  29  sV^ 

Chase 3  47  28  ne^ 

Cheshire    18  45  25  se% 

Chester 7  47  26  s%  of  ne% 


Chicago 7  47 

Cleveland 10  47 

11  47 

Cleveland  Hematite  2  47 

Cliffs  Shaft  3  47 


4  47 

9  47 

10  47 

. .   6  46 

..   7  47 

18  47 

..28  47 


Columbia 
Conrad   . . 


Consolidated 


26 
27 
27 

27 
27 

27 
27 
27 
29 
28 
28 
26 


8^  of  se^ 

e\^  of  ne% 

nw^  of  nw^ 

nw^ 

sw^  of  se^, 

part  of  sw^ 

of  sw% 

8^  of  Be% 

n% 

n%  of  n% 

lot  4 

8W%  of  8W% 

nw%  of  nw% 
8^  of  se% 


Same  as  Palmer,  former- 
ly Howe,  now  in  Vol- 
unteer    1894 

OliiVer  Iron  Mining  Co. .  1910 
Cleveland-Cliffs  Iron  Co.    P 
Now  part  of   Princeton 

No.  1   1898 

Formerly  and  later  Roll- 
ing Mill  1903 

1883 

Part  now  in  Cliffs  Shaft 

and  Moro   1898 

1895 


Dalliba 29    48 

Davis   V     47 

Delaware  and  Lack- 


29     8^    of   nw^, 

n%  of  sw^ 
26     sw^  of  nw% 


awanna 5    47    26    ne^  of  se% 


Detroit 
Dexter 


Dey 3     47 

East  Buff^o 5    47 


3    47     27     ne^  of  ne^ 
3    47    28     e%    of   nw%, 
w^  of  ne^ 
28     w^  of  ne^ 
26     ne^   of  se^ 


East  Champion 32    48 

East  Hill   12     47 

East  Jackson 6    47 


29  se%  of  sw^ 
29  n^  of  nw^ 
26    nw%  of  sw% 


Part  formerly  Bamum 
and  part  formerly 
Cleveland.  Cleveland- 
Cliffs  Iron  Co P 

Formerly  Kloman    1883 

Formerly  Michigan  ....  1880 

Formerly  Gribben,  Me- 
sabe  Friend,  now 
Moore  1897 

Now  Phoenix  1883 

Formerly  Grand  Rapids, 
Wheeling    1913 

Formerly  Sam  Mitchell, 
Section  5,  East  Buf- 
falo     1888 

1890 

1807 

Now  part  of  Chase 1884 

Formerly  Sam  Mitchell, 
Section  5,   now   Dela- 
ware &  Lackawanna.  1887 
Formerly  Keystone    ...  1889 
1875 
Formerly    PendiU,    now 
part  of  Lucy 1893 


Digitized  byVjOOQlC 


LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE 


255 


Property 


S«e     T       R  DMcription  Operating  Company  (Sales  As«nto) 


East  New  York....  2  47  27 

Edwards 2  47  29 

Empire 19  47  26 

Erie   28  47  30 

Etna 7  47  26 

Eureka    11  47  29 

Excelsior    6  47  27 

Fitch 24  47  28 

Forest  City   35  48  27 

Foster    22  47  27 

23  47  27 

Foxdale 10  47  29 

Francis   27  45  25 

Gardner 2  44  25 

35  45  25 

Gibson    29  48  29 

Gilmore 26  47  26 

Goodrich 19  47  27 

Grand  Central 6  47  26 


Grand  Rapids   7    47    26 

Green  Bay  8    47    26 


8W%  of  sw% 
SW14  of  se^, 
se^  of  swVL 
e^  of  sw^ 


1905 


now 


Later       Argyle, 

Sampson    1880 

Empire  Iron  Co.   (Ogle- 
bay,  Norton  ft  Co.)..     P 
ne^  of  nw%  1883 
ne%  of  nw!4    Formerly   part  of  Man- 
ganese      1883 

nw^  of  sw%  Same  as  Peck,  Hunger- 
ford  and  Harlow 1873 

1879 
1895 


se%  of  se% 
sw%  of  ne% 
lot  6,  se^  of 
sw% 

se%  of  se^ 
sw%  of  sw% 
e^  of  ne^ 
sw^  of  nw^, 
sw% 

nw%  of  ne^ 
se^  of  se% 
n^    of   se% 
nw%  of  ne%, 
ne%  of  nw% 
w%  of  nw^4 
se%  of  sw^ 


sw%  of  nw% 
w%  of  nw% 


Gribben 28    47    26     8%  of  se% 


Gwinn   . . 
Hartford 


.28     45     25 
.36     48    27 


Himrod 7    47    26 

Home 29     47     26 


Hortense 
Howe  . . . 


.29     48     29 
.30    47     26 


Howell-Hoppock 
Humboldt 


.28    47    27 
.11     47     29 


nw% 

e^    of   lot   5, 

lots  6  and  7 

n^  of  se^ 
se% 

e\^   of   ne% 

80% 


nw%  of  ne% 
n%  of  n% 


Hungerford  and 
Harlow 


1881 

1898 
1905 

Cleveland-Cliffs  Iron  Co.    U 

Cleveland-Cliffs  Iron  Co.    D 
1887 

1879 
1882 

Later  Iron  Valley,  New 
York  Hematite,  now 
part  of  Breitung  Hem- 
atite    1878 

Later  Wheeling,  now 
Davis   1895 

Later  Indiana,  Bay 
State,  part  now  in 
Mary  Charlotte   1873 

Later  Mesabi  Friend, 
Consolidated,  now 
Moore 1873 

Cleveland-Cliffs  Iron  Co.    P 

Republic  Iron  &  Steel 
Co.  (M.  A.  Hanna  & 
Co.)    P 

Later  Orion  1873 

Same    as    Prout,    later 
Wheat,  now  Star  West  1879 
1890 

Later  Cascade,  Palmer, 
now  part  In  Volun- 
teer   1885 

1874 

Washington  Iron  Co. 
(E.  N.  Breitung  Co.) . .  1896 


.11    47    29     nw%  of  bw%   Same  as  Eureka,  Peck.  1873 


Digitized  byVjOOQlC 


2S(> 


List  Of  iron  mining  properties 


Property                            Sac  T  R 

B  Imperial 25  48  31 

Indiana 8  47  26 

Iron  Cliffs   12  47  27 

Iron  Mountain   14  47  27 

Iron  Mountain 

Lake   14  47  27 

Iron  Valley 6  47  26 

Isabella 29  47  26 

Jackson 1  47  27 

Jopling 28  45  25 

Keystone 32  48  29 

Kloman 6  46  29 

Lake   10  47  27 

Lake  Angeline  ....15  47  27 

Lake  Superior  Hard 

Ore 9  47  27 

10  47  27 


DMcription 


Operatiiiff  ComiMuiy  (Sales  Aveots) 

Formerly  Wetmore. 
(Cleveland-Cliffs  Iron 
Co.)   isi: 

Formerly  Green  Bay. 
later  Bay  State,  pan 
now  in  Mary  Char- 
lotte     ISTS 

Same  as  Section  12....  \^i- 

Now  part  of  Iron  Moqb- 
tain  Lake  l^'^ 

Jones    &    Laughlin  Ore 

Co D 

Formerly  Grand  Cen- 
tral, New  York  Hema- 
tite, now  part  of  Brel- 

tung  Hematite  1S»:' 

Cascade  Mining  Co....  D 
Cleveland-Cliffs  Iron  Co.  P 
Clejveland  Cliffs  Iron  Co.  U 
Now  East  Champion...  \%^ 

Now  Columbia  1875 

Cleveland-Cliffs  Iron  Co.   P 
Pittsburg    &    Lake  An- 
geline Iron  Co.  (Jones 
&  Laughlin  Ore  Co.).    P 


Lake  Superior 
Hematite 10 


47    27 


Lillie   35  48  27 

Lowthian 20  47  27 

Lloyd  ....'. 6  47  27 

Luf!ky  Star 5  47  26 

6  47  26 

Lucy 6  47  26 

7  47  26 

Maas   31  48  26 

6  47  26 

Mackinaw 35  45  25 

Magnetic    20  47  30 


nw% 

w^  of  nw% 

ne^  of  ne^ 
lot  6 

sw% 

se%   of  8w)4 


s^   of  sw^ 
entire 

nw%  of  ne% 
se^  of  sw^ 
lot  4 
8e% 

n%  of  n%, 
se^  of  ne^ 

n^  of  se^ 
s^    of   nw%, 
w^    of  nw^ 
of  8W% 
8%     of    8W%, 

ne^  of  sw^, 
e^   of  nw% 
of  sw^ 
SW14  of  se^ 


e^  of  ne^ 
sw^  of  nw^, 
n%  of  s^ 
part  of  sw^ 
part  of  se% 

w^  of  8W% 
nw%  of  nw^ 


part  of  s^ 
part  of  n^ 
n^   of  se%, 
sw^  of  se^ 
sw^  of  nw^ 


Oliver  Iron  Mining  Co..   P 


Oliver  Iron  Mining  Co..    P 
Formerly  Bessemer.  Re- 
public   Iron    &    Steel 
Co.    (M.  A.  Hanna  k 

Co.)    P 

1883 

Cleveland-Cliffs  Iron  Co.  P 
Breitung  Hematite  Min- 
ing  Co.    (E.   N.  Brcl 

tung  &  Co.) D 

Part  formerly  Pendiil. 
£2ast  Jackson,  Me- 
Comber.  Cleveland- 
Cliffs  Iron  Co W12 

Cleveland-Cliffs  Iron  Co.  P 

Cleveland-Cliffs  Iron  Co.  D 

1881 


Digitized  byVjOOQlC 


LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE 


257 


Property 


Sec     T 


Description 


Operating  Company  (Sales  Asents) 


Manganese 
Marquette  . 


Mary  Charlotte 


McComber 

Metropolis 

Mesabe  Friend 

Mexican 

Michigamme   . . 

Michigan   


7    47 


8     47 


6  47 

7  47 
2     46 


Miller  .... 
Milwaukee 
Mitchell   .. 


.33  47 

.19  48 

20  48 

.  7  47 

18  47 

.21  47 

.  7  47 

.21  47 


Moore 28  47 

Moro 10  47 

Morris 1  47 

National 16  47 

Negaunee 5  47 

.    6  47 

32  48 

New  Burt 19  47 

New  England   20  47 

New  York  3  47 

New  York 

Hematite 6  47 


Nonpareil 5    47 

North  Champion   ..28    49 
North  Republic  ....  2    46 


26     n^  of  ne^, 
ne%  of  nw^ 


26     8%  of  nw%, 
n%   of  sw% 


26 
26 
30 


.28     47     26 


30 
30 
28 
28 
27 
26 
27 


sw%  of  sw^ 
nw%  of  nw% 
se^  of  ne^, 
ne^  of  se^ 
s^  of  se% 


ne^  of  nw^ 

lot  5 

sw%  of  sw% 
nw%  of  nw% 
n%  of  nw^ 
se%  of  nw^ 
w%  of  se% 


26     s^  of  se^ 


27     s^    of   ne^ 


28 

27 
26 
26 

26 
27 
27 
27 


n%  of  s^, 
se^  of  ne)4 
se% 

part  of  nw% 
part  of   6% 
of  ne% 
part  of  sw% 
ne%  of  ne^ 
nw%  of  nw% 
se\i  of  se% 


Part   now   Etna 

Picked  from  old  rock 
dumps,  probably  near 
Winthrop   1892 

Part  formerly  Allen, 
part  formerly  part  of 
Bay  State,  Indiana, 
Green  Bay.  Mary 
Charlotte  Mining  Co. 
(E.  N.  Breitung  & 
Co.)    P 

Now  part  of  Lucy 1885 

Same  as  North  Repub- 
lic   1888 

Formerly  Grlbben,  later 
Consolidated.  now 
Moore    1896 

Now  part  of  Carr 1873 

1900 

Later  Conrad  1873 

1874 
1913 

Formerly  Shenango. 

Pittsburg  &  Lake  An- 
geline  Iron  Co.  (Jones 
&  Laughlln  Ore  Co) . .     P 

Formerly  Grlbben,  Me- 
sabi  Friend  Consoli- 
dated       1904 

Part  formerly  in  Cleve- 
land. (Cleveland-Cliffs 
Iron  Co 1913 

Cleveland-Cliffs  Iron  Co.    P 
1884 


Cleveland-Cliffs  Iron  Co.    P 
1882 
1873 
1900 


26  se%   of  sw^    Formerly     Grand     Cen- 

tral, later  Iron  Valley, 
now  part  of  Brei- 
tung Hematite    1882 

27  nw^  of  nw%  Formerly  St.  Lawrence.  1887 


30 


s^  of  nw^ 
se^  of  ne%, 
ne^  of  se^ 


Same  as  Metropolis. 


1888 


Digitized  byVjOOQlC 


258 


LIST  OF  IRON  MINING  PROPERTIES 


Property                            See  T  R 

Northwest 

Republic 19  47  30 

B  Norwood 22  48  31 

Ogden 13  47  27 

B  Ohio    22  48  31 

Orion    7  47  26 

B  Orieans 23  48  31 

Palmer   30  47  26 

Parsons    16  47  27 

Pascoe 29  48  29 

Peck 11  47  29 

PendlU 6  47  26 

Phoenix 29  48  29 

Pioneer 4  47  26 

Piatt 32  47  26 

Pontiac 12  47  27 

B  Portland 26  48  31 

Primrose  Valley.... 28  47  26 

Prince  of  Wales...  5  47  26 

Princeton  No.  1 ....  18  45  25 

19  45  25 

Princeton  No.  2 20  45  25 

Prout 29  47  26 

Queen    5  47  26 

Race  Track  6  47  26 

31  48  26 

Republic 7  46  29 

Richards 33  47  26 

Richmond 28  47  26 

Riverside 35  47  30 

Rowland 17  47  26 

Rolling  Mill 7  47  26 

Saginaw 19  47  27 


DeBcription 


Operating  Company  (Sal«  Affato) 


n^  Of  8e% 

S^    of  BW^ 

sw%  of  sw% 
s^  of  8e% 

n^  of  se^ 

8W% 

w^  of  neM 
nw%  of  sw% 

nw%  of  sw% 

s^  of  nw%, 
n^   of  sw% 
nw%  of  8W% 
nw%  of  ne% 
nw%  of  ne% 
n^  of  nw% 

se!4  of  sw% 

part  of  ne)4 

of  sw»4 

se% 

ne%  of  ne% 

nw% 
8e!4 


part  of  se% 
of  sw% 
part   of   n% 
of  ne% 
part  of  s^ 
of  se% 
e%,  sw%, 
nw%  of  nw% 
nw%  of  ne% 
sw%   of  8W% 

lots  1,  2 
nw%  of  8W% 
8^  of  ne% 

nw%  of  ne% 


1892 
18S8 
1897 

Niagara  Iron  Mining  Co. 
(Rogers,    Brown    Iron 

Co.). 1912 

Formerly  Himrod   1879 

Same  as  Stewart 1878 

Same  as  Cascade,  form- 
erly  Howe,   now   part 

In  Volunteer  1894 

1873 

1886 

Same  as  Eureka,  Hun- 
gerford  and  Harlow..  1873 

Later  East  Jackson,  now 
part  of  Lucy 1884 

Formerly   Dalliba    1887 

1888 
1896 
1895 
Niagara  Iron  Mining  Co. 
(Rogers,    Brown   Iron 

Co.)    1910 

1896 

Oliver  Iron  Mining  Co..    P 
Part  formerly  Cheshire. 
Cleveland-ClifEs      Iron 

Co 1912 

Cleveland-Cliffs  Iron  Co.    P 
Same    as    Home,    later 
Wheat,       now       Star 
West   1879 

Oliver  Iron  Mining  Co..    P 


Oliver  Iron  Mining  Co..    U 

Cleveland-Cliffs  Iron  Co.    P 

1887 

Richmond   Ore  Co.    (M. 
A.  Hanna  &  Co.) P 

1893 

1877 
Once  Chester,  Jones  lb 

Laughlin  Ore  Co P 

1884 


Digitized  byVjOOQlC 


LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE 


259 


Property 


Sec     T       R 


Deacription  Opcntinff  Company  (Sales  Asants) 


Salisbury 


.15 


Sam  Mitchell 
Section  5   5 


47    27     8%  of  nw%. 

sw^  of  ne%    Cleveland-Cliffs  Iron  Co.    P 


47    26     ne%  of  se^ 


Sampson 


2    47    29 


Schadt   

Section  12   12  47  27 

Section  16   9  47  27 

16  47  27 

Section  21   21  47  27 

Shenango 21  47  27 

South  Buffalo 5  47  26 

B  Spurr 24  48  31 

Stor  West    29  47  26 

Stegmiller 17  45  25 

St.  Lawrence 5  47  27 

Stephenson 20  45  25 

Sterling 32  48  28 

B  Stewart 23  48  31 

Swanzy 18  45  25 

B  Taylor 9  49  33 

Tilden   23  47  27 

26  47  27 

B  Titan 21  48  31 

Volunteer 30  47  26 

Volunteer 30  47  26 

31  47  26 

Washington 

B  Webster 26  48  31 

West  End 31  47  26 

West  Republic   ....  7  46  29 

B  Wetmore 25  48  31 

Wheat 29  47  26 

Wheeling 7  47  26 

Wicks 32  47  26 

Winthrop 21  47  27 


sw^  of  se^, 
se^  of  sw^ 

ne%  of  ne% 
se%  of  8e% 
e%  of  ne%, 
nw^  of  ne^ 
w%  of  ne%, 
8^  of  nw% 
w^  of  se^ 
sw^  of  se^ 
8^  of  nw%. 
n^   of  sw^ 

lots  5,  6 
nw%  of  nw% 
8^    of    8W% 

W%    of  8W% 

e% 

sw%  of  ne% 

ne!4  of  nw54 

8W%  of  se% 

nwi4  of  ne% 

lot  1 

w%  of  nw% 

8%    of    8% 

n%  of  n% 


n^  of  ne%, 
8e%  of  ne\i 
n%  of  nw% 
lots  4,  6 

nw% 
se% 

8w%  of  nw% 

nw%  of  ne% 

sw% 


I^ater  East  Buffalo,  now 
Delaware  &  Lacka- 
wanna    1886 

Formerly  Argyle,  Ed- 
wards     1892 

Etna?  or  Manganese?..  1895 

Same  as  Iron  ClifTs 1882 


Oliver  Iron  Mining  Co. .     P 

Oliver  Iron  Mining  Co. .  1913 

Now   Mitchell   1877 

1895 

1886 
Formerly   Home,   Prout, 

Wheat 1900 

Oliver  Iron  Mining  Co. .     P 

Now  Nonpareil  1883 

Cleveland-Cliffs  Iron  Co.    P 

Now  American  1886 

Same  as  Orleans  1878 

1887 
1883 

1902 
1887 

Volunteer  Ore  Co.  (M. 
A.  Hanna  &  Co.) P 

Parts  formerly  Howe, 
Palmer,  Cascade, 
West   End    1904 

Included  in  Barron, 
East  Hill  and  Hum- 
boldt   

1900 

Now  in  Volunteer 

Now  part  of  Republic.  1887 

Now  Imperial   1889 

Formerly   Howe,    Prout, 

now   Star  West 1895 

Formerly  Grand  Rapids, 

now  Davis   1887 

Now  Piatt 1882 

Oliver  Iron  Mining  Co. .  1903 


Digitized  byVjOOQlC 


26o  list  of  1.<0n  mining  properties 

Menominee  Range. 

Proi>erties  in  Dickinson  county  are  marked  "D" ;  in  Flor- 
ence county,  Wisconsin  "F";  in  Iron  county  **L"  Dickinson 
and  Iron  counties  are  in  Michigan. 

Property  Sec     T       R  Description  Operating  Company  (Sales  AsenU) 

I   Alpha 12     42     33     sw^  of  bw%  1890 

I  Amasa  Porter 22    44    33     e%   of  ne%    Nevada  Land  Co D 

D  Appleton 7  39  28  ne^  of  8W^  Formerly  Sturgeon  Riv- 
er    1895 

D  Aragon   8    39    29    ne^,  ne%  of  Part  formerly  Harriaon. 

nw^                      Oliver     Iron     Mining 
9    39    29     n%  of  nw%        Co P 

I   Arenson 23    43    35     e^  of  nw^    Republic    Iron    &    Steel 

of  8e%  Co U 

I  Armenia 23  43  32  e^  of  se^  Crystal  Falls  Iron  Min- 
ing Co.  (Corrigan  Mc- 
Kinney  &  Co.) 1914 

F  Badger   (Wis.)    ....34     40    18H2  se^  of  se%  1900 

I  Baker 31  ,  '  '  8^  of  8W%  Crystal  Falls  Iron  Min- 
ing Co.  (Corrigan.  Mc- 
Kinney  &  Co.) P 

X   Balkan 13;  .    t^'.res   in      Part  formerly  Mastodon. 

se%  of  nw^,  Balkan  Mining  Co. 
ne%,  ne^  of  (Pickands,  Mather  & 
nw!4  Co.)    P 

I   Baltic   7  ^49    34    w^  of  w^        Verona       Mining       Co. 

(Pickands,   Mather  & 
Co.) P 

I   Bates 19    43    34     nw%  Bates   Iron   Co.    (M.   A. 

Hanna  &  Co.) P 

I   Bengal 3G    43    35     n^  of  se%      Verona       Mining       Co. 

(Pickands,   Mather   & 
«"  Co.)    P 

I   Berkshire 6    42    34     nw%  of  sw%,  Brule  Mining  Co.  (Ogle- 

sw%  of  nw%      bay,  Norton  &  Co.)..  1913 

J   Beta 26    43    35    ne%  of  8w%  1891 

I  Blair 29  43  34  sw%  Crystal  Falls  Iron  Min- 
ing Co.  (Corrigan,  Mc- 
Klnney   &   Co.) U 

nBreen 22    39    28     nw%  of  ne%, 

^  ni^   of  nw%     Mineral  Mining  Co 1907 

D  Brier  Hill   9    39    29     s%  of  nw%     Now    in    Penn    Group; 

connected   with   West 
Vulcan,  1892   

I   Bristol 19    43    32     e%  of  8e%      Formerly  Claire.  Bristol 

Mining  Co.    (oglebay, 
Norton  A  Co.) P 

F  Buckeye   (Wis.)    ...33    40    18E  s%   of  se%     Reserve      Mining      Co. 

(Oglebay,    Norton    & 
Co.)    P 

I   Buckholtz 27    43    35     ne%  of  se^     Enterprise   Mining  Co..    D 

D  Calumet 8    41    28     seVi  of  nw%. 

8W%  of  ne%  1884 

I   Carpenter 31    43    32    n^  of  sw%      Hollister     Mining     Co. 

(M.  A.  Hanna  ft  Co.)    P 


Digitized  byVjOOQlC 


LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  mSTITUTE 


261 


Property 


See     T       R 


Description 


Opemtinff  Company  (Sales  Asents) 

Nevada  Land  Co U 

Verona  Mining  Go. 
(Plckands,  Mather  ft 
Co.)  P 

Now  in  Penn  Group; 
east  part  connected 
with  East  Vulcan, 
1892    

Part  formerly  Hamilton 
and  Ludington.  Oliver 
Iron  Mining  Co P 

Part  formerly  Riverton. 

Brule       Mining       Co. 
•  (Oglebay,     Norton    ft 

Co.)  P 

Munro        Mining        Co. 

(Rogers,    Brown    Iron 

Co.)    P 

w   Bristol    1898 

.oine  Ore  Co.  (Ogle- 
ay,  Norton  &  Co.)..  P 
rmerly  Shafer  ft  Shel- 
don, Union.  Crystal 
Falls  Iron  Mining  Co. 
(Conigan  McKinney 
^  &   Co.)    1912 

1892 
Antoine  Ore  Co.   (Ogle- 
bay,  i^orton  ft  Co.)..  1887 
Brule  Mining  Co.  (Ogle- 
••ay  Norton  ft  Co.) ...     U 
1913 
1909 
1900 

1909 
Now    in    Penn    Group; 
connected   with   West 

Vulcan,  1892   

Now  in  Penn  Group 1892 

Same   as    Field 

Davidson  Ore  Mining 
Co.  (New  York  State 
Steel   Co.)    P 

Formerly  Goodman . 
Davidson  Ore  Mining 
Co.  (New  York  State 
Steel   Co.)    P 

Verona  Mining  Co. 
(Pickands.  Mather  ft 
Co.)    u 


I   Carpenter 13 

^   Caspian 1 


D  Central  Vulcan 10 

D  Chapin    30 

25 
I   Chatham   35 

36 

I    Chicagon 23 

26 

I   Claire 19 

D  Clifford 20 

I   Columbia 31    43     32 


42 

33 

8W%  of  nw% 

42 

35 

ne% 

39 

29 

part  of  entire 
section 

40 

30 

8W%,  SW%    Of 

8e% 

40 

31 

n%  of  se%, 
se%  of  se% 

43 

35 

e%  of  ne%, 
ne%  of  se^ 

43 

•35 

w^  of  nw% 
of  nw% 

43 

34 

sw^  of  se^ 

43 

34 

wMj  of  ne%, 
se%  of  ne% 
ne%  of  se% 

43 

32 

e^  of  sei 

40 

30 

n^  of  r 

nwW 


p  Commonwealth 

(Wis.)    34  40  18Esw% 

D  Cornell   20  40  30    lots  3.  4 

I  Corry 6  42  34     ne%    of  8W% 

I  Cortland 34  43  35     e%    of    se% 

I   Crystal  Falls 21  43  32     e%   of  ne% 

D  Cuff 22  40  30     sw% 

D  Cundy 3  39  30    n%  of  ne%, 

ne!4  of  nw% 

D  Curry 9  39  29     w%  of  ne% 

D  Cyclops 5  39  29     s%  of  se»4 

F  Davidson 

(Wis.)    34  40  18B  nw%  of  se% 

I   Davidson  No.  1 23  43  35     ne^  of  nw^ 

I  Davidson  No.  2 14  43  35    w^  of  se^ 


I  DeGrasse 7    42    34     ne% 


Digitized  byVjOOQlC 


262 


LIST  OF  IRON  MINING  PROPERTIES 


Property 


See     T       R 


Description  Opcrmtinff  Company  (Sales  Asents) 


I   Delphic 24 

I   Dober 1 

I  Dunn   1 

36 

D  East  Vulcan   11 

jy  Emmett  . .  •. 22 

J  Erickson 21 

p  Ernst    (Wis.)    27 

I  Fairbanks 20 

D  Federal 25 

DFew  6 

F  Field   (Wis.)    34 

F  Florence    (Wis.)    ..20 
I   Fogarty 1 


42  33  ne^  of  sw% 

42  35  nw^ 

42  33  w^  of  nw^ 

43  33  8^  of  se^ 

39     29     sw^,  s^   of 
se^ 

39  28     ne^  of  ne% 
43    34     sw^ 

40  18E  sw^  of  sw^ 

43    32     ne%  of  se)4 
40    31     s^  of  nw^, 
n^  of  sw^ 

39  29     8^   of  nw!4 

40  18E  nw^  of  se^ 

40    18E  ne^  of  se^, 

se^  of  ne% 

42     35     se%  of  se^ 


1887 
Oliver  Iron  Mining  Co..    P 
Dunn    Iron    Mining   Ck). 
(Corrigan^     McKinney 
&  Co.)   P 

Now  in  Penn  Group....  1892 
1881 
Cleveland-Cliffs  Iron  Co.    U 
Florence    Iron    Co.    (M. 

A.  Hanna  &  Co.) P 

Now  Paint  River 1883 


Oliver  Iron  Mining  Co. 


I   Forbes 14    43    35     e%  of  8w% 


D  Forest 25 

I   Genesee 30 


I    Gibson 15 

I   Goodman   13 

14 

I  Goodman 14 

I   Great  Western 21 


I   Great  Western 
Extension  ... 


.21 


D  Groveland 31 

Half  and  Half 

D  Hamilton 30 

J)  Harrison 8 

I    Hemlock 4 

Hersel 

J)  Hewitt 31 

I   Hiawatha 35 

I   HUl  Top 28 


40    30     ne^  of  sw^ 
43     32     se!4 


44  33  nw^  of  nw% 

42  33  nw^  of  sw^ 

42  33  e^  of  se^ 

43  35  w^  o;  se% 
43  32  e^    of   sw^ 


43  32  sw^   of  se^ 
42  29  n^    of    ae% 

40  30  n^  of  8w^ 

39  29  8^  of  ne^ 

44  33  sw^  of  8W14 


40    30     nw^  of  ne^» 

ne^  of  nw^ 
43    35     sw^  of  86)4 

43     3?     sw%  of  nw%, 
l9t  3 


1910 


Same  as  Davidson 
(Wis.)   

Florence  Iron  Co.  (M. 
A.  Hanna  &  Co.)....  1913 

Verona  Mining  Co. 
(Pickands.  Mather  & 
Co.)    P 

Jones    &    Laughlin   Ore 

Co P 

1904 

Crystal  Falls  Iron  Min- 
ing Co.  (CoMgan  Mc- 
Kinney &  Co.) 191J 

1911 


Nevada  Land  Co 

Now  Davidson  No.  2... 

Crystal  Falls  Iron  Min- 
ing Co.  (Corrigan,  Mc- 
Kinney   ft    Co.) 

CrysUl  Fal!s  Iron  Mln- 
Co.  (Corrigan,  Mc- 
Kinney ft  Co.) 

Lake  Erie  Ore  Co 

Picked  from  old  rock 
piles  

Now  part  of  Chapin 

Now  part  of  Aragon... 

Hemlock  River  Mining 
Co.  (Pickands,  Mather 
&  Co.)   


r 

1912 
ISOS 


u 

1913 

1891 
1S9.> 
1897 


P 

1S90 


Now   Millie    18S0 

Munro  Mining  Co.  (Rog- 
ers, Brown  Iron  Co.) . .    P 

Cu^hoga  Mining  Ck).. , . .    f 


Digitized  byVjOOQlC 


LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE 


263 


Property 


S«c     T       R  Description  Opentinff  CkMnpany  (Sales  Agents) 


I  Hollister  . 
I   Homer    . . . 


.13    43    32 
.23     43     35 


I   Hope   27  43  32 

D  Indiana 27  40  30 

I  Iron  River  35  43  35 

36  43  35 

I  Isabella 36  43  35 


I  James 
I  JudsoD 


D  Keel  Ridge 
I   KimbaU    ... 
I  Konwinskl 


...23  43  35 

...13  42  33 

...32  40  30 

...29  43  33 

...23  43  35 


1   Lament 20  43  32 

I   Lee  Peck  20  43  32 

I   Lincoln 21  43  32 

D  Loretto 7  39  28 

I   Lot  3   20  42  32 

D  Lowell 11  39  29 


D  Ludington 
I.  Manhattan 
I   Mansfield   . 


X  Mastodon 

I  McDonald 

I  McGillis  .. 

I  McGovern 


..25  40  31 

.13  42  33 

.17  43  31 

20  43  31 

.13  42  33 

.23  43  32 

.  1  42  35 

.22  43  35 


D  Metropolitan 
I  Michaels   


.32     42     28 
.29     43     34 


I  Michigan   9  44  33 

D  Millie 31  40  30 

I  Minckler 23  43  35 

1  Monitor 20  49  35 


w^  of  sw^     Hollister      Mining     Co. 

(M.  A.  Hanna  &  Co.).  1911 
w^  of  nw%,  Wickwlafe     Mining    Co. 
nw%  of  sw%      (Wick wire  Steel  Co.)     D 

e%  of  se%      Formerly  Wauneta 1893 

ne%  of  ne%      Thomas  Furnace  Co P 

e^  of  ne%      Later  part  oif  Riverton, 
w^  of  nw^         part  now  in  Chatham.  1899 
sw%  of  sw%    Formerly  part  of  River- 
ton.  Oliver  Iron  Min- 
ing  Co 1900 

Now  Osana   1910 


n^  of  ne% 

se^  af  nw% 

except  5  acres, 

ne%   of  sw% 

se^ 

se%  of  se% 

8w%  of  ne!4* 

8e%  of  nw% 

lot  6 

8W%  of  ne% 

w%  of  sw% 


Judson  Mining  Co.  (Ne- 

fvada  Land  Co.) 

Now*  part  of  Pewabic. 


Now  Wauseca    . . . 
Formerly  Monitor 


P 

1899 
1907 

1911 
1910 
1889 


w%  of  sw%, 
sw^  of  nw^ 
lot  3 
s^    of  sw^ 


n^  of  se%, 
se%  of  se^ 
nw%  of  se^ 

lot  5 

lot  8 

8^   of  ne^ 

se%  of  ne^ 

ne%  of  se^ 

e%  of  neM 

n%  of  ne% 
Be% 

ne%  of  nw^ 
nwi4  of  ne%, 
ne^  of  nw^ 

ne%  of  sw% 
w^  of  nw% 
of  se% 
lot  6 


Crystal  Falls  Iron  Min- 
ing Co.  (Corrigan,  Mc- 
Kinney  &  Co.) 

Loretto  Iron  Co.  (M.  A. 
Hanna  &  Co.) 

Later  part  of  East  Vul- 
can, now  in  Penn 
Group 

Now  part  of  Chapin.. 
Same   as    South    Masto- 
don   


1908 

P 

1882 


Now  part  of  Balkan 

Oliver  Iron  Mining  Co. . 

Wickwire     Mining     Co. 

(Wickwire  Steel  Co.). 

Crystal  Falls  Iron  Min 
ing  Co.  (Corrigan,  Mc- 
Kinney  &  Co.) 

Oliver  Iron  Mining  Co. . 

Formerly  Hewitt.  Desau 
Mining  Co.  (M.  A. 
Hanna  &  Co.) 

Republic  Iron  &  Steel 
Co 


Npw  Lament 


1894 
1890 

1911 

1895 

1913 

U 

U 
1888 


U 
P 


1909 
U 

1894 


Digitized  byVjOOQlC 


264 


LIST  OF  IRON  MINING  PROPERTIES 


Property 


Sec     T       R 


DcaeripUon 


Opcntiiiff  Company  (Sak  1  A<ciit»l 


I   Monongahela 


...36    43 


D  Munro 6    39 

I   Nan&imo   26  43 

1   Neely 12  42 

D  Northwestern  ..    ..32  42 

D  Norway 6  39 

1   Osana 23  43 

I   Paint  Rfver 20  48 

D  Penn  Group    6  39 

6  39 

9  3i9 


10  39 

11  39 

D  Perkins 4  39 

Perry 

D  Pewabic 32  40 

I    Pufcell    14  43 

D  Quinnesec 34  40 

1    Ravenna 19  43 

I   Riverton 35  43 

36  43 

I   Rogers    29  43 

D  Saginaw   4  39 

I   Selden 35  43 

I    Sheldon  and 

Shafer   31  43 

I   Sheriden 26  43 

I    Sherwood 23  43 

I    South  Mastodon  ...13  42 

I    Spies 24  43 

D  Stephenson 4  39 


33  n%  of  ne^» 
se^  of  ne% 
ne%  of  nw^ 

29     nw^  of  se^, 
ne!4  of  sw% 

36    nw%  of  sw% 
33     n^  of  ne%, 
ne%  of  nw^ 

28  n^  of  nw!4 

29  n^    of   se^ 
35     n%   of  ne% 


35 
35 

33 


Hollister  Mining  Co.  (M. 
A.  Hanna  &  Co.) l^C 

Munro  Mining  Co. 
(Rogers,  Brown  Iron 
Co.)  ir.2 

Mineral    Mining  Co....  mi 


32     ne%  of  8W%, 
lot  5 

29     s% 

29    e%  of  86% 

29     w%  of  ne%, 
Bw^,  of  ne^r 
B%  of  nw%, 
nw%  of  se^, 
e%    of   80% 

29     entire 

29     6W%.   8%   of 

29  8W%  of  sw% 

30  entire 

35     w%  of  sw% 

30      86% 

32     8%   of  n%. 

8W% 

W%    of    86% 

35     6%    of   ne% 
35     w%    of   w% 

34     ne% 


CleYeland-ClUEs  Iron  Co. 

Now  in  Penn  Group — 
Formerly  James.  Miner- 
al  Mining   Co.    (Pick- 
ands,  Mather  ft  Co.) . . 
Formerly  Fairbanks  ... 


U 
1903 

18?! 

P 
189! 


Formerly  East  Vulcan, 
Central  Vulcan,  West 
Vulcan  Curry,.  Brier 
Hill,  Norway,  Cyclops. 
Penn  Iron  Mining  Co. 
(Cambria  Steel  Co.) . . 


29     8w%  of  sw% 
35     ne%  of  86% 

32     nw% 


Formerly  Saginaw   —  1S91 
18S'> 

Pewabic  Co.  (Pickands, 
Mather  &  Co.) P 

isn 

1910 

Hollister  Mining  Co. 
(M.  A.  Hanna  ft  Co.)    P 

Part  formerly  Iron  Riv- 
er, part  now  in  Chat- 
ham, and  IsabeHa...  1^^- 

Munro  Mining  Ca 
(Rogers,  Brown  Iron 
Co.)    P 

Now  Perkins  1*'' 

Now  part  of  Chatham..  1SS5 


Formerly     Union 
Columbia   


now 


86%    of   S<B% 

86%  of  n6%,   Republic    Iron 


1894 
190"} 


ne%  of  86% 
nw%  of  86% 


Steel 

Co ^ 

Same  as  Manhattan....  1^^ 


35    6%  of  nw%     Cl6velaii4'<7Uft^  Ir^D  9^-  ^' 


29    nw%  of  8w% 


m' 


Digitized  byVjOOQlC 


LA&t  &\JPEki6K  MINING  INSTITUTE 


265 


Proi»erl>                            S«c  T  R          Description 

D  Sturgeon  River 7  39  28 

I   Tobin 30  43  32 

D  Traders 17  40  30 

I    TuUy 36  43  35 

I    Union    31  43  32 

D  Verona   14  39  29 

I   Victoria 22  43  32 

I   Virgil 24  43  35 

D  Vivian 34  40  30 

D  Walpole 29  40  30 

30  40  30 

31  40  30 
I   Warner 9  44  33 

I   Wauneta    27  43  32 

I  Wauseca 23  43  36 

D  West  Vulcan 9  39  29 

I  White 20  43  34 

I   Wickwire 35  43  35 

I   Young 6  42  34 

I   Youngs   12  42  35     e%  of  e% 

I  Youngstown 20  43  32     w%  of  8W% 

I  Zimmerman 7  42  34     e^  of  nw% 


Opcntinff  CkNBi»any  (Sal«B  Aflrents) 

Now  Appleton    1879 

Crystal  Falls  Iron  Min- 
ing Co.  (Corrigan,  Mc- 
Kinney  &  Co.) 191d 

Antoine  Ore  Co.  (Ogle- 
bay.  Norton  k  Ce.)..  1907 

Crystal  Falls  Iron  Min- 
ing Co.  (Corrigan,  Mc- 
Kinney  &  Co.) P 

Later  Sheldon  and  Shaf- 

er,  now  Columbia 1882 

1904 

Cuyhoga  Mining  Co P 

Wickwire     Mining     Co. 
(Wickwire  Steel  Co.)  1914 
1912 


1891 
Hemlock    River    Mining 
Co.  (PickandSp  Mather 

A  Co.)   D 

Now  Hope    1887 

Formerly  Konwinski. 
Mineral  Mining  Co. 
(PickandSp  Mather  & 
Co.)    P 


Now  in  Penn  Group 1892 

Swallow  and  Hopkins..     U 
Wickwire     Mining     Co. 

(Wickwire  Steel  Co.) .     P 
Verona       Mining       Co. 
(PickandSp   Mather   & 

Co.)    U 

1913 
1887 


ne^  of  8W% 

sw% 

8%   Of  SW% 

8%  Of  se^ 

nw% 

n%  of  ne^ 
nw^  of  nw% 
sw^  of  nw^ 

s^   of  sw^ 
8^  of  Bhi 
e^  of  se^ 
e^  of  ne% 
e^  of  se^ 


e%    of   se!4 
8W%  of  ne^p 
se%  of  nw^ 

8e%   of  ne%, 
nw%  of  se^ 
e%  of  Be% 
e^  of  nw% 
nw%  of  ne%, 
ne^  of  nw^ 
8%  of  sw% 


Spring 
Co.. 


Valley     Mining 


Gogebic  Range. 

Properties  in  Michigan  are  in  Grogebic  county,  in  Wiscon- 
sin in  Iron  county. 

Property  Sec     T       R  Description  Operetinsr  Ck>inpany  (Sales  Agents) 


/Ida 


Alpha 


.17    47    46     8% 


9    47     45     e%  of  nw% 


Formerly  Ruby,  Ironton, 
and  Federal,  now  Pur- 
itan, Ironton,  and  Wi- 
nona     1903 

Part  now  in  Pike 1895 


Digitized  byVjOOQlC 


266 


LIST  OF  IRON  MINING  PROPERTIES 


Property 


See     T       R 


Deseriptioii  Operating  Company  (JSaleB  A^wte) 


Anvil   14    47    46     ne% 


Ashland 

..22 

47 

47 

8%  of  8W% 

27 

47 

47 

part  of  nV& 
of  nw% 

Asteroid 

..13 

47 

46 

ne% 

Atlantic  (Wis.)  . . 

..  1 

45 

IE 

8%   of  ne%, 
11%   of  8e%. 
8W%  of  se^. 
e%  of  8W%, 
sw%   of  8W% 

12 

45 

IB 

nw%  of  nw% 

Aurora 

..23 

47 

47 

e%  of  sw% 

Bessemer  (Wis.) 

Blue  Jacket    

..  8 

47 

46 

8e% 

Bonnie 

..13 

47 

47 

se%  of  se% 

24 

47 

47 

ne% 

Brotherton 

..   9 

47 

45 

n%  of  8e%, 
se^  of  ne% 

Gary    (Wis.)    .... 

..26 

46 

2E 

nw% 

26 

46 

2E 

n%  of  ne% 

27 

46 

2E 

8e%   of  ne%. 
ne%  of  8e% 

Castile   10  47  45  e% 

Chicago 8  47  45  e%  ot  ne% 

9  47  45  w%  of  nw% 

Colby 16  47  46  ne% 

Comet 11  47  45  s%   of   8W% 

Crown  Point  9  47  45  n%  of  se!4 

Dangler    13  47  46  w%  of  nw% 

Davis 19  47  46  n%  of  nw% 

East  Norrie 23  47  47  w%  of  sw% 

Eureka 13  47  46  n%  of  nw% 


Federal 17  47  46  e%  of  se% 

First  National    19  47  46  nw% 

Geneva 18  47  46  sw% 

Germania  (Wis.)   ..24  46  2E  s%    of   sw% 

25  46  2E  nH  of  nw^ 


Newport  Mining  Ck>.  (M. 
A.  Hanna  &  Co.) P 


Hayes  Mining  Co P 

CastUe  Mining  Co. 
(Oglebay,  Norton  A 
Co.)  P 


Oliver  Iron  Mining  Co..    P 
Oliver  Iron  Mining  Co..    P 

Now  Royal  18J" 

Newport  Mining  Co.  (M. 

A.  Hanna  ft  Co.) P 

Part     formerly     Crown 

Point.  Brotherton  Iron 

Mining  Co.  (Pickands. 

Mather  &  Co.) P 

Parts  formerly  Kaka- 
gon,  Nimikon,  Super- 
ior, West  Cary  and 
Windsor.  Odanah  Iron 
Co.  (Pickands,  Mather 
Co.)    P 

CastUe  Mining  Co. 
(Oglebay,  Norton  ft 
Co.)    P 

Part  formerly  SparU..  1903 
Corrigan,    McKinney   ft 

Co P 

Now  part  of  Meteor....  1&*^ 
Now  part  of  Brotherton  li^f 
Part  now  In  Eureka...  18^2 
Formerly   part  of  First 
National.     Oliver  Iron 

Mining  Co P 

Olfiver  Iron  Mining  Co..    P 
Part  formerly  of  Dang- 
ler.      Castile   Mining 
Co.   (Oglebay,  Norton 

&   Co.)    P 

Later     part     of     Ada, 

now  Winona  ^^l 

Part   now   in   Davie....  18«< 
Oliver  Iron  Mining  Co. .   P 
Harmony        Iron       Co- 
(Hayes  Mining  Co.)..  1^^^ 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE 


2(>^ 


Property 


Sec     T       R 


Deseription  Operating  Company  (Sales  Aflrents) 


Hennipin  (Wis.)  ..34  46 
Houghton  County...  11  47 
Iron  Belt  (Wis.)   ..11    45 


Iron  Chief  10  47 

Iron  King 24  47 

Ironton 17  47 

Jack  Pot 16  47 

Kakagon  (Wis.)    ...26  46 

Keweenaw 11  47 

Meteor 11  47 

Mikado 18  47 

Minnewawa  (Wis.). 24  46 

Montreal  (Wis.)   ...33  47 

Mount  Hope   24  47 

Newport 24  47 


Nimikon 


.26     47 


NoiTie 22  47 

North  Aurora  23  47 

North  Nonrie 22  47 

North  Pabst   ......23  47 

Odanah  (Wis.)   ....27  46 

Ottawa  (Wis.)    ....27  46 


Pabst 23  47 

Palms 14  47 

Pence   (Wis.)    32  46 

Pike 9  47 


2E 

ne% 

46 

8%  of  sw% 

IE 

ne^,  se^  of 

iiw% 

ne%  of  sw%. 

w%   of  BW% 

46 

e%  of  sw% 

47 

nw% 

46 

w%  of  se% 

46 

n%  of  sw^ 

2E 

e%   of  nw% 

46 

s%    of    se% 

45 

8W%,    8%    of 

nw% 

45 

nw%,  nw%  of 
ne^ 

2B 

lots  4,  5 

2E 

w%  of  ne%, 
nw% 

47 

nw% 

47 

nwi4 

2E 

n%  of  ne% 

47 

s%  of  se% 

47 

s%  of  nw% 

47 

n%  of  80% 

47 

n%  of  ne% 

2E 

e%    of   8w%, 
w%  of  se^ 

2E 

eMs  of  8w%, 
w%    of   80% 

47 

8%   of  ne% 

46 

nw% 

2E 

86% 

45 

8W%  of  ne%, 
se%  of  nw% 

Newport  Mining  Co. 


1912 
U 


1909 
Now     part    of    Sunday 

Lake 1887 

Later  Mount  Hope,  now 

Newport   1889 

Once  part  of  Ada.  Cor- 
rigan,     McKinney     & 

Co 1914 

Formerly  part  of  Valley  1904 

Now  part  of  Cary 

Newport  Mining  Co U 

Part  formerly  Comet. 
Castile  Mining  Co., 
(Oglebay,     Norton     & 

Co.)    D 

Verona  Mining  Co., 
(Pickands,    Mather   & 

Co.)    P 

Hayes  Mining  Co P 

Part  formerly  Section 
33,  Trimble.  Montreal 
Mining   Co.    (Oglebay, 

Norton  &  Co.) P 

Formerly      Iron      King, 

now  Newport 1891 

Formerly  Iron  King, 
Mount  Hope.  Newport 
Mining     Co.     (M.     A. 

Hanna  &  Co.) P 

Later  Windsor,  now  part 

of  Cary   1886 

Oliver  Iron  Mining  Co.  P 
Oliver  Iron  Mining  Co.  P 
Oliver  Iron  Mining  Co.  P 
Oliver  Iron  Mining  Co.     P 

Now  Ottawa   

Formerly  Odanah.  Mon- 
treal Mining  Co. 
(Oglebay,  Norton  ft 
Co.)   P 

Oliver  Iron  Mining  Co..     P 

Newport  Mining  Co.  (M. 

A.  Hanna  &,  Co.) P 

1912 

Part  formerly  in  Alpha.  1910 


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268 


LIST  OF  IRON  MINING  PROPERTIES 


Property  S«c  T 

Pilgrim    18  47 

Plumer  (Wis.)   6  45 

Presque  Isle  21  47 

Puritan 17  47 

Royal 18  47 

Ruby 17  47 

Section  No.  3 

(Wis.)    33  46 

Shores    iWis.)    ....10  45 


Detcription  Opentinff  Company  (Sales  Agents) 


45 

2E 
43 

46 


46 
46 

2E 
IE 


ne%  of  ne^, 

8%  of  ne% 

n^ 

w%   of  w%, 

ne^  of  nw% 

8W% 


Spari:a 9 

Sunday  Lake 10 


80% 
8W% 

e%  of  nw% 
80^4  of  sw%, 

80% 

w%  of  nw% 
w% 


Pickands,  Mather  &  Co. 
Oliver  Iron  Mining  (3o.. 

Presque  Isle  Mining  Co. 
Formerly  Ruby  and  part 

of   Ada.     Oliver   Iron 

Mining  Co 

Formerly    Blue    Jacket. 

Oliver  Iron  Mining  Co. 
Later  part  of  Ada,  now 

Puritan 

Now  part  of  Montreal.. 


U 
P 


1899 


47    45     w%  of  nw%     Now  part  of  Chicago...  1895 
47    45     w%  Part       formerly       Iron 

Chief.      Sunday    Lake 
Iron     Co.     (Pickands, 

Mather  &  Co.) P 

Superior  (Wis.)   ...27    46    2E    se%   of  ne%, 

ne%  of  se%    Now  part  of  Cary P 

Tilden 15    47    46     n%  OUver  Iron  Mining  Co. .    P 

Trimble  (Wis.) 33    46    2E    nw%  of  ne%    Now  part  of  Montreal.. 

Tylers  Forks 

(Wis.)   33     45    IW  nw%  of  se% 

VaUey  16    47    46     s%  of  nw%. 

n%  of  sw% 

Vaughn 23    47    47     n%  of  se% 

Wakefield 16    47    45     w%  of  nw%, 

nw%  of  sw% 
17    47     45     s%  of  n%, 

n%  of  8% 
West  Colby 16    47    46     s%  of  nw% 

West  Cary  (Wis.).. 26    46    2E    w%  of  nw% 
Windsor  (Wis.)    ...26    46    2E   n%  of  ne% 

Winona 17    47    46     e%  of  se% 

Yale 16    47    46    s%  of  nw% 


Part  later  West  Colby, 
now  Yale,  part  now 
Jackpot 1896 

Oliver  Iron  Mining  (^..    P 


Wakefield  Mining  Ck>. 
(M.  A.  Hanna  ft  Co.) .    P 

Formerly  part  of  Valley, 
now  Yale   1903 

Now  part  of  Cary 

Formerly  Nimikon.  now 
part  of  Cary P 

Formerly  Federal,  part 
of  Ada.  Corrigan.  Mc- 
Kinney  &   Co 1914 

Formerly  part  of  Valley, 
later  West  Colby 

Lake  Superior  Iron  ft 
Chemical  Co.  (Ogle- 
bay,  Norton  ft  Co.)..    P 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  269 


REPORT  OF  THE  FIRST  ANNUAL  FIRST-AID 
CONTEST. 

BY   C.    S.   STEVENSON,   ANNOUNCER. 

Historical — Although  the  inception  of  the  work  of  first- 
aid  to  the  injured  and  the  use  of  mine  rescue  breathing  ap- 
paratus, in  the  Lake  Superior  district,  followed  the  develop- 
ment of  this  work  in  other  districts,  yet  since  the  inauguration 
of  this  w^ork  four  or  five  years  ago,  its  development  has  been 
rapid  throughout  the  entire  district,  and  at  the  present  time 
scarcely  a  company  remains  which  has  not  given  serious  at- 
tention to  the  instruction  of  miners  in  work  of  this  character. 

The  development  of  the  idea  of  safety  in  mining  has  per-, 
haps  resulted  largely  from  the  tremendous  "Safety  First" 
movement  which  has  invaded  all  industries  throughout  Amer- 
ica within  the  past  10  years.  In  the  year  191 1  and  1912  sev- 
eral safety  inspectors  of  mining  companies  and  county  mine 
inspectors  from  Michigan  and  Minnesota  attended  the  Nation- 
al Mine  Safety  Demonstrations  at  Pittsburgh,  Pa.  These  men 
returned  with  a  greater  appreciation  of  the  development  of 
safety  work  in  other  districts  and  with  a  renewed  determina-? 
tion  for  the  fullest  development  of  safety  in  mining  through- 
out the  Lake  Superior  mining  district.  In  the  year  191 2  this 
interest  resulted  in  a  request  from  the  Lake  Superior  district, 
which  was  presented  to  the  Federal  Bureau  of  Mines,  asking 
for  the  permanent  establishment  of  a  mine  rescue  car  in  the 
district  The  Bureau  of  Mines  acted  favorably  on  this  request 
and  in  November,  191 2.  the  government  instructors  arrived, 
followed  shortly  thereafter  by  the  rescue  car,  which  was  in 
course  of  construction.  This  car  has  up  to  the  present  time 
given  training  throughout  the  entire  district  and  the  present 
development  of  the  work  of  first-aid  to  the  injured  and  in  the 
use  of  mine  rescue  breathing  apparatus  is  largely  a  compliment 
to  this  governmental  assistance. 

In  the  year  191 2  the  Institute  appointed  a  Committee  on 
the  Practice  for  the  Prevention  of  Accidents  and  this  commit- 


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270  REPORT  OF  FIRST-AID  CONTEST 

tee  represented  the  first  active  interest  by  the  Institute  in  safe- 
ty work.  This  committee  in  session  with  the  President  and 
Secretary  of  the  Institute  in  a  meeting  held  at  Ishpeming,  on 
April  loth,  1914,  considered  the  possibility  of  holding  a  joint 
program  in  first-aid  and  mine  rescue  work  in  conjunction 
with  the  American  Mine  Safety  Association.  The  possibility 
of  having  such  a  joint  program  in  connection  w^ith  the  annual 
meeting  of  the  Institute  was  fully  discussed.  However,  the 
plans  of  the  Institute  were  such  that  only  one  day  could  be 
devoted  to  this  feature  and  as  a  consequence  the  committee 
recommended  holding  the  first-aid  contest  under  the  auspices 


Treatment  for  Burns  by  the  Lake  Mine  Team  op  The  Cleveland-Cuffs  Iron  Co. 

of  the  Institute.  The  report  also  suggested  that  later  coopera- 
tion with  the  American  Mine  Safety  Association  in  such  a 
program  might  be  given.  It  was  further  recommended  that 
the  Institute  hold  a  first-aid  contest  each  year  as  a  feature  of 
its  annual  program. 

Preliminary  Announcement — On  June  18,  19 14,  the  Com- 
mittee of  the  Institute  on  the  Practice  for  the  Prevention  of 
Accidents  addressed  a  preliminary  announcement  to  the  min- 
ing companies  of  the  Lake  Superior  district  to  the  effect  that 
a  first-aid  contest  would  be  held  at  Ishpeming,  Michigan,  in 
connection  with  the  annual  meeting  of  the  Institute  and  out- 
lining the  rules  to  be  followed  in  the  contest  and  the  discounts 
for  judging.    These  rules  and  discounts  are  given  below. 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  2Jl 

ENTRANCE  RULES. 

1.  All  entries  shall  close  July  20th»  and  must  be  filed  with  Wil- 
liam Conibear,  Ishpeming,  Michigan. 

2.  A  team  is  composed  of  five  men,  including  a  captain. 

3.  Each  team  will  select  its  own  patient  in  addition  to  the  five 
operating  members  thereof,  or  will  have  a  miner  present,  selected 
for  them. 

4.  All  members  of  a  team  shall  be  bona  fide  mine  workers. 

5.  The  teams  will  bring  their  own  first-aid  material,  including 
bandages,  splints,  blankets,  stretchers,  etc.,  and  will  not  be  allowed 
to  leave  the  patient  to  secure  material. 

CONTEST  RULES. 

1.  The  captain  will  select  the  patient  and  designate  the  member 
or  members  of  the  team  to  perform  the  event 

2.  The  captain  will  control  his  team  in  their  field  of  work  by 
giving  audible  commands. 

3.  The  captain  may  select  himself  as  one  of  the  members  who 
will  perform  the  event. 

4.  The  captain  or  other  members  will  not  prompt  the  person 
performing  the  event  unless  he  is  one  of  the  performers.  This  will 
not  apply  to  full  team  events. 

5.  At  the  conclusion  of  any  event  the  captain  will  raise  his 
right  hand  and  announce  his  team  number.  The  team  will  remain  at 
post  until  relieved  by  the  judges. 

G.  The  triangular  bandage  will  be  the  standard  used  in  the  con- 
test, but  roller  bandages  may  be  used  and  equal  credit  will  be  given 
for  their  proper  use  as  with  the  triangular  bandages. 

7.  All  splints  must  be  prepared  on  the  field  for  each  event  re- 
quiring their  use.  Specially  designed  splints  may  be  used,  but  they 
must  be  assembled  during  the  time  of  each  event  requiring  their  use. 

8.  No  practicing  will  be  allowed  on  the  field  before  the  beginning 
of  the  contest. 

9.  The  teiams  will  be  numbered  consecutively,  beginning  at  No.  1, 
and  they  will  occupy  their  consecutive  positions  on  the  field. 

10.  Each  Judge  will  mark  the  team  number,  event,  and  discounts 
for  each  team  Judged,  sign  his  name  and  deliver,  to  tbe  recorder,  his 
record. 

11.  The  recorder  will  foot  up  the  discounts  and  mark  points  made 
by  each  telam  in  each  event.  The  total  points  will  be  divided  by  the 
number  of  events  and  the  quotient  will  be  the  average  for  each  team 
for  the  whole  contest. 

12.  Time  will  not  be  an  element  unless  the  team  or  men  perform- 
ing run  over  the  alloted  time  or  fail  to  give  treatment  properly.  All 
events  shall  commence  and  be  finished  at  the  sounding  of  a  gong. 

13.  All  exception  to  these  rules  must  be  made  to  the  Committee 
.  on   the   Practice  for  the   Prevention    of  Accidents,    Mr.   Charles   E. 

Lawrence,  Chairman,  Palatka,  Michigan,  not  later  than  30  days  prior 


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2^2  kEPORT  OF  FlkST-AtD  COKtEST 

to  the  day  of  the  contest.     The  decision  of  the  Committee  will  be 
final. 

DISCOUNTS  FOR  JUDGING  FIRST-AID  CONTEST. 

Discounts 
(Points) 

1.  Not  doing  the  most  important  thing  first . .- S 

2.  Failure  of  captain  to  command  properly 2 

3.  Slowness  in  work  and  lack  of  attention   4 

4.  Failure  to  entirely  cover  the  wound  or  being  unable  to  give 
location  of  injury   4 

5.  Ineffective  artificial  respiration   10 

6.  Splint  improperly  padded  or  applied  2 

7.  Tight,  loose,  or  improperly  applied  bandage 6 

8.  Insecure  or  granny  knot 5 

9.  Unclean  first-aid  material   5 

10.  Failure  to  have  on  hand  sufficient  and  proper  material  to 
complete  a  dressing    5 

11.  Lack  of  neatness  2 

12.  Awkward  handling  of  patient  5 

13.  Assistance  lent  by  patient  5 

14.  Tourniquet  improperly  applied  5 

15.  Failure  to  stop  bleeding 5 

16.  Not  treating  shock  5 

17.  Failure  to  be  aseptic  10 

18.  Improper  treatment    10 

19.  Failure  to  finish  in  the  allotted  time  should  be  discounted  1 
point  for  each  minute  over  time. 

A  second  announcement  was  distributed  on  July  loth  to 
those  companies  who  had  signified  their  intention  of  entering 
teams  in  the  contest.  In  this  announcemetit  the  date  and  place 
of  holding  the  contest  was  given  and  twenty  first-aid  prob- 
lems were  submitted  from  which  ten  were  to  be  selected  for 
the  contest.  These  problems  and  additional  rules  which  were 
included  in  this  announcement  are  given  below. 

EVENTS. 

No.  1.  One-Man  Event — Treat  a  lacerated  wound  of  the  forehead 
and  a  lacerated  wound  in  the  palm  of  the  right  haad. 

No.  2.  One-Man  Event — Treat  a  lacerated  wound  on  the  point  of 
the  left  shoulder  and  a  scald  of  the  right  hland  and  right  fore-arm. 

No.  3.  One-Man  Event — ^Right  cheek  cut  and  bleeding;  right  fore- 
arm <;ut  and  bleeding. 

No.  4.  One-Man  Event — Treat  a  simple  fracture  of  the  right  collar- 
bone and  simple  fracture  of  the  lower  Jaw. 

No.  5.  Two-Men  Event— Treat  a  dislocated  shoulder  and  simple 
fracture  of  right  leg. 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  273 

No.  6.  Two-Men  Event — Flesh  torn  off  back  of  left  hand;  compound 
fracture  of  the  right  arm. 

No.  7.  Three-Men  Event — Left  ear  torn  off;  left  afhoulder  dislo- 
cated; compound  fracture  of  left  leg. 

No.  8.  Three-Men  Event — Head,  face,  neck,  arms  and  hands  burned 
with  ignition  of  acetylene  gas. 

No.  9.  Four-Men  Event — Patient  unconscious  from  gas  inhalation; 
right  fore-arm  broken;  improvise  stretcher  and  carry  50  feet. 

No.  10.  Foui^Men  Event — Man  is  found  lying  on  his  back  on  live 
electric  wire,  unconscious;  back  burned  at  waist  line;  demonstrate 
three  methods  of  his  removal,  treat  and  carry  on  stretcher  50  feet. 

No.  11.  Team  Event — Treat  a  broken  knee-cap  and  a  fracture  of 
the  ribs. 

No.  12.  Team  Event — Treat  a  fractured  right  ankle  and  a  frac- 
ture of  the  left  upper  arm. 

No.  13.  Team  Event— Treat  a  man  insensible  from  drowning.  (Any 
method  of  artificial  respiration  may  be  used.) 


The  Winning  Team  of  the  Hartford  Mine  Applying  Spunts  for  a  Fractured  Thigh. 

No.  14.  Teem  Event — Treat  a  man;  insensible  from  gas  or  smoke. 
(Any  method  of  artificial  respiration  may  be  used.) 

No.  15.    Team  Event — Treat  a  broken  back. 

No.  16.  Team  Event — Treat  a  compound  fracture  of  the  middle 
third  of  the  right  thigh  accompanied  by  violent  bleeding. 

No.  17.  Team  Event — Left  leg  cut  off  six  inches  below  knee; 
simple  fracture  of  right  leg. 

No.  18.  Team  Event — Right  hand  cut  off  by  motor  wheels;  dislo- 
cated left  hip. 

No.  19.  Team  Event — Simple  fracture  of  right  thigh;  fifth  and 
sixth  ribs  on  left  side  broken;  compound  fracture  of  right  wrist,  with 
bright  red  blood  bleeding. 

No.  20.  Team  Event — Simple  fracture  of  both  fore-arms;  great  toe 
on  right  foot  cut  off;  treat  and  two  men  carry  50  feet  without  stretcher. 


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274 


REPORT  OF  FIRST-AID  CONTEST 


The  teams  entered  will  be  numbered  consecutively.  Those  having 
even  numbers  will  perform  even  numbered  events  and  those  having 
odd  numbers  will  perform  odd  numbered  events.  Each  team  will  be 
identified  on  the  field  by  a  number  worn  by  the  Captain,  the  same 
corresponding  to  the  number  on  the  primed  list  of  teams  on  the  final 
program. 

The  beginning  and  closing  of  each  event  will  be  designated  by  the 
sounding  of  a  gong. 

Judging — It  was  decided  by  the  Committee  to  procure  three 
men  for  judges  of  the  contest  who  were  in  no  way  identified 
with  the  mining  industry  of  the  district  and  who  as  well  were 
thoroughly  informed  in  first-aid  methods  and  contests.  The 
three  men  finally  selected  were  as  follows : 

Dr.  A.  F.  Knoefel,  Vice  President  and  Chief  Surgeon  of 
the  Vandalia  Coal  Company,  Linton,  Ind. 

Mr.  R.  Y.  Williams,  Director,  lUinois  Miners'  and  Me- 
chanics' Institute,  Urbana,  Ills. 

Mr.  G.  H.  Hawes,  Rescue  Engineer,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 

These  men  performed  their  duties  in  an  admirable  manner 
and  expressed  themselves  after  the  contest  as  being  most  fav- 
orably impressed  with  the  standard  of  first-aid  work  in  this 
district.  The  Institute  is  highly  appreciative  of  the  very  val- 
uable services  of  these  three  men.  A  score  card  was  prepared 
for  the  use  of  the  judges  which  simplified  their  duties  very 
greatly.     A  copy  of  this  score  card  is  given  below. 

First  Annual  First  Aid  Contest 

LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE. 

Score  Card 


(Reduced)                                                                Team  N 

3 , 

Discounts 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

1011 

i2;i3 

14 

16 

16 

17 

18 

19 

Grade  for  Ev'Dt 

Event  No. 

— 

— 

— 

((        (t 

((        i( 

t(      .  (( 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

~ 

(»        (t 

Final  Grade 

Program — The  ten  problems  selected  for  the  contest  and 
the  mining  companies  represented  together  with  the  personnel 
of  the  teams  were  given  in  a  special  program  which  was  dis- 
tributed on  the  morning  of  the  day  of  the  contest.  This 
program  is  given  below. 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  275 

ORDER  OF  EVENTS. 

No.  1.  One-Man  Event — Treat  a  lacerated  wound  of  the  forehead 
and  a  lacerated  wound  in  the  palm  of  the  right  hand.     (6  minutes.) 

No.  2.  One-Man  Event — Treat  a  simple  fracture  of  the  right  collar- 
bone and  simple  fracture  of  the  lower  jaw.     (G  minutes.) 

No.  3.  Three-Men  Event — Left  ear  torn  oft;  left  shoulder  dislo- 
cated;   compound  fracture  of  left  leg.     (12  minutes.) 

No.  4.  Three-Men  Event — Head,  face,  neck,  arms  and  hands  burned 
with  ignition  of  acetylene  gas.     (10  minutes.) 

No.  5.  Team  Event — Treat  a  man  insensible  from  drowning.  (Any 
method  of  artificial  respiration  may  be  used.)     (5  minutes.) 

No.  C.  Team  Event — Treat  a  man  insensible  from  gas  or  smoke. 
(Any  method  of  artificial  respiration  may  be  used.)     (5  minutes.) 

No.  7.    Team  Event — Treat  a  broken  back.     (12  minutes.) 


A  General  View  Showing  the  Teams  in  Line  at  the  Beginning  of  the  Contest. 

No.  8.  Team  Event — Treat  a  compound  fracture  ol  the  middle 
third  of  the  right  thigh  accompanied  by  violent  bleeding.  (10  min- 
utes.) 

No.  9.  Team  Event — Right  hand  cut  oft  by  motor  wheels;  dislocat- 
ed left  hip.     (12  minutes.) 

No.  10.  Team  Evcnt^Simple  fracture  of  right  thigh;  fifth  and 
sixth  ribs  on  left  side  broken;  compound  fracture  of  right  wrist,  with 
bright  red  blood  bleeding.     (12  minutes.) 

Each  team  will  be  identified  on  the  field  by  a  number  worn  by  the 
Captain;  the  same  corresponding  to  the  number  on  the  printed  list 
of  teams  on  this  program.  Teams  having  even  numbers  will  perform 
even  numbered  events  and  those  having  odd  numbers  will  perform 
odd  numbered  events. 

The  beginning  and  clQSing  of  each  event  will  be  designated  by 
sounding  of  a  gong. 


Digitized  byVjOOQlC 


276  REPORT  OF  FIRST-AID  CONTEST 

Announcer. 

C.   S.   Stevenson,  Educational  Director,  The  Cleveland-Cliffs  Iron 
Co.,  Ishpemlng,  Michigan: 

Time-Keoper. 

W.  M.  Webb,  Safety  Inspector,  Republic  Iron  &  Steel  Co.,  Gilbert, 
Minnesota. 

Companies  Represented  and  Personnel  of  Teams. 

No.  I  Team — Oliver  Iron  Mining  Co.,  Gogebic  Range.  Cap- 
tain, Edward  Hancock,  Thomas  Sampson, 
William  J.  Sampson,  Herman  Kekoletic, 
George  Bowater  and  Thomas  Mills,  (sub- 
ject.) 

No.  2  Team — Cleveland-Cliffs  Iron  Co.,  Lake  Mine,  Ishpeni- 
ing.  Captain,  Xavier  Pepin,  Wm.  Wilcox, 
Thomas  Home,  Richard  Lemin,  Wm.  Ben- 
nett and  Edward  Mandley,  (subject.) 

No.  3  Team — Pickands,  Mather  &  Co.,  Mesabi  Range.  Cap- 
tain, James  R.  Fayle,  Greorge  Crago,  Reginald 
Coombs,  Wm.  Glanville,  Maunce  Westerlund 
and  Oscar  Creer,  (subject.) 

No.  4  Team — Republic  Iron  &  Steel  Co.,  Mesabi  Range, 
Captain,  H.  S.  Hammond,  P.  Donahue,  James 
Bresnahan,  B.  C.  Hanson,  Thos.  Sheardy  and 
F.  R.  Kane,  (subject.) 

No.  5  Team — Oliver  Iron  Mining  Co.,  Marquette  Range. 
Captain,  Harry  T.  Hulst,  William  Hatch, 
Chas.  K.  Doney,  William  Mitchell  William 
Richards  and  Horace  Jewell,  (subject.) 

No.  6  Team — Cleveland-Cliffs  Iron  Co.,  Gwinn  District 
Captain,  Sidney  Harvey,  William  Johns,  W. 
H.  Matthews,  Joseph  Andrews,  Agner  Blom- 
quist  and  WiUiam  Goyen,  (subject.) 

No.  7  Team — Republic  Iron  &  Steel  Co.,  Maiquette  Range. 
Captain,  Paul  Mitchell,  James  Davey,  An- 
toine  Cesare,  George  Cumow  and  John  Ga- 
viglio. 

No.  8  Team — Newport  Mining  Co.,  Gogebic  Range.  Cap- 
tain, Axel  Holmgren,  Joe  Winn,  Ernest  Russ, 
Arthur  Westergren,  Tony  Petruscak  and  Ot- 
to Peterson,  (subject.) 

No.  9  Team — Clev'eland-CHffs  Iron  Co.,  Maas  Mine,  Ne- 
gaunee.    Captain,  Thomas  Easterbrook,  Ben 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  2^^ 

Remaly,    James    Hawke,    Joseph    Gambetti, 
and  Wni.  Waters,  (subject.) 
No.    ID  Team — Pickands,  Mather  &  Co.,  Iron  River  District, 
Captain,  James  Johns,  Kyme  Scuflfham,  John 
G.  WilHams,  John  Manning,  Dan  Cummings 
and  William  Bengry,  Jr.,  (subject.) 
No.    II   Team — Cleveland-Cliffs   Iron   Co.,   Negaunee  Mine, 
Negaunee.     Captain,  J.  S.  McNabb,  Samuel 
Stephens,  Knock  Vincent,  George  Whitting- 
ton,  Arthur  Olson  and  Fred  Staples,   (sub- 
ject.) 
No.    12  Team — The  Breitung   Iron  Co.,   Marquette   Range. 
Captain,  Fred  Royce,  Will  Thomas,  Herman 
Burgeson,  Albert  Larson  and  John  Donni- 
thome. 
Prizes — The  Institute  is  greatly  indebted  to  several  firms 
and  societies  who  presented  valuable  prizes  to  winning  teams, 
in  addition  to  the  fifty  dollars  in  gold  which  the  Institute  has 
decided  to  offer  annually.    These  prizes  were  as  follows : 

E.  I.  DuPont  DeNemours  Powder  Co., — Fifty  Dollars  in 
Gold. 

The  Pluto  Powder  Co.,  Ishpeming,  Michigan — Six  Silk 
Umbrellas,  with  appropriately  engraved  silver  mounted  han- 
dles. 

The  American  Mine  Safety  Association — Bronze  Medals. 
The  Draeger  Oxygen  Apparatus  Co.,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. — A 
Self  Rescue  Apparatus,  valued  at  $50.00. 

The  cash  prizes  offered  were  combined  and  distributed  as 
is  shown  below : 

First  Prize — Five  Bronze  Medals  and  $50.03  Cash. 
Second  Prize — Six  Silk  Umbrellas  and  $30.00  Cash. 
Third  Prize — One  Self-Rescue  Apparatus  and  $20.00  Cash. 
Decision  of  the  Judges — The  decision  of  the  judges  was 
not  made  known  at  the  immediate  close  of  the  contest  but  some 
two  hours  afterward  at  a  baseball  game,  which  was  given  for 
the  entertainment  of  the  members  of  the  Institute,  the  mem- 
bers of  the  first-aid  teams  and  their  friends.     Previous  to  the 
announcment  of  the  judges  it  was  necessary  to  work  off  a  tie 
existing  for  third  place.    Three  teams,  as  follows,  were  tied 
for  this  position : 

The  Oliver  Iron  Mining  Company,  Ishpeming,  Michigan* 
The  Newport  Iron  Company,  Ironwood,  Michigan. 


Digitized  byVjQOQlC 


278  REPORT  OF  FIRST-AID  CONTEST 

The  Cleveland-Cliffs  Iron  Company,  Maas  Mine,  Xegau- 
nee,  Michigan. 

The  judges  selected  the  following  problem  to  decide  the 
winner  of  third  place : 

Treat  a  fractured  knee-cap  of  the  right  leg 
and  a  right  heel  cut  off. 

As  a  result  of  this  second  contest,  the  team  of  the  Oliver 
Iron  Mining  Company,  Ishpeming  district,  was  declared  the 
winner  of  third  place.  Between  innings  of  the  basel3all  game 
Dr.  A.  F.  Knoefel,  first  vice  president  of  the  VandaHa  Coal 
Comi>any,  and  chief  surgeon  of  that  organization,  in  a  well 
chosen  speech,  delivered  in  front  of  the  grandstand,  announced 
the  names  of  the  winning  teams  and  presented  the  prizes  to 
the  captains.  The  decision  of  the  judges  gave  first  prize  to 
the  RepubHc  Iron  &  Steel  Co.-Hartford  Mine  team,  Xegau- 
nee,  Mich.;  second  prize  to  The  Cleveland-Cliffs  Iron  Co.- 
Negaunee  Mine  team,  Negaunee,  Mich. :  and  third  prize  to  the 
Oliver  Iron  Mining  Co.  Ishpeming  team,  Ishpeming,  Mich. 


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LAKJE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE 


279 


PAST  OFFICERS. 

PRESIDENTS. 


Nelson  P.  Hulst 1893 

J.  Parke  Channing 1894 

John  Duncan   1895 

William   G.  Mather 1896 

William  Kelly   1898 

Graham   Pope    1900 

W.  J.  Olcott 1901 

Walter  Fitch   1902 

George  H.  Abeel 1903 

(No  meetings  were  held 


O.  C.  Davidson   1904 

James   MacNaughton    1905 

Thomas  F.  Cole   1906 

Murray  M.  Duncan   1908 

D.  E.  Sutherland 1909 

William  J.  Richards  1910 

F.  W.  Denton 1911 

Pentecost  Mitchell 1912 

W.  H.  Johnston 1(913 

in  1897,  1899  and  1907.) 


VICE  PRESIDENTS. 

1893. 

John  T.  Jones 

Graham  Pope 

F.  P.  Mills 

J.   Parke   Channing 
1894. 

M.  W.  Burt 

John  T.  Jones 

Graham  Pope 

F.  P.  Mills 

R.  A.  Parker 

1895. 

W.  J.  Olcott 

F.  McM.  Stanton 

Per  Larsson 

Geo.  A.  Newett 

R.  A.  Parker 
1896. 

W.  J.  Olcott 

F.  McM.  Stanton 

Per  Larsson 

Geo.  A.  Newett 

J.  F.  Armstrong 
1898. 

Geo.  H.  Abeel 

E.  F.  Brown 

Walter  Fitch 

James  B.  Cooper 

Ed.  Ball 
1900. 

Geo.  H.  Abeel 

0.  C.  Davidson 

J.  H.  McLean 

T.  F.  Cole 

M.  M.  Duncan 
1901. 

F.  W.  Denton 

J.  H.  McLean 

F.  W.  Denton 

M.  M.  Duncan 

Nelson  P.  Hulst 
1902. 

William  Kelly 

William  Kelly 

H.  F.  Ellard 

Nelson  P.  Hulst 

Fred  SmitU 

Wm.  H.  Johnston 

Digitized  byVjOOQlC 


28o 


PAST  OFFICERS  OF  THE  INSTITUTE 
1903. 


H.  F.  Ellard 

Wm.  H.  Johnston 

Fred  Smith 

James  B.  Cooper 

John  H.  McL»ean 

H.  F.  Ellard 

1904. 

John  H.  McLiean 

Wm.  H.  Johnston 

Fred  Smith 

James  a  Cooper 

M.  M.  Duncan 

1905. 

John  H.  McLean 

Fred  M.  Prescott 

F.  W.  McNair 

J.  B.  Cooper 

M.  M.  Duncan 

1906. 

F.  W.  McNair 

J.  M.  Longyear 

Fred  M.  Prescott 

F.  W.  Denton 

J.  M.  Longyear 

1908. 

D.  B.  Sutherland 

F.  W.  Denton 

David  T.  Morgan 

Norman  W.  Haire 

W.  J.  Richards 

1909. 

D.  E.  Sutherland 

Charles  Trezona 

D.  T.  Morgan 

W.  J.  Richards 

1910. 

Charles  Trezona 

John  M.  Bush 

Frederick  W.  Sperr 

-   James  H.  Rou^ 

E.  D.  Brigham 
John  M.  Bush 

1911. 
Frederick  W.  Sperr 

C.  H.  Munger 
James  H.  Rough 

E.  D.  Brigham 
Geo.  H.  Abeel 

1912. 
W.  P.  Chinn 

C.  H.  Munger 
W.  H.  Jobe 

Geo.  H.  Abeel 

1913. 

A.  D.  Edwards 

Francis  J.  Webb 

W.  P.  Chinn 
MANAGERS. 

W.  H.  Jobe 

John  Duncan 
Walter  Fitch 

1893. 
William  Kelly 

James  MacNaughton 
Charles  Munger 

Walter  Fitch 

1894. 

C.  M;  Boss 

John  Duncan 

M.  E.  Wadflworth 

0.  C.  Davidson 

F.  P.  Mills 

1895. 

C.   M.  Boss 

Ed.  Ball 

M.  E.  Wadswortb 

O.  C.  Davidson 

F.  P.  Mills 
Ed.  Ball 

1896. 
C.  H.  Munger 

Graham  Pope 
WlUii^m  Kelly 

Digitized  byVjOOQlC 


LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE                         28l 

M.  M.  Duncan 

1898. 

Graham  Pope 

J.  D.  Gilchrist 

T.  P.  Cole 

0.  C.  Davidson 

E.  P.  Brown 

1900. 

Walter  Pitch 

Ed.  Ball 

James  B.  Cooper 

George  H.  Abeel 

James  B.  Cooper 

1901. 

James  Clancey 

James  MacNaughton 

(One  Vacancy) 

J.  L.  Greatsinger 

James  Clancey 

1902- 

Graham  Pope 

J.  L.  Greatsinger 

Amos  Shephard 

T.  P.  Cole 

Graham  Pope 

1903. 

T.  P.  Cole 

Amos  Shephard 

W.  J.  Richards 

John  McDowell 

John  McDowell 

1904. 

Thomas  P.  Cole 

Wm.  J.  Richards 

Graham  Pope 

Amos  Shephard 

John  C.  Greenway 

1905. 

H.  B.  Sturtevant 

John  McDowell 

William  Kelly 

Wm.  J.  Richards 

John  C.  Greenway 

1906. 

H.  B.  Sturtevant 

Jas.  R.  Thompson 

William  Kelly 

Pelix  A.  Vogel 

James  R.  Thompson 

1908. 

J.  Ward  Amberg 

Felix  A.  Vogel 

John  C.  Greenway 

Pentecost  Mitchell 

P.  E.  Keese 

1909. 

J.  Ward  Amberg 

W.  J.  Uren 

L.  M.  Hardenburg 

Pentecost  Mitchell 

Prank  E.  Keese 

1910. 

L.  M.  Hardenburg 

Charles  B.  Lawrence 

William  J.  Uren 

William  J.  West 

Charles  E.  Lawrence 

1911. 

William  J.  West 

Peter  W.  Pascoe 

J.  B.  Cooper 

L.  C.  Brewer 

M.  H.  Godfrey 

1912. 

J.  E.  Jopling 

Peter  Pascoe 

J.  B.  Cooper 

L.  C.  Brewer 

M.  H.  Godfrey 

1913. 

J.  E.  Jopling 

G.  S.  Barber 

Wm.  H.  Johnston 
TREASURERS. 

C.  H.  Baxter 

C,  M.  Boss 

1893 

A.  C.  LAne 

1894 

Digitized  byVjOOQlC 


282  LIST  OF  PUBLICATIONS  RECEIVED 

Geo.  D.  Swift   1895-1896 

A.  J.  Yungbluth ". 1898-1900 

Geo.  H.  Abeel  1901-1902 

E.  W.  Hopkins  1903- 

SECRETARIES. 

P.  W.  Denton  1893-1896 

P.  W.  Denton  and  F.  W.  Sperr 1898 

P.  W.  Sperr  1900 

A.  J.  Yungbluth  1901- 


LIST  OP  PUBLICATIONS  RECEIVED  BY  THE  INSTITUTE. 

American  Institute  of  Mining  Engineers,  99  John  Street,  New 
York  City. 

Mining  and  Metallurgical  Society  of  America,  505  Pearl  Street, 
New  York  City. 

American  Society  of  Civil  Engineers,  220  West  57tli  Street,  New 
York  City. 

Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology,  Boston,  Mass. 

Western  Society  of  Engineers,  1734-41  Monadnock  Block,  Chicago. 

The  Mining  Society  of  Nova  Scotia,  Halifax,  N.  S. 

Canadian  Mining  Institute,  Ottawa. 

Canadian   Society  of  Civil  Engineers,   Montreal. 

Institute  of  Mining  Engineers,  Neville  Hall,  Newcastle Upon-Tyne, 
England. 

North  of  England  Institute  of  Mining  and  Mechanical  Ehigineers, 
Newcastle-Upon-Tyne,  England. 

Chemical,  Metallurgical  and  Mining  Society  of  South  Africa,  Jo- 
hannesburg, S.  A. 

American  Mining  Congress,  1510  Court  Place,  Denver,  Colo. 

State  Bureau  of  Mines,  Colorado,  Denver,  Colo. 

Reports  of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Geological  Survey  of  Ohio  State  University,  Columbus,  O. 

Geological  Survey  of  New  South  Wales,  Sydney,  N.  S.  W. 

Oklahoma  Geological   Survey,   Norman,  Okla. 

University  of  Oregon,  Library,  Eugene,  Oregon. 

Case  School  of  Applied  Science,  Department  of  Mining  &  Metal- 
lurgy, Cleveland,  Ohio. 

University  of  Illinois,  Exchange   Department,  Urbana,  111b. 

University  of  Missouri,  Columbia,  Mo. 

University  of  Michigan,  Ann  Arbor,  Mich. 

University  of  Colorado,  Boulder.  Colo. 

Columbia  University,  New  York  City,  N.  Y. 

University  of  Pittsburg.  State  Hall,  Pittsburg,  Pa. 

Iowa  State  College,  Ames,   Iowa. 

The  Mining  Magazine,  178  Salisbury  House,  London,  E.  C. 

Mines  and  Mining,  1824  Curtis  Street,  I>enver,  Colo. 

Engineering-Contracting,  355  Dearborn  Street,  Chicago,  Ills. 

Mining  &  Engineering  World,  Monadnock  Block,  Chicago,  Ills. 

Mining  Science,  Denver  Colo. 

Mining  &  Scientific  Press,  667  Howard  Street,  San  Francisco,  Cal. 

The   Mexican   Mining  Journal,  Mexico  City,   Mexico. 

Stahl  und  Eisen.   Dusseldorf,  Germany,  Jacobistrasse  5. 

The  Ex<5a,vating  Engineer,  267  National  Avenue,  Milwaukee.  Wis. 


Digitized  byVjOOQlC 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE 


285 


ABANDONED   MINES  ON    MARQUETTE    RANGE. 


(Partilally  Complete.) 

Albion 

Etna 

Man^nese 

Piatt 

Ames 

Fitch 

Marine 

Primrose 

Argyle 

Foster 

Metropolitan 

Richards 

Asteroid 

Foxdale 

Mlchigamme 

Riverside 

Barassa 

Franklin 

Michigan 

Ropes 

Bay  State 

Gibson 

Milwaukee-Davis 

Saginaw 

Beaufort 

Goodrich 

Mitchell 

Schouldice 

Bessie 

Grand  Rapids 

Moore 

Spurr 

Brotherton 

Grant 

Nelson 

Star  West 

Bunker  Hill 

Himrod 

New  York 

Standard 

Catherine 

Holyoke 

Northampton 

St  Lawrence 

Cheshire 

Hortense 

Norwood 

Tilden 

Dalllba 

Humboldt 

Ogden 

Titan 

Detroit 

Jhn  Pascoe 

Old  Champion 

Webster 

Dey 

Keystone 

Palmer 

Wheeling 

East  New  York 

iKloman 

PendiU 

Whetmore 

Edison 

Lincoln 

Phoenix 

Erie 

Magnetic 

Pioneer 

IRON  ORE  8HIPMENT8  FROM    MARQUETTE   RANGE. 
PROM  Ikon  Trade  Rbview 

Mine—  1913.  All  Years. 

American  162,253  894.167 

AusUn    107.366  936,599 

Breitung    Hematite    104.757  782.144 

Cambria  169.473  2,817.842 

Chase   52.930  52,930 

Cleveland-Cliffs  Group  (Ishpeming  Mines) 997.520  24.752,424 

Empire   28,634  345,366 

Imperial   37  542  636,533 

Jackson    1,519  4,029,833 

Lake   Angeline    ? 104,357  8,950,359 

Lake  Superior  203,964  15,831,604 

Lloyd    135,746  208,216 

Lucy   2,025  622,110 

Maas  170,705  670.595 

Mary  Charlotte 264,120  2123,061 

Milwaukee-Davis    10,412  515,898 

Mitchell    15,970  114,794 

Morris    18,394  19.680 

Negaunee    326,877  4,924,546 

Princeton    53,476  1,604,778 

Queen  Group    298,504  7,170,635 

Republic    137,063  6  751,142 

Richmond    138,394  1,088,761 

Rolling  Mill   163,286  1,069,764. 

Stegmiller   45,431  230,227 

Stephenson   96,279  788,198 

Volunteer    47,698  1,527,143 

Washington;   60,581  352,032 

Shipped  prior  to  1913  by  mines  now  idle 12,736  192 

Totals    3,966,680  107.298,821 


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286 


LAKE  SUPERIOR  IRON  ORE  SHIPMENTS 


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BIOGRAPHICAL 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  289 


James  B.  Cooper. 

Born  at  Springwells,  which  is  now  a  part  of  the  City  of 
Detroit,  in  1859.  He  was  a  son  of  James  R.  Cooper.  Re- 
ceived his  early  education  in  the  public  schools  of  Detroit,  be- 
ing graduated  in  1877.  He  left  shortly  after  for  Hancock, 
Michigan,  to  take  a  position  with  the  old  Detroit  &  Lake  Su- 
perior Copper  Company  at  its  smelter.  His  father  had  pre- 
ceded him  to  the  copper  country  several  years  before  to  as- 
sume the  management  of  the  smelter  at  Hancock.  The  elder 
Cooper  was  one  of  the  world's  greatest  copper  smelters  and 
the  son  followe<l  in  the  paths  of  his  father. 

After  two  years'  work  at  the  smelter,  James  B.  Cooper 
decided  to  increase  his  technical  knowledge  and  spent  one  year 
at  the  University  of  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  returning  to  the  Han- 
cock smelter,  where  he  held  the  position  of  foreman  until  1888. 
In  that  year  his  standing  as  a  smelterman  was  recognized  and 
he  was  placed  in  charge  of  the  old  Parrott  smelter  at  Bridge- 
port, Conn.  In  1890  he  returned  to  the  copper  country  to 
assume  the  management  of  the  Calumet  &  Hecla  smelter  at 
South  Lake  Linden,  now  Hubbell,  where  he  resided  contin- 
uously until  his  death. 

Mr.  James  B.  Cooper  was  one  of  the  authorities  on  cop- 
l>er  smelting  of  this  country  and  he  worked  incessantly  to 
get  his  product  on  the  market  in  a  degree  of  fineness  that 
could  not  be  approached  by  the  copper  of  competitors.  The 
excellence  of  his  reHning  methods  had  much  to  do  with  giving 
Lake  copper  the  reputation  it  bears. 

He  was  married  in  1892  to  Miss  Antoinette  Senter,  a 
daughter  of  the  late  John  Senter  of  Houghton. 

He  died  at  Hubbell,  Mich.,  Feb.  27,  1914. 

Frank  D.  Mead. 

Bom  at  Ann  Arbor,  Michigan,  January  27,  1856.  He 
attended  the  public  schools  of  that  city,  and  was  graduated 
from  the  University  of  Michigan  with  the  degree  of  Bachelor 


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290  BIOGRAPHICAL  NOTICES 

of  Arts  in  1877.  In  that  year  he  entered  the  office  of  Chandler 
Grant,  in  Houghton,  to  take  up  the  study  of  law,  being  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  in  1881.  He  was  associated  for  a  short  time 
with  John  Q.  Adams,  at  Negaunee,  then  moved  to  Escanaba 
to  engage  in  practice. 

For  thirty-three  years  he  was  prominent  in  the  business, 
social,  educational  and  political  life  of  Escanaba.  Being  one 
of  the  best  known  attorneys  of  the  upper  peninsula  he  had  a 
large  practice  and  represented  many  of  the  large  business  in- 
terests of  Escanaba  and  vicinity.  He  was  attorney  for  the 
Chicago  &  Northwestern  Railway  Company,  Minneapolis,  St. 
Paul  &  Sault  Ste.  Marie  Railway  Company,  and  the  Esca- 
naba &  Lake  Superior  Railway  Company,  at  the  time  of  his 
death.  He  was  a  delegate  to  the  Republican  National  con- 
vention in  St.  Louis,  and  one  of  the  delegates  who  framed 
the  new  Michigan  Constitution  in  1908. 

He  died  at  his  home  in  Escanaba  on  February  20,  1914. 

Alfred  Meads. 

Born  at  Brighton,  County  of  Sussex,  England,  on  January 
8,  183 1.  Came  to  the  Upper  Peninsula  of  Michigan  in  1859, 
locating  at  Ontonagon.  He  started  work  as  a  watchmaker 
and  jeweler  at  that  place.  In  1869  he  purchased  the  plant 
of  the  Ontonagon  Miner,  which  he  published  for  a  number 
of  years.  He  had  the  greatest  faith  in  Ontonagon  county 
and  the  upper  peninsula  and  never  failed  to  express  his  views 
through  the  columns  of  his  paper.  He  served  as  deputy  col- 
lector of  internal  revenue  and  collector  of  customs  for  the 
government  and  was  elected  probate  judge  of  the  county  for 
several  terms. 

In  1895,  when  Ontonagon  was  badly  damaged  by  fire,  Mr. 
Meads  moved  to  Marquette,  where  he  continued  to  reside  un- 
til his  death  on  June  2y,  1914. 

James  Wood. 

Born  in  Glengarry,  Canada,  in  1849.  One  of  five  broth- 
ers who  came  to  the  upper  peninsula  and  were  prominently 
identified  with  the  iron  industry  in  the  early  days.  They  were 
pioneer  explorers  on  the  three  Michigan  iron  ranges,  the  Me- 
nominee, Marquette  and  Gogebic. 

James  Wood  was  the  discoverer  of  the  Norrie  mine  at 
Ironwood,  exposing  for  the  holder  of  the  lease,  A.  L.  Norrie, 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  29I 

what  turned  out  to  be  one  of  the  greatest  bodies  of  high  grade 
ore  ever  found  in  Michigan.  The  North  Norrie,  East  Nor- 
rie,  Aurora,  Pabst  and  Newport  mines  being  opened  on  ore 
measures  which  were  extensions  of  the  find  made  by  Mn 
Wood. 

The  "wood'*  in  Ironwood  came  from  James  Wood's  name. 
The  Milwaukee,  Lake  Shore  &  Western  railway  (now  the 
Ashland  division  of  the  Chicago  &  Northwestern  systeqi)  had 
just  completed  its  rails  to  that  section,  and  the  president  of 
the  road  and  other  officials  had  arrived  at  the  new  mining 
town  on  the  range,  when  it  was  learned  that  no  name  had 
been  given  to  the  place.  James  Wood  was  sent  for  by  the 
president  of  the  road,  and  as  he  was  observed  coming  down 
Ihc  trail,  it  was  noticed  that  his  hands  were  covered  with  the 
stain  of  the  Norrie  hematite,  and  so  it  was  decided  then  and 
there  to  christen  the  new  town  "Iron-Wood."  The  hyphen 
was  later  dropped  and  the  name  changed  to  Ironwood. 

Mr.  Wood  journeyed  to  the  southwest  several  years  ago, 
where  he  died  in  February,  1914. 

Nathaniel  Hibbert. 

Captain  Nathaniel  Hibbert  was  born  in  England  in  March, 
1844.  He  .came  to  America  in  his  early  life,  later  going  to 
Ironwood,  Michigan  in  1885,  where  he  became  superintendent 
of  the  Aurora  mine.  He  opened  up  that  mine  in  such  a  way 
as  to  make  it  one  of  the  most  successful  ventures  in  the  Go- 
gebic Range  in  the  early  days. 

He  w^as  president  of  the  village  of  Ironwood  and  was  its 
first  mayor  when  it  became  incorporated  as  a  city  in  1888.  He 
served  two  terms  as  mayor,  leaving  the  city  in  1890  to  go  to 
Waynesboro,  Virginia,  to  take  charge  of  mining  properties 
at  that  point. 

He  died  there  in  April,  19 14. 

William  B.  Linsley. 

Bom  in  Meridan,  Conn.,  June  12,  1845.  Received  his 
early  education  in  the  schools  of  .that  city  and  vvorked  there 
until  he  reached  the  age  of  24  years. 

In  1869  Mr.  Linsley  took  up  his  residence  in  Escanaba, 
Mich.,  entering  the  employ  of  the  Chicago  &  Northwestern 
Railway  Company  as  clerk  in  the  local  freight  office.  Later 
he  was  promoted  to  the  position  of  agent,  a  position  he  filled 


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292  BIOGRAPHICAL  NOTICES 

until  1876  when  he  was  promoted  to  the  office  of  division  sup- 
erintendent of  the  Peninsula  division.  Mr.  Linsley  was  di- 
vision superintendent  for  36  years  and  one  of  the  best  known 
of  the  railroad  men  in  the  Lake  Superior  district. 

On  April  i,  191 2,  Mr.  Linsley  retired  from  active  railroad 
work  and  was  made  resident  superintendent  of  the  North- 
western company's  tie  preserving  plant  at  Escanaba.  Shortly 
after  assuming  his  new  duties  his  health  began  to  fail  him,  and 
he  was  obliged  to  spend  a  great  deal  of  his  time  away  from 
the  upper  peninsula. 

He  died  at  his  home  in  Escanaba  on  January  16,  1914, 
at  the  age  of  69  years. 

Joseph  Sellwood. 

Joseph  Sellwood  was  born  December  5,  1846  in  Cornwall, 
England.  At  the  age  of  nine  he  commenced  working  as  a 
miner's  helper  in  the  East  Poole  tin  mine.  At  the  age  of  four- 
teen he  became  so  proficient  in  the  use  of  the  hand  tools  of 
his  craft  that  he  was  given  adult  wages.  At  about  the  age  of 
nineteen  he  emigrated  to  America  and  commenced  his  work  in 
the  new  workl  as  a  miner  in  the  Mount  Hope  mine  of  New 
Jersey.  Remaining  there  less  than  six  months  he  came  in 
1865  to  the  State  of  Michigan  and  obtained  work  at  the  old 
Ogema  mine,  now  a  part  of  the  Mass  mine  in  Ontonagon 
county,  Mich. 

He  remained  in  the  Copper  Country  until  August  i,  1870, 
when  he  went  to  the  New  York  mine  at  Ishpeming,  Mich. 
Shortly  after  going  to  Ishpeming  he  commenced  contracting 
for  mining  of  the  ores  in  the  New  York  and  Cleveland  mines. 
He  also  started  a  general  store  under  the  name  of  Jos.  Sell- 
wood &  Co.,  which  is  still  being  successfully  run. 

In  1885  Mather,  Morse  &  Co.  sent  Mr.  Sellwood  to  the 
then  new  Gogebic  range,  to  open  up  the  Colby  mine  (the  first 
mine  to  be  opened  on  that  range)  at  what  is  now  Bessemer, 
Mich.  In  1885  Mr.  Sellwood  opened  the  Brotherton  mine  at 
Wakefield  for  Pickands,  Mather  &  Co.,  who  sold  the  mine  in 
1886  to  a  company  of  which  Mr.  Sellwood  wus  president.  This 
ownership  continued  until  the  property  was  sold  to  Lacka- 
wanna Steel  Comi>any.  Later  in  1898  Mr.  Sellwood  received 
a  lease  on  the  Sunday  Lake  mine,  which  property  he  operated 
with  the  Brotherton  until  the  sale  of  the  Brotherton  to  Lack- 
awanna Steel  Company. 

In  1886  Mr.  Sellwood  went  to  the  Vermilion  range  in 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  293 

Minnesota  and  secured  for  the  Chicago  and  Minnesota  Ore 
Company  a  three-quarter  interest  in  the  Chandler  mine  then 
just  discovered.  For  a  time  he  divided  his  attention  between 
the  Gogebic  and  Vermihon  ranges.  During  the  year  1888 
Mr.  Sell  wood  moved  to  Duluth  to  live.  He  remained  with 
the  Chandler  Iron  Company  until  1892,  becoming  at  that  time 
interested  in  the  development  of  the  Mesaba  range. 

In  1898  Mr.  Sellwood  became  associated  with  the  Amer- 
ican Steel  &  Wire  Company,  then  controlled  by  John  W. 
Gates,  and  assumed  charge  of  their  iron  ore  properties,  con- 
tinuing with  them  until  the  formation  of  the  U.  S.  Steel  Cor- 
poration in  1901.  He  then  became  associated  with  many  in- 
terests outside  of  the  Steel  Corix>ration,  among  which  were 
the  Cherry  Valley  Iron  Company,  the  Wheeling  Steel  &  Iron 
Company,  the  Central  Iron  &  Steel  Co.,  and  the  Salem  Iron 
&  Steel  Co.  Later  he  took  charge  of  the  mines  of  the  Inter- 
national Harvester  Company. 

Mr.  Sellwood  also  had  wide  banking  interests,  being  pres- 
ident of  the  City  National  Bank  of  Duluth,  First  National 
Bank  of  Ely,  First  National  Bank  of  Two  Harbors  and  a 
large  interest  with  the  First  National  Bank  of  Bessemer, 
Michigan.  Throughout  his  life  he  had  an  active  interest  in 
politics  wherever  he  lived. 

Mr.  Sellwood  combined  in  his  character  a  strong  person- 
ality, with  a  cheerful  disposition  and  a  kindly  nature  that 
brought  to  him  a  large  circle  of  friends  throughout  the  Lake 
Superior  region. 

He  died  February  24,  .1914,  at  his  home  in  Duluth,  Minne- 
sota. 

John  H.  Taylor. 

Bom  in  County  Londenderry,  Ireland,  May  27,  1830,  of 
Scotch  parents.  He  left  the  old  country  and  came  to  the 
United  States  in  May,  1846,  finding  employment  in  a  factory 
at  New  Bedford,  Mass.  He  remained  in  the  Eastern  states 
until  1 86 1,  during  which  year  he  moved  to  Houghton,  Mich- 
igan, where  he  obtained  employment  as  a  lalx)rer  at  the  Quin- 
cy  mine,  later  moving  to  the  Isle  Royale  mine  at  Houghton 
where  he  was  employed  as  surface  foreman  until  1869,  when 
the  mine  shut  down.  He  then  moved  to  Ishpeming,  where  he 
was  captain  of  the  New  York  mine  until  1872.  He  then  spent 
two  years  in  Colorado,  Utah  and  Neyadst,  returning  in  1874 


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294  BIOGRAPHICAL  NOTICES 

to  become  mining  captain  at  the  Commonwealth  mine  until 
1883.  During  the  next  two  years  Captain  Taylor  was  super- 
intendent of  the  Great  Western  mine  at  Crystal  Falls,  and  left 
there  going  to  Ironwood,  Michigan,  in  May,  1885,  as  mining 
captain  of  the  Ashland  mine,  afterward  becoming  its  superin- 
tendent in  1891.  He  shipped  the  first  ore  over  the  Ashland 
docks  that  came  from-  Ironwood,  and  sunk  the  first  operating 
shaft  in  the  town.  He  remained  as  superintendent  of  the  Ash- 
land until  1894  when  the  mine  closed  down. 

He  was  appointed  as  inspector  of  mines  of  Gogebic  coun- 
ty  in  1896,  resigning  that  position  in  1907,  on  account  of  ill- 
ness. 

He  died  at  his  home  in  Fond  du  Lac,  Wisconsin,  Decem- 
ber 13,  1913. 


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APPENDIX 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  29/ 


THE  EARLY  HISTORY  OF  THE  MARQUETTE  IRON 
ORE  RANGE. 

(Prepared  for  Program  for  This  Meeting.) 

BY  GEO.  A.  NEWETT,  ISHPEMING,  MICH.* 

It  was  more  than  two  hundred  and  fifty  years  ago  that 
copper  was  found  on  the  shores  of  Lake  Superior  by  the 
Jesuit  Fathers,  those  hardy  Frenchmen  who  navigated  the 
lake  in  frail  canoes  in  -est  of  religion  and  mankind 

generally.  They  noted  the  copper  along  the  shores  of  the 
lake  and  at  Isle  Royale,  where,  at  that  time,  thj  Indians  were 
taking  copper  from  the  lodes  as  well  as  from  tlie  water  along 
the  shores.  Copper  was  attractive  to  the  Indians  who  used 
it  as  ornaments,  coercing  utensils,  and  for  other  purposes.  It 
was  native  copper,  malleable  and  easily  shaped  to  forms  they 
desired.  It  was  the  metal  sought  for.  Iron,  had  it  been 
found,  would  have  been  in  the  form  of  an  ore  and  of  little 
use  to  the  Indians  who  probably  knew  nothing  of  how  to 
smelt  and  refine  it.  Besides  iron  ore  was  not  found  along 
the  shores  of  the  lake,  nor  has  it  since  been  located  within 
several  miles  of  this  great  body  of  water.  The  early  voya- 
geurs  evidently  did  not  proceed  far  inland,  confining  their 
examinations  to  tha  locations  inhabited  by  the  Indians,  these 
being  near  the  shore  of  the  lake.  Progress  into  the  interior  of 
the  country  would  have  been  difficult  owing  to  the  dense 
growth  of  timber  and  underbrush,  and  the  reports  of.  the  In- 
dians were  evidently  accepted  concerning  the  minerals,  woods, 
streams,  and  other  points  in  which  the  early  explorers  would 
naturally  have  been  interested. 

The  first  authentic  information  concerning  the  existence 
of  iron  ore  in  this  r^on  came  from  a  party  of  surveyors 
under  direction  of  Dr.  Douglass  Houghton,  who  was  the  first 
geologist  for  the  State  of  Michigan.  Dr.  Houghton  first  vis- 
ited the  Lake  Superior  country  in  1830  in  company  with  Gen- 

*Editor  "Iron  Ore". 


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298  EARLY  HISTORY  OF  MARQUETTE  RANGE 

eral  Cass.  He  returned  in  1840  as  State  geologist  and  made 
a  report  to  the  State  legislature  the  following  year  on  his 
findings,  this  creating  great  interest  in  this  portion  of  the 
State.  In  the  year  1844  Dr.  Houghton  was  given  a  contract 
by  the  State  to  make  the  linear  surveys  of  the  lands  bor- 
dering the  lake,  along  its  south  shore,  which  he  was  to  com- 
bine with  the  geological  survey.  In  the  fall  of  1845,  while 
engaged  in  this  work  his  boat  was  capsized  off  Keweenaw 
Point,  and  he  was  drowned. 

Today  there  is  being  erected,  by  the  Keweenaw  Historical 
Society,  on  the  shore  near  the  spot  where  his  body  was  re- 
covered, a  monument  to  his  memory,  a  tardy  but  affectionate 
action  by  those  who  appreciate  the  great  work  he  did,  his  in- 
domitable courage  and  his  general  ability. 

Assisting  Dr.  Houghton  were  Messrs.  Wm.  A.  Burt,  Bela 
Hubbard,  C.  C.  Douglass,  Wm.  Ives,  S.  W.  Hill,  Jacob 
Houghton,  Jr.,  and  Mr.  Higgins. 

When  Dr.  Houghton  was  granted  the  contract  for  the 
survey  referred  to  in  the  foregoing,  he  deputized  Mr.  Burt 
to  take  charge  of  the  field  work,  giving  him  the  entire  al- 
lowance voted  by  the  l^islature  for  the  work.  It  was  while 
engaged  in  this  task,  in  1844,  that  Mr.  Burt  with  a  party 
consisting  of  Jacob  Houghton,  William  Ives,  R.  S.  Mellen, 
Harvey  Mellen,  James  King  and  two  Indians  named  Doner 
and  Taylor  that  the  first  iron  ore  in  the  Lake  Superior  re- 
gion was  found.  They  were  camped  at  the  east  end  of  Teal 
Lake,  now  located  in  the  corporate  limits  of  the  City  of  Ne- 
gaunee,  and  on  the  morning  of  the  19th  of  September  while 
engaged  in  running  the  line  south  between  ranges  26  and 
27  Mr.  Ives,  who  was  compassman,  observed  strange  fluc- 
tuations of  the  needle.  He  called  the  attention  of  Mr.  Burt 
to  the  needle's  variations.  Mr.  Burt,  who  was  the  inventor  of 
the  solar  compass,  at  once  took  occasion  to  illustrate  the  trou- 
bles that  would  have  been  encountered  were  it  not  for  his 
invention. 

This  same  compass,  by-the-way,  is  now  the  property  of 
Mr.  Addison  Cole,  of  the  City  of  Marquette,  Michigan,  and 
will  be  exhibited  to  members  of  the  Institute  through  the 
courtesy  of  its  present  owner. 

When,  at  one  point,  the  needle  of  the  compass  showed 
a  wonderfully  great  variation,  Mr.  Burt  instructed  the  mem- 
bers of  the  party  to  look  about  to  learn  what  caused  it.  They 
left  the  line  and  began  searching,  with  the  result  that  many 


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LAKfi  SUPEklOR  MINING  INSTftUTfi  ^90 

specimens  of  iron  ore  were  found.  The  party  took  many 
specimens  into  their  camp,  recording  the  discovery.  The 
Jackson  mine  was  afterward  opened  near  the  location  where 
these  specimens  were  picked  up.  The  Jackson  ores  are  not 
magnetic,  and  the  specimens  found,  or  some  of  them,  at  least, 
were  probably  "float." 

The  Jackson  mine  was  the  first  to  be  opened  in  the  Lake 
Superior  country  and  there  appears  in  this  program  an  en- 
graving showing  the  spot  where  the  first  ore  in  this  region 
was  foCind.  A  monument  has  been  erected  to  mark  the  place, 
it  being  erected  by  the  Cleveland-Cliflfs  Iron  company,  the 
present  owner  of  the  lands  holding  the  old  Jackson  mine. 
So  that  to  Mr.  Wm.  A.  Burt  and  party  the  credit  belongs 
for  the  finding  of  the  ore  which  led  to  the  opening  of  the 
initial  mine  in  this  region  and  from  which  a  wonderful  in- 
dustry has  grown. 

The  following  year,  in  June,  1845,  Dr.  Douglass  Hough- 
ton and  Mr.  Burt,  while  subdividing  town  47  north,  range 
26  west,  paid  much  attention  to  an  ore  showing  at  the  comer 
of  sections  29,  30,  31  and  32,  where  the  Palmer  mine,  of  the 
Cascade  range  was  since  opened. 

There  may  have  been  some  knowledge  of  these  ore  out- 
croppings  by  the  Indians,  but  if  they  did  know  about  them 
they  did  not  consider  them  of  any  value.  At  any  rate  the 
party  of  surveyors  are  entitled  to  the  credit  of  first  bringing 
the  fact  of  the  existence  of  iron  ores  to  the  attention  of  the 
people  of  the  State  and  country. 

It  was  in  June,  1845,  that  the  first  company  was  organ- 
ized to  explore  for  minerals  on  the  south  shore  of  Lake  Su- 
perior, this  being  formed  at  Jackson,  Michigan.  Abram  V. 
Berry  was  president;  Frederick  W.  Kirkland,  secretary,  Philo 
M.  Everett,  treasurer,  and  Geo.  W.  Carr  and  Wm.  A.  Ernst, 
trustees.  On  July  23  of  that  year,  the  same  day  the  articles 
of  association  were  completed,  a  party  consisting  of  Messrs. 
P.  M.  Everett,  S.  T.  Carr,  W.  H.  Monroe  and  E.  S.  Rock- 
well started  for  Lake  Superior  and  secured  what  is  now  the 
property  on  which  the  Jackson  mine  is  located.  The  lands 
were  obtained  through  permits. 

In  August  of  1846  the  first  iron  made  from  Lake  Super- 
ior iron  ore  was  produced  by  Mr.  Olds  of  Cucush  Prairie, 
who  owned  a  forge  at  that  place  and  was  making  iron  from 
bog  ore.    The  forge  was  out  of  commission  at  this  particular 


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30O  EARLY  HISTORY  OF  MARQUETTE  RANGE 

time  and  he  put  the  ore  in  a  blacksmith's  forge,  drawing  out 
what  was  called  a  fine  bar  of  iron.  , 

The  first  iron  made  on  Lake  Superior  was  produced  from 
a  forge  located  about  three  miles  east  of  the  present  City  of 
Negaunee,  on  the  Carp  River.  Work  on  this  forge  was  be- 
gun in  1847,  21"^  the  first  iron  bloom  was  made  on  the  loth 
day  of  February,  1848,  the  forgeman  being  Ariel  N.  Barney. 

Mr.  Barney  was  noted  in  those  days.  He  built  the  first 
hotel  in  Marquette,  was  one  of  the  first  justices  of  the  peace, 
an  office  he  held  many  years,  and  was  afterwards  elected  to 
the  positions  of  clerk  and  register  and  judge  of  probate.  He 
served  as  a  private  soldier  in  the  war  of  the  rebellion,  and 
was  one  of  the  sturdiest  of  the  pioneers  of  those  days. 

The  Jackson  forge  was  naturally  of  primitive  kind.  The 
power  was  supplied  by  the  Carp  River  across  which  a  dam 
was  constructed,  giving  an  eighteen-foot  head  of  water.  There 
were  eight  fires  from  each  of  which  a  lump  was  taken  every 
six  hours,  placed  under  the  hammer  and  forged  into  blooms 
four  inches  square  and  two  feet  long.  The  product  per  day 
was  about  three  tons.  It  required  two  six-horse  teams  to  draw 
this  iron  to  the  mouth  of  the  Carp  over  the  worst  road  im- 
aginable, and  a  great  contrast  to  the  macadamed  highway 
which  now  practically  follows  the  old  route.  The  machin- 
ery for  the  forge  was  made  at  Jackson,  Michigan  and,  with 
the  supplies,  etc.,  was  shipped  by  rail  to  Detroit,  from  there  by 
boat  to  Sault  Ste.  Marie  where  it  was  re-shipped  in  the  steamer 
** Independence"  to  Marquette,  arriving  there  in  July,  1847. 
Mr.  Barney  and  his  son  Samuel  accompanied  the  shipment. 
There  was  no  wharf  at  Marquette  and  the  cargo  was  taken 
ashore  in  small  boats  and  pulled  twenty  feet  up  the  bank.  The 
cattle  were  pushed  into  the  water  and  swam  ashore.  Tq 
transfer  the  machinery  to  the  forge  location  was  no  small  task. 
The  road  was  an  Indian  trail.  The  distance  was  twelve  miles, 
with  many  hills  and  some  swamps  on  the  route.  It  was  a 
heart-breaking  job,  but  Barney  finally  accomplished  it,  and 
the  forge  was  completed  and  went  into  action  at  the  time 
stated.  The  ore  was  hauled  to  the  forge  location  on  "jump- 
ers,'' l)eing  pulled  three  miles.  It  was  ore  picked  upon  sur- 
face, there  being  plenty  in  this  form  for  the  needs  of  the  plant. 

Soon  after  the  forge  was  completed  a  freshet  carried  away 
the  dam,  this  accident  closing  the  forge  for  a  time.  In  the 
summer  of  1848,  when  Mr.  Everett  came  up  to  inspect  it,  it 
was  repaired,  and  the  manufacture  of  blooms  continued. 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  3OI 

The  first  bar  of  iron  made  from  this  forge  was  sold  to  E. 
B.  Ward,  of  Marquette,  and  from  it  was  made  the  walking 
beam  of  the  side-wheel  steamer  "Ocean." 

The  Jackson  forge  was  kept  active  until  1854  when  it 
was  finally  abandoned,  having  proved  a  failure  financially, 
but  it  established  the  fact  that  the  iron  of  Lake  Superior  was 
high  grade,  popularizing  it  with  consumers  demanding  the 
best. 

During  the  last  four  years  of  its  activity  it  was  leased  by 
the  company  to  several  parties.  B.  F.  Eaton  of  Columbus, 
Ohio,  was  ruined  by  it  financially  in  less  than  six  months. 
Those  were  not  the  days  of  big  business,  or  of  great  com- 
binations of  wealth.  Eaton  was  succeeded  by  tlie  Clinton 
Iron  company,  an  association  of  forgemen  from  Clinton,  New 
York.  Of  this  company  a  member  was  Azel  Lathrop,  who 
for  many  years  thereafter,  resided  at  Lathrop,  on  the  line 
of  the  Chicago  &  Northwestern  railway,  Peninsula  division. 
He  was  father-in-law  of  Mr.  J.  H.  Malloy,  of  Ishpeming.  He 
had  been  employed  at  the  forge  for  some  time.  The  price  of 
blooms  was  low,  not  meeting  the  cost  of  production,  and  the 
company  gave  up  the  lease  after  a  short  trial.  The  late  Hon. 
Peter  White  then  took  hold  of  the  forge,  but  could  not  make' 
it  win,  and  surrendered  the  lease  to  the  owners  of  the  plant. 
J.  P.  Pendill,  of  Marquette,  was  the  last  to  operate  it,  and 
he  retired  soon  after  taking  hold,  it  failing  to  prove  profit- 
able even  under  his  energy. 

Thus  is  briefly  recited  some  of  the  principal  incidents  in 
connection  with  the  making  of  the  first  iron  on  Lake  Su- 
perior from  the  ores  of  this  region.  On  the  site  of  the  old 
forge  the  Cleveland-Cliflfs  company  has  erected  a  monument 
and  tablet  which  tells  of  the  building  of  the  forge.  A  re- 
production of  it  is  presented  in  this  program  ^nd  will  be  in- 
teresting to  the  members  of  the  Institute  by  reason  of  its 
association  with  the  iron-making  industry. 

In  March,  1849,  the  Marquette  Iron  company  was  or- 
ganized. Its  members  were  A.  R.  Harlow,  W.  A.  Fisher,  E. 
B.  Clark  and  Robert  J.  Graveraet.  They  built  a  forge  at, 
Marquette  at  a  point  a  little  south  of  what  is  now  known  as 
Baraga  avenue.  Like  the  Jackson  it  was  a  disappointment 
financially. 

The  Collins  Iron  company  buiU  a  forge  in  1855  ^n  I^ead 
River,  three  miles  from  Marquette,  it  l)eing'  known  as  the 
"Collinsville." 


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^62  EARLY  HISTORY  6F  MAkQUETtE  ftA^G^ 

The  Marquette  forge  went  into  commission  in  the  sum- 
mer of  1850,  but  a  very  severe  winter,  in  which  the  snows 
were  heavy,  prevented  the  hauHng  of  ore  from  the  Cleveland 
mine,  at  what  is  now  the  City  of  Ishpeming,  and  the  small 
amount  that  had  been  secured  from  the  Jackson  mine  in  the 
fall  was  soon  exhausted,  so  the  forge  had  to  cease  operations 
for  a  part  of  the  year  from  la:ck  of  ore.  There  was  also 
trouble  in  keeping  enough  charcoal  on  hand  for  the  use  of 
the  forge,  the  coal  being  secured  from  local  kilns.  The  wood 
was  charred  in  pits  in  those  days,  and  the  old  scars,  showing 
where  they  were  located  are  numerous  in  this  section.  The 
ore  was  hauled  to  Marquette  and  crushed  for  the  forge,  it 
being  all  of  the  hard  variety  in  those  days,  no  soft  ores  then 
being  mined,  nor  were  they  considered  of  any  value.  Whep 
all  the  costs  were  figured,  including  the  shipping  to  Pitts- 
burg, the  ton  of  blooms  laid  down  at  that  point  represented 
an  actual  value  of  about  $200.  The  blooms  sold  for  $80  per 
ton.  This  tells  the  story  of  why  the  forge  business  never 
grew  to  anything  like  large  proportions. 

With  the  failure  of  the  forges  it  was  evident  that  the 
mining  and  shipping  of  ore  must  be  the  industry  developed 
in  connection  with  this  mining  region,  but  to  bring  this  about 
there  would  have  to  be  better  means  of  transportation.  On 
August  21,  1852,  an  act  was  passed  by  congress  granting  the 
State  of  Michigan  750,000  acres  of  land  for  the  purpose  of 
building  a  canal  at  Sault  Ste.  Marie,  on  the  St.  Mary's  river. 
From  that  small  beginning  this  canal  is  now  the  greatest  in  the 
handling  of  tonnages  and  values  of  any  in  the  world.  A  rail- 
road was  constructed  to  the  mines  from  Marquette,  and  car- 
goes were  taken  down  the  lakes  in  schooners,  the  loading  be- 
ing done  by  wheelbarrows.  It  took  four  days  to  load  a 
schooner  with  400  tons,  and  the  unloading  at  lower  lake  ports 
took  longer.  It  was  necessary,  in  the  latter  task,  to  build 
stagings  in  the  holds  of  the  schooners  on  which  the  ore  in 
the  bottom  of  the  vessel  was  shoveled.  From  the  staging  it 
was  lifted  to  the  deck,  and  from  the  deck  taken  ashore  in 
wheelbarrows.  In  1858  the  Cleveland  Mining  Company  con- 
structed nine  or  ten  ore  pockets  at  the  Marquette  dock,  the 
first  to  be  built. 

Instead  of  the  little  wooden  schooners  of  the  fifties  we 
now  have  leviathan  steel  boats  that  take  on  12,000  to  15,000 
or  more  tons  and  that  are  loaded  and  discharged  in  a  few 
hours.    The  mule  teams  pulling  ore  over  a  tramway  are  sup- 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  3O3 

planted  by  steam  locomotives,  and  the  little  wooden  jimmy 
cars  of  the  railroads  of  the  early  days,  that  held  from  4  to 
6  tons  have  been  replaced  with  those  of  steel  that  carry  50  or 
more  tons.  From  the  annual  shipment  of  a  few  hundred  tons 
the  Lake  Superior  region  has  swelled  its  output  to  the  enorm- 
ous tonnage  of  more  than  fifty  millions.  , 

The  old-time  docks  of  wood  have  been  replaced  with  fire- 
proof, rigid  construction  of  steel  and  concrete,  a  fine  example 
of  which  the  members  of  the  Institute  will  see  at  Marquette 
in  a  recently  built  dock  of  the  L.  S.  &  I.  R'y.  Co. 

The  growth  of  the  industry  has  been  steady,  and  from  the 
modest  beginning  of  the  sturdy  pioneers  a  magnificent  volume 
has  resulted.  Millions  upon  milHons  have  been  invested  in 
mines,  and  their  equipment,  in  ships  and  railways  to  handle 
the  ore  from  mines  to  delivery  points,  model  towns  and  thrifty 
communities  have  followed  the  development  of  these  mines, 
and  from  the  earth  of  this  region  enormous  values  have  re^ 
suited  and  the  world  has  been  greatly  aided  in  its  civilizatioia 
and  progress  due  to  the  mineral  operation  of  this  field. 

The  first  ores  to  be  sent  out  of  Lake  Superior  were  shipped 
in  1850  when  a  small  tonnage  was  sent  to  Newcastle,  Pa.,  and 
were  made  into  blooms.  Two  years  later  a  considerably  larg- 
er shijKiient  was  made  to  Sharon,  Pa.,  and  melted  into  pig 
iron.  The  first  regular  shipment  to  lower  ports,  consisting  of 
5,000  tons,  was  made  in  1856.  The  bloomeries  in  Marquette 
county  had  probably  consumed  about  25,000  tons  before  this 
period.  . 

The  bloomeries  having  been  proved  failures  financially,  a 
trial  at  pig  iron  making  followed,  the  first  furnace  to  be 
erected  being  the  Pioneer,  it  being  put  up  near  the  Jackson 
mine.  It  made  its  first  iron  in  July,  1858.  The  Pioneer  Iron 
Company,  by  whom  this  furnace  was  built  was  afterward 
merged  into  the  Iron  Clififs  Company  which  much  later  was 
merged  with  the  Cleveland  Iron  Mining  Company  under  the 
name  of  The  Cleveland-Clififs  Iron  Company. 

The  Cleveland  Iron  Company  was  the  second  in  chron- 
ological order  to  engage  actively  in  iron  mining  in  this  re- 
gion, its  articles  of  association  being  filed  in  March,  1853.  Its 
incorporators  'were  John  Outhwaite,  Morgan  L.  Hewitt,  S. 
Chamberlain,  Samuel  L.  Mather,  Isaac  L.  Hewitt,  and  E.  ^, 
Clark.  Previous  to  1855  there  were  mined  5,000  tons  of  ore 
which  were  treated  in  local  forges.     This  company,  with  its 


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304  EARLY  HISTORY  OF  MARqUETTE  RANGE 

additional  companies  operating  under  its   present  title  has 
mined  38,425,862  tons  of  ore. 

The  Lake  Superior  Iron  Company,  the  third  to  engage  in 
the  iron  mining  business  in  this  region,  began  work  in  1857. 
It  is  now  one  of  the  properties  of  the  United  States  Steel 
Corporation  and  had  mined  and  shipped  up  to  the  close  of  last 
year  15,801,870  tons. 

Up  to  and  including  the  year  1913  the  Marquette  Range 
had  produced  107,298,812  tons  of  ore. 

Its  general  condition  is  excellent  and  it  will  be  an  active 
shipper  for  many  years  at  the  present  rate  of  production.  It 
mines  both  hard  and  soft  hematites  and  Hmonitic  ores.  Its 
mines  are  operated  underground  with  few  exceptions,  and  it 
has  the  deepest  iron  mines  in  this  region.  Its  develojxnent, 
area,  and  general  structure  is  generally  well  kna>\'n  to  the 
members  of  the  Institute,  having  been  much  advertised.  Be- 
ing the  oldest  of  the  iron  ore  producing  ranges  in  the  Lake 
Superior  district  it  has  long  been  prominent.  It  has  been  a 
wonderful  training  school  for  men  engaged  in  iron  ore  min- 
ing, and  its  graduates  are  to  be  found  in  all  portions  of  the 
world  where  mining  is  being  carried  on. 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  305 


HISTORY  OF  MARQUETTE  ORE  DOCKS. 

(This  narrative  is  compiled  by  D.  H.  Merritt,  Marquette^  Michisan,  from  his  early 
reeoUectioiis. 

In  the  year  1853  Mr.  Daniel  Merritt  (my  father)  was  employed  by 
the  Cleveland  &  Pittsburg  Railroad  ComsAtny  building  a  coal  dock  in 
the  City  of  Cleveland,  Ohio,  near  where  the  present  Union  Passenger 
Station  is  located.  His  familiarity  with  dock  construction  led  to  having 
entered  into  a  contract  with  the  late  John  Senter  of  Eagle  River, 
Michigan,  for  the  construction  of  a  merchandise  dock  at  that  place, 
which  was  completed  in  the  fall  of  1854.  Upon  his  return  to  Cleve- 
land, a  contract  was  made  with  the  Cleveland  Iron  Mining  Company 
(now  The  Cleveland-ClifTs  Iron  Company)  W.  J.  Gordon,  President, 
and  Samuel  L.  Mather,  Secretary,  for  the  construction  of  a  dock  in 
Marquette  Harbor.  He  left  Cleveland  as  soon  as  arrangements  were 
completed  and  arrived  in  Marquette  November  20tb,  1854,  and  began 
getting  timber  ready  for  the  dock,  which  was  to  be  completed  as 
early  as  possible  in  1855.  He  employed  a  number  of  Frenchmen, 
expert  in  woodcraft,  among  whom  was  one  who  had  contracted  the 
smallpox  at  Sault  Ste.  Marie  and  from  whom  Mr.  Merritt  took  the 
disease  and  died  December  20 tb,  1854. 

In  company  with  Mr.  James  J.  St.  Clair,  Agent  for  the  Cleveland 
Iron  Mining  Company,  stationed  at  Marquette,  I  left  Cleveland  on  the 
17th  of  February,  1855,  and  met,  in  Chicago,  Mr.  David  Himrod,  the 
Agent  for  the  Jackson  Iron  Company,  also  stationed  in  Marquette, 
and  a  Mr.  Jabez  Smith,  of  Sharon,  Pennsylvania,  arriving  in  Mar- 
quette March  17th,  with  snow  four  feet  deep  on  the  level.  It  was 
the  original  intention  of  the  above  named  companies  to  build  and 
operate  a  joint  dock  for  the  shipping  of  iron  ore,  a  contract  having 
also  been  drawn  with  Mr.  Merritt  and  the  Jackson  Company  which 
awaited  the  signature  of  L.  I.  iKimball,  president  of  the  company, 
upon  the  death  of  Mr.  Merritt.  There  being  no  existing  contmct  with 
the  Jackson  Iron  Company,  the  project  for  building  and  operating  a 
joint  dock  was  abandoned  and  each  company  decided  to  build  a  sep- 
arate dock,  whereupon  Mr.  Smith  began  the  construction  of  a  dock 
for  the  Jackson  Company  which  was  located  on  the  north  side  and 
parallel  with  the  shore  of  the  bay  and  finished  during  that  year. 
It  was  reached  by  a  wooden  trestle  extending  from  the  east  end  of 
W^hington  street  to  the  west  end  of  the  dock,  gradually  decreasing 
in  height  until  it  was  about  eight  feet  higher  than  the  floor  of  the 
dock  upon  which  the  ore  was  unloaded  and  which  floor  was  about 


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306  HISTORY  OF  MARQUETTE  ORE  DOCKS 

four  and  one-half  feet  above  the  level  of  the  water,  making  the  en- 
tire height  of  the  dock  and  trestle  about  twelve  and  one  half  feet. 
The  ore  was  delivered  upon  four  wheeled  cars  drawn  by  mules  from 
the  mine,  making  one  trip  per  day  and  containing  about  three  tons 
per  car,  which  was  unloaded  with  shovels  and  thrown  upon  the  floor 
of  the  dock  from  which  it  was  placed  into  wheelbarrows  and  wheeled 
aboard  the  vessel.  There  were  employed  from  20  to  30  men  and 
barrows  requiring  from  three  to  five  or  even  six  days  to  load  a  cargo 
of  200  to  300  tons,  the  latter  being  the  largest  capacity  of  vessels 
employed  in  the  ore  trade  at  that  time.  A  suggestion  of  one  of  the 
vessel  captains  that  the  trestle  be  made  three  or  four  feet  higher  and 
located  on  the  edge  of  the  dock  instead  of  the  center,  as  at  present, 
the  ore  could  be  unloaded  from  the  cars  into  chutes  and  thereby  save 
one  handling  and  insure  greater  dispatch. 

The  dock  for  the  Cleveland  Iron  Mining  Company  was  built  by 
Alexander  Q.  Ross  and  Captain  Joseph  Bridges  during  the  year  1855 
anJiiMM^ia^^Aaitlfl^^I^h^case  of  the  Jackson  dock  the  cars 

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dock  by  the  late  Jay  C.  Morse,  Agenc,  it  w»d  ^A/uo««iw.w« 
ent  dock  capacity  had  been  provided  for  a  number  of 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  3O7 

years  but  the  increased  consumption  of  Lake  Superior  ores  and  en- 
largement of  vessels  rendered  it  necessary  to  provide  greater  dock 
and  storage  capacity.  Accordingly,  the  railroad  company  constructed 
a  dock  in  18G4  upon  the  present  site  of  No.  5  dock.  Vessels  carrying 
1,000  tons  had  made  their  appearance  and  in  order  to  give  sufficient 
angle  to  the  chutes  the  mouth  of  the  pockets  required  raising  which 
was  done,  increasing  the  height  of  trestle  to  35  feet  and  a  correspond- 
ing increase  in  the  height  of  pockets.  Meanwhile  new  mines  were 
opened  and  the  rail  transportation  increased.  Hopper  cars  carrying 
eight  tons  each  were  substituted  for  the  smaller  flat  bottom  cars 
and  the  locomotive  capacity  increased  to  seven.  On  June  11th,  1868,  a 
fire  broke  out  in  the  railroad  yard  which  consumed  all  vestige  of 
dock  above  water  in  the  harbor  except  the  Clerveland  Iron  Company's 
dock  located  at  the  foo^  of  Baraga  avenue.  Almost  the  entire  busi- 
ness portion  of  the  town  was  consumed,  together  with  the  shops  of 
the  railroad  company  and  sevei'al  cars.  The  Cleveland  Company's 
dock,  being  the  only  one  left,  was  operated  jointly  by  the  railroad 
company  and  Cleveland  Iron  Company  during  the  entire  24  hours  of 
the  day  until  the  Lake  Superior  dock  was  rebuilt.  The  decreased 
loading  facilities  caused  a  serious  delay  to  their  vessels  and  in  many 
instances  they  had  to  wait  from  one  to  three  weeks  for  a  cargo.  In 
18G9  the  railroad  dock  was  rebuilt  with  an  increased  height  of  45 
feet  and  25  feet  from  the  mouth  of  the  pockets  to  the  water  level. 
In  1882  the  Marquette  and  Western  Railroad  was  built  and  a  new 
dock  constructed  by  Daniel  McCool,  General  Manager,  located  south 
of  the  Cleveland  Company's  dock,  which  trestle  was  torn  down  and 
abandoned,  the  approach  being  utilized  for  the  new  dock.  In  1889  this 
dock  was  extended  by  the  addition  of  100  pockets  from  a  previously 
constructed  dock  at  St.  Ignace  by  Wm.  F.  Fitch,  president  and  gen- 
eral manager  of  the  Duluth,  South  Shore  &  Atlantic  Railway,  all  of 
the  roads  having  been  previously  consolidated  under  that  name.  In 
1869  I  was  directed  by  the  Chicago  &  Northwestern  Railway  Company 
to  take  soundings  of  the  water  in  Presque  Isle  bay  with  a  view  of 
establishing  a  shipping  point  at  that  place,  which  was  done  and  a 
report  submitted.  The  project  was  however  abandoned,  the  depth  of 
water  being  only  18  feet  between  the  mouth  of  Dead  River  and  the 
southern  point  of  Presque  Isle.  In  1890  the  D.,  S.  S.  •  &  A.  R.  R. 
company  constructed  a  dock  from  the  east  end  of  Washington  street 
just  south  of  the  approach  to  the  old  Jackson  dock  known  as  No.  4. 
It  was  47  feet  high,  27  feet  from  the  mouth  of  pockets  to  the  water 
and  contained  200  pockets  with  a  storage  capacity  of  28,000  tons.  The 
superstructure  is  now  tl^dSamrtP^SB^,  being  taken  down.  In  189G 
and  1897  The  Cleveland-Cliffs  Iron  Company,  Wm.  G.  Mather,  Presi- 
dent, built  the  Lake  Superior  and  Ishpeming  Railroad  and  constructed 
a  dock  in  Presque  Isle  bay  under  the  general  supervision  of  Robert 
Selden  Rose,  constructing  engineer.  This  dock  was  54  feet  high  and 
contained  200  pockets  with  a  storage  capacity  of  36,000  tons  and 


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308  HISTORY  OF  MARQUETTE  ORE  DOCKS 

was  considered  equal,  if  not  superior,  to  any  in  existence.  It  was 
operated  until  1913.  In  1905  and  1906  a  new  dock  known  as  No.  5 
was  built  by  the  D.,  S.  S.  &  A.  R.  R.  company  in  Marquette  bay  on 
the  site  of  No.  2,  the  approach  to  which  is  by  a  steel  bridge  aver 
Front  street,  thereby  obtaining  a  height  of  71  feet  above  the  lake 
level.  It  contains  200  pockets,  40  feet  from  mouth  of  pocket  to  water 
level,  and  has  a  storage  capacity  of  45,000  tons.  It  is  now  operated 
and  over  which  all  ore  transported  by  that  company  is  loaded  into 
barges,  the  early  sailing  vessels  having  long  since  gone  out  of  exist- 
ence. In  1|911  and  1912  the  Lake  Superior  and  Ishpeming  Railroad 
Company  constructed  a  concrete  dock  in  Presque  Isle  bay  under  a 
contract  with  the  Raymond  Concrete  Pile  Company  and  Wisconsin 
Bridge  &  Iron  Company.  It  is  75  feet  high  and  contains  200  pockets, 
43  feet  from  mouth  of  pocket  to  the  water.  It  has  a  storage  capacity 
of  50,000  tons.  Six  thousand  three  hundred  tons  of  hematite  ore 
has  been  loaded  into  a  6,500  ton  barge  in  one  hour  and  15  minutes, 
84  tons  per  minute.  Also  3,850  tons  hard  ore  in  23  minutes  equal  to 
165  tons  per  minute.  The  average  loading  time  during  the  season  of 
1913  was  1,527  tons  per  hour.  The  ore  is  delivered  in  50  ton  cars,  a 
single  locomotive  hauling  45  cars  of  a  capacity  of  50  tons  each.  This 
dock  is  acknowledged  to  be  the  best  in  the  world  and  will  well  repay 
a  visit  to  those  interested. 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  3O9 


A  TRIP  TO  LAKE  SUPERIOR. 

(The  foUowinff  narnitive  of  "A  trip  to  Lake  Superior"  is  furnished  ua  by  William  Kelly* 
Vulcan.  Mich.,  and  waa  written  by  hia  father,  Robert  Kelly,  and  published  in  the  New  York 
Evening  Poet.  Sept.  8th.  1868.) 

Although  persoiiB  are  visiting  this  region  every  day,  and  the  road 
to  fortune  by  the  way  of  the  copper  mines  has  become  as  familiar  to 
some  as  any  beaten  highway,  a  recent  Journey  in  that  quarter  was 
full  of  novelty  to  me,  and  a  brief  sketch  of  it  may,  in  like  manner, 
interest  others. 

Imagine  us,  then,  embarked  at  Detroit  on  board  the  steamboat 
Northerner,  bound  for  Mackinaw  and  Saut  Sainte  Marie.  A  lovely 
June  afternoon  smiled  upon  us  as  we  passed  up  Detroit  River  and 
across  Lake  St.  Clair,  and  a  bright  moon  silvered  our  track  as  we 
glided  through  the  beautiful  St.  Clair  river.  The  gaiety  within  the 
cabin,  where  dancing  and  negro  minstrelsy  were  the  order  of  the 
evening,  according  to  custom  on  these  waters^  served  to  amuse  and 
excite,  while  the  calmness  and  beauty  of  the  scene  without  exercised 
a  more  tranquilizing  influence. 

Early  morning  found  us  opposite  Saginaw  bay.  and  the  swell 
which  gently  heaved  our  boat  indicated  that  we  were  opposite  to 
that  spot  in  its  deep  recesses  where  Aeolus  is  said  to  often  hold  his 
court.  We  pursued  our  yoyage  in  solitude  during  almost  the  entire 
day.  This  seemed  in  keeping  with  the  chai^acter  of  Lake  Huron,  a 
forest-girdled  lake,  as  for  the  most  part,  it  is.  A  propeller  passed  near 
us  in  the  afternoon,  as  we  approached  Bobolo  Islands,  on  her  way  to 
Mackinaw.  Soon  after,  our  attention  was  arrested  by  fragments  of 
a  vessel  floating  upon  the  waves — timbers,  casks,  barrels,  pieces  of 
painted  board,  and  finally  a  complete  upper  deck,  with  its  sky-lights 
giving  evidence  that  some  disaster  had  recently  occurred.  The  im- 
agination of  some  of  our  passengers  portrayed  men  afloat  on  pieces 
of  the  wreck;  but  the  practiced  vision  of  the  seamen,  and  the  eye 
of  the  captain,  aided  by  his  telescope,  could  not  discern  any  living 
object.  We  were  informed  after  arriving  at  Mackinaw  that  two  pro- 
pellers had  left  in  the  morning,  bound  down.  One  was  a  new  boat, 
named  the  Congress,  and  her  people  had  spread  through  the  town  a 
rumor  that  she  intended  to  beat  the  Bucephalus.  We  did  not  ascer- 
tain till  a  week  later  the  particulars  of  the  disaster.  The  boiler  of 
the  Congress  exploded,  killing  instantly  five  men  employed  near  the 
engine.  The  rest  of  the  crew,  the  captain,  with  his  family,  and  fifteen 
passengers,  were  picked  up  by  the  Qth^r  propeller,  and  by  a  schooner 


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3IO  A  TRIP  TO  LAKE  SUPERIOR 

which  was  at  the  time  near  the  scene  of  the  catastrophe.    The  hull 
of  the  Congress  went  down  in  fljve  minutes  after  the  explosion. 

SAUT  SAINTE  MARIE. 

The  next  morning  we  landed  at  the  Soo.  Now  what  shall  be  done 
for  a  decent  name  to  this  place?  It  is  too  much  to  expect  that  people 
will  learn  to  utter  the  beautiful  full  French  name  Saut  Sainte  Marie. 
I  was,  no  doubt,  set  down  at  once  as  a  stranger  in  those  parts,  be- 
cause I  ventured  to  pronounce  it  correctly.  But  I  could  not  be  coaxed 
to  say  Soo.  It  is  too  insignificant  and  barbarous  a  travesty;  So  is 
little  better.  And  the  prospect  of  the  future  importance  of  the  town 
renders  the  subject  of  its  name  a  matter  worth  consideration.  Per- 
haps some  "compromise"  may  be  hit  upon  and  generally  accepted. 
The  place  is  now  one  of  considerable  activity,  and  boasts  of  two 
houses  of  entertainment — ^I  beg  pardon,  hotels — where  travelers  are 
made  comfortable. 

A  day  at  Saut  Ste.  Marie  can  be  passed  Very  pleasantly.  A  jump 
(saut)  down  the  rapids  in  an  Indian  canoe,  for  those  who  like  it — 
fishing  for  speckled  trout  at  the  mouths  of  the  streams  which  come  in 
on  the  Canadian  side,  or  even  off  the  steamboat  dock  above  the 
portage — the  Indians  speaking  in  that  strange  recitati,ve,  mingled  of 
softly-sweet  sounds  and  cadences,  with  nasal,  punchinella-like  tones 
or  lounging  in  the  luxury  of  idleness,  or  playing  marbles  in  the  streets, 
or  taking  whiteflsh  in  the  rapids — and  the  excavation  of  the  grand 
ship  canal  recently  commenced,  constitute  the  objects  of  attraction. 

The  Indian  process  of  taking  fish  in  the  boiling  rapids  is  peculiarly 
interesting.  Without  waiting  for  wind  or  tide,  they  pull  out  from  the 
shore  at  any  time  when  they  wish  to  catch  a  meal  or  to  earn  a  few 
shillings,  (a  shilling  and  a  whitefish  are  convertible  terms  in  the  up- 
per country).  The  boats  are  sharp  at  both  ends,  made  without  keel, 
framed  of  light  slats  of  flexible  wood  running  both  longitudinally  an4 
transversely,  and  covered  with  bark.  One  Indian  stands  erect  in  the 
bow,  and  the  other  in  the  stem.  This  attitude  they  maintain,  how- 
ever violent  their  exertion.  The  skill  and  ease  with  which  they  man- 
age the  canoe  are  a  wonder  to  behold.  The  man  at  the  stem  with 
a  scarcely  perceptible  motion  of  his  paddle,  holds  it  steadily  in  its 
place,  with  its  head  up  stream.  The  other  is  watching  for  the  fish 
which,  with  their  head  also  against  the  current,  love  to  poise  them- 
selves in  the  swiftly-rustling  waters,  motionless  as  the  two-finned 
canoe  that  holds  its  pursuers.  As  soon  as  he  spies  one  within  reach, 
he  plies  a  scoop  net  of  large  size,  with  which  he  is  armed  and  in  an 
instant  the  fish  is  in  the  boat,  his  companion  giving  it  a  quick  Impulse 
at  the  right  moment,  and  arresting  it  in  an  instant. 

No  wonder  the  Indians  love  the  Saut.  The  stupendous  fish  pre- 
serves of  the  luxurious  Romans  are  not  worthy  to  be  compared  with 
this  inexhaustible  living  preserve.  The  shore  of  the  stream  opposite 
was  specially  reserved  by  the  Indians  in  their  treaty  with  the  United 
States.    It  was  worth  ^  whol?  territory  of  land  to  them.    Here  waq 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  3 II 

their  village,  the  huts  strewn  along  in  sight  of  the  fishing  ground 
and  the  canoes  drawn  up  on  the  shore.  But  the  route  for  the  ship 
canal  was  surveyed  directly  through  the  village,  and  without  any 
consent  given  on  their  part,  or  any  arrangement  as  to  compensation, 
they  have  been  obliged  to  decamp.  The  site  was  wanted  for  the 
business  communications  0/  a  great  nation,  and  why  should  the  sav- 
ages' paltry  uses  of  the  spot  be  allowed  to  stand  in  the  way  of  prog- 
ress and  civilization?  They  will  undoubtedly  receive  compensation 
'or  the  loss  sustained.  Their  respectable  chief,  Shawano,  will  plead 
their  cause  before  their  great  father,  who  will  do  them  Justice.  But 
the  indemnity  will  soon  disappear,  in  a  few  years  the  remnant  of 
the  tribe  will  wander  off  or  melt  away,  and  their  exciting  chasse  aux 
poissons  will  become  a  matter  of  tradition! 

THE  SHIP  CANAL. 

A  large  force,  composed  chiefly  of  Germans,  is  at  work  upon  the 
canal.  Huge  boulders  lie  uncovered  in  the  trench  or  scattered  about 
upon  the  ground,  in  wilder  disorder  than  they  were  left  as  deposited 
by  those  mighty  currents,  of  which  geologists  tell  us  that  they  round- 
ed them  like  pebbles.  The  gangs  wheel  their  barrows  in  Indian  files, 
but  no  Indian  is  in  their  ranks.  If  he  had  no  repugnance  for  such 
dull  labor  as  white  men  do,  he  would  scarcely  be  an  accomplice  in 
diverting  any  portion  of  the  laughing,  roaring,  'dancing  waters  of  the 
Saut,  into  this  artificial  channel.  It  is  nothing  to  him,  that  it  is  the 
link  which  will  bind  all  the  great  lakes  together  in  one  unbroken 
chain  of  navigation,  making  them,  like  the  states  which  encircle 
them,  united  and  one.  It  will  be  no  pleasure  to  him  to  see  palatial 
steamers  passing  through  it — ^as  they  will  a  year  or  two  hence.  There 
is  every  reason  to  belie(ve,  from  the  energy  and  capital  enlisted  in  the 
prosecution  of  the  work,  it  will  be  completed  next  year. 

It  is  a  work  of  magnitude  simply,  magnificent  in  its  dimensions,  in 
the  character  of  the  structure,  and  in  its  purposes;  but  in  no  sense 
one  of  difficulty.  The  wonder  will  soon  be  why  a  work  so  easily  ac- 
complished was  delayed  so  long.  The  distance  does  not  exceed  a 
mile,  and  it  is  almost  a  perfect  level.  The  rock  lies  at  the  depth  of 
a  few  feet,  but  is  easily  excavated.  Unfortunately,  it  does  not  furnish 
stone  of  the  proper  solidity  for  the  construction  of  the  locks,  of 
which  there  are  two — one  with  a  rise  of  10  feet  and  the  other  of 
11  feet,  the  whole  difference  In  level  to  be  overcome.  These  con- 
stitute the  great  features  of  the  whole  work,  being  of  enormous  size, 
350  feet  long  by  60  feet  wide,  and  required  to  be  of  the  very  best 
construction  that  engineering  science  could  frame  specifications  for. 

The  Saut  Sainte  Marie  Canal  Company  was  incorporated  by  the 
legislature  of  the  State  of  Michigan  at  the  last  session.  They  ad- 
vance all  the  capital  that  may  be  necessary,  and  when  the  work  is 
completed,  according  to  specifications,  they  will  become  the  owners 
0^  half  a  million  acres  of  the  public  lands,  appropriated  by  Congress 
to  the  State  of  Michigan  for  the  construction  pf  the  c^n^l.    T)ie  idea 


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312  A  TRIP  TO  LAKE  SUPERIOR 

was,  perhaps,  that  the  work  would  be  constructed  with  the  property 
of  the  government,  but  the  question  of  constitutionality  would  be 
avoided  as  a  direct  Issue.  The  State  of  Michigan  has  transferred  the 
task,  and  her  rights  to  the  lands,  to  the  company  she  has  incorpor- 
ated. They  have,  it  is  understood,  the  privilege  of  indicating  in  ad- 
vance the  sections  which  they  wish  to  secure,  and  have  actually,  as 
the  first  step,  marked  every  unentered  section  of  land  In  the  upper 
peninsula  of  Michigan,  good,  bad,  and  Indifferent,  amounting  to  some- 
thing less  than  two  hundred  thousand  acres 

All  the  mineral  treasures  that  may  be  discovered  hereafter  In  this 
territory,  will  be  theirs.  The  general  expectation  Is,  that  a  large 
profit  will  be  realized  by  the  company,  and  they  will  have  earned  it 
fairly.  But  Is  not  this  a  portentous  monopoly  of  lands  and  mines! 
The  vast  gifts  of  lands  to  private  corporations  that  have  been  made 
within  a  few  years  past,  will,  at  no  distant  day,  excite  the  astonish- 
ment of  the  nation.  It  is  to  be  hoped  that  the  breaking  down  of  the 
barriers  of  the  constitution  as  to  Internal  Improvements,  by  the  gen- 
eral government,  will  be  arrested,  if  it  be  only  to  put  a  stop  to  this 
anti-democratic  disposition  of  the  public  lands,  and  to  guard  against 
the  important  social  consequences  which  will  result  from  It. 

THE  GREAT  LAKE. 

There  are,  at  present,  three  passenger  boats  upon  Lake  Superior, 
the  steamers  Sam  Ward  and  Baltimore,  and  the  propeller  Manhattan, 
affording  as  comfortable  accommodations  as  could  be  expected.  Our 
party  took  passage  in  the  Manhattan,  for  Marquette,  the  first  town 
upon  the  lake,  about  one  hundred  and  fifty  miles  distant  from  the 
Saut.  The  Pictured  Rocks  lay  directly  upon  our  route,  and  as  we 
were  to  pass  on  the  Inside  of  Grand  Island,  we  expected  a  very  near 
view,  but,  unfortunately,  went  by  them  during  the  few  hours  of  night 
The  passage  around  Grand  Island  afTorded  us  some  compensation  for 
our  disappointment.  The  banks  are  highly  diversified  In  surface,  pic- 
turesque in  outline  and  finely  wooded  down  to  the  shore.  We  were 
charmed  to  enter  the  smooth  river-like  strait  from  the  rough  sea. 
on  which  we  had  been  tossing  and  sufTering.  The  passage  is  several 
miles  in  length  and  sheltered  from  all  winds.  The  lands  on  both  sides 
belong  to  a  single  family,  who  are  delightfully  situated  and  fully  ap- 
preciate the  wild  paradise,  in  which  their  lot  is  cast.  Fish  and  game 
abound,  in  great  variety  and  excellent  in  quality.  The  land  bears 
grass  luxuriantly  for  pasturage,  and  is  easily  cultivated.  They  have 
a  grist  and  saw  mill,  and  carry  on  a  considerable  trafTlc  with  the 
Indians  for  beaver  and  castor  skins. 

We  landed  on  the  innermost  comer  of  Grand  Island  for  the  pur- 
pose of  discharging  freight  and  receiving  wood,  the  boat  being  strand- 
ed gently  on  the  sandy  beach.  We  passed  two  or  three  hours  ram- 
bling about,  collecting  wild  flowers  and  specimens  of  plants  and  trees 
that  were  new  to  us,  and  searching  along  the  margin  of  the  water  for 
handsome  pebbles  and  for  stray  agates,  if  any  sbQuld  present  them- 


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Lake  superior  mining  institute  313 

selves.  But  they  are  not  found  In  this  part  of  Lake  Superior.  Agate 
Bay  was  a  famous  locality  for  them  in  times  past,  and  they  are  said 
to  abound  upon  the  northern  shore.  Our  voyage  out  of  the  passage, 
after  re-embarking,  was  equally  beautiful  with  our  approach  through 
tne  narrower  entrance.  The  northwestern  part  of  the  island  exhibits 
a  bluff  of  sandstone  of  the  same  formation  as  that  of  Picture  Rocks. 
A  luxuriant  growth  of  trees  and  shrubbery  creeps  down  the  face  of 
the  rock,  like  tresses  upon  a  lovely  forehead,  and  as  we  receded  from 
it  we  caught  some  exquisite  dis8ol,ving  views  of  airly  castles. 

VILLAGE  OF  MARQUETTE. 

We  arrived  at  Marquette  in  the  afternoon,  a  rising  village  of  some 
three  hundred  inhabitants,  favored  with  a  hotel,  a  school  house,  and 
a  church  worshipping  in  the  same — nestled  in  the  innermost  lap  of 
Iron  Bay.  For  beauty  of  position  it  claims  precedence  over  all  the 
towns  of  Lake  Superior.  The  bay  sweeps  in  a  graceful  curve,  for 
several  miles,  until  it  reaches  the  embosomed  cove  which  forms  the 
harbor.  Directly  opposite  the  entrance  a  rock  rises  high  above  the 
water,  a  most  picturesque  object  from  the  shore.  Marquette  is  the 
port  for  an  important  and  extensive  iron  district,  lying  south  from 
it  at  a  distance  of  from  twelve  to  twenty-iive  miles.  This  region  is 
as  yet  almost  inaccessible,  except  in  winter,  from  the  want  of  proper 
roads.  But  within  a  year  from  this  time,  probably  a  plank  road  or 
a  railroad  will  establish  an  easy  and  constant  communication,  brings 
ing  the  mountain  to  Marquette  and  Marquette  to  the  mountain.  There 
is  a  blast  furnace  located  there,  for  the  manufacture  of  blooms,  erect- 
ed originally  by  the  Marquette  Company,  but  now  owned  and  kept 
in  operation  by  the  Cleveland  Company,  their  successors.  The  ore 
is  made  into  blooms  without  the  intermediate  process  of  running  into 
pigs,  and  yields  the  same  quantity  of  blooms  per  ton  as  pig  iron. 
There  is,  besides,  a  factory  for  sawing  and  grinding  whetstones,  sim- 
ilar to  the  Turkey  oilstones,  the  quarry  lying  about  eight  miles  back 
from  the  lake. 

The  harbor  is  simply  as  nature  formed  it,  except  that  a  lighthouse 
sheds  its  guiding  beams  from  the  outermost  point  of  the  neck  of  land, 
still  covered  with  forest,  which  protects  it  on  the  westerly  side.  A 
breakwater  at  this  point  is  required  to  complete  the  harbor,  and  afford 
a  shelter  against  storms  from  the  northeast.  Nothing  has  been  done, 
as  yet,  by  the  United  States  government,  for  the  security  of  vessels  on 
Lake  Superior,  except  the  erection  of  lighthouses  at  a  few  points. 
The  vast  increase  of  tonnage  which  will  follow  the  completion  of  the 
ship-canal  in  progress,  will  render  it  a  matter  of  great  importance 
that  safe  harbors  should  be  provided  for  the  protection  of  life  and 
property  upon  this  inland  sea.  Our  statesmen  And  great  difficulty 
in  determining  the  constitutional  duties  of  the  general  government, 
as  to  works  of  improvements  for  the  benefit  and  security  of  naviga- 
tion, and  in  defining  the  boundaries  where  its  powers  cease. 

Creeks,  brooks,  and  rivulets  assume  the  nomenclature  of  rivers  in 


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314  A  TRIP  TO  LAKE  SUPERIOR 

order  that  they  may  be  brought  within  the  supposed  limitations  of 
the  constitution,  and,  by  a  strange  political  fiction,  a  river,  laving 
the  shores  of  several  states,  and  receiving  the  waters  of  navigable 
branches,  is  deemed  and  tal^en  by  some  yery  strict  constructions  to 
be  a  sea.  But  neither  fiction  nor  hyperbole  are  requisite  for  the  pur- 
pose of  placing  the  harbors  of  our  land-surrounded  seas  upon  the 
same  footing  with  those  upon  our  Atlantic  and  Pacific  coasts.  There 
is  a  special  necessity  for  good  harbors  on  the  larger  lakes — harbors 
easy  of  approach,  deep  enough  to  enter  when  heavy  billows  are  roll' 
Ing,  and  secure  when  reached.  They  offer  the  only  protection  when 
a  long  and  furious  storm  arises,  as  there  is  not  sea  room  for  a  ves- 
sel to  stay  out  and  lay  to  for  any  length  of  time.  The  attention  of 
Congress  will  be  directed  to  this  subject  at  an  early  day,  and  among 
the  harbors  which  will  first  claim  consideration,  is  unquestionably 
that  of  Marquette. 

THE  IRON  DISTRICT. 

The  main  object  of  our  party  in  landing  at  this  point,  was  to  visit 
the  iron  district.  Some  others  Joined  us,  and  when  the-  company  was 
all  mustered,  it  was  found  to  consist  of  about  twenty  in  number.  The 
resources  of  the  place  were  put  in  requisition  to  equip  the  expedition, 
and  furnish  supplies  for  several  days.  Two  or  three  saddle-horses 
were  obtained,  and  two  wagons  for  the  conveyance  of  bedding,  stores 
and  baggage,  and  the  transportation  of  those  who  felt  disposed  to 
undergo  the  dislocating  process  of  the  wheel  torture.  The  major  part 
performed  the  journey  afoot,  over  a  road  terribly  rough  in  its  best 
state,  and  now  full  of  sloughs,  by  reason  of  long-continued  rains.  We 
established  our  quarters  at  Jackson  Forge,  on  the  falls  of  the  Carp 
river,  a  distance  of  ten  miles  from  Marquette,  converting  a  small  un- 
occupied and  unfurnished  house  into  a  forest  hotel.  The  conditions 
of  our  lodgment  were  this,  that  If  we  were  not  satisfied  with  the  ac- 
commodations, or  were  disposed  to  find  fault  with  the  cookery,  the 
attendance,  or  any  part  of  the  service  of  the  establishment,  it  was 
ourselves  that  would  catch  all  blame. 

Under  these  circumstances,  we  found  but  little  fault  either  with 
the  fare  or  the  accommodations,  distributing  among  the  members  of 
the  company  the  various  departments  of  labor.  The  neighboring  Carp 
furnished  us  with  trout,  a  spring  some  rods  distant  supplied  us  with 
water,  and  a  store  of  wood  was  at  hand  to  furnish  smoke-fires  as  our 
night  watches  against  countless  hordes  of  pestiferous  mosquitoes  an<l 
flies.  The  incidents  and  circumstances  of  that  sojourn  are  already 
assuming  a  tint  of  mellowed  interest,  which  they  suggested  very 
faintly  at  the  time.  This  roughing  it  is  a  very  pleasant  thing  as  the 
subject  of  a  narrative,  when  surrounded  by  cheerful  and  refined  so- 
ciety, and  enjoying  all  the  comforts  and  luxuries  of  civilized  life,  but 
not  quite  so  interesting  while  it  is  a  matter  of  experience. 

Daylight  peeped  at  3  a.  m.,  into  the  garret  where  we  lay  stretched, 
like  a  harmonious  political  convention,  upon  the  same  platform,  and 
the  sweet  twitter  of  the  birds  was  no  unwelcome  summons  to  bid  us 
rise  from  such  a  resting-place.    We  made  an  early  start,  and»  after 


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LAKE  SUPEklOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  315 

a  walk  of  four  or  five  miles  over  a  road  similar  to  that  which  had 
tried  our  patience  and  our  boots  the  previous  day,  reached  Jackson 
Iron  Mountain.  A  small  part  of  our  way  was  the  shore  of  Teal  Lake, 
an  exquisite  mountain  lake,  some  two  miles  long,  by  one  mile  wide — 
its  clear  waters  bordered  with  a  sandy  margin,  on  which  were  printed 
the  recent  foot-tracks  of  a  herd  of  deer.  We  spent  several  hours  in 
the  exploration  of  Jackson  Mountain.  The  whole  smithy  of  Vulcan, 
with  all  his  Cyclopean  helpers,  could  never  have  heaped  up  and  would 
never  exhaust  this  vast  pile  of  mineral  that  has  been  thrown  out 
from  Nature's  deepest  laboratory.  The  only  idea  that  can  be  given 
of  it  is,  that  it  is  a  hill  of  iron-stone,  broken  into  fragments  or  cracked 
in  seams,  three-quarters  of  a  mile  long,  half  a  mile  wide,  and  rising 
to  a  heig^ht  of  one  hundred  and  fifty  feet. 

It  would  be  an  Interesting  proposition,  for  such  as  choose  to  under- 
take it,  to  calculate  from  these  data  the  quantity  of  iron  contained  in 
the  mass  above  the  surface.  One  side  of  the  hill  is  nearly  precipitous, 
showing  the  iron  from  top  to  bottom.  The  most  of  it  is  covered  with 
trees  which  have  found  their  nourishment  in  the  thin  deposit  of  earthy 
substances  and  decayed  vegetable  matter  that,  in  the  lapse  of  cen- 
turies, has  been  formed  over  the  mineral  upheaval.  In  several  places 
we  tore  away,  with  our  hands,  a  matted  bed  of  mosses  and  leaves, 
and  picked  up  from  beneath  fragments  of  ore  with  no  mark  of  rust 
upon  them.  There  are  differences  in  the  appearance  -  of  specimens 
obtained  from  various  parts  of  the  moss,  but  the  results  of  analyses 
and  of  working  the  ore,  show  that  it  is  singularly  uniform  throughout 
in  quality  and  purity.  All  the  ore  that  has  been  used  at  the  Jackson 
Forge,  and  at  the  Marquette  Forge,  was  obtained  from  a  single  small 
spot,  and  from  it  has  been  manufactured  all  the  iron  known  as  Lake 
Superior  iron,  already  celebrated  for  its  remarkable  toughness  and 
valuable  properties  for  shafts  and  axles.  It  is  quarried  at  very  small 
expense,  blasting  easily,  and  breaking  up  at  each  blast  into  convenient 
fragments,  differing  in  this  respect  from  the  mountain  masses  of  Mis- 
souri, which  are  quarried  with  great  difficulty. 

SPIRITUAUSM. 
While  engaged  in  the  survey  of  the  Iron  Mountain,  a  heavy  shower 
of  rain  compelled  us  to  flee  for  shelter  into  a  hut,  occupied  by  some 
men  who  were  engaged  in  cutting  shingles  and  erecting  a  large  log 
building  for  the  use  of  workmen.  I  was  surprised  to  observe  that 
one  of  the  men  was  reading  a  monthly  magazine.  Another  of  them 
fancied  himself  a  spiritual  medium,  and  a  demand  was  immediately 
made  upon  him  for  an  exhibition  of  his  powers.  A  spiritual  circle 
was  formed,  and  the  usual  arrangement  of  hands  and  fingers  took 
place  upon  the  massive  table  of  the  log  cabin.  It  was,  certainly,  an 
extraordinary  scene,  to  occur  in  the  forest  of  Lake  Superior,  upon 
the  extreme  frontiers  of  civilization.  There  seemed  to  be  some  con- 
fusion of  ideas  in  the  mind  of  the  medium,  or  in  that  of  his  demon, 
for  we  were  treated  to  an  experiment  in  spirit-rapping  in  place  of 


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3l6  A  TRIP  TO  LAKE  SUPERIOR 

table-antics.  I  would  like  to  have  seen  that  table  dance!  Professor 
Faraday's  delicate  apparatus  would  have  been  thrown  away  upon  it. 
The  conceptions  of  involuntary  impulse  entertained  by  our  forest 
medium  would  have  fully  satisfied  the  hypothesis  of  the  professor. 

The  answers  to  all  questions  were  given  by  the  visible  rappings  of 
his  own  fingers,  but  he  solemnly  averred  that  a  spiritual  will  directed 
the  movements  unconsciously  to  himself.  His  evident  sincerity  led 
us  to  infer  that  he  had  devoted  much  thought  and  yielded  too  much 
faith  to  such  unprofitable  communings  and  to  fear,  lest,  as  in  some 
other  cases,  Instead  of  being  a  revealer  of  truth  to  others,  the  heaven- 
ly-imparted light  within  him  should  become  darkness. 

FISHING. 

An  afternoon's  fishing  in  Teal  Lake  was  a  part  o^f  the  programme 
for  the  day.  A  huge  canoe,  large  enough  to  hold  a  war-party  of 
savages,  lay  upon  the  beach,  ready  to  launch.  The  pine,  of  which 
it  was  formed,  the  glory  of  the  forest,  that  must  have  counted  its 
life,  like  the  antediluvians,  by  centuries  instead  of  decades,  had  been 
felled  for  the  express  purpose  a  few  days  previously.  A  portion  of 
the  company  were  left  upon  a  rocky  point  to  fish  from  the  shore, 
another  portion  embarked  on  the  gigantic  canoe  for  a  longer  voyage, 
and  the  remainder  prudently  and  fortunately  commenced  their  re- 
turn march  to  our  quarters  at  the  Forge.  The  clouds  that  had  low- 
ered upon  us  all  day  began  to  gather  in  blacker  masses,  and  at  length 
two  or  three  heavy  peals  of  thunder  announced  that  the  process  of 
condensation  had  commenced.  The  rain  descended  for  several  hours 
with  the  fury  of  mountain  showers,  and  we  reached  the  encampment 
thoroughly  drenched.  The  boat's  crew,  who  remained  at  their  cheer- 
ful task  of  fishing  in  the  storm,  harassed  by  swarms  of  black  flies 
that  actually  scarified  all  the  exposed  parts  of  their  faces  and  necks, 
were  rewarded  with  a  few  small  trout  for  their  pains. 

The  supper  was  ended,  a  council  was  held,  and  it  was  determined, 
without  a  dissenting  voice,  to  return  to  Marquette  on  the  ensuing  day. 
So  much  rain  had  fallen,  that  a  further  exploration  of  the  iron  ree^ion 
presented  anything  but  attractive  considerations.  And  there  were  no 
auspicious  meteorological  signs  to  give  us  the  promise  of  more  fav- 
orable weather  if  we  should  remain  till  the  waters  should  have  abated 
from  the  face  of  the  earth.  We  had,  besides,  seen  a  pile  of  iron 
ore  that  appeared  inexhaustible.  We,  therefore,  abandoned  our  in- 
tended visit  to  Cleveland  Mountain,  situated  at  a  distance  of  three 
miles  beyond  Jackson,  a  still  more  enormous  mass  of  mineral  con- 
taining some  spurs  of  the  best  ore,  but  for  the  most  part  streaked 
and  veined  in  large  proportion  with  red  Jasper  of  great  hardness;  and 
our  projected  fishing  in  beautiful  Lake  Angeltne,  lying  somewhere 
near,  of  whose  large  and  abundant  trout  hazy  but  glowing  rumors 
had  reached  us.  So  we  did  not  scale  the  iron  crest  of  Cleveland,  nor 
look  upon  the  virgin  face  of  Angeline. 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  31^ 

THE  COPPER  MINES. 
After  our  return  some  of  the  party  took  advantage  of  the  arrival 
ot  a  boat  bound  up  the  lake,  to  visit  the  copper  mines  at  Eagle  river 
and  Ontonagon.  One  or  two  only  ventured  down  the  dark  recesses 
of  the  clifT  In  subterranean  uniform,  with  burning  candles  for  feathers, 
but  the  rest  contented  themselves  wltl^  general  inquiries  and  examina- 
tions, and  the  collection  of  specimens  of  the  various  kinds  of  ore. 
I  preferred  to  remain  quietly  at  Marquette.  I  have  no  particular  fancy 
for  descending  mines,  and  the  great  copper  lottery,  with  its  mon- 
strous ingot  prizes  and  its  many  blanks,  has  no  attractions  for  me. 
If  the  representations  of  the  owners  of  the  'lands,  and  the  projectors 
of  the  magnificent  schemes  afloat,  all  accompanied  with  the  usual 
story  of  Indian  tools  having  been  found  upon  the  spot,  are  to  be 
believed,  we  are  to  be  abundantly  supplied  with  that  useful  mineral, 
when  the  requisite  capital  shall  have  been  invested.  Those  who  re- 
mained behind  the  copper  party  found  plenty  to  interest  them  in  the 
neighborhood  of  Marquette. 

CHIPPEWA  INDIANS. 

A  part  of  my  employment  each  day  was,  to  observe  the  Indians,  a 
large  encampment  of  whom  occupied  the  lake  shore  near  the  village, 
of  the  same  tribe  as  those  at  Saut  Ste.  Marie,  and  acknowledging 
the  same  chief.  Inferior  chiefs  residing  at  Marquette,  are  Mongooe, 
and  Marshgepp,  or  Rising  Sun.  They  are  Chippewas,  but  number 
among  them  a  good  many  half-breeds,  some  of  whom  speak  French. 
An  occasional  crucifix  in  the  huts  shows  the  faith  which  they  pro- 
fess. Ihey  subsist  chiefly  by  fishing,  hunting  and  trapping,  but  live 
in  a  miserable  way,  not  knowing  how  to  make  a  proper  use  of  the 
good  things  they  get.  The  whole  culinary  apparatus  of  a  family  con- 
sist in  a  single  pot  Everything  is  boiled  in  that  pot,  whitefish,  trout, 
venison*  salt  pork,  duck,  pigeon,  or  whatever  it  may  be,  so  that, 
though  they  live  on  the  choicest  fish  and  game,  it  is  pretty  poor  and 
monotonous  fare  after  all.  Bread  Is  made  by  some  of  the  most 
civilized;  others  bake  in  the  ashes  thin  cakes  of  unleavened  dough, 
while  the  full  savage  dispenses  with  the  luxury  of  bread  altogether. 

They  distribute  with  generosity  the  overplus  of  game  taken,  or 
of  fish  caught  among  the  surrounding  huts,  after  disposing  of  all  that 
there  is  an  immediate  demand  for;  so  that  a  successful  return  from 
watching  at  a  deer  lick,  from  hauling  the  gill-nets  with  a  good  catch 
of  delicious  whitefish,  or  from  drifting  those  deep  murderous  lines, 
armed  with  a  hundred  baited  hooks,  on  which  the  lake  trout  hook 
themselves,  Is  an  occasion  of  great 'interest  In  the  community,  be- 
cause it  promises  a  feast  after  a  long  famine,  pelrhaps. 

The  chief  lions  at  the  Indian  encampment  were  three  young  beav- 
ers, about  the  size  of  a  muskrat.  They  were  so  tame  that  the  Indians 
took  them  a  swimming  with  them  and  the  amphibious  pets  made  no 
attempt  to  escape.  They  were  kept  in  a  box  strewed  with  birch  twigs 
and  leaves,  and  suffered  the  children  to  play  with  them  like  kittens. 


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3l8  A  TklP  TO  LAKE  SUPERIOR 

rhey  seem  to  take  particular  satisfaction  In  turning  and  manoeuvering 
that  paddle  which  nature  has  given  them  for  a  tail,  paying  the  same 
attention  to  the  instrument,  and  exhibiting  the  same  consciousness 
of  its  peculiarities  as  an  elephant  does  with  respect  to  his  proboscis, 
delighting  to  keep  it  in  motion,  and  twist  it  into  various  attitudes,  in 
order  to  show  off  its  capabilities.  But  it  was  not  easy  to  get  a  sight 
at  the  show.  Mongoos  was  in  the  hut  on  one  occasion  when  visitors 
called,  sitting  erect  as  a  statue,  and  his  more  compliant  squaw  could 
get  no  nod,  grunt  or  other  sign  of  acquiescence  from  the  stem  chief- 
tain. At  other  times ,  a  bright  quarter  of  a  dollar  flamed  intelligence 
into  the  Indian  mind  and  awakened  the  idea  that  the  visitor  wanted 
to  see  something  for  his  money.  But  if  a  friend  was  along  who  could 
speak  Chippewa,  the  box  was  brought  forward  without  a  moment's 
hesitation. 

I  found  the  Indians  reserved,  but  disposed  to  meet  graciously  any 
civility  extended  to  them.  They  respond  with  dignity  to  your  saluta- 
tion, and  are  exceedingly  sensible  of  kindnesses  bestowed.  Little 
presents  made  to  them -win  their  hearts,  and  they  seek  the  earliest 
opportunity  to  make  presents  in  return.  They  are  difficult  to  deal 
with  by  strangers  as  to  services,  use  of  boats,  and  the  like,  showing 
slackness  and  averseness,  and  demanding  invariably  unreasonable 
compensation,  but  the  gift  of  a  new  dime  to  each  child  in  the  wig- 
wam, not  forgetting  the  pappoose  that  lies  swinging  in  the  little  wind- 
swayed  hammock,  stretched  like  a  spider's  web  across  the  comer  of 
the  hut,  (for  who  ever '  saw  an  Indian  wigwam  that  did  not  swarm 
like  an  old  bee-hive,  all  the  facts  as  to  the  rapid  disappearance  of  the 
red  race  to  the  contrary  notwithstanding)  will  make  the  whole  fam- 
ily your  fast  friends. 

By  a  mere  occasional  salutation  and  the  interchange  of  scarcely 
half  a  dozen  words,  I  gained  the  confidence  of  a  half-breed  so  com- 
pletely that  he  stepped  up  to  me  one  day  and  asked  me  if  I  would 
write  a  letter  for  him.  I  complied  cheerfully,  leading  him  to  my 
apartment,  and  wrote  from  his  dictation,  and  as  nearly  as  possible  in 
his  own  words.  I  will  not  violate  confidence  so  far  as  to  give  the 
epistle  verbatim.  It  will  be  sufficient  to  say,  that  it  was  addressed 
severally  to  a  mother,  sister  and  brother,  residing  at  the  Saut,  whom 
he  had  left  a  year  previously.  The  main  object  of  the  letter  was  to 
give  an  account  of  his  success  in  his  new  home,  explain  the  reason 
why  he  had  not  joined  them  at  the  death  of  his  dear  father,  which 
had  occurred  in  the  intei^al,  and  to  promise  a  speedy  visit.  He  told 
how  he  had  unfortunately  lost  In  a  storm  five  new  gill-nets;  of  the 
barrels  of  whitefish  he  had  caught  in  the  fall,  and  his  disposal  of 
a  part  of  them  for  flour,  at  an  even  barter;  and  of  his  luck  at 
trapping  during  the  winter,  at  which  he  would  have  done  well,  but  an 
Indian  down  here  (one  of  the  chiefs,  doubtless),  would  not  let  him 
trap  in  the  woods  any  longer;  specified  the  seven  deer  he  had  killed 
since  spring,  and  the  seven  cents  a  pound  at  which  he  had  sold  the 


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meat,  expressing  the  wish  that  his  brother  was  with  him  to  help  him 
eat  the  venison.  In  the  portion  addressed  to  his  sister,  he  told  her 
how  excellent  a  help-meet  his  young  wife  Rosalie  was  to  him.  He 
warned  his  brother  against  the  use  of  liquor,  and  at  the  same  time 
confessed  to  his  mother  that  he  took  two  or  three  glasses  of  brandy 
whenever  the  steamboat  came  in,  but  not  enough  "to  put  him  out 
of  the  way."  Considering  that  the  steamboat  had  been  in  shortly  be- 
fore I  enlisted  as  his  amanuensis,  my  friend's  letter  did  him  credit, 
but  was  particularly  interesting,  as  exhibiting  a  tenderness  of  affec- 
tion in  the  family  relations  that  I  did  not  before  appreciate  in  the 
impassive  savage.  One  of  the  most  touching  things  in  the  letter,  was 
his  earnest  request  to  his  brother  and  sister  to  take  care  of  their  dear 
mother. 

TROUTING. 

Trouting  was  one  of  our  amusements  during  our  stay.  Two  miles 
east  of  the  village  is  the  mouth  of  the  Carp  river  (rivulet)  and  three 
miles  in  the  other  direction  that  of  Dead  river.  (Riviere  de  Mort,  so 
named  by  the  early  French  discoverers  from  some  Indian  slaughter). 
They  are  both  choice  trout  streams.  The  waters  were  unusually  high 
at  the  period  of  our  visit,  and  therefore,  at  an  unfajvorable  stage  for 
the  best  sport,  but  a  mess  could  be  obtained  at  any  time  without 
difficulty.  Brook  trout  also  venture  out  into  the  lake,  feeding  on 
the  minnows  about  the  rocks  along  shore,  and  acquire  a  more  silvery 
appearance  than  they  have  in  the  leaf-dyed  waters  of  Carp  or  Dead 
river.  Our  sportsmen  killed  (I  believe  no  sportsman  ever  catches  a 
trout)  a  good  many  ranging  from  one  to  two  pounds,  and  one  weigh- 
ing, honestly,  on  the  scales,  three  and  a  half  pounds. 

There  is  a  penalty  to  be  paid  for  this  sport,  which  must  be  felt  in 
order  to  be  appreciated.  A  grievous  swarm  of  flies  was  one  of  the 
plagues  of  Egypt,  and  a  more  serious  pest  never  haunted  lake  or  for- 
est, the  home  of  the  deer,  the  moose,  or  the  Indian,  than  the  black 
flies  which  assail  the  fisherman  upon  the  banks  of  the  Dead  river. 
No  unguents  will  mollify  their  blood-thirsty  rage.  Delicate-skinned 
sportsmen  from  the  city  resort  in  vain  to  helmets  of  buckskin,  be- 
cause the  entomological  enemy  creeps  in  behind  these  defenses.  It 
is  asserted  that  the  time  during  which  the  plague  of  the  flies  con- 
tinues is  six  weeks;  but  if  the  flies  disappear,  the  mosquitoes  do  not. 
The  latter  enlist  for  the  whole  war,  and  leave  a  few  hardy  sentinels 
under  the  shelter  of  the  thickets, even  during  the  long  reign  of  winter. 

A  singularity  of  the  soil  will  be  discovered  by  the  flsberman  soon 
after  his  arrival  in  this  quarter.  It  produces  no  angle-worms — at 
least,  although  the  contrary  theory  was  maintained,  I  could  learn  of 
no  authentic  instance  where  one  had  been  dug  up.  Those  who  have 
previous  acquaintance  with  the  fact  bring  a  supply  with  them.  The 
trout  has  a  special  fancy  for  this  fare.  It  must  be  a  new  delicacy 
to  him,  and  when  mimic  flies,  thrown  with  all  the  skill  of  practiced 
art,  will  skim  in  vain,  when  raw  venison  presents  no  temptation,  and 


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even  a  floating  morsel  of  his  kindred  falls  to  provoke  his  voracity, 
an  angle  worm  generally  attracts  his  attention.  It  Is  proposed  to 
plant  (colonize  should  be  the  phrase)  some  of  them  for  the  benefit  of 
future  anglers. 

The  rat,  in  like  manner,  is  not  reckoned  among  the  aborigines  of 
the  country,  although  it  is  said  that  they  are  following  in  swarms 
the  march  of  civilization,  and  helping  to  populate  the  mining  dis- 
tricts. 

GEOLOGICAL  PECUUARITIES. 

These  are  among  the  lesser  phenomena  which  characterize  this 
extraordinary  region.  One  of  the  most  marked  peculiarities  in  the 
physical  structure  of  the  country  we  noticed  at  Sdarquette.  The 
rocks,  even  the  hardest  trap,  are  full  of  seams,  bearing  witness  to 
the  violence  of  Plutonic  agencies.  Beautiful  specimens  of  marble  are 
found  here,  white  mingled  with  pink  and  light  purple,  but  it  will 
probably  be  of  small  value  from  this  cause.  The  iron  ore  has  been 
seamed  by  the  same  forces.  This  shattering  of  the  rocks  is  observed 
throughout  the  whole  Lake  Superior  country,  and  has  occasioned  a 
disappointment  of  the  hopes  of  the  Saut  Canal  Company  in  obtaining 
stone  for  their  locks  within  a  convenient  distance.  With  respect  to 
the  copper,  the  metal  was  no  doubt,  injected  into  the  veins  where 
it  is  found  after  the  upheaval  of  the  rocky  strata. 

THE  CLIMATE  AND  CONSUMPTION. 

A  climate  of  great  salubrity  is  one  of  the  blessings  allotted  to  this 
region,  and  will  be  found  an  important  circumstance  in  contributing 
to  its  development  and  prosperity.  The  soil  is  too  sandy  to  exhale 
miasmatic  vapors,  and  the  odors  of  pine  and  hemlock  scent  the  air. 
The  atmosphere  is  charged  with  health-giving  influences.  One  can 
inhale  a  much  longer  breath  than  in  our  atmosphere,  without  ex- 
periencing any  painful  sensation. 

Marquette  has  become  a  great  resort  for  consumptive  Invalids,  and 
we  were  informed  that  every  house  in  the  place,  afTording  accom- 
modations for  boarders,  was  occupied  by  ladies  and  gentlemen  from 
the  states  "below."  A  small  shanty  upon  the  lake  was  pointed  out 
to  us  as  the  Invalid  House.  I  ventured  to  call,  and  found  a  club  of 
four  gentlemen,  companions  in  disease,  who  had  associated  together 
in  the  erection  of  the  shanty,  attended  to  their  own  wants,  and  con- 
tributed according  to  their  ability  in  supplying  the  table  with  fish 
and  game. 

It  is  said  that  many  cures  of  consumption  have  been  elTected.  A 
year's  residence  is  recommended  by  physicians,  the  steady  though 
severe  winter  climate  being  considered  quite  as  favorable  as  the  more 
agreeable  climate  of  summer.  Many  of  the  settlers  here  are  persbns 
whose  constitutions  were  broken  down  on  the  bottom  lands  of  Ohio, 
and  have  taken  a  fresh  lease  of  life  by  starting  anew  as  pioneers  In 
the  wilderness.    There  is  something  peculiar  about  the  region  as  to 


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liability  to  take  cold.  Exposures  to  rain,  or  wet  feet  are  not  fol- 
lowed by  the  usual  consequences.  The  winter  traveler  throws  him- 
self upon  the  snow  at  night  with  perfect  impunity  while  the  ther- 
mometer is  below  zero,  and  refreshes  his  wearied  limbs  upon  the 
whitest  and  deepest  of  beds.  It  is  a  common  saying  that  no  one  takes 
cold  on  Lake  Superior;  and  yet  it  is  not  a  dry  meteorological  district 
by  any  means — rather  the  reverse.    Rain  falls  easily  and  copiously. 

The  purity  of  the  atmosphere  is  surprising.  There  were  times  when 
we  could  disceren  distinctly  from  Marquette,  the  high  land  of  Grand 
Island,  forty  miles  distant.  Beautiful  mirages,  too,  with  new  head- 
lands and  forest-crowned  islets,  rise  from  the  surface  of  the  lake  at 
times.  And  as  for  rainbows,  if  the  one  I  saw  is  to  be  regarded  as 
a  specimen,  this  portion  of  the  earth's  atmosphere  cannot  be  matched 
for  its  prismatic  properties.  One  end  of  the  arch  rested  upon  the 
rock  at  the  entrance  of  the  harbor,  and  the  other  end  upon  the  lake 
opposite  the  mouth  of  Carp  river,  some  two  miles  distant — and  there 
it  stood  for  an  hour,  like  a  door  into  the  heavens,  as  Jean  Paul  finely 
calls  the  rainbow,  painted  with  the  brightest  hues  from  angelic  wings! 
The  sublime  poem  that  was  sung  at  the  dedication  of  Solomon's  tem- 
ple seems  applicable  to  such  a  portal — 

Lift  up  your  heads,  O  ye  gates;  and  be  ye  lift  up,  ye  ever- 
lasting doors;  and  the  King  of  glory  shall  come  in. 

Who  is  this  King  of  glory?  The  Lord,  strong  and  mighty,  the 
Lord  mighty  in  battle. 

Lift  up  your  heads,  O  ye  gates;  even  lift  them  up,  ye  ever- 
lasting doors;  and  the  King  of  glory  shall  come  in. 

Who  is  this  King  of  glory?  The  Lord  of  hosts,  he  is  the 
King  of  Glory. 

THE  SOIL,  ETC. 

The  soil  throughout  this  region  is  light  and  poor  especially  on 
the  boarders  of  the  lake.  A  few  miles  back,  particularly  from  White- 
fish  Point  to  Presque  Isle,  it  is  better  and  covered  occasionally  with 
valuable  timber.  It  is  fortunate  that  the  soil  is  warm,  otherwise 
crops  which  can  be  now  raised  could  not  be  produced  at  all  in  their 
brief  hyperborean  summer.  The  season  is  not  long  enough  to  ripen 
Indian  corn.  Grass  grows  luxuriantly,  and  there  are  occasional  nat- 
ural meadows  yielding  heavy  burdens  of  wild  hay.  Oats  thrive  well. 
Wheat  can  be  grown  in  some  localities.  But  the  product  for  which 
the  region  is  most  famed  is  the  potato.  The  lower  country  produces 
nothing  to  be  compared  with  it  in  quality  or  flavor. 

The  general  practice  for  preserving  potatoes  during  the  winter, 
is  to  leave  them  out  in  the  field  and  dig  them  in  the  spring  after 
the  snow  has  disappeared.  Snow  falls  usually  about  the  middle  of 
November,  covering  the  unfrozen  ground  to  the  depth  of  four  feet, 
and  protecting  everything  beneath  it  with  its  warm  and  fleecy  mantle. 
When  winter  retires,  summer  immediately  enters,  crowned  with  leaves 
and   flowers,   treading   upon   a  grassy   carpet,   the   green   blades   of 


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322  A  TRIP  TO  LAKE  SUPERIOR 

which  have  been  springing  up  through  the  melting  snow.  This  pecu- 
liarity of  the  climate  renders  the  wintering  of  stock  a  much  less  seri- 
ous business  than  would  be  imagined,  pasturage  continuing  as  late 
in  the  fall,  it  is  said,  and  commencing  as  early  in  the  spring  as  in 
the  State  of  New  York.  There  are,  therefore,  ample  inducements  for 
farmers  to  settle  in  the  country,  inasmuch  as  the  mines  afford  an 
excellent  market  for  everything,  that  can  be  raised.  All  the  provisions 
consumed  by  the  miners  are  transported  at  great  expense,  and  the 
cultivation  of  the  land  is  requisite  in  order  to  furnish  them  with  sup- 
plies, and  reduce  the  enormous  cost  attending  the  employment  of  labor 
in  this  region  at  present. 

The  great  drawback  to  the  rapid  development  of  the  country  has 
been  its  inaccessibility.  This  will  be  completely  remedied  during  the 
season  of  navigation,  when  the  Saut  Canal  shall  be  opened.  In 
winter  it  is  completely  isolated.  The  mails,  conveyed  by  a  dog-train, 
go  and  return  from  the  civilized  world  once  a  month  during  the  Ions 
period  of  hybernation,  Badenoch,  on  Green  Bay,  being  the  point  of 
communication.  But  a  railroad  is  already  talked  of,  and  there  is  said 
to  be  a  practicable  route,  leading  direct  to  the  copper  country,  and 
accommodating  the  intermediate  district,  that  will  establish  an  easy 
connection  with  Chicago. 

This  mineral  world  is  a  region  by  itself,  both  as  to  its  position  and 
as  to  its  interests.  It  does  not  seem  to  appertain  naturally  to  any  of 
the  states  near  which  it  lies.  The  prosperous  and  beautiful  state  which 
lies  clasped  in  the  arms  of  so  many  lakes,  to  which  the  chief  part  of 
the  mineral  country  is  attached  as  a  mere  out-laying  appendage,  migrht 
consent  to  part  with  her  copper  colored  daughter.  It  should  be»  it 
seems  to  me,  the  mineral  state  par  excellence  of  our  republic,  leaving 
still  to  California  her  golden  title.  An  appropriate  designation  for 
the  new-found  star  would  be  "Superior,"  as  being  appropriate  to  its 
position  and  suggestive  of  noble  endeavors.  The  City  of  the  Rapids 
might  at  the  same  time  drop  its  long,  unpronounceable  baptismal 
name,  and  assume  also  the  good  and  well-sounding  name  "Superior.** 

THE  PICTURE  ROCKS. 

We  were  detained  at  Marquette  some  days  longer  than  we  wished. 
At  length  a  boat  came  down  the  lake,  and  brought  us  back  to  Saut 
Sainte  Marie.  We  passed  again  the  Picture  Rocks,  and  saw  them 
under  the  illumination  of  the  rays  of  the  setting  sun.  The  immense 
arch,  which  has  so  often  been  described,  is  the  most  striking  and  un- 
changing feature  in  the  many  views  which  rise  and  disappear  in  the 
changing  picture.  Towers  and  bastions,  cathedrals,  warehouses, 
bridges,  the  roofs  of  a  compact  city,  are  crowded  upon  it.  In  other 
positions  on  the  shores  of  the  lake,  wherever  the  same  rock  is  exposed, 
towns  rising  from  the  midst  of  embowering  trees,  or  reposing  In 
sheltered  bays,  burst  into  view. 

But  a  grander  sight  than  a  view  of  the  pictorial  rocks  with  their 
architectural  enchantments,  was  the  setting  sun,  perfect  in  form  an^ 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  323 

in  the  purity  of  its  seraphic  brightness — first  touching  the  smooth 
surface  of  the  waters,  then  dipping  and  sinking  beneath  them,  as 
thougrh  the  crown  of  God  were  falling  from  heaven  into  the  sea! 
This  is  a  vision  of  beauty  and  majesty  for  all  the  inhabitants  of 
earth! 

The  next  morning  we  arrived  at  Saut  Salnte  Marie,  where  my 
"Trip  to  Lake  Superior"  may  be  properly  regarded  as  brought  to  a 
close. 


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[ON    OF 

RON  REGION. 


MICHIGAK 


•IP— ^ 


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PROCEEDINGS 


OF  THE 


LAKE  SUPERIOR 
MINING  INSTITUTE 

TWENTIETH  ANNUAL  MEETING 

GOGEBIC-CUYUNA  RANGES 
SEPTEMBER  6,  7,  8,  9,  1915 

VOL.  XX 


ISHPEMINO,  MICH. 

PUBLISHED  BY  THE  INSTITUTE 

AT  THE  OPPICB  OF  THE  SECRETARY 

1915 


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PRESSES  OF  IRON  ORE 

ISHPEMINO,  MICH. 


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INDEX  TO  VOLUME  XX. 

Page. 

Officers  of  the  Institute,  1915  v 

Officers  of  the  Institute,  1916  vl 

List  of  Standing  Committees  for  Year  Ending  1916 vll 

Members  of  the  Institute,  1915  vlll 

Deceased  Members    xxil 

List  of  Papers  Published  in  Preceding  Numbers  xxlli 

List  of  Meetings  of  the  Institute xxxil 

Rules  of  the  Institute 1 

Minutes  of  the  Twentieth  Annual  Meeting  6 

Report  of  the  Council 10 

Partial  List  of  Members  in  Attendance  at  Twentieth  Meeting 18 

General  Description  of  the  Gogebic  Range 22 

Iron  Ore  Shipments  from  the  Gogebic  Range 31 

Iron  Ore  Shipments  from  the  Cuyuna  Range  31 

Producing  Mines  of  the  Gogebic  Range 32 

Idle  Mines  of  the  Gogebic  Range 33 

Mines  Being  Developed  on  the  Gogebic  Range 33 

Lake  Superior  Iron  Ore  Shipments  (1855  to  1914,  inclusive) 34 

PAPERS. 

Sinking  of  the  Woodbury  Shaft  at  the  Newport  Mine,  Iron  wood, 

Michigan,  by  J.  M.  Broan;   with  discussion 37 

Mining  Methods  on  the  Gogebic  Range,  by  Committee  consisting 
of  O.  E.  Olsen,  O.  M.  Schaus  and  Frank  Blackwell;  with 
discussion 54 

New    Stockpile  Trestle,  Colby  Iron    Mining    Company,   Bessemer, 

Michigan,  by  G.  S.  Barber;  with  discussion 65 

Grouting  at  the  Francis  Mine  Shaft  of  The  Cleveland-Cliffs  Iron 

Company,  by  J.  R.  Relgart 72 

Sheet  Ground  Mining  in  the  Joplin  District,  Missouri,  by  Edwin 

Hig^ins ;    with   discussion    88 

The  Opening  of  the  Wakefield  Mine,  by  W.  C.  Hart;  with  dis- 
cussion    '. 103 

The  Use  of  Gunite  in  a  Steel  Shaft  and  in  an  Underground  Pump- 
House  on  the  Gogebic  Range,  by  Stephen  Royce 114 

A  Survey  of  the  Developments  and  Operations  in  the  Cuyuna  Ore 

District  of  Minnesota,  by  Carl  Zapffe   125 

Some  Aspects  of  Exploration  and  Drilling  on  the  Cuyuna  Range, 

by  P.  W.  Donovan   136 

Rock  Drifting  in  the  Morris-Lloyd  Mine,  The  Cleveland-Cliffs  Iron 

Company,  by  J.  E.  Hayden  142 

The  Mining  School  of  The  Cleveland-Cliffs  Iron  Company,   by  C. 

S.  Stevenson  148 


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IV  INDEX   TO  VOLUME  XX 

Page. 
Hydraulic  Stripping  at  Rowe  and  Hillcrest  Mines  on  the  Cuyuna 

Range,  Minnesota,  by  Edward  P.  McCarty   162 

Drag-Line  Stripping  and  Mining,  Balkan  Mine,  Alpha,  Mich.,  Me- 
nominee Range,  by  Charles  E.  Lawrence   174 

Second  Annual  First- Aid  Contest,  by  Edwin  Higgins 181 

Matters  of  Interest  to  Operators  Regarding  the  Cuyuna  District, 

by  Carl  Zapffe  191 

Concentration  of  Cuyuna  Ores,  by  Edmund  Newton  200 

Progress  in  Underground  Ore  Loading,  by  M.  E.  Richards 213 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

Past  Officers  of  the  Institute  222 

List  of  Publications  Received  by  the  Institute  225 

ILLUSTRATIONS  AND  MAPS. 

Pennington  Mine,  Crosby,  Minn Following  page  180 

Kennedy  Mine,  Cuyuna,  Minn " 

Typical  Miners'  Homes,  Crosby,  Minn " 

Hydraulic  Stripping  of  Overburden,  Hillcrest  Mine, 

Cuyuna  Range   " 

Croft  Mine,  Crosby,  Minn 

Armour  No.  2  Mine,  Crosby,  Minn " 

Stevenson  Mine,  Mesabi  Range  " 

Thompson  Mine,  Crosby,  Minn " 

Map  of  Gogebic  Range  Following  page  226 

Map  of  Cuyuna  Range " 


ERRATA. 

Page  109,  fourth  line  in  third  paragraph,  should  be  .6  per  cent, 
instead  of  5  per  cent. 

Page  169,  second  line,  Plate  5  should  be  Plate  4. 


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OFFICERS  OF  THE  INSTITUTE 


OFFICERS. 

For  the  year  ending  with  the  close  of  the  annual  meeting,  Sep- 
tember 7,  1915. 

PRESIDENT. 

L.  M.  HARDENBURGH  Hurley,  Wis. 

(Term  one  year). 

VICE  PRESIDENTS. 

♦CHARLES  T.  KRUSE  Ishpeming,  Mich. 

♦CHARLES  E.  LAWRENCE  Palatka,  Mich. 

♦LUTHER  C.  BREWER Ironwood,  Mich. 

(Term  expires  1915). 

GEORGE  R.  JACKSON  Princeton,  Mich. 

THOMAS  A.  FLANNIGAN   Gilbert,  Minn. 

(Term  expires  1916). 

MANAGERS. 

♦W.  A.  SIEBENTHAL  Vulcan,  Mich. 

♦J.   S.  LUTES    Biwabik,   Minn. 

(Term  expires  1915). 

HENRY  ROWE   Ironwood,  Mich. 

M.  E.  RICHARDS  Crystal  Falls,  Mich. 

ENOCH  HENDERSON   Houghton,  Mich. 

(Term  expires  1916). 

TREASURER. 

E.  W.  HOPKINS  Commonwealth,  Wis. 

(Term  one  year). 

SECRETARY. 

A.  J.  YUNGBLUTH   Ishpeming,  Mich. 

(Term  one  year). 


(The  above  officers  constitute  the  council). 


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VI  OFFICERS  OF  THE  INSTITUTE 


OFFICERS. 

The  following  is  list  o!  officers  elected  at  the  annual  meeting, 
September  7th,  1915,  also  the  officers  holding  over  from  the  previous 
year  which  are  Indicated  by  an  asterisk. 

PRESIDENT. 

CHARLES  E.  LAWRENCE Palatka,  Mich. 

(Term  one  year). 

VICE  PRESIDENTS. 

GEORGE  R.  JACKSON  Princeton,  Mich. 

THOMAS  A.  FLANNIGAN   Gilbert,  Minn. 

(Term  expires  1916). 

GEORGE  L.  WOODWORTH    Iron  River,  Mich. 

FRANK  E.  KEESE  Ishpeming,  Mich. 

GRANT  S.  BARBER Bessemer,  Mich. 

(Term  expires  1917). 

MANAGERS. 

HENRY  ROWE  Ironwood,  Mich. 

M.  E.  RICHARDS Crystal  Falls,  Mich. 

ENOCH  HENDERSON Houghton.  Mich. 

(Term  expires  1916). 

FRANK  ARMSTRONG   Vulcan,  Mich. 

WILLIAM  WEARNE   Hibbing,  Minn. 

(Term  expires  1917). 

TREASURER. 

E.  W.  HOPKINS  Commonwealth,  Wis. 

(Term  one  year). 

SECRETARY. 

A.  J.  YUNGBLUTH   Ishpeming.  Mich. 

(Term  one  year), 

(The  above  officers  constitute  the  council), 


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LIST  OF  STANDING  COMMITTEES  Vll 


LIST  OF  STAXDIXCi  COMMITTEES  FOR  YEAR 
ENDING  1916. 

PRACTICE  FOR  THE  PREVENTION  OF  ACCIDENTS. 

WM.  CONIBEAR,  Chairman  Ishpemlng,  Mich. 

W.  H.  SCHACHT  Painesdale!  Mich. 

M.  H.  GODFREY Virginia.  Minn. 

P.  S.  WILLIAMS   Ramsay,  Mich. 

W.  H.  JOBE  Palatka,  Mich. 

CARE  AND  HANDLING  OF  HOISTING  ROPES. 

WM.  J.  RICHARDS,  Chairman  Painesdale,  Mich. 

JOSEPH  KIEREN   Gilbert,  Minn. 

FRANK  H.  ARMSTRONG   Vulcan.  Mich. 

CARLOS  E.  HOLLEY   Bessemer,  Mich. 

C.  M.  MURPHY Ishpeming.  Mich. 

PAPERS  AND  PUBLICATIONS. 

WILLIAM  KELLY,  Chairman   Vulcan,  Mich. 

J.  E.  JOPLING   Ishpeming.  Mich. 

FRANK  BLACKWELL Ironwood.  Mich. 

F.  W.  M'NAIR Houghton,  Mich. 

A.  M.  GOW   Duluth,  Minn. 

BUREAU  OF  MINES. 

M.  M.  DUNCAN,  Chairman Ishpeming.  Mich. 

F.  W.  DENTON   Painesdale,  Mich. 

A.  J.  YUNGBLUTH    Secretary  Ishpeming,  Mich. 

BIOGRAPHY. 

J.  H.  HEARDING.  Chairman   Duluth,  Minn. 

R.  A.  DOUGLAS  Ironwood.  Mich. 

M.  B.  M  GEE Crystal  Falls.  Mich. 

W.  H.  NBWETT    Ishpeming,   Mich. 

JAMES    FISHER    Houghton,    Mich. 

MINING  METHODS  ON  THE  GOGEBIC  RANGE,  1915. 

OSCAR  E.  OLSEN    Chairman   Ironwood,  Mich. 

O.  M.   SCHAUS    Ironwood.   Mich. 

FRANK  BLACKWELL   Ironwood,  Mich. 


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Vin  MEMBERS  OF  THE  INSTITUTE 


MEMBERS  OF  THE  INSTITUTE,  1915. 


HONORARY  MEMBERS. 

DOUGLAS,  JAMES   99  John  St.,  New  York  City 

POMPELLY,  RAPHAEL   Dublin,  N.  H. 

VAN  HISE,  C.  R Madison,  Wis. 


LIFE  MEMBERS. 

KELLY,  WILLIAM   Vulcan.  Mich. 

SILLIMAN,  A.  P Hibbing.  Minn. 

ACTIVE  MEMBERS. 

ABBOTT,  C.  E 1405  Minnesota    Ave.,  Bessemer,  Ala, 

ABEEL.  GEORGE   H Ironwood,   Mich. 

ABEEL,  GEO.  H.  JR Ironwood,  Mich. 

ADAMS.  DAVID  T 51G  Providence  Bldg..  Duluth,  Minn. 

ADGATE,  FREDERICK  W 300  Ohio  Ave..  Warwood,  W.  Va. 

AISHTON.  R.  H 215  W.  Jackson  Blvd..  Chicago,   Ills. 

ALLEN,  R.  C Lansing,  Mich, 

AMBERG,  J.  W 1400  Fulton  St.,  Chicago.  Ills. 

AMBERG,  WILLIAM  A 1400  Fulton  St.,  Chicago,  Ills. 

ANDREWS,   C.   E Escanaba,   Mich. 

APPLEBY,  WILLIAM  R School  of  Mines.  Minneapolis.  Minn. 

ARMSTRONG,  FRANK  H Vulcan,  Mich. 

ATKINS,  SAMUEL  E 909  Alworth  Bldg.,  Duluth,  Minn. 

BAER,    HENRY    L Hancock,    Mich. 

BALDWIN.  C.  KEMBLE 1070  Old  Colony  Bldg.,  Chicago,  Ills. 

BALL,  EDWIN  Birmingham,  Ala. 

BANDLER,  ARTHUR  S 30  E.  23rd  St..  New  York  City 

BARABE,  C.  A Ishpeming,  Mich. 

BARBER,  G.  S Bessemer,  Mich. 

BARBER,   MAX  H Nashwauk.   Minn. 

BARR.  J.  CARROLL   Crosby.  Minn. 

BARROWS,  WALTER  A.  JR Brainerd,  Minn. 

BATCHELDER,  B.  W Nashwauk,  Minn. 

BAYLISS,  WILLARD  Eveleth,  Minn. 


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Members  of  the  institute  :x 

Baxter,  Charles  homehi  Loretto,  Mich. 

BELDEN.  WILLIAM  P............ Ishpeming,  Mich. 

BENEDICT,  C.  HARRY Lake  Linden,  Mich. 

BENGRY,  WILLIAM  H / , Palatka,  Mich. 

BENNETT,  R.  M 710  Security  Bank  Bldg.,  Minneapolis,  Minn. 

BIGELOW,  C.  A Aetna  Powder  Co.,  New  York  City 

BLNNY,  JOSEPH   McKinley,  Minn. 

BITTCHOFSKY,  A.  C Cleveland,  Ohio 

BJORK,  ARVID  Crystal  Falls,  Mich. 

BLACKWELL,  FRANK  Ironwood,  Mich. 

BOLEY.  W.  E Baltic,  Mich. 

BOLLES.  FRED  R Houghton,  Mich. 

BOND,  WILLIAM    Ironwood,  Mich. 

BOSS,  CLARENCE  M 2€0  Wolvin  Bldg..  Duluth.  Minn. 

BOWDEN.  RICHARD  Trimountain,  Mich. 

BOWEN,  REUBEN   Pittsburg,  Pa. 

BOWERS,  E.  C Iron  River,  Mich. 

BRADT.  E.  F Jones  &  Laughlin,  Bldg.,  Pittsburg,  Pa. 

BRADY.  SAMUEL Rockland,  Mich. 

BREITUNG,   EDWARD   N Marquette,    Mich. 

BRETT,  HENRY    Calumet,  Mich. 

BRETTING,  R.  C Ashland,  Wis. 

BREWER,  CARL   Ishpeming,  Mich. 

BREWER.  LUTHER  C Ironwood,  Mich. 

BRIGHAM,  E.  D 215  Jackson  Blvd.,  Chicago,  Ills. 

BROAN,  J.  M Ironwood,  Mich. 

BROWN,  W.  G 302  W.  Superior  St.,  Duluth,  Minn. 

BURDORF,  HARRY  A 4218  Garfield  Ave..  S.,  Minneapolis,  Minn. 

BURR.  FLOYD  L Vulcan,  Mich. 

BURT.  JOHN  H Virginia.  Minn. 

BUSH,  JOHN  M Republic,  Mich. 

BUSH,  E.  G 909  Alworth  Bldg.,  Duluth,  Minn. 

CADDY,  THOMAS   Hibbing,  Minn. 

CAINE,  D.  T Gilbert.  Minn. 

CAIRNS,  FREDERICK  I Houghton.  Mich. 

CALVERLEY,  W.  D Houghton.  Mich. 

CAMERON,  ALLEN   Calumet.  Mich. 

CARBIS.  FRANK  Iron  Mountain,  Mich. 

CARLSON,  GUST Hibbing,  Minn. 

CARDLE,  JAMES Duluth,  Minn. 

CARMICHAEL,  WILLIAM   Biwabik,  Minn. 

OARNAHAN.  ARTHUR  L 101  Milk  St.,  Boston.  Mass. 

CARROL,  MICHAEL  J Houghton,  Mich. 

CARROLL.  RICHARD   Houghton,   Mich. 

CARROLL.   JAMES   R Houghton.   Mich. 

CARROLL,  PHILIP   Houghton,  Mich. 


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X  MEMBERS  OF   THE   INSTITUTE 

CARSON,  JOHN  A Appleton.  Wis. 

CARTER,  RAYMOND  B 301   W.  Randolph  St..  Chicago.  Ills. 

CASH.  F.  H Kinney,  Minn. 

CHAMPION,  CHARLES    Beacon,   Mich. 

CHAMPION,  JOHN   Iron  River.  Mich. 

CHANNING,  J.  PARKE Gl   Broadway,  New   York  City 

CHARLTON,  WILLIAM  H..901  Buena  Vista  St.,  San  Antonio,  Texas 

CHARLTON.   D.  E Virginia,   Minn. 

CHASE.   PHILO   P Ishpeming,    Mich. 

CHEYNEY,  H.  C 215  Jackson  Blvd..  Chicago,  Ills. 

CHINN,  WILLIAM  P Gilbert,  Minn. 

CH.RISTP:NSEN.   GEORGE   L Houghton.   Mich. 

CHRISTIANSEN,  PETER 217  Union  St.,  S.  E.,  Minneapolis,  Minn. 

CHYNOWETH,  B.  F Houghton,   Mich. 

CLARK,  WESLEY   Copper  Falls,  Mich. 

CLARK,  KIMBALL   Kimball,  Wis. 

CLIFFORD,  J.  M Green  Bay,  Wis. 

COLE,  THOMAS  F Duluth,  Minn. 

COLE.  WILLIAM  T Ishpeming.   Mich. 

COLE,  CHARLES  D Ishpeming,  Mich. 

COLE,  WILLIAM  A Ironwood,   Mich. 

COLEMAN,  MILTON  W Virginia.  Minn. 

COLLINS,  CHAS.  D Ironwood.  Mich. 

COLLINS,  EDWIN  J Torrey  Bldg..  Duluth,  Minn. 

COMSTOCK,  HENRY   Mineville.  New  York 

COMSTOCK,  EHLING  H Minneapolis,   Minn. 

CONIBEAR,  WILLIAM    Ishpeming.  Mich. 

CONNORS.  THOMAS   Negaunee,  Mich. 

CONOVER,  A.  B 171  Lake  St..  Chicago.  Ills. 

CONSTABLE,  WILLIAM 801  Fidelity  Bldg..  Duluth.  Minn. 

COOK,  CHARLES  W Economics  Bldg.,  U.  of  M.,  Ann  Arbor,  Mich. 

COOPER,  CLAUDE  H Hancock,  Mich. 

COPELAND,  FRANKLIN    Vulcan,   Mich. 

CORY,  EDWIN  N Negaunee,   Mich. 

COVENTRY,  F.  L Hibbing.  Minn. 

COYNE,    WILLIAM    Wilmington.    Del. 

CRAM,  FRED  W Nashwauk,  Minn. 

CROSBY,  GEO  H Lonsdale  Bldg..  Duluth.  Minn. 

CROWELL,  BENEDICT   Cleveland.  Ohio 

CULLEX,  E.  L Ironwood.  Mich. 

CUNDY,  H.  J Iron  Ridge,  Dodge  Co.,  Wis, 

CUNNINGHAM,  MARK  H Freda,   Mich. 

DALTON,  H.  G Cleveland,  Ohio 

DAUME.  PEERLESS  P Iron  River,  Mich. 

DAVEY,  THOMAS   H Eveleth,  Mian. 

DAVIDSON,  O.  C Iron  Mountain    Mich. 


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MEMBERS    OF   THE    INSTITUTE  XI 

DAVIDSON,  WARD  F Iron  Mountain,  Mich. 

DAVIS.  W.  J Wakefield,  Mich. 

DEAN,  DUDLEY  S 87  Milk  St.,  Boston.  Mass. 

DEHAAS.  NATHAN  G Marquette,  Mich. 

DENTON,  F.  W Painesdale,  Mich. 

DESOLLAR,  TENNY  C Hancock.   Mich. 

DESROCHERS,  GEORGE  E Pineville,  St.  Louis  Co.,  Minn. 

DIBBLE.  S.  F 801  Fidelity  Bldg.,  Duluth,  Minn. 

DICKERMAN,  ALTON  L 70  State  St.,  Boston.  Mass. 

DIEHL,  ALFRED  S Coleraine,  Minn. 

DONAHUE,  E.  J.  W 41G-17  Lonsdale  Bldg.,  Duluth.  Minn. 

DONOVAN,  PERCY  W Brainerd,  Minn. 

DORMER.   GEORGE   H Eveleth,   Minn. 

DOTY,  O.  P.  JR Palatka.  Mich. 

DOUGLAS,  ROBERT  A Ironwood,  Mich. 

DOW,  HERBERT  W Milwaukee,  Wis. 

DRAKE,  FRANK  79  Milk  St.,  Boston,  Mass. 

DUDLEY.  HARRY  C 807  Lonsdale  Bldg..  Duluth,  Minn. 

DUNCAN,  MURRAY  M Ishpeming,  Mich. 

DUNSTER.  CARL  B Pine  St.,  New  York  City,  N.  Y. 

EATON,  LUCIEN   Ishpeming,   Mich. 

ECKSTROM,  ALEXANDRE  J Keewatin,  Minn. 

EDWARDS,  A.  D Atlantic,  Mich. 

EISELE,  GEORGE  J Iron  Mountain,  Mich. 

ELDREDGE,  A.  B Marquette,  Mich. 

ELLIOTT,  MARK   Virginia.  Minn. 

ELLIOTT.  STUART  R Negaunee.  Mich. 

EMMONS,  WILLIAM  H Minneapolis,  Minn. 

ERDLETS.  J.  F.  B.  JR No.  1  Wall  Bldg..  London,  E.  C,  Eng. 

ERICKSON,  CARL  E Ironwood,  Mich. 

ERICKSON,  GUSTAF  A Ironwood,  Mich. 

ERICSON.  RUDOLPH   Iron  River,  Mich. 

FACKENTHAL,  B.  F.  JR Riegelsvllle.  Pa. 

FAIRBAIRN,  CHARLES  T Woodward  Bldg..  Birmingham,  Ala. 

FAIRCHILD,  DAVID  L 500  Lonsdale  Bldg.,  Duluth,  Minn. 

FARRELL,  AUSTIN   Marquette,  Mich. 

FAY,  JOSEPH   Marquette,  Mich. 

FELCH,  THEODORE  A Ishpeming,  Mich. 

FELLOWS.  OTIS  D.  JR Redridge,  Mich. 

FELVER,  HOWARD  C Houghton,  Mich. 

FERGUSON,  J.  A 316  W.  Superior  St.,  Duluth,  Minn. 

FESING,  HERMAN  W Houghton,  Mich. 

FISHER,  HENRY   Lake  Linden,  Mich. 

fisher!  JAMES  JR Houghton,  Mich. 

FISHWICK,  EDWARD  T GOth  &  Greenfield  Aves.,  Milwaukee,  Wis. 


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Xll  MEMBERS  OF  THE   INSTITUTE 

FITCH,  WALTER  Eureka,  Utah 

FLANNIGAN.  THOMAS  A Gilbert,  Minn. 

FLODIN,  NELS  P Marquette.  Mich. 

FOOTE,  GEORGE  C Port  Henry,  New  York 

FORBES,  GUY  R 329  Hemlock  St..  Virginia,  Minn. 

FORMIS,  ANDRE   Iron  River,  Mich. 

FOX,  M.  J Iron  Mountain,  Mich. 

FRASER,  WILLIAM  H Crystal  Falls,  Mich. 

GARDNER,  OCTAVE  D Calumet,  Mich. 

GARDNER,  W.  A 215  Jackson  Blvd.,  Chicago,  Ills. 

GAY.  JOSEPH  E 15  William  St..  New  York  City 

GAYNOR.  WILLIAM  E Duluth,  Minn. 

GHOLZ.  ARTHUR  L Crystal  Falls,  Mich. 

GIBSON,  WILLIAM  M Calumet,  Mich. 

GILCHRIST,  J.  D 1405  Downing  St.,  Denver,  Colo. 

GISH,  JOHN  R Beaverdam.  Ws. 

GLASS,  FRANK  A Brainerd,   Minn. 

GODFREY,  M.  H Virginia.  Minn. 

GOODALE,  GEORGE  S Houghton.  Mich. 

GOODELL,  H.  S Houghton,  Mich. 

GOODMAN,  FRANK  B Hurley.  Wis. 

GOODSELL.  B.  W 31  W.  Lake  St.,  Chicago.  Ills. 

GOODNEY,  S.  J StamhaUgh,  Mich. 

GOUDIE,  JAMES   Ironwood.  Mich. 

GOULD,  E.  P Cincinnati.  Ohio 

GOW,  ALEXANDER  M Wolvin  Bldg.,  Dulutn,  Minn. 

GRAFF,  W.  W Ishpeming,  Mich. 

GRABOWSKY,  CHARLES   Virginia.  Minn. 

GREEN,  A.  C Halsted  and  48th  Sts.,  Chicago,  Ills. 

GRIERSON,  EDWARD  S Calumet,  Mich. 

HALLER,  FRANK  H Osceola,  Mich. 

HALLINGBY,   OLE    Calumet,    Mich. 

HALLODAY.  FRED  H Chisholm,   Minn. 

HAMILTON,  ORR  R Lansing,  Mich. 

HAMPTON,  H.  C 1G5  Lake  St.,  Chicago,  Ills. 

HANNA,  L.  C Cleveland.  Ohio 

HANSEN,  CHRIST  Negaunee,  Mich. 

HANSON,  W.  G Palatka.  Mich. 

HARDENBURGH,  L.  M Hurley,  Wis. 

HARRIS,  H.  R Marquette.  Mich. 

HARRIS,  JOHN  L Hancock,  Mich. 

HARRIS,  S.  B Hancock,  Mich. 

HARRIS,  S.  T Houghton,  Mich. 

HARRISON,  G.  E 1 Hibbing.  Minn. 

HARVEY.  W.  H Eveleth,  Minn. 


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MEMBERS   OF   THE    INSTITUTE  Xlll 

HAYDEN,  GEORGE   S Ishpeming,   Mich, 

HAYDEN,  J.  ELLZEY    Ishpeming.   Mich. 

HEARDING,  JOHN  H Duluth.   Minn. 

HEATH,  GEORGE  L Hubbell,   Mich. 

HEGGATON,   WM.   S Negaunee,   Mich. 

HEIM,  HARRY  R....9.36  Metropolitan  Life  BIdg..  Minneapolis,  Minn. 

HELPS,  S.  E Eveleth,  Mirin. 

HELMER,  CHESTER  E 558  W.   7th  St.,  Winona,  Minn. 

HENDRICK,  C.  E Virginia,  Minn. 

HENDERSON,  ENOCH   Houghton,  Mich. 

HEYN.  HOWARD  A Ishpeming,  Mich. 

HICKOK,  ELBERT  E 173  W.  Lake  St..  Chicago,  Ills. 

HICKOK,  J.  H Hancock,  Mich. 

HIGGINS,  EDWMN  Bureau  of  Mines,  Pittsburg,  Pa. 

HILL,  STACEY  H Providence  Bldg.,  Duluth,  Minn. 

HILL,  EDMUND 234  Bundy  St.,  Ironwood,  Mich. 

HINE,  S.  K Girard,  Ohio 

HITCHENS,  JOHN  H Iron  Mountain,  Mich. 

HOATSON,  THOMAS   Laurium,  Mich. 

HOCKING,  RICHARD  O Keewatin,  Minn. 

HODGE,  JOHN  E Minneapolis,  Minn. 

HODGSON,  JOSEPH  Bisbee,  Arizona 

HOLLEY,  OARLOS  E Bessemer,  Mich. 

HOLLEY.  A.  B Virginia,  Minn. 

HOLMAN,  J.  WINCHESTER....  1420  Monadnock  Bldg.,  Chicago,  Ills. 

HOLTHOFF,  HENRY  C 459  Juneau  Place,  Milwaukee,  Wis. 

HONNOLD,  W.  L 147  Fraser  Ave.,  Ocean  Park,  Cal. 

HOSKINS,  SAMUEL   Hurley,  Wis. 

HOOSE,  J.  WILLIAM Iron  Mountain,  Mich. 

HOPKINS,  E.  W Commonwealth,  Wis. 

HORE,  REGINALD  E 44  Lombard  St.,  Toronto,  Can. 

HOTCHKISS,  WILLIAM  O Madison,  Wis. 

HOUSE,  ALLAN  C Cleveland,  Ohio 

HOVLAND,  JOSEPH  T 151G  W.  51st  St.,  Los  Angeles,  Cal. 

HUBBARD,  LUCIUS   L Houghton,    Mich. 

HUHTALA,  JOHN    Palmer,   Mich. 

HULST,  NELSON  P SCO  Knapp  St.,  Milwaukee,  Wis. 

RUNNER,  EARL  E CIO  Sellwood  Bldg.,  Duluth,  Minn. 

HUNNBR,   H.   H Hibbing,   Minn. 

HURTER,  CHARLES  S Hercules  Powder  Co.,  Wilmington,  Del. 

HUTCHINSON,   FRANK   Riverton,   Minn. 

IMHOFF,  WALLACE  G 2212  W.  11th  St.,  Cleveland,  Ohio 

IRELAND,  JAMES  D 701  Sellwood  Bldg.,  Duluth,  Minn. 

JACKA,  JOSIAH  S Crystal  Falls,  Mich. 

JACKSON,  C Madison,  Wis. 


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XIV  MEMBERS  OF  THE  INSTITUTE 

JAOKSON,  GEORGE  R Princeton.  Mich. 

JAMES,  D.  G 312  W.  5th  St.,  Ottumwa,  Iowa 

JANSON,  F.  A Norway,  Mich. 

JENKS,  C.  O Superior,  Wis. 

JENKS,  PRANK  G Marquette,   Mich. 

JETTNER,  AUGUST  R 171  W.  Randolph  St.,  Chicago,  Ills. 

JEWELL,  SAMUEL   Negaunee.  Mich. 

JEWETT,  FRANK  G 710  Security  Bank  Bldg.,  Minneapolis,  Minn. 

JOBE,  WILLIAM  H Palatka,  Mich. 

JOHNSON.  R.  M Greenland.  Mich. 

JOHNSON,  EDWIN  F Virginia,  Minn. 

JOHNSON,  O.  MARTIN   Ishpeming,  Mich. 

JOHNSON,  HENRY   O Virginia,   Minn. 

JOHNSON,   NELS    Keewatin,    Minn. 

JOHNSON,  JOHN  A Box  584.  Wakefield.  Mich. 

JOHNSTON,    WILLIAM    H Ishpeming.    Mich. 

JOHNSTONE,  ORLAND  W Duluth.  Minn. 

JOLLY,  JOHN   Painesdale.  Mich. 

JONES.    B.    W Vulcan,    Mich. 

JOPLING.  ALFRED   O Marquette.    Mich. 

JOPLING,  JAMES  E Ishpeming.  Mich. 

JOPLING,  M.  W Marquette,  Mich. 

JORY,  WILLIAM   Gwinn,  Mich. 

KARKEET,  J.  H Iron  Mountain,  Mich. 

KAUFMAN,  HARRY  L Cleveland.  Ohio 

KEAST,  WILLIAM  J Houghton,  Mich. 

KEESE,  FRANK  E Ishpeming.  Mich. 

KIEREN,  JOSEPH    Gilbert.  Minn. 

KIRKPATRICK,  J.  CLARK Escanaba,  Mich. 

KITTS,  THOMAS  J Houghton,  Mich. 

KLEFF.MAN,  JOHN   Hibbing.  Minn. 

KLINGLUND,  F.  D Palmer,  Mich. 

KNAPP,  GEO.  F 14G  Troup  St.,  Rochester,  N.  Y. 

KNEIP,  L.  H.  P Palmer,  Mich. 

KNIGHT,  J.  B Norway,  Mich. 

KNIGHT,  R.  C Eveleth,  Minn. 

KNOX,  JOHN  JR Calumet.   Mich. 

KOEPEL,  ED Beacon  Hill,  Mich. 

KREITTER,  JOHN  W Proctor.  Minn. 

KRUKA,  E.  W Painesdale,  Mich. 

KRUSE,  CHARLES  T Ishpeming.  Mich. 

KURTZMAN,  P.  L McKinley,  Minn. 

KYDER,  E.  R Commonwealth.  Wis. 

LADD.  DAVID  H Houghton,  Mich. 

LAIST,  ALEXANDER Hancock.  Mich. 


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MEMBERS   OF   THE   INSTITUTE  XV 

LAMBRIX.  MICHAEL  Hurley,  Wis. 

LAMONT,  JOHN  D Virginia,   Minn. 

LANE.  ALFRED  C Tufts  College,  Mass. 

LANG,   S.   S Houghton.   Mich. 

LA  ROCHELLE,  LOUIS   Box  9.  Houghton.  Mich. 

LARSSON.  PER   Striburg,  Sweden 

LA  RUE,  WILLIAM  G 1504  Alworth  Bldg..  Duluth,  Minn. 

LAISER,  F.  G Birmingham,  Mich. 

LAWRENCE,  CHARLES  E Palatka,  Mich. 

LAW^RY,  HENRY  M Palatka,  Mich. 

LAWTON,   CHARLES   L Hancock,   Mich. 

LEACH.  EDWARD  J Hancock,  Mich. 

LEOPOLD,  N.  F 108  Dearborn  St.,  Chicago,  Ills. 

LETZ.  JOHN  F 6G2  12th  St.,  Milwaukee,  Wis. 

LIBBY,  DR.  E.  M Iron  River,  Mich. 

LINN,  A.  E Norway,  Mich. 

LOCHER.  W.  H Duluth,  Minn. 

LOHNEIS,  HENRY  G Virginia,  Minn. 

LONGYEAR,  E.  J 710  Security  Bank  Bldg.,  Minneapolis,  Minn. 

LONGYEAR.  J.  M Marquette,  Mich. 

LONGYEAR,  J.  M.  JR 406  N.  Pinckney  St.,  Madison,  Wis. 

LONSTORF,  GEORGE  J 2301  Grand  Ave.,  Milwaukee,  Wis. 

LOUDENBACK.  CLYDE  1 228  W.  Randolph  St.,  Chicago,  Ills. 

LUKEY,  FRANK   Hurley,  Wis. 

LUKEY,  FRANK  G Houghton,  Mich. 

LUTES,  J.  S Alworth  Bldg.,  Duluth,  Minn. 

LYNCH.   THOMAS   F Houghton,   Mich. 

MA  AS,  ARTHUR  E 352  29th  St.,  Milwaukee,  Wis. 

M/AAS,   GEORGE  J Negaunee,   Mich. 

MACE,  ROBERT  E Wolvin  Bldg.,  Duluth,  Minn. 

MACKILLICAN.  JAMES  A Hibbing,  Minn. 

MACNAUGHTON,  JAMES   Calumet,  Mich. 

MACOMBER,  F.  B No.  507  S.  Clinton  St.,  Chicago,  Ills. 

MADSON.  JESSE  C Carson  Lake,  Minn. 

MANVILLE,  T.  F Madison  Ave.  and  41st  St.,  New  York  City 

MARS,  WILLIAM   P Duluth,   Minn. 

MARSHALL,   NEWTON  C Winona,   Mich. 

MARTIN,  ALFRED Crystal  Falls,  Mich. 

MATHER,  S.  LIVINGSTON... Rockefeller  Bldg.,  Cleveland,  Ohio 

MATHER,  WILLIAM   G Rockefeller  Bldg.,   Cleveland,   Ohio 

MATTHEWS,  C.  H 801  Fidelity  Bldg.,  Duluth,  Minn. 

MATTHEWS,  ABE  JR Crystal  Falls,  Mich. 

MEADS,  ALEXANDER  P Marquette,'  Mich. 

MERCER,  HARRY  T Painesdale,  Mich. 

MEYERS.  WILLIAM  R Princeton,   Mich. 

MIDDLEMISS,  BRUCE  A Hibbing,  Minn. 


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XVI  MEMBERS  OF  THE  INSTITUTE 

MILLAR,  JOHN  M Escanaba.  Mich. 

MILLER.  L.  B Wade  Bldg.,  Cleveland,  Ohio 

MILLS,  FRANK  P Grand  Rapids.  Minn. 

MITCHELL.  PENTECOST   Duluth,  Minn. 

MITCHELL,  EDWARD   Marquette.   Mich. 

MITCHELL,  R.  J Eveleth,  Minn. 

MITCHELL,  WILLIAM  A ICth  and  Rockwell  Sts.,  Chicago,  Ills. 

MITCHELL,  SAMUEL  J Marquette.  Mich. 

MITCHELL,  HAROLD  E Eveleth,  Minn. 

MOELLER,  FRANKLIN 42  Chapman  Ave..  Cleveland,  Ohio 

MOORE,  C.  F 920  Newhouse  Bldg.,  Salt  Lake  City.  Utah 

MOORE,  CLARENCE  E Virginia.  Minn. 

MORGAN,  DAVID  T 54  California  Ave.,  Detroit,  Mich. 

MOWATT,  NEVILLE  P 3rd  Ave.  and  Michigan  St.,  Duluth,  Minn. 

MULLEN,  THOMAS  M Houghton,   Mich. 

MUNGER,  CHARLES  H Duluth,  Minn. 

MUNROE,  HENRY  S Litchfield.  Conn. 

MURPHY.  C.  M Ishpeming,  Mich. 

MURRAY,  ROBERT   Hibbing.  Minn. 

MYERS,  ALBERT  J Iron  Mountain,   Mich. 

M'CARTHY,  EDW.  P.. Minnesota  School  of  Mines,  Minneapolis.  Minn. 

M'CLURE,  O.  D Ishpeming,  Mich. 

M'CORMICK,   EDWARD    Negaunee.    Mich. 

M'DONALD,  D.  B 303  Glencoe  Bldg.,  Duluth,  Minn. 

M  DOWELL,  JOHN  Hibbing,  Minn. 

M'GEE,  M.  B Crystal  Palls,  Mich. 

MGONAGLE,  WILLIAM  A Wolvin  Bldg..  Duluth.  Minn. 

M'GREGOR,  SILAS  J Iron  Mountain.  Mich. 

M'INDOE,  JAMES  A Norway,   Mich. 

M'INTYRE,  JOHN  E Nogales,  Arizona 

M'KENNA,  EDWARD  B Commercial  Club,  Duluth,  Minn. 

M'LEAN,  JOHN  H Duluth,  Minn. 

M'LEAN,  RICHARD  EARLE Wells,  Delta  Co.,   Mich. 

MNAMARA,  THOMAS  B Ironwood.  Mich. 

M'NAIR,  F.  W Houghton,  Mich. 

M'NEIL,  E.  D Virginia,  Minn. 

MRANDLE,  WILLIAM  E.  R Bessemer.  Mich. 

NELSON,  JOHN  E Negaunee,  Mich. 

NEWBY,  WILLIAM Puritan  P.  O.,  N.  Ironwood.  Mich. 

NEWETT,  GEORGE  A Ishpeming,   Mich. 

NEWETT,  W.  H Ishpeming,   Mich. 

NEWTON,  L.  L 1324  N.  La  Salle  St,  Chicago.  Ills. 

NICHOLAS,  THOMAS  J Palmer.  Mich. 

NICHOLS,  F.  W Houghton.  Mich. 

NICKERSON,  H.  F Houghton,  Mich. 

NIXON,  JOHN  A 925  Harris  Trust  Bldg.,  Chicago,  Ills. 

NOETZEL,  BENJAMIN  D Trimountaln,  Mich. 


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MEMBERS   OF   THE   INSTITUTE  XVll 

OBERG,  ANTON  C 503  Manhattan  Bldg.,  Duluth,  Minn. 

OLCOTT.  WILLIAM  J Duluth,   Minn. 

OLSON,  OSCAR  E 403  N.  Lawrence  St.,  Iron  wood,  Mich. 

ORBISON,  THOMAS  W... Appleton,  Wis. 

ORR,  FRANK  D Lyceum  Bldg.,  Duluth,  Minn. 

OSBORN,  CHASE  S Sault  Ste.  Marie,  Mich. 

OVERPECK.  HOLLIS  W Box  617,  Virginia,  Minn. 

PAINE,  W.  A 82  Devonshire  St.,  Boston,  Mass. 

PAINE,  FRANCIS  W Houghton,  Mich. 

PARKER,  RICHARD  A 802  Equitable  Bldg.,  Denver,  Colo. 

PASCOE,  PETER  W Republic,  Mich. 

PATRICK,  RICHARD  S 314-15  Sellwood  Block,  Duluth,  Minn. 

PEARCE,  E.  L Marquette,  Mich. 

PEARL,   HOLMAN   I Wakefield,   Mich. 

PELLING,  WILLIAM  F.  JR Carson  Lake,  Minn. 

PENGILLY,  EDWARD  Crystal  Falls,  Mich. 

PENNIMAN,  DWIGHT  C Curtis  Court,  Minneapolis,  Minn. 

PENTON,  JOHN  A Iron  Trade  Review,  Cleveland,  Ohio 

PERKINS,  SAMUEL  J Diorite.  Mich. 

PERKINS,  WILLIAM  J Alpha,  Mich. 

PETERSON,  A.  Y '.....  Chisholm.  Minn. 

PITKIN,  S.  H G82  W.  Market  St.,  Akron,  Ohio 

POTTER,  OCHA Houghton,  Mich. 

POTTER,  W.  T Ishpeming,  Mich. 

POWELL,  D.  W Marquette,  Mich. 

POWELL,  A.  E Marquette,  Mich. 

PRESCOTT,  FRED  M Menominee,  Mich. 

PRESCOTT,  L.  L Menominee,  Mich. 

PRYOR,  R.  C Houghton,  Mich. 

PURSELL,  H.  E Kewanee,  Ills. 

QUIGLEY,  G.  J Antigo,  Wis. 

QUINE,  JOHN  THOMAS 413  Vine  St.,  Ishpeming,  Mich. 

QUINN,  CLEMENT  KRUSE Virginia,  Minn. 

RAISKY,  F.  H Duluth,  Minn. 

RALEY,  ROBERT  J 910  Alworth  Bldg.,  Duluth,  Minn. 

RANKIN,  WILLIAM  A Painesdale,  Mich. 

RASHLEIGH,  WILLIAM  J Aurora,  Minn. 

RAYMOND,  HENRY  A Rockefeller  Bldg.,  Cleveland,  Ohio 

REDFERN,  JOHN  A Hibbing,  Minn. 

REDNER,  A.  E 210  Aurora  Location,  Ironwood,  Mich. 

REEDER,  J.  T Houghton,  Mich. 

REEDER,  EDWIN  C 1917  Fisher  Bldg.,   Chicago,   Ills. 

REEDER,  J.  H Houghton,  Mich. 

REHFUSS,  LOUIS   I LaCrosse,   Wis. 


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XVni  MEMBERS  OF  THE  INSTITUTE 

RMGART,  JOHN  R Princeton,  Mich. 

REIFEL,  H.  T Nashwauk,  Minn. 

REYNOLDS,  M.  K Ridge  St..  Marquette,  Mich. 

RICE,  CLAUDE  T 1420  Monadnock  Bldg.,  Chicago,  Ills. 

RICE,  JOHN  H Houghton.  Mich. 

RICE,  C.  W Milwaukee,  Wis. 

RICHARDS,  WILLIAM  J Crystal  Falls,  Mich. 

RICHARDS,  MORRIS  EARL Crystal  Falls,  Mich. 

RICHARDS,  WILLIAM  J Painesdale,  Mich. 

RICHARDS,  GUY  A Iron  Mountain,  Mich. 

RIDLEY,  FREDERICK  WILLIAM Calumet,  Mich. 

ROBERTS,  HARRY   Duluth,  Minn. 

ROBERTS,  ALTON  T .' Marquette,  Mich. 

ROBERTS,  H.  M 710  Security  Bank  Bldg.,  Minneapolis,  Minn. 

ROHN,  OSCAR Butte,  Mont. 

ROSE,  ROBERT  S Marquette,  Mich. 

ROSKILLY,  JOSEPH   * Virginia,  Minn. 

ROSSMAN,  LAWRENCE  A Grand  Rapids,  Minn. 

ROUCHLEAU,  LOUIS 1170  Hennepin  Ave.,  Minneapolis,  Minn. 

ROUGH,   JAMES    H Negaunee,   Mich. 

ROWE,  HENRY   Ironwood,  Mich. 

RO WE,  WILLIAM  C Bessemer.  Mich. 

RUMSEY,  SPENCER  S 610  Wolvln  Bldg.,  Duluth.  Minn. 

RUSSELL,  JAMES  Marquette,  Mich. 

RYAN,  JOHN  A Iron  Mountain.  Mich. 

SALSICH,  L.  R Coleraine,  Minn. 

SAVAGE.  JNO.  A Alworth  Bldg.,  Duluth,  Minn. 

SCADDEN,  FRANK Crystal  Falls,  Mich. 

SCHACHT,  WILLIAM  H Painesdale,  Mich. 

SCHENCK,  CHARLES  H 2624  Lyndale  Ave.,  S.  Minneapolis,  Minn. 

SCHLESINGER,  H.  J Milwaukee.  Wis. 

SCHUBERT,  GEORGE  P Hancock.  Mich. 

SCOTT,  THADDEUS   518  Providence  Bldg.,  Duluth,  Minn. 

SEAMAN,  A.  E Houghton,  Mich. 

SEBENIUS,  JOHN  UNO Wolvin  Bldg.,  Duluth.  Minn. 

SEEBER,  R.  R Winona.  Mich. 

SEELYE,  R.  W 2331  E.  5th  St.,  Duluth,  Minn. 

SELDEN,  WILLIAM  H.  JR Iron  River.  Mich. 

SELLS,  MAX Florence,  Wis. 

SELLWOOD,  R.  M Duluth,  Minn. 

SENTER,  A.  W Hubbell,  Mich, 

SHELDEN,  R.  SKIFF Houghton.  Mich. 

SHELDON,  ALBERT  F 112  W.  Arch  St.,  Marquette.  Mich. 

SHERWOOD,  M.  J Marquette.  Mich. 

SHIELDS,  IRVIN  J Duluth,  Minn. 

SHOVE,  BRIGHAM  W. . . , , Ironwood,  Mich. 


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MEMBERS    OF   THE    INSTITUTE  XIX 

SIEBENTHAL,  W.  A Vulcan,  Mich. 

SILLIMAN.  THOMAS  B Coleralne,  Minn. 

SILVER,  C.  R 29  W.  Lake  St.,  Chicago.  Ills. 

SLINEY.  DAVID  J Ishpeming,  Mich. 

SMALL,  H.  H 4834  S.  Halsted  St.,  Chicago,  Ills. 

SMITH,  FRED  Kearsarge,  Mich. 

SMITH,  WILLARD  J Mohawk,  Mich. 

SMITH.  CARL  G Kearsarge,  Mich. 

SMYTH,  H.  L Rotch  Bldg.,  Cambridge,  Mass. 

SOADY,  HARRY  Duluth,  Minu. 

SPARKS,  BENJAMIN  F 205  Ruby  St.,  Houghton,  Mich. 

SPERR,  F.  W Houghton,  Mich. 

STAKEL,  CHARLES  J Ishpeming,  Mich. 

STANTON,  F.  McM 15  William  St.,  New  York  City 

STANTON,  J.  R 11  William  St.,  New  York  City 

STEPHENS,  JAMES  Ishpeming,  Mich. 

STRONG,  CLARENCE  G Lunkenheimer  Co.,  Cincinnati,  Ohio 

SUESS,  JOSEPH  E , Negaunee,  Mich. 

SULLIVAN,  A.  J Chisholm'  Minn. 

SUTHERLAND,  D.  E Ironwood,  Mich. 

SWIFT,  GEORGE  D Duluth,  Minn. 

SWIFT.  PAUL  D Houghton,   Mich. 

TALBOYS,  HENRY  H 717  Providence  Bldg.,  Duluth,  Minn. 

TAPPAN,  WILLIAM  M Hibbing'  Minn. 

TARR,  S.  W GIO  Wolvin  Bldg.,  Duluth,  Minn. 

THIEMAN,   EDWARD    Florence.   Wis. 

THOMS,  REUBEN  KNIGHT Ely,  Minn. 

THOMPSON,  CARMI  A Room  222,  G.  N.  Bldg.,  St.  Paul,  Minn. 

THOMPSON,  HENRY  S Beacon,  Mich. 

THOMPSON,  JAMES  R Ishpeming,  Mich. 

TOWNSEND,  C.  V.  R Negaunee,  Mich. 

TREBILCOCK,  JOHN   Ishpeming,'  Mich. 

TREBILCOCK,  WILLIAM   North  Freedom,  Wis. 

TREZONA,  CHARLES   Ely,  Minn. 

TREVARROW.  HENRY   Negaunee!  Mich 

TREVARTHAN,  W.  J Bessemer,  Mich. 

TRIPP.  CHESTER  D 1515  Corn  Exchange  Bldg.,  Chicago,  Ills. 

TRUDGEON,  JOHN  Wakefield    Mich! 

TRUETTNER,  WALTER  F Bessemer!  Mich. 

TUBBY,  CHARLES  W 703  Commerce  Bldg.,  St.  Paul,  Minn. 

TUFTS,  JOHN  W 900  Hackett  Ave.,'Milwaukee,  Wis. 

TURNER,  CHAS  N Colby-Abbott  Bldg.,  Milwaukee,  Wis. 

UHLER,  FRED  WALTER Alworth  Bldg..  Duluth.  Minn. 

ULRICH.   WILLIAM   F Chisholm.   Minn. 

UREN,  WILLIAM  J 124  College  Ave.,  Houghton.  Mich. 


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XX  MEMBERS   OF  THE   INSTITUTE 

VALLAT.  BENJAMIN  W 347  E.  Grand  Block,  Detroit,  Mich. 

VAN  DYKE,  W.  D 910  Wells  Bldg.,  Milwaukee,  Wis. 

VANDEVENTER.  VIVIAN  H Ishpeming,  Mich. 

VAN  EVERA.  JOHN  R Marquette,  Mich. 

VAN  EVERA,  WILBUR Virginia,  Minn. 

VAN  MATER.  J.  A 55  Wall  St.,  New  York  City 

VAN  ORDEN,  F.  L Houghton,  Mich. 

VIVIAN,  JAMES  G 909  Alworth  Bldg.,  Duluth,  Minn. 

VOGEL,  F.  A 25  Broad  St.,  New  York  City 

WADE,  JEPTH A  H Wade  Bldg.,  Cleveland,  Ohio 

WAGNER.  JOHN  M Houghton,  Mich. 

WALKER.  ROBERT  S Fidelity  Bldg.,  Duluth,  Minn. 

WALKER,  ELTON  WILLARD Mass,  Mich. 

WALL.  JAMES  S Iron  River,  Mich. 

WALLACE.  W.  R Houghton,  Mich. 

WALLACE,  GEORGE  Marquette.  Mich. 

WARE,  JOHN  FRANKLIN Forest  and  Five  Oaks  Ave.,  Dayton,  0. 

WARE.  FRED  W Negaunee,  Mich. 

WARREN,  O.  B Hibbing,  Minn. 

WATSON,  CHARLES  H Crystal  Falls,  Mich. 

WEARNE,  WILLIAM   Hibbing,  Minn. 

WEBB,  FRANCIS  J 812  Fidelity  Bldg.,  Duluth,  Minn. 

WEBB,  WALTER  M Gilbert,  Minn. 

WELLS,  PEARSON 221  Van  Dyke  Ave.,  Detroit.  Mich. 

WEST,  WILLIAM  J Hibbing,  Minn. 

WHEELWRIGHT,  O.  W Florence.  Wis. 

WHITE.  WILLIAM   Virginia.  Minn. 

WHITE,  EDWIN  E Ishpeming.  Mich. 

WHITE,  J.  W 4426  Maiden  St,  Chicago.  Ills. 

WHITEHEAD.  R.  G Alpha.  Mich. 

WHITESIDE,  JOHN  W Ironwood,  Mich. 

WILCOX,  LEE  L Gilbert.  Minn. 

WILDES,  F.  A Hiljbing.  Minn. 

WILLARD,  PAUL  D Hibbing.  Minn. 

WILKINS,  WILLIAM   Ashland.  Wis. 

WILLIAM,  THOMAS  H Ely,  Minn. 

WILLIAMS,  PERCIVAL  S Ramsay,  Mich. 

WILLIAMS,  DEAN  R 1213  Majestic  Bldg.,  Milwaukee,  Wis. 

WILSON,  EUGENE  B Scranton.  Pa. 

WILSON,  ARTHUR  O Hibbing.  Minn. 

WILSON,  W.  G Palmer.  Mich. 

WINCHELL,  H.  V..826  First  Nat'l.-Soo  Line  Bldg..  Minneapolis.  Minn. 

WINTER,  JOSEPH  H Negaunee.  Mich. 

WITHERBEE,  F.  S Port  Henry,  New  York 

WOODBRIDGE,  DWIGHT  E Sellwood  Bldg.,  Duluth,  Minn. 

WOODWORTH.  G.  L , Iron  River.  Mich. 


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MEMBERS   OF   THE   INSTITUTE  XXI 

WOOLF.  PEROIVAL  J Monadnock  Bldg..  Chicago,  Ills. 

WORDEN,  EUCLID  P 571  Summit  Ave.,  Milwaukee,  Wis. 

YATES.  WILLIAM  H 507  Alworth  Bldg.,  Duluth.  Minn. 

YOUNG,  H.  OLIN , Ishpeming,  Mich. 

YUNGBLUTH,  A.  J Ishpeming,  Mich. 

ZAPFFE.  CARL 213  Citizens  State  Bank  Bldg.,  Brainerd,  Minn. 

ZIMMERMAN,  WALTER  G Duluth,  Minn. 


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XX  n 


DECEASED    MEMBERS 


DECEASED 

ARMSTRONG  J, 

BAWDEN.  JOHN  T 1899 

BENNETT,    JAMES    H 

BIRKHEAD,   LENNOX    ....1911 

BROOKS.    T.    B 1902 

BULLOCK,  M.  C 1899 

COWLING,    NICHOLAS    ...1910 

CpNRO,    ALBERT    1901 

CLARK,  H.  S 

CLEAVES,  WILL  S 1910 

COOPER,   JAS.   B 1914 

CHADBOURNE,  T.  L 1911 

CUMMINGS,  GEO.  P 1911 

DANIELS,    JOHN    1898 

DEACON,   JOHN    1913 

DICKENSON,    W.    E 1899 

DOWNING,    W.    H 1906 

DRAKE,    J.    M 1913 

DUNCAN,    JOHN    1904 

DUNSTON,    THOMAS    B. . ; 

GARBERSON,   W^.    R 1908 

HALL,    CHAS.    H 1910 

HARPER,   GEORGE   V 1905 

HASELTON,    H.    S 1911 

HAYDEN,    GEORGE     1902 

HINTON,    FRANCIS    1896 

HOLLAND,    JAMES     1900 

HOLLEY,   S.    H 1899 

HOUGHTON,    JACOB    1903 

HYDE,    WELCOME    

JEFFREY,    WALTER    M...1906 

JEWETT,  N.   R 1914 

JOCHIM,    JOHN    W 1905 

KOENIG,  GEORGE  A 1913 

KRUSE,    JOHN    C 1907 


MEMBERS. 

F 1898 

LINSLEY,    W.    B 1914 

LUSTFIELD,    A 1904 

LYON,    JOHN   B 1900 

MAAS,   WM.   J 1911 

MARR,   GEORGE   A 1905 

MILLER,    A.    M 1912 

MINER,  A.   B 1913 

MITCHELL,    SAMUEL    ....1908 

M'VICHIE,    D 190G 

M'NAMARA,    T 1912 

NINESE,   EDMUND    1909 

OLIVER,    HENRY    W 1904 

PEARCE,   H.   A 1905 

PERSONS,    GEORGE   R....1908 

PHILBIN,  D.  M 1914 

POPE,    GRAHAM    1912 

ROBERTS,    E.    S 

ROWE,  JAMES    1911 

RYAN,  EDWARD    1901 

SHEPHARD,    AMOS    1905 

STANLAKE,    JAMES     1910 

STANTON,  JOHN    ICOG 

STEVENS,    HORACE    J.... 1912 

STURTEVANT,    H.    B 1910 

THOMAS,   HENRY    19(:5 

THOMAS,    WILLIAM     

TOBIN,    JAMES    1912 

TREVARTHEN,   G.    C 1S9S 

TRUSCOTT,    HENRY    1910 

VAN  DYKE,  JOHN  H 190C 

WALLACE,  JOHN    1898 

WHITE,   PETER    1908 

WHITNEY,  J.  D 1894 

WILLIAMS,    W.    H 1897 


LIST  OF  DECEASED  MEMBERS  REPORTED  SINCE  THE  ANNUAL 
MEETING  OF  1914. 

COLE.  WM.  H March  8.  1915 

SHERLOCK,  THOMAS   August  7.  1915 

SHERRERD,  JOHN  M April  15,  1915 

TRAVER,  WILBUR  H April  15,  1915 

•WINCHELL,  N.  H April  2,  1914 

♦Not  reported  in  1914. 


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LIST  OF  PAPERS  PUBLISHED  IN  PRECEDING  NUMBERS     Xxiii 


LIST  OF  TAPERS  PUBLISHED  IN  PRECEDING 
VOLUMES. 


1893—Vol.  L 

Page. 

Soft  ore  Mining  on  Lake  Superior,  by  Per  Larsson 13 

The  Geology  of  that  Portion  of  the   Menominee   Range,   East  of 

the  Menominee  River,  by  Nelson  P.  Hulst 19 

1894— Vol.  IL 
Historical  Address  of  the  Retiring  President,  Nelson  P.  Hulst...  11 

Curvature  of  Diamond  Drill  Holes,  by  J.  Parke  Channing 23 

Historical  Sketch  of  the  Discovery  of  Mineral  Deposits  in  the  Lake 

Superior  Region,  by  H.  V.  Winchell  33 

Partial  Bibliography  of  the  History  of  Mining  on  Lake  Superior, 

by   H.   V.   Winchell    71 

Two  New  Geological  Cross-Sections  of  Keweenaw   Point,  With  a 

Brief  Description  of  the   Main   Geological   Features  of  the 

Copper  Range,  by  L.  L.  Hubbard   79 

Ore  Dressing  on  Lake  Superior,  by  F.  F.  Sharpless 97 

Sinking  **C"  Shaft  at  the  West  Vulcan  Mine,  Mich.,  by  William 

Bond    105 

A  Pocket  Stop,  by  William  Kelly Ill 

1895— Vol.  III. 

The  Iron  Ranges  of  Minnesota,  Prepared  as  a  Guide  for  Third  An- 
nual Meeting,  by  H.  V.  Winchell   11 

Mine  Accidents — Address  of  the  Retiring  President,  J.  Parke  Chan- 
ning     34 

Distribution  of  Phosphorus  and  System  of  Sampling  at  the  Pewabic 

Mine,  Michigan,  by  E.  F.  Brown 49 

Efficiencies  of  Some  Pumping  Plants  on   the  Menominee   Range, 

Michigan,  by  Per  Larsson  56 

Additional   Pumping   Data,   Cleveland    Iron   Mining    Co.,    by   F.   P. 

Mills   63 

The  New  Pumping  Plant  of  the  Stirling  Iron  &  Zinc  Co.,  New  Jer- 
sey (including  results  of  an  official  duty  test),  by  J.  Parke 
Channing   04 

The  Hoisting  Plant  of  the  Lake  Mine,  Cleveland  Iron  Mining  Com- 
pany, by  J.  M.  Vickers  69 


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XXIV  LIST  OF  PAPERS  PUBLISHED  IX  PRECEDING  NUMBERS 

Page. 

The  Relation  of  the  Vein  at  the  Central  Mine,  Keweenaw  Point,  to 

the  Kearsarge  Conglomerate,  by  L.  L.  Hubbard 74 

Open-Pit  Mining,  With  Special  Reference  to  the  Mesabi  Range,  by 

F.  W.  Denton  . ; 84 

Communication  Upon  the  Cost  of  Crushing  Hard  Hematite,  Min- 
nesota Iron  Co 93 

1896— Vol.  IV. 

Electric    Mine    Haulage    Plant,    Pittsburg   &    Lake   Angeline   Iron 

Company,  by  E.  F.  Bradt 9 

Underground   Electric   Haulage    Plant,    Cleveland    Lake   Mine,    by 

James  E.  Jopling 17 

Methods  of  Sampling  Iron  Ore,  by  C.  T.  Mixer 27 

Comparative  Tests  of  Bracing  for  Wooden  Bents,  by  Edgar  Kid- 
well   34 

The  Steam  Shovel  in  Mining,  by  A.  W.  Robinson 59 

The  Occurrence  of  Copper  Minerals  in  Hematite  Ore,  by  F.   W. 

Denton,  Part  I,  J.  H.  Eby,  Part  II 69 

A  Single  Engine  Hoisting  Plant,  by  T.  F.  Cole 81 

The  Pioneer  Mine  Pumping  Engines,  by  H.  B.  Sturtevant 84 

The  Marquette  Iron  Range  of  Michigan,  by  George  A.  Newett 87 

1898— Vol.  V. 

Some  Observations  on  the  Principle  of  Benefit  Funds  and  Their 
Place  in  the  Lake  Superior  Iron  Mining  Inciustries,  by  Wil- 
liam G.  Mather,  Retiring  President 10 

Mine  Accounts,  by  A.  J.  Yungbluth 21 

A  System  of  Mining  Ore  Bodies  of  Unirorm  Grade,  by  E.  F.  Brown.  40 
A  New  Iron-Bearing  Horizon  in  the  Kewatin,  in  Minnesota/  by  N. 

H.    Winchell    40 

History  of  Exploration  for  Gold  in  the  Central  States,  by  C.   W. 

Hall    49 

1900— Vol.  VI. 
The  Present  Condition  of  the  Mining  Business,  by  William  Kelly, 

Retiring  President  13 

The  Pewabic  Concentrating  Works,  by  L.  M.  Hardenburgh 21 

Electric  Signals  at  the  West  Vulcati  Mine,  by  A.  W.  Thompson 27 

Mine  Dams,  by  James  MacNaughton  37 

Economy  in  the  Manufacture  of  Mining  Machinery,  by  Charles  H. 

Fitch    44 

>Iethod  of  Mining  at  the  Badger  Mine,  by  O.  C.  Davidson 52 

Balancing  Bailers,  by  William  Kelly 54 

1901— Vol.  VII. 
Some  Early  Mining  Days  at  Portage  Lake,  by  Graham  Pope,  Pres- 
ident     17 


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LIST  OF  PAPERS  PUBLISHED  IN    PRECEDING  NUMBERS     XXV 

Page. 

Steel  Construction  for  Mines,  by  J.  F.  Jackson 32 

Historical  Sketch  of  Smelting  and  Refining  Lake  Copper,  by  James 

B.  Cooper   44 

No.  5  Shaft  at  the  Tamarack  Mine,  by  W.  E.  Parnall,  Jr 50 

The   Crystallization  of   Mohawkite,   Domeykite  and   Other  Similar 

Arsenides,  by  Dr.  George  A.  Koenig 62 

A   Cause   for  Inaccuracy  in   Colorimetric   Copper  Determinations, 

by  Dr.  George  A.  Koenig   65 

The  Testing  and  Control  of  the  Product  in  a  Modem  Copper  Re- 
finery, by  George  L.  Heath   68 

Corliss   Cross-Compound   Pumping  Engine  in   Penobscot   Mine,   by 

John  A.  Redfern   83 

The  Invasion  o!  the  Water  Tube  Boiler  Into  the  Copper  Country, 

by  O.  P.  Hood   88 

A  New  Form  of  Mine  Drill  Bit,  by  Walter  Fitch   94 

College   View   of   Mining   Graduate,    by    F.    W.    McNair,    President 

Michigan  College  of  Mines 101 

A  Plea  for  Accurate  Maps,  by  L.  L.  Hubbard  105 

Tapping  the  Water   in   the   Old   Minnesota   Mine,   by   S.    Howard 

Brady   119 

1902--Vol.  VIII. 

Moisture  in  Lake  Superior  Iron  Ores,  by  Dr.  N.  P.  Hulst 21 

The  Use  of  Steel  in  Lining  Mine  Shafts,  by  Frank  Drake 34 

Geological  Work  on  the  Lake  Superior  Region,  by  C.  R.  Van  Hise.  62 
A  New  Changlng-House  at  the  West  Vulcan  Mine,  by  William  Kelly  70 
A  Comparison  of  the  Origin  and  Development  of  the  Iron  Ores  of 

the  Mesabi  and  Gogebic  Ranges,  by  C.  K.  Leith 75 

Efficiency  Test  of  a  Nordberg  Air  Compressor  at  the  Burra-Burra 

Mine  of  the  Tennessee  Copper  Co.,  by  J.  Parke  Channing. .   82 

The  Mine  Machine  Shop,  by  J.  F.  Jackson  89 

Map  of  Mesabi  and  Vermilion  Ranges   93 

1903— Vol.  IX. 
Sinking  and  Equipping  No.  9   Shaft,  Ashland   Mine,  by  H.   F.  El- 
lard   : 24 

High  Explosives,  Their  Safe  and  Economical  Methods  of  Handling, 

by  J.  H.  Karkeet  39 

Mine  Accounting  by  W.  M.  Jeffrey 48 

Charcoal  Iron  Industry   of  the  Upper  Peninsula  of  Michigan,  by 

William  G.  Mather  63 

Pioneer  Furnace  No.  2,  Description 89 

Iron  Ores  of  Arctic  Lapland,  by  Chase  S.  Osborn 94 

A  Card  System  for  Mine  Supply  Accounts,  by  F.  W.  Denton 114 

The  Greenway  Ore  Unloader,  Description  119 

A  New  Changing  House  at  the  Cliffs  Shaft  Mine,  by  J.  S.  Mennie.  .121 
The  Champion  Mine  Mill  Intake  Tunnel,  by  F.  W.  O'Neil 127 


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XXVI  LIST  OF  PAPERS  PUBLISHED  IN   PRECEDING  NUMBERS 

1904— Vol.  X. 

Page. 
Iron  and  Steel  Consumption,  by  George  H.  Abeel,  Retiring  Presi- 
dent    27 

Titanium  and  Titaniferous  Iron  Ores,  by  Dr.  Nelson  P.  Hulst 31 

Practical  Use  of  Magnetic  Attractions,  by  V.  S.  Hillyer 48 

Shaft   Sinking   Through   Quicksand   at   Susquehanna   Mine,   by   H. 

B.    Sturtevant    6u 

An  Underground  Magazine  and  Electric  Powder  Thawer,  by  Wil- 
liam Kelly   66 

The  Hoisting  Problem,  by  J.  R.  Thompson   72 

The  Geology  of  Some  of  the  Lands  in  the  Upper  Peninsula,  by  Rob- 
ert Seldon  Rose  82 

Some  Aspects  of  the  Analyzing  and  Grading  of  Iron  Ores  of  the 

Gogebic  Range,  by  Edward  A.  Separk   103 

The  Bisbee,  Arizona,  Copper  Camp,  by  George  A.  Newett 127 

Mining  Methods  in  the  Vermilion  and  Mesabi  Districts,  by  Kirby 

Thomas  144 

The  Gogebic  Range,  Historical    158 

Brief  Description  of  Steel  Lining  for  Shafts,  by  J.  R.  Thompson 163 

1905— Vol.  XI. 

Menominee  Range,  by  John  L.  Buell 38 

The  Utilization  of  Exhaust  Steam,  by  Means  of  Steam  Regenerators 
and  Low-Pressure  Turbines  on  the  Rateau  System,  by  L. 
Battu   50 

Methods  of  Iron  Ore  Analysis  Used  in  the  Laboratories  of  the 
Iron  Mining  Companies  of  the  Lake  Superior  Mining  Region, 
by  W.  A.  Siebenthal  71 

The  Unwatering  of  the  Hamilton  and  Ludington  Mines,  by  John  T. 

Jones   139 

Determination  of  Angles  of  Diamond  Drill  Holes,  by  F.  A.  Janson..l48 

Card  System  of  Accounting  for  Mining  Supplies,  by  W.  M.  Jeffrey.  152 

A  Method  of  Survey  for  Secondary  Mine  Openings,  by  Floyd  L. 

Burr  164 

Cargo  Sampling  of  Iron  Ores  Received  at  Lower  Lake  Ports — In- 
cluding the  Methods  Used  in  the  Analysis  of  the  Same,  by 
W.  J.  Rattle  &  Son  173 

Notes  on  Some  of  the  Recent  Changes  in  the  Equipment  of  the 

Republic  Mine,  Michigan,  by  Frank  H.  Armstrong. 181 

Discussion  of  Mr.  Battu's  Paper  on  Steam  Regenerator  for  Hoist- 
ing Engines  by  the  Rateau  System  190 

1906— Vol.  XII. 

Mines  of  the  Lake  Superior  Copper  District,  by  Horace  J.  Stevens    8 
The  Geology  of  Keweenaw  Points— A  Brief  Description,  by  Alfred 

C.  Lane,  State  Geologist 81 


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List  of  papers  published  in  preceding  numbers  xxvii 

Page. 

The  Importance  of  the  Ordinary  Sanitary  Precautions  in  the  Pre- 
vention of  Water  Borne  Disease  in  Mines,  by  B.  W.  Jones, 
M.   D 105 

The  Iron  Ore  Deposits  of  the  Ely  Trough,  Vermilion  Range,  Min- 
nesota, by  C.  E.  Abbott 1 IC 

Five  Years  of  Progress  in  the  Lake  Superior  Copper  Country,  by 

J.  F.  Jackson  143 

Salt  Water  in  the  Lake  Mines,  by  Alfred  C.  Lane,  State  Geologist.  .154 

A  High  Duty  Air  Compressor  at  the  Champion  Mine  (Copper),  by 

O.  P.  Hood  164 

1908— Vol.  XIII. 

The  Iron  Range  of  Minnesota,  Prepared  for  the  Program,  by  Dwight 

E.    Woodbridge    13 

Mine  Waters,  by  Alfred  C.  Lane,  State  Geologist,  Michigan 03 

The  Hydro-Electric  Plant  of  Penn  Iron  Mining  Co.,  at  Vulcan,  Mich., 

by  T.  W.  Orbison  and  F.  H.  Armstrong 153 

Automatic  Throttle  Closing  Device  for  Hoisting  Machinery,  by  Spen- 
cer  S.   Rumsey    1S3 

Structures  of  Mesabi  Iron  Ore,  by  N.  H.  Winchell 189 

Acetylene  as  an  Underground  Light,  by  William  F.  Slaughter 205 

The  Standard  Boiler  House  of  The  Oliver  Iron  Mining  Co.,  by  A. 

M.  Gow 209 

The  Sampling  of  Iron  Ores,  by  L.  S.  Austin 225 

Standard  Method  for  Sampling  Cargoes  of  Iron  Ore  at  Lower  Lake 

Ports— 1907— Oscar  Textor  231 

Biographical  Notices    235 

1909— Vol.  XIV. 

The  Marquette  Iron  Range,  by  George  A.  Newett 19 

Compensation  to  Workmen  in  Case  of  Injuries,  by  Murray  M.  Dun- 
can      47 

Sinking  Reinforced  Concrete  Shafts  Through  Quicksand,  by  Fred- 
erick W.  Adgate   55 

Mine  Accidents,  by  John  T.  Quine 71 

The  Sociological  Side  of  the  Mining  Industry,  by  W.  H.  Moulton. .   82 
Wood  Preservation  With  Especial  Reference  to  Mine  Timbers,  by 

John  M.  Nelson,  Jr 99 

How  Reforestation  May  Be  Applied  to  the  Mine  Timber  Industry, 

by  Thomas  B.  Wyman   116 

Capillary  Attraction  in  Diamond  Drill  Test  Tubes,  by  J.  E.  Jopling.131 

The  Brier  Hill  Concrete-Lined  Shaft,  by  William  Kelly 140 

Code  of  Mine  Signals — The  Cleveland-Cliffs  Iron  Company,  by  O.  D. 

McClure   147 

A  Diamond  Drill  Core  Section  of  the  Mesabi  Rocks,  by  N.  H.  Win- 
chell     156 


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XXVin  LIST  OF  PAPERS  PUBLISHED  IN   PRECEDING  NUMBERS 

Page. 

The  Tariff  on  Iron  Ore,  by  H.  OUn  Young 179 

Biographical  Notices 194 

Reminiscences 202 

1910— Vol.  XV. 

Underground  Steel  Construction,  by  R.  B.  Woodworth 45 

A  Diamond  Drill  Core  Section  of  the  Mesabi  Rocks — II  and  III,  by 

N.  H.  Winchell  100 

The  Proper  Detonation  of  High  Explosives,  by  Chas.  S.  Hurter 142 

Underground  Methods  of  Mining  Used  on  the  Gogebic  Range,  by 

Percival  S.  Williams   179 

The  Company  Surgeon,  by  E.  M.  Libby,  M.  D 195 

The  Indiana  Steel  Co.,  Gary,  Ind.,  Brief  Description 201 

Steel  Head  Frame,  No.  4  Shaft,  Montreal  Mine,  by' Frank  B.  Good- 
man    209 

Biographical  Notices    212 

1911— Vol.  XVI. 

A  Diamond  Drill  Core  Section  of  the  Mesabi  Rocks — IV.,  by  N.  H. 

Winchell  61 

Time  Keeping  System  of  the   Crystal  Falls  Iron   Mining  Co.,   by 

James  D.  Vivian  70 

Some  Practical  Suggestions  for  Diamond  Drill  Explorations,  by  A. 

H.  Meuche   77 

Standard  Boiler  House  and  Coal  Handling  System  of  the  Crystal 

Falls  Iron  Mining  Co.,  by  J.  S.  Jacka 82 

Recording  and  Signalling  Device  for  Mines,  by  John  M.  Johnson 88 

Surveying  and  Sampling  Diamond  Drill  Holes,  by  E.  E.  White 100 

Social  Surroundings  of  the  Mine  Employe,  by  Chas.  E.  Lawrence.  .121 
Time  Keeping  System  and  Labor  Distribution  at  the  Newport  Mine, 

by  G.  L.   Olson   127 

Square  Set  Mining  at  the  Vulcan  Mines,  by  Floyd  L.  Burr 144 

Some  Safety  Devices  of  the  Oliver  Iron  Mining  Co.,  by  Alex.  M. 

Gow  15C 

Diversion  of  the  Sturgeon  River  at  the  Loretto  Mine,  by  Chas.  H. 

Baxter   1C8 

Raising  Shaft  on  Timber  in  Hard  Rock  at  the  Armenia  Mine,  by  S. 

J.   Goodney    171 

Accidents  in  the  Transportation,  Storage  and  Use  of  Explosives,  by 

Charles    S.    Hurter 177 

The  Relations  of  the  Mining  Industry  to  the  Prevention  of  Forest 

Fires,  by  Thos.  B.  Wyman  211 

Block  Caving  and  Sub-Stope  System  at  the  Tobin  Mine,  by  Fred 

C.  Roberts   218 

The  Cornwall,  Pa.,  Magnetite  Deposits,  by  E.  B.  Wilson 227 

Top  Slicing  at  the  Caspian  Mine,  by  Wm.  A.  McEachem 239 


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LIST  OF  PAPERS  PUBLISHED  IN   PRECEDING  NUMBERS  XXIX 

Page. 

Electrical  Operation  of  the  Plants  of  the  Penn  Iron  Mining  Com- 
pany, by  Frank  H.  Armstrong 244 

Reminiscences  of  the  Gogebic  Range,  Ironwood,  in  1887,  by  J.  H. 

Hoarding  251 

Map  of  Menominee  Iron  Range,  following  page 265 

Biographical  Notices    259 

1912— Vol.  XVII. 

Methods  of  Sampling  at  Lake  Superior  Iron   Mines,  by  Benedict 

Crowell  7C 

System  of  Safety  Inspection  of  The  Cleveland-Cliffs  Iron  Co.,  by 

William  Conibear   94 

Raising  Shaft  at  Rolling  Mill  Mine,   Negaunee,   Mich.,  by   Edwin 

N.  Cory   112 

Mine  Sanitation,  by  E.  B.  Wilson 117 

Unexplored   Parts  of  the   Copper  Range  of  Keweenaw   Point,   by 

Alfred  C.  Lane  127 

Footwall  Shafts  in  Lake  Superior  Copper  Mines,  by  L.  L.  Hubbard.  144 

Balancing  Rock  Crushers,  by  O.  P.  Hood 102 

Some  Applications  of  Concrete  Underground,  by  H.  T.  Mercer 1C7 

Construction  of  Intakes  at  the  Mills  of  the  Trimountain  and  Cham- 
pion Mining  Companies,  by  Edward  Koepel 18C 

Description  of  an  Air  Balanced  Hoisting  Engine,  Franklin  Mining 

Company,  by  R.  H.  Corbett  211 

Rockhouse  Practice  of  the  Quincy  Mining  Company,  by  T.  C.  De- 

SoUar 217 

In  the  Lake  Superior  Area  What  Influence  If  Any,  Did  the  Thick- 
ness and  Contour  of  Footwall  Beds  Have  Upon  the  Subse- 
quent  Deposition   and    Distribution   of   Copper   in   Overlying 

Beds,  by  L.  L.  Hubbard 227 

Failures  of  the  Rule  of  Following  the  Hanging,  in  the  Development 

of  Lake  Superior  Copper  Mines,  by  F.  W.  Sperr 2;J8 

Economical  Lubrication,  by  W.  M.  Davis 247 

Raising,  Sinking  and  Concreting  No.  3  Shaft,  Negaunee  Mine,  by 

S.  R.  Elliott  2G0 

Rockhouse  Practice  of  the  Copper  Range  Consolidated  Company, 

by  H.  T.  Mercer 283 

Map  of  Portage  Lake  Mining  District,  following  page 295 

Map  of  Mines  and  Properties  Included  in  a  Portion  of  the  Lake 

Superior  Copper  District,  following  page 295 

1913— Vol.  XVIII. 

Report  of  Committee  on  the  Practice  for  the  Prevention  of  Acci- 
dents     31 

Sanitation  for  Mine  Locations,  by  W.  H.  Moulton 38 

Winona  Stamp  Mill,  by  R.  R.  Seeber 43 


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XXX      LIST  OF  PAPERS  PUBLISHED  IN   PRECEDING  NUMBERS 

Page. 

Safety  in  the  Mines  of  the  Lake  Superior  Iron  Ranges,  by  Edwin 

Higgins   C3 

What  Our  Neighbors  Can  Do  in  Mining  Iron  Ore,  by  Dwight  E. 

Woodbridge  85 

Re-Lining   No.   2   Hamilton   Shaft   With   Reinforced   Dividers.   End 

Plates  and  Poured  Concrete  Walls,  by  S.  W.  Tarr 90 

Suggestions  on  the  Application  of  Efficiency  Methods  to  Mining,  by 

C.  M.  Leonard   103 

Mine  Laws,  Special  Rules  and  the  Prevention  of  Accidents,  by  E. 

B.  Wilson   108 

Concentrating  at  the  Madrid  Mine,  by  Benedict  Crowell 129 

Mining  Methods  on  the  Missabe  Iron  Range,  by  Committee  con- 
sisting of  Willard  Bayliss,  E.  D.  McNeil  and  J.  S.  Lutes 133 

Wash  Ores  of  Western  Missabe  Range  and  the  Coleraine  Concen- 
trating Plant,  by  John  Uno  Sebenius  155 

The  Application  of  Mining  Machines  to  Underground  Mining  on  the 

Mesabi  Range,  by  H.  E.  Martin  and  W.  J.  Kaiser 187 

Opening  the  Leonidas  Mine  at  Eveleth,  Minnesota  by  H.  E.  Loye..l92 

The  New  Change  House  at  Vulcan  Mine,  by  Floyd  L.  Burr 211 

Discussion  of  Messrs.  Bayliss',  McNeil's  and  Lutes'  Paper  on  Min- 
ing Methods  on  the  Missabe  Iron  Range  (see  p.  133) 227 

Discussion  of  the   Report  of  Committee  on  the  Practice  for  the 

Prevention  of  Accidents  (see  p.  31) 228 

Discussion  of  Mr.  Wilson's  Paper  on  Mine  Laws,  Special  Rules  and 

the  Prevention  of  Accidents  (see  p.  108) 229 

Discussion  of  Mr.  Higgins'  Paper  on   Safety  in  the  Mines  of  the 

Lake  Superior  Iron  Ranges  (see  p.  G3) 231 

Biographical  Notices 235 

Lake  Superior  Iron  Or  nments   245 

Appendix — ^Duluth   and-  •»nnesota  Iron  Ranges  by   W.   W.   J. 

Croze,  Mining  E^nfei.-       -^  > 1 

Map  of  Minnesota  Iron  Ranges Following  page  32  of  Appendix 

1914— Vol.  XIX. 

Use  of  Electricity  at  the  Penn  and  Republic  Iron  Mines,  Michigan, 

by  William  Kelly  and  F.  H.  Armstrong;  with  discussion 35 

Methods  of  Stocking  Ore  on  the  Marquette  Range,  by  Lucien  Eaton.  72 

General   Outline   of   Mining   Methods   Used   in   the   Copper   Queen 

Mine,  Bisbee,  Arizona,  by  J.  P.  Hodgson   100 

The  Sinking  of  a  Vertical  Shaft  at  the  Palms  Mine  of  the  New- 
port Mining  Company,"  at  Bessemer,  Michigan,  by  Frank 
Blackwell;   with  discussion   116 

Mining  Methods  on  the  Marquette  Range,  by  Committee  consisting 
of  H.  T.  Hulst,  G.  R.  Jackson,  W.  A.  Siebenthal;  with  dis- 
cussion     131 

Steel  Stocking  Trestle  at  No.  3  Shaft,  Negaunee  Mine,  by  Stuart 

R.  Elliott;  with  discussion 142 


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LIST  OF  PAPERS  PUBLISHED  IN   PRECEDING  NUMBERS  XXXI 

Page. 
Ventilation  in  the  Iron  Mines  o!  the  Lake  Superior  District,   by 

Ed\yin  Higgins;   with  discussion   154 

Follow-Up  System  and  Method  of  Recording  Injuries  in  Compliance 
With   the   "Workmen's   Compensation   Law, '   by   Herbert   J. 

Fisher   177 

The  Electrification  of  the  Mines  of  The  Cleveland-Cliffs  Iron  Com- 
pany, by  F.  C.  Stanford ;  with  discussion 189 

Titaniferous  Ores  in  the  Blast  Furnace — A  Recent  Experiment,  by 

Dwight  E.  Woodbridge   223 

Michigan  Iron  Ore  Reserves;   Methods  of  Appraisal  for  Taxation, 

by  R.  C.  Allen 229 

The  Caving  System  of  Mining  in  Lake  Superior  Iron  Mines,  by  J. 

Parke  Channing;  with  discussion  245 

List  of  Iron  Mining  Properties  of  Michigan  and   Wisconsin,  com- 
piled by  Carl  C.  Brewer 252 

Report  of  the  First  Annual  First-Aid  Contest,  by  C.  S.  Stevenson.  .269 

Past  Officers  of  the  Institute  279 

List  of  Publications  Received  by  the  Institute  282 

Producing  Mines  of  Marquette  Range  283 

Idle  Mines  and  Mines  Being  Developed  in  Marquette  County 284 

Abandoned  Mines  on  Marquette  Range  285 

Iron  Ore  Shipments  from  Marquette  Range 285 

Lake  Superior  Iron  Ore  Shipments  (1855  to  1913,  inclusive) 286 

Biographical   Notices    289 

The  Early  History  of  the  Marquette  Iron  Ore  Range,   by  George 

A.   Newett    297 

History  of  Marquette  Ore  Docks,  by  D.  H.  Merritt 305 

A  Trip  to  Lake  Superior  in  1853  (Narrative  bv  Robert  Kelly) 309 

Map  of  the  Marquette  Range . .  .Following  page  323 

Map  of  a  Portion  of  the   Marquette   Ii               ge, 
Geological  Survey  of  Michigan,  '*'  


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XXXll  LIST  OF  MEETINGS  OF  THE 


LIST   OF    MEETINGS   OF   THE    INSTITUTE   AND   THEIR    LOCALI- 
TIES FROM   ITS  ORGANIZATION  TO  AUGUST,  1914. 

No.  Place.  Date.  Proceedings 

1  Iron  Mountain,  Mich March  22-23,  1893 Vol.  I 

2  Houghton,   Mich March  7-9,  1894   Vol.  II 

3  Mesabi  and  Vermilion  Ranges. March  6-8,  1895 Vol.  Ill 

4  Ishpeming,  Mich ...August  18-20,  1896 Vol.  IV 

5  Ironwood.    Mich August  16-18,  1898 Vol.  V 

6  Iron  Mountain,  Mich February  6-8    1900 Vol.  VI 

7  Houghton,   Mich March  5-9,  1901 Vol.  VII 

8  Mesabi  and  Vermilion  RangesAuguat  19-21,  1902 Vol.  VIII 

9  Ishpeming,  Mich August  18-20,  1903 Vol.  IX 

10  Ironwood,  Mich August  16-18,  1904 Vol.  X 

11  Iron    Mountain,    Mich October   17-19,   1905. . .  .VoL  XI 

12  Houghton,   Mich August  8-10,  1906 Vol   XII 

13  Mesabi  ard  Vermilion  Ranges.  June  24-27,  1908    VoL  XIII 

14  Ishpeming,  Mich ..August   25-27,    1909. ...  VoL  XIV 

15  Ironwood,    Mich August  24-26,  1910 VoL  XV 

16  Crystal  Palls.  Mich August  22-24,  1911 VoL  XVI 

17  Houghto.i,   Mich August  28-30,  1912 Vol.  XVII 

18  Mesabi  Range   August  26-30,  1913 VoL  XVIII 

19  Marquette  Range Aug.  31  to  Sept.  3,  1914  VoL  XIX 

20  Gogebic-Cuyuna  Ranges    Sept.  6  to  9,  1915 VoL  XX 

Note— No  meetings  were  held  In  1897,  1899  and  1907. 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE 


RULES  OF  THE  INSTITUTE. 
I. 

OBJECTS. 

The  objects  of  the  Lake  Superior  Mining  Institute  are  to  promote 
the  arts  and  sciences  connected  with  the  economical  production  of 
the  useful  minerals  and  metals  in  the  Lake  Superior 'region,  and  the 
welfare  of  those  employed  in  these  industries,  by  means  of  meetings 
of  social  intercourse,  by  excursions,  and  by  the  reading  and  discus- 
sion of  practical  and  professional  papers,  and  to  circulate,  by  means 
of  publications  among  its  members,  the  information  thus  obtained. 

n. 

MEMBERSHIP. 

Any  person  Interested  in  the  objects  of  the  Institute  is  eligible 
for  membership. 

Honorary  members  not  exceeding  ten  in  number,  may  be  admit- 
ted to  all  the  privileges  of  regular  members  except  to  vote.  They 
must  be  persons  eminent  in  mining  or  sciences  relating  thereto. 

I'll. 

ELECTION  OF  MEMBERS. 

Each  person  desirous  of  becoming  a  member  shall  be  proposed 
by  at  least  three  members,  approved  by  the  Council,  and  elected  by 
ballot  at  a  regular  meeting  (or  by  ballot  at  any  time  conducted 
through  the  mail,  as  the  Council  may  prescribe),  upon  receiving 
three-fourths  of  the  votes  cast.  Application  must  be  accompanied 
by  fee  and  dues  as  provided  by  Section  V. 

Each  person  proposed  as  an  honorary  member  shall  be  recom- 
mended by  at  least  ten  members,  approved  by  the  Council,  and  elect- 
ed by  ballot  at  a  regular  meeting,  (or  by  ballot  at  any  time  conduct- 
ed through  the  mail,  as  the  Council  may  prescribe),  on  receiving 
nine-tenths  of  the  votes  cast. 

IV. 

WITHDRAWAL  FROM  MEMBERSHIP. 

Upon  the  recommendation  of  the  Council,  any  member  may  be 
stricken  from  the  list  and  denied  the  privilege  of  membership,  by 
the  vote  of  three-fourths   of   the   members   present   at  any   regular 


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2  RULES  OF  THE 

meeting,  due  notice  having  been  mailed  in  writing  by  the  Secretary 
to  him. 

V. 

DUES. 

The  membership  fee  shall  be  five  dollars  and  the  annual  dues 
five  dollars,  and  applications  for  membership  must  be  accompaEietl 
by  a  remittance  of  ten  dollars;  five  dollars  for  such  membership  fee 
and  five  dollars  for  dues  for  the  first  year.  Honorary  members  shall 
not  be  liable  to  dues.  Any  member  not  in  arrears  may  become  a 
life  member  by  the  payment  of  fifty  dollars  at  one  time,  and  shall 
not  be  liable  thereafter  to  annual  dues.  Any  member  in  arrears  may, 
at  the  discretion  of  the  Council,  be  deprived  of  the  receipt  of  pub- 
lications or  be  stricken  from  the  list  of  members  when  in  arrears 
six  months;  Provided,  That  he  may  be  restored  to  membership  by 
the  Council  on  the  payment  of  all  arrears,  or  by  re-election  after  an 
interval  of  three  years. 

VI. 

OFFICERS. 

There  shall  be  a  President,  five  Vice  Presidents,  five  Managers, 
a  Secretary  and  a  Treasurer,  and  these  Officers  shall  constitute  the 
Council. 

VII. 
TERM  OF  OFFICE. 

The  President,  Secretary  and  Treasurer  shall  be  elected  for  one 
year,  and  the  Vice  Presidents  and  Managers  for  two  years,  except 
that  at  the  first  election  two  Vice  Presidents  and  three  Managers  shall 
be  elected  for  only  one  year.  No  President,  Vice  President,  or  Manager 
shall  be  eligible  for  immediate  re-election  to  the  same  office  at  the  ex- 
piration of  the  term  for  which  he  was  elected.  The  term  of  office 
shall  continue  until  the  adjournment  of  the  meeting  at  which  their 
successors  are  elected. 

Vacancies  in  the  Council,  w^hether  by  death,  resignation,  or  the 
failure  for  one  year  to  attend  the  Council  meetings,  or  to  perform 
the  duties  of  the  office,  shall  be  filled  by  the  appointment  of  the 
Council,  and  any  person  so  appointed  shall  hold  office  for  the  re- 
mainder o!  the  term  for  which  his  predecessor  was  elected  or  ap- 
pointe<I;  Provided,  That  such  appointment  shall  not  render  him  in- 
eligible at  the  next  election. 

VIII. 

DUTIES  OF  OFFICERS. 

All  the  affairs  of  the  Institute  shall  be  managed  by  the  Coun- 
cil except  the  selection  of  the  place  of  holding  regular  meetings. 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  3 

The  duties  of  all  Officers  shall  be  such  as  usually  pertain  to  their 
offices,  or  may  be  delegated  to  them  by  the  Council. 

The  Council  may,  in  its  discretion,  require  bonds  to  be  given  by 
the  Treasurer,  and  may  allow  the  Secretary  such  compensation  for 
his  services  as  they  deem  proper. 

At  each  annual  meeting  the  Council  shall  make  a  report  of  pro- 
ceedings to  the  Institute,  together  with  a  financial  statement. 

Five  members  of  the  Council  shall  constitute  a  quorum;  but  the 
Council  may  appoint  an  executive  committee,  business  may  be  trans- 
acted at  a  regularly  called  meeting  of  the  Council,  at  which  less  than 
a  quorum  is  present,  subject  to  the  approval  of  a  majority  of  the 
Council,  subsequently  given  in  writing  to  the  Secretary  and  recorded 
by  him  with  the  minutes. 

There  shall  be  a  meeting  of  the  Council  at  every  regular  meeting 
of  the  Institute  and  at  such  other  times  as  they  determine. 

IX. 
ELECTION  OF  OFFICERS. 

Any  five  members  not  in  arrears,  may  nominate  and  present  to 
the  Secretary  over  their  signatures,  at  least  thirty  days  before  the 
annual  meeting,  the  names  of  such  candidates  as  they  may  select 
for  offices  falling  under  the  rules.  The  Council,  or  a  committee  there- 
of duly  authorized  for  the  purpose,  may  also  make  similar  nomina- 
tions. The  assent  of  the  nominees  shall  have  been  secured  in  all  cases. 

No  less  than  two  weeks  prior  to  the  annual  meeting,  the  Secre- 
tary shall  mail  to  all  members  not  in  arrears  a  list  of  all  nomina- 
tions made  and  the  number  of  officers  to  be  voted  for  in  the  form 
of  a  letter  ballot.  Each  member  may  vote  either  by  striking  from 
or  adding  to  the  names  upon  the  list,  leaving  names  not  exceeding 
in  number  the  officers  to  be  elected,  or  by  preparing  a  new  list,  sign- 
ing the  ballot  with  his  name,  and  either  mailing  it  to  the  Secretary, 
or  presenting  it  in  person  at  the  annual  meeting. 

In  case  nomination's  are  not  made  thirty  days  prior  to  the  date 
of  the  annual  meeting  for  all  the  offices  becoming  vacant  under  the 
rules,  nominations  for  such  offices  may  be  made  at  the  said  meeting 
by  five  members  not  in  arrears,  and  an  election  held  by  a  written  or 
printed  ballot. 

The  ballots  in  either  case  shall  be  received  and  examined  by  three 
tellers  appointed  at  the  annual  meeting  by  the  presiding  officer;  and 
the  persons  who  shall  have  received  the  greatest  number  of  votes  for 
the  several  offices  shall  be  declared  elected.  The  ballot  shall  be 
destroyed,  and  a  list  o!  the  elected  officers,  certified  by  the  tellers, 
shall  be  preserved  by  the  Secretary. 

X. 

MEETINGS. 
The  annual  meeting  of  the  Institute  shall  be  held  at  such  time  as 
may  be  designated  by  the  Council.    The  Institute  may  at  a  regular 


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4  RULES  OF  THE 

meeting  select  the  place  for  holding  the  next  regular  meeting.  If  no 
place  is  selected  by  the  Institute  it  shall  be  done  by  the  Council. 

Special  meetings  may  be  called  whenever  the  Council  may  see  fit; 
and  the  Secretary  shall  call  a  special  meeting  at  the  written  re- 
quest of  twenty  or  more  members.  No  other  business  shall  be  trans- 
acted at  a  special  meeting  than  that  for  which  it  was  called. 

Notices  of  all  meetings  shall  be  mailed  to  all  members  at  least 
thirty  days  in  advance,  with  a  statement  of  the  business  to  be  trans- 
acted, papers  to  be  read,  topics  for  discussion  and  excursions  pro- 
posed. 

No  vote  shall  be  taken  at  any  meeting  on  any  question  not  per- 
taining to  the  business  of  conducting  the  Institute. 

Every  question  that  shall  properly  come  before  any  meeting  of 
the  Institute,  shall  be  decided,  unless  otherwise  provided  for  in  these 
rules,  by  the  votes  of  a  majority  of  the  members  then  present. 

Any  member  may  introduce  a  stranger  to  any  regular  meeting: 
but  the  latter  shall  not  take  part  in  the  proceedings  without  the 
consent  of  the  meeting. 

XI. 

PAPERS  AND  PUBLICATIONS. 

Any  member  may  read  a  paper  at  any  regular  meeting  of  the 
Institute,  provided  the  same  shall  have  been  submitted  to  and  ap- 
proved by  the  Council,  or  a  committee  duly  authorized  by  it  for  that 
purpose  prior  to  such  meeting.  All  papers  shall  become  the  proper- 
ty of  the  Institute  on  their  acceptance,  and  with  the  discussion 
thereon,  shall  subsequently  be  published  for  distribution.  The  num- 
ber, form  and  distribution  of  all  publications  shall  be  under  the  con- 
trol of  the  Council. 

-  The  Institute  is  not,  as  a  body,  responsible  for  the  statements 
of  facts  or  opinion  advanced  in  papers  or  dijscussions  at  its  meet- 
ings, and  it  is  understood,  that  papers  and  discussions  should  not 
include  personalities,  or  matters  relating  to  politics,  or  purely  to 
trade. 

XII. 
SPECIAL  COMMITTEES. 

The  Council  is  authorized  to  appoint  from  time  to  time  special 
committees  to  consider  and  report  upon,  to  the  Institute  through  the 
Council,  such  subjects  as  changes  in  mining  laws,  safety  devices, 
the  securing  and  editing  of  papers  on  mining  methods,  definition  of 
mining  terms,  affiliations  with  other  societies,  and  such  other  sub- 
jects as  the  Council  shall  deem  it  desirable  to  inquire  into,  such  re- 
ports not  to  be  binding  on  the  Institute  except  action  is  taken  by 
the  Institute  }n  accordance  with  the  rules,  and  the  Council  is  au- 


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LAKE    SUPERIOR    MINING    INSTITUTE  5 

thorized    to   expend    not   exceeding   six   hundred    dollars    in    any   one 
year  to  carry  out  the  purpose  of  this  section. 

XIII. 

AMENDMENTS. 

These  rules  may  be  amended  by  a  two-thirds  vote  taken  by  let- 
ter ballot  in  the  same  manner  as  Is  provided  for  the  election  of 
officers  by  letter  ballot;  Provided,  That  written  notice  of  the  pro- 
posed amendment  shall  have  been  given  at  a  previous  meeting. 


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BUSINESS  MEETING 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  TWENTIETH  ANNUAL 
MEETING,  GOGEBIC  RANGE. 

Monday,  September  6,  1915. 

The  Twentieth  Annual  Meeting  of  the  Institute  oi>ene(l  on 
the  Gogebic  Range,  (Mich.)  with  headquarters  at  Ironwood. 
There  were  alx)ut  two  hunch-ed  meml)€rs  and  guests  in  at- 
tendance. At  9:30  the  party  proceeded  in  automobiles  to  the 
ball  park  where  the  First-Aid  demonstration  was  held.  Four- 
teen teams  from  the  different  iron  ranges  i>articii>ated  in  the 
contest,  and  the  attendance  numbered  over  two  thousand.  It 
being  Labor  Day  a  number  of  the  miners  with  their  families 
witnessed  the  exhibition,  and  manifCvSted  great  interest  in  the 
various  events.  This  was  the  second  contest  held  in  the  Lake 
SuiKrior  district  under  the  auspices  of  the  Institute.  A  full 
account  with  the  events,  rules  of  the  contest,  and  other  in- 
fomiation  is  published  in  a  special  chapter  in  this  volume. 

In  the  afternoon  tlie  visitors  were  conveyed  in  automobiles 
to  the  mines  east  of  Ircnwood,  and  the  new  operations  at  the 
extreme  eastern  end  of  the  range  where  the  Wakefield  Mine  is 
being  opened.  This  mine  is  fully  described  in  a  pa]Der  by  \V. 
C.  Hart,  Sui^erintendent  of  the  pro])erty.  The  plant  at  the 
Woodbury  Shaft  of  the  Newix)rt  Mining  Company  was  also 
visited.  The  record  of  sinking  this  shaft  as  described  in  the 
paper  l>y  J.  M.  Broan,  was  of  much  interest  to  the  mining 
men.  The  **one-leg"  wood-stocking  trestle  at  the  Colby  Mine 
attracted  much  attention.  This  is  described  in  the  pai)er  by  (i. 
S.  Barber,  Superintendent  of  the  Colby  Mining  Company.  The 
surface  plants  of  the  Pabst,  Anvil,  Palms  and  Norrie  Mines 
were  also  visited  durnig  the  trip. 

Bl\siness  Session. 
The  business  session  in  the  evening  was  held  at  the  new 


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LAKE    SUPERIOR    MINING    INSTITUTE  7 

Central  High  Schovol.  The  meeting  was  called  to  order  by 
L.  M.  Hardenburgh,  President,  who  made  a  brief  address  of 
welcome  on  behalf  of  the  meml>ers  from  the  Gogebic  Range 
upon  this,  the  fourth  meeting  to  be  held  on  this  range.  It 
was  in  Ironwood  in  1893,  that  the  Institute  had  its  inception 
and  the  progress  of  the  development  of  its  mines  has  been 
fully  recorded  in  its  proceedings  since  that  time. 

The  following  paj^ers  were  presented  in  oral  al)stract  by 
the  authors: 

♦Sinking  of  the  \Voo<lbury  Shaft  at  the  Newport  Mine, 
Ironwood,  Mich. — By  J.  M.  Broan,  Ironwood,  Mich. 

♦Mining  Methods  on  the  Gogebic  Range — Report  of  Com- 
mittee, presented  by  O.  E.  Olsen,  Ironwood,  Mich. 

*New  Stockpile  Trestle.  Colby  Iron  Mining  Company, 
Bessemer,  Mich. — By  G.  S.  Barljer,  Bessemer,  Mich. 

♦The  Oldening  of  the  Wakefield  Mine— Bv  W.  C.  Hart, 
Wakefield,  Mich. 

♦Grouting  at  the  Francis  Mine  Shaft  of  The  Cleveland- 
Cliflfs  Iron  Co. — By  J.  R.  Reigart,  Princeton,  Mich. 

♦Sheet  Ground  Mining  in  the  Jopling  District,  Missouri — 
By  Edwin  Higgins,  Ironwood,  Mich. 

♦The  Use  of  Gunite  in  a  Steel  Shaft  and  in  an  Under- 
ground Pumphouse,  on  the  Gogebic  Range — By  Stephen 
Royce,  Hurley,  Wis. 

This  concluded  the  reading  of  papers  for  the  session. 

On  motion  by  J.  M.  Bush,  the  President  apix)inted  the  fol- 
lowing committee  on  nominations:  J.  M.  Bush.  G.  L.  Wood- 
worth,  W.  J.  Richards,  Crystals  Falls,  W.  P.  Chinn,  and  F. 
W.  Denton. 

On  motion  by  C.  H.  Baxter,  the  President  apix>inted  the 
following  committee  to  audit  the  accounts  of  the  Secretary  and 
Treasurer:    C.  H.  Baxter,  F.  B.  Goodman  and  J.  E.  Jopling. 

On  motion  by  William  Kelly,  the  President  apix)inted  the 
following  committee  on  resolutions :  William  Kelly,  L  .C. 
Brewer,  J.  H.  Hearding,  J.  Carroll  Barr  and  Chas.  L.  Law- 
ton. 

Committees  to  report  at  the  next  session  to  be  held  Tues- 
day afternoon  at  Crosby,  Minnesota.     After  making  the  an- 

*PEp«re  diftributwi  in  printed  form. 


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8  BUSINESS  MEETING 

nouncements  of  the  program  for  the  next  day,  the  meeting 
was  on  motion  adjourned. 

At  1 1  :oo  o'clock  p.  m.,  the  party  left  by  special  train,  con- 
sisting of  twenty  coaches,  over  the  Soo  Line  for  Crosby, 
Minnesota. 

Tuesday,  September  7th. 

Tuesday  morning  at  9:00  o'clock  the  party  arrived  at 
Crosby,  Minnesota,  from  which  point  the  inspection  of  the 
Cuyuna  Range  was  commenced.  A  train  of  flat  cars  provided 
with  benches  and  railings,  was  furnished  for  a  trip  over  the 
range,  and  afforded  a  splendid  opiX)rtunity  for  a  close  inspec- 
tion of  the  mines.  The  first  stop  was  made  at  the  Kennedy 
Mine  of  the  Rogers-Brown  Ore  Company  at  Cuyuna.  This 
is  an  underground  mine  and  the  pioneer  on  the  range.  It 
was  opened  in  1907,  and  made  its  first  shipment  in  1911  of 
147,431  tons.  The  next  stop  was  at  the  Croft  Mine  of  the 
Merrimac  Mining  Company,  near  the  town  of  Crosby.  A  cir- 
cular concrete  shaft  was  sunk  to  the  ledge,  and  sinking  is 
now  going  on  in  the  rock.  This  is  said  to  be  the  first  mine 
which  will  average  a  bessemer  grade  of  ore. 

The  Meacham  Mine,  also  the  property  of  the  Rogers- 
Rrown  Ore  Company,  was  next  visited.  A  circular  concrete 
shaft  was  sunk  to  the  ledge.  The  shaft  is  down  to  the  ore- 
lody,  a  depth  of  235  ft.,  and  cross-cutting  started  to  the  ore 
to  the  south.    The  proj^erty  is  temporarily  idle. 

The  Thompson,  Annour  No.  2  and  Armour  No.  i,  were 
each  visited  in  the  order  named.  These  mines  are  o[>erated 
by  the  Inland  Steel  Company.  The  Thompson  was  first  opened 
in  191 1,  and  Armour  No.  i  and  No.  2  in  1910.  A  small  wash- 
ing plant  is  l>eing  oj^erated  at  the  Thompson  to  treat  the  sili- 
ceous ores. 

The  Pennington  proi)erty,  operated  by  the  Tod-Stambaugh 
Comjxiny,  was  the  next  visited.  This  is  an  open-pit  mine  and 
has  the  distinction  of  being  the  first  stripping  operaton  on 
the  range.  It  is  expected  that  a  considerable  tonnage  will 
\k  shipped  before  the  close  of  the  present  season, 


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Lake  superior  mining  institute  9 

The  next  stop  was  at  the  Hillcrest  Mine  of  the  Hill  Mines 
Company.  Here  the  party  witnessed  the  hydrauhc  stripping 
method  which  is  being  developed  to  a  very  satisfactory  degree 
in  ix)int  of  economy.  The  surface  averages  about  65  ft.  irJ 
depth.  Steam  shovels  will  l)e  necessary  to  clean  up  the  bottom 
of  the  pit  after  hydraulic  stripping  is  completed  to  uncover 
the  ore.  The  plant  is  o}>erated  electrically  by  power  furnished 
from  the  Cuyuna  Range  Power  Company. 

The  next  property  to  be  inspected  was  the  Rowe  Mine  of 
the  Pittsburgh  Steel  Ore  Company.  This  is  the  most  west- 
erly of  the  developed  properties  on  the  north  range  and  the 
largest  open-pit  operation  in  the  district  and  said  to  be  the 
first  to  use  the  hydraulic  method  of  stripping.  The  sjjecial 
train  was  transferred  to  the  ore  company^s  crews  and  nui  into 
the  open  pit  where  steam-shovel  stripping  is  still  going  on. 
After  an  inspection  of  the  mine  the  party  was  taken  to  the 
Club  House,  a  very  pretty  building  of  the  bungalow  type,  sit- 
uated on  the  hill  overlooking  the  mine  and  an  arm  of  the 
Mississippi  River.  Here  luncheon  was  served  to  the  two  hun- 
dred visitors  in  quick  time,  Mr.  Barr  acting  as  master  of 
ceremonies.  Immediately  after  the  luncheon  the  concentrating 
plant  for  washing  the  lean  ores  was  inspected. 

The  party  then  returned  to  Crosby  where  the  business  ses- 
sion was  held  at  the  Franklin  school  house. 

Time  did  not  i>ermit  a  visit  to  the  South  Range  and  the 
City  of  Brainerd  and  the  committee  planned  that  the  district 
would  be  again  visited  some  time  in  the  near  future. 

Business  Session. 

In  the  absence  of  Mr.  Hardenburgh,  L.  C.  Brewer,  Vice- 
President,  presided  at  the  meeting,  which  was  called  to  order 
at  3  :45  p.  m.  The  following  pai^rs  were  presented  in  oral 
abstract : 

♦Some  Aspects  of  Explorations  and  Drilling  on  the  Cu- 
yuna Range — By  P.  W.  Donovan,  Brainerd,  Minn.,  presented 
by  Carl  Zapffe. 

Interesting  Matters  to  Operators  Regarding  Cuyuna  Dis- 
trict— By  Carl  Zapffe,  Brainerd,  Minn. 


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lO  BUSINESS  MEETING 

*A  Survey  of  the  Developments  and  Operations  in  the 
Cuyinia  Iron  Ore  District  of  Minnesota — By  Carl  Zapffe, 
Brainerd,  Minn. 

Concentration  of  Ciiyuna  Ores — By  Edmund  Xewton, 
Minnesota  School  of  Mines,  Minneaix>lis,  Minn.,  presented  by 
E.  H.  Comstock. 

Hydraulic  Stripping  at  the  Rowe  and  Hillcrest  Mines — 
By  Edward  P.  McCarthy,  Minnesota  School  of  Mines.  Min- 
neajx^lis,  Minn. 

The  following  paj^ers  were  read  by  title : 

*Rock  Drifting  in  the  Morris-Lloyd  Mine,  Marquette 
Range — By  J.  Ellzey  Hayden,  Ishi>eming,  Mich. 

*The  Mining  SchcxJ  of  The  Cleveland-Cliffs  Iron  Com- 
pany— By  C.  S.  Stevenson,  Ishpeming,  Mich. 

Progress  in  Underground  Mechanical  Ore  I^)ading — By 
M.  Earl  Richards,  Crystal  Falls,  Mich. 

Drag-Line  Stripping  and  Mining,  Balkan  Mine — By  Chas. 
E.  Lawrence,  Palatka,  Mich. 

This  concluded  the  presentation  of  i>ai)ers  for  the  session. 

'Papers  distributed  in  printed  form. 


REPORT  OF  THE  COUNCIL. 

Secretary's  report  of  Receipts  and  Disbursements  from  August  24, 
1914,  to  August  31,  1915. 

Receipts. 

Cash  on  hand,  August  24,  1914 |6,823  65 

Entrance  fees  for  1914 |    180  00 

Dues  for  1914   2,080  00 

Back  dues,  1910  |  5  00 

Back  dues,  1911   10  00 

Back  (lues,  1912   20  00 

Back  dues,  1913   70  00      105  CO 

Advance  dues,   1915    40  00 

Sale   of   Proceedings    77  35 

Institute  Pin   4  00 

Total    12,486  35 

♦Interest  on  deposits   169  07 

Total    receipts    2,055  42 

Grand  total  on  hand  and  received..  |9,479  07 

'Interest  on  bonds  earned  but  not  due  $100.00 


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LAKE    SU'PERIOR    MINING    INSTITUTE  11 

Disbursements. 

Stationery  and  printing  %  63  50 

Postage    133  66 

Freight  and  express   6  03 

Exchange   1  90 

Telephone  and  telegraphing   3  37 

Secretary's  salary   '. 750  00 

Stenographic    work    89  90 

Total  office  expenses   |1,048  36 

Publishing   Proceedings    |1,131  50 

Publishing  advance  papers   298  75 

Photographs,  maps,  cuts,  etc 80  68 

Badges  for  1914   81  25 

Expenses  of  committee  meetings 35  14 

Donation  to  First-Aid   Contest 50  00 

Total    1,077  32 

Total   disbursements    2,725  08 

Cash  on  hand,  August  31,  1915 6,753  39 

Grand  total   |9,479  07 

Membershjp. 

1915.  1914.  1913. 

Total    549  549  518 

Members  in  good  standing   *501  !  524  483 

Honorary   members    3  4  3 

Life   members    2  2  2 

Members  in  arrears  (2  years) 43  19  29 

New  members  admitted   30  36  71 

New  members  not  qualified   . .  5 

New  members  added   30  36  66 

'Includes  77  in  arrears  for  one  year.    Ilncludes  64  in  arrears  for  one  year. 
TREASURER'S  REPORT. 

Treasurer's  Report  from  August  24,  1914,  to  August  31,  1915: 

Cash  on  hand,  August  24,  1914 |6,823.G5 

Received  from  Secretary   2,486.35 

Received  interest  on  deposits  169.07 

Paid  drafts  issued  by  Secretary   12,725.68 

Cash  on  hand,  August  31,  1915  6,753.39 

Totals    19,479.07     $9,479.07 

On  authority  of  the  Council,  by  vote  taken  by  letter  ballot,  the 
Treasurer  reported  the  purchase  of  Alpha  Water  Works  bonds  in  the 
sum  of  15,000.00.  These  bonds  are  issued  by  the  Village  o!  Alpha, 
Iron  County,  Michigan,  and  mature  in  twelve  years;  interest  at  six 
per  cent. 

The  following  standing  committees  were  apix)inted  by  the 
Council  for  the  ensuing  year: 


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12  BUSINESS  MEETING 

"PRACTICE    FOR    THE    PREVENTION    OP    ACCIDENTS." 
(Committee  to  consist  of  five  members). 
William  Conibear,  Ishpeming,  Mich.,  Chairman;  Percy  S.  Williams. 
Ramsay,  Mich.;  William  H.  Jobe,  Crystal  F&lls,  Mich.;  Elton  W.  Walk- 
er, Mass,  Mich.;  W.  H.  Harvey,  Eveleth,  Minn. 

'CARE  AND  HANDLING  OF  HOISTING   ROPES." 

(Committee  to  consist  of  five  members). 
William  J.  Richards,  Painesdale,  Mich.,  Chairman;  Joseph  Kieren. 
Gilbert,  Minn.;  Frank  H.  Armstrong,  Vulcan,  Mich.;  Carlos  E.  Holley, 
Bessemer,  Mich.;  C.  M.  Murphy,  Ishpeming,  Mich. 

"PAPERS   AND   PUBLICATIONS." 
(Committee  to  consist  of  five  members). 
William   Kelly,   Vulcan,   Mich.,    Chairman;    Frederick   W.    McNair. 
Houghton,  Mich.;   James  E.  Jopling,  Ishpeming,  Mich.;    Frank  Black- 
well,  Ironwood,  Mich.;  Alexander  M.  Gow,  Duluth,  Minn. 

"BUREAU  OF  MINES." 
(Committee  to  consist  of  three  members). 
Murray   M.    Duncan,   Ishpeming,    Mich.,    Chairman;    Frederick  W. 
Denton,   Painesdale,  Mich.;    A.   J.   Yungbluth,  Ishpeming,   Mich.,  Sec- 
retary. 

"BJOGRAPHY." 
(Committee  to  consist  of  five  members). 
John   H.   Hoarding,  Duluth,   Minn.,  Chairman;    Robert  A.  Douglas, 
Ironwood,  Mich.;   M.  B.  McGee,  Crystal  Falls,  Mich.;   W.  H.  Newett, 
Ishpeming,  Mich.;   James  Fisher,  Houghton,  Mich. 

"MINING  METHODS  ON  THE  GOGEBIC  RANGE." 
(Committee  to  consist  of  three  members  to  be  appointed  later). 
Committees   to   serve  until  their  successors   are  appointed;   each 
committee  to  have  power  to  appoint  sub-committees  as  may  be  deemed 
necessary. 

The  following  proixisals  for  nieinl)€rship  are  approved  by 

the  Council : 

Broan,  J.  M.,  Mining  Engineer,  Newport  Mining  Co.,  Ironwood, 
Mich. 

Carlson,  Gust,  Diamond  Drill  Contractor,  Hibbing,  Minn. 

Cardie,  James,   President,   Mutual  Iron   Mining  Co.,   Duluth,  Minn. 

Collins,  Chas.  D.,  Physician,  Newport  Iron  Mining  Co.,  Ironwood, 
Mich. 

Collins,  Edwin  J.,  Mining  Engineer,  (Consulting)  Torrey  BIdg., 
Duluth,  Minn. 

Constable,  William,  Salesman,  General  Electric  Co.,  801  Fidelity 
Bldg.,  Duluth,  Minn. 

Cullen,  E.  L.,  Manager,  Newport  Mining  Co.,  Ironwood,  Mich. 


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LAKE    SUPERIOR    MINING    INSTITUTE  1 3 

Erickson,  Gustaf  A.,  Mining  Captain,  Oliver  Iron  Mining  Co.,  Iron- 
wood,  Mich. 

Hansen,  Christ,  Superintendent,  Board  of  Public  Works,  Negaunee, 
Mich. 

Hanson,  W.  G.,  Superintendent,  Palatka,  Mich. 

Hill,  Edmund,  Mining  Captain,  Newport  Mining  Co.,  Ironwood, 
Mich. 

Hotchkiss,  William  O.,  State  Geologist  of  Wisconsin.  Madison,  Wis. 

James,  D.  G.,  Salesman,  Ottumwa  Iron  Works,  312  W.  5th  St., 
Ottumwa,  Iowa. 

Johnson,  John  A.,  Mining  Captain,  Wakefield  Mine,  Wakefield,  Mich. 

Kruka,  Erick  W.,  Chief  Clerk,  Champion  Copper  Co.,  Painesdale, 
Mich. 

Kyler,  E.  R.,  Mechanical  Engineer,  Commonwealth,  Wis. 

Lawry,  Henry  M.,  Mining  Captain,  Palatka,  Mich. 

Longyear,  John  M.  Jr.,  Mining  Engineer  and  Geologist,  4(K;  N. 
Pinckney  St.,  Madison,  Wis. 

Madson,  Jesse  C,  Mining  Captain,  Carson  Lake,  Minn. 

McCarty,  Edward  P.,  Professor  of  Mining,  Minnesota  School  of 
Mines,  Minneapolis,  Minn. 

McKenna,  Edward  B.,  Salesman,  Adolph  Hirsch  •&  Co.,  Duluth, 
Minn. 

Olsen,  Oscar  E.,  Mining  Engineer,  Oliver  Iron  Mining  Co.,  403  N. 
Lawrence  St.,  Ironwood,  Mich. 

Pearl,  Holman  I.,  Mining  Engineer,  Wakefield,  Mich. 

Perkins,  William  J.,  Mine  Superintendent,  Alpha  Iron  Co.,  Alpha, 
Mich. 

Roberts,  H.  M.,  Geologist,  710  Security  Bank  Bldg.,  Minneapolis, 
Minn. 

Rossman,  Lawrence  A.,  Mining  Editor,  Herald-Review,  Grand  Rap- 
ids. MLin. 

Schenck,  Charles  H.,  Salesman.  The  United  States  Graphite  Co., 
2G24  Lyndale  Ave.,  So.  Minneapolis,  Minn. 

Scott.  Thaddeus,  Secretary,  Mutual  Iron  Mining  Co.,  518  Providonco 
Bldg.,  Duluth,  Minn. 

Truettner,  Walter  F.,  Banker,  Bessemer,  Mich. 

Wildes,  F.  A.,  Chief  Inspector  of  Mines  lor  Auditor  of  State  of 
Minnesota,  Hibbing,  Minn. 

On  motion  by  F.  \V.  McXair,  the  Secretary  was  in.strncl- 

ed  to  cast  a  ballot  for  the  election  to  nienijjership  of  the  list 

as  approved  by  the  Council. 

The  Auditing  Committee  presented  the  f.)lIo\vin<>;  rei)ort: 

^'our  ComiiLttee  api>:inted  to  examine  the  books  of  the 

Secretary  and  Treasurer,   be<^  leave  to  rei)()rt  that   we  have 

carefully  examined  same  and  tnid   tlie  receipts  and  expendi- 


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14  BUSINESS  MEETING 

tures  shown  therein  to  be  in  accordance  with  the  statements 
of  the  Secretary  and  Treasurer  for  tlie  fiscal  year  ending  Au- 
gust 31,  1915. 

Frank  B.  Goodman, 

j.  e.  jopling. 

C.   H.  Baxter, 

Committee. 

Report  of  Committee  on  Nomination. 

Your  Committee  on  Nominations  l)eg  leave  to  submit  the 
following  Officers  of  the  Institute  for  terms  specified : 

For  President  (one  year) — Charles  E.  Lawrence. 

For  Vice  Presidents  (two  years) — (Jeorge  L.  Woadworth. 
Frank  E.  Keepe,  (Jrant  S.  Barber. 

For  Managers  (two  years) — Frank  Armstrong,  William 
W'earne. 

For  Treasurer  (one  year) — E.  W.  Hopkins. 

For  Secretary  (one  year) — A.  J.  Yungbluth. 

J.  M.  Bush, 

F.  W.  Denton, 

G.  L.  WOODWORTII, 

W.  p.  Chinn, 
\V.  J.  Richards, 

Committee. 
On  motion  the  report  of  the  Committee  was  adopted  and 
the  Secretary  instructed  to  cast  a  ballot  for  the  election  of  the 
officers  for  the  tenns  specified. 

The  following  communications  were  read : 
To  the  President  of 

Lake  Sui>erior  Mining  Institute. 
Dear  Sir: 

By  virtue  of  the  authority  conferred  uix^n  me  by  the  Con- 
gress of  the  United  States  of  America,  I  have  the  pleasure  to 
extend  to  Lake  Su[)erior  Mining  Institute  a  cordial  invitation 
to  i>articipate  by  one  or  more  delegates  in  The  Second  Pan- 
American  Scientific  Congress  to  l>e  held  under  the  auspices  of 
the  (Government  of  the  Cnited  States  at  the  City  of  Washing- 
ton from  December  27,  191 5,  to  January  8,  1916,  inclusive. 


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LAKE    SUPERIOR    MINING    INSTITUTE!  1$ 

Assuring  you  that  representatives  from  the  Institute  will  be 
most  heartily  welcomed, 
I  am,  my  dear  Sir, 

Very  truly  vours, 

W.  J.  BRYAN, 
Department  of  State.  Secretary  of  State. 

Washington,  February  12,  1915. 

On  motion  duly  seconded,  it  was  decided  that  the  Institute 
would  not  send  a  delegate  to  this  Congress. 
A.  J.  Yungbluth,.Esq., 

Sec*y.,  Lake  Superior  Mining  Institute, 

Ishpeming,  Mich. 
Dear  Sir: 

The  President  and  Councillors  of  the  Mining  and  Metal- 
lurgical Society  of  America  invite  the  Lake  Superior  Mining 
Institute  to  be  represented  by  delegates  at  a  meeting  of  the  Min- 
ing and  Metallurgical  Society  of  America,  to  l^e  held  in  Wash- 
ington, D.  C,  on  Thursday,  December  i6th,  1915;  they  also 
extend  a  general  invitation  to,  and  request  the  attendance 
of  all  of  your  members  who  are  interested  in  the  objects  of 
the  gathering. 

The  purpose  of  this  meeting  is  to  bring  before  the  mem- 
bers of  Congress  and  other  Washington  officials,  facts  and 
argimients  bearing  on  the  necessity  of  certain  changes  in  the 
mining  laws  of  the  United  States. 

In  the  spring  of  1914,  bills  were  introduced  in  both  houses 
recommending  the  apjxjintment  of  a  commission  to  take  testi- 
mony, codify  and  to  suggest  amendments  to  the  general  min- 
ing laws.  The  Senate's  committee  on  Mines  and  Mining  rec- 
ommended for  passage,  with  certain  modifications,  the  Smoot 
bill  (S.  4373).  The  House  committee  on  Mines  and  Mining, 
in  the  same  way,  recommended  for  passage  the  Taylor  bill 
(H.  R.  15283).  Both  failed  of  passage,  mainly  because  of 
the  pressure  of  other  matters. 

The  Mining  and  Metallurgical  Society,  having  carefully 
canvassed  the  opinion  of  its  members,  believes  that  there  are 
many  points  requiring  alteration,  uix>n  which  all  those  en- 
gaged in  mining  are  practically  unanimous  in  their  views,  and 
we  beheve  that,  with  the  co-operation  of  other  organizations 
interested  in  the  same  subject,  sufficient  pressure  may  l)e 
brought  to  bear  to  produce  the  results,  accomplishment  of 
which  has  failed  in  the  past. 


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l6  BUSINESS  MEETING 

All  of  the  public  officials  at  Washington,  with  whom  we 
have  consulted,  are  in  accord  with  our  views  and  have  prom- 
ised their  support  and  assistance  in  placing  our  requirements 
before  Congress  and  the  Senate  in  such  shape  and  with  such 
f(;rce  as  to  secure  some  action. 

To  accomplish  the  desired  results  we  wish  to  secure  a  large 
and  representative  attendance  of  those  who  may  speak  with 
authority  on  the  desirability  and  necessity  of  such  alterations 
as  sliould  \yQ  considered,  and  we  trust  that  the  directors  of 
your  organization  may  see  their  way  to  co-oix:rate  with  us  in 
this  undertaking. 

The  Secretary  of  the  Mining  and  Metallurgical  Society 
would  b«  pleased  to  receive,  at  an  early  date,  the  names  of 
those  whom  your  Society  may  see  fit  to  appoint  as  delegates. 

Enclosed  herewith  you  will  find  a  copy  of  the  last  progress 
rejx^rt  of  our  co.mmittee  on  mining  law,  which  indicates  brief- 
ly the  present  status  of  the  matter. 
Yours  very  trulv, 

F.'F.  SHARPLESS,  Secretary. 

On  motion  duly  seconded,  the  communication  was  referred 
back  to  the  Council  with  ix)wer  to  act. 

Tlie  communication  from  the  committee  on  '* Practice  for 
the  Prevention  of  Accidents'*  relative  to  defraying  the  ex- 
penses of  the  winning  team  in  the  First-Aid  contest  to  the 
Panama-Pacific  Expositions,  was  sul>mitted  to  the  council.  In 
view  of  the  short  time  remaining  before  this  event  took  place 
the  council  decided  it  was  beyond  its  authority  to  take  any 
action  in  the  matter  and  that  it  would  l)e  necessary  to  lay 
the  ([uestion  before  the  Institute  at  a  future  meeting. 

Following  the  cbxse  of  the  meeting  the  party  proceeded  to 
the  fanii  of  Cieorge  H.  Crosby,  where  a  barbecue  was  tend- 
ered the  visitors,  after  which  an  entertainment  was  provided 
on  the  sliore  of  Serpent  Lake.  Music  was  furnished  by  the 
Crosljy  orcliestra.  Mr.  Crosby  welcomed  the  guests  and  gave 
a  l)rief  address  on  tlie  early  days  of  the  village.  This  was 
followed  by  songs  and  s])eechcs  from  several  of  the  visitors. 
A  huge  bon-fire  furnished  the  illumination  for  the  occasion. 

At  10:30  p.  m.,  the  |)arty  left  by  two  special  trains  via 
Soo  Line  for  Alinneapobs,  where  the  meeting  came  to  a  close, 
arriving  there  at  9:00  o'clock,  Wednesday. 


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lake  superior  mining  institute  1 7 

Wednesday,  September  8tii. 

The  Minneapolis  Civic  and  Commerce  Association  very 
kindly  arranged  for  the  entertainment  of  the  party  at  Min- 
neapoHs.  The  following  citizens  constituted  the  committee 
on  this  occasion:  Chas.  H.  Robinson,  Frank  \V.  Plant,  Fred 
B.  Snyder,  C.  S.  Langdon,  Russell  M.  Bennett,  John  Pills- 
bury,  J.  C.  Van  Doom,  J.  P.  Snyder,  Frank  Bovey,  H.  V. 
Winchell,  F.  G.  Jewett,  Jos.  Chapman,  Geo.  H.  Warren,  J. 
R.  Vanderlip,  Carl  Del^ittre,  W.  L.  Martin. 

.Automobiles  were  provided  to  convey  the  party  about  the 
city,  and  the  trip  through  the  various  parks  was  a  very  en- 
joyable exi>erience  for  the  members.  The  lakes,  in  which  the 
locality  abounds,  add  much  to  the  picturesqueness  of  the  drive. 
Upon  arriving  at  the  Minnes v)ta  School  of  Mines  the  party 
was  met  by  Dean  Appleby  and  members  of  the  faculty,  and 
was  shown  thnnigh  the  new  building  then  nearing  com- 
pletion. The  furnishings  are  all  new  and  substantial,  and  the 
equipment  of  the  latest  and  l)cst.  Considerable  time  was  spent 
here  and  the  visit  was  much  enjoyed  by  all. 

From  here  the  party  proceeded  to  the  Minikahda  Clul), 
where  a  substantial  luncheon  was  served  and  the  visitors  roy- 
ally entertained.  Those  desiring  to  spend  the  afternoon  in 
g(.lf  were  accommodated  at  various  country  clubs,  while  many 
others  visited  the  State  F'air. 

Many  of  the  visitors  remained  in  the  city  for  the  balance 
of  the  week,  all  voting  the  trip  to  Minneaix)lis  a  very  en- 
joyable feature. 

The  following  is  the  report  submitted  by  the  Committee 
on  Resolutions : 

Resolved,  by  the  members  of  the  Lake  Superior  Mining  In- 
stitute in  attendance  at  the  191 5  meeting,  that  we  hereby  ex- 
tend our  thanks  to  the  Gogebic  Range  Mining  Association, 
the  Norrie  and  Newport  bands,  the  owners  of  automol)iles, 
and  all  others  of  the  district  who  contributed  to  the  entertain- 
ment of  the  Institute  members  and  made  the  stay  on  the  Go- 
gebic Range  a  very  pleasant  one,  and 

Also,  to  the  Du  Pont  Powder  Company  and  the  business 
men  of  Ironwood,  for  prizes  which  were  donated  for  the  First- 


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l8  REGISTRY  OF  MEMBERS 

Aid  contest,  and  to  Dr.  A.  E.  Knoefel,  Edwin  Higgins,  and 
the  others  who  officiated  so  ably  at  the  exhibition,  and  to 
those  who  made  it  possible  for  the  teams  to  participate,  and 
Also,  to  the  officials  of  the  Minneapolis,  St.  Paul  &  Saiilt 
Ste.  Marie  Railway  Co.,  who  provided  the  excellent  train  ser- 
^'ice  and  extended  a  numl^er  of  courtesies,  which  were  highly 
appreciated,  and 

Also,  to  J.  C.  Barr,  the  Pittsburgh  Steel  Ore  Company, 
George  H.  Crosby,  and  the  Commercial  Club  of  Crosby,  who 
aflforded  such  splendid  entertainment  on  the  Cuyuna  Range, 
and 

Also,  to  the  Minneaix)lis  Civic  and  Commercial  Club,  which 
acted  as  host  in  Minneapolis,  and  to  President  Vincent,  Dean 
Appleby,  and  other  officials  of  the  University  of  Minnesota, 
who  cordially  showed  us  the  Mining  Department  of  that 
great  institution,  and 

Also,  to  the  authors  who  kindly  resix>nded  with  papers  for 
this  meeting. 

William  Kelly^ 
L.  C.  Brewer, 
J.  H.  Hearding, 
J.  Carroll  Barr, 
Chas.  L.  Lawton, 

Committee. 

The  following  is  a  partial  list  of  those  in  attendance: 

Abeel,  G.  H Ironwood,  Mich.  Champion,  Chas ..  Beacon,  Mich. 

Andrews,  C.  B.-Escanaba,  Mich.  Chinn,  W.  P Gilbert,  Minn. 

Chisholm,  A.  D.  .Bessemer,  Mich. 

Barber,  G.  S ...  Bessemer.  Mich.  Clifford,  J.  M..  Green  Bay,  W^is. 

Barrows,W.A.Jr.  .Brainerd,  Minn  Cole,   C.   D Ishpeming,   Mich. 

Baxter,  C.  H Loretto,  Mich.  Cole,  W.  A Ironwood.  Mich. 

Bengry,   W.   H...Palatka,   Mich.  Collins,  C.  D. .  .Ironwood,  Mich. 

Berteling.J.  F. .  Ishpeming,    Mich.  Comstock,  E.  H 

Blackwell,  F Ironwood,  Mich.  Minneapolis.  Minn. 

Bolles,  F.  R Houghton,  Mich.  Conibear,  W. .  .Ishpeming.  Mich. 

Bond,    Wm^ Ironwood,   Mich.  Connors,  Thos.  .Negaunee,  Mich. 

Brewer.  L.  C ...  Ironwood,  Mich.  Cory,  Edwin ...  Negaunee,   Mich. 

Broan,  J.  M Ironwood,  Mich.  Crosby,  G.  H Duluth,  Minn. 

Broan,   John    .....Chicago,   Ills. 

Burdorf,H.A.. Minneapolis,  Minn.  Davis,  W.  J Wakefield,  Mich. 

Burnham,  L.  W . .  St.  Paul,  Minn.  Dean,  Dudley  S . .  Boston,  Mass. 

BujBhi  Jr  M Republic,  Mich.  Denton,  F.W..Paine8dale,  Mich. 


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LAKE    SUPERIOR    MINING    INSTITUTE 


19 


Dickerson,  L.  R... Chicago,  Ills. 
Douglas,  R.  A ..  Iron  wood,  Mich. 

Edwards,  A.  D. .  .Atlantic,  Mich. 
Eldredge.P.  C.  .Milwaukee.  Wis. 

Erlcson,  G Ironwood,  Mich. 

Ericson,  Gustaf.  Iron  wood,  Mich. 

Fairbaim,C.T.  .Birmingham,  Ala. 
Fay,  Joseph . . .  Marquette,  Mich. 
Fisher,  James.  .Houghton,  Mich. 
Flodin,  N.  P. .  .Marquette,  Mich. 

Gardner,  O.  D..  Hough  ton,  Mich. 

Goodman,  F.  B Hurley,  Wis. 

Goodney,S.J..  .Stambaugh,  Mich. 
Gowling.T.A. .  .Marquette,  Mich. 
Gribble,  S.  J Ironwood,  Mich. 

Hallingby,  Die,.  .Calumet,  Mich. 

Hanson,  W.  G Palatka,  Mich. 

Hanson,  C Negaunee,  Mich. 

Hardbenburgh,L.M.  .Hurley,  Wis 
Hathaway,  G.  ..Ishpeming,  Mich. 
Hayden,  J.  E.  .Ishpeming,  Mich. 
Hoarding,  J.  H...Duluth,  Minn. 
Helmer,   C.   E..Escanaba.   Mich. 

Hickok,   D.   R Antigo,   Wis. 

Higgins,  Edwin.. Pittsburgh,  Pa. 
Hildreth,  T.  F.  ...Buffalo,  N.  Y. 
Hill,  Edmund  ..Ironwood,  Mich. 
Hoatson,  Thos..  .Laurium,  Mich. 

Holman,  J.  W Chicago,  Ills. 

Hopkins,  E.  W 

Commonwealth,  Wis. 

Hoskins,  Samuel. .  .Hurley,  Wis. 
Hunner,  E.  E Duluth,  Minn. 

Ireland,  J.  D Duluth,  Minn. 

Ives,  L.  E New  York.  N.  Y. 

Jackson,  G.  R.  .Princeton,  Mich. 
Johnson,  H.  O. .  .Virginia,  Minn. 
Johnson,  J.  A.. Wakefield,  Mich. 
Johnstone.  O.  W. .  .Duluth,  Minn. 

Jolly,  John Painesdale,  Mich. 

Jopling,  J.  E..l8hpeming»  Mich. 


Kates,  C.  W Wells,  Mich. 

Keast,  George Norway,  Mich. 

Kelly,  William.... Vulcan,  Mich. 
King,  Robert. .  .Ironwood,   Mich. 

Kirkpatrlck.  J.  C.  Jr 

Park  Falls.  Wis. 

Knight,  J.  B Norway.  Mich. 

Kruka,  E.  W.  .Palnesdale.  Mich. 

LaRochelle,  L*.  .Houghton,  Mich. 

LaRue,  W.  G Duluth,  Minn. 

Lawry,  H.  M . . . . .  Palatka,  Mich. 
Lawton,  C.  L... Hancock,  Mich. 
Lesselyong,F,H.  .Ironwood,  Mich 
Letz.  John  F. .  .Milwaukee,  Wis. 

Lukey,   Frank Hurley,  Wis. 

Lukey,  F.  G Houghton,  Mich. 

Lutes,  J.  S Biwabik,  Minn. 

Lytle,  C.  E Marquette,  Mich. 

Mad8on,J.C.  .Carson  Lake,  Minil. 
Martin,  Al... Crystal  Falls,  Mich. 
Matthews.  C.  H ...  Duluth,  Minn. 
Mitchell,  H.  E...Eveleth,  Minn. 
Moore,  W.  H ...  Ironwood.  Mich. 

Morgan,  D.  T Detroit,  Mich. 

McDonald,  D.  B.. Duluth,  Minn. 
McNair,  F.  W..  Hough  ton,  Mich. 
McNamara.T.B..  Iron  wood,  Mich. 
McRandle,W.E.  .Bessemer,  Mich. 

Nelson,  J.  E. .  .Negaunee,  Mich. 
Newett,W.H... Ishpeming,  Mich. 
Noetzel,  B.D.  .Trimountain,  Mich 

Olsen,   O.   E Ironwood,   Mich. 

Pascoe,  P.  W... Republic,  Mich. 
Pearce,   E.   L.  .Marquette,   Mich. 

Pearl,  H.  I Wakefield,  Mich. 

Prescott.F.M.  .Menominee,  Mich. 

Quigley,  G.  J Antigo.  Wis. 

Quine,  J.  T Ishpeming,  Mich. 

Quinn,  J.  H ...  Ishpeming,  Mich. 


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20 


REGISTRY  OF   MEMBERS 


Raisky,  F.  H Duluth,  Minn. 

Reigart,  J.  R ...  Princeton,  Mich. 
Richards,W.J.  .Painesdale,  Mich. 
Richards,   M.   E 

Crystal  Falls,  Mich. 

Richards,  W.  J 

Crystal  Falls,  Mich. 

Roberts,H.M.  .Minneapolis,  Minn 
Roberts,  A.  T. .  .Marquette,  Mich. 
Rossman,  L.  A 

Grand  Rapids,  Minn. 

Rough,  J.  H Negaunee,  Mich. 

Rough,  J.  H.  Jr.  .Negaunee,  Mich. 

Sampson,  J  as. .  .Iron  wood,  Mich. 
Sampson,  John. .  .Ashland,  Wis. 
Sawhill,  R.  V. .  .Cleveland,  Ohio 
Scadden,  F.  .Crystal  Falls,  Mich. 
Schenck,  C.  H.. Saginaw,  Mich. 
Sheldon,  A.  F. .  .Marquette,  Mich. 
Shove,  B.  W. .  .Iron wood,  Mich. 
Shove,  Byron..  Iron  wood,  Mich. 
Siebenthal,  W.  A.Vulcan,  Mich. 

Silver,. C.  R Chicago,  Ills. 

Small,  H.  H Chicago,  Ills. 

Speare,  J.  H Ironwood,  Mich. 

Sperr,  F.  \V Houghton,  Mich. 

Sperr,  R Houghton,  Mich. 

Soady,  Harry   Duluth,  Minn. 

Stephens,  Jas . .  Ishpeming,  Mich. 
Stevenson,C.S.  .Ishpeming,  Mich. 
Stewart,  H.  E.. Houghton,  Mich. 
Stoik,   G.   M Ironwood,   Mich. 


Strachan,  W.  H.. Duluth,  Minn. 
Sullivan,  J.  A. . .  Ironwood,  Mich. 

Talboys,  H.  H Duluth,  Minn. 

Trebilcock,  William   

N.  Freedom,  Wis. 

Truettner,W.F.  .Bessemer,  Mich. 
Trevarthen,  W.  J 

Bessemer.  Mich. 

Trudgeon,  J Wakefield,  Mich. 

Tubby,  C.  W St.  Paul.  Minn. 

VanEvera,  W Virginia.  Minn. 

Vivian,  G.  J Duluth.  Minn. 

Vogel,  F.  A... New  York.  N.  Y. 

Walker.  E.  W Mass.  Mich. 

Wallene.F.O . .  Minneapolis,  Minn 

Ware,  W.  F Negaunee.  Mich. 

Watson.C.H.  .Crystal  Falls,  Mich 
Wearne,   Wm . . . .  HibbIng,  Mich. 

Webb,  W.   M Gilbert,  Minn. 

Webb,  F.  J Duluth.  Minn. 

Webb,  C.  E Houghton,  Mich. 

Wheeler,  H.  A.  .St.  Louis.  Mo. 
Wildes,  F.  A. ..  .HibbIng.  Minn. 
Williams,  P.  S... Ramsay,  Mich. 
Woodworth,G.L.  .Iron  River,Mich 

Yates,  W.  H.. Negaunee,  Mich. 
Yungbluth,A.J . .  Ishpeming.  Mich. 

Zapffe,    Carl Brainerd,   Minn. 


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LAKE  .SUPERIOR    MINING    INSTITUTE 


21 


LOCAL  COMMITTEES  FOR  1915  MEETLNG. 


G.    S.   Barber 
W.  E.  McRandle 


E.  L.  Cullen 
P.  S.  Williams 


Arrangements. 
L.  C.  Brewer,  Chairman. 
R.  P.  Zinn  F. 

G.  J.  Quigley  O. 

B.  W.  Shove 


B.  Goodman 
W.  Johnstone 


Finance. 
D.  E.  Sutherland,  Chairman. 

F.  B.  Goodman  Robert  King 

William  Hart  G.  S.  Barber 

W.  E.  McRandle 


Geo.  tt.  Abeel 
William  Bond 
Dr.  W.  C.  Conley 
George  Curry- 
Con  Geary 
F.  H.  Lesselyong 
Oscar  Nordling 
Jerry  Shea 
J.  A.  Sullivan 
Dr.  J.  H.  Urquhart 
Henry  Meade 
J.  F.  Sullivan 
Dr.  F.  G.  VanStratum 
C.  E.  Holley 
Dr.  W.  Pinkerton 
W.  F.  Truettner 
Dr.  E.  H.  Eddy 


Reception. 
Henry  Rowe,  Chairman. 
C.  M.  Anderson 
John  Clemens 
S.  S.  Cooper 
James  Devoy 
F.  J.  Hager 
R.  McDonald 
J.  W.  Oxnam 
T.  J.  Stevens 
F.  F.  Thalner 
W.  J.  Zinn 
Dan  Reid 
Dr.  A.  Uren 
W.  S.  Bavrd 
Dr.  L.  O.  Houghton 
W.  C.  Rowe 
W.  J.  Davies 
Ed.  Neidhold 
Dr.  Collins 


C.  E.  Bennett 
W.  A.  Cole 
S.  S.  Curry 
Geo.  O.  Driscoll 
Dr.  Hayes  Kelly 
Dr.  Geo.  Moore 
R.  W.  Shand 
F.  J.  Sullivan 
Dr.  E.  H.  Madajesky 
Geo.  Lambrix 
A.  L.  Ruggles 
Dr.  C.   C.   Urquhart 
E.  R.  Bayliss 
George  McKinney 
W.  J.  Trevarthen 
I.  W.  Truettner 
Dr.  D.  C.  Pierpoiit 


Cuyuna  Range  Committee. 
George  H.  Crosby,  Chairman. 
J  Carroll  Barr  J.  S.  Lutes  Frank  Hutchinson 

G.  A.  Anderson  E.  J.  Donahue  John  A.  Savage 

>»illiam  Wearn  Wilbur  VanEvera  Capt.  McGuIre 

Carl  Zapffe 

Minneapolis  Civic  and  Commerce  Association  Committee. 


Chas.  H.  Robinson 
Russell  M.  Bennett 
J.  K  Snyder 
P.  G.  Jewett 
Geo.  H.  Warren 


Fred  B.  Snyder 
John  Pillsbury 
Frank  Bovey 
Frank  W.  Plant 
J.  R.  Vanderlip 
W.  L.  Martin 


C.  S.  Langdon 
J.  C.  Van  Doom 
H.  V.  Winchell 
Jos.  Chapman 
Carl  DeLaittre 


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22  DESCRIPTION  OF  THE  GOGEBIC  RANGE 

GENERAL  DESCRIPTION  OF  THE  GOGEBIC  RANGE. 

BY  STEPHEN  ROYCE,   HURLEY,   WIS.* 

The  iron-bearing  formation  of  the  Gogebic  Range,  with 
few  breaks,  extends  from  Lake  Gogebic  in  Michigan  to  Min- 
eral Lake  in  Wisconsin.  The  ix)rtion  of  the  formation 
which  has  been  productive  on  a  commercial  scale  ex- 
tends from  Iron  Belt,  Wisconsin,  to  the  Castile  mine  at 
Wakefield.  The  main  footwall  dips  almost  uniformly  to  the 
north  at  an  angle  of  from  fifty  to  seventy  degrees.  The  basal 
rock  is  an  Archean  granite  and  schist;  overlying  this,  al)ove 
a  thin  conglomerate  series,  is  the  quartzite  foot  of  the  iron 
formatii/n;  above  this  the  lower  jasi:)ers,  which  form  the- low- 
er ore-l)earing  ix)rtion  of  the  formation.  Above  the  lower 
jaspers  is  a  slate  formation  which  is  again  overlain  by  a  lieavy 
jasi)er  formation.  Above  the  ui>i>er  jaspers  is  a  slate  series 
called  the  "Tyler"  slate,  which  is  most  widely  develojjed  from 
Iron  wood  to  the  western  end  of  the  range.  On  the  eastern 
end  of  the  range,  the  overlying  slate  is  missing,  having  been 
removed  by  erosion  before  the  eruption  of  the  Keweenawan. 
or  **Cop[>er  Country,"  trap  flows,  which  overlie  the  range  on 
the  north.  The  main  concentration  of  ore])odies  is  divided  in- 
to two  classes ;  the  FVimary  and  the  Secondary  concentration. 
Primary  concentration  is  most  commonly  found  close  to  the 
quartzite  or  the  lower  slate,  and  forms  a  hard  blue  ore,  which 
is  usually  quite  narrow. 

Secondary  concentration,  which  has  formed  the  largest  ore- 
bodies  on  the  range,  has  occurred  along  the  troughs  formed 
l)y  the  intersection  of  dikes  with  the  footwall  quartzite  or  the 
lower  slate.  These  dikes  are  the  channels  through  which  the 
Copj:>er  Country  rock  flowed  out.  The  dikes  generally  pitch 
to  the  east  and  towards  the  foot. 

To  the  eastward  of  Black  River,  the  formation  is  consid- 
erably broken  up  l)y  folds  and  faults,  which  has  as  yet  not 
Ix^en  thoroughly  worked  out.  In  this  territory  there  is  one 
authentic  case  of  a  considerable  orebody  concentrated  on  a 
fault  trough  formed  by  the  intersection  of  a  fault  with  the 
footwall.  On  the  east  eml  of  the  range  the  lower  jasper  im- 
mediately overlying  tlie  cjuartzite  is  unproductive,  the  ore  form- 
ing on  or  above  the  lower  slate,  which  is  much  thicker  than 

'General  Engrineer,  Pickandi,  Mather  &  Co.,  Gogebic  Rangf 


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LAKE    SUPERIOR    MINING    INSTITUTE  23 

it  is  from  Ironvvood  west.    The  lower  jasper  is  the  main  ore- 
bearing  zone  on  the  western  part  of  the  range. 

Changes  Since  1910. 

The  list  of  operating  properties  on  the  Gogebic  Range  has 
been  reduced  since  the  last  meeting  of  the  Institute  here  in 
1910,  by  the  closing  of  the  Iron  Belt  mine  of  The  Cleveland- 
Clififs  Iron  Co.,  in  the  fall  of  191 1,  and  of  the  Atlantic  mine 
and  the  Plumer  exploration,  of  the  Oliver  Iron  Mining  Co., 
and  the  abandoning  of  the  Pence,  Hennepin  &  Snyder  explora- 
tion, of  the  Jones  &  Laughlin  Co.,  west  of  Montreal.  This 
leaves  the  Montreal  as  the  operating  mine  farthest  west  on  the 
range.  There  have  l>een  several  new  strikes  made  on  the 
range  in  the  same  j^ericxl,  however. 

The  largest  and  most  notable  of  these  is  the  Wakefield 
mine,  which  first  shipped  ore  in  the  summer  of  191 3.  The 
Wakefield  orebody  is  far  south  of  what  was  formerly  re- 
garded as  the  main  ore-horizon  of  that  part  of  the  Gogebic 
Range.  The  Wakefield  orebody  is  one  of  the  largest  single 
deposits  so  far  developed  on  the  range,  and  is  the  only  one 
to  which  oi)en-pit  work  has  been  found  applicable  on  a  large 
scale. 

A  large  orebody  has  been  developed  in  the  Palms  and  An- 
vil mines  of  the  Xewix)rt  Mining  Co.  at  a  depth  of  about 
1500  feet.  The  Puritan  mine  of  the  OHver  Iron  Mining  Co. 
has  l>eoame  a  steady  producer  since  1910,  having  struck  a 
large  orebody.  The  westerly  continuation  of  the  main  New- 
port orelxxly,  mentioned  in  the  program  of  the  1910  meeting 
of  the  Institute,  has  been  developed  since  that  date  by  the 
Pabst  mine.  F2xplorations  near  Gogebic  Lake  and  near  Mar- 
enisco,  on  the  east  end  of  the  range,  and  near  Mellen  on  the 
west,  have  so  far  failed  to  add  any  new  producers. 

Several  new  shafts  have  been  sunk  or  are  in  process  of 
sinking  on  the  range.  Easternmost  of  these  is  the  Meteor 
exploration  shaft  of  Oglebay-Norton  &  Co.,  Wakefield,  Mich- 
igan. This  shaft  is  an  incline  steel  shaft,  sunk  in  the  foot- 
wall  to  explore  the  formation  east  of  and  below  the  Castile 
mine.  A  vertical  steel  shaft  has  teen  sunk  at  the  Palms  mine 
to  develop  the  new  orebody  found  there.  Another  vertical 
f(x>twall  shaft  is  now  being  sunk  at  the  New^port  mine  a  short 
distance  east  of  the  present  main  shaft. 

The  vertical  shafts  have  the  disadvantage  of  increasing 
length  of  crosscuts  with  depth,  which  is  believed  to  be  more 


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24  DESCRIPTION   OF  THE  GOGEBIC  RANGE 

than  counterbalanced  by  the  lessened  cost  of  maintenance  over 
an  incline  shaft  and  by  the  greater  speed  of  hoisting  which 
is  made  ix>ssible. 

Since  1910,  the  new  **C"  shaft  of  the  Norrie  mine  has 
been  put  in  service  by  the  Oliver  Iron  Mining  Co.  Tliis 
is  an  inclined  steel  shaft  in  the  footwall.  It  was  sunk  840 
ft.  full  size,  to  meet  a  cribl^ed  raise  374  ft.  high,  which  was 
then  strippe<l  down.  At  the  Cary  mine,  of  Pickands,  Mather 
&  Co.,  Hurley,  Wis.,  the  ''A*'  shaft  was  put  into  commission 
in  January  of  the  present  year.  This  is  a  five-compartment 
steel  incline  shaft  in  the  footwall.  It  was  put  down  by  rais- 
ing and  stripping  to  the  19th  level  and  sunk  to  the  20th  level, 
which  is  at  a  depth  of  1290  feet.  A  similar  shaft  is  partly 
finished  at  the  Windsor  mine,  also  of  Pickands,  Mather  & 
Co.,  which  is  idle  at  present.  The  Ottawa  mine  of  Oglel)ay- 
Xorton  &  Co.,  at  Gile,  Wisconsin,  is  raising  at  several  points 
in  the  footwall  for  a  new  incline  shaft. 

An  interesting  development  since  1910  is  the  increasing 
use  of  electric  iK)wer,  not  only  for  haulage  and  lighting  but 
for  other  pur|K)ses  about  the  mines.  Some  of  the  mines,  like 
the  Wakefiekl  Iron  Co.,  the  Newport  Mining  Co.,  and  the 
Oliver  Iron  Mining  Co.,  prefer  to  manufacture  their  own 
ix)wer.  Several  of  the  other  properties  buy  their  power  from 
the  Ciogebic  &  Iron  Counties  Railway  &  Light  Co. 

The  Castile  mine,  of  Oglebay,  Norton  &  Co.,  has,  l>es:des 
haulage  and  lighting  ec|uipment  underground,  an  electric  pump 
on  the  lK)ttom  level  throwing  to  a  steam  pump  al30ut  seven 
hundred  feet  above  the  bottom.  The  electric  pump  is  a  Pres- 
cott  plunger  pump,  rated  at  800  gallons  capacity  per  minute 
for  700  ft.  ahead,  driven  by  a  2200-volt  alternating-current 
Allis-Chalmers  motor.  The  Cary  mine  is  about  to  install  an 
electric  pumping  plant  in  its  '*A"  shaft.  The  Ottawa  mine  is 
using  an  electric  compressor.  The  Wakefield  Iron  Co.  was 
the  first  company  to  use  electricity  for  hoisting  ore  on  the 
Ciogel)ic-  Range. 

Having  given  a  summary  of  the  conditions  on  the  Go- 
gebic Range  in  general,  we  will  now  take  up  a  description 
of  the  particular  properties  which  it  is  proposed  to  visit  at 
this  time. 

**G''  Shaft,  of  the  Pabst  Mine,  Oliver  Iron  Mining  Co. 

The  first  of  these  is  the  **G''  shaft  of  the  Pabst  mine,  of>- 
erated  by  the  Oliver  Iron  Mining  Co.  at  Ironwood.     This 


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-D 


shaft  is  1770  ft.  deep,  on  a  64  degree  incline.  Hoisting  is 
<lone  in  two  7-ton  skips  in  balance  and  one  cage.  The  skii> 
hoist  is  an  Allis-Chalmers,  Corliss  duplex  first-motion,  28-  by 
60-in.,  hoist  with  drum  12  ft.  in  diameter  and  6  ft.  of  face. 
The  cage-hoist  is  a  Wellman-Seaver-Morgan,  Corliss  single- 
cylinder,  24-  by  28-in.,  second-motion  hoist.  Air  is  compressed 
l)y  a  Xordberg  Corliss  cross-compound  condensing  compres- 
sor. Compression  takes  place  in  two  stages.  The  steam  cylin- 
ders are  26  and  52  in.  in  diameter;  the  air  cyhnders  are  28 
and  45  inches.  The  stroke  is  48  in.,  and  the  capacity  5280 
cu.  ft.  per  minute.  The  lx>iler  plant  consists  of  8  horizontal 
tubular  boilers,  ^2  in.  in  diameter  by  18  ft.  in  length. 

The  shaft  house  is  a  thoroughly  modern  steel  structure,  a 
not'ceable  feature  of  which  is  the  use  of  lattice  columns  and 
i^irders  instead  of  built-up  channels  and  I-beams. 

Newport  Mine,  Newport  Mining  Co. 

Hoisting  at  the  Newport  mine  is  done  through  two  shafts, 
"D"  and  "K.''  **D"  is  the  principal  shaft,  where  the  main 
plant  is  kxated.  A  new  vertical  shaft,  called  the  Woodlniry, 
IS  l)eing  sunk  a  short  distance  east  of  the  **D''  shaft. 

The  boiler  plant  at  the  *'D*'  shaft  consists  of  five  2SO-h.p. 
and  one  400-h.p.  Wickes  vertical  boilers,  fire<l  by  Roney  stokers 
fed  from  overhead  bunkers.  At  the  **K'*  shaft  there  are  two 
250-h.p.  and  two  loo-h.p.  Wickes  vertical  boilers,  hand  fired. 
At  the  **D"  shaft  ix>wer-house  the  coal  is  handled  by  an  ele- 
vating and  conveying  system,  and  the  ashes  are  removed  in  a 
car  (>j>erated  by  an  endless-ro[)e  haulage. 

The  hoisting  plant  at  the  **D''  shaft  consists  of  a  Nord- 
herg  s'mple  twin  34  in.  and  34-  by  72-in.  and  a  Thompson- 
(ireer  simple  twin  24  in.  and  24-  by  48-in.  The  Xordberg 
hoist  has  two  drums  12  ft.  in  diameter  by  66  in.  of  face, 
placed  side  by  side.  One  drum  is  keyed  to  the  shaft,  the 
other  ()|>erated  by  a  clutch.  The  brake,  throttle,  reverse,  and 
clutch  are  all  steam  operated,  and  an  automatic  overwinding 
device  is  provided.  The  normal  capacity  of  this  lioist  is  350 
tons  per  iiour  from  a  depth  of  2000  feet. 

The  Thompson-Greer  hoist  has  two  drums  in  tandem,  8 
ft.  diameter  by  12  ft.  face.  Both  drums  are  o|)erated  by 
clutches.  This  hoist  is  also  provided  with  an  automatic  over- 
w  inding  device. 

The  22-  by  22-  by  48-iii.  Allis-Chalmers  hoist,  which  is 
to  be  used  as  the  cage  hoist  in  the  Woodbury  shaft,  is  now 


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26  DESCRIPTION  OF  THE  GOGEBIC  RANGE 

used  in  the  sinking.  This  hoist  has  two  drums  6  ft.  in  diam- 
eter by  5  ft.  face,  one  keyed  to  the  shaft,  the  other  oj^erated 
l>y  a  clutch,  and  is  equipped  with  an  automatic  overwinding 
device.  Hoisting  at  the  **K''  shaft  is  done  by  a  Thompson- 
Greer  hoist  which  is  a  dupHcate  of  the  one  at  the  "D"  shaft. 

Air  is  compressed  by  a  two-stage  cross-compound  Nord- 
berg  compressor  i8-  and  32-  by  42-in.  stroke  steam  and  17 Yi- 
and  29-  by  42-in.  stroke  air,  75  revolutions  per  minute,  with 
a  capacity  of  2500  cu.  ft.  of  free  air  i>er  minute  to  90  pounds 
pressure. 

Power  for  tramming  and  pumping  underground  and  for 
hghting,  shop  and  miscellaneous  uses  on  surface,  is  generated 
by  two  reciprocating  engine  units  of  250-kw.  and  150-kw. 
capacity  and  one  mixed-pressure  turbine  unit  of  500  kw.  ca- 
l)acity. 

The  500  kw.  unit  is  a  General  Electric,  Curtiss  turbine,  of 
the  mixed-pressure  type,  direct  connected  to  a  General  Electric 
compound  interpole  generator.  This  is  o|>erated  normally  at 
1500  r.p.m.  by  exhaust  steam  from  the  hoists  and  the  air 
compressor,  through  a  steam  regenerator  which  stores  energy 
to  allow  for  the  intemiittent  operation  of  the  hoists.  This 
regenerator  will  furnish  low-pressure  steam  for  operation  of 
the  generator  at  full  load  for  three  minutes  after  the  hoists 
are  shut  down.  Any  shortage  in  the  supply  of  low  pressure 
is  automatically  compensated  for  by  the  admission  of  high- 
pressure  steam  through  the  high-pressure  valves.  A  Wheeler 
admiralty-type  surface  condenser  with  a  capacity  of  20,000 
l)ounds  of  steam  per  hour  and  a  vacuum  of  27  inches  con- 
denses all  steam  from  the  jx>wer  units.  Circulating  water  is 
cooled  in  a  Wheeler  Banard  forced  draft  cooling  tower. 

Lubrication  is  done  by  a  gravity  oil  system  pii>ed  to  a 
Turner  oil  filter,  the  product  of  which  is  used  over  again. 
The  entire  boiler  and  power  plant  is  equipped  with  a  modem 
system  of  indicating  and  recording  meters. 

Anvil-Palms  Mines.  Newport  Mining  Co. 

The  Anvil-Palms  plant  was  the  first  plant  on  the  range  to 
compensate  for  heat  losses  in  long  steam  lines  by  superheat- 
ing, and  the  first  on  the  range  to  operate  comix)und  conden- 
sing hoists. 

The  I>')iler  plant  consists  of  3  Edgemoor  450-h.p.  three- 
pass  l)oilers,  e(|uipi>ed  with  F'oster  su|)erheaters  which  sui)er- 
heat  the  steam   100  degrees  Fahrenheit.     Firing  is  done  by 


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LAKE    SUPERIOR    MINING    INSTITUTE  27 

Roney  stokers  fed  from  overhead  bins.  Steam  is  generated  at 
150-lb.  pressure.  Coal  is  stocked  in  a  coal  dock  and  drawn 
through  a  tunnel  running  the  whole  length  of  the  dock.  By 
slides  in  the  roof  of  the  tunnel  the  coal  is  fed  to  a  conveyor 
which  carries  it  to  a  single-roll  crusher,  from  which  a  belt 
conveyor  carries  it  to  the  coal  bunkers.  In  the  belt  conveyor 
is  installed  a  Merrick  weightometer  which  records  the  total 
weight  of  coal  hoisted  to  the  bunkers. 

The  Anvil  powerhouse  contains  a  Laidlaw-Dunn-Gordon 
cross-compound  two-stage  compressor  of  17-in.  and  36-in.  I>y 
42-in.  stroke  steam,  and  19-in.  and  36-in.  by  42-in.  stroke 
air,  with  a  capacity  of  3000  cu.  ft.  i>er  minute  to  90  jx^unds 
per  square  inch,  with  a  Westinghouse  Leblanc  jet  condenser, 
working  at  2^  in.  vacuum.  The  generator  is  a  cross-com- 
pound Allis-Chalmers  engine,  14  in.  arid  28  in.  by  36-in., 
direct  connected  to  a  300  kw.  250-volt  direct-current  Allis- 
Chalmers  generator  with  a  turbine-driven  Westinghouse  Le- 
blanc jet  Cv)ndenser. 

The  hoist  at  the  x\nvil  power  house  is  a  twin  tandem- 
compound  reversing  Xor(l])crg,  20  in.  and  37-in.  by  66-in, 
with  two  10- ft.  drums  with  66-in.  face.  The  clutch,  reverse, 
tlirottle  and  brake  are  all  o[>erate(l  by  oil,  pressure  l>eing  sup- 
plied by  a  small  triplex  pump  and  accumulator.  The  hoist  is 
provided  with  a  safety  overwinding  device.  Condensing  is 
d.Hie  by  a  counter-current  jet  condenser  and  air  pump,  water 
being  cooled  in  a  natural-draft  cooling  tower. 

A  gravity  oil  system  with  filter  lubricates  all  the  units  in 
the  ]K)wer  house. 

The  Palms  power  house  is  oi)erated  by  steam  pii)ed  from 
the  Anvil  boiler  plant  through  an  8-in.  pi{)e  a  distance  of 
1500  feet.  The  steam  line  is  supjx^rted  on  steel  l^ents.  and 
insulated  by  a  3-in.  covering  of  felt  and  magnesia  protected 
from  the  weather  by  a  gal vani zed-iron  covering. 

The  ore-hoist  at  tlie  Palms  is  a  duplicate  of  the  Anvil 
hoist  descril^ed  alx)ve. 

The  cage-hoist  is  a  simple  duplex  2ox20x48-in.  Nordberg 
first-motion  hoist,  with  two  6-ft.  drums  with  56-in.  faces, 
grooved  for  2700  feet  of  i^-in.  rope  in  three  and  one-half 
layers,  both  drums  l)eing  keyed  to  the  shaft.  The  governor 
is  two-si>eed,  one  sj)eed  of  800  ft.  per  minute  l)eing  used  for 
handling  men,  and  the  other  speed  of  1500  ft.  per  minute  l>e- 
ing  used  for  handling  material.  The  change  of  si)eed  is  ef- 
fected by  change  gears,  thus  making  it  possible  to  take  ad- 


Digitized  byVjOOQlC 


28  DESCRIPTION   OF  THE  GOGEBIC  RANGE 

vantage  of  the  cut-off  at  both  speeds.  The  hoist  will  handle 
a  live  load  of  7000  pounds. when  operating  in  balance. 

The  mine  water  which  is  used  for  boiler  feed  is  treated  in 
a  Bartlett-Graver  water  purifier  and  filter  with  a  capacity  of 
7500  gallons  i^er  hour. 

Like  the  Newix)rt  plant,  the  Palms-Anvil  boiler  house  and 
ix)wer  houses  are  equipped  with  a  modern  system  of  indicat- 
ing and  recording  meters. 

Each  bailer  is  equipped  with  a  recording  thermograph  for 
reading  flue  gas  temi)eratures,  and  also  with  a  differential 
draft  gauge.  The  air  compressor,  generator  and  hoisting  en- 
gines are  provided  with  recording  and  indicating  vacuum 
and  steam  gauges.  A  graphic  record  is  kept  of  feed-water 
temi>erature  and  also  of  the  amount  of  water  fed  to  the  toil- 
ers. A  thermograph  in  the  steam  line  at  the  Anvil  |X)wer 
house  and  another  in  the  steam,  line  at  the  Palms  i>ower  house 
record  the  steam  temperature  at  both  ix)ints.  By  comparison 
the  steam-line  loss  may  be  figured. 

A  ixnver  house  log  sheet  is  kept  in  which  hourly  readings 
of  steam  pressure,  vacuum,  temi>eratures  of  inlet  and  (Hs- 
cliarge  water  from  the  various  condensers,  revolutions  of  the 
air  compressor,  load  on  the  power  unit,  etc.,  are  taken.  Tliis 
together  with  the  recording  meters  gives  a  detailed  and  com- 
plete record  of  the  daily  operation  of  the  ix)wer  house.  A 
boiler  liouse  log  slieet  on  the  same  principle  gives  a  record  of 
boiler,  stoker,  (Ira ft  and  feed-pump  i)erformance. 

Wakefield  Iron  Co. 

The  Wakefield  orebody  is  located  on  the  main  cpiartzite 
foot,  south  and  cast  of  the  Mikado  and  Asteroid  mines,  and 
south  of  the  Village  of  Wakefield.  The  concentration  is  on 
a  heavy  dike  about  peq>endicular  to  the  footwall  and  pitching 
east,  and  differs  from  a  typical  (iogebic  Range  deposit  only 
in  its  considerable  width  and  in  l^eing  very  close  to  the  sur- 
face. 

The  west  part  of  the  orelDody  is  develoi^ed  by  an  o|)en 
l>it  alK)ut  one-half  mile  long,  150  ft.  extreme  width  at  lK>ttoni, 
300  ft.  extreme  width  at  the  lx)ttoni  of  stripping,  600  ft.  ex- 
treme width  at  the  top,  and  100  ft.  deep  at  its  deei>est  part- 
I^ast  of  the  oi>en  pit  the  ore  is  developed  by  two  shafts,  "A" 
and  *M>."  The  "A"  shaft  is  250  ft.  deep  and  the  **B"  shaft  is 
400  ft.  deep.  These  shafts  are  mainly  exploratory  at  present, 
most  of  the  ore  being  produced  from  the  pit.     The  *'A''  shaft 


Digitized  byVjOOQlC 


LAKE    SUPERIOR    MINING   INSTITUTE  ^9 

has  the  additional  purpose  of  draining  the  open  pit,  which  is 
(lone  by  chum  drill  holes.  These  shafts  are  now  operated  by 
temporary  steam  plants,  which  will  be  replaced  by  electrical 
plants  in  the  coming  fall. 

The  hoists  are  second  motion,  of  the  usual  type  for  shal- 
low hoisting.  The  pumping  plant  in  the  '*A"  shaft,  which 
will  l^e  replaced  by  electrical  pumps,  has  a  capacity  of  1200 
gallcms.  The  **B"  shaft  is  pumped  by  2  No.  9  Cameron 
})umps. 

A  new  electrical  equipment  is  I>eing  installed  to  replace 
the  steam  altogether.  The  power  house  contains  two  250- 
h.p.  Wickes  water-tube  boilers,  working  at  175-pound  pres- 
sure, provided  with  Roney  stokers.  Steam  is  superheated 
by  Foster  superheaters;  a  Hopj^es  primary  heater  heats  the 
feedwater  by  using  the  exhaust  steam  from  the  generator.  The 
final  heating  of  the  feedwater  is  done  by  a  Green  economizer. 
The  plant  burns  screenings. 

Power  is  generated  by  a  750-kva.  Curtiss  turbo-gener- 
ator, a  special  machine  arranged  to  carry  the  i)eak  load  of 
the  hoists,  running  up  to  11 25  kva.  for  ten  seconds.  There 
is  also  a  small  loo-kva.  two-stage  Curtiss  generator,  and 
room  is  provided  for  another  special  750-kva.  generator  to  be 
ins:alled  later.  These  generate  alternating  current  at  2300 
volts,  which  is  transmitted  to  the  substations  at  the  "A"  and 
'VB"  shaft  hoist-houses. 

The  ore  hoist  at  each  shaft  is  a  double-dnmi  Nordl^erg, 
run  by  a  250-h.p.  induction  motor.  The  cage  hoist  is  a  sin- 
gle-drum 150-h.p.  Nordberg  hoist.  The  compressor  is  lo- 
cated at  the  **B"  shaft  hoist-house.  It  is  rope  driven  l>y  a  325- 
kva.  synchronous  motor,  and  has  a  ca[xicity  of  1800  cu.  ft. 
per  minute.  Electric  pumps  will  be  installed  also  at  the  two 
shafts.     The  electric  plant  is  not  in  operation  yet. 

The  Cuyuna  Iron  Ore  District,  Minnesota. 

The  Cuyuna  Iron  Ore  District,  Minnesota,  is  the  infant 
district  of  the  Lake  Sui^erior  region.  While  its  existence  was 
predicted  as  far  back  as  1885,  by  that  eminent  Wisconsin 
State  Geologist,  R.  D.  Irving,  and  the  map  published  by  him 
in  the  United  States  Geological  Survey  Monograph  No.  19, 
page  534,  it  was  not  until  the  year  1903,  eighteen  years  aft- 
erward, that  the  first  drilling  was  done  and  iron-bearing 
formation  actually  encountere<l. 

The  reason   for  this  speculation  was   the  trough-like  or 


Digitized  byVjQOQlC 


30  DESCRIPTION   OF  THE  GOGEBIC  RANGE 

synclinal  structure  of  the  Lake  Superior  basin»  ascertained  by 
the  study  of  all  the  other  iron  ore  districts,  and  the  reason 
for  the  delay  of  discovery  was  the  absence  of  rock  outcrops 
in  the  Cuyuna  district.  The  nearest  rock  exfXDSures  seem- 
ingly only  complicated  matters,  although  now  their  relation- 
ship is  fairly  well  understood. 

Drilling,  however,  was  not  the  first  operation  that  estal)- 
lished  the  district.  The  tracing  of  the  iron-bearing  forma- 
tion was  first  accomplished  magnetically  and  then  drilling  fol- 
lowed, and  the  magnetic  l^elts  today  still  largely  outline  the 
district.  One  is,  therefore,  enabled  to  say  that  the  Cuyuna 
district  occupies  parts  of  Aitkin,  Crow  Wing  and  Morrison 
counties  and  probably  Todd  and  Cass  counties  should  Ije 
included,  but  the  productive  part  is  entirely  in  Crow  Wing 
county,  the  geographical  center  of  the  State  of  Minnesota. 
This  gives  a  length  over  al|  exceeding  60  miles,  measured  in 
NE-SW  direction,  and.  twice  that  .distance  when  duplications 
by  folding  are  also  cou.itcw. 

The  areas  for  exploration  are  numerous  but  always  long 
and  narrow,  and  the  iron-bearing  formation  is  always  locat- 
ed under  the  magnetic  belts  or  on  extensions  ak)ng  the  strikes 
of  the  belts.     The  orebodies  can  be  located  only  by  drilling. 

The  first  shipments  were  made  in  igi  i,  amounting  to  147,- 
431  tons.  In  1912  the  shipments  increased  to  305,000  t<ms, 
in  1913  to  733,000  tons,  in  1914  to  872,000  tons  and  for 
191 5  there  is  every  reason  to  ]:)elieve  that  alx)ut  1.250,000 
tons  will  l)e  shipped,  without  having  all  the  mines  in  fullest 
oj^eration. 

(A  full  description  of  the  range  is  given  in  i>aper  by  Carl 
Zapffe). 


Digitized  byVjOOQlC 


LAKE   SUPERIOR    MINING    INSTITUTE  3 1 

IRON  ORE  SHIPMENTS  PRO AL. .GOGEBIC  RANGE. 
(From  Iron  Trade  Review). 

Mine.  x914.  All  Years. 

Anvil   831,3G1 

Ashland    133,250  G,117.G80 

Asteroid     135,119  268,340 

Atlantic    1,888,820 

Brotherton   ''. 47,002  2,186,869 

Gary 08,464  3,459,943 

Castile 36,509  309,909 

Colby    291,947  3,529,617 

Eureka ' 23,430  706,002 

Geneva    31,303 

Harmony   470,200 

Iron  Belt   1,254,937 

Ironton    51,138  1,412,605 

Keweenaw   5,771  5,771 

Mikado 2,094  1,085,005 

Montreal    :....-....  229,559  3,841,732 

Newport   .'. . .  707,485  10,415,729 

Norrie  Group    984,242  30,258,257 

Ottawa    106,260  877,568 

Palms 174,177  1,580,900 

Pence 91,314 

Pike   : 102,050 

Plumer  98,031 

Puritan    58,410  373,147 

Royal   11,080  22,345 

Sunday  Lake   54,327  1,821,844 

Tilden   114,767  5,607,450 

Wakefield    313,050  328,311 

Winona   10,500 

Yale   19,075  821,099 

Shipped  prior  to  1914  (idle  mines) 939,401 


Totals    3,568,482  80,845,441 

IRON  ORE  SHIPMENTS  FROM  CUYUNA  RANGE. 
(From  Iron  Trade  Review). 

Mine.  1914.  All  Years. 

Armour  No.  1   154,020 

Armour  No..  2   283,505  508,261 

Barrows    47,350  56,439 

Cuyuna-Mille  Lacs    51,292  75,726 

Ironton    40,425  43,301 

Kennedy    179,885  790,992 

Pennington    101,130 

Rowe   78,085  78,085 

Thompson    178,202  235,741 


Totals    859,404  2,044,907 


Digitized  byVjOOQlC 


32 


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Digitized  byVjOOQlC 


34  LAKE  SUPERIOR  IRON  ORE  SHIPMENTS 


LAKE  SUPERIOR  IRON  ORE  SHIPMENTS  FROM  THE  DIFFERENT 

RANGES  FOR  YEARS  PRIOR  TO  1914,  1914.  AND  GRAND 

TOTAL  FROM  1855  TO  1914,  INCLUSIVE. 

(Compiled  from  Report  Published  by  Iron  Trade  Review). 


Prior  to  1914. 

1914. 

Grand  Tot. 

Marquette  Range  . 

.  (Tons 

(Per  cent. 

.107,298,812 
17.1 

2,491,857 
7.6 

109.709,609 
16.6 

Menominee  Range 

..(Tons 

(Per  cent. 

.  89,039,011 
14.3 

3,221,258 
9.8 

92,260,269 
14.1 

Vermilion  Range 

.(Tons 

(Per  cent. 

.  34,829,073 
5.6 

1,016.993 
3.1 

35,846,066 
5.5 

Gogebic  Range   . . . 

..(Tons 

(Per  cent. 

.  77,276,959 
12.4 

3,568.482 
10.9 

80,845.441 
12.3 

Mesabi  Range 

.  .(Tons 

(Per  cent. 

.313.105,968 
50.2 

21,465,967 
65.7 

334,571,935 
51. 

Cuyuna  Range    . . . 

..(Tons 

(Per  cent. 

.     1,185,563 
.2 

859,404 
2.6 

2,044.967 
.3 

Miscellaneous    

.  (Tons 

(Per  cent. 

.     1,336,979 
.2 

105,756 
.3 

1.442,744 
.2 

Total  tons   . 

024,072,365 

32,729.726 

656.802,091 

Total   shipments  1913 

49.947.116 

Decrease  in  1914  . 

34.4 

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LAKE    SUPERIOR    MINING    INSTITUTE  35 


PAPERS 


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LAKE    SUPERIOR    MINING    INSTITUTE  37 


SINKING  OF   THE   WOODBURY   SHAFT   AT   THE 
NEWPORT  MINE,  IRONWOOD,  MICHIGAN. 

BY  J.  M.  BROAN,  IRONWOOD,  MICH.* 

The  Woodbury  Shaft,  which  is  now  being  sunk  by  The 
Newport  Mining  Company  at  Ironwood,  Michigan,  is  located 
100  ft.  to  the  foot  of  the  contact  at  surface,  between  the  iron 
l^earing  formation  and  the  underlying  sedimentaries.  The 
shaft  is  vertical,  with  its  length  at  right  angles  to  the  strike 
of  the  formation.  The  overall  dimensions  are  13  ft.  i  in:  by 
21  ft.  I  in.,  having  six  compartments,  which  will  accommo- 
date 2  skips,  2  cages,  i  ladder  road,  and  necessary  piping. 

The  first  100  ft.  of  sinking  was  in  quartzite;  from  100 
ft.  to  715  ft.  were  alternate  strata  of  gray  and  red  slates  and 
quartzite.     Below  this  is  granite. 

Surface  Equipment — The  surface  equipment,  as  much  as 
possible  was  complete  before  sinking  oj^erations  were  started ; 
that  is,  the  headframe,  trestles,  hoists  and  compressors  were 
all  in  readiness.  The  headframe,  which  is  temporary,  is  60 
ft.  high  and  built  of  timber,  with  the  trestle  so  arranged  as 
to  accommo<late  both  north  and  south  ends  of  the  shaft,  there- 
by making  it  possible  to  hoisPt  rock  in  any  of  the  hoisting 
compartments  and  dispose  of  it  by  means  of  a  haulage  motor 
and  car  to  a  common  stockpile.  A  glance  at  Fig.  i  will  read- 
ily explain  the  arrangement  mentioned. 

During  the  sinking  of  the  first  700  ft.,  practically  all  of 
the  hoisting  was  done  in  3  compartments  by  means  of  i 
single  drum  hoist,  operated  by  a  50-h.p.  motor,  and  i  dou- 
ble drum  hoist,  operated  by  a  70-h.p.  motor.  While  sinking 
this  portion  of  the  shaft,  a  duplex  horizontal  steam  hoist  was 
being  installed  by  the  Allis-Chalmers  Company  for  handling 
the  cages  in  the  permanent  lay-out,  and  about  July  ist,  1915, 
was  put  into  commission  to  handle  a  bucket  in  the  fourth 
compartment.    This  hoist  being  built  for  a  greater  load  than 

*  Mlnlnff  EnfflnMr,  Ntwport  Mining  Co. 


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38  SINKING  WOODBURY  SHAFT,  NEWPORT  MINE 


Woodbury  Shaft  Hbaofranb  and  Shaft  Crew. 


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40  SINKING  WOODBURY  SHAFT,  NEWPORT  MINE 

the  temporary  hoist,  was  fitted  with  a  bucket  of  greater  ca- 
pacity. 

Compressed  Air — Three  belt-driven  compressors,  of  the 
Ingersoll-Rand  Imperial  type  No.  lo,  each  driven  by  a  50- 
h.p.  motor,  furnish  air  at  90-  to  loo-lb.  pressure  to  12  jack- 
hammer  machines.  The  air  line,  which  is  a  6-in.  wrought-iron 
pipe,  is  for  permanent  use. 

Drilling  Equipment — The  first  step  in  the  sinking  opera- 
tion is  drilling.  The  equipment  for  this  is,  in  some  respects, 
diflferent  from  that  used  in  ordinary  practice.  First  of  all 
the  "Header,'*  shown  in  Fig.  2,  by  photo  and  by  sketch,  dis- 
tributes air  to  the  machines.  While  the  photo  shows  the  as- 
sembled apparatus,  the  sketch  will  probably  show  nx>re  dis- 
tinctly the  manner  in  which  the  air  reaches  the  machines.  A 
single  machine  is  here  shown  hanging  in  position,  out  of  the 
way  when  not  in  use.  When  ready  to  drill,  all  that  is  neces- 
sary is  to  remove  the  jackhammer  from  the  hook  and  pull 
downward,  the  counter  weight  "F"  keeping  the  slack  hose 
out  of  the  way  while  drilling.  In  Fig.  2-B  "A"  is  a  casting  9 
in.  in  diameter,  bored  out  in  the  center;  and  having  a  bolt  cir- 
cle of  a  standard  4-in.  flange. 

Eight  holes  evenly  sjxiced  are  drilled  in  the  sides  and 
tapped  for  ^-in.  nipples,  to  which  the  machine  hose  connec- 
tions are  made.  "B''  is  a  duplicate  of  "A"  with  the  exception 
that  the  holes  for  the  nipples  are  of  different  size.  There  are 
7  J/2-in.  connections  and  i  i-in.,  the  latter  being  an  inlet  for 
the  water  and  the  others  for  water  discharges  to  the  drills.  To 
be  used  only  with  water  tube  type  jackhammers.  The  hocJcs 
or  hangers  marked  "C,"  are  made  of  ^-in.  by  2-in  strap  iron. 
There  are  four  straps  with  a  hook  on  each  end.  **A,"  "B," 
and  "C  are  all  held  together  by  4  ')4-in.  bolts  passing  through 
the  4  in.  flange  at  the  bottom  of  the  4  in.  air  pipe  **E."  The 
ell  at  the  top  is  made  special,  with  a  lug  cast  on  it  to  accom- 
modate the  I -in.  eye  bolt  by  means  of  which  the  "Header"  is 
suspended.  "D"  is  a  9-in.  pipe  which  serves  as  a  casing  to 
enclose  the  counter-weights  "F."  Two  of  these  headers  are 
used.  Each  will  accommodate  7  jackhammers  and  i  blow- 
pil>e,  but  only  6  machines  are  used  on  each  at  present.  When 
not  in  use  the  "Headers'*  are  hung  off  to  one  side  in  the 
headframe  and  can  be  easily  lowered  by  means  of  a  sling  be- 
neath the  bucket.  While  in  use  they  hang  on  a  small  chain- 
block  fastened  to  the  bottom  shaft  set.  By  means  of  tliis 
chain-block  the  apparatus  can  be  brought  to  any  desired  height, 


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LAKE   SUPERIOR   MINING   INSTITUTE  4 1 


FiGUSK  2a.    Assembled  Headeb. 


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FiGUBB  2B.     SKBTCH  of  TBS  HEADER. 


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LAKE    SUPERIOR    MINING    INSTITUTE  43 

the  adjustment  being  allowed  by  the  use  of  a  3-in.  air  hose 
**H"  which  connects  to  the  air  main,  the  bottom  of  which  is 
always  far  enough  up  the  shaft  to  avoid  any  severe  blows 
(luring  blasting.  One  of  these  outfits  can  be  taken  from  its 
position  on  surface  and  placed  on  the  chain-block  below  ready 
for  drilling  in  less  than  five  minutes,  only  one  connection  be- 
ing necessary  to  make.  While  in  the  softer  slates  water  tube 
pistons  were  used,  and  air  blown  through  the  same  in  place  of 


FiouBE  8.    Drill  Pullers. 

water.  A  short  piece  of  ^-in.  rubber  hose,  shown  at  **A"  in 
Fig.  3  delivered  air  from  the  •)4-in.  air  hose  to  the  tube  connec- 
tions. Later  when  drilling  in  the  granite  the  drilling  speed 
was  not  as  great  and  it  was  found  that  sufficient  air  could 
I)e  supplied  through  the  ordinary  piston  to  clear  the  choppings 
from  the  drill.  The  water-tube  pistons  were  then  replaced  by 
the  ordinary  pistons,  and  the  by-pass  hose  disposed  of,  thus 
giving  greater  efficiency  in  air  consumption,  but  no  notice- 
able decrease  in  drilling  speed.  The  steel,  which  is  }i-in,  hoi- 


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44  SINKING  WOODBURY  SHAFT,  NEWPORT  MINE 

low  hexagon,  is  made  up  into  lengths  varying  by  i-ft  changes 
from  12  in.  to  lo  ft.,  with  a  J^-in.  difference  in  gauge  for 
each  drill ;  the  first  bit  being  2^ -in. 

Until  the  granite  was  reached,  the  four-point  or  cross-bit 
was  used  but  the  wear  on  the  gauge  became  such  as  to  war- 
rant a  change  if  something  more  serviceable  could  be  found. 
It  was  then  that  the  Carr  bit  was  tried  out.  Considerable 
difficulty  was  encountered,  especially  in  the  stratified  rocks 
with  fissured  holes  and  stuck  drills.  Rather  than  abandon  a 
hole,  much  time  was  often  spent  in  freeing  a  drill.  It  was 
here  that  necessity  lead  to  the  conception  of  the  2  pullers 
shown  in  Fig.  3.  In  case  only  a  short  portion  of  the  steel 
emerged,  the  long  gooseneck,  shown  on  the  left,  was  used, 
while  if  2  or  more  ft.  of  the  drill  remained  out  of  the  hole, 
the  shorter  puller  shown  on  the  right  could  be  applied.  In 
either  case  the  inverted  jackhammer  supplied  the  necessary 
power  to  extract  the  drill.  While  in  the  soft  slates,  lo-ft. 
drills  were  used  with  very  little  difficulty  and  sinks  measuring 
as  deep  as  9  ft.  have  been  blasted  successfully.  About  470 
lin.  ft.  of  drilling  was  required  per  cut  in  these  slates  and 
this  could  be  completed  in  from  4  to  5  hours.  In  the  hard 
quartzite,  dike,  and  granite  the  gauge  on  the  steel  would  not 
hold  up  long  enough  to  permit  the  use  of  any  drill  over  8- 
ft.  long. 

In  these  rocks  about  425  lin.  ft.  of  drilling  is  necessary, 
which  can  be  drilled  in  from  7  to  8  hours.  The  breaking  of 
the  holes  is  dependent  entirely  upon  their  arrangement  and 
order  in  which  they  are  fired.  Fig.  4  shows  the  plan  and 
.section  of  the  arrangement  and  order  of  firing  used  while  in 
soft  slates.  Line  **AA"  represents  a  bedding  plane  on  which 
the  rows  No.  i,  2  and  3  on  the  right  were  bottomed.  The 
shaft  was  blasted  in  two  separate  blasts,  the  first  being  made 
on  the  right,  and  the  holes  blasted  in  the  order  numbered  in 
the  plan.  Three  holes  marked  No.  i  were  fired  simultaneously 
with  No.  6  electric  blasting  caps.  The  exploders  in  the  re- 
maining holes  were  made  up  of  No.  8  cajjs  and  electric  delay 
fuse  igniters. 

A  different  arrangement  of  drilling  and  order  of  firing 
has  been  found  more  satisfactory  in  the  granite.  Fig.  5 
sliows  2  rows  of  holes  marked  No.  i  which  are  drilled  about 
5  ft.  deep  at  an  angle  of  60°  ;  then  2  rows  marked  No.  2  about 
8  ft.  deep  at  an  angle  of  70°.  These  4  rows  of  5  holes  each 
comprise  the  cutting  holes,  which  are  fired  in  the  order  num- 


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LAKE   SUPERIOR    MINING   INSTITUTE 


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46  SINKING  WOODBURY  SHAFT,  NEWPORT  MINE 

bered  in  the  plan.  The  6  No.  i  holes  are  fired  with  No.  6 
electric  blasting  caps  and  the  others  with  No.  8  caps  and  elec- 
tric delay  fuse  igniters. 

Blasting — Mention  has  already  been  made  of  the  order  of 
firing  in  the  different  cuts,  but  before  leaving  the  subject  it 
might  be  of  interest  to  know  a  few  of  the  details  of  the  blasting 
oi>eration.  When  the  shaft  was  started,  DuPont  Crescent, 
Double  Tape  and  Triple  Tape  fuse  were  all  tried  out  and 
it  was  found  that  while  the  Double  and  Triple  tape  fuse  were 
more  impervious  to  water,  they  were  too  brittle  when  exposed 
to  cold  air  and  water,  and  unless  handled  with  great  care  they 
would  break,  thus  causing  a  discontinuation  of  the  powder 
train.  Crescent  fuse,  however,  was  found  to  be  sufficiently 
waterproof  for  use  here  as  it  is  very  seldom  that  a  fuse  is 
exposed  to  water  more  than  15  minutes  before  ignition.  Fur- 
thermore, Crescent  fuse  is  much  more  pliable  and  can  stand 
more  abuse  tlian  the  others  without  damaging  the  powder 
train.  When  using  fuse  of  this  kind  all  exploders  were  made 
with  fuse  of  the  same  length  and  when  the  holes  were  all 
charged  they  were  cut  so  as  to  fire  the  holes  in  the  order 
desired.  The  ends  of  these  fuse  were  then  placed  in  a  paste- 
board box  containing  a  small  amount  of  black  powder.  An 
electric  fusee  ignited  this  powder  which  in  turn  lighted  all  the 
fuse  simultaneously.  As  a  matter  of  convenience  and  saving 
of  fuse,  several  boxes,  were  used,  thus  using  much  shorter 
fuse  than  were  necessary  if  a  single  box  was  placed  in  the 
center  of  the  shaft.  The  foregoing  method  seemed  to  give 
good  results  when  the  ends  of  the  fuse  were  all  kept  i^erfecily 
dry  and  other  conditions  satisfactory,  but  precaution  had  to  l^e 
taken  in  order  to  make  a  success  of  every  blast.  Besides  this, 
the  smoke  proiblem  had  considerable  to  do  with  the  bringing 
al)out  of  a  change.  In  blasting  every  cut,  about  450  ft.  of 
fuse  and  ^-Ib.  of  black  powder  was  burne<l.  This  gave  off 
more  fumes  than  could  be  conveniently  disposed  of  as  a  great- 
er depth  was  attained  and  it  was  then  that  the  DuPont  elec- 
tric blasting  cai>s  and  electric  delay  fuse  igniters  were  intro- 
ckiced.  These  required  much  less  care  in  handling  and  gave 
satisfactory  results.  In  Fig.  6  a  DuPont  electric  delay  fuse 
igniter  is  shown  at  the  top.  This  consists  of  a  short  piece  of 
fuse,  one  end  of  which  is  inserted  in  a  brass  casing  containing 
the  ends  of  two  wires  connected  by  a  fusible  bridge.  The  pass- 
ing of  a  current  of  about  one  ampere  fuses  this  bridge  which 
in  turn  ignites  the  fuse. 


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48  SINKING  WOODBURY  SHAFT,  NEWPORT  MINE 

To  regulate  the  time  of  exploding  of  a  detonator,  all  that 
is  necessary  is  to  make  the  fuse  of  different  lengths.  The 
maximum  length  in  which  they  are  manufactured  is  12  in., 
^}4  of  an  in.  of  this  is  inside  the  casing,  leaving  iij^ij  in.  to  be 
divided  into  the  different  delays  desired.  In  several  prelim- 
inary tests  it  was  found  that  a  ^-in.  delay  was  a  minimum 
tliat  would  give  positive  results;  if  cut  shorter  than  this  the 
holes  are  apt  to  fire  out  of  order  on  account  of  any  inac- 
curacy in  cutting  and  also  on  account  of  the  10  per  cent, 
variation  in  the  burning  si^eed  of  all  fuse.  On  the  other  end 
of  the  fuse  in  the  above  described  igniter,  a  No.  8  cap  is 
crimi>ed  as  shown  in  the  center  of  Fig.  6.  The  joints  where 
ihe  fuse  enter  the  brass  casing  on  one  end  and  the  cap  on  the 
other,  are  lx)th  bound  with  friction  tape,  the  former  then  be- 
ing (lipi>ed  in  melted  roofing  cement  and  the  latter  thoroughly 
greased,  to  insure  a  positive  resistance  to  water.  This  metlKxl 
has  been  accepted  as  the  l^est,  after  considerable  time  was  spent 
in  experimenting  along  this  line.  With  this  much  completed  the 
detonator  is  then  placed  in  a  cartridge  of  60  per  cent,  nitro- 
glycerine dynamite  and  the  shell  tied  with  a  string  securing 
the  joint  as  shown  at  the  bottom  of  Fig.  6.  This  joint  is  also 
well  greased. 

Since  the  steel  used  is  only  J^-in.  in  diameter,  the  l)ottom 
of  a  deep  hole  is,  of  course,  very  small  and  can  not  contain 
sufficient  explosives  to  break  the  burden  in  a  satisfactory  man- 
ner. To  offset  this  disadvantage  as  much  as  possible,  without 
drilling  more  holes,  two  or  three  sticks  of  100  per  cent-  blast- 
ing gelatine  is  placed  in  the  bottom  of  each  hole.  The  re- 
mainder of  the  charge  with  the  exception  of  the  cartridge 
containing  the  detonator  is  80  per  cent,  blasting  gelatine. 
I{xi>eriments  by  the  DuPont  i^eople  have  shown  that  60  i>er 
cent,  nitro-glycerine  gives  a  maximum  efficiency  for  si>eeding 
up  the  action  of  a  charge,  and  for  this  reason  a  single  car- 
tridge of  this  strength  is  used  to  contain  the  detonator.  It 
is  placed  as  near  the  top  of  the  charge  as  considered  safe  from 
l>eing  cut  off  by  the  breaking  of  an  adjacent  hole.  Cartridges 
of  sand  are  used  for  tamping.  An  average  of  25.50  ll>s.  of 
lK)wder  i)er  foot  of  shaft,  or  approximately  2  lbs.  per  cubic 
yard  of  solid  rock,  has  l:)een  used  in  the  first  iioo  ft.  of  shaft. 

In  preparing  a  blast,  the  leads,  which  are  No.  20  copper 
wire,  are  laid  over  the  center  of  the  portion  to  be  blasted  and 
the  various  igniters  connected  in  parallel  to  them.  The  main 
reason  for  using  this  method  of  connection  being  to  prevent 


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LAKE    SUPERIOR    MINING   INSTITUTE  49 

a  misfire  in  case  of  a  single  defective  igniter  or  connection, 
which  would  cause  the  failure  of  the  blast  if  connected  in 
series.  It  is  safe  to  figure  about  one  ampere  per  path.  From 
30  to  35  holes  is  about  the  maximum  number  fired  at  one 
time.  The  switch  for  closing  the  circuit  is  locked  in  a  small 
cupboard  on  surface,  and  the  key  is  kept  by  the  shift  boss 
during  the  preparation  of  the  blast.  Every  igniter  is  tested 
with  a  small  galvanometer  before  being  used. 

Ventilation — After  a  blast  the  smoke  is  cleared  away  by 
means  of  a  draft  forced  through  a  12-in.  pipe  by  a  7-h.p.  fan, 
on  surface.  At  first  the  fan  was  used  to  draw  the  smoke  out, 
but  by  reversing  the  air  current  a  marked  advantage  was 
noticeable  in  the  time  required  to  clear  the  smoke. 

Mucking — During  the  first  700  ft.  of  sinking  the  rock 
was  disix>sed  of  by  means  of  three  buckets  having  a  capacity 
of  26  cu.  ft.  each.  In  order  to  make  shoveling  as  easy  as 
possible,  steel  plates  have  been  used  as  sollars,  with  consider- 
able success.  In  Fig.  4  "A"  shows  the  position  of  these  plates, 
when  the  first  blast  is  made.  The  breaking  of  the  holes  in 
this  blast  has  a  tendency  to  throw  the  rock  to  the  position  of 
the  plates.  In  the  second  blast  of  the  same  cut  the  plates  are 
placed  in  ix)sition  "B**  Fig.  4. 

Shaft  Construction — During  the  mining  oj^erations  l>elow, 
the  construction  crew  is  employed  placing  sets,  ladders,  etc., 
above.  The  essential  features  of  the  shaft  construction  are 
shown  in  Fig.  7  in  plan  and  elevations.  The  steel  sets  are 
made  of  6-in.  **H''  sections  (23.8  ll^s.)  and  hung  on  stud- 
dies  made  of  3-in.  by  5-in.  angle  iron.  Sets  are  spaced  6  ft. 
tenters  in  the  slates,  and  8  ft.  centers  in  the  granite.  At  alx)ut 
every  100  ft.  of  shaft  a  bearing  set  as  shown  in  Fig.  7  is 
placed  under  the  shaft  set.  These  are  supported  temix>rarily 
by  large  spruce  sprags  about  12  or  15-in.  in  diameter;  which 
will  be  replaced  later  by  concrete.  While  in  the  slates  the 
steel  sets  could  be  kept  wMthin  15  ft.  of  the  bottom  without 
l^eing  damaged,  but  in  the  granite  if  hung  closer  than  30 
ft.  to  the  bottom,  blasting  is  liable  to  do  considerable  harm. 
To  date  very  few  pieces  have  been  replaced  on  this  account. 
The  staging  used  to  work  on  is  made  of  2-in.  hardwood  plank, 
supported  by  pieces  of  23/2-in.  extra  heavy  pipe.  These  pipes 
are  hung  in  the  form  of  slings  by  means  of  pieces  of  ^-in. 
steel  rope  fastened  to  the  ends  and  hooked  over  the  flange  of 
the  **H''  section  on  the  shaft  set  above.  There  are  5  men 
on  the  crew  which  place  these  sets.    These  men  can  hang  a 


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Figure  7.    Woodbury  Shaft  Construction. 
Illustration  is  one-third  sise  of  original  drawinffs. 


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WOODBURY  SHAFT 

THC  NEWFOnr  MINING  COMFANY 
ItTONWOOD    MICHIGAN 


Figure  7.   Woodbury  Shaft  Construction. 
Illustration  is  one-thiT^  {ii;«  of  orifrip^}  ^j^wings. 


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52  SINKING  WOODBURY  SHAFT^  NEWPORT  MINE 

set  and  put  in  the  wooden  lath  in  an  8-hour  shift.  On  the 
second  and  third  shifts  there  are  construction  crews  of  three 
men  each  who  place  guides,  ladders,  and  sollars,  and  complete 
any  work  the  first  crew  may  have  left  undone. 

Guides  are  made  of  6-in.  by  7-in.  pine,  dressed,  and  are 
framed  to  span  2  8-ft.  sets  or  3  6-ft.  sets.  Lath  for  lining 
the  shaft  are  made  of  2-in.  hardwood.  These  will  also  serve 
as  forms  for  concreting  when  sinking  operations  are  com- 
pleted. The  ladders  are  made  of  ^-in.  by  2-in.  strap  iron  sides 
and  ^^-in.  iron  rungs.  They  are  long  enough  to  reach  over 
2  8-ft.  seTs  or  3  6-ft.  sets  and  in  both  cases  have  about  4  ft. 
projecting  above  the  sollar.  The  sollars  are  made  of  3-in. 
plank. 

Electric  Wiring — All  lighting  is  done  by  electricity.  A 
single  lamp  is  placed  under  each  ladder  sollar  to  light  the  lad- 
der to  the  sollar  below.  At  the  bottom  of  the  shaft,  two  clus- 
ters of  four  lights  each  are  hung,  one  below  the  staging  to 
give  light  to  the  miners  and  one  above  to  give  light  to  the 
construction  crew.  An  electric  signal  system  is  used,  the 
wires  being  run  down  the  east  side  of  the  shaft  beneath  the 
ladders.  By  means  of  a  jumper  connected  to  a  common  re- 
turn wire,  either  signal  bell  can  be  rung  from  every  sollar. 

Labor — The  men  employed  in  the  shaft  are  as  follows: 
One  .shaft  captain,  3  shift  bosses,  36  miners,  11  construction 
men,  i  electrician,  4  landers,  2  motormen,  4  hoist  engineers, 
a  total  of  62  men. 

Dczrlopment — The  excavation  commenced  March  i,  191 5, 
and  on  September  i,  191 5,  was  down  to  11 29  ft.,  which  is 
practically  one-half  of  the  total  depth,  2260  feet.  The  maxi- 
mum monthly  development  was  201  ft.,  and  the  minimum 
was  173  feet.    The  average  footage  per  24  hrs.  was  6.20. 

Safety — The  first  step  along  the  line  of  accident  prevention 
was  the  use  of  hard  hats.  In  order  that  no  excuse  can  be 
made,  every  man  is  furnished  with  a  hat  made  of  felt  treated 
with  resin  and  shellac.  These  hats  are  very  hard  and  will 
resist  a  severe  blow.  Xo  person  is  allowed  to  enter  the  shaft 
without  one.  Danger  signs  are  placed  in  conspicuous  places 
warning  loafers  to  keep  out.  Moveable  sollars  made  of  steel 
plates  and  oj^erated  by  levers,  are  placed  over  the  two 
compartments  most  used  for  loading  supplies.  When  the 
bucket  hangs  at  the  brace  the  lever  is  thrown  and  the  plates 
close  in  around  the  bucket  making  practically  a  complete  cover 
of  the  compartment.    All  buckets  when  lowered  from  surface 


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LAKE    SUPERIOR    MINING    INSTITUTE  $3 

are  stopped  just  above  the  point  where  the  construction  crew 
is  working  and  are  rung  down  from  there  by  the  men  below. 

Owing  to  numerous  infections  in  minor  wounds,  an  an- 
tiseptic, consisting  of  a  2  per  cent,  solution  of  lysol,  has  been 
placed  in  the  wash  room  used  by  the  shaft  men.  To  date  no 
accidents  of  a  serious  nature  have  occurred. 

Discussion. 

Mr.  Kelly  :  This  paper  ought  not  to  be  passed  without 
some  expression  of  appreciation  of  the  wonderful  work  which 
has  been  done  in  sinking  the  Woodbury  shaft.  We  have 
heard  about  the  remarkable  speed  in  drifting  in  the  West  but 
I  don't  know  that  there  is  any  record  of  sinking  in  this  coun- 
try as  good  as  this.  It  far  surpasses  anything  that  we  have 
heard  of  on  Lake  Sui^erior;  of  that  I  am  quite  sure,  and  this 
ought  to  be  emphasized. 

Mr.  Hearding  :  Was  the  shaft  sunk  dry  or  did  you  have 
to  do  pumping? 

Mr.  Broan  :  We  have  had  practically  no  water.  What 
little  there  is  we  take  out  with  the  rock  by  shoveling.  There 
are  no  pumps. 

Mr.  Hearding:    You  have  no  pumps  in  the  shaft? 

Mr.  Broan  :    No,  sir,  no  pumps. 

Mr.  Bush  :  What  is  the  dip  of  the  footwall  at  the  ix>int 
where  the  shaft  is  being  sunk  ? 

Mr.  Broan  :    It  is  from  68  to  70  degrees. 

Mr.  Bush  :  How  long  will  your  cross-cuts  be  at  the  ulti- 
mate depth? 

Mr.  Broan  :  Figuring  a  depth  of  2400  ft.,  the  cross-cuts 
will  be  in  the  neighborhood  of  a  quarter  of  a  mile — -1300  feet. 

Mr.  Bush  :  Notwithstanding  that  fact,  you  figure  that 
the  difference  in  the  maintenance  charges  will  overcome  the 
increased  cost  of  cross-cutting  and  tramming  to  the  shaft? 

Mr.  Broan:  Yes,  sir:  we  figure  the  maintenance  of  this 
shaft  will  be  practically  nothing  as  compared  with  that  of  the 
present  shaft 

Mr.  Bush  :  This  shaft  is  to  take  the  place  of  the  present 
incline  shaft? 

Mr.  Broan:  Yes,  sir,  the  old  shaft  w'ill  be  al>andoned 
as  soon  as  the  new  shaft  is  completed. 

Mr.  Hardenburgh  :  Are  there  any  further  questions  that 
any  one  would  like  to  ask  Mr.  Broan?  I  will  say,  Mr.  Kelly, 
that  we  are  rather  proud  that  this  happened  on  the  Gogebic 
Range. 


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54  MINING  METHODS  ON  THE  GOGEBIC  RANGE 


MINING  METHODS  ON  THE  GOGEBIC  RANGE. 

BY  COMMITTEE  CONSISTING  OF  O.  E.  OLSEN,  O.   M.  SCHAUS  AND 
FRANK  BLACK  WELL. 

Before  entering  upon  a  discussion  of  the  methods  used 
in  extracting  the  iron  ores  of  the  Gogebic  range,  a  brief  de- 
scription of  their  nature  and  occurrence  may  serve  to  make 
the  reasons  for  the  particular  methods  in  use,  a  little  clearer. 

The  iron-bearing  member  is  a  very  regular  one,  the  pro- 
ductive portions  of  which  extend  through  a  distance  of  about 
25  miles  east  and  west.  The  strike  of  this  formation  runs 
about  N.  60  deg.  E.  at  the  west  end,  gradually  approaching  due 
east  between  Bessemer  and  Wakefield,  and  tending  a  little 
south  of  east  beyond  Wakefield.  The  dip  is  about  64  deg.  to 
the  north,  though  this  will  vary  locally  from  50  to  80  degrees. 
On  the  south  or  footwall  side  is  a  fragmental  vitreous  quart- 
zite.  and  south  of  that  a  quartz  slate.  The  iron-bearing  mem- 
ber is  made  up  of  orebo<lies,  ferruginous  slates  and  ferruginous 
cherts,  with  small  amounts  of  black  slate,  and  some  cherty 
iron  carbonate  still  unaltered.  North  of  the  iron  formation 
is  a  black  slate,  and  beyond  this,  the  trap  rock.  Cutting 
through  these  formations  are  numerous  diorite  and  diabase 
dykes,  which  generally  dip  at  right  angles  to  the  footwall,  and 
pitch  downward  toward  the  east,  though  there  are  several 
cases  where  the  pitch  is  toward  the  west.  The  footwall  quartz- 
ite.  the  ferruginous  slates  and  the  dykes  are  generally  im- 
pervious to  water.  The  largest  orebodies  are  usually  found  in 
the  troughs  formed  where  the  dykes  cut  through  these  two 
other  strata. 

From  the  uniformity  with  which  these  formations  run, 
development  work  generally  consists  of  drifting  on  the  foot- 
wall, with  occasional  crosscuts  through  the  ferruginous  slates 
and  raises  wherever  it  is  possible  to  find  a  trough  formed  by 
a  dyke  and  the  two  other  formations.  Wherever  orebodies 
occur  in  these  troughs,  the  ore  will  usually  be  a  soft  ore,  and 
the  large  bodies  of  th^  district  are  of  this  nature.     In  some 


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LAKE   SUPERIOR   MINING   INSTITUTE 


55 


mines  the  bodies  occur  as  narrow  veins,  lying  either  on  the 
quartzite  or  on  the  slate.  These  veins  usually  extend  to  great- 
er heights  than  those  which  bottom  on  the  dykes,  and  are 
generally  made  up  of  hard  ore. 

The  principal  methods  of  mining  are  sub-level  slicing, 
which  is  general  in  soft  orebodies,  and  various  forms  of  back 
and  underhand  stoping,  and  milling,  which  are  used  in  hard 
orebodies.  The  sub-level  slicing  method,  by  which  the  great- 
er bulk  of  the  ore  is  mined,  will  be  considered  first. 

In  the  determination  of  the  limits  of  the  orebody,  a  drift 
is  driven  on  the  strike  of  the  formation,  a  short  distance  from 


eu^x  *tM  L£veL  (/oei9i\ 


JfeiL 


the  foot  wall,  and  carried  to  the  end  of  the  ore.  Crosscuts  from 
IOC-  to  300-ft.  apart  are  driven  to  the  capping.  If  the  width 
of  the  ore  [permits,  one  or  more  drifts  are  driven  parallel  to 
the  footwall,  leaving  pillars  of  about  50  ft.  l^etween.  As  this 
drifting  progresses,  a  few  raises  are  put  up  to  test  the  height 
of  the  ore,  if  it  is  a  new  orebody.  After  the  general  limits 
of  the  ore  are  determined,  a  regidar  series  of  raises  are  put 
up,  commencing  at  the  end  farthest  from  the  shaft.  The 
raises  are  spaced  from  35  to  50  ft.  apart,  and  are  placed  in 
line  north  and  south  upon  the  several  drifts.  (See  sketch 
No.  i).  These  raises  are  3-  by  7-ft.  inside  of  timbers.  They 
are  lined  with  6-in.  cribbing,  which  is  cut  to  a  length  of  3  ft. 


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56  MINING  METHODS  ON  THE  GOGEBIC  RANGE 

between  joggles,  so  that  all  pieces  are  interchangeable.  Dou- 
ble dividers  are  used  between  the  ladder  and  chute  compart- 
ments, so  that  if  the  chute  side  wears  out,  the  repairs  are 
much  simpler. 

When  these  raises  reach  a  height  of  20-  to  23-ft.  above 
the  floor  of  the  level,  a  sub-level  set  is  put  in,  and  the  raise  is 
continued  upon  the  back  of  this  set  to  a  height  of  from  17- 
to  20-ft.  above  the  floor  of  the  first  sub,  when  another  sub- 
level  set  is  put  in.  This  is  carried  out  till  the  top  of  the  ore  is 
reached. 

Beginning  on  the  top  sub  of  the  line  of  raises  farthest 
from  the  shaft,  a  crosscut  is  driven  from  the  foot   to  the 


a     a      a      a 


oaoaaooa      a      o 


ELAlfx  lUB  LSrSL  (iSStU 


*M-*^^ 


hanging  rock.  Slicing  drifts  are  driven  lengthwise  of  the 
orelx)(ly,  from  this  crosscut,  to  the  rock  that  marks  the  end 
of  the  ore.  The  floor  of  the  slice  drift  is  then  covered  with 
lx)ards  or  slabs,  and  the  back  of  the  drift  is  caved  down,  ex- 
tending up  to  the  capping  or  to  the  cave  left  by  the  workings 
al)()ve.  When  one  slice  drift  has  been  drawn  back  to  the  cross- 
cut, another  is  driven  along  the  side  of  it,  in  some  instances 
leaving  pillars  about  3  ft.  between  drifts.  This  pillar  is  drawn 
back  along  with  the  drift.  In  some  mines  the  first  slice  drift 
is  not  drawn  back  till  the  next  drift  has  been  driven  along 
the  side  of  it,  when  the  first  drift  is  caved,  leaving  the  second 
standing  till  a  third  ha§  be?n  driven,  and  so  on.    In  the  mean- 


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LAKE   SUPERIOR    MINING   INSTITUTE  57 

time  the  next  crosscut  has  been  opened,  and  slicing  drifts  driv- 
en to  the  cave  left  by  the  first  crosscut.  This  block  is  drawn 
back  in  the  same  manner  as  the  first,  and  so  on  back  to  the 
shaft. 

If  the  orebody  is  wide,  with  several  raises  in  each  crosscut 
to  dump  into,  the  slicing  would  begin  midway  between  raises, 
and  several  gangs  might  work  in  the  same  crosscut,  each 
drawing  back  to  its  own  raise.  If  the  ore  is  narrow,  the  cav- 
ing is  beg^n  at  the  hanging,  and  carried  back  toward  the  foot. 
(See  sketth  No.  2).  If  the  raises  on  the  main  level  are  spaced 
50-ft.  apart,  thus  making  wider  blocks  on  the  sub-level,  slic- 
ing drifts  from  the  first  crosscut  will  be  driven  to  meet  those 


IQCf^TWtmi  FffQ/tCTfQif  fjQtSi^ 


^H^^* 


from  the  second  crosscut,  and  half  the  block  will  be  drawn  back 
to  each.  The  next  sub  below  is  opened  up  in  the  same  man- 
ner as  the  top  sub,  and  slicing  is  begim  as  soon  as  the  top 
sub  is  drawn  back  to  a  safe  distance.  The  caving  above  the 
second  sub  is  carried  up  to  the  boards,  with  which  the  bot- 
tom of  the  top  sub  was  covered.  These  not  only  permit  of  a 
clean  extraction  of  ore,  but  also  indicate  that  all  of  the  back  has 
been  removed.  The  bottom  of  the  second  sub  is  likewise  cov- 
ered with  boards,  and  the  ore  is  drawn  back  in  the  same  man- 
ner as  on  the  top  one.  The  back  of  the  stope  begins  to  break 
off  and  forms  what  is  called  the  gob,  which  serves  a  double 
purpose,  it  acts  as  a  cushion  against  any  large  falls  of  ground, 


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58  MINING  METHODS  ON  THE  GOGEBIC  RANGE 

and,  on  account  of  the  way  it  holds  together,  permits  the 
extraction  of  all  ore  underneath  it,  before  giving  away.  The 
top  sub  is  always  carried  back  a  safe  distance  ahead  of  the 
second  sub,  and  the  third  sub  is  opened  up  when  the  second 
has  retreated  a  like  amount.  (See  sketch  No.  3).  This  pro- 
cess is  repeated  until  the  main  level  is  reached.  Instead  of 
trying  to  draw  this,  it  is  allowed  to  stand  until  it  can  be 
taken  from  below,  when  it  is  treated  as  a  suWevel. 

The  ore  in  the  subs  is  trammed  in  one-ton  cars  called  bug- 
gies. The  chutes  are  protected  by  steel  rails,  laid  crosswise 
and  spaced  from  8-  to  lo-in.  apart,  which  guard  against  any- 
one falling  into  them  and  serve  to  limit  the  size  of  chunks 
which  can  be  sent  to  the  shaft.  The  ladder-way  is  covered 
with  a  self-closing  door,  either  latticed  or  tightly  boarded, 
dei>ending  upon  the  direction  of  the  ventilation. 

The  item  of  ventilation  has  become  one  of  great  import- 
ance in  the  mines  with  large  bodies  of  soft  ore  which  neces- 
sitate the  use  of  large  amounts  of  timber.  The  heat  and 
gases,  generated  by  decaying  timber,  must  be  constantly  car- 
ried away  from  the  working  places,  in  order  to  enable  men  to 
work  efficiently. 

All  the  mines  have  two  openings,  at  least,  in  one  of  which 
the  air  currents  are  naturally  downcast  By  a  judicious  use 
of  air-tight  doors  and  brattices  this  fresh  air  current  is  de- 
flected to  as  many  working  places  as  possible,  and  the  balance 
of  the  openings,  that  cannot  be  reached  by  natural  circulation, 
are  supplied  with  motor  driven  fans,  which  render  very  satis- 
factory service.  The  sub-levels  are  kept  connected  with  the 
main  level  above  as  much  as  possible,  so  that  timber  can  be 
brought  from  the  shaft  on  the  main  level  and  dropped  down 
through  the  raises  to  the  lower  subs^  instead  of  being  hoisted 
up  from  the  main  level  below.  Wherever  it  is  necessary  to 
hoist  timber,  a  small  puffer  is  mounted  on  a  truck  which 
can  be  transferred  to  different  places,  and  the  timber  hoisted 
by  power.  In  all  of  the  shafts  sunk,  in  recent  years,  the  cage 
compartment  is  wide  enough,  from  foot  to  hanging,  to  admit 
of  a  truck,  loaded  with  timber  at  surface,  being  wheeled  on 
the  cage  and  lowered  into  the  mine,  thus  saving  any  extra 
handling. 

The  chutes  of  the  raises  are  closed  by  steel  doors,  operat- 
ed by  hand  levers.  The  ore  is  loaded  into  two-ton  saddle  back 
steel  cars,  hauled  by  electric  motors.  At  the  shaft  it  is 
dumped  into  large  storage  pockets,  beneath  which  are  auxil- 


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60  MINING  METHODS  ON  THE  GOGEBIC  RANGE 

iary  pockets  that  hold  one  skip  load^  Skips  vary  in  capacity 
from  4-  to  7-tons.  The  electric  motors  are  equipoed  with  au- 
tomatic gongs,  which  give  warning  of  their  approach,  when 
still  some  distance  away.  Red  lights  are  carried  on  the 
rear  cars,  and  automatic  block  signals  are  used  at  points  where 
two  motors  are  run  over  the  same  track.  At  the  chutes,  the 
trolley  wire  is  protected  by  guards,  to  prevent  the  chute  tender 
from  coming  in  contact  with  it,  while  filling  cars. 

In  soft  ore  deposits,  all  drilling  is  done  with  power  augers. 
Three  types  of  bits  are  commonly  used,  the  diamond  point  bit 
for  mixed,  rubbly  ground,  the  chisel  bit  for  uniform  hard 
ground,  and  the  fish-tail  bit  for  soft  ground.  The  speed  of 
drilling  with  augers  varies  from  5-to  14-in.  per  minute,  and 
a  round  of  hole  takes  from  one  to  two  hours,  depending  on  the 
ground.  Stoping  drills  are  used  for  back  holes  and  raises. 
The  hollow  steel  water  drill  is  being  used  with  great  success 
in  hard  ore  and  jasper.  The  heavy  reciprocating  drills  are 
still  used  for  hard  cherty  jasper.  In  shaft  sinking  in  slates 
and  granite  the  hollow  steel  jackhammer  is  used  almost  en- 
tirely. This  same  type  of  drill  is  now  being  mounted  on  a 
carriage,  and  is  a  success  in  putting  in  horizontal  holes. 

The  suWevel,  back-stoping  and  milling  methods  are  in 
use  at  the  Montreal  mine.  The  back-stoping  is  used  where 
the  ore  is  hard  and  the  back  of  the  stope  firm,  with  the  ore- 
body  not  too  wide.  The  main  level  drift  is  run  along  the 
foot,  and  crosscuts  are  driven  every  50  ft.,  with  raises  on 
the  footwall  opposite  each  crosscut.  The  main  levels  are  100 
ft.  apart,  and  one  to  three  subs  are  opened,  with  drifts  along 
the  foot,  and  crosscuts  spaced  25  ft.  apart,  driven  to  the  hang- 
ing. Branch  raises,  equipped  with  chute  discs,  are  put  up 
from  the  main  raises,  starting  alxxit  25  ft.  below  the  sub. 
Stoping  then  starts  at  the  hanging,  and  is  carried  back  toward 
the  foot.  Several  grades  of  ore  may  be  stored  in  the  su1>- 
raises,  and  held  until  the  main  raise  is  clear,  thus  simplifying 
the  grading. 

The  sub-level  milling  system  is  used  where  the  orebody 
is  wider,  and  the  back  not  so  firm.  Better  results  as  to  grad- 
ing are  also  obtained.  Where  the  orebody  is  100  ft.  wide  or 
over,  foot  and  hanging  drifts  are  driven  with  crosscuts  every 
50  feet.  Raises  are  put  up  on  both  drifts,  25  ft.  apart.  The 
main  levels  are  100  ft.  apart  and  three  subs  are  laid  out.  Be- 
ginning on  the  top  sub,  from  the  foot  raise  nearest  the  middle 
of  the  orebody,  a  crosscut  is  driven  to  the  hanging.     Raises 


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are  put  up  on  both  sides  of  this  crosscut,  inclined  45  deg.  east 
and  west,  and  spaced  10  ft.  apart.  These  raises  are  provided 
with  chutes,  but  do  not  need  to  be  cribbed.  Similar  cross- 
cuts are  opened  up  50  ft.  away  on  either  side,  and  the  raises 
from  these  crosscuts  meet  those  put  from  the  first  crosscut. 
The  ore  is  then  milled  into  the  chutes  and  trammed  to  the 
main  raises.  This  finally  leaves  a  hog-back  between  the  cross- 
cuts. The  crosscuts  on  the  second  sub  are  staggered  with  re- 
spect to  those  on  the  top  sub,  so  that  the  raises  from  the  second 
sub  will  come  up  in  the  crosscuts  of  the  top  sub.  The  milling 
from  the  second  sub  then  takes  all  of  the  ore  left  in  the  hog- 


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LONCtlTUDlNni.     6C.CTI0N     SHOVliNG 

HcTHoo  Of  Mining   in    rioNTRt^L  Hinc 
QLoeMu    Skctcm) 


3Jif9ch  Ab^ 


back  of  the  first  sub,  and  leaves  a  similar  one  on  the  second 
sub.  In  some  places  milling  starts  midway  between  foot  and 
hanging,  and  the  draw  is  lx>th  ways.  The  top  sub  is  kept 
ahead  of  those  below  and,  when  the  draw  reaches  the  main 
raises,  the  ore  is  milled  directly  into  them.     (See  sketch  No. 

5)- 

Auger  drills  are  used  extensively  in  the  milling  system, 

but  the  large  reciprocating  drills  are  used  entirely  in  back- 

stoping.  The  chief  difficulty  in  both  of  these  methods    is  to 

keep  the  main  raises  in  repair,  as  the  wear  and  tear  on  the 

chutes,  caused  by  hard  ore,  is  much  greater  than  in  the  soft 

ore  mines.    There  are  double  dividers  between  the  ladder  and 


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62 


MINING  METHODS  ON  THE  GOGEBIC  RANGE 


chute  compartments  and  bearing  pieces  are  put  in  every  25 
ft.,  so  that  sections  of  the  raise  may  be  repaired  without 
ripping  out  the  entire  raise.  Where  it  is  necessary  to  drop 
the  ore  any  great  distance,  it  is  confined  in  chutes  at  each 
level,  in  order  to  break  the  fall  and  decrease  the  speed  with 
which  it  runs  through  the  raises.  On  account  of  the  small 
amount  of  timber  used,  and  the  open  stopes  which  are  left 
behind,  no  trouble  is  experienced  with  ventilation. 

A  combination  of  sub-slicing  and  stoping'  is  in  use  in 
several  mines  where  the  ore  is  not  uniformly  hard  enough  for 
back-stoi>ing,  and  where  there  are  irregularities  in  the  width 


of  the  ore.  SuWevels  are  opened  up  from  a  few  main  raises, 
leaving  a  back  of  ore  over  each  sub  of  about  10  feet.  The 
sul>drifts  are  timbered  where  necessary,  and  the  only  dif- 
ference so  far,  from  the  sHcing  method,  is  that  the  lower 
subs  are  develoi^ed  more  rapidly  than  the  upper.  In  case  the 
ore  should  turn  out  to  be  too  soft  for  stoping,  the  system  of 
mining  could  be  easily  changed  into  the  slicing  system.  Com- 
mencing at  points  midway  between  the  main  raises,  a  series  of 
chutes,  with  wide,  flaring  mouths,  are  put  up  to  the  bottom 
sub,  and  the  miners  htgin  to  break  half  of  the  back  between 
the  tx^ttom  and  second  subs.  The  miners  on  the  second  sub 
then  break  the  remainder  of  the  bottom  of  that  sub,  and  also 


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LAKE   SUPERIOR    MINING   INSTITUTE  63 

half  of  the  back  between  them  and  the  third  sub.  This  is 
carried  on  up  to  the  main  level  above.  The  lower  subs  are 
always  drawn  back  a  little  ahead  of  those  above,  so  that  the 
broken  ore  will  have  a  free  drop  to  the  chutes  below,  from 
which  it  is  trammed  to  the  shaft.  (See  sketch  No.  6).  The 
back  of  the  main  level  is  stoped  down  when  it  is  no  longer 
needed  as  a  protection  for  tramming. 

In  the  end,  any  system,  suitable  to  the  kind  of  ore,  which 
may  be  adopted  by  a  mine,  must  be  altered  more  or  less  to 
suit  a  particular  case.  This  is  especially  true  of  sub-level 
slicing.  In  some  of  the  soft  orebodies  the  ground  does  not 
crush  as  easily  as  in  others  and,  as  a  result,  the  subs  may  be 
opened  up  farther  in  advance  of  the  mining.  The  amount  of 
a  back  which  should  be  left  over  a  sub,  is  a  thing  which  must 
l^e  worked  out  by  experience  for  each  mine. 

In  all  of  the  mines  of  the  district  the  aim  is  to  increase 
safety  in  working  conditions.  Frequent  inspections  are  made 
at  all  mines  to  see  that  the  rules  and  regulations  in  regard  to 
safe  operation  are  carried  out.  That  this  policy  has  born 
fruit  is  evidenced  by  the  decrease  in  serious  and  fatal  ac- 
cidents during  the  last  half  decade. 

Discussion. 

Mr.  Hardenburgh  :  Mr.  Olsen,  did  you  say  your  mo- 
tors were  provided  with  automatic  gongs? 

Mr.  Olsen:    Yes. 

Mr.  Hardenburgh  :  Were  those  put  on  there  by  the 
maker  or  added  by  you  ? 

Mr.  Olsen  :  I  think  in  most  cases  they  have  been  equipped 
at  the  different  mines.  I  don't  know  of  any  manufacturers 
equipping  their  motors  with  automatic  gongs.  All  of  those 
that  we  have  in  use  we  have  provided  with  automatic  gongs 
in  our  own  shops. 

Mr.  Hardenburgh  :  Those  start  to  ring  when  the  mo- 
tor runs  either  way  ? 

Mr.  Olsen  :  Either  way.  They  start  ringing  the  mo- 
ment the  motor  starts  running. 

Mr.  Hardenburgh:    What  are  they  attached  to? 

Mr.  Olsen  :    To  the  driving  wheels. 

Mr.  Hardenburgh  :    To  the  axle  of  the  motor? 

Mr.  Olsen  :  The  device  that  we  use  consists  of  a  small 
eccentric  which  is  attached  by  a  piece  of  strap  iron  to  the 
motor  frame  and  pressed  against  the  flange  of  the  driving 


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64  MINING  METHODS  ON  THE  GOGEBIC  RANGE 

wheel  with  a  spring.  This  spring  keeps  the  pressure  against, 
the  driving  wheel  at  all  times,  so  there  is  no  possibility  of  the 
motor  running  without  the  gong  ringing. 

Mr.  Small:  I  would  like  to. say  that  I  know  that  the 
(ioodman  people  furnish  automatic  gongs  on  their  motors. 

Mr.  Bush  :  I  would  like  to  ask  Mr.  Olsen  what  the  gen- 
eral practice  on  the  Gogebic  Range  is  now  in  top-slicing; 
whether  they  take  the  slice  right  up  next  to  the  top  or  leave 
a  certain  number  of  feet  in  the  back  to  be  taken  as  the  miners 
pull  back? 

Mr.  Olsen  :  Do  you  mean  with  reference  to  the  back  up 
over  the  sub? 

Mr.  Bush  :    Yes. 

Mr.  Olsen  :  The  practice  is  the  same  as  it  was  when  you 
were  here.  We  leave  from  7  to  10  ft.,  according  to  the  na- 
ture of  the  ground,  above  the  back  of  the  sub,  and  that  is 
drawn  as  the  sub  is  pulled  back. 


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LAKE   SUPERIOR    MINING   INSTITUTE  65 


NEW  STOCKPILE  TRESTLE,  COLBY  IRON  MINING 
COMPANY,  BESSEMER,  MICHIGAN. 

BY  G.  S.  BARBER,  BESSEMER,  MICH.* 

The  ore  stocking  trestle,  in  use  at  the  Colby  and  Ironton 
mines,  is  different  from  that  in  general  use  in  that  it  has  bents 
of  one  leg  instead  of  two,  and  is  so  designed  to  avoid  some 
of  the  inconveniences  of  the  common  two-leg  trestle.  With 
the  common  trestle  the  beginning  of  steam  shovel  loading 
means  to  tear  down  stockpile  trestle.  The  wiring  for  lights 
and  motor,  the  rails  and  planking,  stringers  and  caps  are  taken 
off  and  lowered  to  stockpile  floor  and  hauled  out  of  the  way 
to  be  stored  until  the  stockpiles  are  cleaned  up,  when  they  are 
again  hauled  back  and  the  trestle  is  rebuilt  with  a  loss  of  ma- 
terial and  labor  of  two-thirds  the  cost  of  the  original  trestle. 
The  trestle  legs  are  pulled  out  of  the  pile  when  the  shovel 
reaches  them,  or,  as  is  often  the  case,  are  broken  by  a  slide 
of  ore,  or  with  the  shovel  dipper  and  cut  up  for  underground 
mining  timber. 

To  avoid  this  loss  and  inconvenience  the  new  trestle  has 
bents  of  one  leg  only,  spaced  32  ft.  centers  and  giiyed  on 
each  side,  and  stockpile  is  loaded  without  taking  down  trestle. 

We  claim  for  this  trestle  greater  permanency,  convenience 
in  loading  and  stocking,  and  somewhat  cheaper  construction. 
Some  of  these  trestles  have  been  in  use  three  years.  They  are 
the  same  in  principle  as  the  Negaunee  mine  concrete  pier 
trestle,  but  are  built  of  timber  throughout,  and  while  not  ab- 
solutely permanent,  are  fairly  so  in  that  they  do  not  have 
to  be  taken,  down  every  time  stockpile  is  loaded  and  are  much 
cheaper  than  concrete.  In  loading,  the  legs  do  not  hold  back 
the  ore  as  do  the  two-leg  bent ;  slides  are  fewer,  and  pulling 
out  of  legs  necessary  on  two-leg  trestle  is  avoided.  There 
is  also  less  hand  shoveling.  The  legs  being  32  ft.  center  to 
center,  the  steam  shovel  works  well  in  between  the  bents  and 
as  shovel  always  works  from  the  outside  toward  the  center, 

'Superintendent  Colby  Iron  Mininff  Co. 


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66         NEW  STOCKPILE  TRESTLE^   COLBY  IRON   MINING  CO. 

what  hand  shovehng  there  is  to  do  is  on  finer  dirt  than  the 
outside  rill  of  pile.  Railroad  tracks  are  laid  along  each  side 
of  pile,  and  after  finishing  one  cut  shovel  is  moved  back  on 
the  loading  track  and  started  in  on  the  other  side  of  pile,  al- 


One-Lbg  Trestle,  Colby  Mine.    Loading  Stockpile 


One-Leg  Trestle,  Colby  Mine.   Stockpile  Cleaned  Up 

lowing  the  first  track  to  be  moved  in  while  the  second  cut  is 
being  made.  With  trestles  38  ft.  high,  three  cuts  clean  up 
the  pile. 

The  cost  of  construction,  while  not  very  much  different, 


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LAKE    SUPERIOR    MINING    INSTITUTE  6/ 

IS  in  favor  of  the  one-leg  trestle.  We  have  found  the  differ- 
ence about  25  cents  per  foot.  With  this  system  the  trestle 
need  not  Be  taken  down  to  load,  but  is  always  ready  to  stock 
**ven  during  the  shipping  season  and  this  is  often  a  conven- 
ience. Where  stockpile  room  allow^s  of  two  or  more  of  these 
trestles,  side  by  side,  only  one  set  of  guys  are  needed  on  the 


Top  op  Trestle  Showing  Amount  of  Displacement  After  Orb  Has  Been 
Loaded.— Colby  Mine 


Three-Ton  Tram  Car  with  Motcr\^s£d  on  One-Leg  Trestle.— Colby  Mine 

outside,  the  trestles  Ijeing  guyed  to  each  other  on  the  inside. 

These  trestles  have  been  described  in  the  Engineering  & 
Mining  Journal  of  December  5,  1914,  and  Excavating  En- 
gineer of  April,  191 5.  rjhe  design  originated  with  Oscar 
Gustafson,  Surface  Foreman,  at  the  Colby  and  Ironton  mines. 

Each  bent  is  a  single  leg  of  j^  by  12-in.  fir,  38  ft.  long, 


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68         NEW   STOCKPILE  TRESTLE^   COLBY  IRON   MINING  CO. 

on  which  a  12  by  12-in.  fir  cap,  7  ft.  long,  is  mounted  and 
braced  by  two  6x8-in.  by  6-ft.  fir  braces,  mortised  and  bolted 
to  both  leg  and  cap.  To  each  cap  are  bolted  two'  I2x  12-in. 
by  4-ft.  fir  corbels  or  bolsters,  to  which  again  are  bolted  the 
8-xi6-in.  by  32- ft.  fir  stringers. 

The  stringers  are  trussed  with  i6-lb.  rails;  to  each  end  of 
these  a  5^-in.  plate  is  riveted  and  then  bolted  to  the  stringer, 
The  truss  rods  are  blocked  in  the  center  with  a  6-  by  12-in. 
wood  piece.  To  the  stringers  are  spiked  3-in.  planks  5  ft. 
long,  and  the  30-lb.  rails  are  laid  on  the  planks  at  3oin. 
gage.    Outside  of  the  30-lb.  rail,  a  i6-lb.  guard  rail  is  spiked. 


Steam  Shovel  Working  on  Last  or  Clean-up  Cut.    Shovel  Working 
Between  Bents. 

To  each  end  of  the  cap  is  bolted  a  plate  with  an  eye  in  the 
end,  for  attaching  the  guys.  These  guys  are  }i-in.  galvan- 
ized-wire  strands ;  they  extend  out  to  side  bents  erected  at  100 
ft.  from  the  trestle,  the  guys  from  three  center  bents  being 
attached  to  each  side  bent.  The  guys  pass  over  the  cap  and 
down  to  eyelx)lts,  passing  through  a  i2-xi2-in.  by  16- ft.  tim- 
ber near  the  ground. 

The  side  l)ents  are  32  ft.  high,  built  of  round  timber  and 
well  braced.  They  are  themselves  guyed  by  two  ^-in.  wire- 
rope  guys  to  a  ''dead-man/'  concreted  in  the  ground. 


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lake  superior  mining  institute  69 

Discussion. 

Mr.  Hearding  :  I  would  like  to  ask  Mr.  Barber  the  ques- 
tion as  to  whether  in  taking  off  the  cut  on  the  side  you  find  that 
the  pile  on  the  other  side  commences  to  crowd  over? 

Mr.  Barber:  No,  we  haven't.  After  our  stockpile  has 
been  loaded  our  tracks  are  in  almost  perfect  alignment. 

Mr.  Hearding  :  I  mean  during  the  time  you  are  taking 
off  your  first  cut,  does  the  pile  on  the  opposite  side  crowd 
the  trestle? 

Mr.  Barber:  We  haven't  had  any  trouble.  I  think  if 
it  crowded  over,  it  would  remain  crowded  over  and  after  the 
pile  was  cleaned  up  that  would  show.  I  don't  know  whether 
those  cuts  show  that;  I  think  they  do.  Yes,  there  is  one  cut 
that  shows  the  trestle  after  the  stockpile  is  loaded  and  the 
track  is  almost  in  perfect  alignment. 

Mr.  Reigart:  Before  you  started  using  the  single  trestle 
and  while  you  were  using  the  trestle  with  the  two  legs,  did 
you  have  any  trouble  with  your  trestle  getting  out  of  line  and 
crowding  over  to  one  side  or  the  other? 

Mr.  Barber:  We  always  did.  One  leg  would  crowd 
out  of  alignment  and  it  would  throw  our  track  a  little  side- 
wise.    We  w^ould  have  to  shim  up  our  tracks. 

Mr.  Reigart:  This  has  been  lessened  by  using  the  trestle 
with  a  single  leg? 

Mr.  Barber  :    It  has  in  our  case. 

Mr.  Olson:  What  is  the  maximum  load  that  is  hauled 
over  that  trestle  ? 

Mr.  Barber  :  I  don't  know  that  I  can  tell  the  maximum 
load.  We  are  sending  out  three  tons  of  ore  on  a  car,  and  we 
send  two  cars  to  a  locomotive.  It  is  a  four-ton  locomotive, 
and  the  cars  probably  weigh  three-quarters  of  a  ton,  which 
would  \ye  11/2  tons  for  the  two.  I  would  say  that  it  was  possibly 
113^  or  12  tons.  These  bents  are  32  ft.  centers,  with  string- 
ers 8  by  16  and  trussed  with  i6-lb.  rail. 

Mr.  Richards:  What  do  you  consider  the  life  of  one 
of  those  trestles? 

Mr.  Barber:  I  could  only  make  a  guess  and  you  could 
do  the  same.  I  don't  know.  They  pay  for  themselves,  I 
think,  after  you  have  loaded  your  stockpile  the  second  time; 
I  think  you  have  got  the  worth  of  your  money.  They  cost 
less  than  the  trestle  with  two  legs  and  they  are  more  satis- 
factory. 


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yo        NEW  STOCKPILE  TRESTLE,  COLBY  IRON   MINING  CO. 

Mr.  Richards:  Do  you  put  a  concrete  base  under  the 
posts  ? 

Mr.  Barber  :  No,  we  probably  should,  but  we  don't  and 
we  have  had  no  trouble.    The  stockpile  floor  is  well  packed. 

Mr.  Richards:    Are  these  posts  set  in  the  ground? 

Mr.  Barber  :  They  are  set  on  a  square  piece  of  timber, 
sometimes  the  planking  of  the  stockpile  floor. 

Mr.  Bush  :  I  would  like  to  ask  Mr.  Barber  if  he  cares  to 
give  us  any  comparative  cost  of  loading  as  between  the  two 
different  styles  of  trestle? 

Mr.  Barber  :  So  many  conditions  enter  into  that,  I  don't 
think  that  any  figure  I  could  give  would  be  of  much  value. 

Mr.  Bush  :  It  seems  to  me  that  having  permanent  tracks, 
and  not  having  to  pull  out  the  legs,  the  cost  per  ton  of  loading 
would  be  very  much  lower  ? 

Mr.  Barber  :  That  varies  so  much.  It  depends  on  wheth- 
'er  we  have  continuous  car  service  or  otherwise.  In  some 
cases  our  loads  have  to  be  switched  out  and  placed  a  long 
ways  from  our  stockpile  floor.  In  that  case  we  can  only  load 
about  half  the  time.  Those  things  depend  so  much  on  condi- 
tions that  the  figures  would  not  be  of  much  value. 

Mr.  Baxter  :  You  take  a  cut  on  one  side  and  then  swing 
over  and  take  a  cut  on  the  other  side  ? 

Mr.  Barber:    Yes. 

Mr.  Baxter:  I  was  thinking  that  the  posts  would  bar 
the  swing  of  the  boom  so  that  you  couldn't  work  up  \txy 
close  and  that  you  might  leave  quite  a  little  ore? 

Mr.  Barber:  You  may  have  noticed  today,  if  you  went 
over  the  stockpile  floor,  what  we  leave  without  hand  shovel- 
ing; there  is  a  little  pile  around  the  legs,  not  over  6  ft.  in 
diameter. 

Mr.  Hearding  :  Do  you  start  filling  from  the  shaft-house 
and  only  put  your  tram  car  and  not  your  motor  on  the  empty 
trestle?  In  other  words  you  don't  put  your  cars  or  your  mo- 
tor out  onto  that  trestle  before  you  have  filled  up  around  the 
foot  of  the  trestle? 

Mr.  Barber:  Yes,  we  do,  but  we  don't  fill  the  farther 
end  first.  We  fill  the  trestle  gradually.  We  work  along  the 
full  length  of  the  trestle — not  the  full  length  of  the  trestle 
perhaps,  but  for  a  considerable  distance.  We  don't  fill  up  a 
pile  right  close  to  the  shaft-house  and  then  continue  out. 
We  generally  put  it  all  the  way  out  for  about  200  ft.  and 
then  gradually  fill  that  up.    If  w^  knew  exactly  what  we  were 


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LAKE   SUPERIOR    MINING    INSTITUTE  7I 

going  to  stock  on  that  trestle,  we  would  make  it  just  long 
enough  to  accommodate  that  amount.  We  find  that  it  doesn't 
crowd  the  legs. 

Mr.  Kelly  :    Is  there  more  than  one  grade  of  ore? 

Mr.  Barber  :  No,  but  we  have  loaded  two  grades  of  ore 
on  the  same  trestle,  one  at  one  end  and  one  at  the  other. 


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72  GROUTING  AT  THE   FRANCIS   MINE  SHAFT 


GROUTING   AT   THE   FRANCIS    MINE   SHAFT  OF 
THE  CLEVELAND-CLIFFS  IRON  COMPANY. 

BY  J.  R.  REIGART,  PRINCETON^  MICH.* 

The  Francis  Shaft  was  sunk  through  quicksand  to  ledge 
a  distance  of  102  ft.  by  The  New  York  Foundation  Company, 
who  completed  the  work  in  June,  1910.  As  we  were  at  that 
time  not  ready  to  continue  the  shaft  The  Foundation  Com- 
pany put  a  concrete  seal  in  the  bottom  and  turned  it  over  to 
the  company. 

The  shaft  through  the  sand  is  circular,  17  ft.  in  diameter, 
inside  dimension.  It  was  constructed  so  that  it  might  be 
continued  in  the  standard  size  adopted  by  The  Cleveland- 
Cliffs  Iron  Company — 10  ft.  10  in.  by  14  ft.  10  in.  inside 
measurements.  This  standard  shaft  is  rectangular  with  two 
skip-compartments,  a  cage-compartment,  and  a  ladder-  and 
pipe-way.  Work  was  resumed  in  the  spring  of  191 1,  but  con- 
tinued only  for  a  short  time,  just  long  enough  to  put  in  the 
steel  dividings  in  the  concrete  shaft,  and  to  drill  a  number  of 
holes  through  the  seal  in  the  bottom  of  the  shaft  to  ascertain 
the  flow  of  water  to  be  handled.  The  holes  put  down  all 
struck  water  at  a  depth  of  from  2  to  3  feet.  The  water 
came  out  under  a  pressure  of  a  little  over  40  pounds,  and  any 
two  of  these  holes  made  sufficient  water  to  give  a  No.  9  Cam- 
eron pump  just  about  all  it  could  handle.  As  fast  as  the  lioles 
were  drilled,  wooden  plugs  were  driven  into  them  to  shut  off 
the  water.  At  first  any  pieces  of  w^ood  at  hand  w-ere  used  as 
plugs,  but  these  did  not  entirely  keep  back  the  water.  Ac- 
cordingly regular  soft-pine  plugs,  from  3  to  3J/2  ft.  long  and 
tai>ering  from  2  to  4  in.,  were  turned  out  in  the  sliops.  With 
these  the  holes  could  ]ye  made  water-tight. 

The  holes  drilled  demonstrated  the  fact  that  a  large  flow 
of  water  would  be  encoimtered  as  soon  as  the  seal  was  broken, 
and  also  that  the  slate  ledge  was  probably  broken  to  a  great- 
er or  less  degree;     It  >v^§  readily  seen  that  the  water  would 

*Auistant  Superintendent, 


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LAKE   SUPERIOR   MINING   INSTITUTE  73 

have  to  be  excluded  before  continuing  the  shaft,  or  the  shaft 
could  be  sunk  only  with  the  greatest  difficulty  and  expense,  if 
at  all.  The  Foundation  Company  might  have  carried  the  shaft 
down  farther  by  their  own  process  except  for  the  fact  that 
at  the  time  ledge  was  struck  the  men  were  working  under  47 
pounds  air  pressure  on  15  minute  shifts.  This  was  not  only 
exceedingly  expensive,  but  hazardous. 

The  ledge  at  the  bottom  of  the  shaft  being  quite  irregular, 
the  thickness  of  the  seal  varied,  but  it  was  supposed  to  aver- 
age 24  inches.  The  encountering  of  water  so  quickly  in  the 
holes  seemed  to  indicate  that  the  seal  put  in  by  The  Founda- 
tion Company  had  not  formed  a  good  contact  with  the  ledge. 
Just  at  this  point  work  was  discontinued  and  was  not  resumed 
until  the  first  of  February,  19x5. 

When  work  was  begun  anew  last  February  various  means 
were  discussed  for  permanently  cutting  off  the  water  which 
would  come  in  at  the  ledge,  and  it  was  finally  decided  to  at- 
tempt this  by  drilling  incline  holes  around  the  inside  circum- 
ference of  the  shaft,  at  such  an  angle  that  they  would  reach 
beyond  the  outside  circumference  of  the  wall  of  the  shaft, 
and  forcing  neat  cement  into  these  holes  under  air  pressure 
until  all  the  water-bearing  cracks  and  crevices  were  filled,  thus 
making  a  water-tight  ledge  through  which  the  shaft  could  be 
sunk  with  safety.  As  stated  above,  we  were  afraid  that  there 
was  an  open  space  between  the  seal  and  the  ledge  covering  a 
good  portion  of  the  area  of  the  shaft.  If  this  was  the  case, 
the  pressure  exerted  on  the  cement  to  force  it  into  the  holes 
would  in  turn  be  transmitted  against  the  bottom  of  the  con- 
crete seal  and  develop  an  enormous  pressure.  Thus  there 
would  l>e  great  danger  of  breaking  through  it,  and  breaking 
through  would  be  a  very  serious  matter.  As  a  precaution 
against  this,  3-in.  planks  were  set  up  on  edge  8  in.  apart,  like 
joists  in  a  floor,  and  on  top  of  these  and  at  right  angles  to 
them  i2-in.  square  timbers  were  put  in  across  the  shaft  alx)Ut 
four  feet  apart  and  spragged  with  stulls  to  the  steel  sets  above. 
Wherever  there  was  any  space  between  the  joists  and  the 
cement  seal,  wedges  were  driven  in  so  that  should  there  be 
any  tendency  for  the  concrete  to  give,  the  pressure  would  be 
instantly  transmitted  to  the  bracing.  This  covered  up  the  bot- 
tom of  the  shaft  pretty  well,  but  still  left  space  enough  for 
drilling  holes  until  it  was  found  that  the  space  below  the  seal 
had  been  filled  and  the  reinforcing  could  be  removed  with 
safety. 


Digitized  byVjOOQlC 


74  GROUTING  AT  THE   FRANCIS  MINE  SHAFT 

Six  feet  above  the  bottom  of  the  shaft  a  platform  was 
built,  on  which  was  installed  the  air-pressure  grout  machine, 
the  valves  for  operating  the  low-  and  high-pressure  air  line, 
and  a  No.  9  Cameron  pump.  On  the  next  set  above,  two 
other  pumps  were  installed,  a  No.  8  Cameron  and  an  Al- 
l3erger  electric  pump.  This  gave  a  total  pumping  capacity 
of  from  1400  to  1600  gallons  a  minute.  A  4-in.  pipe  line  for 
conveying  the  grout,  which  was' to  be  mixed  on  surface  was 
installed  from  surface  so  that  it  emptied  directly  into  the  grout 
pan.    A  mixing  tub  made  by  sawing  an  oil  barrel  in  half  was 


Plate  1.    Showing  Grout  Machine  and  Connections.    Four  Inch  Supply  Pipe 
From  Surface  Emptying  Into  Tank. 

placed  over  this  pii^e.  A  few  feet  from  the  mixing  tub  a  ce- 
ment house  was  erected  and  water  piped  to  it.  Two  air  lines 
were  set  up  in  the  shaft,  one  from  the  compressor  which  fur- 
nishes the  mine  for  ordinary  conditions  at  80  pounds  and  a 
6-in.  high-pressure  line  from  the  booster  installed  in  the  en- 
gine house.  This  high-pressure  line  also  acted  as  a  receiver. 
The  lxx)ster  was  a  9^/^x9^ xio-in.  Westinghouse  Air-Brake 
compressor,  such  as  is  used  on  locomotives.  It  is  run  by  steam 
and  is  capable  of  raising  the  low  pressure  up  to  250  pounds. 


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LAKE   SUPERIOR   MINING   INSTITUTE 


75 


The  machine  used  on  this  job  was  a  second-hand  one  which 
had  been  repaired  and  150  pounds  pressure  was  about  the  most 
we  could  get  out  of  it.  Stopcocks  were  arranged  so  that  when 
desired  the  low-pressure  air  could  be  quickly  shut  off  and  high- 
pressure  air  forced  into  the  grout  tank  instead. 

The  tank  used  was  the  Caniff  Grout  Machine.  It  consists 
essentially  of  an  iron  tank  of  approximately  24x48  in.  with 
connections  for  allowing  air  to  be  blown  in  at  both  the  top 
and  bottom.    When  the  tank  has  been  charged,  air  is  blown  in 

FRANCIS     MINE     SHAFT 


N 


E 

PL  AM 

Showing  8maft  Dimensions 

at  the  bottom  to  agitate  the  grout,  which  insures  it  a  thor- 
ough mixing  and  keeps  it  from  setting.  This  air  is  then  shut 
off  and  air  let  in  at  the  top  to  force  out  the  grout.  A  stop- 
cock with  a  long  handle  controls  the  flow  of  grout  through 
the  discharge  pipe.  The  trapdoor  at  the  top  through  which 
the  charge  is  inserted  is  held  shut  when  closed  by  the  air 
pressure.  After  the  charge  has  been  expelled  from  the  tank 
and  all  the  connections,  the  air  from  the  air  line  is  shut  off 
from  the  tank,  the  chamber  exhausted  by  means  of  a  relief 
valve  on  the  top  of  the  machine,  and  the  charging  door  opened 


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76 


GROUTING  AT  THE   FRANCIS  MINE  SHAFT 


for  a  fresh  mixture.  These  tanks  come  equipped  with  valves, 
but  stopcocks  were  substituted  for  them,  as  they  can  be  worked 
much  more  easily  and  quickly.  The  grout  pan  should  be  set 
up  as  near  the  working  place  as  possible,  as  all  parts  of  the 


CROSS     SEC-riONI 

Showinq   Bottom  -40  Feet  of  Shaft 

DuRiisja  GiRouTiMa  Orcratioms 

Figure  1 

outfit  are  thus  much  more  easily  controlled,  and  especially  as 
it  shortens  the  connection  between  the  grout  tank  and  the 
hole  being  grouted  and  prevents  clogging.     The  cross-section 


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LAKE   SUPERIOR    MINING   INSTITUTE 


77 


in  Fig.  I  shows  the  arrangement  of  equipment  described  above 
and  Plate  i  illustrates  the  grout  machine  and  its  connections. 
The  connection  between  the  tank  and  the  grout  pipe  was 
a  2-in.  rubber  hose  of  extra  quality  warranted  to  stand  300 
pounds  pressure.  One  end  was  fitted  up  with  a  i^-in.  half- 
union  for  connecting  it  to  the  discharge  pipe  of  the  grout  ma- 
chine, and  the  other  end  was  supplied  with  a  blow-oflf  valve  and 


f^ 
^ 


^ 


FIG.2B. 
FiTTiNa  Inserted  in 
Stop  Cock 'A'  ron  dmivino 
Pipe. 


\Cj^9t^t^AA' 


8CALC  3".!' 

FIGl2A. 

DCTAii.  or  GROUT  Pipe 

N  DRikL.  Hole  Read/  for 

GROUTiNCr 


a  i^-in.  half-union  for  coupling  it  to  the  grout  pipe.  (See 
Fig.  2-A).  The  blow-off  valve  (Stopcock  **B'*)  served  in 
finding  out  whether  or  not  all  of  the  charge  had  gone  into 
the  hole,  in  emptying  the  tank  of  air  after  the  charge  had  been 
ejected,  and  in  blowing  out  the  hose  after  the  hole  would  take 


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78  GROUTING  AT  THE   FRANCIS   MINE  SHAFT 

no  more  grout.  The  function  of  emptying  the  tank  of  air  aft- 
er the  contents  had  been  discharged  is  quite  important  if  speed 
is  desired,  as  the  relief  valve  on  the  tank  for  this  purpose 
freezes  up  if  worked  too  rapidly.  The  hose  with  connections 
was  about  14  ft.  long,  sufficient  to  reach  any  point  in  the  bot- 
tom of  the  shaft  and  yet  not  long  enough  to  make  bops  or 
troublesome  unnecessary  curves. 

The  grout  pipes  were  made  from   i^-in.  standard  pipe 


Plate  2.  Showing  Water  Bearing  Cracks  Which  Have  Been  Filled  With 
Grout.  The  Clean-Cut  Sharply  Defined  White  Seams  Show  the 
Effect  of  Letting  the  Sand  Out  so  that  the  Space  is  Filled  With 
Solid  Cement.  The  Blurred.  Less  Distinct  Seams.  Have  Fine  Sand 
Mixed  With  the  Grout  and  While  Watertight  the  Filling  M a- 
terlal  is  not  so  Hard  as  the  Clean  Grout. 

3  to  4  ft.  long.  To  the  end  to  be  driven  into  the  hole,  a  bell 
made  from  a  piece  of  2-in.  pipe  8  in.  long  was  welded.  The- 
ij^-in.  pipe  is  pushed  into  the  large  end  of  the  bell  until  its 
end  is  even  with  the  unexpanded  end  of  the  bell  and  welded 
at  this  point.  (See  Fig.  2-A).  The  other  end  of  the  pipe 
was  equipped  with  i^-in.  stoixrock,  a  i^^-in.  nipple,  a  1^/2- 
in.  tee,  which  was  left  open  on  the  side  to  permit  the  free 
flow  of  water  while  the  pipe  was  being  driven,  and  a  nipple 


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LAKE    SUPERIOR    MINING    INSTITUTE  79 

on  to  which  was  screwed  a  cap.  (See  Fig.  2-B).  In  drilling 
the  holes,  a  starting  bit  of  2^  in.  was  used  to  a  depth  of 
8  or  10  inches.  The  next  bit  was  23^,  but  the  succeeding 
bits  followed  the  usual  change.  The  difference  in  size  be- 
tween the  starter  and  the  second  drill  provided  a  shoulder 


Plate  3.  Showing  Grout  Hose  Connected  Up  to  Pipe  Ready  for  Grouting  a 
Small  Stream,  About  5  Gallons  per  Minute,  Not  Shut  Off  by  Ori- 
ginal Grouting.  Above  Are  Shown  Original  Grout  Pipes,  Now 
Cut  Off  to  Allow  the  Shaft  to  be  Drilled.  Marks  of  the  Holes 
Put  Down  to  Take  Out  the  First  Rock  Cuts  are  Also  Clearly 
Shown  on  this  Plate  and  Plate  2. 

against  which  the  grout  pipes  could  be  tightly  driven.  Be- 
fore the  pipe  was  driven  into  the  hole,  the  bell  was  wrapped 
with  oakum  and  this  in  turn  was  coated  with  clay.  The  pipes 
were  driven  with  a  sledge,  a  wooden  block  being  held  on  the 
cap  to  receive  the  blow.    After  the  pipe  was  driven  as  far  as 


Digitized  byVjOOQlC 


8o  GROUTING  AT  THE  FRANCIS  MINE  SHAFT 

it  would  go,  the  stopcock  ("A"  Fig.  2-A)  was  closed,  and  if 
there  was  no  leakage  around  the  pipe  at  the  collar  of  the 
hole,  the  nipple  in  the  stopcock,  with  its  attached  tee  and  cap, 
was  replaced  by  another  nipple  to  which  was  attached  a  half- 
union  for  the  coupling  with  the  grout  hose. 

If  there  was  a  little  leakage,  it  was  stopped  by  driving 
small  steel  wedges,  shaped  to  conform  to  the  pipe,  between 
the  pipe  and  the  upper  end  of  the  bell  welded  to  it.  This 
upper  end  of  the  bell  was  drawn  to  a  feather  edge,  which 
conformed  to  any  little  irregularity  in  the  shape  of  the  hole, 
and  which  extended  out  over  the  Oakum  and  clay  and  pre- 
vented it  from  being  forced  up  on  the  pipe.  The  effect  of 
the  steel  wedges  was  to  force  back  this  feather  edge  and  make 
a  tighter  contact  against  the  collar  of  the  hole.  If  this  did 
not  stop  the  water,  small  soft-pine  wedges  were  driven  in  at 
the  leaks.  There  were  times,  however,  when  even  with  wedg- 
ing the  pipes  could  not  be  made  tight  the  first  time  and  had 
to  be  taken  out  and  put  in  until  they  were  tight.  However, 
a  few  wedges  around  the  pipes  was  usually  all  that  was  re- 
quired. The  drawings  2-A  and  2-B  and  the  photographs  il- 
lustrate the  details  here  described. 

The  general  routine  followed  is  illustrated  by  Fig.  3.  A 
unit  of  operations  was  the  drilling  and  grouting  of  six  holes 
spaced  at  equal  intervals  around  the  circumference  of  the 
shaft.  The  holes  were  numbered  in  the  order  drilled.  To 
drill  these  six  holes  and  put  in  the  grout  pipes  was  a  days* 
work  for  a  crew  of  2  men  and  a  mining  captain.  On  the 
following  day  these  holes  were  grouted,  and  for  the  next 
two  work  was  suspended  to  give  the  gjout  time  to  set  up 
and  harden.  At  first  only  one  day  was  allowed  for  this, 
but  it  proved  insufficient  in  cases  where  a  large  amount  of 
grout  had  Ijeen  put  into  one  hole.  A  total  of  41  holes  were 
drilled  and  27  were  grouted.  As  the  work  progressed  the 
holes  were  drilled  deeper,  until  14-ft.  holes  put  in  at  an  angle 
of  45°  encountered  no  water.  Finally  a  few  holes,  Nos.  38, 
39,  40  and  41,  were  put  down  in  the  interior  of  the  shaft  to 
reach  any  seam  that  might  run  up  into  the  shaft  parallel  or 
nearly  parallel  to  the  incline  holes  which  these  holes  might 
have  missed.  As  no  water  was  encountered,  all  was  now  ready 
for  the  excavating  of  the  bottom  of  the  shaft  and  for  shaft- 
sinking. 

Grouting  was  started  on  the  morning  of  March  26.  A 
gauge  attached  to  one  of  the  grout  pipes  showed  a  pressure 


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LAKE   SUPERIOR    MINING   INSTITUTE 


8l 


of  43  pounds.  To  begin  with,  it  was  surmised  that  there 
were  relatively  large  areas  to  be  filled,  so  that  the  only  pres- 
sure to  be  overcome  would  be  the  hydrostatic  head.  Sixty 
pounds  was  therefore  used  in  the  first  operations.  The  first 
mixture  was  very  thin,  being  composed  of  tw'O  12-qt.  pails 


w 


Plan  of  Bottom  or  Shaft 
Si^owiNa  Position  of  holes  Drilled  and  GmH/rcol 


SCALE  i-a* 
Fiao. 


3 


of  cement  and  four  12-qt.  pails  of  water,  and  as  a  result,  the 
grouting  went  very  slowly.  Therefore  the  mixture  was 
changed  to  one  bag  of  cement  and  three  12-qt.  pails  of  wa- 
ter to  a  batch.  It  is  most  important,  however,  that  the  mix- 
ture be  thin  enough  so  that  it  is  perfectly  flyid.    No  sand  was 


Digitized  byVjOOQlC 


82  GROUTING  AT  THE   FRANCIS   MINE  SHAFT 

used  in  these  mixtures,  but  it  may  be  used  if  desired.  All  of 
the  cement  was  screened  over  a  heavy  wire  screen  running 
four  meshes  to  the  inch,  to  take  out  any  lumps.  The  first 
hole  grouted  was  one  of  the  holes  drilled  in  the  operations  of 
191 1.  Some  of  the  plugs  put  in  at  that  time  were  not  tight 
enough  to  keep  the  thin  mixture  of  grout  from  being  forced 
back  up  into  the  shaft.  Wherever  possible,  these  old  plugs 
were  replaced  by  plugs  previously  described.  This  helped 
a  great  deal,  but  there  were  some  plugs  which  could  not  be 
removed  and  which  could  not  be  made  tight  enough  to  hold 
back  the  grout.  Accordingly  several  batches  of  bran  were 
forced  into  the  hole,  and  then  a  richer  mixture  made  with 
one  bag  of  cement  to  a  batch.  The  holes  soon  took  up  and 
there  was  no  more  trouble  from  this  source. 

From  the  first  holes  in  particular,  the  water  brought  up 
fine  sand  and  small  pieces  of  broken  ledge.  With  the  very 
first  of  these,  the  water  was  shut  oflF  as  soon  as  the  grout  pipe 
had  been  made  tight,  but  later  the  stopcock  was  left  open  and 
the  water  allowed  to  flow  for  a  period  of  ten  minutes,  until 
the  water  became  clean  and  free  of  sand.  The  effect  of  this 
was  seen  later  when  the  bottom  of  the  shaft  was  cut  out:  in 
holes  which  had  not  been  allowed  to  clear  themselves  the 
grout  was  mixed  with  the  sand  in  the  seams  and  could  be 
readily  taken  out  of  the  cracks  with  a  pick,  but  wherever  the 
holes  had  been  allowed  to  clear  themselves  the  cracks  were 
filled  with  hard,  clean  cement.  The  table  following  gives  the 
record  of  each  of  the  holes : 

Record  of  Holes  Drilled  and  Blasted. 

^;£'  S^^ul     "tioS*"  ^^*  guL^r  sm        Water  Remarka 

Hole   Ft.   In.  ^e^^es     ^«»     minute    Ibe. 

13  90  18  250  55   Sandy 

2  2  8  75  16  50  55   Clear 

3  4  75  6  200  60   Sandy 

4  5  6  90  0  0  60 

5  4  6  75  150  250-  60   Sandy 

6  3  2  75  190  250  ^0^*^*^^       24^qt  cement  and  48  qt. 

7  4     1        75  4  25        60  Clear 

8  5  11        68  2  75        60   Sandy 

9  7  65        29  75  Sandy 


ij^      1A  70         A  A  went    through    grouted 

^^      ^^  /u         u  u  g^^  ^^^^  3  or  4  in. 


At  a  depth  of  3  or  4  ft. 

went 

seam 

thick 


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LAKE    SUPERIOR    MINING    INSTITUTE 


83 


No.  of  Depth 
Hole   Ft.  In. 


11 
12 
13 
14 
15 
IG 
17 
18 
19 
20 
21 
22 
23 
24 
25 
2G 
27 
28 
29 
30 
31 
32 
33 
34 
35 
30 
37 
38 
39 
40 
41 


10  2 

10  4 

3  4 

4 

G  G 

12  6 

8 

12  6 
10 

13  6 
13  6 
13  6 
10  G 
13  4 

12  6 

13  4 
13  6 
13  3 
13  6 

5  G 

7 
xZ 
13 
13 


6 
7 
4 
13  8 


13 
13 


13  6 

13  6 

13  G 

13  6 


Inclina- 

Cement 
BaflTB 

Flow 

Pree- 

tion 

gal.  per  sure 

Water 

Remarks 

decrees 

minute 

1     lbs. 

GO 

0 

75 

Sandy 

70 

40 

75 

Sandy 

70 

332 

100 

Sandy 

50 

6 

50 

70^75 

Sandy 

50 

2 

50 

70-75 

Sandy 

50 

2 

25 

70-75 

Clear 

50 

7 

75 

70-75 

Clear 

50 

0 

0 

70-75 

50 

115 

100 

70-75 

Sandy 

45 

0 

2 

140 

Clear 

45 

5 

10 

140 

Clear 

45 

1 

0 

140 

Clear 

45 

39 

50 

75 

Clear 

45 

2 

15 

140 

Sandy 

45 

0 

50 

Clear 

Stopped  from  No.  30 

45 

2 

1 

140 

Clear 

45 

0 

0 

45 

0 

75 

Sandy 

Stopped  from  No.  30 

45 

4 

50 

130 

Sandy 

45 

257 

15080-140 

Sandy 

45 

0 

25 

Clear 

Stopped  from  No.  30 

45 

2 

0 

140 

45 

2 

0 

140 

45 

3 

15 

120 

Clear 

45 

2 

7 

140 

Clear 

45 

1 

1 

140 

Clear 

45 

0 

0 

60 

0 

0 

90 

0 

0 

70 

0 

0 

70 

0 

0 

Tot405  4       1239 

Grouting  began  March  26,  1915.  Finished,  April  26,  1915. 
On  any  day's  grouting,  the  hole  showing  the  largest  flow 
was  generally  the  first  one  connected  to  and  grout  was  forced 
into  it  as  long  as  it  could  be  made  to  take  any.  When  once 
started,  the  grouting  of  a  hole  was  finished  without  any  stop, 
for  if  the  cement  was  allowed  to  start  to  set,  no  more  could 
be  forced  in  and  the  hole  would  be  lost.  Hole  No.  13  re- 
quired 332  bags  of  cement;  grouting  was  started  at  8:30 
and  run  continuously  until  3  p.  m.  Towards  the  end  of  the 
oi^eration  the  holes  took  grout  more  slowly  and  if  at  any  time 
the  grout  hose  did  not  empty  after  the  pressure  had  been  left 
on  for  five  minutes,  the  hole  was  considered  finished.  Some- 
times in  such  cases  the  hose  would  have  to  be  hammered  and 
high-pressure  air  applied  to  it  to  clean  it  out.  After  a  couple 
of  days'  work  with  60  pounds  of  air,  it  was  decided  that  the 
seal  and  bracing  were  strong  enough  to  stand  a  pressure  of 
80  pounds,  and  frctfii  then  on  this  pr^s^ure  was  used  almost 


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84  GROUTING  AT  THE  FRANCIS  MINE  SHAFT 

entirely.  Some  holes  that  would  not  take  grout  at  80  pounds 
were  made  to  take  a  few  batches  under  a  pressure  of  150 
pounds.  This  pressure  was  also  used  towards  the  completion 
of  the  holes  when  they  began  to  take  grout  slowly  at  80 
pounds.  When  the  holes  were  taking  grout  freely  we  operated 
at  the  rate  of  a  batch  every  50  seconds,  and  this  was  just 
about  as  fast  as  the  cement  could  be  screened  and  mixed  and 
sent  down  to  us  from  surface.  The  grouting  crew  on  sur- 
face consisted  of  five  men,  one  man  bringing  the  cement  from 
the  cement  house,  one  man  screening,  one  measuring  out  the 
charges,  and  two  mixing  them  and  stirring  them  with  paddles 
to  insure  a  thorough  mixture.  In  the  shaft  the  captain  op- 
erated the  grout  machine,  one  man  the  blow-off  valve  near 
the  grout  pipe,  and  one  the  stopcock  on  the  grout  pipe. 

At  the  end  of  a  day's  grouting,  the  stopcocks  on  the  pipes 
used  for  the  last  previous  grouting  were  opened.  If  no  wa- 
ter came  out,  the  stopcocks  were  taken  off  and  thoroughly 
cleaned,  so  that  they  could  be  used  over  again.  If  water 
flowed  from  the  pipes  the  grout  machine  was  connected  to 
the  grout  pipe  and  a  batch  of  clear  water  forced  into  the  hole. 
If  the  hole  took  the  water,  as  many  batches  of  grout  were 
forced  in  as  the  hole  would  take.  This  amounted  to  anywhere 
from  one-half  a  batch  to  two  or  three  batches,  and  resulted 
in  cutting  the  water  off  entirely.  High  pressure  was  used  for 
these  finishing  batches. 

.  Where  the  openings  to  be  filled  are  as  large  as  they  were 
in  this  case,  80  pounds  of  pressure  will  make  a  good  job,  but 
where  the  seams  are  smaller,  higher  pressure  is  not  only  de- 
sirable but  absolutely  necessary  in  order  to  overcome,  in  ad- 
dition to  the  hydrostatic  head,  the  friction  in  the  seams  being 
filled,  and  the  tendency  of  the  previous  batches  to  set  up.  The 
farther  in  the  grout  can  be  forced,  the  larger  will  be  the 
intervening  wall  built  up  and  the  more  effectively  will  the 
water  be  cut  off.  If  higfh  pressure  could  have  been  used  from 
the  beginning,  this  particular  job  could  have  been  done  with 
fewer  holes  and  grouting  operations.  The  grouting  was  fin- 
ished on  April  26,  a  month  after  starting. 

When  it  had  been  thoroughly  demonstrated  that  the  water 
had  been  all  cut  off,  the  rectangular  shaft  was  started.  Eight- 
foot  holes  were  drilled  around  the  perimeter  of  the  rectangle 
two  feet  back  from  the  neat  line  of  the  shaft  and  as  close  to- 
gether as  possible.  The  first  four  feet  were  then  broken  out 
by  moiling  and  with  wedges  and  feathers.    The  concrete  seal 


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LAKE    SUPERIOR    MINING    INSTITUTE  8$ 

was  .the  hardest  part  of  this  work,  as  the  ledge  broke  easily 
along  the  slips  and  joints.  Below  these  four  feet  shallow  holes 
and  very  light  charges  of  ix>wder  were  used.  For  the  next 
cut  the  holes  were  drilled  on  the  outside  of  the  shaft  as  be- 
fore and  the  ground  broken  out  by  drilling  and  blasting  with 
light  charges  of  powder,  not  over  half  a  stick  to  a  hole,  and 
never  over  two  or  three  holes  at  a  time.  This  operation  was 
repeated  until  the  shaft  was  i8  ft.  below  the  shoe  of  the  con- 
crete shaft  sunk  by  The  Foundation  Company. 

To  secure  further  the  portion  of  the  shaft  which  had  been 
grouted,  the  sides  of  the  shaft  traversed  by  the  filled  seams 
were  lined  with  a  reinforced  concrete  wall  averaging  two  feet 
in  thickness.  This  wall  required  14  ft.  of  concrete  lining. 
Hitches  were  cut  12  ft.  below  the  shoe  and  9-in.  I-beams  put 
in  for  bearers  along  the  small  dimension  of  the  shaft.  To 
these  bearers,  hanging  bolts  were  attached  so  that  the  sets 
could  be  hung  below.  Forms  were  then  constructed  along 
the  neat  line  of  the  shaft  from  the  top  of  the  concrete  seal 
to  2  ft.  below  the  bearers.  First,  however,  i^-in.  cramp  rods 
spaced  2  ft.  apart  were  put  in  the  walls  of  the  shaft.  Wire 
rope,  old  pieces  of  expanded  metal,  iron  bars  and  pieces  of  old 
angle  iron  and  channels  were  fastened  in  for  reinforcing.  The 
space  was  then  filled  with  concrete  having  a  composition  of 
one  part  cement,  one  part  sand  and  gravel  and  two  parts 
broken  rock.  This  was  given  a  couple  of  days  in  which  to 
set  and  then  work  was  resumed.  For  the  first  two  or  three 
cuts  the  perimeter  was  drilled  around  as  in  the  previous  cuts 
and  the  holes  blasted  carefully  so  as  not  to  damage  the  con- 
crete. 

When  the  bottom  of  the  shaft  was  taken  up,  the  conditions 
were  not  exactly  as  had  been  anticipated,  as  the  seal  had  a 
good  contact  with  the  ledge  over  the  entire  area  of  the  bot- 
tom of  the  shaft.  What  we  did  find,  however,  was  a  large  seam 
varying  from  2  to  6  in.  in  width  cutting  across  the  entire 
shaft.  On  the  south  and  east  side  it  was  within  a  few  inches 
of  the  bottom  of  the  seal  while  on  the  north  and  west  side 
it  was  farther  down  in  the  shaft.  In  the  southwest  comer  it 
apparently  made  a  turn  and  went  outside  of  the  shaft,  as  no 
water  was  encountered  in  any  of  the  holes — No.  4,  10,  18,  22 
and  37 — put  down  in  this  area.  This  seam  filled  with  cement 
is  shown  in  Plates  2  and  3.  From  six  places  in  the  sides  of 
the  shaft  small  streams  of  water  issued,  the  combined  flow  of 
which  was  not  over  25  gallons  per  minute.    Holes  were  drilled 


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86  GROUTING  AT  THE   FRANCIS  MINE  SHAFT 

into  the  rock  at  these  points  and  plugged  with  .grout  pipes 
so  that  later  they  could  be  grouted  and  the  water  stopped.  In 
addition  several  weep  pipes  were  put  in,  which  all  ran  dry  as 
soon  as  the  concrete  set. 

After  the  14  ft.  of  concrete  had  been  allowed  to  set  for 
six  weeks,  the  sides  of  the  shaft  were  well  braced  and  the  holes 
making  water  and  the  weep  pipes  grouted.  The  bracing  of  the 
shaft  was  to  prevent  the  sides  from  bulging  and  breaking 
should  there  be  any  openings  between  the  concrete  wall  and 
the  rock  sides  of  the  shaft — making  areas  against  which  the 
air  pressure  used  in  grouting  might  be  transmitted.  Although 
some  of  the  water  was  shut  oflf  and  the  total  flow  cut  down 
to  about  15  gallons  per  minute,  it  could  not  be  cut  oflf  en- 
tirely with  the  available  air  pressure.  The  openings  through 
which  the  water  came  were  evidently  so  fine  that  only  a  higher 
pressure  would  force  the  grout  into  them.  During  the  time 
between  the  installation  of  the  concrete  lining  and  the  last 
grouting,  the  shaft  was  sunk  16  feet.  After  the  weep  holes 
were  grouted  the  forms  were  removed,  dividings  installed  and 
the  shaft  equipped  for  sinking  in  the  ordinary  way.  Up  to 
this  time  all  the  work  had  been  done  on  day  shift  only. 

To  reach  this  stage  four  months  were  required,  from 
March  26  to  July  27.  The  greater  portion  of  the  last  three 
months  was  spent  in  sinking,  which,  because  of  the  care  which 
had  to  be  exercised,  was  slow  and  tedious. 

The  cost  of  this  work  up  to  the  first  of  August,  when 
two  shifts  could  be  employed  and  sinking  carried  on  in  the 
usual  way,  was  as  follows : 

Grouting $1,431.74 

Sinking 1,882.45 

Timbering 885.15 

Concreting   407.42 

Total $4,606.76 

When  the  advantages  gained  are  taken  into  consideration, 
the  method  used  seems  very  inexpensive.  The  actual  flow  of 
water  there  would  have  been  to  handle  if  it  had  not  been  shut 
ofif  is  entirely  problematical,  but  4,000  to  5,000  gallons  of  wa- 
ter i>er  minute  is  undoubtedly  a  low  estimate.  Suppose  the 
shaft  could  have  been  sunk  to  the  present  depth  by  ordinary 
methods  and  that  the  water  could  have  all  been  caught  and 
pumped  from  ledg^err-^the  expense  of  installing  the  necessary 


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LAKE    SUPERIOR    MINING    INSTITUTE  87 

pumping  equipment  and  of  pumping  this  amount  of  water 
over  the  period  of  years  ccwnprising  the  life  of  the  mine  would 
be  enormous.  It  is  very  obvious  that  one  could  afford  if  nec- 
essary to  spend  several  times  the  above  amount  to  get  the  re- 
sults obtained. 

The  method  of  grouting  water-bearing  seams  can  be  used 
at  any  depth  provided  sufficient  air  pressure  is  available.  For 
real  effective  results,  the  air  pressure  should  be  from  loo  to 
200  pounds  over  the  hydrostatic  head. 

No  further  trouble  from  water  is  anticipated  in  the 
sinking  of  the  Francis  Shaft,  as  the  drill  hole  put  down  on 
the  shaft  location  to  a  depth  of  865  feet  was  found  in  the 
bottom  of  the  shaft  and  no  water  was  coming  from  it. 


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88  SHEET  GROUND  MINING,  JOPLIN  DISTRICT 


SHEET    GROUND    MINING    IN    THE    JOPLIN    DIS- 
TRICT, MISSOURI. 

BY  EDWIN   HIGGINS.* 

The  Joplin  zinc-lead  district,  also  referred  to  as  the  Mis- 
souri-Kansas-Oklahoma district,  includes  portions  of  Jasper. 
Newton,  Lawrence  and  Greene  counties,  Missouri;  Cherokee 
county,  Kansas;  and  Ottawa  county,  Oklahoma.  The  bulk 
of  the  production  of  zinc  and  lead  concentrates,  however, 
comes  from  the  mines  in  the  vicinity  of  Webb  City,  Carter- 
ville  and  Joi>lin,"in  Jasj^er  county,  Missouri.  In  recent  years, 
the  annual  value  of  the  zinc  and  lead  coiKentrates  produced 
in  the  entire  district  has  ranged  from  ii  to  i8  millions  of 
dollars,  from  82  to  85  per  cent,  of  this  being  derived  from 
tlie  zinc.  There  are  approximately  10,000  men  employed  in 
the  district. 

With  regard  to  mining  methods,  the  ore  deposits  of  the 
Joplin  district  may  be  divided  into  two  classes:  (a)  Sheet 
ground  deixDsits;  flat-lying  orebodies  in  tough,  bedded,  cherty 
'flint;  and  (b)  "Runs'*  and  irregular  deposits;  orebodies  of 
a  great  variety  of  shaj^es  and  forms,  in  which  the  mineral  oc- 
curs in  the  chert  or  in  the  dolomitic  limestone. 

In  past  years  much  mining  was  done  at  or  near  the  sur- 
face and,  while  this  is  true  at  the  present  time  to  a  certain 
extent,  the  bulk  of  the  production  comes  from  depths  of  from 
150  to  200  feet.  The  deepest  mining  operation  of  the  district 
is  at  Miami,  Oklahoma,  where  a  pump  station  was  cut  recently 
on  the  380-foot  level  of  the  Lennan  mine. 

The  principal  sheet  ground  mines  are  situated  in  the  vi- 
cinity of  Joplin,  Oronogo,  Webb  City,  Carterville,  Prosperity, 
Porto  Rico  and  Duenweg,  in  Jasper  county,  Missouri.  At 
this  time  there  are  in  ojDeration  about  60  sheet  ground  mines, 
employing  close  to  S,ood  men.  The  recent  unprecedented 
demand  for  zinc  ore  has  been  the  cause  of  increased  activity 
here,  as  in  other  parts  of  the  district. 

*  ^jniner  Engineer,  U.  S.  Bureau  of  Mines,  Ironwood,  Mich. 

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lake  superior  mining  institute  89 

Sheet  Ground  Orebodies. 

The  geology  of  the  Joplin  district  has  been  treated  ex- 
haustively in  various  publications*.  Only  such  comments  will 
1>e  made  here  as  may  seem  necessary  for  an  understanding  of 
conditions  in  their  relation  to  mining  methods. 

The  principal  sheet  ground  orebodies  lie  at  an  average 
depth  of  180  feet  from  the  surface.  They  occur  in  the  Grand 
Falls  member  of  the  Boone  chert.  This  formation  belongs 
to  the  Mississippian  series  of  the  Carboniferous  system.  The 
chert,  or  cherty  flint,  as  it  seems  more  properly  termed,  occurs 
in  layers  from  a  few^  inches  to  three  feet  in  thickness,  these 
layers  comprising  beds  varying  in  thickness  from  lo  to  40 
feet  or  more;  dolomitic  limestone  lies  above  and  below  these 
approximately  horizontal  strata.  This  flint  is  ver}'  tough  and 
breaks  in  various  splintery  and  sharp-edged  forms.  It  ranges 
in  color  from  almost  white  to  gray  or  bluish  gray.  In  places 
it  is  unaltered;  in  others  it  has  been  crushed  in  place  and 
recementetl  with  a  siliceous  material,  the  bed  as  a  whole  re- 
taining its  original  form.  In  parts  of  the  area  many  fissures 
are  found  in  the  flint. 

The  following  is  a  record  of  a  typical  drill  hole  put  down 
in  the  sheet  ground : 

Feet. 

Soil  2 

Yellow  clay   18 

Gravel 10 

Yellow  clay   10 

Soapstone 64 

Alternate  layers  of  chert  and  dolomitic  lime- 
stone   , 116 

^Schmidt  A.,  and  Leonhard,  A.,  Lead  and  Zinc  Regions  of  South- 
western Missouri;  Mo.  Geol.  Surv.  Vol.  1,  1874,  pp.  381-502. 

Winslow,  A.,  Lead  and  Zinc  Deposits,  Mo.  Geol.  Surv.  Vols.  G  7, 
1894. 

Jenny,  W.  P.,  Lead  and  Zinc  Deposits  of  the  Mississippi  Valley; 
Trans.  Am.  Inst.  MIn.  Engrs.,  Vol.  22,  1894,  pp.  171-225;  642-646. 

Bain.  H.  F.,  Van  HIse.  C.  R.,  Adams,  G.  I.,  Prelim.  Report  on  the 
Lead  and  Zinc  Deposits  of  the  Ozark  Region:  22nd  An.  Report  U.  S. 
Geol.  Surv..  part  2.  1901,  pp.  23-228. 

Smith,  W.  S.  Tangier,  Lead  and  Zinc  Deposits  of  the  Joplin  Dis- 
trict; Missouri-Kansas;  BuUetin  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  No.  213,  1903,  pp. 
197-204. 

Buckley,  E.  R.,  Buhler,  H.  A.,  Geology  of  the  Granby  Area;  Mis- 
souri Bureau  of  Geology  and  Mines;  2nd  series.  Vol.  4,  1906. 

Haworth,  E.,  Crane,  W.  R.,  Rogers.  A.  F.,  and  others  Special  Re- 
port on  Lead  and  Zinc;  Univ.  Geol.  Surv.,  Kansas,  Vol.  7,  1904. 


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90  SHEET  GROUND  MINING,  JOPLIN  DISTRICT 

True  sheet  ground  (chert) 45 

Dolomitic  limestone  to  bottom  of  hole  at 290 

It  may  be  noted  that  there  was  in  this  hole  45  feet  of 
sheet  ground.  The  depth  at  which  the  sheet  ground  lies,  its 
thickness,  and  the  number  of  beds  that  may  be  encountered, 
varies  in.  different  parts  of  the  area.  It  may  lie  anywhere 
from  100  to  240  feet  below  the  surface,  and  it  may  be  di- 
vided into  two  or  more  beds,  with  limestone  between. 

The  minerals  which  form  the  orebodies  are  sphalerite,  or 
zinc  sulphide  (locally  termed  "jack")  ;  and  galena,  or  lead 
sulphide  (termed  "lead").  These  minerals  usually  occur 
closely  associated,  and  in  widely  varying  proportions,  in  well- 
defined  bands  from  a  fraction  of  an  inch  to  6  inches  in  thick- 
ness. These  bands  lie  between  the  bedding  planes  of  the  flint 
and  vary  in  frequency.  The  entire  orebody  may  consist  only 
of  one  band  of  mineral,  or  it  may  be  made  up  of  two  or  more 
bands  at  varying  distances  apart. 

Obviously,  the  height  of  the  mine  workings  is  dependent 
on  the  frequency  of  the  mineral  bands.  If  the  flint  is  bar- 
ren, with  the  exception  of  one  mineral  band,  only  about  6  or 
7  feet  are  mined.  In  some  parts  of  the  district  the  mineral- 
ization warrants  the  mining  of  20  and  even  30  feet  in  thick- 
ness. 

Under  normal  conditions,  as  to  cost  of  labor  and  price  of 
ore,  there  is  little  or  no  profit  to  be  had  when  the  "dirt"  runs 
below  2  per  cent.  "Two  per  cent,  dirt"  means  rock  that  yields 
2  tons  of  concentrates  for  every  100  tons  mined.  Broken 
rock  in  the  mine  is  termed  "dirt" ;  the  concentrates  are  termed 
"ore."  In  this  connection  it  might  be  well  to  mention  that 
approximately  30  per  cent,  of  the  mineral  content  of  the 
dirt  goes  into  the  mill  tailings  pile. 

Prospecting  and  Development  Work. 

Churn  Drilling — Owing  to  the  evenness  of  the  surface  and 
the  presence  of  soil,  clay,  sand  and  bowlders  to  varying  depths, 
it  is  seldom  that  any  information  can  be  obtained  from  rock 
outcrops.  Hence  practically  all  prospecting  is  done  by  means 
of  the  drill.  For  this  work  Keystone  and  Star  churn  drills 
are  largely  used.  The  usual  practice  is  to  start  a  hole  with 
6-inch  and  end  it  with  4-inch  casing.  Generally  a  200-foot 
liole  is  all  that  is  necessary  to  determine  the  presence  or  ab- 
sence of  pay  dirt  in  the  sheet  ground  district.     The  cost  of 


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LAKE   SUPERIOR    MINING   INSTITUTE  9I 

drilling  ranges  from  90c.  to  $1.00  per  foot.  The  average 
time  required  to  put  down  a  200-foot  hole  is  two  weeks. 

It  is  worthy  of  note  that  this  form  of  prospecting  and 
locating  an  orebody  is  very  cheap  in  comparison  with  meth- 
ods required  in  other  metal  mining  districts.  For  instance,  a 
total  of  25  holes  200  feet  in  depth  will  serve  to  prove  up  a 
large  acreage;  or,  placed  close  together,  will  define  an  ore- 
body  of  considerable  extent.  This  number  of  holes  would 
not  cost  over  $5,000. 

Outline  of  Development — After  the  orebody  has  been  de- 
fined by  drilling,  a  ^haft  is  sunk,  and  the  cutting  of  the  sta- 
tion begun.  Pillars  are  left  to  protect  the  shaft  and  mining 
begins,  more  machines  being  put  in  use  as  the  mine  work- 
ings extend.  The  "ground*'  (rock)  is  drilled  and  blasted  down 
and  the  resulting  "dirt''  (broken  rock)  is  shoveled  into  "cans" 
(buckets).  The  cans  are  trammed  singly  by  hand,  or  in  trips 
by  power  or  mules,  to  the  shaft  station.  Here  they  are  hooked 
on  to  the  cable,  hoisted  to  the  top  of  the  "derrick"  (headframe) 
and  dumped  onto  a  5-  or  6-inch  grizzly.  From  here  the  dirt 
starts  on  its  way  through  the  mill.  This  in  general  is  the 
method  followed  in  all  of  the  mines. 

Shafts — While  there  are  a  few  two-compartment  shafts 
in  the  district,  it  is  customary  to  sink  a  single-compartment 
shaft  from  4x5  to  5x7  feet  in  section  inside  timbers.  Comer, 
side  and  sump  holes  are  used  in  sinking,  only  one  set  of  the 
latter  if  the  ground  is  soft.  Timbering  is  required  only  in 
the  soft  ground  above  the  limestone.  The  usual  method  of 
timbering  a  shaft  is  to  place  2x4*5,  without  framing,  in  crib 
fashion  around  the  four  sides,  the  spaces  left  between  the  2x4*5 
being  filled  by  shorter  pieces  of  the  same  material.  The  only 
blocking  used  consists  of  2x4*8  placed  vertically  against  the 
outside  of  the  cribbing,  and  extending  from  the  shaft  collar 
to  the  bottom  of  the  timbering.  Two  of  these  vertical  sup- 
ports are  used  for  each  side  of  the  shaft. 

There  are  no  ladders  in  the  shafts,  men  he'mg  handled  in 
the  buckets,  and  supplies  and  machinery  either  in  the  bucket 
or  from  the  cable.  Air  lines,  water  columns  and  electric  pow- 
er lines  (where  used)  are  placed  in  a  corner  of  the  shaft. 
No  crosshead  or  guides  are  used,  the  bucket  being  allowed  to 
swing  freely  in  its  passage  through  the  shaft. 

The  Shaft  Station — Usually  no  definite  plan  is  followed 
in  the  arrangement  of  the  shaft  station.  After  the  sinking  of 
the  shaft  development  proceeds  in  the  direction  of  the  ore- 


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SHEET  GROUND  MINING,  JOPLIN  DISTRICT 


body.  This  may  lead  only  in  one  direction,  or  it  may  extend 
on  all  sides.  As  mining  progresses  there  is  usually  ample 
room  for  any  arrangement  of  tracks  that  might  he  desired. 

Mining  Methods. 

To  better  understand  the  methods  of  mining  it  may  be 
well  first  to  get  an  idea  of  the  appearance  of  a  working  mine. 
Sketch  I  shows  in  plan  a  typical  sheet  ground  mine.  The 
workings  consist  of  an  approximately  horizontal  excavation, 
the  height  depending  on  the  thickness  of  the  pay  dirt,  the 
lateral  dimensions  being  governed  entirely  by  the  extent  of 
the  orebody.  The  continuity  of  this  flat-lying  excavation  is 
broken  only  by  the  presence  of  pillars,  left  to  support  the  roof 
and  overlying  strata.  A  miniature  model  of  one  of  the  mines 


Skctcw  1.    Pl^j^   or  Smc cir  Ghowjmo   f^i  ^ac 

may  be  constructed  by  simply  placing  a  number  of  ordinary 
spools  upon  a  table,  from  4  to  5  inches  apart,  and  placing 
a  lx)ok  on  top  of  the  spools.  The  table  will  represent  the  floor 
of  the  mine;  the  spools,  the  pillars;  the  open  space,  the  worked 
out  portion ;  and  the  book,  the  roof. 

Carrying  the  Face — An  idea  of  how  the  face  is  carried  may 
l>e  obtained  froni  Sketches  i  and  2,  the  latter  being  enlarged 
to  show  how  the  holes  are  placed  and  the  pillars  blocked  out. 
Leaving  out  of  consideration  the  method  of  breaking  the 
ground,  the  term  **longwall  advancing''  perhaps  best  describes 
the  manner  of  carrying  the  face. 

The  method  of  breaking  the  ground  is  governed  largely  by 
the  height,  or  thickness,  of  the  pay  dirt ;  and  to  a  certain  ex- 
tent by  the  nature  of  the  ground.     Up  to  a  height  of  15  or 


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LAKE    SUPERIOR    MINING    INSTITUTE  93 

even  i8  feet  the  face  is  carried  vertically,  the  ground  from 
floor  to  roof  being  broken  by  one  round  of  shots.  This  will 
be  termed  **mining  in  the  heading."  Where  the  deposit  is  from 
25  to  30  feet  thick  a  bench,  or  stope,  and  a  heading  are  carried. 

It  happens  frequently  that  after  a  mine  has  been  supposed- 
ly worked  out,  say  8  or  lo  feet  in  thickness,  subsequent  pros- 
pecting develops  the  fact  that  there  is  payable  rock  in  the 
floor.  To  mine  this  lower  stratum  it  is  only  necessary,  after 
cutting  out  the  floor  at  the  shaft  station,  to  drill  long  stope 
holes,  or  lifters.  This  is  called  taking  up  stope  and  is  a  very 
cheap  method  of  mining,  one  machine  doing  the  w^ork  of  6  . 
to  8  machines  in  the  heading.  Also,  the  powder  cost  is  much 
lower. 

Breaking  Ground  in  the  Heading — A  large  proportion  of 
the  mining  in  the  sheet  ground  is  in  deposits  from  7  to  i8 
feet  thick,  the  face  being  carried  vertically  as  shown  in  Sketch 
3,  Fig.  A.  By  reference  to  Sketch  2  it  may  be  noted  that  a 
plan  of  the  working  face  presents  an  irregular  outline.  Ob- 
viously, breaking  to  the  irregular  faces  thus  exposed  is  easier 
than  shooting  from  a  solid  face.  For  convenience  these  ir- 
regular faces  will  be  termed  "sub-faces." 

The  number  and  location  of  the  drill  holes  for  a  given 
round  depends  chiefly  on  the  shape  of  the  block  of  ground  to 
be  blasted.  Anywhere  from  3  to  6  holes  may  make  up  a 
round.  As  indicated  in  Sketch  2,  all  holes  are  drilled  approxi- 
mately parallel  to  the  sub-face.  The  dotted  lines  show  the 
ground  that  will  be  broken  by  the  round  of  shots.  Sketch  4 
shows  three  common  methods  of  placing  holes.  The  numbers 
indicate  the  order  in  w^hich  the 'holes  are  fired.  In  Fig.  A, 
hole  No.  I  is  termed  the  relief,  No.  2  the  front  breast,  No.  3 
the  front  stope.  No.  4  the  back  roof,  No.-  5  the  back  breast, 
and  No.  6  the  back  stope.  Heading  holes  range  from  6  to  15 
feet  in  length,  depending  on  the  height  of  roof.  The  length 
of  hole  corresponds  roughly  to  the  height  of  roof. 

Drilling — The  bulk  of  the  drilling  is  done  with  solid-steel 
piston  drills,  operated  with  air  at  pressures  varying  from  60 
to  90  lbs.  at  the  machine.  Recently,  in  two  or  three  of  the 
mines,  there  have  been  tried,  and  with  success,  various  types 
of  hammer  drills  using  hollow  steel  through  which  water 
passes  to  the  back  of  the  drill  hole. 

For  working  in  the  heading  the  machine  is  mounted  on  a 
column.  A  compilation  of  records  of  heading  work  in  the 
sheet  ground  (7  to  18  feet  in  thickness)  shows  that  one  ma- 


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94  SHEET  GROUND  MINING,  JOPLIN  DISTRICT 

chine  will  drill  from  20  to  35  feet  per  shift,  and  that  the  pro- 
duction per  machine-shift  ranges  from  35  to  45  tons,  depend- 
ing on  the  nature  of  the  ground. 

Sqmbbing  and  Shooting — In  drilling  in  the  flint  of  the 
sheet  ground  the  steel  frequently  encounters  shelly  ground  or 
fissures.  This  causes  the  steel  to  stick  and,  if  the  trouble  can- 
not be  remedied  by  re-aligning  the  machine,  the  steel  is  removed 
and  a  stick  or  half  stick  of  powder  is  exploded  in  the  hole. 
This  practice,  called  squibbing,  usually  removes  the  obstruc- 
tion. Owing  to  the  toughness  of  the  rock  it  is  necessary  to 
chamber  the  holes  in  order  to  introduce  sufficient  pow'der  into 
them  to  break  the  ground.  The  chambering  of  holes  is  also 
referred  to  as  squibbing. 

While  the  practice  varies,  it  is  found  to  be  most  satisfac- 


^KCrCH   ?.     &4UA«tiiCO    R.AM    AT  V\4«lClMa     ^ 


tory  to  drill  a  round  of  holes,  squib  them  when  the  shift  goes 
off,  and  shoot  them  on  the  following  day  after  the  shift  has 
left  the  mine.  Thus  a  round  of  holes  is  carried  a  day  ahead 
of  the  final  blasting.  Where  two  shifts  are  worked,  the  round 
is  usually  carried  one  shift  ahead  of  the  final  blasting.  Where 
squibbing  and  shooting  is  done  while  the  shift  is  in  the  ground, 
the  men  are  subjected  to  great  quantities  of  rock  dust. 

Carrying  Stope  and  Heading — Deposits  from  16  or  18  to 
30  feet  thick  are  usually  mined  with  a  stope  (bench)  and 
heading.  Sometimes  there  may  be  two  benches  and  a  heading. 
While  local  conditions  require  slight  variation  in  practice,  the 
method  used  in  one  large  mine  will  serve  to  typify  the  mining 
of  thick  deposits. 

The  thickness  of  the  deposit  is  24  feet  (see  Sketch  3,  Fig 


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LAKE   SUPERIOR    MINING   INSTITUTE  95 

B).  The  rock,  the  usual  cherty  flint  of  the  sheet  ground  area, 
is  uniformly  hard  with  the  exception  of  a  small  band  of  what 
is  called  cotton  rock,  which  appears  in  the  floor  of  the  head- 
ing. The  roof,  also  of  flint,  is  fairly  good  and  from  3  to  4 
feet  thick,  limestone  lying  above.  The.  heading  is  carried  8 
feet  high,  the  drill  holes  being  8  feet  in  length.  This  head- 
ing is  carried  from  15  to  20  feet  in  advance  of  the  stppe.  The 
practice  here  is  practically  the  same  as  that  already  described 
for  mining  in  the  heading. 

The  lower  bench,  called  the  stope,  16  feet  thick,  is  broken 
with  stope  and  splitter  holes  about  18  feet  long.  The  splitter 
is  pointed  slightly  upward ;  the  stope  hole  slightly  downward. 
These  holes  are  squibbed  three  or  four  times,  iirst  with  4  to  5 
sticks  of  powder,  increasing  to  about  30  sticks  for  the  last 
squibbing.  Four  of  these  18- foot  holes,  two  splitters  and  two 
stope,  loaded  with  from  three  to  four  boxes  of  powder  each, 
will  break  the  16- foot  bench  across  a  width  of  10  to  12 
feet,  producing  from  35  to  45  tons  of  dirt.  The  time  re- 
quired to  drill  one  of  these  18- foot  holes  is  from  13^  to  8 
hours,  depending  on  the  nature  of  the  ground.  In  mines 
where  the  bench  is  not  so  thick  as  here,  say  10  feet,  the  split- 
ter hole  is  not  used,  one  stope  hole  being  sufficient  to  break 
the  ground. 

A  different  method  of  attack,  not  usually  practiced  in  the 
district,  was  noted  in  this  mine.  The  change  of  method,  which 
resulted  in  much  cheaper  dirt,  was  necessitated  by  a  change  in 
the  nature  of  the  rock.  The  upper  12  feet  of  the  deposit  be- 
came extremely  tough,  while  the  lower  12  feet  could  be  brok- 
en easily.  It  was  decided  to  carry  the  heading  in  the  softer 
ground,  and  the  stope  in  the  tougher  ground  above.  A  sec- 
tion of  the  face  is  shown  in  Sketch  3,  Fig.  C.  The  heading 
is  carried  in  the  usual  manner,  holes  being  drilled  12  feet  long. 
The  upper  strata  is  broken  with  roof  and  splitter  holes  from 
12  to  14  feet  long.  The  splitters  are  squibbed,  but  the  roof 
holes  are  left  as  drilled,  as  squibbing  would  tend  to  loosen  the 
roof  and  make  it  dangerous.  The  heading  is  carried  from 
50  to  100  feet  ahead  of  the  stope.  This  method  of  mining 
produces  the  cheapest  dirt  in  the  mine.  Five  machines  pro- 
duce an  average  of  650  (i,oc)0-lb.)  buckets  of  dirt  in  8  hours. 
This  amount  of  dirt  is  handled  by  1 1  shovelers. 

Explosives — In  most  of  the  mines  two  kinds  of  dynamite 
are  used — ammonia  and  gelatin  of  from  33  to  40  per  cent, 
strength.     The  ammonia  dynamite  is  used  for  dry,  and  the 


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96 


SHEET  GROUND  MINING,  JOPLIN  DISTRICT 


gelatin  for  wet  iioles.  In  exceptional  cases  higher  strength  dy- 
namites are  used,  especially  in  long  stope  holes.  In  some  of 
the  mines  So  per  cent,  gelatin  dynamite  is  used  for  squibbing. 
In  the  sheet  ground  mines  explosives  constitute  one  of  the 
cliief  items  of  mining  expense,  varying  from  20  per  cent,  to 


FT^I 


«Skctch  3.  r^r-THood  or  CU.«(rv^fMCii    f^ac 


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LAKE    SUPERIOR    MINING    INSTITUTE  97 

as  high  as  30  per  cent,  of  the  total  cost.  A  lx)x  of  powder 
breaks  from  30  to  45  tons  of  dirt,  according  to  the  nature 
of  the  ground  and  the  kind  of  face  carried. 

Pillars — In  determining  the  size  and  number  of  pillars  to 
Ije  left  in  the  mines,  the  chief  factors  to  be  considered  are 
the  thickness  of  the  deposit  and  the  character  of  the  rock. 
Usually  there  is  no  set  rule,  pillars  being  spotted  to  meet 
conditions  as  they  develop.  The  tendency  in  recent  years  has 
been  to  leave  pillars  from  40  to  60  feet  apart,  arranged  in 
**five  spot'*  form,  as  shown  in  Sketch  2.  They  may  be  from 
15  to  20  feet,  or  more,  in  diameter.  Formerly  pillars  were 
placed  at  much  greater  distances  apart  (in  some  cases  as  far 
as  100  feet)  and  in  w^ell  defined  rows.  In  Sketch  2  the  pillars 
are  marked  *T'';  at  the  points  a,  b,  c,  d  and  e,  pillars  are 
l)eing  blocked  out.  From  10  to  30  i^er  cent,  of  the  ground 
is  left  in  pillars.  It  is  customary  in  some  of  the  mines  to 
allow  leasers  to  make  a  clean-up  of  floors  and  pillars  after 
the  company  work  has  ceased.  Frecjuently  leasers  will  cut  a 
pillar  down  to  a  width  that  allows  for  little  or  no  factor  of 
safety.  There  have  been  some  serious  caves  as  a  result  of 
this  practice.  Were  it  not  for  the  vigilance  of  the  mine  in- 
sjxctors,  doubtless  there  would  be  more. 

The  six)tting  of  shaft  pillars  is  wot  always  carried  out  with 
a  view  to  future  convenience  of  operation.  In  some  mines 
the  richness  of  the  ground  around  the  shaft  station  has  been 
the  cause  of  the  removal  of  rock  that  should  have  been  left  in 
pillars.  In  exceptional  cases  shafts  have  been  left  almost  en- 
tirely unprotected  by  pillars.  While  the  best  practice  varies 
according  to  conditions,  the  tw^o  arrangements  of  shaft  pillars 
shown  in  Sketch  i  appear  to  be  satisfactory  for  ordinary  needs. 
The  two  pillars  shown  for  the  shaft  at  the  left  would  be  about 
20  feet  thick  and  30  feet  long  for  a  roof  height  of  from  7  to 
10  feet;  in  thicker  deposits  these  dimensions  might  be  doubled. 
The  use  of  four  shaft  pillars,  as  shown  at  the  right,  allows 
for  haulage  in  any  direction. 

Shoveling,  Tramming  and  Hoisting. 

The  broken  rock,  or  dirt,  is  shoveled  to  buckets  of  from 
1,000  to  1,650  lbs.  capacity.  Most  of  the  dirt  is  small  enough 
for  handling  with  the  shovel.  Bowlders  that  cannot  be  broken 
with  a  sledge  are  broken  with  powder,  this  practice  being 
called  bowdder  propping.  The  shovelers,  or  "cokeys,"  as  they 
are  called,  are  paid  by  the  bv^cket,  ^nd  load  all  the  way  from 


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98 


SHEET  GROUND  MINING,  JOPLIN  DISTRICT 


30  to  70  or  80  buckets  in  8  hours.  There  are  some  records  of 
90  and  100  buckets  per  shift.  The  average  for  all  of  the 
sheet  ground  mines  is  22  tons  per  8  hours  per  shoveler. 

Usually  the  shoveler  trams  his  buckets,  on  small  trucks, 
to  a  switch,  or  lay-bye.  Here  the  loaded  trucks  are  collected 
and  hauled  to  the  shaft  station  by  mules.     In  smaller  mines 


dkc-rcH   4.    B-ACtr^i  D«|Uu    MouCd 

the  shoveler  trams  his  bucket  to  the  shaft.  In  one  mine  a 
gasoline  motor  collects  and  hauls  the  buckets  to  the  shaft ;  in 
another  rope  haulage  is  used. 

Tracks  are  from  12  to  24  inch  gage,  8  to  12-lb.  rails  being 
chiefly  used.  There  are  two  methods  of  spotting  the  loaded 
truck  at  the  shaft  station.  One  is  to  arrange  for  stopping  the 
truck  at  a  point  in  the  exact  center  of  the. shaft,  so  that  in 
hoisting  it  is  not  necessary  to  steady  or  balance  the  bucket 
after  it  leaves  the  truck.  The  other  method  is  to  land  the 
empty  bucket,  as  it  comes  down  the  shaft,  in  the  center,  and 
hook  on  to  the  loaded  bucket  just  beside  it.  This  makes  it 
necessary  to  stop  the  loaded  bucket  momentarily  a  few  feet 
from  the  truck  and  steady  it  in  the  center  of  the  shaft. 

Derricks  (head frames)  range  from  40  to  70  feet  in  height, 
depending  on  the  elevation  at  which  the  dirt  must  be  delivered 
to  the  mill.  Geared  steam  and  electrically  operated  hoists  are 
chiefly  used,  although  there  are  a  number  of  first  motion  hoists 
in  use.  The  hoisting  engine  is  placed  in  the  top  of  the  derrick, 
so  that  the  engineer  at  the  lever,  or  controller,  has  an  unob- 
structed view  to  the  bottom  of  the  shaft.  Steel  cables,  from 
Yz  to  %  inch  in  diameter,  are  used. 

The  operation  of  changing  the  cable  hook  from  the  empty 


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LAKE    SUPERIOR    MINING   INSTITUTE  99 

to  the  loaded  bucket  is  very  quickly  done.  Dirt  is  hoisted 
without  signals,  the  engineer  apparently  knowing  just  how 
much  time  to  allow  before  hoisting.  There  is  practically  no 
lost  motion  in  the  hoisting.  It  is  common  practice  to  raise  and 
dump  120  buckets  and  more  in  one  hour.  In  handling  men  in 
the  bucket,  the  engineer  is  able  to  keep  his  eye  on  his  load.  If 
the  bucket  gets  too  close  to  the  side  of  the  shaft  the  speed  of 
hoisting  is  reduced  to  give  the  men  a  chance  to  center  the 
bucket. 

Pumping. 

Various  types  of  pumps  are  employed  in  the  mines :  these 
include  the  Cornish  type,  electrically-driven  centrifugal,  and 
steam  plunger  pumi>s.  There  are  one  or  two  installations  of 
plunger  pumps  driven  by  gas  engine;  these  are  placed  under- 
ground in  well  ventilated  parts  of  the  mine.  The  mines  make 
upward  of  1,500  gallons  of  water  per  minute,  this  being  a 
maximum  figure.  In  localities  where  several  mines  are  cut 
together,  pumping  is  done  from  a  central  station. 

Sanitation  and  Health. 

Conditions  in  the  Mines — ^\Vith  the  exception  of  the  prev- 
alence of  siliceous  rock  dust  in  the  mine  air,  the  sheet  ground 
miners  work  under  the  most  favorable  conditions.  Although 
trouble  is  experienced  in  some  places  on  account  of  powder 
gas  and  smoke,  the  mines  are  generally  well  ventilated.  Tem- 
peratures the  year  round  range  from  55  to  65  degrees,  Fahren- 
heit, relative  humidity  varying  from  85  to  100  per  cent.  The 
humidity  is  usually  high  at  the  working  face,  especially  where 
the  air  current  is  sluggish,  but  this  is  not  serious  owing  to  the 
k>w  temperatures. 

It  is  seldom  that  a  miner  finds  it  necessary  to  work  in 
dripping  water.  The  average  shoveler  will  work  in  a  puddle 
of  water  if  there  is  one  handy  to  his  pile  of  dirt.  The  water 
seems  to  cause  the  dirt  to  run  to  the  shovel  more  readily. 

Surface  Conditions — Change-houses  are  generally  small 
and  lack  conveniences  for  washing  and  for  the  drying  of 
clothes;  in  some  cases  they  are  kept  in  an  unclean  condition. 
These  faults,  however,  are  being  remedied  at  many  of  the  prop- 
erties. Quite  recently  some  model  change-houses  have  been 
erected. 

The  living  conditions  of  the  miners  and  their  families  are 
not  what  they  should  be.  The  unmarried  men  usually  live  in 
boarding  houses;  those  with  families  rent,  fine}  jn  some  cases 


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lOO  SHEET  GROUND  MINING,  JOPLIN  DISTRICT 

own,  their  homes.  The  miners  are  all  Americans,  recruited 
from  Missouri  and  nearby  states.  There  are  a  few  from  west- 
ern mining  districts. 

Rock  Dust  and  Pulmotiary  Diseases — There  is  probably  no 
mining  district  in  the  United  States  where  pulmonary  diseases 
are  more  prevalent  than  in  the  Joplin  district.  It  is  variously 
estimated  that  from  30  to  50  per  cent,  of  the  miners  are  af- 
fected. This  condition  was  brought  to  the  attention  of  the 
U.  S.  Bureau  of  Mines,  and  late  in  1914  an  investigation 
was  started  by  this  bureau  in  co-operation  with  the  U.  S. 
Public  Health  Ser\^ice.  The  latter  bureau  assigned  to  the 
work  Passed  Asst.  Surgeon  A.  J.  Lanza;  the  wTiter  repre- 
sented the  Bureau  of  Mines. 

This  investigation  developed  into  an  educational  campaign 
which  has  now  extended  over  a  period  of  nine  months.  The 
chief  fact  brought  out  through  the  investigative  w-ork  was  that 
the  siliceous  rock  dust  in  the  mines  is  the  prime  factor  in 
causing  miners  consumption  and  tuberculosis  among  the  min- 
ers. This  rock  dust  was  produced  chiefly  by  drilling,  shovel- 
ing, squibbing,  blasting,  and  the  blowing  of  drill  holes  with- 
out water. 

Thanks  to  the  active  co-operation  of  the  State  mine  in- 
spectors, the  operators,  the  miners,  and  various  organizations, 
conditions  in  the  mines  have  been  very  much  improved.  A 
sanitary  and  safety  organization  has  been  perfected  among 
the  operators.  Through  illustrated  lectures,  and  talks  to  min- 
ers at  change-houses,  the  men  have  been  impressed  with  the 
seriousness  of  the  situation  and  the  necessity  of  keeping  down 
the  rock  dust.  Dr.  Lanza  has  established,  and  is  now  main- 
taining, a  clinic  at  which  miners  are  examined  and  advised 
free  of  charge.  State  laws  have  been  passed  requiring  that 
a  separate  water  line  be  carried  to  every  working  face  in 
(lusty  mines.  This  law  provides  a  penalty  for  the  operator 
who  will  not  install  the  water  lines,  and  a  i>enalty  for  the 
miner  who  will  not  use  the  water  when  it  is  furnished.  The 
blowing  of  dry  holes  is  made  a  misdemeanor.  Another  law 
provides  for  change-houses  of  adequate  size  and  proper  equij>- 
ment.  These  laws  went  into  effect  July  i,  191 5.  Practically 
all  of  the  dusty  sheet  ground  mines  are  equipped,  or  are  pre- 
paring to  put  in  equipment,  for  the  abatement  of  rock  dust. 

Wages  and  Costs. 

From  the  beginning  of  1912  to  early  in  1915,  drillmen  re- 


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LAKE   SUPERIOR    MINING   INSTITUTE  lOI 

ceived  from  $2.25  to  $3  for  an  8-hour  day;  drill  helpers  were 
paid  from  $2  to  $2.50  per  day;  and  shovelers  from  6  to  9 
cents  per  bucket.  During  this  period  the  zinc  concentrate  pro- 
duced was  sold  at  an  approximate  average  of  $43  per  ton; 
lead  at  $52  per  ton. 

During  this  same  period  the  cost  of  mining  and  milling  a 
ton  of  dirt  ranged  from  80  cents  to  $1.25.  A  fair  average 
for  the  larger  operations  would  be  $1  per  ton.  Thus,  100 
tons  of  dirt  would  cost  $100  for  mining  and  milling.  If  this 
were  2  per  cent  dirt  it  would  yield  2  tons  of  zinc  concentrates 
which,  at  $43  per  ton,  would  total  only  $86.  Obviously,  at 
this  price  of  ore,  the  cost  of  mining  and  milling  must  be  kept 
below  the  average  if  there  is  to  be  any  profit  made  on  2 
I>er  cent.  dirt. 

In  the  first  quarter  of  191 5  the  price  of  zinc  ore  (concen- 
trates) began  to  climb  upward,  owing  to  the  great  demand 
•for  spelter  occasioned  by  the  European  war.  Sales  have  been 
made  up  to  this  writing  (July,  1915)  as  high  as  $135  per 
ton.  The  price  of  labor  also  has  increased.  Drillmen  have 
been  paid  $3.50  to  $4.50;  drill  helpers,  $2.75  to  $375;  shov- 
elers have  received  as  high  as  15  cents  per  bucket. 

The  following  approximate  figures  show  the  average  min- 
ing cost  per  ton  of  rock  won  by  one  company  during  191 2, 
1913  and  1914:  Ground  boss,  i  cent;  drilling,  18.5;  blasting, 
16;  roof  protection,  0.7;  shoveling,  15;  mule  haulage,  6; 
track-work,  2.3 ;  hoisting,  4 ;  lighting,  0.65 ;  sundry,  i ;  total 
mining  cost,  65.15  cents  per  ton.  MilHng  averaged  27  cents 
per  ton,  making  the  total  for  mining  and  milling  92.15  cents. 

A  summary  of  the  cost  figures  of  one  large  company  for 
a  number  of  years  shows  the  cost  of  mining  divided  as  fol- 
lows :  Labor,  33  cents  per  ton ;  explosives  loc ;  air,  4c ;  other 
expenses,  8c;  total  55c  per  ton.  Milling  averaged  30c.  The 
cost  of  mining  and  milling,  including  everything  except  de- 
preciation, was  98  cents  per  ton. 

Still  another  record,  for  the  year  1914,  is  as  follows: 
Mining  and  milling  per  ton  of  rock:  Labor,  49.15  cents;  ex- 
plosives, 20.49;  f^se,  0.57;  gas  and  electricity,  14.28;  super- 
intendence and  repairs,  12.12;  other  expense,  3.39;  total,  $1. 

The  cost  of  mining  and  milling,  with  labor  at  the  high  fig- 
ures that  prevailed  in  the  first  half  of  1915,  increased  to  $1.50 
upward  to  $2  per  ton,  and  higher  at  some  properties. 


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i02  sheet  ground  mining,  joplin  district 

Comments. 

A  mine  operator  from  a  district  where  extensive  equip- 
ment is  used,  on  going  into  a  mine  in  the  Joplin  district,  is 
impressed  with  what  he  believes  to  be  a  lack  of  proper  equip- 
ment, and  the  corresponding  crudeness  in  the  methods  of  hand- 
ling rock.  After  a  glance  at  the  cost  sheets,  however,  this 
operator  will  doubtless  feel  a  desire  to  look  again  at  the  mine 
equipment  and  the  methods  of  operation.  As  a  matter  of 
fact,  extensive  mine  equipment  does  not  pay  in  this  district, 
and  it  would  be  a  very  difficult  matter  to  improve  greatly  on 
the  methods  in  use — as  far  as  costs  are  concerned.  The  ore 
dejwsits  are  comi>aratively  shallow  and  can  be  worked  to  bet- 
ter advantage  through  a  number  of  shafts  simply  equipped. 
There  are  few  metal  mining  districts  in  the  United  States 
where  ore  can  be  mined  and  milled  for  $i  and  less  per  ton, 
or  where  the  output  averages  lo  tons  per  man  employed  un- 
derground— and  this  is  true  for  the  sheet  ground  mines  of 
the  Joplin  district. 

The  writer  is  indebted  to  the  State  mine  inspector^^  and 
many  of  the  oj^erators  of  the  Joplin  district  for  much  of  the 
information  containec'  in  this  paper,  and  takes  this  opportunity 
for  expressing  his  ^appreciation  and  thanks  for  the  generous 
treatment  accorded  him. 

Discussion. 

Mr.  Kelly  :  I  would  like  to  ask  whether  these  mines  are 
handled  by  a  single  shaft  or  whether  more  shafts  are  opened  ? 

Mr.  Higgins:  The  custom  is  to  use  many  shafts  and  to 
equip  them  very  simply.  It  has  been  demonstrated  that  ex- 
I)ensive  equipment  will  not  [Day  in  that  district.  The  average 
distance  apart  of  shafts  is  about  300  feet. 

Mr.  Kelly:     They  are  connected  through? 

Mr.  Higgins  i'^  Yes,  and  the  ventilation  is  good. 


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LAKE   SUPERIOR    MINING   INSTITUTE  IO3 


THE  OPENING  OF  THE  WAKEFIELD  MINE. 

BY  W.  C.  HART,  WAKEFIELD,  MICH.* 

As  open  pit  mining  on  an  extensive  scale  has  been  unknown 
lieretofore  on  the  Gogebic  Range,  mining  men  generally  have 
been  interested  in  the  recently  developed  Wakefield  mine,  at 
Wakefield,  Michigan.  This  property  is  in  Section  17  of  Town- 
ship 47  North,  Range  45  West,  Gogebic  County,  Michigan. 
Lying,  as  it  does,  a  half-mile  south  of  the  formerly  supyposed 
line  of  the  footwall  in  this  portion  of  the  range  in  a  district 
where  mining  has  been  going  on  for  30  years,  the  new  proi> 
erty  does  credit  to  the  knowledge  and  persistence  of  Mr.  Rob- 
ert Sejden  Rose,  geologist,  of  Marquette,  through  whose  in- 
strumentality and  under  whose  direction^  the  drilling,  which 
develoi>ed  this  orebody,  was  undertaken  b,y  \he  men  now  form- 
ing the  operating  company. 

The  history  of  earlier  attempts  to  locate  the  footwall  and 
find  an  orebo<:ly  in  this  south  area  would  be  interesting  if 
space  permitted.  Such  attempts  have  been  made  at  various 
times  for  a  number  of  years.  The  Pinton  Brothers  put  down 
some  drill  holes  in  Sec.  16  west  of  the  village  of  Wakefield 
with  the  idea  that  ore  existed  south  of  Sunday  Lake.  They 
even  sunk  a  small  shaft  near  the  greenstone  outcrop  south  of 
the  Chicago  and  Northwestern  depot  at.  Wakefield,  going 
through  some  iron  formation  that  looked  promising.  The 
shaft  and  drilling  were  abandoned  before  definite  results  were 
accomplished. 

Exploration  was  also  attempted  on  Sec.  17,  principally 
by  test-pitting.  The  nature  of  the  surface  material  made  it 
impossible  to  sink  these  pits  to  any  great  depth  and  the  work 
was  abandoned  before  ledge  was  struck.  Several  of  these  pits 
were  still  in  evidence  when  the  writer  first  came  to  the  prop- 
erty. Some  diamond  drilling  was  also  done  on  Sec.  17,  the 
hole  which  came  nearest  to  finding  the  ore,  being  an  inclined 
one  pointed  toward  the  present  footwall,   100  ft.  west  and 

*  Saperint0iid«Dt,  The  Wakefield  Iron  Co.,  Wakefield.  Mich. 


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I04  OPENING   OF   THE   WAKEFIELD    MINE 

about  800  ft.  north  of  the  present  "A''  Shaft  and  cutting  un- 
der the  orebody  now  developed. 

The  first  drill  hole  of  the  successful  exploration  was  lo- 
cated 500  ft.  due  south  of  the  hole  put  down  by  the  last  ex- 
ploration company.  Drilling  was  started  in  this  hole  on  July 
16,  1912.  A  Keystone  churn  drill  was  used  for  the  work, 
and  the  results  obtained  were  sufficiently  satisfactory  to  war- 
rant continuing  the  drilling  of  the  property,  first  with  one 
Keystone  drill,  and  later  with  several  diamond  drills ;  drilling 
being  carried  on  until  sufficient  ore  had  been  developed  to 
warrant  taking  out  a  lease  and  sinking  a  shaft. 

The  first  shaft  was  started  on  February  19th,  1913,  alx)ut 
300  ft.  south  and  100  ft.  east  of  the  first  drill  hole.  There 
are  no  esi>ecially  interesting  features  in  connection  with  tlie 
sinking  of  this  shaft.  It  is  a  rectangular,  vertical,  timbered 
shaft  12  ft.  by  18  ft.  outside  dimensions  consisting  of  5  com- 
partments, namely  two  for  the  hoist,  one  for  a  cage,  one  for 
ladders  and  one  for  pipes  and  wires.  The  first  30  ft.  of  the 
sinking  presented  some  difficulty  on  account  of  the  quick- 
sand, but  thereafter  the  progress  was  unbroken  and  stations 
were  cut  and  levels  opened  at  depths  of  80  ft.,  150  ft.,  and 
250  feet.  Fifteen  thousand  tons  of  ore  were  mined  on  the 
80- ft.  level  for  the  first  shipment  from  the  property  in  Oc- 
tober, 1913. 

On  August  I,  191 3,  a  second  shaft  was  started  2,000  ft. 
east  of  the  first.  As  there  were  90  ft.  of  surface  at  this  point 
a  large  percentage  of  which  was  quicksand,  a  drop  shaft  was 
determined  uix>n.  This  shaft  was  solid-timbered  and  rectang- 
ular with  a  bell-mouthed,  steel-shod,  sinking  shoe.  The  dirt 
was  hoisted  by  a  bucket  swung  from  an  aerial  tram.  Some 
of  the  features  of  this  sinking  might  be  of  interest,  but  as 
the  purpose  of  this  article  is  to  deal  primarily  with  the  oi)en 
pit,  a  detailed  description  of  this  operation  will  be  omitted. 
The  shaft  was  finally  ledged,  at  which  point  the  size  was 
increased  to  12  by  18  feet.  Sinking  was  continued  to  the 
400-ft.  level  with  steel  sets,  and  exploratory  work  begun.  Up 
to  the  present  date,  no  ore  has  been  shipped  from  this  shaft, 
although  some  exploration  work  has  been  done  by  rock  drift- 
ing. 

While  the  underground  development  had  been  going  on 
at  "A"  Shaft,  drilling  on  the  west  half  of  Sec.  17  had  shown 
the  possibility  of  an  orebody  capable  of  development  by  open 
pit  methods.      This  necessitated  the  extension  of  the  plans 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE  10$ 

of  drilling  for  several  reasons.  First,  it  was  necessary  to 
determine  the  exact  nature  and  extent  of  the  orebody  in  order 
to  figure  the  quantities  and  the  nature  of  the  overburden ;  sec- 
ond, the  nature  and  extent  of  the  intrusive  dikes  must  be  de* 
termined  in  order  to  be  certain  that  these  dikes  would  not 
interfere  with  the  removal  of  the  pit  ore  by  steam  shovel 
methods;  third,  it  was  necessary  to  know  the  quantity  of 
the  ore  tributary  to  steam  shovel  operation  in  order  to  plan 
the  limits  of  the  stripping  and  to  determine  whether  the 
proix)sition  was  practical  from  an  operating  and  from  a  finan- 
cial standix)int.     Close  drilling  was  also  necessary  in  order  to 


cnoaj-iCCTioi 

TM«U 

WAKcrituo  f1«Ht  On 


lay  out  the  plans  of  the  pit  in  such  a  manner  that  merchant- 
able ore  would  be  available  at  all  times  during  the  life  of  the 
pit  and  a  continuous  operation  assured.  This  drilling  would 
liave  added  an  unnecessarily  heavy  investment  charge  to  the 
property  had  underground  methods  still  been  found  neces- 
sary. It  was,  however,  absolutely  essential  to  the  proper  de- 
velopment of  an  open  pit  mine  in  a  district  where  the  problems 
likely  to  be  encountered  were  practically  unknown. 

When  exploratory  work  had  progressed  sufficiently  to  war- 
rant a  certain  amount  of  stripping,  a  contract  was  let  to  the 
Butler  Brothers,  who  are  among  the  oldest  stripping  contrac- 
tors on  the  Mesabi  Range,  and  stripping  was  started  on  Oc- 


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I06  OPENING   OF  THE  WAKEFIELD   MINE 

tober  I,  191 3.  Butler  Brothers'  equipment  for  this  work  con- 
sisted of  two  lOO-ton  Bucyrus  steam  shovels,  four  50-ton 
Baldwin  locomotives,  Western  Wheeled  Scraper  Co.  20-cubic- 
yard  air-dump  cars  and  85-lb.  steel  rail.  The  stripping  op- 
eration was  pushed  continuously  throughout  the  winter 
months,  and  the  first  ore  uncovered  on  April  7th,  1914.  By 
July  10,  1914,  sufficient  ore  was  uncovered  to  enable  The 
Wakefield  Iron  Company  to  start  one  of  its  own  shovels  in  the 
ore.  The  ore  uncovered  at  that  time  was  small,  as  the  strip- 
ping operators  had  ix>t  sufficient  time  to  clean  up  a  very 
large  area.  For  this  reason  the  ore  loading  was  slow  and 
uncertain,  but  operations  were  carried  on,  more  or  less  con- 
tinuously, until  the  close  of  navigation,  the  first  year's  ship- 
ment from  the  pit  being  240,000  tons. 

During  the  shipping  season  and  until  January  i,  191 5, 
Butler  Brothers  continued  the  stripping  operation,  ccMTipleting 
a  contract  for  approximately  one  and  a  half  million  cubic  yards 
of  overburden.  On  January  i,  1915,  at  the  completion  of  the 
Butler  Brothers  contract,  The  Wakefield  Iron  Com[>any  todv 
over  the  stripping  work  and  put  two  Model  85C  Bucyrus  shov- 
els and  four  Baldwin  50-ton  locomotives  at  work  on  double 
shift  to  clean  up  sufficient  ore  for  the  191 5  shipment.  A  third 
shovel  had  also  been  purchased  for  the  ore  operation  of  ident-  , 

ical  type  to  the  two  engaged  in  stripping.     A  number  of 
Western  Wheeled  Scraper  Company's  20-cubic-yard  air-dump 
cars  and  several  hundred  tons  of  new  85-lb.  steel. rail,  in  ad- 
dition to  all  the  steel  purchased  from  Butler  Brothers,  com-  ' 
pleted  the  stripping  equipment.     Stripping  was  pushed  con-           1 
tinuously  throughout  the  winter  months  and  an  additional           I 
500,000  cubic-yards  of  overburden  removed  before  the  open-          | 
ing  of  navigation  in  191 5.                                                                       | 

At  the  opening  of  navigation  one  shovel  was  left  on  double  , 

shift  on  the  stripping  operation  and  two  shovels  with  one  , 

crew  on  each  shift  were  started  in  the  ore.    This  enabled  the  ' 

pit  to  produce  the  mixture  of  ore  required  for  sale  contracts  ' 

without  unduly  moving  the  shovels  by  alternating  one  crew 
between  the  two.  The  use  of  two  shovels  in  the  ore  also 
made  it  possible,  in  case  heavy  shipments  were  required  for 
short  periods  of  time,  to  put  two  crews  in  ore  until  the  re- 
quirements were  filled.  Later  in  the  season  a  fourth  shovel 
was  added  to  the  equipment.  This  is  a  lighter  model,  a  70 
Bucyrus,  to  be  used  mostly  in  clean-up  cuts  on  the  ore  and 
in  the  lighter  stripping  cuts.     With  two  shovels  in  ore  and 


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LAKE   SUPERIOR    MINING   INSTITUTE  I67 

two  in  stripping  a  steady  operation  can  be  maintained,  even 
when  ore  shipments  become  slack  and  there  is  nothing  for  the 
ore  shovels  to  do,  without  the  expense  of  moving  a  shovel, 
the  entire  crew  can  go  on  to  the  stripping  operation  until 
more  ore  is  required.  The  fact  that  the  company  is  carrying 
on  both  ore  and  stripping  operations  makes  for  great  flexibility 
in  the  work  and  tends  to  reduce  the  cost  of  both.  This  season, 
to  August  20,  191 5,  about  275,000  tons  have  been  mined  from 
the  open  pit. 

The  body  of  ore  tributary  to  the  open  pit,  as  well  as  the 
underground  ore  at  the  Wakefield  mine,  is  similar  in  its 
formation  to  other  orebodies  on  the  Gogebic  range.  A  quartz- 
ite  footwall  dipping  about  60  degrees  to  the  north,  striking 
east  and  west  and  overlain  by  a  band  of  red  slate,  varying  in 
thickness  from  10  to  40  ft.,  is  intercepted  by  a  dike  striking 
l>arallel  to  the  footwall  and  dipping  about  25  degrees  to  the 
south.  The  ore  concentration  has  taken  place  in  the  trough 
fonned  by  this  footwall  and  dike.  The  whole  north  side  of 
the  open  pit  orebody  is  covered  by  a  flow  of  diabase,  forming 
the  hanging  or  capping. 

For  the  early  development  of  the  pit  an  area  was  chosen 
which  represented  a  minimum  amount  of  stripping  and  a 
maximum  amount  of  clean  ore,  with  few  intrusive  dikes  and 
little  overlying  rock  and  lean  ore.  The  orebody  was  opened 
under  the  best  obtainable  conditions,  and  an  opportunity  af- 
forded to  study  the  detrimental  features  as  the  pit  widened 
and  deepened  into  an  area  not  so  favorable  to  pit  operation. 
The  shallowest  overburden  was  found  just  west  of  the  present 
"A"  Shaft,  at  the  contact  of  the  ore  with  the  footwall.  At 
this  point  there  is  only  40  ft. ;  westerly  the  overburden  in- 
creased in  depth  on  the  footwall  side,  reaching  a  maximum 
of  115  feet.  The  top  of  the  ore  drops  gradually  to  the  north 
from  the  contact  with  the  footwall,  until  it  reaches  the  dia- 
l>ase  flow.  Here  it  dips  sharply  under  this  flow,  so  that  the 
north  limit  of  possible  stripping  is  arbitrarily  determined.  The 
ultimate  plans  contemplate  a  maximum  depth  of  stripping  on 
the  north  side  of  the  pit  of  from  150  to  175  ft.,  this  depth 
taking  the  cut  well  into  the  diabase  flow.  There  is  not  suffi- 
cient ore  under  the  diabase  to  warrant  stripping  any  greater 
depth. 

The  small  amount  of  ore  under  this  diabase  and  beyond 
the  stripping  limits  will  be  scrammed  into  the  completed  pit 
and  picked  up  by  steam  shovels  as  in  ordinary  stockpile  load- 


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I08  OPENING  OF  THE   WAKEFIELD   MINE 

ing ;  some  of  the  ore  remaining  in  the  bottom  of  the  pit  after 
scramming  is  completed,  will  be  milled  to  a  level  driven  under 
the  final  bottom  of  the  pit;  and  the  balance  of  the  ore,  in- 
accessible by  any  of  the  above  will  be  mined  by  the  usual  un- 
derground methods. 

Unlike  the  larger  pits  on  the  Mesabi  range,  in  which  a 
circular  system  of  tracks  is  possible,  depth  in  the  Wakefield 
pit  will  have  to  be  gained  in  the  haulage  system  by  the  use 
of  switch-backs.  The  pit  being  long,  narrow,  and  extremely 
deep,  there  will  have  to  be  several  of  these  switch-backs  to 
reach  the  bottom.  These  will  tie  up  some  of  the  ore  which 
would  otherwise  be  tributary  to  the  open  pit  steam  shovel 
tonnage.  This  will  have  to  be  mined  by  hand  from  the  slopes, 
and  milled  after  the  shovel  operation  is  completed.  The  track 
system  for  the  final  layout  contemplates  the  use  of  a  max- 
imum gradient  of  3  per  cent. 

The  problem  of  handling  surface  drainage,  'so  as  to  mini- 
mize the  quantity  of  water  flowing  into  the  pit,  as  well  as 
to  care  for  such  water  as  flows  from  the  banks  and  within 
the  Hmits  of  the  pit  during  spring  freshets  and  in  times  of 
heavy  rainfall,  is  one  to  which  all  open  pit  mining  is  subject, 
and  is  especially  important  in  the  Wakefield  pit.  Situated 
in  the  bottom  of  a  natural  drainage  area,  the  pit  was  subject 
to  a  flow  of  several  million  gallons  of  water  within  its  limits 
for  every  inch  of  rainfall.  This  added  to  the  diflSculty  of 
the  operation  and  was  also  detrimental  to  the  ore,  owing  to 
its  high  porosity  and  its  capacity  to  absorb  moisture.  A  defi- 
nite relation  was  found  between  the  amount  of  rainfall  and 
the  moisture  in  the  ore. 

To  drain  the  ore,  as  well  as  take  care  of  the  flow  of  rain 
water  through  the  pit,  a  system  of  drifts  was  developed  on 
the  various  levels.  At  the  lowest  point  in  the  pit  a  Key- 
stone drill  hole,  cased  with  55^-in.  pipe,  was  put  down  to  the 
250-ft.  level.  A  valve  was  put  on  the  casing  and  a  sump 
built.  This  was  connected  to  the  main  sump  at  the  shaft  by 
a  system  of  launders.  The  casing  was  also  cut  on  the  150- 
ft.  level,  a  valve  being  put  on  the  pipe  at  this  point,  and  a 
similar  arrangement  of  sump  and  launders  built  to  carry  the 
water  to  the  auxiliary  pump  station  at  this  level. 

In  times  of  normal  flow,  all  the  water  is  carried  direct  to 
the  250-ft.  level  and  pumped  to  the  drainage  ditch.  In  times 
of  rain  the  valve  on  the  250-ft.  level  is  partly  closed  to  allow- 
only  such  water  to  flow  to  this  level  as  can  be  handled  by 


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LAKE   SUPERIOR   MINING   INSTITUTE  IO9 

the  present  pumps.  The  balance  of  the  water  is  backed  up 
to  the  1 50- ft.  level  pumps.  In  case  of  extraordinary  rains, 
where  the  pumps  on  both  levels  are  unable  to  handle  all  the 
water,  the  valve  on  the  15a- ft.  level  is  partly  closed  allow- 
ing the  surplus  water  to  accumulate  in  the  bottom  of  the  pit 
tmtil  the  extreme  flow  of  water  abates.  The  pumps  having 
relieved  the  water  from  the  pit  the  valves  on  both  levels  are 
opened,  and  the  normal  system  is  resumed. 

As  a  further  precaution  the  pump  station  on  the  2So-ft. 
level  is  7  ft.  above  the  main  drift,  and  a  horse-shoe  shaped 
sump  drift,  6  ft.  below  the  main  one,  carries  the  incoming 
water  around  the  shaft,  from  the  shaft  station  to*  a  point  under 
the  pump  station.  In  cases  of  flood  this  would  allow  the 
whole  bottom  level  to  serve  as  a  reservoir  without  drowning 
the  250  ft.  level  pumps.  No  originality  is  claimed  for  this 
arrangement,  as  it  is  universally  adopted  in  good  mining 
practice  where  a  heavy  flow  of  water  is  anticipated. 

To  minimize  the  amount  of  surface  water  flowing  into 
the  pit,  a  steam  shovel  draining  ditch  was  started  in  the  low 
country  1,000  ft.  east  of  the  pit  and  dug  on  an  average  grade 
of  5  per  cent,  west  along  the  south  final  limits  of  the  pit.  The 
pit  itself  lay  in  so  deep  a  hollow  that  this  ditch,  in  order  to 
maintain  its  grade,  finished  at  a  point  several  hundred  feet 
south  of  the  final  limits.  To  prevent  the  water  in  the  un- 
protected area  between  the  ditch  and  the  pit  from  flowing  into 
it,  a  waste  dump  of  stripping  material  was  started  on  the 
north  side  of  the  ditch  and  carried  north  on  an  ascending 
grade,  so  that  the  water  falling  upon  it  flows  to  the  ditch. 
It  empties  into  the  Little  Black  river  at  the  extreme  east  end 
of  the  property. 

As  a  final  precaution,  a  berm  is  planned  on  the  south  side 
of  the  pit  with  a  uniform  grade  the  entire  length,  starting  at 
the  west  and  ending  at  the  east  end.  In  this  berm  a  launder 
will  be  built  of  sufficient  size  to  carry  all  the  water  not  caught 
by  the  steam  shovel  drainage  ditch. 

The  red  slate  overlying  the  foot  wall  quartzite,  and  the  in- 
trusive dikes  throughout  the  orebody,  are  two  factors  not  en- 
countered in  a  Mesabi  pit.  The  red  slates,  as  previously 
mentioned,  lie  close  on  the  footwall  and  vary  in  thickness 
from  10  to  40  ft.  All  of  this  material  must  be  moved  in  the 
development  of  the  orebody.  The  footwall,  especially  at  the 
western  end  of  the  pit  is  steep;  and  this  slate  disintegrating 
and  slipping  into  the  ore,  contaminates  it  and  retards  the  op- 


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no  OPENING   OF   THE   WAKEFIELD   MINE 

eration  by  the  vast  amount  of  hand  labor  necessary  to  sep- 
arate it  from  the  ore  in  case  it  is  not  removed  on  each  suc- 
cessive bench.  Where  the  Hne  of  demarcation  between  this 
slate  and  the  overlying  ore  is  not  well  defined,  hand  labor  is 
necessary  to  make  a  clean  separation.  The  same  is  also  true 
in  the  case  of  the  intrusive  dikes.  In  planning  track  grades 
for  the  steam  shovel  cuts,  careful  determination  of  the  posi- 
tion of  these  dikes  must  be  made  in  order  to  make  separation 
with  a  shovel  possible  and  to  avoid  excessive  hand  labor. 
Some  ix)rtions  of  these  dikes  are  ferruginous,  running  as  high 
as  40  per  cent,  in  iron.  Such  material  is  put  on  the  No.  2 
lean  ore  stockpile  for  use  in  time  to  come  when  it  will  have 
a  commercial  value.  Other  portions  of  the  dike,  containing 
no  iron,  are  sent  to  the  waste  dump. 

The  diatxise  dike,  overlying  the  north  slope  of  the  ore- 
l)ody,  is  soft  at  the  top,  growing  harder  as  the  cuts  deepen 
and  finally  reaching  the  hardness  of  solid  ledge  at  depth.  The 
cost  of  removal  of  this  dike  is  great  as  compared  with  ordin- 
ary stripi>ing  material  and  care  had  to  be  exercised  in  deter- 
mining the  north  stripping  limits  to  avoid  a  total  cost  which 
would  be  excessive  for  the  amount  of  tributary  ore.  The 
separation  of  this  dike  from  the  orebody  causes  no  particular 
difficulty,  as  the  line  of  demarcation  is  well-defined. 

The  grading  of  the  ore  in  an  open  pit  on  the  Gogebic 
range  is  more  complicated  than  in  most  pits  on  the  Mesabi 
range.  The  only  analysis  of  ore  in  each  successive  cut  is  that 
obtained  by  a  study  of  the  nearest  preceding  one,  the  nearest 
drill  hole  sections,  the  results  of  such  auxiliary  pits  as  have 
l>een  sunk  in  the  area,  and  the  underground  drifts  nearest 
the  cuts.  The  ore  in  several  cars  loaded  in  one  move  of  a 
shovel  often  varies  as  high  as  3  per  cent,  in  iron  and  as  much 
in  manganese  in  occasional  high  manganese  areas.  Unlike  an 
underground  operation,  where  only  such  places  are  mined 
as  will  produce  the  desired  grade,  the  shovel  must  push 
through  the  cut  regardless  of  the  ore  encountered,  in  order  to 
develop  the  proper  grades  for  tracks  and  to  shape  the  pit 
properly.  If  the  ore  is  undesirable  for  immediate  shipment 
it  must  l>e  stocked  on  surface  and  picked  up  later  by  a  steam 
shovel,  at  times  when  direct  pit  ore  is  of  such  grade  as  to 
warrant  the  mixture.  The  alx>ve  conditions  necessitate  a  thor- 
ough grading-system  both  at  the  mine  and  at  the  docks,  and 
involve  numerous  clerical  details  in  keeping  account  of  the 
analyses  of  all  cars  leaving  the  mine  and  their  position  in  the 


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LAKE    SUPERIOR    MINING   INSTITUTE  III 

dock  SO  as  to  load  the  boats  with  only  the  desired  ores  and 
to  get  a  uniform  mixture.  Considering  the  conditions,  lower 
lake  checks  on  cargo  analyses  under  this  grading  system  have 
been  very  satisfactory. 

As  to  the  ultimate  possibilities  of  production  of  ore  by 
steam  shovel  methods  from  the  Wakefield  pit,  plans  have  been 
made  so  far  as  they  are  possible  with  present  information. 
These  are  based  on  the  removal  of  overburden  to  a  depth  of 
from  150  to  175  ft.  on  the  north  side  of  the  pit,  as  previ- 
ously stated.  Slopes  are  figured  in  surface  material  at  i  to 
I ;  in  hard  dike  and  rock  at  ^4  to  i ;  and  in  ore  at  J^  to  i. 
As  a  rule  25  ft.  berms  are  used  for  the  protection  of  the  pit, 
except  in  cases  where  track  benches  form  the  berm.  Track 
grades  are  planned  on  a  maximum  of  3  per  cent.  The  depth 
to  which  ore  can  be  mined  and  consequently  the  tonnage  trib- 
utary to  open  pit  methods,  will  depend  on  the  above  factors. 

If  the  angle  of  repose  of  the  various  materials  conforms 
to  the  above  figures,  the  estimated  tonnage  will  hold  out,  ex- 
cept as  that  tonnage  may  be  cut  down  by  intrusive  dikes  at 
present  unknown.  If  these  slopes  do  not  hold  out,  a  less 
tonnage  will  be  available  for  open  pit  operation  and  a  greater 
tonnage  will  have  to  be  mined  by  milling  and  underground 
methods.  This,  and  a  number  of  other  important  factors  in 
the  development  of  the  Wakefield  pit,  will  depend  on  the  con- 
ditions which  will  arise  in  the  future.  The  pit  is  in  its  early 
stages  and  all  the  problems  connected  with  its  development 
have  by  no  means  been  encountered  nor  solved. 

Discussion. 

Mr.  Denton  :  I  haven't  read  the  paper,  but  you  sj^eak 
about  the  equation  between  the  ore  and  the  stripping.  Did 
you  enter  into  that  in  the  i>aper? 

Mr.  Hart  :  No,  I  did  not.  It  is  a  detail  that  ordinarily 
isn't  published,  although  I  did  not  omit  it  for  that  reason. 
I  omitted  it  because  it  is  a  detail  that  it  did  not  occur  to  me 
to  mention. 

Mr.  Denton  :  I  was  wondering  whether  you  had  de- 
termined the  profitable  depth  of  stripping? 

Mr.  Hart  :  Not  exactly,  but  the  limits  will  be  extended  to 
such  a  point  as  will  make  a  good  proposition  as  an  open  pit 
operation. 

Mr.  Denton  :  For  the  extent  of  stripping  already  done, 
have  you  estimated  the  amount  of  ore  uncovered? 


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112  OPENING  OF  THE   WAKEFIELD   MINE 

Mr.  Hart:  No,  we  have  not.  In  a  pit  of  this  size  we 
are  so  far  ahead  with  our  stripping  that  the  amount  of  ore 
actually  tributary  to  the  present  stripping  done  is  relatively 
small  owing  to  the  great  amount  of  ore  tied  up  under  the 
slopes  and  the  stripping  benches.  In  other  words,  the  first 
two  million  yards  would  uncover  a  comparatively  small 
amount  of  ore.  I  figured  roughly  when  we  started  to  strip, 
that  from  the  start  of  our  approach  to  the  west  end  of  the 
property,  figuring  the  normal  angle  of  the  material,  if  we  ex- 
cavated a  triangular  piece  of  ground  coming  to  a  point  at  the 
ore,  we  would  have  very  close  to  half  a  million  yards.  There 
is  half  a  million  yards  tied  up  in  slopes  at  the  smallest  depth. 
With  our  material,  the  way  the  ore  has  stood  up  on  the  north 
bank,  that  bank  has  taken  a  one  and  one-half  to  one  slope  in 
a  good  many  instances.  We  have  stripped  far  enough  back 
to  enable  us  to  carry  all  of  the  tracks  necessary.  In  our 
proposition,  we  cannot  crowd  the  banks  with  our  ore  opera- 
tion, as  is  done  on  the  Mesabi.  Our  depth  of  surface  increases 
so  fast  as  we  extend  to  the  north,  that  as  many  as  four  strip- 
ping benches  will  have  to  be  maintained  until  the  final  slope 
is  reached  on  the  north  side. 

Mr.  Denton  :  You  haven^t  yet  fixed  a  standard  as  to  the 
amount  of  stripping  to  the  unit  of  ore  ? 

Mr.  Hart:     Only  the  standard  of  dollars  and  cents. 

Mr.  Denton  :  You  haven't  established  a  ratio  between 
ore  and  stripping? 

Mr.  Hart  :  That  will  change  from  year  to  year.  If  we 
found  that  the  amount  of  diabase  was  so  great,  or  the  qual- 
ity of  that  diabase  became  so  hard  that  it  was  costing  us  a 
dollar  a  yard  to  strip  it,  we  would  have  to  change  our  plans. 
The  amount  of  stripping  that  can  be  done  for  a  certain  quan- 
tity of  ore  is  a  question  purely  of  the  cost  per  yard  of  the 
stripping.  The  old  quotation  of  "a  foot  of  stripping  for  a 
foot  of  ore"  is  obsolete,  and  the  only  thing  that  can  decide  the 
ratio  is  the  amount  of  stripping  cost  which  must  be  charged 
to  the  ton  of  tributary  ore. 

Mr.  Denton  :  To  put  it  another  way,  how  much  do  you 
estimate  you  save  in  the  cost  of  mining  by  stripping? 

Mr.  Hart:  If  we  carried  it  to  an  extreme,  we  would 
save  only  in  the  difference  in  labor  and  timber,  and  in  interest 
on  the  investment.  Suppose  we  carried  our  stripping  to  a 
point  where  it  equalled  the  cost  of  underground  operations,  so 
far  as  cost  per  ton  in  actual  producing  cost  was  concerned, 


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LAKE   SUPERIOR    MINING   INSTITUTE  II3 

we  would  still  gain  by  the  fact  that  we  would  require  less 
labor ;  we  would  be  able  to  produce  ore  quicker  and  we  would 
make  a  greater  volume  of  ore  available  for  shipment  at  any 
time. 

Mr.  Denton  :  Did  you  go  at  all  into  the  question  of 
change  in  slopes  of  your  banks  for  different  depths? 

Mr.  Hart:  We  decided  on  an  ultimate  plan  that  would 
include  all  of  the  stripping  that  is  to  be  done  if  conditions 
were  ideal,  but  we  will  have  to  modify  that  plan  as  conditions 
arise  which  militate  against  the  ideal  development  of  the  pit. 

Mr.  Denton  :  I  was  wondering  whether  you  had  gotten 
to  the  fine  point  of  figuring  different  slopes  at  different  depths, 
even  if  the  material  is  the  same. 

Mr.  Hart:  We  have  figured  on  that.  The  slopes  will 
be  different.  We  have  about  20  ft.  on  one  side  of  the  pit 
which  is  pure  sand,  which  will  undoubtedly  take  a  slope  of 
one  and  one-half  to  one.  Below  that  we  have  clay  that  will 
probably  stand  on  a  slope  of  three-quarters  to  one.  We  have 
taken  that  into  account,  although  the  average  of  the  bank 
down  to  the  diabase,  we  figure  at  a  slope  of  one  to  one. 

Mr.  Denton  :    Do  you  protect  your  berms  ? 

Mr.  Hart:  On  the  footwall  side,  but  not  on  the  hang- 
ing-side.. We  had  no  trouble  at  all  there.  Eventually  on  the 
footwall  side,  as  we  go  down,  we  will  undoubtedly  have  to 
rip-rap  the  full  length  of  the  pit.  I  have  in  mind  the  Buf- 
falo &  Susquehanna  on  the  Mesabi,  where  they  have  a  stone 
hedge  surrounding  the  pit  on  the  berm  to  prevent  material 
from  dropping  over  in  the  deepest  part.  We  will  undoubted- 
ly have  to  do  something  of  that  kind.  We  have  done  it  to 
some  extent  in  the  development  of  the  pit  with  lagging  and 
blocking. 

Mr.  VanEvera  :  Approximately  how  long  and  how  wide 
is  the  pit  now? 

Mr.  Hart:  The  pit  is  approximately  2,100  ft.  from  the 
shaft  to  the  west  end  of  the  property.  It  is  600  ft  wide  at 
the  extreme  width. 

Mr.  VanEvera:    On  the  ore? 

Mr.  Hart:  No,  on  the  top  of  the  stripping.  It  is  ap- 
proximately 300  ft.  at  the  widest  ix)int  on  the  ore  before  the 
ore  dips  sharply  to  the  north. 


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114  USE  OF  GUNITE  IN  A  STEEL  SHAFT 


THE  USE  OF  GUNITE  IN  A  STEEL  SHAFT  AND  IN 

AN  UNDERGROUND  PUMP  HOUSE  ON 

THE  GOGEBIC  RANGE. 

BY  STEPHEN  ROYCE^  HURLEY,  WIS.* 

The  application  of  Gunite,  or  "Gun-crete"  as  it  was  for- 
merly called,  to  mining  operations  is  comparatively  recent. 
Gunite  may  be  defined  as  a  mixture  of  sand,  cement,  and  wa- 
ter blown  on  a  solid  surface  by  a  high  pressure  of  compressed 
air  forcing  it  through  a  hose  and  nozzle.  An  essential  part 
of  the  gimite  coating  is  the  use  of  some  form  of  reinforcing 
wire  to  be  applied  to  the  surface  to  be  coated  before  the  ce- 
ment is  blown  on.  The  process  was  originally  invented  as 
a  cheaper  and  more  efficient  method  of  applying  stucco  to  a 
building,  but  has  proven  itself  adaptable  to  a  great  variety  of 
purposes. 

The  places  in  which  giuiite  has  been  used  on  the  Gogebic 
Range  are  the  Gary  **A"  shaft,  at  Hurley,  Wisconsin,  and 
the  1 8th  level  pump-house  of  the  Sunday  Lake  Mine,  Wake- 
field, Michigan. 

Fig.  I  shows  a  cross  section  of  "A"  shaft,  and  a  long- 
itudinal section,  as  well  as  details  of  the  method  adopted  in 
applying  the  cement  coating  and  its  reinforcing.  **A"  shaft  is 
a  steel  five-compartment  shaft,  sunk  to  a  depth  of  1,320  ft. 
in  the  quartzite.  The  steel  sets  are  blocked  in  place  with 
wooden  blocking,  and  the  lining  of  the  shaft  consists  of  3-in. 
tamarack  plank  wedged  into  the  flanges  of  the  I-beams,  \diich 
form  the  wall  plates  and  the  end  pieces. 

The  purpose  of  the  gunite  coating  in  "A"  shaft  was,  first, 
to  fire-proof  the  lathing  and  wooden  blocking;  second,  to 
protect  the  lathing  from  contact  with  the  air  in  the  shaft,  so 
retarding  its  decay;  third,  to  form  an  air  and  water-proof 
coating  over  the  shaft  lining,  keeping  air  from  entering  the 
space  between  the  timbers  and  the  rock,  and  keeping  in  the 
water  which  is  flowing  along  in  the  same  space.     This  last 

'General  Engineer,  Pickanda,  Mather  ft  Co.,  Gkvebic  Range 


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LAKE    SUPERIOR    MINING   INSTITUTE  IIS 

feature  is  expected  to  retard  the  decay  of  the  blocking  as 
well  as  the  lathing  as  this  will  be  water-logged  all  the  time. 
The  gimite  coating,  by  reason  of  its  wire  reinforcement,  which 
will  be  further  described,  is  expected  to  reinforce  the  lathing 
and  partially  take  its  place  in  the  event  of  decay  actually  oc- 
curing.    The  coating  was  applied  not  only  to  the  walls  of  the 

.  Reinfbrcemerrt 


DETAIL  OF  GUNCRETE  CA6IN6 
ON  I-BEAM  DIVIDERS 

Figure  1.    Shaft  Arrangement  and  Detail  of  Coated  Members 

shaft,  but  also  to  the  steel  dividers,  the  intention  being  to 
protect  these  from  rust  and  incidentally  reinforce  them  after 
the  manner  of  a  reinforced  concrete  beam. 

At  Sunday  Lake  the  purpose  was  to  fire-proof  the  pump- 
liouse,  which  is  timbered  with  heavy  wooden  posts,  caps  and 


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Il6  USE  Of  GUNITE  IN  A  STEEL  SHAFT 

lagging,  and  to  protect  the  wood  from  dry-rot,  which  at  the 
high  temperature  in  the  pump-house,  quickly  attacks  it. 

Fig.  2  shows  a  view  of  the  apparatus  which  is  known  as 
a  "Cement-gun."  The  apparatus  consists  of  an  upper,  or 
feed-hopper,  (B),  a  lower  discharge  hopper,  (C),  and  feed- 
wheel,  (D),  which  is  geared  to  the  motor  "H."  The  motor 
**H"  is  worked  by  an  air  pressure  of  from  45  to  75  lbs.  to 


Figure  2a 

the  square  inch  which  is  supplied  to  the  macliine.  The  dis- 
charge hopper  "C  is  kept  constantly  under  air  pressure.  The 
hopi>er  "B''  is  put  under  pressure  only  after  the  charge  of  dry 
cement  and  sand  mixed  in  four  to  one  proportion  has  been 
introduced  at  the  top  and  the  upper  opening  has  been  closed. 
The  cement-sand  mixture  is  charged  into  the  top  of  the  feed- 


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LAKE    SUPERIOR    MINING   INSTITUTE  II7 

hopper  with  the  upper  cone  admission  valve  open,  as  shown  in 
the  picture,  and  the  lower  discharge  valve,  also  conical,  closed, 
as  shown  there.  The  upper  valve  is  then  closed  and  air  pres- 
sure is  admitted  to  the  feed-hopper  until  the  pressure  in  the 
feed  and  discharge  hoppers  is  equalized.  The  weight  of  the 
cement  and  sand  in  the  feed-hopper  presses  down  the  lower 
valve  and  the  material  drops  through  into  the  discharge  hop- 


Figure  2b 

per  "C,"  falling  on  top  of  the  feed-wheel  "D."  When  all  the 
material  in  the  feed-hopper  has  gone  through,  the  lower  valve 
is  closed  by  means  of  the  lever  which  is  heavy  enough  so  that 
it  usually  closes  the  lower  valve  with  its  own  weight.  The 
upper  valve  of  hopper  **B"  is  then  opened,  after  turning  the 
air  pressure  off  the  upper  hopper,  and  a  new  charge  is  put  in. 
The  feed-wheel  "D,''  driven  by  the  motor  "H,"  through 
the  gear,  "K,"  expels  the  cement  and  sand  by  means  of  the 


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Il8  USE  OF  GUNITE  IN  A  STEEL  SHAFT 

discharge  nozzle  *T"  into  the  dehvery  hose,  which  goes  to  the 
oi:>erating  nozzle.  The  feed- wheel  consists  of  a  series  of  pad- 
dles which  form  pockets.  As  these  pass  the  stream  of  com- 
pressed air,  which  is  constantly  being  admitted  at  "E,"  they 
take  up  measured  quantities  of  compressed  air,  which  force 
the  material  through  the  discharge  nozzle  into  the  hose.  The 
form  of  the  operating  nozzle  with  water  connections  is  also 
shown. 

Water,  it  will  be  seen  does  not  touch  the  cement  and  sand 
mixture  until  at  the  point  where  it  leaves  the  hose.     The 


Figure  S 


amount  of  the  water  is  gauged  by  the  nozzle  operator  by 
means  of  the  valve  shown.  The  proportion  of  cement  and 
sand  is  gauged  by  the  original  mixture,  but  changes  auto- 
matically in  accordance  with  the  requirements  of  the  work. 
The  material  as  fed  to  the  machine  must  be  dry  and  no  water 
must  reach  it  l>efore  tlie  water  control  at  the  operating  noz- 
zle. The  sand  must  be  clean,  sharp,  and  of  fairly  uniform 
grains,  in  order  to  secure  the  best  results,  both  in  the  work 
itself  and  in  the  operating  of  the  machine.  An  advantage 
claimed  for  cement  applied  by  this  process  is  that  the  mix- 


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LAKE   SUPERIOR    MINING   INSTITUTE  II9 

ture  is  automatically  enriched  at  the  point  of  contact  between 
the  gnnite  coating  and  the  surface  which  is  covered.  This  is 
due  to  the  tendency  of  the  sand  in  the  mixture  to  rebound 
when  striking  a  hard  surface,  leaving  the  cement  almost  neat 
for  the  first  %  or  34  in.  of  the  coating.  After  this  the  mix- 
ture grades  off  until  it  approaches  about  a  three  to  one,  or 
three  and  one-half  to  one  composition.  It  is  said  that  the 
original  mixture  is  almost  immaterial  provided  that  the  amount 
of  sand  used  is  three  and  one-half  to  one  or  over,  as  the  ex- 


Apparatus  Set  Up  for  Work  at  Collar  of  "A"  Shaft 

cess  sand  will  rebound,  so  that  the  final  composition  of  a  one 
and  one-half  inch  coating  will  be  about  three  to  one  in  any 
event. 

Another  advantage  of  the  method  is  that  as  water  is  not 
mixed  in  until  within  a  small  fraction  of  a  second  of  the  ap- 
plication of  the  concrete  to  the  job,  all  the  setting  power  of 
the  cement  is  used  in  the  work,  there  being  no  partial  setting 
in  the  cement  box  before  application. 

The  delivery  hose  has  to  be  made  of  pure  soft  rubber.    Its 


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I20  USE  OF  GUNITE  IN  A  STEEL  SHAFT 

long  or  short  life  is  quite  a  factor  in  the  cost  of  operation 
and  depends  largely  upon  the  character  of  the  sand  which 
is  fed  to  the  machine. 

The  application  of  the  gunite  coating  in  '*A"  shaft  was 
done  in  two  experimental  sections,  one  being  from  the  col- 
lar of  the  shaft  to  the  third  level,  the  other  from  the  eighth 
to  the  tenth  level.  In  the  first  the  machine  was  placed  on  sur- 
face and  the  hose  lead  down  through  the  shaft  to  the  point 


View  Looking  Up  "A"  Shaft  Showing  Completed  Gun-Crete  Work  Above.    Re- 
inforcing Set  Below  But  Not  Concreted  Yet 

of  application;  in  the  second  the  machine  was  placed  on  tlie 
eighth  level. 

The  first  step  in  the  application  of  the  coating  was  to 
clean  thoroughly  the  entire  surface  to  be  covered,  which  was 
done  partly  with  water  under  heavy  compressed  air  pressure, 
partly  by  sand  blasting  and  partly  by  chipping  the  rust  and 
accumulated  coating  off  the  steel  Next  the  reinforcement 
was  applied.  This  consisted  of  No.  7,  American  Steel  & 
Wire  Company's  triangular  mesh  reinforcing  wire  for  the 
3id^  walls.     This  was  orig'inally  intended  to  be  applied  as 


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LAKE   SUPERIOR    MINING    INSTITUTE  I2t 

shown  in  the  upper  part  of  Fig.  i!  This  consisted  of  a  nail 
driven  into  the  space  between  the  tamarack  lathing  and  the 
flange  of  the  I-beam.  This  nail  was  then  stapled,  together 
w  ith  the  reinforcing  wire,  onto  the  lathing.  This  method  was 
discarded  as  it  placed  too  much  reliance  on  the  holding  power 
of  the  staples  in  the  wood,  which  might  later  rot.  A  method 
was  substituted  for  this  which  is  also  shown  in  Fig.  i.  This 
consists  in  stapling  the  reinforcing  wire  directly  to  the  steel 
I-beams,  and  was  used  for  most  of  the  work.     The  reinforc- 


ViEW  or  Sunday  Lake  Pump-House  Looking  Away  from  Shaft 

ing  wire  was  also  stapled  to  the  laths  at  intervals  between 
the  steel  sets. 

An  important  point  in  the  application  of  the  reinforcing 
wire  is  that  it  should  be  separated  by  a  short  distance,  say 
one-eighth  of  an  inch,  from  the  surface  to  be  covered.  This 
is  so  that  the  cement  can  get  in  behind  the  reinforcing  and 
form  a  unit  with  it.  This  was  accomplished  by  stapling  the 
reinforcing  wire  on  with  nails  under  it.  The  dividers,  be- 
fore the  cement  was  applied,  were  covered  with  i^  in.  mesh 


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122  USE  OF  GUNITE  IN  A  STEEL  SHAFT 

chicken  wire,  clamped  on  with  wire  clamps.  The  dividers 
were  filled  in  completely  on  their  upper  faces  resulting  in 
their  reforcement  for  bearing  a  downward  load.  This  in- 
crease in  strength  we  figure  at  nearly  20  per  cent.  The  work 
progressed  downward  and  it  was  found  best  to  coat  the  entire 
sidewalls  before  coating  the  dividers.  The  thickness  of  the 
coating  in  "A''  shaft  was  13^  in.  and  it  was  found  that  the 
operator  was  able  to  gauge  this  thickness  with  astonishing 


View  of  Sunday  Lake  Pump-House  Lookino  Toward  Shaft 

accuracy.  The  cement  was  applied  in  from  two  to  three  coats. 
The  Sunday  Lake  pump-house  was  coated  with  a  one  and 
one-half  inch  coating  of  gunite,  over  all  the  posts,  lagging  and 
exposed  timber.  This  was  applied  over  a  reinforcing,  con- 
sisting of  1J/2  in.  mesh  chicken  wire  on  the  posts,  and  a  No.  7 
reinforcing  wire,  triangular  mesh,  on  the  lagging  in  the  roof. 
Two  photoghaps  are  given  herewith  showing  the  results  in  the 
Sunday  Lake  pump-house,  also  a  view  looking  up  "A"  shaft 
from  a  little  above  the  third  level.    This  shows  the  application 


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LAKE   SUPERIOR   MINING   INSTITUTE  1^3 

of  the  cement  in  two  coats,  and  shows  the  reinforcing  wire  at- 
tached to  the  I-beams. 

The  results  so  far  observed  have  been  excellent  in  both 
places.  In  "A"  shaft  we  have  a  hard,  fairly  smooth,  water- 
proof, coating,  which  does  not  crack  with  the  jar  of  the  shaft 
in  hoisting,  and  which  we  believe  will  greatly  prolong  the  life 
of  the  shaft  at  the  points  where  it  has  been  used. 

An  important  point,  in  connection  with  the  water-proof 
character  of  the  coating,  is  the  necessity  of  leaving  pipes  at 
every  level  to  drain  off  the  water  and  relieve  hydrostatic  pres- 
sure. 

An  interesting  feature  of  our  use  of  the  cement  coating 
is  the  wide  difference  between  the  temperatures  to  which  it  is 
subjected.  At  the  collar  of  *'A"  shaft  the  cement  is  covered 
with  frost  and  subjected  to  a  temperature  considerably  below 
zero.  In  the  Sunday  Lake  pump-house  the  temperature  at 
five  feet  above  the  floor  is  iii  degrees,  and  this  must  rise 
greatly  near  the  roof  of  the  pump-house. 

The  cost  of  lining  **A''  shaft  as  described  came  to  $9.2978 
per  linear-foot  of  shaft.  The  total  area  of  wall  surface  cov- 
ered was  14260.90  square  feet,  the  total  area  of  steel  covered, 
measured  along  the  contact  of  the  cement  with  the  steel  was 
3749.96  square  feet.  The  material  used  was  as  follows :  Sand, 
102^  cubic  yards;  cement,  173  barrels;  reinforcing,  14260.90 
square  feet;  chicken  wire,  3749.96  square  feet.  Fastening 
staples  and  wire  were  also  used. 

The  work  was  accomplished  by  one  foreman  and  six  men 
in  thirty-two  working  days.  The  total  linear  feet  of  shaft 
covered  were  263.13.  The  Sunday  Lake  pump-house,  which 
was  done  under  especially  hard  conditions,  was  considerably 
more  expensive  per  square  foot.  Both  jobs  were  done  on  con- 
tract by  the  Cement-Gun  Construction  Company  of  Chicago. 
**A"  shaft  was  an  easy  shaft  for  application  of  the  cement-gun 
coating  as  there  was  comparatively  little  water  flowing  on  the 
surface  of  the  lathing  which  was  to  be  covered.  If  the  cement 
can  once  be  applied  and  can  harden,  no  amount  of  water  will 
make  any  difficulty  thereafter,  but  there  are  considerable  dif- 
ficulties in  making  the  coating  stick  to  a  wet  surface.  The 
same  company  has  recently  succeeded,  they  say,  in  coating  a 
wet  shaft  for  a  large  southern  Illinois  coal  company.  They 
usually  divert  the  water  from  a  wet  point  in  the  shaft  to  the 
sump  below  by  means  of  permanent  drains.  Sometimes  bleed- 
er pipes  are  introduced  into  wet  strata  and  later  sealed  after 


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124  USE  OF  GUNITE  IN  A  STEEL  SHAFT 

the  concrete  lining  has  hardened.  In  some  cases  they  have  to 
drill  through  the  wooden  lagging  and  with  iron  rods  clear  the 
mud  which  sometimes  accumulates  and  so  allow  the  water  to 
drain  down  to  a  lower  point  in  the  shaft.  In  some  places 
they  put  a  water-proof  felt  sheathing  between  the  cement  and 
wood  of  the  shaft  lining;  the  water  drains  down  between  the 
felt  and  lagging  and  the  outer  surface  is  kept  dry  for  the 
application  of  the  cement  coating.  This  felt,  being  water- 
proof and  rot-proof,  and  being  completely  encased  between  the 
cement  and  wood,  is  a  perfectly  solid  part  of  the  shaft  lining. 
A  cement-gim  coating  is  applicable  for  water-proofing, 
as  in  leaky  masonry  reservoirs,  etc.,  for  cheaply  reinforcing 
steel  beams  which  have  shown  signs  of  yielding,  and  for  re- 
sisting abrasion,  as  in  coal  bunker  bottoms,  etc.  For  rem- 
edying the  disintegration  of  masonry  it  has  been  used  a  good 
deal.  An  interesting  use  is  for  covering  the  plate  girders  of ' 
railroad  bridges  which  have  been  found  to  wear  rapidly  away 
on  account  of  the  abrasion  of  particles  thrown  out  of  loco- 
motive exhausts.  It  is  used  for  covering  buildings,  for  floors, 
and  for  a  variety  of  purposes.  For  the  uses  that  we  have  had 
for  it,  it  has  certainly  proven  very  satisfactory. 


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LAKE   SUPERIOR    MINING   INSTITUTE  1 25 


A  SURVEY  OF  THE  DEVELOPMENTS  AND  OPERA- 
TIONS IN  THE  CUYUNA  IRON  ORE  DIS- 
TRICT  OF  MINNESOTA. 
by  carl  zapffe* 
Introduction. 

Twelve  years  have  elapsed  since  the  first  drilling  explora- 
tions in  the  Cuyuna  Iron  Ore  District  of  Minnesota.  Activi- 
ties of  various  kinds  have  marked  every  year  since  then.  Al- 
though during  the  last  twelve  months  the  number  of  drills 
operating  has  dropped  off  materially,  due  to  tlie  general  de- 
pression prevailing  in  the  iron  ore  business,  development  work 
is  making  good  headway.  This  time  and  this  occasion  seems 
therefore  a  splendid  opportunity  for  the  taking  of  stock  and 
for  ascertaining  what  a  dozen  years  have  done  for  the  Cuyuna 
and  for  observing  how  the  regard  of  mining  men  for  the 
Cuyuna  may  have  changed  and  how  prejudice  may  have  been 
overcome. 

At  the  outset  the  Cuyuna  district  was  but  a  prophecy,  and 
its  existence  was  anticipated  long  l>efore  its  discovery.  The 
prophecy  gradually  l^ecame  a  reality  as  the  rapid  developments 
in  the  great  Mesabi  district  to  the  north  gradually  extended 
that  district  further  and  further  westward  and  toward  the 
Cuyuna  district.  Later  the  rapid  developments  of  the  Mesabi 
district  for  a  time  oversliadowed  the  results  of  explorations 
in  the  Cuyuna  district  and  thus  retarded  its  progress.  One 
must  admit  that  the  Cuyuna  in  its  early  days  offered  many 
disappointments  to  the  Mesabi  prospectors. 

The  Michigan  prospectors  of  that  day  generally  enter- 
tained only  long-distance  views  and  opinions — although  since 
that  time  they  have  one  by  one  made  trips  through  the  geo- 
logically viewless  territory  embraced  by  the  Cuyuna  district. 
Cuyuna  prospecting  was  therefore  largely  conducted  and 
promoted  by  a  new  and  different  group  of  individuals. 

It  appears  that  nature  was  once  more  operating  as  an 

*  G«>]offi8t,  Brainerd,  Minn. 


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126     DEVELOPMENTS  AND  OPERATIONS,  CUYUNA  DISTRICT 

evener,  for  the  Cuyuna  District  developments  were  held  back 
at  a  time  when  other  iron  ores  were  flooding  the  maricets. 
As  a  whole  the  first  Cuyuna  ores  found  were  of  the  poorest 
kind;  but  then  followed  a  period  when  better  ores  were  en- 
countered; and  now  it  is  a  pleasure  to  make  and  herald  the 
statement  that  only  lately  have  the  best  ores  come  to  light  and 
that  certain  recent  rather  desultory  drilling  has  produced  some 
astonishingly  good  results — results  which  indicate  far  greater 
ix>ssibilities  for  the  South  Range  of  the  district  than  perhaps 
even  the  most  optimistic  have  ever  dared  to  claim.  And,  as 
has  often  been  stated,  the  district  has  been  even  now  but  mere- 
ly scratched.  Another  factor  that  has  always  retarded  de- 
velopments is  the  great  length  of  the  district.  Nor  must  one 
forget  the  periodic  economic  disturbances  that  affect  any  large 
non-l3essemer  district.  It  is  also  true  that  nearly  every  one 
of  the  substantial  mining  operations  showed  better  ores  as  the 
underground  work  was  extended  than  was  anticipated  from 
the  drilling.  Of  course  difficulties  and  disappointments  have 
never  been  lacking ;  but  these  are  common  to  all  districts.  The 
newer  and  better  developments  have  come  during  periods  of 
less  excitement,  and  though  they  have  called  for  no  more 
courage  and  sagacity,  they  have  probably  required  more  meth- 
od and  more  resources. 

Iron  Content  of  the  Ores. 

A  few  years  after  drilling  beg^n,  I  made  an  estimate  of 
all  the  ores  developed,  and  found  that  the  average  iron  con- 
tent of  all  material  analyzing  50  per  cent,  or  more  was  just 
alx)ut  53  per  cent.  Only  two  properties  on  the  North  Range  of 
the  district  had  been  drilled  up  to  that  time,  one  of  these  be- 
ing what  is  now  the  Kennedy  mine. 

The  following  five  years  was  a  period  of  great  activity 
on  the  North  Range,  and  the  average  iron  analysis  was  grad- 
ually increased  to  a  little  over  56  per  cent  by  the  finding  of 
deposits  with  large  tonnages  of  60  per  cent.  ore.  Devetop- 
ments  on  the  South  Range  came  to  a  standstill  at  this  time, 
on  the  North  Range,  numerous  properties  were  opened  for 
mining  in  the  latter  part  of  the  period. 

The  third  period  of  development  was  ushered  in  by  the 
finding  of  a  minable  deposit  of  hematite  ore  almost  entirely 
of  Bessemer  grade.  In  this  deposit  sc«ne  of  the  analyses  for 
iron  ran  over  69  per  cent,  and  some  of  the  phosphorus  analy- 
ses around  o.oio  per  cent;  also,  on  the  North  Range  a  large 


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LAKE   SUPERIOR   MINING   INSTITUTE  1 27 

tonnage  of  the  ore  developed  is  contaminated  by  decomposed 
chert  and  on  two  properties  washing  plants  have  been  installed 
to  remove  this  material  and  other  deleterious  substances  that 
readily  wash  out,  and  thus  a  large  tonnage  of  otherwise  waste 
material  is  made  usable.  The  results  of  recent  explorations  on 
the  South  Range  are  quite  in  contrast  to  this.  As  has  always 
been  known,  the  ores  here  are  never  the  sandy  or  so-called 
wash  ores;  and  at  the  present  time,  the  South  Range  ores  are 
found  averaging  not  only  higher  in  iron  but  lower  in  silica  than 
ever  before.  During  the  last  twelve  months  a  large  tonnage  of 
brown  ore  has  been  developed  on  the  South  Range  that  analy- 
zes over  60  per  cent,  iron  and  under  5  per  cent,  silica.  For 
example,  in  one  instance  in  one  angle  hole  the  first  35  feet  of 
ore  averaged  64.52  per  cent,  iron  and  1.43  per  cent,  silica  and 
the  next  35  feet  60.68  per  cent,  iron  and  6.18  silica;  thus  70 
feet  of  ore  averaged  62.60  per  cent,  iron  and  3.80  per  cent, 
silica.  Anyone  familiar  with  all  the  facts  cannot  be  other  than 
enthusiastic  at  the  turn  that  developments  have  taken  of  late 
and  it  is  not  wild  to  predict  that  the  South  Range  ores  will 
soon  at  least  equal  those  of  the  North  Range  in  iron  content 
and  may  be  expected  to  excel  them  in  furnace  value  l)ecause 
less  apt  to  contain  manganese  or  too  much  silica. 

Concentrating  Ores. 

The  North  Range  deposits,  as  already  mentioned,  are  fre- 
quently much  contaminated  by  disintegrated  white  chert.  This 
occurs  sometimes  in  minute  bands,  sometimes  in  bands  a  few 
inches  wide,  and  sometimes  as  banded  masses  in  which  the 
bands  of  ore  are  so  thin  as  to  be  scarcely  visible.  In  some 
cases  this  material  has  l>een  loaded  with  better  ores,  and  as  a 
result  the  ores  shipped  have  been  undesirably  high  in  silica. 
Much  of  this  chert  is  so  thoroughly  disintegrated  that  it  re- 
sembles a  white  flour  when  accumulated,  and  will  flow  when 
wet.  From  much  of  the  ore-bearing  formation  this  cherty  ma- 
terial can  be  removed  by  washing  and  two  small  and  simple 
washing  plants  have  already  been  erected  for  this  purpose. 
Washing  such  an  ore  carrying  as  low  as  45  per  cent,  iron  dried 
has  raised  it  to  53  per  cent,  and  over.  These  plants  have  bare- 
ly begun  to  operate,  yet  they  have  already  produced  favorable 
results  and  hence  promise  well  for  the  so-called  Cuyuna  con- 
centrating ores.  As  already  stated,  such  ores  are  unknown 
on  the  South  Range. 


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128    developments  and  operations,  cuyuna  district 

Manganiferous  Ores. 

With  a  very  few  exceptions  North  Range  ore  deposits  are 
accompanied  by  more  or  less  manganiferous  material.  In 
most  of  the  ore  deposits  there  is  a  very  substantial  tonnage  of 
it,  usually  so  localized  that  it  can  be  left  in  the  mine  or  handled 
without  contaminating  the  regular  iron  ore  product.  In  a  few 
of  the  properties,  however,  apparently  nothing  other  than 
manganiferous  formation  exists.  Some  of  these  are  being  op- 
erated and  small  amounts  have  been  shipped.  At  one  mine  the 
ores  have  l>een  graded  underground  into  classes  depending 
mainly  upon  the  manganese  content;  here  the  combined  met- 
allic units  of  manganese  and  iron  usually  amount  to  55  jier 
cent,  or  over.  In  another  instance  plans  are  under  way  to 
attempt  mechanical  grading  magnetically  at  the  surface.  More 
than,  this  can  not  be  stated  at  this  time  regarding  this  pro- 
cess. 

Some  analyses  for  manganese  have  exceeded  50  per  cent., 
but  thus  far  very  little  material  has  been  shipped  that  has  av- 
eraged alx)ve  30  per  cent.,  and  in  the  long  run  it  would  prol> 
ably  l)e  detrimental  to  a  proi>erty  to  attempt  to  maintain  even 
only  a  25  i)er  cent,  grade.  There  is  an  almost  unlimited 
(juantity  of  manganiferous  material  ranging  from  10  to  15 
l)er  cent. 

Manganiferous  material  is  unknown  on  the  South  Range. 
Rarely  is  even  a  one  per  cent,  analysis  encountered,  and  many 
dei>osits  will  average  under  one-half  of  one  per  cent. 

Other  Features  of  the  Ores  and  Deposits. 

Much  alarm  has  been  spread  in  the  past  over  excessive 
moisture.  It  is  true  that  at  their  opening  some  of  the  proi> 
erties  yielded  ores  with  13  and  14  per  cent,  of  moisture,  but 
in  most  cases  the  j^ercentage  is  now  from  9  to  11.  Lately  a 
7  i)er  cent,  moisture  on  a  considerable  tonnage  was  obtained 
at  one  mine. 

Calcium,  manganesium  and  sulphur  are  negligible.  Alum- 
ina invariably  runs  less  than  3  per  cent.  On  the  South  Range, 
alumina  averages  less  than  2  per  cent.,  there  being  less  inter- 
bedded  slate  here  than  on  the  North  Range. 

Furnace  men  have  repeatedly  spoken  very  highly  of  the 
physical  character  of  the  ore.  The  ores  as  a  whole  are  gran- 
ular and  slightly  lumpy,  but  sometimes  platy  or  even  fine  and 
ix)wdery. 

North  Range  ores  are  prevailingly  hematitic  and  red  in 


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LAKE    SUPERIOR    MINING   INSTITUTE  1 29 

color  and  South  Range  ores  prevailing  limonitic  and  brown. 
Magnetite  occurs  sparingly  and  then  only  as  an  admixture  in 
small  grains  and  crystals. 

North  Range  orebodies  as  compared  with  those  of  the 
South  Range  are  wide  and  usually  quite  irregular  in  shape, 
due  to  the  greater  amount  of  minor  folding,  whereas  the  South 
Range  deposits  are  longer  and  narrower  and  show  little  or  no 
minor  folding.  But  in  both  cases  the  general  structural  atti- 
tude is  that  of  steeply  dipping  lenses  encased  in  barren  rock 
of  various  types.  Severance  of  orebodies  by  igneous  dikes  is 
thus  far  unknown,  nor  proven,  and  may  be  regarded  as  l>eing 
absent. 

Surface  waters  encountered  in  shaft  sinking  have  not  been 
as  abundant  nor  as  treacherous  as  originally  anticipated,  and 
now  that  shafts  of  a  variety  of  types  have  been  successfully 
sunk,  all  fears  on  that  score  should  be  dispelled. 

The  Mines. 

Thus  far  I  have  been  presenting  only  the  general  consid- 
erations needed  to  give  the  members  of  the  Institute  a  per- 
spective of  the  entire  situation.  I  shall  now  review  the  vari- 
ous proi^rties  at  present  being  mined,  so  that  the  members 
will  better  understand  operations  at  the  mines  shoukl  they 
visit  them.  Following  these  descriptions  is  a  table  giving  a 
list  of  the  mines,  their  l(x:ations,  the  names  of  the  ojjerators 
and  local  managers  or  superintendents,  and  the  character  of 
the  operations,  listed  in  the  same  order  as  described. 

Kennedy. 

This  is  the  pioneer  mine  in  the  district.  The  first  shi{>- 
ments  were  made  in  191 1,  and  the  total  shipments  to  date 
amount  to  nearly  one  million  tpns.  Mining  was  originally 
conducted  on  four  closely  parallel  lenses  of  ore,  but  now  the 
ore  is  taken  largely  from  but  two.  The  shaft  is  of  the  wooden 
drop  type  with  the  main  level  at  262  feet.  The  surface  av- 
erages about  125  feet  in  depth.  There  is  also  one  timl^er 
shaft.  The  mine  has  never  been  worked  to  capacity,  but  could 
easily  deliver  400,000  tons  or  more  per  year.  The  ore  is 
medium  to  coarsely  granular,  partly  brown  and  partly  reddish 
in  color  and  as  mined  runs  about  55^  per  cent.  Parts  of 
some  of  the  lenses  of  ore  contain  much  disintegrated  chert 
which  could  be  washed  out  and  this  is  now  being  considered. 
The  moisture  content  is  low, 


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130    developments  and  operations,  cuyuna  district 

Meacham. 

A  circular  concrete  shaft  was  dropped  through  60  feet  of 
surface  and  continued  to  235  feet,  but  the  operation  was  dis- 
continued just  as  the  crosscut  was  started  toward  the  ore- 
body  to  the  south.  This  deposit  is  1800  feet  long,  very  narrow 
for  a  North  Range  deposit,  but  parts  of  it  are  deep.  The 
ore  averages  between  58  and  59  per  cent  iron,  and  parts  of 
it  are  low  in  phosphorus. 

Thompson. 

This  property  embraces  three  forty-acre  tracts  running 
north  and  south,  which  contain  two  separate  and  parallel  de- 
posits. At  first  a  circular  concrete  shaft  was  sunk  through 
about  65  feet  of  surface  between  the  two  deposits  and  a  little 
ore  was  mined  from  each  and  shipped  in  1913.  The  south 
deposit  was  subsequently  converted  into  a  pit  operation.  The 
north  deposit  is  not  now  being  worked.  The  ore  is  brownish 
red  and  moderately  coarse.  The  pit  is  one-quarter  of  a  mile 
long  and  exix>ses  a  maximum  w^idth  of  formation  of  alx)Ut 
two  hundred  feet.  Much  of  the  upper  part  of  this  deposit  is 
very  siliceous  due  to  the  presence  of  much  chert,  but  as  this 
material  is  mostly  disintegrated,  the  ore  is  being  l)eneficiated 
successfully  by  a  washing  process.  One  small  part  of  the  de- 
posit is  slightly  manganiferous.  Shipments  are  now  being 
made  from  both  the  pit  and  the  washer.  The  average  iron 
content  of  all  tlie  shipments  is  about  55  per  cent.  The  washetl 
ores  are  k)w  in  moisture. 

Armour  No.  r. 

A  circular  concrete  shaft  was  sunk  through  65  feet  of 
surface.  The  main  level  is  at  300  feet  and  the  main  sub- 
level  at  200  feet.  This  property  has  been  idle  since  the  ship- 
ment of  ore  from  it  in  the  summer  of  1913,  but  this  year 
the  w^esterly  part  has  been  stripped  and  a  small  quantity  of 
ore  is  to  be  shipped  from  the  pit.  The  ore  is  moderately 
granular  and  red  in  color  with  a  brownish  tone.  The  ores 
shipped  averaged  about  58  per  cent  iron.  A  portion  of  the 
deposit  has  slightly  manganiferous  material  associated  with  it. 

Armour  No.  2. 

A  circular  concrete  shaft  was  sunk  through  about  63  feet 
of  surface.  The  main  level  is  at  160  feet.  This  prc^rty 
contains  a  very  large  tonnage  of  commercial  ore  of  60  per 


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LAKE   SUPERIOR    MINING   INSTITUTE  I3I 

cent,  grade,  a  part  of  which  could  perhaps  even  be  mined  as 
Bessemer.  Although  incompletely  explored,  this  deposit  appar- 
ently contains  all  the  varieties  of  formations  and  ores  known 
for  the  district.  The  ores  shipped  have  been  red  with  a  pur- 
ple cast  and  a  semi-metallic  lustre.  They  are  mostly  fine, 
mixed  with  some  lump,  and  in  grade  represent  the  best  ores 
ever  shipped  from  the  district. 

Croft. 

A  large  circular  concrete  shaft  has  been  recently  ledged, 
having  penetrated  105  feet  of  surface.  Sinking  is  still  in  prog- 
ress. The  plan  is  to  crosscut  southwardly  to  the  ore  deposit 
at  a  depth  of  200  feet.  This  is  the  only  Bessemer  deposit  in 
the  entire  district.  It  contains  ore  very  high  in  iron,  some 
analyses  being  over  69  per  pent.  It  is  of  purple  cast  with  a 
metallic  lustre.  The  deposit  is  narrow,  one-half  mile  long 
and  has  great  possibilities  with  depth.  At  one  place  60  per 
cent  ore  is  known  to  a  depth  of  380  feet. 

Pennington. 

This  was  the  first  property  to  be  stripi>ed,  and  the  work 
fhattercd  numerous  predictions  and  established  records  for 
stripping.  In  less  than  a  year's  time  about  1,000,000  yards 
were  moved  and  100,000  tons  of  ore  shipped.  The  pit  is  about 
1. 000  feet  long  and  exposes  a  maximum  width  of  rock  form- 
ation of  al>out  400  feet.  All  during  last  year  and  up  to  Au- 
gust 1st  of  this  year,  this  mine  lay  idle,  but  before  the  1915 
season  closes  about  100,000  tons  are  to  be  shipped.  The 
ore  deposit  is  a  direct  continuation  of  the  dejwsit  in  the 
Armour  No.  i  and  the  ores  are  identical. 

QuiNN  (Mahnomen  Mining  Co.) 

This  property  is  now  being  stripped  for  pit  operation. 
The  surface  averages  about  65  feet  in  depth.  The  pit  will  be 
about  1,400  feet  long  and  will  expose  a  maximum  width  of 
ore  of  200  feet.  .  This  deposit  is  not  connected  with  any 
other  adjacent  one.  It  is  located  along  the  southern  border 
of  an  area  that  contains  an  immense  tonnage  of  manganifer- 
ous  material  and  itself  contains  on  its  south  side,  or  hanging 
wall,  a  very  large  tonnage  of  it.  The  commercial  ores  are 
reddish  in  color  and  will  probably  average  57  to  58  per  cent, 
when  shipped.  This  mine  has  great  possibilities  of  ores  at 
depths  in  excess  of  600  feet. 


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132    developments  and  operations,  cuyuna  district 

Ironton. 

This  mine  was  opened  by  a  wooden  lath  shaft.  The  sur- 
face is  about  65  feet  deep.  The  deposit  is  a  continuation  of 
the  Armour  No.  2  deposit  and  the  ores  are  identical  in  every 
respect.  About  50,000  tons  were  shipped  last  year,  but  the 
mine  is  idle  this  year. 

CUYUNA-MlLLE  LaCS. 

This  mine  was  opened  by  a  lath  shaft  in  a  surface  of  about 
50  feet.  The  pn)i)erty  contains  practically  only  manganiferous 
material.  The  operator  lists  his  ore  in  four  grades  based  on 
manganese  content:  (a)  20  per  cent,  dried  and  over,  (b) 
15  to  20  i^er  cent.,  (c)  10  to  15  per  cent.,  (d)  10  per  cent,  and 
under.  The  iron  ranges  from  37  to  40  per  cent,  dried,  phos- 
phorus 0.071  to  0.108  per  cent.,  silica  9  to  21  per  cent,  mois- 
ture 10  to  1 1 3:4  per  cent.  The  structure  of  the  ore  is  good,  but 
the  economic  conditions  governing  the  use  of  these  ores  and 
the  present  annual  consumption  presage  a  limited  output  of 
such  material.  About  50,000  tons  have  been  shipped  up  to 
this  year.  The  mine  started  operations  this  year  about  Au- 
gust 1st  and  50,000  tons  are  expected  to  go  forward. 

HiLLCREST. 

Stripping  by  hydraulic  methods  was  started  last  spring  and 
is  vStill  in  progress.  The  surface  is  about  65  to  70  feet  deep. 
The  pit  will  be  about  1,200  feet  long  and  expose  a  maximum 
width  of  ore  of  about  400  feet.  The  orebody  is  co-extensive 
eastwardly  with  a  very  large  explored  but  undeveloped  ton- 
nage which  can  also  be  wrought  by  pit-mining  methods.  The 
Hillcrest  ore  averages  alx)Ut  57  per  cent  iron,  and  as  the 
deposit  is  compact,  operations  should  prove  profitable. 

RowE. 

This  is  the  largest  pit  in  operation  in  the  district.  The 
maximum  length  of  iron  formation  exposed  is  about  1.200 
feet  and  the  width  expensed  nearly  400  feet  throughout.  Most 
of  the  overburden  was  removed  by  hydraulic  methods  and 
the  remainder  by  steam  shovel.  The  tonnage  of  iron  forma- 
tion material  that  will  \ye  handled  runs  into  large  figures,  but 
much  of  it  must  be  l^eneficiated  to  make  a  usable  ore  of  it  be- 
cause it  contains  much  disintegrated  chert  and  quartz.  This, 
however,  will  wash  or  jig  out,  and  a  well-equipped  but  simple 


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LAKE    SUPERIOR    MINING    INSTITUTE  I33 

concentrating  plant  of  small  proportions  has  been  built.  The 
better  ores  have  a  good  physical  structure,  are  brown  and  red 
in  color  and  are  incline<l  to  be  siliceous.  About  8a,ooo  tons 
were  shipped  last  year.  At  this  writing  it  seems  that  ore  will 
be  shipped  before  September  ist. 

Iron  Mountain. 

This  property  was  opened  with  a  lath  shaft,  the  surface 
being  about  60  feet  deep.  The  shaft  was  sunk  to  moderate 
depth  and  some  drifting  has  been  done.  The  shaft  is  located 
on  the  ore  deposit,  which  is  mainly  of  manganiferous  material. 
About  500  tons  were  shipped  late  last  fall  and  it  is  generally 
understcx)d  that  a  larger  quantity  will  be  shipped  this  season. 
This  mine  ix)rtends  to  produce  only  manganiferous  ores. 

CUYUNA-SULTANA. 

This  property  is  still  in  the  prospect  class  and  is  another 
of  those  whose  principal  problem  is  making  usable  a  manga- 
niferous iron-bearing  formation.  Two  small  exploration 
shafts  w^ere  sunk  through  about  50  feet  of  surface.  One  of 
these  is  now  rigged  with  a  simple  headframe  and  equipped 
with  light  machinery  to  raise  enough  material  for  tests  and 
investigations  of  the  ore.  The  parties  interested  in  the  prop- 
erty have  for  some  time  been  attempting  to  perfect  an  elec- 
trical method  for  concentrating  and  mechanical  grading.  The 
surface  is  shallov/  and  the  deposit  large  enough  to  warrant 
stripping,  but  whether  the  occurrence  of  the  material  is  such 
that  a  shovel  operation  is  preferable  remains  to  be  determined. 

Adams. 

A  circular  concrete  shaft  was  sunk  through  123  feet  of 
surface,  a  200-foot  crosscut  driven  at  a  depth  of  about  200 
feet  and  a  drift  cut  through  the  ore  deposit  for  about  500  feet. 
At  this  depth  the  underground  work  developed  a  width  of 
ore  of  1.50  feet.  The  ore  is  granular  and  somewhat  platy  and 
dark  brown  in  color.  The  iron  content  was  found  to  be 
considerably  higher  than  had  been  indicated  by  the  earlier 
drilling.  Much  of  the  known  ore  will  average  over  58  per 
cent.  About  5,000  tons  were  stockpiled  while  development  was 
in  progress.  The  mine  was  shut  down  last  fall  and  has  been 
idle  ever  §ince.    Resumption  is  contemplated  this  fall 


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134    developments  and  operations,  cuyuna  district 

Wilcox. 

A  timber  drop  shaft  was  ledged  at  93  feet  and  extended 
to  a  depth  of  160  feet,  a  crosscut  driven  for  80  feet,  a  main 
level  and  a  sub-level  driven  and  a  cargo  of  ore  shipped,  all  in 
the  short  time  of  one  year.  About  50,000  tons  are  expected 
to  go  forward  this  year.  The  first  10,000  tons  averaged  59  per 
cent,  in  iron  and  much  ore  of  this  grade  can  be  mined.  The 
ore  is  brown  and  red  in  color  and  rather  coarsely  granular.  Up 
to  the  present  time  this  ore  deposit  is  the  most  thoroughly  and 
most  systematically  explored  South  Range  property,  is  4,800 
feet  long,  has  a  maximum  width  of  60  feet  and  a  known  max- 
imum depth  in  one  place  of  300  feet. 

Brainerd-Cuyuna. 

A  drop  shaft  was  sunk  through  90  feet  of  surface  and  a 
main  level  crosscut  driven  at  150  feet.  The  orebody  has  just 
been  penetrated  for  60  feet  and  drifting  is  now  under  way. 
The  first  ore  hoisted  is  brown  and  presages  good  structure. 
The  property  has  been  only  partly  explored,  but  what  drilling 
has  been  done  has  indicated  that  at  least  a  56  to  57  per  cent,  ore 
could  be  mined. 

Rowley. 

A  rectangular  concrete  shaft  is  now  being  sunk.  The 
shaft  is  not  yet  through  surface,  which  is  98  feet  deep.  The 
drilling  disclosed  a  typical  South  Range  deposit.  This  prc^r- 
ty  should  not  be  confused  with  that  formerly  known  as  the 
Barrows  mine.  The  latter  is  located  one-half  mile  northwest- 
ward and  has  been  idle  for  over  a  year. 


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LAKE   SUPERIOR    MINING   INSTITUTE 


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136  EXPLORATION  AND  DKILUNG,  CUYUNA  HANGE 


SOME  ASPECTS  OF  EXPLORATION  AND  DRILLING 
ON  THE  CUYUNA  RANGE. 

BY  P.  W.  DONOVAN,  BRAINERD,  MINN.* 

Exploration  and  drilling  on  the  Cuyuna  present  a  few 
features  peculiarly  characteristic  of  the  range  and  a  brief  con- 
sideration of  these  may  be  of  interest. 

Preliminary  Magnetic  Examination. 

A  preliminary  magnetic  examination  has  an  important 
bearing  on  the  location  of  holes  in  spite  of  the  statement 
frequently  made  by  disappointed  explorers  that  the  magnetic 
lines  have  nothing  to  do  with  the  presence  of  ore^  Year  by 
year,  the  results  of  exploration,  especially  on  the  South  range, 
have  increasingly  shown  the  importance  and  desirability  of 
careful  and  detailed  work  of  this  kind,  and  while  the  presence 
of  a  magnetic  line  is  not  an  invariable  indication  of  an  ore- 
body,  the  fact  remains  that  the  lines  of  maximum  attraction 
constitute  the  great  guide  to  exploration  on  this  range. 

The  first  step,  then,  in  the  exploration  of  a  normal  Cuyuna 
property  is  a  magnetic  survey  of  it  to  determine  the  course  of 
the  maximum  attraction  upon  it.  Or  if  there  is  no  attrac- 
tion on  it,  the  course  of  the  trend  of  the  maximum  as  in- 
dicated by  its  position  at  the  nearest  points  on  each  side.  This 
magnetic  drta  will  naturally  be  correlated  with  drilling  or 
mining  information  on  neighboring  properties  where  it  is  avail- 
able. 

Method  of  Exploration. 

The  method  of  exploration  commonly  followed  opens  with 
the  running  of  a  base  line  across  the  property  following  as 
closely  as  possible  the  course  of  the  maximum  attraction. 
From  it  holes  are  located  in  cross  sections  at  right'  angles 
to  and  at  regular  intervals  along  the  strike.  The  normal  foot- 
wall  member  for  the  district  is  the  ma^etic  slate  and  Xh^ 

*LocftI  ReprMeot^tive,  E.  J,  Lpng/^ar  Co.,  Bminerd,  Minn, 


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lAlCE    SUPERIOR   MINING   INSTITUTE  ijf 

normal  dip  is  to  the  southeast.  For  these  reasons  the  ore 
is  usually  to  be  expected  on  the  south  side  of  the  maximum 
attraction,  the  distance  varying  more  or  less  from  place  to 
place.  The  dip  varies  from  55  deg.  southeast  to  vertical,  70 
(leg.  prolmbly  being  the  average  for  the  south  range,  with 
something  a  little  flatter  for  the  north  range.  In  a  few  cases 
dips  to  the  northwest  have  been  found.  The  first  hole  on  a 
cross  section  would  be  started  from  50-  to  150- ft.  southeast 
of  the  maximum  attraction  and  angling  towards  it.  This  dis- 
tance and  whether  the  angle  should  be  60  or  70  deg.  would 
depend  on  the  depth  of  surface  expected.  The  position  in 
which  this  first  hole  cut  the  formation  would  determine  the 
location  of  the  other  holes  on  the  same  cross  section.  For 
the  normal  south  range  orebody  three  holes  to  a  cross  section 
will  block  it  out  in  sufficient  detail.  In  fact  under  uniform 
conditions  alternate  sections  of  three  and  two  holes  can  be 
used.  On  account  of  the  greater  width  of  north  range  ore- 
bodies  a  larger  number  of  holes  to  a  cross  section  may  be 
required. 

.\long  the  strike  300  ft.  is  the  common  interval  between 
cross  sections,  making  five  cross  sections  to  a  forty.  Assum- 
ing the  extension  of  the  orebody  the  full  width  of  the  forty 
the  plan  of  exploration  outlined  above  would  block  it  out  in 
a  manner  to  permit  an  accurate  estimate  with  the  drilling  of 
twelve  to  fifteen  holes.  The  average  depth  of  these  holes 
would  l>e  about  260  ft.,  making  a  total  of  about  3,400  ft. 
per  forty. 

Depths  and  Kinds  of  Surface. 

The  depth  of  surface  varies  from  a  minimum  of  14  ft. 
in  the  N.  W.  part  of  T.  46,  R.  29,  to  a  little  over  300  ft.  at 
some  points  on  the  east  end  of  the  range  in  Aitkin  county. 
Over  the  productive  part  of  the  south  range  the  Average  may 
be  said  to  be  about  100  ft.  and  that  for  the  'north  range 
about  80  feet. 

The  kinds  of  surface  vary  considerably  from  place  to  place 
on  the  range  but  roughly  they  may  be  grouped  into  three 
general  classes:  (i)  all  sand;  (2)  gravel,  hardpan,  bould- 
ers and  sand,  and  (3)  clay.  The  last  is  the  least  common 
though  it  is  found  in  the  northern  part  of  T.  47,  R,  26,  in 
Aitkin  county. 

These  various  characteristics  are  of  special  interest  in  their 
bearing  on  shaft  sinking  or  stripping.     The  all  sand  surface 


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138  EXPLORATION  AND  DRILLING,  CUYUNA  RANGE 

while  offering  serious  difficulties  for  shaft  sinking,  is  ideal 
for  handling  by  steam  shovel  or  hydraulic  methods  where  oth- 
er conditions  make  strij^ing  possible.  Illustration  of  the  three 
methods  of  opening  in  this  type  of  surface  are  the  Barrows 
shaft  in  Sec.  10,  T.  44,  R.  31,  on  the  south  range;  the  Ar- 
mour No.  I  steam  shovel  pit  in  Sec.  10,  T.  46,  R.  29,  on  the 
north  range  and  the  Hill  Crest  hydraulic  pit  in  Sec.  9,  T. 
46,  R.  29.  The  Wilcox,  an  expeditiously  sunk  drop  timber 
shaft  in  Sec.  13,  T.  45,  R.  30,  on  the  south  range,  went 
through  91  ft.  of  surface,  the  upper  65  ft.  being  gravel  and 
the  last  26  ft.  clay.  In  general  it  can  be  said  that  at  no  place 
on  the  range  has  been  found  any  such  succession  of  boulders 
as  are  sometimes  encountered  on  the  Mesabi  range,  and  the 
difficulties  arising  from  such  a  condition  are  not  to  be  con- 
tended with  here  either  in  drilling  or  stripping. 

On  account  of  the  variety  in  surface  conditions  the  preser- 
vation of  surface  samples  in  drilling  is  of  first  importance. 
The  conditions  they  indicate  may  have  much  to  do  with  the 
choice  of  the  method  of  opening  to  be  used  and  a  little  at- 
tention to  this  matter  during  the  first  drilling  will  largely 
obviate  the  necessity  of  special  surface  test  holes  when  open- 
ing is  under  consideration.  In  the  same  connection,  all  pos- 
sible data  as  to  water  level  should  be  secured  while  drilling  is 
in  progress,  as  this  information,  correlated  with  the  observa- 
tion of  the  surface  samples,  will  throw  much  light  on  the  con- 
ditions to  be  expected  in  shaft  sinking. 

Drilling  Practice. 

The  outfit  used  is  the  light  churn  drill  equipment  with 
separate  diamond  drill  attachment  as  developed  on  the  Mesabi 
range.  Its  adaptation  to  angle  hole  drilling,  particularly  for 
surface  or  churn  drill  work,  has  been  largely  a  local  develop- 
ment. In  this  respect  the  chief  feature  of  interest  is  the  use 
of  two  auxiliary  legs  with  the  tripod.  They  are  set  at  the 
angle  of  the  hole  to  be  drilled  and  tied  to  the  front  of  the 
tripod.  A  movable  cross  piece  slides  up  and  down  ofi  them 
and  takes  the  weight  of  the  casing  as  well  as  holding  it  to 
the  proper  angle.  This  feature  saves  much  time  in  setting  up, 
strengthens  the  tripod  for  heavy  surface  work  and  greatly 
facilitates  the  drilling  operation. 

The  crews  themselves,  originally  recruited  from  the  Mesa- 
bi range  and  experienced  in  vertical  hole  drilling,  have  shown 
commendable    ability  in  adapting    themselves  to    conditions 


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LAKE   SUPERIOR    MINING   INSTITUTE  139 

here.  In  the  early  days  on  the  range,  1905  and  1906,  much 
difficulty  was  encountered  in  driving  the  3-in.  casing  through 
surface  in  angle  holes,  and  not  infrequently  it  would  be  ho«p«- 
lessly  stuck  at  depths  of  less  than  100  feet.  In  more  recent 
practice  many  angle  holes  have  been  driven  through  as  much 
as  250  ft.  of  surface  and  an  average  of  15  ft.  or  over  per 
shift  maintained  for  the  whole  distance. 

Vertical  or  Angle  Holes. 

There  has  been  considerable  discussion  of  this  question  in 
the  technical  journals  and  a  detailed  consideration  of  it  is 
outside  the  scope  of  this  article.  It  must  be  obvious,  how- 
ever, that  for  the  conditions  existing  on  the  south  range, 
angle  holes  are  essential.  The  greater  width  and  flatter  dip 
of  north  range  orebodies  permits  a  wider  use  of  vertical  holes 
but  even  there  they  should  not  be  used  exclusively.  One 
angle  hole  to  a  cross  section  or  alternate  sections  of  vertical 
and  angle  holes  will  give  more  complete  data  as  to  the  char- 
acter of  an  orebody  than  vertical  holes  alone. 

The  outstanding  structural  feature  of  the  Cuyuna  forma- 
tion is  the  close  stratification,  both  of  the  ore  lenses  and  the 
enclosing  walls  and  it  is  evident  that  that  kind  of.  hole,  which, 
for  a  given  footage,  cuts  the  largest  number  of  these  strata 
will  be  the  best  from  an  exploratory  standpoint;  and  within 
the  depths  which  are  used  for  90  per  cent  of  the  holes  there 
should  be  no  difference  in  the  samples  from  angle  and  vertical 
holes,  for  identical  methods  are  used  in  drilling  them. 

One  point  should  always  be  borne  in  mind,  however,  in 
the  comparison  of  results  from  angle  and  vertical  holes,  and 
of  drill  samples  and  mine  samples.  That  is,  that  on  account 
of  the  stratified  structure  a  5-ft.  sample  in  a  drill  hole  does 
not  represent  the  ore  in  a  S-ft.  horizontal  plane  encircling  the 
hole  as  it  would  in  a  massive  Mesabi  orebody,  but  in  the  5-ft. 
(more  or  less)  plane  conforming  to  the  dip  and  strike  of  the 
stratum  or  strata  through  which  it  has  passed.  Thus  a  ver- 
tical hole  might  continue  a  considerable  distance  in  one  nar- 
row but  steeply  dipping  stratum  which  might  represent  condi- 
tions quite  different  from  those  on  either  side  of  it  at  right 
angles  to  the  strike. 

Drill  and  Mine  Samples. 

As  far  as  the  development  of  the  district  has  gone  the  drill 
hole  samples  and  subsequent  mine  samples  on  the  same  prop- 


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140  EXPLORATION  AND  DRILLING,   CUYUNA  RANGE 

erty  may  be  said  to  have  checked  very  closely,  in  most  cases 
the  mine  samples  running  one-half  to  one  per  cent,  higher  than 
the  drill  samples.  Considerable  has  been  said  as  to  the  mine 
samples  from  some  of  the  manganiferous  orebodies  running 
uniformly  6  to  12  per  cent,  higher  in  manganese  than  the  drill 
samples  in  the  same  orebodies.  It  is  doubtful,  however, 
whether  systematic  work  in  sufficient  detail  has  really  been 
done  to  establish  such  a  fact.  ITiere  would  seem  to  be  no 
reason  why  a  carefully  taken  drill  sample  in  a  manganiferous 
orebody  should  not  be  as  representative  of  the  material  passed 
through  as  a  similarly  taken  sample  would  be  in  an  iron  ore. 
One  fact  to  be  borne  in  mind,  however,  in  the  consideration  of 
this  question  is  that  the  most  striking  characteristic  of  the  man- 
ganiferous orebodies  is  the  extreme  irregularity  of  the  man- 
ganese content.  With  this  in  mind  it  can  readily  be  seen 
that  a  drill  hole  in  such  material  may  not  be  representative  of 
material  for  any  distance  around  it,  even  though  correct  and 
accurate  for  that  through  which  it  has  passed.  For  this  rea- 
son a  manganiferous  orebody  will  require  a  greater  number  of 
holes  in  a  given  area  to  show  it  up  accurately  than  would  an 
iron  orebody  of  the  same  area. 

Hardness  of  the  Ore  and  Iron  Formation. 

The  greater  part  of  the  ore  in  the  district,  but  especially 
on  the  south  range,  is  soft  enough  for  chum  drilling.  The 
iron  formation  on  the  south,  range  is  also  soft  so  the  total 
proportion  of  diamond  drilling  is  small.  On  a  typical  south 
range  property  consisting  of  several  forties  the  diamond  drill- 
ing was  15  per  cent,  of  the  total.  If  the  surface  drilling  be 
excluded  and  only  the  ledge  considered  the  diamond  drilling 
was  32  per  cent,  and  the  churn  drilling  68  per  cent.  A  typical 
north  range  property  on  the  total  showed  33  per  cent,  dia- 
mond drilling  and  67  per  cent,  chum  drilling;  ledge  drilling 
on  the  same  property  was  45  per  cent,  diamond  drilling  and 
55  per  cent,  churn. 

Carbon  Loss, 

As  might  be  expected,  the  slates  and  schists  and  even  hard 
ores  of  the  south  range  give  a  comparatively  small  carbon  loss. 
On  the  other  hand,  the  cherty  character  of  much  of  the  north 
range  formation  and  the  frequent  quartz  seams,  give  quite  a 
different  condition.  In  soine  of  the  fermginous  cherts  and 
cherty  hard  ores  one  bit  will  be  good  for  only  two  or  three 
feet  and  the  carbon  loss  is  relatively  high. 


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lake  superior  mining  institute  i4i 

General. 

As  one  studies  the  record  of  intelligently  directed  Cuyuna 
explorations  the  one  feature  which  perhaps  stands  out  above 
all  others  is  the  small  number  of  wasted  holes.  The  magnetic 
lines  forming  a  basis  for  the  location  of  the  first  holes  and 
the  regularity  of  the  trend  of  the  formation,  make  it  possible 
to  place  almost  all  of  the  holes  in  the  ore  formation.  A  com- 
pilation of  the  exploration  records  on  six  developed  orebodies 
on  the  south  range  shows  an  actual  total  of  3,000  ft.  of  drilling 
per  forty.  This  compares  with  the  3,400  ft.  per  forty  ar- 
rived at  theoretically  in  an  earlier  paragraph  of  this  paper. 
Each  foot  of  this  drilling  developed  250  tons  of  merchantable 
ore.  That  is,  at  the  average  rates  for  drilling  which  have  pre- 
vailed on  the  range  for  the  past  5  years,  the  exploration  cost 
of  developing  i  ton  of  ore  was  1  cent.  While  the  record 
for  the  entire  range  would  probably  be  a  little  higher  than 
this  we  believe  that  the  Cuyuna  showing  in  this  particular 
will  compare  favorably  with  any  other  district  in  the  Lake 
Superior  region. 

In  addition  to  this  inducement  for  exploration  there  is  no 
question  that  the  range  has  possibilities  for  orebodies  now  un- 
suspected, in  parallel  or  displaced  lenses.  Within  the  last  year 
there  have  been  several  cases  where  a  careful  consideration  of 
apparently  insignificant  magnetic  indications  has  led  to  the 
discovery  of  important  orebodies,  and  it  is  the  opinion  of  those 
who  have  given  the  district  the  most  careful  study  that  the 
future  has  in  store  many  similar  results.  Thus  the  greatest 
possibilities  for  ore  in  unexplored  areas  are  on  lands  close  to 
and  parallel  to  the  present  outlined  orelx)dies  rather  than  on 
lands  in  newer  and  more  distant  areas. 


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142  ROCK  DRIFTING,  MORRIS-LLOYD  MINE 


ROCK  DRIFTING  IN   THE  MQRRIS-LLOYD   MINE, 
THE  CLEVELAND-CLIFFS  IRON  CO. 

BY  J.  E.   HAYDEN,   ISHPEMING,   MICH.* 

The  Morris-Lloyd  mine  of  The  Cleveland-CHflfs  Iron  Co., 
is  located  at  North  Lake,  four  miles  west  of  the  City  of  Ish- 
peming.  At  a  distance  of  3,000  ft.  east  of  the  Lloyd  shaft, 
an  orebody  was  discovered  by  diamond  drilling  from  surface. 
In  the  fall  of  191 4  it  was  decided  to  open  up  this  orebody  by 
drifting  from  the  Lloyd  shaft  on  the  6oo-ft.  level.  A  9-  by 
lo-ft.  heading,  without  timber,  was  driven  due  east  from  a 
point  350  ft.  south  of  the  shaft  in  the  slate  footwall,  which 
strikes  almost  due  east  and  west,  and  dips  at  an  angle  of  about 
eighty-five  degrees  to  the  south. 

Progress — The  drift  was  started  on  September  i,  1914, 
and  completed  on  June  17,  1915,  a  distance  of  2,960  ft.  having 
been  driven,  in  240  working  days.  The  record  month  was 
May,  191 5,  when  406  ft.  of  drift  was  driven  in  26  working 
days.  During  this  month  the  best  day's  progress  was  19  ft. 
9  in.,  (due  to  a  partly  missed-cut  on  the  previous  shift)  ;  the 
poorest  day's  was  12  ft.  9  in.,  the  average  daily  progress  be- 
ing 15  ft.  8  inches.  The  average  monthly  progress  through- 
out the  9^/2  months  was  311  ft.  6  in.,  the  average  daily  prog- 
ress being  12  ft.  4  inches. 

The  materials  encountered  were  slate,  greywacke  and 
quartzite.  The  work  was  done  on  two  8-hour  shifts,  4  miners, 
and,  for  the  greater  part  of  the  time,  6  muckers  constituting 
the  crew.  The  muckers  alternated,  one  gang  of  3  filled  a 
car,  while  3  rested.  Two  No.  18  IngersoU-Leyner  drill  ma- 
chines were  used  throughout  the  work,  except  for  the  first  100 

*  Mining  Engineer,  The  Cleveland-Cliffs  Iron  Co. 


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LAKE   SUPERIOR    MINING   INSTITUTE 


143 


ft.,  when  two  3j4-ii^-  piston  machines  were  used.  Electric 
motor  haulage  was  used  in  2,300  ft.  of  the  drift,  and  hand 
tramming  in  the  first  600  feet.  Permanent  track  on  a  )4 
per  cent,  grade  was  laid  and  kept  up  to  the  face  of  the  muck- 
pile.  The  trolley  wire  was  kept  up  within  150  ft.  of  the  breast, 
the  muckers  tramming  the  car  this  distance  to  the  motor. 
At  intervals  of  300  ft.  along  the  drift,  sidings  were  cut  to 

Di<»tJtfttT0\L\,u8TtlKTfc  C0T5  Osfcpm  DmFT\w»  ACT  THt  WoR^\»«UoyDniwt 

—  Q  — 

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FI6.  3. 

hold  three  motor  cars.  Throughout  the  work,  80  per  cent, 
nitro-glycerine  dynamite  was  used.  The  fact  that  the  drift 
paralleled  the  slips,  made  it  necessary  to  use  a  strong  explo- 
sive to  insure  breaking  the  cut,  as  the  ground  was  extremely 
tight.  This  also  eliminated  large  chunks  and  threw  the  muck 
back  a  considerable  distance  from  the  breast,  enabling  the 
miners  to  quickly  rig-up  for  drilling  the  next  cut. 


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144  ROCK  DRIFTING,  MORRIS-LLOYD  MINfi 

Cuts  Used  in  Drift — As  the  ground  varied  considerably 
during  the  progress  of  the  drift,  it  was  necessary  to  vary  the 
cut  used  somewhat  Fig.  i  and  2  represent  the  two  cuts  used. 
Fig.  I  was  the  cut  commonly  employed  for  the  slate  drifting, 
and  Fig.  2  for  the  quartzite  and  greywacke.  This  latter  cut 
was  varied  as  the  ground  required. 

In  Fig.  I,  holes  i  to  n  were  drilled  from  the  bar  in  one 
Ix>sition,  and  fired  in  one  blast.  To  complete  the  square,  all 
14  holes  were  fired  on  the  second  blast.  It  was  found  that 
only  when  holes  5-6  and  9-10  intersected  at  their  respective 
ends,  that  good  results  were  obtained.  This  point  was  care- 
fully watched,  the  shift  boss  always  testing  these  holes  before 
each  blast.  For  the  extremely  hard  ground,  such  as  the  quart- 
zite encountered,  the  cut  was  made  as  in  Fig.  2,  the  top  15 
holes  being  fired  in  the  first  blast,  and  all  19  holes  to  com- 
plete the  second  cut  and  square.  The  two  relief  cut  holes, 
(see  Fig.  2),  were  drilled  to  meet  at  a  depth  of  3  feet.  For 
the  moderately  hard  ground,  such  as  the  greywacke,  two  eas- 
ing holes  were  drilled  as  in  Fig.  2,  instead  of  the  3-ft.  relief 
cut. 

Fig.  3  shows  the  cycle  of  operation  to  complete  the  square, 
*W'  representing  the  portion  removed  in  the  first  blast,  "B" 
that  ix>rtion  removed  in  the  second  blast.  Each  shift  blasted 
twice,  completing  the  cut,  leaving  the  drift  squared  at  the  end 
of  the  shift.  During  the  entire  progress  of  the  drift,  there 
was  but  one  slight  injury,  tliat  being  caused  by  a  piece  of 
rock  hitting  a  miner's  hand  while  barring  dowq  loose  ground 
from  the  back. 

Disposal  of  Rock — Three-ton  saddle  back  motor  cars  were 
used  in  the  work,  having  a  height  of  5  ft.  6  in.  above  the 
rail  in  the  clear,  which  necessitated  considerable  lifting  by  the 
muckers.  This  difficulty  was  greatly  overcome  by  the  in- 
stallation of  a  portable  loader  in  the  latter  half  of  April. 
This  loader  consisted  of  an  inclined  steel-apron  conveyor  belt 
with  2j4-ii'i-  angle  irons  placed  15  in.  center  to  center,  mount- 
ed on  a  roller  l:)earing  truck,  operated  by  a  5-h.p.  series  motor 
taking  current  from  the  underground  haulage  wire.  The 
loader  was  arranged  so  that  the  angle  of  the  incline  could 
l)e  reduced,  allowing  it  to  pass  under  the  trolley  wire.  The 
muckers  shoveled  into  a  hopper  at  the  lower  end  of  the  belt, 
the  r(x:k  l)eing  conveyed  up  the  incline  and  dumj^ed  into  the 
motor  car,  which  was  nm  under  the  top  end.  A  small  part  of 
the  rock  could  be  picked  down  from  the  pile  into  the  hop- 


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LAKE   SUPERIOR    MINING   INSTITUTE  I4S 

per.  Three  muckers  shoveled,  while  one  trimmed  the  car.  The 
work  was  speeded  up  after  the  loader  went  into  commission, 
as  it  became  possible  to  handle  more  rock.  Within  a  week 
the  output  was  increased  25  per  cent.,  and  later  on  it  often 
reached  30  per  cent.  The  whole  cycle  of  operation  was  com- 
pleted earlier  on  the  8-hour  shift,  giving  more  time  for  drill- 
ing, consequently  deeper  cuts  were  tried,  with  extra  holes,  to 
insure  breaking. 

Ventilation — At  a  distance  of  1,220  ft.  from  the  shaft,  a 
fan-station  12-  by  14-ft.  was  cut,  and  a  No.  10  Buffalo  Forge 


Portable  Loader,  Installed  to  Facilitate  the  Loading  and  Disposal  of  Rock 

Co.  steel-pressure  fan  of  20,000  cu.  ft.  per  min.  capacity  in- 
stalled, capable  of  operating  either  as  a  suction  or  a  blower. 
This  was  operated  by  a  240-volt,  15-h.p.  direct-current  motor, 
taking  current  from  the  underground  haulage  wires.  Ten-in. 
riveted  steel  pipe  was  connected  to  this  fan,  one  end  being 
kept  about  75  ft.  from  the  breast,  the  other  discharged  into 
the  pipe  compartment  of  the  shaft. 

After  a  blast,  the  fan  was  started  as  a  suction  from  the 
breast,  and  at  the  same  time  a  small  jet  of  compressed  air  was 
allowed  tP  escape  in  the  breast.    The  compressed  air  forcecj 


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146  ROCK  DRIFTING^  MORRIS-LLOYD  MINE 

the  smoke  and  gases  down  the  drift  to  the  suction  end  of  the 
fan-pipe.  Without  this  compressed  air  blowing"  in  the  breast, 
it  was  found  that  some  of  the  smoke  and  gases  got  by  the 
suction  end,  which  was  placed  on  the  rib-line  at  a  height  of 
6  ft.  from  the  floor.  After  15  min.  of  operation  as  a  suc- 
tion, the  fan  was  reversed,  and  fresh  air  blown  in  the  breast, 
when  work  could  be  resumed  with  safety.  No  artificial  ven- 
tilation was  used  in  the  1,220  ft.  of  drift  up  to  the  fan-station. 
As  most  of  this  work  was  done  during  the  cold  weather  when 
the  shaft  was  strongly  up-cast,  the  blowing  of  air  in  the 
breast  was  sufficient  to  clear  the  drift  in  30  minutes. 

Progress  By  Months — September,  1914:  The  first  half 
of  the  month  the  drift  advanced  100  ft.,  using  3j4-in.  piston 
machines;  in  the  second  half  of  the  month,  with  Water-Ley- 
ners,  it  advanced  150  feet. 

October,  1914:  The  drift  advanced  325  ft.  in  26  working 
days. 

November,  1914:  The  drift  advanced  270  ft.,  and  two 
crosscuts  were  started  in  25  working  days.  Up  to  this  time 
4  muckers  and  hand-tramming  had  been  employed.  With 
the  installation  of  the  motor  haulage  in  the  latter  half  of 
this  month,  the  mucking  force  was  increased  to  6  men. 

December,  19 14:    Advanced  321  ft.  in  23  working  days. 

January,  1915:.  Advanced  298  ft.  in  24  days.  Through- 
out the  month  the  drift  was  in  hard  quartzite.  A  cut  required 
from  80  to  100  bits;  to  complete  a  square  required  from  100 
to  150  bits.  An  average  of  180  to  250  bits  were  used  per 
8-hour  shift. 

February,  191 5:  Drifted  252  ft.  in  very  hard  quartzite 
in  23  working  days. 

March,  1915:  An  advance  of  252  ft.  in  quartzite  in  2y 
working  days. 

April,  1 91 5:  The  first  half  of  the  month  the  drift  ad- 
vanced 153  ft.,  the  second  half  187  ft.,  or  a  total  of  340  ft 
in  26  working  days.  During  the  latter  half  of  this  month 
the  portable  loader  was  used. 

May,  1 91 5:  Was  the  record  month,  the  advance  being 
406  ft.  in  26  working  days,  or  a  daily  progress  of  15  ft  7 
inches. 

June,  191 5:  Advanced  205  ft  in  15  working  days,  com- 
pleting the  drift 


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LAKE   SUPERIOR    MINING    INSTITUTE  I47 

The  following  is  a  detailed  cost  of  the  2,960  ft.  of  drift: 

Labor.  Supplies.  TotaL     Coat  Per  Ft. 

Miners    I  8,430.27  I  1,587.73  110,018.00  |  3.384 

Macking    8,169.03           8,169.03  2.760 

Tramming    1,117.92  498.39  1.616.31  0.546 

Explosives    '6,889.86  6,889.86  2.325 

Air   720.00  720.00  0.244 

Shop   expense    460.00  230.00  690.00  0.233 

Machine  repairs  135.50  1,196.27  1 331.77  0.451 

Air  and  water  hose 75.00  75.00  0.025 

Carbide   96.00  95.00  0.032 

Total   cost    $18,312.72  $11,292.25  $29,604.97  $10,000 

Per  foot   6.18  3.82 


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148  MINING  SCHOOL  OF  THE  C.-C.   I.   CO. 


THE  MINING  SCHOOL  OF  THE  CLEVELAND-CLIFFS 
IRON  COMPANY. 

BY  C.  S.  STEVENSON^  ISHPEMING,  MICH.* 

The  Mining  School  of  The  Cleveland-Cliffs  Iron  Company 
is  of  that  class  of  trade  schools  known  as  Industrial  Corpora- 
tion Schools,  the  purpose  of  which  is  the  mental  improvement 
of  those  already  enlisted  in  the  industry.  There  are  but  a 
very  few  of  this  general  type  in  the  United  States  and  each 
is  operated  on  a  plan  peculiar  to  local  conditions,  the  one  thing 
in  common  being  that  the  work  taught  is  in  harmony  with 
the  industry  concerned.  A  great  many. such  are  operated  in 
Germany  and  by  many  they  are  credited  as  being  largely  in- 
stnimental  in  producing  the  great  industrial  development  of 
that  country  during  the  past  20  years. 

The  Purpose  of  the  Mining  School — It  is  essentially  tnie 
that  the  foreign  labor  which  has  been  absorbed  in  large  num- 
bers by  our  mines  in  recent  years  is  an  inexperienced  product. 
It  is,  however,  not  the  purpose  to  attempt  to  teach  these  men 
(except  in  unusual  cases)  since  by  difference  in  language  and 
a  lack  of  early  education  they  are  not  amenable  to  school  work 
of  this  character.  The  prime  function  of  the  school  is  to  train 
to  the  highest  possible  degree  of  efficiency  the  English  speak- 
ing men  upon  whom  this  inexi^erienced  foreign  product  de- 
pends for  its  guidance.  The  school,  therefore,  is  not  open  to 
all  underground  employes  of  the  company  but  concerns  itself 
only  with  a  group  of  men  who  are  carefully  selected  by  the 
superintendents  and  mining  captains  on  a  basis  of  their  ability 
and  mining  aptitude. 

Before  instituting  the  work  a  serious  effort  was  made  to 
locate  and  study  the  method  of  operation  of  similar  schools 
so  tliat  the  common  elements  of  these  might  be  taken  as  a 
frame-work  around  which  our  instructional  work  might  be 
constructed.  This  investigation  proved  that  there  were  none 
in  the  United  States  the  aims  and  purposes  of  which  were  at 

'Director  Educational  Department 


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LAKE    SUPERIOR    MINING   INSTITUTE  I49 

all  similar  to  the  one  we  proposed  to  establish.  Investigation 
did,  however,  indicate  that  a  school  in  its  ordinary  sense  and 
our  Mining  School  should  be  very  dissimilar  in  their  aims  and 
purposes.  The  public  ones  have  for  their  purpose  a  broad, 
mental  and  cultural  development.  The  Mining  School,  on  the 
other  hand,  while  not  ignoring  the  desirability  of  such  in- 
struction, largely  disregards  the  curriculum  and  methods  there- 
of and  concerns  itself  wholly  with  instructional  work  calculated 
to  increase  the  workman's  efficiency  and  co-incidently  his  earn- 
ing capacity.  In  short,  it  is  designed  to  have  a  definite  value 
in  dollars  and  cents,  not  only  to  the  miners  who  participate  in 
the  work,  but  to  the  company  as  well. 

Attitude  of  the  Men  Towards  the  School  Work — In  the 
beginning  it  was  noted  that  the  men  were  as  a  rule  indifferent, 
if  not  antagonistic.  Attention,  however,  should  be  directed 
to  the  fact  that  a  few  men  of  especial  ambition  and  energy 
welcomed  it,  several  of  whom  had  already  attempted  to  help 
themselves  through  the  medium  of  the  correspondence  schools. 
Some,  however,  looked  upon  the  work  with  a  suspicion  that  it 
was  intended  to  benefit  the  company  and  not  themselves.  They 
felt  that  their  minds  and  bodies  were  in  a  rut  and  that  the 
company  was  arrayed  against  them.  Gradually,  but  not 
without  difficulty,  these  prejudices  were  broken  down  and 
replaced  with  a  spirit  of  open-mindedness  and  enthusiasm. 
The  company  has  authorized  the  statement  that  in  so  far 
as  possible  all  men  chosen  for  shift  bosses  will  be  taken  from 
the  ranks  of  the  Mining  School.  This  gave  the  men  a  defi- 
nite motive  for  attendance  and  interest  and  assisted  greatly 
in  quickly  breaking  down  all  prejudices,  since  it  proved  that 
the  work  was  an  undertaking  of  mutual  concern  to  the  com- 
pany and  miners  as  well.  On  June  i,  191 5,  the  work  of  the 
first  class,  comprising  33  men,  was  completed,  and  it  can  be 
stated  definitely  that  for  the  greater  period  of  their  course  the 
men  manifested  a  higher  degree  of  open-mindedness  and  en- 
thusiasm than  is  usual  in  higti  schools  and  universities. 

Time  Given  to  the  Course — The  students  enrolled  in  our 
school  are  largely  men  with  families  and  ordinarily  quite  a 
large  portion  of  their  leisure  time  is  given  to  domestic  affairs. 
The  school  intrudes  on  this  and  it  w'ould  be  unreasonable  to 
suppose  that  the  men  would  willingly  sacrifice  this  time  from 
their  home  affairs  for  a  long  period.  For  this  reason  the  work 
of  a  single  class  is  designed  to  cover  one  and  a  half  years. 
This  length  of  time  proved,  if  anything,  too  shgrt  for  the 


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150  MINING  SCHOOL  OF  THE   C.-C.    I.   CO. 

instruction  in  the  subjects  covered  by  the  course  but  this  was 
overcome  by  the  simple  expedient  of  increasing  the  length  of 
class  periods  and  also  the  amount  of  home  preparation. 

Each  miner  according  to  our  present  system  attends  two 
classes  a  week,  each  of  an  hour  and  a  half.  If  the  miner  is 
working  on  the  day  shift  he  attends  the  evening  classes  and  if 
he  is  working  on  the  night  shift  he  attends  the  afternoon  ses- 
sions. All  of  the  class  work  is  done  on  the  miners'  ow^n  time 
and  they  receive  no  remuneration  from  the  company  for  that 
given  to  the  school  work. 

Readiness  With  Which  the  Men  Acquire  Infonnatton — 
The  experience  gained  with  our  first  class  proved  that  the  men 
can  readily  assimilate  information  if  care  is  always  taken  to 
bring  out  the  practical  application  of  the  instruction  to  their 
daily  work.  For  example,  a  course  in  Arithmetic  would  be 
a  failure  if  taught  as  an  abstract  subject  but  if  the  instruction 
is  prepared  with  a  view  to  its  practical  application  to  the  daily 
])roblems  of  a  miner's  life,  the  student  is  interested  and  for  the 
first  time  sees  the  purpose  of  the  instruction  which  bored  him 
in  his  early  school  days.  In  short,  the  power  to  assimilate 
information  is  in  direct  proportion  to  the  practical  value  of 
the  instruction.  The  men  have  a  skill  derived  from  long  ex- 
i:)erience  in  mining  and  can  perhaps  more  readily  assimilate 
academic  instruction  relating  to  the  industry  than  can  the  av- 
erage university  student  lacking  such  experience.  However 
in  their  ability  to  comprehend  abstract  information  they  rank 
considerably  under  the  students  of  the  high  schools  and  uni- 
versities. 

Factors  Controlling  Attendance — The  Mining  School  of 
our  comi>any  began  its  .first  class  with  an  enrollment  of  38 
men  and  of  these,  33  successfully  completed  the  work  offered 
by  the  department.  Four  of  the  five  men,  who  began  but  did 
not  complete  the  course,  withdrew  from  the  work  on  account 
of  business  conditions,  which  made  their  attendance  impos- 
sible. We  are  very  proud  of  this  record  of  attendance  since 
we  have  had  a  much  lower  rate  of  attendance  mortality  than 
has  l^een  reported  by  similar  schools  in  the  United  States. 
Many  devices  were  resorted  to  for  the  maintenance  of  at- 
tendance. First  of  all,  a  high  degree  of  personal  friendship 
was  established  between  the  students  and  the  instructor.  In 
all  cases  it  must  be  borne  in  mind  that  the  men  are  not  chil- 
dren but  of  mature  years  and  respected  in  the  communities  in 
which  they  live,  and  great  care  is  taken  not  to  wound  their 


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LAKE   SUPERIOR   MINING   INSTITUTE  151 

pride  and  self-respect.  Infinite  patience  must  be  a  virtue  of 
the  instructor  to  an  even  greater  degree  than  is  common  to 
the  teaching  profession.  In  case  a  student  grows  discour- 
aged and  fails  to  attend  classes,  an  encourag"ing  letter  is  sent 
to  him  together  with  a  copy  of  the  instruction  paper  for  the 
succeeding  lesson,  and  upon  his  return  to  the  class  room  an 
increased  amount  of  personal  attention  is  given  until  he  again 
feels  that  he  is  on  a  par  with  the  other  men.  In  so  far  as 
possible  the  formal  atmosphere  of  the  ordinary  class  room  is 
avoided  and  replaced  by  conditions  calculated  to  make  the  men 
feel  comfortable  and  at  home.  Illustrations  in  lectures  are 
taken  whenever  possible  from  the  experience  of  our  own  com- 
l^ny  which  gives  the  men  a  personal  interest  in  the  subject 
under  consideration.  In  short,  a  feeling  of  fellowship  and 
confidence  must  be  created  early  in  the  work,  after  which 
many  problems  may  be  ironed  out  satisfactorily. 

System  of  Instruction — We  have  adopted  with  success  what 
is  known  as  the  "Unit  Course,"  in  which  the  entire  attention 
of  the  men  is  fixed  on  one  subject  until  its  completion.  Ex- 
perience has  proved  this  system  to  be  much  better  adapted  to 
our  needs  than  the  teaching  of  several  subjects  coincidently. 

As  a  nucleus  for  each  course,  instruction  papers  have  been 
preixired  in  either  mimeographed  or  printed  form.  These  in- 
struction pai)ers  become  the  property  of  the  men  and  form  a 
convenient  means  of  reference  in  the  future.  They  are,  how- 
ever, but  a  minor  part  of  the  instruction,  most  of  which  is 
imparted  by  lectures. 

Development  of  Independent  Thinking — The  experience 
gained  with  our  first  class  has  proved  that  perhaps  the  great- 
est weakness  of  the  men  is  in  their  lack  of  power  to  do  orig- 
inal and  independent  thinking.  To  correct  this  mental  con- 
dition a  series  of  informal  discussions  on  mining  topics  was 
instituted  early  in  the  course.  These  were  not  a  scheduled 
part  of  the  course  and  they  followed  the  usual  class  period, 
the  discussion  being  led  by  the  instructor.  This  interchange 
of  ideas  broadens  and  helps  the  men  and  is  perhaps  as  large 
a  factor  in  the  production  of  a  man  of  reliability  and  common 
sense  as  is  the  pure  school  work  itself.  Mention  of  a  few  of 
the  topics  discussed  is  given  herewith : 

Safe  methods  of  blasting  down  timber. 

Methods  of  thawing  dynamite. 

The  use  of  delay  action  f use9  in  shaft  sinking. 


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152  MINING   SCHOOL  OF  THE   C.-C.   I.   CO. 

The  location  of  holes  in  blasting  various  types  of 

ground. 

The  choice  of  explosives  for  different  character  of 

ore  and  rock. 

The  proper  methods  of  charging  and  tamping  ex- 
plosives. 

The  choice  of  drilling  machines  for  different  classes 

of  work. 

The  elementary  features  of  rock  drill  construction. 

The  care  and  use  of  rock  drills. 

The  proper  methods  of  setting  timber  and  the  vari- 
ety of  timber  to  use  in  caps  and  legs. 

The  advantages  of  systematic  sub-level  work  over 

unsystematic  sub-level  work. 

The  relative  merits   of   timbered  and   untimbered 

raises. 

The  proper  thickness  of  a  sub-level  slice  from  the 

standpoint  of  safety,  costs  and  recovery. 

The  inspection  and  lubrication  of  hoist  ropes. 

The  testing  of  safety  catches  on  cages. 

The  cost  of  producing  cc«npressed  air. 

Underground  sanitation. 

Ventilation  of  metal  mines. 

The  sampling  of  ore  and  its  relation  to  the  mar- 
keting of  ore. 

The  proper  degree  of  discipline  of  the  shift  boss 

over  the  miner. 

Methods  of  procedure  at  mine  fires. 

The  treatment  of  a  man  overcome  by  powder  smoke 

and  other  first-aid  problems. 

The  Workmen's  Compensation  Law. 

The  proper  use  of  the  various  report  blanks  which 

are  filled  out  by  underground  employes. 
The  informal  discussions  above  referred  to  were  valuable 
but  experience  proved  that  a  few  of  the  men  had  hesitancy 
in  expressing  their  ideas.  To  reach  these  men  we  began  our 
monthly  "Suggestion  Papers."  These  involved  the  prepara- 
tion by  each  student  of  an  essay  on  any  mining  subject  of 
his  own  choosing,  once  each  month.  In  the  preparation  of 
these  the  services  and  advice  of  the  instructor  were  freely 
given.  A  high  standard  of  neatness  and  accuracy  was  de- 
manded. The  papers  submitted  were  of  an  unexpectedly  high 
degree  of  merit  md  they  indicated  a  yery  laudable  desire  on 


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Lake  superior  mining  institute  153 

the  part  of  the  men  to  do  real,  independent  thinking.  They 
as  well  had  a  secondary  value  in  the  development  of  pen- 
manship and  in  the  use  of  the  English  language.  It  can  be 
definitely  stated  that,  as  a  result  of  this  effort  to  mentally 
awaken  the  men,  there  was  a  marked  improvement  shown  in 
their  ability  to  do  original  thinking  and  in  their  power  of 
analysis. 

Age,  Nationality  and  Prcznous  Schooling  of  the  Students — 
The  average  age  of  our  first  class  was  32  years  at  the  time 
of  beginning  the  course.  The  youngest  student  was  22  and 
the  oldest  50  years  of  age. 

The  nationality  of  the  men  was  as  follows: 

American  born   13 

English  bom   12 

Finnish  bom   4 

Swedish  bom 2 

Italian  born   2 

The  average  number  of  years  spent  in  school  previous  to 
attending  the  Mining  School  was  4.3  years.  The  range  of 
time  previously  spent  in  school  varied  between  two  months 
and  10  years. 

What  Should  Be  Taught  in  a  Course  of  This  Character — 
Since  the  time  spent  in  the  work  is  small  it  is  evident  that 
only  such  subjects  should  be  taught  as  are  of  practical  value 
to  the  student  in  procuring  his  advancement.  It  is  better  to 
teach  a  few  subjects  thoroughly  than  to  teach  a  smattering 
of  a  large  number  of  subjects.  In  the  choice  of  these  the 
limited  early  preparation  of  the  men  cannot  be  ignored  and 
any  tendency  to  introduce  university  or  even  high  school 
standards  must  be  carefully  avoided.  In  order  that  the  in- 
struction in  a  school  of  this  character  may  be  sufficiently  ef- 
fective to  justify  company  approval  and  subsidy,  two  prin- 
ciples must  be  adhered  to:  first,  courses  of  study  should  be 
developed  from  mining  situations  and  be  adapted  to  mining 
needs;  second,  the  various  employments  of  the  men  should  be 
investigated  and  analyzed  in  a  search  for  the  common  ele- 
ments on  which  group  teaching  can  be  based.  The  following 
course  was  followed  by  our  first  class,  which  completed  its 
work  June  ist  of  this  year.  It  is  designed  to  cover  funda- 
mental subjects  on  which  foundation  the  student  can  build 
after  he  has  left  the  school.  Each  of  the  subjects  was  taught 
in  the  order  in  which  it  is  here  named. 


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154  MINING  SCHOOL  OF  THE  C.-C.   I.   CO. 

1.  Arithmetic. 

2.  Elementary  Drawing. 

3.  Geometrical  Drawing. 

4.  Mechanical  Drawing. 

5.  Geology. 

6.  Construction  and  Use  of  Mine  Maps. 

7.  First-Aid  to  the  Injured. 

8.  Time-Keeping. 

9.  Mine  Samphng. 

10.  Mining  Methods. 

11.  Business  Correspondence. 

Detailed  Review  of  the  Work  Taught. 

Arithmetic — The  instruction  in  Arithmetic  has  for  its  ob- 
ject primarily  to  impress  on  the  men  the  necessity  for  ac- 
quiring a  thorough  system  of  making,  with  as  much  self- 
dependence  as  possible,  the  more  simple  calculations  relating 
to  the  wages  of  miners,  costs  of  mining  and  estimates.  A 
total  of  18  special  instruction  papers  were  prepared  for  and 
used  in  this  work.  These  papers  were  designed,  in  so  far  as 
possible,  to  cover  the  needs  of  the  mining  industry.  The 
parts  of  Arithmetic  treated  were : 

Addition. 

Subtraction. 

Multiplication. 

Division. 

Cancellation. 

Addition  of  Fractions. 

Subtraction  of  Fractions. 

Multiplication  of  Fractions. 

Division  of  Fractions. 

Addition  of  Decimals. 

Subtraction  of  Decimals. 

Multiplication  of  Decimals. 

Division  of  Decimals. 

Percentage. 

Proportion. 

Areas  of  Surfaces. 

Computation  of  Volumes. 

Powers  and  Roots. 
As  indicating  the  difficulty  which  we  encountered  in  the 
instruction  in  this  subject  it  may  be  said  that  no  more  than 
five  of  the  men  had  ever  completed  a  course  in  Arithmetic  and 


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LAiLt   SLfPEklOfe    MINING   iNSTITUTE  1 55 

there  were  many  who  in  the  beginning  could  not  make  the 
simple  computations  in  Addition  and  Subtraction. 

Elementary  Drawing — Drawing  is  the  sign  language  of 
the  machanic.  In  discussing  a  practical  problem  the  first 
thought  of  the  shift  boss  and  the  mining  captain  is  to  make 
or  attempt  to  make  a  sketch.  Modem  mining  development 
demands  that  the  shift  bosses  and  captains  be  able  to  under- 
stand and  work  from  blue-prints.  For  these  reasons  the  sub- 
ject of  mechanical  drawing  was  taught  in  the  Mining  School. 
In  elementary  drawing  five  simple  drawings  were  made  by 
each  student  which  served  largely  to  accustom  them  to  the  use 
of  drawing  instruments  and  the  fundamental  principles  of 
making  a  drawing. 

Geometrical  Drawing — This  course  has  a  two-fold  value, 
first,  it  serves  as  a  preparatory  subject  to  mechanical  drawing 
and,  second,  it  gives  the  student  a  working  knowledge  of 
geometrical  facts  which  have  many  common  and  practical  ajv 
plications.  A  total  of  four  drawing  plates,  covering  24  geo- 
metrical principles  were  required  in  this  course. 

Mechanical  Drazdng — In  this  subject  each  student  com- 
pleted five  drawings,  beginning  with  simple  mechanical  de- 
vices and  proceeding  to  more  complicated  work.  The  prime 
purpose,  which  was  to  teach  the  men  how  to  read  a  me- 
chanical drawing,  was  accomplished.  The  character  of  the 
work  done  by  the  men  in  this  subject  was  of  an  unexpectedly 
high  degree  of  merit  and  closely  approached  the  work  of  sim- 
ilar nature  which  is  done  in  universities.  The  interest  which 
the  men  took  in  it  was  manifested  by  the  fact  that  the  ma- 
jority of  them  have  purchased  mechanical  drawing  instru- 
ments for  their  own  use.  A  considerable  amount  of  inter- 
pretation of  blue-prints  was  required  of  the  students  in  con- 
nection with  this  work. 

The  course  in  mechanical  drawing  had  a  secondary  value 
in  the  development  of  system  and  accuracy.  In  the  beginning 
the  men  were  found  to  make  numberless  mistakes  in  measur- 
ing dimensions  and  in  the  details  of  construction.  Gradually, 
however,  these  faults  were  overcome  and  the  men  accustomed 
themselves  to  think  and  work  accurately. 

The  work  taught  in  Elementary,  Geometrical  and  Mechan- 
ical Drawing  is  based  on  a  printed  instruction  paper  written 
for  the  especial  needs  of  the  Mining  School. 

Geology — In  so  far  as  possible  all  instructional  work  in 
this  subject  is  based  on  the  Geology  of  the  Marquette  range. 


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156 


MINING  SCHOOL  OF  THE  C.-C.    I.   CO. 


A  printed  instruction  paper  is  used  as  the  nucleus  of  the  course 
and  with  our  first  class  this  was  supplemented  by  lectures  and 
the  study  of  approximately  150  specimens  of  rocks  and  min- 
erals. The  men  took  a  very  lively  and  almost  unexpected  in- 
terest in  this  subject.  It  was  found  that  some  of  the  men 
had  a  fairly  good  idea  of  the  geology  of  the  range  in  the 
beginning  and  these  welcomed  the  opportunity  of  perfecting 
the  information  which  they  had  gained  largely  through  prac- 
tical experience.  Many  of  the  men,  it  was  learned,  have  min- 
eral collections  in  their  homes  and  many  spec.imens  of  rocks 
and  minerals  were  presented  to  the  instructor  for  identifica- 
tion and  discussion.  It  is  believed  that  there  is  no  course  more 
valuable  than  geology  in  making  a  miner's  work  more  inter- 
esting and  less  of  a  drudgery.  The  course  followed  the  fol- 
lowing outline : 

Dynamical  Geology. 

1.  The  eflfect  of  the  atmosphere  on  rock  forma- 
tion. 

2.  The  decay  of  rocks. 

3.  The  formation  of  sedementary  rocks. 

4.  Aqueous  agencies. 

5.  Mechanical  eflfects  of  water. 

6.  The  formation  of  water  falls. 

7.  The  eroding  power  of  streams. 

8.  The  formation  of  deltas. 

9.  The  action  of  glaciers,  especially  on  the  geol- 
ogy of  the  Marquette  range. 

10.  Chemical  effects  of  water. 

11.  Chemical  deposits  from  spi-ings. 

12.  The  condition  of  the  interior  of  the  earth. 

13.  The  effects  of  heat  on  rock  formation. 

14.  Organic  agencies. 

15.  The  formation  of  coal  and  limestone. 


Structural  Geology. 

Exposures  of  rock  available  for  study. 

Definition  of  the  term  "Rock." 

Classes  of  stratified  rocks. 

Dip  of  rocks. 

The  outcrop  of  rocks. 

Anticlines,  Monoclines  and  Synclines. 

Comformability  of  rocks. 

Fossils. 


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LAKE   SUPERIOR   MINING  INSTITUTE 


157 


9.  Igneous  rocks. 

10.  Igneous  rock  classification. 

11.  Metamorphic  rocks. 

12.  Structure  common  to  all  rocks. 

13.  Joints  in  rocks. 

14.  Fissures. 

15.  Normal  faults. 

16.  Reverse  faults. 

17.  Forms  of  orebodies. 

18.  Definition  of  "Ore." 

19.  Discussion  of  the  form  in  which -orebodies  oc- 
cur on  the  Marquette  range. 

Historical  Geology. 

1.  Discussion  of  the  geological  section. 

2.  Discussion  of  the  succession  of  rocks  on  the 
Marquette  range. 

3.  Detailed  description  of  the  rocks  of  the  Mar- 
quette range — illustrated  by  specimens. 

History  of  the  Marquette  Range. 

1.  Date  of  discovery  and  record  of  development. 

2.  History  of  the  Swanzy  range. 

Iron  Ores. 

1.  Discussion  of  the  composition  and  the  char- 
acteristics of  various  iron  ores. 

2.  Discussion  of  the  ores  of  the  Marquette  range. 

3.  The  use  of  the  dip  needle  in  the  location  of 
orebodies. 

4.  The  occurrence  of  soft  and  hard  ores. 

5.  A  detailed  description  of  the  ore  deposits  at 
the  Maas,  Negaunee,  Austin,  Stephenson, 
Lake  and  Cliffs  Shaft  mines. 

The  Constrti<:tion  and  Use  of  Mine  Maps — In  this  course 
it  is  desired  to  teach  the  fundamental  details  of  map  con- 
struction with  a  view  to  facilitating  the  student's  interpreta- 
tion of  the  maps  supplied  to  him  by  the  Engineering  Depart- 
ment. The  experience  of  our  Engineering  department  indi- 
cates that  there  is  a  definite  need  for  instruction  of  this  char- 
acter. The  course  is  based  on  a  mimeographed  instniction  pa- 
per which  follows  the  outline  given  below: 


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15S  MlNiKG  School  of  th^  c.-c.  1.  cd. 

A.     The  Use  of  a  Compass. 

1.  Description    of  compass. 

2.  Degree  of  accuracy  secured  in  compass  work- 
magnetic  attraction. 

3.  The  reason  for  reversing  the  east  and  west 
points  of  a  dial  on  the  compass. 

4.  The  method  of  procedure  in  using  a  compass. 

5.  Problems  illustrating  the  use  of  a  compass  in 
sub-level  work. 

R.     The  Use  of  a  Clinometer. 

I.  Determination  of  the  angle  for  putting  up  a 
raise  and  use  of  the  lines  given  for  a  raise  by 
the  engineers. 

C.  Templates  for  Track  Curves. 

1.  The  grades  of  tracks. 

2.  Use  of  a  hand  level  and  track  level. 

D.  Description  of  the  Protractor  and  Engineers'  Scale. 
K.     The  Construction  of  Maps. 

1.  Coordinates. 

2.  The  relation  of  the  coordinates  of  a  sub-level  to 
those  of  the  sub-level  above  and  below. 

3.  The  scale  of  mine  maps  with  sufficient  problems 
to  enable  the  student  to  take  distances  from 
maps. 

4.  The  zero  point  or  origin  of  a  survey. 

5.  Government  surveys. 

6.  The  explanation  of  the  use  of  cross-hatching  in 
constructing  mine  maps,  also  coloring. 

7.  Problems  in  mine  mapping. 

F.  Mine  Levels. 

1.  Sea  level  datum. 

2.  The  use  of  an  arbitrary  datum  plane. 

3.  The  proper  use  of  elevations,  supplied  by  tlie 
engineers,  at  the  top  of  each  raise.  The  dis- 
advantages of  having  sub-level  drifts  meet  off 
level. 

G.  General  Considerations  in  the  Use  of  Mine  Maps. 

1.  Systematic  sub-level  work  in  relation  to  effi- 
ciency in  handling  timber  and  supplies. 

2.  The  relation  of  systematic  sub-level  work  to 
maximum  recovery  of  ore. 


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LAKE   SUPERIOR   MINING  INSTITUTE  1 59 

3.  The  relation  of  systematic  sub-level  work  to 
the  safety  of  miners  and  its  relation  to  the  ven- 
tilation of  a  sub-level. 

4.  Procedure  in  locating  a  block  of  ore  which  has 
been  lost  on  the  sub-level  above. 

5.  Assay  maps  and  their  use. 

6.  Use  of  maps  in  holeing  into  or  connecting  with 
other  workings,  whether  abandoned  or  where 
men  are  at  work. 

First-Aid  to  the  Injured — The  work  of  first-aid  to  the  in- 
jured has  taken  a  place  of  such  importance  in  mining  that  it 
would  seem  unnecessary  to  elalx)rate  on  the  reasons  for  in- 
cluding instruction  thereon  in  a  course  of  this  character.  This 
work  was  given  through  the  medium  of  lectures,  which  fol- 
lowed the  following  outline: 

1.  The  history  of  first-aid  work  and  its  aims  and 
purposes. 

2.  The  structure  of  the  body. 

3.  Description  of  the  various  types  of  bandages 
used  in  first-aid  work. 

4.  Description  of  wounds  and  prevention  of  in- 
fection, the  treatment  of  shock  and  the  use  of 
stimulants. 

5.  The  circulation  of  the  blood  and  the  control  of 
hemorrhage. 

6.  Bruises,  sprains,  dislocations  and  burns. 

7.  The  treatment  of  fractured  bones. 

8.  Respiration  and  the  standard  methods  of  induc- 
ing artificial  respiration. 

Time-Keeping — In  view  of  the  fact  that  our  company  is 
selecting  its  new  shift  bosses  from  the  ranks  of  the  Mining 
School  it  is  important  that  the  students  be  instnicted  on  the 
methods  of  time-keeping.  This  subject  was  presented  to  the 
students  in  the  form  of  a  mimeographed  instruction  paper 
which  explains  in  detail  the  system  of  time-keeping  used  by 
The  Cleveland-ClifTs  Iron  Company. 

Mine  Sampling — ^The  instruction  in  this  subject  followed 
the  outline  given  below : 

A.  Theory,  and  importance  of  close  attention. 

B.  Methods  of  application  in  use  by  The  Cleveland-Cliffs 
Iron  Company  in: 


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l6o  MfNll^G  SCHOOL  OF  TH^   C.-C.   I.   Cd 

1.  Drifts. 

2.  Slopes. 

3.  Raises. 

4.  Mine  cars. 

5.  Skips. 

6.  Railroad  cars. 

7.  Steam  shovel  loading. 

8.  Stockpiles. 

C.     Treatment  of  samples. 

1.  Labelling. 

2.  Crushing  and  drying. 

3.  Quartering. 

4.  Bucking-down. 

Mining  Methods — This  subject  was  presented  to  the  stu- 
dents in  a  mimeographed  instruction  paper  covering  the  meth- 
ods of  mining  ccMnmon  to  the  iron  ranges  of  the  Lake  Superior 
District.    The  course  followed  the  following  outline: 

1.  General  principles  governing  the  selection  of  a  mining 
method. 

(a)  Open  cut  mining. 

(b)  Steam  shovel  mining. 

2.  Method  of  mining  medium  and  hard  ores. 

(a)  Milling. 

(b)  Underhand  stoping. 

(c)  Back  stoping.  Case  i  and  2. 

(d)  Block  caving,  Case  i  and  2. 

(e)  Sub  stoping. 

3.  Method  of  mining  soft  ores. 

(a)  Room  and  pillar  square  set. 

(b)  Room  and  pillar  square  set  using  filling. 

(c)  Top  slicing  one  set  high. 

(d)  Top  slicing  two  sets  high. 

(e)  Sub  caving,  Case  i  and  2. 

4.  Detailed  description  of  the  methods  of  mining  used  by 
The  Cleveland-Cliffs  Iron  Company  in  the  Negaunee,  Ishpem- 
ing,  North  Lake,  Republic  and  Gwinn  districts. 

Busimss  Correspondence — In  view  of  the  students'  inex- 
perience in  business  correspondence  it  was  thought  advisable 
as  a  final  course  to  instruct  them  in  the  art  of  writing  a  good 
business  letter.  This  subject  was  presented  to  the  students  in 
a   mimeographed   instniction  paper,   each  student  being  re- 


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LAKE   SUPERIOR    MINING   INSTITUTE  l6l 

quired  to  write  at  least  12  business  letters  which  were  graded 
by  the  instructor  for  neatness  and  their  conformability  to  es- 
tablished forms  and  customs  in  business  correspondence. 

Instruction  of  Mechanics  and  Electricians — This  paper 
would  not  be  complete  without  mention  of  the  educational 
work  which  is  being  done  by  our  mechanical  and  electrical  de- 
partments. In  this  work  engineers  act  as  instructors  and  any 
employe  engaged  in  mechanical  or  electrical  work  is  privileged 
to  attend  the  classes.  Evening  classes  only  are  held,  the  men 
receiving  one  lesson  each  week.  The  work  is  very  practical 
in  its  nature  and  excellent  results  have  been  obtained. 

This  paper  is  presented  as  a  record  of  what  has  been  ac- 
complished thus  far  by  the  Educational  Department  of  our 
company.  We  realize  that  the  plan  here  presented  can  be 
improved  upon  and  certain  improvements  are  already  under 
consideration.  Whether  or  not  the  school  is  permanent  may 
be  safely  left  to  the  future.  At  present  it  meets  an  urgent 
need  and  will  until  cooperation  with  the  public  schools  can 
be  effected. 


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1 62  HYDRAULIC  STRIPPING 


HYDRAULIC    STRIPPING   AT    ROWE    AND    HILL- 
CREST  MINES  ON  THE  CUYUNA  RANGE, 
MINNESOTA. 

BY  EDWARD  P.  M'cARTY^  MINNEAPOLIS^  MINN.* 

The  Pittsburgh  Steel  Ore  Company  in  1913  introduced, 
at  the  Rowe  mine,  the  hydraulic  method  of  removing  over- 
burden on  iron  ore  deposits.  Hitherto,  the  use  of  the  steam 
shovel  had  been  considered  the  most  satisfactory  method  of 
doing  such  work.  Other  methods  tried  at  different  times 
had  invariably  resulted  in  failure.  The  use  of  water  at  the 
Rowe  and  Hillcrest  mines  was  not  only  feasible  but  also  eco- 
nomical because  of  the  location  of  the  orebodies  and  the 
character  of  the  overburden.  Reference  to  Plate  4  shows  in 
plan  the  orelx)dy  and  vicinity  at  the  Hillcrest  mine.  Condi- 
tions quite  similar  prevail  at  the  Rowe  mine  where  the  top 
of  the  overburden  lies  at  considerable  elevation  above  the 
water  and  the  top  of  the  ore  is  about  20  ft.  below  the  wa- 
ter. The  ore  and  the  pit  are  now  protected  from  flooding 
by  a  clay  dike. 

The  Rowe  mine  is  adjacent  to  Little  Rabbit  Lake,  where 
the  water  pump,  with  a  capacity  of  3,500  gal.  per  min.,  was 
placed.  The  water  was  pumped  through  about  1,500  ft.  of  12- 
in.  pii)e  to  the  point  chosen  for  excavation.  Here  the  pipe 
was  refkiced  and  an  ordinary  hydrauhc  giant  was  fitted.  The 
size  of  the  giant  nozzle  was  varied  for  the  different  materials 
encountered,  but  for  the  average  work  a  4-in.  nozzle  was 
used.  The  water  pressure  at  the  nozzle  was  about  50  pounds. 
The  stream  was  directed  against  the  bank  and  the  material 
was  washed  down  a  rough  channel  to  where  a  12-in.  Morris 
sand  pump  was  located.  The  suction  of  the  sand  pump  picked 
up  all  the  water  and  sand  material  and  pumped  it  out  through 
a  12-in.  pipe  to  the  spoil  bank.  The  discharge  pipe  of  the 
sand  pump  varied  in  length  from  500  ft.  to  2,400  feet.  The 
vertical  distance  from  where  the  sand  pump  picked  up  the 

•Trotmma  of  Mlninr,  Unlyanity  of  MlnxiMOta. 


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LAKE    SUPERIOR    MINING    INSTITUTE  1 63 

material  to  where  it  deposited  it  on  the  spoil  bank  was  from 
27  to  40  feet. 

It  was  found  that  the  material  brought  down  by  the  hy- 
draulic giant  could  be  washed  to  the  sand  pump  on  a 
grade  as  flat  as  4  ft.  in  100  feet.  By  locating  the  sand  pump 
on  a  platform  in  one  place  the  giant  was  worked  all  around 
the  pump  in  a  gradually  increasing  circle  until  this  4  per  cent, 
slope  was  reached.  With  an  average  depth  of  54  ft.,  this 
limit  was  not  attained  until  the  giant  had  swept  a  circle 
around  the  pump  of  a  1,350-ft.  radius.  Compared  to  .the  con- 
stant moving  of  cars  and  track  for  a  steam  shovel  outfit,  this 
made  quite  a  saving. 

For  a  short  time  at  the  beginning  of  the  operation  a  plung- 


Hydraulic  Method  of  Stripping  Overburden 

er  tyi>e  of  pump  was  used  on  the  clear  water  or  pressure  line 
but  it  was  soon  abandoned,  for  the  reason  that  the  work  of 
the  giant  was  irregular,  requiring  frequent  stopping.  Tliis 
could  not  be  accomplished  in  the  case  of  the  plunger  pump 
without  shutting  down  the  pump.  The  pump  was  located  at 
some  considerable  distance  from  tlie  giant  and  in  practice  it 
was  found  that  telephonic  communication  was  inadequate  in 
the  smooth  running  of  the  pumping  apparatus. 

On  replacing  the  plunger  pump  with  the  two-stage  cen- 
trifugal pump,  shown  in  Plate  i,  it  was  possible  to  get  a  pres- 
sure at  the  nozzle  equal  to  that  obtained  with  the  plunger 
type  and  also  a  more  steady  stream  of  water  with  the  ad- 
vantage that  the  giant  could  be  shut  off  partially  or  totally 
without  materially  increasing  the  pressure  in  th?  line.  When 


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164 


HYDRAULIC   STRIPPING 


operating  with  50  lbs.  of  pressure  at  the  pump,  total  closing  of 
the  gate  valve  showed  an  increase  of  18  lbs.  of  pressure  on  the 
gauge. 

It  is  to  be  noted  that  the  overburden  at  the  Rowe  mine, 


as  in  most  of  the  Cuyuna  range,  is  easy  to  handle  being  fine 
and  unconsolidated  glacial  drift.  There  is  also,  just  aboNC  the 
ore,  a  more  or  less  tough  and  compact  layer  of  clay  intermixed 


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LAKE   SUPERIOR    MINING   INSTITUTE 


i6s 


with  iron  ore  and  layers  of  sand  carrying  considerable  nests 
of  boulders.  This  overburden  at  times  was  excessively  sticky 
and  tenacious.  Steam  shovels  handled  it  with  difficulty  when 
the  clay  layers  were  encountered. 


Tlie  first  work,  the  sluicing,  resulted  in  the  removal  of 
81,000  cubic  yards  of  rather  free  running  overburden.  The 
work  was  done  in  August,  19 13.    As  the  hill  was  washed 


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1 66  HYDRAULIC   STRIPPING 

away  the  returning  stream  of  water  gradually  carried  less  and 
.  less  of  a  load  of  material  down  to  the  lake.  The  sluicing  was 
then  abandoned  and  the  hydraulic  method  of  stripping  in- 
stalled. 

The  summary  of  operations  for  the  Rowe  mine  are  fairly 
shown  in  Plate  5  for  the  first  five  months  work. 

The  double  plant  consisted  of: 

(a)  Two  lo-in.  two-stage  centrifugal  pumps,  for  clear 
water.  Each  pufnp  was  directly  connected  to  a  200-h.p.  Al- 
lis-Chalmers  motor.  The  details  of  this  pump  are  shown  in 
Plate  I.  The  pump  was  furnished  by  the  Epping-Carpenter 
Pump  Co.,  Pittsburgh,  Pa.,  and  cost  $2,625.00  f.  o.  b.  Pitts- 
burgh. 

(b)  Two  sand  pumps  made  by  the  Morris  Pump  Co. 
These  sand  pumi>s  are  of  the  centrifugal  type  with  a  12-in. 
suction  and  a  12-in.  discharge.  Each  pump  was  belt  con- 
nected to  a  250-h.p.  AUis-Chalmers  motor,  2,300  volts,  60 
cycle,  3-phase,  7-speed.  These  pumps  cost  approximately 
$1,000.00  each,  f.  o.  b.  Baldwinsville,  N.  Y. 

The  discharge  pipe  extended  to  a  maximum  of  2,400  ft. 
and  was  provided  with  gate  valves  so  as  to  produce  an  ar- 
tificial head.  Each  sand  pump  lifted  3,500  gal.  per  min.  of 
which  approximately  10  per  cent,  was  sand.  The  pipe  was 
12-in.  in  diameter,  spiral  riveted,  number  16  gauge  steel,  made 
by  the  American  Spiral  Pipe  Company.  The  total  cost  of 
this  pipe  for  both  sand  and  clear  water  was  $2,000.00. 

Details  of  the  type  of  platform,  etc.,  used  at  the  Rowe 
mine  are  shown  in  Plate  3.  This  drawing  illustrates  the  plan 
used  at  the  Hillcrest  mine  which  has  been  somewhat  modified 
from  the  original  designed  at  the  Rowe.  The  pipe  supporting 
the  platform  used  at  the  Rowe  was  4j/^  in.  in  diameter  as 
against  6  in.  at  the  Hillcrest  and  these  pipes  were  placed  16 
ft.  center  to  center  at  the  Rowe  and  10-  by  i6-ft.  at  the  Hill- 
crest. The  platform  was  subsequently  replaced  at  the  Hill- 
crest by  a  flat  car  bottom. 

Plate  2  shows  the  details  of  the  sand  pump  used  at  the 
Rowe  mine.  This  sand  pump  was  provided  with  a  variable 
si>eed  motor,  belt  connected  to  the  pump,  while  at  the  Hill- 
crest the  direct  connected  type  of  motor  and  pump  is  in 
service.  In  some  cases  this  latter  arrangement  might  not  give 
enough  speed  variations  for  the  different  materials  to  be  han- 
dled; and,  also,  the  thrust  of  the  pump  is  liable  to  cause  hot 
journal  boxes  on  the  motor.     Probabljr  a  better  m^hanical 


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LAKE   SUPERIOR   MINING   INSTITUTE 


167 


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i68 


HYDRAULIC   STRIPPING 


arrangement  would  be  to  replace  the  electric  motor  and  belt 
by  a  steam  engine  with  a  rope  drive  and  slip  joint. 

Due  to  the  heavier  work  at  the  Hillcrest  a  12-in.  sand 
pump  is  used  with  a  300-h.p.  motor  operating  at  505  r.p.m. 


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Plate  4.    Hillcrest  Mine,  Ironton,  Minn.    Lake  Superior  Level 
Datum  for  Elevations,  Auo.  1, 1916, 

under  2,300-volt  alternating  current.       The  motor  is  geared 
to  the  pump  with  a  50  per  cent,  speed  reduction  slip  ring- 


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LAKE   SUPERIOR   MIKING   INSTITUTE 


I^ 


Both  the  pressure  and  the  sand  discharge  lines  are  laid  on 
fairly  regular  grades  and  curves.  Reference  to  Plate  5,  where 
the  topography  is  shown,  will  illustrate  this.  The  sand  dis- 
charge line  is  equipped  with  bolted  joints  and  can  be  given 
a  considerable  curve  both  vertically  and  horizontally.  This 
curving  increases  the  friction  head  and  causes  heavy  wear  on 
the  pipe  where  the  bends  occur.  As  usual,  check  valves  are 
placed  on  lx>th  pipe  lines  where  the  pipe  bends  over  into  the 
pit  to  admit  air  when  the  pump  is  closed  down  and  to  permit 
the  draining  of  the  lines  into  the  pit.  The  pressure  at  the 
nozzle  is  70  lbs.  per  square  inch. 


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PUkTtS 

A  total  of  1,500,000  cubic  yards  was  moved  hydraulically 
at  the  Rowe  mine  at  an  average  cost  of  6.7  cents  per  cubic 
yard.  This  cost  covers  labor,  supplies,  upkeep,  and  office 
exi^enses. 

The  labor  necessary  consisted  of  one  motorman,  one  suc- 
tion tender,  one  nozzleman,  and  two  laborers.  The  nozzleman 
was  paid  35  cents  per  hour;  the  others  30  cents  per  hour. 
The  i)ower  necessary,  which  was  450-h.p.,  was  paid  for  at 
tlie  rate  of  ly^  cents  |)er  kilowatt  hour.  The  cost  of  labor 
(alKDUt  one-half  that  of  ix)wer)  plus  the  cost  of  power,  allow- 
ing for  a  reasonable  repair  item,  was  4  cents  i)er  cubic  yard. 


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170  HYDRAULIC  STRIPPING 

Details  of  the  performance  of  pumps,  i  and  2,  are  well 
shown  in  their  record  for  October,  191 4. 

Performance  Card  No.  i  Pump. 

Day.  Night      Total. 

Actual  hours  worked  by  pump 286.25  360.75      646.00 

Hours  Idle    38.75  11.25        50.00 

Possible  hours 696.00 

Day  shift  run;  hours  285.25  41.0  per  cent 

Night  shift  run,  hours  360.75  51.8 

D»y  shift  lost   38.75  5.6       " 

Night  shift  lost   11.25  1.6 

Yards   moved  in  month 40,000 

Yards  moved  per  hour 61.9 

Performance  Card  No.  2  Pump. 

Day.  Night.      Total. 

Actual  hours  worked  by  pump 249.75  342.00      591.75 

Hours  idle    74.25  18.00        92.25 

Possible  hours  684.00 

Day   shift   run,  hours    249.75  36.5  per  cent. 

Night  shift  run,  hours  342.00  50.0 

Day  shift,  lost  hours   74.25  10.9 

Night  shift,  lost  hours 18.00  2.6 

Yards  moved  In  month.    ^ 75,000 

Yards  moved  per  ^     .   :l\'l 126.7 

The  best  performance  was  that  of  pump  number  2  in  June, 

1 9 14,  as  follows: 

Day.  Night      ToUl. 

Actual  hours  worked  by  pump  215  292  497 

Hours  idle    97  78  175 

Cubic  yards  moved   102.000 

Possible  hours 672 

Time  lost   175 

Day  shift  run,  hours  215  32.0  per  cent. 

Night  shift  run,  hours  282  42.0 

Day  shift,  lost  hours   97  14.4 

Night  shift,  lost  hours  78  11.6 

Yards  moved  per  hour  205.2 

Operations  were  begun  at  the  Hillcrest  mine  on  the  22n(l 
(lay  of  April,  191 5.  Between  that  date  and  May  ist  the  work 
was  principally  devoted  to  getting  the  pumps  started  and  ex- 
perimenting with  various  devices;  11,127  cubic  yards  of  ma- 
terial was  moved  du;flig  that  time.  The  operation  is  planned 
to  remove  1,000,000  cnbic  yards  by  hydraulic  stripping.  It  is 
yet  too  early  to  arrive  at  a  cost  statement,  but  conditions  and 
equipment  being  similar  to  those  ai  *^he  Rowe  the  writer  is  of 
the  opinion  that  the  cost  will  be  nearly  identical 

The  following  summary  of  the  operations  from  May  ist 
to  August  1st  is  complete  and  of  great  interest: 


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Lake!  svpEkiok  mIning  ii^^sxixutE  tyt 

Summary  of  Operations  to  June  i,  1915. 

May  5  to  June  1.  Total  to  June  1. 

♦Yardage  moved   77,704  cu.  yds.  96,127  cu.  yds. 

Number  of  hours,  day  shift 201  hrs.  17  min.  253  hrs.  24  min. 

Number  of  hours,  night  shift.. 241  hrs.  37  min.  298  hrs.  57  min. 

Total  working  hours 442  hrs.  54  min.  552  hrs.  21  min. 

Cubic  yards  per  hour 175   cu.   yds.  174  cu.  yds. 

Total  possible  hours 532  hrs.  00  min.  * 

Average  hours  per  shift 9  hrs.  51  min. 

Average  cu.  yds.  per  shift 1,728  cu.  yds.  1,502  cu.  yds. 

Amount  of  water  delivered .95,832,00  gals.  126,312,000  gals. 

Percentage  of  solids 16.4  per  cent.  15.4  per  cent. 

Causes  of  Shutdowns. 

Moving  pipe  line 12  hrs.  47  min. 

Repairing  pump   29  hrs.  20  min. 

Hot  thrust  bearing 36  hrs.  29  min. 

Packing  pump   2  hrs.  05  min. 

Inspection  2  hrs.  20  min. 

No  power 4  hrs.  30  inin. 

Changing  runner  1  hr.     00  min. 

Total  88  hrs.  31  min. 

*7,29G  cu.  yds.  moved  May  1st,  to  May  5th;   making  a  total  of  85,000 
cu.  yds.  for  May. 

Summary  of  Operation  to  July  i,  191 5. 

JuneltoJw-.  "  ,  Total  to  July  1. 

Yardage  moved   59,728  cu.  yds.  155,254  cu.  yds. 

Number  of  hours,  day  shift 222  hrs.  15  min.  476  hrs.  44  min. 

Number  of  hours,  night  shift... 275  hrs.  30  min.  573  hrs.  12  min. 

Total  working  hours 497  hrs.  45  min.  1,049  hrs.  56  min. 

Cubic  yards  per  hour 120  cu.  yds.  148  cu.  yds. 

Total  possible  hours .648  hrs.  00  min. 

Average  hours  per  shift 9  hrs.  12  min. 

Average  cu.  yds.  per  shift 1,106  cu.  yds. 

Amount  of  water  delivered 81,833,900  gals.  208,145,000  gals. 

Percentage  of  solids 14.8  per  cent. 

Causes  of  Shutdowns. 

Work  on  pipe  line 54  hrs.  25  min. 

Lowering  scow IG  hrs.  05  min. 

Repairing  pump  72  hrs.  40  min. 

Hot  thrust  bearing 3  hrs.  25  min. 

Miscellaneous  stops 3  hrs  40  min. 

Total  150  hrs.  15  min. 

Summary  of  Operations  from  July  i  to  August  i,  1915. 

July  1  to  4^ui».  1.  Total  to  Aug.  1. 

Yardage  moved    G8,195  cu.  'yas.  223,449  cu.  yds. 

Number  of  hours,  day  shift 2G3  hrs.'9(^  min.  740  hrs.  34  min. 

Number  of  hours,  night  shift...  286  hrs.  40  min.  859  hrs.  52  min. 

Total  working  hours •. 550  hrs.  30  min.        l.GOO  hrs.  26  min. 

Cubic  yards  per  hour \j'^"  ^24  cu.  yds.  138  cu.  yds. 

Total  possible  hours '..."..  .696  hrs.  OO  min. 

Average  hours  per  shift.,  i'l 10  hrs.  21  min. 

Average  cu.  yds.  per  shift 1,275  cu.  yds. 

Amount  of  water  delivered .107,017,200  gals.  315,163,100  gals. 

♦Percentage  of  solids 13.0  per  cent 


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iy2  HYDRAULIC  STRIPPING 

Causes  of  Shutdowns. 

Work  on  pipe  line 57  hrs.  15  min. 

Repairing  pump  30  hrs.  35  min. 

Hot  thrust  bearing 30  min. 

Waiting  for  and  setting  up  pump.   66  hrs.  05  min. 
Miscellaneous  stops 1  hr.     30  min. 

Total 145  hrs.  30  min. 

^Allowance  made  for  200  gals,  per  min.  seepage  into  the  pit. 

Summary  of  Operation  from  August  i  to  September  i, 

1915- 

Aug.  1  to  Sept.  1.  Total  to  Sept.  1. 

Yardage  moved   95,539  cu.  yds.  319.589  cu.  yds. 

Number  of  hours,  day  shift....    294  hrs.  10  min.      1.034  hrs.  44  min. 
Number  of  hours,  night  shift. . .    345  hrs.  40  min.      1,205  hrs.  32  min. 

Total  working  hours 639  hrs.  50  min.      2.240  hrs.  16  min. 

Cubic  yards  per  hour 149  cu.  yds.  142  cu.  yds. 

Total  possible  hours 720  hrs.  00  min. 

Average  hours  per  shift 10  hrs.  39  min. 

Average  cu.  yds.  per  shift 1,592  cu.  yds. 

Amount  of  water  delivered 137.437.600  gals.  452.700,700 

Percentage  of  solids 13.2  per  cent 

Causes  of  Shutdowns. 

Work  on  pipe  line.  .1 50  hrs.   15   min. 

Repairing  pump  11   hrs.   00  min. 

Setting  up  new  pump 10   hrs.   50  min. 

No  power 8  hrs.   06   min. 

'Allowance  made  for  200  gals,  per  min.  seepage  into  the  pit. 

It  is  interesting  by  way  of  comparison  to  know  that  in  the 
pebble  phosphate  district  of  Florida  the  hydraulic  method  of 
removing  the  overburden  and  also  of  removing  the  pebble 
phosphate  is  used  exclusively,  some  of  the  larger  companies 
employing  as  many  as  25  of  these  different  dredging  units  at 
one  time.  Up  to  the  present  time  it  has  been  the  custom  to 
use  lo-in.  pumps  in  the  phosphate  fields  for  this  work  but 
some  i2-in.  pum[)s  are  now  being  installed.  The  depth  of 
the  overburden  is  shallow  in  the  phosphate  region  compared 
to  that  in  the  iron  mines,  the  average  being  about  20  ft.,  and 
as  the  bed  of  phosphate  is  also  shallow  the  sumps  into  which 
the  materials  are  washed  by  the  hydraulic  giant  have  to  be 
moved  much  more  frequently  than  in  the  iron  mines.  For  this 
reason  in  the  phosphate  mines  it  is  customary  to  use  long  suc- 
tion lines  on  the  pump.  A  suction  hose  is  placed  next  to  the 
suction  disc  on  the  pump  and  through  the  flexibility  gained 
by  this  suction  hose,  and  with  a  suction  line  that  is  gradually 
increasing  until  about  200-  to  250-ft.  is  reached,  considerable 
area  can  be  covered  with  the  one  setting  of  the  pump  and 


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LAKE   SUPERIOR    MINING   INSTITUTE  1 73 

several  different  sumps  reached  with  this  long  suction  line. 
It  is  customary  to  also  carry  a  much  higher  pressure  on  the 
giant  nozzle  than  that  used  in  the  iron  mines.  Practically  all 
the  pumps  in  the  phosphate  region  used  in  supplying  water  to 
the  giants  are  designed  for  a  pressure  of  175-lbs.  at  the 
pump  which  results  in  a  pressure  of  from  150-  to  170-lbs.  at 
the  giant  nozzle.  The  average  output  of  the  lo-in.  pump  in 
the  phosphate  district  is  2,000  yards  per  day  of  24  hrs.  with 
a  probable  actual  operating  time  of  about  20  hours. 

The  economic  limits  for  hydraulic  strij)ping  are  very  sharp- 
ly defined  and  the  work  can  easily  be  carried  to  a.  point  which 
ultimately  necessitates  too  much  hand  work.  Experience  at 
the  Rowe  mine  has  shown  that  it  is  advisable  to  leave  6-  to 
8-ft.  of  surface  on  top  of  the  orebody  to  be  cleaned  up  later 
by  the  steam  shovel. 

Due  to  the  heavy  repair  work  on  the  sand  pump  it  is  neces- 
sary to  keep  the  pump  and  pump  line  free  from  boulders, 
brush,  roots,  etc.  This  is  best  done  by  hand  picking,  the 
material  accumulated  being  later  removed  by  the  steam  shov- 
el at  the  clean  up. 

Stripping  hydraulically  on  the  Cuyuna  range  has  been  a 
marked  economic  success  as  compared  with  steam  shovel 
stripping  under  similar  conditions.  The  rapidity  of  such  op- 
erations especially  recommends  the  method. 

Acknowledgment  for  valuable  assistance  in  the  preparation 
of  this  paper  is  due  Mr.  J.  C.  Barr,  General  Manager  of  the 
Rowe  mine;  Mr.  Frank  Hutchinson,  Chief  Engineer  of  the 
Rowe  mine;  Mr.  Wilbur  Van  Evera,  Superintendent  of  the 
Hillcrest  mine,  and  Mr.  P.  J.  McAuliffe  of  the  Morris  Pump 
Company.  The  writer  takes  this  opportunity  to  thank  these 
gentlemen  for  their  many  courtesies. 


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174  DftAG-LlNE  StftiPPlNG 


DRAG-LINE    STRIPPING    AND    MINING,    BALKAN 

MINE,  ALPHA,  MICH.,  MENOMINEE  RANGE, 

MASTODON  DISTRICT. 

BY  CHARLES  E.  LAWRENCE^  PALATKA,  MICH.* 

The  Mastodon  district  of  the  Menominee  range  is  located 
five  miles  southwest  from  Crystal  Falls,  on  Section  12/13, 
42-33.  Ore  shipments  began  in  1882  and  continued  for  sev- 
eral years,  until  over  430,000  tons  had  been  shipped,  after 
which  the  district  was  abandoned. 

Five  years  ago  the  E.  J.  Longyear  Company,  of  Min- 
neapolis, then  exploring  in  Iron  County,  secured  options  to 
explore  on  adjoining  lands  and  in  three  years  of  continuous 
drilling  located  the  present  Balkan  mine  and  other  ore  de- 
posits. One  of  these  deposits  was  sold  to  Pickands,  Mather 
&  Comi>any,  of  Cleveland,  Ohio,  and,  in  the  spring  of  1913, 
this  comi>any  began  stripping  the  overlying  surface.  The 
ore  outlined  by  drilling  was  covered  by  a  cedar-tamarack 
swamp,  through  which  a  small  stream  flowed  to  Buck  Lake, 
one  mile  distant.  A  new  channel  was  dug  for  this  stream,  far 
enough  away  to  carry  its  waters  safely  past  the  open  pit. 
Next  a  shaft  was  sunk,  150  feet  north  of  the  orebody,  in  the 
slate  footwall  to  serve,  first,  to  drain  the  swamp  of  water,  and, 
later,  for  permanent  mining.  The  sinking  of  this  drop  shaft 
was  hindered  by  a  stratum  each  of  quicksand,  heavy  blue  clay, 
cement  hardpan,  and  boulder  gravel,  together  with  a  large 
amount  of  water,  before  the  slate  ledge  was  encountered  at  a 
depth  of  56  feet. 

At  80  feet  depth,  a  water  sump  was  made  and  pumps  were 
installed  to  care  for  the  water  coming  into  the  shaft.  Tlie 
sliaft  was  sunk  to  a  depth  of  132  feet,  or  to  the  ist  level 
drift.  This  drift  was  driven  south  500  feet  in  slate  and  ore, 
and  raises  put  up  to  the  sand  to  tap  the  water.  These  raises 
failed  to  accomplish  this,  however,  because  of  impervious  ce- 
ment hardpan  and  clay  which  held  the  water  alx>ve  them,  so 

"General  Superintendent,  Pickanda,  Mather  A  Co..  Menominee  Han^e. 


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LAKE   SUPERIOR    MINING   INSTITUTE  I75 

several  5-in.  pipes  were  driven  to  this  drift  to  draw  off  the 
water  from  the  pit.  A  valve  was  placed  at  the  bottom  of  these 
pipes  so  that  the  flow  of  water  could  be  stopped  in  case  of 
accident  to  the  mine  pumps.  These  pipes  were  driven  in  short 
lengths,  so  that  pieces  could  be  uncoupled  as  the  stripping 
progressed. 

Drag-Line  Stripping — The  area  stripi>ed  is  an  oval  with 


Balkan  Minb— Stabtino  Drags  in  Swamp.  May.  1914 


Balkan  Mine— July  1. 1914.    View  Looking  Southeast.  Showing 
South  Half  op  Cut. 

the  long  axis  SE-NW  and  approximately  1150  feet  by  900 
feet  at  the  surface.  The  slope  angles  are  two  to  one  in  the  fine 
sand  on  top  and  run  to  one  to  one  in  the  underlying  gravel 
and  clay;  a  steeper  sloi)e  could  have  l^een  maintained  if  the 
material,  had  been  dry.  The  track  incline  of  the  pit  is  a  spiral 
on  a  2.6  per  cent,  grade  and  extends  to  ore  at  a  depth  of  85 
feet  from  the  original  surface.    The  depth  of  stripping  varies 


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LAKE   SUPERIOR    MINING   INSTITUTE  1 77 

from  60  feet  on  the  northwest  side  to  io8  feet  on  southeast 
side. 

In  May,  19 14,  a  contract  was  beg^n  with  the  Winston 
Brothers  Company,  of  Minneapolis,  to  remove  the  surface, 
consisting  of  1,200,000  cubic  yards.  This  company  used  two 
drag-line  excavators,  one  of  the  Marion  type  and  the  other 
of  the  Bucyrus  type.  These  excavators  each  have  an  85-foot 
boom,  a  4-yard  dipper  and  a  24-foot  turntable.  They  are 
mounted  on  hardwood  rollers  running  on  4-inch  plank.  When 
the  machine  is  in  operation,  angle  irons  are  placed  on  both 
sides  of  the  rollers.  If  the  machine  is  to  be  moved,  the  irons 
are  removed  and  the  machine  pulls  itself  along  with  its  own 
ix>wer.  The  working  weight  of  the  machines  is  approxi- 
mately 300,000  pounds. 

The  principal  factors  leading  to  the  selection  of  this  type 
of  machine,  instead  of  the  familiar  steam  shovel,  were  the 
large  quantity  of  water  in  the  surface  and  the  texture  of  the 
material.  The  fine  sand  and  water  made  a  bottom  which  would 
not  support  a  steam  shovel ;  a  drag-line  machine,  however,  re- 
mains at  the  surface  and  makes  its  cut  below  its  own  eleva- 
tion. The  limit  of  depth  depends  upon  the  slope  taken  by  the 
material  in  question,  in  this  case  approximately  30  feet. 

The  material  removed  is  handled  through  a  hopper  into 
4-yard  w^estem  dump  cars,  ten  to  a  train,  and  hauled  to  the 
dump,  one-half  mile  distant,  by  15-ton  locomotives  at  an  aver- 
age rate  of  2,000  yards  per  ic^-hour  machine  shift. 

Under  the  terms  of  the  contract,  the  mining  company 
handled  the  water  in  the  pit,  employing  motor-driven  Morris 
6-inch  centrifugal  pumps  with  8-inch  spiral  discharge  pipes. 
During  the  1914  season  the  w^ater  pump  averaged  1,200 
gallons  per  minute,  but  the  amount  has  gradually  slacked  oflE 
to  500  gallons  at  the  present. 

When  the  stripping  had  reached  a  depth  of  approximately 
60  feet,  some  of  the  clay  banks  began  to  cave  and  slide  ofif. 
These  banks  were  dressed  with  evergreen  boughs,  or  gravel 
from  the  pit  was  dumped  over  them.  This  gravel  contains  a 
large  percentage  of  clay  and  has  baked  solidly  in  place,  ef- 
fectively stopping  the  caving. 

As  soon  as  ore  was  cleaned  up,  the  mining  company 
cribbed  the  banks  closely  and  filled  the  crib  with  gravel.  Next 
to  this  cribbing  they  have  dug  a  ditch  in  the  ore  completely 
around  the  orebody,  so  that  all  water  made  in  the  pit  is  cot\^ 


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178  DRAG-LINE  STRIPPING 

ducted  to  one  sump.     A  20- foot  berm  of  ore  is  left  to  main- 
tain the  ditch  and  cribbing  holding  up  the  sides  of  the  pit. 

To  shake  the  ore,  the  contractors  are  drilling  holes  with 
two  gasoline  churn  drills  and  five  steam-piston  drills  on  tri- 


Map  Showing  Area  of  Stripping.  Balkan  Mine,  Crystal 
Falls,  Mich.    Jan.  1, 1915 

pod.  The  gasoline  drills  are  putting  down  vertical  holes  from 
20  to  30  feet  deep  and  about  this  same  distance  apart.  The 
piston  drills  are  placing  15-foot  holes  between  the  rows  of  deep 


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LAKE   SUPERIOR    MINING   INSTITUTE  I79 


s 


g 

s 


^  a 


z 


n 


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l8o  DRAG-LINE  STRIPPING 

holes.  The  dynamite  used  is  40  per  cent,  glycerine  and  it  is 
fired  with  a  battery. 

The  stripping  contract  was  completed  about  the  middle  of 
August,  and  the  drag-line  machines  at  once  started  removing 
ore  to  a  stockpile.  Here  the  ore  is  mixed  to  maintain  a 
uniform  grade  and  the  chunks  are  sledged.  Ore  is  being  put 
into  stock  at  a  rate  of  5000  tons  per  day  and  a  total  of  200,000 
tons  will  be  removed  from  the  pit  this  season,  in  three  months 
of  work.  The  trestle  for  the  stocking  of  ore  is  600  feet  long 
and  251  high  and  so  constructed  that  a  train  and  engine  can 
l>e  run  its  full  length.  This  permits  of  spreading  the  ore  and 
consequently  facilitates  the  grading  and  sledging  of  it.  Steam 
shovels  will  re-load  the  ore  in  stock  for  shipment  to  Escanaba. 

Thus  the  drag-line  machines,  working  under  se\^ere  condi- 
tions, proved  successful  for  handling  the  mushy  ground  oc- 
curring in  swamps.  Likewise  they  proved  successful  when 
used  for  mining  ore  of  a  medium  hard  nature  at  the  same 
property,  for  the  first  time  in  the  Lake  Superior  district. 


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Pennington  Mine,  Pennington  Mining  Co.,  Crosby.  Minn. 


Kennedy  Mine,  Rogers-Brown  Ore  Co..  Cuyuna.  Minn. 


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Crosby.  Minn.— Typical  Miners'  Homes 


Hydraulic  Method  op  Stripping  Overburden  at  the 
HiLLCRBST  Mine,  Cuyuna  Range 


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Cropt  Mine.  Merrimac  Mining  Co.,  Crosby.  Minn. 


Armour  No.  2,  Inland  Stxbl  Co..  Crosby.  Minn. 


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Stevenson  Mine.  Corrigan,  McKinney  &  Co..  Mesabi  Range,  1913 


Thompson  Mine,  Inland  Steel  Co..  Crosby.  Minn. 


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LAKE   SUPERIOR   MINING   INSTITUTE  l8l 


SECOND  ANNUAL  FIRST-AID  CONTEST. 

BY  EDWIN  HIGGINS^  PITTSBURGH^  PA.* 

The  second  annual  first-aid  contest,  in  connection  with 
the  meeting  of  the  Lake  Superior  Mining  Institute,  was  held 
September  6,  191 5,  at  Ironwood,  Mich.,  in  the  presence  of 
about  1800  spectators.  The  baseball  park  on  the  eastern  edge 
of  the  town,  in  which  the  contest  was  held,  afforded  ample  seat- 
ing capacity  for  the  Institute  mentbers  and  their  friends.  Many 
automobiles  were  parked  in  the  field.  The  field  places  for 
the  contesting  teams  were  arranged  in  the  form  of  an  arc  of 
a  circle,  in  front  of  the  grandstand  and  bleachers.  The  con- 
test was  carried  out  under  the  auspices  of  the  Gogebic  Range 
Mining  Association.  Fourteen  teams  took  part  in  the  con- 
test ;  the  following  qualified  for  prizes,  finishing  in  the  order 
indicated : 

First,  Verona  Mining  Company,  Menominee  Range;  sec- 
ond, Oliver  Iron  Mining  Company,  Mesabi  Range;  third, 
Odanah  Iron  Company,  Gogebic  Range;  fourth,  Montreal 
Mining  Company,  Gogebic  Range;  fifth,  Judson  Mining  Com- 
pany, Menominee  Range;  sixth,  Newport  Mining  Company, 
Gogebic  Range.  The  one-man  event  was  won  by  the  Oliver 
Iron  Mining  Company,  Mesabi  Range.  The  three-men  event 
was  won  by  the  Republic  Iron  &  Steel  Comi>any,  Cambria 
mine,  Marquette  Range. 

Preliminary  Work  in  Arranging  Contest. 

It  has  been  suggested  that  it  would  be  desirable  to  set 
forth  in  detail  the  various  steps  in  arranging  and  carrying 
out  this  contest,  as  such  information  may  be  of  value  as  a 
matter  of  record.  Moreover,  it  will  afford  an  opportunity  for 
constructive  criticism,  with  a  view  to  improving  the  meets 
from  year  to  year. 

A  committeee  of  eight,  on  arrangements,  was  first  ap- 
pointed by  the  Gogebic  Range  Mining  Association.    On  June 

'Engineer,  V.  S.  Bureau  of  Mtnee. 


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l82  SECOND  ANNUAL  FIRST-AID  CONTEST 

ID,  191 5,  the  following  letter,  and  rules  governing"  the  con- 
test, (with  corrections  conforming  to  subsequent  changes) 
were  sent  to  all  mining  companies  of  the  Lake  Superior  region : 
"To  Mine  Operators  of  the  Lake  Superior  District: 
"One  of  the  attractions  of  the  forthcoming  meeting  of 
the  Lake  Superior  Mining  Institute  at  Ironwood,  Mich.,  will 
be  a  first-aid  contest.  The  date  of  the  Institute  meeting  has 
not  yet  been  announced.  It  may  be  stated,  however,  that  it 
will  be  about  the  end  of  August.  The  exact  date,  with  other 
details,  will  be  sent  to  you  at  an  early  date. 

"You  are  assured  that  the  first-aid  contest  will  be  con- 
ducted in  a  manner  least  calculated  to  meet  the  disapproval  of 
participants  and  spectators.     Attractive  and  adequate  prizes 


Bleachers  and  Contestants 

will  be  offered  to  the  contending  teams.  As  far  as  possible, 
officials  will  l^e  made  up  of  disinterested  parties.  Judges  will 
Ijc  secured  from  outside  the  Lake  Superior  district.  Following 
a  plan  that  has  met  with  much  success  in  meetings  held  else- 
where, and  one  that  provides  a  fairer  test  of  a  knowledge  of 
first  aid  work,  the  events  for  the  contest  w^ill  not  be  announced 
until  the  teams  are  on  the  field  ready  for  work.  It  may  be 
said,  however,  that  there  will  be  no  catch  problems  given  and 
that  the  work  will  be  confined  to  such  accidents  as  commonly 
occur  in  and  about  metal  mines.  The  meet  is  open  to  all 
mining  companies  in  the  Lake  Superior  district. 

"Contests  of  this  kind  are  recognized  stimulants  of  first- 
aid  work,  the  value  of  which  has  been  $0  completely  dem- 


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LAKE   SUPERIOR    MINING   INSTITUTE  183 

onstrated,  and  it  is  hoped  that  this  meet  will  be  given  the 
hearty  support  of  the  mining  companies  of  the  district. 

**The  meet  will  be  conducted  under  the  auspices  of  the 
Gogebic  Range  Mining  Association.  Entries  for  the  contest 
must  be  sent  to  Mr.  L.  C.  Bishop,  Secretary,  Ironwood,  Mich., 
prior  to  July  15th.  There  is  appended  hereto  a  list  of  rules 
by  which  the  contest  will  be  governed.'' 

Rules  Governing  First-Aid  Contest. 

1.  A  team  is  composed  of  six  men,  one  of  whom  shall 
be  captain.  Any  employe  of  a  mining  company,  excepting 
physicians  or  trained  nurses,  may  be  a  member  of  a  contesting 
team. 

2.  The  captain  shall  elect  a  patient  and  designate  the 
member  or  members  of  the  team  to  perform  an  event.  The 
patient  must  be  clad  in  tights. 

3.  Members  of  teams,  except  the  patient,  will  wear  the 
following  described  uniform :  Hat  or  cap,  coat,  trousers  and 
shoes,  all  of  white  duck. 

4.  The  captain  will  control  his  team  in  their  field  work 
by  giving  audible  commands. 

5.  The  captain  may  select  himself  as  one  of  the  mem- 
bers who  will  i>erform  the  event.  The  captain  may  contest  in 
team  events. 

6.  The  captain  or  other  members  of  a  team  will  not 
prompt  the  person  performing  the  event  unless  he  is  one  of 
the  performers.    This  does  not  apply  to  full  team  events. 

7.  At  the  conclusion  of  an  event,  the  captain  will  raise 
his  right  hand  and  announce  his  team  number.  The  team  will 
remain  at  post  until  relieved  by  the  judge. 

8.  Teams  will  bring  their  ov/n  first-aid  material,  includ- 
ing bandages,  splints,  blankets,  stretchers,  etc.  Members  will 
not  be  allowed  to  leave  the  patient  to  secure  material. 

9.  The  triangular  bandage  will  be  the  standard  used  in 
this  contest,  but  equal  credit  will  be  given  for  the  proper  use 
of  the  roller  bandage. 

10.  All  splints  must  be  fully  prepared  on  the  field  for 
each  event  requiring  their  use.  Si^ecially  designed  splints  may 
be  used,  but  they  must  be  assembled  during  the  time  of  each 
event  requiring  their  use. 

11.  No  practicing  will  be  allowed  on  the  field  l^efore  the 
contest.  Teams  must  do  the  work  called  for  by  the  event,  and 
no  more. 


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184  SECOND  ANNUAL  FIRST-AID  CONTEST 

12.  No  event  shall  be  started  with  bandages  already  folded. 

13.  The  teams  will  be  numl>ered  consecutively  and  will 
occupy  consecutive  ix)sitions  on  the  field. 

14.  The  judges  will  perform  their  work  progressively, 
judging  as  many  teams  in  each  event  as  may  be  detemiined 
and  announced  before  the  contest  starts. 

15.  In  events  involving  resuscitation,  rescue  of  patient, 
and  stretcher  drill,  the  judges  may  require  the  teams  to  per- 
form separately.  Only  manual  artificial  respiration  shall  be 
used. 

16.  Each  judge  will  record  the  team  number,  event,  and 
discount  for  each  team  judged,  sign  his  name  and  deliver  the 
same  to  the  recorder. 

17.  The  recorder  will  foot  up  the  discounts  and  mark 
points  made  by  each  team  in  each  event.  The  total  points  will 
be  divided  by  the  number  of  events  and  the  quotient  will  be 
the  average  for  each  team  for  the  entire  contest. 

- 18.  Time  will  not  be  an  element  unless  the  team  or  men 
performing  the  event  run  over  the  alloted  time,  or  fail  to  give 
treatment  properly.  Failure  to  finish  an  event  in  the  allotted 
time  shall  be  discounted  one  point  for  each  minute  additional 
required.  All  events  start  and  stop  with  the  sounding  of  a 
gong. 

19.  In  the  event  of  ties  for  first  place,  the  teams  tieing 
will  re-contest  for  first,  second  and  third  place;  in  the  event  of 
ties  for  second  place,  the  teams  tieing  will  re-contest  for  sec- 
ond and  third  place;  and  in  the  event  of  ties  for  third  place, 
the  teams  tieing  will  re-contest  for  third  place. 

20.  The  following  discounts,  which  have  been  adopted  by 

the  American  Mine  Safety  Association,  will  apply: 

Not  doing  the  most  important  thing  first C 

Failure  of  captain  to  command  properly  1 

Slowness  in  work  and  lack  of  attention  2 

Failure  to  entirely  cover  the  wound  or  ignorance  of  location  of  in- 
Jury   4 

Ineffective  artificial  respiration   11 

Splints  improperly  padded  or  applied G 

Tight,  loose,  or  improperly  applied  bandages 5 

Insecure  or  "^'granny"  knot 4 

Unclean  first-aid  material 3 

Failure  to  have  on  hand  suificlent  and  proper  material  to  complete 

a  dressing 3 

Lack  of  neatness 2 

Awkward  handling  of  patient  4 

Assistance  lent  by  patient  3 

Tourniquet  improperly  applied  7 

Failure  to  stop  bleeding ,..,..,......,,.... i 


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LAKE   SUPERIOR    MINING   INSTITUTE  1 85 

Not  treating  shock  5 

Failure  to  be  aseptic   7 

Improper  treatment  12 

Failure  to  temporarily  control  hemorrhage  previous  to  application 

of  tourniquet  7 

About  three  weeks  before  the  date  set  for  the  contest,  at 
a  meeting  of  the  arrangements  committee,  various  sub-com- 
mittees were  appointed  to  take  care  of  all  details  that  could  be 
foreseen.  In  order  that  the  positions  of  the  teams  on  the 
field  might  be  printed  on  a  program  for  the  benefit  of  the  spec- 
tators, lots  were  drawn  for  the  assignment  of  positions.  A 
letter  was  then  addressed  to  the  contesting  teams  advising  them 
of  their  position  on  the  field,  requesting  that  they  send  in  the 
names  of  the  team  members,  and  giving  them  instructions  as 
to  arrangements  that  had  been  made  for  them  at  Ironwood. 

It  was  recognized  that  the  selection  of  judges  for  the 
contest,  and  the  formulation  of  rules,  were  two  important  fac- 
tors. Insofar  as  possible,  without  departing  from  practice  in 
the  Lake  Superior  region,  the  general  rules  governing  the 
National  First-Aid  Contest  at  San  Francisco,  were  adopted. 
This  contest  was  held  September  23,  191 5,  and  the  rules  gov- 
erning it  were  approved  by  a  committee  made  up  of  repre- 
sentatives of  the  American  Red  Cross,  American  Mine  Safety 
Association  and  the  Bureau  of  Mines. 

The  services  of  seven  judges,  all  except  one  of  whom  re- 
side in  Terre  Haute,  Ind.,  were  secured  for  the  contest.  These 
gentlemen  are  all  physicians  and  their  selection  was  approved 
by  the  American  Red  Cross.  They  came  to  Ironwood  as  guests 
of  the  Institute  and  the  Range  Association. 

As  to  the  selection  of  the  problems  for  the  contest,  inas- 
much as  these  were  to  be  kept  secret  until  announced  on  the 
field,  the  arrangements  committee  decided  to  have  the  writer 
select  a  list  of  problems  based  upon  accidents  which  commonly 
occur  in  the  Lake  Superior  region  and  send  them  to  the  chair- 
man of  the  judges,  who  would  select  and  keep  secret  those 
to  be  given  at  the  contest.  This  arrangement  was  followed 
out  to  the  letter.  It  w-as  not  until  the  last  few  hours  of  the 
contest  that  even  the  judges  knew  of  the  events  that  had 
l)een  selected.  The  chairman  of  the  judges  thought  it  proper, 
and  wisely  too,  to  go  over  the  problems  carefully  with  his 
colleagues  and  arrive  at  a  definite  and  uniform  basis  for  judg- 
ing the  events. 

The  Contest. 

At  9:20  a.  m.,  September  6,  the  14  contesting  teams  were 


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l86  SECOND  ANNUAL  FIRST-AID  CONTEST 

formed  in  a  double  line  in  the  parking  of  the  Chicago  &  North- 
western railroad  station.  At  9:30  o'clock,  escorted  by  the 
Newport  and  Norrie  bands,  and  the  officials  and  judges  of 
the  contest,  the  teams  started  for  the  baseball  park.  The 
parade  was  about  two  blocks  in  length  and  the  team  members 
presented  an  attractive  appearance  in  their  uniforms  of  white 
duck.  At  9:50  o'clock  the  teams  entered  the  field  and  took 
the  places  assigned  to  them.  After  instructions  had  l^een  giv- 
en to  the  contestants  by  the  chairman  of. the  judges,  the  teams 
made  ready  to  receive  the  first  problem.  There  were  seven 
judges  in  all,  each  of  whom  had  two  teams  to  look  after. 
On  the  sounding  of  one  bell,  the  problem^  typewritten  on  a 
sheet  of  paper,  was  delivered  to  the  teams.    At  the  same  time 


Grand  Stand  and  Contestants 

the  problem  was  announced  to  the  spectators.  The  contest- 
ants were  allowed  two  minutes  to  study  the  problem,  at  the 
end  of  which  time  two  bells  were  rung,  signalling  the  start  of 
the  event.  On  the  ringing  of  three  bells  the  time  limit  set  for 
the  problem  expired. 

The  six  problems  selected  for  the  contest  are  submitted 
herewith.  Owing  to  a  lack  of  time,  however,  only  problems 
number  i,  2,  3  and  5  were  worked  out. 

Problem  No.  i — One-man  event.  Miner  found  a  distance 
of  20  feet  in  closely  caved  workings  with  palm  of  right  hand 
lacerated  and  bleeding  profusely ;  in  shock.  Treat  and  trans- 
port 20  feet  to  more  oi)en  workings,  carry  20  feet  by  shoulder 
lift.    Time  15  minutes. 

Problem  No.  2 — Three-men  event.    Miner  found  in  caved 


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LAK^   StfPEklOk   MINING   II^STITUtE  1^7 

drift  (2^  to  3  feet  high)  in  bad  air  after  explosion  of  pow- 
der, unconscious  from  g^ses,  bums  of  face  and  han<ls.  Trans- 
port 20  feet  and  administer  artificial  respiration  by  Schaefer 
method  for  one  minute.  Treat  bums.  During  transportation 
one  of  the  rescuers  is  overcome,  becoming  unconscious;  res- 
cue and  administer  proper  treatment.    Time  15  minutes. 

Problem  No.  3 — Team  event.  Miner  caught  by  fall  of 
rock;  left  ear  torn  off;  left  shoulder  dislocated;  left  thigh 
broken  in  upper  third  of  leg  (compound  fracture)  with  profuse 
bleeding;  in  shock.  Treat  and  transport  30  feet  on  improvised 
stretcher.    Time  20  minutes. 

Problem  No.  4 — Team  event.  As  a  result  of  fall  motor- 
man  found  lying  face  down  on  track,  live  wire  extending 
across  right  cheek  and  right  hand,  unconscious,  right  hand  and 
right  side  of  face  badly  burned.  In  shock.  Administer  proi^er 
treatment.    Time  15  minutes. 

Problem  No.  5 — Team  event.  Miner  walks  into  blast; 
face  badly  lacerated  over  left  cheek  bone  with  profuse  bleed- 
ing; severe  laceration  of  upper  part  of  abdomen;  Ijack  of  right 
hand  lacerated,  blood  oozing;  fracture  of  right  knee  cap;  un- 
conscious from  powder  gases;  treat  on  spot  (gas  has  cleared 
away),  transport  40  feet.     Time,  20  minutes. 

Problem  No.  6 — Team  event.  Miner  found  under  fall  of 
rock,  lying  on  side  with  back  broken  in  lumbar  region.  Treat 
injury  and  shock,  transport  20  feet  on  improvised  stretcher. 
Time,  10  minutes. 

During  the  contest  the  spectators  were  favored  with  se- 
lections by  the  Newport  band.  With  the  exception  of  a  slight 
delay  in  starting  for  the  field,  occasioned  by  the  late  arrival  of 
one  of  the  teams,  the  contest  was  carried  out  with  a  minimum 
of  confusion  and  untoward  incidents,  and  in  the  best  of  spirit. 
The  most  striking  feature  of  the  contest  was  the  uniformity 
in  the  costumes  worn  by  the  contestants.  This  feature  was 
especially  impressed  on  those  of  the  spectators  who  had  seen 
such  contests  in  various  parts  of  the  country,  where  it  is  the 
usual  custom  for  the  teams  to  appear  on  the  field  in  a  variety 
of  costumes,  and  often  in  their  street  clothes.  , 

At  the  close  of  the  contest  the  averages  were  figured  out 
and  the  standing  of  the  various  teams  announced.  A  feature 
of  the  closing  scenes  on  the  field  was  the  presentation  to  the 
winning  team  of  the  American  Red  Cross  medals.  The  chair- 
man of  the  judges  made  the  presentation  speech  and  the  med- 


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1 88  SECOND  ANNUAL  FIRST-AID  CONTEST 

als  were  pinned  upon  the  breasts  of  the  team  members  by 
five  ladies.  , 

Following  is  a  list  of  the  teams  that  took  part  in  the  con- 
test, with  their  field  positions : 

No.     I — Oliver  Iron  Mining  Company,  Mesabi  Range. 

No.     2 — The  Montreal  Mining  Company,  Gogebic  Range. 

No.     3 — Odanah  Mining  Company,  Gogebic  Range. 

No.     4 — Verona  Mining  Company,  Menominee,  Range. 

No.     5 — Oliver  Iron* Mining  Company,  Gogebic  Range. 

No.     6 — ^Judson  Mining  Company,  Menominee  Range. 

No.     7 — The  Castile  Mining  Company,  Gogebic  Range. 

No.     8 — Colby  Iron  Mining  Company,  Gogebic  Range. 

No.     9 — Republic  Iron  &  Steel  Company,  Mesabi  Range. 

No.   10 — Newport  Mining  Company,  Gogebic  Range. 

No.  II — Cleveland-Cliflfs  Iron  Company  (Ishpeming- Re- 
public) . 

No.  12 — Pickands,  Mather  &  Co.,  Mesabi  Range. 

No.  13 — Republic  Iron  &  Steel  Co.,  Marquette  Range. 

No.  14 — Cleveland-Cliffs  Iron  Company  (Negaunee- 
Gwinn). 

Prizes. 

The  prizes,  which  were  awarded  (with  the  exception  of  the 
medals)  at  the  Ironwood  Commercial  Club  in  the  evening, 
were  as  follows: 

First  prize,  $175  in  cash  to  defray  the  expenses  of  the 
team  from  Ironwood  to  the  State  Fair  at  Minneapolis  and 
return,  in  company  with  the  members  of  the  Institute ;  donated 
by  the  Gogebic  Range  Mining  Association,  awarded  to  the 
team  of  the  Verona  Mining  Company,  Menominee  Range.  This 
team  also  received  the  bronze  medals  awarded  by  the  Amer- 
ican Red  Cross. 

'  Second  prize,  $50  in  cash,  donated  by  the  E.  I.  duPont 
(leNemours  Powder  Company,  awarded  to  the  team  of  the 
Oliver  Iron  Mining  Company,  Mesabi  Range. 

Third  prize,  $30  in  cash,  donated  by  the  Lake  Superior 
Mining  Institute,  awarded  the  team  of  the  Odanah  Iron  Com- 
pany, Gogebic  Range. 

Fourth  prize,  $20  in  cash,  donated  by  the  Lake  Superior 
Mining  Institute,  awarded  to  the  team  of  the  Montreal  Min- 
ing Comixiny,  Gogebic  Range. 

Fifth  prize,  two  thermos  bottles,  a  razor,  a  pair  of  trousers 
and  two  suits  of  underwear,  awarded  to  the  team  of  the  Jud- 
son  Mining  Company,  Menominee  Range. 


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LAKE   SUPERIOR   MINING   INSTITUTE  189 

Sixth  prize,  50  cigars,  a  rocking  chair,  a  carpet  sweeper 
and  five  pounds  of  butter,  awarded  to  the  team  of  the  New- 
port Mining  Company,  Gogebic  Range. 

The  one-man  event  was  won  by  a  performer  from  the 
team  of  the  Oliver  Iron  Mining  Company,  Mesabi  Range.  The 
prizes  were  a  kodak  to  the  performer  and  a  cigar  case  to  the 
patient.  The  three-men  event  w  as  won  by  contestants  from 
the  Repubhc  Iron  &  Steel  Company,  Cambria  mine  team,  Mar- 
quette Range,  and  consisted  of  a  Stetson  hat,  solid  gold  cuff 
links,  and  a  safety  razor  to  the  performers,  and  a  pipe  to  the 
j>atient. 

The  articles  of  merchandise  included  in  the  above  prizes 
were  donated  by  the  following  firms  of  Ironwood:     Jussen 


Spectators  In  Automobiles 

&  Trier,  M.  F.  McCabe  &  Co.,  Davis  &  Fehr,  J.  P.  Bekola, 
Wm.  D.  Triplett,  Gamble  &  Mrofchak,  C.  M.  Bean,  L.  Ladin, 
Anderson  &  Oksa,  Mullen  Bros.,  Ironwood  Pharmacy,  City 
Drug  Store,  C.  E.  Erickson  Hdw.  Store,  W.  Ekquist,  Buss 
Creamery. 

Committees,  Officials,  and  Judges  of  the  Contest. 

Following  are  the  various  committees,  the  names  of  the 
officials,  and  the  judges  who  sensed  in  the  contest: 

Committee  on  Arrangements — P.  S.  Williams,  Chairman, 
Edwin  Higgins,  L.  C.  Bishop,  B.  Brockbank,  A.  E.  Redner, 
John  Mildren,  A.  A.  Bawden,  B.  D.  Shove. 

Committee  on  Grounds — L.  C.  Bishop,  H.  W.  Byrne. 

Committee  on  Awards — P.  S.  Williams,  L.  C.  Bishop,  A. 
E.  Redner. 


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tgO  SECOND  ANNUAL  FiftST-AlD  CONTEST 

Contest  Director — Edwin  Higgins,  Bureau  of  Mines. 

Recorders — Frank  Blackwell,  Oscar  E.  Olson. 

Time-Keeper — O.  M.  Schaus. 

Judges — Dr.  Aitgust  F.  Knoef el  Chairman  ( President  Am- 
erican Mine  Safety  Association),  Dr.  M.  R.  Coombs,  Dr.  C. 
N.  Coombs,  Dr.  A.  M.  Mitchell,  Dr.  Rudolph  Duenweg,  Dr. 
R.  L.  Woodard,  all  of  Terre  Haute,  Ind.,  and  Dr.  G.  D.  Scott, 
of  Sullivan,  Ind. 

Conclusion. 

It  appeared  to  be  the  general  impression  that  the  contest 
was  a  very  successful  one.  Several  of  the  judges  stated  that 
they  had  seen  few  contests  carried  on  with  less  friction  and 
confusion  or  in  which  the  teams  presented  a  better  appearance 
on  the  field.  Doctor  Knoefel,  in  his  address  to  the  winning 
team,  emphasized  the  fact  that  there  were  14  excellent  teams 
on  the  field,  and  that  there  was  none  that  need  be  ashamed  of 
the  exhibition  it  made.  That  the  teams  were  very  evenly 
matched  and  that  their  work  was  highly  efficient  is  born  out 
by  the  fact  that  the  percentage  of  eleven  teams  was  above  84. 
In  fact,  there  were  only  nine  points  difference  between  the  first 
and  eleventh  team,  the  winning  team  having  a  score  of  gy/i^/r, 
and  the  team  standing  eleventh  a  score  of  8434%. 

The  writer  feels  that  the  operators  of  the  Lake  Superior 
mining  region  have  every  cause  to  be  proud  of  the  wonder- 
ful advahce  that  has  been  made  in  first-aid  work  during  the 
past  two  or  three  years.  The  exhibition  given  at  Ironwood 
reflects  credit  on  both  the  operators  and  the  men  behind 
the  splints  and  bandages. 

'In  order  to  make  the  work  done  in  this  contest  of  particu- 
lar value  to  the  teams,  the  committee  on  arrangements  decided 
to  send  score  cards  to  the  various  teams  so  that  they  might 
see  the  reasons  why  they  were  discounted  and  profit  by  the 
mistakes  thus  indicated. 

The  writer,  on  behalf  of  the  Gogebic  Range  Mining  As- 
sociation, takes  this  opportunity  of  thanking  the  officials, 
judges,  donors  of  prizes,  and  others  who  did  much  to  make 
this  contest  a  success.  Thanks  is  also  extended  to  the  New- 
port Mining  Company  and  to  the  Oliver  Iron  Mining  Company 
for  the  donation  of  the  services  of  the  Newport  and  Norrie 
bands. 


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LAKE   SUPERIOR   MINING  INSTITUTE  I9I 


MATTERS  OF  INTEREST  TO  OPERATORS  REGARD- 
ING THE  CUYUNA  DISTRICT. 

BY  CARL  ZAPFFE.* 

Although  the  development  of  the  Cuyuna  Iron  Ore  Dis- 
trict is  as  yet  scarcely  begun,  the  operations  at  a  few  of  the 
properties  have  already  revealed  certain  features  that  stamp 
the  district  as  with  a  trade  mark.  Some  of  these  are  merely  in- 
teresting, but  others  are  of  great  imix)rtance,  and  if  they  have 
not  already  given  the  district  great  publicity,  they  surely  ought 
to.  The  purpose  of  this  paper  is  to  present  and  describe  some 
of  these  features. 

In  preparing  this  paper  the  author  has  conferred  with  the 
following  men  of  experience  and  prominence  in  the  Cuyuna 
district :  John  S.  Lutes,  General  Superintendent  of  the  Tod- 
Stambaugh  Company  operations;  Wilbur  Van  Evera,  in 
charge  of  the  Hillcrest  mine  of  the  Hill  Mines  Company;  D. 
C.  Peacock,  consulting  engineer,  Brainerd,  Minnesota,  and  W. 
A.  Barrows,  Jr.,  metallurgist  and  consulting  iron  ore  expert, 
Brainerd,  Minnesota. 

Surface  Conditions. 

The  overburden  is  a  prevailing  sandy  glacial  drift.  Inter- 
tedded  with  the  sand  are  layers  of  clay,  hardpan  or  gravel. 
Boulders  are  scarce  and  are  purely  local  when  abundant,  and 
thus  far  have  not  seriously  interfered  with  or  rendered  costly 
any  shaft  or  stripping  operation.  The  operations  up  to  the 
present  indicate  that  the  sinking  of  a  shaft  through  the  sur- 
face in  the  Cuyuna  district  is  not  difficult. 

To  date  nine  drop  shafts  and  five  lath  shafts  have  been 
sunk  and  six  pits  have  been  opened.  The  wooden  drop  shaft 
at  the  Kennedy  mine  was  the  most  difficult  and  troublesome 
of  all  to  sink  and  the  Adams  concrete  shaft  was  slow  in  drop- 
ping, but  aside  from  these,  so  far  as  the  surface  itself  is  con- 
cerned, no  serious  troubles  have  arisen  anywhere.     The  Ken- 

*G«oloffist,  Bnincrd.  Minn. 


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ig2  MATTERS  OF  INTEREST,  CUYUNA  DISTRIcf 

nedy  shaft,  sunk  in  clay  territory,  encountered  considerable 
water  and  many  runs  of  quicksand;  the  Barrows  shaft,  lo- 
cated in  a  sand  belt,  struck  a  little  quicksand.  The  Brainerd- 
Cuyuna  drop  shaft,  however,  penetrated  25  ft.  of  quicksand 
without  trouble,  and  all  the  other  shafts  had  virtually  no  dif- 
ficulties at  all  or  no  unusual  ones. 

Six  of  the  nine  drop  shafts  are  of  concrete.  One  of  these 
I^enetrates  123  ft.  of  surface,  another  105  ft.,  and  the  other 
four  each  about  63  feet.  The  123  ft.  overburden  is  the  deep- 
est penetrated  by  any  shaft  in  the  district.  Three  other  wood- 
en shafts  are  sunk  in  100  ft.  of  surface.  In  the  productive 
area  the  surface  varies  from  14  to  240  ft.  in  depth,  but  is 
prevailingly  nearer  100  ft.  deep,  and  in  only  two  of  all  the 
operated  properties  is  the  surface  over  100  ft.  deep.  Only 
one  concrete  shaft  was  sunk  in  very  wet  ground.  Reviewing 
the  situation,  surface  conditions  did  not  make  concrete  shafts 
imperative. 

The  best  all-around  record  for  wooden  drop  shaft  sinking 
was  made  at  the  Wilcox  mine.  It  is  located  in  new  territory 
and  was  a  mile  and  a  half  away  from  a  railroad  at  the  be- 
ginning of  operations.  A  shaft  measuring  6  by  16  ft.  inside 
at  the  bottom  was  sunk  through  66  ft.  of  sand  and  gjavel  and 
a  25-ft.  layer  of  clay  resting  on  the  ledge,  in  the  brief  period 
of  three  months — an  average  of  about  one  foot  per  working 
day  of  one,  two  or  three  shifts  at  different  times.  The  Ironton 
lath  shaft  measures  6  by  14  ft.  and  was  sunk  through  about  100 
ft.  of  surface  in  44  days.  The  first  shaft  ever  sunk  in  tlie 
district  was  a  lath  shaft  which  went  rapidly  through  80  ft. 
of  surface  at  the  edge  of  a  large  muskeg  swamp. 

Water. 

The  early  predictions  invariably  were  that  much  water 
would  be  encountered,  but  the  actual  experience  in  nearly  ever\' 
case  has  been  just  the  reverse.  Many  of  the  properties  that 
were  confidently  expected  to  produce  large  flows  have  agree- 
ably surprised  their  operators.  In  several  shafts  the  normal 
flow  during  sinking  was  about  lOO  gallons  per  minute.  Once 
the  shaft  is  in  rock,  water  is  generally  never  struck  until  the 
contact  l)etween  ore  and  wall  rock  is  reached,  or  even  until 
tlie  orelxxly  itself  is  i>artly  developed  by  drifting.  The  flow 
then  increases  by  about  1,000  gallons.  Even  where  the  de- 
ix>sits  are  widely  opened,  the  larger  flows  are  only  from  1,600 
to  2,000  gallons.    The  largest  flow  that  has  ever  been  encount- 


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LAKE   SUPERIOR    MINING   INSTITUTE  I93 

ered  at  any  one  time  is  about  3,000  gallons,  and  that  was  due, 
in  some  measure,  to  the  very  rapid  opening  of  several  lenses 
of  ore.  Nothing  is  now  known  that  need  cause  any  worrying 
over  heavy  pumping. 

Pit  Operations. 

The  earlier  ore  deposits  found  were  all  long  and  narrow, 
and  therefore  stripping  was  not  considered;  but  in  the  course 
of  time  wider  and  deeper  deposits  were  found  and  today  there 
are  six  pits,  other  companies  are  about  to  begin  stripping,  and 
for  still  other  properties  it  is  surely  feasible.  Four  of  the  six 
pits  were  dug  entirely  with  steam  shovels,  one  was  dug  largely 
by  hydraulic  methods  and  finished  with  steam  sliovels,  and 
another  is  now  following  this  latter  plan.  In  the  first  pit  ever 
dug,  the  Pennington,  the  total  surface  moved  was  1,350,000 
yards.  The  pit  is  about  1,000  ft.  long  and  600  ft.  wide  at  the 
crest.  The  entire  operation  was  cramped  for  room  and  in- 
volved heavy  grades  and  switchbacks;  nevertheless,  in  the 
remarkably  short  time  of  180  days,  working  double  shift,  two 
shovels  moved  1,250,000  yards, — a  rate  of  104,000  yards  per 
month  per  shovel.  In  the  following  87  days  these  shovels 
moved  an  additional  100,000  yards  of  dirt  and  shipped  100,- 
000  tons  of  ore.  The  overburden  was  virtually  all  sand,  a  few 
small  layers  of  interbedded  clay  helping  to  hold  up  the  banks 
on  a  slope  a  little  flatter  than  i  to  i. 

Recently  the  western  half  of  the  Armour  No.  i  property 
has  been  stripped.  This  pit  is  about  600  ft.  in  diameter  at 
the  crest.  This  stripping  was  possible  because  it  could  be 
carried  on  in  part  through  the  adjoining  Pennington  pit,  and 
under  the  following  conditions — only  part  of  the  stripping  to 
be  dumped  on  a  high  dump,  a  sandy  overburden,  well-drained 
ground  yet  prevailing  wet  weather — one  shovel,  working  dou- 
ble shift,  in  148  days  moved  772,000  yards — a  rate  of  154,- 
000  yards  per  month.  These  are  performances  seldom  equalled 
anywhere. 

Hydraulic  stripping  is  an  innovation  in  Lake  Superior  min- 
ing. It  was  first  undertaken  at  the  Rowe  mine,  and  is  now 
also  proving  successful  at  the  Hillcrest,  both  mines  of  the 
Cuyuna  district.  At  the  Rowe  mine,  after  various  experiments 
on  a  small  scale,  a  12-in.  centrifugal  pump  belt-connected  to 
a  250  h.p.  motor,  was  found  satisfactory  and  installed.  This 
unit  was  set  on  a  specially  built  platform  mounted  on  six  4^/^- 
in.  drill  Ciisings  previously  sunk  to  ledge.     At  the  Hillcrest 


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194  MATTERS  OF  INTEREST,  CUYUNA  DISTRICT 

mine  the  pump  is  directly  connected  to  a  300  h.p.  motor,  and 
this  unit  is  set  on  an  old  railroad  flat-car  as  a  platform  mount- 
ed on  six  6-in.  drill  casings.  As  the  overburden  is  removed, 
from  time  to  time  this  platform  is  lowered  on  these  pipe-guides 
until  the  desired  depth  is  reached.  The  centrifugal  pump  is 
set  near  the  end  of  the  platform  and  a  12-in.  suction  over- 
hangs. The  fresh  water  used  is  pumped  from  a  lake  nearby 
through  a  12-  or  a  14-in.  feed-pipe  and  is  delivered  to  the 
pit  through  a  33^-  or  a  4-in.  giant  nozzle  under  a  pressure  of 
from  50  to  80  pounds.  This  pump,  also  electrically  driven,  is 
installed  at  a  lake  and  delivers  from  3,000  to  4,000  gallons 
per  minute.  The  water  is  directed  against  the  banks  of  the 
pit,  and  the  material  as  it  washes  down  from  the  banks  flows 
over  to  the  platform,  where  the  centrifugal  pump  sucks  up  the 
dirt-laden  waters.  The  discharge  is  from  a  quarter  to  one- 
half  mile  or  so  away  on  tow  ground. 

This  method  works  admirably  in  sandy  or  loamy  soil.  Or- 
dinarily a  property  would  not  be  entirely  stripped  by  hydraulic 
methods,  because  clay  cannot  be  moved  advantageously.  Stones 
larger  than  five  inches  in  diameter  cannot  he  easily  sucked  up 
and  carried  away  in  the  discharge  and  must  be  moved  by  other 
methods.  A  steam  shovel  must  invariably  be  used  to  finish 
the  job,  just  as  the  wheelbarrow  and  hand  shovel  must  fol- 
low and  finish  the  job  where  a  steam  shovel  is  the  prime  mov- 
er. A  unit  such  as  now  used  is  capable  under  favorable  con- 
ditions, of  moving  about  4,000  yards  of  dirt  in  a  22-hour 
working  day.  The  maximum  yardage  per  month  ever  at- 
tained in  this  district  was  102,000  yards,  at  the  Rowe  mine. 
At  the  Hillcrest  mine  the  average  per  month  for  the  first  three 
months  of  operation  has  been  70,974  yards. 

The  essentials  for  a  hydraulic  operation  in  the  Cuyuna 
district  are  as  follows:  (i)  a  sandy  soil  or  overburden,  (2) 
a  convenient  fresh  water  supply,  (3)  a  convenient  and  suit- 
able place  to  discharge  dirt,  and  (4)  electric  power.  The 
method  is  especially  adapted  to  the  Cuyuna  district  because 
electric  power  is  so  convenient  and  so  abundant.  A  three- 
phase  6a-cycle  3 5, 000- volt  hydraulic-generated  current  is  read- 
ily available  at  reasonable  rates  at  almost  any  place  in  the 
producing  area  of  the  district.  This  is  stepped  down  at  the 
mine  to  2,200  volts  or  any  voltage  desired. 

The  Concentrating  Ores. 

In  certain  portions  of  the  district  there  are  ores  that  can- 


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LAKE   SUPERIOR    MINING   INSTITUTE  1 95 

not  be  considered  usable  unless  beneficiated.  These  ores  are 
called  "concentrating  ores/'  and  the  process  of  beneficiation 
is  washing.  Thus  far  only  non-Bessemer  ores  have  been 
placed  in  this  class.  These  ores  in  their  natural  state  represent 
a  product  unfinished  by  Mother  Nature. 

Cuyuna  ores  developed  from  banded,  ferniginous  cherts 
and  cherty  carbonates  by  the  leaching  of  the  chert  and  the 
carbon  dioxide.  The  bands  are  mixtures  of  minerals,  and 
the  predominating  mineral  determines  the  name  of  the  bands, 
thus  some  are  described  as  being  chert  bands,  iron-oxide  bands, 
carbonate  bands,  and  .so  on.  The  pore  spaces  in  the  iron- 
oxide  bands  contain  some  silica  in  the  form  of  chert,  both  as 
a  filler  and  as  a  binder,  and,  similarly,  the  chert  bands  contain 
some  -iron-oxide  more  or  less  firmly  attached  to  the  grains  of 
chert.  In  nature  the  concentration  of  the  ferruginous  cherts 
takes  place  principally  by  waters  leaching  the  silica,  and  the 
cherty  bands  generally  break  down  first.  In  places  the  chert 
has  been  incompletely  removed  and  remains  in  a  disintegrated 
condition,  as  a  fine  powder,  which  must  be  removed  mechan- 
ically before  the  iron-oxide  is  usable.  It  can  be  removed  me- 
chanically by  washing  the  ore  with  log  washers  and  by  jigging. 

It  is  a  logical  deduction  that  if  natural  processes  of  con- 
centration have  been  incomplete,  then  the  chert  in  the  iron- 
oxide  bands  remains  cemented  in  the  pore  spaces,  and  it  is  this 
chert  which  accounts  for  a  siliceous  ore  after  the  loose  or 
disintegrated  chert  has  been  removed  mechanically  by  wash- 
ing. This  class  of  iron-ore  formation  occurs  in  all  parts  of  an 
ore  deposit,  and  in  some  deposits  it  is  very  abundant.  Some- 
times it  is  very  finely  banded  and  sometimes  very  coarse.  In 
places  the  banding  has  been  obliterated  and  the  powdery  chert 
and  the  iron-oxide  occur  in  little  pits  and  as  patches.  When 
dry  the  chert  is  like  a  flour,  and  from  some  hand  specimens 
can  be  shaken  like  fine  sand  or  dust.  Again,  niuch  of  it  is 
so  securely  attached  to  the  particles  of  iron-oxide  that  not 
even  fine  crushing  will  loosen  it. 

In  washing  this  material  it  is  not  alone  the  removal  of 
the  chert  that  must  be  considered,  but  also  the  character  of 
the  ore  that  results.  Washing  will  remove  the  external,  de- 
tached and  disintegrated  chert.  If  the  ore  is  first  finely  ground 
more  chert  can  be  removed  but  then  the  fineness  of  the  ore 
detracts  from  its  value.  Ore  low  in  iron,  if  left  coarse,  will 
still  be  siliceous  after  washing.  If  originally  low  in  iron  be- 
cause of  the  abundant  firmly  attached  chert  present,  ^  well 


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196  MATTERS  OF  INTEREST,  CUYUNA  DISTRICT 

as  the  loose  disintegrated  chert,  then  washing"  can  raise  the 
iron  content  by  only  a  small  percentage  at  the  best.  The  ir- 
regularities in  the  occurrence  of  such  material  in  the  de- 
ix)sit  greatly  modify  the  problem. 

The  Experiment  Station  of  the  School  of  Mines  of  the 
University  of  Minnesota  has  just  published  Bulletin  No.  3, 
which  gives  preliminary  results  of  a  large  number  of  wash- 
ing tests  on  small  samples  of  Cuyuna  ores.  The  report  shows 
that  in  general  the  material  worked  resulted  in  a  25  per  cent, 
loss  in  material  and  a  7  per  cent,  gain  in  iron  units.  The 
Inland  Steel  Company  has  just  put  into  operation  a  small 
and  simple  w^ashing  plant  at  its  Thompson  mine,  and  the 
Pittsburgh  Steel  Ore  Company  a  more  elaborate  one  at  its 
Rowe  mine.  Even  the  crudest  washing  experiments  have 
shown  that  the  percentage  of  iron  can  be  raised.  Neverthe- 
less, the  W'Ork  in  this  field  must  still  be  considered  largely  ex- 
perimental. The  operators  have,  it  is  true,  at  least  made 
usuable  for  themselves  certain  material  which  would  other- 
wise be  waste,  and  perhaps  also  troublesome.  However,  it 
must  be  borne  in  mind  that  the  companies  now  concentrating 
ores  are  using  the  concentrates  in  their  own  furnaces,  and 
therefore  it  would  seem  that  the  question  is  not  whether  or 
not  Cuyuna  ores  can  be  concentrated,  but  whether  a  set  of 
circumstances  justifies  the  effort. 

The  Manganiferous  Iron  Ores. 

Probably  no  feature  of  the  Cuyuna  district  has  been  so 
much  heralded  abroad  as  its  manganese.  Surely  no  other  fea- 
ture has  been  so  grossly  misrepresented  and  so  little  under- 
stood. The  purpose  of  the  following  discussion  is  to  present 
some  of  the  facts. 

There  seems  to  have  been  a  certain  charm  cast  about  the 
word  manganese,  what  with  war  prices  for  ferro-manganese 
hovering  around  a  mark  like  $105  per  ton,  and  certain  Cuyuna 
properties  containing  virtually  nothing  but  manganiferous  ma- 
terial, the  owners  or  operators  of  such  material  are  most  anxi- 
ous to  find  a  market  for  it. 

Nearly  every  North  Range  iron  ore  deposit  contains  man- 
ganiferous material,  in  contrast  with  the  South  Range  de- 
l>osits,  which  contain  uniformily  less  than  i  per  cent,  of  man- 
ganese. This  material  occurs  in  all  positions  in  the  orebod- 
ies,  in  some  deposits  on  the  footwall  only,  in  others  on  the 
hanging  wall  only,  in  others  interbedded  with  the  iron  ore, 


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LAKE   SUPERIOR   MINING   INSTITUTE  1 97 

and  in  others  constituting  the  entire  deposit.  Some  forma- 
tion samples  have  averaged  over  50  per  cent,  in  manganese. 
Where  the  manganese  runs  high  the  ore  shows  a  tendency  to 
be  nodular;  but  otherwise  the  structure  is  like  that  of  man- 
ganese-free iron  ore. 

Of  all  the  Cuyuna  properties  that  have  ever  been  operated 
manganiferous  ores  have  been  shipped  from  but  three.  In 
1914  the  Iroquois  Iron  Company  shipped  about  2,000  tons 
averaging  about  10  per  cent,  in  manganese  that  had  been 
stockpiled  during  the  winter  at  their  Armour  No.  2  mine, 
now  operated  by  the  Inland  Steel  Company.  This  manganif- 
erous  ore  occurred  in  the  midst  of  their  iron-ore  orebody.  The 
Iron  Mountain  Mining  Company  in  1914  shipped  about  600 
tons  for  experimental  purposes.  This  property  is  now  being 
opened  on  a  larger  scale  than  heretofore  and  a  few  cars  are 
being  loaded  every  day  as  the  underground  work  is  extended. 
Practically  the  entire  deposit  is  manganiferous  material.  The 
Cuyuna-Mille  Lacs  mine  of  the  American  Manganese  Man- 
ufacturing Company  shipped  25,000  tons  in  1913,  51,000  tons 
in  1 914  and  expects  to  ship  40,000  tons  or  more  this  year. 
This  property,  so  far  as  developed  and  known,  contains  only 
manganiferous  ores.  These  ores  have  been  shipped  to  the 
Standard  Iron  Company,  Ontario ;  the  Illinois  Steel  Company, 
Chicago;  the  Dunbar  Furnaces,  Bethlehem  Steel  Company, 
Pittsburgh  Steel  Company  and  Cambria  Steel  Company,  all  of 
Pennsylvania;  the  Lake  Superior  Iron  &  Chemical  Company 
at  Ashland,  Wisconsin,  and  its  various  plants  in  Michigan, 
and  probably  to  other  companies  also. 

Because  of  the  sale  these  Cuyuna-Mille  Lacs  ores  have 
found,  they  may  well  be  considered  more  fully.  The  first  few 
carloads  shipped  averaged  from  31  to  33  per  cent,  in  man- 
ganese and  25  to  28  per  cent,  in  iron,  the  combined  metallic 
units  being  about  58  per  cent.  It  is  doubtful,  however,  if  so 
high  a  manganese  content  could  be  long  maintained  without 
depleting  the  tonnage.  The  ores  of  such  grade  have  to  be 
selected  carefully  and  slowly  from  the  larger  mass  of  lower 
grades,  which  makes  the  cost  of  production  high.  The  op- 
erators now  offer  their  ores  in  four  grades,  A,  B,  C,  and  D, 
which,  as  shown  in  the  1914  yearbook  of  the  Lake  Superior 
Iron  Ore  Association,  analyze  as  follows; 


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198 


MATTERS  OF  INTEREST,  CUYUNA  DISTRICT 


g 

IRON 

PHOSPHORUS 

MANGANESE 

SILICA 

MOIS- 
TURE 

0 

Dried 

Nftturml 

Dri«l 

Nfttural 

Dried 

Nfttoial 

Dried 

Nfttonl 

A 
B 
C 
D 

37.13 
39.77 
39.87 
40.00 

33.417 

35.296 

35.708 

35.80 

.106 
.107 
.082 
.071 

.0972 
.0950 
.0734 
.0637 

23.02 
17.44 
12.84 
10.07 

20.718 

15.478 

11.500 

9.033 

9.00 
10.36 
15.80 
21.35 

8.100 

9.195 

14.160 

19.151 

10.00 
11.25 
10.44 
10.30 

The  basis  for  this  classification  is  manganese  content,  the 
A  grade  containing  20  to  25  per  cent,  manganese,  the  B 
grade  15  to  20  per  cent.,  the  C  grade  10  to  15  per  cent,  and 
the  D  grade  10  per  cent,  and  under.  The  natural  metallic 
content  of  the  A  grade  is  54.  i  per  cent. ;  of  the  B  grade  50.7 
per  cent. ;  of  the  C  grade  47.2  per  cent.,  and  the  D  grade  44.8 
per  cent.  The  phosphorus  is  relatively  low  in  all  four  grades, 
Ixit  especially  so  in*  the  D  grade  or  low-manganese  ores,  and 
the  silica  increases  rapidly  with  the  decrease  in  the  total  met- 
allic units. 

It  is  important  to  state  that  in  most  instances  the  buyer 
has  always  specified  low  phosphorus  and  low  silica,  and  the 
largest  orders  filled  have  called  for  the  lower-grade  manga- 
niferous  ore.  This  necessitates  mixing  some  high-manganese 
ores  with  the  low-manganese  ores  in  order  to  keep  the  silica 
down.  Presumably  these  low-manganese  ores  found  a  sale 
because  they  had  a  low  ph6sphorus  content.  It  therefore  re- 
solved into  this,  that  aT  J  per  cent,  manganese  ore  was  salable 
provided  the  silica  an<f 'phosphorus  contents  were  sufficiently 
low,  and  to  attain  the  desired  percentages  of  phosphorus  and 
silica  the  operator  had  to  draw  upon  an  ample  quantity  of 
high-manganese  ore  for  mixing  purposes.  That  then  would 
seem  to  be  the  "yardstick"  with  which  other  prospective  op- 
erators in  manganiferous  ores  must  measure. 

There  is  in  the  district  an  almost  unlimited  quantity  of 
manganiferous  ore  averaging  from  6  per  cent,  to  20  per  cent 
in  manganese  but  high  in  silica  and  phosphorus,  but  this  ma- 
terial appears  to  be  used  in  too  «nall  quantities  to  merit  con- 
sideration here. 

There  seems  to  be  an  opinion  current,  at  least  locally, 
that  the  European  war  has  caused  a  much  increased  demand 
for  American  manganese  and  manganiferous  iron  ores  and 


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LAKE   SUPERIOR   MINING   INSTITUTE  1 99 

that  the  ores  from  such  manganiferous  deposits  as  those  of 
the  Cuyuna  should  be  in  great  demand  and  that  the  mines 
should  be  worked  to  the  very  limit.  But  thus  far  operations 
at  the  Cuyuna  manganiferous  deposits  have  been  slack.  The 
manganese  ores  used  in  the  United  States  are  nearly  all  im- 
ported from  India,  Russia  and  Brazil,  and  the  present  reduc- 
tion in  tonnage  from  India  and  Russia  is  partly  overcome  by 
increased  imports  from  Brazil.  The  manganiferous  iron  ores 
used  in  the  United  States  are  largely  from  the  Lake  Superior 
region,  and  in  1914  amounted  to  445,827  tons.  According  to 
the  reports  issued  by  the  United  States  Geological  Survey, 
only  about  15  per  cent,  of  this  tonnage,  or  about  60,000  tons, 
contained  more  than  15  per  cent,  of  manganese  and  this  went 
into  low-grade  ferro-manganese.  This  sort  of  material  is 
rather  common  in  certain  localities  in  each  of  the  various  Lake 
Superior  iron-producing  districts,  and,  more  important,  little 
is  ever  sold  on  the  open  market.  This  suggests  that  operators 
without  furnace  affiliations  will  have  to  create  their  own  mar- 
kets for  their  ores.  Again,  in  1914,  the  marketed  tonnage  of 
spiegeleisen  decreased  by  25  per  cent,  and  imports  increased 
from  100  to  3,000  tons,  and  spiegeleisen  is  the  very  product 
for  which  Cuyuna  manganiferous  ores  could  best  be  used. 
This  spiegeleisen  was  largely  made  at  tidewater  points  in  New 
Jersey.  As  a  result  certain  manganese  deposits  in  Virginia 
are  now  being  investigated.  It  develops  then  that  imported 
manganiferous  material  at  tidewater  points  is  more  desired  by 
furnaces  without  mines  of  their  own  than  Lake  Superior  ores 
which,  by  comparison,  are  low  ,i'i  manganese  and  which  have 
a  long  expensive  rail  haul  to  the  ,\tl  atic  border. 

This  then  leads  to  the  question  o*  prices  paid  for  ores  in- 
volving different  unit  prices  for  both  iron  and  manganese  and 
penalties  for  high  silica  and  phosphorus,  all  varying  widely; 
but  this  is  a  matter  outside  the  scope  of  this  paper.  Market 
prices  and  market  points  and  consumption  have  been  men- 
tioned only  because  they  are  important  factors  in  determining 
production. 


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200  CONCENTRATION  OF  CUYUNA  ORES 


CONCENTRATION  OF  CUYUNA  ORES. 

BY  EDMUND  NEWTON,  MINNEAPOLIS,  MINN.* 

At  the  present  time  there  are  two  companies  oper- 
ating* iron  ore  concentration  plants  on  the  Cuyuna  Range — 
The  Inland  Steel  Company  at  the  Thompson  mine,  Crosby, 
and  the  Pittsburgh  Steel  Ore  Company  at  the  Rowe  mine, 
Riverton.  The  former  plant  began  operations  in  June,  191 5; 
the  latter  has  been  running  not  over  a  month.  Naturally  it  is 
too  early  to  describe  the  practice  in  these  plants  since  certain 
changes  may  be  required  owing  to  the  many  new  problems 
involved. 

This  paper  will  be  limited  to  the  consideration  of  the  char- 
acter of  the  iron  ore  material  which  is  below  shipping  grade 
and  certain  technical  possibilities  and  limitations  involved  in 
any  attempt  to  increase  the  iron  content  of  the  same.  The 
Minnesota  School  of  Mines  Experiment  Station  has  been  mak- 
ing a  general  study  of  various  types  of  low-grade  Cuyuna 
ores  with  this  in  view.  A  number  of  large  samples  have  been 
collected  and  much  experimental  work  done.  It  is  not  claimeil 
that  these  samples  represent  all  the  types  of  low-grade  ma- 
terial, but  the  information  obtained  from  tests  already  made 
gives  a  fair  idea  of  the  behavior  of  ore  of  this  class.  The 
results  of  the  above  mentioned  work  and  the  conclusions  that 
can  be  drawn  at  the  present  time  are  herewith  presented. 

The  School  of  Mines  Experiment  Station  has  collected 
samples  of  manganiferous  iron  ores  of  several  types  from  the 
Cuyuna  Range  and  is  studying  the  possibilities  of  beneficiation. 
The  results  obtained  offer  little  or  no  encouragement  No 
definite  statements  can  be  made  at  the  present  time. 

Character  of  Cuyuna  Ores  and  the  Possibilities  of 
Concentration. 

In  considering  the  application  of  concentration  process  to 
the  low-grade  iron  bearing  material,  it  is  essential  to  be  fa- 

*HfitaUurgiMt  of  Experiment  Station,  MinneaoU  School  of  Min««« 


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LAKE   Sl/PERiOR   MINING   iNSTITUTE  201 

miliar  with  the  physical  and  chemical  characteristics  of  the  im- 
purity to  be  removed.  Chemical  analyses  merely  indicate  the 
amount  of  impurity  and  give  no  clue  to  the  possibilities  of 
removal. 

A  clear  idea  of  the  origin  of  the  Cuyuna  iron  ores  is  of 
great  assistance  in  explaining  many  important  points.  It  is 
not  intended,  here,  to  discuss  the  merits  of  the  geological 
theories  involved  nor  to  offer  any  new  explanation,  but  merely 
to  present  the  generally  accepted  principles  and  emphasize 
those  principles  which  have  direct  bearing  on  the  concentra- 
tion problems.  The  original  material  of  the  iron  formation 
was  probably  a  cherty  iron  carbonate.  The  development  of 
the  ore  from  this  material  took  place  in  two  stages.  The 
cherty  iron  carbonate  wras  first  altered  to  ferruginous  chert  by 
oxidation  and  hydration  of  the  iron  minerals,  and  second  the 
silica  was  leached  out  of  the  ferruginous  chert  by  the  action  of 
alkaline  water.  The  surface  waters  circulating  downward 
through  the  formation  were  responsible  for  these  changes.  This 
leaching  of  the  silica  Jias  been  more  active  in  the  upper  por- 
tions of  the  formation  and  especially  along  certain  channels 
which  allowed  of  more  active  flow.  Where  the  leaching  of 
the  silica  has  been  nearly  complete,  the  orebodies  consist  of 
relatively  high  grade  ore.  The  low  grade  material  represents 
various  intermediate  stages  in  which  leaching  has  been  more 
or  less  incomplete.  Nearly  all  gradations  from  relatively  un- 
altered ferruginous  chert  to  high  grade  ore  may  be  seen  in 
properties  already  developed. 

The  following  is  a  summary  of  the  average  chemical  com- 
position of  the  material  of  the  iron  formation  in  the  several 
progressive  stages  of  alteration  from  cherty  iron  carbonate  to 
merchantable  ore : 

Table  i. 


Cherty  Iron  Ferruginous  Hard 

Sandy 

Merch. 

Carbonate. 

Chert. 

Cherty  Ores. 

Ore. 

Ore. 

Per  cent  Iron  (dry) . .  .27.87 

32.76 

38.85 

47.72 

66.77 

Per  cent,  silica  (dry). 38.10 

47.49 

37.68 

22.29 

10.01 

Per  cent.  Phos.  (dry) 

.... 

.12 

.27 

.17 

Per  cent.  Alum,   (dry) 

.62 

1.53 

3.06 

3.00 

Per  cent.  L.onI. (dry)  .14.08 

3.41 

5.56 

6.18 

7.00 

The  above  table  shows  the  relation  between  the  increase  of 
iron  content  and  the  decrease  of  silica.  Silica  occurs  in  these 
transitional  phases  as  "free"  or  visible  silica  and  microscopic 
silica  intimately  associated  with  the  iron  oxide.  The  occur- 
ence of  silica  in  these  two  forms  and  the  relative  amounts  of 


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202  CONCENTRATION  OF  CUYUNA  ORES 

each  remaining"  at  the  several  progressive  stages  of  the  leaching 
process  is  the  key  to  the  possibilities  of  mechanically  increasing 
the  iron  content. 

Ferruginous  chert  usually  consists  of  silicious  hydrated 
iron  oxide,  interbanded  with  hard  unaltered  chert.  The  ma- 
terial referred  to  in  Table  i  as  "hard  cherty  ore"  is  very  sim- 
ilar to  ferruginous  chert  with  the  exception  that  some  silica  has 
already  been  removed  by  leaching.  Figure  i  is  an  ideal  rtp- 
resentation  of  the  banded  structure  of  "hard  cherty  ore."  Tlie 
entire  material  carries  38.85  per  cent,  iron  and  37.68  per  cent, 
silica  in  the  dried  sample.  The  ore  bands  appear  to  the  naked 
eye  to  be  high  grade  ore,  but  contain  only  47.00  per  cent, 
iron  and  26.25  per  cent,  silica.    The  chert  bands  are  relatively 


/>.  s  47,C0% 


/v.  •  99MX 


SiOg*  IOOjOoX 


F/6.    /. 

WEAL  srmucTURe  or  hard  cHEmrr  om£ 

SHOm/^  ALTSRHATB  0AMDS  Of  SfUCEOUS  if90N0XIO£ 
AND  NEARLY  PURE   C^MRTY   9iUCA 

hard  pure  cherty  silica.  These  chert  bands  represent  the  "free" 
or  visible  silica  mentioned  alx)ve.  There  is  26.25  per  cent, 
silica  in  the  ore  bands.  It  is  microscopic  or  "intimately  asso- 
ciated" silica,  hence  not  visible  to  the  naked  eye. 

The  small  circle  in  the  upper  ore  band  represents  material 
from  which  a  thin  section  was  made  for  observation  under  the 
microscope.  The  large  illustration,  Fig.  2,  is  a  photo-micro- 
graph of  this  thin  section,  magnified  45  diameters.  The  white 
portions  are  "intimately  associated"  silica.  The  dark  portions 
are  iron  oxide.  It  is  readily  seen  that  this  form  of  silica  is  in 
very  intimate  mechanical  association  and  quite  evenly  distribut- 
ed throughout  the  groundmass  of  iron  oxide.  By  comparison 
with  the  scale  it  is  readily  seen  how  minute  the  majority  of 


Digitized  byVjOOQlC 


LAKE   SUPERIOR   MINING   INSTITUTE  203 

these  particles  are.    Practically  all  are  less  than  o.oi  of  an  inch 
in  diameter  and  many  are  less  than  o.ooi  of  an  inch. 

The  further  leaching  of  "hard  cherty  ore"  produces  a  lat- 
er transitional  stage  which  we  have  termed  "sandy  ore."  (See 
Table  i).  The  chert  bands  have  become  disintegrated  from 
the  action  of  the  surface  waters,  resulting  in  finely  divided 
powdery  silica  which  is  ordinarily  spoken  of  as  sand.  Some  of 
this  has  gone  into  solution  and  has  been  removed.  The  al- 
kaline surface  waters,  at  the  same  time  have  apparently  dis- 
solved some  of  the  intimately  associated  silica  of  the  ore  bands 
making  this  material  more  porous  and  naturally  higher  in  iron 
content. 


/>tmv  OjtfOM  <^^  '  ^^       _     ^  <#*  "^^^mmmnLY  4mpcM7EO 


KMMsmmm  MTunL  mm 

FI6.Z 
PHOTomtiCRoemAPH  0r  omS'BANO 

SMOm^iNe  ttmmATKLY    AWSOCMTMO  StUCA 

NO  StLiCA    ViSiBLB  TO  NAHttO  MYK 

MAONirfeO    4S  DtAM, 

tffON  AT.OOX 

tNTmAT£LY  ASSOOATMO   SIUCA      Z0.ZS% 

ORt£D  AT  2/2*J=: 

Illustration,  Fig.  3,  is  an  ideal  representation  of  "sandy 
ore."  It  shows  the  same  bancled  structure  as  the  "hard  cher- 
ty ore"  but  with  the  bands  of  chert  disintegrated  to  fine  sand. 
The  entire  material  carries  47.72  per  cent,  iron  and  22.29 
per  cent,  silica  in  the  dried  sample.  The  ore  bands  have  in- 
creased to  54.83  per  cent,  iron,  with  11.02  per  cent,  silica. 

From  the  above  statements  it  will  readily  be  seen  how 
directly  the  physical  character  of  silica  affects  the  possibilities 


Digitized  byVjOOQlC 


204 


CONCENTRATION  OF  CUYUNA  ORES 


of  concentration.  It  is  evidently  impossible  to  remove  inti- 
mately assocated  silica  by  any  economic  mechanical  process. 
The  visible  silica  can  be  removed  by  log  washing  or  jigging, 
aMd  the  grade  of  the  product  produced  by  these  methods 
will  depend  upon  the  amount  of  intimately  associated  silica 
which  has  been  left  in  the  ore  bands  after  leaching.  This 
depends  not  only  upon  the  amount  which  has  been  subse- 
quently removed  by  the  surface  waters,  but  also  upon  the 
original  condition  of  sedimentation.  We  may  summarize 
the  conditions  which  effect  the  possibilities  of  concentration  as 
follows : 

I.     The  relative  amounts  of  the  two  forms  of  silica  which 
were  laid  down  in  the  original  banded  cherty  carbonate. 


1 


n6.  3. 

iosAL  srmucTUR^  or  Isandy  ore'^ 

SNOmMG  ALTERNATe  BANDS  Of  SiLfCEOUS  fPH>NOJCM>g 
AJ^O  BAN09     or    AiEAMLY  PUmg   0tUCA    SAAiO. 
THIS  m£PR£S£NTS    A    LATER    STAffM  /V  TNM  LEACHIN6 
OF  MATERIAL  SmtiLAR  TO  rmORE  /. 

2.  The  relative  amounts  of  each  form  of  silica  which 
remain  after  the  several  stages  of  the  leaching  process. 

It  is  generally  accepted  tliat  the  cherty  iron  carbonate  was 
usually  laid  down  as  a  banded  material  consisting,  alter- 
nately of  silicious  iron  carbonate  and  cherty  silica.  Each 
band  representing  different  conditions  of  sedimentation.  There 
was  no  structural  change  in  passing  to  the  ferruginous  chert 
other  than  the  development  of  pore  space.  Consequently, 
the  conditions  of  sedimentation  might  have  been  such,  that 
before  the  leaching  of  the  surface  waters  began,  some  fer- 
ruginous chert  would  contain  more  intimately  associated  silica 
in  tlie  ore  bajids  than  others.  A  ferruginous  chert  composed 
of  relatively  wide  bands  would,  after  leaching,  be  more  read- 
ily concentrated  mechanically  than  ferruginous  chert  of  rela- 
tively narrow  bands. 

In  order  to  approximate  the  relative  amounts  of  each 


Digitized  byVjOOQlC 


LAKE   SUPEllIOR   MINING   INSTITUTE 


20S 


class  of  silica  which  is  removed  during  the  leaching  pro- 
cesses, five  typical  samples  representing  the  various  stages  of 
leaching  have  been  selected.  The  amount  of  silica  intimately 
associated  with  the  ore  bands  has  been  computed  quantita- 
tively and  the  results  represented  by  illustration  in  Fig.  4,  It 
is  generally  accepted  that  only  silica  is  removed  during  the 
leaching  process.  The  diagram  has  been  constructed  accord- 
ingly. One  hundred  units  of  hard  cherty  ore,  carrying  41.43 
per  cent,  iron  and  40.18  per  cent,  total  silica  (after  correcting 


I-  70 

X 

5 


f»- 


JO  - 


to  - 


/Afr/M^T£LY     ASSOCIATED    S^UCA   R£MA/NiV6 


/ROf^     0XID£ 
PLi/S 


4Jttf 


50     50*7 


SLOT 


F/6.  4 

iMSMAht   SHOmfiS    mELAT/VE   AMOUNTS    Of    TWO    FO^MS    Of^  StUCA 
^EMAf^/NG    AT   DtFFERENT    STAGES    Of    LEACHiN6. 

for  removal  of  loss  on  ignition)  were  used  as  the  basis.  The 
four  other  samples  of  ore  contained  46.42,  47.95,  50.67,  and 
51.97  per  cent.  iron.  They  represent  the  material  derived  by 
progressive  stages  of  leaching.  The  upper  portion  of  the 
curve  shows  the  total  amount  of  silica  removed  by  leaching. 
With  the  actual  amounts  of  iron  oxide  and  minor  constituents 
represented  on  the  lower  portion  of  the  curve  remaining  con- 
stant, the  intervening  area  indicates  the  proportional  amounts 
of  "free"  or  visible  silica  and  the  intimately  associated  silica 


Digitized  byVjOOQlC 


206  CONCENTRATION  OF  CUYUNA  ORES 

which  remain  in  the  material  at  any  particular  stage.  It  is 
interesting  to  note  that  the  intimately  associated  silica  appears 
to  decrease  more  rapidly  than  the  free  or  visible  silica.  Suffi- 
cient evidence  is  not  at  hand  to  accept  this  statement  as  final. 

Results  of  Actual  Tests — The  School  of  Mines  Experi- 
ment Station  has  issued  a  bulletin  entitled  "Preliminary  con- 
centration tests  on  Cuyuna  ores."  This  bulletin  describes  in 
detail  the  manner  in  which  the  tests  were  made  and  the 
full  details  of  the  tests.  In  this  paper  it  does  not  seem  desir- 
able to  take  up  the  work  in  this  detailed  manner,  but  rather 
to  include  the  results  of  certain  typical  tests  and  discuss  the 
general  features.  The  following  samples,  numbered  i,  2,  3, 
and  4  were  taken  from  one  mine  on  the  North  Range.  Log 
washer  tests  were  made  on  samples  i,  3,  and  4;  sample  2 
was  of  such  character  that  a  jigging  test  seemed  to  be  de- 
sirable. 

The  Experiment  Station  log  washing  plant  is  sim- 
ilar in  design  to  those  in  actual  operation  on  the  Western 
Mesabi  Range.  It  consists  of  an  8-ft.  log  washer,  standard 
size  concentrating  tables,  and  accessory  apparatus.  It  has  a 
crude  ore  capacity  of  30  tons  in  ten  hours.  The  jigging  plant 
consists  of  a  three-cell  Woodbury  unit  similar  to  the  stand- 
ard machines  of  this  type.  It  has  a  crude  ore  capacity  of 
approximately  one  ton  per  hour.  The  following  are  the  re- 
sults on  the  tests : 

Ore  No.  i. 

Description — Sandy  in  appearance.  Lumps  of  relatively 
low  grade  dark  brown  to  black  hydrated  hematite.  Some 
cherty  silica  adhering  to  the  coarser  lumps. 

Screen  Analysis — 


Per  cent. 

On 

Per  cent. 

Per  cent. 

Iron 

Mesh. 

by  Wgt. 

Fe. 

by  Wgt. 

1 

8.79 

37.65 

7.62 

2 

15.51 

46.27 

16.53 

4 

22.09 

50.31 

25.60 

10 

22.32 

51.43 

26.45 

20 

8.82 

49.75 

10.11 

40 

4.84 

46.50 

5.18 

80 

2.82 

42.47 

2.76 

100 

1.35 

35.07 

1.10 

100 

13.46 

15.01 

4.65 

Thru 

Unsized  100.00  43.41  100.00 

Discussion — Ai>proximately  10  per  cent,  of  the  total  silica 
is  in  the  form  of  particles  of  chert  adhering  to  the  coarser 


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LAKE   SUPERIOR    MINING   INSTITUTE  207 

lumps  of  iron  oxide;  silica  in  the  form  of  sand  represents 
approximately  35  per  cent,  and  silica  intimately  associated 
with  the  particles  of  iron  oxide,  55  per  cent.  Judging  from 
the  screen  analysis  and  an  examination  of  the  physical  char- 
acteristics, log  washing  would  produce  a  concentrate  carrying 
not  over  50  per  cent.  iron.  Jigging  would  give  substantially 
the  same  results. 

Log  Washer  Test;  Summary  of  Results — 

Crude  Ore.  Concentrate.  Tailing. 

Per  cent,  by  weight   100.00  83.38  16.62 

Weight  in   pounds    16,592.72  13,838.58  2,754.14 

Per  cent,  iron   43.41  49.07  14.94 

Per  cent,  silica   29.17  19.73  76.57 

Per  cent,  phosphorus   .239  .273  .067 

Per  cent,  ignition  loss 7.2S  8.04  3.43 

Per  cent,  iron  by  weight lOO.OO  94.28  5.72 

Discussion  of  Results — The  crude  ore  was  raised  from 
43.41  per  cent,  iron  to  49.07  per  cent,  iron  in  the  concen- 
trate, an  increase  of  5.66  per  cent.  iron.  The  silica  decreased 
from  29.17  per  cent,  in  the  crude  ore  to  19.73  per  cent,  in 
the  concentrate,  a  decrease  of  944  per  cent.  Only  43.57  P^^ 
cent,  of  the  silica  in  the  crude  ore  was  in  such  form  that  it 
could  be  removed  by  log  washing.  The  iron  recovery  was 
high,  showing  that  the  work  of  the  log  washer  was  efficient 
from  the  standpoint  of  saving  the  iron  oxide.  Only  one 
pound  of  metallic  iron  was  removed  with  5.12  ix>unds  of 
silica  in  the  tailing.  The  tailing  carried  14.94  per  cent.  iron. 
The  log  washer  concentrate  was  allowed  to  drain  on  a  con- 
crete floor  for  approximately  twenty  hours.  A  moisture  sam- 
ple taken  at  the  end  of  this  period  showed  approximately  8 
per  cent,  moisture.  The  percentage  of  natural  iron  in  the 
concentrate  on  this  basis  was  45-14.  This  is  6.36  per  cent. 
l)elow  the  non-bessemer  base  grade.  Unless  concentrate  of 
this  character  could  be  mixed  with  sufficient  high-grade  ma- 
terial, beneficiation  by  \og  washing  would  not  be  commercially 
successful. 

Ore  No.  2. 

Description — Cherty  material.  The  chert  does  not  occur 
in  bands  but  is  largely  attached  to  the  coarse  i>articles  of  iron 
oxide.  There  is  also  a  small  amount  of  relatively  coarse  par- 
ticles of  pure  chert.    There  is  very  little  find  sandy  silica. 


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^o8  CONCENTRATION  OF  CUYUNA  OllE^ 

Screen  Analysis — 

Per  cent 

On                   Percent.  Percent                  Iron 

Mesh.                 byWgt.  Pe.  byWgt. 

1  13.77  45.26                          13.98 

2  31.50  46.94                         33.18 
4                         19.69  48.74                         21.54 

10  16.29  47.06  17.21 

20  6.37  44.26  6.33 

40  3.58  38.99  3.14 

80  2.29  32.61  1.68 

100  .94  27.11  .56 

Thru       100  5.57  19.05  2.38 

Unsized  100.00  44.60  100.00 

Discussion — Approximately  42  per  cent,  of  the  total  silica 
is  in  the  form  of  coarse  particles  of  chert;  approximately  8 
per  cent,  is  "sandy  silica"  and  50  per  cent,  intimately  associat- 
ed with  the  iron  oxide  particles.  Judging  from  the  screen 
analysis  and  inspection  of  the  material  log  washing  would 
not  appreciably  raise  the  grade.  Crushing  the  coarse  material 
to  pass  a  J<2-in.  screen  followed  by  jigging  would  probably 
give  better  results. 

Jigging  Test;  Summary  of  Results — 

Combined      Combined 
Crude  Ore.      Concentrates.     Tailings. 

Per  <jent  by  weight 100.00  67.87  32.13 

Weight  In  pounds    14,791.32  10,039.49  4.751.83 

Per  cent  iron    44.60  51.54  29.93 

Per   cent    sUica    32.59  16.63  47.64 

Per  cent  phosphorus   .309  .361  .201 

Per  cent  ignition  loss   6.99  7.80  5.27 

Per   cent    iron   by   weight 100.00  78.44  21.56 

Discussion  of  Results — The  entire  crude  ore  was  raised 
from  44.60  per  cent,  iron  to  51.54  per  cent,  iron,  an  increase 
of  6.94  per  cent.  iron.  The  silica  decreased  from  26.59  P^^ 
cent,  in  the  crude  ore  to  16.63  P^^  c^"^*  ^"  ^^^  concentrates, 
a  decrease  of  9.96  per  cent,  silica.  The  concentrates  recovery 
was  67.87  per  cent.  The  iron  recovery  was  78.44  per  cent. 
Only  57.41  per  cent,  of  the  silica  was  in  such  form  that  it 
was  eliminated  by  jigging.  One  pound  of  iron  was  eliminat- 
ed with  1.59  pounds  of  silica  in  the  tailings.  The  tailings 
carried  29.93  P^^  cent.  iron.  With  8  per  cent,  moisture  in 
the  concentrates,  the  natural  iron  content  is  47.42  per  cent, 
or  4.08  per  cent,  below  the  non-bessemer  base  grade. 

Ore  No.  3. 
Description — Sandy  in  appearance.    The  lumps  are  of  rel- 


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LAKE   SUPERIOR   MINING   INSTITUTE  20g 

atively   high-grade   brownish-black   hydrated   hematite    with 

very  little  visible  cherty  silica  attached. 

Screen  Analysis — 

Per  cent. 
On  Percent.  Percent.  Iron 

Mesh.  byWgt.  Pe.  byWgt. 

1  3.74  48.73  3.86 

2  11.46  52.32  12.71 
4                         22.23                        53.55  25.22 

10  24.10  54.67  27.90 

20  10.92  54.00  12.49 

40  5.34  52.21  5.91 

80  3.27  49.86  3.46 

100  1.43  46.05  1.39 

Thru       100  17.51  19.04  7.06 

Unsized  100.00  47.21  100.00 

Discussion — In  this  ore  77.79  per  cent,  is  coarser  than  40- 
mesh  and  carries  S3.45  per  cent.  iron.  The  material  finer 
than  iCK>mesh  amounts  to  17.51  per  cent,  and  carries  19.04 
per  cent.  iron.  Judging  from  the  screen  analysis,  log  washing 
would  produce  a  concentrate  carrying  not  over  54  per  cent, 
iron.    Jigging  would  give  substantially  the  same  results. 

Log  Washer  Test;  Summary  of  Results — 

Crude  Ore.  Concentrate.  Tailing. 

Per  cent,  by  weight 100.00  80.13  19.87 

Weight  in   pounds    15,101.35  12,105.20  2,990.15 

Per  cent,  iron    47.21  53.90  20.13 

Per  cent,  silica   24.22  15.24  00.48 

Per  cent,   phosphorus    .191  .211  .111 

Per  cent,  ignition  loss   6.82  7.50  4.08 

Per  cent,  by  weight   100.00*  91.55  8.45 

Discussion  of  Results — The  crude  ore  was  raised   from 

47.21  per  cent,  iron  to  53.90  per  cent,  iron  in  the  concentrate, 
an  increase  of  6.69  per  cent.  iron.     The  silica  decreased  from 

24.22  per  cent,  to  15.24  per  cent,  in  the  concentrate,  a  de- 
crease of  8.98  per  cent.  Only  49.55  per  cent,  of  the  silica 
in  the  crude  ore  was  in  such  form  that  it  could  be  removed 
by  log  washing.  One  pound  of  iron  was  removed  with  3.01 
ix)unds  of  silica  in  the  tailing.  The  tailing  carried  20.13 
ixrr  cent.  iron.    The  recoveries  are  relatively  high. 

The  moisture  in  the  concentrate  was  approximately  8  per 
cent.  The  natural  iron  content  of  the  concentrate  011  this 
basis  was  49.59  per  cent,  or  1.91  i^er  cent,  below  the  non- 
bessemer  base  grade. 

Ore  No.  4. 

Description — Sandy  in  appearance.  Similar  to  Ore  3  ex-« 
cept  that  the  coarse  lump§  ?ir^  higher  in  iron  content. 


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2IO  CONCENTRATION   OF  CUYUNA  ORES 

Screen  Atialysis — 

Per  cent. 
On  Percent.  Percent.  Iron 

Mesh.  byWgt.  Pe.  byWgt. 

1  6.66  48.85  6.82 

2  14.20  &4.67  16.27 
4                         24.34                       55.91                         28.51 

10  21.38  55.12  24.70 

20  8.72  54.22  9.91 

40  5.02  51.20  5.39 

80  3.48  45.93  3.35 

100  1.23  36.41  .94 

Thru       100  14.97  13.10  4.11 

Unsized  100.00  47.72  100.00 

Discussion — In  this  ore  80.32  per  cent,  is  coarser  than 
40-mesh  and  carries  54.42  per  cent.  iron. .  The  material  fin- 
er than  lOO-mesh  amounts  to  1497  per  cent,  and  carries  13.10 
per  cent.  iron.  Judging  from  the  screen  analysis,  log  wash- 
ing would  produce  a  concentrate  carrying  not  over  55  per 
cent.  iron.    Jigging  would  give  substantially  the  same  results. 

Log  Washer  Test;  Summary  of  Results — 

Crude  Ore.  Concentrate.  Tailing. 

Per   cent,    by    weight 100.00  79.21  20.79 

Weight  In  pounds  16,760.26  13,275.98  3,484.28 

Per  cent,  iron    47.72  54.83  20.60 

Per  cent,  silica    22.29  11.02  65.26 

Per  cent,  phosphorus   .269  .321  .070 

Per  cent,  ignition  loss   8.18  9.20  4.26 

Per  cent,   iron  by  weight 100.00  91.02  8.98 

Discussion  of  Results — The  crude  ore  was  raised  from 
47.72  per  cent,  iron  to  5483  per  cent,  iron  in  the  concen- 
trate an  increase  of  7. 11  per  cent.  iron.  The  silica  decreased 
from  22.29  P^^  cent,  in  the  crude  ore  to  11.02  per  cent,  in  the 
concentrate,  a  decrease  of  11.87  P^''  cent,  silica.  In  this  ore 
60.85  PCi"  cent,  of  the  silica  was  in  such  form  that  it  could 
be  eliminated  by  log  washing.  One  pound  of  metallic  iron 
was  removed  with  3.16  pounds  of  sihca  in  the  tailing.  The 
tailing  carried  20.60  per  cent.  iron.  The  recoveries  are  rel- 
atively high. 

The  moisture  in  the  concentrates  was  8  per  cent,  making 
the  natural  iron  content  of  the  concentrate  50.44  per  cent 
iron  or  1.06  per  cent,  below  the  non-bessemer  base  grade. 

Behavior  of  Constituents — Results  of  the  tests  made  on 
these  samples  indicate  the  behavior  of  the  various  constituents 
during  the  processes  of  concentration.  The  following  tables 
show  the  percentage  increase  or  decrease  of  iron,  phosphorus, 
ignition  loss,  and  silica  from  crude  ore  to  concentrates: 


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LAKE   SUPERIOR    MINING   INSTITUTE 


211 


Table  No. 

2. 

Per  cent.  Fe. 

Per  cent.  Fe 

Ratio  of 

Ore  No. 

Crude. 

Concentrates. 

Increase. 

1 

43.41 

49.07 

1.1304 

2 

44.60 

51.54 

1.1556 

3 

47^1 

53.90 

1.1417 

4 

irage 

47.72 
45.74 

54.83 

1.1489 

Ave 

52.33 

1.1441 

Phosphorus — 

PhOB. 

Phos. 

Ratio  of 

Ore  No. 

Crude. 

Concentrates. 

Increase. 

1 

.239 

.273 

1.1423 

2 

.309 

.361 

1.1683 

3 

.191 

.211 

1.1047 

4 

trage 

.269 

.321 
.291 

1.1933 

AV€ 

.252 

L1548 

Ignition 

Loj.y — 

Ign. 

Ign. 

Ratio  of 

Ore  No. 

Crude. 

Concentrates. 

Increase. 

1 

7.28 

8.04 

1.1044 

2 

6.99 

7.80 

1.1159 

3 

6.82 

7.50 

1.0997 

4 

)rage 

8.18 

9.20 

1.1247 

Ave 

7.32 

8.14 

1.1120 

Silica — 

Sll. 

Sil. 

Ratio  of 

Ore  No. 

Crude. 

Concentrates. 

Decrease. 

1 

29.17 

19.73 

.6764 

2 

26.59 

16.63 

.6254 

3 

24.22 

15.24 

.6292 

4 

22.29 

11.02 

.4944 

Average  25.57  15.65  .6120 

Behavior  of  Iron — During  the  beneficiation  processes  the 
iron  analyses  increase  slightly  from  crude  ore  to  concentrates. 
Crude  ores  high  in  iron  increase  by  a  somewhat  greater  ratio 
than  those  lower  in  iron. 

Behavior  of  Phosphorus — The  above  summary  shows  that 
phosphorus  increases  from  crude  ore  to  concentrates  in  about 
the  same  ratio  as  the  iron.  This  indicates  a  very  intimate 
association  between  the  phosphorus  and  iron.  Eliminaton  of 
phosphorus  by  any  method  of  beneficiation  would  probably  be 
difficult. 

Behavior  of  Ignition  Loss — The  above  summary  shows 
that  the  ignition  loss  increases  from  crude  ore  to  concentrates 
in  a  slightly  smaller  ratio  than  the  iron. 

Behavior  of  Silica — Silica  decreases  during  the  beneficia- 
tion processes. 


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212  concentration  of  cuyuna  ores 

Summary. 

The  following  conclusions  have  been  reached  from  the 
preliminary  study  of  the  Cuyuna  ores : 

(i)  The  physical  character  of  the  low-grade  iron-bear- 
ing material  is  exceedingly  variable.  Some  material  may  be 
treated  by  log  washing,  some  may  require  jigging,  but  as  a 
rule,  only  few  ores  can  be  beneficiated  by  either  process. 

(2)  The  grade  of  concentrates  produced  is  usually  pro- 
jx)rtional  to  the  grade  of  crude  ore.  The  grade  of  product 
is  dependent  upon  the  iron  content  of  the  original  bands  of 
iron  oxide.  These  contain  more  or  less  intimately  associated 
silica  which  cannot  be  eHminated  by  log  washing  or  jigging. 
The  amount  of  such  silica  depends  upon  the  extent  of  the  na- 
tural leaching.  Consequently,  very  low-grade  crude  ores  yield 
a  low-grade  product,  while  higher-grade  crude  ores  will  yield 
a  higher-grade  concentrate.  This  does  not  always  hold  true 
of  Mesabi  Range  ores. 

The  average  grade  of  samples  from  the  Cuyuna  Range 
which  have  been  tested  by  the  Experiment  Station  is  45.03 
per  cent.  iron.  The  average  concentrates  produced  from  these 
samples  by  log  washing  and  jigging  represents  75.24  per  cent, 
of  the  original  crude  ore  and  carries  51.65  per  cent.  iron. 
This  is  an  increase  in  iron  content  of  less  than  7  per  cent. 
Later  work  has  developed  ores  better  suited  to  beneficiation 
than  those  previously  received  by  the  Experiment  Station. 

The  average  grade  of  twenty-seven  samples  of  material 
from  the  Western  Mesabi  Range  which  have  been  tested  by 
the  Experiment  Station  is  44.85  per  cent.  iron.  The  aver- 
age concentrates  produced  from  these  samples  by  log  washing 
represents  62.74  per  cent,  of  the  original  crude  ore  and  car- 
ries 56.28  per  cent.  iron.  This  is  an  increase  in  iron  content 
of  approximately  12  per  cent. 

(3)  Table  treatment  of  log  washer  tailing  is  not  suc- 
cessful. The  log  washer  tailing  is  generally  low  in  iron  con- 
tent and  much  of  the  iron  is  in  the  form  of  a  colloidal  slime. 
Tables  produce  a  very  small  amount  of  concentrate  carrying 
a  relatively  low  percentage  of  iron. 

(4)  Phosphorus  increases  from  crude  ore  to  concentrate. 
The  tests  made  show  that  phosphorus  is  concentrated  in  about 
the  same  ratio  as  iron.  This  indicates  an  intimate  association 
between  the  two  elements. 


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LAKE   SUPERIOR   MINING   INSTITUTE  213 


PROGRESS  IN  UNDERGROUND  ORE  LOADING. 

BY  M.  E.  RICHARDS,   CRYSTAL  FALLS,  MICHIGAN.* 

The  desire  to  lower  mining  costs,  coupled  of  late  years  in 
some  cases  with  a  scarcity  of  labor,  has  fixed  the  attention 
of  mining  men  upon  mining  machinery  as  one  of  the  import- 
ant means  to  greater  efficiency.  Notable  advancement  has  al- 
ready been  made  in  this  field,  and  the  needs  of  the  day  are 
keeping  mining  men  constantly  on  the  alert  for  still  greater 
progress.  Every  machine  used  in  mining  has  been  improved, 
and  a  special  effort  has  been  made  to  substitute  power  oper- 
ation for  hand  labor.  This  is  particularly  true  of  drilling  in 
mines.  The  efficiency  of  drilling  machines  has  been  increased 
so  that  a  greatly  increased  amount  of  ground  can  be  broken 
by  one  man  in  an  hour;  but  there  is  still  a  great  amount  of 
time  and  money  spent  in  shoveling  or  mucking,  especially  at 
the  present  time  in  connection  w^ith  drifting  and  tunnelling 
operations.  After  the  rock  and  ore  is  broken,  with  but  a  few 
exceptions,  mine  operators  are  still  using  ancient  methods  of 
loading  ore  by  hand  methods,  which  were  used  over  two 
thousand  years  ago.  Many  attempts  have  been  made  to  elim- 
inate this  mucking  by  hand,  which  incidently  is  the  hardest 
manual  labor  underground,  and  several  machines  have  been 
tried  for  this  purpose;  nearly  all  of  them  have  failed,  how- 
ever. 

The  efficiency  engineers  are  at  present  making  time  studies 
of  the  operations  in  mucking;  there  have  been  careful  inves- 
tigations of  late  of  the  advantages  of  long-  and  short-handled 
shovels;  a  relay  shoveling  system  has  been  worked  out  and 
applied;  car  bodies  have  been  lowered  to  reduce  the  effort  of 
loading  and  all  of  these  activities  and  improvements  are  bound 
to  produce  results.  However,  after  all,  it  is  the  mechanical 
shovel  to  which  we  must  look  for  the  final  solution  of  the 
problem.     When  this  comes,  the  system  which  has  seen  no 

'General  Manager,  Judaon  Mining  Co. 


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214  PROGRESS  IN  UNDERGROUND  ORE  LOADING 

change  since  mining  began,  if  not  completely  revolutionized, 
will  at  least  be  greatly  improved. 

To  be  successful  a  mechanical  shovel  must  satisfy  the 
following  requirements: 

The  first  cost  must  be  reasonable;  that  is,  it  must  be  low 
enough  so  that  there  shall  be  no  doubt  that  the  investment 
will  yield  a  good  return.  This  also  means  that  the  machine 
must  have  sufficient  capacity  to  do  the  work  of  several  muck- 
ers. 

The  machine  must  be  simple,  durable  and  not  liable  to 
break  down,  and  all  parts  must  be  readily  accessible  for  re- 
moval, adjustment  and  replacement.  It  must  be  a  machine 
which  can  be  handled  by  miners  or  handy  men,  easily  guided 
and  controlled,  and  which  is  as  near  fool-proof  as  possible. 

It  must  be  able  to  handle  sticky  ore,  wet  ore,  dry  ore, 
chunks  weighing  from  60  to  loo  pounds,  and  even  the  larg- 
er pieces  occasionally  encountered.  All  machinery  and  work- 
ing parts  must  be  completely  housed  and  protected  from  dirt 
and  water. 

The  motion  of  the  machine  must  be  such  that,  if  a  wall  or 
big  chunk  of  ore  or  other  firm  objects  are  struck,  the  me- 
chanism will  not  he  damaged.  It  must  be  able  to  shovel,  con- 
vey and  dump  broken  materials. 

It  must  be  so  designed  as  to  permit  of  its  use  in  drifts  6 
ft.  by  6  ft.,  and  at  the  same  time  so  that  it  cam  be  taken  down 
through  a  shaft  and  through  openings  considerably  smaller. 
It  must  also  be  easy  to  move  to  and  from  the  breast  of  the 
drift,  on  its  own  power  if  necessary. 

To  combine  all  of  the  above  in  one  machine  is  no  doubt 
difficult,  but  actual  observation  of  the  several  machines  now 
on  the  market  indicates  that  it  has  been  already  accomplished. 

Realizing  the  need  for  a  mechanical  shovel  that  will  work 
underground,  urged  on  by  predictions  of  a  labor  shortage, 
individuals  in  almost  every  mine  organization  set  their  minds 
to  work  and  evolved  ideas  for,  and  in  many  cases  actually  set 
to  working  out,  a  practical  machine.  Such  activity  has  not 
been  confined  to  recent  years,  for  I  find  on  investigation  that 
already  about  twenty  years  ago,  a  conveyor-type  loader  was 
tried  out  at  the  Fayal  mine  of  the  Minnesota  Iron  Mining 
Company. 

About  ten  years  ago  Thompson  &  Greer  tried  out  a  ma- 
chine of  their  own  design  of  the  conveyor-type  at  the  New- 


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LAKE   SUPERIOR    MINING   INSTITUTE  215 

port  property.  The  machine  showed  some  saving  in  opera- 
tions, but  was  out  of  order  a  large  part  of  the  time. 

About  four  years  ago  Mr.  Nels  Flodin  of  Marquette, 
started  with  a  drag  shovel,  the  special  feature  of  which  was 
a  small  drum  which  pulled  an  ordinary  drag  scraper,  fastened 
to  a  rope,  up  an  incline  and  dumped  it  automatically  into  a 
car.  The  scraper  had  to  be  pulled  back  by  hand;  it  was  this 
feature  of  its  operation  which  probably  caused  the  machine  to 
be  abandoned. 

During  the  present  year  The  Cleveland-Cliffs  Iron  Com- 


PoRTABLE  Loader  at  the  North  Lake  Mine  op  The  Clevelani>-Cuffs 
Iron  Co.,  Ishpeming,  BiiCH. 

pany  has  worked  out  and  is  using  a  conveyor-type  loader  at 
the  North  Lake  property.  It  is  considered  a  success  and  has 
demonstrated  itself  to  be  a  labor  saver  and  it  has  con- 
siderably increased  the  speed  in  drifting.  The  output  has 
been  increased  from  25  to  30  per  cent.  The  arrangement  is 
simple:  Men  shovel  by  hand  onto  the  belt  of  a  belt-con- 
veyor,  which  runs  up  an  incline  and  discharges  into  a  tram 
car.     (See  cut). 

During  the  present  year  there  has  been  a  loading  machine 
in  daily  operation  in  the  Morton  mine  on  th^  M^Sf^ba  Range, 


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2l6  PROGRESS  IN  UNDERGROUND  ORE  LOADING 

and  It  has  been  giving  very  satis factorj'^  results.  It  was  de- 
signed by  Billings  and  Middlemiss  of  the  Morton  mine.  This 
machine  consists  in  general  of  a  large  hoe  which  reaches  out 
and  drags  ore  onto  an  apron,  which  in  turn  discharges  it  onto 
a  belt-conveyor  which  elevates  it  into  the  ore  car.  The  orig- 
inal idea  was  to  adopt  the  three  motions  of  a  steam  shovel  to 
a  machine  for  drift  use,  and  this  machine  has  been  built  around 
that  idea.  It  consists  essentially  of  three  air  cylinders;  one 
operating  the  in-and-out  motion  of  the  hoe ;  one  the  swinging 


Billings  and  Middlemiss  Shoveling  Machine 

motion,  and  the  third  the  tilting  motion.  A  reciprocating  air 
engine  drives  the  conveyor  and  propelling  mechanism.  One 
man  can  run  the  loader  and  operate  the  hoe;  another  swings 
and  tilts  the  conveyor  and  propelling  mechanism  from  the  op- 
erator's stand.  Some  very  good  results  in  cleaning  up  a 
breast  of  thirty  tons  of  ore  have  been  obtained,  the  time  re- 
quired in  wet  dirt  averaging  two  hours;  in  dry  places  this 
amount  of  ore  has  been  taken  out  in  an  hour.     (See  cut). 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  INSTITUTE         2\J 

Another  type  of  loading  machine  has  been  worked  out  by 
Mr.  Sam  Hoar  of  Virginia,  Minnesota.  Considerable  ex- 
perimental work  is  being  done  with  this  machine,  but  to  my 
knowledge  it  has  not  yet  been  tried  out  in  practical  service. 
This  machine  employs  an  air  cylinder  which  runs  a  shovel 
out  on  a  beam,  takes  a  load  and  drags  it  back  onto  the  con- 
veyor, which  discharges  into  an  ore  car. 

The  McDermott  machine  is  of  another  type.  This,  too,  is 
still  being  worked  on  at  the  present  time,  and  to  my  knowledge 
is  not  at  present  in  actual  service.  This  machine  as  originally 
conceived,  as  I  understand  it,  was  built  around  the  steam  shov- 
el idea  with  many  modifications  to  fit  underground  conditions. 

There  are  two  machines  on  the  market  today  which  are 
being  used  in  actual  mining  work.  The  older  of  the  two  is 
the  Meyers-Whaley  machine,  which  is  manufactured  and  used 
considerably  in  the  South.  This  machine  has  been  doing 
very  efficient  work,  cutting  down  loading  costs  to  a  great  ex- 
tent, and  is  a  great  labor  saver.  On  the  front  end  of  this  ma- 
chine there  is  a  shovel  with  automatic  cam  motion,  which 
discharges  the  ore  onto  the  bottom  of  the  belt  conveyor  which 
elevates  the  ore  and  discharges  it  in  the  rear  into  a  car.  The 
power  used  for  this  machine  is  either  electric  or  compressed 
air.  I  understand  that  this  machine  is  approximately  24  ft. 
long  and  weighs  about  8^  tons.  Its  length  would  probably 
prevent  its  general  use  in  the  Lake  Superior  iron  ore  mines, 
as  it  could  not  be  readily  moved  around  our  sharp  curves  and 
small  openings  without  being  dismantled.  There  is  no  doubt, 
however,  that  under  conditions  where  this  machine  can  be 
used,  it  will  greatly  reduce  the  cost  of  drifting  and  mucking; 
in  fact,  this  has  been  proved  in  the  case  of  the  many  ma- 
chines which  have  been  turned  out  by  the  Meyers-Whaley 
Company. 

The  latest  development  in  a  mechanical  shovel  is  the  ma- 
chine known  as  the  Halby  shoveling  machine,  manufactured 
by  the  Lake  Shore  Engine  Works  of  Marquette,  Michigan. 
This  should  be  of  interest  to  members  of  the  Lake  Superior 
Mining  Institute  because  it  has  been  developed  in  the  Lake 
Superior  district  and  is  designed  primarily  for  use  in  its  mines. 
This  machine  was  first  conceived  about  three  years  ago,  and 
the  first  completed  machine  w^s  shown  at  our  meeting  on  the 
Marquette  Range  last  year  (1914).     (See  cut). 

The  machine  as  marketed  today  has  an  overall  length  of 
15  ft.,  but  it  can  in  a  very  short  time  be  shortened  to  an 


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2l8  PROGRESS  IN  UNDERGROUND  ORE  LOADING 

overall  length  of  lo  ft.,  if  conditions  necessitate  the  diorter 
length.  It  can  be  arranged  to  any  gauge  from  i8  in.  up 
to  44,  and  is  designed  for  operation  on  curves  of  25  and  pos- 
sibly 20  ft.  radius.  The  overall  height  of  the  machine  is  5 
ft.  4  in.,  and  the  total  width  approximately  4  feet.  Its  total 
weight  is  nine  thousand  pounds. 

The  machine  is  arranged  for  air,  gasolene,  or  electric  op- 
eration, and  requires  one  man  to  run  it.     It  is  made  up  in 


Rbar  View— Halby  Sbovbuno  Machinb 

three  distinct  sections,  each  of  which  forms  a  unit  by  itself; 
this  permits  the  machine  to  be  taken  down  very  small  shafts. 
The  top  or  conveyor  section  contains  the  working  parts  for 
the  conveyor  and  shovel  mechanism.  The  center  or  power 
section  contains  the  motor  power,  clutches  and  gear  drives. 
The  lower  or  truck  section  is  the  traveling  support  of  the  en- 
tire machine. 

The  motion  of  the  Halby  shoveling  machine  corresponds 
very  closely  to  the  motion  of  a  hand  mucker  with  a  shovel. 
A  shovel  22  in.  wide  is  actuated  by  a  lever,  which  gives  it  a 
forward  movement  when  at  the  bottom  of  its  travel.     The 


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LAKE   SUPERIOR   MINING   INSTITUTE  219 

machine  itself  in  being  propelled  forward  furnishes  the  pow- 
er which  thrusts  the  shovel  into  the  pile.  To  withdraw  the 
shovel,  the  machine  is  moved  backward;  but  this  is  unnec- 
essary, for  the  shovel  will  lift  itself.  When  lifted,  it  takes  an 
incline  position  at  an  angle  of  about  65^,  delivering  the  load 
onto  the  conveyor  belt  which  is  running  continuously  and 
which  carries  the  ore  over  the  machine  and  back  into  the  ore 
car.  An  automatic  deflector  delivers  the  ore  into  the  center  of 
the  car,  irrespective  of  the  position  of  the  shovel  in  the  face 
of  the  drift. 

One  man  operates  the  machine  by  means  of  levers  on  a 
platform  placed  at  the  side  of  the  machine.    The  dipper  runs 


Halby  Shovbuno  Machinb— Showing  Dumping  Position  of  Shovel 

automatically,  thrusting  into  a  bank  of  ore,  raising  the  load 
up  and  discharging  out  of  the  back  of  the  dipper  onto  the 
bottom  end  of  the  conveyor-belt,  as  described  above.  The 
shovel  runner  merely  controls  the  propelling  motion  of  the 
machine  to  keep  it  well  up  against  the  bank  or  swings  the 
shovel  from  one  side  of  the  drift  to  the  other  as  the  pile  is 
loaded,  or  raises  or  lowers  the  beam  which  holds  the  dip|>er, 
so  that  it  will  dig  at  any  elevation  required.  There  are  four 
levers  on  the  platform,  two  of  which  are  used  continuously. 


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220  PROGRESS  IN   UNDERGROUND  ORE  LOADING 

The  Halby  shoveling  machine  has  been  tried  out  during 
the  present  year  at  the  Judson  mine  on  the  Menominee  Range, 
and  the  results  have  been  very  satisfactory.  The  cost  of  drift- 
ing has  been  reduced  to  a  considerable  extent,  and  it  has  been 
found  that  one  man  with  this  machine  can  do,  in  the  same 
time,  the  work  which  it  takes  12  men  with  shovels  to  do.  This 
machine  is  at  present  loading  a  35  cu.  ft.  car  (two  tons),  in 
an  8-  by  8- ft.  drift,  in  ij/l  min.  when  loading  conditions  are 
fair,  that  is,  when  there  is  a  fair  size  bank  of  ore  in  front  of 
the  machine.  At  times  the  ore  bank  is  smaller  and  scattered, 
and  under  such  conditions  it  takes  as  high  as  4  min.  to  load 
a  two-ton  car.        Formerly   with   hand   labor   it   required   2 


Side  View— Halby  Shoveling  Machine 

men  shoveling  20  min.  to  load  a  two-ton  car  under  the  same 

conditions  that  the  machine  is  now  working. 

The  cost  of  operating  the  machine  an  8-hour  shift  has 

been  estimated  as  follows : 

Power $3.00 

Runner 2.50 

Interest  on  investment 40 

Repairs 50 

Oil,  etc 17 

Total $6.57 

Figuring  200  tons  loaded  per  8-hour  shift,  this  is  a  net 
cost  per  ton  of  .032c  with  the  machine.  The  labor  expense 
of  two  men  loading  by  hand  for  an  8-hour  shift  would  be 


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LAKE    SUPERIOR    MINING   INSTITUTE  221 

$5.10.     Under  similar  conditions  they  would  load  approxi- 
mately 30  tons  in  8  hours  at  a  cost  of  17c  per  ton. 

The  experience  at  the  Judson  mine  has  very  clearly  dem- 
onstrated that  a  mechanical  shovel  will  not  only  considerably 
reduce  the  mucking  cost,  but  will  also  enable  a  much  more 
rapid  advancement  in  drifting.  I  do  not  desire  to  give  the  im- 
pression that  a  mechanical  shovel  can  be  used  to  advantage 
in  mining  under  all  conditions,  for  this  would  not  be  true. 
These  machines  would  not  reduce  the  cost  where  the  ore  is 
milled  down  from  stopes,  and  it  is  not  necessary  to  shovel,  as 
in  back-,  sub-  and  block-stoping;  but  in  these  mines  it  can 
be  used  to  great  advantage  in  development  work,  by  reducing 
the  cost  per  foot  in  drifting  and  by  speeding  up  the  develop^, 
ment  work.  A  mechanical  shoveling  machine  can  be  worked 
to  advantage  in  practically  every  place  where  the  hand  shovel 
is  used  in  drifting,  trenching  and  developing,  and  in  the  slic- 
ing and  caving  system  of  mining,  and  in  all  classes  of  mining 
where  it  is  necessary  that  the  ore  be  shoveled,  and  in  all 
openings  in  which  the  machine  will  operate. 


Sbowino  Pbopobtions— Halby  Shovblino  Machinb  in  8x8  ft.  Dbift 


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222 


PAST  OFFICERS 


PAST  OFFICERS. 

PRESIDENTS. 


Nelson  P.  Hulst 

J.  Parke  Channing 1894 

John  Duncan    1895 

William  G.  Mather  1896 

William  Kelly 1898 

Graham  Pope  1900 

W.  J.  Olcott   1901 

Walter  Fitch  1902 

George  H.  Abeel   1903 

O.  C.  Davidson 1904 


.1893 


James  MacNaughton   1905 

Thomas  F.  Cole  1906 

Murray  M.  Duncan  1908 

D.  E.  Sutherland 1909 

William  J.  Richards   1910 

F.  W.  Denton 1911 

Pentecost  Mitchell  1912 

W.  H.  Johnston  1913 

L.  M.  Hardenburgh   1914 


(No  meetings  were  held  in  1897,  1899  and  1907). 


John  T.  Jones 
F.  P.  Mills 

John  T.  Jones 
F.  P.  Mills 

F.  McM.  Stanton 
Geo.  A.  Newett 

F.  McM.  Stanton 
Geo.  A.  Newett 

E.  F.  Brown 
James  B.  Cooper 

O.  C.  Davidson 
T.  F.  Cole 

J.  H.  McLean 
M.  M.  Duncan 


VICE  PRESIDENTS. 
1893. 

J.  Parke  Channing 

1894. 

R.  A.  Parker 

1895. 

R.  A.  Parker 

1896. 

J.  F.  Armstrong 

1898. 

Ed.  Ball 

1900. 

M.  M.  Duncan 

1901. 

Nelson  P.  Hulst 


Graham  Pope 
M.  W^.  Burt 

Graham  Pope 
W.  J.  Olcott 

Per  Larsson 
W.  J.  Olcott 

Per  Larsson 
Geo.  H.  Abeel 

Walter  Fitch 
Geo.  H.  Abeel 

J.  H.  McLean 
F.  W.  Denton 

F.  W.  Denton 
wnilam  Kelly 


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LAKE 

SUPERIOR   MINING   INSTITUTE                      223 

William  Kelly 
Nelson  P.  Hulst 

1902. 
Fred  Smith 

H.  F.  Ellard 
Wm.  H.  Johnston 

H.  F.  EUard 
Fred  Smith 

1903. 
James  B.  Cooper 

Wm.  H.  Johnston 
John  H.  McLean 

H.  F.  EUard 
Wm.  H.  Johnston 

1904. 
Fred  Smith 

John  H.  McLean 
James  B.  Cooper 

M.  M.  Dimcan 
Fred  M.  Prescott 

1905. 
F.  W.  McNair 

John  H.  McLean 
James  B.  Cooper 

M.  M.  Duncan 
J.  M.  Longyear 

1906. 
Fred  M.  Prescott 

F.  W.  McNair 
F.  W.  Denton 

J.  M.  Longyear 
F.  W.  Denton 

1908. 
Darid  T.  Morgan 

D.  E.  Sutherland 
Norman  W.  Haire 

W.  J.  Richards 
Charles  Trezona- 

1909. 
D.  T.  Morgan 

D.  E.  Sutherland 
Norman  W.  Haire 

W.  J.  Richards 
John  M.  Bush 

1910. 
Frederick  W.  Sperr 

Charles  Trezona 
James  H.  Rough 

E.  D.  Brigham 
John  M.  Bush 

1911. 
Frederick  W.  Sperr 

C.  H.  Munger 
James  H.  Rough 

E.  D.  Brigham 
Geo.  H.  Abeel 

11)12. 
W.  P.  Chinn 

C.  H.  Munger 
W.  H.  Jobe 

Geo.  H.  Abeel 
Francis  J.  Webb 

1913. 
W.  P.  Chinn 

A.  D.  Edwards 
W.  H.  Jobe 

Francis  J.  Webb 
Charles  T.  Kruse 

1914. 

Luther  C.  Brewer 

MANAGERS. 

A.  D.  Edwards 
Charles  E.  Laurence 

John  Duncan 
Walter  Fitch 

1893. 
William  Kelly 

James  MacNaughton 
Charles  Munger 

Walter  Fitch 
John  Duncan 

1894. 
M.  E.  Wadsworth 

C.  M.  Boss 
0.  C.  Davidson 

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224 

PAST  OFFICERS 

P.  P.  Mills 

1895. 

C.  M.  Boss 

Ed  Ball 

M.  E.  Wadsworth 

O.  C.  Daridson 

F.  P.  Mills 

1896. 

Graham  Pope 

Ed.  Ball 

C.  H.  Munger 

William  Kelly 

M.  M.  Duncan 

1898. 

Graham  Pope 

J.  D.  Gilchrist 

T.  P.  Cole 

O.  C.  Davidson 

E.  F.  Brown 

1900. 

Walter  Pitch 

Ed.  Ball 

James  B.  Cooper 

George  H.  Abeel 

James  B.  Cooper 

1901. 

James  Clancey 

James  MacNaughton 

(One  Vacancy) 

J.  L.  Greatsinger 

James  Clancey 

1902. 

Graham  Pope 

J.  U  Greatsinger 

Amos  Shephard 

T.  F.  Cole 

Graham  Pope 

1903. 

T.  P.  Cole 

Amos  Shephard 

W.  J.  Richards 

John  McDowell 

John  McDowell 

1904. 

Thomas  P.  Cole 

Wm.  J.  Richards 

Graham  Pope 

Amos  Shephard 

John  C.  Greenway 

1905. 

H.  B.  Sturtevant 

John  McDowell 

William  Kelly 

Wm.  J.  Richards 

John  C.  Greenway 

1906. 

H.  B.  Sturteyant 

Jas.  R.  Thompson 

William  Kelly 

Felix  A.  Vogel 

James  R.  Thompson 

1908. 

J.  Ward  Amberg 

Felix  A.  Vogel 

John  C.  Greenway 

Pentecost  Mitchell 

F.  E.  Keese 

1909. 

J.  Ward  Amberg 

W.  J.  Uren 

L.  M.  Hardenburg 

Pentecost  Mitchell 

Frank  E.  Keese 

1910. 

L.  M.  Hardenburg 

Charles  E.  Lawrence 

William  J.  Uren 

William  J.  West 

Charles  E.  Lawrence 

1911. 

1         William  J.  West 

Peter  W.  Pascoe 

J.  B.  Cooper 

I             L.  C.  Brewer 

M.  H.  Godfrey 

1912. 

J.  E.  Jopling 

Peter  W.  Pascoe 

J.  B.  Cooper 

L.  C.  Brewer 

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LAKE   SUPERIOR   MINING   INSTITUTE  225 

1913. 
M.  H.  Godfrey  J.  E.  Jopling 

G.  S.  Barber  Wm.  H.  Johnston  C.  H.  Baxter 

1914. 
G.  S.  Barber  C.  H.  Baxter 

W.  A.  Siebenthal  *Stuart  R.  Elliott  J.  S.  Lutes 

•To  fill  vacancy  of  Wm.  H.  Johnston,  elected  to  presidency. 

TREASURERS. 

C.  M.  Boss 1893 

A.  C.  Lane 1894 

Geo.  D.  Swift 1895-189G 

A.  J.  Yungbluth   1898-1900 

Geo.  H.  Abeel 1901-1902 

E.  W.  Hopkins 1903-. . . . 

SECRETARIES. 

F.  W.  Denton    1893-189G 

F.  W.  Denton  and  F.  W.  Sperr 1898 

F.  W.  Sperr 1900 

A.  J.  Yungbluth   1901-. . . . 


LIST  OF  PUBLICATIONS  RECEIVED  BY  THE  INSTITUTE. 

American  Institute  of  Mining  Engineers,  29  West  39th  Street,  New 
York  City. 

Mining  and  Metallurgical  Society  of  America,  505  Pearl  Street, 
New  York  City. 

American  Society  of  Civil  Engineers,  220  West  57th  Street,  New 
York  City. 

Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology,  Boston,  Mass. 

Western  Society  of  Engineers,  1734-41  Monadnock  Block,  Chicago. 

The  Mining  Society  of  Nova  Scotia,  Halifax,  N.  S. 

Canadian  Mining  Institute,  Rooms  3  and  4,  Windsor  Hotel,  Montreal. 

Canadian  Society  of  Civil  Engineers,  Montreal. 

Institute  of  Mining  Engineers,  Neville  Hall,  Newcastle  Upon-Tyne, 
England. 

North  of  England  Institute  of  Mining  and  Mechanical  Engineers, 
Newcastle-Upon-Tyne,  England. 

Chemical,  Metallurgical  and  Mining  Society  of  South  Africa,  Johan- 
nesburg, S.  A. 

American  Mining  Congress,  Rumsey  Bldg.,  Washington,  D.  C. 

State  Bureau  of  Mines,  Colorado,  Denver,  Colo. 

Reports  of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Geological  Survey  of  Ohio  State  University,  Columbus,  O. 

Geological  Survey  of  New  South  Wales,  Sydney,  N.  S,  W. 

Oklahoma  Geological  Survey,  Norman,  Okla. 

University  of  Oregon,  Library,  Eugene,  Oregon. 


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226  LIST  OF  PUBLICATIONS  KECEIVED 

Case  School  of  Apiifed  Sdeiice,  Deportment  of  Mining  ft  Metal- 
largy,  Clev^ttntf,  Olilo. 

UnlTereity  of  Illinois,  Exchange  Department,  Urbana,  Ills. 

University  of  Missouri,  Columbia,  Mo. 

University  of  Michigan,  Ann  Arbor,  Mich. 

University  of  Colorado,  Boulder,  Colo. 

Columbia  University,  New  York  City,  N.  Y. 

University  of  Pittsburg,  State  HaU,  Pittsburg,  Pa. 

Iowa  State  College,  Ames,  Iowa. 

Iron  Age,  239  West  39th  Street,  New  York. 

Engineering  ft  Mining  Journal,  10th  Avenue  and  36th  Street,  New 
York.   . 

Engineering  Magazine,  140  Nassau  Street,  New  York. 

The  Mining  Magazine,  724  Salisbury  House,  London,  E.  C. 

Mines  and  Mining,  1824  Curtis  Street,  Denver,  Colo. 

Engineering-Contracting,  355  Dearborn  Street,  Chicago,  Ills. 

Mining  &  Engineering  World,  Monadnock  Block,  Chicago,  Ills. 

Mining  Science,  Denver  Colo. 

Mining  &  Scientific  Press,  420  Market  St.,  San  Francisco,  Cal. 

The  Mexican  Mining  Journal,  Mexico  City,  Mexico. 

Stahl  und  Eisen,  Dusseldorf,  Germany,  Jacobistrasse  5. 

The  Excavating  Engineer,  2G7  National  Avenue,  Milwaukee,  Wis. 


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K^iv4 


rric^L  cno5»-dcCTiON 

TH«V»      THt 
ON    ftCflRlNQ   rof^niNTlON 


CROSS -SECTION 
THRU 

CoL»Y    Mine  Ore  Body 


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R30W 


RANGE 


R.26W. 
Crosby  Exp  f  oration  Ca 
nay  ht  t9f4. 


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^2. 'v.  i-  ^  /- 


PROCEEDINGS 

OF  THE 

Ul 

;6  Supofiof  tmi  nstilute 

TWENTIETH  ANNUAL  MEETING 

GOGEBiC-CUYUNA  RANGES 

SEPTEMBER  6,  7,  8  AND  9, 1915 

VOL.  XX                                                1 

ISHPKMINO.  MICH. 

PUBLISHED  BY  THE  INSTITUTE 

AT  THE  omce  or  the  skcrctary 
1915 


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